Universal pronouncing dictionary of biography and mythology

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UNIVERSAL

Pronouncing Dictionary

OF

BIOGRAPHY

AND

MYTHOLOGY

BY

JOSEPH THOMAS, M.D., LL.D.

AUTHOR or THI SySTBM OP FKOHUNaATION IN " LIPHNOriTT'S PKOKOUNCINO GAZBTTKXK OF TKS WOKUX'

or " A COHPItEHENSIVB MEDICAL DICTIONARV," AND OP VARIOUS PRONOUNCINO

VOCABULAKIBS OP BtOGKAPHICAL AND OBOGRAFHICAL HAHIS

NEW FOURTH EDITION

THOROUOHLY REVISBD

Vol. n.— her to Z

PHILADELPHIA AND LONDON
J. B. LIPPINCOTT COMPANY

Digitized by VjOOQIC

Entered accnrdiiig to Art al Congreai, in the year IBIO, by

J. B. LIPPINCOTT ft CO.,

In th« Clerk's Office of the Diatrict Court of the United Statei in and

for the Eastern District of PennsylTauia.

Copyright, IBSe, by J. B. Lippihcott Coupaht.
Copyright, IBOl, by J. B. LiPMUCorr Cohp.lnt.
Copyright, 1006, by J. B. Lippihoott CoiipairT.
Copyright, 1908, by J. B. Lippincott Coupajit.
Copyright, 1815, by J. B. Upfikoott Compant.

KLECTBOTTPBD AND PRinTED BY J. B. UPPINCOIT CnHP&DT,
PHILADELPHIA, C. B. A.

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HERVE u

H*r«4, (AiH& Harib Edouard,) a French jour-
nalist, bom in the island of Reunion in 1S35. He
engaged in editorial labour, in 1S67 founded the
" Journal de Paris," an opponent of the Napoleonic
regime, and in 1873 the " Soleil," a low- priced political
newspaper. He wrote several historical works, and
was made a inember of the Academy in 1886. Died
Jannajy 4, 1899.

HarT«>Flanb»^ tx'**' Ce'fb-rrbU', a FreDCh
Dhnidan, bom at Rouen, Itred abont i5Sa He pub-
&bcd an ^ile tieatiM on Socgerj, (1550.)

HerT«t ib'tVi (Gbntian,) a learned French theo-
logjan, bom near Orleans in 1499, distinguished himaelf
at th« CooDcil of Trent, (1545,) and wrote agiinit Cal-
Tinism. He traiulaled some worlu of the Greek Falhera
Into Latin. Died in 15S4.

St* NiolKiH, " Htenna :" OaTHDO. " Clsgn-with addiuaa

K a post-captaio ui

r, wat bom in 1734. He

In 1771 he was appointed one of the lordi of

dM admiralty, and in 177^ bf the death of an elder
brother, became Earl of Briatol. Soon after this be was
abated an admiraJ. He died ia 177^ and hi* title wa*
Uierited bjr his brother Frederick, Bishop of Deny.

H«rv07, (Elbonoka Louisa,) an authoress, whose
maiden name was Hontaovb, bora at Liverpool b 1811.
She began to write graceful venes for the periodieala at
an early age, and published in 1839 "The Landgrave,"
a dramatic poem. In 1843 she was nxairied to Thomai
K. Hcrrey, noticed below. Among her works are tales
in pToae, entitled "Margaret Rossell," (1849,) and "The
Pathway of the Pawn," (iSjt.)

HsrraT, (FkcCBKicx,) faurth Earl of Bristol, bom in
I73C^ was a brother of AngastDs John, noticed above.
He became Bishop of Deny in 176S, and succeeded to
the eaildom 00 the dcaib of his brother. In 1779. He
was eccentric in habita, and was a liberal patron of the
fine arta. Died at Albano, Italy, in 1803.

Harv«j,(jA>IBS^)an Ei^lish divine and author, bora
at HardinBatone, near Northampton, in 1714, was edn-
ated at &ibrd Univei^ty, and waa a good daaalcat
•cholar. Having taken wders, he becuie curate dl
DammeT lo 173^^ and of Sldeford In 1738. From 1743
BntD 1750 he was curate of Weston Favell, of which his
father was rector, and at the death of the latter, tn 1753,
the son obtained that living. He was noted for piety and
benevokncc His "Heditaliona and Contemplations,*'
poUiibed in 1746^ were extendvely popular, notwith-
standing his &iilty ityle, which ii too Bowery and subli-
mated to please Ibe most correct taste. It ii or was
generally found on the shelves of English cottages by
the side of the Bible and "Pilgrim's Progress."
Hervey also wrote "Theron and Aspasia, a Series of
Dialc^es and Letters," and a few minor works.
Died in 17^8.

H«rva7, (Lord John,) an EngUsh writer, bom b
1696, was theeldest son of the first Earl t^Briitd. He
obtained a seat in Parliacnent soon after the accession
of George I., and iai730 became a priv* councillor. In
im he was raised (o the peera^ as Baron Hervey of
Ickworth, and in 1740 was appointed lord privy seal in
Ihe cabiitet of Walpole. He wrote able political pam-
^ets, verses, and an " Epistle from a nobleman to a
Doctor <A Divinity," the last of which was an answer to
FOpc, who satirised him, in the character of Sporut, as
"the mere white curd of asses' milk." He also wrote
kUetestii4''HemMrtoftlM Court of George IL" Died

Vbsrtvf, (Thomas Kibble,) an English poet and
editor, b^ in HatKbeater in 1804. He studied at Cam-
bridge aikd Oxford. In 1814 he ptibliahed "Australia,
Biid other Poema," which waiTcceived with favour. His
"Poetical Sketch-Book" appeared in 1819. He after-
wards produced " Illustrations of Modem Sculpture,"
(1833,) a work of merit, and "The Book of Christmas,"
(1836.) From 1S46 to i8u he was chief editor of the
""■■■ " Died in Ptbmary, 1859.

HESHAM

Ton BlUvnfUd, blK'ftaki fon bif t^-
fClt', (Karl Ebishakd,) a Prussian general, bora at
GrosBwerther, September 4, 1796, commanded a corpi
of the army which onder the crown-piince contributed
to the victorv of Sadowa, and later became field-marshal-
general. DM September 9, 18S4.

Hi* brothers, HANs(i8ao-8t)andFBiUMtCHADUAN,
(1803-S4,) were prominent as general officers.

B«TWnt won Hobenbar& hlR'*aRt fon lu/fn-
bd6Ko', (JoKANN Gboro,) a German scholar, bora at
Augsburg in 1554 ; died in i6a>.

S« EncH sad Cav^ "ADcfiBriiia EDcrUoiiudia.''

Herwasb. hls'wto, (Gboro,) a popular German lyric
poet, born at StultgaM in 1817. He published at Zurich,
in 1841, a volnme of republican or liberal poems, enti-
tled " Gedichte eines Lebendigen," (*' Poems of a Living
Han,") which had great succtsa. He became a dtinn
of Bile, and about 1845 joined the radicals of Paris. In
the spring of 184S be raised a legion and invaded Baden
with a design lo revolationize it ; but he ^led, and took
reliige b Switierland. Died April 7, 1875.

S«* LoHoraLura, "Psittuid Potiiv afEuncKi" F- Lirv, "O.
Rwofh'i vienlaigfl Irr- mid Wuidnwin nih dor Fuiht Dvitadi-
daaakniiidiai L^jan," *ic., ilgo; " Fonifn Qoutcilv lUihw"
«» April. 1S4].

H^, do, d<^ Ji're', (Tkibrky,) a akilfiil Frnich
surgeon, born in Paris about 150;. Having practised
with success in Paris, he was employed by ^anda L In
the army of Italy, and accjuired a great reputation by
the cure of syphilis, on which he wrote an oripnal and
able treatise,— the first ever written in French on that
subject Died in 1599.

S«a Sloi. " Dicdoauin da !■ UUedBa,"

Hon, b£*ta, (Hdnbich,) a celebrated pianist and
composer, bora at Vienna in 1806. He met with bril-
liant success in London, Edinburgh, and Paris, and
afterwards resided several years in America. Aa a
perforAier he was veiy popular, and hii pieces for the
time general hvourites, D. in 1888.

Marcus Hera in 1 779. HerhouseinBerlinwasfreqiKnted
by many eminent men. Died in iSay. . v

Har^ (Makcus,) a German physidan, born at Berlin
in 1747; died in itoj.

mtHovi^ or Hartsb«% tou, fbn bCKts^KO,
(Ewaui Feudbich,) a oelebiated Pmaaian itateaman.
bora near Neustctrin in 1715. He filled several impor-
tant posts under Frederick the Great, and, after nego-
tiating a treaty of peace with Russia and Sweden in 1^1,
was appointed second minister of atate. He was nude
a count bjr nwdeikk'a aaccessor, and alto curator of the
Academy at Berlin. Died in 1795. He was a aealou*
patron oT learning, particularly of German literature.

S« POBLT, -KnU Friadikh Gnf hb HmiIimi." inS:
Wdbubii, Tragwwa—Jwa Labn diaOnin voi HBObvi,"
1796; " NnsnltaKc^iiikit OdDdnl*."

H«raNL See Hbrtzbh.

Banc« bCs'taOo, (Johann Jakob,) a German divine,
bora at Basel, Switzerland, Septtmfaet ii, 1805. He
atudied at Basel and Berlin, (1&3-39,) wa* a professor
of iheolray at Lausanne, (1835-45,) and at Etlangen,
(1S54-77.) Among hia worfca are "Oe OrigiD« Valoeo-
dmn," (18481) "Die romanischen Waldenser," (1853,)
"Outline of General Church History," (3 vols., l87&-«a,)
anda"Real-EncyklopiidiefitrmateatantischeTheolacie,"
(33 vols., 1854-Ml; revised edition, 1877-84, unfiuisfied.)
DiedatErlan- - '■ "- ■"•-

novelist, poet, and editor, born at Halle, August 12,
tSiS, was educated at Halle, Jena, and Berlin, and be.
came editor of the "Neue prcusaische Zcitung." He
published BCveral volumes of popular and patriotic songs,
a numbei of novels, and the well-known "Bucb vom
Fliisten Bismarck." Died at Berlin, February 36, 1874.

Heaelrige. See Hazi.erig.

HesIUUn, (HoachAm,) h(sh-lm', or wtnTittn, hish-
Im', (or, more fully, HeaMm-Ibn-Abd-oI-Mnlsk.
hbh-lm' Tb'n Ibd-el mtl'ek, U. •• Heshlm the son of
Abd-el-Malek,") the tenth caliph of the house of Omey-
yah, aooctcded his cousin, Omar IL, in 734 a-d. During

ttJt; ^mi;tiar^;t»t r;a,a,K,ttatiirai;ll,muai;*, trilled; I

ICECAP)

[,- th aa in Mi. (SVSce Explanations, p. 33.)

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crals, invaded France, where he wa* defeated ftiid _ _
b; Cfaarlea Hartc^ October 15, 733. Heahim died in
743> leaving the repalatioD of an eoiinentljr juit and

S« WatL, "Oodiidita ^c duliba," roL L ch^i. n

ITian wl-leed',) second Emir or King of CdrdovaorUie
Omeyyah dynasty, succeeded hia &th«, Abd-er-Rahman,
In ^ii A.D. He waged a Bnccesafol wai against the
Christian* of Galida, Astorga, etc, foonded achoolo,
Uldprorngtcd Ihe arts. Died in 796.

HMMm (or Hlihftm) IL. {Bl- (ot A1-, U) Mnyred-
Bniah, el md&'e-yed Wn^h,! lomctimes corropied into
IssAU or IssBM 'by the Spanish historians, was born in
965, and succeeded his &ther, Hakem IL, on the throne
of CtSrdova, in 976 A.D, In his minority the kingdom
enjoyed prosperity under the miniatrj of the &mou3 At-
Hanloor, who gained victories over the Kings of Leon
and Navarre. After the death of Al-Mansoor the reign
wu distnrbed by rebellions and anarchy, and the feeble
king became a prisoner of Soldmln, and died, or was
killed, about tois.

Sm Al-Makkau, " Hiatorj if th« Hobunmedui Djnutia la

Haaliftm (or Hlflliftm) ttt (Bl^Uo'tad-BUlBh,
or Al-Mutadd- (U ma/tftd) BiUah.) becune King
of C6rdova in loae^ and wa« ^e last of the Oiacjy^
dynaiiy. Several nobles having refiMed allegiance to
him, he attenipted, without success, to subdue them by
anus. In 1031 a sedition in the ca^tal forced him to
abdicate. Died In 1036.

Haahtutiu, hb-hoo'ze-Aa, (Tillbmaknus,) a Ger-
man Lutheran divine, bom at Wesel in lytb, was an
opponent of Calvinism. Died In 138S.

Heolod, bee'Bhe-9d,|Gr. 'Hoiobf,- Lat. Hi'siODUS;
Fr. HisiODE, i'ze'od'i Get. Hbsiod, hi'ie-ot; It. Esi-
□DOb i-tce'o^o,] an eminent Greek poet, bom at Ascra,
in Bocotia, at the foot of Mount Helicon, lived probably
about 800 B.C. According to most modem critics, hii
period was poeleiior to tlut of Homer, with whom some
writer* have conjectured that he was contemporary.
From his own wntii^ the bet is derived that he was a
competitor in a poetical contest at Cbalcis on the occa-
sion of the funeral of Amphidamas, and that he gained
the prize. It appear* that he was employed In pastoral
and rural pursuits, hi* knowiet^ of which is evinced
by his most famous poem, entitled "S^rya ml 'H/iipat,
("Works and Days.") This work contains reflections
and precept* on farming and rural economy, interspersed
with mailln* of morality and mythical lables. Aristotle,
Plato, and Cicero eulogue this poem, and Virgil derived
from it the idea of his "Georgia," in which he ha*
surpassed his model. According to Pausanias, the B<eo-
tiaiis regarded this as the only genuine work of Hesiod.
The other poems commonly ascribed to the Ascraean
bard are entitled "Theogony" and "The Shield of
Hercules." The former purports to be an account of
the origin of the world and the birth of the gods, and is
the most andent :»mpoeitlon we have on the subject of
Greek mythology. It is characterized by a rude sim-
plidty which sometimes rises into sublimity, and by that
speculative tendency which was afterwards so largely
developed in the Hellenic philosophy. "The Shield
of Hercules" Is a fragment or collection of fragments,
supposed to be written by different authon. Quinb'llan
say*, apinrently in reference to the " Works and Days,"
"He is distinguished t^nseliil sentences of morality and
a sweetness of expression, and he deserves the palin in
the middle style of writing," According to Flntarch,
Hesiod was murdered at Locris, in revenge for a crime
of which be was erroneously suspected.

S« PAiraAHliU, In. ~

Oaosaa, "AD^uwim Bngrkio|iMdi^' GunAmtiX , ~-^-.

dcU* deun da dotti > dofli cnidid- riipurduu La VLte t ^ Scntti
M diH nini frudi U<iauiii dcU Anddtili. Euods id Omini,"
■775 ' " Qairurlj Rnuw*' Sx Mudi, 1I31.

H»«I'9-im [Gr. UleA^,] a dasghter of Laomedon,

Kiiw of Troy. The poets logned that Hercules deliv-
eredher from a sea-monster aflqr her &ther had promised
to give him the horses he had received from Jupiter ;
bat Laomedon {ailed to keep his word. She became
the wife of Telamon and mother of Teuoer.

HmItI, the old Egyptian name of Osieii.

HesDftuIt or Htoault, Ji'nS', (Jkan,) a French poe^
born in Paris, wa* educated by Gassendi. He appear*
to have been an Epicurean or materialist In 1670 he

Enblished ■ volume of sonnets, letters, etc He trans-
ited a Urge part of Lucretius. Died In 16S3.
Sn Batls. "HiMorioliDdCrititalDiclioaiiiT.''

Hesparldan. See Hesferides.

HM-pfirTdH, [Gr. 'EmepUea Fr. HestAiiidrs, (■'•
pi'rid': Ger. Hesfekiden, hCs-p^-ree'dfn,] the "chll-
dren of Hespenu," (or "of the evening,") the name of
three or four celebrated nymphs of classic mythology,
who guarded the golden apples growing; in an enchanted
garden in the western part of the world. According to
some authors, they were the daughters of Atlas, and
hence were called Atlan'tidbs. A large dragon as-
sisted them to guard the golden apples which were Ihe
subject of one of the twelve labours of Hercnles.

Hes-p«'rl-as, a Roman dvil officer, was a son of the
poet Ausonius. He was proconsul of Afnea about 376
a.Dl, and afterwards przloHan prefect of Rome.

Hes'pf-raB, [Or. 'Eim^; Fr. Hesper, (s'pais', or
HlSPiROS, fs'pi ros',] a personage of classic mythology.

and disappeared. He received divine honours, sl .

identified with the evening star. One account sap became
to Italy, which received irom him the name of Hesperia.

the Swiss^otestant theolf^sns, was bom in Zurich In
1741. Hewrote, In German, "The Three Last Vears of
the Uie of Jesus," (6 vols., 1768-73 ; 8th edition, 181S,)
"On the Kingdom of God," (1774,) a " History of the
Israelites before Jesus," (13 vols., 1716-88,) and other
works. He became first minister of Zurich in 1795.
Died in 181S.

S** Gsoiio Gassim, "J. J. Hen. nottattU in taxei Oni-
nkknnDiQnLenDai wcrkiuiiliud," iljo; Edch and Cidiki,
"il^niMiM EBcrUapHdit;" U. Ekhu, "J. J. Hon, Skiof
safaiH Labtw," atb, Aij-

Hmb, (Karl Adolp Heinrich,) a German artist,
bom at Dresden In 1769, acquired a high repntalloa
aa a painter of horses. Among his master-piece* we
may ate " The March of the Cossacks through Bohemia
in 1799." Died in 1S49.

Hew, [Karl Ernst CmtsroFH,) a German en>
^ver, born at Darmstadt in 1755. He was appcrinted
m 178a professor in the Academy of Arts at Dusseldori
where he was afterwards employed to engrave the pic-

Sh Funsu, "Schmfasr KtBRlcr."

Heoa, (LiTDWIG,) an excellent Swiss landsca[>e-palnter,
bom at Znrich In 1760. He painted many mctnres of
Alpine scenery. " His works," says the " Blographie
Universelle," "surpass all that we know in their kind
for correctness of design, for the taste displayed In the
composition, for truth of colouring, and for the trans-

Srency of the water." He engraved some of his own
signs. Died in 1800^

^•a, (Peter,) a brother of the painter Hrinrich von
Hess, noticed below, was bom at Dusseldorf In 1^93.
In 1839 he was invited to Russia, where he painted ei^t

large pictures lepresr-'' — ■"-- *■ — ' ' -"" "- '-

regarded as one of
times. Died April 4,

Ste Niouo, " Neuo AU^mcins

H«ss,TOti,fonhJss,(HEi

was appointed chief of the sOff of the Austrian army.

l,e,I,O,fl,T,j;>V>''^i>^"n>^'«**prolonged;i,2,I,i!>,li,y,iiartf;f,t,j,9,0it»rx,-fSr,flll,at;met;nat;gdSd:nid»ni

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ifter the battle of M.igenU, farmed the plan ot the battle
of Solferino, July, 1859, and, after the emperor left the
irmy, was the commander- in-chiet Died April 13, 187a

Heas, Ton, (flEiNKiCH,) a distinguished historical
paintei, a bod of the engraver Karl Ernst Ilesa, noticed
abOTe,irasbarnat Dusseldurfin 1798. He became pro-
feuQr iD the Academy of Munich iii i8a& The firesco*
m the Basilica of SL Boniface and in the church of All
Sainis in Munich are among his best Died in 1863.

Haaae, hfei'ifh, (Adolfh Fiiesricu,) a Gennan
ocganislandcompoaer, born at Brealau, August 3c^ 1809;
died August ^, 1863. His " Practical Organisl,''^contaiii-
bg twenty-nine pieces, was published poethumously.

Heaae, iba,Qs*n Baptist! Alexandre,) a French
painler, a nephew of the following, was bom in Paris in
1806. Among his best works is " The Funeral Honours
tendered to Titian," (1833.) Died August 7, 1879.

na— ft, (Nicouis Adousti,) a French painter of his-
tory, bom in Paris in 1795, won a medal of the first class
in i83& Died June 14, 1S69.

Heaae, (Phiupp,) Landgrave op. See Philip.

Hesae, (Wilhslm IV.,) Landgratx or, sumamed
TBR Wisi,a«)nofP)iili]), (1504-67,) was bom at CasMl
about IS45. He reigned in peace, aiid wis distinguished
as a patron of sciences, especially astt-Dnomy, which he
cultivated himself with diligence. He founded an obaer-
latory at Cassel in 1561, and made observationi for many
nan. The results of ihcK labours were pablishcd by
W. Snellius, (i6aS.) Died in 1597.

He— wlink, hSs's^h-link, sometimes written B.MM9-
Hue (Gkxard,) a Dutch wtitci and Anabaptist preacher,
bora at Gropii^en in 1755. He published a "Hetme-
aeutical Dictionary of the New Testament," and several
other worlu. Died in 1811.

5« KamAin, " Hnldt ■» a HwcHnk," iSii.

He»4aai-tijs. |Sw. pion. his-sme-A*,] (Ahdkrs,) a

of Swedish extraction, bom in Nonh America,

teacher of English at UpaaL

was linng m tyjs,

HoweUiiB, hte-sile-ns, (Frans,) a Dutch pbilologiM,
bom at Rotterdam in 16S0 ; died in 174&

HeaMlina, 0ohan,) a Swedish savant, born at Fah-
hmin 16S7; died in 175a.

TlewiBl^ hCs'sfls, or HmmUiw, (Jjum,) bom at
Loonun in 1533, was noted as a theologian. He was a
—"">'" of the Coundl of Trent, and author irf many
theological works, among which are a " Catechism," and
" Comnentajies on Scriptore," Died in 156&

BeadTiB. Se« Eoban.

He'aiM, a deity of the aitdent Gauls, corresponding
to the Hais o[ the Romans. See Mais.

Hs-af «h1-(is, [Or, 'litriixiof,] the author of a valuable
Greek Lexicon, (first printed by Aldus m 1514,) which
explains technical lenns, onusual words found in the
works of poets, orators, and physicians, terms used in
sacrifices, divinations, and such as depart from ordinary
tisagc It is supposed that the existinjg teit is an abrid^.
ment 01 imperfect copy of the original. The lime m
whk± Hesychius lived is not known ; but it was proba-
blj aincc the Christian era, a* numerous scnptuial
fosses or phrases are found in his work.

Heaychiua or Milstus, |Lat Hksych'ius Mils'-
nus,] samamed THE Illi;eteioui, lived in the sixth
ceotory. He wrote (in Greek) a universal history from

Bclns to his own times, (about 530 A.D.,) of which

Eragmenti only are now extant. He left also an s'
ment of the " Lives of the Philosophers," derived
from Diogenes Laertins. This wm pnblithed *"
OrelB. Lapdc, iSao,

Hstb, (Henry,) an American soldier, was bom in
Virginia in 1825, and graduated from West Point in
1847. He was a captain in the army at the outbreak
of the civil war, when he resigned and joined the
Coofederate forces. He became a major-general in
1863. In bis later years he wrote a history of the
campaigns in which be took part. Died in 1899,

men soinc
an abridg-
ed chien
li by J. C

Bi HEURTELOUP

Batllnliigtoii, hUh'e-rlng-tgo, (Wiluak Max-
well,) D.D., a Scottish divine, bom at Troqneer, near
Dnmfi^ June 4, 1S03. He was educated at Edinburgh
Univenity, was ordained in 1836, and became profeSMt
of apolosetic* in the Free Church College, GlaMow, in
18S7. HUaprincipal work* an a "History of the Church
of Scotland,^' and a " History of the Weatmiiuter Asaem-
bdy/* Died May 33, 1S65.

Hetooli, hltah, (OtrsTAT Pbikdeich,) a German
architect, bom at Stut^rt in 178S, lived chiefly in Co-
penhagen, where he died September 7, 1864.

Hotool). TOn, fbn hCtsh, (Fhiupp Fribdrich,) a
painter, father of the preceding, was bom at Stuttgart
m 1758. Among his works are "Paris and Helen," and
"Marius among the Ruins of Carthage." Died in 1838.
HattuM-, hit'n^, (Heuiann Julius Theopoe,)*
German archKolt^ist, bom in Silesia in 1831, wrote
"The Plastic Arts among the Ancients," (184S,) and an
able " History of Literature in the Eighteenth Century,"
" vols., 1S56-70.) Died in Dresden, May 39, 1S83.

Hetxel 01 Hsxal, bffsft, (Johann Wilhblm,) a
German Orientalist, bom at Konigsbcrg, in Franconia,
in 1754, published grammars of the Hebrew, AraUc, and
Synac languages, and "The Old and New Testament^
with Notes," (10 vols., 1780-91.) Died in 1839.
S« Es9CH iBil Gnuiaa, "AllfSniciD* EncrklotBidia."
HetML ^tf sil', (Pibrbe luues,) a French littiratem,
whose pseudonym is P. J. StaUL, born at Chartres in
1814. He publUhed " Scenes ftvm Animal Life," " The
Devil in Paris," " History of a Man with a Cold," " Beasts
People," and other attractive vrorks. George Sand
pared him to Sterne. He was even more snccessAil
aa a l>ook- publisher than as an author. Died al Home
Carlo, March 16, 1SS6.

Henglln, toii, fon holcleen, (Thbodoe,) a Gennan
traveller, born al Hirsehlanden, Wiirlemberg, March 30,
-824. He travelled in the northeast of Africa, 1S51-6;,
n Nova ZembU and Spitibergen, 1870-71, and again in
he northeast of Africa in 187$ and 1876. Died at Stutt-
gart, November 5, 1876. He published several volumes
' travels, and works on the zoology and omitholi^
: the countries he visited, — the latter of very high valuer
HatuiuuiD, hoi'roSn, (Ckiiistoph August.) a Ger-
an writer on various subjects, bom in Saxe-Wefmar in
)Sl. He became professor of theology at Giittingen
. 173^ Among his works are "Acts of the Fhiloso-
>ers|" C Acta Philoaophomm," 3 vols., 171^-37,) and
1 "Eiqweition of the New Testament," (1750-63,)
Died in 1764.

Sea HSTHS, " M
bsMhnibuHHaBn
Kx^IophiSk"

Hanmann von TantsolieabTTUui, hoi'mlo tarn
ttutsh'fn-bRMn', (Johawn,) a German jurist sod writer,
bom in Bavaria in 1711 ; died m 1760.

H01UI. bcin, (Kakl Gotttlob Samuel,) a German
novelist, bom in Lusatia in 1771. He wrote under the
paendonym of H. Claubxn. Died in ■8m-

Hanrsanx, (Ulvssbs,) President of San Domingo,

IS bom in Porto Plata, on that island, in 1846. He-
engaged in the war against Spain, was elected presi-
dent in 1883, and was three times re-elected.. Two
luccessful attempts were made to assassinate him,
a third attempt, on July 36, 1899, was success-
ful.

Henrea. See Hoilc.

Heiirii,TaiL See HEtntmui.

Hsmnlna, huR'ne-us, [in Dutch. Tak Htirut, «ln
huKn,) (Jan,) an eminent physician, bom at Utredit in
1543, was appointed in i;8i professor of medicine at
I.eyden, and physician to Maunce of Nassau. He wrote
a good commentary on Hippocrates, (1609,) and olhet
medical works. Died in IMI.

Sec Ehcm buI Giuixs, "AIlieiiKiu Xiie)rkki[>adi«.*'

Banrteloap, hvvx!\ocf, (Cuarlis Louis,) a FrendL
surnon, hoai in Paris In 1793, made improvements
In iithotrity, which were generally adopted, and wrota
several treatises on that sut>jecL Died in 1E64.

Hawteloup, (Nicolas,) an eminent French surgeon,
father of the preceding, bom al Tours in I7sa Abovl

^mlt;imt;^>ard;iimJi^iat%,piaiiraI;v,tutal:%,tratid;laA*;tii»t\Mhit. (Q^See Explanatloiw, p. aj.)

Digitized by VjOOQIC

ISOO he wu appointed bnl iDrgeon of Uw Frntcb Muie*,
ud rec^ved the title of btion. Died in tSiS.

Hmu, htn or hik, or Hanaoh, wi. vui huih, (WiL-
LiM,) ■ Datch lindicape-punter, bom U Utrecht aboat
1636^ was apapilof Joan Both. Hispicture«of aoenery
oa the Rhine are commended. Died at Utrecht aboat
170a Hi* nephew and pnml, Jacob, bom at Utrecht
in 1657, was a good landscape-painter. "Hi* land-
taipeM,'' ttja the''NoaveUeBiosraphieG^n^ra]e,""aie
hll of nature, his touch ea*;, and hia colonr tme." Died

SHDBCAiin,--VwilMpn>D«rUaiiiiib, H(dludB^"Mc

Heiuoh, vmn, vln husK or hjSsK, (Abhahau,) a Dotch
painter of plants, insects, etc, was bom at Utrectit in
i6<o; died in 1711.

BvnacUlnc husxiing or hmh'UN', (Etirhnk,) a
Bctgian philoitwist, bom at Loacmburg in 1763, was
professor of Hebrew at Lonvain. Died in 1847.

HvnaoUing, (pHiurrg Francis Xavier.) a Bel-
nan economist, a nephew of the preceding, born at
Lnzembarg in tSoa, pablished an " Easaf on Universal
Ethnographic Statistics," (1S47-49.) Died in 1SS3.

Heokda, hus'dfh, JLaL Hbus'mus,] (Phtufpits
WiiXKu,) an eminent Dotdi writer, bom at Rotterdam
in 177S, became professor of eloqoence and history at
Utrecht, where ne lectured with great success. He
pnblished several worlta on philosophy, histoiT, and
education, among which is" The Socratic School," ("De
Sociatitche School," 4 vols., 1834-39.) Died in 1839.

Sm Knr. " Htmorii UttaHi," itw \ STdcEPiLDt " AndKika
aPtofcMM P.V.<imtltatim,"itMi:Renia, "Ms-
- n."NodSibiwi»iiv»-»P-0.

■ flw^"

aaauagar, noi'iing^fr; U'^'"'' cxibdmch,) a u«r-
a philologist and scholar, bom M Usebom in 1719,
was rector of tbe College of WolfenblitlcL Hit edition
<d Cicero's " De Offidis" (17S3) is called a DUMer-picce
in respect to criticism. Died id 1778.

H«DalilB«r, (JOHAMN HiCKAEiJ an uncle of the pre-
ceding, was bom oear Gotha in 1690, and was an able
philoIogisL He tatwht at Golha and Eisenach, and
published edition* 01 Julian's " Emperors" and ^sop's
"Fablea," (1741.) Died in 1751.

Sm BascH aod Gatrasa, " AOnmaiM KnsjUoiacdH 1" T. A.
Ttmnmm, "Vita J. IL HaumittrQ' irji.

HanalngAr, (Karl Fkiedbich.) a physician, bom
near Eisenach in 179a, puUiahed, beatdet other works,
"Outlines of an Encyclopedia and Methodology of Natu-
ral and Medical Sciences," (1844-53.) I^'ed in 1S83.

HetlMor, hotB'Efr, (Mbta,) a distinguished Swiss
writer of songs and religious lyrics, was born at Hirzel,
April6, 1797. Her maiden name was ScKwiiEUL She
b well known to English readers by her " Alpine Lyrics,"
(1875, translated irom the German by Jane Borthwick.)
Her songs are the fruit of a rare genius, and of deep and
eame«t oerotioiL

Hetiset iuh'it', (Jkan,) a French daasical scholar,
bom at Saint-Quentin abont 1660 ; died in 172&,
Hav«L See Hbveuits.

H»-T«Utw, jGcr. pron. hi-ri^e-as,] (JoMwe* 01
John H«T«1— hi'vfl, written also ECowel and H»-
^«laluj an eminent astronumer, born at Dantzic in
1611, was a pupil of Kiuger. His parent* were noble
and wealthy. After studying >t L^en and making the
tour of Europe, be devoted liis uninterrupted atteniiun

.. if Europe, ^

to astronomy for nearly 6&j years. In 1641 he buill
oiMervatoiy at bis own residence, which he furnished with
teteacopea and other instnunents made by hia own hands.
I111647 he j>ublished "Sclenograptia," a description of
a, with plate*, fbUowea by letters on the " Ubra-

«■ of tbe Moon," and on Eclipses, (iGu.) Hi* treatise

'' ~ ' if Saturn appeared in 1656, and his " Ob^

« Transit <dHercury"int66l. He wrote.

on tbe phases of Salum api
•erration* on tbe Transit <dl

also, "Cometocniphia," a general description of comets,
(tfi68.) Hevelins wa* chosen a Fellow of the Royal
Society of London in 1664. He wa* repeatedly elected
consuT and judge by hi* fellow-dtizena, by iriiom be wa*
highly esteemM. In 1673 he puUisheil the Gist part
oTni* "Hachina Ctslestis," a description of his obaer-
ratory, instrnmentt, and ssmW wptrotiM, the second

8a HEy

part of which appeared in 1679. In the latter year a
fire consnined his observatory, library, and nearly nit
the copies of the book just named. Afier his death hi«
widow published " Harbinger of Astronomy," {" Pro-
dromus Astronomic,") and "Firmamentum Sobieska-
num," dedicated to John Sobieski, King of Poland.
In skill, accuracy, and diligence in observation, he wa*
an islronomer of a very high, if not of the first, order ;
bui his prejudice against the use of fine instruments in
observing rendered many of his tables worthless. Died
January 28, t6S7.

Hdvln, (Prddbwt,) a French surgeon, bom in Paris
in 1715- Having distinguished himself as royal professor
of therapen tics, tie was employed by Louis XV. to attend
the dauphiness. Some years later he became first sur-
to the dauphin. In 17S0 he published a "Course

he died at his post, in Piilsdelphia, in 1779.

Htrw'ott. (Waterman Thomas,) an American phi-
lologist, bom at Miami, Missouri, January 10, 1846. He
graduated at Amherst College in 1S69, and studied at
Athens, (Greece,) Heidelberg, Leipsic, Jena, Leyden, etc.
In 1870 he was made an asaistani professor in Cornell
University, and in 1SS3 he was appointed fiill professor
of Germanic languages. His writings include "The
Frisian Language and Literature" and *' Home* of the
German Poets "

Haw'i^ (AvousriNB Francis,) D.D., an American
clergyman, bom at Fairfield, Connecticut, November 17,
iSao. His name was originally Nathaniel AirausTus
Hewpt. Ho graduated at Amherst College in 1839,
and studied Congregational theology at Ca*t Windsor
Seminary. He became an Episcopalian clergyman, but
in ig47 was ordained a Roman Catholic priest. He
joined the order of Paulist Fathers, and became a pro-
lessor in their seminary in New York. He published
"Reasons for Submitting to the Holy See," "Problems
of the Age," "The King's Highway," "Light in Dark-
ness," " Life of F, D. Baker," etc Died July 3, 1897.

Heir^tt, (Mary EuiABErR,) originallv Itiss Moore,
sn American poetess, born in Maiden, Hassachusetts.
in 18SI9 she removed to New York. Her prindpal work*
ire " Song* of Our lAltd, and other Poema," (1845,) and
he " Heroines of Histrwv," (in prose, 1856.) She after-
wards married a Mr. Stebbins.

Hewtatt, (Joseph T.,) an English novelist, bom
about tSoo. He was educated at Oxford, and became a
dergyman. Among hU writings are "Peter Priggins,"
"itsop Illustrated,*^ "The Parish Clerk," (1S41,) "Col-
lege Ufe," (1842,) "Parsons and Widows," (1844,) etc.
Died January 34, 1847.

Haw'latt, (Maurice Hbhrv,) sn English author,
born January 2Z, 1861. Among his works are "The
Masque of Dead Florentines," ('1895,) "Songs and
Meditfllions," (1897.) and "The Forest Lovers,"
(1898,) a work of much meril, which wis awarded an
Academy priie in 1899.

Haw'sgn, (William,) an English surgeon, bom al
Hexham in 1739. In 1759 he attended the lecture* of
John and William Hunter in London, with whom he wa*
afterward* associated as a lecturer on anatomy. In 1771
he wa* chosen a Fellow of the Royal Soaety, which
awarded him the Copley medal for his researches in the
lymphatic system of birds and fishes. In 1773 he pub-
lished " Experimental Inquiries into the Properties of
the Blood." He wa* an eminent anatomist, and made
valuable discoveries in the nature ofblood. Died in 1774-

Hexham, (Richard OF.) See Richard of Hejckam.

Hay, hi, (John,) a leamcd divine of the Anglican
Church, bom in England in 1734. From 17B0 to 1795
be was first Norriiian professor of divinity at Cambridge
He wrote an " Essay 00 Redemption," (a priie poem;
" Lecture* on Divinity," and other esteemed work&
Died in 1815. ^^

t,<^I,a.n,;./«V''k^^-*"°^''**P^°'*'"K"'i i,i£,I,I^d,J,rA«rV,-f,t.i,9,«fAWv;ar,QUl,atiiiiCtinaiig<)&dii

dbyGoogle

HEY IJ

B^,<W|UJAM,) F.R.S.,in bq^iahMTgeonofLeed*.
bon IB 1736; died in 1819.

S« hk Lifc, W JoHH PsAnoa.

H«Td«n,Tan dm, *ln dfr hrdfii, or Bvyds, hTdth,
■n eminent Dutch painter, bom at Gorcnm abont 1637.
He eaerdsed his t^enta with great sacceai on architec-
taral aolnects and landacapea. He excelled in chiaro-
acatOL His pictnrea of dtiei, templci, palaces, and miiM
art adaiircd for didi general efcct, mellow tints, and
extiaisite Gnish. The fiKoiet in some of lus works an
painted \tj A. van der Veldc. Died at Amsterdam in 171a.
Sm J. C Wi -

Herdra, won, fon hl'dfn, CowT, bora in 17^ en-
tered the Russian aerrice, and became a rear-admiral in
1817. He Mcnmaoded the Rnavan fleet at the battle of
Navarino, in 1817. Ked in tSw.

Htfyaaa, waii, ion faPden, (Peikdiiich August,) a
German poet, born near Hensberg, in East Prussia, in
■789. He was one of the gorernors of the prince-royal
M bnasia, and in xtaft became n^ conncillor at Breslau.
AiDOiw hii chief worlu are " Coniadln," and other
eeaafal dramas ; "Reginald," a poem, (1831,) whic

" The Shepherd of Ispahan," (" Der

a poem, (1831,) which Is

ihepherd of Ispahan," (" Der

SchXfer von Ispahan," 1850^) an excellent romantic

Died in 1851

SmT. UoKDT, -Du Lcbea Bi^^n^" itn

ReydfliiTadoli, h!'dfn-r»', (Kau. HitNUCR,) an in-

riioos philosophic writer, bom at Stotpen, In Saxonj,
IT64, was a dudple of Kant He became profeaaor
of poiloaophj at Leipiic in 17S9. He wrote verses on
' ScJitode," and other short poems, of some merit, which
were paUnbed in a vols., 1 793. Among his prose works
arc*'Letters on Atheism," (1796,) " Pa}rcholaeica] De-
vdopment ef Superstition," (1797,) and "PMIosoph*
e«wdered with Respect to the Saaering* of Hamaoity,"
(3 vols., 1798.) Died in 1801.

Sh SoaiUK "Chucnrinai C H. HndmnkhV" il«.
Wiwu— ar. "faektBM Libu^ihn C H. HadaoiaEkV" <lwi

WkjO/L, won d«r. Ion dta hit, (AuGUn,) a Prussian
atatesBBMi, bom in Elberfeld in iSoi. He was appoinird
wnister of commerce, indnstrv, and public worka in
December, 1848. Died at Berlb, Jane 13, 1874.

Ha^klnKVOi>ffonhI1ung,(HBiNKiCHKAXL,)BAKON,
bom m Koorland (Cosrland) in 1751, was appointed
a senator bv Paul L of Russia, Died in 1809.

Herlin, U'lln, ? (Petbr,) an EnsUsh writer, bom al
Bwfo^ in 160a In 1631 he wrote his " Microcosmos."
b 1609 be became cbaplain to Charles I., and obtained
several benefices, from which in the dvil

Church of England," (165)1,) besides theological and
other worka more than Gflj m number. He was anhoneu
mai^ bnt flail of theological rancmr. Died in i66z.
_ SBt^oMaVaoiM, "UfiofP.Hajli^'>i«li: Dk Buumb^

H«ji& See Hum.
Hajn. (Pnm.) See Hun.
BariMk hrnfh, [Lat. Hbv'nius,] (CHain-iAM Gott-
LOB,) an illnstrioua German schtdar aikd critic, was bom
at Chemnitz, in Saxoof, in 1709. Owing to the poverty
of his Eunilv, he enjoyed ^Km advantages of education ;
hot, hjLving by nature an inepresslble desire for know,
ledge, be improved to the nimoat the opportunities which
he poMesaed, so that in 1763 he sacMcded Gesner a*
peojeMor of eloquence at GSItingen. He was soon
after made chief librarian of the nniversltT. His lectmes,
~ g die history and mythologv of the ancients in

"" — "^ naer, nfaiea Urn a Ugh tepnta-

- d by his nnmeroos and escellent

. Among the most important of these are editions

Im, (1755,) Virgil, Epictetas, (1756*} Kndar, etc.,

witb commentaHies, and "Opnacnla Academica," (6 vols..
i78$-iSii.) Died at GiMtmgen in Ittly, 1811.

%m Hann, "C a Hhh. liiitnfM«ii JstfUlU" iha-
tUaaaT^^Kim <>■ HcTMr VAJaAttBH, "HiJSrnii C O
llija>. ft»iiii1i»i. itifi; Baaoa, " PncmBuiu ad Mmeiiia
C a Huno." ■>!>: *■ NonTrihi BkcnphS OMnli:~ "EA*
la^ RmV to JbIt, ito»

HeyBft (CmtunAW LgiUKCirr.) a German «Mfr»

fair, whose pMOdonym was Amton Wall, was ban
near Ueissen in i7«i { died in iSsi.

Hajmlna. See Hkymc, (CHunuH GorrLOB.)

Havilok, hK'rTk, (Euubeth,) an English phOan-
tbropist, bom about 1770, was originally named COLi^
WAN. She became a member of the Society of Friends,
and wa* eminent for her actjie benevolence. She
published in 1834 a treatiae entitled "Immediate, not
Gradual, Emancipation,'' which prindple she waa tba
first to advocate. Died in 1831.

He7ae^h!'Kh,(JoHANN Chkistian Auou5r,}aGer-
man grammarian and writer, bom at Nordhaoaen in
1764 ; died in 1839.

HoT*«, {JoHAKN LuDwic PAUL,) an eminent GemaD
poet, novelist, and dramatist, bom at Berlin, March 15,
I83C^ a son of K. W. L. Heyse. He was educated at
Berlin and Bonn and in Italy. Among his many playi
are "Francesca von Rimini,^ (1850,) " Urika," (iSs*,)
"Heleager," (1854.) "The Sabine Women," (18" ' -

Among his best poems are "The Brothers," (ISCI,)
"Thekla," (1858,) and "Novellen in Versen," (1S63.)
He pablished a "Boch der Freundschaft," ("Book of

idship," in prose, 1883-^) which include* si. . _.

hi* finest sketches. Of hw tales " Die Kinder der Welt"
("The Children of the World," 1873) ia one of the best
He has also wiiilen on aesthetic*, sndon Spanish, French,
Provenfal, Italian, and Romance literature.

HoTM, (Karl Wilkblh Ludwiq,) an able German
^liloliwtst, bom at Oldenburg in 1797, was a son of J.
C. A. Heyse. He was chosen profeuor at Berlin in i3><^
He pnliliahed, beside* other work*, an excellent "Dic-
tionary of the German Langnage," (3 vols., 1833-401)
Died in 1855.

He7sing«t, hl'sing-er, (Isaac WiNTEit,) bom al
Fayetleiille, Pennsylianis, In 1S43. Served from pri-
vate to captain in the dvil war, has been a physician In
Philadelphia sioce 1867, and has Ukca out more than
too paienu on Dovelties of his imention. He has pub-
lished "The Source and Mode of Solar Energy,"
" Spirit and Mailer before the Bar of Modern Science,"
"The Light of China," (itanilalion of the Too Teh
King.) etc

Hajrsrard, hi'wvd, (TkohakI bom at Saint Luke's,
South Carolina, in 1746, atodied in London, retumed
home and became a lawyer. In 177s he was elected
a member of Congress, and next year signed Ihc Declara-
tion of Independence. In 177S he was appointed ajud^
He was taken prisoner at Charleston by the British in
178a Heretiredfrom the bench In 1798. Died in 1809.

Hevwood, hi'wdCd, (Eliza,) an Enslish novcltot,
bom in London about 1695. Her maiden name wa*
FowLML She resorted to authorahip to gain a sub^
iislence for herself and her children, and wrote several
novels, which procured her a place in Pope's "Dun-
dad." She oftnded less against decorum in her aabse-
quenl works, vis., "The Female Spectator," " Huslond
and Wifc," etc. Died in 1756,

e Paradise ol Dain

bom in London in 1535, -

Devices," (1573.) Died In 159&

Heywood, (Johh.) one of the earliest English drama,
lists, lived in the reign of Henry VIII., at whose court
he was received wilb hvoor as a jester. He was intimate
with Sir Thomas More. He wrote numerons epigrams
and indiflerent plays or interludes. Died about 1565.
Sei CAHPnu.. " SpMbnwa of lbs Brltiiti PoeU."
Heyirood, (Olivkr,] an English nonconibrmist di-
vine, bom in Lancashire in iGao. His works, in 5 vols.,
were published in liirj. Died in 1703.

Saa l» Life, bt Fawcitt, >T4t, ud ^ JoHrH Hown, iU*-
Heywood, (Thomas,) an English actor and dramatic
anthor, who lived in the reigns of Elizabeth, James L,
and Charles L He produced nmneroos dramas, in verse
artd prose, which were once popolar and are still ad-
mireo. " Heywood," says ClMrfe* Lamb, " is a tort of
prose Shakspcare. Hii scene* are to the foil aa nainral
and aSectiiig." Among hi* beet drama* are "The Eng-
ti*h Traveller," " A Woman Killed with Kindness," and
" A Challeiwe for Beaolj." Thesecond of these iacam.
mended bf Hallam. He abo wrot* a "General History
,' (baainjvfu. (|^~SeeExplanation8,p.S3.)

Digitized by VjOOQIC

HEZEKIAH 1284

or Women," etc The dates of hia Urth and death are

Hei-e-kl'Bh, [Heb. ITTpin or rrpin ; FY. EztcKiAs,
I'lllte'l*',] King of Jndah, a son of Ahaz, wai bom about

HIEL

e the true religion, wbich had been
forsaken by hia ^her. He broke the images or statues,
and the brazen serpent of Mo«««, M which the people
had burnt incense. He rebelled s^nst the King of
AsByria, to whom his father had paid tribnte. In (he
fourteenth jear of hit reign, Sennacherib, King of Aa-|
■yria, invaded Jndah and besieged the capitaL In this.'
crisis (he divine hToar was invoked b; the king and
Isaiah, the latter of whom prophesied Ilie safety of Zion
and the defeat of her prond invader. (Isaiah, chap,
zumi] The angel of the Lord smote the Auyrians, so
that 185,000 died in one night Heiekiah died after a,
Nign of twenty-nine year*.
BeseL See Hnziu

Hl-f-coo'me*, an American Indian, who it said to,
have been tlic first Indian convert to Chiiatianiiy in
New England, beauoe Mttor of an Indian church ai|
Martha's Vineyard in 167ft DW "I'wnt 169a I

Hlaeme. See HjjWINL I

Hlbti^d, (Fbebbokn Gakkktson,] an American
divine of the Methodist Episcopal Church, born at New I
Rocheile, New York, in 181 1. He publiihed several
works on theoliwy. !

Hlq'f-t^ [Gr. luETOf or 'l«fr9fj OK SyBacusk, an
andenl Pythuorean philosopher, ii noticed by DiogeneN
Laertiiu and Cicero. Thelattcrinformsasthathetaughi,
that the earth revolve* on it* aii*, and that tlie heavenly:
bodies were statJonuy. |

Hlcb'ena, (Robert Smvthe,) novelist, bom at'
Speldhuist, England, in 1S64. His first publicBCions|
were musical, but be abandoned music for Ulerature, and
has published numerous novels, one of the most notablel
being "TbeGardenof Allah." 1

BlokM, hiks, [Geordb,] D.D., an eminent English
divine and philologist, bom at New«ham in 1643. He
took orders in i666>, and became Dean of Worcester in
1663. For refusing to lake the oath to William IIL he
was deprived of his deanery in 16S9, and in 1694 was
consecraled Bishop of Thetlord by the nonjuring San-
crofi. He was a profound scholar, and author of many
polemical and other works, among which the fbllowtng
are now most prized, vii, "Treasure of Ancient North-
ern Languages," and "Inttiiutet of Anglo-Saxon and
MtEso-Golbic Grammar," (1689.) Died in 171$. 1

Hlck'e;, (Rev. William,) an Iriib clergyman and
rural econumisi, born in the county of Cork in 17S7. Hel
published, under the assumed name of Maktin Dovi.e.
a valuable work called " Hint* to Small Farmers," and
other works on farming. Died in 1875.

Hlck'mao, (Henry.) an En^liah nonconfbrmisl di-|
vine, born in Worcestershire ; died at Leyden in 1692.

Hlck'ok, (Laurehs Perseus,} D.D., metaphysi-'
dan, bom in Danbuty, Connecticut, in 1798. He gradu-
ated in 1820 at Union College, in which be became pro-
fessor of mental and moral science. He wrote work»on
paycholi^y and cosmology. Died in 1 3S8.

Hloko, (EuAs,) a noted preaeher of the Sodety erf
Friends, or Quaker*, was bean in Uemptlead, Queen's |
county, Long Island, in 174S. He be^n to speak in ,
public as a minister of the gospel in 1775. He was'
earlj convinced of the iniquity of slavery, and felt it to :
be his duty to abstain, a* br at practicable, from all partici-
pation in the products of stave labour, — a duly which he
appears to have tciupaloutly observed throughout the
lemaindei of hia life. For many year* be was a icalous
■nd approved minister in the Sodety of which be was ■
member ; but early in the present century he began to
prtmiulgate religion* views widely diSerent ftom thoae
held by a large makirity of the Qnakei*. He advocated
the most radical Unitarian doctrine*, and asserted that
Christ came as a Savloar to the Israelites only, his spe-
dsl mission beii^ limited to that nation. He even went
■o far as to express the opinion that the Scriptures had
been " the cause of fborfold more harm thui good to

Christendom since the apostles' days." ,

of the expression of these and simtlai views, he was se-
verely censured and denounced by many of those who
««re anxious to maintain unchanged the doctrines of the
early Quakers. The result wa* a schism in the Sodety
The elders of the Philadelphia Yearly Mectinghad taken
leading part in (he opposition to Elia* Hicks; and il
as in that Yearly Meeting (in April, 1837) that the Brat
sparation took place, which was followed, in 1^8, by
divisions in the Yearly MeelingB of New York, Baltimore,
Ohio, and Indiana. The two parties were respectively
- ■ • ■■ •* Inrtii.

the "Orthodox" and the " Hicksites." In the
Philadelphia and Ohio Yearly Meetings the two sectiont
were Dearly equal; but those called "HickMtes" were
ereatly in the majority in the Yearly Meetinn of New

ork and Baltimore, while in Indiana the "Orthodox"
were numerically much superior to the other party.

It i* proper to observe that among those who most
' admired the bold and stirring eloquence of Hicks there
' were probably but few, Comparatively spe;Odng, who
fiilly endorsed his extreme view* ; yet, reading him as
the representative of liberal and ptogre&sive ideas, they
warmly espouted hi* cause. On the other hand, many
who stronglv disapproved — and under other dicun-
stances would ^hapa have severely condemned— hi*
innovating doctrines, yet believius that he had been un-
fairly and harahly dealt with W the " Orthodox" elders,
made common cause with what they considered the
per^culed party, and contributed greatly to swell the
number of his adherent*. It may be proper to add that
[he anti-orthodox division of the Society do not acknow-
ledge the name of," Hicksites."

Hioka, (Francis, ) > Greek scholar, bom in
Worcestershire, England, in 1566. Died in 1630.
His translation of Lucian was published in 1634.

Hicks, (Hbnrv,) a British geolojgitti bom at
Carmarthen in 1837. He studied medldne, and be-
came active in geological research. He made extensive
explorations of Silurian and Cambrian strata, and
of glacial bone caves, and announced important dis-
coveries. Among these was a rich fauna in the Monte
Slates, which were supposed to be unfossiliferous.
Died in 1S99.

Hloki. (JOKN Braxton,) a British anatomist,
bom al Rye, Sussex, in 1813. He made numerous
important anatomical researches, and published valu-
able papers on his discoveries in the anatomy and
physiology of animals and plants.

Hloka, (Thomas,) an American painter, bom at
Newtown, Bucks county, Pennsylvania, in 1823, He
went to Europe in 1S45, and passed several years at
Rome, where he copied the works of old masters and
painted portraits. He afterwards resided for many
years in the city of New York. Died October 8, 1890.

Hicks or HiokM. (William,) was an English
captain in the time of Charles I., and author of the
first Jesl-Book in the English language, published at
Oxford, {1669.)

Hlcks-Baaob, (Sir Michael Edward,) a British
statesman, was bom at London in 1837, and educated
at Eton and Oxford. He succeeded his father as
baronet in 1854, and entered Parliament in 1864, He
was chief-secretary foi Ireland 1874-7S and i8S6-«7,
colonial secretary 1878-80, and became chancellor of
the exchequer 1885-86, and again in 1895.

Hidalgo, (Josft Garcia.) See Garzia.

Hlde7f>'slii, s Japanese ruler, bom a pestant in
1536. He rose to generalship under Nobum^ (q. v.)
and avenged hia death, overcame all resistance to bis rule,
and was made prima minister to the mikado, or militsiy
mler. His great exploit was the conquest of CcKcaand
invasion of China. His army was witfadnwn on hi*
death in 1598, but on this invasion Japan's claim to
suierainly over Corea is based.

HioL heel, (Emanvkl,) Belcian lytic poet, botn a(
Dendermonde, Mayjo, 1834. He rank* among the first
in the new atjiool of Flemish aulhois. Several of his
Dublished work* are translations from the German.

i,<iLJI|G,p,/ni|f;i,t,A,same, let* prolonged; i,E,l,5,ii,y,iAdr4;t,t,f,qt«'>'^'V;nb',nil,fli;mIt;nSt;g3Sd;m6Bn;

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"85

HIGGINSON

m-emp'ul, B Numidju prince, *

I ^Danger wn ^ T»oo-Kooan^
1 the throne in iS50> and appointed mm'
who wished to maintain an exdosive policy towuds
Cnreigneis. In the same ;eai began a sreat insurrection,
nixed and directed by Tien-Te or Tai-hng-Wang. The
■nsoigenis were {(eneraily victorioiu, and captured Nan-
kin in i8;3. (See Tai-Ping-Wano.) A wai broke out
between the Chinoe and tbe Britiah, who entered Pekin
Id triumph in tS6o. Died in 1861.
Hiaro. See Hisbon.

Hl-Sl'»«lSI, (Gr. 'leoMX^c,] an eminent Platonic phi-
kMOpber, who waa the head of a flouriihing school in
Alexandria in the lifth centnrj. He it the author of
a "Commenlar; on the Golden Verse* of Pythagoraa,"
•dticti haa been preaerred entire, and of a " Treatise on
Providence (or Foreknowledoe) and Fate," of which
•ome ftagmenu remain. The iormer is written in Greek,
aad ■■ admired for the bcanty of tlie thoughts and of
the style.

So AHD>i Daciu, "Vis it HMncKi," irA.
BleroalsB, the author of a work on veietinary medi-
dnc, addressed to Caasianns Ba»us, lived in the third
or fourth century of 1

— oclen, a I
Bred in the sixth century, wrote,
Buok for TraTetleii,"(£nrfiD%ac,) which contain* descrip-
tion* of the towns and provinces of the Eastern empire.
There waa also a Stoic philosopher named Hiebocle)^
of whom we have little informatioiL He is supposed to
have lived in the second century. Another Hibkoclu
compiled or wrote a collection of anecdotes and ridica-
loos sayings of pedants, students, etc., with the Latin
title of "Faccli« Hieroclis."

Hlarocle* or Alabanda, a Greek rhetoridan, lived
about too B.C He composed oratioiu in the style which
Cicero calls the " Asiatic"

S«n>ol«a or Bithvnia waa the principal author of
the persecution of the Christians in the reign of Diocle-
tian, (about 300 A.D.) He wrote two books aeuinit
Christianity, entitled " Sincere Discourses to the Chris-
tians,'* (Ad}iii ^o^^i;,) in which he maintains thai
the Scripture is fall of contradictions. He was prefect
of Bitbynia and of Alexandria.
"IVon t" Bi'c-ro [G"
_ ., succeeded his brother
part of his leign was tyranidcal. He expelled the
sens of Naxos and Catana, and colonized those tomis
with his own subjects. He is applauded for his pa-
tronage of titeiature and bis appreaation of genius. Hig
ctnirt was the resort of the most eminent poets and saEea
of hi* time, among whom were nndar, .^Ischyius, Si-
noTudes, »xA Epicliarmus. Pindar wrote several odes
on ibe occasion of Hteron's victories at the Olympic
nmc*,and Simonides enjoyed his friendship aud bounty.
Died 10467 R.&

. n- Hiaro) H, King of Syracuse, was
of Hieroctes, a private dtizen. Having served
atmj of PyrrbuB, who left Sicily in a state of a
Hieron waa chosen general by the soldiers in 27^ u.i:.,
and reco^iiscd aa king about S70. At the beainning of
tbe first Funic war he took side with the Carthaginians,
udwM defeated bv the Rotnans about 364 R.C He then
Bade peace with the victois by the payment of tribute,
aikd was ever after a failhfiil ally of Rome. Under his
wise rale the kingdom for many years enjoyed peace
and procperity. Died in 216 B.C Archimedes lived in
Syi^:ine in this reign, and exercised his mechanical
genius in constructing machines and ships of great siie.
5cr Ljvv, "HiatDVf of Rom^" book* an.-3atjv. ; DioDoaui

nglish Puritan, bom at
, .. .. Modbury, and published

IS and other works on theology. Died m 1617.

ffi^OQjrtna. See HiziiONYUt;s.

Hieron IL, whom he succeeded ii

Hit/ (as j; ikard; )iiai;<i,VL,'«.,guttural; s, natal ; t, trilled; iaat; thasinAUf. (j

of fifteen. He broke the alliance with the Romans, wtta
had recently been defeated at Cannae, and fornud ■
lea^e with the Carthaginians. I^Ie was on the point id
taking an active part in the war, when he was kjljed by
his o*m subjects abont a year after his accession. He
left no issue ; and the Syracusans thenceforth dispetwed
with royally.

Hiaronjintia waa the Latin name of Saint Jerome,
one of the Fathers of the Church.

Btleronjmiu or Cardia, |Fr. HiAronymx, e'k'ro'-
nim', (or fiadME, zUi'rom',) i>R Cardie, d^h kta'de',)
a Greek historian, who fiourished about ^00 B.C. He
entered the service of Eumenes, who emptoyed him ou
a mission to Antipater in 320. He was afterwards an
adherent of Demetrius, who appointed him Governor at
B<Eotia In 193 B.C. He wrote historical memoirs of the
successors of Alexander the Great, — a work which is often
died by the ancients, bat has not come down to us.

Hieronymus op Rhodes, a Greek philosopher, and
disciple of Aristotle, lived about 300 B.C.

Eifffr-nfQ, (Pai;l,) bom in the coontv of Dublin,
Ireland, in 1719, lived many years in London as a lite-
rary hack, and wrote several mediocre dramas, et& Hit
habits were eccentric. Died in 1777.

Hig^ee, (Elnathan Elisha,) D.D., an American
educator, born in Saint George, Vermont, March 17,
1830. tie graduated at the University of Vermont in
1849. Havma entered the ministry of the German Re-
fonned Church, be was in 1S64 appointed professor in
the theological seminary at Mercersburg, Pennsylvania-
In 1S71 he was made president of Mercersburg Coll«e,
and in 1S81 superintendent of public instruction lot
Pennsylvania. Died December 13, 1889.

HIc'dfii, (Rahulph or Ralph.) an English monk,
connected with a Benedictine monastery at Chester
vrrote " Polychronicon," a Latin chronicle. He died, at
a great asfi, about 137a

Htg'Clna, (GoDFRBY,) an English antiquary, burn In
Vorkshire in 1771, wrote "The Celtic Druids, ''^and other
works. Died in 1833.

Higelii^ (Matthbw James,) an English journalist,
bom about iSlo, wrote under the assumed name of
Jacob Oiinium. He contributed many articles to the
London "Times." the "Pall Mall Gaielle," and other
journals. Ilia writings were mostly devoted to the ex-

Eisure of abuses in the sodal and military systecis of
ngland. Died in 186S.

Hig'glii-4911, (Francis,) a distinguished divine, bom
in England in 15S8. He was educated at Cambridge
University, and appointed teclor of a church in Leices-
ter, in which position he laboured with great zeal and
success until removed for nonconformity. He came to
Massachusetts in 1629, and the next month was ordained
with Mr. Skelton, the first minister of Salem. Died in
163a He was the author of "New England's Planta-
tion." (1630.)

HigglnsoD. (Francis John.) an American ad-
miral, was bora at Boston in 1843. He graduated at
the Naval Academy in 1S61, served through the civil
war, was captaio of the Massachusetts during the war
with Spain, and was promoted commodore August to,
1S9S, and rear-admiral March 5, 1899.

HlgjlnBOH, (John,) bora in England in 1616, ac-
companied his mher Francis to Massai^husetts in 16291
lie was minister of the church at Salem from 1660 until
his death in itoS, and published sermons and other
theological works. He was regarded as the most able
and eloquent American author of his time. Among
his works is his " Attestation to Cotton Mather's Mag-
natia."

Higgliiaon, (Thomas Wkntworth,) an American
writer, born in Cambridge, Massachusetts, December aa,
1823. He graduated at Harvard College in l&ll, and
at the Cambridae Divinity School, and was minister of
UmtarianchnrcnesinNewbnryport and Worcester. Mas-
sachusetts. He was a very active abolitionist. In 1856
be went to Kansas and served against the pro-slavery
forces, having the rank of a brigadier -general in the Free-
Stale troops. He served in the dvil war, 1863-64, at-
taining the rank of colonel of coloured troops in South
^See EiplanatioD*, p, a^)

Digitized ay CjOOQ I C

ie«T

tare, and lo educitionil and oihei relbnna. Among hi*
prindpal works are "Out-Door Papers," (1S63,) "Mal-
boDC,'' > romance, (1869,) "Armj life in a Black Regi-
' (1870,) "Atlantic Eiuys," (1S71,) "Oldport

(iS^,) "Larger Hiitorjr of tbe United Sutct," (1884,)
"Hints on Writing and Speech- Making," (1887,)
" CoDCeming All of Us," (1892,) " Tales of the En-
chanted Islands," elc. Died July 9, I9it.

Hlg'un^ (Sir Thomas,) was bora In Shropshire,
England, in 1634. H« roariicd the nolorioos Conntess
of Essex, (see CaU, Roikrt,) at whoM fanend in 1656
he pronounced an oration, wliicfa was printed. He was
sent as ambassador to Vienna in 1673. Died in i6gi.
His ton, Bevel, bom in i67(^ wrote, besides several
poem«, a "Short View of English History," (1735.) He
was a zealous Jacobite, and went into enle with James
IL Died in France in 1735.

Kgb'more, (Joseph,) an English portrait-painter,
bom in London in 1693, was a pupil of Kneller. He
executed portraits of the Knights of the Bath, and was
employed by George I. to paint aome members of the
ro^ bmily. In 1741 he painted the portraits of the
Pnnc« and Princess of W^es. He wrote a treatise on
Perspective. Died in 1780.

Hlghmote, (Nathaniu,) an eminent English phy-
Btcian, born at Fordingbridge in 1613, pracSsed with
■ncceu at Sherborne, tie wrote able treatises on anat-
oiny. Died in 1684.

H11b1t«. See GBOFTftOY-SAINT-HlUiKK.

HUalre. See Hilaky.

Hl-li'rI-oD, Saint, a noted ascetic or hermit of Pales-
tine, and pioneer of monastic life, was bom at Tabatha,
near Gaza, about 393 a-D. At an early age he went to
Alexandria as a student, and was converted to Chris-
tianity. Returning to Palestine, he retired from the
world, passed many years in the desert, and gained a
wide reputation by bit aotteritie*. Manv monasteries
were founded by him or by the influence of his example.
Died about 372.

Sh Saiht Jsaou, "Tin HiUricmi:" Bailut, "Vjm de*

Hfl>-rj, [LaL HiLA'Rrus; Fr, Hilaike, e'l«s',l a
native of Sardinia, was chosen Bishop or Pope of Rome in
461 A.D., as successor to Leo L In449he nad officiated
a* legate at the Coundt of Ephesus, where he lealously
<^>p<>sed tbe Eutychians. The event* of his pontificate
were unimportant II appeara that he claimed the pre-
•minence of the see of Rome. He died in 467, and was
Mtcceeded by Simplidua.

HUuy or Hilaritis, [Fr. Hilaire, c^Ir',! Saint,
U orthodox theologian, was bom at Poitiers, (Pictavi,)
inCaul, of which place he became tmbop about ijo A.O,
He took a prominent part in defence of Attumasioa
against the Atiana, for which he was baniahed to PhrvKla
(d 3;& In 359, at the Coundl of Selenda, he di

whom he denounced as Antichrist. Having retomed
to Italy and Gaul, he laboured zealously to purge the
churches of heresy. He wrote a "Treatise on Synods,"
k "Commentary on Saint Matthew," and a few other
work*. Died in 367 a.ix

SaeCim, " Scripum* Eixloiuiici :" TiLUHDirT. "Miamim."
HUary or HUultia, Saint, wm bom about 400
A.IL, probably in Gaul or BelEium. He became Bishop
ed Aries in 439, and was highly esteemed (or piety and
learning. His contest with Leo, Bishop of Kome, forms
an important epoch in the history of the Gallic Church.
Celidonius, a bishop, having been deposed by a council
at which Hilarius presided, appealed to Leo, who rein-
stated him, and, supported by an edict of the emperor
Valentinian HL, deprived llilariua of his bishopriL
because the latter refused lo own the supremacy of

Re,1,i^a.f,/«V'i>t.Akai

16 HILDRETH

Rome:. Thu was one of the first efiotts made to bvUd
op the papal power. Died In 449. His "Eulogy on
Honoratua" is much admired.

See BiLLAHiH. -DaScriplisibaEcdesutici*;" Tillbkht,
"MJnoini^" "CWbamnuu."

Hn'd^SAiNT.agrand-niece of Edwin, KingofNorth-
umbria, was converted to Christianity in her childhood,
became abbess of the convent of Heorthen (aAerwarda
Whitbv) about 66ov and died in 6S0 A.IX

HQ'df-bUd, (Lat. Hilpebal'dds,] King of the
Ostrogoths in Lombardy. Ader Belisarius nad cod
qnered the Ostrogoths, they proclaimed Hildebald tbelr
king at Pavfa in 540 a.ix The next year he gained a
victory over the Romans, soon after wluch he was assaa-
sinated by one of his guards.

uiTarilMDediuniiiFiUDfSeRoniu Empin."

hi* piety and
t of epistles,
td (o In W«ki,

and poet, bom

of Tours in 1135. He

learning, and was one of the best «

His works are written in Latin, and

sermons, and poem*. Died in 1134.

5« "Ginii CfariRiuii ■•• " Vita HDdebnli,
pobliiliHl bj Sluusnilm id 170*.

Hlld0b«rtii«. See Hildebekt.

Hildabrand. See Gmcort VIL

BUdebrand, hil'dt-biind, (I)kor Euil,) a Swedish
antiquarian and numismalologist, born at Flerahnpp,
February 33, 1806. He was educated at Land, and pub-
lished several standard treatises. Died at Stockliolm,
August 3C^ 1884.

HUdebraad, (Hans Ouor Hildbbrand,) s sod of
Bror Emil Hildebran j, was bom at Stockholm, April C
1843. Among his many work* are a" History of SwedcD^
and " Sweden in the Middle Ages." Died in 1S90.

HUdebraaclt hll'd^h-baSnt', (Eduard,) a Gemun

painter, born at Dantnc in 1817, studied in Berlin and
Paris, and travelled in almost all parts of the world. He
painted a vast number of pictures, of which the best are
often remarkabte Cor their masterly display uf coloratioD.
Died at Berlin, October i^ 1868.

HlldebrDudt hll'dfh-bRlnf, (Ferdinand Theo-
not,) a German historical painter, and one of the mocl
eminent masters of the Dusseldorf school, was bom al
Stettin in 1R04. He Studied under W. Schadow al Ber-
lin, and settled at DusseldorC Among his work* are
"King Lear and Cordelia," (1836.) "Tancred and Clo-
rinda,^ (1838,) and "Othello relating his Adventure*
lo Desdemona," (l&tS.) Died September 39. 1874.

Hlldebrandt, (Geobg Friedrick,) a German phy-
sician and naturalist, bom at Hanover in 1764, WTOM,
besides other works, a "Manual of Human Anatonj,
(4 vols.. 17S9-93.) Died in 1S1&

HU'df-gard' or Hlldegnrde, Saint, a German nun,
bom in 1098, became abb^ of Saint Rupert"* Mount,
near Bingen, on the Rhine. Died in 1180,

Sr J. C Dahl, "Die heiliga HIMcginlii; bulociidic AUiai>4-
lung." liix.

HildeBbraad, von. Ion hll'dfn-bRlnt', (Valentin
JOHANH,) a German medical writer, bom in Vienna In
1763; died in iSiS.

H&'derD-h^un, (Arthur,) an English Puritan divine,
bom in Cambridgeshire in 1563. He held the living ol
Ashby-de-la-Zouch from 1593 until his death. He wa*
a grand-nephew of Cardinal Pole, and was related to
the royal &mi1y. He wrote various theological work^
and was esteemed a shining light among Ine PnritaiM-
Died in 1631.

BII'd9tl«7, (Marx,) an English theologian, bom ta
Kent in 1698. He became Bishop of Sodor and Ma>
in 175^, and caused the Bible to be translated Into tha
Manx language. Died in 1771.

Set WmwH BtTTtaii, "Memciinof W. HiM>deT." iTW

HU'drfth, (Richard,) an American journalist and
historian, was bom in Deerfield, Massachusetts, June
iS, 1807. He graduated at Harvard in iSz6, and, while
itiidying law, contributed numerous articles to magazine*
Admitted to the bar in Boston in 1S30, be abandoned
the legal professioi* at the expiration of two years, to
accept the position of associate editor of the " Boston

e, less prolonged; l,t,'i,6,i,f,iA«ri;t,f,\,9,*itaiit;ai,{iU,lttiait;Dbt:t^idimaa;

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HILDRETS 19

Allis," wUch Boon became ooe oTthe ablest Whig jour-
nal* in New England. Hia health having failed, he spent
Ike Tcat 1S3; in Florida, and while there wrote "Aichr
Uoore," an anti-alaverriioTeL It wa> lepnbliahed and
fa<roanib)7 renewed in Eneland, and an ealai-ged edition,
•nder the title of "The White Slave," waa iasoed in the
United States in 1853. In 1837 he (iimlahed to the
^jjmum of the "Atlas" a setiea of arlidea which con-
Iribnted powetfollr towards deieating scheme* then on
faol far tbe annexation of Texas. He look a conspicuous
part in the Presidential canvas* which resulted in the
KMuinatian and electioD of General Harrison. He also
pve to the poUic doting thi* period his "Despotism
■> America," an aUe renew of the social, political, and
ccasMwucal aspects <A slavery in the United State*, to
^licfa he added in 1S54 a chapter on the " Legal Basis erf
Slavery." His health having again biltd, he embarked
b 1S4D for British Guiana, and, during a residence of
llu^e jrean at Georgetown, the capital, wrote his " Theory
of Horals," pnUisbed in 1844, and "Theory of Politics,
ot an Inquiry into the Foundation lA Govemmenla and
tkeCansesand Progress of Political Revolutions," issued
in 1853. Mr. Hildreth is best known, howevet, by hi*
"H^tory of the United States of America," i-irxa the
discovery of the continent to the close of the Sixteenth
Coogres* in iSjo, (6 vol*. 8vo, 1S49-5A.) It was pro-
jected while the aathot was a student at HarvanL Tbe
work ha* been variously oiticised ; bat all agree in
ri.— ;»g it amoi^ the standard historie* of otu coontiy.
IMed at Florence in July, 1865,

Sec DuvtxiiiOE,**Cidiva>diaef Amariea Uwruiinv" leL ill
CuTsiAHn, ''Coiap^ufiuB <£ Amcfkau Liteiiiture."

HUdretb, (Saxubl Fbescott,) M.D., an American
phy«idaii, bMn in Massachusetts in 17S3. He settled
m Oluo in 1806. His principal works are a " Koneer
HistorT of the Ohio Valley," ( 1S4S,) and " Biographical
and Historical Hemoin of tbe Early Settlers of Ohio^"
[1^.) Died at Marietta, Ohio, in 1S63.

BUfsrdlllg, hil'flR-ding', (Alexandek Fbodobo-
TTTCU,) a Ruswan author, of German descent, boin at
Moscow in 1831. Among bis numerou* works are a
"Historf of the Serbs and Bulgarians," "History of
the Baltic Slays," and " Travel* in Bosnia, Herzegovina,
and Old Servia." He also wrote much on Slavic phi-
lology. Died Jul]! 3, 1871.

Kl'gard, (EuGBNi WoldimakJ Ph.D., a German-
American scientist, a brother of J. E. Hilgard, waa bom
at ZveibrwJien, January 5, 1S33. In 1E35 he went with his
father lo Belleville, Illinoi He was educated at Freiberg.
Zaricli, and Heidelberg, where he graduated in 1853,
was State geolonat of Mississippi, 1857-73, professor
of chemistry in uie University of Mississippi, 1866-73,
professor (rf geology in the University of Michigan,
■873-7!h *nd in 1875 became professor of agriculture in
the University of Califbroia. He has published many
valuable reports and scientific paper*.

migard, puuirs EaitsKits,) ■ distinguished scientist,
bom at Zweibriicken, in Germany, January 7, 1S25. He
removed lo the United States with his patents in-1835.
In 1845 he entered the coast survey, of which in 1S81 ne
WIS app^nled superintendent Died May 8, iSgi.

mignnfald, hil't^n-fttt', (Adolf Bbsnhakd Chris-
toru CHWmAN.) a German Biblical critic o( the " Tii-
tingen school," was bom ai Stappenbeck, June 1, 1833.
He became a professor of theology at Jena. lie has
written much on New Testsmenl critidam and the Greek
Apocrjphal writings, has edited a " Novum Testameutum
Mtra Canonem I&ceptum," and published a " History
ef tbe Heresies of Early Christianity," (1884.) He rank*
as a conservative of the rationalistic school.

mi, (Aaron,) an Fnr'if'' writer, bom in London In
■685. About the age of uiteen he went to Constanti-
nople, and by the aidof his kinsman. Lord Paget, visited
aeveral conntriea of the EasL In 1709 he published a
'History of the Ottoman Empire." Soon after he became
manager oif Drury Lane Theatre, and wrote "El&ida,"
a tragedy, which was followed by several other dramas.
Tbe most successliil of these are "Aliira" and "Zara,"
^apted from Voltaire. He wrote a satire on Pope, who
kad noticed him in the " Dunciad" in terms whicn some
think raiber cor^tplimentary. Died in 175a

87 HILL

Hill, ^Alprkd Jamis,) archasologist, was bora at
London in 1S33. He removed to America, where be
entered upon an extensive survey of the archxology
' the Northwest, plaiting nearly twelve thousand
ian mounds north of the Ohio and west of the
Great Lakes. He died in 1895, leaving the manu-
script of several extensive works uncompleted.

Hill. (Ambrosb Powell,) an American general,
bom in Cutpeper county, Virginia, about 1825,
graduated at West Point in 1S47. He joined the
Confederate army in 1S61, became a major-general in
lS6z, and in 1863 was promoted lieutenant-general.
He commanded a corps at Gettysburg and in the later
Virginia campaigns, and was killed in battle neat
Petersburg, April 2, 1865.

Will, (Brnjaii'H Harvry,) an American Senator,
bom in jasper county, Georeia, September 14, 1833.
He graduated at the Georgia University in 1S44, became

lawyer, was a Confederate Senator, 1861-65, >"<' '

ecle' ■ " " " ■

He ii_ _ _

lawyer. Died August 16, 1882.

mil, (Daniel H.,) an American general, bora in South
Carolina in iSsi. graduated at West Point in 1842, and
served in the Mexican war. He oommanded a Con-
federate division at the battles of Hechanicsville and

„ ^, ided »t AugnaU,

Gewpa, b 1865. Died September 14, 1889.

Hill, (David Bennett,) an American Senator,

u born at Havana, New York, ifi 1844. He was
admitted to the bar in 1S64, was in the New York
Assembly 1869-71, mayor of Elmira 1882, lieutenant-
governor of New York 1882-85, and governor 1885-
gl. He was in the United Slates Senate 1891-97,
and was advocated as the Democratic candidate for
President in 1893. Died November 20, 1910.

Hill (David J.,) LL.D., educator, bom at Flain-
lield. New Jeisey, June 10, 1S50. He graduated at
tbe tmiveisity at Lewisburg, Pennsylvania, in 1874, be-
came its president in 1S79, and president of the Univer-
sity of Rochester in 1B88. He wasassistant secrelaryof
state 1S98-1903, and ambassadot to Germany 1908-11.
Is the author of works on rhetoric, diplomacy, and
various otbef subjects.

BUI, (David Octavius,) a Scottish painter, bomat
Pntb in 1802, and for tnany year* secretary to the Royal
Scottish Academy. Died 1 870,

HUI, {Gborcb,) D.D., a Scottish divine, bom at
Saint Andrew's in 1750. He was principal of Saint
Mary's College, in his native town, and succeeded
Dr. Robertson as leader of the General Assembly.
He published, besides other works, "Lectures on
Divinity." Died in i8ig.

Hill, (George,) an American poet, bom at Guil-
ford, near New Haven, Connecticut, in 1796. Among
his principal poems are " The Kuins of Athens" and
"Titania." Died in New York, December 15, 1871.

HiU, (Headon,) nem-de-ptumi of F. Grainger, an
English novelist, bom in Suffolk in 1857. Since 1890
be has published numerous novels, including "Tbe
Rajah's Second Wife," (1894,) "The Zone of Fire,"
(1897,) "Spectre Gold," (.1898,) etc.

Hill, (James Jerome,) railroad manager, bom near
Guelph, Canada, inl838. Engaged in western transpor-
tation enterprises, became active in 1890 in the building
of the Great Northern Railway, and in 1893 was made
president of the Great Northern System. He is now
chairman of its board of directors, director in various
financial inslitulioos, and vice-presidoii of (he New York
Chamber of Commerce.

"Ill, (Sit John,) an English writer and literary quack,
bom at SpaltUng Inl7l6. He obtained skill asa botanist,
made and sold quack medicine*, and edited "The In-
spector," a joomal which owed its lucceas to d>e scandal
it contained. He wa* refnaed admiaaion to the Royal

«mi;Cas(;|4«^,-kaay;e,il,K,/aittm>/,-H,<Riw/,-R,'n/i!(tf;ias>;%hasini'iw. (tf-See Explanations, p. s>|

Digitized by VjOOQ I C

1988

HILLRBRAND

Sodetf on >ccoDnt of hi* doubtful charictei, and »ooghi
reven^ by writing a review of their works. Hii " Vege-
table Sntem," in 36 toI*., with ipleixlid plates, told
at one hundred and ibcbr gnineM per cop*. He wai
knighted b; the King of Sweden, to whom he had pre-
tented a copy of the last-named work. Died in 1775.

Gairick has defined his merits in the following epigram:
" For i>hyfic nuf bw, bb rt«1 iher< acuct m\
Hi> Lim »c pliTiic hu pfaym ■ fiira n."

6(* DBiAit.1, " Quimia of Autbon."

Hill. (losEPH.] an English tcholar, bom near Leeda
in 1615, became minister of an English church at Mid-
delbuig, Holland. He pubJished an improved edition
of Schreveliu*'* " Greek Lexicon," (1676.) Died in 1707.

HIU, (Matthew Davenport,) 1 brother of Sir
Rowland, noticed below, bom in Birmingham about
179a, became a bariisler. He was a member of the
SocieEy foi the Diffusion of Utefal Knowledge,
laboured with zeal and anccess to procure amendments
of the laws. He was one of the chief promoters "
"juvenile reformatories." Died June 7, 1871,

Hill, (Nathaniel P.,) an American Senator, bom ...
Montgomery, New York, February 18, 183*. He gradu-

,- -j-r — I caemisiry,
in Eivope, iS65-6£^
Colorado, as

1867 removed to Dem
a el ting company. He was
U-5. Senator fromColorado 1870-85. D.Aug. 22,1000.

Hill, fOcTAViA,) an English leformer.bom about
183S. She worked earnestly among the London poor,
and in 1864 began an important work of improving
the home* ol workingmen in the London slums.
She wrote "Homes of the London Poor," (1875,)
" Our Common Land," (187S,) etc. Died 1913.

Wt1l, (Sir RlCHAKS,) bom In 1733, a brother of Row-
land, was member of Parliament for Salop, and aome-
time* preached in the CalviniiticHethadiatchapela. He
wrote a Cew religious worki. Died in iSoS.

W'l, (RoBUtT,) a self-taught English linguist, bom
Hiswell in 16^ was a tailor by trade. He was master
of several ancient langaana, and wrote " Critidsms on
Jotk" and a few other works. Died in 1777.

HUl, (Rev. RowLAHl^) a popular preacher and dis-
ciple of Whitefield, was bom at Hawkstone, England,
in 1744. He was the son of a baronet, and nnde of
General Lord Hill. After leaving college ho «a*
ordained a deacon of the Anglican Church, but soon
became a zealous and eloquent preacher among the Cal-
viniitic Methodists. Addrcasing the people in the streets,
the a^va air, or wherever he could gain audience, be
made many converts in various parts of the Idngdom.
In 1783 he built Surrey Chapel, London, in which he
pteacbed about fifly winlera. He was the author of "Vil-
[age Dialogues," and other works. Southey, in refer-
ence lo a particular occaaion, says, " His manner was
animated and striking, sometimes dignified and impress-
ive. The purport of bis sermon was good, — nothing
bnaticai, nothing enthusiaalic." Died in 1833.
HIU (Rowland,) Viscount, an English general, bora

at Frees, Shropshire, in i" - — -"^ ' -- ' "'

John Hill, and nephew 01

general and appointed on the staff In 180S he served
m Portugal, under Sir Arthur Welleslev and Sir John
Moore, until the battle of Corunna, Promoted to the
rank of lieutenant^neral in 1809, he was emplo^
•everal years in the Peninsular war, and gained a high
reputation in his profession. In 1814 he was raised to
the peerage, aa Baron of Almarez and Hawkstone. He
look part in the battle of Waterloo in 181J, and after-
wards was second in command of the armj of occupation
1 France. Lord Hill was eommander-in -chief of the

author of the cheap postage svstem, was bom at Kid-
derminster in 1795. In 1S37 he wrote a pamphlet on
" Post-OSce Rerorm, its Importance and Practicability."
Through his perustcnt efforts, a bill was passed in the

bea&lon of 1839-40 to reduce the rale of poslafie and
render it uniform. The postage has aince been Atrthet
reduced, and letters are now carried for one penny each
to any part of the United Kingdom. The people ex-
pressed their gratitude for this benefit by a present of
£\Z,'xa raised by subacriptlon. He was appointed
secretary to the poatmaater-gcneral in 1S46, and sole

cretarir 10 the post-office in 1854 In 1864, h
having failed, he retired from office, but the treasurf
awarded him for life his salary of £vxxt per annum, anil
Parliament a grant of £30,000. Died August 27, 1879.

Hill, (Thoma^) a mathematidan and Unitarian min-
ister, bom at New Brunswick, New Jersey, in 1818
graduated at Harvard in 1843. He published, besides
other woriu, "Geometry and Faith," and contributed
manv articles to the " North American Review" and the
"Atlantic Monthly.", In l8<9 he succeeded Horace
Mann as president of Aniioch College, Ohia He waa
president of Harvard University from iS6s to 1868.
Died November 21, 1S91.

Hill, (Thomas,) an Anglo-American painter, bom in
England in 1S29. When he was twelve years old he was
bruu|;hl 10 the United Slatea. He became a decorator,
lirsl in Boston and then in Philadelphia, but in 1S61
removed to San Francisco. Among his best pictures
are ■' White Mountain Notch," "The Yosemite Valley,"
" The Great Gallon," etc Died in 1908.

HUl. (Thomas Ford,) an English antiquary and pbOcd-
ogist, published " Andent Erse Poems. Died in 1795.

Hill, (WiLLiAH,) D.D., an American diiine, born in
Cumberland county, Virginia, in 1760. He graduated
at Hampden-Sidney College in 1788. From 1800 to
I S34 he was pastor of the Presbyterian church in Win
[he!<ier, where he died in 1S52.

Hil'l^d, (Gborgb Stillhan,) an eminent American
wilier, lawyer, and orator, bom in Machias, Maine, In
iSoS. While pursuing his collegiate course at Harvard,
Iwhere he graduated in 1S2S,) he is said to have been
ipecially custinguished in declamation and English
■■"""-'''"" He was afterwards for s *^~-

m position.
Hated w"' "

e time asso-

Boston. Besides attending to
professional business, he afterwards twice
visited Europe, and was a member of both branches of
the Massachusetts legislature. He was author of a great
number of orations, lecture* before the Lowell Inatitute,
and contributions to the " Cbriitian Examiner," "North
American Review," etc In 1852 he was selected by the
authorities of Boston to deliver the eulogy on the char-
acter of Daniel Webster. The next year appeared his
"Sii Months in Italy," (in 2 vols, iimo,) which had
reached the fifth edition in 1855. " Mr. Hillard's work,"
says a critic in the "Quarterly Review" for April, 1858,
" IS that of a scholar and a gentleman, a man of sense
as well aa of taste and feeling. His style is pointed and
full of happy expressions and striking images." Among
other literary labours, Mr. Hillard ediied the Poetical
Works of Spenser, (in S vols. Sva) He was for some
lime associate editor of the "Jurist," and was for several

Sars one of the principal editors of the " Boston Courier."
t contributed several important articles to the "New
American Cyclopaedia," including those on Alexander
and Edward Everett and Rufus Choate. H« died in

milebraud, hil'lfh-biilnf , (JosBrK,) a German phi-
losophical writer, bom near Hildesheim in ifgS. He
published, among other works, " The Philosophy of the
Spirit," {I vols., 183s,) and "The German National
Literature since the Beginning of the Eighteenth Cen-

(2 vols., 1845.) Diedji -*-

lebrana, (IL

causes, he became in 1863 a ptofes! .
"History of France since 1830," "France and the
French," and a treatise on educational reform, were pub-
lished before his removal, in 187a, to Florence, where
be became the founder and librarian of ttie Circolo Fi-
lologico. He also published a volume on " England
- ^the English," aiida"HiEiory of German Though). "

I, C,t,0,fi,T,;wtf; !.(,&, same, less prolonged; I, C,^i!l,)!,f,rJ0rl',- ¥,;,), 9, (<Anwrv;flr,flll,ftt;inlt;nOt;ga(din

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1*89

HINCK&LDEY

lioM of hi* wridngs are Id Gcnnan. Died at Florence
October 18, iS&t.

HDIfll, a ^noos Jewiih rabbi, born at Babjrion about
110 B.C., was descended from King David. He went
to Jerusalem at the age of forty, acquired ■ thorooffh
knowledge of the law, and was cboscn presidenl of the
SanhedrTTD about 30 B.C. The origin of the Talmud 01
MUhna is asoibed to Hillel, who wu the leader of a
Bdmerous school or parly. He died at Ihe age of one
nd twenty years.

a noted rabbi, supposed to have lived aboat
. was a descendant of the preceding. He re-

med the Jewish calendar by meant of a cycle of nioA-
iccn Tcara.

HUltti, hillfr, (FirdinakeO a celebrated German
composer, bom of Jewish parents at Frankfort, October
J4, iSlI. He published an oratorio of the "Destruction
irflerusalem,"(l840,) "The Musical Lifeof our Times."
(IMS.) and Lives of Beethoven and Hendelasohn. Died
at Cologite. May 11, 1SS5.

HllTar, UoHAHH Adam,) whose real name was
HOujiR, a Prussian musician and composer, born al
WeDdtSCh-Ossig, near GorliU, in 1738. Hia beslknown
Citmpositions are his " Singspiele," of which one al least,
" I lie Jagd," still keeps the stage. IJied in 1804.

Bnior, (MatthXus,) a German Orientaliat. born al
Snutaarl in 1646, was professor of Oriental languages
■id lEeolc^ at Tubingen. He wrote a " Latin Hebrew
Lexicon," (1685.) Died in 1715.

HQIar, (Phiupp Friki>kich.) one of the best of the
Soalh'German religious poets, was born at Miihlhausen,
in WBrtemberg. lannary 6, 1699. He became a Prot-
•stani paslor, and died at Steinbeim, April 34, 1769.

&lU«r, ▼00, fbn hil'lfr, (Johann,) Sakon, an Aus-
bUn general, born at NcusUdI, near Vienna, in 1754-
la 1809 he obUined command of the IJith corps of the
■nny of the archduke Charles. Although be was de-
feated by Napoleon al Landshut in April, he contributed
greatly to Ihe success of the Austrians at Aspern in the
Mat month. Died in 1S19.

Hnlam, von, fbn hill^m, (Wilhklmine.) a German
Bwelist, a daughter of Charlotte Birch •rreiffer, was
bom March 11, 18361 Among ber stories are "Double
life." " A Fhysidan of the Soul," " The Geier-Wallj,"
etc

EDlarrtp, faii'lfh-rfip', (Frbdhik Christian,) a
Damsh poet, bom al Vedelsborg in 1793, published a
work called " Italica." (1819,) and "New Poem^" (" Nye
D^") in 1854. Died May 5, 1861.

mlinionaa, (Jambs,) an Amerkan tawjcr, bom n
Connecticut in 1754. He was a Senator of Ihe United
Stales from 1794 to iSiol Died in 1832.

HlUbonaa. (Jauzs A.,) an American poet, son of the
ptecedine, bom at New Haven in 1789. He removed
to New York City, and married Cornelia Lawrenr
l8Z4- His first poem, " The Judgment, a Vision,' .
peared in 1813. He also wrote the following admired
dramas : " Percy's Masque," " Hadad," and " Demetria."
Died in 1841-

Scc nanwDLBi "PoM« and Poaur ofAmEHia;" DuvcKmca,
* CyilnpiaJia of AmtricM LitcUar^ voL v.; Clivilahii. "Csb-
■■Mini ef Amcncu LiKntun :" " North AmirKaii Kciin" f«

HiUlard, (Henry Wasbinoton,) bom in Cumber-
land county, Nonh Carolina, August 8, 180S. He was
sprofessor in the Univeraily of Alabama, 1831-34, in
ti^ went to Belgium as United States minisler, was
■eveia] limes elected lo Congress as a Whig, and served
*s a brigadier-general in Ihe Confedetale service. Id
1S77 he wu appointed United States minister to Brazil.
Died Decunber 17, 1893.

HUliard, hll'yard, (Nicholas,) an English painlei,
bom at Exeter in 1547, learned the trade of a jeweller,
and aflerwards became emineot as ■ miniature-painter.
He executed an admired portrait of Mary Queen of Soots,
and was patronized by Queen Elizabeth and James I.
Died in 1619.

Billlo, (Newell Dwigkt,) clergyman, born al
Magnolia, Iowa, in 1858, giadualed at Lake Forest Uni<
veisity in 1884, studied for the Presbyteriaa ministry and

held pastorates at Peoria, Evanston, and Cbicaga. Since
1899 has been pastor of the Flymoulh Coogregaliooal
CbuTch of Brooklyn. He has wihlcD ' ' The Quest of
John Chapman," "The Fortune of the Republic,"
" Proi^ets of a New Era," etc.

Hil'piDoht, (Herman Volrattis,) an ax-
chasologist, bom al Hohenenlehen, Germany, in
1859. He studied in various German universities,
emigraled to the United Slates, and in 1886 became
professor of Assyrian and Semitic philology at the
University ot Pennsylvania. He became curator of
the Semitic section ol the museum, and was director
of the eicavations at Nippur, Babylonia, 1888-99,
which added greatly to our knowledge of the antiquity
of Babylonian civilization. He is the leading au-
thority on cuneiform palwographj.

Hilton, (William,) a successful English historical
painter, bom at Liticuin in 17S6. About iSoo he became
a stodent in the Royal Academy, and in 1804 exhibited
hi* " Hector reinspired by Apollo." In 1819 or iSoo
he waa elected a member of the Academy, and in 18^5
•ucoeeded Fuseli as keeper of that insdtutioii. He at>
tained a high rank among the Engliah artist* of his time.
Amonehit best works are "Nature blowing Bubbl**,"
and " The Graces leaching Cupid to play on the Lyre."
Died in 1839-

Hi-me'll-tu, ['[AftKOf,] an eminent Greek (ophlM ol
Prusa, Bjihynia. He became master of a celebrated school
in Athens, and afterwards secretary of the empeTM Julian
at Antioch about 363 A.D. He composed many orationa,
of which about twenty are extant. His style is rather

■- — •-—'- Vmong bi* pupils " "— '

liL He was alwa
or friendly to the Christians.

Hl-nill'oo or Hl-mU'opn, a Carthaginian navigator,
Ihe dale of whose adventure* ii unknown, Pliny states
that he sailed northward from Gades on a voyage of dis-
covery about the time that Hannoexplored the western
coast trf Africa. R, Fesius Avienus quotes him as hi*
antboriij for an account of Ihe islanils of llw Hibend
and Albior'

wno waa joinea wiin nanmoai in ine commanu uj a Jiuf^v
army in Ihe war against Dionysius, trrant of Syracuse;
He tix>k Agrigenlum after a long u^e, during which
the death 0? Hannibal left him sole commander, (406

B.C.) He defeated Dionyaius about 405, s<
'ed. The war having b<
raised an army of too,ooo men, with

peace was concluded. The war having been r(

wluch he marched victoriously to the gates of Syra-

He escaped to Carthage and killed himselL

was commander of the fleet
of Carthage, on the cout of Sicity, in 114 B.C., while
Marcellus commanded the Romans in that island. He
landed an army in 213, gained some advantages, and,
having failed in an attempt lo relieve Syracuse, died of
pestilence in 313 B.C.

BilalT, him'lee, (K abl Guttav,) a German phjrsidan,
bom at Brunswick in 1771, was professor of medidne al
Gtfttingen. He was distinguished tor his skiliiil trea^
ment of disease* of the eyes, on which he publithed a
valuable work. Died in 1837.

]miiuDal. him'mtl, [Fbikdkich Hbinrich,) a Ger-
man composer, bom in the duchy of Brandenbuig in

■''5. ""'I " ■ ■

Among his

" The Sylphs." Died in 1814.

So FAtu. " Biocnphui UiuvvhIIc daa Miukteu."

Blnoh'ollfie, (John,) an Ei^lish divine and orator,
bom at Westminater in 1731. ne became head-mastar
of Westminster School in 1764, and Bishop of Peter-
borough in 1769. Died in 1794.

Hlaokeldey, hink'kfl-dT, (Karl Ludwiq Fuu>-
BitiH,) a Prussian administrator, bom near MeJnli^en
in 1803. He became Minister or prefi:ct of police in
Berlin in 184S. He wa* kiUedina dnel in iSs6.

« Mi; C *• '•' 1 1'^^: i W- B, H, •C/Mtera/; M, tiatai; K. MlUd; i as a; «h aa in Out. (37~See Explanations, p. s^}

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^f tn nlfalmann bjok'kft-mlll', (ABRAHAM,) 1 Gcf-

Bun Orientilicc, bora it Dabdn in 1651, publiahed an
edition of tbe Koran, (1694.) Hid to be the &nt ev«r
printed in Arabic. IHed in 169J.

mnok'Urjr, (John,) in EtMlich deiKjmaii, bom in
1617, «u rectoc of DnjhHL Died In 1695.

Knomar, hink'mlr, a learned Freodi prelate, b<mi
\m S06 a.Dl, entered tbe AbbcT of Saint-Denia in child-
hood. He acquired much inBuenoe, and became a &-
TOorile at tbe court of Charlea the Bald. In 845 he was
elected Archbiahop of Rheimi. He dininEiiiabed him-
aelf b]r hit firmnesa in defending the Chnrd acainit the
encToa^menla of the papal antfrojal power. He wrote,
beaidea other workt, two treatiwa on Predestination, in
eoe of which be attempts to refute the bmoua Erigena.
He ia cenaimd for hia aererit^ to GodesehalCDa, who
was confined in a dungeon for lua heretical ojrfniotis on
the qoeation of piedeatination. Died in 883 ILO.

S« "Cilia QuiniiDai'' W. r. Gea, " UskwOrMwla ■«
■ . . ... .._..^. _ ■„ ■ ,»,g^j "N(ni»«IkBlo.

oner, bom at Ni
1S40 a ailoation in the Rojral Obaerratoryat Greenwich.
In 184s he removed to another obaerratory in Regent's
Park, London, where he has had remarkable success as
an obserrer. He discovered, besides several comets, ten
telescopic planets, namely. Iris, (1S47,) Flora, [1S47,)
Victoria, (iSjo,) Irene, (1851,) Helpomene, Forluna,
Calliope, and Thalia, (all in 185a,) Euterpe, (1S53,) and
Urania, (1854.) He wrote several works, among which
b " The Solar Svslem : a Descriptive Treatise on the
Son, Moon, and Planets," (1851.) Died Dec 23. 1S95.

^nd'inan, (Thomas C.,) an American general, born
in Tennessee about 181& He jived in Arkanaaa before
the civil war, and was a member of Congress. He com.
manded the rebel forces at Prairie Grove, Arkansas, in
December, 1863, and served as major-general at the
battle of Chickamauga. Died September 37. |36S.

Hinda, (Sauuel,) D.D., a British author, born in
Barbadoes in 1793. He graduated at Queen's College,
Oxford, in 1S15, and in 1849 was consecrated Bishop of
Norwich. He published a "History of Christianitj,"
(1849, often reprinted,] "Sonnets and Sacred Poems,"
and various theoli^cal works. Died February 7, 1S73.

Hlnojoaa y Carbajal, e-no-H5'sl e kaa-B&-Hll',
(Alvaro de,) a Spanish pqet, who lived about 1610.

Set VoKoniAJiv, "Poet! and Votajot Europe."

Hinrioh*. hln'ritu, (Hermann Fkikdrcch Wil-
HU.M,) a German philosopher, bora in Oldenburg in
>794, published "The Gcntais of Science," ("Geneaia
dea Wiauns," 1835,) and other worka, IMcd in 1861.

Blni'dale, (Burkb Aaron,) an American educator,
born at Wadsworth, Ohio, March 31, 1837. He was
educated at Hiram College, of which he was president,
1870-83. In 1883 he was appointed superintendent of
public schools in Cleveland, Ohio. His principal boohs
are "President Garfield and Education,'' (1S81,)
" Schools and Studies," (18S4,) etc He edited General
Garfield's " Works," (1883,) etc

Hln't^n, Jamss,) a noted English surgeon, a sou of
J. H. Hinton, was bom at Reading in 1811. Among his
works are " Man and his Dwelling -PI ace," (1858,) " Ufe
in Nature," " Thoughta on Health," (187 1,) "Atlas of
Diseasei of the Membrana Tympani," "Questions of
Aural Surgery," "The Mystei; of Man," and "The Place
of the Physician. " He was the most skilful aural sur-
geon of his dav, and a very suggestive writer on ethical
subjects. Died December 16, 187s.

Hin'tpo, (John Howard,) an English writer on his-
tory and theolc^, was born March 34, 1791. He became
minister of a Baptist congregalion in Devonshire Square,
Lmidon. He published, besides other works, "The
History and Topography of the United States of North
America," (3 vols., 1833.) Died December 17, 1873.

go HIPFIAS

of Booddha, wai boni about 6oa A.D. He travetlod
in Hindoatan and other countries, of which he wrote de-
scriptions. He traiMlated into the Chinese manj Hindoo
work* on the religion of Booddha. Died in 6&1 a-d^

5« " MoDvdla Diecnphie G&ifnfe."

mp-pM/vhiu, [Gr. Iimptof,- Ft. Hiffakqui;
e'pluc',) son of Pisislratns, an Athenian, who, in part
nership with hia brother llippias, obtained the chief

Swer in the state in 537 B.C. He was assassinated b^
irmodiua and Aristogiton in 514. Hippias survived;
bat, having rendered himself unpopular by crueltjr and
suspicious habits, (although it is said he was previously
mild and aflaUe,) he was expelled liom Athens in 511,
He afterwards passed many years at the court of the
Persian king Dariua, served as guide to the Persian
army which mvaded Greece, and was at the battle of
Marathon, where, according to some writers, he was
killed, 490 B.c

Sec HmtoDOTUs, booki H., v., vL, a»d m ; Thirlwalu " Hia-
ton; (^ Greece."

HlppniohiL*, [Gr. Inr^ixof; Fr. Hiffarqub; It.
Ipfarco, ip-paR'ko,) tbe founder of the science of aa-
tronomy, and the f^eatcat astronomer of antiquity, was*
native of Nicaea, m Bithjnia. He was of Greek extrac-
tion, and flourished about 150 B.C. Many of his obser-
vations were made at.Rhodes. His writings are all lost,
except a "Commentary on Aratus," which is the least
important; but the knowledge of his discovcrita has been
preserved by Ptolemy in his " Syntaxis." The first who
made systematic observatiuns, he was also the first who
discovered (hat iundamental £u:t in astronomy. — the
precession of the equinoxes. A discovery so imp<irlant
would have sufficed to immortalize him ; but he alto
greatly enriched the science of mathematics, and was
the first who andentood trigonometry, both plane and
spherical, lie invented the planisphere and the stereo-
graphic projection, and gave rules tor the calctilaciun of
eclipse^ by means of which he determined the longitude.
According to Pliny, who calls him the confidant and
interpreter of Datare, llipparchus. having perceived a
new star tliat suddenly appeared in his time, was stimu-
lated by it to form his Catalogue of one thousand and
eighty stars, which is preserved in the "Almagest" of
Ptolemy. In ibis operation he used the astrolabe, which
was probably invented by him. He originated a more
complete system of geography, and tbe mode of de-
termining the position of towns by circles drawn cm
the earth correapouding to those of Ibe celestial sphere.
Among his lost works were "On the Magnitudes and
Distances of the Sun and Moon," "The Movement of
tbe Moon in Latitude," and "On the Retrogradation of
the Equinoctial and Solstitial Points."

Sh Puhv, "Mumi Miitoi^;" Mohtvcla, "KiHeire da
HaUi^mitxnKt;"l>ELAHaiia,"Hiiuirede rAitroaoane udeuM ;"
Di. Hoinx'i inide in the " NcHiveUe Blocnpfaie G^ofrak 1" J.
A. SCHHioT, "Dscrtitiede Kippudu," etc., i69«.

Hippoiolms, an Athenian comic poet, who lived
probably about 300 B.C.

Hlpparqne. See Hipparchik.

Hip'pa-aiiB, [Gr. 'iirmioaf,] a PTtbasorean philoao-
pher, boin at Mciapontum, held, it is said, the doctrine
that fire was the ongtn of all thiiigs.

Hippeati, e'pS', (Cii.E$nN,) a French litUraUitr,
bom at Niort in 1803, published a "History of Ancient
and Modem Philosophy," (1833,] etc Died in 1883.

Hippol, ▼on, fon lup'Ml, fTHiODOR Gottlieb,) a
German humorist and original thinker, bom at Gerdajen,
in Prussia, in 1741. He studied law, and became in 1780
burgomaster of Kijnigsberg. He claimed for women
admission to civil offices and a greater sodal equality.
Among his works are a " Treatise on Marriage," (" Uebei
die Ehe," 1774,) "Designs after Nature," (ITOO,) ai * "

I?k ■

id BeDierkungen dca

S'hemeii Knuumlh too Hippel l»irefl™t," i8o* : " BioEnphie T
. TOn Hippd^ lum Tbeil ron ihm telbtt verftiat." iSoo.
Hlppioa. See Hifparchus and Harmodcus.
Hip'pl-%n, ['Ifnriac,] a Greek sophist, born at Elk,
was a contemporary of Socrates. His character is ex-
hibited by Plato in his dialogue called " Hipptaa Major.*

SecGnTiiiu>,"G«Kliic]ited

i. ^ I, S, 0, f , /ovA ^ ^ S3I»^ le** prolonged; i, £, I, iS, ^ ;r,ii«-/,' », 9, (, 9, 0^

(,' Or, fill, nt; mit;niSti gS6di mSba,

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1291

HIRSCHING

^^tn or Hip'pon. I'limn',] a Creek philoaophcr,
who 1* aupposed to have liTcd in tbe fifth Eeniary ■.&,
and to have been " "^ ^r,i._j _. „

held that moutuTc, or
Md dethred nrach of li

oTRhmuii
the principle oiall tb
a from Thalei.
See HiFrocmAtm.

- — - p.. „

.-^ --^.

at Coa in 4C0 ■.&,
^nwu contemporary with Socrates and Plata He waa
the MM of Haradidei, a deacendant ol Eacntapigs, from
whom be dtrind Ua fini leMou b medidne. Hia
bmijt the AadepiadM^ fcr many generatiotw had prac-
liaed the aame art. The materiala for writing hit per-
•anal hktofy are deficient He ia aaid to have itudied
mediciDe at Athena midci Herodica^ and to ha*e learned
phihMophj of Gor|^ of Leontlnl, after which he prac-

plane 'mA _._

of that dtjr, and with other hononra. The atorj th
e refaaed the invitation and magnifiocnt oden of A
i,itb7B(

jc and respect He had a great nomber of pupila,

from whom he exacted an oath that thej woald never
abate Aeir trmt br criminal practice, nor divulge pro-
faaknal secret*. He held that the bodv Is composed
of ibnr prioutT elements, fire, air, eaith, and water,
riiich produce ute fbor cardinal hnmonis, blood, phl^im,
Ue, and Uadk Ulb He knew bat little of anatomr.
He carried forward the reform begun by hi* ancettora,
m aabatitnting experiment and observation for ipecola-
tive theoriea. He paid more attention than his prede-
ceiaora to diet and change* of weather. Among the
matt remarkable of hli diacorciies i* that of critical dayi
fa fcrer*. Of the nomeroas (Greek) work* ascribed to
him, it is probable that some were cotnpoied b; other
wriWis, as there were tereral noted physician* of the
tame nune^ He died at Larissa, at an age which i*
niooaly stated between eighty-five and one hnndred
aad nine jtan. A* an inventor he ia onrivalled by
aay phyiksan of uideni or modeni timet. Among his

, , - >f

worka are " Prognostics," " Epidemic*,'* " On Regi-
men," and "On Air, Water, and Locality." Of the
c^hly-aeven extant treatises ascribed to him, only a lew
are mdoabtedly gennine.

' ■ ffippoaitk** In FAauaDii " BiUiothaca
" DaStoJfolGpvaaUii," 1711 : A. ns Hal-
' '-cl" 177*: C- " ""■

"Apekpa im HinpooMs ati imut GnmdrtN—." ■ n^. '7^
*t: CP GssMBa, 'I>*I>iTinoUinxicniie,"i7J9iKAitLF. Mai-
€m, " Dimrtaiiii da Via Hippecmk." iSd; A. OarriHCu.

Hlppocfrtas, a Syracnsan, ahared with his In-othei
I^Hcydes the command of the army which defended
Syracuse against Maicellti*, 313 B.C Died b si* b.c

^moonttN OF CHtoi a noted Greek geometer,
who lived in the fifth century before Chriat He studied
at Athens, where he opened a celebrated schooL He
Srst discovered the quadralnre of the lnn&

BUp^pO^-nri'f [Gr. 'InnM/iaa] 1
a daughter oICEnomaus, which tee.

Hfp-pod'frDHi* [Imraiojiat] or HitTTDs, an emi-
nent Greek architect, lived about 440 ».C. He boill
Ak Htkus of Athens, under the order of Pericles, and
planned the dty of Rhodes, about 408 b.c

BSppolTte. See Hippolvtcs.

Bp-pw'f-to, I'litntAvni.l the Queen of the Amazons,
was oiled a daughter of Mars. The poets feigned that
she had a girdle coveted by Eorystheus, wbo ordered
Hercules to bring it to him. She was killed by Hercules
Blppolyte. (Louis Modestin Flokvil.) ^
president of Hayli, was bom at Cape Haytien in 1827.
He was educated in Fiance, joined the Haylian army,
slid distinguished himself- In 1SS9 he headed the in-
jverlhrewPresidem Legitime, andseiied

the chief power. He was elected president in 1890.
Died March 24, 1S96-

Hlp-pol'if-ttta, [Fr. Hippolvte ; It. Ipfolito,]
Saint, b Christian bishop and ecclesiastical writer,
who has recently attracted great attention on the
pad of scholars and theologians. He was dissident
Bishop of Portus, (the harbour of Rome,) and the
author of numerous teamed works, highly extolled by
Eutebius, Jerome, and other Christian Fathers. After
occupying the see of Portus eighteen years or more,
be probably died in exile in Sardinia about 238 A.D.

BlppcdTtna, [Im^bror,] a son of Theseo* and Hi]^
polyte, or Antk^ The poets relate that bit tiep-
motiier Phsdra made to him aaMironi overture* which
he rejected, that the then by calamny IndDced Theteoa
to cntte him, and tlud, at the reqticst of Theseus, Nep-
tOM canted the hone* of Hippolyttw to become unruly,
and to drag him until he wat oeaJ.

Htp-pom'f-don, ['ImtaaUtv,] a Spartan warrior,
was a son of Ageulaut, and a cousin of Kins Agis IV.
He tuiHMirted Agit In hi* efforts to reform the Spartan
faittitabona. He wa* living b uo B.C:.

Htp-pi/iif, the name ota goddess who presided ovw
horses. Her atatnes were pltKod in stables.

Hlp'po-na^ (Inr^Kif,) a Greek poet, who lived
about 540 B.C., waa a native of ^hesD*. Havii^ been
expelled Inmi that dty by its tyranta, be removed ta
ClaHjmene. He wiote satma, ot which only a few 6^
BeniB now rcmaiik He was the firat who emplcTsd the
modification of the Iambic metre termed Choliambic

n'lfm. King of Tyre, b^an to reign about 1035 B.C.
He was contemporary with Da, id and Solomon, with
whom he formed an alliance and always maintained
fiiendly relationa. He was a wiae and successful roler.

Sbc L KiDfi T., ud I. Chnaidn nv.

HiraankaalptL See Nasasincha.

HiTe,d«U. See La HiRK.

Hlniheim, bnxn'hlm, or HemhsTm, hlRnlilm,
IHiiKONVuus,) a German monk and writer, bom at
Troppau in 1635 ; died in 1679.

■^' — •- hKRsh, (JoHANN Christoph.) * GcrmaD
ind numismatiit, bom in 1698; died in lySOb
I, (Max,) a German (Hebrew) anthor and
iliddan, bom at Halberstadt, December 30b
lidet booki of travel, etc, he has written mudi

_.- and labour qnestiona, politic*, etc., and haa

taken ■ prominent place in the Geiman Reichstag.

Hlraoh, (Sahubl.) Ph.D., an eminent Jewish rabbt,
_ )rn at Thalfingen, Rhenish Prussia, June 8, 1815. He
waa educated at Meti, Bonn, Berlin, and Leipaic, where
he graduated ; was, 1843-66, grand rabbi of Luaemburg,
- idin the latter year removed to Philadelphia. He haa
sen one of the chief promoters of the radical reform
movement among American Jews. Among his chief
works are " Religious Philosophy of the Jews," " Hu-
manity as Religion," " Messiah-Lore of^the Jews,"
etc.

Hlnoh da a«r0iith. (Maurice db,) Baron, an
Austrian finander, bom al Munich in 1831. Left a
large fortune by his father, and marrying a womaa
dowry of $20,000,000, be engaged in ex-
business operations, and gained a fortune o(
0,000. With this he entered upon large be-
nevolent schemes for the benefit of bis fellow-Jews,

s gifts aggregating $50,000,000, while those of bit
ife were proportionately liberal. He died Deccm-
:r 10, 1896, and his wife April 1, 1S99.

HInohar, hMKsh'eri (Johanr Baptist,) a Swits
Catholic theologian, bom near Altorf in irSS. His prin-
dpal work i* "Christian Morality," J" Chrialliche Mo-
ral," 3 vols., Sth edition, 1851.) Died Septerabei 4, 1865.

Hirsohinft hffiRsh'ing, [Fribdrich Karl G0TTI.OB,}
\ German antiquary, bom at USenheim in 1761, became

Srofessor of philosophy at Eriangen in 179Z. He pub-
shed several useful works, among which are a "De-
icription of [he Best Libraries of Germany," (4 vols.,
1790,} and a " Historical and Literary Manual of Emi-
nent Persons who died in the Eighteenth Century,"
""'-"---R h-^"- "-—

(" Hislorisch -tiler

sches Handbucb beriihmler Perso-

^mit f»»t;iJkarJ; ^tMJ;<i,a,^gtittttral; n.mual; *,lriiieJ; Ium; thuiaMi. (|

ExplanatioMip. aj J

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Maguir
thenar

HIRSCHVOGEL

Ben," etc., 1794-1815, 17 vols.) The lut i> volumes of
mil wen edited by J. H. M. ErneslL Died in iSoo.

BlroohTOBel, hffiash'fo^, (Aucon'iH,) a Gerauu
painter aii4 engrarci, born at Nuremberg in 1506 ; died
inis6a

Hint, (Hknkt B.,) an American poet, born in Phila-
delphia in iSi). He ■tndied taw, and was admitted 10
........ r_ -g^i, Hig gfit poeoia speared in "Graham's

He afterwuda published " The Caming of
)lh, the Funeral of Time, and other Poems,"
(IS4SJ and " Endymion, a Tale of Greece, in four cantos,"
(184&) Died Marcli 30, 1S74.

Hlit or Hirtb, (Johakn Feiedbich,} a German Orien-
talisl and writer, bom at Apolda in 1719, was profeaaor
oT lheo1«g]r at Jena. Died m 1784.

Hlrtliis, hjr'Bh^^a, (Atous,) a Roman consul and ^en.
■ral, was a patrician by birth. Cicero, wlio was liis inti-
mate biend, spealcs highly of his talents. He served
under Cxsar in the Gallic war, and supported his party
in the civil war. After the deatli of Cesar, Hirlius
joined Brotiu against Antony, and was elected consul
with C. VibiuB Pansa. In 43 K.C. these consuls eained
■ victory over Antony at Mulina, (H6denai) but Hiitius
was killed in llie action. He is supposed to be the
■ntbor of the continuation of "CMsars CcMnmentaries"
which fbnnt the eighth booli of the " Gallic War." and
^Bo of two other neatiseB on the campaign* of Cesar,
vis., the Alexandrian and the African.

Btnel. hKRf ifl, {Bkrnkard,) a SwIm Orientalist,
bom at Zurich in 1807, translated the ** Saliuntala " of
Kllidisa from the Sanscrit into GermaiL Died in 1S47.

293 HJ^RNE

186&-7S. Published volumes of geolc^col reports and
many sdentilic papers.

5« "SilhiBu'i Jounul,"nL A; "Nath Britbh Renew" fct
PfbrnUT. iWo-

Hitclicoa^ (Ethan Allem,] an American writer and
military officer, a grandstm of Ethan Allen, was bom in
Vergennes, Venuont, in 179S. He graduated at West
Pmntin i8i7,and served in the Seminole war in Florida.
In the war with Mexico he was attached to the staff of
General Scott, and in 1847 promoted to the rank of
brigadier-general. He was subsequently sent to Cali-
fornia, as comoandani of the PadGc division, bat he
returned in 1854, and the next year resigned liis com-
mission. He wrote "Swedenborg a Hermetic Philo-
sopher," (1858.) Died in 1870.

Hltoboock, (Ethan Allen,} goventneDt oflicial,
a descendant of Ethan Allen, bora U Mobile, Alatis^ia,
in 1S35. Settling in Missouri, he became a leader in
railroad and minii^ business, entered into politics and in
1S97 nas appointed minister to Russia, Became secre-
taiy of the interior in i S99, brought many suits against
pojietrators of fraud in government lauds, and secured
coovictJon of 89 persons, among them a U. 5. Senator,
a representative, and several Land OIHce officials. He
lesigned in 1907 and died April 9, 1909,

Hitolicock, (Peter,) an American jurist, bom {n
Cbeshire, Connecticut, in 1870, graduated at Vale, iSoi.
He represented a district of Ohio in Congress from 1817
to 1819, and was subsequenity judge of the aDpreme
court of the stale for twenty-ei^t years, for six yean of
which period he was chief justice. Died in 1S53.

Hitoh'oook, (RusWELL DwiGKTp) D.D., LL.D., an
American clergyman, was boin at East Machias, Maine,

HLiely, hftile', Jean Joseph,) a Swiss historian,
born in iSoo, wrote, in French, " Researches on William
Tell," (1&43,) and other works on Swiss history.

Wt.linTTi See HlSHilM.

Hlalnger, hee'sing-fr, or Hlaln^ hee'aing, (Wil-
RXLH,) a Swedish minerxloatst, born m 1766, published,
besides other work*, " Letnea Suedca, sen petrifrcata
Suede," (1837-40-) Died in 1851.

HUtiseua, hi* ic-ee'us, |Gr. 'Iffrulof; Fr. HisrntE,
b'te'i',] an able and craAy tiller of Hiletni, to whom
Darius intrusted the duty of guarding a bridge over the
Danube during his invasion of Scythia, about 51a B.C.
He refased to desert Dario* at the instigation cf Mil-
tiades ; but he afterwards revolted, and was put to death
by the Persians about 494 B.C.

HlaUAe. See HiSTi.«ni.

Hitn. da, di ee'tl, (Gines Pekei,) a Spanish chroni-
der, born in Murda, lived between 1550 and 1600. He
wrote an intercating work, entitled "The Civil Wars of
Granada."

SHTicKHoa, "Hiuary of Sfani^ Lit«usn.~

Hltch'oook, (Edwabd,) an eminent Americas geol-
ogist, bom at Deertietd, Massachusetts, May 14, 1793.
He became pastor of the Congregational church in Con-
way, Massachusetts, in iSsl, and professor of chemistry
utd natural history in Amherst College in tSa5. In 1S40
be published his "Elementary Geology." a valuable
work, which passed through tWenty-five or more edi-
tions. From 1S45 to 1854 he was president of Amhersi
College, the prosperity 0/ which increased greatly undei
U* direction. He became about 1845 professor of naiu
ral theoloey and geology in that institution. Having
been appointed State geologist for Massachusetts, he
made a geolojpcal survey of that State, and wrcite
"Reports on the Geoiogy of Massachusetts," (1833-41.)
Among his numerous works are "The Geology of the
Connecticut Valley," (18^3,) "The Religion of Geology
and its Connected Sciences," (1851,) and " Illustrations
of Surface-Geology," {1857.) By his eiposilion of the
fossil footprints of the Connecticut valley he originated
• new branch of sdence. Called Ichnoli^y. He published
in 1S4S " Fossil Footprints in the United States." He
died in 1S64. His sou, Charles Hei^rv, bom in 1836,
was professor of geology at Ijdayelte College 1866-70,
afterwards at Daitmoulh, was state geologist of Maine

I, e, 1, 8, Q, J, /flflf ; i, *, 6, same, leas prolonged; il, i, I,

t Andovei Seminary. He
•Kna a piuicsHH ijt oowuuin College from l3s3 to 1855,
became professor ofcfaurch history in Union Theological
Seminary in New York in 1855, and in 18S0 was chosen
ts president Among his worlis are a " Life of Edward
Robinson," (1863,) an " Analysis of the Bible," (1869,)
and " Socialism," ( 187S.) Died June 16, 1S87.

Htt'toU. (John Sherzer,) an American author,
bom at Jonestown, Pennsylvania, in 1825. He was
lor Iwenty-iive years a joumalist in San Francisco,
and wrote " History of the Mental Growth of Man-
kind in Ancient Times," "The Evidences against
Christianity," " The Resources of California," etc.

His brother, Theodore Henry Hittell, bom in
1830, went to California in 185S snd practised law
there after 1862. He wrote " History of California,"
" General Laws of California," etc.

Hlttori; hiftoEf or *e'toEF,()AC<jirEsl0NACE,)au emi-
nent architect and antiquary, oorn at Colt^ne in 1793,
was a pupil of B^langer. He was appointed architect to
the King of France in 18:8, after which he visited Italy.
He commenced about 1S34 the church of Saint Vincent
de Paul, (in the Italian style,) and designed the remark-
able works of the Place de Concorde. Among his capital
works are the (Wand Circus, (1840,) die Panorama, the
roof of which is supported by twelve iron cables, and
the Cirque -Napolion, (1851.} M. Hittorf acquired a
European repul tion l^ these structures, and by his
writings on classical art, namely, " Polychromic Archi-
tecture of the Greeks," (1830,) "Modem Architecture
of Sidly," (1837,) and " Anaent Architecture of Sidly."
He was a member of the Institute. I>ied in 1S67.

Hitdchit'sic, (Ferdinand,) a German biblical cntic,
born in Baden in iSoy. He became professor of theulogy
at Zurich in 1833. His principal works are a "Transla-
tion and Exposition of Isaiah,'' (1833,) and commentaries
on the other greater prophets, (1841-50.) Died in iSyj.

Hltxlg, (Cborc Heinrich Fkikurich,) a distin>

guiihedGerman architect, bom in 1811 ; died in iSSl.

HjiDTDS or HlsDme. he-ia'nfh, (Urban,) a Swedish
physician and naturalist, bom in 1641, became &rst phy-
sician to the king Carl XL, and vice-president of the
Coundl of Mines. He wrote, besides other works,

Jf, f jtOT^; f, 4, 1, 9, hAkwv: far, 1311, fit; mttj n&t; gd&d; mO^p

db,Google

HJORT

mart, be-oKf or hjraKt, (Pkou.) a Dwibh gnm.
Marian, bom near Copenkuen in 1703, Afta ui u-
tcDKTC tour in Franoe ind Italy, he Wame profeuoi
of Germui at SorSc He wrole Kreial nccesBfal works
00 grammar, among which are "Tydak Grainautik for
Dansktalende," ("German Gramroar for the Uae of
Danea," 5th editioD, l85l.)"Tydsk Lueboe for Danak
talciwie," ("Gcmiui Reader for the Use of Danea," y.
Cditiao, 1843.) and "Den Danske Bomeven," ("Th(
Danish CHild'a Friend." Died November 11, 1871.

HUn. hleen, Hlina, hlee'n^ or Lyna. lee'na, (sap-
posed lo be denved from kijma, to " warm" or " become
warm,"] in Ibe Northern mythology, a goddess, whose
office it is to watch over those whom Frigga wishes t
goard from peril Ai Frigga represents the earth'
lertiJitj, so Hlin typifies the mild warmth which protects
the teitder plants [rom the breath of the Ftoat-^anta.

HIodTil, hlo'din. {in all probability the same as Hlu-
Dlana, the Latin nameofadeityofthe ancient Germans,)
In the Noise mythology, the mother of Thor, and prob-
ably another name for Fioreyn or Klorgvin, (also called
the mother of Thor,) ihc goddess of the earth. Thorpe
deriTCS it from klaHa, (allied to the Enelish " lade" and
*■ load,") to " heap up," lo " load." J'lftrgynn (as a mas-
culine noon) was said to be the lather of FiiKga-

Hlnbek. hlooOiCk. (Franz Xaver WiLHKUt,) a Ge«
man writeion ruraleconomy. bom m Silesia in iSox. His
princifKU works are " The Nutrition of Plants and Statics
of Aericultuie," (1E41,) and a "Complete Treatise on
Rural Economy," (j vole., 1S46.) Died Feb. 10, 1880.

HSadley or Hoadly, (BuqAuiN,) an English divine,
oorn at Westerham in 1676, took orders about 1700.
Hi* zeal (cH- religions liber^ and opposition to the Hlgh-
Chnrch principles caused hts promotion in 1715 totheaee
ofBaneoT. In 1717 he preacheda sennonbeforetheldng,
from which aroae the great Bangorian controversy. This
was maintained by Snape, Law, and other partiaana of
theHigfaChurchononehand,and Hoadley on the other.
He was made Bishop of Hereford in 1731, and of Win-
dwster in 1734. He wrote a "Life of Dr. Samuel
Clarke," and a few other works. Died In 1761

Se* " BJacraphii "■'—-— "

Hoadlej, (Benjauin.) M,D., eldest son of the pre-
ceding, was bom in London in 1705, and gradnated in
1719. In 174a he was appointed physician to the king's
hoMehotd, and in 1 7^ to that of the Prince of Wales.
He wrote " The Suspidous Husband," a comedy, whicli
was succeaafbl, and assisted Ht^arth in die "Analyaia
of Beaaty." Died in 1757.

BSor, (Ebemezir Rockwood,] an aUe lawyer, the
ton of Samuel Hoar, nuticed below, was bom at Con-
cord, Massachusetts, in 1816. His mother was a daugh-
ter of the celebrated Roger Sherman. He graduated al
Harvard in 1S35, was admitted to the tur about 1840,
and practised in Boston. In 1S59 he was appointed a
justice of (he supreme court of Massachusells, was
altomey-general of the United States, 1S69-70. and
member of Congress. 1873-75. Died Jan. 31, 1895.

Hoar, (Geokck Fkisbii,) LLD., an American Sen-
ator, bom in Concord, Massachusetts, August ao, i8z6, a
too of Samuel Hoar, noticed below. He graduated at
Haivaid College in 1S46, and at the Dane Law School,
served in Congress. 1S6S-76, and was sent to the United
Stales Senate from Massachusetts in 1877, and suc-
cessively re-elected. He was on the Tilden-Hayes
Electoral Commission, and chairman of the Republican
National Convention of i8So. Died Sept. 30, 1904.

BOMI. (Sauuei,) a lawyer, born al Lincohi, Massa-
diuaettB, in 1778, waa the bther of the preceding. He
was sent by the Governor of Massachusetts to South
Carolina in 1844, to protect the rights of certain free
D^TO sailors who had been imprisoned In Charleston;
but be was driven from that city by a mob before he
cookl periorro his mission. Died in 1856.

BSare^ (Pkince.) an English artist and dramatist,
bom at Bath in 17S4, was the son of William Hoare,
•otioed betow. He studied painting at Rome, and in
1799 was chosen foreign secretary of the Royal Acad-
emy. He is chiefly known as the author of dramas, as
"No Song, No Sapper," "Lock and Key," etc Died
inlSu.

1293

HOBBES

Hoara^ (Sir Rkthakd Colt,] a noted English anti-
quarv, bom b 1758, married in 17S3 the daughter of
LordLyttlelon,andinherited the title of baronet in 1787.
He gained distinction as a topographer and antiquarian
by his " Andcnt and Modem History of Wiltshire," and
wrote several other works. Died in 1838.

Boar*. (William,) R.A., an English historical and
[Mnlrait painter, tram al Bath about 1706 He was one
of the original membera of Che Royal Academy. After
studying many yean at Rome, he returned to Bath, and
worked with great snccesa, eapecially in portraits. Died

Ho'bart, (Augustus Chablks,) known as HoBAkT
Pasha, a naval commander, born in England, April t,
[S12, a son of the Earl of Buckinghamshire. He entered
the royal navy in 1836, commanded the Queen's yacht,
1845-47. and served in the Crimean war. In 1801-65,
being still an officer of the British navy, he commanded
a blockade- mnner on the coast of the United States.
In 1867 he entered the Turkish navy, served against the
Cretan insurgents, and was soon majde an admiral and
inspector .general of the navy. In tS8l he was made a
marshal of the Turkish Empire. Died in 1886.

HB'bfit, (Garrbt Augustus,) Vice-President of
the United States, was bom in Monmouth county,
New jersey, June 3, 1841. He was admitted to the
bar in 1869, was a member of the New Jersey House
1873-78, and of the Senate 1879-85, being president
of the Senate in 18S1. He became very prominent
in Republican politics, and was elected Vice-President
tor the term 1897-1901. He died November zl.

pastor al New Branswick, Hempstead, and Trinity
Church, New York, and was choaen Bishop of New
" theological

Trinity
ew York, and was choaen Bishop of New
Vork in t8i6. He published c
works. Died in 183CL

Hobbama or HobbimB, hob^-ml, (Mnt
Ger. Meindert; Fr. MinaRD,) an excellent Flemish
landscape-painter, was tram probably at Coevorden alxjut
163S. Little is known of his personal history. His
favourite subjects were simple rural and sylvan scenes
diversified liy a winding stream, a mined tower, or a dis-
tant village^ He excdled in perspective and colouring.
His word are rare, and command very high pricea.
Over twenty thousand dollars ha* been paid for one.
Died in December, 1 709.

HobbM, hAbi, (Thohas,) a ^mous English philos-
opher, born at Malmesliury in 15SS. As tutor in the
family of the Earl of Devonshire, he travelled several
times on the continent with his pupils, and became ac-
quainted with Gasscndi, Descartes, elc Li i6zS he pub-
hshed a Latin translation of Thucydides, and in i6u
on government, — "Elemcnta Philosophica do
Cive." He was a royalist in the dvil war, and an ad-
of unconditional obedience to the king. In 1647
s mathematical tutor to the Prince of Walts,
(Charles ![.,] then in Paris. His treatise on "Human
Nature" (1650) was followed tiy the "Leviathan," (a

. and gave oflcnc

was hostile to liljeral pri ., ^. ...

In 1666 this work and his "De Give" were censured 1^
Parliament Soon after the restoration, he receired a
>n of one hundred pounds. His paradoxical opin-
ere warmly controverted by Cudworth, Clarendon,
and others. In i67< he published a translation in verse
of the "Iliad" and the "Odyssey," which drew fixnn
Pope the assertion that "hi* poetry is too mean for
criticism." In his old age, which was passed at the
seat of his patron, the Earl of Devonshire, he published
a " Historv of the Civil War from 1640 to 1660," and
other works. "A permanent Ibundation of his fiune,"
says Mackintosh, *'cDnsists in his admirable style, which
seems to be the very perfection of didactic language.
Short, clear, precise, pilky, his language never has more
than one meaning, which never requires a second
thought to End. ... His tittle trad on 'Human Na-

mk; ^Mt; ZMard; i*»J;a,S,^,gtaturat: K,Kaial; %,tnikd; i»i*;

lainlViM. (3y~See£apUiiatioDa,p.33.)

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HOBBS

[394

HODGES

Perhips DO writer of mjj age or nitioii, (m nbjectB
■bstruse, hM minifeated an equal poirer of a^nvi
hiilboaght* on the mind of hb readers. . . . Hi« style lo
■timulales aiteotjon that it never tires, and, to those whn
■le acquainted irith the subject, appears to hsve as much
•[Mt as can be safelj blended with reason." Died 1679.
Hobba, (Alfrkd Chaklbs.) in American lock
expert, bom at Charleatown, Massachaselts, in iSis.
He entered the lock and sale business, invented an
unpickable lock, and became such an expert thai he
conLd open the best sale-locks in a remarkably brief
time. His most famous exploit was in London, with
a Brahma lock, for which an oSer of two hundi
fuineas was made to any one who could open il
without a key. Hobbs did so in fifty-one hours, "
opened another combination -lock in a few minute
his back to the door. His own lock resisted the efforts
of pickers. He died November 6, 1891,

HoVhonao, (Sir Benjamin,) M.F., an English

man, born in 1757, was a prominent member of the House
of Commons from 1797 to iSlS, held several dvil offices,
and was attached to the JMUtr of Fox. He wrote a
" Treatise on Heresy," ana " Remarks on France and
It^." Died in 1831.

HobhooH, (John Cam,) Lord Broaghton, an Eng-
lish statesman and writer, bwn in 17S6, was a son of the
preceding. He became intimate at college with Lard
bjron, in company with whom he visited Spain, Greece,
and Turkey tn 1809. He published in i8is " A Ji

country,' and. in 18161 "Letters on the Hnndred Day*, 01
Last Reign of Napolvon," (in 3 volt.) He was elected tc
Parliament \xj the Radical* or Liberal* of Westminster
in 1819, and obtaitwd success a* a speaker. In iSji
be be^me tecretary of war in the Wug miniatn. He
«a* appointed secretary of state for Ireland in 1S33, and
was preaidenl of the board of control from 1846 to 1S51.
Died in June, i86g.

Hob'aon, (John ,^tkinson,) an English reform
writer, was bom at Derby, July 6, 1858. He was a
University Extension lecturer Uom 1887 to 1897, and
published "The Physiology of Industry," (1SS9,)
"Problems of Poverty," (1891,) "The Evolution of
Modem Capitalism," (1894,) "The Problem of the
Unemployed," (1S96,) "John Ruskin, Sodal Re-
former," (1S98,) etc.

Hob'aon, (RtCEMOHD Pkarsoh,) an American
naval engineer, was bom at Greensboro, Alabama,
August 17, 1870. He graduated at the Naval Academy
in 1889, became a naval constructor, and was on the
cruiser New York during the blockade of Santiago,
where he sunk the collier Metrimsc in the harbour
channel to prevent the escape of the Spanish fleet-
He was taken prisoner, but was soon exchanged.

Hoc'olsve or Ot/olrTOk fTHOMA*,) an early English
poet a>id lawyer, is tappoacd to have been b>nn about
1370. He wrote "The Story of Jonathan," and other
poems, "His poetry," says Haflam, "abounds "''''
pedantry, and is destitute of all grace and spirit"

Hoone, AAsh or liosh, (Lazake,) aFrench general, who
rose from a very humble rank in society, was born at
Hontreuil, near Paris, in 1768, and entered the French
Innards at the age of sixteen. He £avoured the Revolu-
tion of 1789, and waa made a lieutenant In I79i- Hav-
ing studied tactics, and served with credit at Thionville,
Dunkirk, etc, he became in a short time successively
general of brigade and general of division, and at the
age of twenn-Tour commanded the army of the Moselle.
In 1 793 he defeated Wurmser and drove him out of Al-
•aoe, soon after which he was arrested by the Jacobin
leader Saint- Just and imprisoned st Pari*. The fall of
Robespierre in 1794 restored him to liberty and com-
mand. Emploved tc subdue the royalists of La Vend^
ne enected much by his address and moderation, and in
179s defeated the enemy at QuibertKi. In 1797, coot-
nandiog the army of the Sambre and Uense, be opened
he campaign against the Autrian* by a daring passage

of the Rhine in their presence, and defeated then n
several actions. In the contest between the IMrectot}
and the L^slative Council*, Hctche favoured the former
who invokml the aid of his army, but soon issued counter.
orders and employed another In the service. He died,
of poison, (as was suspected,) in 1797. He was one of
he noblest spirits and ablest generals that the Revo-
lution produced.

Hochstetter,voii,fbaboK''Etet'teT, (Fbkdihand,)
a German geolt^^sl, bom at Es^ingen, April 30, 1S29.
He was naturalist to the Nova™ expedition aronnd the
world, 1857-S9. He lived some yeara in New Zealand,
and published " Geology of New Zealand," and Other
works. Died in 18S4.

Hook'tng (JosiFK,) novelist, bom in Cornwall,
England, in 1849. Beoimea minister in 18S4, aoddnce
1891 has published "The Birthright" and many other

novels His brother Silas Kblto, also a minister, has

written a score of novels since 1S7S.

Hooqtilmootitt, d', do'k&N'koos', (Ckaklu di

MoNClTV,) bom in Picardy in 1^99, became marshal of

France in 1651, and conunanded the royal army which

defeated by the Prince of Condt in i6;3. He de>

seited to the Spaniards, and was killed at Dunkirk in

;s8.

Ho'dell, (Frans Oscak Lbonakd,) a Swedish
dramatist, bom in 1840. He published a comic paper,
Siindags-Nlsse," 1881-90, and wrote and
adapted for the stage more than a hundred plays.
The roost popular of these was " Andenion, Peters-
son, and LundstrSm." Died May 15, 1890.

BiydfT, aVdoi, {HttttT,] or B6d, written abo

Hodar, the blind god in the Norse mytholog*. 1 . _
inning malice of Lold, he became the slayer of tu*
u- B^de^ whose death Vali avenged S7 killing

Hdder. (See Baldu, and Vau.)

Hcrdgs, (ARCHIBALD Alixandeb,) D.D., LL.D., an
American theolo^an, a son of Dr. Charles Hodge,
noticed below. He was born at Princeton, New Jersey,
July 18, i8a3,irradualedat Princeton College in 1841, and
' Princeton Theological Seminary in 1847, and became

Presbyterian clergyman. He became a professor
Princeton in 1S77, and published a number of
books on theolt^cal Eubiects. Died in 1886.

Hodga, (Chaxlbs,) D.D., an eminent American
theologian, bom in PbUsdetplua in 17^7. He graduated
at Princeton in 1815, andstudieddivinity at the Princeton
Theological Seminar*, in which he became professor of
Oriental and Biblical lileralore in tSai, and was professor
of theol<^;y after 1S40. In iSsj Dr. Hodge established,
and was formanyyeara editor of, the " Biblical Repertory
and Princeton Review." Two volumes of his conttibntioiks
I this "Review," entitled " FrinntiHt Tbedogical Es-
ITS," were published in 1846-^7, and s third vdume,

ReriewsandEssays," 101857. Hediedjunelp, 1878.

Hodgs, (Fridekick Webb,) ethnologist, bom at
_lymouth, England, in 1864; educated at Wudiinetoo,
D. C He has conducted ardueological and ethooh^-
cal expeditions in Arizona and New Mexico, and oaa
Jieen ethnologist of the Bureau of American Ethnology
'nee 1905. Has written much on (his sabjecL

Hod'gal, (Edward,) Mus. Doc, an English musician
and composer, bom at Bristol, July ac^ 17961, In 1838
he left England for America, and next year was appointed
organist of Saint lohn'a Episcopal Chapel in New York
He returned to EDglud >n i8A3> utd died in 1867.

HodgM, hAj'^ (Nathaniel,) an English phy*ld*«,
who practised u London, and gained distinction by Us
al service* during the great plague <tf 1661;, when die

ofthedoctora (fed from the cbnger. He wrote, in

Latin, an account of this calamity, (107a.) He died in
prison ira debt in 1684.

^odgee, (William,) R.A., an Englith painter, bom
London about 1744. He pabiled landscape* with
moderate success, and was employed as dra>wht*man
in Captain Cook'* second vovage, (1772.) He after-
wards visited India and painted some Indian views. He
published " Select Views in India," (3 vols., 1788,) and
"Travels in India in 1780-81." (1793-) I3i«<l ^ *77l'

I, e, I, fi, 0, f , j:«V; 1, t, 6, same, less prolonged; I, e, 1, 6, 0, ^ /<Wr«; t, 9, L 9. <AK«rv/ fir, OU, At ; mCt; oh; gdUi m^

Digitized by VjOOQ I C

HODGKIN

Hodc'lEin, (Thomas,) «n English historian, bom
at Tottenhun in 1831. He niblisli«d " llaly and Her
iQTKler!!," (7 vols., 1880-98,) etc.

HOd^ldn-a^i), (Eaton,) bora at AndertoD, Cheshire,
in 1 7S9, is distinguished for hii roearcfaes respecting the
strength of icon pillsus, nib, etc He discovered thii
an iron rail in the form ot an iaverted letter T irill sap-
port a greater preasare thui any other. From numerous
experiments he derived fomiiil« for tolid and hollo*
iron pillars, whiiJi are genervllr adopted,
operated with Hr. Steptiensoo in the construe
tubular Britannia bridge about 1845. Died in 1861.

Hodg'son, (Brian Houghton,) b British etbnolo-
eist, bom in iSoo. While in (he government service
in Nepaul, and afterwards, he made a large collection
of the northern Buddhistic literature, and wrote many
TBlnable papers on the ethnolc^ and soology of Ne-
paul and Thibet. He collected more than ten thou-
sand birds. Died in 1894-

Hodg'aon, (Fkancis,) an English poet, bom in
1781, was a friend of Lotd Byron, and provost of
Eton College. He produced a version of Juvena,!,
(1808,) "Sacred Lyrics," (1842,) and other poems-
Died in 1852.

Hodgson, (John Evan,) an English artist, bom
at London in l%l. His Rrsl picture was exhibited in
1856. He painted historical subjects 1861-69, but
afterwards mainly confined himself to scenes fiom
Moorish life. He was elected to the Royal Academy
in 1879.

HodiMno, o-de4B'nl, or Adlmut, l-de-CR'nl, (Gl-
AMBATTISTA,) a SiciHan astronomer and priest, bom at
Ragosa in 1 597, verified the positions of um fatA stars,
arid discovernj the motions of Jupiter's satellites. His
'MnUcaeorani Ephemerides" (1656] ia the first book,
•an Lalande, "in which we find observations on the
K^paes of Jninter'a satellites." He wrote a treatise on
&e S^atem ol Saturn, (i6j7,) and other works. Died

HodliH. Sec HoDT.

Ho'df, [Lat Ho'DiM,] (HniiPHBT,) D.D., ait Eng-
Ush divine and eminent scholar, born at Oldconbe m
i6;9. Aboot 1694 he became chaplain to Arcbbtsliop
Tillotaon. Hewaachoaen prt>fe«aorof Greek at Oafiwd
m 1698, and Archdeacon of OxfiM^ in 1704- He pub-
lisUd an exceUent work « On the OrigiDal Texts of the
KUe, aad the Greek and Latin Vetaiona," ("De B'><i'-

I1743,) wluch is commended by Hallam. Died
SciDb. JaaB,"Hgd^daVIIaMSci^<ii H. HodtL"
Worn, (RicHAKD March,) bom in New York City in
1811, b known a* the inventor of Hoe's type-revolving
printing-press, which makes the impression on both
aides of the sheet at the same time. Died in i386.
Hoock. See iCriNin and Hokk.

It Doeschnita, in
Thnrineia, m 1811. He became in 1834 tecretary to
Victor Cousin, wh<HD be assisted in the translation of
the works of Plata He left Coosm in 1836, alter which
he stndied medicine, and practised several years in Paris.
In 1S43 he waa sent to Germany by H. Cousin to
~ ~ ~ '" : the German methods of medical inslrvction

»95

HOFER

and practicG. He pobtiabed, beudea other works,
■* HiMory of CtiemistTy from the Earliest Times to the
Present,*' (9 vols., 1&4S.) In 18(1 he was selected by
MM. Didot to direct their great bioKiaphical dictionary,
"Nonelle Biographic G^n^rale," for wblcli he wrote
able artidcs on AriatoUe, C«*ar, Columboa, Descartes,
Eraarnm, and otbMa. Died in 1S78.

Hoefajwjftal. hoofnl'Bf I or hoof nl'Ktl, (Geoegk,,
• Flemish p^ter, born at Antwerp in 1545. was painter
to the Elector of Bavaria. He excelled in water-colour
painting. Died at Vienna in ifioo,

Roek or Hoeok, von, also written Honk,
(Jan,) a Flemish painter of history, bom at Antwerp

«aBi;(a«#/Bian>^-taa>;ci,H,K,jiHiiwru/;H,K<Mi/;l^/r>£!c^;laaf;thaaindu. (g^~5eeEaplanationa,p.33 )

about t6oo, wa* oDe of the moat akiUvl pupils of Rnbens.
He worked fi>r a long time in Germany, and was patron-
ised t:^ the emperor Ferdinand IL He pused his latter
years in Antwerp. His des^ and colouring are highly

E raised He waa very successful in portraits. Among
is master-jiieces are " Samson and Delitah," and " ChriH
on the Croas," (at Bruges.) Died in 1650.

Sa J. C WuraiiiAJi, "Dt SchfldeiltDiiR du NcdEriMndm."

Hook, (Robert,) a brother of the preceding bom
in 1609, was a akil^ painter. He painted miniatures
which were admired for extreme fineness of touch and
beauty of colour. His principal works are "The Twelve
Apostles," an army, and a camp. Died in 1668.

HiMlderUn. See HiiLDEBUM,

HoellkeiL See Holfken.

Hoelt7. See Holtv.

Hoeltzllnna. Sec HSltzUhus.

HoenlT or HKnlr, bS'nir, [etymology unknown,) ii

tributed as his p

gave breath and vitality, and Lodur animal warmth and

rhe flowing (or circulating) blood. (See Odcn.)

Hoep&iet. See Hopfner.

HoepketL See Hopken.

Hoerberg. See Horbero.

HoflBch^ See Hoschei.

Hoeat. See Host.

Hoot, hoot, (Gkrard,) an eminent Dutch historical
painter, bom at Bommel in 1648- He worked mostly at
Utrecht and the lluue. Among his chief works are
the " Rape of the Sabines," and the *' Sacrifice of Dido."
"The talent of Iloet," says Descamps, "is known
throughout Europe. He composed with much genius,
and his works display vast erudition." Died In 1733.

S« DnCAKrs, " Vi« im Pnnln* FluDund*. HoUaadwii," «c.

BoeTen, van d«r, vfn djr hoo'v^n, (Jan,) an able
Dutch naturalist, bom at Rotterdam in iBoi, became
professor of soology at Leyden in 1815. His principal
work is an excellent "Manual of Zoology," ("Iland-
boek der Dierkunde," a vols.. 1817-31,) wbich baa been
translated into English, (Lonaon, 1854I) He died Match
xa, 1868. His brother Abraham (179S-1855) waa pro-
iMSor of theology at Amsterdam and Utrecht, and was
considered one of the most eloquent orators of Holland.

Bo'ey, (Fkancei Sakah Cashkl,) an anthoreas,
bom at Bushy Park, near Dublin, Ireland, Febmary i j,
1830. Her maiden name was Johnston, tn 1S46 she
married a Mr. Stewart, and in 185S Mr. J. Cashel Hoey.
She published many novels, and translated the " Memoirs
of Mme- de lUmusat" from the French.

Hiyay. (Josephine Shaw,] a favourite American
actress, bom at Liverpool, England, in 1824. She
married in 1S49 John Hoey, for many years manager
and president of the Adams Express Company. She
continued to act until 186;. Died in 1S96.

Hoeyer. See H&vks.

Efifai. See Hoerr.

Hoter, ho'ip', (Andiea^) a celebrated Tyrolese u-
triot, born In the valley of the Passeyr'in 1767. On
the breaking out of the insurrection apinst the French
and the Bavarian government, to which the Tyrol had
bean lately transfernd, he entered into secret ne^tiations
with the archduke John lor the deliverance of the coun-
try. In April, 1S09, with the aasiatance of an Austrian
army, Hrcfer, at the head of the Tyrolese peasantry,
def^tcd the French and Bavarian troops at the Ster-
linger Moose. In the May following, the Austriana,
onder General Chasteler, suffered a defeat from the
superior numbers of the enemy near Ww'gL Soon after
this the Tyrolese were again victorious in an engagement
near Mount Isel : bnt, the Austrian army being with,
drawn alter the battle of Wagram, the country waa onca
more invaded by Marshal Lefebvre. Un the 13th of
August, 1809, Hofer, with his army of Tyrolese peaaants,
signally defeated the French oommander near MonnI
ImI, after a long and obstinate conflict ; but, overpowered
at last by the reinforcements sent fi-om France, he took
refuge in the monntaina. Being aooa after betrayed bj

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OmaBbjCtLHAU,

H6fer, hS'lfr, (Eduuhd,) a dislinguUhed German
novelist, bom a( Grei&walde. October 19. 1819. He wai
educated at Greifiwalde, Heidelberg, and Berlin. His
ver^ numerous novels were widely popular, and hil de-

•cnptions of Pomeranian peasanl-life 3

excellent.

" Land- dnd SceniiTellen," (1871,) " Stille Gesdiichten,'
(1S71,) etc H« also wrote a "History of German Ut-
erature," (1876,) and "Wie das Volk spricht," (1876,) a
collection of rustic sayings. Died May 33, iSSl.

HoB, ▼OD, fan hoB^ [Kau. Eknst Adolf,) ■ German
geologist, bom at Gotha in 1771, wrote ■ " Histi»y of
Uie Natural Changes of the Surface of the Globe," (J
vols., 1811-41,) and edited, from iSoi to 1S16, "The
Almanac of Gotha," ■ BtatistJcal publication of very
high character. Died in 1837.

Ho&batier, hoflAw'f r, {JoitANH Ckristoph,) a Ger-
man writer, bom at Bielefeld in 1 766, published, beside*
other works, " Researches into the I^oeasei of the Soul,"
(3 vols., 1803-07.) Died in 1837.

HUrmfn, (Chaki.es Fenno,) a popular American
)>oet and novelist, bom )n New York in 1S06, graduated
at Columbia College. He studied Uw, and was admitted
to the bar about igi& In 1S3J he produced a successful
descriptive work entitled "Winter in the WesL" He
edited successively "The American Monthly Magazine"
and "The New York Mirror." Among his works are
"Tlie Vigil of Faith, and other Poems, and a number
(tf songs. "No Amcncan," says R. W. Griswold, "is
comparable to him as a tong-writer." He published in
1840 "Greyslaer," a noreL In 1849 he was attacked
' a mental detangemenL Died at Harrisburg, Penn-

4 Amnka," and "Pni«

with a mental detangemc
Bylvania, June 7, lg&4.

) been highly

ended.

,. Jhlv COD

' Judge Story, " it contains by far

erfcct system for the study of the law that has ever
en offered to the public." He also wrote or compiled
"Chronicles selected from the Or^nals uf Caitaphilus
the Wandering Jew," (3 vols., 1855.) Died in 1354.
ScB " Nsnli AmEricu Rnin" lor Juuwt, iIja
Hoffinu, iofm&n', (Fsanqois Buiotr,) an able
French critic and dramatic poet, bora at Nancy in 176a
He produced manysaccessful operu and dntaa*, among
which are "Phidra," (1786,) "Adrien," Ing*,) and
' Stratonice," a comedy, (17^) He wrote literary cri-
tiques for the "Jounuude I'Empire" and the "Journal
6e» D^bats" for man_y yean. 'He had," says Salnte-
Beuve, " many qualities ofa true critic,^-conacience and
independence. ... He wat learned with variety and
without pedantry." Died in 1S38.

Sec SAima-Bauva, " CuHrudo L>iDdi"liir Fabnvv ■>, ■■^1
"Noonlk Biognptue Gioinli."

Hoffman, (Murkay,) an American judge, born in
New York, September ag, 1791. He graduated at Co-
lumbia College in 1S09. In 1839 he wa« appdnted
assistant vice-chancellor of New York, and was a judge
of the superior court of New York, 1853-61. He pub-
lished various law-books, chieBv on chancery subjects,
besides several worki on ecclesiastical law. Died May
7, 1878.

Bobnanii. hof mln, (Andreas Gottli^,) a German
theologian, born in the county of Hansfeld in 1796, be-
came professor of theology at Jena in i8». He pnb-
Ushcd a " Treatise on Hebrew Antiquities," (1833,) and
wrote many articles for the " ^cyclopaedia" of Etadi
and Grubet. Died March. 16, 1864-

HOFFMANN

. (August HsiNRtcH,) an eminent Ivni
poet and philologiat, called also Hofbnatm voti Fol-
lenlsben, (fil'lcrs-lili^,) was born at Fallersleben, la
Hanover, in 179S. He studied at Gbltingen and Bonn,
and became in i8js professor of the German language
and literature at ^etlau. He published " (jerman Social
Songs of the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries,"
and "Mines for the History of the German Language
and Literature ;" also ballads, songs for childreu, war
' rics, and other poems, which are greatly admired far

tit simplicity, fcrvoui, and pathos. Died in 1^74-

S« LoKcnLLOw, " Poen ud PoMn of Eorep* ; ' ' Lntor
•dMU van K. H. HoftnaDToo FiUenlcbcB."

. (Caspak,) a German phvsidan, bom at
Gotha in 1571, published numerous works on medicine.
Died at Altdorf^in 1648.

S« EucK uiHl Giuun. " AIliemeiiH EDCjUofudiL"

Botbnanii, hofmln, (Charles Alxxahdbr.) a
Polish writer, bom inMasoviain 1 79S, produced in iSa?
a Polish translation of the works of Dr. Franklin,
Having been identified with the insurrection of 1830, be
was dnven into exile in 1831. He was the husband of
Clementina Hoffmanowa. FMed July 6, iStJ.

EoSmaiui, (Ckristiam Gottfried,) a German juris-
consult, born at Lauban, in Lusatia, in 1692, became
professor of law at Leipsic in 1718, and afterwards at
Fran kfbrt-on-the -Oder. He acquired a high reputation
by his writings, (in Latin,) among which are a " History
of the Roman Law of Justinian," (1730-34,) and "U-
braiT of German Public Law," (" Bibiiolheca Juris pub-
lic! Gennanid," etc, 1734-) Died in 1735.

Sa EuCH und Unosn, "AnicaKiiK EncyUopudi* ;" Hia-
•CHiH^ " Hiilecidch-litenriidiH HandbuclL'*

HolftiMmn, (Chrijtoph Ludwig,) an eminent medi-
cal writer, bom at Rheda, in Westphalia, in 1731. was
physician to the Electors of Cologne and Menti. Among
his principal works are treatises "On the Small-Pox,"
(3 vols., 1778,) and "On the Sensibility and Irrita'inlity
of the Diseased Parts," (1779.) Died in 1S07.

Hofbuann or Hofinonown. hof-mi-no'vl, (Cle-
mentina,) a popular Polish authoress, whose maiden
name was TansKa, was bom at Warsaw in 179S, and
liberally educated. She produced about iSio,in Polish,
her " Memorial of a Good Mother," which had a great
popularity. She was married to Charies A. Hoffmann,
wit^ whom she removed to Paris about 1833. Amoi^
her works, which were published collectively in 1S33, (in
10 vols.,) are letters, historical tales, essays, and biog-
raphies of eminent Poles. Died in 1845.

Hoffinana, (Daniel,) a German lAitheran divine,
bom at Haile about 153S, was profeasor of theology at
Helmstedt He was censured fix teaching that the
troths of philosophy conflict with the truths of reli^oa.
Died in 1611.

Bo&naim, (E>Hsr Theodor Wolfqanc; after-
wards called Ernst THBOix>R Amadkus,) one of the
most remarkable and original of German story-teller^
f'£naiAr,>wasbomat iU>nigabergini77& Hestudied
law, and subsequently received several minor appoint-
ments under the govcrnmenL In 1816 he became coun-
sellor of the royal court of judicature at Berlin. Died
in iSlz, his health having been previously undermined
hy dissipation. His gifted and versatile mind led him
to the cultivation of music, poeCrv, and art. But he "is
celebrated chiefly," says Dr. Hedge, " for his successful
use of the magic and demoniac element in fiction. He
does not seek to make the flesh creep and the hair bris-
tle, but aims rather at the diaphragm. He views all
these infrrtvdia on the humorous side; and if any one
trail is particularly prominent in his writinM, it is irony."
Meniel, after alluding to the strange comtunation which
his mind exhibited of manliness, Bumour, poetry, and
morbid sensibility, remariis, " From the devu down to a
wry-fiued child's doll, from the dissonance of life which
rends the soul down to a dissonance in music which only
rends the ear, the immeasurable kingdom ol the ugly,
the repulsive, the annoying, was gathered around him,
and his descriptioiu paint alternately these tormenting
objects, and the torments which ihey prepare for a beau-
tiful soul, with inimiuble vividness and truth." Again,
he says, " Hoffmann's innermost being was ovusic ; and

t> i. I, fit ii,y>^|"V-^tiAiSsn>e, less prolonged; i,i(,I,6,u,jI,ji0rf,-t,f,i,9,<'ii«'r;ar,flll,fltimCt;n&l;gd{id;nidSa;

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HOFFMANN

hcOtah cuicatarei, nor tbe C

H bell to the witches'

," (4 vok., 1S14,) and "Scn-
pioM Bnider," U *<>)■■. 1819-31.) Hia Tariout other
Ule*, etc would fill Kreral lolaiDe*.

Hnftwnn, (FmAtre,) ■ Gcnnan tbeUtic philosopher,
born at AsdiaBenburg, Janiuij 19, 1804. In 1S3S he
■aa made profeaaoi irf philosophT at Wilrzborg, where
be died, October aa, iSSz. He was a follower ofBuder,
whose work* he edited. Besides works on logic, etc.,
HoAnann pnblitbed eight volumet of philoaopMoU

HaJftiumn, (Lat Hopfkan'nus,] (FKiaoRipi,) an
UBMriona German phjsidan, was born at Halle in ifi6a
He Modied at Jena, and, after travelling in England and
HoUaod, settled aa a phyaidan at Halberstadl in i6S8k
On tbe establishment of the univeraitr at Halle he wa*
uipainted in 1603 it* firat professor <ri' medicine b;
Oe Elector Frederick IIL of Brandenbarg. On the
inritation of Frederick L of Pmssia, be removed in
1708 to Berlin, where he was made royal phyvidan, bat
stai retained his professorship. He returned in 1713
10 Halle, where he died in 174s- HofEnunn rendered
BKHt important serricea (o practical medidne tn his ei-
perimeotB whh various remedies : his " Elixinnm Vis-
cetale" and "Liquor Anodjmos Mineralia," commonly
oiled " HoBinann s Anodyne," are Still popular, and he
was one of the first 10 bring mineral waters into more
(enoal use. He wrote, in Laon and German, numerous
■ettical works, among which is "Medidna Ralionilii
■jMematica," (9 toIs., 1718-40.) His cumplele works
■ere published in StoIs. quarto, (I74a|

" UF. Hahunin," piEeiBitDhkWeiki, ina;
- 7. HdOiudiu m K. BoerlHTii iitiMt
o <k F. Hi>»
.6.
. (Hbinrich,) a German humourist,
Fianklort in 1S09. He become a medical
and while treating children drew comical
punires 10 amuse them. These, with humourous
letter-press, were published in 1845 under the title of
" Stniwwelpeler, the book being widely tranilated,
and running through more than one hundred and
icn^ edition*. Died in 1894.

Btottnaim, (Johakn GoTTFxmih) a German writer
on poUtkal economy, born at Breslan in 1765. He be-
came coondllorof state in Berlin in iSoS, and attended
tbe Congress of Vienna in 1814. Among his works is
"The Science of Money," ("Die Lehre vom Gelde,"
---- ' Died in 1847.

Ooi

* Jakob,) a Swiss scholar, I

at BUe in 1635, obtained in 1667 tbe chair lA Greek in
bis Dative dty. Hb priiidp«l work i« a "Universal
Leakon, HiaUwical, Geomphical, Political," etc (in
Ladn, 1667.) Died in 1706.

HoAnum, (Johann Joseph,) a German scholar,
born at Wiirzbnr^ February 16, iSoj. He studied in
tbe univeruty of his native town, and after 1830 devoted
biouelf (o the atody of Japanese, Chinese, and Malay.
He became professor of Japanese at Leyden. Died
Janury 33, 1S78. Hia diief work is a great " Japanese
Dictionary," which he left incomplete.

Hottnuin, (MouTZ,) a German j^ysidan and bota-
mst, bora at Fftrstenwalde in 1613, became professor of
surgery at Attdor^ and published several medical and
botanicsd work*- Died in 1698.

Hoffinum, hofmln, (Tycho,) a Danish writer, was
keeper of tbe seal* of Denmark. He wrote " Historical
Ponraits of Eminent Danes." Died in 1734.

HnffmsnnstttBi von. Ion hofmin-s^. (Johahm
CnrruRlu^) Count, a German botanist, born at Dres-
den in 17661. Having explored the botanical riches of
FOftngal for several years, he returned to Germany in
■804, andpuUished with M. Link his magnificent " Por-
tagnese Flora," (fai Rencb, aa parts, 180^33.) Died in

fiMbnanniw. Se« HovniARN.

BoAoalMvt. ho^mlB-t;r, (Pranz Anton,) a German
mosidan and composer, bom at Rolbenburg in 1754.
Died at Vienna, February io, l8ia.

She became the wife of Thomaa Hofland, the paintor.iii
iSoB. She wrote numerous novels and moral tale^wuch
had a wide circulation. The " Son of a Genius"
(iSn) is probably her most successful work. Died
In .Sm.

Hofland, (Thomas Chkistophkk,) an eminent Eng-
lish landscape -painter, born at Worksop, in Nottingham-
shire, in 1777. He married Mr*. Iloole, who, under the
name of itoHand, became well known a* a novelist, and
resided mostly in or near London. His subjects were
chosen from the river and take scenery of the British
Islands. He publiahed a richly illustrated volume called
"The British Aneter'i Manual,'' (1819.) Died in 1843.

HMer, hiifler, (Kasl Adou-h koNsrANTiNiTs
German historian, born at Memraineen, in Bavaria,
March 16, iSii. He was educated at Munich and Got-
tingen, and in Italy. He was (1838-47) a professor dt
history in Munich, and after iSjl at Prague. Among
his works are " The German Popes," (1839!) " Collection
of Materials for Frankish History," (1849-53,) " Prank-
ish Studies," (1853-53,) "Te«-Book of Universal Hia-
">£y." (1850-56,) etc.

Hofmann, hoPmin, (August Wilhelm,) a German
chemist, born at Giessen, April 8, iStS. He held pi
fessorship; ' ' ' -" - ' , , . — .

Hi; fast; gAarJ; ^ aay; o, u, K,^)(ttMni/; »,natai; t^triiUd; las

S3

hips in London, 1845-61, and in the University of
1863-65, and wenl to Berlin University a* pro.
n 1B65. Hofmann'a ii one of the great names
in Lnc biltory of organic chemistry. He wrote many im-
portant icicniific papers. He published " Einieilung in
die modeme Chemie," (1865,) etc Died May 5. 189a.

Hofansnn. (Ernst,) a Russian mineralogist, of Ger-
man descent, born at Overlick, in Livonia, January 3<^
iSol. He was educated at Dorpai and Heidelberg, and
held professorships in the universities of Kiev and Saint
Petersburg. Died at Dorpat, June 5, rS;!. Hiswriiings
illustrate Russian geography, geology, and mtnerata.

HofitHHin, ▼on, fon bof min, (Joharh ChristiaK
KoNRAD,) a German theologian, founder of the so-callol
" Erlanaen ■chool" of Lutheran theology, was bora al
NutemBeig, December 31, 1810, and was professor of
theology at Rosiuck and Erlangen. Died December 10,
.B77.

HofmannsiraUUn, wen, fim bofmlns-Ml'dAw,
sometimes written Botasndawaldan, (Chrutiam
Hofmann,) a German poet, bora at Breslau in i6i8>
He published in 1673 a collection of poems, entitled
" Sinnrciche Heldenbriefe," Died in 1679.

Sm GuviHui, " GadndiM da DnoebH NukailUtenmi."

Hofinaistai, hof mla-tfr, (Wilhklm,) an eminent
German botanist, born at Leipaic, May 18, 1S34. He
held professorships al Heidelberg and Tiibingen. Died
January 13, .877.

Ho&t«d« de Oroot, hoFstl-df h dfh gaSt, (Petmj*,)
a Dutch (Frisian) theologian, bora al Leer, October S.
1S03. In 1839 he became a professor of theology at
Groningen. He was the recogniied head of the "Gro-
ningen iheology," and his party took the name of " Evan-
gelicals," in opposition to the " Modems," (the so.cailed
Leyden school,) as well as to the strict "Orthodox" pvty.
He published "TheologiaNatnralis,""Inst>tutioneB His-
toriae Ecclesise," etc. His prindpal work is " Opvoedmg
der Menschheid," (the " Education 0/ Mankind," 1847.)

Ho'g^. (Jamss Francis,) an Australian author,
was born in Ireland in 1854, and was taken to Aus-
tralia io infancy. He became a journalist, and in
1887 went 10 London, where he published " The Irish
in Australia." Later works vrere "The Austratianin
London," "The Lost Eaplorer," (189O,) and "The
Convict King."

Ho's^, (John,) an Irish sculptor, bom at Tallow,
Waterlbrd countr, in iBoa He studied in Rome, 1&3
-99, and settled m Dublin. Among his chief work* is
"The Drunken Faun," lot which he received a medal

the Exposition of Paris in 1S51. Died about t8s&

Ho'gsn, (John Josbfh,) u.D., a bishop, born ai
Cabirguillamorc, county of Limerick, Ireland, May ■□>
1839. He was educated in the Roman Catholic msti-
tntions of Saint Louis, Missouri, was ordained a priest

in liu. (1^— See Explanations, p. 33. )

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HOGARTH

1198

HOHENSTA UFEN

in 1853, became Bishop of Saint Joseph in 186S, and
Bishop of Kansas City in 1S80. Died Feb. 31, 1913.

Ho'garth, (David Gborgb,) an English archse-
ologist, bom in Lincolnsliire in 1863. After 1887 be
was engaged in active explorations ID Asia Minor,
Qrprus, and Egypt, and was correspondent for the
" Times" during the Turko-Greeli: war of 1897. He
published various aQtiquariia worics.

Ho'gartb, (Georce,) a Scottish writer on masic, born
In 1783, was the father-in-law of Charles Dickens, the
novelist. He publiahed "Musical History, Gic^raphy,
and CHtidsm,^ (a vols., 1836,) which <• high^ com-
mended, and " Memoin of the Musical Drama," (a vols.,
1838.) He became musical and dramatic critic tor the
London "Dailv Newl" in 1846. Died in iSto.

Bogaitb, {William,) a celebrated satirical painter,
bom in London in 1697, was apprenticed to a silversmith,
whom be let) in 171S. He then esrned a subsistence
lor some time by engraving, and studied drawing in the
academy of Sir James Thomhill, whose daughter he
manietl in t73a He acquired skill in portraits, but
soon eachanged that branch of art tor one more suited
to hit original genius, — the dramatic or satirical spedes,
In which he is onrivatled. In 1733 he published a
aeries tA ennavings called the "Harlot's Proness,"
which had a large ule, and was followed by the "Rake's
Pr<^ess,'' "Marriage L la Mode," "Industry and Idle-
ness," " Beer Lane,'"and " The Enraged Musician." Hi*
pictures abound in comic humour,.and display great skill
u caricature, as well as great originality and fertility of
invention. His works have also the merit of conveying
oaefiil lesaons of morality. In 17113 he publishecT hi*
"Analysis of Beauty," in which he maintains that a
waving line or cnrve is the essential element of beauty.
In 1757 )>e became painter to the kina. Died in 1764.

HOBandon>i"'*rvtn ho'g^-doRp^, (Dykk,) Count,
a Dutdi general, born at Rotterdam in 1761, was minister
of war under lUng Ij>uis in 1S06. In 181 1 he became

Eeneral of division aitd aide-de-camp to Napoleon, whom
e followed in the Russian campaign. After the battle
of Waterloo he went to Brazil, where he died in 183a

HOEendoip,van,(GijiBEKTKA>EL,)CouHT,a Dutch
statesman, brother of the preceding, bom at RoRerdsiu
in 1763. He united with several others to form a pro-
visional govemmeDt in 1813, and was prMident of^tbe

minister of fbieign a&irs, Md vice-preaidsnt of the
coaodt, until he resigned in iSiGl He wrots " Consider-
ation* on the Political Economy of the Low CooBtriea,"
(10 vol*., 1818-13.) Died in 1834.

BoSKi (JABEZ,) an English surgeon and salbor,
was bom at Chatham in 1817. He practised ss an
ophthalmic surgeon 1850-95. He made a study of

Ehotograpby, and issued a series of illustrated schoot-
ooks, some of which were highly successltil. His
work on the microscope (1S54) reached its fifteenth
edition in 1898, and is the accepted text-book on this
subject. He published various medical works on
ophthalmoli^cal subjects, and numerous other scien-
tific works.

H&g|;,(jAiiES,)"theEttrickShepberd,"bominEttrid
Forest, in Scotland, in 1771, was the son of a shepherd,
and followed his father's employment until he was thirty
years of age. In 1803 a collection of his poems was pnt^.
bsbed, under the title of "The Mountain Bard," the
proceeds of which (about {.y^) enabled him to take a
orm. He £uled, however, in this enterprise. After many
•tnugles with adversity, he went to Edinburgh, to try
bi* fortune in authorship, about iSia Having issited a
literary periodical called "The Spy," without success, he
was encouraged by his friends todevote himself to poetry,
and in 1813 gave to the public the "Queen's Wake,"
which procured him a high reputation as a poet. It b

|;ener;dly considered as hts best work. His succssa stimn-
atcd him to the rapid production of many other poems,
among which are "The PilErims of the Sun," (1815,)
"Poetic Mirror," "Sacred Melodies," and "The Border
Garland," (1819.) He wrote, in prose, "The Brownie
of Bodibeck, and other Talea," (tStS,) "Winter Even-

ing Tales," (iSao,) "TheThreePerilsof Man,"ele.,
aidcontribute<llo"Blackwood'sMagasine." In 1830
he married Margaret Phillips, and resided afterwards
on a farm at Altrive. Mo£g is one of the principal
actors and interlocutors in Christopher North's famoos
" Nocies Ambrosianx." Died in 1835.

S« WiuOK, '- Memoir of lama Mogr," ptefixsd ta ui edhion
ofHom^s Worlu Edinburgli, JToll.,^^; R. S. MaCKSRIIS,
"life of Junei Hon." ptuxedu an adidoa of " Noctfls Ambro*
tUnjE." Kev Voric, ij;;.

Hon (ftoBKRT,) LL.D., a Scottish botanist, bom at
Dunse m 1818. His works include "Hand- Book of

Hardy Aniiuaia," " Manual of Fruits," " British Pomol-
ogy," " Gardener's Manual," etc Died March 14, 1897,

Hohttnlohe, ho'^n-lo'^b, a celebrated family of Ger>
man princes. Tlie Protestant line includes the house*
of Hohenltdie-LangenburK, Hohenlohe-Oehringen, and
Hohenlohe-InRl&ngeit. The Catholic line includes the
bouses of HobenloM-Bartensteia-Bsitenstein, Hohen-
lohe-Bartenstcin-Jagttber^ and Hohenlobe-Waldea
huig-SohillingslUrst,

HolMiiIoll»JjicelfliiKaii, h/fn-lo'^h ing'fl-fiiu'fo,
(Frixdkich LUDWIO,) Prin<», a Prusiisn general, bom
in 174& He distineuisbed himself in the campupu of
1793 and 1793, and obtained command of an army in 179$-
He commanded the Pmasian forces which were defeated
by Napoleon at Jena on the 14th of October, 180&. On
the ■6(h the king gave him command of all the troops
that had escapM from Jena and Auerstadt He was
compelled to abandcm Berlin to the enemy, and soon after
was taken prisoiter, with about 13,000 men, at Prentslow.
He retired to private tifi% and died in 1817 or 1S18.

Boheiilolie3ahillliipfilTB^ won, fon ho'«n-lo'^<
shil'lings-liirst', (Chlodwic Karl Vicixia,) Pkinci, a
German diplomatist, born March 31, 1819. "He early
took an active part in Bavarian politics. Himself a
Catholic, he opposed the ultramontanes, and was the
leader of the liberals in every anti-cletical movement in
Bavaria. Though he had always been a zealous anti-
Prussian, he was accused during the A us tro- Prussian
war of bvouring Bismarck's designs, and subsequently
aided in establishing the new empire. In 1874 he was
sent as German ambassador to Paris, and in 1885 he
was appointed governor of Alsace-Lorraine. In 1894
he became chancellor of the German empire, succeed-
ing in that office Count de Caprivi, who was the succes-
sor of Prince Bismarck. He resigned in 1900.

HohvnloIie-Bablllliii^fHist, won (Gustav
Adou,) Pkikce, a German cardinal, a brother of the
preceding, born at Rottenburg, Februarv 36, 18x3. He
atudied law and divinity at Erfurt, Bonn, Brealau, Munich,
and Rome, was ordained a priest by Pius IX. in 1849,
' was made secret chamberlain and almoner to the
. and Bishop of Edessa. In ig66 he was msde a
cardinal -priest, and in 1S79 a cardinal -bishop and arch-
t of Santa Maria Maggiore, holding the see of Al-
In 18S4 he resigned his bishopric and retired
temporarily to Germany. Died in Rome, Oct. 30, 1896.

HohWoha - Waldeabnrg - Boh i II 1 ng«ftir«t, ho*-
(n-lo'?h ftil'dfn-baCRo' shil'lings-fUasl', (Alexandbi
Leopold Fbanz Emmerich,) Prince ok, a Hungarian
prelate, born at Kupferzclle in 1794. Died in iSaa.

HobMWtanfen, bo'tn-st&w'l^, [from httk, "Ugh,*
and Stau/cH, "hill" or "eminence,''] in the stngnlar,
Hobvnataofa, ho'fn-stCw'teh, a celebrated (amily of
German princes, who reigned ftMn 113S to 1354. The
first of the line, Fkiedrich von BUreh, received the
name on account of having removed his dwcllii^ from
a valley atifdm Stau/tm, {"np the hill" or " mountain.")
His son, Frirorich von Staupen, was rewarded by
the emperor Henry tV. lor his eminent services by the
duchy of Suabia and the hand of his daughter Agnes.
Henryalso made him Regentof Germany while lie fbu^U
against the pope in Italy. Friedrich died in 1105, leavu^
two sons, Friedrich and Conrad, the latter of whom was
crowned King of Germany, with the title of Conbab
III. His nephew, FuKDftiCH Baibakossa, the most
celebrated of the line, was choaen emperor in 1 153. (See
FftKDKRiCK I. of Germany, and KyrrtiAUSB*0 The
Hohenstaoliin line ended with Conradin in 136&

t, S, t, fi, 0, ;, Aai«v 1, t, A, saine, lca*ptoloBged; i, i, 1, 0, Si, f , ii«rf; h t, i, 9k sisnirv; fir, iU, at ; mCti n(k; gdOd: B^

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HOHENZOLLERN la

BobensoUam, lu/^-boIOlRn, ibe name of an ao-
dent princclj German (aniil^, firon) which (he imperial
Kouse of Germany and th« reigning lamilie* of Roamania
and Balgaria are descended The name ii derived from
the casue of Zollem, in Suabia, which i> said to have
been boilt by Tastillon, or Thaiilio, about Sou A.D.

HBtjer, hii'e-mr, (Bknjajiin Cakl Hinkie,) an emi-
nent Swedish philosopher, born in Dalecarlia in 1767.
Hi* promotion waa hindered by the liberal politicid
prinaple* of hi* TODtb. He produced a treati»e "On
the Progress of Critical Philosophy," an *' Outline of
the History ot the Fine Arts," and other works. In 1808
be became professor of philosophy at Upsat, where he
gained a high reputation as ■ lecturer. Died in iSlx.

Hf>nrnn «nn, (Glop,) a Swedish orator, orieinaily a
peasant, Wn in the province of Bleking in 169^, was
dected in 1726 to the Diet, in which he acqairedgreat
inflaence by hii prudence and eloquence. Died in 1769.

Holaniu. de, dl o-lln'dl, (Francisco,) a Portugoesa
painter, born in 151S, studied in Rome, and appears to
baTC retnmed to Portugal. He painted portrait* for
Charles V. of Germany, and was skilliit in miniature.
Under the patronage of*^ John HLhe painted oil picture*
br (be palace* and churches of Lisbon, Died in 1584.

Holbaclt, d', dol'blK at dofblk', (Paul Thikrkv or
Tmnt-r, also given as Paul Heinkich Dietrich and
Paitl Frikdkich,) Baron, > skeptical philosopher,
bom at Heidelsheim (Palatinate) in 1733. He inherited
a fortune, and passed all his life, except childhood, in
Puis, where he was the patron and aasodale of the
Encydopsdiets. Diderot, Helvelius, Grimnv Rousseau,
•Dd other authors often met at his table. He translated
from the Gemian sereral works on chemistry and mine-
nlogy. Hi* atheistic opinions were developed in hi*
"Sntem of Nature," (" Le Systime de la Nature," 1776^)
under the pseudonym of Hiiabaud, the morality of
wUdi book Voltaire stinnatited a* execrable. Ii was
also refuted by Frederick the Great Molbach was the
reputed author of other works, among which were " The
Social Sptem," (1773,) and "La Morale uniTeiselle,"
(I77«.) DW in >789.

S« l>iDttaoT, " M£moiRa,"/»u^iii^- RomaaAn, *' CoafcuuM;"
DuanoK. ~ Mteoin «d Thurrr d'Honadi," iSsi.

Balb«lii VON HOLBB1N9BBBG. faoKbln fon hol'blni-
bllc', (FiANZ.) a popular German dramatist and actor.

Augsburg, bom about i4Sa Among
■re the scenea from the lite of Saint Paul in the chutch of
Saint Paul at Annbnrg. He died in 15*6^ leaving three
MOB, Amikosi, Bkuno, and Hans, iAo were artist* t
&e ta*I-iiamed rose 10 great esaineuce.

HollMdi^ (Hans,) thb YouiNMtE, one of tbe rooM
celebrated Gennan punters, bora at Grflntladt in 1497.
At an early age be removed to BUe, where, after prac-
Arh hi* art Iot a time, he was recommeitdedt^ Erasmn*
to the Engliab chancellor. Sir Tboma* More. After
nui&ai in his ^Hy about three yi»rs, Holbein was
Kine Henry VIII., whogave him abundant
andliestowed opoo him a large penaion.

He derated \aamt\i, whOe in England, chiefly to porttaJt-
puntbig ; and hi* numerous production* in thi* depirt-
■wnt are eatecned master-piece*. His drawings, upward*
•f e^ty in number, represendng the principal person-
age* erf llenry's court, are characteriied bv Walpole a*
"exceedingly fine, and poesetsing a slre«nn and vivadty
equal to the moat perfect portraits." Holbefai died in
Loodon, of tbe (riagoe, bi 1554, «, according tr " "

■" ind other*, in 1543. Amor- "■'

turea are the celebrated "
ation of the Shepherds and Kit „ .
■■ Last Supper." His portrait* of Sir Hiomas More and
of Erasmus alsodeserve especial mention, " His works,"
ahaervea Cuoninghaui, "have sometimes an air of stilT-
■eas, bM they have alwi^s the look of truth and life
H* painted with oreat raindJty and ease, wroufiht with
Ua left hand, and daslMd off a portrait at a few Mttiitgs."
HoRiria wa* a)«o a skflfol architect and wood-engraver.

A others, in 1543. Among hi* grealeal his-
torical nctures are the celebrated " Dance of Death,"
Ae"Adoratioa of the Shepherds and Kii^*,' and a

hUlniH tun DntidtB
Xnicw" far Apii, iMr.

Holbein, (SicisKintD,)

"KdiBburfk

... German paiater and on-
graver, is supposed to have been an nnde of the in-a-
ceding. Died after ij4a

Holbers, tod, ton hol'bCao, (LuDvnc,) Bakor, m
eminent Danish author and comic poet, bom of pool
parents, at Bergen, Norway, in 1684. In youth he was
employed as a private tutor, and learned French, lulian,
and English, lie studied philosophy at Oxford, England,
for about two years. Impelled by a love of travelling,
be visited many countries of Europe, and was afterwards
professor of eloquence at Copenhagen. About 17JO he
published his heroic-comic poem " Peder Paars," which
was immensely popular. His celebrity was increased
by numerous comedies which appeared between 1733
and 1746. One of his best comedies is "The Busy Idler;
or, The Man who never has Time." His ieriile mind
enriched nearly everv department of literature, and raised
him to affluence. His talent for satire is displayed in
" Niels Klim'i Subterranean Journey," in Latin, (1741,)
the plan of which resembles "Gulliver's Travels." lie
also wrote s "History of Denmark," (1735,) and a
" Univeraal History." Frederick V. created him a baron
in 1747. He is the founder of the Danish theatre, and
the first Danish author who excelled in humorous and

eminent Eng-
I privy couodl
al 1^ treat-

Hal'b9iinta, (Sir Robert,)
lish lawver, was a member of Charles L'
during the civil war. He published tevc
ises. Died in 1647.

HSl'btook, (John EnwAaos,] U.D., a distinguished
American naturalist, bora in BMufort, South &uolina,
in 1795. He graduated at Brown Univeisity in 1S15;
and, having taken his medical diploma at Philadelphia,
he prosecuted his professional studies lor four years in
Europe. He returned to the United States in iSaa, and
in i8a4 succeeded to the chair of anatomy in the Medical
Colleeeof South Carolina. In 1841 appeared bis "Amer*
itsn Herpetolon, or a Description of the Reptile* in-
habiting t^e Umted States," (5 vol*. 4to,) which is said
to have laid the foandatioa of that iN-andi of sbcnce in
this country. Died September Z, 1871.

Holcombe, bolicum, (CHasTBR,) diplomst, b<»n
at Winfield, New Ywk, in 1S44. He was'secrelsryof
the U. 5. Legation at Peking, Chins, 1871^5, scUng
minister for several terms, and look part in making treaties.
He made plans lor about 3000 miles of rsitway construc-
tion and for the founding of Chinese schools in railway
ennneering. Wrote various works on Chinese sul^ects.

Holoomba, hSincam, (Wiluam H.,{ an Aaoerkaa
homeeopathist, bom at Lynchburg^ Vi^inia, m 1835. He
became a resident of New Orleans. B»des several
volumes of homiEopathic literature, he published " Oui
Children in Heaven," (1S6S,) " Poems," and other works,
including several brochures setting forth New Church
(Swedenborrian) views. Died November >S, 1803.

Hol'oroR, (Thomas) an English dramatist ana Iran*-
lalor, bom in London in 1744. He wa* successively a
groom, shoemaker, school-master, and actor. He wrote
numerous dramas and several novels.

.__j He made good translations of

numerous French and German works, amona which are
Lavaler's " Essays on Physiognomy," " The Posthumous
Works of Frederick the Great," (1789,) and "Tales o<
the Castle." He was indicted for treason with Hardy
and Home Tooke in 1 794, but was discharged witboot a
triaL Died in 1S09.

S» "Htmnn of tiii Life," by lumdC \ vol*., iSij; "Ub-
buigh ReriEw" lor Aptil. 1(04. uul Oonbsi, moL.

Holda. h61'dior hoI'dA, written also HoUe^ IP^°*"%
from the German keii, "kind," "propitious," "lovely,'*!
sn ancient German goddess, corresponding in some re-
spects to the Friggs of the Northmen. She preside* o*«r
aerialphenomena, and imparts fertility to the earth.

HBl'dVll, (Edwabd SlNOLaroN,) an American astron-
omer, born at Sajnt Louis, Missouri, November 5, iS4&
He graduated at Wastungton University in 1866, and al
West Point in tSya He served in the artillery and an-

«a*i,-t*a/;SA(n^/ia*/;o,ii,K,/waMr«f;N,Mjv/;B,(niAW,-|sss;thasinaw. (i

Explanation*, p> 33.)

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HOLD EN 1300

gineer coipj, United Slatet army, was in 1873 ap-
pointed professor of mathematics in the navy, became
director of the Wasbbarn Observatory in 1881, presi-
dent of the University of California in tS83, and was
director of the Lick Observatory 1888-98. He pub-
lished "Astronomy," (1877.) Died March 16, 1914.
BSI'den, (Gborg^) an eminent English Hebraist,
bom near Lanoster in 1793, became perpetual curate

HOLLAND

the Proverbe of Solomon," (1B19,) and "The Scripti
TesCimonicB to the Divinity of our Lord," (iSiOi.)

Holden, (Hbnry,) a learned Roman Catholic priest,
born in Lancashire, England, in IJ96, lived for many
yean in Paris. He wrote, in Latin, an "Analysis ol
Divine Faith," (1653,) which was commended byDupin.
and other works on theology. Died in i66l.

Holdan, (Sir IsAAC,)an English inventor, bom at
Hurl et in 1807. He discovered the principle of the
lucifer match in 1829, (but had been anticipated,)
and made important iiiveiltions in wool -combing
machinery. He was made a baronet in 1893. Died
In 1S97.

HSl'dfi, (Charlbs Frbdbrick,) an American
author, bom at Lynn, Massachusetts, in 1S5:
works include " Life of Louis Agassiz," " Charles
Darwin's Life and Work," and oumerous works of
popular natural history.

HSl'dfT, (Joseph Bassbtt,) M.D., an American lool-
opist, born at Lynn, Massachusetts, October it, 1824.
He graduated in medidne In 1850, served in the medical
department of the United States army, and was one of
the founders of the American Museum of Natural His-
tory in New York. His principal works are > " History
M'the North American Fauna," {1878,! and "History
of the Atlantic Right Whales," (1883.) Died in l883.

HBI'a«r, (William,) F.R.S., an English writer, bom
in Nottinghamshire in 1614, published, besides other
works, "Element! of Speech," (1669,) and "Treatise on
the Natural Grounds and Principle* of Harmony," (1694,1
which, says M. F^tis, "ii one of the beat worki on that
•ubject." It is said that he taught a deaf-mule to speak.
IMed in 1607.

H51doTlln or HoAlderUa, hol'd^r-leen', (Johanh
Christian Friedrich,) a German poet, born at Lauffen
in or aboul 177a He wrote " Hyperion, or the Hermit
In Greece," (a vol*., 1799,) a romance, which '---

IMed in 1843.

BSlda'wprth, (Edward,! an Engliib adiotar, bom in
16S8, was educated at Oifbrd. He wrote a Latin poem,
called " Musdputa," ("Mouse-trap.") Died in 1747.

Boldawortli, written also HolBwrorth, OldsvroTth,
and Oldlairortji, (Richard,) an English divine, born
at Newcastle-on-Tvne in i;90. He became professor
of divinity al Gtesham College in 1639, and master of
Emanuel College in 1637. He left, besides other works,
" Valley of Vision," in Iwenty-one sermons, (1651.)
Died in 1649.

HQlo, (Matthew,) an English reli^oua writer, born
about 1640, was vicar of Stoke Cuurcy, in Somersetshire.
He wrote " Discourses on tlie Liturgy of the Ciiurch of
England," (6 vols., 1714-16,) and other works. Died
aboul 1730.

Hole, (Richard,) an English poet, bom at Exeter.
He produced a poetical version of Homer's "Hymn to
Ceres," (1781,) "Arthur," a poetical romance, (1 789,)
and a tew other works. He became rector of Farting-
don in 1791. Died in 1803.

Hfilfken or Ho«lfken, hotCk^n, (Gustav.) a German
writer on national economy, born at Hattingen, in Prus-
sia, in iSii. He published, besides other works, "The
Condition, Policy, and Development of the Power of
England," (3 vols., 1846.)

Holger (hol'Mr) th« Done, a half-mythical national
bero of DenmarlC whose legend in its present form was
worked up by Saxo Grammaticus. It is believed, how-
tier, that Ihe French or Walloon form of the name

(OctkR the Dank) Is older than Ihe other, and thai the
word " Dane," ai here used, al first lignified not an inhatw-
lant of Denmark, but a dweller In the dinv or Ibrelt-region
now called Ardennes. The Danish legend represents
Holeer as sleeping tot ages in a vault under tbe castle
of iGonboT^. with his b^rd crown through a table of
■tone. At some future time be will awakt.-, break the
table, and rescue his country from her enemies.

Hol'lnl-Iied or HollngUled. (Raphael,) an Eng-
lish annalist, the dale and place of whose birth are
unknown. He publishedvaluable chroniclesof England,
Scotland, and Ireland, (1577.) Modern historians havr
borrowed largely from him. Died about 1580^

Hol'kai, (JHwunt Rao, jts'wQnt rl'o.) a son ol
Tackagcc, noticed below, was an able warrior, and s
formidable enemy of the British. He defeated Sdndia
in 1803, and raised a large army. In the spring of 1804
war broke out between him and Ihe British. Holkar
defeated Colonel Monson's division of 11,000 men in
luly, near the Chumbul and Bannas Kiver«. In Novem-
ler of 1S04 he was surprised and routed by Lord Lake
It Furmckabad. He made a treaty of peace in JanuarT.
1806. Died in iSll.

Holkai, (Hnl'hfr Ra'o or Row,) a Mahratu chie(
born al Hot, in llie IJeccan, in 1691. Having distinguished
himself in war, be became ruler of a large part of Mai wa.
He died in 1766.

A daughter-in-law of the preceding, named AHAtVA
Bake, (S-hl'le-l bl'ee,) or Alya Bhvr, (then a widow,)
succeeded to the government on the death of Mulhar
Rao Holkar, and during an administration of more than
thirty years displayed eilraordinary virtues both a* a
woman and a ruler. She was equally distinguished for
her wisdom, her humanity and benevolence, and her
moderation and sense ofjuslice. Died in 1795.

e Sla JoHB M:iLcou>>i "HuwrrDr &nir»l Indii."

Holkar, (Tnokagee,) supposed to be a nephew of
Mulhar Rao Holkar, obtained possession of bis do-
minions in 1767, He was the ally of Sdndia against
tlie Rajpoots. Died in I7g7,

HoU, hoi, (Elias.) an eminent German archilect, bom
■t Augsburg in tS73, studied his art in Venice. Hit
capital work is IheRattihaus, or Town Hall, of Augs-
burg, (1618,) one of the finest structures (or that purpcae
in Germany. He built also Ihe arsenal, Ihe diutcfa
called " Hariahilf," and other public edifices of Aufs-
burg. Died in 1G3&

Bfill, (Francis,) an Eogluh engraver, bom in Camden
Town, March 23, 1815, His brother, WiLUAM Hou,
(1S07-71,) was alsodistinguished a* an engraver. Francis
"ed at Godalming, January 14, 1884-

HoU, (Frank,) an English painter, a son of Frauds
Holl, was bom at Kentish Town, London, Jnlv 4, 184J,
—- ' educated at University College, Loodon. Hi*

Academy, and a Royal Academiiian in 18S3. Dud

Hol'l^nd, (Edwin Cupvord,) an American poet ud
journalist, born in Charleston, South Carolina, ibottt
1794. He edited for some time the "Charleston Times,'
and became noted as a satirist and controversialist. In
S14 he published a volume of *'Odes, Naval StMigs,
nd other Poems," originally contributed to Dennie'i
Port-Folio." Died in 1814.

Hol'l^nd, (ilKHRy,) an eminent English architect,
bom about 174& He was pattoniied by the Prince of
Wales, (afterwards George IV.,) for whiHo he designed
the Pavilion at Brighton, and Carlton House, the portico
of which was much admired. He was architect of the
old Drury Lane Theatre, braun about 1790, and after-
wards burned. Died in l8o£

Holland, {Sir Henry,) H.D., F.R.S., an eminent
English physidan, born at Knutsfoid, in Cheshire, in
October, ItSS. Having graduated at Edinburgh in iSii,
ne made the tour of Europe, and publisbed, on his le-
lum, "Travels in the Ionian Isles, Albania, and Greece,"

fi, e, I, o, 0, 7, /ini^/i, i, ^ saine, less prolonged; il, t, I, ii, ^ )F, fitfrt; f, f, b Q) ''^/^■'^/'^i '^I'^'l ii^'J "^'i 8^^

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I30t

HOLMAN

Vittoria \\
(1836.) liiedin 1873.

"Me-

HoUand, (Henev Richard Vassall Fojc,) Lokd,
M) English peei, bom in Wiltahire in 1773, wu the only
•on of Stephen Fox, second Lord Holland, and Mary
Fitipatrick. By the death of hii hthet he succeeded (o
the peerage in 1774, at the age of one year. He inher-
ited a laige share of the talent* and noble dLspoeitiont
of the broily of Fox. He was educated at Oaord, and
married Lady Webster in 1707. In the Houk of Lords
he apnke fre^iuenlly against the adminiatraticin, and sup-
ported the measures of his uncle, ihe bmous orator
Charles Jame* Fox. His powers as a speaker were of
a very high order. In 1802 he visited Paris, in company
»ilh hi* unde and Lady Holland. He held the office
of prin seal a (ev months in igo& Throughout his
cUTcr he was constant to the Whig party; and wbea
Ibey came into power in 1830 he was appointed chan-
cellor of the duchy of Lancaster. He published an
•wellcnt "Life of Lope de Vega," [1S17,) and "Thiee
Comedies from the Spanish," which arc rendeied with
great poetical felidty. His "Foreign Reminiscences"
appeared after his death, which occuircd in 1S40. In
his time Holland House was the favourite resort, as
Uacaulaj says, "of wits and beauties, of painter* and
pocis, of scholars, philosophers, and statesmen."

BoUaxid, (josiAH GiLBCar.) M.D., (Tihothv Trc-
OOUB,) a popular American author, born at Belcheitown,
Uassachusetts, in 1S19. In 1847 he became associate
editor of the " Springfield Republican." He published *
*• History of Western Massachusetts," (1855,) "The Bay
Path,"a novel, (1857,) " Titcomb's Letters to Young Pco>
pte,"(i3s8,)"GoldFoil,"(i8sg,)"MissGilberi-sCareer,"
(i860,) " Bitlet-Sweet, a Draioatic Poem," (1867,)
" SereDoaks," (1876,) and " Nicholas Mintum,"
(1877-) In 1870 he became editor of " Scribner's
Hagaiine." Died October 13, 1S81.

Holland, Lord. See Fox, (Hbnry.)

HolUnd. (Nathaniel.) See Danck.

Holland, (Thomas Ehskinb,) a British legal
enthor, was bom at Brighton in 1835. He became
profESiot of English, and afterwards of international,
Uw at Oxford. Of bis works on legal subjects the
best known is his " Elements of Jurisprudence," which
bas become a text-boo1f in most of the law schools of

HoUaoda. See Holanpa.

HoUar. hol'lia, (Wbnzkl or WuiCssLAUS,) a ci
bfated Bohemian engraver and designer, bom at Prai
la 1607- Having met with the Eail of Arundel in (
logne, he accompanied him on his return to London,
and was employed to engrave some of the pictures of hit
C^kry. In 1639 he brought out his "Omatus Mulie-
Dris Anglicanos," an admirable work, illustrating I
AcM of Englishwomen of all classes at that tin
Owii^ to the troubled state of the country, he was, n
wfthslandinii his genius and industry, soon reduced

h^ny of his works are etchings. Died
■ London in

rat poverty.
London in 1677.
Holleiina See HoULURB.

See I^IoLLia.

Holler. (HosAO,) D.D., bom at Salisbury, Con
BCcticut, in 1781, graduated at Yale College in 1803.
He bcnme minister of the Holtis Street Unitarian
Cborch, Boston, in 1S09. and president of Transylvania
Umrersitv. KentackT. in iSlS. He published a volume
af aermons. Died in 1827.

S«a"H»iaref Df. Hfill>T,"bT>i^«ti>i>W'

HoUey, (Maribtta,) sn American author, born
in Jeflerson conoly. New York, in 1844. Her works
mie of a humourous cbaracter, and ioclude " My Opin-
loos and Betsy Bobbetl's," " Samantha at Saratoga,"
"Sweet Cicely," etc.

HOIOinBl-Iiltad, (John,) an English author, bom
■t London, September 9, 1837. He became s journalist
•ad theatrical manager. He published " Under Bow

, (iSSft) "Rubbing the GUt Ofli" (1860,) "Odd

Jonrneya," (i860,) "Ways of Ufc," (1861,) "Ragged
London," (1861,) "Underground London," "Rough
Diamonds." "To-Day," (1864.) "Miscellanea," (3 vols.,
1874.) etc Died October 10, I904.

Hol'lluB, (Gborob N.,) an American naval officer,
boraat Baltimoreabout 1800. He became a commander
in 1841, and bombarded Greytown, in Nicaragua, in iSta.
He look arms against the Union in 1861, and commanded
the naval forces which were defeated by Captain Farragnt
below New Orleans in April, 1863. Died January 18,
1878.

Hollina, (]OHK,) an English painter of genre and
portraits, bom at Birmingham in 1798; died in 1S55.

HolOla or HoIIsb. (Denzil.) Lord, an English poli-
tician, second son of the Earl of Clare, and orother-in-
taw of the Earl of Strafford, was bom at Haughton in
1597. In the reign of Charles I. he was one of the
leaders of the opposition in Parliament, and in i6zg was
condemned to imprisonment during the king's pleasure.
He was one of the five members whom the king rashly
attempted to arrest in the House of Commons on a
charge of treason. I1641.} After the division between
the Presbyterians and Independents occurred, Hollis
was the leader of the former. He was expelled from Par-
liameiil at the lime of Pride's Purge, and fled to France,
lie bvonred the restoration, was created a peer by
Charles II. in 1G60, and was sent as ambassador to
France in 1663. Died in 168a

Sh " Meniiiin of DeDiD Holln," lAn; Men, "Hittntr ti
Bagluid;" "Buicnphii BiiBnnici:" Goiidt, "Uonk'i CooiaB-
paarin," LohIdb, iSAs.

HoUla, (Thomas,] a munificent bene&ctor of Har-
vard College, born in England in 1659. He was for
many years a successfii] merchant in London, where he
died in 1731. lie founded two professorships in Harvard,
—the Hollis divinity professorshipandthe professorship
of mathematics. Besides books and philosophical ap<
paratus, his bequests to the college in money amounted
to about jfjooo,— probably equal to more than 6ve times
as much as these figures wuuld represent at the present

HolUi^ (Thomas,) F.R.S., an English gentleman and
republican, bom in London in 1710^ was an ardent friend
of civil and religions liberty, and noted for his public
■piriL He possessed a large fortune, which he used
iHierally for charitable purposes and in the publication
of bootu. He published good editions of Toland's " Life
of MUton," (1761.) and Algemon Sidney's Works. Died
in 1774.

HolUa, (Thomas Pklham.) See NEwt^nxi,

Hollmann, hol'mln, (Samuel CHRin'iAN,) a Gei-
man philoaopher, bom at Stettin about 1696, was pro-
fessiii of philosophy at Gottingen for atiout fifty years,
lie wrote, in Latin, several works on philosophy, meta-
physics, and logic Died in 1787.

Hol'io-iray, (Thomas.) a skiirul English engraver,
born in London in 1748. He engraved (he plates for
Laviicr's " Physiognomy." and the Cartoons of Raphael
at Windsor. He spent several years on the latter, and had
the title of engraver of history to the king. Died in 1S17.

Hdllf. pAMES Theodore,) D.D,, an American-

Ilaytian bishop, born of coloured paienla, at Washing-
tun, D.C., in 1829. Though bred a Roman Catholic, he
in 18(6 became a presbyter in the Episqtpal Church.
In 1S61 he founded an American colony of coloured per-
sons in Hayti, where he became a misuonary. In 1874
he was consecrated Bishop of Hayti.

HSl'man, (James,) an Englishman, distinguished as
" the Blind Traveller," was born about 1 7S8. lie served
for some years in the royal navy, uniil he became blind,
(about iSlX.) He performed a )ourne^ through several
countries of Europe. (1819-11,) of which he [lublished
a narrative in [823. After that date he visited the other
continenis, and published "Travels through Russia,
Sibciia," etc, (182c,) and a "Voyage round the World,"
(4 vols., 1840.) He was arrested as a spy by the Rus-
sians. Died in iSjy.

Holman, (Joseph Gborce,) an actor and dramatist,
' Ltmdon. After perfbranng in London and Dul>

1^- sas4,- %Aiird; ^aaj:a,B,K,gyaiiral; »,naial; t^triiUd: lass; thasinClw (B^See ExpIanationE,

■ P-aj.)

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HOLMES 13

Ud, he emigrated to th« United Stite* In iSoot uid wat
manager o? the Chaileslon Thealre. He wrote a few
cuniic opnaa. Died in 1817-

Holmaa, bSou, (Abiel,) D.D., an American diTine^
born at Woodstock, Connecticut, in 1763, graduated at
Yale in 1783. He wM paator of the First Congrega-
doaal Church, Cambridee, Massachusetts, from 179a to
■Sja. In 1805 he published "American Annals," the
rcKili of great industry and research. " We consider
t^** NIT* Profeaaor Sparks, "amone the most valuable

nrrwtnf-tinna nf tk* Am#n/4h nmu.''^ H« wn^ the ^thci

"LuUce," (jdpriie, 1879,) an opera "Hiroet L*an-
dr«,"and the symphonies" Les Argonantes" and "Ir-
lande." Hersongswereorer loo in number. D, 1903.

Holmea, homz, (Alfred,) an Ei^lish violinist and
composer, bom in I^ondon 1111837. His opera "Inei de
Castro," and his symphooies " The Youth of Shak-
speare," " Robin Hood," and "The Siege of Paris,"
were perToimedwithcoimdeTable success. DiediniS76.

Holm**, hOmz, (Geobce,) an English aniiquaiy,
bom in Yorkshire in 1G62, was clerk to the keepers of
(he records in the Tower. Died in 1749-

Bolmea, (George Fuoujck,)LL.D., an Ameri-
can educator, bom at Georgetown, British Guiana, Au-
rz, iSzo. He VBS admitted to the bar in South Caro-
in 1S42, and held pnrfessoiships in several colleges.
He published English grammars, two Histories of the
United States, and other works. IHed in 1S97.

Holmo^ (Isaac Edward,) a political leader in Sondi
Carolina, bom in Charleston in 179^ rose to eminence
at the tor, took a conspicuous part in the nullilicition
movement of Sonth Carolina in 1831-33, and from 1839
101851 was a member of Congress. Died Febi 14, 1867.

Holmoa, (Mary Jane,) an American novelist,
bom at Brooktield, Massachusells. Her works include
"Tempest and Sunshine," (1854,) "Lena Rivets,"
" Edith Lyle," "Gretchen," (1887,) etc. D. 1907

HoIums, (Nathaniel.) See Homes.

HolmM, (Ouvia Wbndbll,) M.D., a distinniUhad
American author, wit, and poet, was born in Cambridge,
Hiasachusetts, August 39, 1809. He graduated al Har-
vard in 1S39, and commenced the study of Ian, but soon
abandoned it foe modidne. Early in 1833 he visited

HOLT

wonderful facility and fertility of re
than hia lines addressed to Agasdi when setting oat on
his sdentific lonr in South America. Died OcL 7, 1894.
a«c DtncKOtCK, - Crdom^ of AnMien UtwUDTE, " <nl. u. i
GiisvQCA " hett aad PoMrr o( Anaia :" CunUHBk "Ck-
uwdJniB of AiHricu LiiBMim!" » Ninth AmnM Rwww" to
JuuuT. itt; : alB aninidioa " AiBcricu Homov" m lb* " Honk

Unh. I >«• Ot Viomaa d " Satmdn IUt)«," Oet u, iSm-

Holmei, (Ouvu wehdell,] jnrist, bom at Bea-
ton, Much 8, 1841, sonof thepreceding. GraduaCedat
Harvard in 1861, served in the civil war, and engaged in
liLWpnictice at Boston in 1867. He was made professor
in the Harvard Law School in l8Sz, was associate jus-
lice io the Massachusetts Supreme Court 1SS3-99, chief
justice 1899-1903, and became a justice in the Supreme
Court of the United Stales December 4, 190a, Pub-
lished "The Common Law," 1881.

Holmea, (Robbst,) D.D., an English divine, bora ia
Hampahire in 1749. In 1790 he was dioaen proftwot
of poetry at Oxfijrd, and m 1804 Dean of Winchester.
He wrote odea, tracts, and aermons, and commenced an
edition of the Septnagint, which was finished by Paraona.
Died in 1805.

Bolioaktold, bolm'tke-old', fTBRODOt.) a DanWi
phytidan and natutalisfc bom in m*. He pnbHahed t
fine work on the Fangi in 179a Died in 1793.

HoliiiabOmorHol]iiatronm,holm'stRiim, (Israsi,)
a popular Swedish poe^ bom al Slo^holm, fbllowed
Charles XIL in his campaignt, with the title of coandlloi
: war. Died in 1708.

HoI-O-fer'nU, an Aatyrian general, who lired at an
imcertain epodo, and waa killed by Judith, a patriotle

J"

Copenhagen fat 1811.

, __ an el^ant atyl_. , . .._ .

"Adieu" ("Farvd," 1840) baa been translated into
many language*. Died in 1893.

See P. U HOiua, iMlci h tb* "DiMk PudHOL"
Holat, won, fon holat, (Hermann Et>UARt>,) a Ger-
man historian, bom at Fellin, in Livonia, (Russia,) tuna
19, 1841. He was educated at Dorpal and Heidelberg
He removed to New York in 1S67. In 1873 he was
called to a professorship of biatory at Strasburg, and in
1874 waa made professor of modem biatory at Freibarg.
He later visited the United Slates, and became pro-
Europe, where for nearly three years he puraued hlf fesso, of history at the University o( California in 1893.
medical atudiea, attending the hospitals of Pans and His writings include a very able " Constiturional Hia-

othei large dtiea. He returned to bis
fn 1835, and took the degree of doctor of medidne at
Harvard in 183& In iS^ he waa elected professor of
anatomy and physiology in Dartmouth College. About
two years afterwards he resigned this position, and la
1847^ was chosen to fill the same cluur at Harvard Uid-
veraity, »a successor to Dr. Warren. Holmes had di«-
tinguished himself as a poet even before he left collie.
In 1836 he read before the Phi Beta Kappa Sodety, at
Cambridge, " Poetry, a Metrical Essay," which was soon
after puUished in a small volume, with a number of his
other poems. In 1857-8 he contributed to the "Atlantic
Monthly" a series of papers entitled "The Autocrat of
the Breakfiwt-Table," which were followed in i8w liy
another aeries, called "The Professor at the Breakfast
Table," and in 187a by "The Poet at the Breaklait-
Table." These contributions abound in humour and wit,
and exhibit a shrewd insight into human character. His
other prindpal productions are "Elsie Venner," (1861,)
and "The Guardian Angel," (186S,) besides numerous
minor works, among which arc " Mechanism in Thought
and Morals," (r870,) "SonM of Many Seasons," a col-
lection of poems, (1874,) "John L. Motley, a Memoir,"
(1S78,) "The Iron Gate, and Other Poems," (iSSo^) and
a biography of Emerson, (1885.) As a poet. Dr. Holnet
was espedally distinguished lor wit and humour joined
vlth a remarkable fetidly of expiession. As a aong-
writer he had few, if any, superiors in America ; but
he particularly excelled in the playful vein. Among
his effusion) of this class we could not, perhaps, select
an eiample which better exhibits his playful fancy or his

Le, i, 6.0, y,/''iitf.'k,i, A, same, leas prolonged; i. il, I, S, ii, |F, rifivr.* f . f . 1.9. nfoiwrr; fir, fill, St; mtt; n&l; g(S6d; inAn;

wntings II
loiy of the United States," and a

Holataln, hol'sHn, (Johan LDDWto,) a worthy Dan-
ish statesman, bom at Ltibtz in 1694, became prime
minister in 173S, and president of the Royal Academy
of Sdeocea in 1742. Died in 1763.

Hol-atVnl-iu, [Ger. pron. hol-sHL'ne-ts,) (Lucas,)
the Latin form of the name of LuCAS HoLsra, (hol's^h,)
an eminent German scholar, born at Hamburg in i^9&
He studied at Leyden, and went to Paris, where he Joined
the Roman Catholic Church in i6z6l His friend Peiresc
recommended him to Cardinal Barberini, whom he ac-
companied to Rome in 1637. He became librarian to
Karberini in 1636, and librarian of the Vatican in the
pontificate of Innocent X. He projected great literary
works, some of which he left unfinished. In 1630 he

of Porphyry. Among his Other published works ia
"Dcmophili, Demociatis et Secundi SententiK Morale*
Gra-ce et Latine," ("The Moral Maxims of Demophilus,
Democrates, and Secundus, in Greek and Latin with
notes, 1638.) Died in 1661.

Sm WiLEiHS, "Lcben de> idrimni Loog HoUtoiii ' ifn-
NictiDH, "Mirnoim," tdL ii^i llOLLn, "O'Dbria Uloalai''
"Nnunllc Bwcnphi* G^n^nle."

HSlt. (Francis Ludlow,) an Bngtiah barrister, was
queen's counsel and vice-chimcellor of Lancashire from
1816 to 1844. For many year* he wa* editor of Bell's
" Weekly Messenger." Dwd in 1S44.

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HOLT ,j

Htd^ (Sir John,) an amneol English jndge, bom U
Tbane in DecemW, 1643, was enteied at Gray's Inn in
165% and called to the bar in 1663. Having become
c^iieni in his profetrioii, be was choeen rccwder of
London ; but for hii firm opposition to the despotic
Measnica of lamea IL he was removed He dwtin-
pisbed UmseU in the ConTcntion Parliament of 1688,
and M the accession of William III. was appointed lord
chief jnstice of the king'a bench in 1689. In 1700 he
decliMd the office of lord cbaticellor. He peifonned
the duties of chief justice with wisdom, honoor, and
coara^ until the end of hi* life. "Hit name," say*
Mackintosh, " never can be pronoanced without venen-
tion as lone as wisdom and integrity are revered among
men." Died in 1709,

Sh Loid Cumni, -Ii«> af O* dwf jMlkca!" -Lift
•r SvlohB Hah," (MMyoi,) tH^; turn, "Th* Jixkn «

Bolt, (lOBM,] an English writer and teacher, bom in
Cfceibire m 1741. He wrote, betidei a few other worki,
'Chaiacten of the Kinga and Qnecns of England," (j
vob^ 1786-S&) Died in iSoi.

BAl^ Rostra,) an American minister of state, bora
in Breckinridge coonty, Kentncky, about tSo?. He
pnctiaed law at LonisTille. In March, 1850, he was
■Mointed poatmaater-generaL He tucoceded John B.
noyd Bssecretaiy of war in December, i86ot and by his
cnet^ and seal for the Union rendered important
■ervicc* in the critical timea wliich ensued. About Sep-
tember, |86>> he became Judge-advocate -general of the
army. Died Anenst 1, 1894.

Holtah bait, (John,) an Engliah ■chool-master, bom
in Soaocx about 1470, wrote the first Latin gramnur
ever printed in England, which waa dated about 1497.

Holtai Ton, fbn hol'tT, (Kakl,) a German poet and
dramatist, bom al Breslau in 1797. He prodnced many
CDowdiea and dianiaa, among which are " The Old
Gcnend," and " Glory and Poverty," a volume of poems,
(tS36,> " German Songs," (1834.) 'nd ntcmoir* of hit
life, entitled "Forty Years," {ia43-ja) Died in 18S0.

HBltj or Ho«lhr, hiil'tee, (LuDWio Hiinkicu
CluusTom,) an eiceflent Gemian tvric poet, bom at
Uariense^ near Hanover, in 174S. He studied atGiit-

hcalth felled. His elegies, idyU, and ocUs are admired
far tenderness of feeling, artless grace, and moAmVL He
tGed prematurely in 1770. The firat edition of his poems
4V>earedin 1783.

ShJ.il MiLua, ■■EnniatHrIISIiT'iCbiiraair."i77«: Bou-
•■■wMc- "CacUchiB ia Poaie." etc.; Loktm-uiw. "PmH
rrof Esni|H ;~ Botia of HOIIT ia I

t^SU Vw is iW'°'

, h&1tB-lee'n(kB, (Jbkbmias,) a German
philologist, bom at Nnrcmbetg; died at Leyden in 1641.

Boltmiaim, liolls'mln, (Adolf,) a German philolo-
^t, bom at Carlsruhe, Hay 3, iSia He was educated
•I Berlin, Munich, and Pans, and became professor of
German al Heidelberg, where he died, July 3, 187a
Among bis numerous works are translations of the
* UablbUUaU" and the •• lUmlyana," and an •> Old-
German Grammar," of which only one volume has been
pnblishcd.

His son, HsiNRiCH Julius, bom in 1832, published
a large nnmber of theological works, becoming a rep-
lescnlative of the advanced modem school in theology.

Holnb, holoop, (Dr. Emil,) a Bonemian traveller,
bom al Ilolitz, October 7, 1S47. He practised the pro-
fession of medicine in the diamond- region of South
Africa, and became a high authority on the ethnology,
fcography, languages, and natural historr of trans-
cqoatorial Abica. Among bit work* are " Seven Year*
b South Africa," (1880-81,) "Alriout Colonitation,"
(JSS2,) etc

Hol'w^(JoimZKPHANiAii,) bom In Dublin In lyir

>3 HO MB ERG

Historical Events relative to Beiwaland Hindustan, with
the Mythologyof the Gentoo*," Uvoli.,1764-71.) Died
ini798.

Hol'jF-diy, (Baktem,) D.D., an English divine, born
at Oxford in 1593. was chaplain to Charle* L He wrote
" Survey of the World," a poem, and translated Juve-
nal and Pcrsius. Died in 1661.

Holjook, hd'ySk, (Francis,) an English clergyman,

,, ..hich was en

11653.

edited "The Rcasoner" and "The Present," organs of
"secularism" in civiliiation and morals, and was for a
time imprisoned on a charge of atheism, although he
asserted that hii STStem was not opposed to theology,
though apart from it. He all his life refused to take an
oath, (rom which circumstance he incurred much loss.
He published a large number of book*, among which
are a " History of Co-operation," (1874,) •' ielf-Help
a Hundred Years Ago,*' (1888,) " Sixty Years of an
Agitator's Life," (1892,) and "Public Speaking and
Debate," (1895.) Died January 22, 190*.

Holjroke^ hSl'yiUi, (Edwakd Aooiwrm,) U.D., an
American physician, waa bom in Marblehead, Massa-
chusetts, In 171S. He graduated at Harvard in 1746,
and for seventy-nine years followed his profeasion with
eminent tnccess in Salem, where he died, Harcii 31, 1819.
At the age of ninety-two he performed the operation of
paracentesis, and on his hundredth aimiveraary partook
of a niblic dinner given Mm by the physicians of Salea
and Boston.

Set " Utnaln of Ed«rd A. HotTokk" BHtoa. iS^

HolVoka, (Samuel,) an American teacher and com-
poser of vocal and instrumental music, born at Boifbn^
Massachusetts, in 1771. He published " Harmonla
Americana," (1791,) "The Columbian Repository ti
Sacred Harmony," (1809,) and other works. Died la
1816.

HoVJP-irood, Hall-b^ or Bno^o Boa'oo, (Johm,)
a noted malhematidan of tbe thirteenth century, was

Kifessor of mathemadCB In the Univertity of Paris,
e time and place of hit birth are unknown. He wrote
a work entitled " De Sphaua HundL"

HolslMner, hotta'Uw'fr, (Ignaz,) a German com-
po*er, bora in Vienna in 1711, produced operas, lytn-
phonie*,etc. "He baa a good style," says Moiart, "and
composes very fine fugues." Died in 17S3.

Holaer, holt'sfr, (Johann,) an eminent German
fresco-Minter and engraver, wa* born near Marienburg,
in the Tyrol, in 1709. He painted numerous frescos b
Augsburg of religion* suhjects, among which is "The
Martyrd^ of Saint Sebastian." He produced spirited
etchings of "The Adoration of the Magi," after Berg-
miiller, of the "Ecc« Homo," after his own design, and
of other paintings. Died in 174a

Honumn, ho'inl[^ (Johahn BArrttT,) a German
geographer and engraver of maps, bom at Kamlach, in
* ^' ' 1664- He settled in Nuremberg and publUhed

I, which were more than < — ' "~ •-

He firmed a large collection of the ai

many mapa, which were more than ordinarily ai
"- Rirmeda large collection of the aame, under 1..

Atlas," (171&) Hit esubliihroeni, called "Offidna

:r the title

Homanniana," was well known throughout Europe.
Died in 1724.

Homberg, bom'biRa, (Wilbslm,) M.D., an eicet-
lenl chemist, bom of German parents at Batavia, in Java,
in 1653, came to Europe at an early age. He studied
chemistry and other natural sciences with Otto Gueridie
and Boyle, and visited the principal capital* of Europe
in pursuit of knowledge. About 168^ he practised medi-
cine at Rome with success, and in 1691 removed to
Paris, where be was chosen • member of the Academy
of Sciences, to which he contributed many memoin.
He was patroniEcd by the Duke of Orleans, who chose
him as his (itst physidan. He discovered boTscic acid
and Homberg's pyrophorus. Died in Paris in 1715.

5« fDKTBiiLLi, "t\t%» ia HoDibcrc;" NictaoH, "IH-
■onsi" F. Hoira^ " Hiuain ^ k CUue," uhh ii.i "Nsv
•«IW Bucnphii GArfmla."

^»»k: ^^i;%hanl; %*»j:ti,^ti,giMur^: V.na4al; t^lHUeJ; iasi;

Valkit, (}Jf See Explanations, p. 33.)

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HOME

1304

HOMER

Honw, (Datiix) See Humk.

H9me, (Oavid,) a Scottish Protestant minilter, who
lived in Fnnce during the reign of Umci L of Eng-
land. He wrote "Apologia Basilica, (1626.)

Home, (Sir Everard,) an eminrnl Scottish inreeon,
bom in the county of Benricfc in 1756, studied medidne
with his broth cc-in- law, the celebrated John Hunter.
He practised in London with distinction, and was presi-
dent of the Rojral College of Surgeons. He published
"Lectures on Comparative Anatomy," and other pro-
fessional works. Died in 1S31.

Hoin«, (Hbnrv,) LordKamei. a Scottish judge, bom
■t Kames in 1696, was called to Ihc Edinburgh bar in
1734. After publishing several legal treatises, which
were well received, he was appointed in 1751 a judge 0/
the court of sessions, and took the title of Lord Kames.
In 1758 he wrote a valuable work, entitled " Historical
Law Tracts." His greatest work, " Elements of Criti-
dsm," (1761,) wa» regarded bjsome as an admirable per-
fomance, and is highly commended by Dugald Stewart
Dr. Johnson said. "The Scotchman has taken the right
nethod in his ' Elements of Criticism.' " He was ap-
pointed one of the lordsof justiciary in 1763. Died in 17S3.

Set Loan WooDHOusaLiB. "Memoin of Ihc Life of K«iar*
HonM." iSor-i& > ™l». ; William Shillik, "Life of LorS
Kuics," iBoft; CitAHBaiB, "Biocnpliial Dktion«iT of EmiiKW

Home 01 Hmna, (John,) ■ popular Scottish drama-
tist, born at Ancrum in 1714. He was licensed to preach
In 1747, and settled at Athelslanefbrd. In 1756 he
became at once distinguished by the publication of his
" Tragedy of Douglas," which was performed first at Edi-
bnrgh with unbounded applause, and is stilt very popul
on the stage. " I think nobody can bestow too much praise
on Douglas," tays Profrasor Wilson. "There has been
no En^ish tragedy worthy of the name since it ap-
peared/' It rendered the author so obnoxious to the
elders of the Kirk that he retired from the ministry.
He was patronized tw the Earl of Bute, who procurnl
blm a pension of £yx>. Home wrote several other
* nuch inferior to "Douglas," and a " History of

the Rebellion in 1745." Hra. Siddons

, study \
of the stage, means the getting

ly [which, in the technical language
the getting verses by heart] so ea*y
u that of Douglas." Died '~ """
Sn Slit WiLTin Sorrr'n criliqu DB Ih* "

eln Honm." in Ibc "Quannlj Rrriew" lor , ..
ACKDaira, " Lift of John Homr." prefixed 10 * a>]]ecli«i of hit
worltM, ) loiM. Sto. iSji; "rfocict Ambroaimdr" fbr ApriL ~
ClIAKBRS. " HJognpliicBl Didicpnmr^ of EminHiT Sroucnvn."

Ho'iuf r, |Gr. '0/u»iar ; Lat. Homk'rus ; Fr. Houlu.
o'maiK'; Ger. Homer, homait';* It. Ombro, o-nii'ro,|

the reputed author of the two great epics the "Iliad" attd
the "Odyssey," and the most celebrated poet ihr'

two great j>oems Aove named, the "Iliad" has been
■ptiy called *'the beginning of alt literature." In the
(^mon, indeed, of the greatest critics of antiquity, it was

* See prindjiln of Ownun (nnunculin^ in Ihc Ini
t If the woghl of authoriliei ia in &voor of ^nvfn
imber would ■Bern to be 00 iht ^de of Chin. <S« Si
aJ Dictioaary."} BjfioD appears to fin the prcferei

"TiMfaliDdBUu

It hu Imi nqsWH! (anil it iceiiB UkUt pratmlila) (hM Hena
Ikaogb bon at Seip-na. luy have aAennrds lenmeJ \b Chif
■here bH ^milT, or m bnnch of it, (the HowidsJ aro laid 10 \t*
■ml for ienril genemione. Sereo ififlerent dtiti are said B h«

In &■• MJoiriac esu^ by ADIi[ater cf Sidon i

Ifiripr.. Si«, Sttefar, !«<«, HOm, 't.^^. 'Uinu.
LttefiUr, "Sevta dUH (cv iciUes) ooateoded fix the wi« race of
Homer, [u. the race or orifin of Itie *iic Hoener,] Smrnia. diiiia,
ColoptioD. Ithi>akI>r>o^ Aiioi,*nd Alhcni." Some wriuim Bhwi-
•BU ^tknii l« Ithaca aad tUmile* (Tifof) be Pjloe.

not only the banning, but the end ; it was not merely
the first attempt at the productioD of a great poem, but

the faultless model which exdtcd alike the admiration and
deapair.of all succeeding poeu. In the words of Aris-
totle, 'O^iwoc . - ■ "iUfa «ii d(iii«fp iroiTar iirepfJi/n^Ki.t
" Hicomnesuiiedalno,"aay»Quintilian,"inomni genere
eloquentic procnl a te reliquiL**) Some other ancient
writers speak in even stronger terms of praise.

Among the andeuts, none appears ever to have doubted
that Homer was a teal personage, and thai he wa* the
author of the most wonderfiil poem of antiquity, {the
"Iliad."l But before or about the time of the Christian
era there was a class of critics who denied that the
"Iliad" and "Odyssey" were the productions ofthesame
author. They were called XuimlinTtc, or "Separators."
ll cannot be denied that there is a remarkable diSerence
between those works, not in one or two points only, bat
in several important respects. Perhaps the most striking
difference is that which exisis in respect to the character
of the gods in the two poems. The gods of the •■ Iliad"
ate completely human in their character, — unless it be
that ihcy have more than human foible* or vices. They
are capricious and selfish, and seldom, If ever, show
much regard for justice. The deities of the " Odyssey"
appear as the rewardeis of merit and the avengers of
sm or crime. There is, moreover, a marked difference
in the spirit or tone of the two poems. To explain this
difference, ly^nginus tells us that the "Iliad" was com-
posed by Homer when he was in the vigour of lifi:, white
Che " Odyssey" wa* the production of hi« old age.

Modern critics had seemed disposed 10 leave the ques-
tion of Homer's age and the authorship of the Homeric
poems very much where they had been left by the writert
of antiauity, until a little before the close of the last cen-
tury, when F. A. Wolf startled the world by annonndng
a new theory respecting the Homeric poems, (1795.) He
maintained that, as writing was not in use among the
Greeks until long after the time in which those poems
must have been composed, it would have been wholly
impossible for anjf poet, however great hi( genius, to
compose and retain in memory even one such work m
the "Iliad" or "Odytsey." For this and other reasonii
he concludes that the two great epic* which go under the
name of Homer were really produced by a number irf
different author*, and that these separate productions
were, after the introduction of the art of writing, thrown
together as they happened to fit, so as to (onn a continu-
out whole. The in conclusiveness, not to say absurdity,
of such a train of reasoning must, we think, be obvious
to every unbiassed mind. We meet, even now, with
persona who by two or three perusals can commit to
memory the whole of such a poem as the " Lady of Che
Lake." "Who can determine," saw Miiller, "how
many thousand verses one thoroughly filled with his sub-
ject . . . might produce in a year and confide to the
Euthful memory of diadples devoted Co their master and
his art i°' When we take into consideration the fttX
that the mental activity of the andenis, Instead of being
divided and dilated among an endless variety of studiea
or pursuits, wa* concentrated and constantly exerdsed
on a comparatively lew, the retaining of even two such
works as the "Iliad" and "Odyssey^' will not, perhaps,
seem more incredible than many feats of memory which
are known Co have been performed in modem times.
Normustitbetbtgotten that thepoetry of Homer, unlike
that of many of our great modem poels, ia, generally
speaking, remarkable for the aimplid^ and directness of
its language ; and these qualities, added to the marvellous
bcility and animation of the narrative, render the verse
extremely easy to be learned and retained in memory.

The consummate art with which the various parts of
Che " Iliad" (though sometimes seemingly disconnected)
are arranged and adapted so as to delay the denouement
and yet to heighten the interest till near the very end,
proves the poem to hive been, beyond all leasonable
doubt, the work of one master-mind But this mssler-
mind may very probably have used materials prepared

t, e. 1, 9, <!, y, long; 1, t, 6, same, less prolonged; 1, il, 1, 5, Q, y, theri; f, ;, i, Q, eiicuri; fir, [111, St; m(t; n&t; gSM; mSOn;

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HOMER

ior Um by precedint! poett,
■Tchitect, when erecUi^ tui «aUice designed to be the
■dmiration of all comine time, may avail himself of the
nuteriaU, and, for suboi^inate pans of the building, even
dT (he deugns, fiimuhed by infeiior workmen. There
teem, indeed, to be strong reasons for believing that
before the time of Homer there existed many poems
liealiDg of the events of the Trojan war, and that he, in
Klecting and cionbining the ficts necessary to the plot
of hii great work, occasionally adopted some of the finest
lines ctf his prediecesaors, at the same time chan^ng or
adapting others to snil his pnrpose, so as to give the
whole poem the impress of his matchless skill and tran-
scendent genius. This supposition will perhapi best
explain the introduction into the poem of such a great
variety of words or phrases diflering in different parts of
the work, as well as the marked diversity of dialects. It
ta wen known that Shakspeare used freely, in some of
ha bJMoric dramas, not only the ideaa, but, in repeated
inMinces, the very lines, of some of the poets that had
gone before him. At other times he appears to have
adopted some of the leading ideas, and perhaps many
of uie expressions, of previous dramalisls, and yet to
have so cast them into the mould of his own mind, and to
CDloDred ihem with the hues of his wonderfnl imagina-
tion, that be may be said to have surpassed the EMiled
achievements of the alchemists, and transmuted his crade
materials into something far more preciona than gold.

Bat, while we claim it as a point established, that the
"Iliad" is virtoally and essentially the production of a
dngle poet, we most admit that the qnestion is still on-
deoded whether the same Homer was also the author
of the "Odyssey," "If," says the learned and accom-
plished critic already quoted, "the completion of the
'Iliad' and 'Odyssey' seems too vast a work (or mu
man, we may perhaps have recourse to the supposition
that Homer, ancr having sung the ' Iliad' in the vigour of
bis yoalhfnl years, in his old age communicated to some
devoted disciple theplanof the 'Odyssey,' which bad long
been working in his mind, and left it to him for comple-
tion," (K. (). Miiller'a " History of Greek literature.")

The wevailing belief that Homer was blind appears to
have taken lis origin from one of the so-called Homeric
hyiniiB addressed to the Delian Apollo, the author of
wUch calls himself the blind poet who lived in rocky
Chios. The hymn in question was considered by si
of the most jadicious of the andent writera to be
prodUctian of Homer himself; but this view is not
ccpCed by the best modern critics. The wonderful ai
rai7 of many of the descriptions in the " Iliad" utterly
pfcdudcs the idea of their having been written by a
poet who had not himself been an eye-witness of the
scenes which he paintsso admirably. But he might, per-
haps, have described in his blind old age scenes which
had been indelibly stamped upon his memory in youth
or early manhood. (See, on the various questions con
■ccted with the Homeric poems. Colonel W. Mure'
"Critical History of the Uterature, etc of Ancient
Greece," (1850,) and the able article on " Hometns," in
Snttth'a " Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography.^

Sec, ta addlioB ID the woriu nbned to in Iha iradc Ou»

'^~ ■"^' " "' te Komoi ^^u fli Scriptii," 1714; ' ""

i: Thmas Bi

KunsB, " Hkuria critici Hoawri," \tfd<; Thdhas Buckwuj,
"EaqwiviMs Ih( Lib and Wrilint* of H«aa," mj ; KOrmt,
" Utbv Hina'a L(tn and GolDce," i;W ; Cakl SatuT Scuv-
■ABTii. " Mcca Sber Houci tmd bid Zenaller,'' i8>i ; Matthiai

■ i» Romeio,' .

_ _, __ i8»; ALmoiisa

itja; ForriA D'tlKBAii, " Ha '
~ icii.''DHZaaali«du

<d* Poetusn Prindiia

italiaB Hr I'OrJciiii OH

a ud taki SocoHon ia Epic Poetrv.

LAHjiamn, " Homirc.*

vwcst MEcnli, 1S31; BnaHAao
Hcna,"iSi41 J. Pakhius. "I>i>-
HsoHn," iMt: EnouAanJusTB,
Polmei attnlnite 1 Hotnfae, A4f>:

" ' " "" vtarlvK*-

aS'mfr, (Rev. Hbnrv,) an English scholar, born
Btrdingbory in 1753, was educated at Cambridge. He
edited aereral Luin aotbors, and, in partnership with
Dr. Combe, pubHihed a ctanplele edition of Horace.
IMed in 1791.

■ youth the business of a litbograjjier, and afterwards

Itshed h

HONDEKOETER

to draw on wood for engraveri. In 1%%') he estab-
:lf in New York, and was for a time artJM
respondent (or a newspaper of that aty. Hii
ar-pictures, and especially " Prisoners at the Ftont,"
[S65,) gave him great fame. He was a member of the
fational Academy. Died September 30, 1910,
Homiia. See Homes.

HomerldA, ho-mlr'e-dee, (*bg;alaf , Ro-miia-diiJ
r Ho'mer-lda, the name appliel to the bmUy of tbe
poet Homer. (See Homui, note t.)
Homenu. See Homkr.

HomM or Holmaa, hSmz, (Natkaniil,) D.D., an
English theolt^ian, ejecUdfor nonconformity m 166a, was
a believer in the fifth monarchy. He wrote the " Resur-
rection Revealed," >nd other worka. Died in 1678.

Homeyer, hd'mt-fr, (Kabl Gustav,) a German
jurist, born at Wolgast, in Pomerania, August 13, 179^
He studied in Berlin, Gottingen, and Heidelberg ; in
1814 was made extraordinary, and in 1S37 ordinary, law
professor in Berlin. His principal works are an edition
of the " Sachsenspiegel," and "Die Haus- und Hot
marken," (tS7a) Died October 10, 1874.
Homoyer, tod, fon hd'ml-^, (Albxandir,) a Ger-
an soldier and naturalist, born at Vorland, in P(»ne-

Komologist

jng his be
imber of n

Honkeyar, won, (Euoin Fekdtnand,) a German

nilhologist, bom at Herdin, November 11, 1809. His
best-known work is "The Higratioa of Birds," (iSSi,)
and he is the owner of the largest collection ever made
of European birds.

Ho-milt-tu, l(}er. pron. ho-meeHe-tts,} (GoimtBD
August,) an eminent Oennan organist and composer of
church music, born at Rosenthal, in Bohemia, in 171^
best works are a cantata for Christmas, and
' motets. He was organist and director of
music ai Dresden. Died in 1785.

Hommaire da Hall. Jo'miR' dfh IM, (Icnaci
XAviEk MoRAtlD,) a French geologist, bom at Altkircb
in iSii, explored the regions which border on the Black
and Caspian Seas, and left an account of his travels, in
3 vols. Died at Ispahin in 1848.

HommaL hom'mfl, ^Lat Hommc'uve,] (Karl Fbk-
MNANU,) a learned jurist and Ingenious writer, bom at
Leipsic in 1711. He became professor of feudal law at
Leipsic in 1751, and of civil institutes in 1736. Among
his works are " Literatura Juris,"' (1761,) a very piquant
treatise on l^al literature, "Rhapsodia Quxstionum in
Foroquotidiiobvenientum,"(" Questions occurring daily
b the Forum," 5 vols., 1765-70; 4th edition, 7 vols.,
1787,) and "Sceleton Juris dvilis," ("Skeleton of Civil
Law," 4lh edition, 1767.) Died In 1781.

Hommelltis. See Homuxi-

Hompaacb, von, fon hom'ptsh, (Fbrdikaki\) the
last grand master of the Knights of Malta, was txwn at
Dusseldorfin 1744; died in 1S03.

Hontdn, (or Honain,) ho-nin', (Aboo-Taxaad 01
Abu- (Abon-) Terfd. STjOB y^hxeed',) otherwise
called Honaln-Ben-IabUE, (bfn is'hlk',] an Arabia*
physician, bom at Heerah. (Hirah.) in Mesopotamia, liveO
mostly at Bagdid. Died about 875 A.D. He translated
into Arabic the worksof Hippocrates, Galen, Euclid, etc.

See 1in-Kkau.ikimi. "BiofnphicalDictioDUTr'IlAJI-KiuLrA,
"Lexicoa Biblwi^phiajm."

Hondakoater, hon'dfh-koo'tfT, (Giles,) a noted
Dutch landscape-painter, bom at Utrecht in 1583, wm
the son of the Marquis of Westerloo. He often added
to his landscapes highly-finished fignrea of birds.

Hondakoater. (GvsBRKCHT,)aBon of the preceding,
and a painter of poultry, was born in 1613 ; died in 1653.

Hondakoet«T, (MELcmoit,) an excellent painter, a

He painted poultry, pea-fowls, and other birds, with a
skill that has never been surpassed. The haduroands
of his pictures are adomed with beatitiful landscapes.
Among his works is " The Entrance of the Airimalt into
the Ark." Died in 1695-

St* Jakob Cakvo

*f*M; ^mi;ilkanl; ^a»i:a,K,iii,jitiMiral: n.mutU; m,lriUti/; Saat; tbatintiu. (|

ExplBnations, p->3-)

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HONDIUS 13

HondluB, hon'de-iu, or Hoadt hAnt, (Abruiam,) ■
Dotch painter and engraver, born at Rotterdam in 163&
He painted hunting-scenes, anin-ala, and landa<apea
with mcceis. " He often eqnali the best maaten," laji
Descamps. Among his work* are "The Burning of
Troy," and " The Aninuis entering (he Ark." He worked
ic years in England, where he died about 1691.

•cries of portraits of one handred and forty-four artists,

mostly Flemings. He also en^aved some piclutes by

Albert Uiirer and HolbeiiL Died at the Hague in tfiia

S« Bauh, " Dicdaouire da Gnrmri ;" Stuutt. " Dictioaatr

Hondlua or Da Hoodt d^ hAnt, (Hbnky,) called
THE YouNCBft, bom in London in 1580, was accounted
the best engraver of the family. He engtaved portraits,
landscapes, and history after several Flemish painlen.
Among his work* are portraits of Queen Elitabeth and
James L Died at Anuterdam about 165a

S«fl Baeah. " Didiovinvn fka GrSTVin."

Hondlua or Da Hondt. (JossBor Joix/cus,) asidlfal
Flemish engraver and geographer, bom at Wacken about
1550, was the father of the preceding. He had a hi^h
reputation as an engraver on copper. He worked in
London, and aftetwardi settled in Amsterdam, where he
engraved maps of superior quality, and published new
editionsof the "Grand Atlas" of Mercator. Died in 1611.

Hoadt h&it, (WiLLiu,) a Flemish engiaver, a bro-
ther of Henry the Younger, bom at the Hague in 1601.

Hotiak ho'nfh, (Gboio Paul,] a German lawyer, bom
at Nuremberg in 1663, wrote " Iter Juridicum," and other
works. Died in 1747.

HSno. (Nathahikl,) aportrait-painteiibam io Dub-
lin about 1730; died in l^

HSne, (William,) an Ei^lish writer, bom at Bath in
1779, resided in London, and failed several times as a
bookseller. He wrote "The Political House that Jack
Built," a satire, which was illustrated by Cruikshank
•nd tan through fifty editions. He was prosecuted Ibr
hto Parodv on the Liturgy in 181S, and, having ably
defended himself! was acquitted. In 1S36 he b^an to
Issue in weekly numbers tus "Every-Day Book," which
had a lai^e sale, and was commended by Professor
Wilson, Scott, Lamb, and Soulhey. It was followed by
the "Tabie-Book" and the " Year. Book," which were
well received, but did not save the author from insol-
Tency. He was in prison for debt about three yeara.

* Williin HoK," 1

Etonerwood, hiin'ne-wKid. (Saint John,) an Amer-
ican poet, born in Massachusetts in 176$; died in 1798.

5a GaiswoLD, " Pogli and PoMry of AaHna."

HooorA da Salnte-Uaile, o'no'ri' d^h slnt'mfre',
(LaL HoNokius DE Sancta Makia,] called, ailei he
entered the cloister, Blaisk Vauxklle, (v6-b*I',) a
learned monk, bom at Limoges in 1651 ; died in 1719.

Ho-Qo'if-na 1, a native of Campania, was elected
Pope or Bishop of Rome in 636 A.D. He ia charged
with assenting to the heresy of Monothelism. The Council
of Constantinople, held in 6S0, condemned his doctrine
an this point Died in 638.

HonorloB n, Pora, previously known as Cardinal
Lamberto and Bishop of Ostia, succeeded Calixtu* II.
tn 11S4. Tebaldus was choaen pope at the same time

Sr a Dumber of bishops, but forbore to contest hi*
aim. Honorius died in 1 130. See, also, Cadalous.

Hoaarltw "HI, elected Pope in 1116, was a Roman
Vf Wrth. His proper name was Cwcco Savklll He
laowned Frederick II. Emperor of Germany in luo, in
the hope that he would lead a crusade against the Turict.
Hewasmoresuccessfiil in instigating the King of Franca
lo a crusade against the Albtgensea. He died in IU7,
•od was succeeded by Gi^oty IX.

Hmoritu rv, Popi, (Cardinal GiACOKO S«t«1U,}
ft native of Rome, was elected in 1185 ■• snccessoi ta
Martin IV. Died in 1387.

HcMio'iI-tu, (FLAVtUS,) a Rooao emperor, the sec-
ond MU of Tbeodoaiut the Great, was bom at Constan-
tiiMple tn 384 A.I1. At the death of his father, in 395. he

inherited the Westem Emnre, (his elder brother Am
dius having obtained the Eastern,) under the gttaidtan
ship of Stuicho, a Bunous general, whose daughter h<l
married. Hit court was held at Milan, and afterwards

cho was put to death by order of Honoritl*, who w
man of weak and vicious character. From this event
may be dated the fall of the Roman power. Rome
waa taken and pillaged by Alaric in 414 and the empire
went rapidly to ruin. He died, without issue, in 433,
and waa succeeded by Valentinian IIL

See GiuoM, " HbtDTT af th* Dfdim and Fall of the Rmia
Empira;" Soioiim, "Hittccia Eedaiattiea:" JoiHAHDn^ "Da
Retne GoicB ;" TiLUUtom, "HiMoindaEuipBwi."

Honoiitia d« Banota Matla. See IIonokI i>a
Saintb-Makie.

HoDttaolm, ▼on, fon hont^Im, (Johann Nikolaus,)
a German jurist and Catholic priest, bom at Treves in
1701. He became Bishop (in fiartiiiu) of Hyriophis in
1748, and suffiagan of the see of Treves. He published
under the pseudonym of JusTlNlus PKBKoHlusa &mo(is
book ^ainat the usurpations of the popes, entitled " De
Statu Ecdesii el legitima Polcstale Romani Pontifida,"
(STola., 1763,) which was often reprinted. Died in 179a

Honthorat, hAnt'hont, or Hondtaont hiinf hout,
(GlKARD,) a Flemish painter, called also by the Italiana
Gerardo della Notte, ("Gerard of the Night,") be-
cause he excelled in nocturnal scenes. He was bom at
Utrecht in 1591, and was a pupil of A. Bloemaert He
worked in R:>me and in England, where he painted

tation. Among h
was a good colorisi, and excelled in design. Died at
the Hague in 166a. Hit brother Willbh was a suc-
cessful portiait-painter. Died at Berlin id 1683, aged
about eighty.

See Piijf IHQTOH. " DioiDurT of PuBlen."

Hood, (Albxandeji.) See Bridport.

Hood, hdAd, {Edwin Paxton,) anEngliah ditaentina
minisler. bom at Westminster in iSao. He wrote " Self
Formation," "William Wordsworth," a bit^raphy,
" Life of Swedenborg," " Lamps, Pitchers, and Tnim>
pets," " Oliver Cromwell," (1882,) " Scottish Character*
istics," (1883,) etc. Died June i j. 1885.

Hood, hdSd, (ToiiN B.,) an American general, bom
In Bath county, Kentucky, in t83i, graduated at West
Point in 1853. He commanded a division of Lee's army

after which he was promoted
lieutenant-generaL In the ipring o

September ac^ 1863, si
to be ■' -"

0(1864 ho
commanded a cor[» of the armv opposed to General
Sherman in Northern Georgia. He succeeded General
Johnston in July as commander-in-chief of that army,
which was then near Atlanta. General Johnston «raa
removed because he had adhered to a cautious and de>
Tensive policy. Hood assumed the oSetuive, and attacked
General Sherman on the lid of July, and again on the
aSth, but was repulsed with heavy loss. He was com-
pelled to abandon Atlanta on the ist of .September, 1864.
(See Sherman, W, T.) After he had damSjged the rail-
road by which Sherman's army was supplied. General
Hood invaded Middle Tennessee, attacked CcnenJ
Schofield at Franklin, November 30, and besieged NMh-
viUe. He was defeated on the i^hof December, 1864,
by General Thomas, at the decisive battle of Nashville,
where he lost fifty pieces of cannon, and was relieved of
the command in January, 1865. Died August 30, 1879.

Sm "Souihen Geneialb" New YdtIc. iK}.

Hood, (Robin.) abmous English outlaw, who is sup-
posed to have lived in the reign of Richnrd L Sherwood
Forest was his head-quarters. His exploits are the sub-
ject of many popular ballads, which applaud his gal-
lantry lo the ladies and his generosity in sharing among
the poor the spoils of the nch. He was the chief of a
numerous band, who seem to have lived chiefly on the
products of the chase.

See W. W. CAHruLL, " UiwinaJ Skndi of RoIhi Hood aU
Cjipuio Jti<K" New_Yortj8li; "MnUi^li^Reritw" fcr Julj,

"Nonh Ai

*. e, 1, 8, a, J,/o>iy.l,i,*. same, leas prolonged; i,i,Wi,f,ikiir1;^^,\.i.aiiniri;aJ,f%n,a.l;mil;nti*;tflMimlSbn

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Hood. (Samuu,) VncoVMT, an EnglUh xdiiun],
ban at Butlejr >» 'T^** eoteied the navy in 1740, md
becunn aptun in 175^ In 17S0 be wm made ■ rear-
adminl, and was Mcond in connnand in the West Indiea.
The next yeai be aacxeeded Rodn^ in command of the
fret, with wUch be foQeht De Giaase near the mouth of
the Cboapeake, but bued to relieve Ihe British army at
Yoiklown. He took part in the Tictory over De GraaM
fat April, 1781, and waa rewarded with the title of Baron
Hood of CatherinEton. In 1784, after a dvee conteat
vitb Fat, he waa elected to Parliament, and in 17SS ap-
penited a lord of the admiralty. In 1793 he commanded
aninat the French in the Mediterranean and at the aiege
9 Tooloo. He waa made, in 179G, Viscount Hood of
Whitley, and afterwaida an admiraL Died in 181&

Sh Cuuhu. " Lira of BriiUi AAuink."

Eood, (Sir Samuel,) cooain of the preceding, waa a
Tice-admiral in the Britiah navy, and a brave and sldlfiJ
ifficer. He took part in the victory of Rodney over De
Graaae in 178a, and in the battle of the Nile, (179S.) In
1806 he waa rettirned to Parliament for Westminster,
and captnied three French ships near RocheCort. He
was afterwards appointed to command in ihe East Indiea,
viicre he died in 1S14.

Hood. (Tkouas,) a famous English humourist and
popular author, bom in London in 1798, was the son of
a bookseller. He served an apprenticeship to an en<
gravci, bat won exchanged [bat employment for lilciary
pnrsaita. In i8ai he became aub-e<£tor ol the " London
Hagaiine," by which he gained access to ibe society of
many aothora who have since risen to eminence. His
"Whims and Oddities" (1S36) displayed an abundant
vein of inimitable wit and comic power. He issued the
■ Comic Annual" from 1830 to 1S41. which was followed
by hia " Comic Album," "Whimsicalities," and " Hood's
Owa." His tales andnovels were Ics* successful than
Us humorona works. Among hi* most popular poems
arc the " Song of the Shirt," (which' first appeared in
" Puitch,") the " Bridge of Sighs," and the " Drcaro of
Engene Aram." He was editor of " The Gem" for one
tear, and, in the latter years of hia life, editor of the
*> New Monthly Magazine." Like poor Yorick, he was
"a fellow of infinite jest, of most excellent fancy." As
a ponaler he is unrivalled. Some of his serious poems
•K enipisitely tender and pathetic. In 1844 he began to
htae "Hood's Magarine," for which he wrote until his
laM iDness. A penMon of j^ioo which had been granted
to Urn was transferred to his widow. Died in 1845.

Sw "lifc at Hmd," far hii childmi, iHa: E. P. WMtma,
"Tiiijuiiiri i 1^' R. H.Houn,*'XEW Spirit oTIln An,-*
■■m; '•SJmJomrfb Roiew" bl AniU lSf6; " Quulerlr RnW«"
iw OctoiicT. im; " Blackwood'fl H^jiti^ ht Jkuofj, iS*/;
'LMikii Uansoc" fer DeambB, iM: " Bnliah QoirtcilT lt«>
rin" te Ooa&r, 1867.

Bood, (Thohas, or " Tow,") a son of Thomas Hood,
the bomorist aiKl poet, already noticed. He was bom
al Wanstead, England, January 19, 1835, and was edu-
oUcd at Pembrolu College, Oifard. Among his works
•re "Pen and Pendl Rcturea," (1854-55,) • volume of
Poenia, (i^i<) some book* for children, and a number
af novels. In 1865 he became editor of "Fun," a Lon-
don comic paper. Died November ao, 1874. His talent
WM tnnch like his &Eher\ but not so brilliant.

Hooft, bfift, (NiKuiAS,) a Dutch bistorical patntei,
bom at the U*got in 1664 ; died in 174S.

Booft or Hoofft (PnriK Corhius,) an ezceHent
Datch poet and historian, bom in Amsterdam in March,
1581. After leaving coll^ he travelled in France and
Italy, and filled sevual dvil oflices. He published about
■603 " Granida," a tiagi-comcdv, which ia a master-piece.
He wrote other dramaa, ana erotic poems of great
Merit, and translated Tadtns into Dutch. Hia aael
ptnae works arc a " Life of HeniT IV. of France," ( 1616,}
and ■ " Hiatory of the Netherlands,''(" De Nederlandacbe
Hhtoricn." 1 vols., 16^9-54,) which la esteemed a model
if grace, parity, and ngoar, both in Aooght and atyle.
He haa the bcmoor of rcndaiDg hia vernacular language
More pidisbed and dalaiCB] than it was before hs time.
He waaabiendof Grotioa. " Thoogh deqrfy tel^oua,"
aaya the "Biopaphie Univcnelle," "be never ranged
Umaelf ander tiw banneT of any outward oommnnioo."
Ifany critin aaiign him the bigneat place aa a writer of

ID jv i LjunupBUiDw, " P«u ubd Poeuj of EuiDpfl '.
Hj^uiDe" for Harth, 185^

Hooge, Oa, d; h hi/Cf h or hVuf h, written alaoHoosb.
(PlETEK,) a Dutch painter of gnirt, bora about 1644.
little is known of hi* history. Hi* coloar ia good, hia
design correct, and hia manner natural. He represent*

Guard-Room." Died in 1708.

SecDitCAHn."ViHd«P«ntrHFUiiiud>, MnUudu." Me,

Hooge or Hooglia, da, (Romkyn,) an eminent Dutch

designer and engraver, was bom at the Hague abotll 1640^

or, a* others say, about 1650. He worked for a long tine

m Paris, and passed his latter years at the Hague. Ha

had a rich imagination and great fadlity, bat was deficient

in correctness. Among hia works are "The Entrance of

Louis XIV. into Dunkirk," and "The A "

De Witt" Died ir

Sa J. C. W

of Breda, Dort, and Delft, and was an en
grammarian. He is the author of a valuable treatise
on " Greek Particles," |" Doctrina Particularam LingoM
Gr«ae," t vol*., 1769,) and " Dictionariom Analogican
linguM GrKcae," (Cambridge, iSoo.) Died in 1791.
ShErsch aDdOaDSSB, "AOcvHiiw KutyUofatSt;" HAaLasi,

Dutch prose ; but, though a great purist, his style abonnds.
in Latin idioma. Died at the Hague, May ai, 1647.

Stt EascH and GiD«, " AUnoHiB* EncrUcaaili* ;" Mid Van
KAUnn'i aitklg on " HaUliidiidK Spncha mud Liieranu," b th*
HiiKwork:BlH,"N«iTd)gBi>Kn|ihi*G<i>«rah;"jAHVAHK><'i^
"LoCndaof P. C Hooft," liia^Juoa Kopihg. "GcmUi
nm bm Slot u Uuidn, n MocAi Lam op het lalva," iSif ;

HoogitRMl, TMi, vb beo'stif , (Gbkast,) a Flemiab
painter of history and portraits, bom at Brussels, was
living in 16G1.

HoogabTKBten, -van, vin hCc'stRl't^n, (David,) a
Dutch scholar, a nephew of the following, was bora at
Rotterdam in 1658, and became a dasucal professor at
Amsterdam. He compiled a Latin-Dutch Dictionary,
(1704,) and wrote several elegant Latin poem*, " Poe-
mau,"{i7ia) Died in 17:14.

Hoogntraatan, van, (Sahukl.) a Dutch painter,
born at Dort in 1627, waa a pupil of Rembrandt, and
the master of Houbraken. He painted portrait*, land-
scapes, etc with success, and wrote a good work on the
dteory of painting. Died in 1678.

His father, DiaCK, bom at Antwerp in 1596, waa aba
a tkilfiil landscape-painter. Died in 1640.

S« PlLKIlianMl's " DiOianMrT sf PainUn."

cated for a merchant, and held the position of caahier in
his native place. Hi* reputation is founded on an epic
poem, called "Abraham the Patriarch," (1737,) which
was received with extraordinary and durable favour.
"No book in Dutch literature," says Marron, "ha*
been honoured with a more decided national adoption."
(" Biographie Univeraelle.") He afterward* publiahed ■
collection of {>oeni* on various subjects, which arc not
unworthy of his name. Died in 1 763.

See Jah vah Kamrr, " Lnm tu a. HngrKct," it>i; Wu,.
UM TaarrntA, " Ontio it A. Hoofiliiiia PoMa," iSiA.

Hoogmaat hOc'ilt, (Jan,) an able Dutch painter,
bora al Amsterdam in 1664. He decorated the diltesn
of Loo for William IH. of England. Died in 171I.

Hook, b%k. (James,) an English composer and mo-
aidan, bora at Norwich in 1746. He wa* employed aa
organiat at Vauahall Garden, London, for many yeara,
aiM conpoaed nmneroua popular ballad*, aonga, con-
certos, etc. Died in iBay.

Hook, (Tahis,) LL.D., an English writer, brother of
Theodore E. Hook, wa* bom in London about 1771. He
waa educated for the church, and in 1815 wa* appoliiled
Dean of Woteeatcr. Hi* prindpal works are two
novel*, called "Pen Owen** and "Percy Malloiy."
Died in iSaS.

Hnak. rr.iua9 CiAMU,) an Ei^iah painter, bom in
1, 1819. In the early put <4 hi*

ttl: ca*.r,' l*arJ: ia»i;a.»,M^fMiral: «,Haiai; X.lrilltd; ias

in tkii. ( IV~See Explanation*, p- aj )

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"Lifs ud V
"Lifcof T. HtPOk,"&on
_ „ .. ^ Spait of tS

Review" lor Miy,

JIOOX

earecT he painted inbjecls from Italian hiitory and
tcenes fram Shakspeare, but later has executed manf
marine pieces and scenes iTom Enetish domeitic lile.
He became an associate of the R07J Academy in 1850,
and a Ful! Academician in 186a

Huok, (THEODORr Edward,) bom in London in
17SS, was the 4on of Jatnes, the mu«ca] composer, noticed
above. He n as an exceUent vocalist, an expert mimit
and a prodigy of colloquial power. In 180J be wtot
"The Soldiers Return, an operatic fiu'ce, which wa
very successful. He was addicted to punning, to eiliava

Eant dissipation, and to audacious piactical jokes. Hi
rilliant wit and marvellous facuitv of improvisatioi
rendered him an idol of the gay world, and commended
him to the tlvout of ihe prince -regent, who procured his
appointment In iSl3 as treasurer to the colony of Mauri-
tius, witha salary of about j£iooa In 1818, a large de-
ficit being found in his trcasure-cheal, he was sent home
charged with peculation. The legal inquiry, however,
proved nothing against him except a culpable negligence
of hi* official duties. In iSzo he became editor of the
"John Bull" newspaper, which was very succeaaful in ■
pecuniary respect and obtained great notoriety. Among
his most popidar works are " Sayings and Doings," (of
which he issued three series,) "Maxwell," ■ novel, and
" Gilbert Gutney," a novel, which contains an autobiog-
raphy of himselL In l3^6 he was ediloi of the "New
Monthly Magaane." Died in 1341.

S« R. H, Baiiuh, "Lifs ud Writiogi of Thoodcn Hook,"

- - ~ " ■ ■■ ■ ' ■■QuaneiU Reiiew," London,

rf tSe Aim iSt4 : '" QumIetIj
— ' abniiuc 1" Uoiit,

, ." Sahou. Sutuo.

'" »nei BiD£nr^i«r" "Hi r -...i __.„■_ .1. ,. •^i__.-_

Ueoililr ' for ApHU lUj.

Hook, (Walter Farquhar,) an English tlwol<%ian,
a nephew o( the preceding, was bom in London in
1798. He became vicai of X.eeds in 1837, and Dean
of Chichester in 1859. Among his works are ""- —
Ihe Church," (aSth edition, 1838,) " Ecclesiastjoil
raphj," (8 vol*., 1845-53,) "Church Dictionary, „
edition, 1854,) and "Lives of the ArchbiahopB of Cao-
lerbury," (9 vols., of which the first volume was published
in 1S60.) He was noted for his zeal and success in the
cause of church exlension. Died October 30, 1875.

Hooke, hdok, (Nathaniel,) a Roman Cathohc hi«-
torian, born about 1690, was an intimate friend of Pope the
poet His principal work la " The Roman History from
the Building of Rome to the End of the Common wealth,"
(4 vols. 4to. 1733-71,) which was often reprinted, and ia
commended as a faithful compilation. He wat employed

S' Sarah, Duchess of Marlborough, as editor of her
emoirs, (1743.) Died in 1764.

Hoolu, (Robert,) H.D., an Engli^ philoaopher,
bom at Freshwater, in the Isle of wight, in 1635, and
noted for his inventive Acuity, mechanical genius, and

iei«ntific acquirements. In 1663 he was chosen cur

of experimenn to Ihe Royal Society, of which he

a Fellow, and afterwards secretary. About 1666 be
became professor of geometry in Gresham College, and
dtf surveyor of London. Ainon([ hia mullibrious
accomplishments was skill in architecture, which he
exercised in drawing the plan of Bedlam and other
public buildings in London. He wrote many memoira
(m various branches of natural science. He had a
dispute with Hevelius on the subject df the telescope,
and attacked Newton's theory of light and coloiin.
He claimed the invention of the barometer, quadrant,
balance-spring for watchea, etc Died in 1703.

Sec " Bingnptiii BHannici ;" Waluh. " Li& of R. UioLa 1"
WofH^ "Grnham ProfeHon."

Hook'fl, (Heruan,) an American Episcopalian di-
vine, born at Foultney, Rutland county, VermonL He
Kbiisbcd, among other works, " The Portion of the
•d," etc, (i83S<) "The Philosophy of Unbelief in
HoraU and Religion," and " Uses ot Adv«ruty," (1846.)
I»ed In 1857.

ShGiiswoio. "PmrntV/riltnot Aamia."

Hook'BT, (hd6k'fr,) otherwise called VSw'ell,
(John,) M.P., an English historian, bom at Exeter
about 1534, was uncle of Richard Hooker, noticed
Delow. He represented Exeter in Parliament in 1571.

08 HOOKER

He compiled a large part of Holinabed'a "CbionldM,"
(15^1,) and wrote a treatiae on the order and usage of
Puliamrnts, and a few other worlu. Died in 1601,

Hook'^r, (Joseph,) an American general, bota In
Hadley, Mass., November 13, 1S14, ^aduated at Weal
Pmnt, in 1S37. He served as caotain in the Mexican
war, (1846-^7,) and gained the brevet of lieutenant-
colonel at Chapultepec Having resigned hia commis-
sion about 1853, he lived several years in California. He
was appointed a brigadier-general of volunteers about
May, 1861, served at the battle of Williamsburg, and in
the "seven days' battles" near Richmond, June 36-July
1, 1863. He became a major-general in July, and com-
manded a corps at the tiattle of Antietam, Sepicraber
17, 1863, a few days after which he waa promoted to
the rank of brigadier-general in the regular army. He
commanded a grand division under General Butniide
at Fredericksburg in December, 1S63, and succeeded
Bumside as commander of the army of the Potomac in
January, 1863. Tliis army, which probably amounted
to 100,000 men or mote^ engaged the enemy at Chan-
cellorsville. May i and 3, and was defeated, tiut was not
pursued. During this battle he was stunned by a
cannon-ball. He was relieved of the command on the
18th of June, 1863, and was sent to Tennessee with two
corps in September of that year. He contributed to the
victory gained by General Grant at Lookout Mountain,
November 3^ and 15, 1S63, and commanded a corps of
the army which General Sherman moved from balton
to Atlanta, May-August, 1864. He afterwards had
command of the Northern Department. Died in 1S79.
Hooker, (Sir Joseph Dalton,) an eminent
botanist and traveller, a son of Sir William Jackson
Hooker, was born in 1817. He studied mediciae, and
In 1839 sailed as surgeon with the expedition of Sir
James Ross to the Antarctic Ocean. On his return he
published " Flora. Antarctica," (3 vols., 1844-47,) the
descriptions and illustrations of which are highly com-
mended. Between 1848 and 1S53 he explored the bo-
tanical productions of the Himalayas, and published
"Himalayan Journals," (3 vols., 1854,) and "Flora In-
dies." He accompanied Asa Gray through the western
United States in 1877. In 1855 he became assistant
director at Kew, and succeeded his father as director
in 186s. Of his various botanical works the best
known is " The Student's Flora of the Brilish Islands,"
(1870.) The most important are "Genera Planta-
rum," (with Benlham, 1862-83,) and "Index Kew
ensiB," (with Jackson, 1S93 tt stq.") Died in 1911.

Hooker, (Richard,) an eminent English divine and
author, bom at Ueavytree, near Exeter, in 1553. After
grwluatinB at Oxford, he took orders in ijSl, and in an
unguarded hour married a scolding wife. By the fovour
of Sandys, Bishop of London, be became Master of the
Temple in 1585. Here he was involved in acontrovetsy
with Mr. Ttaveta, a Calvinist, who was also a lecturer
in the Temple. One of the consequences of this dispWe
was the production of his great argument for the consti-
tnti(m and discipline of the Anglican Church, entitled
"The Laws of Ecclesiastical Polity." After he began
this work, desiring a more retired station than th«
Temple, he obtained in Ijgi the rectory of Bosoomb^
to which the prebend of Salisbury was added. From
i<^5 until his death he was rector of Biahopsboume.
His work above-named was published from 1J94 to
■597- It >■ rerarded as a great bulwark of the Chnrdi.
a monument of sound learning, and a noble model of
literary excellence. According to Hallam, "the finett
as well as the most philoaophical writer of the Eliza-
bethan period is Hooker. The first book of his ' Eccle-
sisslicat Polity' is at this day one of the master-pieces
of English elCK]uenc& . . . So stalely and graceful is the
march of his periods, lo various the fall of his musics]
cadences upon the ear, so rich in images, so condensed

sentences, so grave and noble his diction, that I

ym not whether any later writer has more admirably

ifispUyed the capacities of oar langua^, or prodnoed

--— ■' '. comparison with the splendid

" [" Introduction to the lilera-

passages more worthy of comparison with the splendid
monnmenta (rf' antiquity." [" Introductii
tore of Europe,'^ Died in 1600.

Iwc, I, J^il,y,/Drff,'jt,i,6,same, less prolonged; i, «, 1, 6, u, f, f4«f«; 9, ^ f, 9, viwwrv; Or, till. At; mCt; n&t; gMd; mOa

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HOOKER

1309

HOPE

Hooksr, (Rev. Thomas,) one of th« feondera of Con-
MCtknt, wu bom u Harfield, England, in 1586. After
pmching in Hollind, h« emigrated in 16)3 to Boston,
Haksachosetts, and ma the £st paalor of Cambridge.
In 1636, in company with Samuel Stone, he founded fne
dtj of Hartford, where he was minister until hti death.
He was a vcrj influential man in the churches, and wrote
many treatises, among which is the "Application of
Redemption.'' Died in 1647.

S« E. W, Hooicnt, "Life(ifThvBUHiKi1«r,"it««.

Hookei-,('WiLUAM Jackson,) F.R.S.,adi5tlnBui>hed
English botanist, born at Norwich in 1785. He pab-
lished in i8ti "A Journal of* Tour in Iceland in 1809,"
and described, with Dr. Taylor, British mosses in
"Mnscolo^a Britannica," (1818.) His "Flora Scotica"
appeared m 1821. He produced an excellent " Flora
uotica," (3 vols., 1833-37.) For many years he was pro-
iessor of botany in the Uniyeniityof Glasgow. Among
his greatest works are " Icones FHicom," or " Figures
tnd Descriptions of Ferns," (with Dr. Grevillc, 2 vols.,
18*9-31,)" Flora Borcali-Americana," (a vols., i8i9-+3,)
and a " British Flora," (1830; 6th edition, 1850,) which
gives a complete description of British plants, arranged
after the natural method. Me was appointed about 1840
director of the royal gardens at Kew, which liave been
greatly improved under bii superintendence, and are
said to surpass all other gardens in the world in the
Bntnber and variety of the plants. He was the father
of Dr. J. D. Hooker, noticed ibove. Died in rS65.

HooUkoo. HtmUkon. HfUflkft. hooll-koo', or
HoolagOOi hoo-IS-goo', sometimes veiy improperly
written Hulakoo, a grandson of Jengis Khan, born in
1317, was the first of the Eel-Khans, (Ilkhans or Ilchans,)
dr Mongol kings of Pcnia. He was commanded by
hi* elder brother Mangoo {the father of Kooblai Kban^
ID ctmiplele the conquest of Persia, which he accom-
phsbed about the year 11S5. He eiterminated the Is-
Mseelians, or .4»'ui»u, and afterwards directed his forces
sgaiiM ^gdSd, which he look in February, 13^ and
&ivcred Dp to pillage and masucre. If we may believe
the statements of the Moslem historiaitt, nearly Soo,occ
persons, including Motassem (the last of the Abbassidc
caKphs) and bis eldest son, perrahed on that occasion.
As a warrior, Hoollkoo was dlstingnished 6>r his *an-
folnary cruelty : he was nevertheless a patron of science,
snd the celebrated Eel-Kbtnee (or -Khanitee) astro-
Domical tables were prepared under his auspices, and
derive tbar name lirom h» title of Eel-Khln, ligni^ring
tte prince or chief of the tribe. He died in 1x65, ana
was succeeded by his son, Ablkl Khan.

Set Halcdui, "HiMarr af FnsiV' Tsl L dm. 1.1 Voh
Huom. "GcKhidne dur DcbaHi" D'Oiom, "Hiuon du

Boole, hd6i, (Rev. Chaklu,) bom at Wake&eld,
England, in 1610, taoghl school with credit in London,
etc, and was afterwards rector of Stock. He wrote a
■■ Latin Giammai','' and other »chool-booka. Died in 1666.

- - .. „ ■■ • " -entalistaiid

1179& Me
, and Mtdtehed " Madras, Mysore,
ia." Died m 1B73.

~ It and translator,
n 1737, wu educated in Gmb Street
Be was a friend of Dr. Jofanson, and was a deik b the
EaM India Hoase •b<tol fimy vean. He wrote several
tragecfies, umI trandaleil into bad or tnsiiM verse the
n«at poem* of T*sw> and AriostOL In reference to hi*
nrsioD of T«**o, (published in 1763,) Sir Walter Scott
tailed Moole a " noUe tnnamutet oiT gold into lead."
Mi* "Orlando Furioso" appeared in 5 viris., 1773-S3,
Died in 1803.

Sh ~ Biocnptaia DrBimtinL"
Hoolft MtS;. See Hofland, (Basbaba.)
Hoomftyoon or HnmAjliil, Utfi'mfyoon', Emperor
of Hindoetan, of the dynasty of the Great Mogul*, was
tbe eldest eon of Itlber. He was bom atCaboorm ijoS,
and ascended the throne in i;3& Agra was bis capital
He was defeated by the Albans in lS4a His brothers
having rebelled againn him, he was driven out of his
Uncdom, and took refage at the court of Per^a. In
I J4J be returned with an army and recovered his tbroncb

sionary in litdia, and p

He gained decisive rictories over the A^hant, nailer
Sekundei Shah, on the Suttej, in 1554, and at Sirhhid in
15SJ. He died in 1556, and wa* succeeded by his son,
the celebrated Akbir, He wa* versed in astronomy, and

wrote several poems.

Sti"PriTiuU«Hi«ar ff awuiaofi,'* Dauliiad fr«a Ilw Pb-
>iu bv Majoi C STHArr ; Fuishta, " HUtonr of Ihc Riit <A
tba MahomediiD FaiRr in India," traulKod t» GiHaiAi. Bxioii);
W. EssKiiiB, "Hi^iOTTof In^uniUrBmber iioailumijuii,"i«>l*.,
■854; Asoai.-FADHL."Alili>r-VuiMh."

Hoop'^r, (Gborgs,) D.D., an English prelate, born
at Grimley in 1640, was educated at Oxford, and wa*
an excellent classical and Oriental scholar. In 1677 he
was almoner to Mary, Princess of Orange, and in 1691
became chaplain to William and Mary, and Dean of Can-
terbury. He obtained the bishopric of Saint Asaph in
1703, from which he was afterwards transferred to that
of Bath and Wells. Me published numerous religious
works. Died in 1737.

Hooper or Hoper, (John,) an English refoitner and
martyr, Dorn in Somersetshire about 1495- While a stQ.
dent at Oxford, he was converted to the Protestant faith.
In 1539, to escape the Bloody Statutes of Henry VIII., be
retired From England and passed several years at Zurich.
At the death of Henry he settled in London, where be
became an eminent and eloquent preacher. In 1550 he
was made Bishop of Gloucester, and in t553 received
the bishopric uf Worcester in commtndam. Soon aAer
the accession of Mary he was condemned as a heretic,
and, refusing to recant, was burned at the stake in 1553.
He wrote numerous theological works.

See Fox, " Book of Uanyn ;" Buinr, " HiitoiT !<' <ba Refcniw

Hoop'er, (Lucv,) an American writer, born at New^
buryport, Hassacbusetis, in 1816, wrote sketches entitled
"Scenes from Real Lift-," (1S40,) "The Poetiyof Flow-
ers,"and other works. She died in 18*1, and her "Literary
Remains" were published in 1&43, with a Memoir.

So* QmsmovD, "Fauile Poeuaf Amerio:" "DcoscnticR*-
•in" lor July, itti.

Hooper, (Lucv Hamilton,) an American author,
born at Philadelphia in 1835. Her maiden name was
JuNss. She published " Poems," and " Under the Tri-
color," a noveL For a lonp lime she was a new^upei
correspondent in Paris. Died August \\, 1893.

Hooper, (Kcibeet,) a British medical writer, was bom
in 1773, Among his works are a " Medical Dictionary,"
(179S; Sth edition, by Dr. Grant, in 1839,) and " Sur-

B:on's Vade-Mecnm,''' (jd edition, enUrged by Dr.
ungtison, 1834.) Died in 1835.

Hoo[ier, (Wiluau,) an American patriot, was bom
in Boston in 1743. He graduated at Harvard in 1760,
studied law with lames Otis, and rose to eminence in
hi* profession in Wilnkington, North Carolina. In 1774
he wa* chosen one of the delegates to the first Conti-
nental Congress. Soon after signing the Declaration of
Independency, in 1 776, he resigned hia seat Died ini 79a

Hoom TBH Vlooawy ck, hoHn vln vl6s'wik,(PtKrB«
NiKLAAS,) Bakon, a Dutch noblemaii, bom at Amster-
dam in 174a, p
taste for art, h
cameos, mosaics, etc Died in ^

HoorabMk or Hoombeak, bSsnlAk, (Jan,) a
Dutch writer 00 theology, bom at Haarlem about 1616,
was professor at UlrecbL Died in 1666.

Hoome, Count. See Horn.

. vtn hoK'n^h, or Horoe, (Jan,) a Dutch

_ _ . . .. bom at Amsterdam in 1611. He became

ptolMSor of surgery at Leydeo aboot 1650^ and gained a
bigh reputation. He published, besides other works on
anatomy, a "Brief Introduction to the History of the
Human Body," (** Brevis Hanuductio ad Hisloriam
Corporis bamani," 1660^] a work of much meriL Died

SwE»ic««IG»p™i."All|«iniiiBtEaqriiI^i*«ati"Cm«ns

. son of Thomas Hope, noticed
wna bom in London in t8io> Anotig bn works

eaaay on "Newspapers and their Writers," "The

English Cathedral of the Nineteenth Century," and
" Wor^ip in the Church of England." Died in 1SS7.

Hit,- {>■(,■ giUx/,- gasy,-0,H,K„(>iM»W;N,)*Mi/;B,MbW,-lBB*,-thB*ind&

'See Eiplanations, p. t\.^

oiiizedb,Google

HOPE

Hop*. (Anthony.) See Hawkins, (Ai
Bopi.)

HotM, (Rev. FuDUticz Wnxuu,) F,R.S., an Eng-
luh entomolocitt, bom iboDt i%oa, wrote " The Coleop-
CTitl's Hanuid." Died in 1863.

Hop« (Sir Mbhit,) & Britidi mdmiral, boni in 1787 ;
died in 1863,

Hopa, (jAMIs,) > British ph^dait of the present oen-
Idit, wu physidaD to Saint George's Hoipilal, London,
and pabtLihed " Prindplei and iTlustraliuai ai Morbid
AnaloniT," (1S34,) and a "Treatise on Diseases (^ the
Heart and Great Vessels," (1S39.) Died about 1S40,

Hope, John,) M.D., F.R-S., a Scottish botanist, bom
in l}^5, was educated a[ Edinburah and Paris, and

Eractised in the former city. In 1761 he was appointed
ing'i botanist in Scotland, and superintendent of Ibe
royal garden, and in 17S6 regius professor of botany in
the Univeraitf of Edinburgh. He commenced a work
on botany, which he did not liie to finish. Died in r^6.
Hopa, (John,) Earl of Hopeloun, a British general,
born near Linlitheow in 1766, was a younger son of the
second Earl of llopetoun. After passing throi^h Ibc
inferior grades, he was made a colonel in 1796, and re.
tamed to Parliament. In 1800 he served as adjutant.
general under General Abercrombie in Egypt, and in
180a obtained the rank of major-general. Having been
made lieutenant-general in iSoS, he took pari in the
battle of Corunna, in 1809, and at the death of Sir John
Uoore succeeded htm in the comitund. He was com-
mander-in-chief in Ireland about iSls. In 1S14 he was
raised to the peerage, as Baron cd' NIddtj, and at the
death of his elder bother, in i3i6, inherited his title.
Died in 1833.

S«« Ckampbio, " Biocrapliia] DictionDT df Kudont Scsubkb."

Hope^ (Sir Thomas,) a Scottish lawyer, bcnn in Edin-
burgh. He was knighted and appcrinted king's advocate
bt 1617, after gaining distinction at the bar. He wrote
TaloaUe legal treatises. Hii &ther, Heni^ Hope, was
related to the wealthy family of Hope in Amiterdam.
Died in 1646.

Hope, (Thokas,) an English novelist and misceltane-
ona writer of rare merit, born about 1770, was a member
of the wealthy family of Hope of Amsterdam. After
traversing Europe, Asia, and Africa, to gratify his pas-
sion for architecture, and retiring from business with an
immense fbrtnne, he settled in London, and distinguished
himself as a patron of the fine arts. He formed pdleriea
of paintings and statues, and magnificent collections of
rare works of art. In 180^ he published a work on
" Household Furnimre," which produced quite a revolu-
tion in upholstery and an improvement in the public
taste. Soon after appeared "The Costume of the An-
dents," and "Modem Costumes," which evince great
antiquarian lore. In 1819 he published, anonymous]*,
" Anastasius ; or, Hemtrirs of a Modem Greek," which
was attributed to Byron, and made a vivid sensation
bv its surprising comHnation of Oriental romance and
dassic learning, " Mr. Hope will excuse ns," says Syd-
ney Smith, "but we conid not help exdaiming, in read-
ing it, 'Is this Mr. Thomas Hope^ — is this the man of
cluirs and tables F — the CEdipns of coal -boxes? — he who
taeditaled on muffineers and planned pokers^ Where
has he hidden all this eloquence and poetry up to this
hourT The work before us places him in the hwheat
list of eloquent writers and of superior men." Hyron
said he would have given his two most approved poems
to have been the author of "Anastasius. Hope also
wrote an "Essay on the Origin and Prospects of Man,"
and a " Historical Essay on Architecture,'' (l^S,) which
was received with bvour- He married in i&t Louisa
Beresford, a daughter of W. Beresfbrd, Archbishop of
Tuam. Died in 1831.

Sm Svonr Shitk'i inicla in Um "BiliDbiiixb Review" fer
Hucfa, it>i, <Tsl BOT.,) abo far JdIt, ifajl " Qoanal; Rerkv,"

Hope, rTHOHAS Ckaklis,) an eminent teacher of
dieinialry, bom In Edinburgh in 1766, was a son of^ohn
Hope, tM botanist, noticed above. He became proKMOi
»f chemimrf at Glasgow in 1787, and discovered a new
earth, whicn he named "Stroolitcs," abont 1791. Id
1798 he succeeded Dr. Black in the chair of chemistry

10 HOPKINS

in Edinburgh, where he lectured until 1S43. He wal
reputed the most popular teacher of chemistry in Great
Britain. He wrote several short treatises, one of wUcfa
is "On the Point of Greatest Density of Water," (180O
Died in 1844.

Hopa, (Sir WnxiAH ToHKTroNi.) M.P., a British
naval officer, bom at nncniey in 17661. As post-captain,
he served with distinction under Lord Howe against the
French in 1794. In 1S19 he was raised to the rank uf
vice-admiral, and the next year became a lord of the admi-
ralty. He was knighted m 18S5. He was a member of
the House of Commons for thirty yeata. Died in iSjl-

Hoper. See Hoopbk, (John.)

H&pfner tn- Hoapfiiar, hopfnfr, (Johann GloKa
Chkistiah,) a German archKoforist, bom at Leipxic b
1765. He published, besides other works, a "Hanml
of Greek Mythology," (1795.) Died in 1817.

H6pitaL SeeX'H4piTAi.

Ht^ken or Ho«pk«i), bSpHifn, (Andeu Jouam,)
a Swedish Btatesman and writer of great merit, bora
in 1713, became a member of the senate in ■74& He
was one of the first who formed the Swedish laiwnage
on the models of Greece and Rome. His Eulogies on
Count Tessin and Ekeblad are greatly admired. Died
ini789.

See E. M. r aht, " AouiuieUii-T*] Ofrer A. J. nn HSpken," tTSfi
Gtuuvstdux, "ADHBiieliit-Taiefnr a. J. ns HdfikeD," 17B9,

Hop'Unl, (Ckaklis,) bom at Exeter in 1664, was
the son of Biahop Ezekiel Hopkins. He was intimate
with Dryden and Congreve, wrote several tragetUes,
and translated Ovid's " Art of Love." Died in 1699^

His brother John, bom in 1675, was the author of a
collection of poems entitled "Amasia," (3 vols., lyooi)
and other poems, among which is "The Triumplu of
Peace, or the Glories of Nassau," (1698.) Died after
■TOO.

Soon after this he returned to England, where he a
appointed warden of the fleet and commissioner of the
idmiralty, and was elected to ParliamenL Died in 16(7.
Hopkin*, (Edward John,) an English musiaan
and composer, bom at Westminster, June 30. 1818.
Since 1S43 *>' ^"^ Yxta organist of tbe Temple Church
in LondoiL He published " The Organ, its History and
Construction," and has composed anthem*, chants, and
psalm-tunes. His brother, John Hopkins, bora in
1&12, has also distinguished hhnt^lf as a comp^wr of
sacred music.
Hopkiiw, (Esix,) an American naval officei, bont
I Scituate, Rhode Island, in 1718. He was appcdnted
Dmmander-in-chief of the navy in 1775. ^' captured
British fort at New Provideoce, and several vessels of
ar, in 1775 or 1776. Died in 1801.
Hopklii*, (EzBKiiL,) an English Calvinistic divine,
bom at Sandford, Devonshire, tn 1633, was a populat
preacher, and one of the standard theologians of Eng-
land. He became Bishop of Raphoe in 1671, and Bishop
of Londonderry in 1681. He was driven from this place
by the Catholic insurgents in 16SS. Among his works
(which are admired even by many who are not Catvinists)
are a "Treatise on the Vanity of the World," (1663,)
" Sermons," (4 vols., 1691-^) th*"Doclrine of the Two
Covenants," and " Exposition oo the Lord's Prayer,"
(1693.) His style is remarkable for sententions brevity.
Died 10 1690.

HopUiu, 0OHN,) an English teacher, who gradoated
at Oxford in 1J44, is cbie^ iwted for his ahue in tbr

Ketical version of David^ halms by Sternhold and
opkins. He is supposed to have been a dergymoiL
Hopkins, (^OHN HuiiY,) an Episcopal thMlognut
bom in Dublin, Ireland, in 1791, came to the United
States in iSoa He became rector of a church at F1It»
burg in 1814 and was cbooen Bishop of Vermont in
1S3X, Among his numerous works are "The Primitive
Creed Examined and E^lained," (1834,) a "Scriptural,
Ecclesiastical, and Historical ^^lew of Slavery," [1864,) ia
which work he advocates the Southern view of slavery,
and "The Law tA Ritualism," (186&) Died in t8f8.

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1 bom u PitlsbarE, Pennsjlvania, Oclobei aS, iSja
He eraiiuted aX ihc Univcrsi^ of Vennont in 1839, and
at the Gencis] Theol<^cal Seminary (Episcopal) in
1S50, took prieai's ordera in 1S7Z, founded the " Cburch
joamal," <Neir Yoik,) and edited the same, i3^3-68.
H« pnbiubed ■"Hanoal cnT Malritnon<^," (1845.] " Caroll,
Hymns, utd SoBga," (1863 ; 3d edition, iS&t,) " Canticle*
Noted," (1866,) "Life of Biihop Hopkins," (iSts,)

** PnMu hw Ihr WavaiHr." (iRXl.l plr_ Hc bI»0 edlKd
rrote hii memoir.
II American philanthropist, born
y, Maryland, May 19, 1795. He
acqtiired a large fortane ai a wholesale grocer of Balti-
more^ He founded ■ noUe free hospitaJ, a convalescent
hospital, a coloured orphanage, and the Johns Hopkin*
University, endowing these institotiona with more than
eight milliami of dollars. He was a member of the
Society of Friends, and lived and died a bachelor. Died
at Baltiiiiore, December 34, 1S73.

HopkdnB, (LumiL,) M.D., bom at Waterbaty, Con-
■ecticnt, in 1750. He practised medidne at Litchfield
from 1776 to 17S4, and at Hartford until 1801. Hewroir
"The Hypocnte's Hope," and other poem*. He was
10 dated with Barlow and Trambull in writing "The
Aaardiiad," a poem. Died in iSoi.

Hopklna, (Makk.) ■ Presbyterian theologian, bom in
StockbridRe, Massachusetts, in 1S02, graduated at Wit-
liainB College in 1824. He became professor of moral
philaaopbv in that college in 1S30, and was president of
the taste from 1816 to 1873. He published " Lowell Lec-
tures on tbe Evidences of Chriatianity," " Miscelianeons
Essays and Discourves," (1847,) "Lectures on Moral
PUlosophy," (1858,) " The Law of Love and Love as a
Law, or Christian Ethics," (1B69,) "Outline Study of
Man," (1873,1 and " Strength and Beauty," (1874.) He
recdved the degree of D.D. from Dartmouth College in
1837, and that of LL.D. from the University of New York

._ 1857. Died June 17. 1887.

BopUaa, {&imdel,> an American divine, bom at
Waterbory, Connecticut, in 1711, is called the founder
of tbe Hopkin^an Khool. He stodied theology under
Tonathan Edwarib, was ordained a minister in 1743, and
' t year to preach at Hoosatonnoc, bow
ton. In 1769 ■ ....

, . Jiode Island,
a very hanUe, pious, and benevolent man.
life was spent ■:biefly in meditalion ; his preaching had
bat Knle eBect" He poblisked a " System of DoOrines
omtaiiiedin Divine Revelation Explained and Defended,"
(1793.) and also wrote a "Dial<^ue against Slave™,"
{1776,) etc He forms a prominent character in Mrs.
Stowe's "Minister's Wooing." Died in 1S03.

Hoiddns, (Stkfbim,) an American statesman, born
ai Sdioate, lUiode Island, in 1707, was a (aimtt in bia
yooih, and aftenrardi a merchant He waa chief justice
of the niperiot court from 1751 to 1754, and anbaeqaentty
GoTcnrar of Rhode Island. In 1774 he was elected to
Coogres*, and aigned the Declaration of Ind^wndence
in 1776. The wwt«adincaa of his hand indicate! by his
tvoatnrc was occasioned not by fear, bat by a nervous
^^^n»t He continued in Congress nnlil 1779. Died

lUas, (Rev. WtUJAU.) a learned antiqaair, bom
"^land, in ii47i *=** made preMndary of
[675, arid vicar tk Lindiidge in 16S& Died
to iTOOk

HopkiiUk (WILUAM,) an En|lish Arian writer, bom
•t Uonmodtb In fjpS, became vicar of Bolney in 1731.
He wrote a ti'eattse in favour of Arianism, and translated
One book of Exodus, <t784.] Died in 1786.

Hop'Mn-«9n, (Frahcie,) an eminent author, wit, and
patriot, bom in Philadelphia in 1737. He graduated at
Ibe college of his native dtv, and chose the profession
ef Ibelaw. Having vidted England in I76(,and passed
two years tbet^ be returned home, settled at Borden-
>__ •_• _._,.^ %i:^ ^„„ Borden. Front IT74 to

II HOP PIN

popular essays, which contriboted to foment tlic spirit
of freedom and to prepare the people for national inde-
pendence. He represented New Jersey in the Conti-
nental Congies* of 1776, and signed the Declaration of
Independence. He was appointed judge of the admi-
ralty of Pennsylvania m 1779, and in 1790 judge of the
district conrt of the United Sutes. Besides £e above
essays, he wrote tbe " Battle of Iht
othci works, in piose and verse.

Sh SAHDUtsHf. " BlasnpkT «( ih( Sinicn to the Dtdintica
"Nuknal Fsrtr^l-CaUOT of ~

HopUnBOn. (Joskfh,) LL,D., an American jurist,
atilhor of "Hail Columbia," and son of the preceding,
was bom in Philadelphia in 177a He was edocated at
the University of Pennsylvania, studied law, and rose to
eminence in bis profession in his native dty. He was
the leading counsel for Dr. Rush in his omous libel
suit against William Cobbett in 1^, and was also em-
ployed in the trials under tbe alien and seditiim law*
before Judge Chase in 1800, and in the impeachment of
the latter for alleged misdemeaaoor in office during these
trials, before the United States Senate, in 1805. Prom
1815 to 1819 he was a representative in Congress, in
which he dislinguished himself as a speaker, particu-
larly in opposition to the United States Bank, and oo
the Seminole mr. In i8>8 he was appointed by Pie^-
dent Adams judge of the United States court for the
eastern district of Pennsylvania, which position he held
till his death, in 184a.

Seg " Uva of Eminail Pbawlelptiiui," tlj»

Hop'p^T, (Isaac Tatbm,) a distinguished philanthro-
pist, a member of the Sodety of Friends, bom near Wood-
buTv, New Jersey, in 1771. He resided many years in
Philadelphia, but passed the latioi pait of his life in New
York. He was a man of great energy, courage, and intel-
lectual acuteness, and distiDguiihedtor his Ufe-long efforts
to promote benevolent and humane objects, — espedally
negro emand|iatioD. In tbe controversy which resulted
in the separation of the Sodety of Friends in 1837, he
waa one of thi moat lealous adherents of the anti-
orthodox party. Died in 1853.

5h LvdiaU. CniA "Lift of L T. Hoppw." itUi-Unxil

Hop'pfr, (Thomas^) an English architect, boro at

._t _!._... .-._ gjjpg employed by ■■■-

^ he erected many cas

tir the nobility, among which Penrbyn

Castle is regarded as one of the besL He possessed
superior conversational powers, and associated frrely

prince-regent on CArleton House, he erected many lastlea

with people of distinction. ENed in 1856.

Hopp«n, hop'Mrs.orHoppM'.hop'pfr, (joachih,]
[Lat. HoPFB'Riia,] a IDutch {nnst, bom in Friesland in

«H more moderate than tbe other miniater* of Philip
IL Among bis works ii one "On the Legal Art," ("Dw
Jinii Artelibri tres," IS$3.) Died in 1576.

S« H<nxn, ^RiMof th* Dottk Rcpoblk," part 0. (hip v.,

Hop'plii, (Avot;sT<TR,) an American artist, bom In
Providence, Rhode Island, in 1838. He pursued a col*
legiate course at Brown Univeisity, and entered up<M
the profession of law, but subsequently devoted bJnw^

to drawing on wood. He illustrated "The Autocrat of

the Breakfast.Table," the poem of " Nothing to Wear,"
and nnmerous other subjects. Died April i. 1896.

Hoppln, (Jambs Mason,) D.D., an American sdiolar,
bom at Providence, Rhode Island, January 17, l8sa
He graduated at Yale College in 1840, and studied in the
University of Berlin, was professor of homiletics and
pastoral theology in Yale College, 1661-79, 'nd in 1879
became professor of the history of art in the same insti-
lution. His principal books are " Nolea of a Theological
Student," (1854.) "Old England," {1867,) "Office and
Work of the Christian Ministry," (1869,) "Life of
Admiral Foote," (1874,) "Memolra of Henry AnniU
Brown," (1880,) and " Homiletics," (1881.) Died 1006.

Hoppln. (Thomas F.,) an American painter and d»
signer, brother of Augustus Hoppin, born in Providence

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HOPPNER 13

Rhode Island, in iSt6. AoKnig the moat ioiportuit of
his designs are the figores on tliegreMvindaw of Trinity
ClinTch, New York.

Hopp'iiQT, (John,) R.A., an ezcellent English pgc-
trsit-painter, born in London In 175^ He studied in
the Royal Academj, and wu pationized by the Prince
of Wales. For many yean he was ihe most bshionable
poitnit-painlci of London, except Sir Thomas Lawrence.
Huppner vaa very successful in poitraita of women. Hit
colouring is natural and powerful, and his tones are
mellow and deep. His works have a charming air of
bdlity and negligence. Died in iSia

S« CmfHiHCHAH, " Lim of Psoten." etc.

Hop't9n, (AftTHiTK,) a learned English tnathema-
tician. born in Somersetshire in 15SS, was intimate with
Selden. He wrote "Speculum Topogtaphicum," (161 1,)
and a few other works. Died in 1614.

Hopton, (Sir Ralph,) an English loyalist officer, who
fought for Charles I. in the dTilwar. He obtained some
-n Cornwall in 1643. In 1646 he conuoanded

HORMAYR

t the battle of Torrington, where he

was defeated by Fair&x. Died about 165Z.
— '-- (Susanna,) an English authores
"Heaameron, or Meditations 0

thoress, bom fn
ons on the Six
Days of Creation." Died id 1709.

Horace, hSr'jss, |Lat. IIora'tiusi Fr. Horacs,
o'ifcs'; Gei. Horaz, ho-rSta'; It, ORAao,o-rSl'se-o,l or,
more fully. Quln'tOS Hora'tliu FlaC/Ciu, an excellent
and popular Latin poet, bom at Venusia, (now Venoaa,)
in Italy, in December, 65 B.C. His Either was a (reed-
man, who gained a competence as a tauter, (collector of
faidirect taxes or of the proceeds of auctions,) and pur-
chased a farm near Venusia, on the bank of the Auiidns,
(Ofanto.) At an carlj age he was sent to Komc, and
became a pupil of the noted teacher Orbilius Pupillus,
with whom he learned grammar and the Greek language.
AbuQt his eighteenth yeat, he went to prosecute his
■tndies in the groves of the Academy at Athens, — then
the principal seat erf learning and philosophy, — where he
remained until the death of Julius Cesar (in 44 B.C.)
involved the empire in a civil war. As Brutus patMd
through Athens, Horace, with patriotic ardour, joined
his army, was made a military tribune, took comnund
of ■ legion, and witnessed the hital defeat (A the ouae at
PhiUppi, where he threw away his shield. (Carmina, It
7,) Mis estate having been confiscated, be went to Roine,
^lere he supported himself a short time br acting as clerk
Id the treasury. His early poems having exdtcd the
interest of Virgil and Varius, they recommended him to
Uiecenas, in whom he found a tib^^ patron and intimate
friend. Thenceforth his life was eminently proapeiooa,
•nd serenely passed in congenial studies and patriiaan
•odetT. Preferring independence to the tempting prizes
of ambition, be refused tbe office of private secretary
to Augustus, who treated him with particular Eavour.
He had a true relish for rural pleasure* and the charms
of nature, which he often enjoyed at his Sabine farm or
hia villa in Tibur. Died in November. 8 B.C He was
never married. He was of short stature, and had dark
eyeaandhair. Hischaracter.aadeducedfromhiswiitii^s,
Is well balanced, and unites in a high d^iee good sense,
good nature, nrbani^, and elegant taate. His poems,
consistjng of odes, satires, and epistles, may all be con-
tained In one small volume. His chief merits are acalm
philosophy, a gracchil diction, an adniirable sense of-
propriety, and a keen Insight into human nature, which
have attiicted an admiration growing bam age to ag^
and have rendered him, next to Virgil, the most ilhis-
triouapi
wood's

f»sr^i!

Rum^" ita; C
I " HiaiAtTfl it la

'■ "°^

iSji : J. (or F.) jAoom. ■^Hoiu und Kini FrcDBdn." iSja : Kno
uiidG«uaaa,"A)lgHBUDC EocyUoiaedie ;'* Ke, kIio, the emllenl
Hendu in Shith'( "DietiaDirr at GrHk ind ~

- ■^--viu

." In lh(
a ud TuH^" in Ihi

" DiUTlBljr Rev]
"EdiDbmsb R*

Hon>, ho'iee, jGr. 'Opai ; Fi, H»ukes, or, or Hoi
OR,] the Hours or Seasons, which the ancients imagine
have charge of the gate* of heaven or doora of Ofym;

} have been originally personifications

Bo-Tf-pol1o .-- ,

Fr. HoRA?OLLON, o'rfpo^dK'i] the celebrated author
of a Greek treatise on the ECTptian hieroglyphics. His
name and the epoch in whicb he lived have been the
subject of much discussion. Recent critics favour the
opinion that he lived at Alexandria about the fifth century.

Sec Smith, " t^cdoiurT of Greek tnd Rddiu Biafraphj;" A. S
ConET, "The IIier«]jiphia of HonpoUo," iK#>: GouLAiiior
■■ EmH ur lu Hi^roglnAB d'Honpolkn," 1117.

HoiTBpOllO]!. Sec HORAPOLLO.

Horatdns. See Horace.

Horatliu, ho-ri'sh{-ijB, (in the plural, HoratU, ho-
rs'she-I,) a hero of the early Roman legends, who witt
his two brothers fought against the three Curiatii for
the supremacy of Rome over Alba. His brothers fell in
the first onset. By a feigned flight he separated hit
antagonists, and slew them one after the other.

Horatjna Cooloa. See Coclo.

HSrb«re or Hoerberg, hoR'btRC, (Pihr,) an emi-
nent Swedish painter, bom in SnOland in 1746, He
practised his art with success at Olstorp, chieHy on reli-
gious subjects, and received the title of historical painter
to the king. Died in 1S16.

5h hb 'ADtolMfnph*." (ia Swediih.) poblidicd in iIit, ud
mniland TDiD Cemm 1^ ScHiLnmn, itiq: C Molbck. "Litwi
nd Knwtda Halen P. Hooboi,'* iSifi "Biocniihukt-L^iiaB
atwm iunmkiuui«e Smakm Mlo.'^

Hor'bf-Tjp, (Hatthkw,) D.D., an English divuw,
bom in Lincolnshire in 1707, was educated si Oxford.
He became canon of Lichfield, vicar of Hanbun, and
rectn of Standlake. His sermons were published in
several volumes, (1745-74,) and were pronounocd excd
lent by Dr. Johnson. Died in 1773.

HoTobont, ho'r«h-b5wf, (Gikard or GuAkAKD,) a
Flemish painter of high reputation, was bom at GhenL
He removed to EugUnd, *t>d became first painter to
Henry VIIL

HoroB. See HotiK.

HoifoUn, d«, dl oa-O-leen', (Amtoni(\) a Spanish
painter of histarr and portraila, bom at Saragoeaa fal
1597; dicdfai 166a

Horlnnan <r Hlilsmui, boa'Ifh-mlD', (CaBi,)
Baron, a Swedish arddteet, bcmi at Stockht^m iit lyoc^
designed the cathedral of Calmar, and completed the
royal palace at Sto^holm. He was tanked among the
greatest architecta oi Sweden. Ditd in 1 7S3.

Hor'mfn, (Wiluam,) of Eton College, an English
botanist, bom at Salisbary. He published " Herbarnv
STnonyma." Died in iMt

of Franc

ShSo
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HORMISDAS

'313

HORNECK

HoT-nlM'dfs (Pcraian, HoiMOOa] 1, Kin^ of Penia,
p of ShahpMr (or Sapor) L, benn to reign in 371
»•__ ., . reign of fourteen months, he

deu by his ion, Bahrain I.

In 303 A.D> He died in 311, leaving (he
incmt •on, SbabpooT IL

Honnladas III, • ton of Yeidejerd III., becune
Kin^ of Persia in 457 a.ix He was defeated and deposed

if Yeidejerd IH., becatne

b; his tsxither FVrooi about 460.

Honnlsdas iV, Kin^ of Perua, a son of Chosroei
(Kbouoo) L, began to reign in 579 A.Dk He waged wai
againat llberiu Emperor of the East, b; whose arntj'
M WM dcfeMed in aeveial battles. Provoked by his
granny, bis sabjecl* revolted against him, and be was
oepoaed and pot to death in 591 A.I1.
See OuitraEt.
1, hoin, (Aktid ButNAKD,] Count, a Swedish

an, born in 1664. His influence secured Che

elevation of Frederick of Hesse-Caasel to the throne in
lyaa He became the head of the party of " Bonnets,"
irtiich was iit power nntil 1738. Died in 1743.

&• tiurrAv Hoaii. "A. B. lion," ilji : Thohmu). " Smuk

Ham or Home, (Ckaklss Edwakd,) bom in Lon-
don in 1786^ was noted aa a composer ofmuwa He waa
theanthor of "The Deep, Deep Sea," and other popnlai
sonRB. He died in Boston, Massachnsetta, in 1850.

Horn, hoin, (Fkanz CHiii?roPH,) a German critic,
bom at Bratuwick in 1781. He published several novels,
a " Cntical History of German Poetrr and Eloquence,"
(4v(^., 1823-39.) and "The Dramatic Works of Shak-
^icaie," (" Sh^espeare's Schauspielc," 5 vols., 1813-
•"> ™-^ 'n 1837.

31.) Died ii

Horn, hoKn, (FtucDKiCK,) Count of Aminne, a Swedish
general in the French service, bom at Hosbj in 1735.
As aide-de-camp of Marshal D'EstrJes, he had an im-
portant part in the victory of Hastenbeck, (1757.) He
otxaioed the rank of lieutenant-general in the Swedish
simj in 1778. Died in 1796.

His txta. Count Horn, was an accomplice in the as-
sassination of Gustavus ill. in 1791, for which he was
banished for life. Died in 1823.

HOnijILaL Hok'nius,] (Geoko,) a German historian,
boni at Gienssen in 1610. He became professor of his-
tory at Leyden about 1648, and wrote, m Latin, works

Sib Johahii Asah Flbsa, "

io da Viu G. Hormi,"

tt the Low Countries, president of (be council of stale.

E»emor of Goeldres, etc. Arrested by the Duke M
va, with Count Egmont, on a charge of treason, he
was Dnjnstlv condemned and executed in 156S.

Hom'adKr, (William Tbmflb,) sn Americas
loolc^st, was bom at Plainfield, Indiana, in 1854.
He visited various parts of the world to collect wild
animals, and was chief taxidermist of the National
Museum 1SS3-90, in business at Buffalo 1S90-96, snd
director of the New York Zooli^cal Park after 1S96.
He published " Two Years in the Jungle," " The Man
who became a Savage," " The Eiteimination of the
American Bison," etc.

Hom'bl8w-fr, (Josiph C.,) an American jurist,
bom at Belleville, New Jersey, in 1777. He was chief
justice of the lapreme court of New Jersey from 183a
to 1846. He decided in 1856 that (^ongma bul no
right to past a law for the rendition of Awitive s.'avea.
Died at Newark in Jane, 1S64.

Horns, hom, (Georgb,) D.D., an English bishop and
author, bom at Otham, in Kent, in 1730, was s good He-
brew scholar. He was chosen vice-chancellor of Oxford
776, Dean of Canterbury in 1781, and Bishop of

chinson, and other works on theology. His "Commentary
on the Book of Psalms" (3 vols., 1771) is esteemed an
excellent performance, and has oAen been reprinted.
He was a friend of Dr. Samuel Johnson. IHed m 1 793.
Horns, (Rickarii Hknoitt,) an English poet and
dramatist, bom in London about l8or He produced,
besides other dramas, a tragedy entiued " Gregory the
Seventh," (1840.) His reputation is founded on "Orion,
an Epic Poem," (1S43,) which was announced at the
price of one farthing, as a sarcasm upon the low esti-
mation into which epic poetry had bllen. After three
editions had been sold, the price was raised t<

and "Ballads and Rominces," (1846.) From 185J t.
about 1870 he lived in Australia. Died March 13, 1884-
Bonio, (Thomas Hartwkll,) D.D., an eminent
English author, bom in 1780, was educated in Londoiu
He passed eight years in the labour of a barrister's
clerk, and aci^nired some knowledge of law, while his
leisure was diligently improved in literary atndies. In
1818 he published his principal work, the Introduction
to the Critical Stucb' and Knowledge of the Holy Scrip-
tures," (3 vols., 181S; loth edition, enlarged, 1856,) which
is considered the most complete and valuable work on
that subject, and was soon adopted as a class-book in all
the universities and colleges of England and In some of
(hofte in the United States. Having no sectarian tend'

Honi, (GuETAF,) Co(;nt of, an able Swedish general,
bora in Upland in 1593. Having served with credit in
Palaod and Livonia, he was appointed a senator about

1614. At the battle of Leipsic, in 1631, he commanded

the left wing, and contributed to th( "~ . o—

Goatanu Adolphna

die left wing, and contributed to the victory. After
is killed at Liitzen, Horn ^ned
c advantages over the enemy, but was taken prisoner
»WaTdlingcn in 1634 Restored to liberty in 1G43, he
was made commander-in-chief of the Swedish army in
Ike war against DeDmaik, in which he was successful
Tbe ()aeea rewarded him {about i6S3) with (he office of
Constable of Sweden and the title of count Died in 1657.
Sn EMK>aAGII& "Laprediku Bh« G. C Koni."tMoi Fto-

"- 1--, HiUlB Hotiiiina,"i6jl: J- ^. " Lmm-

" Biflcnphiikt- Lexicon NvcnuuBD-

Bom, (llPFo Dahiil,) a German littlraieiir, bom at
Tratenao, io Bohemia, In 1817; died In 186a

Horn or Hoorn, do, d«h bBsn, also written Hoorae
and HoniMi, (PHtuPFi ni Moktmobbncy-Nivslli,)
COUHT, a Flemish noble, bom in 1533, was the son ol
Jaae}>h <k Nivelle and Anne of Egmont. After the death
of ha faih«r, hi* mother married Count de Horn, whose
name and vast fortune he inherited. He distinguished
UmaeU' at the battles of Saint-(^entin and Gravelines,
■nd •CTved Philip IL of Spun many years a* admiral

ency, it is appreciated by Christians generally, and hat
conduced greatly to the diffusion of sound biblical litera-
ture. In 1819 Home was ordained by the Bishop of

London, and obtained a prebend in Saint Paul's Cathe-
dral, besides other livings. Among his other numerous
publications are " Deism Refuted," (1819,) and a " Manual
of Biblical Bibliography," (1839.) Died January 37, 1863.

Horn* Tooks. See Tooki.

Horns, T«ii, (Jan.) See Hoornk.

Homsck, hoR'nCk, (Anthont,) D.D., was bom at
Bacharach, in Germany, in 1641, removed to Eneland
about i66es and became prebendary of Eieter, West-
minster, and Wells. He wrote many devout religious
works, among which are "The Great Law of Consider-
ation," (1677; nth edition, 1729,) and "The Happy
Ascetic," (16S1.) His writings were commended by
Doddridge as " exceedingly pathetic and elegant." Died
in 1696.

See hii lab, tiy BuHor KiDnaa.

Hoinsck, von, Ion hoR'nCk, (Ottokar,) called alsf
Ottokar von Bteiarmark, (stlV'maik',) one of the
earliest who wrote in the (jerman language, was the
author of a " History of the Great Empires (rt the World
to the Death of Frederick IT.," (iiSo,) and a chronicle
in thyme. It has been published in Peti's " Austrian
Historians," and is valued for its interesting accoont of
the manner* and customs of that age.

*»A; fMt; gAanf; ta»J;Q,w,K,giiaimIni,muai; m,eriiitd; iMti ittv'aitJUi. (g9~SeeEaplatution*,p^33.)

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HORNEMAi^

auiuvuwd. boR'Dfb-mln'. (Jbhi Wilkin,) > Dm-
bn botaniit, born at Mmtal m 177a, breatne prt^noc
of bolaiiT at Copenhagen in 180S. He continued tin
" Floia Danica," a magnificent work, which other nata-
nliati cojimenced, and which appeared in 14 volt,
folio, (iSo&^o.) He wrota "EcoDomlcal Botany for
Denmark," (1798^) and other worka. Died in 1S41.

Sat hb Aalol^c«rqifa)r ; KinLnr. "ForfttMr-Lokso."

Horasmanii, hoR'nfh-mlo', (Fkikduch Consad,)
a Gentian traveller, bora at KUdeabeini in 1773, at-
tempted in 1797 to explore Northern and Central Africa
He left Moorzook with a caravan bound for Bomoo In
Apnl, iSoOk after which date he was never heard from.

Bor'n^, (FsANCis,) an etofnenl Brillih itatctman
and lawyer, bom tn Edinburgh in 1778, wa* edncaled in
the tinlveraity of that city, and studied law with bii friend
Heniy Brougham. Having removed to London in 1S03,
be wai welcomed by the leading Whiga, such aa Fox,
Mackintosh, and Romilly, who naslened to enlist his
eminent abililiea in the public service. In 1806 he wai
returned to Parliament for Saint Ives. The death of
Fox baving produced a change of miniatry and a diuo-
lotion of the Hooae, Homer waa returned lor Wendovei
In 1807. He acquired great influence in Parliament by

waa bom in Jutland In 1679. He became professui
of astronomy at Copenhagen in 1710. He determined
the parallax of the sun more exactly in hi* "CUvia As-
IronomiM," a Ireatlae on pbyaical astronomy, in which
he bvonn the theory of Dcacartes. He wrote other

Hoireboir, (Peder,) a son of the preceding; bom »
1728, observed the transit of Venus m 1761, and wrote

an account of ic Died in iSia.

Hor'r^oka or Hor'rpx, (Jeremiah.) a distingaished
English astronomer, born a( Toilelh, near Liveniool, in
t6i9, wss educated al Cambridge, took orders, and be-
came curate of Hoole, He was the author of the true
theoiy of latiar motion, and was the first who observed
the transit of Venus, (in 1639,) which be had successfiiltv
fbietold, and of which he wrote an account, entitled
"Venus sub Sole visa." His other works on astronomy
were published by Dr. Wallis in 1673. "His inveatiga-
tinn>.'' says the " Edinburgh Review" for October, 1(^3,

br greater discoveries had not his privationa and suc-
cesses, his toils and triumphs, been together cut short by
his premature death, in 1641."

Sh a. B. WHATteit, "Mtooii of iIh Uia md Labmn it J.

Horroi," 1SJ9.

Hoiabttrgh, hora'bfir-fh, or Horaboir, hora'bcT.e,
James,) F.R.S., a Scottish hydrr^^her, born al Elie

176*, w

lydroerapb
laptaln erf 1

pointed hydrographer of the East India Company.
was author of a valuable work entitled " Directions for
Sailing to and from the East Indies, China," etc., (1S09.)

and author of a part of the " Bullion Report,"
ana maae an able speech on thai question. In 1S13-14
b* was recognized as one of the leader* of hi* paitv, and
in 1816 he made a speech on Catholic claims, which was
hi* 1a*t speedi in the House. Compelled by ill health
to retire from business, he set out on a journey to the
Muth of Europe, and died, greatly lamented, at Pisa, in
1S17. He was one of the originators of the " Edinbonrb
Review," for wliich he wrote numerous articles. " He
died at the age of thirty-eight," says Lord Cockbum, z^, p , ,
"poaseased of greater public influence than any other i ""° '" "*3"-
private man." "No eminent speaker of Parlianient,";„SS.™r-w'^",*1H£^5Sfea;l^
aays Sir J. Mackintosh, - owed so much of his success (S"Wl««»iO Nou«U. Bncnplu. WirfnhL
to his moral character. Hil high place was therefore
honourable to his audience and to his country.

Sm '* M«iiKnn Bad CofrE*pcejl«ca of F, Homo," nbliihcd by
tw brotlwi. LnoHAim llaaHti,in lia: CiiAiuaai, "Bincn^ical
Dictiooarr of Eminnit Soiiiivd;" " EdinboTth R«¥leit" tor Oct<h
bat, 1*4] 1 "Quuurlr Review" lor U^j. iSu.

Bomer, (Lrohard,) F.R.S., a British geologist, and

anger brother of the preceding, took a prominent part

the organiiation of Ine London University, of which
Da was appointed warden in 1837. About 1333 he be-
came inspector of factories, in which capacity he con-
tributed largely to the moral and physical improvement
of the operatives. He wrote article* on the "Mineral
Kingdom" for the " Penny MaMane," " On the Employ-
ment of Children tn FactorieL" flgja.1 and other ahorl

merchant-ship

ra

Dent of Children in Factories/' (1840^) and other short
work*. Died in 1S64.

Hor'iivr, (William E.,) an American anatomist
bom in Virgmia about lygo, became in 1S16 demon-
strator of anatomv to Dr. Wbtar, of the University of
Pcnn*;^vania, ana In 1811 anccceded Dr. Physick a*

Crofe**OT of anatomy in that InstitntiDn. Died in 1S53.
see WwTAR, Caspar.)
Homiiu. See Horn, (Gborc.)
Hoi'nang, (Ernest William,) an English nov-
elist, bom in 1S66. He has written several novels of
Australian life, and "The Unbidden Gnesl," {1894,)
"Young Blood," and " Some Persons Unknown."
HOTTOboir or HoRBboe, hoa'rfh-bo, (Chrivtof-
Jt,) a Danish astronomer, bom at Copenlu^n in 1718.
ifeiBor of ft

He succeeded hi* fiitber 1

r ftitronomy

I pTofeuu>r ._ _. ... _,

about lyuk, and published, besides other worksk a Latin
treatise "On the Annual Parallax of the Fixed Star*,"
(1747.) Died in 1776.

Hotrabow, (NiKOLAUS,) a Danish author, born at
Copenhagen in 1711, became a judge of the supremq
lourL In 1750 he was sent by government to cxploie
Iceland, of which he wrote a deaoiption, aald to be very
correct Died in 175a

Honsbcnr or HoTraboa^ (pRDRiL)anembent Dan-
er, the bther of Chtistofier, noticed above.

HoTH'fiald, (Kev. Thomas W.,) an En^liah anti-
quary, published the " History and Antiquitiea of Siu-
•ex."' Died in 1837.

Hora'aald or HonaOald, (Thomas,) H.D., F.R.S.,
an eminent naturalist and travidler, bom in Pennsylvania
in 1773. He explored the natural history of Java fot
many years, and returned to England about i8m. He
published " 2^o1ogica] Researches in Java," etc, (i8ai-
14.) The plants which he collected were described in
an excellent work entitled "Plants Javanicae Rariorea,"
(183S-52, with fidy coloured engravings,) in which iie
was aided by Robert Brown and J. }. Bennett. He also
wrote several smaller works. Died in London in 1859.

Honley, (Ckarlrs.) an English composer, born at
Kensington in iSai. He composed oratorios entitled
"DaviJ' and "Joseph," (1853.) Died in New Vor^
March a, 1S7&

BoiBler. (John,) F.R.3^ an eminent British anti-
ooary, bom in Mid-Lothian iti 168;, became pastor of a
£ssentin^ church at Morpeth. He wrote an excellent
work entitled "The Roman Antiquities of Britain."
(" Britannia Romana," 1733.) Died in lyjt.

SaaRiv. J. HoDcaoH. "MuDoinnf tlHlib,attaf JoIb Uih*.
ItTi" LDndon, iSji ; CKAuam. "Biocnpbical DictisMiTef Eiil-
nant Scounen;" NiCHou, " Ljtanrr AaealDtea."

HoralAjr, (John Callcott,) an English hiatorical
painter, bom in London in 1S17. His cartoon of" Saint
Augustine Preaching" (lS^3) received one of the prize*
of j£loo from the Commission of Fine Arts. He waa
one of the artists commissioned to adorn the Hous«
of Lords, in which he painted a £re*co of the " Spirit of
Religion," (1S45.] Among hi* master-piece* are "L'AJIe>
gro and 11 Penseroso," (i8jl,) "Lady Jsn* Grey and
Roger Aschsm," (1853,) snd a "Scene fron "-- " '

loger Ascham," (1853,) a
ite?'(iBi:E.l

nDon Qui

HorsfeT,(SAMURL,)Ll.D.,ancmiiwntEngliahUshop
andwriter, bom in London in 1733, was cdoc^ed at Cam-
bridge. In 1759 he obtained the rectory of Newington
ButU, and, after receiving other pretcnnents, becams
Bishop of Saint David's in 1788, of Rochester in 1793,
and of Saint Asaph in iSoi. To saperior talenta ha
Joiaod profound learning both "'*"■'-' and acaentiGb

», «, 1, 8, ^ ^ /»v.' i. *. 4. »««»«. leaa prnloneedi i, i, I, a, 6, J, *t<,rt; fc ft i, 9, **«««; Or, llll, at; m*t) nOt; f»di I

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HORSLB Y 1 3 1 s HOSA CK

laUniew with her, dedired he had nerer teen ■ wooum
who onlted m much grace and dJgnitY. After sharing the
brief and brillbnt tnampht of die Hnndred Dart, *be
wia conpelled to fly (rom France. The authorities of
Geneva refused her an asTlnm; but she received a
hospiuUe oSct ftom the canton of Tburgan, where she
purchased the castle of Arenenberg in 1817. For man;
yeara she passed the summer at this place and the whitet
at Ronle. When Louis Napoleon was exiled to the
United Sutes, in 1S36, she wished to go with him, but
had not sufficient slrenglh to bear the voyaee \ and she
died in 1837, ■<> ""= arms of hei son, who, leaming hei
illnesa, had returned home. We should not omit to
mention that she excelled in music, and composed the

Ejpnlar xa ol "Partant pout la Syrie," one of the
Tonrite national aongs of France.

S« Laksllms WaiiALL, "Memoi™ ol Quten Boobih;"
MTS Da LiOAaDi, " Eiqium bicisraphiqiia mi hi Ran* Hat-
ing" iBjj ; ■' Fofojo Quinerlj Rwitw" for JuJy, iSjS.
Hortanaltu. See DESjaaDixs.

Ele was (l«cttd a PcUow of the SlopX Sodety b 1767,
ud aecretaiy of the aame in tm. In 1783 he gajiied
diKinction Iff m contTOTersj with Dr. Priestley on tlnita-
rianiam, in iriiicb it la nsnally conceded that Horslej
had the advantage. He pnblubed in 1796 an excellent
liealiBe "On the Pro*o(Bes of the Greek and Laliu Iin-
magea," and "Critiaa EKsqnisitioos on the Eighteenth
Chapter of Isaiah." Among hi* nnmerotts pnUications
■re senaoiia, treatises on mathematics, and several id-
wred perforssancea in biblical critidam. Died in 1S0&,
SM'KAibn^ R*Tta«"tir FiI»it,>Iiii "Lmikn Qur-
■^ Rnin" brlla]>. itim (voL xiiL)

HotvOfr, (William,) an English song-writer of high
merit, born November 15, 1774. His glees and madri-
|als are among the best ever written. He was the father
of Charles Hoialejr, before noticed. Died June 12, 1858.
Hors'nifp, (Edwakd,) a British lawyer and poli-
tician, bom ID 1S07. He represented Stroud in Fulia-
BKUt from iSu to 1868. He was one of those who were
called " Adullamiles," who voted against the Reform
bill in 1866, ahhoDgh elected as Uberals. Died in 1876.
Han^hoB*t.[I^L Hok'stius,) (Gu(X>a,)aGeniun
Bitpitian, was bom at Totgan, in Saxonj, in 1578. He
becaase professor at Ulm in 163a, and was sumamed
m GmRUAM AscULAPins. Among his chief wtxka
are "On Diseases and their Causes," ("De HorUt
eonunqne Causis," iGia,) and "Anatomy of the Human
Blidy.'' (1617.) Diedini63&

Sec Bjtnm, " Hitlcnal ud CHtisal 1
Gspiaa, " AUffvvD* Kucrlilapaedie ;" Fi

. -■ a papil of Rubens.
Died in 1646.

HoTBtliia. See Hokst.

Hoistliu, hoa'ste-As, Hacobus,] a Dutch rel{n<
writer, oripnaily named Hbklbk, was bom it Ho
about 1597. He wrote, in el^ant Latin, " Paradise of
dw Chrutian Soul," (" Paiaditus AnimK Christisnas,"
163a) Died in 1(4^

BonUtm, hox'ste-Os, (Iaeob,) a German phninsn,
bora at Torgau in 1537 ; died in i6oa

Hort oi HoTti^ (Jdsiah,) an English theologian,
- 1 academy with Dr. Watta, who

__..._sed a high opinion of himu He became Bishop
ft Kilnuwe and Ardagh in 1711, and Archbishop of
in 1741. A collection m ius sermons was pub-
Ha died at an advanced age in 1751.

s, Aoa^tfh-mtU' ot AonftotV, (Futoiuc,)
a French engraver, bom at Paris about 1^8.

HOftamaU, (Hakix Hadxliini,) an able engraver,
bon in Paris about 1688; was the wife of the celelirated
OHaver Nicolas Cochin. Died in 1777.

Hostensa BagAnle da BMinhaniBla, oR'tONsa'
t-h'ihi'ne' dfh biS'lK'ni', Queen oi Holland, and mother
tf th« *mpetoi Napoleon IIL, was bom in Paris in
1783. She was the dang;hter of Alexandre, Vicomie de
BeaahamaiB, and Josephme Taacher, afterwards Empress
sf Frsnc«. Her personal charms and amiable character
tendered her a Eivonrite with Napoleon and the ornament
of his conrt Against her own inclination, and throug;h
die iuflaeoce of her mother, she became in 1S02 the wife
of Lo«i« Bonaparte, with whom she did not live happily.
It is said that she wept abundantly at the performance
of the ceremony. In i3o6 her consort Louis was made
King of Holland. On this occasion Horlenae said she
woDTd have preferred the throne of Naples. " I would
have rekindled," said she, " the flame of the fine arts
a Italy." She disliked the Dutch fogs, and deemed
tonahinc and Parinan society indispensable blessings.

Hortense was the mother of three ions, whom by the
rdicta of 1804 and 1S05 the emperor hid preferred aa
RcceHc»a to hia crown : I. Nafolkoh Louis Chaklks,
who died ui 1807; 3. Napoiju)N Lodis, who died at
P^aro in 1831;^ Chaklu Louis Na?olbon, the
late Emperor of ^ance. In 1810 Louis abdicated his

War," ("De Betio dermanico," is60k) and annoUtions
) Virgil's "iEnrid," (1567.) Died about 1575.
Honanalna, hor-ten'sh^^ (Quintus,) an eminent
Roman orator, born of an equestrian &mi1y in 114 B.C.
.t u early age he acquired celebrity in the ForuuL
..'here, a few years afterwards, he maintained a stiiriced
and generous rivalry with Cicero, who applauds his elo-
quence and calls him his friend. Alter serving in the
army of Sulla in Asia, he became successively quaestor,
Horat, van der, vtn der hoKst, (Nikolaas,) s Flem- Bdile, piKtor, and, in 69 B.C., consul In the previous
' ' irn at Antwerp, yur he was counsel for Verrei, when Cicero made bis
e highly prised, memorable speech for the prosecution. His orations
and other works are al] lost His eloquence is said to
have been omate, flowery, Oriental in exuberance, and
enlivened with sententious and brilliant passages. He
had a retentive memory, a sonorous voice, and a grace-
~ 1 gesture. Died in 50 B.C

Sc* OKwArnow Tuuiaitom; Plihv. " Niranl Hbtncr,"
kAi in.. L, lociii. ; QutitnuAH, b«Ai n„ i., n., ni. ; Li»ii^
Ifyttnuia Ac HortBuio Ontor*," Abo, liia

Horto, at), lb oa'io, or da la Hnaita, di U wSk'tl,
(Garcia,) called also Oaicla da Orta, a Portuguese
botanist, went to India as physician to the viceroy, and
wrote "On the PianU and Drugs of India," (1563.}

Sh Baiiou HuiuDO, " Bibliolheca LuaiUu."

Hor't^n, (Thovas,) D.D., bom in London about
1600^ was profess<w of divinity in Greaham College, and
published a number of sermons. Died m 1673.

Homo. See Barbakossa.

Ro'ma, (Gr. '%»>(, possibly related etymolcwically to
the Sanscrit Sdrjui, LaL Sal, and Sp. Sur,] the Ggimtian
god of the Sun, was regarded as the son of Isis and Osiris.
(See OsiR[s and Harpocratks.) His Egyptian name
was Ilai. He had a hawk's head. The god Harpocratea
is often called the younger Horus, or Horus the child.

Honu Apollo. See Horapollo.

Horuah. See Barsarossa.

Horvilt, hor'vlt, (IstvAn, or Stephen) called "tho
Hungarian Varro," was born at Smhlweissenberg in
1784. He wrote " Primitive Magyar Families," (1830, a
monumental work,) and various histoiies. Died in 18461

Horrith, hoR'vlt, (Michabl.) a Hungarian histo-
rian, bom al Szentes in 1S09. He became Bishop of
Csanad in tS^ and minister of public instruction in
1849. After the defeat of the patriotic cause he went
into exile in 1849. He wrote a valuable " History of
the Magyars," (4 vols., 1843-46-) Died Aug. 19, 1878.

Hoa^fck, (David,) LI.D., F.R.S., an eminent Ameri-
can phyaician, bom iu New York City in 17G9. After
graduating in Philadelpliia in 1791, and prosecuting hia
studies in Edinburgh and London, he returned to New
York, and became professor of botany and materia
medica in Columbia College in 1795. He taught clinical
medicine and obatetrio in the College of Phyaicians and

, Surgeons nearly twenty years, between 1807 and 18x6.

tl^ooe, and was separated from bis wife, who, with her For many years he was one of the most successful prac
noB, returned to Faria. At the restoration of 1814 she titiouera and most inQnential dtiiens of New York,
•as created Duchess of Saint-Leu, through the favour I From iSao to iSaS he was president of the New York
i< suae of the allied powers. Lonls XvlIL, after an | Historical Society. His &tt wife was the sister of
esal; fan; t»arJ; ^uj; a,B,K,giaiwvi; K, natal; r, tri/lai; I ass; th as in Mi. (g^'See Explanations, p. 13.)

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Kofal Sodelj of London, (1794,) " Hemoin of De Wi
Clinton," (1S29,) i "Sjatem of Pracdcal Nooolon,"
(1819,) " Lecturei on the Hieoiy and Practice of PhjTBic,"
(i8u,) Mveral volamei of medical etaxjt, and other
worki. Died in 1835.

S« J. W. FxAHat, " Utmdr of Dr. Howk ;" Gioaa, "Anwri-

BB Uedial Biofnphy," iBSi ; " Nitimil PoRnil-GallerT of Oi>-

HOsohel o
uus,] (Da\
at Augsburi

r HoBBohel, ho'shfl, (Lat. Hoescke'-
) 1 diEtioeuished German Hellenist, bom
:gsbutB in i«6. He ma profc»or of Gredt and
r of the public librarji at Augsburg. He edited
rous Greek works, among whidi are the Homiliea
of Saint Basil and Saint Chmoitom, and the book of
"Origen against Celsus," (t&}5.) Hia "Catalogue of
the Greek Nf anuscripCs in the Augsburg Library" (1595)
it highly esteemed. Died in 1617.

Sh Bmicitaii, "D* Ueritii b Rem !ii - - ~

ifil; Gavls, "Huiorical nod Cribcii
•'Uiiaoaa :" J. A. FAnicim, ■' Bibliolfai

Ho-flVa or O-ss'b, [Heb.;)Vin : Fr. Ostz, o'zk',] one
of the twelve minor Hebrew prophets, of whom little ia
known, except that he lived in the "day* of Uiziah,

Jotham, Ahaz, and Hezekjah, Kingi of Tudah." It is
iferred that hi* prophetic career extended from about
785 lo 715 it.C. His language It remarkably obtciu«.
" He ia the moat difficult ana perplexed of all the pro-

Ehets," lays Lowth, Me is quoted in Matthew iL 15,
[. 13, Romans ix. 35, (where hia name is written Ottt,)
and Revelation vi. 16.

BoBemann, hi/zf h-mln, (Theodor,) a German genre
painter and illustrator, bom at Brandenburg, Septembei
34, 1807 i died at Berlin, October 15, 1875.

Bo-Bh«'f or Ho-M'f, IHeb. psrn.\ the last Kins
of Israel, began to reign about 730 a.a, aRcr he had
•ssasunated King Pekah. (See U. Kings xv. 30 and
Kvii, I to 7.) After a reign of tiine years, his capital,
Samaria, was taken by Snalmaneser, King of Assyria,
who carried Hoshea with his subjects as captives to
Halah, Habor, and the dtiea of the Medea. Since
this event the fate of the ten tribea has been involved
in mystery.
HoaiuB. See Osiua.

Ho'bI-ob, (Stanislas,) an eminent cardinal, born at
Cracow, in Poland, in 1504. After holding responsible
dvil offices, he entered the Church, and was made suc-
cessively Bishop of Culm and of Warmia. He was a
violent opponent of heretJct and Protestants, tn 1561
he received a cardinal's hat from Pius IV., who sent him
•B legate to the Council of Trent. He wrote the "Con-
feaaion of the Catholic Faith," (1551,) and other works.
Died in 1579.

Sec Ructui. "Via HaS," Roina, 1J87; Bavlb, "Hiitorial
nd CridoJ Dictunur;" Kaacx md Gausia, "All|xmeme E«]>-

Hoa'Miig, (WiLUAM,) an English architect and
writer on architecture, bam in Devonshire in iSoa He
became a resident of London in his youth, and acquired
distinction by a "Treatise on Architecture and Building,"
republished from the " Encyclopedia Bri tan nica," (18^9.)
About 1840 he was chosen professor of civil engineering
and archileclure at King's College, London. He wrote
" Guide 10 (he Regulation of Buildings as a Means of
Securing the HealtTi of Towns," (1848.) Died in 1861.

Hos'kliiB or HoBlijnB, (John,) Sr., an English
writer and lawyer, bom in Herefordshire in i;66. He
was noted for skill in Latin and English poetry, and
wrote epigrams, law treatises, etc According to Wood,
it was Hoskins who "polished Ben Jonson the poet," and
revised Sir Walter Raleigh's History before it went to
press. Died in 1638.

HoBklna, (John,) an English portrait-painter, patron-
ized by Charles L Died in 1664.

HoB'm^T, (Haxriet,) an American scolptor, born in
Watertown, Massachusetts, in 1831, studied in Rome,
where she fixed her residence, Among her works are
"Medusa," "Beatrice Cenci," "Zenobia in Chains,"
("ZenobiaCapti™,") asutue of Thomas H.Benton, and
a monument to Abraham Lincoln. Died Feb. 21, 190S.

HOTHAM

. (William,) an American divine of tha

Methodist Episcopal Church, bom in BrimGeld, Mas-
sachusetts, in 1810. He was editor of the " Northern
Christian Advocate," published at Auburn, New York,
and of the " Northern Independent," a religions anti.
slavery joumaL He wrote, besides other works, "Chtit-
tian Beneficence," etc., (l8ss) Died June 17, 1889.

HcMinar, (Wiluam Henry Cuvler,) an Amerioui
poet, born at Avon, in the Genesee valley. New York,
in 1S14, studied in Geneva College, and practised taw
in his native town. He spent much time among the
Indians. In iSu he took up his residence in New York.
He wrote, besides other works, "Indian Traditions and
Legends of the Senecas," etc., (iSsa) A complete
edition of his Pocticat Works, in a vols., was pub
lished in 1854. Died May 33, 1877.

Sh Giiiwoui, " Potn and PoMtr of Amsin."

Hoa-plal-^n, [Ger. pron. hos-pe-ne-tn'; Ft. Hosn-
HiKN, hos'pe'ne-lN': lax. Hosfinia'kus,] (Rudolf,) an
eminent Swiss Protestant theologian, born at Altotf in
1547. He became the minister of a church near Zurich,
and wrote a number of learned works, in Latin, among
which are " On the Origin and Prc^ess of Ceremoniea,
Rites, and Holydays f i^irt*; among Christians," (1585,)
" History of Sacramenta," (" Historia Sacramentaria,"
1598,) and a" History oftheJesuits,"(l6l9.) Diedinl6l6>

See Jonn H. Hinnocn, " Huloria Vibi Rodohi'u Hoipiinuu,'
16S1 ; Bxvia, " Hinoriol ud Critical DictiaiiarT.

HospiulaDUS. See Hosfihian.

Hoaplnlen. See Hospinian.

Hospital See UHflprrAL.

HosBoh. See Hosschius.

HoBBohlns, hoslce-tis, or HcMBch, hosK, (Sidoniub,]
a Flemish Jesuit, bom at Merckhem in 1596, published
in 163s a collection of Latin elegies, which were much
admired. Died in 1653.

H&Bt or HoMt, host, (GeoKG,). a Danish traveller,
bom in Jutland in 1734, became secretary for foreign
aHairB, etc. He wrote an "Account of the Kingdotna
of Morocco and Fei," (1779.)

HQst or HoMt (Jens Kkagk,) a Danish historian,
son of the preceding, was born at Saint Thomu, in the
Antilles, in 1773. He was the author of " Politics and
History," (5 vols., l8[6,) "Johann Friedrich Stmensee
and his Ministry," (3 vols., 1834,) and other works.
Died near Copenhagen in 1S44.

Sr J. K. Hoasr, " Erindringer ;" Easuw, "AJmindtllp lof
bner-LexikoD."

Boat, host, (NiKOLAUS Thomas,) an Austrian, bom
hi 1763, was first physician to the Emperor of Austria,
and published " Flora Austriaca," (a vols., 1827.) Died
101834.

Hoate, >idt, (Jean,) a French geometer, bom at
Nancy, became professor of mathematica at Pont-k>
Mousson. He published several treatises on geometry.
Died in 1G31.

Hoste, L', lot, (Paul,) a French Jesuit, born at Poni-
de-Vesle in 1651, was professor of mathematica in Tou-
lon. He wrote a treatise on the " Construction of Shipa
and Naval Tactics," (1697.) Died in 170O.

Hos-tUI-au, [Fr. Hostilikm, os'tele-Js',] or.moM
(iitly, Coi'tui VaOens Mes'aiua Quln'tiuB HostUU''
DOB, second son of the Roman emperor Dccins. At the
death of his father, 351 AO., he was acknowledged by
some as a partner in the empire with Gallusj out he
died a few months after, in 151.

HoBtHlen. See HosrruAM.

HoB-tll1-tiB,(Ti;LLus,) the third Kii^ of Rome, and
the successor of Numa, reigned about 650 B.c; Among
the principal events of his reign, which is semi-fabulous,
was the war against Alba, terminated in bvour of Rome
by the victory of Horatius o — '*" " "^ — '-'"'

Hoatrxip,hos'tRtip, (Cm

,, . ... banish drama-
tist, bora fn 1818, produced many successful comedies,
among which are " The Neighbours," (" Gje^boeme,")
and "The Intrigues." Died November 31, 1892.

HoBtOB, hos'tas, (MatthXus,) a German antiquary,
born in 1509 ; died in 1587.

Ho'tta^m, (Henkv,) an English vice-admiral, bomin
1776. In 1815 he commanded the Channel fleet, wat
charged after the batUe of Waterloo to blockade the

I. ^ ^ 6, II, f , toy; *, t, 6, same, less prolonged; i, S, 1, 6, a, y, j-bw/; », f, i, 9, o**««; fihr, fill, (St; mit ; nftl; gdod; iD«

Digitized by VjOOQIC

i3n

HOVEL

■eat cotst of Prance, and received Napoleon m » prit-
oner on board his flag'ihip, Ibe Belletobhon. He wu

S pointed one of the conunissioueti of the admiralty in
iS. UiediniSij.

Hotlio, ho'to, (Heinkick Gustav,) a German writer
on art, txHn in Berlin in iSoz. He became professor of
philmopiir at the Universitj of Berlin in 1819, and wia
considered one of the chief representatives of the ichool
of H^eL He wrote a " History of Painting in Germanj
and the Low CoDntries," (1 vols., 1S40-43.] Died 1873.

Hotman, Aot'm&N', (Antoine,) a French jurist,
■ brother erf Franpiis, noticed below, was bom abont
IW; died in 1596.

Hotman or Bottomann, [Lat HorouAN'Ktil
■nd Hottouan'nus,] (Fhancoi^) an eminent French
joriBt and Protestant, bom in Paris in 1524, was a friend
of Caifin. lie was deeply versed in jurisprudence,
literature, and antiquities. He became professor of law
at Stiasbuig about 1550, and at Valence in 1^61. Bj
concealment he escaped the Massacre of Saint Bar-
flioiomew, ti57^) alter which he retired to Geneva and
BUe. He was appnnted councillor of slate by Henry
IV. about 1580. He performed an important part in the
scioitific revolution which was produced in junsprudence
in the uxtecnth centary. His &mous work on public
French law, entitled "Treatise on the Government of
the Kings of Gaul," (" Pranco-Gallia, sive Tractatus de
- ■ ' m GalliB," "^ "■

Regimine Regum G

among which are a "Commentary on Legal Words,'
("Conimentaiins de Vertna JuHs,^' 155S,) and " Cele-
bcaled Qaealjms," (" Quaestiones illustres," 1573.) Died
atUleini59a Hi* son Jxam (1551-1636] was a diplo-
matist and writer-
Sec Bahs, "UliUiial xai Criliol Dinionur;" Haas, "Li
e nml«tanle;" NKViiaT, "VLu HnHoraioni." preflitd

IB*. Wot'- -■- -■— - ^ !.=._: ^ u

m, " Efoi nr F. Hotmu,"

HanuB^ Wsclu, about i«od: bAHs-
il^; "NoaivUc Bic«n|il»a OteJi^'

Hobnann or Hottomann. See Hotman.

Hotmanntia or Hottottiaimua. See Hotman.

Hottlnger, hot'ting-fr, (Johai«n Hsikkicm,) *<i
eminent Swiss Orientalist and Protestant divine, born^at
Zurich m 163a After stndying In his
neva, and Leyden, and becoming

tolograi
;eptedll

where he remained until 1661, when he was elected
of the UnrrerdtyoTZiirich. The UniTetsity of Leyden
petsaaded him to accept their chair of theology •, bot be-
fore he arrived at that scene of labonr he was acddentall j
drowned, in 1667. Amona the mimerous monuments of
hit vast crodilion, the followiriz are, perhaps, the prin-
cinl : "Oriental History," (" Historia Orientalis," 1651,)
' Ecclesiastical History of the New Testament," (9 vols.,
1651-^,) and " Etymologicum Orientale," a lexicon of
Kven bngnages, (1661.)

Sa J. H. llBnnm,*'Hi>ioi« Vita J. H. HoUiKeri," i«6r !
Batu. "Hiuorkil and CHtkd DIctianaiT;" a H. Hahh, "Ub-
■ ' — I ob da felihn™ Honing*-'- ---«■'■-'-- ' -I '->— "

:; Nicfaon, "Uimoir

Um

B,)a

ivirUk^H LebcDfge^ihr/
s theologian

16980

He wrote, besides Other works, an "Eccle-

Mistical History of Switzerland," in German, {4 vols.,
170S-39.) Died in 1735.

Hottbieer, (JoHANN Jakob,) a Swiss professor and
philolt^ist, born at Zurich in 1750. He taught Greek
md Latin in his native dtjt, and published several
food editions and translations of classic authors. Died
b 1819.

— '" " " n Jakob,) a Swiss writer, bom

\s:

h 1783 at Zurich, where he became professor of his-

nl, bom near Zurich about 1740. He commanded the
■rsiy which was opposed to Massena in Switzerland in
1799. He was killed in a battle near Zurich, in Sep-
tcwier, 1799.

HotiMTd, oo'Ib',' (David,) a French jurist, bom aC
Dieppe in 1715 ; died in iSoi.

Honbiguit, ^oo'be'g&N',* (Charles Francois,) a
French priest, born in Paris in 1686, was a member of
the OratOTT, and an excellent tublical scholar. After
teaching rhetoric at Marseilles and philosophy at Sois-
sons, he became deaf about 1711, and thenceforth de-
"oted himself Co study and writing. He gave especial
ttention to Hebrew, with a view to correct the text
of the Bible. The principal fruit of his labours it an
edition of the Hebrew BHile, with Critical Notes and
a Latin Version, (4 vols., t753i) which is highly com-
mended. Died in Paris in 1783.

5« J. r. Ann. "Koti«nirkVl<deC F. Hoalngsnt," iloC;
■HeuTcUiBiagnphieG^DinOe."

Honbraken, hfiwHiRj'ksn, (Arnold,) a Dntdi
painter, engraver, and critic, bom at Dort in l66a Ha
painted history and portraits with snccess at Amsterdam,
and wrote (in batch) " The Lives of I>utch and Flemish
Painters," with portraits, (3 vols., 1718,) a work of much
merit Died in 1719.

5« jAKOiCAuro WavuiiAii."I>e SchildeikoTut do- N*dei-

Hoabrakon, (Jacob,) son of the preceding, was bora
at Dort in 169S. He worked many years at Amstcrdatn,
almost unrivalled as an engraver, and executed
several hundred portraits, among which are a collection
of "IlluslriooB Persons of Great Britain," (London,
1748.) He also engraved the "Sacrifice of Manoah,"
after Rembrandt, and the portraits in his father's " Uvea
of the Dutch and Flemish Painters." Died in i7Sa

Sm Baiam, " Dielionnairt da Gnnon."

Hoaohard, oo'shiR',* (Jban Nicolas,) a French
genera], bom at Forbach in 174a He served in the
army before the Revolution, in which he espoused the
popular parly. In 1791 he succeeded Custine in the
command of the armies of the Moselle and of the North.
In August, 1793, he gained a victory at Hondschoote,
and forced the Brilisli to raise the siege of Dunkirk)
but he was arrested by the dominant faction, and exe-
cuted, in 1793, on the charge that he had permitted the
enemy to escape after the ^ttle just mentioned.

Houdaxd. See Mcnrc, dk la.

Hondart de la Motta. See Mottf, di la-

Hondetot, oo'dfh-to',* (Elisabeth Franco isb

SOPIItE DE LA LrVE DE BELLEGARDE,) CoUNTESS, «

French lady, born about 1730, was the wife of General
Houdelot, the sister-in-law of Madame Epinay, and a
favonrite of Rousseau, to whose passion and indiscretion
she chieSv owes the publicity of her name. Her litumm
with M. Sainl-Lambett was well known. Died in 1813.

Houdln, RoBKRT. See Robert-Houdin.

Hottdon, oo'ddN',* (Jean Antoine,) an eminent
French sculptor, born at Versailles in 1741. About 176a
he won the grand prize (or scalptnre at the Academy,
and vrenl to Rome with a pension. After remaining

_.._', and vras

admitted into the Royal Academy in 1775. About 17S5
he received from Dr. Franklin a commission 10 execute
the marble statue of Washington which adorns the State-
House at Richmond, Virginia. He came to Philadelphii
to obtain the model of this work. His reputation was
increased by his statues of Voltaire and Cicero, and hit
busts of Rousseau, BuSon, Franklin, D'Alembcrt, Napo-
leon, Ney, etc. His heads of young girls are highly
successful in the expression of modesty and innocence.
Houdon was a member of the Institute. His personal
character was amiable and estimable. Died in iSaS.
Sh " Noavetle Biognphit G^n^rals."
Hondry, oo'dRc',* (Vincent,) a French Jesnit, bom
at Tours in 1631, was employed as preacher in the chief
cities of France. He published sermons and a compila-

ititled " Bibliothtque des Fr^dicateurs," (13 vols.,

fjw.) Died in 1729.

lel, Aoo'il',* (Jean Pierre Louis Laurent,) ■

•T1i«ai*MThai»Doni>*atioB is Fim
wiib imn fneiihT Ihin tbal rapedlof th
lii* ban Pr«Bcli uihoTiiiea i£ser te nci

U Iht hiiliil * of m

i:giarii;gaa/;o,H,K,{uituraJ;v,Haiar;K,lnUfJ:t

If,- thasinAlu'. (|^>.<!eeEiplanationi,pLii.)
Digitized ayCjOOQiC

French landicape-piinter and engnver, bom at Rnwn
io 1735. In a journey thiough ItSy, Sidly, etc, he col-
lected maleriall for an intereslinK worl^ enticed " A
IHctnruqae Tour through Sidly, Malta, and the IJP*ri
Ialand>,''(4 vols., 1781-^7, with 164 engra*ingi.) Died
in 1S13.

Hoagh,hil( (Fkaxklin Benjamin,) M.D.,*n Aineci-
e»n author, bom at Martinsburg, New Yoik, July w,
1833. He graduated in am it Union College in 1843,
in medicine at the Cleveland Medical College in 1S48,
wai anperintendent of the New York Slate census in
1S55 and 1S65, was a surgeon in the Federal anny, 1E63-
63, and in 1S76 wM appointed to carry on foteatiy invcs-
tigationifottbe United States goTcrnment. He It author
*nd editor of many bookt and pamphlets on local, colO'
nial, and Revolutionary history and biography, of leveral
guide-books, and published the" New York State Gaiet-
teer," (1872,) besides several volume* and teporti on
meleotology and on vital statistics. He wrote also " Ele-
menta of Foteslrv," (iSSj.l etc. Died June 11, 1885.

Hough, hfif, (John,) D.D., an English scholar, bon
in Middlesex in 1651, was elected president of Magda-
lene College, Oxford, in 1687, in opposition to the illegal
dictation of James II, The king then aent 1 mandate
to the Pellowa to elect Parker, a Catholic In this
contest Hough firmly maintained his rights and those iJ
the college, and the king's agents broke open the door
In order Co p'ace Parker in the president's chair. In
16SS Hough was reitistated, and in 1690 was made
Bishop of Oxford. Translated to the see of Lichfield
and Coventry in 1699, he reliised the Archbishopric ot
Canterbury in 1715, and became Bishop of Worcester
It for piety and learning. Died

D Hotfcx-

Cantetbury 11
Jni7i7. fie
in 1743.

Houghtoii, Lord. See MlLNBS, (Ric.
TON.)

Houghton, hCt^n, Majok, an English traTeller, who
was sent by the African Company to explore the source
of the Niger. He started in 1790, asceivded the Gambia
many hundred miles, and afterwards proceeded by land.
It is supposed that he died near Jarra, in 1791 ; but his
papers were never recovered.

Hoolakoa or HonUgoiL See HooUtKOO.

HonllArea, dc*. See DiSHovuiais.

Hotillier, 4ool'^', [Lat. Houjt'Kius,] (Jacqijss,)
an eminent French pbysidan, bom at Etampes, obtained
a large practice in Paris, and was chosen Dean of the
Faculty in I $46. He wrote able commentaries on Hip-
pocrates, (1579.) «nd other works. Died in 1561.

HouiOByotm or Hottmaloou. See HooitlyooM,

HouBeman, (C.) See Huvsman.

HouBO'tnati. (Laurenck,) an English author and
artist, bom July iS, 1S67. He has published "A
Farm in Fairyland," (1894,) " Green Arras," (1896,)
"The Field of Clover," (1898,) etc., and illustrated
many works.

HouaaBjre. See Auklot db la Houssavl

HooBBaya, lioo's}', (ABskHi,) a snccessfiil French
tioiratettr and poet, bom near Laon in 1815, He pro-
duced "La Couronne des Bluets," (1836,) and man*
other novels. His "History of Flemish and Dutch
Painting" (1846) was received with Eavour. In 1844 he
pablished a ''Gallery of Ponraiia of the Eighteenth
Century," also published other works on art and several
volumes of poons. Died in 1896.

Honsoayo, (Henry,) a French historian, bom at
Paris in 1848. At the age of oineteen he produced a
work on C^eek art, " History of Apelles.*' He also
wrote worlis on "Men and Ideas," "Histccj of Ald-
biades," and other topics, and ■ brilliant histoikal
work, '■ The Decline and Fall of Napoleon I. ," which
has been widely traDslated and brought him membership
in the French Academy.

R<u«tiM Ail tub
tbi iDlnidiiniiB.

HOVEL

of the inventors of the Thomson- Houston system of
arc lighting, and was long connected with the Central
High School of Philadelphia ; was also professor of
physics at the Franklin Institute. He has published
an electrical dictionary, and works on pbyucal geog-
raphy, elements of physics, etc. Died March I, 1914.

Hooaton. (George Smith,) an American Demo-
cratic politician, bom in Tennessee in 1811. He
studied law, which he practised at Htmtsville, Alabama,
and was elected a member of Congret* in 1841. He
was chairman of the committee of ways and means In
the lower House, l8si-SS- Died December 31, 1879.

Honaton, ha'stqn, (Sam*) an American general,
born near Lexington, Virginia, in 1M3, was taken to
Tennessee in his childhood. He studied law, which he
practised at Nashville, was elected a member of Congress
in 1813, and Governor of Tennessee in 1S17. In 1S39
he resigned his office, and, renoundng dviliied society,

fiassed several years with the Cherokee Indians, who
ived west of Arkansas. About the end of 1831 be
emigrated to Texas, where he took an active part m the
ensuing revolt against the Mexican government. Having
been (£osen commander-in-chief ot the Texan army, he
defeated and captured Santa Anna at San Jadnlo, April
11, 183& He was elected President of Texas in July,
1836, and re-elected for a term of three years in i8ai.
After the annexation of Texas to the Union, (184S.) ne
was chosen a United States Senator, and at tbe end of
his term in 1853 was elected for a second term. Ha .
made an able speech against the Kansas-Nebraska bill
in March, 1854, about which time be joined the Ameri-
can (Know-Nothing) party. He was chosen Governot
of Texas in 1859. On the breaking out of the dvil war
he favoured the Union, but was overborne by a large
nujority of the people. Died July s6, 1863.

Roiu't9ii, (William,) P.R.S., an English surgeon
and naturalist, born about 1695, studied under Boerhaave,
at Leyden, in I7i&-a9, and made there, with Van Swieten,
experiments respecting the respiration of animals. About
■ 731 he made a voyage for sdentific purpoaes to tbe
West Indies, where he died in 1733, after collecting and
descrilung many rare plants. The results of his botanical
labours were published by Sir Joseph Banks.

HoDterUle or HonttevtUe, Aoot'vti', (Ciaddk
Francois,) a French priest of the Oratory, bom in Paris
In 1686. He published, in lyai, "The Troth of the
Christian Religion proved by Facts," which attracted
much attention and hostile criticism. In 1733 he waa
chosen a member of the French Academy. He wa»
elected perpetual secretary of the Academy m 1741, and
died in the same year.

Bontman, hSwt'mln, (Corrblis,] aDntch navigator,
bom at Gouda, was the pioneer or founder of the com-
merce between Holland and the East Indies, hf agent
of a company, be made the first voy^e in 1595, and re-
tumedhome iniS97. In 159S he renewed the enieimise
with two ships, and landed at Acheen, in Sumatra, where
he was arrested with some of his men, and kept a prisoner
several years, until his death. Died about 1605.

HoottaTUl*. See HoirrEViLLX.

Honiraar^ hSw'Mrt, (Jean Baptista,) a Flemish
writer and politidan, born in 1533. He wrote in a
curious mixture of Flemish and Burgundian, vrilh many
Latin words and idioms. His works include sevetM
dramas on classical subject*, and the remariiable didactic
poem "Pegaside* Pleyn," called also "Tbe Palace of
Maidens," which disciissee the varieties of love. IHed
in 1599^

Howo, TKO, vtn ho'vf h, (Aktooh,) a Dutch Ustorias
and Latin poet, born about iSo< ; died in ijfiS.

BOTOdea, huv'den or hdv'd^n, da, {Rooer.) an
English historian, bom at York, lived about i iTO-iaoa
He was professor of theology at Oxford, and nlled re-
sponsible offices at the court of Henry IL He wiote, in
Latin, a " History of England from 731 to 110a,'' which
is commended by Leiand, Seldei^ and othen fci its
fidelity.

Sw Vonvs, "De HuUrid) Lsliak"

Hovel See HBvnjoii

;o ealM bv biaaU

i, e, I, i^ G, ;, JJiV^.' ^ ^ ^ une, lea* pi oloiiged; I, «, 1^ 0, 11, f , j4<*«; «, ^ t g^ tteim; Or, fill, at; net; n&^

njl,ed::,C00^lc

19 HOWARD

Church. Repreienttng Cwliale in Pwliunent. he acted
with the oppoaition dorinff the minutries of Lord North
and Lord Shelbunie. At the death of hii hthei, in 1786,
at became Duke of Norfolk. Aa a member of the
House of Lordi, he opposed the measures of FItt Died
id 181 S-

wrote several nnaacceasfal dramas, and "The Brltilh
Princes ; a Heroic Poem," in whidi occur these liiwft
often qaoted in tidicole :

Pope^ In the " I>iindad," allades tc

"And hi,
WHhfoi

HOVENDEN 13

HoVaa-dfn, (Tbomas,) an artist bom at Donmaa-
mv]. conntT of Cork, Ireland, December 10, iSia He
•toiSed art in the Cork School of Design and b the
Hew York National Academy. In iSSi be was elected
» associate, and in iSSa a full member of the National
AcadetBv. He resided near Philadelphia. Amonfrliis
best works are " In Hoc Signo Vinccs," (1880,) " Elaine,"
(1882,) " A Breton Interior," and "The Last Moments of
jolin Brown," (1884.) Accidentallj killed Aug. 14, 1895.

Howey, hftye, (Alvah,) an American dlTine and
author, born in Chenango coanty, New York, aboat iSia
He graduated at Dartmouth in 1843, and about 1850 be-
came a professor in the Baptist Theological Seminarj
at Newton, and president of the same in 186S.

HoToy, (Alvah P.,) an American statesman and lol-
dier, entered the military service from Indiana in 1861,
became a brigadier-general in 1S63, and commanded a
division at Champion's Hilt, May 16, 1863. He was
minister to Pern from 1865 to 1870, and governor of
Indiana from 188S till his death, November 13, 1891.

Hovey. (RiCHAUD,) an Ainerican poet, bom al
Normal, Illinois, May 4, 1864. He became a jour-
nalist, actor, and dramatist, and wrote " Launcelot
and Goenevere," a dramatic poem, "Along the
Trafls," ■' Songs from Vagabonds," (with Bliss Car-
man^ etc. Died February 26, 1900.

H&w, (William,) U.D., bom in London in 1619,
became a captain in the royal army in the civil war, and
afterwards practised mcdidne in his native city. He
is said to have been the author of the first English Flora,
r* Phytologia Britannica," 1650.) which contains twelve
hundred and twenty plants. Died In i6<|6.

HSir'frd, the name of an ancient and noble famtly
of England, the head of which is the Duke of Norfolk
and the premier peer of Great Britain. The Earls of
Carlisle and Suffolk also belong to the Howard family,

Hovrard, (Anne,) daughter of Charies, Earl of Car-
lisle, was married to Richard, Viscount Irwin. She wrote
a "Poetical Essay on Pope's Characters of Women,"
and other poems. Died in 176a

HSw'fTd, (Blanchb W1LI.IS,) an American aathor-
ess, t>om at Bangor, Maine, luly ai, 1847. In 1875 she
removed to Geiinany, and edited a magaiine in English
at Stuttgart. Her principal works are the novels " One
Somuer," (1875,) " One Year Abroad," " Aunt Serena,"
and "Ganui." (i8S^) all of which were remarkably
SBCcessfnl. She married Baron von TeufTet in 1S90.
Died October 7, 1898.

Hoirard, (Bronson,) an American dramatist,
bom at Detroit, Michigan, October 7, 1842. He wrote
a considerable number of plays, the best known being
"Saraloga," "Young Mrs. Winthtop," "Shenan-
doah," " The Banker's Daughter," etc. D. 1908.

HcnrsFd, (CHAU.IS.) Lord Efflngham, or Lord
Howard of Emnghani, an Enslish admiral, born in 1(36,
was the son of Wiiliaoi, Lord Effingham, and grandson
of Tbomas Howard, second Duke of Norfolk. After
important dvil and military services, he was appointed
■I >5^ lord high admiral by Queen Elizabeth, and snc-
oeSMiny opposed the Invincible Armada in 1588. In
1^ he was assodiled with the Earl of Essex in the
nctorkia* expedition against Cadiz, and was rewarded
with tbe title of Earl of Kottingham. About three veais
later, when another Spanish invasion was expected, the
Kde command of the army and navy for a short time was
ooounitted tohim.vrith the title of lieutenant-general of
Ei^land. He retained his honours and offices under
Jame* L Died in 1624.

Sec Cahtbill. " Mrta of Brilkli Adoinl* ;" J. Baiiow. " If b-
anin ut ^ Mml Wonbiei a(Q«« EUnbeth'a Reifn," i&u,

Hoivud, (Chaklu,) tenth Duke of Norfolk, (pre-
viooaly Hon. Charlbs Howard, of Greystock Castle,
Cainberlwid,) succeeded to the dukedom in 1777. He
published " Thoughts, Essav*, and Maxirns, chiefly Re-
KKiona and Politiol," (1768,} and "Historical Anecdotes
sf some 0/ the Howard Family." Died in 17861

Bovrard, (Cmarlbs,) eleventh Duke of Norfolk, an
English nobleman, bom in 1746, was the son of the tenth
Onke, In 1780, being then styled the Earl of Surrey,
te cxrliuiged the Catholic fiuth for that of the Anglican
«m1; fas/; B4iin/;£as/;a,H,z,j)(Mvni/;N,fidiii;;&,/ruW; lass; thasii)i»u. (gySeeEjipl*nalioDs,p.93.)

Ho'urard, (Edwaiid,) a popular English novelist was
a lieutenant in the royal navy. He published "The
Old Commodore," (1837,) "Ratlin the Reefer," (1838,)
" Outward- Bound," etc Died in 1843.

Howard, (Edward,) an English cardinal, bom at
Nottineham, Februarv 13, 1839, a Cadet of the family of
the dukes of Norfolk. He became an officer of the
lite-Guards, but when twenty-six years old took orders
at Rome, and became personally attached to the house-
hold of Pius IX. In 1S71 he was consecrated Arch-
bishop of Neocaesarea and coadjutor Co the Cardinal-
Bishop of Frascati, acd in 1S77 was oeated a cardinal-
priest. He was also protector of the English College
at Rome, and in 1S81 became arch-priest of Saint Peter^
and prefect of Che congregation having care of the fabric
of that basilica. Died September 16, 1891.

Howard, ( Frank, ) an able English designer and
— ;.. . ^f Henry Howard the painter. "-

"Sdence of Drawing," (1840.) Died in

Howard, (Frkdbrick,) fifth Earl of Carlisle, an
English poet and statesman, bom in 174S. In 1778
he was one of Che commissioners sent to persuade the
people of Che United States Co submit to the British
rule. He peblished a volume of Poems, and several
tragedies, one of which, called "The Father's Re-
venge," was commended by Dr. Johnson. Died in
i8as-

Howard, (Gkofgb EoitUND,) a British poet and
architect, was educated at Trinity College, DnbliiL He
published in 1783 several volumes of miscellaneous
works, the most important of which treat on the ex-
diegner, revenue, and trade of Ireland. Died in 1786.

Howaid. [Georgi Wiu-iak Frederick.) Earl of
Carlisle and Viscount Morpeth, a statesman and author,
bom in 1S02, was a grandson of Frederick, fifth Earl
of Carlisle. He was styled Lord Morpeth before the
death of his father, which occurred about 1848. Under
the Whig ministry which was dissolved in 1841 he was
secretary for Ireland. In 1854 he published a "Diary
in Turkish and Greek Waters," which is a work of
merit. He was lord-lieu CenanC of Ireland about three
years, (1S55-5S,) and was reappointed to that ofBce
by Palmerslon in June, 1859. He had the reputation
of a liberal sCalesman and benevolenC man. Died in
1864.

Howsird, (HiNRV,) Earl of Surrey, a celebrated
English poet, bom about 1516, vras the son of Thomas,
third Duke of Norfolk, and of Elizabeth Stafford. Ife
excelled in the accomplishments of a scholar, conrticr,
and soldier, and cultivated aa well as patroniied the
fine arts. About 1535 he married Lady Frances Vere.
In 1544 he accompanied Henry VIIL in his invasion of
France, was made a field-marshal, and was appointed
governor of Boulogne after it was captured by the
English. Soon after this he became the olnect i^ the
king's suspidoiL He was recalled in IJ46, arrested
wi^ his bther, condemned, and executed in 1547. He
left two sons and three daughters. (With respe« Co
Surrey's guilt or innocence, see Froude's " History of

db,Google

HOWARD 13

■Kwt. He did mach to improre the ityle of veraifiealion.
One of his prindpil protluctianB ia a tranilatian into
bUnk verse of the second book of the " *neid," which
il admired for iti fidelity and poetic diction. He ajto
wrote nnmerooa sonnet* and songs. There is sonu
doubt of the reality of his romanltc passion for Geral-
dine, who is the sohject of his moat admired eSiisions.
She was a child of thirteen, named Ladv Elizabeth Fiti-

ferald, who afterwards became the wife of the Earl of
incoliL

S« Kaiiau, " IntrodnOiaB to tbi Ulmton of Eunu;
waktdii. " HiBton of Eo^iiti FoeiTT ;" Jokiooh ud CKAum
'LivMOftlnEiicUdi Foau;" "EdinbiuiliRsnc«,"ToL iliL

Howard, (Hbhky,) Earl of Northamplon, lecon.
•on of the preceding, was bom at Norfolk about 1539.
He was a peraon of mudi learning, but of bad prindplns.
He became a privy conndlloi' al the accession of James
L, who made him Earl of Northampton. In iteS be
WIS appointed lord privy teal. He was auspecled of
complicity in the murder of Sir Thomaa Overbury, and
in the disgraceful conduct of his relative, the Cou ' "
of Essex. Died in 1614.

Sa Gardihu's " HiMurr ef Bnclud frao i6as te iti^" tcI
L chip. ii. pp. 6j and (4 ; iil», chafB. i. ind liL

Howard, (Hinrv,) bom in 1757, was the so
Philip Howard of Corby Castle, Ejigland, and a __
•cendant of the noble Earl of Surrey. He published
" Indication of Memorials, etc of the Howard Family,"
<l8u,) >nd other works. Died in 1843.

Howard, (Henbv,) an Et^ish painter, bom in 1769,
entered the Royal Academy as a student in 17SS. In
1790 he won two of the highest premiums, — a gold
medal for the best historical painting, and a silver imdal
for the best drawing from life. After a visit to Rome
he was chosen a member of the Royal Academy in 1S08,
■nd secretary of that body in 181 1. Hia bvoutite sub-
jects are classical and poetical, and are treated with
elegant taste. Among hu best works are "The Birth
of Venus," "The Solar System," "The Girding Hours,"
and "The Story of Pandora." Died in 1S47.

Howard, (Sir John,) was a son of Sir Robert Howard
and Margaret, a daughter a( Thomas Mowbray, Duke
of Norfolk. He was a partisan of the house of York
during the wars of the Roses. He was created Doke
of Norfolk in 1483, and was killed with Richard IIL at
Bos worth in 1485.

Howard, (JoUN,) F.R.S., acelebrated English philan-
thropist, bom at Hackney, near London, in 17SO, He
was the son of a London tradesman, who died in his
minority and left him an independent fortune^ Having
made a tour on the continent, he tetumcd borne and
took lodgings with a widow named Isidore, by whom be
was kindly nursed when his health required such atten-
tion, and whom he married out of mere gratitude in 175X,
although she was more than twenty years his senior.
After their marriage she Hved only three or four years.
In I7j6 he embarked for Lisbon, in the desire to relieve
the miseries caused by the great earthquake of 175s, but
during the passage was taken by a French privateer, and
detained in prison long enough to eidte his tasting sym-
pathy with prisoners and to impress him with the neces-
sity of a reform in their treatment. AHer he was re-
leased he returned home, and married in 17118 Henrietta
Leeds, with whom he lived happily at Cardington until
her death in 1765. He had by this marriage one son,
whose vicious habits produced first disease and then
Incurable insanity. Having been appointed sheriff of
the county of Bedford in 177^, he witnessed with pain
the abuses and cruelties to which prisonera were usually
sabiected. After visiting most of the county jails of Eng.
land, and collecting much information respecting them,
he induced the House of Commons in 1774 to begin a
reform in prison discipline, to which his life thenceforth
was constantly, heroically, and successfully devoted. In
1777 he published a valuable volume on "The State of
the Prisons in England," etc. From 1778 until his death
he was almost continually employed in traversing all
parts of Europe, visiting prisons and hospitals, relieving
the sick, and, as Burke expresses it, "taking the gauge
and dimcnsloiu of misery, depression, and contempt."
He died of lever in 179c, at Cnerson, on the Bladi Sea.

to HOWARD

His habitq were simple, temperate, and self-denyfiiK.
Having been educated among Protestant dissenter*, ca

continued in their fellowship through life.

SM"LifeofHowMd."b)rW. HinHM™Di«>w.i»49: anotliM
LilE. by JohhFiild. lajoi AiiEiH,"Uft<if JohBH(nnrd,"i7«*:
J. aBi>o«H, "UeiiKiiFtaribeUt«oriohnBowud.*'iSiR; " K>-
cydopKtii BTTtaonica;" " Blackwood'i HucaiiiM" for Jinua/y, il$&

Hfiw'^rd, (John Eager,) an officer, bom in Bait!
more county, Maryland, in 1751. He commanded a regi-
ment which distinguished itself by its brilliant bayonet-
charge al Cowpens, January, 17S1, and its gallantry al
Guilford Court- House, Marcti, I78i,and Eutaw SpringE
In Septemt)erof that year. He was choaen Governor OF
Maryland in 1 7S8, and was a United Sutes Senator fron*
1796101803. DiediniSa?.

S« " Nadonil Poflnil-GallErT of Dutinfuilicd Amakaal.

Hoirard, ILuiCi,) an English meteorologist, bom
about 1770, poblishcd an "Essayon Clouds," (1802,) and
other works on meteorol<%y. Died in 1S64.

Howard, (Olivbk Otjs,) an American general, bora
at Leeds, Kennebec county, Maine, in November, 1830.
He was educated at Bowdoin College and at the Military

of the Third Maine Volunteers in May, 1S61. Hecom-
manded a brigade at Bull Run, July 11, and obtained the
rank of brigadier-general in September, 1861. At the
battle of Fair Oaks, May 31, 1863, he lost his right arm.
He commanded a division at the battle of Antietam,
September 17, and at Fredericksburg, December, 1863,
In November, 1863, he was appointed a major-general
of volunteers, and in April, 1863, obtained command of
the eleventh army corps, which he led at Chancellon-
ville, and at Gettjvburg, July 3 and 7, 1863. He served
with distinction at the battle of Missionary Ridge and
Chattanoo^ November 25, 1863. In his report of this
campaign General Sherman commends him as^'eihiUt-
ing the highest and most chivalrous traits of the soldier."
General Howard commanded the fourth corps of the
army which, under Greneral Sherman, fought Its way
from Chattanooga to Atlanta, May-September, ~"'

Atlanta. In the memorable march of Sherman's
army from Atlanta to the sea, Howard led the right
wmg. From i36; to 1S73 he was chief of the Freed*
mecTs Bureau. He commanded the Department of the
Columbia, 1874-S0, was superintendent of the We*(

Howard, (Phiup,) of Corby Cas'.le, England, was a
descendant of the eminent poet the Earl of Surrey, and
fiither of Henry, noticed above. (1757-1S43.) He wrote
the "Scriptural History of the Earth and of Mankind,"
(1797.) Died in iSlo.

Howard, (Sir Robert,) M.P., an English poet, born
In 1616, was a brother of the Hon. Edward Howard,
noticed abov& He was a royalist in the dvil war, and,
alter the restoration, was appointed auditor of the ex-
chequer. His moat successful dramas were "The Com-
mittee" and "The Indian queen," He was the original
hero of "The Rehearsal," in which he is called Bilboa.
"The poetry of the Berkshire Howards," says Macautay,
" was the jest of three generations of satirists." Tu
poet Dryden married Howard's sister. Died in 1698.

SmMacaulav, "Hiitorr DfEiitfiuid,"ToL iiL ctup, i)T.iCi»
UK, " Liv« of the Fho."

Hoirard, (Sakubl,) an English musical composer,
who flourished about 1750, produced several popular
ballads. Died in 1783.

Hovrsrd, (Thomas,) second Duke of Norfolk, and
EarlofSurrey, was a son of John, first Duke. He fought
for Richard III. at Boaworth, where his father was killed,
1 1485. He commanded the English army which gained

great victory over the Scotch at Flodden in 1513, and
iceived the title of Duke of Norfolk for this service,
before which lie was styled Earl of Surrey. He died in
~ J34, aged about seventy, and was succeeded by his son

Howard, (Thomas,) third Duke of Norfblk, ■ son of

l.e,i,B,u,y,/««^,i,i,fi,»a

IS prolonged; i, $, t, 6, vi, f.iAert; f, f, ), Q, otteurt; flTj fill, St; mCt; n&t; gKd; m(

Digitized by VjOOQ I C

ffOWARD

ijai

HOWE

the wecedng, ind an eminent Ei^liih lUtesnun and nn-
tral, was bom abont 1473. ^^ 'S'3 ^' ^"^ choaen high
■doiinl of England, and, in co-oper^on with his bther,
defeated the Scotch at the battle of Flodden. For this
•errice he was made Earl of Surrey, while his father
was made Duke of Norfbllc In 1513 he became lord
high trcaiarer, and in IJ14, at the death of his father,
inberited his titJe, His devotion to the Chnrch of Kome
made him hostile to Anne Boleyn, though she was his
own niece. After Henry VIIL had married Catherine
Howard, the duke, who wai her uncle, had much intlu<
ence in the royal councils, and used it for the persecu-
tion of the Protestants. In 1547 he was urestcd on a
i^xm of treason, and ordered for execution ; but before
the fital day came the kin^ died. Norfolk wa* released
from prison in 1553, and died the next ^ear. Hie son,
the Barl of Surrey, was executed in 1547.

^ Fbovv*, " Huiptj of Ihi Rdjo of Henrr VIIL," partico-
Wf nk. BL and ». : Hdh's lad Lihcakd'i Haunu of Englud.

Hovrard, CThouas,) fourth Duke of Norfolk, was a
pandaon of die preceding. He was the only peer who
at that time possessed the highest title of nobiuty ; and,
as there were no princes of the blood, his rank, t^ether
with his great wealth and abilities, rendered him the first
sabject in England. He is represented as generous,

f rodent, and moderate, and sincerely attached to the
roteslant religion. In 1559 Eliiabcth appointed him
her lieutenant in the northern counties. By aspiring to
become the husband of Mary Queen of Scots, he gave
offence to Eiizabetb, and was committed to the Tower
In 1569. Having been released, he renewed his suit,
recci*ed a promise of marriage from the captive qoeen,
and jained a conspiracy for hei liberatiotL For this he
was coodemned and executed in 157a.

Sec HnR, "HiitiiT* ii<' Entlud i" FiotioB, " Hiitorror Eof-
hnd," vols. ix. Dd I.

Boirwd. (Thomas,) Earl of Arundel, a branch of
the ancient and noble family of Howard, was employed
in fijrciga embassies by Charles L In 1639 he was
appointed commander of an army raised to subdue
the Scotch ; but peace was made t>efore any important
actioQ occurred. He formed an extensive collection of
Gredan antiquities and productions of ancient artists,
parts of which were presented by one of his heirs to the
University of Oxford, ondcr the name of the Arundetian
mufales. His grandson Henry became sixth Duke of
Norfolk. The earl wrote several relations of his em-
bassies and voyage*. Died in 1646.

Hfiiv'dfii. (John Fkahcis Cakadoc,) Baron, a
British general, bom in I76i,wasthe sonof John Cra-
dock. Archbishop of Dublin. He entered the army in
1777. In 1801 he was one of Abercrombie's staC^ and
was engaged in several battles in Egypt He afterwards
ccmman<kd the British army in India, and in Portugal
in iSoS. In 1831 hewas raised to the peeragc,asBaron
Howden. Died in 1S39.

Howden,(JoHN Hobaht Cahadoc,) Baron, an Eng-
Esh diplomatist, a son of the preceding, was bom in 1799.
He served in the army, and gained the rank of major-ecn-
eral. He was ambassador to Madrid in t35a Died 1873.

HOvre, (Albiom P.,) an American general, bom in
Maine in iSm, and graduated at West Point in 1841.
He served with honour in the Mexican and civil wars,
commanding a division at Fredericksburg, (i362,) and
Gettysburg, (1S63.) He was retired in iSSl. Died
January 35, 1897.

EBwa, (Chari.es,) bom in Gloucestershire, England,
in ifi6i, was employed as a diplomatist by James II.
He wrote "Devont Ueditations," of which the poet
Voong says, " A greater demonstration of a sound head
and a riiioere heart I nerer saw." Died in 17^5.

Bo^r^ (Edgar W.,) an American author, born near
Hondngton, Iowa, May 3, 1854. He was bred a printer,
and became a successful journalist of Atchison, Kansas.
His principal works are novels, — " A Story of s Country
Town," (which had great success,) "The Myslcry of
the Locks," " Confession of John Whlilock,"' etc.

Ho'we, <Euas,) an eminent American inventor, bom
It Spencer, Massachusetts, about 1819. White employed
ai a machinist he made many enierimenis for the inven-
tioD of a sewing-machine, and about 1S44 entered into a

partnership with Mr. Georgo Fisher, of Cambrit^e, wha
agreed to give him pecnniaiy assistance on condition of
becoming proprietor of half the patent. In April, 1&45,
he finished a machine, which in essential point* if es-
teemed by competent judge* equal to any that have suc-
ceeded it He obtained a patent in 1846. His inventiot
not meeting in the United States with the success which
he had anticipated, he resolved to visit England. He
resided several years in London in great destitution, and
returned in 1S49. without having succeeded in majung
known the merits of his invention. Meanwhile the sew-
ing-machine had been brought into general notice and
fitTOur, various improvements having been added by Mr.
Singer, with whom, as an infringer of his patent, Ut.
Howe had a law-suit, which was decided in his favour
in 1S54. Soon afler the breaking out of the rebellion in
l36l, Mr. Howe raised and equipped at his own expem*
a regiment, in which be served as a private until ill health
obliged him to resign. Died October 3, 1S67.

Sea the "Kiitan of ths Sewini-Uacbis*," in Iha "Adudi
Monthly" fci Mij, iSA;. by Jams P*rroM.

Hovra, (John,) an eminent English dissenting mte-
ister and author, bom at Loughborough, May 17, 163a
was educated at Cambridge. Soon after he was ordaiiiM
be was appointed domestic chaplain to Cromwell, then
Protector, at whose death he was retained in the (ami
office by Richard Cromwell. After the latter was do
posed, Howe preached at Great Torrington, until he
was ejected lin nonconformity, in 1663. In 167; he be-
came minister of a Puritan congregation in London,
where he continued to labour (except during a few
years of absence) until his death. "

iginality, sublimity, and evangelical spirit Among
his principal works are "The Living Temple," (1674-
1701,) "The Blesaedness of the RiKhteous," "The Re-
deemer'g Tears," (1684,) and "The Vanity of this Mortal
Life." Robert Hall said, " I have learned more from
John Howe than from any other author I ever read."
"Nothing in the language," aaya William fay, "can
eqnil, as a whole, Howe'* 'Living Temple.'" He Is

accounted the
Puritan divines
were published

philosophical thinker among the
Died in 1705. His complete works
8 vols., iSio-11.
iHV, " Life of John Howe," 1714 ; M. Rocot,

"Uftof John Howe." 183*; Thomas Tavloil " Uemoii of Joha
Ho«t"i83Ji SahdxlDui™," Life of John Howe," .836: "^Bi»-
mphm Bnwnnio;" Macauuay, "Hiiioir of Engluid," vol iL
aiJirt, vii uid viiL ! F. Southiv. «ni-Je on Horn, in •'Ouulerly
Review" &r October, 1S13. (vol x. :) " Encj-dopirdia Briunnio."

Hoiv«, (John,) M.P., a noted English politician and
versifier, was returned to the Convention Parliament for
Cirencester in 16S9, and was several times re-electetl. '
He was conspicuous in the House for his volubility,
asperity, and audacity of speech, Ilrnng turned Tory,
he became in the reign of Anne a member of the privy
council, and paymaster of the army. He wrote a " Pane-
gyric on William IIL," and several short poems. Died
m 1711.

jf En£laiid,"val ill du^ xlindiLv.
JosiAH,] an English poet and clergyman,
ellow of Trinity College, Oxford, in 1637,
■no preacoed before Charles I. at Oxford in 1G44. He
wrote some epigrammatic verses preliied to the works
of Beaumont and Fletcher. Died m 1701.

Howe, (JUUA Wakd,) an American poeteu, daughter
of Samuel Ward, a banker in New York, was bom in
1819. She was educated with great care, and in 1843
was married to Dr. Sanuei G. Howe, of Boston, with
whom she has twice visited Europe, making on each occa-
sion an extensive tour. Some of her poems possess
merit of a very high order. Among the prindpal are
" Passion-Flowers, published in 1854, and " Words fijr
the Hour." She is the anthor of the deservedly popular
song entitled " Ilaltle Hymo of ihe Republic." She
wrote a number of prose works. Died Nov. 17, >9Io.

Howe, (Mark Antony Da WoLra,) D.D., LL.D.,
an American bishop, bom at Bristol, Rhode Island.
April 5, 1809. He graduated at Brown University io
iSlS, took priest's orders in the Episcopal Church in

«*.- sa

iilMard; t^a ;; o,tl,K,gtiilura/; tt,nasal; K^lr^ed; Isiat; tbaainMj. (g^*See Explanations, p. 13.)

db,Google

tSjSt >"<] in 1874 *■* tonMcnied Btibop of C«ntnl

Biihop Alon

Howa, ( ,. , „ _

•dmlral, bi 11 in 171$, wu ihe iccood ton of Lord
Enunuel Stjopc Howe. He entered the navy about the
age of fburtcen, and obtui.ed the rank of captain about
1747, H« diitingtiiahed himaelf in the Seven Years' war
againit the French. At the death of hii elder brother.
In 17J8, he inhtrited the title of viscount In 1763 and
■764 "he occupied a seat at the board of admiral^, and
in 1770 h« b«caine a reat-adtninl of the blae, ana com-
nanded the Mediterranean Reet From 1776 to 177S he
conunanded on the coast of the United Stales, where he
maintained hii credit b; ikitfiil operationi a^nst the
French fleet nnder D'Estaing. He nas promoted to the
rank of admiral of the blue in 17S3, and in the next
year acted ai fint lord of the admiral^. In 17S8 he was
created Earl Howe On June i, 1704, lie gained a de-
cUve victory over the French fleet, of which he capiurcd
•even ahipt of the line. Died u 1799^ He wu regarded
M the Gist sea^officer of his time.

S« Caufbu, "Li« of Britiih Admkab;" Obotci klAiOH,
"iLifc •if Ridiwd, Sari Hm;" JoKM BAm, "Lifc oT Lord
RldBi^ Hon," 1B3I

B01W, (Dr. Samuil GKIDI.EV,) an eminent American
pbUanlbropitt,born in Boston in iSoi. He graduated
at Brown University In 1831, and entered upon the
Stodj of medidne in his native cit;. In iSu he went to
Greece, and fongbt valiantly in the war of independence
When Eunine threatened (hat country in iSay, he came
W the United Stales and procured larK contributions
of provisions, clothing, and moneT, which he dislriboted
aBaiong the Greek patriots. On his return to his native
dty. In 1831, he cnieied with ardour into a plan for
eatabtithing in that city a school for the blind ; and he
visited Europe, to procure information, teachers, etc
The next year (1833) he opened tlie institution, (Perkint
Iiutitution for the Blind,) of which he liecame the prin-
dpal. His success in the case of Laura Bridgeman, a
deaf blind mule, whom he taught to read from raised
tetters and instructed in religion, morality, etc, attracted
great attention. (See Budciman, Lauka.) Dr. How*
also devoted much attention to the education of idiots,
for whom a school has been established in South Boston.
Betides his other labours, he distinguished himself by
the active part he took in the anti-slavery cause. He is
the suthor of a " Historical Sketch of the Greek Revo-
lution," (l8a8,) a "Reader tor the Blind," and various
casaya and reports on the education of the blind and tha
Idiotic, etc Died January 9, 1876.

Howe, (Sir William,) an English general, was i
younger brother of Admiral Richard Howe, nodced
above. In 1774 he was relumed to Parliament for Not-
tingham, professing to disapprove the policy of the min-
isters in relation to the Americans. In 1775 he wal
appointed commander-in-chief of the army sent to tub-
due the colonies, though deficient in nearly all the quali-
det which constitute a great general Hts constituents
censured him for accepting the command. His lirs
exploit after this promotion wat the battle of Bunker
HUl, (1775,) in <rnich he lost one-third of his men
present in the action. In August, 1776, he gained the
tattle of Long Island and took New York Citv, He
obtained an advantage over the Americans at Brandy-
wine in September, 1777, in consequence of which

PIdladelphia wat occupied by his army. At hit

leqnett, he was recalled in 177^ and wat sncce
by Sir Henry Clinton. Died in 1S14.

S« Baxoioft.." Hiuocy of tba Unitid Snws." taL ii. cbaia.

Howe, (William Bkli. White,) D.D., an American
bishop, bom at Claremont, New Hampshire, March 31,
itoj. He graduated at the University of Vermont in
lgA4, took orders in the Episcopal Church, held rector-
tliipt la and near Charleston, 5.C., and in 1871 was con.
•ecratcd Bishop of South Carolina. Died Nov. 9$, 1894-

Haw's! THE Good, or H^wel Ddj^ a Cambrian
prince of the tenth century, noted at a legislator, suc-
Keded his hther Cadell as KinK of Wales. Alter visit-

iroifrrrr

tng Rome about 916, he framed a code of lawa, wbidk
continued in force a long dme. IMed in 948.

HOw'el or BSw'ell, (LAUumci;) a learned En^iab
nonjuring divine, graduated at Cambridge in 16SS. He
wrote a "Synopsis of the Canons of the Latin Churcb,"
and other works on theology. For his pamphlet on the
" Schism in the Chnrch <rf England" he was convicted
of tedidon in 1716, and confined in Newgate until hit
death, in 172a.

Hl^w'SU, (jAKBt.) a Britisb author, bom in Carmar-
Ihenshire about 1595. Soon after leaving college he went
to London, and, as agent of a glass-manafactory, made a
tour on the continent.whete he learned several language*.
He was returned to Parliament in 1617, and eietclsed
his versatile talents in several civil offices until 164], when
as imprisoned, for reasons not positively known.
'as released about 1649, and at Ibe restoration be-
came historiographer-roinl, being the first who had that
honour. He wrote "Dodona't Grove, or the Vocal
Forest," a poem, (1640,) and variotts prose works. Hi*
" Familiar Letters" (1645) are very entertaining, and
passed tnrough ten editions before 1 75a Died in iH&

S« " Biopiphia BtituBks."

Bow«II, (John Adams,) an American admiral,
born at New York, March 16, 1S40. He graduated
at the naval academy in iSjS, and served in ibe civil
war and the war with Spain, being promoted rear-
admiral in 189S. Commanded the patrol squadron in
the latter war.

HSw'all, (ROBKRT BovTl Ceawford,) D.D., an
American Baptist clergyman, bom in Wayne county.
North Carolina, March 10, iSoi, graduated at Colum-
bian College in 1836, was ordained in 1827, and held
pastorships in Norfolk, Richmond, and Nashville, where
aedied, April 5, 1868. His principal works were "Terms
of Christian Communion," (1854,) "The Deaconahip,"
"The Way of Salvation," "EviU of Infent Baptjam,"
"The Cross," (1854,) "The Covenants," (iSsCJ and
"The Early Baptists of Virginia," (1857.)

HowBll, (WiLLiAii,) an English writer, of whose lih
little is known. He was at one time chancellor of the
diocese of Lincoln. He wrote a " History of the World
from the Earliest Times to the Ruin of the Roman Em-
pire," a work of some merit. Died in 1683.

HSw'bM, (Wiluam Dkan,) a distinguished Ameri-
can author, bom at Martin's Ferry, Ohio, March 1,
1837. He learned the printer's trade, and became a
journalist at Columbus, Ohio. He was United States
consul at Venice, 1861-65, ^i"^ edited the "Atlantic
Monthly," 1866-Sl. His works include "Poems by
Two Friends," (by himself and John J. Piatt,) " Vene-
Han Life," (1866,) " No Love Lost," {poem, 1863,)
"Their Wedding Journey," (1873,) "The Lady of
the Aroostook," (1878, ) " The Rise of Silas Lapham,"
(188s,) " A Hazard of New Fortunes," (1889,) "The
Landlord of Lion's Head," (1897,) etc. He has
produced several plays and a number of amusing
dialogue stories. Mr. Howells's style is one of great
refinement, and many of his characters are drawn
with remarkable clearness and effect.

Howlok, Loux See Garv, Eau. or.

H&wl-«9n, (RoBWtT Rmd,) an American anihor
bora at Fredericksburg, Virginia, June 31, 1810. In
1841 he was admitted to the bar, and in 1844 was ordained
to the Presbyterian ministiy. His principal published
works are " HUloty of Virginia," (3 vols., 1846-48,)
Lives of Generals Morgan, Marion, and Gates, and
" God and Creation," (l8g3.>

Hfiw'ltt, (Anna Mart,) an artist and writer, a
daughter of William and Mary Howitt, was born about
1830. She produced a work of merit called "Ihe Art-
Studenl in Munich," (3 vols., 1853,) and also wi

Alaric Watts. Died in 18B4-

Bowltt (Mabv,) a popular English authoreat and
moralist, daughter of Samuel Botham, of Uttoxeter, wsa
born March It, 1799. She was educated as a member
of the Society of Friends, and wat married to Williaia

a. fl, J. ;<»w,A *. 4. •»■"<. 'e» proionj^ii ^ i^ 1. 5. ^ f .'*»*;*. ft i- * '**™"'' '^f- *^ *':■"•';"*''; B*^; "'*'*"•

dbyGoogle

^■o^ and other Poems," (iSaj.) "The Book of the
SoMMW," (1831,) and " Tht literatnTe and Romana ol
Ngrthon Europe," (185a,) the moat complete work on
that (object in Ei^ish. Uar; Howht a sole aathor
rf nnmeroM iastncUTe hooka, among which are " Hope
an, Hope erer," (3d edition, 1S441) "Hjmuia and Fire-
Bck Venea," (1839,) "Sowing and Reaping," (1840,)
and •■ Sketthea al Natural HiMcwr," (8th editiop, 18^1 >
She translated nanj works of nederika Bremer, a
sereia] stonei of Hans ChiiBtlan Andersen. Died
Kane, Jaooaiy 30, 1SS8.

Barwltt, fRiCHAKD,) a poet and phjaidin, a brother
of William Howitt He published in iSso^Antediluvian
Sketches, and other Poetns," which was noticed favour-
aUy by the reriewets. "lUchard too," says Professor
WiboD, "has a tnte poetical feeling and no small poeli-
cJ power." He settled in Melbourne, Australia, and
■rote " Impressions of Australia FeHi," (1845.)

Bo^^tt, (William.) an eminent English author, bom
at Heaoor, in Derb^hire, in 179a, was educated aa a
■rember of the Sodety of Friend*. His first published
work was "The Forest Minstrel, and other Poems,"
tiSn.) parti; written by his wife. Their other joint
Drodoctiona hiTe been noticed in Che article on Marv
HowoT. He wrote a" Hiilot; of Priestcraft," (1834,)
which waa Tery socceasful, and often reprinted, " Rural
Lifc al Ei^land," (1S37,) and "Coloniiation and Chris-
-'--^^.■^ (ig^) In 1S40 WillUm and Mary Howitt

Indelberg, where they passed several yeara.
and Domestic Ufe in German "
received with fktoat both by the English

Hia "Rmral and Domestk

He pabliahed " Home* and Haunts of the Most

the German, aod edited "Hewitt's Toumal" (weekly)
for abmt three years, (1847-49.) He deacnbed his
adwentiires and labouts m Atulralia (whets he passed
aboan two yeaia) in hi* "Land, Labour, and Gold." i*
ToU., 1855.) He wrote other works of importance.
Died March 3, 1879.

HQwOfiid, (Altrkd C) an Amerion arlMt, borti at
Walpolc, New Hampshire, Febroary la, 1838. He
■■died at Dosscldotf and I^ris, and in 1883 waa chosen
a Kational Academician. Among hia prindpal paintings
mt " Driving a Bainin," " Moncuy Homing," " They're
Comii^*' " A Pot-Boiler," etc.

dcToted himself to literature and politics, his works
including a voluminous " History of the Mongols,"
a " History of Chinghiz Khan and his Ancestors,"
"The Mammoth and the Flood," " The Glacial Night-
mare and the Flood," and numerous memoirs on
similar subjects.

HowBOn, (John Sadl,) an English dfvine, bortt in
1816. He published, with W. J. Conybeare, "The Ufe
aod EjMatlea of Saint Paul," (I vols., lE^o-ja,) and I*
aathor of other worka, chiefly religioa*. Ui 1867 he was
appointed Dean of Cheater. Died December 15, 1BS5.

HBror, bd'nr, (Andkbai^) a Danish historian and
jviM, ben at Karlam, pnbliahed a "Life of Frederick
iVf" (173*>) "^ other worka. Died in 1739,

Hoyar, ho'yfr, (Johahn GormuiD,) a CSerman
■olitarT officer and writer, bom at Dresden in 1767,
pehlished » "Dictionary of Artjllery." Died in 1846.

HoT'fr, [Ft. pros, hwfyl',] (UiCRii^) a Flemish
priest and Lstiiipoct, bom in 1593 ; died in 1650.

HojlakbcMl, (Edmund,) an Englishman, born in 167&
note p<^Dlar treatisea 00 Whiat and other game*.
Pied in 1769-

Hoyt, (CbaeI-BS Hale,) an American playwright,
*ai bom at Concord, New Hampshire, July 26, 1S60.
He became ■ dramatic editor, theatrical manager, and
playwright, his plays, mainly of the variety character,
ndndine "A Tin Soldier," "A Midnight Bell,"
"A MUk-White Flag," "A Trip to Chinatown,"

and various others. Died November ao, 1900.

*Mt: fiat; giarJ; ^Mj; Q,it,K,gtiaiirtt/; ti.iuual; %,friJUJ;laxt;

^3 HUBBARD

Bo7t,(EFAPHRAS,)anhislorical and military writer,
bom at Deerfleld, Massachusetts, in 1765. He pub-
lished "Cavalry Discipline," (1797,) and "Anti-
i^uarian Researches," (1814.) He was a majot-gen-
eral of militia. Died in 1S50.

Hoyt (John Wesley,) educator, was bom in
FraokliD county, Ohio, in 1831. He was manager of
the Wisconsin Slate Agricultural Society 1860-72,
Wisconsin commissioner to the London Exhibition of
i86j, and United States commisaioner to the Paris
Exposition of 1S67 and the Vienna Exposition of
1873. He was Governor of Wyoming 1878-82, and
became president of Wyoming University in 1887.

H04 a« la, di 11 Ath, (Juan,) a Spanish dramatie
poet, born at Madrid about 1^0, wrote an admired
comedy, " EI Castigo de U Miseria." Died after 1689

Hollar, d". See D'Hozier.

HrabBBOS Matima. See Rabanui.

Hrlmfaxl. See N&avL

Hrotsvltha, haots'vee'tl, also written HrosolUu^
HrorwlUu, and Roawltha, a celebrated German
poetess of the tenth century, bom in Lower Saxony, was
educated in the convent of Gandershdm. She wrote LaUa
poems, which are valuable monomenu of the liter
of that time, and aia drama*, (in Latin,) that rank ai
the best productions of the kind in the middle a^e&
Among her poema was one in hexameters, containtnf
the history of Otto L, only half of which is ei '

who, on hia horse Guii&zi, (" Goldmane,") ndled As-
gard, and, having become intoxicated, defied the goda,
and threatened to carry Valhalla to JQtnnheim, (the
" hatxtation of the giants.") He was slain by Thor, who
gave Gullbxi to his own son Jamswu. Some explain
the foregoing myth by supposing Hrungnir (whose name
they derive from ^nwa, to "heap up") to be a lofty
mountain piled up to the aky, thu* appearing to ">"■"•*
heaven itsell Its summit being smitten and rent by the
tishtning, is compared by the Norse poets to the nead
of a nant whose skull Tbor ("thunder") broke with hi*
terriue hammer.

Hryin, hreem, sometimes written Sfmai, in the
Northern mythology, the leader ofthe Froat-^antsJHrlm-
Ihurssr) in the gieal battle again*! the gods at Kagna-
rocL The name is clearly another form iXtTritt, " fto*l,"
and cognate with the Latin raaj^' hoarfrost") and tn*
Sanscrit ktmS, (Gr. ni«i,) "ftoat,'' or "winter."
Hnabaldb See Hubald.

Buarte, 00-aR'ti, (Juan de Dios,) a Spanish phy
sidan and philosopher, bom in Navarre about 153$.
He published aboat 1580 a remarkable book, entitled
"Examen de Ingenio* para las Sdeniias," which was
often reprinted and translated. The English version
was called "Trial of Wits." II contains some new tmtbs,
with many bold paradoxea. Died about i6oa

Huaacu, hwlsTiar, an Inca of Peru, a son of Hoayna
Capac, whom he succeeded in 1535, was defeated in battle
and dethroned by his brother AUhualpa in 153a. (See
Atahi/alpa.)

Hnayiia Gapao, hwi'nA kl-plk', Inca of Peru, aa>
cended the throne in 1493. He extended his dom! '
by conq^es^ and enriched them by the a
Died in ijij.

Hn'bild, written also Hiubalde, Hnobald, and
Eug;bald. [Lat. Hubal'dus,] a Flemish monk of Saint>
Amand, bom about S40 A.D., wrote a treatise on muaiq
and Latin verses in praise of baldness, in which eveij
word begin* with C ; for example,

"' '— "--■— T "-'"'1 "iillli riiaii—"
in 930k

ibbaid, (Elbikt,) author and lecturer, b^n at
Bloomington, Illinois, in 1S59. In 1890 hefoundedthe
Roycroft Press at East Aurora, New York, for making
de luxe editions of the classics. This has grown into
the Roycroft Corporation, employing 800 persons. He
edits the " Philistine Magaiine" and has written "little
Journeys," (15 vols.,) " A Message to Garcia," "No
"nemy hut Himself," etc

Hubbard, iildR', (NioOLU GurrATl,) a French
author, born at Fonrquetix in 1818. He became a law*

haaindiUf; (g^^SeeExplanatioai^p,a3.)

Digitized by VjOOQ I C

far. Hu work* indade a "Coateiapoiaij Historr ot
Spain," " Hislory of Recent Spanish Literature," (1875,)
■ "Life of Saint-Simon," and many reports and papera
on indnstriil queationi and on the condition of the
laljourine-dasKs. Died February 91, 1SS8.

Hab^^d, (WiixiAU,) a historian, bom In England
in l6>l, was ordained miniateT at Ipawich, MoMachuietti,
about 165G. He died in 1704, leaving in manuscript a
"History of New England," which was published by the
Massachusetts Histoncal Society in iSi j.

Bnbe, hoo'bih, (Romuald,) a Polish jurist, born 1
Warsaw in 1803, published " Principles of Penal Law,"

(1830,) and other works. He was appointed councillor
of state at Saint Petersburg in 1S43, after which be was
employed in the compilation of a new penttl mmI dnl
code. Died at Warsaw, August o, iSga

Huber, hoo'bfr, (Fkancis,) a Swis* naturalist, bom al
Geneva in 1750. The taste for nature and the halnt of
observation which he derived from his bther were con-
Gimed by the lectures of Saussure. At the age of fifteen
hi* sight began to fail, and wat before long quite lost
Soon after the occurrence of this privation he married
Udlle. Lull in, and was blessed with domestic hapr' ~"
PuTsning his researches into the economy and bal
bees, by the aid of his servant, he made many interesting
discoveries, and in 1791 published "New Observations on
Beet," which eidted a great sensation. He was chosen
a member of the Academy of Sciences at Paris, and of
other similar institutions. He also wrote a " Memoir on
the Origin of Wax," and a few other treatises. Died in
1830 or 1S31.

taia <h F. Huber," iBji; "MontUf Raricw," id the Api«dii

Hnber, (Jokann,) in artist, bom in Genera in ijta,
was intimate with Voltaire, of whose domestic life he
drew several pictures. He wai noted for skill in cutting
profiles in paper or parchment, and wrote "Observations
on the Flight of Birds of Prey," (1784.) Died in 179a

Hnber, (Johank Jakob,) an eminent Swiss anato-
mist, bom at Bile in 1707, was a pupil of Haller, whom
he a«i»ted in his "Swiss Flora." "

« of the Royal Society of London, and i
member of the Academy of Sciences at Berlin. His
principal work is a "Treatise on the Spinal Marrow,"
(I739-) Died in 177a

Sm KucH DBi Gaum, " AUiemdu Buc^Jopwdit."

Bnb«T, hoo'bfr, (JoHANN Nkpomuk,) a German
divine, born in Munich, August 18, 1S30. He graduated
at Munich in 1S54, and became professor in the Roman
Catholic faculty there in 18^9. He published " Philoso-
phy of the Church rathera," (1859,) which was placed on
the Index, and this &ct led io a rupture with the Church.
In 1871 he became an " Old Catholic" leader. He pub-
lished many philosophical, historical, and theological
works. Died at Munich, March 30, 1879.

Bnber, (JOHANN Rudolf,) an eminent Swiss painter,
born at Bile in 1668, studied several years in Italy. He
worked mostly in his native place. He painted portraits
and history with rapidity and success. On account
of hit brilliant colouring, he wat surnamed thb Swiss
TiNTOiiET, Died in 1748.

Sh Nasui, "AUgimnnti KSnnkc-Leuluia.'

Bnber, Aii'baiR' or hoo'bfr, {Louis Fxhdinand,) a
dittingoished litUraltur, ton of Michael, noticed below,
wat bom in Paris in 1764. In 1794 he married Theresa,
the widow of John George Forster and daughter of the
eminent philologist Heyne. He became in 1798 editor
of the "Allgemeine Zeitun^" at Stuttgart. He wrote
several dramas, and a collection of popular talet- Died
in 1804.

Bub«r, (Marie,) a Swiss authoress and Protestant
theologian, remarkable for her peculiar religious views,
which appear to have been a mixture of rationalism and
mysticism, was born at Geneva in 1695. She wrote, be-
tides other religious and moral works, " Letters on the
Religion essential to Man, as distinguished from that
whicli it Conventional," f««j-j<nw,J (1738,) in which she
Bse* a very subtle dialectic and "The Insane (or Foolish)

World preferred to the Wise," ("U Monde (bl pr^
f<fr^ au Monde sage," 1 volt., 1731^44.) Died at Lfona

Haber, (Michabl,) a German tranelator, bom at
Frontenhausen, in Bavaria, in 1737. He lived many
Tears in Paris, and became professor of French at Leip-
sic in 1 766. He made good French translations of nanj
German worlu, among which were Gessner'a poeuM
and Winckelminn't " History of Ancient Art," (3 volt.,
1781.) Died in 1804.

Sn QuiaAu, " La Fnnct Un^nui."

Buber, (Pbtsr, or Pituti.) son of Frands, noticed

Died ir

Sea "Edinburgh Revin" la July, iBti, and Odabo', iBij.

HnbsT, (Thbbese,) a German novelist, bom at GSt-
tingcn in 1764, was a daughter of C. G. He^e, the
philologist She was married to John George rorster,
an eminent author, in 1784, and to Ludwig F. Hubier
(noticed above) in 1794. Died at Augsburg in 1819.

Huber, (Victor Aim*,) a historian and critic, son of
Louis Ferdinand, noticed above, was bom at Stuttgart
in 1800. He popularized Spanish literature in Germany
by hit " History of the C id" (1829) and his "Sketchea
of Spain," (4 vols., i8iS^5.) For many years he was pro-
fessor at Marburg and Berlin. Died July 19, lS6a

Hnbsr, hilHitT, [Lat Hubb'kus,] (Ulkich,) a Dutch
joriit, bom at DokJcam in 1636. In i66j he was chosen
professor of law at Franeker. He published many able
treatitet on civil law, among which are "De Jure Civi-
tatis,"(i67i,)and"Prxlcctionesad Pandectas," (1686-)
From the former Rousseau derived many of the ideat
or principles of his "Contrat Social" Died in 1694,

Biopiphie G^s^nlc;" Jtlcua.

U. Hubtri," i6m 1 "Non-
"Alltcmtina G«kbn«-

Hubert, iiiTiaift', (Francois,) a French engrarer,
born at Abbeville in 17441 died in 1S09.

Hubert. (Mathieu,) an eloquent French preacher,
born near Mayenne in 1640. He taught belles-lettres in
various colleges, preached in Paris and the provinceti
and died in 1717. His Sermons were published in j
voK (1735-)

Haberns. See HmiB, (Ulbich.)

Htlb'ner, (Euil,) a German philologist, a ton of R.
J. B. Hiibner, was bom at Dusseldorf, July 7. 1834. He
edited many volumes of Ijtin inscriptions, ana in 1863
was made professor of classical philology in the University
of Berlin. He published works on Roman literature, on
Latin grammar, on the " History of Classic Philology,"
(1876,) and on Greek syntax. (1883.)

Hllbnei or Haebner, hBp'n^r, (Johann,) a Gctman
geographer and teacher, bom at or near Zittau in 1668.
His "Questions on Ancient and Modem Gec^raphy"
(1693) was often reprinted. Died in 1731.

Btlbnei, (Karl,) a German genre painter, bom in
Kiini^sberg, June 14, 1814. In 1864 he became professor
of painting at Dusseldorf where he died, December 5,
1879-

Hflbtwr or Hnebnar, (Rudolf Julius Bbnko,) ■
skilful German historical painter, born at Oelt, in SilMia,

. 1S06, was a pupil of Schadow. He settled at Dresden
1839, and became a profctsor in the Academy of Arts

that city in 1841. His works are admired ior grace

'. expression and beautf of coiout. Among his master-
. iecet are "Boaa and Ruth," "Christ and the Evan-
gelists," " The Golden Age," and " Felicity and Sleep."
Died November 7, iB8»,

HObiier, Ton. fon hQp'nfr, (Joskpr Alexandbk,)

1 Austrian diplomatist, bom in Vienna in iSil, wat
ambassador to the French conrt, and signed the treaty

of peace al the Congress of Paris in 1S56. He published
an excellent work on " Sixtus the Fifth," (1871,) and "A
Journey around ihe World," (1873.) Died July 30, 189*.

HUbschorHuebBoh,lilIpsh, {HEiNRiCH,)aGerman
architect, born al Weinheim, Baden, in 1795 ; died 1863

Bno, Alik, (AbW Evabistb RIgis,) a French Catho-
Bc missionary and traveller, bom at Toulouse in 1813.

I,e,T.0,u,y./«if.i,*,4,

e, less prolonged; t,i,'i,ii,^,f,iliiiri;i,^\,i),t6taire;^j,fii\,^;a^;ntV,slX>A;mS6ti,

dbyGoOl^lc

HUCBALD 13

Re Kent to China in 1839, teamed the Chmew Ian-
pwe, ind laboored ai a mladonarjr. About the end
of 1S4S l>« visited LaMa, the capital of Thibet, where he
was permitted to remain onl; a few weeks. Having
retDTned to France in iSsa, he publnhed hisveiTCDrioiis
and amusing "Travels in Taitair, Thibet, and China,"
C Soavenirs d'nn Vowe dans laTartarie," etc., i toU.,
1S52,) which obtuned a wide popalarily, and was trans-
lated into Eneliih b; W. HazUtI, Jr. He afteiwird*
pablished "The Chinese Empire," (s vols., 1854,) and
"CbtiaiianftT b China, Taitan, and l^tibet," [3 toI«.,
1S57.) EKed in iSCcx

HituiM" ^ AJrit

SeeHiraALR

BodL See AriNUS.

Hacbtanbarsb, tui, vtn h&K'tfn-biiRo', written
mbo HnKtenbnrK 0axob,) a skilful Dntch landscape-
paialer, born at Ilaarlein in 1639, waa a pupil of Becg-
Mm. He went in liit joath lo Rome, whcie he worltcd
with SBCceaa until his deatli, in 1669.

HaohtaDbn^h. HagtciiibiirK or Hnohtenbtirs
vsn, (Jan,) an excellent Dutch painter, brother of the
precedinK, was bom at Haarlem in t&46. He studied in
Italf aDaTParii with Van der Meulen, acquired a high
repDtatiiRl for battle-pieces, and was employed by Prince
Eogene to paint those action* in wbidi he and Marl-
borough oommanded. He was also a skilful engraTCr.
Dkd m 1733.

5cBDaKuir*,"Vl*dc»PAin(Flmuiai, HoIUnddi," •!&

Hnd'dart (Joskph,) F.R.S., an English nsTigator
and hjdiogiapher, bom At Allonln in iMi, was for many
fears a captain in the service or the East India Com-
pany. He was a stdiliil nautical lurvejmr, and published
some Taluable charts. Died In 1816.

Hodde^ hEd'dfli, 0an,) Ixim at Amsterdam about
1636, was councillor, treasurer, and bnrgomaater of hb
BatJTe dtj. He was well Tcised in mathematici, on
which he wrote some able treatises. Died in 1701,

S« Uaxnru, " Hbtoin da Uatbtmitlqim''

Hnd'd4a-f9rd, (GsoaCK,) a humoroas English poet,
who lived aboni 1800. He wrote several Dutlesque
poems, which had some auccess, tii., " Topsj-Turvjr,"
(iTito.) "Salmagundi," (1793,) and "Jjaperial Mush-
rooms," (1805.)

Huddacford or Hnd'dfn-fiprd, (Wuxiam,) D.D.,
M English antiqnaij, was principal of Trinity College,
OAaS, and wrote tin Uvea of Leland, Heame, and
AntboayWood. Died in 1772.

BodOlMtoii, hud'dfls-t^n, (Robekt.) a Scottish an-
tiquary, bom in 1 776, published a new edition of Toland't
"History of the Druids," (1814.) Died in i8a6.

Hfid'sfia, (Frsdbkic,) an American journalist, bom
•t Q^ncy, Massachusetts, April 15, 1S19. He was for
orer tbirlj years emplm^d on the " New York Herald,"
and publtahcd ■ useful "History of Journalism in the
United Stales." Died October 21, 1875.

Bttd'B9n, (GioRGi,} an English " railway-king," bom
ia York in March, 1800. He was the great promoter of
raaway construction in England, but Snally lost his im-
■ense (ortune, and died a poor man in London, December
14. 1S71.

Httd'ago, (Hknxy or Hutdrik,) an eminent Engliih

' r, of whcae early life nothing is ImowiL In 1607

— ded a lessel sent by some London merchants

a direct route to India by way of the North

pole or Nortliem Ocean. Having advanced beyond 80°
■orth latitude, he was prevented by the ice bom making
farther progress, and returned. He made several other
nsocctssfnl attempts in that direction. In the service of
tte Dutch East India Company, he discovered in i6o<)
the rrrer of New York wliich tjears his name. He le-
■ewed the enterprise in April, 1610, and discovered and
oplorcd Hudson Bay, in wliich he passed the winter
and mflered much for want of provisions. As he wu
Mtmning in 161 1, his crew mudnied, and, forcing ibe
■^p"'" with eight men into a small boat, abandoned
Oem to tbeir Eite. They were never heard of aiterwards.
A lew of the mutineers returned to Ireland.

So PaArDn-. "Hiitotn rio^nle
'CdKdoa;" "Lifc of UeniT Hvba

Biii0aElij» ToL I. (br R. K. Cuvu.«ini :) '■ HoonOt BkvrVfMi
Hudum" lAA.

Btld'afiii, (Henry Norman,) a
man, bom in Cornwall, Vermont, ii
"Lectures on Shafcspeare," {»
the Works of Shakspeare, (11 vols.) D-. Ja

Hudson, John,) D.D., a learned ^glish critic, bom
in Cumberland in 1663, was for many years a tutor in
Oxford Universit)>, and from 1701 until his death libra-
rian of the Bodleian library. He published excellent
editions of Thucydides, Longinus, Josepbus, "iEsop'a
Fables," etc Died in 1719-

Hndaon, (Thomas,) an English portrait-painter, bom
in Devonshire in iTOi. He was a pupil of RicWdaon,
after whose death he was the most fashionable or suc-
cessftil artist in that line in London until he was sat-
passed \tj his own pupil, Joshua Reynolds, about 1754,
Among his woilcs is a portrait of HandeL Died in 1779,

Bndaou, (Whxiau,) F.R.S., an eminent English bot-
anist, Ixim in Westmoreland in 1730, resided in London
as an apothecary. He was one of the first in Englana
that adopted the Unnsean system, and in 176a published
ao "English Flora," (" Flora AngUca,") which procured
him admission into the Royal Society. Died in 1793,

Haa, Ail, (Francois,) bom at Fontainebleau, France,
in 1757, became a valet to the dauphin. In the reign of
terror he served the royal family at the risk of his life,
and was imprisoned. He wrote " The Last Years of tha
Rdgn and Life of Louis XVL," (1S0&) Died in 1S19.

Haebner. See HUbnkh.

Haebaoh. See HtlBscu.

BusSoi, hiif ftf, (Francis,) a German-English author,
born in 1845. He was educated in London, Paris, Ber-
lin, and Leipaic He published in 1869 a critical edition
of the works of Guillaume de Cabutan ; also, " The
Troubadours, a History," I1S7S,)" Richard Wagner and
the Music of the Future," (1874,) a " Life of Wagner,"
(iSSt,) "Musical Studies," (iSSc^) "Italian and Other
Studies," (1SS3,) etc Died January 19, 1889.

BuegeL See HUobl.

Hnel. .tti'H', (Joseph Nicolas,) a French philoeopher,
bom at Mattainconrt in 1690 1 died in 1769.

Huellmann, See HUu-uahn.

Huerta. See HoRTa

Huftrta. de lo, di It wla'tj, (Vincentb Garcia,) a
popular Spanish poet, bom at Zaira in 1739, was the leader
of the national school of poetry, in opposition to the par-
tisans of the French models. He produced in 177S the
tragedy of "Rachel," ("Raquel,") which was performed
with great applause in Madrid and in Italy. He wrote
other poems, (" Obraa poeticas," a vols., 177S,) and was
the editor of the " Spanish Theatre," (" Teatro EspaBol,")
a selection from the best Spanish dramatists, with notes,
(17 vols., 17SS.) Died in 1797.

Huet, Aii'h', (Francois,) a French author, bom at
Vilteaa, December 36, 1814- He became a professor in
the University of Ghent, and tried to found a sect called
the " Neo-Catholic Church." He published boolts on
" Cartesianism," "The Sodal Reign of Christianity,"
etc. Died at Paris, July 1, 1869-

Hu«t,*li'lt', (Paul,) a French landscape-painter, bom
In Paris in 1804, gained medals of the first class in 184S
and i8ss. Died January 9, 1869.

Huet (PierrbDanuo:,) an eminent French critic and
scholar, bom at Caen in February, 1630, was educated
at Paris. In 1651, in company with Bochart, he visited
of Christina of Sweden, which then offered
:tions lo the learned ; but he soon returned to
Caen,andpassedmanyyeatBinvarious studies. He was
appointed in 1670 sub-preceptor of the dauphin, and was
the principal editor of the well-known series of the Latin
classlca "ad usum Delphini," ("for the use of the dan-
ptiin.") In 1674 he became a member of the French
Academy, and in 1685 Bishop of Avranches. He wrote
numerous able C[iti<^ and religious works, (in Latin and
French.) among which the best-known is his " Demon-
stratio EvangeUca," (1679.) This was for a long time a
standard work on tlie Evidences of Christianity. Died

" dcBMt;"SAiirr.lI«(raici,"<lQM

UeniT HudHD," m lirAaiu'i "Abhiob Sa D'Auuian', "Klofsck HMt;" liAnrr-MAiraiCi, "aiOM
g as/- a, K, K^guOurai; V, nasai; r, triUed; I as s; t h as in UiU. (|^— See Explanations, p. 13.)

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

at t; C as i; i hard;

M D. Hut," i«n; MintT'* AiiuiUocni>tik U
"Cmmnliuiu di Scbw id kd MnmBtniaL"
ialo En^iah b* Joim Aikih, i Tok., iSio;) "«»>——, •.—t
ini : Bkuocu. " Hutofy of PhiloupliT i" AuA Furrrn, " Kludi

nirD«iHiJHii>t,"iSj7: " Nonnll* Biosncdiic Un^nlt i'^ " Quv
Urlj Rsiim" fcr Aucuil, iSio.

Hust da Froberrme, ^U'i' dfh fso'bls'vU',
(CUUDI Jkah Baptiste,) a French writer, born at
Romorantin in 1751 ; died in iSjS.

Hnetta, ^u'Ct% (Louis,) ■ french optidan, bom at
Rennel in 1756; died in 1S05.

HuieUnd, hoo'f;b-llnt', {Christoi>H Wilhilm,) an
excellent German pbyiidaD and medical writer, was
born at Langensalia (Prussian SaionT) in 1761. He
became professor at Jena in 1793, and afterward* phy-
aidan to the King of Prusaia. In 1809 he obtained Ine
cbair of ipedal pathology and therapeutic! at Berlin.
He produced in 1796 a celebrated work on the "Art
of Prolonging Life," (" Makrobiotik, oder die Kunst
dal menichlicne Leben zu verliingem,") often reprinted
and translated. Among his other works are a "STStem
of Practical Medidne," (3 vols., iSo»05,) and " Enchiri-
dion Medicum," (1836; 9th edition, 1851.) Died in 1S3&

Sat F. L. AucuiTiH, "Htileludi Lebcn osd WirkcD flbWu-
•Huchaft, Suii snd Henidibeii," 18371 Stooidja, "UiMnd,
Eai|ui»<lenVi>aldgHUon,''i(».

Hafslanct, (Gottuib,) a Gemuui jarist, bom at Dant-
tic in 1 760, was professor of law at Halle, where he died
iniSiT. He wrote a "Manual of the Law of Nature."

HttmoeeL See Hokfnabqki.

Hug, bS6G, (JoHANN Lbonkakd,) a G«nnan Catholic
theologian, bom at Constance in 1763. HJa "Intro-
dnction to the Books of the New Testament" is hifthlT
esteemed, and has been translated Into French and Ens-
Ibh. Died in 1846.

Bngbald See HitBAtn.

BttEal or Hnegal, von, fon hii'g^, (Kakl Alex-
ander Anselu,) Baron, a German traveller and natu-
ralist, was tiom at Ratisbon in 179^- He performed a
sdentific exploration of Greece, Egypt, India, and other
parts of Asia, about 1331-36, and brought home large
collection* of object* of natural histoi^, coins, etc He

SuUished "Cashmere and the Dominion of the Sikhs,"
I vols., 1841,) "The Basin of Cabool," ("Das Becken
Ton Kabul,'' 1 vola., 1852.) and other works. Died, iS7(k

HugAniUB. See Huvi^ens.

HuEer, u'jee', (BBNjAMm,) an American general, bom
at Charleston, South Carolina, about 1 S06, graduated at
West Point in 1S15. He led a division of the army that
fbnsht against the Union at Fair Oaks, May 31, and at
HalTem Hill, July i, 186*. Died in 1877.

HoRW, (Francis Kinlocx,) an officer, bom in South
Carolina in 1764. He joined Dr. Eric Bollman in an
attempt to release La Fayette from the dungeon of
Olmoti; but thev failed, and were impriaoned. He served
•i a colonel in the war of 1S13. Died in iSSJ.

Hnger, (Isaac;) an unde of the preceding, wa* bom
about 1^42. He served as a brigadier-general in the
Revolntion, and rendered distinguished service at the
sie^ of Savannah and Charleston. In the battle of
Guilford Court-House he commanded the right wing of
the American army. Died October 17, 1797.

HItg'gIni, (Sir William,) an English astronomer,
was bom at London, February 7, 1824. He is dis-
tinguished for his observations and discoveries made
wiu the spectroscope on the sun and stars. In 1876-
78 he was president of the Royal Astronomical So-
ciety, and of the British Association 1891-93.

Hiuji, hil, [Fr. HncUES, ^ilg.J a French prelate, eml
nent for talents and piety, was chosen Archbishop of
Besanfon in 1031. Died m 1066.

Bttgh (Hngnea) I, Duke of Bumindy, was the son
of Henry, and grandson of Duke Robert, whom he suc-
ceeded in 1075. In 10^8 he retired Into a convent, resign-
Inghis dukedom to his brother Eudes. Died in 1093.

Hagb (Bngnes) IL, Duke of Burgundy, nephew of
the preceding, succeeded in ti03 his bther Eudc*, who
went on a nlgrimage to the Holy Land. Died in 1142.

Hugh (Eagaw) rCL, Dnke of Bo^ondy, succeeded
his father, Eudes It,, in 1162. About 1190 he followed
Philip Augustus ol France in a crusade, and when thai

king tamed back, Huguca took command of the French.
He died at Tjre in 1193, and left his dukedom to lu* ami,

Eude* in.

Hn^(H ,

Inherited the atikedom in 1318. __
was succeeded by his son Robert

Hiigl) (HagaoB) V, Duke of Burgundy, son ofRobert
IL, inherited the title in 130S, and died prematurely in
>315< leaving the dukedom to hi* brother, Etule* IV.

Hugh (^igtiM) Di Clunv, (dfh kliiW,) a French
monk, bom at Semur about 1034, became Abbot of Cluny
In IQ4S. He wa* consulted on important question* Uf
several kinra and popes. Died in 1109.

Hugh (Etudes) s'Auiems, (dfrn^^',) a French
prelate and writer, reputed one of the most learned
theologians of his time, was chosen Archbishop of Rouen
m 1130. Died in 1164.

Set " Gallia Ouiiliana," lima S.

Hagh (Bugnea) db Flavioni, (dfh flfvtn'ye',) a
French monk, born in 1065, was chosen Abbot of Fla-
vigny in 10^7. He wrote the "Chronicle of Verdun,''
which contains valuable historical data.

Hti^ (HngnM) pk FleUkv (dfh fluh'reO or DI
Saintb-Makib, (d^ slNt'mf re',) a French monk, who
was eminent for his knowledge. He asserted the divine
right of kin^ in an able treatise " On Royal Power and
Sacerdotal Dignity," and wrote a general History. Died
about iiaj.

Hugh OF Lincoln, (or of Avalon.) Saimt, wa* bora
at Avalon, in Burgundy, about 1 135. He became a prior
of canons regular, but waa so attracted bv the severitiei
of the Grande Chartreuse that he entered that order, in
spite of his oath not to do so. Sent to England, he
founded Wilbam Abbey. In 11S6 he was made Bishop
of Lincoln. Under Henry II., Richard I., and John,
Saint Hugh had great influence in public afiain. He

12 wilt, ardent piety, aj

iudgn: ■

London, November i(

but of excellent judgment and kindly feelings. Died ii

of Italy in 0 , ,„ .

expelled by Berenger in 947, and died the same year.

S« EiisCH uod GaoBa, " Al^iemBna EncjUiqMdie."

Hugh (Haguea) de Saint-Chui, (dfh siN'shaii',)
a learned French monk and cardinal, wa* bom near
Vienne. His most important work wa* a concordance
of the Bible, said to lie the first ever compiled. He
used the Latin in this woric Died in 1363.

Hogb (Huguea) dk Saint-Victor, (dfh sIn'vU'-
Ior',) a monk, l>om neat Ypres, entered the monastery
of Saint-Victor, in Paris, in iiiS. He wrote theological
works wliich had a high reputation. Died in 1140.

Hagh Capet, See Capet.

HtiKh tha Oreat, [Fr. Hugubs le Grand, htig leb
gK6N,j Duke of France and Count of Paris, a powerntl
noble, was the son of Robert, Count of Paris, and tbe
father of Hugh Capet He married a sister of Otho,
King of Germany, uid waged war against Louis d'Outre-
Her. Died in 956.

Hugh the drea^ Count of Vermandoi*, third son
of Henry I., King of France, bom in 1057, wa* noted for
diivalrous courage. He departed in 1096 on a cnwade,
and distinguished himself at the siege of Antioch. He
was killed in battle in 1103.

Sta UiCHADBk " HiRoTT of tba CrTuadn."

Htighea, hOi, (Ball,) a distinguished sculptor, waa
bom in London, January 19. 1804, and won a hjgh repu-
tation there. In 1S39 he removed to NewYoi£ Died
in Boston, March 5, 1868.

Hughes, (CttARLBS Evans,) jurist, bom at Glens
Falls, New York, in 1S61. Graduated at Brown Uni-
versity in 1881, was admitted to the New York bar in
■884, was professor of law at Comell 1S91-93, and lec-
turer at New York Law School 1891-1900, He de-
clined a nomination for mayor of New York in 1905, waa
governor of New York Stale 1907-1910, and in 1910
was appointed assodate justice in the United States
SufM'eme Coott

I. S. ', 4 0, J, '«v; 1, t. ft. same, le** prolonged; i, *, 1, 6, B, J, rforf; », t. f , ft etuitre; fir, fill, Ot; mlt; n6l; gSSdj n

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VICTOR HUGO.

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Digitized by CjOOQ IC

HUGHES

y (David EnWAkD,) u inventor, bom a
London in 1831, and brougtit totlie United StMei in
childhood. He became successively professor of
mnuc and of nataral pbilosopby, and is noUble for
his invention of the printing telegraph, pUented in
1855. In 1S78 he invented the microphone. Another
invention was the induction balance. Died in 1900.

Hngllas, (John,) an English poet and esSByist, bocn
at Marlborough in 1677, was educated in London, where
be mostly reeled, filling sev^ dTil posti. His charac-
ter and talents secured him the friendship of Addison,
Pope, and Coogreve. He contributed numerous well-
written essays to the "Spectator," "Taller," and
"Cnardian," and wrote a tragedy, "The Siege of
Damascus," which was very successful. He made good
translations from Fontcnelle and Vertot, bat
mediocre ability. Died in 1720.

Hogha*, hO^ (John,) in eminent Roman Catholic
prelate, bom in Ireland in 1798. He came lo America
m 1817, and preached several years in Philadelphia. He
became Bishi^ of New York about 1840, and was raised
to the rank ofarchbishop in i8jo. He published seve-
ral aemione and lectures. lie waa a man of great
ability, and was particnlarly diitinguished for hia skiM
hi dialectics. Died in 1S64.

Enslus, (John,) an English writer and artist, was
the &ther of Thomas Hughes, M.P. He published in
iSsi an "Itinerary of Provence and the Rhone," (with
lood etchings by himself,) which was praised by Sir
Walter Scott. He also wrote some poetical pieces.

Hoghoa, (Thomas,) an Enslish author, social econo-
mist, and barrister, bom near Newbary, October 10, 1813.
He wrote " Tom Brown's School. Days at Ruaby," {iSjfc)
"The Scoaring of the While Horse," (1858,) "Tom
Brown at Oiford," (i36i,) " Alfred the Great," (1869.)
-Our Old Chufch— What shall we do with IlT (1873,)
" Rugby," {1881,) " Vacation Rambles," (1895,) etc.
He was appointed a Queen's counsel in 1S69. He
was a warm friend of the working-classes, and was
elected to Parliament by the Liberals in 1865 and
again in t868- In 1S80 he established a colony in
Tennessee, which was named Rugby. Died March
a, 1896.

Huglu*, (Thomas Smart,) an English historian,
graduated at Cambridge as M.A. '- ■"■■ "- '

181 1. He became
., and rector of Hard-
1S32. He wrote, besides other works, a " His-
tory of England from the Accession of George HI. to
the Accession of Victoria, 1760-1837," (7 vols,, l836,)a
continuation of Hume and Smollett Died in 1847.

Hugl, hoo^ee, (Fkane Josiph.) a Swiss naturalist,
bran at Grenchen in 1795- Among his works is ■
-TreatiseiMiGlaciers,''(iS43.) Died March a;, 1855.

Enco, M'go', (Chakus Lottia,) a French monk,
bom at Saint-Mihiel in 1667, became Abb^ of EstivaL
He wrote, besides other worki, a "Life of Saint Nor-
bert," (1707,] and a " History of Hosci," (1709.) Dieif
in 1739-

Hogo, (Fkah^ii Victor,) a son of Victor Marie,
noticed below, was bom in Paiia in iSaS. He prodnced
a venion of Shalapeare's Sonnets, (1857.) Died Decem-
eer 36, 1873.

HtiBO, noo'go, (GlOTAT,) a German jnrist, distln-

Kiahed for hi* profoiind knowledge of Roman law, was
m at Lomch, in Baden, in 1764. He studied at
Gottingen, and became professor of law in that dty in
1793. His principal work, a "Manual of a Course of
Civil Law," consisting of seven volumes, with different
titles, ranks among the itandard productions of modem
jurisprodence. Died at Gfittingen in 1844.

S« H. EmmMiDT, "Zai ZAaerm^ as a Ht^o," i»4j,

Bo'go, (Human,) a learned Jesuit, bom at Bmsiel*

bi 1588, became chaplain to General Spinola. He waa

the author ofa treatbe on the bivention of lettera, " De

a Scribendi Origine," (1617,) and a few other works.

Died in

_ . _. ASBL,) a French litUmitm't brother of
Victor Hobo, was bom about 1T9& Among his works
— "™- ''-'aiioe,''Ovoli., 1833,) and "HilitaiT

Fniice," a history of the French atmlei from 1791 la
1831, (5 vols., 1834.) Died in 1855.

Hugo, (Joseph LAopold Sioisbrrt,] a French gen-
eral and count, bom at Nancy in 1 774. After serving
toseph Bonaparte as marshal of the palace at Naplei,
e fought for him in Spain as geneial of brigade H-on
1809 to 1813, gained several victories, and was raised to
the rank of general of divisioiL Id 1833 lie published
" Memoirs of General Hugo." Died in 1818.

S« JuluNouxt-Fabut. "L<G«ii4n1 J. L.S.HiKa,"lTB,
1I93: ''KqutcIIc Bi<«nph!c G^nblk."

Hago.hii'go', (Victor MARii,)VicoifTB,sceIebrated
French lyric poet and novelist, a son of the preceding,
was born at Bcsancon in iSoz. His mother, Sophie
Trjbu'het, waa a Vendean royalist, with whose polit*
he sympathized in his youth. His Srtt

He received prizes for several royalist odes in 1S18. and
married Mdtle. Foucher in 1813. In the same year he
published the £rst volume of hit "Odes and Ballads,"
which quickly raised him to the first rank among the
French poets of hia time. He produced "Cromwell,"
s drama, (1S37,) and a volume of odes, entitled "Les
Oricntales," (iSaS,) remarkable for richness of imagina-
tion. The literati of France baring ranged themselves
in two hostile schools, styled the Classic and the Ro-
mantic, Victor Hago became the recognized chief of the
latter, formed mostly of young men. Of his dramas,
"Hernani" (first acted in 1830) and "Marion Delorme"
(1831) proved brilliant successes. Among his most suc-
cessfiil and popnlir works are "Notre Dame de Paris,"
a romance, (1831,) " Le Roi s'amuse," a drama, (1S33,)
" Les Mis^rables," a novel, (t86i,) "The Toilers of the
Sea," (1865,) and poems entitled "The Leaves of Au-
tumn," ("Les Peuilles d'Autorane,") which, says a
French critic in the "Nouvelle Biographie Gen^rale,"
" contain beauties of the first rader." He was admitted
Into the French Academy in 1841, and raised to the rank
of a peer in 1845. He gave his cordial adhesion to the
republic of 1848, and was elected to the Constituent As-
sembly by the voters of Paris. He opposed Cavaignac,
and in 1S49 joined the party of advanced democrats, of
whom he became a leader and distinguished orator. For
hii opposition lo the emtf i'Hat of December 3, 1851, he
wasbaoisbed. HeretiredtotheialandofGaemsey, where
be resided until the &1II of the empire, when he returned
lo Eario. In 1S71 he was elected to the National Aa-
scmbly, but soon resigned his seat and went lo Brussels.
He was expelled for his tympathj with the Communiita
there, and again returned to Paris. During his exile he
published several works, among which are " Napoleon
the Little," (1853,) " Les Contemplations," poems, (1856,)

and " L'Homme qui r:

-., (1809,) translated

record of scenes and incidents during the siege of Paris,
(1873,) "Ninety-Three," a romance, (1874.) "The Art
of being a Grandfather," (1877,) "The Pope," (i87fU
"Torquemada," (1881,) etc Died May 33, 1885.

Hn-go-U'nna, (or hoo-go-le'nna,) an Italian jnrkt and
legal writer, bom at Bolc^na; died about 1333.

BugtenboTg. See HUCHTENBURaH.

Bugnea Capet, See Capbt.

HuJJBtia- See HirvGiNS.

BoUSird-BrtiioUM, ii-eOtR' bRi'oI', ^. I. Ai.
PHOHSE,) a French antiquary, bom in Pans In 1817,
published, with M. K Ruelle, a "History of the Uiddl'
Ages," (a vols., 1843.) Died March 33, 1871,

Hnlakn or Hnlakoo. See Hoqukoo.

HnlcU. See Holda.

Hnlderiona. See HuLORICH.

Htildrloh, h3Clf riK, VLtX. Huu>RRl'ars,] (Johanm
Jacob,) a Swiss divine, bom at Zurich in 1683, waa a
professor of law in the university of that town. Ho
pnblished a lew religious works, and "Miscellanea Hgu-
rina," (3 Tola., 1733.) Died in 1731.

Halln or HnlUn, MIIn', (Pikrrr AaaniTiN,) a

■■i,-Caar;|<a/)<-|sa/,-a.B,K.j*a»mi/; N,Mai/; >,iM[/n/; lass; that inr,iu. (J^See Explanations, p. 33.)

Digitized by VjOOQIC

HULL

eMnmand at Pari* when the conipntoi Malet nude hb
duing Bttempt in iSll, ud wu shot in the &cs b]r
Halet He wai buuihed in 1815. Died in 1S41.

Htlll, (Edward,) a geologist, bom in Antrim, Ireland,
tn tSsg, published " Physical Geology and Geography
of Ireland," " Volcanoes, Past and Present," (189a,)
" Our Coal Resources al the Close of the Nineteenth
Century," (1897,) etc.

HQll, (Isaacs) an American commodore, bom tn
Derby, Connecticut, in 1775. He distingDished himtelf
in the war with Tripoli, {t&i4-5,) was promoted to the
rank of captain in 1 806, and at the commencement of the
war of 1813 waa in command of the frigate Constitution.
In July of the »ame^tar, while cruising off New York,
he felt in with a British squadron, which pursued him in
hot chase for three days and nights, but which, by hi*
skill in seamanship, he managed to escape. On Aunut
19 following, he captured, after a close action of thirty
minutes, the British frigate Guerriere, Captain Dacres,
with (he I099 of only fourteen in killed and wounded,
while that of llie Gncrtiere was seventy-nine. This
the first naval action al^er Ihe dcctaralion of war;
in aclcnowledgment of Caplain Mull's distinguished
vices Congress presented bim with a gold medal He
subseouently commanded the United States squadron
in the PadBc and in the Mediterranean. Died in Phila-
delphia in 1843.

HoU, (TuoUAS,) an English actor and poet, bom in
London in 1738, composed and altered nnmerous plars.
His most popular poem is " Richard Plantagenet," a
legendary tale, (1774.) Died in 1808.

HuU, (WiLUAU,) an officer in the American RevolO'
tion, bom in Derby, Connecticut, in 1753. He joined
the Revolutioiiary army at Cambridge at the head of a
company of volunteers in 1775. ^^ ^''^ P^"^ i" many
of the battles of the war, and for bis gallant services in
conducting the expedition against Morrisiana he was
honoured with a vote of thanks by Congress. After the
war he became a major-general in the Massachusettt
militia, and in tSo; was appointed by Jefferson Govemot
of the Territory of Michigan. On the breaking out of
the second war with Great Britain, in 1812, he was ap-
pointed to the command of the Northwestern army ; and
in August of (he same year he surrendered with tocc
troops to the British under General Brock, at Detroit
For this act he was tried by court-martial, in 1814, and
sentenced to be shoL President Madison approved tlie
sentence, but remitted its execution in consideration of
General Hull's age and services in the Revolution. He
publbhed a defence of himself before the court-martial,
(1814.) Died in 1815.

Hol'^li, (John Pyke,} an English composer and
popular teacher of music, was bom in 1811. He com-
pMed (be music of Dickens's cotnic opera " The Vil-
lage Coquettes," (1S36.) About 1840 be introduced a
new system of instruction in vocal mosic, wUch was
very successful. He was professor of vocal music in
King's College, London, from 1844 to 1874. Died 18&4.

BtUl'maa'd^I, (Chailxs Joseph,) an excellent lith-
ographer, bom in London in 1789. He made several
improvements in tlie art of tithography, and invented
the process of lithotint. He published, in 1S34, "The
Art of Drawing on Stone." Died in iS^o.

Hflllmann or HaaUmann, hlD'mJIn, (Karl Dik-
TRICK,) a German historian and antiquary, bom at Erde-
bornin 1765, became a professor at Bonn. He published,
besides other works, a " History of the Origin of Ranks
or Orders (Standt) in Germany," (3 vols., 1808,) and a
"History of the Commerce of Ihe Greeks," (iSio.)
Died in i8^ ^^

Hum, (JONATHAN,) an English mechanician and In-
ventor, obtained in 1736 a patent for a "machine for
carrying ships out of; or into, any harbour against wind
and tide." This machine was to be moved by steam-
power, but fiiiled because he did not use the proper
means to transfer (he motion from (he piston to the

tS HUMBOLDT

feasor of drawing at King's College, London, and
published numerous works on art subjects, including
"Plant Form," (1868,) "Art Instruction in England,"
(iSSa.) "Symbolism in Christian Art," C'89'i)
" Birth and Development of Omanient," (1893,) etc.

Bulot, AU'Io', (Hknhi,) a French lawyer, born bi
Paris in 1731, translated into French Gflv hooka of Jus-
tinian's Pandects, (7 vols., 1S03.) Died m 177;.

HolsA, hilLss, (Rev. John.) bom at Middlewich, Eng-
land, in 1708, founded the Hulsean Lecture of the Uni-
versity of Cambridge, in which he had graduated. Died
in 1790.

Hulaemwui, hi)61's«h-mln',(JoHANN,) aleamed Ger-
man Lutheran divine, bom at Eaaen in 1603, was professor
of divinity at Leipsic Died in 1661.

HuIbIhb, hiU'se-ns, (Antoon,) a Protestant scholar
and theologian, bom in l6i<, became raofcssor of divinity
and Oriental languages at Leyden. Died in 16S5.

HolaltiB, (Hendrik,) a theological writer, son of the
preceding, was bom at Breda in 1654; died in 1733.

HulBt, TU) der, vin dfr hulst, (Pietsk,) a Dutch
painter, born at Dort in 1652, was successful in painting
flowers, fruits, etc. He studied or worked in Rrane.
Died in 1708.

Bttltaoh, h061ch, (Frtedrich Otto,] a German
scholar, tiorn a( Dresden, Inly 31, 1833. He was edu-
cated at Leipsic. His chief work is ** Greek and Roman
Metrology," {1S61.) He also published critical edition*
of several Greek authors, chieSy mathematical. Hil
edition of Pappus is of special importance, since more
than half of the text had never before been edited.

Holts, hS&lts, (JoHANN,) a Germanarchitect, of whom
little is known. The completion of the great tower of
the cathedral of Cologne is ascribed to him. It was
finished in the Srst half of Ihe fifteenth century.

Hum a tin, ^ii'mSn', [Jean GEORaES,),a French finan-
cier, bom at Strasburg in 1780, Ixcame minister of
finance in 1833] died in iSu.

HnmaTtm. See HdomJIyoon.

Ham'^ert X., [in Italian, Vmberto, oom-btR'lo,)
King of Italy, was bom March r4, 1844. He was the
son of King Victor Emmanuel and of Queen Adelaide
of Austria. At the battle of Cusloxza, in 1S66, he acted
as a lieutenant-general. In 1S6S he was married to ht*
cousin-german, Maria Margaret of Savoy, and in 1S78
became king. Though popular as a sovereign, he
was assassinated by an anarchist, July 29, I9O0. He
was succeeded by his son, Victor Emmanuel III.

Hma'bf r^ Cardinal, an eminent French Benedic
tine monk, bom in Burgundy ; died about 1063.

Hnmbert, ifilN'baiR', (Jean,) a Swiaa Orientalist,
bom at Geneva in 1 793, published, besides other works,
an " Arabian Anthology, ' with French versions, (1819.)
Died in 1851.

Htunbiut, (Joseph Auablk,) a French general, bom
of humble parents at Rouvray, in Lorraine, about 1760.
Having a fine figure, a pleasing address, and great an-
dacity, he was rapidly promoted, and in 1795, as general
of brigade, served under Hoche against the Vendean
royalists. In 1798, as general of division, he commanded
the army of about 1500 men which invaded Ireland,
where, after gaining a victory over General Lake, he was
forced to surrender to Lord Comwallb. In 1803 he was
employed in the expedition to Hayti under Leclerc, al
whose death he returned to France in company with
Pauline, the widow of Leclerc, and sister of Bonaparte.
By aspiring to her hand he ofiended the First Constd.
fie consulted his safety by emigrating to the Uniled
States, where he lived in obscnnty. Died it New Or-
leans in 1833.

Se« Tmau, " Hatorjr <f ibe Fiendi Renlatitai" "Noonll*
Biogi^hw Gtejrale."

Humboldt hilm't^lt, von, [Ger. pron. fbn hUa/>
bolt,] (Friedrick Heinrich Alrxandxr,) Bakon, ak
illus trious German savant and traveller, bom 'n Berlin
on the i4(h of September, 1769. He was asonof MaJOT
von Humboldt, who served as adjutant or aide-de-camp
to the Duke of Brunswick in Ihe Seven Vears' war. In
I786heentered the University of Frankibrt-on-the-Oder,
where he stodied natural science and political e

a, e, I, o, il. J, ;i>v; 1. * A •»»«. lessprolonged; a, «, ^ ^ ii, y, jto*,- fc ,, i, ft *i»«^; ib, ail, fttj nA; o6t J g^

dbyGoogle

HUMBOLDT t;

He beome a pupil of Heyne, Blumenbach, and Eich-
bom, at Gdttingen, in 17S8. In 1790 he travelled in
Fiance, Holland, and England, and publtslied a treatise
'On the Basalts of the Rhine." He studied mineralogy

under Werner at Freiberg in 1791, and was a ~'-^

director-general of the minei of Anspach and
in 1793. He published in 1793 a work on lubterranean
plants, " Specimen Flora: tubCerranex Fribergensis." At
an •arly age he cherished a passion to visit fer.distant and
n.iexplored regions of the globe. With this view he i
aicned hi* office about 1 796, and passed some time at Jer
wberc h« formed friendships with Goethe and Schilli
Hia reputation wac titcnded by a (realise "On the Ir
tatMUty of Muscles uidNervons Fibres," (1797.) Several
of hit projects for nndertalciiu; a voyage of disccrveiT
were frustrated by the wars that followed (he Frcncb
RevolmicHi. At length, in June, 1799, he joined Aine
Bonpland In a vo^e to South America. They speut
aboat four years in the exploration of the northern
part of South America, cspeoallj those portions which
•re drained by the Oronoco and the Rio Negro. They
ascended the Magdalena as &r as they could by water,
and penetrated by land to Quito. In June, iSoz, they
ascended Chimborazo to a point nineteen thousand feet
or snore above the level of the sea, the highest point of
the Andes ever reached by man. 1hs.j passed nearly a
year in the exploration of Mexico, visited the United
Statea, and returned to Europe in July, 1804, with rich
collections of plants, animals, and minerals. Humboldt
became a resident of Paris, where he remained aboat
twenty year*, the greater part of which he spent in digest-
tng and publishing the results of his observations. In
iha task he was assisted by Bonpland, Cuvier, Oltmanns,
AraK<^ Kunth, and others. Between 1807 and 1817 they
puUished, in French, a "Journey to the Equinoctii
Kegions of the New Continent," (3 vols.,) "Astronomical
Observations and Measurements oy the Barometer," {3
nds., 180&-10,) a "View oi the Cordilleras, and Monu-
ments of the Indigenous Peoples of America," (iSic^) a
'CoUectiOD of Observatioiu on Zoolt^ and Compara-
tive Anatomv," (a vols.,) a "Pohtical Essay on the
Kingdom of New Spain," (a vols., iSll,) and "General
niyaica and Geology." He made an important con-
(ritrndon to botanical geography by his Latin work " On
■be Geographical Disb-ibution of Plants according to
(be Temperature and Altitude," (1817.) His botanical
oollectians were classed and described by S. Kunib in a
work entitled "Nova Genera et Species Flantarum quas
in Peregrinatione ad Plagam sequinoctialem Orbia novi
collegerunt A. Bonpland et A. de Humboldt," (7 vols.,
1815-35.) An Eiiglish translation of his " Personal Nar-
lalne of Travels'* was made by Helen Maria Williams,
K mla., 1814-31.) In lEio he was chosen a member of
fieFrnichlnstitate in place ofCavcndisb. Horemoved
to Berlin in iSafi, and received, with the title of coun-
dlloT, many tnarks of royal favour. At the request of
Nicholas, Emperor of Russia, and at his expeikse, Hum-
boldt, Ehtenberg, and Rose made in 1829 a scientific
exploration of Asiatic Russia. Among the results of this
extensive eipedition was an eicellent work by Hum-
boldi, entitled " Central Asia : Researches on the Chains
of Mountains and the Comparative Climatology," (1
vcU., 1843.] He was sent to Paris on several political
misrions by the Kin^ of Prussia between 1830 and 1848.
He pabltshed a " Critical Examination of the Geography
of the New Continent," (5 vols., 1835-38-) When he
was more than seventy-four years old, he composed hit
celebrated work entitled " Kosmos ; Entwuif einer phy-
Mchen Wcltbeschreibung," (" Cosmos ; Essay of a Phys-
ical Description of the Universe,") the first volume of
which appeared in 1S45, and the fourth in 1S5S. "The
fint ndnme," says the author, "contains a general view
of nature, from the remotest nebulx and revolving
uonble stars to the terrestrial phenomena of the geo-
graphical distribution of plants, of animals, and of races
of men, — preceded by tome preliminary consideration*
OI the different degrees of enjoyment ofiered by the
ttody of nature and (he knowledge of her laws, and on
the Umits and method of a sdentiSc exposition of the
physical description of the imiverse." "The author of
the remarkable book before Qs," tays the "Edinburgh

• Iti; fa*/-; ^hard; ia»j;a,ii,ic,gtiitura/; »

19 HUMBOLDT

Review" for January, 1848, "is assuredly the penon n
all Europe bat fitted to undertake and accomplish such

a work. Science has produced no man of more rich and
varied attainments, more versatile in genius, more inde-
ladgable in application to all kinds of learning, more
energetic in action, or more ardent in intjuiry, and, we
may add, more entirely devoted to het rause in everj
period of a long life. At every epoch of that life, from
a comparatively early age, he has been constantly before
the. public, realizing the ideal conception of a perfect
traveller ; a character which calls for almost as great a
variety of excellences as those which goto realize Cicero's
idea (if a l)crfect orator. . . . Above all things is necc»-
sary a genial and kindly temperar.icnt, which exdie* do
enmities, but, on the contrary, finds or makes friends
everywhere. No man in the ranks of science is mors
dtslinguishcd lor this last characteristic than Baron von
Humboldt We believe that he has not an enemy."
The "Ko«mo«" has been translated into French by H.
Faye andCh. Galosky, (1848-57,) and into English by
Mrs. Sabine. He received from the French government
the title of grand officer of the legion of honour, and
was a member of all the principal Academies of the
world. Among his other works is "Aspects of Nature,"
{"Ansichtcn der Natur," 1808; ^d edition, 3 vols., 1849.)
He died in Berlin, May 6, 1859, in his ninetieth year,

Sta JutiBTTB Baum, " Utb of the Brotherm Hnmboldl," Lod-
don. 1851; H. Klihcki or Klitks. "A. laa Humboldt: dn Un-
niTJliachHDenknia],"TS5>; Revirw <tf (h* " KcwnH** in lb* "Lon-
don Quuterlr Raview," voL IxinL; K. H, STODDAia "Lift tt
AlaaiKlBToiHanibiildL"KinrVaik,i8u; Agassii, ''KulngTM
Humboldl" in Ihe "Liviog Acs" for OctolMr a, 1869; TiDn tad
VO. HOSVJW ."A. ion HnmboTdl, InlcipiM Njlura,'' .8,5 ; " Qi.Jr-
teFivIten«>''KirJuuiiyudJulT-itli6,Oclober,igi;i, April, 1819
JoiT, iSii, DMBmbcr, 184s. >md JiouiT. i8sj: "Edinbinh Ka
naw>'&rjuiie,igij; " Fruei'i Uiguiia" lor Ftbruuf, iM-

Humbold^ TOO, (Karl Wilhelk,) Bacon, a cele
brated German philologist and statesman, born at Pots
dam on the 33d of June, 1767, was t brother of the
preceding. His early education was directed by Joachim
Campe, a distinguished philanthropist About 17S8 he
entered the University of Gdttingen, where he studied
philology under G. Heyne. Among (he intimate frienda
ofhis youth was George Forstcr, the traveller. In July,
1789, be visited Paris, and hailed with enthusiasm the
advent of the new regime. He afterwards studied at
Jena, and there formed an intimate and lasting friendship
with the poet Schiller, who encouraged and directed him
in his literary pursuits. Humboldt became also the friend
and literary counsellor of Goethe. About 1791 he mar-
ried Caroline von Dachenrodcn. Among his early works
was an excellent " Essay on the Greeks," (1793.) In 1799
he produced an admirable critical essay on Goethe's
" Hermann and Dorothea," which established his repu-
tation as a critic He was appointed minister to Rome
by the King of Prussia about 1S03, and soon after that
date produced a poem entitled " Rome," (" Rom.") He
returned to Prussia in iBoS, and was appointed minister
of public instruction about the end of^that year. He
tookaprominent part in the foundation of the University
ofBerlin. About iSiohe resigned his office, and was sent
as ambassador to Vienna. While thus employed in the

Enblic service, he devoted his leisure time to the study of
mguages. In many of which he was profoundly versed.
He acquired distinction as a diplomatist, and induced
Austria to join the coalition against Napoleon in August,
1813. He represented Prussia at the Conference of
Chitillon and the Congress of Vienna, 1814- Talley-
rand's opinion of him is said to have been expressed in
these words : " Europe does not possess three statwmen
of such power," ("L Europe n'a pas trois hommcs d'etat
de ce(tc force-") He was sent as ambassador to London
about iSl6,and was appointed minister and privy conn-
dllor at Berlin in 1819. He advocated a liberal coostitu
tion, and, when he found that the king was determined to
adopt a reactionary policy, he resigned his office about
(he end of 1819, after which he took no part in political
afiair*. He coniposed numerous poems, the most of
which remained in manuscript until his death, and many
treatises on language, philology, etc Among his prin-
cipal works are an "Essay on the New French Consti-
tution," [1793,) a metrical translation of the "Agamem-
i" of i^schylus, (1S16,) which is highly comment'ed.

84

in thii. (]^t~See Exptanationt, p. ,

X.oog

:fc

" RcMarchct on the Aborigine! of Spain bj Meant of
the Bmobc Luieiuge," (iSai,) and a " Memoir on Con-

paraliTeLinguittic.' HewaBoneoftbegreatettphiloao-
pheri and critics of his time, and has been called the
aeator of comparative philology, The interesting corre-
spondence between Schiller and Wilhelm von Humboldt

WM published in 183a In ihe Utter part of hit life 1
demoted hii attention to the imdy of the :
barbarous tribes of America and Asia. He died :

Tcgel, near Berlin, April S, 1335, leaving onSnishcd an
exteniivc and excellent work, entitled "On the Kawi
Language in the Island of lava," ("Ueber die Kawi
Spiuhe auf der Insel Java, ) which was published in
1S36. His work* were collected and edited by his
brother Alexander, under the title of " Wilhelm tod
Humboldts Gesammelte Werlce," (4 vols., lS4l~53.)

Sec GutTAV ScHUKiaa, "Wilhdn t«i HumboMu L^kd:"
KuHcu, "W. TOD Huidboldu Lebcn." (mtullted inlo En^bb
bf JuuiT-ni Baush in i!u^) ScHi-mu, " Exinmiuiiga aa Wil-
Ulm ion KumbDldt.'' I nlL, 184^41! RoHT Hath " WUhtlm

1 Huniboldl LiibHuKLd und CWikieikr ~ '

x^s;*

" (or JM

"Quliterlj Rl

Hnma, {Rev. Abrakam,) an Engtiab antiauarj, bom
about 1815. He became incumbent ofa parish in Uver-
pool about 1S46, and distinguished himself as a promoter
of education. He wrote, besides other works, " The
Learned Sodetiea and Printing-Cluba of the United
Kingdom," (1S47.) Died in iS^

MJuae, (AL.EXAND1R,) a Scottish poet and minister,
bom about i$6o, preached at Logie. He published a
Tolume of " Hymns or Sacred Songs," which were ad-
mired, espedallj the " Day Eatival.'' Died in 1609.

SBaCHAkcBaaL"QioEnphicilDictJofuirTo4'EiDiii«Dt SaMBoen."

Hume or Home, (David,) of Godscroft, a Scottish
Minister and wiiler, supposed to liave been bom about
1560. He preached tome yeaia in France. "

e Latin poems, "Apologia Basilica," ("Apologyo
Lieience of the King," 1616,) and "The History of th
House and Race of Douglas and Angus," (1G44.)

Sb* Chauujh, " Biogrtphkal Dictionirr of Eminvnt
Home^ (David,) an eminent English historian and
philosopher, born in Edinburgh on the z6th of April,
1711. He was a younger son ofjoseph Hume or Home,
who, though related to the Ku] of Home, was not
wealthy. In his Autobiography he says, " My studious
ditjKMition, my sobriety, and my industry gave my Tamily
« notion that the law was a proper profusion for me ;
but I found an insurmountatue averaion to everything
but the pursuit* of philosophy and general learning :
and, while they fancied I was poring upon Voet and
Vinnins, Cicero and Virgil were the authors which I
was secretly devouring." For the sake of economy, ho
went to France in 1734 orl^j;, and spent about two year*
at Rheims and La IHeche, where he wrote his "Treatise
on Human Nature." This was published in London in
173S, but was treated with discouraging neglect He
tayt himself^ "It fell from the press without reaching
anch distinction as even to excite a murmur among the
sealots." Maclcintosh calls this work "the fint systematic
attack on all the prindple* of knowledge and belief^ and
the most formidable, if universal skepticism could ever
be mote than a mere exerdse of ingenuity." He passed
several ensuing fears in Scotland in his favourite studies,
and issued in 1741 Che first part of his "Essays, Moral,
Political, and Literary," which was moderately succetsfuL
These contain new, ingenious, and suggestive ideu on
commerce, political economy, and other subjects.

In 17^6 he was appointed secretary to General Saint
Clair, with whom he passed two years on the cmtinent.
Returning to his brother's residence in Scotland, he
composed an "Enquiry concerning the Principles of
Morals," and the second part of his Essays, which ap-
peared in 1751, with the title of "Political Discourses."
The latter of^hese was received with favour abroad and
at home, while the other was scateelT noticed. About
this time he commenced his moat celebrated work, the
" History of England," the first volume of which (com-
pri»ng the reigns of James L and Charles L) was pub-
fished in 1754. He describes its reception in these
terms i ** I was attailed by one ciy of reproach, disap-
probation, and even detestation : English, Scotch, and

thinker an<f religionitt, paUHot and oomtier, united tUr
rage againtt the man who had pretumed to shed a gena>
rout tear for the &te of Charles L and the Earl of Straf-
ford ; and after the first ebullition* of th^ (dry were
over, what was still more mortifving, the book teemed
to sink into oblivion. Mr. Millar told me that in a
twelvemonth he told only forty.fivc copies of it" The
subsequent volumes, however, were better appreciated,
and the whole work became very popular and nused
the author to affluence. The last volume wat published
in 1761. His style is generally, admired, as gracefiii,
natural, and perspicuous. But the value of his history
w materially lessened by his partiality and inaccuney.
He was, as a skeptic, prejudiced against religion, and
In dvil government was inclined toliivour prerogative.
He is not profoundly versed in the philooophy of history,
or in the progressive development of the British con-
stitntian. " He was br too indolent," says Alison, "to
acquire the vast stores of facts indispensable for correct

Sneraliiation on the varied theatre of hiunaii adbirs."
acaulay comparei him to " an accomplished advocate,
whose insidious candour only increases the eflWct of bit
vast mass of sophistry."

Respecting his merits as a political economist. Lord
Brougham says, " Of (he * Political Discourses' it would
be difficult to speak in terms of loo great commendation.
They combine almost every excellence which can belonr
to such a performance. The great merit, however, of
these discourses is their originality." In 1763 Hume
accepted the office of secretary to the Earl of Ilerttbrd,
amtiaMador to Paris, and having returned in 1766, much
delighted by the caresses of the Parisians, he was em-
ploy two years aa undcr-secietary of stale. In 1769 he
retired from office, and, with an income of jf 1000 a year,
took up his residence in Edinburgh, where he died in Au-
gust, 1776. Besides the works above named, he wrote the
"Natural History of Reli^on," (1735,] and "Dia]<^uet
concerning Natural Religion," (1783.) He wat never
married. His personal character appears to have been
amiable and respectable on the score of morality. " The
LifisofMr. Hume,"says Mackintosh, "written by himself;
is remarkable above most, if not all, writings of that sort
for hitting the degree of interest between coldness and
egotism which becomes a modest man in speaking of

X Hi;Ha'a"AiuaUocnuhj," im: DAvm Dauivmpi^ " Lift
.Huh," itSi; John Hiu. BimroH, " Ufc ud CatrapoDd-
of a^DiiK,'' 1 Ttda, iMl T. E. RiToii^ "AcesuBl af tk*
and WndnnofD. Hubh," itoi: MACKutroDt, "Prgcmiaf

aJPhilo*^r."i voLSvo; ? ..^_- ^._. ... - __

-.—le," 01c. I7J4.: BaouoHAH. •
ToBC o( G«cirEi III.

Buma, (David,) an able Scottish lawyer, bom in
.756, was a nephew of the preceding. He was professor
of Scottish law in the University of Edinburgh, and a
baron of the court of exchequer. He wrote a valuable
Iqial text-book, entitled "Commentaries on the Law of
Scotland respecliue the Detcription and Punishment of
Crimes," (1797.) Died in 1838,

Hume, (Fbrgus,) an English novelist, bom in

i6z. He published "The MyEteiy of a Hansom
Cab," (1887,) "Monsieur Judas," (1890,) "The
Nameless Ci^," {1893,) "The Dwarf's Chamber,"
(1896,) etc.

Htune, (Grizel.) See Baillie.

Hame^ (Hvgh Campbell,) third Earl of Harchinont
bom in 1708, was a grandson of Patrick, the first Earl.
He acted a prominent pari in Parliament at an opponent
of Walpole, uid was keeper of the great seal of Scot-
land from 1764 to 1794. Died in 1794, without mala

SHCHAHnBS."Bio(nptuc>l DinJoiiarT of Enungnt Scotmu."
Hume, (Jauss Deacok,) an English fiiuncier, bora
at Newington in 1774, obtained in 1790 a clerkship >n the
London custom-house. Having given proof of ability
and energy in responsible petition*, he was empioyed
in iSa% in the arduous task of *implily{ng and reduau
to order the multitude of discordajit statute* by whic£
the trantaclion* of the cnttom-house were complicated

k E, 1, 8, ft, T, /mtr,- 1, ^ ^ tame, leit prolonged; i, {, 1, 8, G, ]*,/4ivr; f, f, ii 9, AJAnrv/ fir, fill, Ot; mit; nStj gSSd; mOaa;

Digitized by CjOOQ I C

HUME i;

c be received
, >e tbousand poanib, tnd

fe ino he »u ■ppoinied «a««tant lecietarir of the board
if traite. He rengned in 1S40, and died in 1843.

Hnine, (Joskfm,) M.P., a Biiliih suietman of Ilie
Kadical putr, was born at HontfOM, Scotland, in 1777.
ilaving studied lorgery, he entered as iniseon the aw-
riceorthc East India Campanj in 1797. He leamed
the naliTe languages of India, and, b; combining the
fimcbonl of interpreter and paymaster with those of
anii;-«iugeon, he acquired a handsome competence, and
rstomed hcoae in iao&. B; a carcliit stuaj of the na-
tional resources and the condition of the people, he pre-
pared himself for the tasic of a legislatar and reformer,
■ad entered Parliament in 1813. From iSiS to 1830 he
represented Montrose in Parliament, where be gained
great distinction by his industry and independence and
b; his important scrncei to the working-classes. He
was for man; jreara pre-eminent in the House as a finan-
cial reformer and a sturdy oppontnt of monopolies and
high taxes. He declined pofitical preferment on several
occasions, and continned to Ktve in the Honse of Com-
DMxis until his death, hi 1855.

Hiuna, (Martin Andkbw,) an English historical
writer, born at London in 1847. He has published
"Chronicle of Henry VIII.,*" (1889,) "Courtships
of Qaeen Eliiabeth, (1S96,) "Spain: its Greatness
and Decajr," (1S98,) etc., and edited the "Calendar
of Spanish State Papers."

Hume, (Sir Patrick;) Earl of Marchmont, a
Scottish patriot, was bom in 1641. He was perse-
cuted in the reign of Charles II., and escaped to
Hollaod in 1684. Having returned in 16SS, he was
made lord chancellor in 1696, and Earl of March-
mont- Died in 1724-

Bnmft (PATkicx,) a Scottish ethic who tanghl school
in Lraidon. He pnbluhed in 1695 " AJinotalioni on Mil-
* — '% Paradise Loat," which was the first attempt to

bv later commentators. AccotdinE to " itlack Wood'
Hagaane," Hume is "the bther trf thai shile of com-
parative critidam which ha* been so much employed
daring these later day* in Ulnstrating the works of our

Hitmenu, hoo'ml-rooa, (?) {Lau Joransson,) a
Swediafa poet, known as " Lnddor the Un(i>rtunatt,'*
born in Stockholm about 1643. He was educated at
Upaala, where in 1668 be became a profesaor, but in 1669
be went to Stockholm and wrote verse for his living.
He waa mardered August 13, 1674. "The Flower* of
Helicon" (" Helicons Blomster") is considered tiis poet-
ical monument, but hi* hymns are his best work. With
great faolta of taste and style, he w** In br the best
Swedish writer of bis time*. He it called " Lara Jo-
hansson" in many bibliographies.

Bnine*, hums, (Thomas Wiluaji,) D.D., an Amer-
Kan educator, bom at Knoxville, Tennessee, April u,
■81J. He graduated at East Tennessee College in 1S36,
held an Episcopalian rectorship, 1846-41, was president

Hnmttrva, S, dQ'me-alR', (Loots da Craruit—
deh kB^-T&N',) Due, a French general and courtier of
Louia XIV., wa* seated roannal in 1668, and com-

bj Walded in 1689. Died in 1694.

Hninin^ hAiin'mfl, Uohank Ebdhamn,) a German
painter, bora at Cassel about 1770. He worked <n Ber-
lin, and became in 1809 professor of perspective, etc in
the Royal Academy of that dty. Died in 1817.

HoAimal, hflGrn'mtl, (JoHANif Nepohuk,) an excd-
Icnt composer and pianist, bom at Presburg, Hungary,
in 1778. About the age of eight he became a pupil of
Hoiart in Vienna, and at the age of siiteen he was ac-
-' d one of the moat skilful performer* in Germany.

1S1& He waa chapel-mi
from 1818 until hi* des

HUND

to the Duke of Weimar
death, during which period he
performed with applause in London, Pari*, and Saint
Petersburg. Among his best work* ate concerto* and
sonatas for the piano. Died in 18371

S« nm, " BiocnfihM UginndU dM lliuidais.-" " Honvdk
BiocnpU* GteJnU."

HnmmeUna, h36m<mi1e-tks, or Hummel, (Johahn,)
a German mathematidan, bom at Memmingen in 1518,
was professor at Leipsic. Died in 1562.

Ham'perdlnok. (Encblbert,) a musical com-
poser, bom at Siegbetg, near Bonn, in 1854. His
musical fairy play, " Hinsel und Gretei," (1893,)
was phenomenally successful. It was followed by

' Schneewittchen,"

Die Lieben Geislein

divine, born in Simsbury, Connecticut, in 1779. He
graduated at Vale in 1S05. He was six years minister
m Pittsfidd, Massachusetts. He became president of
Amherst College in iSai, and was succeeded in ttial
office by Dr. Edward Hitchcock in 1S45, when he re-
moved to PittsGeld. He wrote several valuable works,
among which are a "Tour in France, Great Britain, and
Belgium," <l vols., 1838,) "Domestic Education," (iS4C^)
and " Lctteia to * Son in the Ministry," (1845.) Died
in 1859.

HimiphreT, hfim'frc, (Lawkinci,) an EngUth Cat*
vinistic divine, born at Ncwport-Pa^el atout 1597.
In 1555 he retired to Zurich to eacape persecution, aiid
returned after the death of Qneen Mary. He became
professor of divinity in Oxford in 156a, and Dean of
Winchester in ijSa He puUished several able theo-

,-. -^ '

'eneial, born I , .^. . __.

Point in 1837. He served against the Seminole Indian*
in Florida, and subsequently in the engineer deparimeni
of the army, and on the coast survey and the hydro-
graphic survey of the delta of the HississippL DDiiiig
the dvil war he held important position* in the Union
army, commanded a division at the tiattle of Gettysbotg,
July 1-3, 1863, and a corps in the battles near Petetaborg
in 1865. In 1S66 he was appointed chief of engineer* M
the array. Retired June 30, 1879 ; died Dec 37, 1883.

HimiptiTeira, (Daviii^) an American poet, bom in
Derby, Connecticut, in 1753. He entered the army
about 177Gb and became in 1780 a colonel and aide-de-
camp to General Washington. In 17S4 he w^nt to
Europe with Jefferton, as secreurr of legation. He
a'ded Barlow and other poet* in ""nie Anarchiad," and
wrote other works, among which are a " Poem on the
Happiness of America," and an " Address to the Armies
of the United States," (1771.) He was sent as ministei
to Portugal in 1790, ana to Spain in 1797. Died in 1S18.

Sei Gi»woiJ>, " Pocu vid F«tiT oT Amelia ;" Ddtcsitkk,
" Cfdopgcdia oT Anuricu Ijuntiu&'* nL li "MuieBsI Pormit.
GalloT of Diiiiniiiiilial AmcnoUB, vol iL

HtunphxeTB, hiim'&ti, (Henry Nou,) a British
antiquary ana numismatist, bom at Birmingham In 1810.
He pubfiahed "The Coin* of England," {1S47,) "Ten
Centuries of Art," (1851,) etc Died June 13, 1879-

HtunphieyB, (Jamis,) an eminent lawyer and juridi-
cal writer, born in Mon^omeryshire, Wales. He pub'
llshed a valuable work on " English Law* of Real
Property," (1810.I Died in 183a

HumphrsTB or Hnmpbre7, (Pklmam^ an English
composer and musician, born in 1647. He composed
anthem* and songs. Died in 1674.

HtmAOld, ^U'nS', (Fkakccis Joseph,) a leamed
French physidan,bom at Chtleaubriant in 1701, resided

tMi,'(aa«;|i«>V,-ta*f-avR,K,f«anvs/,-N,iiuMf,->,frij:iW;las*,- thaslnMit; {)^SeeExpIanatlan*,i).s3.'

dbyGoogle

HUNDESBA GEN 13

bom in 1514, became aiilic councillor at Manich in 1540.
[Hed in 15SS.

S« J. T. KShlh. " Lcben and SehiiftcB Huadi," i7)0l

Handeahagen, hS&n'dfs-til'gfn, (Jouanh ChriS'
riAN,) a German writer on Toresta, was born at Hanan
in 1783. Among his worlu i* an " Encyclopaedia of (he
Science of ForBBts," (i Tola., i8ai.) Died in 1S14.

HnndeabaeBii, (Kail Bkrhhard,) a theolo^an, son
(if the preceding, was born in Hesse-Cassel in iSiOl He
became professor at Heidelberg in 1S47, and published
"German Protestantism : iU Past and Present," (1846.)
In 1867 he became a professor at Bonn, wbeie he died,
lone 1, 1S71.

HnncUtorBt See HotmioBST.

Hundt, h56n[, (Machvs,) a German naturalist and
writer, bom at Magdeburg in 1449. He taught physics
In the University of Leipsic Died in 1519.

Him'^rio or Hmi'nf-rlo, (Gr. 'OviiftyoQ^ second
King of the Vandals of Africa, was the eldest son of
Genseric^ whom he succeeded in 447 A.D. ; but he did
not inherit hii father** abilities. He married the daugh-
ter of the emperor Valentinian IIL His reign was
extremely cruel and tjrrannical. As an Arian, he perse-
cuted the Catholics in particutar. He died in 484, and
left three sons, of whom Hilderic was the eldest ; but
Gondamond, a nephew of Hnnerie, was prodainwd hb

S«* Gium, " DadiM and F*ll of ihi RoBu Kmpke.'

HnnfislTT, (John,) (in Hungarian, HuNrALVvJAnos,
hoon-ISlvTf' ji'nosb,) a brother of Paul, noticed below,
was bom at Gross-Schlagendor^ June S, 181a In 1846
he was made historical professor at KiiamarL His works
include " Universal History" and various books on Hun-
gsuv. Id 1870 he was appointed professor of geography
b the University of Pesth. Died In 18S8.

HnnfalTy, (PAni,) (in Hungarian, Hum^alw PAl,)
an eminent philologist, born at Nagy-Siilok, Hungary,
March 13, iSia He was educated al Peslh, and in 184a
became law-professor at Kasmark. Among his publica-
tions are one on the Finnish language, entitled " Chresto-
mathia Pennies," (1S61,) "Ethnography of the Magyars,"
(1S76,) and many other works, chiefly relating to the nOD-
Airan races and languages of Europe. Died in 1E91 .

Hnii'serfoid, (Margaret Wolfe,) nle Hamil-
ton, an Irish novelist, bom in 1855. Under ibe
pseudonym of The Ducbeaa she published a large
number of novels of a light society character. Died
June 24. >897-

Hu-nl'a-del or Hun'ra-dSI, [Hun. HuityADr,
hoon'yiSdy; Fr. Huniad*, hu'ne-ld',I (Jf-'—- r- —

3 Com-

iaus. King of Poland, was killed at the batde of Varna
by Uie Turks, (1444,) Huniades was made captain-gen-
era! of his army and Governor of Hnngaiy. His chief

1, Hatthiai Corrinus, was elected
King of Hungary.

Htm'nlB, (William,) chapel-master to Queen Eliu-
beth, wrote several volumes of psalms and hymns, (pub-
lished from 155a to 1588.)

Honniiu, hoon'ne-As, (Agidius,) a Lutheran theo>
If^an, noted for intolerance, was born at Winnenden, in
Wurteoiberg, in 1550. He was professor at Wittenberg,
tnd wrote, betides other works, " Calvinus Judaizanv^
(1593,) Died in 1603.

Hunnins, (Nikolaus,) an able Lutheran theologian,
ton of the preceding, was bom at Marburg in 1585. He
was superintendent of all the churches of Lubei^ from
163^ to 1643. He wrote against Popery, Calvinism, and
Socinianism. Died in 1643.

Sec L. HiLtaK, " N. Huimiuh Hm Lebes imd Wiikcn," 1I4J.

ntmold, hoo'nolt, (Christuh Fribdrice,) a Ger-
man Uttlrattur, who wrote under the pseudonym of
Mbnantbs, bom near Amstadt in iSSo. His works
bdude romances, tales, and poems. Died in 1731.

Httnt, (Alfred William,) an eminent English land-
scape-painter, born at Liverpool in l8jo. He grad-jated

won great distinction as a follower otTumer and an

opponent of the naturalistic school of landscaiUBlB.
Dic-d May 3, 1896. His wife Margaret, a daughter of
James Raine, was born at Durham in 1831. She wrote
many novels, and made a translation of Grimm's "Tales"
with the original notes.

Hunt, (Arabella,) an English musician and vocalist,
who taught tinging to Princess (afterwards Queen) Anne.
One of Congreve's best-known poema was addressed to
her. Died December 36, 1705.

Hfin^ (Edward B.,) an American military engineer,
bom in Livingston county. New York, in i8i>. He
graduated at West Point in 1845, was employed as
engineer on several forts and light-houses, invented a
submarine battery, and gained Uie rank of captain io
1S59. Died in 1863.

Hfint, (Febdirice KHiairr,) an English editor, bom
in Buckinghamshire in 1S14. After wnting for the " □•
lustrated London News," etc., he was chief editor of the
London "Daily News" from 1851 until hit death. He
wrote " The Book of Art," and " The Fourth Estate ; or.
Contributions to the History of Newspapers," etc., (1850.)
Died in 1S54.

Hnn^ (Frseuaii,) an editor, bom in Quincy, Massa-
chusetts, in 1804. He became in 1830 the editor and
owner of the " Merchants' Magazine," issued monthly in
New Voik. He published, besides other worlds, "Livet
of American Merchants," (1 vols., 1S56.) Died in 1858.

Hnat, (Georob Ward,] xa English poriidan, bom
in 1815. He was elected a member of Parliament for
the county of Northampton in 1857, as a Coiuervative.
He was re-elected, and gained distinction by a bill to
counteract the cattle-plague of 1866. He became chan-
cellor of the exchequer about March I, 1S6S, and re-
signed in December of that year. Died July iS, 1S77.

Hnut, (Harriot K.,) an American physician, bom at
Boston, Massachnsetts, in 1S05. In 1835 she began to
practise medicine, but by reason of her sex could obtaio
no medical degree until 1853, when she received th»
doctorate from (he Woman's Medical College of Phila-
delphia. She was noted as an able speaker on woman's
rights, health- reform, etc Died January a, 1875.

Hunt, (Henry,) M.P., an English Radical, bom in
Wiltshire in 1773, acquired popularity with hit party by
his intrepid audacity and by nis inflammatory harangues.
He often presided at the meetings against the corn-laws.
In iSao he was arrested at Man^ester, while addressing
a political meeting, and punished with a fine and several

rrs' imprisonment He was returned to Parliament
Preston in 1831, defeating the Earl of Derby, his op-
ponent, and witnessed the triumph of the Reform bill,
for which he had toiled and suffered Died in 1835,

Htrnt, (Isaac) a native of the West Indies, was edn
cated in I'hiladelphix He took the royalist side in Ibe
Revolution, remaved to England, and became a preacher
at Paddington about 1780. He published "The Right*
of Englishmen." He was the father of Leigh Hunt.

HuDt, (James Henrv Leigh,) a popular English
poet and IttUrateur, bom at Southgate, near London, ii^
1784, was the son of Isaac Hunt, noticed above, and
Mary Sbewell, of Philadelphia. He left school at the age
of filUen, and acted as clerk in the War Office until iSoS,
when he formed a partnership with his brother John
to issue " The Examiner," a journal of liberal poUtica,
which attained under his editoiship a high reputation lor
literary merit In 1811 the brothers were condemned
to pay each a fine of five hundred pounds, and to be
imprisoned two yeara, for a satirical article in which the
prince-regent was styled an "Adonis of fifty." While
in prison, he wrote "Rimini," (1816,) one of his most
admired poems, " The Descent of liberty," and " The
Feast of the Poets." At this period he was intimate with
Byron, Moore, Shelley, and Keats. From 1818 to 1822 he
edited "The Indicator," aseries of periodical essays, ad-
mired for genial humour, easy style, and brilliant fancy.
In 1S32 he was associated with Byron and Shelley as ait
editor of " The Liberal," a political and literary journal i
and for this object he resided with Byton in Pisa and
Genoa. But Shelley was drowned, Byron and Hunt
became estranged, and after the issue of lour numbers

l.S.l,fl,Il,j,/«if.-i,i.6,si

e, less prolonged; &,£,!,&, u, JF, short; a, f , j, O, e^nvrv,-flr, fill, fit; mtt; nOt; gd6d; mf&Ui

Digitized by VjOOQIC

HUNT

'Tba Liberal" was dUcontumed Hont returned to
Ei^and about 1834, and published " Recollection! of
Bjrton," (183S,) which gave great oBence to Byron's
friendt. He ma editor of "The Companion" and ^le

I^ndOD Journal," and wrote for several periodicala.
Antong the moltilarioui productiona of hii versatile
genius are a popular poem entitled "Captain Sword
and Captain Pen," <i835,) "Stories from the Italian
Poeta," " Men, Women, and Booka," (1S47,) " Imagina-
tioD and Fanqf," and his "Autobiography," [j vols.,
iSsol) a pension of two hundred pounds was gi
liiminiS47. Died August aS, 1859. Professor 'A __.^
of Edinburgh, apealu of Hunt a* " the moat vivid of poets
and moat cordial of critica." (" Recreations of Christo-
pher North.")

See bi« " Aitobiseraiiln," iSni Haiutt, " Snrlt of the An,"
ml Iw " TibltTilk r\xia Jifpiibv, critique in the " EdiDbutgh
Revinr" fcTltuK. <ai6, (voL nvl :) E. P. Wuirru, " Eihji and
Kanem:" W. C mnth critique io the "Quirtetlr Reriew" (at
JliiiiliT, xtA, ivol. xiv. i) "Biief BieciapliIci,"b7SAKmLS>itLBi.
hr ■ Ml Kownl d( tbc vritiiia of Leirii Hont, lee 1 " Liil at
■be Writmn of William HailitI ud Leigh Hunt," In Auoakdoi
laaLAinv LoDdon. iS63 ; " Nnih Briiiih Review" lor NoTcoiber,
iljo, »!■» NoTOBber, lUa; " Qnanerlr Ririew" fcr Jmuiry, ili«.

Hdd^ (JniKiiiAR,) an English dissenting minister,
bc«n in London in 1678, preached for manv vears at
Pinners' HalL Died in 1744.

Hunt, <LiiGii.) See Hunt, (Jahu Huikv Lbioh.)

Hunt, (RiCHAKD Morris,) a dislingiiished American
architect, bom in Brattleborough, Vermont, October 31,
18x9. He was severalveara in the Boston High School.
In 1843 be went to Europe, and studied architecture
In Paris and Geneva. He subGcquenlly visited various
parts of Europe, and also Asia Minor and Egypt, for the
purpose of becoming better acquainted with the archi-
teclure oi different countries. He was architect oi
the Lenoi: Library, New York, the Naval Observatory,
Washington, the Administration Building at the Co-
lumbian Exposition of 1893, and other important
structures. Died July 31, 1895.

Hnat, (RoBEKT,) an English author and philosopher,
bom at I>cvonport in 1S07. His youth was passed in
poverty, from which he was relieved by William Allen,
the cbenust, who procured him a situation in London.
In 1833 he opened a druggist's shop in Fenia:ice, naving
prcvioDsly been a diligent student of chemistry and other
•dences. He published his discoveries of the chemical
actkMi of the solar rays in an intereating work entitled
"Researches on Light," (1844,) and in 1849 he gave to
Oe world "The Poetrv of Sdence." His "Panthea; or,
The Spirit of Nature,'' (184^,) is designated by a writer
h the "North British Review" as "a work of a very
peculiar character, in which philosophy and poetry are
finely blended, and where great truths and noble senti-
■KDlB arc cipressed in language Hill of beauty and elo-
«," Among his later productions are " Elementary

3 HUNTER

Bnnt, (Thosnton,) an English joumalitt, the elded
son of Leigh Hunt, was bom in iSlo. He wrote, beside*
other works, "The Foster- Brother," (1S45.) Died 1873.

Hunt, (William Henry,) an English painter in watcr-
colouis, bom in London in 1790. His subjects are simple
and homely, such as a " Feasant Boy" in various moods
and phases, a "Farm-House Beauty," flowera, fruits,
and other objects of sdll life. His works are admirable
for colouring and perfection of finish. Died in 1S64.

Htmt, (William Holhan,) an eminent hiatoriol
painter, one of the chief founders of the pre-Raphaelits
school of England, was bom in London about 1837. He
began to exhibit at the Royal Academy in 184& About
1850 he and several other artists assumed the name of
" Pre-Raphaelite Brethren," proposing lo restme the art
of painting fiom the degenerate style of Raphael and his
coevals. His works are very minutely finished, and are
close imitations of nature. Among his master-pieces ate
"Out EnglUh Coasts," (1853,) "The Awakemng Con-
science," {1854,) "The Light of the World," (1854,) and
" The Shadow o( Death," (1873.) " Hunt's ' Ught of the
World,'" says Raskin, "is, I believe, the most perfect
instance of expietsional purpose with technical power
which the world has yet produced." Later works are
" The Triumph o( the Innocents," (1885,) and " May
Day, Magdalen Tower," (1S91.)

Himt^ (Willum Morris,) an American artist, bom
atBrattleborough, Vermont, in 1834. He entered Harvard
College in 1840, but left in his senior year for a tour in
Europe. He spent a winter in Italy and two years in Dus-
seldorf; after which he studied vrith Couture and Millet.
From 1855 to iS6a he painted at Newport, Rhode Island,
when he removed to Boston. In 186S he opened an art
school for ladies. His studio was burned in the great ftre
of 1871. In 187S he painted two large pictures on the
walls of the Assembly Chamber at Albany, but his health
lailed, and he died at the Isles of Shoals in 1879.

Hunter, (Anne,) wife of the grea.t surgeon John
Hunter, and sister of Sir Evetaid Home, was bom in
Scotland in 174*. She wrote "My Mother bids me
braid ray Hair," and other songs, set to music by Haydn.
Her poems, published in 1801, were praised by " Black-
wood's Magazine." Died in iSai.

Hunter, (Christopher,) an English physician and
antiquary, born in Durham in 167;; died in 1757.

Hunt'Qr, (David,) an American general, born in
Washington, District of Columbia, in iSoi, graduated at
West Pmnt in 1S32. He became a colonel in May, 1S61,
served in the battle of Bull Run, July 31, was appointed

major-general of volunteers about August, and took

immand of the army and department of Missouri in
November, 1S61. About the isl of April, 1863, he was
appointed commander of the army at Port Royal, or
Hilton Head. In May ensuing he issued an order that
the " persons heretofore held aa slaves in South Carolina,

PhyoM^ C18S1,) and "Memou-s of the Geological Sur-; Georgia, and Florida are declared forever free.'' Thit
wj of Great Britain," (ISSS-) He had a hirh reputation order was annulled by the President as premature. He
MR lectwer on saence. He wm the eSitor of ^tee „^ ^^de brigadier-general and major-general in 1865,
tditKin* of Ure's "Dictionary of Arts," etc,, and of the „j „.. ri-iircH Tulv it iSfifi Hird Pphmarv 2
Mpplementary volume published in 1878. DiediniSS?. !^Sfi J"'? 3'- 'sw- Died February 3,

Bmi^ (Tuouai,) D.D., an English scholar, born in -.'_»„ ,u.„_„, r^ r. c ... 1. j- ■ 1 .1.

■69«bM»nie inT747 pr^easor o7 Hebrew in Oxford HtiatM:.(H«tRy,) D.D.,aScottUhdivme andatithor,
UKeraity. He Wrote " Observation* on the Book of ^ "» Culross.n .741, «as a man of superior talent*
Proverb*.'" Died in 1774. From 1771 until his death he was pastor of a Scottish

Hnnt. (Thomas Stkrrv,) a distinguished American ^^f'^^'" 1*",^™- "« "«,t^« author of a popular work
ciMmist and geologUl, bom in Norwich, Connecticut, in ^^^^^ ,^^^ Biography" (1783-1803,) «id translated
183& He swdieJmedicine for some time ii, his native ^Zf* r^ftT 2"* ^^^'.^''^'^'u ^""V^""J >
lorn, and afterwards became assistant chemist to Pro- : ^'"[l'? <>' Nature," sjid other French works. His
iE»or Silliman at Yale College. About 1S47 he became , translation of Lavaler, finely illustrated, sold for forty
tonnected with the geologiiSd survey of Canada, and S"i5<»' » ^^t^ ^'=<' '" '8o». _
professor of chemistry at Quebec. He was professor Htmter, (Humphrry,) a patriot of the Aiierican
bf chemistry at McGill University 1863-68^ and of R"ol"tton. l»ni in Ireland in I75S-, About 1760 hi*
geology in the Massachusetts Institute .872-78. He f"''"^,'' "'°'^"' =,T'2"'f^ <"*'' •"" \"'"l t° Mecklen

^ .-.'- ■ .." ■■ •■' .'. J , burg, North Carolina, He entered the Revolutionar]i

„:army in 1776, and rendered distinguished service at

. ■' I the battle o(^ Eutaw Springs. He was ordained in 1789,

' " [ and from 1S05 till his death, in 1827, was pastor of the

' Presbyterian church at Steele Creek, North Carolina.

" Hvnter, (John,) an eminent British anatomist and

surecon, born at I.ong Calderwood, near Glasgow, in

:braary 12, 1893. | ^^^ was the youngest of ten children. After receiving

contributed largely to the " Proceedings" of li
institutions, and to the " American Journal of Scii
While acring as a juror to the Inlemational Exhibili
U Paris in 185s, Mr. Hunt had conferred on hi
cross of the Legion of Honour ; and in 1859 h
elected an honorary member o( the Royal Society of j
London. Died Febraary 12, 1893. I

^ak; {ur; ^hard; ^aajiO, il,K,gtt/turai; t<,najai; t.,triilid; 3 as

,'thai

nthit. (jg^'See Explanations, p, 33.)

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HUNTER 13

■ very defedlTe ednotiEKi, he WM-ked ■ few jtm with a
csiiJoet-niika' fn Glasgow. In IT48 he went to Londori,
where he wu emplo^ by hi* brother William as an
Hnitanl in the distection-room. Having putioed the
itndj of uiatomy with ardour and remarkable incceu,
he wu received in 1754 aa a partner in hii brother's
■ehooi, and iectnred regularly tor about five years. In
1 760, for the *ake of his health, he exchanged this em-
ployment for that of anny-sui^on, and at the peace
^ 1763 retnrned to London. In i7iS7 he was elected a

■kill, and acquired greater celebrity tnr hia reaeaichea
in comparative uialoray, physiology, and natural hUtoij,
on which he wrote several treatisea. Hit museum is said
to have coat ;£7o,ooo. Died in 1793. He is admitted
to be the greatest Britiah anatomtat of the eighteenth
centDcy. and was noted for originality, independence,
and estimable moral qoalitiea. Among hia best works
■re a "Treatue on the Blood, Inflammation, and Gim-
Shot Wonnda," and another on "Certain Fait* of the
ADimal Economy."

S« BvnAiD HoHB, "Lifa of loho HaBtBi" Insa Foots.
-' Lifc of J. Hubio," in4 : JonvH Adaw; " MoHin or tba Lib
"' "-—:—■ of J. HuBiB," i3i6: CHAMsaa*. "BMmi'>i«l
r ■anoal EcotUHa;" ''Monrilt Biocnphia (Mnl-

^tST, John,) • Brldsh naval officer, bom at Leith

in 1738, obtdned the rank of vice-admiral. DiediniSai.

Hnntn, (John.) a Scottish critic bom at Cloeebnm
In 1747, was for many years profeaaor of humanity in
Saint Andrew"*, and published good editions of Hor>ce,
(1757.) Virgil, (1800.) and Juvenal. (1806.) Died In 1837.

Himter, (John Kslso,) a Scottish artist, bom near
Dundonald, December 15, 1802. He was bred a shoe-
maker, but in spile of manv discouragements won recog-
nition as a good painter, chiefly of portraits. He pub-
Iwhed "Retrospect of an Artist's Life." (1868.) "Life-
Stndiea of Character," " Memorials of Wcst-Conntty
Hen and Manners," etc Died February 3, 1873.

Hiuttar, (Rev. Joseph,) an English antiquary, bom
at Sheffield in ty^. He was lot many years minister
of • congregation of dissenter* at Bath. He published
several valtiable works, among which are a " History
and Topography of the Deanery of Doncaster," (1 vols.,
18x8,) and "Illustrations of the Lite and Studies of
Shakspeare," (3 vols., 184^.) He was aasittsnt keeper
of the public records. Died in 1861.

Hnnter, (RoBia-r.) an Engli^ officer and writer, was
appointed Governor of New York in 171^ and acted as
Governor of Jamaica from 1718 until hia death. He
wrote a "Letter on Enthusiasm," ascribed to Swift and
Shaftesbury. Died in 1734.

Hnntn, (Robert Mkkcek Taliaferro,) an Ameri-
can statesman, bom in Essex county, Virginia, April 31,
180Q. He graduated at the University of Virginia,
stnthed law, and commenced ita practice in hia native
town in 183a He voted for Jackson in 1831, and waa
elected to the legislature of Virginia in 1833. He waa
chcaen a representative to Congress in 183^. His first
speech in this body was in favour of the independent
treaaniy and against a national bank. He also took
strong grounds in opposition to the protective policy of
Mr. Clay, and in all his subsequent career was an able
advocate of free trade. In 1839 he was chosen Speaker of
the House, and for his dignified and impartial discharge
of hs duties received, at the close of the term, in 1S41,
n unanimous vote of thanka. He favoured the election
of James K. Polk, and supported his policy with regard
10 Texas and the tariE The warehousing system, which
was first incorporated in the tariff bill, was originated
and drawn up by Mr. Hunter. He waa elected in 1S47
to the United States Senate, in which he served through
two full terms, and was elected for a third term ending
in 1865. He supported the Douglas Kansas- Nebraska
bill in 1854, and t)M admission of Kansas under the
Lecompton Constitution in 1858. He was secretary of
■tale of the Southern Confiederan from July, 1861. to
February, 1863, and was one of the two Setiatots who
repreaenUd Virginia in the Senate at Richmond from
February, 1861, to 1865. Died July iS, 1SE7.
- B.,..*^^ (WiujAM,) ■ distinguished — *

t4 HUNTINGTON

lAyikiM), bom at Ivmg Calderwood, near Gta^ow, li
lytS, was a brother of John Hunter, notioed above. He
received a liberal education in the UnlverMty of Glasgow,
and formed a profesaional connectioQ with Dr. Ctillea,
who afterwards became so eminent as a medical writer.
In 1741 he removed to London, where he acquired ■
high reputation as a lecturer on anatomy and a medical

fractitioner. He formed a partnership irith his brother
ahn fn 1748. Having obtained a large and lucrative
practice, he was appointed in 1764 physidan -extraordi-
nary to the qoeen. In 1767 be was chosen a Fellow of
the Royal Sodety, to whose "Transactions" he contrib-
uted. About 1^70 he founded in London an anatomical
museum, to which were attached a dassical library, and
■ cabinet of tare medals, which cost jf3o,ooa The
most important of his publications is the " Anatomy of
the Gravid Uterus," (1774.) He died in 1783.

Hnntor, (WiixiAMf) a British surgeon, born at Mont-
rose, waa employed in the service of the East IiKlia
Company in Bengal He published an " Account of
Pegu." (178s,) "CSvems near Bombay," a" Hindosunee
Dictionarv. ■Ji"' ' ....*?--.

Dictionary,** and several medical t

eminent as an Orientalist, and from 1T94 to iSoS was

secretary of the Asiatic Sodety. Died in 1815.

Hnntei, (Sir William Wilson,) a British pub-
lidsl, bora July 15, 1840. He was educated ai Glas-
gow, Paris, and Bonn, sod was sent to India in the
dvil service in 1863. He served with great honour
in Orissa during the famine of 1S66, and In 1871 was
made director- general of statistics for India. Among
his works are "The Annals of Rural Bengal,
"Orissa," " Statistical Account of Bengal," (20 vols.,
1S76; prepared under his supetvi^on.) "The. Indian
" " ' ) "Imperial Gaielteer of India,"

Hnnt^g-^on, (Skuna,) Coumtess of, an English
lady, eminent for her piety and munificence, was the
daughter of the Eatl of Ferrera. Her maiden name was
Shirley. Shewasbornini707,and in I7z8was married
to Theophilns Hastings, Earl of Huntingdon. After her
husband's death, about 1746, she livM In fellowship
with the Calvinistic Methodists, chose Whitefield for hei
chaplain, and was noted for her seal and devotion.
She (bunded at Trevecca a seminary for preachers, boUl
chapels, and spent large sums for religions purposes.
Her sect was known as the "Countess M Huntingdon's
Connection." Died in 1791.

Hnaflng-fpia, (Gxorge Isaac) D.D., an English
theologian, born at Winchester in 1748. He was made
Bishop of Gloucester in 180J, and of Hereford in 181J.
He published several Greek and Latin school-boola,
"Thoughts on the Trinity," and sermons. Died in 1834
Honring-tpn, (Daniel,) a distinguished America*
painter, born in New York in 1816. He became abotil
183s a pupil of Professor Morse at New York, and in
1839 visited Florence and Rome, where he painted his
" Sibyl" and " Shepherd Boy of the Campagna." Having
returned to New York, he painted numerous portralta
and historical subjects. He waa elected president of the
National Academy of Demgn in 1861. Among his work*
are "Lady Jane Grey and Feckenham In the Tower,"
and "Henry VIII. and Catherine Pan." He was
president of the National Academy of Design 1877-
91. He died April 18, 1906.

Hnntiiigtoii, (Frxdkrick D.,) D.D., an Americsn
divine and author, bom in Hadley, Massachuaetts, In
1819. He graduated at Amherst in 1839, studied dirinity
at Cambridge, and from 1S43 to \%V, was minister of the
Sooth Congregational Church in Boston. He became
preacher and profeasor of Christian morals in Harvard
University. Formerly a UniUrian, he entered the Epis-
copal Church in 1859, and Ijecame Bishop of Central New
York in April, 1S69. He published "Sermons for the
People," (1856,) "Sermons on the Christian Year."
(i8?i,) and other worka. Died in 1904.

Huntington. (Jedediah Vincutt,) an atitboT, a
brother of Daniel, noticed above, waa bran in New York
in 1815. He became an Episcopalian priest about 1844
and afterwards joined the Roman Catholic Church. Hs

l.«.I,8iB,p,/».^f,-i,*6,aame,lessprolonged;l,(,l,8,ii,J,j4»:f;»,f,i.9,<*i™";ar,flll,(lt;mit;n6t!ga6d;n

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b, Google

HUNTINGTON 13

wrMe, besides olber worki, Poeou, (1843,) snd *■ Lad;
Alice," a noTcl, (18491) '^"A March lo^ 1S61.

Hontlngton, (Robut,) D.D., an English Orientalist,
bom at DMTltant in i^& From 1670 to 1680 lie was
rtiiplain to a bctcwy at Aleppo, and collected many rain-
■ble mannscripM b the Levant. He was chosen Blihop
•f R^boe in 1701, and died in the same year. He wrote
a " Letttr on tlie Potplmy Pillan in EgTpt," (paUished
h th« " Philosophical Transactions," No. 16).)

HaBUngton, (Samuu,) president of the American
Congress, was born in Windhsm, Connecticut, in 173a.
He distingoiihed himself in tlie Colonial Coundl of
1775 bf his oppositimi to the aggreuiTe policy of Grest
Bnnitt,MidiD 1776 took his seat in Conp«si and signed
lbs DecUratioa of Independence. In 1779 he sooceeded
John Jav as prcrident m the Congress of the Confedera-
tioQ, ixA was ^ain chosen to lh« same office in 1780.
He again served in Congress b 17S3, and was shortlj
after appointed chief jostice of ConnecticoL In 17S6 h«
was elected Governor of the Sute, as the successor of
Roger Griswold, and was annnallj reelected to the tame
office till hie death, in 1796.

■■ of ibt Siv>*« ta lb* Dcduuica sf Indt-

HtuUngton, (Wiluam.) sn Engliah Methodist
pRadier, boin in Kent in 1744, tras originally a poor
UbDorer. He beoune s popiilat preacher among tha
Colvinistic Uethodists in London, snd poblished many
tracta and controversial works. Died in 1813.

Sw antia in Ibe "Quntrir K«i«i" £ir Jbhut, iI», (by

Hllntlsy, (Eliai Diwitt,) D.D., LL.D., a Ueih-
odist dergyman, born at Elmira, New York, April 19,
1844. He graduated at Geneva College in' 1806^ was
preudent of Lawrence University, 1879-83, and after-
wards was chosen duplain erf the United Slates Senate.

HB&'tpn, (Philip,) an Engliah nooconfonnist divine,
bom in Hampshire, was appointed provost of Dotliani
College in ibjy. He wrote a "Treatise on Uonarchy,"
(1G44,) which gave great offence to the High-Church
"dsboW""-

Htv

EHedal

It 16S9.

cf ns« slecL He Uved tn SheSeld Died in 177&
Hnnyadea- See Huniadis:
Htuyady. See Huhiadis.

Haot; -UiV, (Jkan Jacquis Nicoiju,) a French
naturalist, bom in Paris in i790,puUished a "Complete
Uannal <rf Minetalogy," (a vols., 1S41,) and revised 1

continued the '* System 01 Univnul Gei^raphy," which
Halte-Brun left unfinished. The tall two volumes of
this were written by M. Huot Died m 184$.

Hupisld, hiJCp'ttlt, (Hebha?<k,) a German theolo-
gian and Orientalist, bcnm at Uarburg in 1796, became
professor of theology at Halle in 1843. He published,
beside* other works, " De Vera Festorum apud HebrEos
Ratione," js n>ls„ 185a,) snd a version of the Psalms,
like) He was an excellent Hebrew scholar. Died at
Halfe in April, i8fi&

HuppOKdl, oop-pU-zoOee, (Frahcbsco,) an Italian,
Mttd for longevi^r, t>orn at Casal in 1587, was at one
tine a Bterchant, and in 1669 was appointed Venetian
ceasnl at Smyrna. He was abstcoiioas in his habits,
snd retained the use of his Eunlties to the lasL Died
b tioa.

Hmmulb See Caimm.

Hflrd, (RlCUAKDh) D.D., an eminent English writer
sad oitic, bom at Congrev« in VW, was educated at
CamtrndeCi and became a friend of Warbnrton. He was
qipointea Bishop of Lichfield snd Coventry in 1775, and
translated to the see of Worcester in 1781. The arch-
kiihapric of Canterbury waa offered to him, bat was
ilfftin^. Among his worlu, which are verv nnmcrons
ad aU^ are " Dialogtiet, Moral and Political," " Letters
<n ChinliT.'* (1761J "Commentary on Horace's Ara
hetka," "Lecinres on the ProphecMS," and a "life of
Wartavtom" |I794.) "Hnrd has perba^" saya Hai-
ti^ "the merit of bnng the first who, m this country.

S5 HUSKISSON

he did not fcel very deeply, was sonewhat of a coiconlv
and ssaomes s dogmatic arrogance whidi oflends the
reader." (** Introduction to the Literature of Europe.^
Died in 1S08.

Sh FuMB KiLvnv, >■ Uutain af Bubep Haul," it6g i ■■ Life
tt K. HunL" br himHtC ■> u (ditioa of bk Wofci, t vsk., ilii
" Nonli Bnd(b R«i«w'' far Miy, 1861.

Hni'dla, (Rev. Jahbs^) an Engliah poet, bom li
Snssea in 1763, was 1 friend of the poet Cowper. la
17S4 he becsme tutor to the Earl m Cbichetter's son,
and in im professor of poetry at Oidijrd. He wrota
"The Villsce Corato," (1788,) "Sir Thomas More," a
tragedy, and other poems. Died in iSot.

So ~ Rotnmmtiv* Ravi**." nL L. 1S1&

HnrA Jifsk', (Ckaklis,) a French Jansenlst writtr,
bom at Champigny-sur-Vonne in 1639, was for nany
years an eminent professor of languages in tl^e Univer-
sity of Paris. He published an approved " Dictlonaty
of the Bible." Died in 1717.

Hnret, M'ti', (GkAcoirs.) a
.. Lyons b 1610. His work i>
his heads expressive. Died in 1670. '

Hflrl'bar^ (William Hihby,) a journalist, bom at
Chsrleaton, South Carolina, July 3, 1S17. He graduated
at Harvard College in 1S47, and at the Harvard Divinity
School, was foi a short time a Unitarian minister, and
afterwards studied in Gemuuiy and at the Dane Law
School, He became a journalist of New Yoric, snd for
many yeara waa one of the editors of the " World" news-

Sjper. He published "Gan-Eden," (1854,) "General
[cClellan and (he Conduct of llie War,'*' [i3&4.) and
other works. Died in Italy, September 4, 1895.

Hnrl'bti^ (Stbphin a.,) an American general, bom

corps of General Sherman's army in the raid
in February, 1864. IMed March iS, iSSa.

Hiul'at^MfPatDKaiac VlATia,) an Enkii>i> ihuiks
of history and portraits, was bom in London in iSoi,
Soon after 1810 he joined the Society of British Artists,
of which he Became prerident Among his works sre
"The Spanish Beanty"and"The Last Sigh of the Moor."
His portraila are much admired. Died in 1S69.

HOrat, (John Fletcher,) D.D., LI.D., an Araeiican

he became professor of historical theology m the theo-
logical seminary at Madison, New Jeraey, and b 1873 was
an>ointed its president. He was elected a bishop in
1880, and cbaacelloi of the American University in
1891. Among his numerous works sre " History of
Rationalism," (1S66,) "Outlines of Bible History,"
(187s,) "Outlines of Church Histoiy," (1878,) and
" Histoiy ol the Reformation," (1S84,) besides works
translated from the German. Died May 4, 1903.

Btutanl^ Aiis'ty, (Maxiuilibn Jobbfr,) a French
architect, born at Huningue in lytic He was appointed
architect of the Fontainebleau Palace, in which he re-
stored the eallcry of Diana. Died in 1824.

Hnrter, bdCa'tfr, (Fbisdkich EtUNUSL,) a German
htstorJan, bom at SchaShansen in 1786, published a
" Histoiy of Pope Innocent IIL," (^ vols., 1834-4^)
and a " History of the Emperor Ferdinand 1 1, and his
Fsmllv " (ElUnt,) (9 vols., 1850-5T.) Died in 1865.

Hid^and^ (Hsuum,) a native of Pennsvlvania,
became a leado' of the " SL^Iatore" b North Carolina
in 1768, and fought againat Governor Tryon in 1771
Died about 1704.

Roaohkat hn^'kch, (Emamdbl Gottlibb,) a "

man philologist, b«n b 1761, pnUished a good edition
of Tibullus, (iSiQ,) and other worka. Died m iSs&

Lsw," (1830,) and other worics. Died in iSS&

kI*«9ii,0Vu. ---.=-- -.

financier, bora in Won

Hna'klB-^VD, rWiLLUM,) 1

iMi;t—'' S'tar^; i as/,- O, h, k, jMMmi/; »,Ma^i*,trUUd; i ai

inii^r, (|^-See Eaplanaiions )..13.)

Digitized by VjOOQIC

■336

HUTCHINSON

In i^3i where he lived with one of hia ddcIcs >nd leuned
the French language. Sympathiiinswitb theRevoIutloii,
oe waa preaent at the atorminB of the Butille, uid he
became a prominent member of the " Socif tt de 1789."
In 1790 he was employed aa Kcretan to Lord Gower,
then ambassador at Faris, with whom he returned
to England in 1791. Having attracted the bTourable
notice of Pitt, he waa appointed hi 179S nnder-ieoe-
tary in (he department of war and the colonies, and the
next year was returned to Parliament for Morpelb. He
waa Becretary of the treaanrr from 1804 until the death
of Pitt, and again from 1M7 until 1809, when, a« ■
friend of Canning, he reiigned with him. In Parliament
he represented successiucTy Harwich, Chicheater, (i8l3-
«3,) and Liverpool, (iSaj-sa) He gained distinction
^ his knowledge of finance and commerce, and by hts
nelhodical and luminous reports. In 1813, under the
anapiccs of Canning, he became president of the board
of tiiule, tieasnrer of the navy, and a member of the
caUnet From the death of Canning (iSaj) lo 1S39 he
acted as colonial secretary. In the tatter part of his life
he inclined to the policy of the liberal party in retpect
to electoral reform, the corn-laws, and other restriction!
on commerce. He re«i^ed in May, 1819, because he
dlRered from the Tory ministrjr. At the opening of the
Liverpool and Manchester Kailway he was killed by an
engine, September 15, tSjo.

Scs"S)ndia ud Biocnphy,"bTWaKiiiT,3n)li., iSji; Wm.
JanDAH, '^Meo I tuYi Caown,^- Lcxlgii, iBM; "NDanll* Bio-

HflBs, (John,) [Ger. Johann Huss, yo'hln haCos ( Lat,
Jomam'nes Huss,] a celebrated reformer of the Church,
waa born at Husinec,(or Ilussineti,) in Southern Bohe-
mia, in 1369. Being appointed in 1403 preacher at the

the censure of the Catholic clergy. As rector of the U:
Tersity of Prague, he had the works of Wickliffc trans-
lated into Bohemian ; but they were soon after burned by
order of Archbishop Sbinko. In 1411 he denounced the
papal bull issued by lobn XXIIL against I^dialaus,
King of Naples, and witn his coadjutor, ferome of Prague,
condemned the sale of indulgence*. He was excommu-
nicated the nert year, upon which he wrote hia work " On
the Church," exposing the abuses of popery. Cited
before the Council of Constance in 1414, and provided
with a pass by the emperor Stgismund, he was arrested
on Us arrival, and, as he adhered firmly to his opinions,
he was burned by order of the treacherous emperor.

5« £hiu h Bohhkhoh. "Lo Rtlbniulcim iviiil li lU-
" ■ Toll., i%a \ ' J. Hut « Hiuoanni Prunuii HiiKina «
" ■■ tinbn ij^; J. CocHUta, ^ Huterii Ku«-
jstoH,^' Rthraim tni Maitrn," PhiUddphia.
mDkk,"ZUce aiudein LcbAndci unvetgeulidieii
iSit; WiL^iLnH, "LimofJohnWiSUUbuid
- "' "idpii^ LordCobhuB, J. Hiui,"<lc,

.,_,. , ,. Huh," 1S41; Hblf(it, "Hdh uDd

Hi>niD7niHvonFnb''iS}j; " Honh Amerian Rsviaw" In Octo-
bw, .847, (br H. WTToaaar.)

HnaaalD Faotu, hoca'sin' pE'shl', a &mous Turkish
admiral, born about 1750, waa a bvourite of Selini III.,
who in 1789 appointed him capudan-pasha. He pos-
•essed superior talenta, and served hi* master with fi-
delity in reforming the discipline and management of
the navy. He commanded Che fleet which in iSol co-
operated with the English against the French on the
coast of Egypt. Died in 1S03.

HnMein Paaha, (or Faoha,) last Dey of Algiers,
born at Smyrna about 1773. At (he death of Ali Pasha,
b iSiS, he was proclaimed hia successor. To avenge
an Insult received by (he French consul, the French
government sent in June, 1830, an army which, after
sevetal days' fighting, fbroed Hussein to capitulate. He
was deposed, and died in 1S3S.

S« A. NrrrauiNT, " Kiitoin da la Conqulla d'AIccr," its?.

HSb'sbj, (Giles,) an Eneliah painter, bom in 1710^
studied in Italy, and settled in London in 1741. He
excelled in portraits, and attempted to apply to bis art
the hypothesis of harmonic proportions. Died in 17SS.

HtUBon, Aii'siN', (Jean Honob4 Ahistibk,) a akil-
Ibl French sculptor, bom in Paris in 1803. He gained
the grand priae of Rome b 1830, Among his works
■r* " Dante and Virgil," a bag-relief (1836,) '

Voltaire, (1839,) and a niarUe statue of " HalbUe," (i8m|
Died in 1864.

Hii'at9n, (LoantlO Dow,) a Methodist miniiteT, bon
in Cbdnnati, Ohio, in (Sao, preached in Kentucky, and
edited several papers.

Hntoh'Q-apn, [Lat Hunnnto'HUS,) (F&ahcu,) a
metaphysician, born in the north of Ireland in 1694, waa
educatedat Glasgow, and was ordained as a Preat^erian
minister. While employed aa principal of an academy
in Dublin, he published about 173^ an excellent wort
entitled an " Inquiry into the Original of our Idea* of
Beauty and Virtue," which was followed by an " Essay
on (he Passionsand Affections," (1718.) In 1719 he waa
appointed professor of moral philosophy in the Uni-
Tersity of Glasgow. Died in 1747. His greatest work, " A
System of Moral Philosophy," was published in 1755.
Sir J. Mackintoah thinks Iiutcheson "was the father
of the modem achool 0/ philosophy in Scotland." _ H*
adopted the opinions of Lord Shaftesbury in moral philos-
ophv, and maintained that disinterested affection* and ■
distinct moral faculty are essential parts of human natuitk

Hntob'ina, (Charles Lewis,) an American clergy<
man, boin at Concord, New Hampshire, August 5,
1S38, graduated at Williams College in 1S61, and at the
General Theolc^cal Seminary in New York. He be-
came a presbyter of the Episcopal Church, and in 1S77,
188a, and 1883 was the secretary of its general conven-
tion. His church and Sunday-school hymnals and col-
lections of church music are widely known.

Hntob'liu, (Rev. John,) bom at Bradford-Pererel, in
England, in 1698, wrote the " History and Antiquities
of the County of Dorset" Died in 1773.

Hntoh'lna, (Thomas,) an American gei^rapher, bom

Monmouth county. New Jersey, about 1735. Hewa*
appointed geographer to the United Stales by Congress,
and published, besides other works, a "Topographical
Description of Virginia, Pennsylvania, MaryUna, and
North Carolina," (1778.) Died in 1789.

Hntch'in-afiii, (Ank,) a religious enthnsiast, bora Id
Uncolnshire, England, about 1600. She was the wife of
William Hutchinson, whom she accompanied to Boston
in 1636. She taught many doctrines which were con-
demned as heretic^ by the Synod of 1637. Mr*. Hutchin-
son herself was banished, and in 164a removed to what
is now Westchester cooniy, New York. The next year
her house was set on fire by the Indians, and she and all
her family, consisting of sixteen [WrsoDS, (except a child
taken captive,} either perished in the flames or were
killed by the savages.

- "ifa of ASBC Hl

Amencaq 6io|nph7.

Hatohinaon, (H. N.,) an English popular science
author, bom at Chester in 1856. He published " Au-
tobiography of the Earth," (1890,) "Extinct Mon-
sters," (189Z,) " Prehistoric Man and Beast," (1896,)
" Marriage Customs la Many Lands," (1897,) etc,

Hatclitn8on,(JOHN,)CoLONEL, an English Puritan
and regicide, born at Nottingham in (616. In 163S he
married Lucy A psiey. (Sec H(rrCHlNSON,LuCY.) In 164a
he obtained the rank of lieutenant- colonel in the army
of Parliament, and next year was appointed governor
of the town and castle of Nottingham, which he bravely
defendedinalong siege against theroyalista. Hewasone
of the judges who condemned Charles I., and afterward*
was a member of the council of state. He was hostil*
to the government of CromwelL Aftei the restoration
he was included in the act of amnesty, bnt, on aground-
less suspicion of a treasonable conspirat^, was confined
in the Tower and Sandown Castle from 1061 to his death
in 1664. His character was excellent, and free from the
austere errors to which the Puritans were most inclined.

S« '• Memoin of Colonel HulchiaMii," by Mi wife, i>e6.

HtitchiiiBOi], (John,) an English writer, bom at
Spennithome in 1674, was the founder of the Hulchin-
sonian or mystical achool of biblical interpretation. He
was employed as steward by the Duke of Somerset, and
aJlerwards as his riding-purveyor. His first work, called
"Moses' Principia," was designed to refute the argn*
ments of Newton's " Principia.^ He published, also, a
" Treatise on Power, Essential and Mechanical," " Glotj

S, e, 1, 5, a,y,/0'V'>'>ti, A, same, less prolonged; i,;,I,6,ii,

}, jAirrl;^^, j, 9, duurf; fir, fSll. St; mJtj n&t;Kd&d; m«5o!

Digitized by VjOOQIC

HUTCHINSON 13

M GraTity, Enential and Mechanical." "The Hebrew
Writings Complete," " &.i»e9 line Prindpio," ;ind other
works. Hia leading idea ia that the Hebrew Scriptores
contain the elements of natural philosophy as well aa
of lettgion. Hia viewa excited mach controveray, and
were adopted by Bishop Home, Parkhurat, and other
eminent oivinea. Died in 1737.

m 1757, wu the tecond son of the preceding. He
entered the army in 1774. Having gained distinction in
the Irish rebellion, he was made major-general in 1706.
In 1800 he went to Egypt aa second in command under
Sir Ralph Abercrombie. When the latter was killed, in
March. iSot, Hutchinson succeeded to the command,
and obliged the French army under Ucnon to capitulate
at Alexandria in the same year. He was rewardod for
these aervices by the title of Baron Hnlchi '-

tn 163CL She was married in 16^8 to Colonel Tohn
Hutchinson, noticed above, after having received a liberal
education. She shared the counsels and dangers of her
hnsband in the civil war, attended him in prison, and
wrote Hemolra of his life, (i3o6,) which are greatly
admired. "We have not often met with anything, says
Lord Jeffrey, "nixe interesting and curious than this
Whime, . , . It challenges onr attention as containing an
■Ccnrats and luminous account of military and political
t&iia from the hand of a woman, and as exhibiting the
noat liberal and enlightened sentimenm in the person
of a INuitan. The views which it opens into the char-
acter of the writer and the manners of the age will be to
many a still more powerflil attraction."

See " Menoin of KnuDint EngHibniHa," br LouIU 3. Coa-
T*LUL LoBdcB, iluj "K£tiboi]|ti Rctiev" br Oeuber, lilot,
(vbLdO.;} ''U«ik'iCaitcmponuia,"by Coudt, LocHkiD. >S6;.

Hntohliuoit, (RICUAKD HlLV,) Earl of Donough-
More, bom in Dublin in 1 756^ was the eldeat son of John
H. Hutchinson, noticed above. He served in the army
during the Irish rebellion of 179S, and in 1800 waa raised
to the peerage, aa Eail of DonouebmoTC, In 1S05 he
obtained the tank of major-general, In Parliament he
advocated mth leal and constancy the claims of the
Calhcdica. He was created a peer of the United King-
dmi in iSsi. Died in 1835.

Hntohlnaoii, (Roger,) an early English RefDrmcr,
became Fellow of Saint John's College, Cambrid^, in
IJ43. He left theological works, whida were published
faii842. Died in 1555.

Hotohloiion, (Thomas,) a royal governor ai Massa-
diDsctta, was born in Boston in 171 1. He became a
jodge of probate in 1753, and chief justice of Massachu-
•ctts in 1760. Hia course in relation to the Stamp Act
rendered him very unpopular. He succeeded Bernard
at governor in 1769, and pursued a policy which (ended
to provoke a revolt in tbe colonics. When the tea waa

returned to its owners. Hutchinson, however, refiised to
grant tbe ships a past. The reiult was the destruction
ofthe tea b^dtiicn* in the disuse oflndians. In 1771,
Dr. Franklin, colonial agent in London, had sent over
to Massachosetts confidential letters written by Hut-
chinson to England, which showed that hia whole policy
had been characterized by duplicity and evasion, — that,
professins to be the friend of the colony, he had secretly
advised the sending of troops to Boston, and other
obnoiioua measures. He retired to England in 1774.
ENed near London in 17S0. His princifnil works are a
"History of the Province of Massachusetts Bay from
1618 to 1749," (1 vols. Svo, issued in 17&4-67,) and a
"Collection of Original Papers relative to the History
«f Maasachosetts Bay," (1709.) The " North American

17 MUTTON

Review" calls his work " a nine of wealth to all future
historians and antic^uaries." "It is written," say* Ban*
croft, "with lively inqulsitiveneas and lawyer-like crid-
~'sm, though without a glimpse of the great truths which

ere the mighty causes of the revolution he describes."
Sec Au.aH'< " Amencan BkD£rtphica] DjcllDhaiT."

Httth, hiJBt, (Gkorg Leonhabd,) a German natu-

Jist, bom at Nuremberg in 1705 ; died in 1761.

Hntln, ^ii'tiK', (Charles,) a French painter and
sculptor, born in Paris in 1715, worked mostly at Dres-
den, where he died in 1776.

in 14SS. He studied at Frankforl-on-the-Oder, and

to Menti; where he publisl
attacks on the Roman clergy, and soon after became
acquainted with Luther, whose cause he openly espoused.
Owing 10 the persecution be now encountered, he was
obliged to take refuge in Switzerland, where he died in
1523. He possessed rare talents, but lacked discretion
and morality. He was probably one of (he authors of
the famous " Epistolie Obscurorum Virorum," consisting
of satires on the monks and ihc clergy, {1516.)

Sea ScHuaxrr, "LrbenUlrichionHutienV' iHi; BmcKHAaik
'-Commenamt dt Filii et Meridi Ulrid Hulleni." t7imi
Stbauu. "UlrichTon Hulten." iSjH; Bavli, "tiiBiarical indCiitl-
cti Dklionirr;" Wacehsiil, " U, nHa Haltcn nach teincm Lrben,"
elt, igij : XsLLBit, " U. de Hullea, h Vie. ki (Eurre., •<» Temj).,"
Paiu, i&if ; Cievinits, " Codiidita dv DeuBrtm Niriociil-UI*-
raloil" ^'NaunUe Biofn{Jiie C^n^nle!" "Fruet*! Uh^uib"
fct Aupiii, 1149.

Hnttonna. See HirrnN.

Hatter, hOSt'(fr, (Euas,) a Gcmian linguist, bom at

Hutter, (Lat. Hirrrs'sus,] (Lronhasd,) a German
theolo^an, a brother of the preceding, was bom at Ulm
in 1^63. He was noted for his rigour and excessive Eoal
for Lutheranism. He was proliessor of theology at Wit-
tenberg fronil<|96 until 1610. Among bis numerous works
is a " Compendium of Theological Subiecis," ("Compen-
dium Locorum theologicoruro," 1610.J Died in 1616.

Sea Baru. "Huiorical and Critical DicIicinUT:" J. & NalF
MANN, "Protnmau de Viu L. Hmicri," ijc^

Hnttortu. See HinrsR.

Hnt't9>n, (Charlbs,) IX.D., an eminent English
mathematician, born at Newcastle-upon-Tyne in 17^7,
was employed for some years as a teacher in bis native
place. Here he published treatises on arithmetic and
mensuration. From 1773 to 1806 he waa professor of
mathematics in the Military Academy a( Woolwich. In
1 774 he was chosen a Fellow of the Royal Sodety, which
he also served as foreign secretary and enriched vrith

He acquired cclebtitrby
merous works, among whichare "Mathematical Tabli .
(1785,1 " Elements of Conic Sections," a "Mathematical

Tables,"

1 "Cou

of

Philosophical Dictionary," (179S,) ^

Mathematics," (1798,) etc. From 1804 to 1809 he assisted
Shaw and Pearson in abridging the " Philosophical TranS'
actions." He was eminent for benevolence, modesty,
and simplicity of character. In 1807 his services were
rewarded by a pension of £yxi. Died In 18S3.

Sea EucH DDdGiumt, "AllteBue EDCyUepecdia;' "Oea-

Huf tpn, (Gbokgb Clark,) D.D., a Scottish divine
of the United Presbyterian Church, was born at Perth,
May 16, 1825. He was trained at the University 0'

Self Evidence," (1853.) "The Rationale of Prayer,"
(1853.) etc

Hut'tpn, (Jambs,) M.D., a philosopher and geologist;
distinguished as (he author of the Plutonian theory of
geology, was bom in Edinburgh in 1726. He gradu-
ated as M.D. at Leyden in 1749. About 1768 he became
again a resident of Edinburgh, where he published, be-
sides other works, a " Dissertation on the Philosophy
of Light, Heat, and Fire," (1794,) and "Theory of the
Earth," (179S,) His geological theory excited much
discussion and opposition, being attacked by Kirwan and
defended by Protssor Flayfiut, who wrote " IllosUi-

r,- \hard; Ja*/; 0, H, ^.guttHral; H, naiaS; «. trilled; S asr; th at inrfir. IJ^'See Explanations, p. »3.>

Digitized by VjOOQIC

MUTTON 13

tiona of tlie Hntbmlin Tbaorr of the Eartb," (t&M.)
Died in 1797.

HnttOD. (Laurehck,) an American authoi, born
at New York in 1843, engaged in authorship after
1871, and became lilerary ^itor of " Harper's Maga-
line" in 1S86. He published BereTsl wottis relaling
to tbe stage, " Literary Landmarks of London," and
of other European cities, etc. Died June 10, 1904,

HnttOD, (Mattkkw,) an English prelate, bom in
1539, wM made Biahop of Dorbun in 1589, and Arch-
tmhop of York in 1394. He wrote ■ work on Predes-
tination. Died in i&s.

Hntton, (William,) an English antiquair and aathoi,
bom of poor parent! at Derl:^ in 1733. He received a
defective education. At the age of fiftj-sii lie commenced
his career as an anthor. Hla chief works are a " History
of Binninghara," (ijSt,) a "History of Derby," (1790,)
"Edgar and Elfridi," a poem, "The Roman Wall,"
(iSoi,) and an instmctiTe volume of "Autobiography,"
(iSl&i His daughter CATHUtlNi wrote " ibe Hiser
Harried," a noreL He died in iSiJ.

S«Ui"ADtofai(itniihT;" "PtmBief KsovMi* nda DiS

. _ u architect of the grand church La Madeleine,
whicli he Gniahed. He was admitted into ttie Institntt
bi 1838. Died in 1S51.

S« Chaulb LntniuKB, " Nodo nt J. J. H. Hurt," igjj.

and practised widi success at Plymouth. He wrote
Kveial popnlar books on medicine, one of which is an
"Essay on Fevers," (1750.) Died in 1768.
Hnx^sy, (Thoiias Henry,) F.° " — — ™— '

Heduste." He succeeded E Forbes as proTesaor of
palaeontolOCT ■» the School of Mines abont i3^ and

Among hia

became proleasor of physiology at the Royal Ii

Among hia principal works Is a " History of the Oceank

Hfdroaoi," (1857,)^ "Man's PImc in Nature," (1863,)

■■ Lectures on the Elementa of Comparative Anatomy,"
(1864,) " Protoplasm ; or, The Physical Basis of Ufe,"
(1869,) " Lay Sermons, Addresses, and Reviews," (1870,)
"Manual of the Analomv of Verlebrated Animals,"
{1S71,) "Critiqaes and Addresses," (1873,) "American
Addresses," (1877,) and "Essays on Controverted
Questions," (1892.) In 1871 he was elected lord
rector of Aberdeen University, and in 189Z was made
a member of the privy council. Mr. Huxley was a
very popular lecturer, and stood in the foremost rank
among physiologists and naturalists. He favoured the
Darwinian theory. Died June 29, 1895.
HaTdeooper, hoi'd; h-ko'pfr, (Balthaiak,) « Dutch

Kl and excellent critic, bom at Amsterdam in 169J.
produced " Arsaces," (lyas,) and three other trage-
dies, a good metrical version of uie Satires, Epistles, and
"Ars Poetica" of Horace, (tT37i) and other poetni.
His "Essays, Philolt^cal and Poetical, or Observations
on Vondel a Dutch Version of Ovid's Metamorphoses,"
(1730,) are highly commended. "All that he bis done
In this department," says the " Bit^raphie Univcrselle,"
**fa danicaL" Died in 1778.

April 14, 1629. He inherited the title of Lord
lichem. About the age of sixteen he went to Leydcn,
where he studied law and mathematics under Vinnius
and Schooten. Soon after leaving the university, he
■Mgan to disting;uish himself by his admirable scientific
discoveries and mechanical inventions. In 1651 he pub-
lished his "Tlieorems on the Quadrature of uie Hyper-
bola," etc, aiul in 1656 discovered a satellite of Saturn
with a telescope of bis own conttrnctioit. In 1657 he
— ' — 1 impcntant service to science and society by

measurement of time. Two yean la

puUished, in his " System of Satorn," a deacriptioo of
Sainra's ring, which (te bad discovered with a telescope
of twenty-two feet focal length. These and otbet
successes had rendered him pre-eminent among the
contemporary savants and philosophers of all tutioDL
Newton was then a young student preparing to rival
or surpass him. The years 1660 and 1661 were passed
by Huygens in France and England. In 1663 he was
cbosen a Fellow of the Royal Sc^ety of London. From
i66s to 1681 he resided in Paris, whither Colbert had
invited him in order to add Mat to the newly-founded
Academy of Sciences. In this period he demonstrated
the law of the impact of bodies, {1669,) wrote an elegant
treatise on Dioptrics, and published his great work
entitled "Horologlum Oscillatorium," (1673J dedicated
to Louis XIV. Besides the theory of the pendulum.
Ibis work contains several verv important mechanical
discoveries, among which are the Uct that the cycloid
is the curve all the arcs of wtucli, measured from the
lowest point, are syitchronous, and the theory (without
demofiatralion) of the centrifugal force in circular mo-
tion, by whidi he made a near approach to those laws
ol ^vilation afterwards proved oy Newton. He has
the credit of inventing the spiral spring which is used
to regnlale the balance cA watches, which invention was
also claimed by Hauteleuille. In t6Sl Huygens retumed
to Holland, where he spent some years m oonstructing
a planetarium, and telescopes of enormous dimensions,
one of which had a focal letigtb of tvro hundred and ten '
feet. In 1690 appeared (b French) hi* " TreMiae on the
Cause of Gravis," and a " Treatise on Light," which is
esteemed one of his greatest worlts. It contains argn-
nents in &vour of the undulatory theory, which was ust
pmposed by him and is now generally adopted. Died
m 169L He left a work styled " Caamolheoros," (printed
in 1693,) in which he advances bold speculations or con-
iectnres on the constitution of the planets, which he
believed to be inhabited. Huygens was never married.
He loved retirement, and maintained a good character
as a man. He kept up a friendty correapondence with
Leibniti and Newtm, the latter of whom called Um
"Summos Hngenius."

Sh "Viu HiiiHiiL' intxad to In "Open Vuia," i«4 ; Cow-
uuKsr, "BdCt da lliijiiiai ." Eibch und OsuBn, " AUnmca*
XncrUoiMdi*;" Uohtvcu. " Hiiuin i)« HiiMmitiqua ;" Da-
LAHiaa, " HiMoin da rAMcaunue modtme;" F, H. FiMiucuir,
"Amsiulo In VhiiB C Hataui." iftm M. Lshhici, "Lcbdu-
tgaduflriil fBB C Hgijnn!" Da. F. Uoun, inicli in th*
■' Naa«a?3iap«pbl> oSiiak."

BtiTgHU orHoIJgeiu, (CoNSTANTQif,) Sdgnenr of
Znylidiem, (or Znlicheu,) bora at the Hwie in 1596, waa
the £ahet of the preceding. He acted with mdii aa
secretary to three anccesHvc prince* of Orange, the last
of whom wa* William IIL of England. He wrote Latin
epigrama, and other poetical performance*, wbidi were
received with favour. Died in 16S7.

Sa hu AutaWDnwInr, b loia, aatilkd "Da Vha prof(ia Sw-
"- 'L^-7^iodnlndaitie^I>kdauiT,"(iBZi]LdMi-

da KaDul tu hat Kuikta fl
Hagiiiiie" for Mar, iSm.

Hnyghena, Hoi'Hens, (Gomaeits,) a Dutch Roman
Catholic theologian, bom in Brabant Ini63l ; died in 1701.

Bnyn, hoo^m, (LtJiiE,) a German writer, born at
Coblentx, November 6, 1S43. Her works are mostly
religious (Roman Catliolic) tale*, written nader the
pseudonym of M. Luix>LrF.

Hnyot, AU'yo*, (J^an Nicolas,) a French architect,
bom in Paris in 1780. He passed several years In the
Levant, exploring the ruins of Ephesus, Thebes, Athens,
and other cities. Died in 1840,

Haysinaii, hois'mln, sometimes written Honaemaii,

(COBNBLis,) an eminent Flemish landscape-painter, boru

at Antwerp in 1648. He worked mostly at Malines,

(Mechlin.) His colouring is praised by Debcamps, who

observe* that he had a great tuent for painting

to Emmans."

■,C,I,S,ll,T,/<PV>'^^^**^'>''>ip<'°'<'"R<*'i i,l,I,5,n,f.iit0rt;hf,j,^«Jj«nr,'f3j,fl]l,ai;iBtlinAtig3&dimdCn

r.g,i,,ed3,G00gle

THOMAS HENRY HUXLEY.

dbyGoogle

db,Google

brothei'i works with accuracy. Died in London In 1740.

Anotber brother, Jdstus, born in 1684, excelled in
banle-iueces, bat died premature If in 1706.

Hnmnin, vmb, (Jan,) ■ celebrated Dutch painter,
bom m AiDsterdam in 1682, was a popil or hi* father,

eataa. His faTourite lubjects w«re flower* and fruits,
which he is thought to be unriTalled. His works unite
IMteful compoeition, richness and harmony of colour,
freedom o( touch, snd exquisite finish. His pictures
were often adorned with insects, dew-drops, birds' nests,
ete. Me had a peculiar art of preparing hU colours,
rtich be always kept secret Died in 1749.

BuyBDin, Tftn, (Jusrvs,) thi Out, a Dutch land-
■cape-paintcr, bora at Amsterdam in 1659, was the bther
«f tlM preceding^ Ked in 171&

Biuwd, M'dtf, (Jbar Baptistb.) a noted French

___ ... le and popular

works on the Teterinaty art and rural economy, and he
had collected a library of forty thousand vidame* per-
tatnias to his tpedaliiy. Ked in 1839.

See pAusn. " Klafa d* Hmrd:" Bakw SiLnsna, "Nodea

Hw«re«liiilr. See Nidhoog.

Hvlt&Id, hvifflid, (Arild,) a Danish historian,
bora in 1549. In 1586 he attained tite dinilly of serutor,
•nd afterwards was chancellor of the Idngdom. He wrote
• "Chronicle of the Kingdom of Denmark," which i*
coBsldered aothentic. Died in 1609.

•ndw

•iJie__ _^ _ . „ .

commentaries <m Soiplure. Died in 17S8I

Brsdntbtt. See Hyacihthui.

BroolntlM, «¥*lNt', (Chakus Lotson,) PIxe, sd
eminent French pulpit orator, bom at OrUaiu about
|8>8. He became ■ Carmelite monk, preadied tat some
time in Lyons, and removed about iS!i5 to Paris, where
Us oonfcreDCes in tbe chorch of Notre-Dame attracted
■Bcb ottentioi). In September, 1869, he paUished, in
k iMa to the general ol^ his order, a protest against tbe
■ItniDontane doctrines and practices of the Roman
Chiu^ called forth bv the ^cyclical letter by which
tte pope had caa?tnea a general conndL This protest
canaed a great ctKnmotion in the religious world, and

, 1873, he was inamed in London. In 1873

became curate of the Old Catholic Cliurch in GeneTa,
btti reigned in 1874, when he went to Pari* and estab-
Bibed there the Galilean Church. DiedFeb.9,i9iz.
Hj-f-«in'Uraa,J[Gr. Tito**; Fr. Hvacinthc, e't'-

ally
The poets feinied that Apollo changed him into the

Hy-i, — .-^

itlit',] a beautiful Ebartan youth, beloved by Apollo, by
^MiD be wa* acddentally Idlted in a game of discus.

The poets feinied tha^ '--"- -'■ ^ •-'- '— "^-

■ower called Hyadnth.

H^Br^SI, (Gr. TUtt.] Anglicised as Hv'ads, nymphs
of classic mythology, and daughters of Atlas. Accoriflng
to the pocuc legend, they were changed into stars, and
DOW fbrm part of the constellation of Taurus. When
dkcy rose and set with the son, it was regarded as a sign
of rainy weather.

Hy'f tt, (ALTHXtFl,) Ja., an American naturalist, born
at Washington, D.C., April J. 1S3S, studied at the
HarylaiKl Military Academy, at Vale College, and at the
Scientific School of Cambridge, Massachusetts, where
he graduated in 1861. In 1881 he became proftissor of
looTc^y and palBontolt^ in tbe Massachusetts Institute
of Technology. His principal works are "Memoirs on
K Polyioa,''^(i868,) and "Guide* for Science Teaching,"

Hfftt, (John,) a Calvinlstic Methodist preacher,
bom in 1767, officuted in the Tabernacle, Londoiu He
raUisiusdBeTenlTolmiiesafsennoii*. Died in 181&

19 HYDERALBB

Hyatt, (John Wbsley,) inventor, born at Starker,
New York, in 1S37. His inventions have been numer-
ous, includingcelliiloid, the Hyatt billiiid ball, the Hyatt
roller beaiiiig, and many othen.

B^b're-aa, pr^a^,] an endnent Greek orator, a
native of Csria, flourished about 40 B.C

Hjrda, (Annb,) a daughter of Lord Clarendon, was
bom in 1637, She was married about 1660 to the Duke
of York, afterwards James IL She was the mother of
Queen Mary and Queen Anne. Died in 1671.

Hyde, {Edward.) See Cukbndon, Earl of.

Hyde, (Hrnry.) See Clarendon, Earl or.

Hyde, (Lawrencr,) M.P., son of Sir Nicholas Hyde,
distinguished himself by his succesafiil efforts in pro-
moting the escape of Charles II. after the battle of Wor-
cester. The king passed one night in the house of
Lawrence Hyde's tenant, and thence was conducted by
Hyde to the sea-shore. Died in 168a.

Bydov (Lawbbncb,) first Earl of Rochester, was the
second son of Edward, Earl .of Clarendon. He was
an ultra Tory, and was the leader of the High-Church
partjr in the reign of Charles II. He became first com-
nUssioner of the treasury in 1679. At the accession
of James II., in 16S5, he was appointed lord treasurer,
{prime minister.) "niough extremely suhaervienl to the
policy of the king, he was removed from ofioe hi Decem-
ber, 1686, because he wonld not turn Roman Catholic

Hydo, (Sir Nicholas,) an English iudge, born in
J71, was the &ther of Lawrence Hyde, and uncle of the
first Earl of Clarendon. He was appointed chief justice
of the king's bench in l6a6, and presided when Sir John
Eliot was unjustly condemned to prison. Died in 1631,

Byde, (Thouas,) D.D., a learned English divine, bom
fat Shropshire in 1636, became Archdeacon of Gloucester
in 1678, professor of Arabic at Oxford in 1691, and regius
proJasor of Hebrew in 1697. He excelled in Oriental
languages, and was interpreter of the same to Charles
IL, James II., and Wtlltam IIL From 1665 to 1701 he
was principal librarian of the Bodleian library. He pub-
lished a treatise on Chinese weights and measures, (1688,)
and one on "Oriental Games/' (1694.) His principal
work, a " History of the Religion of the Ancient Per-
sians and Magi,'' in Latin, iiyoo,) displays a vast erudi-
tion, and for a long time haa a great reputation. " The
variety and novelty of its contents," says Hallam, •' gave
this book a credit which in some degree it preserves;
hot Hyde was ignorant of the ancient language of Persia,
and is said to have been often misled b^ Mohammedan
BDthorities." ("Introduction to the Literature of Eu-
fope^'^ He wrote other works, and compiled dictiona-
ries of the Persian and Turkish languages. Died in 1 703.

Hyde de HenvUle, hid dfb nuh'vtl', (JtAK GttiL-
LAUME,) a French politician, bom in the department of
Niivre in 1776. He was an active royalist doring the
republic and the empire. After the restoration he acted
with the ultra royalists as a deputy in 1815, and was
minister to the United States of North America irom 1816
to iSai. He was minister of the marine In the Mai-
tiznac cabinet for a short time in 1818. Died in 1857.

Hyder,the German of Hvska, which.see.

Hyder- Alee or Hydor-AIl, hf'dfr Alee, [sometimes
written, in Frendi, Haidbr-Au,] a celebrated Hindoo
prince, bom abont iitS, entered the army of the Rajah
of Mysore. Hi* military talents procured his promotion
to thecommandofananny, with which he captured Ban-
galore and fought against the Mahrattxs. About 1759, by
a bold and successful coup J'itat, he obtained the chief
power In Mysore, leaving his former master the title of
rajah and a pension. The English, alarmed by his en-
croachments, formed a league with the Mahrattas agaiiut
him, (1766.) Jn the war that ensued, Hyder gained such
advantages that the English sued lor peace and entered
bito alliance with him, (1769.) In 1771 he was defeated
by the piratical MahratUs, the English having biled
to aid him according to the treatv. Having tiiade an
alliance with the French and the Mahiattas sgainst the
English, he suddenly invaded the Carnatic in 1780^ took
•eVeral fortresses, defeated some detachments, and rav-

cssf; (asj; iAart/; ii*»J; o,H,x,giii^ral; y, natal; R,tnile(i;i>»t; thasi

itku. (lySee Explanations, p>st.^

Digitized 3,G00gle

HYDRA 1%

*g:ed the covnttf almoM to the walli of Bladraa. Id
17S3 h« WM defeated b; Sir Ejrre Coote at Forto Novo,
uid died in the ume yeai, leaving bii throne to hb ■on,
Tippoo Slhib. Myder wa« a MiusDlman. Ileii reputed
the nioBt ab!: enemy the British have had to cooleod
with in India.

S«MBiiHussiiHALTKHAiiKiiiHAiH."Hiita7orHrd<rAli,"

'■Life or Hvder-AI^" 17S6: M. Cahi-ahi, "MeinoM Hpn 1> Viu
d-Hy<tirAI^"i7»4: Josarit Uichaud, ''HbloiR du Pmrii « da
laCiiul«<lcTEnipinacMrK>n,"tK.. inlt., itot.

Lemean marsh and was destroyed bv Hercules. - It wat
said 10 have had nine beads. (See Hekculbs.)

Hydro, ijee Hydra.

Hy-fto'ia or Hy-M-oI'a, [Gr. Triao; Ft. Hycii,
e'ihe', or Hvcis, e'ihS',| written also Hygva orHygia,
the goddess of health, in Greek mythology, said to be the
daughter of Asclepias. She was represented as holding
a cup in one hand, and in Che other a serpent, drinking
from the cup.

Hygle or Hygfo. See Hygeia,

Hy>^'niu [Fr. Hycm, e'lhln'] became Bishop of
Rome in 138 A.D., and died in 14a. He is sappoaed to
have been a Greek.

By-CJ'nus 01 Hlgliiiis, (Caius Julius,) a Roman
grammarian, born in Spain or Alexandria. Originally
a alave, he nai set free by Augustus Caesar, who gave
him charge of the Palatine Library. He wrote a " Com-
menlaiy on Virgil," and other esteemed works, which
are losL Other works bearing his name are extant, via.,
"Mythological Fables," and "Poellcon Astronomicon,"
but are supposed to have been written by ■ Hyginua
who lived at a later date.

SBiBui(Tx,"DiuHiuU>d*C J. HKiaiVltaMSirip«k,"i(4&.

HykaoB. See Shbfhkrd Kings.

ByUnder, hil-Iin'dfr, (ANDUiS,) a Swedish Orien-
talist, born at Tunhem in 1750 ; died in iStCk

Bylaret^ AelfrJ', (Mauricb.) a French monk am)
preacher, bom at AngoulSme in 1539, was a partisan ol
the League. Died in 1591.

Hflaa, [Gr. "nor,] ■ bvonrite of Ilercnles, whom he
accompanied in the Argonantic expedition. The Naiads,
enamoDicd with his beanty, drew nim into the water, so
that he was lost to Uercalea forever.

Hyll, hii, (?) (Albah,) an English ph^idan, who prac-
tised in London with a high repntatioii. He wrote a
"Commentary on Galen." Died in 1559,

HJfnna. [Gr. TWot,] ason ofHereules and Dejanira,
was persecuted by Euryatheus, and after the death of
his fattier was the leader of the Heracli'd^ Aided by
the Athenians, he invaded Peloponnesas, and debate*
Euryatheus, whom he kilted with his own hand.

H^mfnorHymeiiaen«,him-e-nee'us, |Gr. Tu^or
Tfiiitao!; Fr. HVHEN, e'min', Or Hym*n4e, e'mi'ni',!
the god of marriage of the Greeks and Romans, was
represented as a handsome youth, crowned with flowers,
am) holding a nuptial torch in his hand. According to
one tradition, he was a son of Apollo and one of the
Huset. Another account makes him the son of Bac-
chus and Venus.

Hymlr, hi'mjr, written also Bjntw, [supposed to be
derived (rom^Hinr, the "sea,"] the name of a great giant
mentioned in the Norse mythology as the owner of a
huge kettle, a mile deep, which Thor carried ofl^ having
Erst placed it over his head, so that he was entirely
hidden by it. It was the same giant with whom Thor
went a fishing and caught the World-serpent.

S«Thoii«," Nonbun MjiholoirT,"Yo]. L; MAuar. "Konh-
•ni AnoauiUH." »oL ii. F.bl<. XXYH

Hym'uI-4^ |Gr. Tfow; Fr. Hyunib, tm'ne',] a snr-
tiame of Diana, under which she was worshipped in

Hymnle. See Hymnia.

Hynd'f9Td, (Tohn Caruichakl,) Eakl of, a Scot-
tish diplomatist, bom in 1701. In 1741 he was employed
with credit as ambassador tu the Pnisuan court, and
In 1744 was sent in the same capacity to Russia. After
successful efforts to terminate the war of the Austrian
~ 1 by a treaty of peace, he acted as envoy to

to HYPSJCLES

Vienna in 1752. In 1764 he was appointed lord vice-
admiral of Scotland. He died in 1767.

Hynd'man, (Henry Mayers,) an English social-
ist, bom in 1842. He wrote "England for All,"
(1SS1,) "Historic Bases of Socialism in England,"
C1883,) "The Indian Famine," (1887,) "The Cora-
mercial Crises of the Nineteenth Century," (189a,) etc.

Hyne. (Charles John Cutcliffb,) an English
aovelisl, botn at Bibury in 1866. His works include
"The New Eden," (1892,) "Honour of Thieves,"
(1895,) "The Adventures of Captain Kettle," {189S,)
" Through Arctic Lapland," (189S.) etc.

HypMtU, W-pi'she3, [Gr. Tirana; Fr. Hvpatii,
e'pft'te',] a celebrated lEmale philosopher and mithema-
dcian, bom at Alexandria in the latter part of the fourth
century. She was the daughter of Theon, and displayed
even greater talenu than this &mous mathematician In
the study of philosophy and the sciences. She pursDed
her studies with great assiduity, often studying late in ths
nighL After having improved herself by travelling and
attending lectures at AlWns of the most distinguished
teachers of philosophy, she returned to Alexandria,
wbeie she wai invited by the magistrates of the dty
to teach philoeophy. She fitvourcd the Neo-Plalotuc
phitoaophy. She had many celebrated disciples, soma
of whom embraced Christianity and cherished through
life feelings of friendship lor her, although she con-
tinued to worship the heathen deities of Greet*. She
was noted for her virtue, her beauty, her sinplidtf of
dress, her acctunpUshmenta, and her strcneth of mind.
Orestes, the prefect of Alexandria, admired tier vrisdon^
and often availed himself of her coonieU. Cyril, the
Christian patriarch, and his bnatical monks, appear to
have regarded llypatiaas the principal supporter of tlie
old religion -, and at last their frenzy reached such a point
that they tore her from her chariot as she was %iXKt to
her school, and murdered her 415 A.D.

Sag TtuaiioHT, " M Jmoina ;" Wnunnoar, ■* Qoitn Dinina-
tinni nr Hnatia ; Ckauld Kimaun'! hUtoncal lomuux aiitilM
"Hypida.''

Hy'per-bo'rf-ani, a tabled race whom the Greeks
placed (as their name indicates) in the far North, "beyond
the North wind." They enjoyed perpetual youth, and
lived in an earthly jjaraaise separated from the rest of
the world by the Rhipean MountaJna.

Hyp^ilde. See Hvperides.

Hy-p9r-i'd»l [Gr. ttapiiiK or T^ipUw ; Fr. Hvpt-
ride, e'pi'rid',] a famous Athenian orator, was tha
son of Glaudppus, and a pupil of Plato. He was iden>
liGed with the party that opposed Philip of Macedon.
After the battle of Chnrone a, hjS B.C.,] he proposed
to recall the exiles, to liberate the slaves, and to take
other vigorous measures, which were adopted, and pro-
cured peace on favourable terms. Having refiised to
toBch the gold with which Harjulus c(»rupted other
orators of Athens, he was chosen to conduct the ptoM-
cution against Demosthenes for his share in that trans-
action. Hyperides was put to death by Antipater in
312. Cicero ranks him next to Demosthenes; and other
andent critics agree that his eloquence was of the highest
order. Important portions of four of his orations wen
discovered in papyrus in 1847 and lSs&

Hy-pfT-I'on, (or hl-pee're-gn,) [Gr, Tiaplur,] In
Greek mythology, the name of a Titan, a s<ni of UramM
and Ge, (or Terra,) and the father of Aurora and Heliaih
In Homer, Hyperion Is a name of the sun.

Hy-po'rt-ua, [Dutch pton. he-pS're-iis,I (AndrC Gk-
RARD,) an eminent Protesunt theologian, born at Ypres
in 151 1. He was professor of theology at Marburg frooD
lUi to 1564. Among his works are "De Formandis
Condonibus sacris," ("On the Composition of Ser-
mons," tS55i) ""^ " ^ Thcolo^o wn de Ratione Studii
theolopicL" r"On the Tlieolo^an. or on the Method of
11564.

Bfp'»'I-<3l», [TtuO^,] a Greek ualhematidaii of
an uncertain epoch, is supposed to have lived at Alex-
andria in the second century. He wrote a ttealiBe

l.«,I,o,ii,F./«v.4,i,ft.sj

SS prolonged; i, i, I, fi, iS, f, iktrrt; i, <;. \. t>, 4itieurt: fir, Oil, Qt ; mSt; nfit; go&d; m^Slti

D,g,t,7ed::yC00t^le

HVPSIPYLE 13

■On tb* R^;ht AMetuioo of the Conitellitiaitt of tba
Zodiac," whid it extant He m tegarded bjr some m
Ae (Dthor of (he fourteenth ind fifteenth books of tltt
"Eletnents" of Eadid. According to Oelambte, he
lived about 146 B.C.

HfiMip'f-le, IGr, T'toAiti,] a queen of Lemnoe,
who, according to tnditiMi, «aTed ttte life of her father
when the other women <d' the island killed their husbands
aad male reiatiooa. She wai afterward* sold into slavery
by the Lemnian women.

^rT-<A'iras [Gr. TfXdKJr,- Fr. Hykcan, tn'k&N'] L,
pOHN,) high-priest of the Jens, wM the son of Simon
Haccabeos, whom he socceeded in 135 B.C. After the
death tA Antiochus Sidetes, 130 b.c., lie conquered the
Idnmeans and destroyed the dty of Samaria. Though
educated as a Pharisee, in (he latter part of his life be
firranred their milt the Sadducees. He died in (he
jear 103, lesTlng his o£Ece to his son Aristobu^lus.

HjToajiiiB II., high-priest of the Jews, succeeded bis
father, Al^anderJannBus, in 76 B.C. His brother Arlato-
balm baving osurped the regal power, HTrcanns, who
WM a weak prince, appealed to the Roman Pompey,
wIm restored him to the throne and priesthood. An-
tipnns, son <rf Aristobala*, with the aid of the Pirtbiana,
depoaed HTrcmas about 38 B.C., and was soon aftet
snpplanted br Herod, who married Marianne, the grand-
diWEbler of HyrcanoB, and put the latter to death, 30 %x,

HyrU, hMa'tl, (Joskfh,) an able anatomist, torn at
Eisenstadt Iloi^ary, in iSii. He became professor of

JBN-AL-ATSBER

847,) which has been adopted by the German otUver-
Jties SB a standard. Died July 17, 1894.

HJFs'lpp, or Hlal^p, Jaubs,) a Scottish poet, burn
near Sanquhar, July 13, 179S. He became a school-
master in the navy, and died near the Cape Verde
Island*, December 4, 1837. He i* Kill temenbered for
his sweet and giacefnl Terse*.

Hyslop, pAHES Hervhv,! p9rdtol<^st, bom at
Xenia, Ohio, in 1854., graduated at Wooster UniTeisity
in 1877. He was instructor and tutor ia philosophy in
several colleges and professor of logic and ethics at Co-
lumbia 1S95-1902. Afterward oi|;aniied the American
Institute for Scientific Research and became editor of
the Journal and Proceedings of the American Society for
Psychical Research. Published works oa logic, ethics,
psychology, and psychical research.
Hrataxp*. See HYSTAsnta.

Hya-tsa'pH, [Gr.TffTaoin;r; Fr.HvsTASPE,ts'd(p';
Persian, GusHTJtsp,] a satrap of Persia, and the &thet
of Darius I., lired about 550 b.c He is said to have
been the first who introduced into Persia the learning
of the Indian Brahmans. According to one account, M
wa* the chief of the Magians, which accords with th*
Persian tradition that Gushllsp patronised the rellgkM
of Zoroaster. {See GirsHTJtsr.)
HrwelL See Hownx na Gooih

X-ac/vlMu, IGr. liuxor,] ■ aumame or synonym of
BACX3IUS, whidi see.

I-«m'be, [Gr. ^^ti,\ a lervant-maid of Metanira,
Qoecn of Eletisis, was said to be a daughter of Pan. By
her jokes or tricks she amused Ceres when the latter
was in distress. Iambic poetry is snppwed to have
derived its lume from her.

lambllohna. See Jamiuckus.

I-«p'«-tii«, [Gr. laittror; Fr. Japit, thrpf,) In clastic
nythottwy. a Titan, and a son M Urano*. He was the
faUier oTAtlas, Prometheus, Gpimetheus, and Hentetius.
He i* by some considered to be the same as the Japheth
of Soiptnre. lapetos was regarded by the ancient
Greeks and Romatu a* the ancestor of the human

n to signilv the numerous island* along
tbe coatta of Europe and Asia Minor, and probably
a)*o die adjacent portions of the two con linen la ; in other
words, all that part of the world with which the early
Grceln were acquainted.

I-S'al-oii |Gr. '\iaUn\ or I-^'al-iu, a Ikboloos aon ot
Jupiter and Electra, (or of Minos and Cotytho*.) He
M aaid to have been beloved by Ceres, who bore him a
son, Plato*, the god of riches.

Ibaira, e-iSi'rl, (Joaquih,) a Spuiish printer, bom at
Saragoasa In 172c carried on busineu in Madrid. He
was distingnisbed for the perfection of his pablicadous.

aSpooisn

. Spaiu*n version of Sallust, (1773.) Died in 17S5.

I'bfS, a Syrian priest of the fifth century, acted a
promiDent part in the disputes about Nettorianiam. lie
was dioeen Bishop of Edessa in 436A.IX At the Coun-
cil of Ephcsus, in 449, he was deposed on tbe chai^ of
bTonrii^ the Nestoriana ; but he was reinstated t^ the
Comidl of Chalcedon in 451. Died in 457.

Il/b«t*pD, (Mrs. Acnes,) an English botanist, bom
k London in 1 757. She investigated the ttroctnre of
plants, and wrote botanical papeta which were inserted
lu Nicholson's " Joama]" and the " Fhiloaophical Maga-
DDc," (1809-17.) IHedlnibj.

Ibbotvon, (Jtnjus Cams,) an English landscape-

*Sa Hunee, Eb, L. Cumn ], hi which lb* phiSiM "Ocas hi

painter, born at Scarborough, copied and Imitated with
success the works et Berghcm. He wrote an " Acddence
or Gamut of Oil- Painting for Beginners." Died in 1817.
Iblittt (Beniamin,) an English divine, bom near
Swaflham, in Norfolk, in 168a. He became chaplain
to George I. in 1716^ and prebendary of Westmiiuter
in 1734. He delivered the Boyle lectures in I7i3-t4.
Died In 1715. Two volumes of^his sermons were pub'
lithed in 1716.

e« Da. S. Cuan, "LihurBenjimiD IbboL"

Iberrille, d', de'blR'vtl', (Limoinx or LiiioyMK,)
a Canadian navigator, bom at Montreal in 1643, distin-
guished himself in many actions aninst the English.
He commanded a vessel sent by the French government
to explore the mouth of the Mississippi, which he dis-
covered in March, 1699. He ascended the river, and
built a fort on ita border. Died at Havana in 1706.

Zbi, ee'bee, (Sinibaldo,) an Italian painter, a pupil
of Pemgino, was bom at Fuugia, and flourished between
1505 and 152S.

IBN, Ib'n, an Arabic word signl^ng "son," and
tormina a part of many names; as, Ibn-Hanbal, the
" son of Hsnbal," etc It I* often written Bttt; a*, Ali-
B««-Ab1-TXub, for Alu-Ibn-Abek (-AbT) -TXlib.

Ibn-Abeet(-Abl)-Yaltoob.(or-Takflb,)Ib'na'bee
yl'kdSb' (Abool-FuaJ, y\dSt& fb'l},) otherwise called
An-Nadeem (-Nadlmj-BIoluiiuned-Ibii-laliMt, In-
nl-deem' mo-him'med Ib'n is-hlk', an Arabian writer,
chiefly known a* the author of a valuable catalogue of
books in the Arabic language, with brief and excellent
notices of their authors. Nothing is known of his liig,
except that he wrote in the latter part of the tenth centnry.

Ibn-Al-Ataeer, (-Atayr.J Ib'n U St-»eeR', (Abool-
Bauan-Alee, or AboiiI(-Abfil)-Haa8aii-AJl, fbdM
hls'sfn I'lee,) sumamed Ae-kd-Dssm, (Azzeddvn,) (£a
the " Splendour of Reli^on,") an Arabian historian, bom
in Mesopotamia about 1160, became a dtiien of Mosul.
He excelled in the sdcnce of prophetic traditions, and
bad great knowledge of history, as ajipears by hi*
Complete Chrimicle from the origin of tbe world to
his own time. Died in 1333.

ShHaji-Khaltah. "LeiicanlliUiccnpluani;" VoHUAHnaa-
PvaosTALL, " Lilenturgndiicblc ia Anber."

Ibn- Al- Ataeez (or -Al-AtaTT}-ITasr- AUab, Tb'n U-
it-seea' nls'r Ulih, written also AUtyr and AUtlr, an
Arabian writer, a brother of the preceding, was bom si

N*<;{a*j,-gAari<,-t**7/0,H,K,/M»(ra/;M,MaM/;B,iW;W,Iass,-thasini:fu. [g^-See Explanatfww, p. 13.1

Digitized by VjOOQIC

IBN-BAJAH

I34»

IBRAHEEM

Jeieerch-BeDee-Omar, on the'Hgria. in iifii. Hensltcd
the conrt of Siladin, who engiged him u TiiieT to hb
•onandheir.HeHk-Ardhal. He ma aninent (br hi* leani-
liig, and wrote ■ treadse on Proaodj, and other work*.
S« iBi-KKALUKAa, "Bkifnphktl PinifitT-"

Iba-BaJKh. See Avkkpacb,

Ibn-BatatM. See Batootah.

Ibo-Doreld, IVn do'rid', (or do'rid',) ■ celebnted
Arabian poet, born it Bauorah in S38 A.D. He culti-
vated vanons kind* of poetry with distinguished tacceas.
Died at Bagdld in 933.

Ibn-Hubal, Ib'n hln'bU, (Ahinvd, iH'med.) the
(bonder of the fourth sect of orthodox Mohammedani,
was born at BagdAd (or, as some sajr, at Mem) in the
Tear of the Hejrah 164. He attained a great reputation
for virtue and knowledge of the tradition* of Mohammed.
He received manj traditions from Shlfei, with whom he
was Intimate. For his refiital to acknowledge the Koran
to hare been created, be waa (courged and imprisoned
bj the caliph H^tataem. He died at Bagdld in a-d,
SjJ. The sect became very nnmerooi alter his death.
They are called Hanbaiitea,

Ibn-Haokal. See Haukai.

Iba-IsUk. (or -Zahtq,} Tb'n i*-Uk', an Arabian his-
torian, who, at the request of the callpb AI-Hantoor,
wrote a life of Mohammed the prophet. He ii an elo-
quent bat not a troslworthy writer. Died in TfA A.Db

See SntiNcaa, "Ll&if Uohimmed," F.eg<(Mf.

Ibn-KbakAn. (or -Khaotn.) See Al-Fath.

Ibn-KtiBldooii, (-Klialtlotu) or -Khkldflii,) Ib'n
icAt'dOOn' (WalBa-ed-Deen- (or 'Wtar-Eddrn-)
Aboo-Zeld-Abd-ar-Rithman, wi'lee ed-deen' VhSb
(Id ibd-er-rJUi'mln,) a celebrated Arabian historian, bom
at Tunia in 1331. He removed to Cairo, where he diatin-
gnithed himaelf by his uprightness as a judge, and was
choaen chief of the Cadeea (Cadb) of the sect of Malek-
ites in ■3S4. Afterwards, while on a journey to Syria,
he was made prisoner by Taimoor, (the famous Tamer-

the Arab*, Persians, and Berber*, with Preliminary
Obserrationa," which was recently published in France.
"We cannot but conceive, in reading this," saya Sil-
ve*lie de Sacy, "a ve:; high idea of his judgment,
tagadty, and erudition, and of the great variety of hia
knowledge." Died in 140GL

See hit AntabiwnphT. pnUkhcd hi the " Jooru] Autiqi
itH : SiLvasna » Sm. '■ ChralDouifaia Amba :" Cxnii. '■
Mhea AnbicD-Hi

Bihii-

Ibo-KhalUUn, Tb'n Kille-kln', written also Ebn-
KbBlloAn or -KbUoan, (Bhei&>-ad-De«ii (or -Eddlu)
Abool- (Abonl- or Abftl-) AbbOs-Alimed, shfros
ed-deen' ■'bSSI Ib'bis' iH'med.) a celebrated Arabian
hiaiorian, bom at Arbela in I3ii. He becacie grand
Cadee (Cadi) of Dainascus about ia6i. Hit chiefwork

"Biographical Dictionary of Famous Moslems,"

1 contains over eight hundred articles. An Engli '

translation of it wax begun by Mr. Slane, the first vojui

of which 1

eight hi

. . . begun h
LB published in 1841

Died in laSa.

Iba-Xotoybali or AbdaUah-Ibn-KotAybab, Ib-
dUlth Ib'n ko-ti'b»h or ko-ti'bah, written also Cotey-
bab and Qotajrbalt, ui Arabian histoHan and critic, bom
at Bagdad in &8 a.il ; died in 889.

Su lBH-KHALLixAH,"Biogniiliical DictiniiUT."
Ibn-Malmoon, (-MBlmfln or -Bfaimotm.) See

■ifAIMOMDES.

Ibn-RoBched, (or -Roahd.) See AvuiaoH.

tbn-Sina. See Avicenna.

Ibu-Tofail, (-TofayL) See Ahoo-Bucr-Ibn-Tofau.

Ibnal-A bbftr. .See KodhJUk.

Iba-Yojnaa, (-Tounas or -Tflnaa,) tb'n voo'nta,
sometimes spelled Ibn-Touuls, (AIb«- (or All-] Iba-
AbdarrahiliBn, I'lee Ib'n ibd-er-rlh'mln,) one of the
most eminent Arabian astronomers, was bom in 979 A.IX
He made at Cairo a series dL observations, the results of
which he published in a work called the "Table of Ibn-
Voona*." Died in looS.

Ibn-Zobr. Sm Avimzoai.

IbiAhmm, (Ibr&hlm,) written also Ibrlbym, the
Arabic name of the patriarch Absahau, which see.

Ibsfthoom, (IbiAhbB,*) ib-ri-heem', thirteenth caliph
of the Omey;^ dynaaty, was the son of Waleed (Walid)
L He began to reign in Damascus in 744 A.D., and a
few months after was deposed by Merwtn. The Arab
historians disagree respecting hit labseqoent &te.

Ibritbe^litelllitni) I. (Aboo^Mallab, fbOO
ib-dftllfli,) founder of the dynaity of Aglabides in Africa,
was the son of Aglab, and a native of AralMa. About
800 A.ik he was appointed Governor of Africa by Haronn-
al-Raschid. After the death of the latter, (80S,] Ibrlheem
assumed the ronl power. Died about S13.

Ibrtlieem fibruilm) I. a Turkish Sultan, brother
of Amurath IV., was proclaimed in 1640^ at the age of
twenty-three. His cnielty and other vices excited againit
him a powerfiil and auccessfiil conspiracy, by which lie
was deposed and strangled in 164S or 1649. He was
ancceeoed by hia son, kuhomet IV.

Ibriheou (IbrtUm) ^ Emperor of Hmdostan, the
son of Iskander, began to reign in 1517, being the third
of the Afghan dyna*t1^ He wa* a ven> unpopular mlei.
In 1536 (he Mogul Blber invaded India, a battle was
fought at Fsjupnt, where Ibrlheem was defeated and
killed, and the Mogul dynasty was established in India.

IbrttaBom, (Ibrllilia,) a bronrite of Sultan Solyman
IL, was a Genoese by birth, and was taken to Constan-
tinople by pirates in his inlancv- He became grand
visier about 1533, and signalized his courage in the war
against Hungary in 1517. He was put to death, at the
' -' -' ^Ihe Saltaita, ir

fbrftbeem, (IbrOhlm,] Pasha of Egypt, the «on of
Mehemet Alee, (Ali,) waa bom in Rumelia in 1789- He
conquered the Wal^beea, in Arabia, about iSiS. In
1814 he commanded an army and fleet which Mehemet
Alee sent against the Greeks. Having landed in the
Horea with 10,000 men in 1815, he took several (own*
and committed many atrocities. The tucceai of the allies
at Navarino and the French invasion of the Morea forced
him to retire to Egypt in 1S18. In a war waged between
the Viceroy of Egypt and the Sultan, Ibrlheem look
Aleppo and defeated the Turki in a great bltile at
Konieh, in Syria, in 183a. His victorious progress wa*
arrested by the intervention of the European powers hi
1833. Died in 1S4S.

Ibrftheem (XbrUtlm) Bey, a famous Mameluke
chie^ born in Ciicassia about 173^ He went to Egypt
in his Toulh, and entered the service of Mohammed Sn,
Afterthedeathofthelalter.IbrlliecmBhareilwithMoorifa]
Bey the sovereignty of Egypt. When Bonaparte invaded
Egnit in 1798 ana defeated Moorld, Ibrlheem retired
to Syria. In iSoo he look part against the French at
Cairo, etc, and, after thej evacuated ^ypl, was aeata
Governor of Cairo, until supplanted by Hehemet Alee.
Died in 1816.

Ibrlhaam (Ibiflblm) BSendl, (if-fln'dee,) a teamed
Turk, who was bom about 164a, and filled considerable
offices at Constantinople. He was converted to Chris-
tianity, was baptized in 1671, retired to Venice, and as-
sumed the name of Paul Antonio Efiendi. He translated
several books of the Bible into Arabic Died it

n of Mahomet's

Amurath II., who was then absent from the capital
eward thi* service, Amurath gave him the titie ot
Khan, with hereditary privilege* which made hi* bmilj ,

the first in the empire.

mada •hott. tnt. if wi uiMika

„_ , _ __..__ bim. I(itprap>r, however, to

Rmirii that a na^ iouanca of ibe ineertiiHi af the AUf (ilie Bgn of
tba low TOad) oofln to autmi^ Mmal oniweni, u (be Huter
miftu Boceeinlf G« the rseoltof Hfleet or hut*. The freqfieiil

-ir^*

inwnJh cotnet, Berdr provee that Ihi inwniaB i*~BM deemed
suSotdy ioS^iiHbW ^n omiwoa at-, be ooBpeftd to tbt

BWliniiM iniliilwu'i timnitinrFnr'ii'' '*■"'• — '—^--J't *—
abh^ttaea■mittedb)r«fiIa■at^ — ' — j_vi, t

i,<, I, flt 0. ;> /<^,' ^h,(>t sane, less prolonged; i, i, I, &, 0, }, ikvrt; t, «, f, Q, thnrt; fllr, fill, ftl; mtt; nSt; gd&dj mObn;.

Digitized by CjOOQ I C

Iba«n, it/tfa, (Hkhiik,) ■ Nonr^tw poet uid
innutist, bora U Skien. Much ac^ iSaS. He began
Efe u an apothecaTT. Hia "Catiline," (1850,) a dnma.
m an OI-writtcD prodoction. In iSjI he went to the
UuTctsit; or Christiania, and aftermrdi wa« director
of theatres, Gnt U Bergen and then at Cbiiidania.
In 1864 he left Noimy, in an^er because it failed to
help the Danes in their wai with Fniisia, and resided
ibnnd tiU 1S93. His " Warriors in Helgeland,"
(1858.) and *'Ri™l Kings," (1864,) placed him in
UK first rank of Scandinavian national dramatists, and
laj " Love's Comedy," (1862,) was the first step to-
wards bis satirical social dramas. He produced other
hiitancal dramas, bnt first attracted world-wide atten-
&m by "A Doll's House," (1S79.) TTub keen ar-
taiemnent of modem social custom: was followed by
"Ghosts," (i88i,)"TheWild Duck," (i8T4.) "The
Lady from the Sea," (1&88,) "The l.Iastcr Builder,"
(iS^,) "John Gabriel Boriiiran," (1896,) and othei^,
psycbolt^cal in their interest, but vividly realistic in
laagaage, and which gave rise to a storm of contro-
versy among critics. Died May a6, 1906.

n»'ff IHW, 1'I(mdc,I a Greeii hrlc poet, bora at Rhe-
pgm, m Italy, flooriahed about 560 h-c, and pMted part
tt hia life at Samoa. Hi* poema, wbich were chwAr
kive-MM^, ate loat, except a few fragment*. He wat
ike fifth lyric poet of the Alenndrian canon, and had
a M^ repobttioo. He i* said to have been Ulled by
robber*. Hi* death has fiimished the snbject of one
ef tbe fitkcal of Schiller's minor poems, "Die Kraolche

I$a. SeelM.

Icard. eUi', fCiuiu*,) a French Protestant mln-
bter and writer, boio in Langoedoc in 1636. He waa
driven into exile by peraecntioQ in 168^ and aettled at
Bremen in 1688.
loaro. See IcASUS.

I-oI'rl-iM, {Gr. "UipBt,] also called loutM, an Atbe-
■an, to iriiom Bacchna ia aaid to have tanghl the oiltiva-
ticn of the vine. He waa Ulled by some shepherd*, to
whom be had given wine and who raapected tbat he bed
MisuDed them. The legend add* that he was changed
■no the constellation Bodtc*.

and King of Jenualem. She w
and |»ety. Died in 1113,
Sa BAiuvr, " Vist im lihn"
Idaoe. See Inacimi

I emitwnt for wisdoai

lotuta*, a LjceJannonian, the bthcr of Peneli
He itged ber to remain at Sparta after she
tt Uljnee*; bat *hc preferred to follow her

b^na, |Gr. Tx^; Fr. Icxai, elcts',] son of Dc-
Um, nth whom, according to the Greek mytholo^,
k *at impritoned in the Labyrinth of Crete. Hanng
Weseted to fly by mean* of artificial wing* made with
•u, atj were aielted by bi* approaching loo near the
Na, and he fell into the *ea, near the island of Samo^
whidi received from him the name of the Icarian Sea.

loctOB, ik'shg^^ a Roman philoaophei, lived about
JS I.C., and waa a friend of Horao^ who addressed to
fan an epistle and an ode.

Ichor, c'shaia', (Piikkx,) a French pbraldan and

Idaoina. e-dl'she-gs, [Fk. Idaix, e'dW,] a SpanUh
chronicler, bom at Dunego abont the end of the (bnrtfa

m printed in Pari*

3w N. A)rTOHi(^ " Bibliotbais "'t*-' Hsra."

I'df*, IGr. Iitor,^ a son of Aphareus, took part in the
Argonaattc expedition, and was renowned tor valour.
Ida* and bb Mother Lyncetia having quarrelled with
the Dioacn'ri, Idas killed Castor, and waa in torn killed
by Pullnx.

Iddealetgb, (Earl of.) See Nohthcotb, (Wal-
ter Stafford.)

tde. See Ida.

Id«l«r, ce'deb-I«T, (CHRiniAM LuDwio,) a PriMdaa
attrcHiomer and lin^out, born near Perleberg in iTiStii
He was appointed in 1816 tutor to the princea WlUiam
Frederick and Charlea, and in 1811 became professor at
the Berlin University. He waa the author of ■• Historicd
Researches on the Astronomical Observation* of the
Andenta," (1806,) "On the Calendar of Ptolemy," and
other similar treatise*. He was a member of the Frendi
Inatitnte, and the Aoderoy of Sdences at Bnlin. Died
in Berlin in 1S4&

ZdelOT, (Julius Ltmwic,) a physldan, a son of Iba
preceding, waa bora at Berlin bi 1809. He puUithed
" Meteorology of the Andent Greeu and Roman*."
(1831,) " Hennapion, or Rudiment* of the Hieroglyphic
Literature of Andent Egypt," (1841,) and other and-
quarian treatiae*. Died m 1841

Idelar, (Kaxl Wtlhilk,) a Prussian pbjsician, bonk
in t79S. lived in Berlin. He is known as a writer a«
mental maladies. Died at Kumlosen, JuW 39, iSte.

Idas, ee'dfs, [Evbkaui Isbrant^) a German travel-
ler, bom in Holslcin about leea He was sent to Pekia
by Peter the Great in itea to negotiate a treaty of com-
merce, and returned in lou. A narrative of hi* journey,
publbhed in 1 704, ia a work of tome merit

Idinan, id'mln, (Nils,) a SwetUsh philologlal, ptib-
liahed in 1778 "Researchea on the Flnnbh People, and
the Relations between the nnnish Language and the
Greek."

Zdomenetu, (Gr. lAymrfic,) a Greek historian, bora

Lamptacua, lived about 300 B.C. He was a frieiid and
disdpla of Epicuru*. Hia worka are not extant

S«V.

Idiina, e-doo'nl, or Idtin, sometimes «

of poetry, who in
gift of immortality.
I«framofI or la&wnov. See Ybfkxnov.

need to the celebrated VitginuL He wa* elected tribnne
rf the people in 456 B.C., and favoured the cause of the
fkfaetan*. He waa one of the leadeia of the snccetsfiil 1
lerdt gainst the Decemviri about 450 B.C
5« Nnsnia. " HiHiirT of Raua."

lo-Q'niia, llrTTHc,] a celebrated Gredan architect,'
■ho fioorished abont 450 B.C. He bnilt several ^and
■aple*, smong which was that of Apollo Epicunus in
Arcadia. The most memorable monument of his genius
ii tiie hrthenoD of Athras, built by order of Peride*.
CillKTatea vnu associated with Ictinns a* architect of

Ail edifice, which ia probably the most perfect spect-
■en ofCfedan architectnre in any age. It* length wa*
Uf ktt and it* breadth about 100. (See Calucratu.)

%m FaesjuiA*, bnok vilL
letnam. See Iiwaka.

rdf, IFr. Il/>, td,] Countess of Boulogne, bom aboot
la^X w»* the mother of Godfter of Bouillon. -•—

1. 1 leraiak. See Yrrmax.
j leadedjard. See Yizdkirriv

IfHsmd. iffllnt, (August Wilhiui,) a celebrated
German actor and dramatist, bom at Hanover in 1750.
He became director of the National Theatre at Berlin in
1796, and in 1811 wa* appointed director-general of the
royal plan. Among his most popolar drama* are " The
Hunter*,''("Die Jfaer,") "The Advocatea,"and "The
Old Bachelors," ("Die Hagestolien.") He also pob-
lUhed aeveral treatise* on the dramatic art "It i*
imjraaaible," taj* Madame de Stael, "to have more
originality than ISand; and be is a* sui>erlar in the
theory as in the practice of his art" Died in 1S14.

Igdnall, (TggdrulL) See Ot>ut.

IllMlH d« U Cua. egli'se-1* dt U U'lS, (^ost,)
a Sp*iii*h poet, born at Sdarnanca ui i7S3idledin 1791.

S«a LoaaraLLcnr*! " Po«la aad Poatr^ <£ fcmp^"

Ignaott. See loKATim.

IgtWJiw. tn-yir'rl, (NiocoiA) "> Italian andgnary

r/ %Mant;tluj;a,«,W^£iiatiral; v,iiatal; K,lnileJ; %iat; ^baa'mliiu, (J

P-a3-)

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IGNATIEFF 13

■nd priest, bom neai Naples tn 1718, WM a food das-
Hol scholar. He became profeui^ of dmnitr in the
Royal University of Naples in J771, director of the royal
printtng-office in 1781, and preceptor of the prince Fran-
da de Bouibon in 17S4. He wrote, besides other works,
an esteemed commentary "De Palsstra Neapolilana ''
<I770.] DiediniSoS.

S«CuTAi;i,"IpumViu," prdb«dtohii"OpB*acili."ila7.

IgnatdAfi, ig-ni'te-lf, (Nikolai PAviovrrcH,) a Rus-
•ian general and diplomat, born at Saint Petersburg;,
January 39, iSjz. He entered the army, was rapidly
promoted, and was afterwards sent upon various im-
portant diplomatic errands. In 1S5S he obtained from
China the cession of extensiTe territories, and from 1859
to 1863 he was full ambassador at Peking. He was
(1864-77) Russian envoy to Turkey, and in 1878 he
negotiated the treaty of San Stephano, and was after-
wards minister of the interior. Died in 1908.

bnatitu, ig.na'she-us, (Gr. 'Ijv&ndr; Fr. Icnaci,
(n'yis*'; Get. Icnaz, ig-iilts'i IL lONAuo, to-}it'«e'«,]
sarnamed TuBoFtt'oRua, one of the earliest Christian
Fathera, and one of the most eminent among the imme-
diate successors of the apostles, is supposed to have
lieen a native of Syria. About 6^ a.[>. he became bishop
or minister of the church of Anliocb by the appointment
of Saint Peter, or, according 10 some writers, of Saint
John. He had tilled this station acceptably about forty
yean, when the emperor Trajan began a persecution
of the Christians. Ignatius was brought before Trajan
at Antioch, and, refusing to renounce his religion, was
condemned, aiwl suffered martyrdom at Rome in 10^,
being eipoied (o wild beasts in the amphitheatre. Hi>
epistle* to the Ephesians,Trallians, Magnesians, Romans,
Philadelphians, Smytneans, and to Polycarp are extant,
and arc regarded by many able critics as precious memo~
rials of the primitive Church; but not a few scholars

le of his epistles we find the words, "Now I begin
to be a disciple; I weigh neither visible nor invisible
things, that I may win Cnhltl"

IgUfttlQt^ Patriarch of Constantinople, bom in 799
4.D., was the son cf the emperor Michael Curopalates.
When the latter was deposed, I^atius entered a monas-
tery, and became eminent for piety and wisdom. In S46
be was raised to the dignity of patriarch. Eleven years
after, he was banished and cruelly treated for his opposi
Hon to Bardas, an uncle of Michael IH., who appointed
in his place the ambitious Photius. The schism betveen
the Greelt and Roman Churches be^an nhile Photius
was in office, and has continued ever since that time. In
S67 the emperor Basilius reinstated Ignatius, who as-
sembled in 869 an o-cumenical council at Constantinople,
which coidemned Photius and his party. Died in S77.

Em David NioTA^ "Viti S. Ignitfi," 1604.

IgnatJns Iioyola. See Loyola.

Igor (ee'gor) L, third Grand Duke of Russia, a soii
of Rurik, was born about 875, and succeeded Oleg Ir
gtl A.D. He led an expedition against Constantinople in
ut, and compelled the Greek emperor to sue for peace.
which was granted by a treaty in 9^5, I^ot was killed
in an ambnscade in 94;. After his death bis widow Olga
was converted to Christianity.

Ski Souivtir, " Hiitnre dc RuHii."

Igor XL, or Igor Olgorltob, Grand Prince of Rouu,
began to reign at Kief about 1145. His claim was con-
tested by Iziaslaf, who defeated him in 1 146. Igor was
confined in a convent, and assassinated in 1147.

Sh KAbUUlH, "UiUoin! lie Ruwc"

Ihae, ee'neh, (Wilhklm,) bora at Furth, BavaiiB,
in 1821, He was a schoolmaster at Liverpool 1849-63,
a professor at Heidelberg 1873. Wrote a great " His-
tory of Rome," {8 vols., 1863-9O.) Died in I901.

Una, ee'rfh, (Jokan,) a Swedish scholar, eminent in

fhUologTi bom at Lund in 1707, KradQ>ted with the
Ighest hononr at Upsalin 1730. After visiting France,
England, etc, he returned to Upsal and became professor
of poetry and of theology in the university of that place.
In 1 73S he obtained the chair of bellec-lettres and political

H IMAD-EDDOWLAH

science, which be occupied about Ibrtv yean, acqiriring
great celebrity as a lecturer and author. In 1769 he
published his " Swedish Glossary," (" Glossarium Suio-
golhicum,") a monument of his immense learning and

and affinity of Swedish words. He also wrote several
hundred excellent academical dissertations, and is justly
ranked among the best critics of the eighteenth century,
[n 1759 he was decorated with the order of the Polai
Star. Died in 1780.

Sh Flodihus, "PaicnliiioD SlVer J. Ihre." iiti ; Cnauof.

Du-e, (Thomas,) a Swedish writer, lather of the pre-
ceding, born at Wisby in 1659 ; died in 1730.

Sec T. RustH, "Trognu Strid «h Scger. Ukpnilikin Bfrfr T

Iken, ee'k^, (Conrad,) a German theologian, bont
at Bremen in 1689. lie became professor of theology at
Bremen, and wrote, besides other works, " Aniiquitate*
Hebraioe," (173a) Died in 17S3.

Iken, (HsiNRiCH Fkiedkich,) a German religion*
writer, born at Neuenkirchen in 1791; died in iSml

ndefonae. See iLDiPONsa

U-de-foD'ao, [LaL Ildefon'sus; Fr. Ildbtohs^
il-dch-fBHs',t Saint, a Spanish prelate, bom at Tcitedo
in 607 A.IX, was a pupil of Saint Isidore. He became
Archbishop of Toledo in 65S. He wrote, besides several
theological treatises, a continuation of Saint Isidore's
work " De Viris illustribus." Died in 669.

Sec CruLA, "Vita IlddoiB!" Gihbiio Hatahs, "Vida d* %.

Ldll(HlB,"l7>T.

nepooabln or neponaohlE, il-e-poo'shin, a Rus-
sian poet of the present age, lived near Saint Petersburg
He wrote pastoral poems.

ngen, il'Bf n, (Kakl Datii>,)_ a distinguished philolo-
gist, bom in Prussian Saxony b 1763. He became in
1794 professor of the Oriental langua^ at Jena. His
principal works ate entitled " Hymni Homerid," and
" Convivial Songs of the Greeks," (■' Scholia sive C>'
mina convivialia Grxcorum.") Died in 1S34.

S*« F. C. Kbafft, " Viti CD. Ilpd," iSjj; R. Sta»H. "
D. Ilgtn," Lii(wii 1813.

nia. See Rhea Silvia.

I-Uth-f-i'9 or lUIeithyia. [Gr. EOeffMU,! «

I : KniincniiigeD u Dr. C.

lana, (Artemis,) she seems later to have become identi-
fied witli her. (See LlJClHA.)
Dive, Itiv, ? (Jacob,) an English printer, who became

noted by his fictitious " Book of Jashcr," (1751,) which he
etended to have translated from Alcuin. Died in 1763.
Ulescas, tl-yts'kls, (Gohsalvo,) a Spanish monk,

pretended tt

Ulescas, , . . ...

wrote a " History of the Popes," (1570.) Died in 1580.

nigsn, il'gfn, (Christian Friedrich,) a German
Protestant divine, born at Chemniti in 1786, wrote sev-
eral works, and edited a journal at Leipsic, Died in 1844.

niyrlouB. See FRANCOwm.

Dmonl, il-mo'nee, (Immaniirl.) a Finnish physician,
born in 1797, wrote " Contributions to the History of the
Nosology of the North," (3 vols., 1846-53.) Died m 1856.

I'IuB,|Gr. 'lAof,] the founder of Ilium, (Ilion,) 01 Troy,
was a son of Tkos, (which see.)

ImAd-ed-Daen, {-Eddjn or -Bddbt.) e-mid' ed-
deen', \f.i. the " Hilar of Religion,") (Mobammed,
tno-him'mM, ) surnamed Al-Katsb, was born at Is-
pahin in 1125 a.i>. He went in 1167 to Damascus,
where he became the secretary of Noor-ed-Deen. Aftci
the death of Noor-ed-Deen, he enjoyed the favour of the
lamous Saladin, whose victories he celebrated in an ode,
and whom he served as private secretary until the death
of that prince. Imld-ed-Deen wrote a " History of the
Conquest of Jerusalem Iw Saladin," and " Memoirs of
the Moslem Poets of the Sixth Century of the Hejrah.'-
Died in tioi.

Set Iw-Khalukaii, " BiocniFMail Dklioiurj."

Imtd-«d-DowlBli, (or -Eddaolali,) e-mld'cd-d&w*-
l)h, {U. "Pillar of the State,") (A1ee-Aboi}l-HasaMl-
Alee-Ibn-Booyah, I'lee I'b^l hls's^ n ilee Tb'n boo'-
y^,) King of Persia, was the founder of the dynasty of

t,4I,9,a,p,/iif^,-]i,i,4,same,les*prolongedi i,i,I,5,ii,|r,rJ(>n',-hf,i,9,i>«Kur/;nr,(lll,atiiti{tinet;gS6d;oid&n,

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rMBF.RDIS

Bonifies, uid began to rdgn in 933 a.D> H« conqaered
dw CaUph of Bagdid, and died in 949, leaving the Ihrone
to his nephew, Adhad-ed-DowUh.

Imbeidla. iN'bte'db*', (Andr^I a French writer,
bom at Ambeit about 1810, published a " Hiatorr of the
ReUgioiu Wars Id AaveTgne dDrint; the Sixteenth and
Bennteenth Centories," (a vols., 1841.) Died in 1S78.

Imbert, iNOmK', (BjUTHtLCMV,) a French poet, ban
at Ntmes in 1747. He produced at the age of twenty
" The Judement of Faria," a graceful poem, which was
Boch admired. The plan wai ingenioui, and the at^e
■Btnral and elegant Died in 179a

S« QDlaAU), "Li Fnnc* Linjnb*."

Xmbert, (GuiiXAnMB,) a French tUttntmr, ben al
lioMges about 1743 ; died at Paris in iSo^

Imboxt, IJBAK,} a French jurist, bom at La Rodtclle
about 1523, published " Inititutionei FoTeues," <iS4ai)
often reprinted. Died ^MMt i6aa

Imbert (J^osefh GABRin,) an eminent French

enter, born in Maneillet in 1654, wai a papil of Le-
tt and of Van der Heulen. At the age of Uurty-foiw
be took the monastic vows, after which he painted onlv
■acred subjects. Hia chief worit is a "Calvary." Died
In 1740.

Xmbonatl, (m-bo-ul'tee, (Carxo Giuskppb,) an Ital-
ian tNbliisrapbet, boni at Milan, wrote "Bibliothecs
Latbio-Hcbraica." (1 vols., 1696.) Died after l69eL

Imtaof or TiwTifttf, im'ho^ (Gustav Willsh,] born
In Amsterdam in 1705, was iqipointed Governor of Cey-
lon in 1736. Havii^ gained general confidence by lua
cottdnct and canuity, be became about 1741 Govemor-
Genenl of the Dotd) Eaat Indies. Died In tyu.

bnbot TOO, fbn im'biK Qakoi Wilhmui,) a Ger-
man genealt^tst, bom at Nuremberg in 1651. He was
well versed in the history of the royal and noble bmilies
of Europe, and wrote many works on genealogy, among
which none in 3 vols., (il»4.) Died in tyaS.

Sec KoKLn, " Ldwagndiidiu Imliaft.'

Im-ho-tep, a god of the indent Egyptians, supposed
to be the god of sdence, and chiefly hononred at Hem-
phis. He wu the son of Ptah and Pakht

Imilcon. See Himiuxi.

Iml-apn, (John,) an English mechanician, wrote a
valuable work entitled "The School of Arts," which
passed through seveiil editions. In 1807 Professor J.
Webster published an improved edition, with the title
o( "Elements of Art and Science." Died in 178S.

Imlali, (John,) a Scottish aong-writer, born at Aber-
deen, November IJ, 1799. He published " May. Flow-
ers," « volume of lyrics, (1837,) and " Poema,''(i84(.)
Died in Jamaica, January 9, 1846.

ZmmennMiii, irn'm^ir-mln', (Kaki. LKBKaCKT.)
German dramati«l and poet, bom at Magdeburg in 1796,
was the author of a comedy entitled "The Princes of
Syracuse," (iSai,) "The Valley of Ronceval," "King
hriander," (1S33,) and other tragedies. He also put^
Eshed a nomber of talea and lyric poems. Died in t840.

Saa Rail Iiuinii.iini, "Uin»nbi]Ha." j nl^, 1(40-43; F.
FKULuaATH. "C ImnHnmnD, fiUtur dcr EtiDncnuig ui iho,"
i>4i ; " Fonapi Quwierlj Rnlnr" fa A^vil, ito

TMftla See FkaNCUOCI.

Imparato, im-pi-ri'ta, (Fkancisco,) an lulian
p^ter, bomat Naples abmit 1530^ was apupil of Titian,
whose atyle he imitated with tome succeaa. Died after
1565.

bDpeilala, tm-pt-re-llk, (Fkanoucx),) born at
Genoa about xvp, went to Spain, and became attached
to the coful of Henry III. of Caarile. He was regarded
■■ one of the heat Spanish poets of that time.

Imparlall, tm-pl-re-ftlee, (Giovanni Battista,) an
Italian physidan and author, bora al Vicenia in 1568,
giadnatcd al Padua, and practised with success in his
native dty. He wrote Latin poems, which were admired,
also a collection of observations entitled "Exoterioe
Enrdtationea," (1603.) Died in 1613.

His son Giovanni, born at Vicenia in 160S, was alio
aphnidan, and wrote "Mu*«nm Htstcmcum el Physi-
com, consisting of eulogies and memoin of emii>en(
liteiaTT men. Ked in ifiyo.

born

besides other p _..,___

was received irith livour. Died about 1645.

Ssi SontAHt, "Sainnri UforL"

Impwljdl, (GniiEFPE Renato,) an Italian cardinal,
distinguished for his patronage of learning, was born of
a noble fiunily at Genoa in 1651. It is said he would
have been elected pope in 1730, if the court of Spain
had not interposed against him. Many learned men were
ledpients of his bounty. Died in 1737. He left a noble
library, which, by his will, was Itept open to the public

Sh Titaukx " Bici(i*fii diiili Itiliuu iUuiui."

Imp«rlaU-I>eio«rl, fan-pl-re-tlee llB-U'ree, (Fkan-
CISCO Mauo,) was Doge of Genoa when that dly wa*
bombarded t^ the Beet of Louis XIV. in 1684. Hos-
tilities baring been suspended I7 the mediation of die
pope, the Doge went as atnbattador to Paria, and a
treaty of peace was signed in 1685.

bBlwyi (Sir ELqAH,) an infamous judge, who tXL-
dated in India during the administration of Warren
Hastings; was recalled, 1783; bnpeached, 17SS; died

Sei "HoiMin <t Sv EUjih Ii

."bjr B. B. iMnr, iMi

Imptooatl, dogll, a aureame of Ahdku del Cas-
TAGHo. (See Castacno.)

I'n^ ot I'n^s, King of the West Saxons, and one of
the chiefa of the Heptarchy, ancceeded Ceadwalla in 6S9
A.11 He appear* to have possessed tuperior talents,
andisregsrded asoneof the prindpal legislators among
the ancient Anglo-Sazona. He waged war succcssfhtly
against the people of Kent and the Britons about yiCb
In 718 he resigned his crown, and died at Rome dts

In'B-«hait [Gr. Ivajvc,) a mythical personage, the
•on of OceanuL and bther of lo, it taid to have be«n
the first King of Argos. Haring been chosen as umpirs
by Neptune and Juno when they disputed about tbe

" chie^" and applied to the dynasty reign-
ihe arrival of the Spaniards in that coun-
tiy in the early part of tbe sixteenth century. As the
Peruviaiu did not possess the art of writing, we have no
meana of ascertaining, or even brming a taritbctory
conjecture retpectiajbtbe earliest date of tbeir power. The
Incas daimed to be 5»e desoendanu of Hanco Capac and
hit wife Mama Odlo, who were the children of the sun.
(See Uanco Capac) The empire of tbe Incas, at the

dod of their grestest power, extended throagh nearly
/ degrees m longitude, and contained an area of
between one and two million aqnare miles. Their tub-
jecta, though uwcqnainied with letters, had b many

"advanced to a high d^ree of dviliiation. Thev

the working of the predont metals, archi-

eepecttadvai
nderttood t1

ttale policy ; though tome of their lawa and regulaliont
were, according to the standard of Christian dvillxalioti,
both nnjnat and inhuman.

Sm PutacoTT't " Conquat of Peru," luok i. chip. I.

Inoh'bUd, (Euzabetk,) a popular English actress,
novelist, and dramatiat, born at StanningSeld in 17C3,
was the daughter of a liumer named Simpson. At the
age of sixteen the came to London with the intention of
becoming an actress, and was married to Mr. Inchbald,
who had obtained aomc succeu on the stage. After
performing with her husband aeveral seasons al Edin-
burgh and olher towns, she made her d&it al Covenl
Garden in 1780, and was very soccessfuL Her succeaa
is ascribed in a great measure to her personal beauty
and virtucna character. In 17S9 she retired frotn tbe
stage. She wrote "Such Things Are," "Every One
has hit Fault," "To Marry or Not to Marry," aiidmany
other plays. Her greatest productions are two novels,
" A Simple Story," (1 701 ,) and " Nature and Art," (1796,)
which obtained eatenaive and durable popularity. Her
" ' Nature and Art,' " tayt Hailitt, " is one M tbe most

lainAlw.

IB^See ExplanaUoni, p^ 33.)

INCHIQUm

IntereitinK and patbcdc stoHc* in the world." Tho
other work U highlf conuneoded b; MIm Edgeworth.
Died in I Si I.

Sh her Ufa by BoAim, iSu: Kk KLWOOts "Hcradn of
Aa Liimry Lslia oT Ei«lnd^reo lb* CaanaoiBttnt of (ha
Lot CentiUTi" "oL L, i&«j.

Iiioh'4-(}iilii, (MoitaoaH O'Skikm,) Baiom op, ■
bmous Insh soldier, bom aboat t6lS> He acted ■
prominent part in the dvil war, fighting alternately for
CharlcB I. and uainil him. He was a realist from 1640
to i64(, and gamed aevenU rictoriea. Aboat 1649 he
entered the French tervict, with the rank of generaL
Died in 1674.

Inohofer, ine'Ko'fip, (Ublchiok.) a Jesuit, bom in
Vienna tn i58^Tived In various dties ofltaly, and wrote
several leamed works, aiPODg which is the **Ecxle>ias-
tical History of Hunrary," (1644, unfinished.) H« lad
more learning than critical jodgmenL Died in l64fl>

See Bavi« "Hiitoricalm^ OitkiJ DKtiooiirT."

Inoledon, ink'^l-d^n, (Benjawk Charlxs,) an E^-
Ush vocalist, bom in Cornwall in 1764, served several
jesTS in tiie royal navy. He first appeared In a L<»idan
tlieatie in 1700, and performed many yean with snccesa.
Died in 1S36.

lodaoo, r, Itn'dl-ko, (FsAiicanco,) a pafaiter of the
Florentine school, flonrtohed abont 1530.

Indaoo, r, Uaoopo da Fiaxma,) a Florentine painter,
a brother of vat preceding, wm a pajHl of Ghiiundaio,
and worked at Rome.

Sh VuAit, " Ut« of Ibi Fafatm.**

India, tn'de-1, JTuluo,) called tre Eldek, a
painter of the Venetian school, was bom at Veiona, and
nouriihed in 1545. He was a ikillol painter in fresco,
and an cicellcm copyist.

His son BinxARDmo, a painter, was bom at Verona.
One of his later works is dated 1584.

both sides. He fought for the CarthsginianB in the
battle at which Pubhus Scipio wu killed, in aij B.a
His army was defeated by the younger Scipio in 307.
He was killed In butle by the Romans in 305 B.&

S« Lirv, " BiilotT af Romtk" bogla uiL ud nr.-iriL

bidlcoplensteo. See Cosuas.

ludri, fo'dsf, [etymology doubtful ; possibly related
to the Latin nwAtr, (Gr. i^pof^ a "shower" or "rain-
st<<rm,"] the regent of the firmament, in the Hiikdoo
mythology, is the son of Ka^pa and AditL As the
godofstormsand thunder, be may be said to correspond
very nearly to the Roman Jupiter and Greek Zeus. In
the early period of the Hindoo mytholwy he was (like
Jupiter) regarded as the most powerful ofthe goda ; but,
after the introduction of the deities of the Hindoo triad,
Brahma, Vishnu, and Siva, Indra, Vamna, and Agni
•rare deposed from their high rank and made to occupy
a ftr inferior position. Krishna, an avatar of Vishnu, u
represented, while still an in&nt, as baffling with the
utmost ease the mishtiest efforts of (he god of thunder.
(See Kkishna.) Indra is supposed to preside over all
atmospheric changes ; the clouds sre his war-elephants,
one of which, represented with three trunks and called
Irtvilt,* (I-rl'v^t,) is his v&bin, {or "vehicle,*'t) and his
most terrible weapon Is his vijrl, (pronounced by the
modem Hindoos viij'r»orbiSj'r?i,)or''ad»in»ntine thun-
derbolt "J The heaven or paradise of Indra [s called
Swarga or Swer^ (pronounced swiSr'gj.) Here dwell

Mohammed's paradise, and the Gandbarvas, or celestial
minstrels. The consort of Indra is named Indrint, (in-
dRl'nee.) His capital dty is called Amrlvltl, (Om-rl'-
vf-tee,) or the "dty of Emmortality."

Sat Uom'i "Hindu FinthMoi" Coluiak'i "HTthoJao^'tlM
Hindu.;" Sia Wiixism IdHU'i Worlu, »ol. nil., (or toT tL of
UDiher edlrion;) H, H. Wiudh's "TniiiluiaD of iba Ri|-Vtdi.'

sometimes Anglidsed as Agnis db Caitbo, a beantifbl
Spanish lady, whose tnurical bte is ctKDmemoraied by
Camoens in the " Lnsiad," was bom of s noble lamliy
in Castile in the fourteenth century. Having been a
maid of honour at the court of Alphonso IV. of Par-
tn^, she won the love of his son Doe Pedro, who
pnvately married her. The king, on learning the fitct,
was violently enraged, and, after vain efforts to dissolve
tteir union, authorized her assassination in 1355. She
was eminent for virtue, grace, and intelligence. Her
siory is the subject of numerous dramas, legends, etc

InAmtado, de, dl tn-fln-tl'iM, Duqitb, a Spanish
statesman, bom in 1773, was an intimate friend of the
Prince of Asturias, (Ferdinand VIL) In 1S08 he ac-
companied that prince to Bayonne, and signed the con-
stitution which Nspoleon impooed on Spain. In 1809
he commanded an army which was defeated b)> the
Fren^ at Saint Sebastian. Ferdinand VIL wpointed
him president of the council of Castile in 1814. He
resigned in 1830, and was prime minister for a short
time in 1815. Died in 1841.

Ingalla, (John James,) an American politidan,
bom at Middleton, Massachusetts, in 1833. He en-
gaged in law practice, became a resident of Kansas,
was State Senator in 1S61, and was elected to the
United Stales Senate in 1873, 1879, and 1885. He
officiated as president pro tempore of the Senate 1887-
gi . He subsequently became a lecturer and journalist.
Died July 16, 1900.

Ingalla, ing'g^li, (Rufus,) an American general, boni
in Oxford county, Maine, about 1S20, graduated at West
Point in 1843, and was appointed a brigadier-general
of volunteers in 1S62. He served in the army of the
Potomac in 1863-6$. Died January 15, 1893.

IngebDTga, ing'(h-b3&B'gl, sometimes written Ing-
elbuTgs or lageiburga, a Danish princess, was the
sisiei of Canute VI. In 1 192 she became the wife of
Philip Augustus of France, who soon alter divorced
her without good reason. She appealed to the pope.
Innocent IIL, who dedded in her &vour ; and after the
kingdom of Philip had been laid under an interdict
he was induced to reinstate her- Died in la^fid

IngegDeil, in-jln-ya'ree, (Angiolo,) an Italian tttti-
ratevr, bom in Venice about 1550, was secretary of Car-
dinal C. Aldobrandiru at Rome, whose service he quitted
in 1598. Ho wrote a pastoral called "The Dance ot
Venus," (" La Danza m Venere,"] " Buon Segretario,"
and a lew other works, in prose and verse. He was a
friend of Tasso. Died in 1613.

InMgno, L'. See Lvioi, (Andrea.)

In'^e-lovr, (Jsan,) a popular English poetess, was
born at Boston, England, in 1S20. Her first volume of
poems, containing " Divided," " Songs of Seven," " The
High Tide," etc, at once established her reputation.
Her other publications are " Studies for Stories," (1864,)
"Poor Mat," (1866.) "A Story of Doom, etc," (1867,)
"A Sister's Bye-Hours," (l86S,) "Mopsa the Fairy,"
(T869,) "Off theSkelligs," (1872.) "Fated to be Free,"
(1875,) and "Don John," (1881.) Died July 12,
1807-

Jngemum, ing'fh-mln', (Bbkmkard Sbvkbin,) a
popular Danish poet and novelist, was born in the Islawl
of Falster, May aS, 17S9. He produced a volume of
lyric poems {" Uigte") in 181 1, and an epic poetn, called
"The Black Knights," (" De sorte Rldderc,")in 1814.
His tragedies " Blanca" and "Masaniello" [1S15I were
performed with great success. Abont iSlohe published
adramatic poem, called "The Deliverance of Tasso." He
was chosen professor of Danish at the Academy of Soriie
in 183a. He wrote several popular historiMl novels,
among which are " Watdemar the Victor," (1816,) and
"PHnce Otho of Denmark," (1S35.) Died May 34, 1 S63.

S« WitUAMSid MA«vHcnnrT,"The Litenturtind Rominca
of Nonhem Kan)pe,"Toi.ii,,i8!>;La(n;MiLtow, "poei>»ndPotii7
of Guropo ;" EisLaw, " AlDUndeligt Foi&tlcr-LdxJGoa:" HtVLLKH,
"Danili PulbeoBi" "Foreigii Qiurterlr Rtriew" Ibr April, iSjB.

iDgen or Inghen, tbh, vtn ing'gfn or ing'H^ (Wii.-

t £, I. S. B. ^ J^r; !>, i. d, saoM, less prolonged; i, i, [,0, il, f, i<t«^; h «. i. 9r <i*nw»; J^. Oil. 1^; mtti nCl; gd&di nidtai

n,,i,,ed:^:,C00^le

in eminent Datch

INGENHOUSZ i^

UM.) a Dvldt punter, born in 1651, studied nnder C
Haratta at Rome. Me worked in Venice and Naplea,
and aettled in Amaterdam. Hia worka have coniiaera-
ble merit Died abont 171a

IPgMihoaaa. ing^fn-hSwa', (Ji
^Tvdan and chemist, bom at Breda in 173a, Abont
1707 he Tiaited London, where he became Intinuite irith
Dr. Pringle, president of tiic Ro^ Sodcty, by whoM
recommendation he became phjaidan to the empress
Maria Theresa in l77Xi He was made a member of
tbe Bolic conndl in Vienna, and received a pension for
life. After remaining in Vienna a nomber of yearB, he
tnTelled in France, Italy, etc., portuing hia identific
■odiea and experiments, and at latt Bettled in London,
isd wu choMn a Fellow of the Royal Society. Me in.
MDlad an electrophonia, and discovered that growing
plania exposed to Che light eibale oiy^n gas, (ijn.!
His principal works (which are all written m Enniu^
arc "Experiments on Vegetables, discovering theii rcma
of Pnrihing the Air," (1779,) an " Essay on the Food of
Plants, arid " Experiments and Observationa on Varioos
Physical Sabjects." The invention of the plate electrical
Machine is attributed to him. Died in 1799.

S« ** BiosnpUa HidnU."

Insoiaoll, ing'Sfr-sQl, (Chaillis Jaud,) a lawyer
and writer, a son of Jared, noticed below, was bom in
Philadelphia in 1782. He was elected to Coiurrest in
1811, and was appointed district aliorner tor Pennsyl-
vania by President Madison in 1815. He was chosen
■ Democratic member of Congress in 1S40, 1S43, and
■844. Among his works are "Chiomara," a poem,
(tSoo,) and a "Historical Sketch of tlie Second War
between the United States of America and Great Britain,"
(4 vols., 1S45-S3.) Died in 1S61.

Ingeisoll, (Ernest,) an American author, born at
Uonroe, Michigan, March 13, 1853, studied at Oberlin
and Marvard Colleges, was attached to United States
geological surveys as a naturalist, 1874-1877, and after-
wards was attached to the United States Gsh commission.
In 18S0 he was a special agent of the tenth census. His
principal works are "A Natural HistoiT Series" for (he
young, " Natural History of Nests and Birds," (in parts,
tSyS tt t€g.,) "Friends Worth Knowing," "Oyster In-
dnstries of the United States," (1881,) "The Ice
Queen," (1884.) " Wild Neighbours," (1897,) etc.

iDgonoB, (jAjutD,) LL.D., an Amcricui joriat, bon
b Connecticnt in 1749, He graduated at Yale in 1766^
•tndicd law at the Temple in London, and on retnming to
Aowrica took up bis residence in Philadelphia. Thoagh
the son of a royalist, he zealously advocated the right*
of the colonies m the Revolution. He rose to great dis-
docCioo in his profession, was twice attorney-general of
Pennsylvania, once United Slates district attorney, and in
the latterpart of his life president-judge of the district
conrt of Philadelphia. He served in the convenlicHt that
framed the Federal Constltationini7S7,aiid in i8i9ira*
the candidate of the Federal party for the Vice-Presidency
of the United States. Died in 1832.

IngonoU, (Joseph Rebd,) D.C.L., son of the pre-
ceding, was bom in Philadelphia, June 14, 1736. He
gradaated at Vale College in iSoS, and attained toa high
tank in the legal profession in his lutive dty. He was a
repTCsentaliTe in Confess from 1835 to 1837, and was
re-elected by the Whig party in 1841, and again in 1843,
1S45, ^"'^ 1^7- ^^ toa^ a prominent part in the debates
on the tari^ and was for some lime chairman of the
committee on the jadldair. He was appointed minister
to England by President Fillmore in l8u. Died in 1S6S.

In^TBOlL (Robert Green,) an American lawyer,
born at Dresden, New York, August ii, 1833, the son
ofaCongregational oiinisterof broad views. The young
Ingersoll became a lawyer, was a colonel of cavalry in
the Federal army, 1863-65, was appointed attorney-gen-
eral of lUinoia in 1S66, and afterwards acquired fune aa
a political orator and successful lawyer. He became
very prominent as a lecturer against the Bible and
the Christian creeds. Died July at, 1899.

Intf b^l. (Charixs C.,) an eminent American por.
trait- painter, bom about 1797. He worked in the city
of New Vork, where he died m December, 1S63. His
pictures are remarkable for their high finish.

,47 INGLIS

Inghen. See Ikoen.

Inghlminl. tn-^-rl'mee, (Cavaliere FkamcucOv)
an eminent Italian antiquary, bom at Volterra in 1 77^
devoted many years to researches into ancient art, and
acquired a European reputation by his wiitings. The
most important of these is his "Monamenti Etmschi,"
(10 vols., 1831-37,) which is the most complete de-
scription of the antiquities of Etruria. He wrote, alaou
"Galleria Omerica,'* (3 vols., 1837-38,) illustrative M
Homer's poems, and " Letters on Etruscan Emditiaa,
etc.," (iSm.) Died in 1846.

Sh Euch and GtDsai, "Alliuuhia EncrUopudie."

Inghiraml, (Totnuso Fkdra,) an eminent Italian
scholar and orator, bom at Volterra in 1470, settled at
Rome In early youth, and obtained high prefetments.
He acquired the lame of being one of the most eloqnent
men of modern Rome ; and Erasmus informs oa that ha
was s^ried the Cicero of his age. He was natroniied
by Johns II., who appointed him keeper of the Vatican
Library. He left in ounnscript a "Commentary on
Horace's Art of Poetry," "An Abstract of Roman Hli»>
tory," and other worki. Died in 151&

Ingleby, Ing'gl-b^ (Clement Mansfield,) LLD.,
an English critic, born at Edebaston, near Birmingham,
Octolier 39, 1833. He graduated at Trinity College,
Cambridge, in 1847. His prindpat works are "Theo-
retical I^c," (1856,) "The Shakspere Fabrications,"
(1859,) "Shakspeare Hermeneutics, or The Still Lion,"
(t867-74,) "Was Thomas Lodge an Actor?" (1867,)
" Revival of Philosophy at Cambridge," (1869,) " Shak-
spere's Cenlurie of Prayse," (1870,) and " Shakspere,
the Man and the Book," (1S77.) Died in 1886.

Inglefield, (Sir Edward,) an English naval offi-
cer, bom at Cheltenham in 1820. He entered the
navy in 1832, look part in encounters with pirates off
Borneo and in other operations, and was active in the
search for Sir Jobn Franklin. He also went to the
polar waters to relieve the Belcher expedition, anil
took part in the siege of Sebastopol. He was suc-
cessively promoted until he became a full admiral in
1879. Died September 5, 1894.

iDKlla, bg^glis, (MiHRV David,) a Scottish writer of
travels, bom in Edinbuivh in 1795. Me travelled exten-
sively in Emope, and published excellent books of travel,
viz., " Solitary Walks through Many Lands," (3d edition,
1S43,] a " Jonrney through Norway, Sweden, and Den-
maik," (1839,) "Tour through Switierland, the South of
France,"etc;, (1830,) "Spain in 1830," (from which Lord
Aberdeen aaiil he had derived more information than
from all the state documents he ever perotcd,] "The

. (Sir James,) a poet, bom in Scot<
i<uiu lu u>c icien of Tame* IV., is supposed (o be the
author of a book entiued "The Complaint of Scotland,"
published at Saint Andrew's in 154S, said to be the moat
indent Scottish prose work that is extant Died in 1530-

Inglfa, (Jambs,) an English author, bom at Ediell
in 1S45. Most of his life was spent in India, Aus-
tralia, and New Zealand, and be published "Sport
and Work on the Nepaul Frontier," (i''8a,) "Our
New Zealand Cousins," (1886,) "Tent Life in Tiger
Land," (18G8,) etc.

IngliK, (John,) an eminent Scottish advocate, was
born sX Edinburgh in 1810. He became lord advocate
and dean of the faculty in 1S5Z. Having retiree^ from
office with the D.:rby ministry in December, 1851, he
was restored to the same in l8j8, and became lord
justice clerk in the same year. Died August ao,
1891.

lo'glli, (Sir John Eakdlev Wilmot,) a British gen-
eral, bom at Hali^ Nova Scotia, about 1S15, was a son
of the Bishop of Nova Scotia. Iledistinguisned himself
in the campaign of the Punjab in 1848-^, and obtained
the rank of heutenant-coloneL His regiment was at
Lucknow when that place wax besieged by the Sepoyi
... .,. jjf ,gj^ Qu jjj^ d.<Mh of Sir Henrr

M*;?a

t; SAard; t»»/;a,^l,iuatiral; V(,iiaal: a.,trUUd; laM

; tbasindu; (Q^See ExfdanatioBa^ph S^

.J-.LnOOl^lc

INGLIS

1348

INNES

Lawrence hemcceeded to Ae command of tbe^urlton.
H« icceived the brent of maJor^eDenl for bu heroic
defence of Locknow. Died at Honbarg, Gennany, io
September, 186a.

IngllA, (Hakcabbt Haxwbll,) a Scottish poetess
born at Sanquhar, Scotland, in 1 ^74, published a "Mis-
cellaneous Collection of Poems" id 183"

blglla, (Sir RoBKKT HAasy,) M.P.

i>843-

[ East
India C

1824. From 1S29 to 1B53 he represented the University
of Oxford, and constantry voted with the Tories against
tlie Reform tnll, the relief of the Catholics, etc Died
ii. 1855.

the a

Good, King of Sweden, wm
of Stenkil, and bcnn to reign
about loSo. He favoured the propagation of Christianity
among his subjects. Died in iiii.

Ingoii IL, a nephew of the preceding, was one of his
successors, and shared the ro^ power with hit brothel
Philip. Slavery ww gradually abolislied in hi* reigiL
Died in 1 13A

InBonl, tn-go'nee, {Giovanni Battista,) ao Italian
painter, born at MAdena in 153S \ died in 1608.

Ingonl, (Mattro,) a painter of the Venetian ichoal,
bom at Ravenna in 1(87 ; died in 1631.

logout JiN'goof,(tRAH^ois Robert,} Bskilfut French
engraver, bom in Paris in 1747. He engraved "The

Xtigraliain, ing'gra-fm, [Duncan Nathanikl,) a
naval commander, bom in Charleston, South Carolina,
in iSoi. lie gained distinction by bis spirited conduct
in procuring the release &om an Austrian war^vessel,
at Smyrna, in June, 1853, of Martin Kosxta, a Hungarian,
who bad legally declared bis intention to become a
~*'~~m of the United States. He was raised to the rank

^graham, (Joseph H.,) an American writer, bom
at Portland, Maine, in 1809. Besides the romances of
" lafitte," " Captain Kyd," and " The Dandng Feather,"
he wrote " The Prince of the Hoose of David," " The
Pillar of Fire," »nd"TheThroneof David." DiediniS66.

IngTBin, ing'gr«m, (Herbert,) an English printer,
bom at Boston in iSll, (bunded the *■ Illustrated Lon-
don News" in t84J. He was elected to Parliament in
1856, and visited the United States in 1S60. In Sep-
tember of that year he was drowned in Lake Michigan,
in consequence of a collision.

— , jem(

Oxford, ini834, and rector 01 Garui\glon. Republished
■neditionof the "Saxon Chjonicle,''(i8i3,] "Memorials
of Oxford," (1834-37,} which was favourably received,
and several other works. Died in iSjo.

IngrMD, (John H.,) an English author, bom in Lon-
don, November i6, 1849. His principal books have
been " Poems by Dalton Stone," (1863,} " Flora Sym-
bolica," (1869,) "Memoir of Poe," (1874, prefixed to an
edition of Poe's works,) " Poe Memorial," " The Haunted
Houses of England," " Life of Oliver Madox Brown,"
(1883,) "Life of E. B. Browning," (1B88,) "Dar-
ley's May Queen," (1S91,) etc. He edited the " Emi-
nent Women" series.

Ingmm, (John Kells,) an Irish author, bom in
county Donegal in 1823. He was educated a( Trinity
College, Dublin, and is best known as an author by
bis " Political Economy," contributed to the " Ency-
clopaedia Brilannica," and reprinted as a book in
1S8S. It has been translated into eight European
languages and into Japanese. Died in I907'

Ingntaaia, (n^afta'se-i, written also
[Giovanni Filippo,) an eminent Sicilian phvsi
anatomist, bom at Palermo about 1510, taught anatomy
■t Naples. In 1563 he was chosen 1^ Philip IL first

physician of Sicily, and in 1 575 he checked the ravage*
of the plague at Palermo. He wrote a " Commentary
on the Bones," and other able treatises on anatomy.
Died in 15S0.

Saa ISlot, " Dictioniaira UMoiiqiw <ta U MMEcina."
IngreB, iNgH, J«an Aucoste Dominique,) a cele-
brated French historical painter, bom at Montanban Id
1780 or 17S1, was a pupil of David. He gained the firit
priie in 1801 for a picture of " Achilles receiving ii- *•"
Tent the Envoys of Agamemnon." He woiked a

" CEdipus and the Spldnx," " Raphael and La Fomarina,"
and "Odalisque," (1819.) He returned to Paris in 1834.
became the founder of a school, and exhibited " The
Vow of Louis XIIL," one of his best works, whkk
opened to him the doors of the Institute in 1835. In
1837 he painted on the ceiling of the Louvre " The
Apotheosis of Homer," which is called his master-piece.
At the Exposition of i8<;s a taltn was reserved excln-
■ively lor his works, which are said to have had a wide
Influence on the style of French aivd foreign ardsts. He
is called the representative of correct design and ideal
compositioiL Died in January, 1S67.

S« L. m LonCiniL " M, InETV, par nn HonuM in Rhb," iRfii
FRlpiiicMuczv, "Peinm t\ Sculpnuii DDodenioi J. Inirc^'
■ 9461 "Nouvella Bicgnphie Gte^nlc''

Ingulmbert, d'ldlN'glNliaiR', (Joseph Dominique,)
a French bishop, bom at Carpentias in 1683, aaiumed
the name of DoH Malachie. He became an intimate
counsellor of Pope Clement XII., who appointed him
domestic prelate, and in 1733 Bishop of Carpenlras. He
built a hospital in that town, and founded a large public
library there. He wrote and translated several religions
works. Died in 1757.

SnViTAUi, "NcHitc nr li Vic da MaUchis il'lBgaiiiibsi," ifi*.

Ingolf. See Ingulpkus.

In-gnl'phns or Iu'gul( a monk, born in London
about 1030, became secretary and Eavourite of Willian.
Duke ol'^Normandy, in 1051. After th^ prince had
become King of England, Ingulphua was made abbot of
the monastery of Croyland. He died in 1109. He was
the reputed author 01 a History of the above monastery,
in Latin, containing much curious and important infor-
mation ; but Sir Prands Palgrave has proved tfutt it is •
foraery.

Ui'i-go, an English engraver, whose proper name was
John Collet, was born about IT35. He excelled in
the same line as Hogarth, and displayed an original
genius for humorous design. He left Dut few works,
among which is a " Monkey pointing to a Very Dark
' lecture of Moses striking the Rock." Died in i7Sa

In'm^n, (Hekrv,) an American portrail-painlcr, bom
Utica, New York, in 1801, was a pupil of Jaivis. He
-' ^ - '" " ' " ' visit

Macaulay. Among
ef- Justice MarshaU
and Bishop White, fie was commissioned by Congress
to adorn the national capitol with historical paintingB ;
but before he had Snished them he died, in 18416.

Ttiman, (John,) a biother of the preceding, bom M
Utica. New York, in 1805. was an assodale editor c(
the "New York Mirror" and "The Commercial Adver-
tiser," Died in 1850,

In'nea, (Cosuo.) a Scottish lawyer, historian, and
antiquaiT, born at Durris on Deeside, September 9,
179S. He early became known as a student of the
ancient records of Scottish history. He was made an
advocate in 1S13. He collated and edited the chartu-
laries of the old religious houses of the North, was em-
ployed for many year* in editing and publishing the
Scottish statutes, and was the author of " Scotland In
the Middle Ages," (1S60,) "Lectures on Scotch Legal
Antiquities," (1873,) etc. He had a strong leaning to
Catholicism, though he never gave his personal alle-
giance to that religion, and his works werej^eaily valued
by Montalembert and other distinguished Caiholica. He

died at Killin, July 31, 1874- ' "" ■" '' "

Innes" was published i
John Hill Burton.

worked mostly in the dty of New York. Daring a
to England, m 1844, he painted portraits of the
Wordsworth.Dr. Chalmers, and T.B. Macaulay. Ai
his other works are portraits of Chief- Justice Mars!
nite. Hew ■—■-—-

Digitized by CjOOQ I C

/AWg^ i;

In'nfa, (Louts,) a Roman C>th(^c prie«t, bom of ■
Sconish bmilj aboat 165a, He b«cam« tccrcuiy to
Times IL after he waa deposed fiom the English throne.
He ii the repated author of " Hemoira of Jamei IL," part
ol which was pablisbed in t8i& Died in Paris, Januaty

Innea, (Thouas,} a h-other at the preceding, born
It 1663, itodied in Paris, was ordained a priest, and suc-
cMdcd Loois as principal of the Scottish College. He
note a " Critical Essaj on the Andcnl Inhabitants of
Ike Northern Parts of Britain," (iTSp,! which is highly
coouaended for soond learning, judiaaus cnddam, and
lahable informatiDti. Died in 1744.

SttCiiAiiBast, '*Kd(^phia]Dictionu7of Enuicnt Scocimen.'*

Io'd^ss. (George.) an American artiit, bom at New-
buigb. New York, May i, 18^3. He studied art in New
Vo^ and in the European capitals, chronic ill health
ioKiferiDg much with the continuity of his labours.
Taken at bis best, Ur. Innest was inferior to no other
lunenam landsca|Hst Hii work was *o informed with
VA Bpiiitiial pnrpoae that some critics classed him,
nthoal complete justice, with the "Impressionist"
k1k>oL He was a member of the Nadonal Academy.
Died August 3, 1S94. His son, GiORGX Innbss, Junior,
is a painter of mnch promise.

In'iio-cQiit |Lat. Iknockn'tius ; It Innocuizo, fcn-
s»«h£n'u>; Ger. Ihnocenz, in'no-tstnts ; Span. Ino-
axciO, e-no-JiWn'rfe-o] L, a native of Albano, chosen
Kshop of Rome in 402 a.ix, was contemporaiy with
AogDStme and Jerome. During his pontificate, Rome
was pillaged by Alaric the Goth. Innocent strennoosly
nsertcd the supremacy of the s^ of Rome, and con-
demned the dortiiite of Pelagiua. He succeeded Anas-
lasiDS I., who, according to Jerome, was the lather of
lanocenL Died in 417. He was socceeded by Zcslinu^,

buioc«nt n. Fori, was elected in 1 110 as
ID Hooorius IL Another parly elected a rival pope,
■Oder the name of Anacletus II., whose partisans drove
Imocent oat of Rome. The latter was recognized as pope
}lj Ae Kings of France, England, and Germany, ana hi*
mal was supported by Roger of Sidly. In 1 138, Inno-
cent, a«istni by Lotharius of Germany, recovered the
papal power, and, his rival having died m the same year,
ttemutyofthe Church was restored. In 1139 Amaldo
da Biescia w»* banished from Rome for preachm^ doc-
trines d>at were deemed unsocnd. Innocent died in
1143, and was succeeded by Celestine IL

S(tPuTiiiii,"Viic de' nmnu PcmlcficL" itiii Alizti. "H»-
•m da P.IM." utB; J. H*.™»i™7^'B InngCEnlii II. Poo-
Mo^' n»: Abtaud h Hoirnn, " Hiuoira ds nmniu Fon-

lonoeent HI, whose proper name was Iiotharina,
■asthe ion ofTrasimund, a Roman count, and was bom
H Kcoie in 1 161. He was nnanimonsly elected pope in
Jaaauy, 1198, as snccessoT to Celestine IIL With su-
periar abilities, improved by diligent study, he comtrined
peat rcaolntioii, itKhtstty, and austerity of character, and
aniledhimself of eveiy opportunity to magnify his office
BdtoasierttbeaopremMyof the papal power. Inii99
he pbced the ktn^iMin of France under an interdict be-
CMse the kio^ PbUip AngiNtna, had repudiated his wife ;
aad Ihu he compelled him to reinstate her. About 1100
fee innigated the fourth crusade, the principal result of
which was the capture of ConstanliDopIe from the Greeks
^ the erusadei*. In ma he eacommuilcated and de-
pwed Othot Emperor of Getmaoy, and crowned Frede-
tidofSidtrinbw place. A memorable quarrel occurred
betaetn thu pontiff and King John of England, respect-
>sg the ^ipomtment of the Archtnsht^ of Canterbury,
(U07,) the right to appoint being obstinately asserted by
eadk England was hud under an kterdict, which lasted
noyeata, at the eapiration of which, as John was still
lefraaofy, the pope declared bim to be deposed, and
aalhoriicd Philip Augustus of Prance to execute the
deoec While the latter was preparing to invade Eng-
land, John sobmitted to the pope, in 1313, and signed a
d^;racefi]] treaty, in which he consented to hold Eng-
bMl and Ireland as fic& of the Church of Rome, and (o
d tribute of one thousand marks. In 1214
led a cruel persecution or crusade against

ny an nm

caa^; (aa*; g *«•/.■ g as/; s, it K^gtiaurai; n

papal power aMalned iti „

the moat learned nun and the moat able st

his age. He wrote "Letters," and other works, which an

highly commended. Died in t3i6t and was sncceededbj

Honoriiu IIL

Sw W. Horrca, "Owdiidica Isweeai III.," ■ ml*., itji. (104
Fmch renum afliHuni^ 4 «il>.,it3»'0;) D. LotHAHH, ''Mm

Idhocui 111, und FDfu Midud ClhukC" iljsMonn, " Hiimira
du Pipe luaoocnl III," iSsi: Abtadd ■>■ MoHToa, " HiBoin da*
KuieiaiiB Ponriln," 1^47-49 : }. H. Guamtr, " Faw EccJuiutid
Uiogntphiet." Loadoo. 1864.

Innocent IV, (Sinibaldo de' Fleaottl— dl fe-Cs'*
kee,) a native of Genoa, was elected pope as successor to
Celestine IV. in 1*43. He soon found himself involved
in a quarrel with the emperor Frederick IL, (wbo had
been excommunicated by Gregory IX.,) and retired for
ECCnrity to Lyons. Here he summoned a coundl, in
1145, and renewed the excommunication of Frederick,
who was also formally deposed The emperor, however,
refiised to sabmit to this assumption, and waged war

cmsade i^ainst Conrad, the m
his malignity was bafBed. H
succeeded by Alexander IV.

Sh J. Haethahk ■' Vlu lanacegtU IV,," iijl: Pxoui Puu,
" Vita del fnn Poai«Acv IiuiaCfaiio QoMito," IM.

Innocent V, ( Pbtbr of Tabantacia, ) born at
Montier, in Savoy, was elected in 1176 as successor to
Gregory X. After holding office a tew months, he died

lunooent VL, ( Btirnnk Anbert— Olmia', ) ■
Frenchman, bom near Pompadour, was elected pope
In 135a. He succeeded Clement VI., who had made
bim a cardinal and Bishop of Ostia. His court was kept
at Avignon throughout his pontiGcate. He reformed
some abuses in the Church, and appears to have acted
with more moderation and propriety than moat <rf hit
predeceasors. Died in 1363.

S» Binv^ "Hi.Uu™ del PipM." ijjj; Sismohdi. "Hlttdn

Innocent Vn, (Cardinal Cosmo Miglioratl — nU-
yo-rl'tee,) born at Sulmona about 1338, was elected pope
in 1404, as successor to Boniface IX. At that time there
was an extensive schism in the Church, and Benedict
XIIL held a rival court at AvignoiL Died in 1406.

S« Platira. " Viu de> nmini PontcOd." 161].

Innocent ViU, (Giovanni Battista CBbo— ehee*-
bo,) born at Genoa in 1434, was elected pope in 14S4, ae
successor to Sixtua IV. He laboured without success
to unite the sovereigns of Europe agunst the Turks,
and vt» himself engaged in war with Ferdinand, King
of Naples. He died in 1491, and was aucceeded t^

-o VIII.,-
B VIII.." .

iR>9; r. H.

Innocent IZ, (Antonio Faoohlnettl— I3k-ke-
net'tee,) born at Bologna, succeeded Gregory XIV. in
October, 159:, but only survived two months after his
election. He left a good reputation for virtue and
wisdom. Clement VIlL was his aucceasor.

Sea Xahui, " HiiuVT ofllia Popae."

Innocent Z, (Giovanni BAi-rtTTA PenflU— pb»-
feeHee,) elected in place of Urban VIII. in 1644, was
bom in Some about 157a. He owed his promotinn to
the Barberini, who soon became bis enemies. The Jan>
senist controveny having made a great commotion in
the Church, Innocent appointed a commission of car-
dinals to settle It, and in 1653 issued a bull cum Mauiam,
in which he condemned the five propositions of Jansen,
Historians differ widely as to the character of ihta ponciK
He died in 1655, and was succeeded by Alexander VIL

S«R

i."Hi«

Innooent XI, (Cardinal Bbhidict OdeBcalcU—
o-dts-kll'kee,) bom at Como in I Gil, succeeded Clement
X. In 1676, He had been made a cardinal in 1647, and
had sustained a respectable character. He soon manl-
fesied his seal to reform abuses and restore strict disd<
pline, and his inflexible resolution to maintain the papal

«ii; R, /rii/tii; I aa ■; «h as

I H^See Explan

•,p.a3.)

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INNOCENT 13

preNmUves. Hii pontificate mu tlgntlized bj ■ ro-
mwUble coDteit with Lonii XIV. of France in reUtian
to ths r^dt and the piivilegei or exemptiona of foreiKn
■mbauaSoiB at Rome. The pope wished to ibolith the
nuge which Teodered (he ambasudoi's palace, with the
adjacent premites, an asylum for nialebctors, etc., inac-
Ceaiible to the officers of justice. Louis XIV. in 1687
tent Ilia ambassador Lavardin with orders to maintain
his lights, and with an armed rednue of eight hundred
men. The pope persisted, and excomnunicaied Laiar-
din, who returned without effectins his object; and the
quarrel was not ended until after the death of Innocent,
which occurred in 1689. It leeoos that his enmitj to Louis
Induced this pontiff to bvour the English in resistance
to James IL ; and tome one remarked that the peace of
Europe would be promoted if James would become a
Protestant, and the pope a Catholic

Sw Ucmuj, "iDlia HCn," id tdIl. iiit-b- B>Hn. "Hi^
torr of the Pspui" SisHOHDi, *^Hi(Ioi]

mdi XI.." .776.

Ushop of Naples during the pontificate of Innocent XL,

appears to deserve credit for his economjr, regular habits,
liberaiitj, and works of atility. In his pontificate a re-
conciliation was effected with the French cooit by mutual
concession. Quietism also received its qnietut, in 1699,
by a papal biief condemning Finelon's " Maximes dn
Saints." He died in 1700, and was succeeded br Clem-
ent XI.

Innoceat ZIIL, (Michelancblo Contl— kon'tee,)
bom in Rome in 1655, was (he son of the Doke of
Poll, and attained the <Ugnity of cardinal in 1706. He
succeeded Clement XL a* iMiw in 1731, and exerdsed
his power so prudently that his subjects resretted the
brevity of iu duration. He died in 17x4, and his place
was supplied by Benedict XIIL

Sw! Biiuv^ ■■ Hittoira iIm Pip^" iTM ! " Libni Print Iimtiii
XIII.," ColoEce. 1714.

luitooeiitltu. See Innocknt.

InnooenE. See Inmocsnt.

IiuooeDEO. See Innocent.

I'no, [Gr. 1v£,1 a daughter of Cadmnj and Harmoiua,
was the wife of Athamas, King of Thebes. According
to tradition, she incurred the enmity of Juno, who de-

Eived Alhamas of his reasoiL In a fit of insanity he
lied a son of Ino, who threw herself into the sea and
was changed into a sea-goddesa, named Leucothea. Her
•tory was dramatized by several Greek poets.

InooBDoio. See Innocent.

Inonye, (Kaoru,) Count, a Japanese statesman,
bom in 1839. Making a secret journey in Europe with
Count Ito, he became a strong advocate of Western
civiliiation. He was in office from 1868 onward, *sa
minister of public works in 1878, afterwards in the
foreign office, retired in t887, and was recalled as
minister of the interior in 1S93.

In'akip, (John S.,) a Methodist preacher, bom at
Huntingdon, England, August 10, 1816, was brought la
the United States when five years old, began a religious
life in 1833, and in 1S35 commenced to preach. He
acquired great note as a conductor of camp -meetings,
and became editor of the "Christian Standard." Died
at Ocean Grove, New Jersey, March 7, 1B84.

IntMlano de Ayala, tn-ti-re-S'no di Mil, (Juan,)
a Spanish author and monk, bom in 1656, biecame
preacher to the king. He published, besides other works,
(mostly in Spanish,) "Pictor Chrislianus Eruditus,"
(1730,) in which he exposes the prevalent errors of
painters who treat of religious subjects. His style is
pure and elegant Died in 1730.

IntMema, in-te-a'mfi, ( Hero,) a Dutch poet and juriat,
bom in 1576; died in 1613.

iDtlen, tn-te-i'ree, (Bartolohuro,) an Italian
economist and mechanician, bom at Piitola about 1674.
He (bunded a chair of political economy at Naples, and
wrote "On the Conservation of Grain." Died in [757.
I, tn-rt'jts, (AUGu^iN,) a Sicilian historian

SO IPHIGENIA

and ecclesiastic, bora at Sdacca in 1595, published a
"History of P^ermo," (3 vol*., 1649-51,) "bich was
mocb esteemed. Died in 1677.

In'waod, (Charles Frbdbuce,) son of William
Inwood,nolicedbclow,wasborninlTO8. He co-operated
with his &ther as architect of Westminster Hospital and
other edifices. Died in 184a

Icwood, (Henrv William,) an English architect, ■
brother of the preceding, was born in 1794. He «M
associated in his profession with his father, and pu1>
lished "Studies of the Architect from Nature," and an
illustrated work on Athenian architecture, called " The
Erechtheion at Athens," {1817.) He perished (^ship-
wreck in 1S43, wliile making a voyage to Spain.

Inwood, (WiLLLAM,) an English architect, born about
1770, was employed on many buildings in London, and
also fallowed the profession of surveyor. He was assisted
in his architectural labours In his two sons, noticed
above. Saint Pancras Church, London, finished in 181^
was erected by him and his son Henry. He publi^ed
" Tables for Purchasing Estates," etc Died in 1843.

I'o, [Gr. 'Iu,] a &buIous personage, whom the Greek
poets represent as a daughter of Inachotand a priesteaa
of Juno. It was said that, having been transformed by
Jupiter into a wliile cow, she was tormented by a gadfly,
(sent by Juno,) to escape from which she swam aciOM
the Ionian Sea and wandeied through various parts of
the world. Her story is related by .fschylus in his

I-9-ia'na (Gr. Talaofl or I'9-la". [Or. Tfilat,) a per-

"nage of classic mylholo^, was a relative and (iiilhf^
npanion of Hercules, whom he aided ii * '

gainst [he Lernean Hydra.

I'o-le, [Gr. 'loAi;,] the daughter of Eurytus, King of
(Echalia, who promised her in marriage to Hercules.
But, Eurytus having afterwards refused to perform his
engagement, lole was fbrdbly carried off by her lover.
On the death of the latter, caused by Dejanira'a jealousy,
(see D^ANiRA.) loIe was married to Hyllus, the son <A
Hercules.

I'an, [Gr. Iw,] the mythical ancestor of the lontant,
was supposed to be the son of Apollo and Crensa. IDs
story was dtamatiied by Euripides.

Ion, nw*.! a Greek tragic poet, who was bom at
Chios, (Scio,) and flourished about 450 B.C. He lived
at Athena, where he became a friend of .^schylus and
gained a prize for one of his tragedies. He composed,

of the five Athenian tragic poets by the Aleiaii'
drian critica.

S« FAsiiam; "Bibliothec* Gmea^' Katiu, "Hi««orit eii-
tkaXngicorun GrsBcsnim," 1S451 Kail N[anaDiH& "De Eooii
Cbii Viu, Uoribiu <rt Sn^U," iS3«.

1'9-pIioit, [Gr. loafs',] an Athenian tragic poet, a aoK
of Sophocles the poet, lived about 420 B.C. He gainod
the second prize in 439, when Euripides received the
first prize. Among the titles of his plays are " Achillea,"
" Actxon," and " Fcntheua." His works are not extatit.
Died after 405 d.C.

S« KAVSa*. " Hinoris ciitBi Tn^conni Gneconini," 1(49.

loazef or lousaC See Voosuv.

Iphiorate. See Iphicrates.

I-phlc'ra-tn, )Gr. l^a^bnK: Fr- Iphicrate, e'ls
kKtt',) a s'kilfu] Athenian general, who rose from a
humble rank in society and obtained the chief command
of the Athenian army. About 392 B.C. he defeated the
Spartans near Corinth, and afterwards gained applause
by his defence of Corcyra against the Spartans and Syra-
cusans. He made important changes in the armour and
tactics of his troops, by exchanging the heavy buckler
for a light target and increasing the length of the speat
and the sword He was assoaated with Timotheos and
Chares in the command of an expedition against Byzan-
tium about 357 B.G

Ssc Grotii. " Hinorj of Grtece ;" Cohk«lhi

Ipta-He-nl'a 01 Iph-I-^e-iiel'^ (Gr. "y^yrrtia; Fr.
IPHiGtNiE, i'fe zh4'ne',J a daughter of Agamemnon and

i, e, i, 6, 0, y, Itmg; i, *, 6, same, less prolonged ; i, i, 1, 5, u, jF, thort; », ft i, 9, abiairt; fSr, fill, filt; mit; n6ti c

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JPHIGENIE

«3S«

ClrteninettnL The micImiI po«t* relate that Diana
detained (he Greek fleet at Aolii bjr a calm, becaoae
Agamemnon bad oBendod her, aod ttuit the soothsajrer
CalcbM dedared Diana cooid be appeased onlj by the
norifice of IpUgenla. When ahe wu on the point of
being immolated, ahe w«> reacned, it ii aaid, by Dinna,
who carried tier to Tanria, where ihe becaine a piieHeM
In the temple of the goddcst. Her 11017 ^ '^ aabjecl
of two of the dramw of Eoripidei.

IphletolB. See IpHiemiA.

^l-toa, IGr, IfmitJ a Iting of Elia, who revived
the Olympic gamei abont SS4 B.C., four hundred and
■erentj fear* after their fint inatitiition. They were
celebrated ererr fifUi year, at Olympia, — "•- ' — >"
he Spartan

Lyctirgua, the Spartan lawgive

ti the Alphei ^ „ .
■aaociated with Iphlto* in this __

^ppaioov the Italian of Hifpabcuui, which aee.

IppoonteL See Hippockatis.

^ipoUto. See HiPPOLYTUs.

biiDll, e'lil', (AucusTiK Simon,) a French historical
writer, bom at Puy-en-Velay in 1719, became canon
ef MoniatioL He wrote an interesting work entitled
"Literary Quarrela, or Memoin of the Rerolutiont in
die RepubtLc of Letter* (torn the Time of Homer to
the Present," (4 vols., 1761,) also a " History of the
Kennion of Brctagne with France. Died in 1794.

Ir^jF, (Ckaklx LaoHABU,) an English officer in the
royal navy, was bom October 9, 1789. In conjunction
with James Hanglea, he wrote a valuable work entitled

"TnreU in ^ypt, Nntwa, Syria, and the Holy Land,"

PTAIM.)

[1833.) Died

Cart

iber 3, 1845. (See \

IlO'deU, Ir'dei, (Jahbs,) a distinguished jurist,
bom in England in 1751, settled in North Carolina in
176S. Admitted to the bar in 1770, he was on the bench
of the sapceme court of North Carolina 1777-79, and of
the United States 1790-99. He was a member of the
coostitational convention of 17S7. Died in 1799.

Itwdtfl, (Tamu,) a lawver, ■ aoa of theprecedln&
was bom at Edentain, Nortn Carolina, in 1788. He wa*
Governor of North Carolina in 1817, and was a Senator
of the United States from 1818 to 1831. He wi
aeqaenlly reporter to the supreme court of his
State, and published thirteen volumes of law and eight
of equity reporla. Died in 1S53.

fa) 180% and D«^ of Westnunsler and ret

acholarahipe. He was a oontribntor to the "Ltmdon
Quarterly Review," and the author of several approved
■iM-ks ofdivinity, amcmK which is " Pigaidsm and ChriS'
tianit* Compared." Died in 1S43.

Ireland (Jobn,) an English writer, bom in Shrop-
dure, removed to Loidoa, where he became a con-
Boiaaeiir of art and a dealer bi pictnrea. He compiled
"Memoirs o( Heodenon" ttie actor, and pubhahed
' Hogarth Illostrated," which waa bvourably receivod.
Died in 180E.

Iraland, (John,) an American ecclesiastic, born
in Ireland in 1838. He was brought to the United
Stale* as a boy, studied theology in France, was or-
dained priest in the Roman Catholic Church in 1S61,
became bishop, and in 1SS8 archbishop of St. Paul,
Minnesota. He became well known as a lecturer on
temperance and a writer and speaker for the Repub-
lican party, and published "The Church and Modem
Society."

Ireland, (MaryE.,) autlior, bom at CaNert, Maiy.
land, in 1834. She has written " What I told Dorcas,"
" Timothj and his Friends," " Under the Cherry Blos-
SD<nS,"etc., and translated many books from the German.

Iroland. (Samucl,) bom in London, was a weaver
ef Spitalficlda in his youth. He became subsequently a
dealer in rare prints, curiosities, etc Having acquired
vxaii skill in diandng and engraving, he employed it
in illastrating various countries, of which he published
"Picturesque Toura." He was the author of "Graphic
Dlnatrationsof Hogarth," and the publisher of the Shak-
speare Papeia forged by hii son. {See below.) Died
niBoo.

Inland, (Wiluam Hinry,) a son of the preee^ngr
was bom in London in 1777. He acqotred ootoriety
in 1795 by bn^g legal docnmenl* under the aeal of
Shakapeare, and ^ pnctiaing on the public CTedolity in
relation to drama* which he pretended to tiave fbuiid M
Stratford. One of these, called " Vort^m," was pnr-
duMd by StMrldan, and performed at Drory Lane bMora
Ihe fanpoature wa* detected. The audience were ex-
tremely disgusted at the quality of Ihe play, and Iralaiui
being reqnu-ed to ea|>lain how be bad obtained it, con-
fessed the forgery to his &ther,andafier<rard* publislied
a written confession, which displays more vanity than
penitence. Died in 1835.

Iranaana, e-rk-ni'As, (Falkoviki,) a learned Russian
prelate and writer on theology, born in 1763; died in
18*3.

IieDtBiis, (KI.CMKNTIBV5KI,) a Russian theologian,
bom in 1753, became Archbishop of FakoC He wrote
commentanei on Scripture, and translated from the
Greek some works of the Fathers. Died in iSiS.

IrwHBtia, Ir-e-nee'uB, IGr. Eip^wiioc; Fr. lRfiNiE,e'ri'.
ni'; It IKKHBO, e-r&-ni'o,] SAiirr, a Christian martyr,
bom about 130 or 140 A.D., was a Greek by birth, and
wa* probably ■ native of Asia Minor, as he was a pupil
of the eminent Bishop Polycaip of Smyrna. About tyy
be became Bishop of Lyons, (Lugdunum,) in France, in
place of FothinuB, who was the first that occupied that
see. He ministered to hi* churches with wisdnn aiul
general acceptance. To counteract the error* of the
Gnostics and others, he wrote a treatise against Heresiea,
which is stitl extant, (in a Latin translation.) He alao
wrote several Letters, and other works, which are los^
except aome fragments. It is generally supposed that
he sofiered martyrdom under Septimus Sevenis; btit
the learned are not agreed whether it occurred b 101
or ao8> He was well versed in andent philosophy, as
welt as in evangelical doctrine. His book on Heresies
is highly appreciated as a historical monument and a
vindication of the primitive faith. He was a believer in
Ibe Millennium, and entertained opinions on that subject
which some consider extravagant

S(* Saikt JaaoHa. " Di Viiia iUiatribu* :" Embmw, " Hinais

■okuuticai" Hwav I>oinrBU, " DiuetitioDii i> Imiiiiii "

KAOa, " Vi( dg S. Ii4)^ KOnnd BTSqiH d> Ltsu,"

flS°,-i

HiMoirc d« Sutn-Ittn^i

of'ihtLifeaodWrli

sSnt'lVSii'

J«mi Am*™*'

I-re'nei, [Gr. Elp^; Fr. IrIne, e'rftn',] Empress of

Leo IV., Emperor of the East At his death, in 780, be
left a son often years, named Constantine, during whoee
minority Irene acted as regent She wss remarkable for
her beauty, energy, and talents. In order to decide the
<;uarrel between the Iccmodasts and their opponents, to
whom she was partial, she assembled a conntal in 787,
which formally sanctbned Ihe worship of images. When
her son attained his majoritv, ber amtntion so &r pre*
vailed over natural affection tkut sbe dethroned him and
deprived bim of sight In Soa she was deposed by a
conspira(7 of her subjects, and Nicephoru* was chosen
emperor. She died in exile in 803.

Sh Lb BaAO, "Hiitoln da Bat-bijiira :" Vihceht Uwhot,
"HiHrin ilg ritnpintrio* Iifa^" iT&i; CUKM, " tUftorrof ths
Dcdint ud Fall of Iha Ronan Smpua."

IrAote. See Ikxmaus.

Iienea See Irbnaui.

ZretoD, Tr'tQu, (Hznsy,) sn eminent English repob-
lican, bom in iSiOl He was a student of law when the
dvil war began, in which he became an ardent leader
of tbe popular cause. Entering the army as captain of
cavalry, he was rapidly promoted, and Decame highly
distinguished for lu* courage and capacity both in the
battle-field and the conndl-chamber. At the battle of
Naseby, (1645,) with the rank of commiaaary.geneial he
commanded the left wing, and waa wounded and taken
prisoner ; but, his friends having gained the victory, he
recovered his liberty the same day. In 1646 he married
Rridget, daughter of Oliver CromwelL The latter, as
Hume remarks, "had great deference lor the counsels
of Ireton ;" and the republicans generally reposed the
highest confidence in tiim, as a statesman of incorruptibla
honour. About 1646 he waa elected to Parliament, where

; giard; i»»i;a,li,-K„gtilttiral; tl.naiai; u,lrilicd; liaM,-

in Uit. (IS^See Explanations, p. 31.)

,-j:,Coo^^le

be projected *

IRIARTB

■ wi«e legal and conttitDdoDil re-
nent for Hi* skill in drafting ordl-
aance*. While Cbarlei L wu & pritaneT >t Hampton
Court, he had conferencei with Cromwell and ItetOQ,
whok it ii Bud, were inclined to reinstate him in a limited
rojaltj, until thcj intercepted one of his letter* which
convinced them of bis insincerity. Ireton was a member
of the court which tried the king; and he signed the
warrant for his ejucution, Jannarj, 1649^ In reference
to this aflair, Burnet sajrs, " Ireton was the person that
drove it on ; for Cromwell was all the while in some
suspense about iL" In July, 1649, he went to Ireland
as second in command under Cromwell, who, relumina
aAer the lapse of a few months, left to Ireton the chief
conunand, with the title of lord deputy. AAer gaining
several victories and taking Limenck, he died there of
the plague in 1651. Hume, who was not partial to his
cause, denominates him " a memorable personage,
celebrated lor his vieiiance, industry, capadty evi
the strict execution of justice in that unlimitedcom
which he possessed in Ireland. It was believed by many
that he was animated by a sincere and passionate love
Of liberty." {" History of England.")

Sec. ilio, "Bidcnphia Britunioi ;" Cuibit, "Hutoin im I
Rirolmioa d'An^leierrb"

LriBita or Trlarte, e-re-aR'ti, (Bernasdo,) nephei
of Don Juan de Iriarte, noticed below, was bom in Tene
rifle about 1734, He became a member of the council
of state, and held other important offices under the
Spanish govemmenL Died in 1S14.

Irfaits, (DoNiNOO,) brother of the preceding, born

in Tenerifle in 1746, was sent as minister plenipotentiary
•f Spain to Poland, and employed in other embassies.
Died in 1795.
Uwte, (FsANCisco Diego de AIiwbt— Tn-sl',) a

Spanish wnter, bom at Huesca, published an

of his native dty, entitled "Fandadon, Eccelendas,

Grandeias, etc. de 1* antiquisima Cindad de Huesca,"

(1619.J

Iriarte, (loNAao,) a celebrated Spanish landscape-
painter, born in Gnipnscoa in 1620, was a pupil of the
elder Herrera. He worked in Seville, and became ■
friend of Hnrillo, who painted the figures for some of his
landscapes. He was one of the founders of the Academy
of Seville. Iriarte was regarded as the best landscape-
painter of his country and his time. Connoissenn admne
m his worka the lightness of the foliage, the transparency
of the sky, the limpidity of the water, and the mastery
of chiaroecuro. Died in 16S5.

Seg RAnuu. Moras, ''LM0bm."Mc.,i7So; Qmunr, " Dis-
bmuuin do* Paiama Eapaguol*."

Iriarte, de, dli e-re-aa'tft, (Don Juan,) an eminent
linguist and scholar, bom in the bland ii Tenerifle in
1703. He studied in Paris at the College of Louis le
Grand, and tubscqueotlv visited London and Madrid,
where he was appointeii in 1733 one of the librarians
In the Royal Library, He became offidal translator to
the prindpal secretary of state in 1740, and In 1743 was
elected a member of the Royal Academy. Among his
works may be named a " History of the Canary Islands,"

£msnuBcrip^) a collection of Spanish proverbs in
tin verae, and translations from Martin. Iriarle is
said to have added two thousand manuscripts aod more
than ten thousand printed volumes to the Royal Library
during the tliirty-nine years in which he offidsted as
librarian. Died m 1771.

Uotte, do, (ToMAS,) youngest brother of Bernardo,
noticed above, was born in Teneriffe about 1750. He be-
ame s profident in the andent and modem langu^^
Dnder the tuition of his uncle, and sabseqoently became
archivist to the prindpal secretary of state, and editor
of the "Madrid Mercury." He was author of a poem
entitled "La Musica," (177^) which was received with
great lavour and translated into the prindpal European
rangnages, and "Literary Fables," {" Fabulas literarias.")

markable for their graceful versification. They enjoyed

Seat popularity at the time, and are still ranked among
e dassics of the language. An English version of

these (ablea, by George H. Devereux, appeared in 1855. di geniai, „_.._..._ _

Iriarte alto published a corned; entitled "The Spoiled children. The collected writings of Edward Irving have

i, e, ., Q,n,y,'of^;l,i, 6, saoie, less prolonged; i,i,I,fi,fi,)F,<i«r)';t,$,i,9,i>ijfi(rr;llr,fJll,(!ll; m(l;n&t; gdSdi mOikii

Digitized by VjOOQIC

Child," ("El SeHorito nunudo,") a nttmber of sonnet*
and critical essays, and a metrical translation of Horace's
"Art of Poetry." Died about 1790.

Sh LoiKinLLOiv, "hats nA Po
da of tb* Lift c^Tmh dt IiiBt^ ■

Xrioo, e-ree^o, (Giovanni Andkxa,) aa Italian priMt
and savant, bom at Trino in 170^ He *rote seTetal
religious and antiquarian work& Ued in 1783.

I'll*, [Gr. 'W,j in Greek mythology, the goddess ti
the rainbow, said to be a daughter of Thaunus, and
sometimes called Thaumsntias. Homer represents her
as the messenger of the gods, employed to carry mes-
sages from Ida to Olympns and from gods (o men. She
was the attendant of the goddess Hera, or Juno.

Irland, iKiSH', (Bonavkntum,) a French jurist, of
Scottish descent, bom at Poitiers in 1J51 ; died in 161s.

Imeriiia, iR-ni're-us, sometimes wnttenWaraerlm,
a celebrated Italian iuriaconsult, bom st Bologna in the
eleventh century. He became the renovator or restorer
of the Roman law, which had been neglected, and on
which he wrote commentaries, called "GIossk." He
obtained the office of judge, and was sent by the emperor
to Rome in iiiS 10 expedite the election of a pope.

5« R NiHuiiui, "Initriiu," Colntikft 164*; FAimna, "Scrii-
lori Bolopm^-"

Ixaa Mask. See Masquk di Fu.

VtffiA, (William Josiah,) D.D., an English author,
born at Hoddesdon, Herts, September 13, iSta. He
gradualed at Queen's College, Oxford, in 1833, became
a prebendary of Saint Paul's in 1S60, and in 1S70 mral
dean, rector of Wadingham, and Bampton Lecturer.
Me published various theological and philosophical
works, and made a noted translation of the " Dies IrB,"

Ireland, about 1743, emigrated to Pennsylvania in 1763.
He became a colonel in 1776, and a Inigadier-genetiil
in 1779, From 1781 to 1783 he commandied the troop*
stationed at Fort Pitt for the defence of the vrestern
frontier. He was chosen a member of Congress in 1787,
and again in 1793. Died in 1S04.

Ir'Ttnt (David,) LUD., a Scottiah Uographer and
writer on tavr. He puUished " Lives of Scotliui Foeta,"
(1804,) "Lives ofthe Scottish Writen,"(i839,} and "The
Table-Talk of John Selden," (1S54.) He was bom at
Langholm, December j, 1778; died at Edinburgh, March
10, 186a.

Irving (EdwakDi) a celebrated and eloquent Scottish
pnlpit orator, bom at Aiman in 1793, was a graduate of
the University of Edinburgh. Having been emptt^ed
as rector of an academv at Kirkaldy about seven Teara,
he was ordained a Presbyterian minister. From ■Sioto
1833 he was engaged as assistant in the pnlpit of Dr.
Chalmers, Glasgow, where he acquired a good reputation.
He accepted a call from the Scottish Church, Cross
Street, London, in tSaa, and soon became an admired
and fiishionable preacher. His original genius and hit
extraordinary eloquence attracted crowded audiences,
among whom were found the most eminent authors and
statesmen, and noblea of the highest rank. In i8>3 he
published a series of discourses entitled " For the Ora-
cles of God, Four Orations," etc. In 1S19 he removed
into a larger church bnilt for him in Regent Square. A
charge of heresy having been preferred against him in
the presbytery of London in 1830^ he was condemned
by that hody, and ejected fr«m the church, in 1833.
After this event he obtained another place, and attracted
crowds by his exhibition of the gift 01 unknown toi^e*,
which he ascribed to divine inspiration. He pnbhshed
" Babylon and Infidelity Foredoomed of God," and other
theological treatises. Died at Glasgow in December,
1S34. "He was unqnesdonably," says De (joincey, "by
many degrees the greatest orator of our times." It is
proljable that his devotion was sincere, hut not guided
by discretion, and that In the latter part of bis career
1. :_j affected with insanihr. Carlyle, who was

HENRY IRVING.

dbyGoogle

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

fhy,~b;W. Wiuu; Chahbh. " Biocnphici] Dicdmun ^^.
Ml ScaUBWB." (SnnlenCTijt Kichail Hohl - BnKhiiHiie agt
« LAtBuoddn SdhriAa E! Iirlni'i." iSk^ LnMAHH ■• Uibn
MmlmB^maa," iSjj: "WtMniiiitio Reiiew" fer Jinuiiii, ilu;
>Dd'* IIaoih»" fcr Ncrnnbc, iSd, ud Ii-' -'^
I HhiIii^' for JuBUT, iSu: ''Ndnt Bmi>li

Irving, (Sir Heney Bkodeibb,) an English actor,
wDose family name was Brodhbb, wasbomatKeinton,
in Somerse [shire, Feb. 6, 1838. He first appeared
the stage in 1856, and rapidly attained distinctioo a
first-tatE comedian. His Hamlet," first played in 1874,
greatly divided public opinion, but he won high rank
as a tragedian. After 1881 he frequently visited the
United Stotes. Died October 14, iqa^.

U^rtn^ (John Tbkat,) an Ameikan jndge ud writer,
brother of Waihii^on Irring, was hom in 177S. He
«» a popalar contnbutor, (political,) both in prose and
TCtae, to the " Homing Chronide," and froin i&tl till
Ua death, in 1S38, waa presiding jndge of the
of comic « pleas in New VcK-k.

Irrins (JOHN Tkrat,} an Ameilcan lawyer and writer,
aon of the preceding, and a resident of New York, is au-
Aor of a Tulume of "Indian Sketches," (1835,) and two
■orels, entilled "The Attorney," and "Harrj Harson;
oc.Tlie Benerolenl BachelDr,"wbichoriEinatlT appeared
In the " Knickerbocker Magadtke." DiedFcb. 37, 1906.

ZrrliiB (loSKPH,) a Scottuh anthot, bom at Domlriei
in 183a. H« STote a "Book o( Dumbartonshire,"
Toia., 1S79,) "Annals of Our Time," " Dictionary
Scotsmen," (1880,) tic. Died in 1S91.

IrrliiK (PKriK.) an American jonrnaliat, bom In 1 7;
He became in iSoa the editor jnd proprietor of t...
"Horning Chronicle," a Democratic journal of New
York- In conjunction with his brother Washington, he
projected " Knicketliocker'* Hiitory of New YorL" He
wrote "Giovanni Sbogairo, a Venetian Tale," (i&io.)
Died in I S3 S.

IrvbiK, (THBOixna,) LL.D., an American author,
and minuter In the Protestant Episcopal Church, was
born in New York En 1809. He spent some time i
Europe with his nnde, Washington Irving, was profeui
of history and belles-lettres in Geneva College. New
York, from t8j6 to 1849. and afterwaids filled for several
^ara the diair of belles-lettres in the New York Free
Academy. He entered the ministry in 1854. He wri
"The Conquest of Florida by Hernando dc Sotn," ii
Toll., (Philadelphia and London, 1835.) and " The Foi
tain of Livine Waters." (iSS4-) Died December 10, iSSa

Irving, (WASHiNCTOii,) a distingnished American
anthor and humontist, bora in the city of New York,
April 3, 17S1, was a son of William Irvins, a native of
Scotland. About iSoo he left school ana commenced
the stady of the law. For the benefit of his health, he
peribrmed in 1804 a voyage to Europe, visited France,
Italy, Switzerland, and England, and returned in 1806.
Soon after his retnm he was admitted to the bar; but
be preferred to devote himtelf to literary pursuits, and
never practised law. In conjnneiion with his brother
William and with James K. Paulding, he issued in 1807
a humorous and satirical magazine, entitled "Salma-
nndi, or the Whim- Whams and Opinions of Lanncclol
Langstaff, Esq., and othera." OfthisamiiBingandpopnIar
work only twenty nnmbers were issued. He published
in 1809 another taninoTOtw work, " The Histoiy of New
York, by Diedrich Knickerbocker," in which he was
assisted by hit brother Peter. It was very favourably

Tti 1810 he became a silent partner with his brothers
h an eitensive commerdal house in New York. He
tailed in iSiJ to Europe, where he remained many
jears, and in 1817 visited Sir Walter Scott at Abbots-
nrd, who became his constant friend. He waa reduced
to poverty by the bilote of the Grm of which he was a
■nember. in 1817. His next Important work was "The
Sketcfa-Boo)^" (1818,) by Geo&ey Crayon, iriiidi was
written in England. It enjoyed great popularity, and
railed Irving 10 the highest rank of American author*.

• tt <; t at /; g Itard; t a*>; a, H, x,giHtiirtU: m, luual; K, /

n the "

The Skeich-Book"
throughout with the greatest care and accuracy, and
worked up to great purity and beauty of diction on the
model of the most elegant and polished of our native
writers." He published in London, in i8», " Brace-
bridge Hall, or the Humourists," which was received
with great lavour both in England and America. Com-
menting on this work, Lord Jeffrey says, "We happen
to be very intense and sensitive admirers of those soft
harmonies of stadied speech in which this author is apt
to indulge himself; and have canght ourselves oftener
than we shall confess, neglecting hia excellent matter to
lap ourselves in the liquiamusic of his periods." (" Edin-
burgh Review" for November, I 8m.) For his "Tales
of a Traveller," (1814,) Murray, the London publisher,
gave him ^1500 before he saw the manuscript

Mr. Irving afterwards spent some yeais in France and
Spain, where he composed his "Hisloiy of the Life
and Voyages of Christopher Columbus," (4 vols., iSaS,)
which was very successfuL "This Is one of those works,"
says Alexander II. Everett, "which are at the same time
the delight of readers and the despair of critics. Ii is
as near^ perlect as any work well can be." ("North
American Review" for fannary, 1839.) In 1839 he pro-
duced an imaginative and romantic work entitled "Tbt
Chronicle of the Conquest of Granada, from the Hani-
scripts of Fray Antonio Agapida." He was appointed
seiretary of legation to the American embassy at London
in l8a9,and[ctumedtothe United Slates in 1833. Among
his later work* are " The Alhambra." (183a ;) a "Tuur on
the Prairies," (183s ;) " Astoria," (3 vols.. [836;! "The
Adventures of Captain Bonneville," (a vols,. 1S37;)
"Oliver Goldsmith, a Biography." (1849;) " Mahomel
and his Successors," (iSjoi) and "The Ufe of George
Washington," (5 vols., iSSJ-sg.) He was minister to
Spain from 1S41 to 1846. He passed the latter part of
hiB life at Sunnyside, on the Hudson Ki%er, where he
died, November 38, 1859. He was never married.

iTTint (WiLUAM,) a farotiiet of tne precedlii^ «m
born in New York in 176& He married a titter d
Tames K. Paulding in 1793, became a merchant in Nm
York, and was a member of Congress during thrac
terms, (1813-19.) He aided hia brother and Mr. Pauld-
ing in the " S^magundi," of which he wrote the poetkil
parts. Died in i83t.

Ir'wlii. (Evuts,) a poet, born in Calcutta, of Iriib
parents, in 1748, was employed in the dvil sernc« of
the East In^a Company. He wrote seretal odes and
eclogues, and "Adventures during a Voyage up the Red
Sea,'' (1780.) Died in iBlT.

Inrin. ViiCouNTESS. See Howard, (AmtL)

Irwta, (Walijice,) author, born at Oneida, N. Y,,
March 15, 1075. Hebecamean editor in San Francisco,
and afterward an active writer of topical verae, as "The
Love Soonetsof a Hoodlum," "Chinatown Ballads," etc.

Irwin, (William Henry,} pen name "Will Ir-

n," bom at Oneida, New York in 1B73, brother of
the above. Was an editor in San Francisco 1S99-1904 ;

lilor of "CoJiier'a Weekly," 1907-08 ; has written

The City that Was," (1907,) "The Confessions of a
Con Man," (1909,) "The House of Mystery, "(igio.jetc,

lai, ee's«, written also I(ti and laha, one of the nimnt
of SrvA, which see.

luao, I'zfk, [Heb.pnV' or mv ; It. Isacco^ e-aU/.
ko; Arabian, IshXk, it'hik',] a Hebrew patriarch, tlta
aon of Abraham and Sarah, was bom about 1990 B.C. He
married Rebecca, and became the &ther of Esau end
JacoliL "Of all the patriarchs," says Bishop Hall, "n

inMu. (l^'See Explanations, p. 33.)

db,Google

ISAAC 11

ficKa u ■ planier. He died at the age of one hondred
Mid eightf,

leaao I, or laaao Com-na'cna, |Gr. loabioBf b
Eop'Tv^,) Emperor of Conatantinople, wM chosen bj
the vmy as •ucceasor of Michael VL In 1057. Two
Tcan later, Id conBcquence of ■ ouladj which he sap-

Eosed mortal, he resigned the throne to Conituitine
lucas, and entered a convent IMed in ic6l.
Isaac H, or I«aao An'^loM, |Gt. Tmaioot 4 'kyyr-
lof,] Emperor of Constantinople, was proclaimed in
11S5 as succeseoi to Androni'cus, who was dethroned
by a popular revolt. He rendered himself very un-
DOpolar by his vices and miagovemment. In 1195 hii
brother Alexis usurped the throne and imprisoned Isaac,
who was liberated and restored '

mprisoned
'3 °J*^'\

Isaac, ee^lJc,(HiiNitiCRJaG<nDai> iiin«ldan,whoir
the Italians called Arrigo TCDtSCO, {It. the "GermaD
Henry,") was bom about 1440. He remored to Ital\
about 147s, and was patronind by Lorenao de' Hedlcl
He composed sacred music

Jsaaoson, I'zak-son, (Hekrt,) bom in London ir
tjSl, wrote a work on Chronology. EKed in 1654.

laabsl, ihe Spanish o( Elizabbtk, which see.

Isabel L See Isabella op Castils.

Ia'9-bel jSp. pron. c-sS-b*l'] H, (or, more full;.

Maria Christina. She succeeded her fiither on the 39th
of September, 1833, when her mother became regent
Her claim was disputed by her unde, Eton Carlos, in a
dvU war, which ended in the defrat of the Carlists in
18401. Tlie queen-regent having been driven from power
by a popular revolt in October, 184c, Espartero became
regent Isabel was deciared of age in November, 1843,
and in October, 1S46, was married to her cousin, Fran-
cisco de Assis, a son of Francisco de Paula, who was a
brother of Ferdinand VII. Her leisn was agitated by
many revolutions, ioufii d'iiat. and cnanses of constitu-
tion. In September, 1868, she was deposed by her
revolted subjects. Her soo, Alfonso XII., becaoie
king in 1875. She died April 9, 1904.

Isabella. See Elizabrtk.

Is-f-bella OF At7STRU, (Clara Eugknia,) the
daughter of Philip II. of Spain and Elisabeth of France,
was bom in 1566. As the niece of Henry IlL of France,
she claimed the French crown at hi* death, but was
excluded by the Salic law, tboogh she was &voured by
the chie& of the League; In 1597 she became the wile
of Ardiduke Albert, boo of the Emperoi of Gennanj.
Died in 1633.

Isabella or Bavaria, daaghter of Stephen, second
Duke of Bavaria, bom in 1371, became Qaeen of Franjx
In 1385 bv marriage with Cbaile* VL She was remark-
able for beauty and for her volnptuons and diasolute
character. When her imbedle consort became incapable
of ruling, she aspired to royal power, and made a coali-
tion with the English against the daaphin, her son. Died
in I43S-

lBa&Blla[Span.IsAiKL,e-sl-bCI'i Fr. Isabella e'zf-
bei'] or Castile, daughter of John IL, King of Cas-
tile, was bom at Madrigal in 1451. The malcontent
BubjectB of her brother, Henty IV., forced him to ac-
ijiowledee her as his heir, after which her hand was
solicited tnr several princes of Europe, and she became
the wife of Ferdinand of Ar^oD in 1469. In 1474 she
was proclaimed Queen of Castile and Leon, the sove-
reignty of which she did not reeign to her husband, but
kept in her own hands. Historians agree in applauding
her beauty, virtue, magnanimity, piety, teaming, and
[tolitical wisdom. It was under her auspices that Co-
lumbus discovered America, after his project had bceo
treated with neglect by Ferdinand. Died m 1(04. (See
FBaoiNAND V.) Isabella had blue eyes and auburn hair,
' and possessed gieat beauty d features, sweetness of
expression, and dignity of presence.

St» PamBTT, " Hiitan at Fsdiaud ud iHbelli 1" Jdah d
Mou>.«."Snm»nuJ»l>rid» yttodtwds If t»i<Uko» Rtm t

54 ISAIAH

Fcmudo J Dofli iMbd," IA^ : Fuhahdiz dh Pulcmi, " tjenm

X Ferdhiando cl Eluabi HiHonianim Regibui Geuuubi DcoiIm
ll'i" IMS; D. Clikihciii. "Elogio dc u tUina catdlia DoM
I>^'~g»: CnKK AitriA, "MiranTi of Quam IbImUi «f

IsabBlIo. See Isabklla.

Isabelle of Francs. See Eliubetk of France.

IsabeUe (i'zTbei') of France, Queen of England
daughter of Philip the Fair, King of France, was bora
in 1393, and was married to Edward IL in 1308. The
issue of this anion was a son, who became Edward III.
About 1324 she went to Paris to negotiate between her
consort and the French king, where she formed a cun-
spiiacy with malcontent noblei, and returned loEn^and
with the avowed intention to remove from power the
kingS unworthy favourite, Spencer. Entering London
without resistance, in 1336, the partisans of the queen de-
posed Edward II. and proclaimed hU son king. IsabeUe
and ber lavourile, Mortimer, eaerdsed the royal power
a few yeais during the minority of her son ; and there
seems no reason to donbt that they contrived the mordei
of Edward IL She was imprisoned for nearly twenty
yeats, and died in prison in 1358. She was sumame^t
onacconnl of her cmelty, "the she-wolf of France,"

IsabDllB OF France, Queen of England, bora in
■389, was a daughter of Charles VL She was married
to Richard IL of England in 1396. Died in 1409.

Isabella, i'lfbCl', (Charles Edouard,) a French
architect, bom at Havre in iSoo, wrote "The Circular
Edifices and Domes Classed," etc. Died May 1, iS3o.

Zsabelle d'AngOnlfane, e'zf b!l' dAN'goo'lIm', a
French princess, was a daughter of Aymar, Count of
AneoulSme. She was marned to John, King of E^-
land, m 130I. Died in 1145.

Isabey, e'lt^', (EuctNE Loins Gabriel,) an emj-
nent painter of marine views, bom in Paris in 1804. Ha
obtained a first-class medal in 1814, and produced
The Coast of Honfleur" and a "Tempest near Dieppe"
I 1837, the "Battle of the Texel," (1819,) "The De-
iriure of Qneen Victoria," (1845,) and the "Embarka-
on of De Ruyter," ((851.) He received a first-class
medal at the Exposition of 1855. Died in 18S6.

Isab«7, (Jean BAPTisn,) a celebrated French miida-
tore-painter, bom at Nancy in 1767, was a pupil of
David, and lather of Ihe preceding. About l8oi he
became the most fashionable artist of Parisia his depart-
ment of the art He was liberally patronized by the
emperor Napoleon, who had been his friend when both
were obscure dtizens. He executed many admired
portraits of the Bonaparte family and of the generals
of the empire. It is said that most of the sovereigns of
Europe have been the subjects of his pendL Among
his works arc the "Table des Mar<k:haux," a picMre on

g)rcelain of Napoleon and his marshals, and "The
ongreis of Vienna," (1817.) Died in 1S55.

iMoa, ee'ilks. (Pibter,) a skilliil Dutch portrait-
painter, born at Helievor in 1569) died about 1630.

IssetSB, I-see'us, [Gr. 1«ili>r ; Pr. Isii, e'll',] a famous
Greek orator, who flourished about 400 B.C., was a
native of Chalds, or, according to some authontiea, of
Athens. Having been a pupil of Isociatei, he opened
a celebrated school in Athens, and had the honour of
being the preceptor of Demosthenes. Isxus is one of
the ten Athenian orators of the Alexandrian canon. His
style is al once elegant and vehement, but is less natural
than that of Lysias. He had great skill in dialectics
and in the distribution of his arguments. Only eleven
of his orations are now extant ; and these are all forensic
He is said to have survived the accession of King Philip
of Macedon, 348 B.C.

Sh J. A. tnuiAini, " Ds Iiai Vln et Soiptu." 1S31 : E. JsKiKB,
"ObKmlioiiEi is iMum." i8}8.

ISEDus, a Greek sophist and orator, bom in Assyria,
lived in the first century after Christ His eloquencv
is extolled by Pliny.

Isaiah, I-aii'yah or e-d'f, (Heb. yrfyn- ; Gr. Tlria/oi ,■
Lat Esai'as ; Fr. IsaYe, e'lf e', or Esaie, i'lTc' ; It.
ISAiA, e-U-ee'l ; Sp. Isaias, e-sS-ee'is,] the first of the
great Hebrew prophets, was a contemporary of Hosea,
Joel, Amos, and Micah. He prophesied during a period
of about Htj year*, beginning about 76a B.C He lived
M Jerusalem, and exerted great influence in public aflairs.

I. S, 1, 4 fi, f , /i»W.' *. *. 4. same, less prolonged; i, *, 1, 6, il, J, /iort; », (, i, 9, sA*™™,- fii, (ai!, fit; miti nfil; g56d; mdBn;

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ISAIE IS

Little ii known of bi> peraoDal liiitoi7, except that he
kad a wife, who im called a propbetes*. »nd two sons.
There is a doubtfiil ttadition that Isaiah soffered death
b; being sawa asonder, at the command of ICin^ Ma-
nasseh. As a wiiler he ia remarkable foi vciiatility of
Renins, and mctits the first rank among the prophets bj
Uie majestic; simplicity and soblimity oThU compositionfl.
He declAred more amply and clearly than any other
IKOpbet the eternal diTinity, vicarious sufferings, and
gloriOQ* kingdom of the Messiah, and hence is often
called the evangelical propheL No other prophet is so
oAcn quoted by Christ and his apostles. (See Matt L
23, iiL 3, »iiL 17, lii i8-», riiL 14 ; Luke iv. 17 ; Acta
xxviiL 35; Rom. ii. 37, and z. 16; Phil. iL 10.) In oai
translation of the New Testament he is always called
£sAiA5. He has been pronounced by some critics not
inferior to Homer in poetical genius ; and all a^ce that
his book is a master-piece of beauty and sabUmity both
in thought and style.

Among the commentators on Isaiah are Saint Jerome,
Vitringa, Lowth, Calmet, Eichhom, Doderlein, Gesenius,
Gataker, Hitiig, Rosenmtiller, and Henderson ; and. In the
United Stales, Dr. Alexander and Hr. Alben Barnes.

See, ilao. IKiMcm, "LoiKin Rabbiiucnm ;" SwALO. "JA» Fni'
fifaetbi dcs slteu BuuSei," uid "GcKhichu dsVoIku Tirul tdi
Qintfis;" KMOSCt, " Propb^tiune du H^bnu."

Isale. See Isaiah.

Isambert, e'lSirlKdR', (Euile,) a French pfaWdan
•nd baographer, a son of Franfois Andr^, noticed below,
was bora at Autcuil in 1S3S. Died October 27. 1S76.

IBamlMTt; (FRAwgola AndrS,) a French jurist and
Protestant, boni at Aunay (Eure-et- Loire) in 1792. He
distingiiished himself about 183; as the defender of the
rights of the free people of colour in Martinique, and
"performed in France," says Taiilandier, "a service like
that which Clarkson and Wilberforce rendered in Eng-
bnd." 101830 he was appointed 1 judge ('nwuri/ilr) of
the coDit of cassation. He was a Liberid member of the
Chamber of IJeputies firom 1830 to 1848, and supported
Cavaignac and the cause of order in the Assembly of
1S4& He was seoetan of the French Society for the
Abolition of Slaveiy, of^which he is said to liavc been
the founder. Among his works are a " Manual for the
Publicist and Statesman," (4 vols., \%3,ft,\ and a "History
of Justinian," (1856.) He wrote many able articles for
the " Nouvelle Bic^raphie GiniraJe." Died in 1857.

See TAiLi.AHi>in, irtide ia Iha " NcoveUc Biognplut G^njnls."

laom, e'ltan', (Saiiubl,) a French poe^ born at Cas-
tres in 1637, wrote "The Speaking Pistole," ("La Pistole
parlante,*^ 1660,) which had great success. Died in 1673.

Isaniictw. See Leo lit.

iB-ofi'nl-iiB or l«-oa'niis, (Jqskph,) snmamed also
DxTo'mus, an English poet, bc^ at Exeter, derived his
name from Isca, the place of his education. He accom-
panied Richard I. on a crusade to Palestine, and wrote
a Latin poem " On the Trojan War," and another en-
titled " Antiocheis." Died about

IsAa. See Is^sus.

lB«liii. iillN', (Isaac) > Swiss nriier, horn at Bile
in 1738. He was assistant secretary of state from 1756
to his death. He became the enlightened advocate of
rcfono in tnoials, education, and legislation, on which
be wrote articles for the journals. His chief work is

Hilled "On the History of Mankind," ("Ueber ■"-

G.
III. I

jBfllin, {LaL Iseli'nus,] (Jacques Chustopri,) an
eminent Swiss philolt^st and divine, bom at BSIe in
■6Si. He apoke Greek with lacilin, and excelled in
Oriental languiges. He became professor of history at
BUe in 1707, and was promoted to the chair of divinity
in 1711. He wrote an admirable Latin poem on "The
Ganls Crossing the Rhine," (1696,) a treatise on the
" Latm Historians of the Classic Period," (" De Histo-
rids Latinis Melioris £vi," 1697,) a treatise "On (he
Domination of the Magi in Persia," (1707,) and other
ninOTworka. Died in 1737.

unpc Hell
(WibilB J. C IieHiu," xfy^

\X 1214.

tect, lived about izoo, and is supposed to have built tha
old London Bridge.

iBoubnxg, ee'zfn-biSSRG', [Fr. IsemboUkg, e'z&N'-
booR',]one of the great German families of Protestant

Erinces and counts. It included the branches of Isenburg-
irstein, Isenburg-Philippseich, Isenburg-Biidingen, and

Isandoom, Tan, vin ee'ifn-dCRn', or ysendooiil,

(GlJSBEBT,) a Dutch philosopher, bom in Gelderland in
1601, published "Effata Philosophica," (16^3,) "Ethica
Peripatetica," (165^) and other works. Died in 1657.

lafendiyAr, is-Sn'dee-ylR', or AsfandiyaT, &9-fln'-
dee-yijt', one of the most celebrated heroes in Persian
history, lived between the fifth and sixth centuries B.C.,
and ia said to have been the first convert to the religion
of Zoroaster, in which he wss followed by bis hther

Gusblflsp (barins Hystaspis] and the whole Persian
empire. This change of rel^on led to the invasion of
Persia by Atjlsp, King of TurSn, in which Tsfendiyir,

by his bravery and heroism, not only saved his father's
kmgdom, but conquered India, Arabia, and the West,
He was killed in battle by the celebrated R36itum.

Se< Hauuui, "HiWoTT of Pmii;" J. Ateuook, "Abiidg-
smlnfthaSbah Nineh oT Firdouri."

Ish'mlel, [Heb^ bx^'QIf ' ; Arabic, ISMASSLor Isuaii,
is-ml-eel'; Fr. Isuazl, is'mf (K,] the son of Abraham
and Hagwr, born about 1900 B.C, was the ancestor of
dM Ishmaeiitcfl or Arabians. (See Genesis xvi., xxL)

Isliirara. See Iswa&a.

Zfd, ee'see, written also Ift and Taht, (the consort of
Isa or Siva,) one of the many names of PtRVATt, whidi
see. She is identified by some writers, including Sir W.
Jones, with the Isis of tne Egyptians. (See Isis.)

IsiBslaf See Iziaslaf.

ni-Jora [Or. 'laUupoc; Lat. ISIDc/Rir^; Fr. Isidok^
e'ze'doR'i It. IsiDoeo, e-Se-do'ro] OF Charax, a Per.
sian, who is supposed to have lived in the first centutv
of our era, wrote a work called "Parthian Itinerary,"
which contains a list of the eighteen provinces of Farthia
and of the chief towns, with the distances of the towns
from each other.

laldore of Moscow, a Russian prelate, was chosen
Primate of Russia in 1437. He favoured the reunion tA
the Greekand Latin Churchesat the Council of Florence,
(14^7.) Died at Rome in 1463.

IsidoTe, Saint, an eminent Spanish scholar and
bishop, bom at Carthagcna about J70A.i\, was a brother
of Leander, Archbishop of Seville. He understood
Greek, Hebrew, and Latin, and was very influential io
the Spanish Church. About 600 he was appointed
Bishop of Seville. The Council of Toledo, held in 651^
denominated him "the glory of the Catholic Church,
and the most learned man ofnis age." Among his most
important works are, in Latin, "A Chronicle from the
Or^in of the World to 626 a.i>.," and "Twenty Books
of Etymologies," which, says Dr. Hoefer, "is one of the
most predous monuments for the history of human
knowledge." Died in 636 A."

S« S*WTlLD«TONSO."DoVi

Scriploribui EtdtMitidi ;" Roe
IDTU Gothonjin.VbidalOTum," fltt, iSoj.

Isidore, Saint, of Alkxandria, born in Egypt about
318 A.D., was a friend of Athanasius, by whom he wat
ordained a priest Died in 404.

laldore. Saint, of Pelusiuu, is supposed to have
been bom between 360 and 390 A.D. He lived as a
hermit in E^ypt, and had a high reputadon for piety and
wisdom. He wrote, in Greek, a great number of short
letters, of which more than two thousand are now ea
tant They are said to contain sound doctrine and good
instruction in morals. Died about 450 A.D.

S« HnUANH, "DiwirBtio da Iiidoro Peliulpla," [717 i Ni»-
MMm, " Diuartatio de Ifidoro F^nsiota," 1S15.

Ul-dore Mer-oS'tor or Peo~cS'to[, the supposed
name of a person who in the eighth or ninth century
bbricated a famous code of canon law or collection m
decretals, often called the " Collection of the Pseudo-Isi-

tasi; C"*',- ^hard; gas/;s,H,K,fHinira/; »,tiatal; %,trUltd; lasi; thasin/^u-. (^^~See Explanations, p, 23.^

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ISWORVS

1356

ioK. Sume popes availed thenuelTe* of thU mean*
to extend their temporal power.

LddortuL See isrixmc

la-I-dCms or MiuTUS, ■ Greek architect of the
■ixtb century, who was employed by the emperor Jus-
tinian to build the magnificent church of Saint Sophia
in Constantinople, which is now used as a tnosqne.

I'bIs, (Gr. 'loicl one of the chief deities of the andent
Egyptians, was called the wife o( Osiris and mother of
Horus. She was worshipped as the goddess of fecun-
dity, and appears to have represented nature or the earth.
The cow was sacred to lais. She had many worahippen
In Greece and Rome. There were bmooa templea of
Ins at Memphis and Denderah. She has been identified
with (he Hindoo Isi, (which see.)

Isla, fa^S, Host Francisco,) a witty and popular
Spanish author, bom at Segovia in 1703. He becaine a

SsuiE and an eminent preacher. He effected a reform
the vicious style and bad taste that prevailed among
the Spanish priests, wluch he ridiculed in his fsunoos
satirical romance "The Lite of the Popular Preacher
Fray Gerundio de Campaias," (3 vols., 1758,) which
is called the best picture of Spanish manners uf the
eighteenth century. This work was condemned bn( the
Inquisition. He made a Spanish version of " Gil Bias,"
onoer this title: "Adventarcs of Gil Bias, stolen from
Spain, adopted in France by Le Sage, and restored to
his Native Country and Langaaee," (6 vols., 1787.) The
Jesuits having been expelled &om Spain in 1767, he
retired to Bolt^na, where he died in 17S1.

See J. 1. DS Sous, "Vich dejiun it Iila," ilej: TtoOKNt
"HittoryofSpanUli Ijwntiin;" Evnirr, " Crilial ami Miacalli.

IsIeU, is'lTi; an Icelandic historian, was ordained a
priest in Rome about 1056, and returned home. He
wrote "Annalsof Iceland and of Norway." Died about
■□So.

IbbumaI or Iimall, is-mt-eel', a Moslem priest, was
tmlmoftheSheeitesin the second century of the Hejrah.
At his death a division occurred among the Sheeitea In
respect to the succession. Those who adhered to the
son of Ismaeel were called Ismaeeliies or Ismaeeliana,
and became a powerful sect in Egypt and Persia.

laina«el. Juoatl, or IsmatI Efhalt, is-mi^eel' shlh,
founder of the dynasty of Sofces of Persia, was bom in
1487, and assumed royal power about the a^e of four-
teeiL He acquired several provinces of Persia b^ con-
quest, and died in 1514, leaving the throne to bis son,
Aboo-Modhafier. Ismaeel is venerated by the Persians,
who call him King of the Sheeites, (a religious sect)

See MaLCOUI, " HillOIT (rf Peni* :" VoH HAHHnc-PDKCSTALL,

" GEKbichle del Oimanisdien Rcicht."

Ismaeel (lunall) U, King of Persia, the son of Aboo-
Modhaffer, began to reign in 1576, and made himself de-
tested by his sanguinary temper. After execating many
innocent persons, he died in iS77, and waa succeeded by
his brother, Mohammed Meerza, (Mlria.)

S» Malcoui, " KiiurT of Penia."

bmael, the French for Ishmael, which see.

lamoU Faalia, is-ml-eel' pl'shl, former Khedive of
E|gypt, was barn in Cairo in 133a His uncle Said, the
viceroy, in 1B63 made him commandant of the army,
and in 1863 he succeeded as viceroy. His lavish ei-
penditures not only greatly encumbered his private es-
tates, but embarrassed all the people of ^ypt. In 1867
be acquired from the Porte the title of Khedive. He
■ of conquest in the Soudan.

I, urged bv . .., — - ,

, . . s, directed Ismul to abdicate. The abdication
took effect June 36, 1879; his son Tbwpik succeeded
as kbcdive. Died at Constantinople, March 3, 1S95.

lanwd, ka'vAs.', (Achillb Nicolas,) a French politi-
cal economist and writer, bom in Paris 1 died about 1S03.

Isnard, (MaximiNj) a French Girondist, republican,
and orator, bom at Grasse, in Provence, in 17""
chosen a member of the Legislative Assembly . , .
He was one of the moat able and enthusiastic partiaaiks
of the Revolution, to which he often gave a new impulse
b) his brilliant, impetuoDS, and inflammatory eloqi

t e, i, u, u. J, lat^g: i, i, i, SI

He wa^ one of the first members of the conmuttee of
pnUlc safety, the formation of which he first proposed
and waa preaident of the Convention a few days in Haj,
I793> dnnng the slniegle between his party and the Ja-
cobins. He was involved in the fatal proscription of the
Girondists, but escaped death by concealment In 1795
he was chosen a member of the Cooncil of Five Hoii-
dred. He retired from political life when Napoleon be-
came consul, and published an essay on the " ImmortaUl;
of the Soul," {1801,) in which he professes himself aeon-
vert to revealed religion. He maintained a Urrepntatioit
for honour and probity, and died about i S30. Latnartine,
who calls him the Danton of the Gironde, says, "His
speeches were magnificent odes, which exalted discni

"HiBDrrof ■!>■

Charles Nodier, " who possessed in the highest degree
the gift of those vehement fnapirations wbich bnnt liki
thunder in sudden and terrible explosions "

See ■■NouTeUeBiop.phi.Cftiirale:'' Tm«i^
FreDfJi RcTolutioD."

Isiuirdl, is-nait'dee, (Giaubattista,) an Italian sa-
vant, bom near Nice in I749> wrote a "Memoir on tha
Monuments of India and E>gypt" Died in 1830^

laocrata. Sec Isocrates.

I-soc'ra-tSi, (Gr. 'looupdriK; Fr. Isocrate, e'lO'-
kRti'; It ISOCRATK, e-sok'rl-ti,] one of the ten great
Athenian orators, bom at Athens in 436 B.C., received
lessons from Gorgias, Prodicus, and Theramcnes, and
was an intimate friend of Plato. He soon surpasaed
ihese masters in the rhetorical art 1 but bis insaperable
^oiutitutional timidity defeated his political aspirations,
and disqualified bim for a public debater or an oracle
of the "fierce democracy." He opened a school of elo-
quence, which nombered among its pupils many eminent
men, such as Iskus, Timotheus, Xenophon, and Hyperi-
des. Cicero compared his school to the wooden horse
of Troy, from which issued the principal Grecian chie&.
He composed orations and forensic arguments for dienta
or others, and discourses on moral and political (questions.
His style is extremely polished and harmomous, but

Eerhaps too artifidal and diffuse. His character wat
onourable, his political prindples were moderate and
sincerely patriotic He waa one of the few who had the
courage to appear in mourning for the death of Socra-
tes. It is said that the disastrous batde of Chxronea
affected him to deeply that he refused to eat afterwards,
and died at the age of ninety-eight Twenty-one of hi*

See pLUTitucH, "Vital Decern Ontaum;" BltHABK. "Ds
Ixjcntc Oratore Gtkxi," 174S: PruND, "D« lucradi A^ta (t
Scripiii." igjj; LicHmiAVDr,"DeIuiciue,"it43: O.M<)kUB,
"HuIDTyofi£e L^liracunar Andtat Ct«m;'' P. Rebuum. "1»-

Isolonf, e-to-I3'ne«, {Isidoko,) an Italian theologian,
bom at Milan, lived between 1480 and 1550, and wrote
many works against the doctrines of Luther,

laolaoL e-io-ll'nee, (Johann Ludwio Hbctok.)
Coi;nt, an Austrian general, bom in 1586^ served in
the Thirty Years' war. For the part he took in the
betrayal of Wallenstein he received the title of count
Died in t640.

laorA, e'lo'ri', (Jacques,) a French poljtidan, lxw«
at Cauvigny in 17S8, was a member of the Convention
in 1793, and votnlfor the death of Louis XVL Died
in 1839.

laonard, i-soo-aBd', or Iioard, l-so-aKd', (Niooio.)
a Maltese musidan and composer, bom in 1775. He
is usually known by the name of NicoLO, under which
he gave his compositions to the world. The best-known
of these are his comic operas of " Joconde," (1S13,) and
"Jeannot and Colin," (1814;) bni he produced with ex-
traordinary fadlity, and was the author of a large number
of other operas, comic and serious, of masses, cantatas,

Xoonrd, d', dc'iooK', (Joachim Jean Xavisr,) ■
French ecdesiastic, bom at Aix in 1766L He becaine a
cardinal in 1817, and In 1S29 waa made a peer of France,
with the title of duke. Alter refuung several archbishop-
rics, he accepted that of Lyons in 1839 ; but he died
before the end of, that year.

E, less prolonged; i, 4, 1, 6, ii, J, ihrrt; f, ;, j, 9, oitairt; (Ir, fill, fltj ni(t; nil; gOud; lu^Oo

Digitized ayCjOOQiC

ISRAEL

»lrt.[Hel).'MrW;Gr.liipijW,|» name often L -
m the inai^red writen to the patriarch Jacob, whoM
dMcendants an caUed bnelitt*. (See Jacob.)

utmam. See Diskabu.

O'lMK (Jostr.) a Dutch genre painter of eminence,
bora at GriMiingen in iSi^ Hi* brother, Lshham
tnm\ bom in Groningen in 1833, became a joomilUI
tt New Votk, and ms for lome year* one of the editor*
of the New York " World."

Ii'Mlt,V«i, (HiCHAxL.) a Dutch hirtorian and Catb-
ofic priert, bom at Dokkun, adhered to the Soaniah
p«ny in the drO. war. He wrote " Htiloria Belli Colo-
■ieoais," (ij8«,) and other wotka. Died in 1597,

Im'tKt, |Gr. Iffrpoc,] a Greek hielorian and poiet, Hred
about 250 E.C., and was a friend or pupil of CaJlimachna.
He wrote a historj entitled Arruco, and other works,
■one of which are enant.

bthvAtifl, Isht'vln-fee, [Lat. IsTHVAN'fiua,] (Nicho-
las,) a Hungarian noble, bom about 1535, was rewarded
for hit services by the office of Vice-PaJatme of Hungary.
He wrote, in Latin, a " History of Hungary from 1490 —
1606^" (1611.) Died in 161$.

btria, DuKz OF. See BESSitais.

Iatiirix,da, dits-too-rtth', (Don Francisco Xavieb,)
a Spanish politician, bom at Cadis in 179a He pi
Btoted the revolution of January, 1820, was elected
Ac Cortes in iSaa, and became a leader of the Liberal
or democratic party. He was miniiter of foreign affairs
far a few months in 1836, and was driven into exile by
an /drvAr- Having returned in 1837, he was cho«n
precident of the Cotlea in 1839. He negotiated the
maniaee of the queen Isabel, (1&46,) was sent as minister
to En^and in 1850, and to Russia in 18x7. He became
preaident of the conndl in Febraarr, iwi. Died 1S71

Inrftrfl, eea'wf-rf, or iBhwlri^ eesb'vrf-rf, writte
abo Icwara, one of the thousand names of Siva, though
•ouemnes applied to other Hindoo deities. He is by
•one writen identified with the Osiris of the Egyptians.

Iff-ltu, [Gr. iToMt; Fr. Italb, e'ttl',] an an. '

king of Italy, from whom that countiy is supposed to

derived its name. He married Electra, a daughter of
Latimis. He is considered as &bnlous by some authoi

Itwd, e'tta', (Jban MAXm Gasparo,! a French ph
Hdan, bom at Oraison in 177s, removed to Paris abo
1796, and practised vrith success. In 1799 he was a,
pouiied phymdan to the Institution for Deaf-Hntea, which
position be filled for many years. He wrote •"iSeatise
oa Diseases of the Ear," (a vols., iSai.) Died In 1S3S.

Ito, (HiRonmi,) Frinck, a Japanese statesman, bom
in the province of Choshu in 1840. He visited, while
yoaag, Kurope and the United States, became active in
efforts to modernize Japan, and held various offices in the
Japanese cabinet, t>ecoming premier in 18S6, and three
dmes snbsequenlly. He was the father of the modera-
iied Japanese constitution adopted in 18S9, commanded
the navy in tbewar with China, defeated the Chinese
fleet in 1894 and compelled its surrender in 1895.
He was successively created viscount, count, and
prince. After the war with Russia, he was sent to
Cores, which he converted into a Japanese province,
oompclling the king to sign away his sovereign rights.
This led to his sssassinatioa by a Corean, October 34,
1909.

Ittantt*^ it'i«n-biK'. (Fkakz,) a German painter,
born at Kiinigswinier in 1813. He was one of the best
of the Dnsseldorf school, and was cbicfiy known for his
religiDas pictures. Died December i, 1879.

IMig, it'tia, [Lat. Iitic'hts,| pTHoiiAS,) 1 German

IS works, among
wnicn are one "On the Heresiarchs of the Apostolic
Age," (i69e^) and " Bibliotheca Patrum Apostoliconim
Gncco-Latina," (* vols., 1699.) Died in 1710.

ItmUde^ e-tooK'be-Di, (Don Aucustin,) Emperor
of Hexiccs bom at Valladolid (Mexico) in 1 784, (one ac<
cnntsajsi79a) He fought u^nst the insurgents in the
war of independence which began in iSio, and rose to
the rank of general. About the end of 1811 he became
die master-spirit of a tncceaiful plot for the liberation
ef Mexico from the Spanish rule. He was proclaimed |

emperor in Hay, iSia ; bat hit power was resisted by a
large party in the Congress and by many generals, wka
prderred a republic. Fmdina his position untenable,

abdicated, and was banished in Hay, iS • • -
--I4, he returned almost al
was arrested and shot as a

5«H. J. Quur,"Ueiwi(nor[niibid«,">ad FnoAnmcsef
Ibe HID., bx J: T. Pahbt, 1S14.

Inle. See lULUS.

I-ulns, IGr. ImnUt; Fr. luu, e'Ul',) a son (rf iCneaiL
(See AscANius.)

IvsD or Imn (e-vln') L, a Russian prince, who began
to reign in Moscow it the doatb of his brother George,
in 13^ and was tributary to (he Tartars. His dominions
consisted of Vladimir, Moscow, and Novogorod His
reiim was peacefol, and lasted twenty-lwo years.

His grandson, Ivnn It, son of Simeon, born in 131^
was recwniied by the Tartars as heir to the throne m
1353. The events of his short reign were unimportant
In his last illness he took, according to usage, the mon-
astic vows, and died in 1358.

Sua KAKAiiiur. " HiuDin ik Ru^g;"

Zwan KL, (VaalUeritah,) son cf Basil IV., ascended
the Russian throne in 1461, and is sometimes styled
Ivan L, Czar op Muscovy. He liberated his realm
from the tribute which the Tartars had exacted by right
of conquest from his predecessors, and is regarded as
the founder of the empire. About 1475 he defeated, in
several actions, the Tartar chief Ahmed, (or Akhmet,)
and extended his dominions by the conquest of various
princes. He embellished Moscow, the capital, vrith fine
edifices, and patronised the industrial arts. In 1486 he
assumed the title of "Sovereign of all the Russiaiu" He
died in i J05, aged sixty-six, and was succeeded by his

n Basil

Ivan rv., or Ivan VaaUlerltchi H, sumamed thi
Terriblk, grandson of the preceding, inherited the
throne at the death of Basil, his lather, in 1533, when
he was four years of ace. He assumed the titles of Czar
and Autocrat about the age of fifteen. He conquered
Kazan and Astrachan from the Tartars, and waged wa
against Sweden and Poland without decisive results.
Siberia was discovered and partially subdued in hia
reien. About 1^3 the firat jirinting- press was estab-
lished by him in Russia. He displayed energy and
ability in promoting civilisation, but is charged with
excessive cruelty in the exerdse of bis unrestrained
power. Died in 1584.

Ssi Odbbh, "Joutil* BoiUili* Viu,"

J. BuUo Miwovi&o," itoor f= •■

DocuDeDti ijudili dell* Storia dl I1

Ivan V, (Ale^BTltoliJ bom in (666, was the heir
of the Russian crown at the death of his brother Feodor
83 ; bui on aoxiunt of his imbecility hia younger
brother Peter (the Great) was prodaimed in his stead.
Ivan was permitted to retain the title of Czar, but had
no amtntion to rule. Died in 169&

Ivan VI, sometimes styled Ivan HI., bon in 1740,
..as the son of Anthony UlHc of Brunswick and Anne<rf
Russia, (ntece of the empress Anne.) The latter, at her
death in 1740, appointed the in&nt Ivan her successor:
but Elizabeth, daughter of Peter the Great, obtained
the imperial power, Ivan was confined in prison, where,
'' is said, he was killed in (764, when Miroviich made
rash attempt to raise him to the throne.
Sh E. Uai;villoh. " HiiUinde la V» it da Rtjme d-lvu VI,~
««^"GacludiitvoDdcniLebtDiuid Regicniiig Iniu III., Kua
n Rimknd." 17M; " Nmi«lk Biosniphii CAirilt "
iTonot e-vl'not [written in German, Iwanow,|
(Feodor,) a Russian dramatist, born in 1777, served in
the army, and wrote, besides several successful comedies,
tragedy called ■' Martha." Died in 1S16.
rvara. See Juvara.

iTsmola, d', de'vla'nwl', (Francois,) a Swiss poliU-
J writer, born at Geneva in 1757, represented his nativa

a at the Congress of Vienna in 1814. He wrote a
istory of (he Revolutions of Geneva in the Eighteenth
Century," (3vols.,l79l,) and other works. Diedin 184%
See " NounUi BioETiplue Giatriit."

tasi,'East,- giarJ.-^Mj; a,U,X.,gtithiraI: «, nasal ;t^trilUd; lasi; th ai

in ihii.

( I^^See Explanatioiia. p. a^)

.j-.Gooi^lc

IVERSEN

JAliLONOWSKI

IveiB«ii, ee'T«T-»tn> (Chustun,) a Daniih writer,
bora at Copenbagen in 1748, publiifaed, among other
woiks, the " Literary Frogreaa of DeDmaik," (4 toU.,
1781-S9.) Died in 1827.

I'vfr-apn, (Alfrkd,) a Democratic politidan, bom
tn Burke county, Georgia, in 179S, waa elected to Con-
peu in 1847, socceeded W. C. Dawson u United States
Senator from Georgia in 1855, and was a prominent
advocate oT disunion. He became a Confederate briga-
dier in 1E61. Died March 4, 1873.

lTes,Tvz, (Edwabd,) an EnRlish surgeon, who went
with Admiral Watson to the East Indies in 1754, and
published a valuable account of his voi^age and of the
operations of the English armj in 1755, 175G, and 1757.
Died about 173a

Zvea, \n, (Eli,) an American physidari, bom at New
Haven,Coanecticut,ini779. He wa* profiMSor of med»
iine at Yale College about twentv jrean. Died in 1S61.

Ivea, (John,) F.R.S., an English antiquary, bom at
Yarmouth in 1751, was educated at Cambridge. Me
published " Remaikson the Garianonumof the Romans,"
and other antiquarian treatise*. Died in 1776.

Ivea or 7700, [modern Fr. pron. £v,] written alio
I'vo, (Saikt,) a French theologian, bom in 1035, became
Bishop of Chartres. Died in 1115.

Iweteatut. See Dks Yvetbauz.

iTl-msy, (Joseph,) an English Baptist minister, born
at Ringwood, Hants, May zz, 17^3. He was ordained
in 1805. He published a "Life of Bunyan," and a
valued " History of the English Baptists." Died Feb-
ruary 8, 1834.

Ivo. See Ives, Saint.

I'Tp-T^, (Jaues,) F.R.S., an eminent Britiah mathe'

obtained the chair of mathematics in the Royal Military
College, Marlon, which he retained about fifteen years.
He contributed numerous able papers on physical aS'

Royal Sc

his brother-in-law Hideyosbi (q. v.), after overcoming
1600 the olher claimants to power in a sanguinaiy
battle. The important events of his reign were the
founding of Yedo and the eslabliahment of the system
of feudalism, which brought to an end the dvil wars
which had long desolated the empire.

IstutokB^ Vt^ 1 (RiCHAftS,) an English antiquary,
bom at Exeter in 1634; <^'^ ■" '7<>^

Xi'^d, (Gbokge.) a general, bom in South Carolina
in 1777. He became a colonel in 181Z, served in the
war that ensued, and was raised to the rank of major-
general. Died in 1828.

laard, (Ralph,) a Senator, bom in South Carolina in
943, settled in London in 1771. Having returned to th*
tnited States in 1 78<^ he was chosen a member of Con-
res* in 1781, and was a United Sutes Senator'(for South
Carolina) from 1789 to 1795. He was an able debater,
and a constant supporter of Washington's administra-
don. Died in 1S04.

Sm liii " lifc aud ConaqiaidsK*,'' b; hii diu^ur, 1S44.

Ixdnbai, ii-doo-bar', a half-mythical, or perhaps en-
tirely mythical, king of Babylonia, the hero of the
"Twelve Legend* of Izdubar," translated in 187' by
Mr. George Smith from the cunriform records. Mr.
Smith believed Izdnbar to be a historical personage;
others think liim purely mylhicaL He ap[wan in the
legends as a giant, a inighty hunter, and a great con-
queror. In later record* he i* treated as one of the
gods of the coantry.

lEfaalaf or IskalaT (e-ze-b-lin L. written alw
iBlaslatv, (Dmitri or Dbubtrius,} Grand Duke 6f
Rnssia, succeeded bis father, Yarosla^ in 1054. Hi*
reign was disturbed by wars with his brother* and other
princcs,ainong whom Russia was divided. He waa lolled

paper
y and mathematics to the "Tri
iodety.
Institute of France and of other foreign Academies.

1S31 he received the Guelphic order of knighthood and
a pension of jf 300. Died in 1S41.

S«a Chakbbh^ "BLocnphka] DictioDirr of EmineDt Seon-
■CD," (SupplemenL)

Iwaknra, (Tohoml) See ToHOMi Iwakuka.

Iwao. See Ivan.

Iz-ron, [^Gr. IfUm,] a bbolous king of the Lipllhae.
The poets feigned that after he had committed a murder,
Jupiter purified him and invited him to his table. Iiion
attempted to seduce Juno, but embraced a dood instead
(rf that goddess. To punish him for this crime, he was
chained to a fiery wheel which revolved perpetually.
He was the father of the Centaur*.

IJttlllxooWtJ, ikst-l*l-Ho-cheetl', f (Feri»a(ii» di
Alva.) a Mexican historian, bom al Teicuco abont 1568.
was a deaeendant of the royal bmlly of Tescoca He
wrote "Historia Chichimeca," and other chroiude* on
Mexican history. The first-named work ha» been trans-
lated into French by Temaos-Compans. Died about
1648.

I7e7a'8ii, a Japanese shogun, of (he sixleenlb eentniy,
one of the generBla of Nobimagu (q. v.). He succeeded

LT IL, Grand Prince of Russia, was
ine son of Mstislal He began to reign in 1 146, as suc-
cessor to Igor IL, whom he defimted in battle. He was
thrice driven from his throne, but as often recovered it
Hediedinll54.

Islaalaf or IsImUt HX, sumamed DAViDOVtTCII,
ton of David, became Grand Prince of Russia In 1157.
He was killed in battle abont 1161.

Islooalt, e-se-o-kSIt', King of the Mexicans, ascended
the throDe in 1433, and is called the founder of tko
Mexican empire. He formed a code (tf laws, which wt*
adopted by several adjacent nations. Died in 1445.

IxmaHot is-ml'e-lof, (Alexander,) a Russian bbn-
lisl, bom at Moscow in 177* He became a resident of
Saint Petersburg, and edited several reviews or joamals.
He published a volume of fablea, (1804,) which are highly
commended. Died in 1S31.

S«G«>TO<. " Hinorr of RuauB litmttin," iSi9-i>.

iMzaaHoi, ( Vla dim la V asilietitch,) a Rottian writer,
bom at Moscow in 1773. He wrote "Travel* in
Southem Russia," (1803,) and translated some works of
Rousseau and Chiteanbriand.

Isqttlerdo de Slbera, i th-ke-la'do dl re-Ba'rl, (Dok
EucBKio,) a Spanish diplomatist, born at SaraROsaa.
He was sent to Pari* as plenipotentiary in 1806, and
negotiated a treaty for the partition of Portugal Died
to 1813.

Juter, Jafor, Djalar, or Olabi, jl'*-^ or ii'lfi
rarnamed Sadik, an eminent Uussulman doctor of
Medina; died in 764 A.D.

Jaafitr, Jafu, Jaftr, DJafar, or Otafar, a Barmedde,
who became the favourite of Haroun-al-Raschid, and
to whom, it ia said, the Caliph gave his own sister Ab-
bata in marria^, on condition that the intercourse of the
married pair should be strictly Platonic Abbasa having
bome a ion to Jaafar, Haroun, in bis rage, merdlessly
destroyed both father and son. (See Barmecides.)

Jwilar-Ibn-Tofail. See Aboo-Bekb-Ibn-Tofaii.

Jabet, zhrbi', (Gboroe,) an English solicilot, ot Bir
mingham. He wrote under the name of Edeh War-
WICK. He published "The Poet's Pleasaunce." (1847,'

Nosology,^' (1848.) etc. Died July 13, 1873.

Jabloohkoff. (Paul.) a Russian electrician, who
first solved the problem of produdng a practical arc
light. Died in 1894.

JablonowBki, (Stanislaus,) a Polish general,
born in 1631, commanded the right wing of the army
of Sobieslii when he defeated the Turks at Vienna in

1,^1, 0, fc ^ /*V; *. *. ^ •M*^ le« proloogrfi i,*, 1, 8, fi, R*»*«; », (, i, ft «*«*«; fjr, ail. fli; niit; j4i; jaw

Digitized by VjOOQIC

JABLONOWSKI

JACKS ON

1683. He afterwards bad the chief command during
the illness of the king. Died in 1702.

JablonowBid, ron, (on yl-blo-noT'ikee, (Ti
Alxxahckr,) a Poliih or German prince, bom in 1711,
•as a patron of science. He foanded at Leipsic a ad-
entific assodation which heart his name, and wrote,
facades other worlcs, "Mnseom Polonicum," (1753.)
Died in 1777.

Jablomibl, Ti-blon'skee, (Dahikl Ekntt,} an e
nent German Aotestant tbeolcwian, bom at Dantui
1660. He became pastor at KSni^bei^ in 1690, and
preacher or chaplain to the long at Berlin in 1693, He
pablnhed a Hebrew Bible, with notes and a preface,
(1699,) and wrote several worlcs on theologj. He la-
ba«u«d to eSect a onion of Tariona Protestant sects.
Died in Berlin in 1741.

J»bloiukl or Jablonaky, [Johann Theodob.) *
brother of Daniel Ernst, noticed above, was bom at
Dantiic about 1654. He published a " French -German
and German. French Dictionary," (1711.) Died in 1731.

Jablonakl, (Paul Ernst,) an eminent Prussian
scholar and divine, a son of Daniel Ernst, noticed above,
was bom in Berlin in 1693. He devoted himself par-
Bcolarly to the atndy of the Coptic and other Oriental
langoages. Among his numerous works are " Pantheon
Emdormn," (3 vols., 17S0-SJ,) a work relating to the
rel^too of the ^yptians, and " Of the Memnon of the
Greeks and Egyptians." Died In 1757.

Sh BmOi DBd Ganm, "AUgemdiH EnejUciiwdie.''

Jablonakr, yl-blon'skee, (Karl Gustav,) a Prus-
sian entomologist, bom in 1756, published a "System
of all the Known Insects, arranged acconUng to the
Hethod of Linnzos." Died in 1787.

JmoetliM. See Cattani da Dwotntra

Jkotasaiu. See Jack.

Jkok, [Lat. Jach^us,] (Gilbx&t,) a Scottish meta-
ph]«idan, bom at Aberdeen about 157S. He became
pmfcssor of philosophy at Leyden in early life. He
nhliahed several works, among which is " Tnstitutionss
PfayncsE," (1613.} Died in 1638.

Sk CxAiiBmi. " Bioenpliiail Bktionin' '><' Eminail SaKoHD."

Jtwk, (Thouas,) a Scottish minister of Eastwood,
wrote " Onomasticon Poeticum," (1592.) Died in 1596.

Jack, (William,) LL.D., a Scottish mathematician,
hom at Stcwarton in iSj^. He was educated at the

a of Glasgow and Cambridge, was profc

philosc^hy in On '" " -- ■
. . id in 1879 became
to the University of Glasgow.

Jaok'a^n, (Andrew,) a celebrated American general
and statesman, born in the Waxhaw settlement. North
or Soath Carolina, on the 15th of March, 1767. Parton
•tales that he was bom in Union county. North Caro-
tfaka, Irat adds that "General Jackson always supposed
UlMeif to be a native of South Carolina, for in his
prodamation to the nullifiers of South Carolina he thus
addresses them; " Fellow-dtiicns of ray luitiot State."
He was a son of Andrew Jackson, an Irishman, who
emigrated to America in 1765 and died poor in 1767.
The name of his mother was Gtiiabelh Hutchinson. We
have little definite information aboDt the schools that be
attended. According to Parton, " he leamed to read, to
write, and cast accounts ; — little more. ... He was never
a well-informed maiu" Having taken arms against the
British in 17S1, he wascaptuiedj and afterwards wounded
by an officer because he refused to dean his boots.
Abont 1785 he began to study law at Salisbury, North
Carolina. He was addicted in his yonth to gambling,
horse-radng, and other sports. He was an excellent
horseman, " a capital shot," was very dignified in man-
ner, and was distinguished for his couiage and activity.
His stature was six feet and one inch high.

In 1788 be removed to Nashville, Tennessee, where
he began to practise law. He speedily obtained a large
practice, of which disputed land-claims formed the prin-
^■al sabjecL About 179a he married Rachel Robaids,
Dwiiially Rachel Donelson, whose first husband was
livmg and had taken preliminary measures to obtain
a divorce, which was legally completed in 1793. The
Darriage ceremony was again performed in 1794. Jack-

part of his life. He "was a member of the Convention
which framed the Constitution of Tennessee in 1^96, and
in the auttnnn of that year was elected representative to
Congress by the people of Tennessee, which was then
entitled to only one member. He supported Thomas

te&erson in the Presidential election 0(^1796. In 1797
e became a Senator of the United States for Tennessee;
He resigned his seat in the Senate in 179S, "partly be-
cause he felt himself out of place in so slow and digni-
fied a body, but chieBy for pecuniary reasons." He was
a Judge of the supreme coort of Tennessee from 1798 to
1804- Ini,"-' ' ■ " ' ..-„-.-. . - — -.

iny years his popo*

wound. This xSair impaired for n ^ r-r~

larity in Tennessee and other parts of the United States.

In 1S07, white the trial of Aaron Burr was still unde-
termined, Jackson " harangued the crowd,[at Richmond,)
defending Burr, and angnly denouncing Jefferson aa a
persecutor." (Parton's " Life.") After war had been
aedarcd against Great Britain, General Jaclcson (who
several years before had been appointed major-general
of militia) offered his services, and those of 2500 volun-
teers, in June, iSia. He was ordered to New Orleans,
and led a body of 1070 men in that direction ; but at
Natchex he received an order dated February 6, 1813, by
which his troops were dismissed from public service. In
September, 1813, he had an affray with Colonel Thomas
H. Benton at Nashville, and was severely wounded by hii
brother, Jesse Benton. In October next he took the field
against the Creek Indians, whom he defeated at Talla-
dega in November. By his services In this Creek war,
which ended in 1814, he actjuired great popularity, and
in Hay, 1814, he was appointed a major-general in the
tendar army. He was soon after ordered 10 the Gulf
ofUexico, to oppose an expected invasion of the British.
In November he seized I^nsacola, which belonged to
Spain but was used by the British as a base of operations;
About the 1st of December he moved his army to New
Orleans, which was then ill prepared for defence. The
British flee^ conveying an army of veterans who had
fought under Wellington, entered Lake Borgne Decem-
ber 13, and captured several gunboats. General Jackson
procuimed martial law in the city on the 16th. On the
a3d the enemy advanced lo a point abont nine miles be-
low the dty, and were attacked in the night by General
Jackson, who had about aioo men. The result of this
action was bvonrable to the defenders of the dty, who
joined time lo fortify theh position. On the atth of
December Sir Edward Pakcnham arrived and took com-
mand of the invaders, whose number was about 12,000.
Jackson, who had a much smaller army, composed partly
of the unerring marksmen of Tennessee and Kentucky,
repulsed an attack on the ist of January, 1815. On the
8th of January the British made a general assault on the
American lines, but were defeated with great loss by
the deadly fire of the ridemen and artillery. Generals
Pakenham and Gibbs were killed. " Seven hundred
killed," says Parton, " fourteen hundred wounded, and
five hundred prisoners, were the dread result of that
twenty-five minutes' work. Jackson's toss was eight
killed and thirteen wounded." The victory of "Sew
Orleani, which was one of the most brilliant and de-
gained by an American army, raised Jackson^
reputation as a general to the highest point, and made
him the idol of a tai^e portion of the American people.
This was the last battle of the war, a treaty of peaca
having been signed in Europe in December, 1814,

In March, i8lj, while that dn was still under mar-
tial law. Judge Hall, of New Orleans, granted a writ of
habeas corpus for the release of Mr. Louaillier, who had
been arrested by order of Jackson, for eidting discontent
— lOng the troops. The latter, instead of obeying the

It, had the judge arrested and k^t in custody. Peace
having been formally proclaimed, Hall was set at liberty.
General Jackson was then summoned to answer for con-
tempt of court He was found guilty, and sentenced to
pay a fine of one thousand dollars. He immediately
paid the fine; but it was afterwards refunded with the
'"■■"'"* by an act of Congress passed in Febraary, 1S44.

«aa k; S as j; 2 hard; ^ as/; G, H, K, jumra/,- N, natal; s, IrHUd; i as*,- th a

in tkit. (luy See Explanations, p. 93.)
D,o,i,..ed3,'GoO'^lc

JACKSON

1360

In 1817-1S he waged * ncoeMliil war uaiiut the
Setninolet In Florldti, *eii«d Penawda, and executed
Arbathnot and Ambrbtet, two Britiah lubjecta, accoaed
of inciting Che aavagea to hostile acta wainat the Ameri-
cana. He was appointed Goremor 01 Florida in iSll.
Before this date tie had built, near Naahville, a mansioQ
called the "Hermitage," in which he Tealded manyyean.
In 1813 he waa elected a Senator of the United Statea,
and nominated as candidate for the PrMidenc; bv the
legislature of Tennessee, His competitors were John
Quincy Adams, Henry Clay, and William H. Crairford.

Jackson received ninety-n;

: electoral \

on the House of Representatives, voting br States, each
State having one vote. Through the >nfluence of Mr.
Clay, John Quincy Adams was elected, by the vote of
thirteen States. General Jackson, who received the
vote of seven States, became the implacable enein; of
Hi. Clay, whom he ttigmatiied as "this Judas of the
Wett" He habitiull]' attributed the conduct of his
political opponents to mean or Imptoper motives, and,
accordingly, hated Crawford, Clay, Adams, and Calhoun.

In l8a8 he was elected President, receiving one hun-
dred and seventy-eight electoral votes, while Mr. Adam*
received eighlv-lhree. Calhoun became Vice-President.
Martin Van Buren was appointed secretary of state.
Jackson was the first President who proscribed public
servants for political opinions. He made more leniovals
in one year than all the other Presidents in forty years
before. At a banquet in April, 1830, the President gave
thij famous toast: "Our Federal Union : it must be
preserved." In April, 1831, he reorganized hi* cabinet,
appointing Edward Livingston secretary of state, Louis
HcLane secretary of the treasury, Lewis Cass secretary
of war, Levi Woodbury secretary of the navy, and Roger
B. Taney attorney-general.

Among the prinapal cvenU ot hia first term was his
veto of the bill which granted a new charter lo the Bank
of the United States, (July, 183*.) This subject became
the chief issue between the partisans of Jaclaon and '-''

opponents, who si - > ■> _ f-i... ._ -l. n :j

tid electioi

_ ... . succeeded Calhoun

the Vice- Presidency. In November, 183a, a Convention
in South Carolina adopted an ordinance of nullification,
l^ which they ordained that the tariff-law of i8a8"i$
null and void." The President electrified the country
by his memorable proclamation against the nnllifiers,
December 11, iSja, in which he announced his resolu-
tion to crush any disunion movement with the strong
hand. He was censured by the Senate for removing
the public deposits from the Bank of the United States,
September, 1833.

He used his influence to procnre (he election of Mar-
tin Van Buren to the Presidency in 1836, and retired
finally from public life March 4, 1837. He afterwards
joined the Presbyterian Church. In his last illness Dr.
Edgar asked "what he would have done with Calhoun
•nd the other nullifiers if they had kept otl" " Hung
them, sir, as high as Haman," was his reply,
died, without issue, at the Hermitage, on the 8
June, 1845.

Sae Eaton. " Life of Jidooa," tSi4 i William t:oawTT, " Llfc
•f Andm JkIuoii," iSui J. S. JmiitiKS, "Uit of Gsnanl An-
dnw jKluon," i8}o: J. T, Hsadlw, " Life of Andicw Jicluoo,"
itji: AhosKehdall,'' Life of Andrew Jicli*aii,"iRH; AuiAHim
WALKi*,-'liclu«iu><IN>wOrluiu."igs6;jAiiBPAim»,--Lila
«r Andn* JkIuod," ivoU., iHo, (b; En the mou cani[d*w life of
d» HuQOf^Ncw Orlcua lh« bubeoi pablidKdd "NadoBiJ Pot-
nail-CaUerr of Diitinculihtd AnMriain." toL i. : " New AneriaB
prdopaHfia ;" W. G. Suiihib, " Life of Juluoii."

Jcok'B^n, (Arthuk,) an English Puritan minister,
born- in Suffolk in 1593, preached at Saint Faith's, Lon-
don, until i66a, when he was ejected. He wrote "An-
notations on the Old Testament," (1643-58,) Died in
1666.

JaokBon, (Charles,) LI.D., an American jurist,
was bom in Newbaryport, Massachusetts, in 1775. He
gndnated at Harvard with the highest honours of his
class in 1793, studied law with Theophilus Parsons,

obtained an ettenshre practice In his native town. la
1S03 he removed to Boston, where he practised law for
many year*. In 1S13 he was made judge of the supreme
court of Massachusetts, the dtitle* of which be discharged
for ten yeara. He was placed at the head of the com-
missioners appointed l>y the State in 1S3J to revise her
legislative enactmenU. Died in Boston in 1855.. He

Jacteaon, (Charles Thomas,) M.D., an American
chemist and geoloEist,bom at Plymouth. Massachusetts,
' June, 1S05. He took the degree of M.D. at Harvard

1829, after which he continued his studies in Paris,
and passed several years in visits lo various countries
of Europe. In conjunction with Francis Algcr, he pub-
lished a work called " Mineralogy and Geology of Nova
Scotia," (1833.) He became a resident of Boston about
1833, was appointed State geologist of Maine in 1836,
md produced a " Report on the Geology of (he State
.f Afsinj* " it^t^ \ mib ^m^/^nA 'tnA third Report* 00

So,

thetics, and was involved in a long controversy 00 thit

subject. Died August 19, iSSa

JaokBon, (Cvril,) Dr., a noted English divine^ tMTn
at Stamford in 174a. He was offered the mtma^ of
Ireland and an English bishopric, both of which he de-
clined. He was tutor to the Prince of Wales, (George
IV.) Died in 1819.

Jaokaon, (Fredbrick Gborgb,) an English
Arctic explorer, born at Leamington in i860, and edu-
cated at Edinburgh University. Hia first field of
in the Australian desert, when he mnde a
journey across the Great Tundra. He led
the Jackson -Harms worth expedition to Frani-Joscf
Land, and remained ihere engaged in investigation for
three years. He had the good fortune to rescue the
fiunous explorer Nansen (q. v. ) . Returned in 1 897.

Jackflon, (GABRiaLLa E.,) author, bom at New
York in 1861. She has written a laige number of
books, especially children's stories.

JackaOQ, (Hrlbn Hunt,) an American poet and
author of much merit, iras born in Amherst, Massachu-
setts, in 1S31. She was the daughter of Professor N. W.
Fiske. Her first husband was Mr. Hunt, an oSEcer of
the United Suies engineers, who died in 1863. In 187S
she married a Mr. Jackson. Her works include "Verses
^ H, H.," (1871,) "Bits of Travel," (1871,) "Bita of
Talk," " A Century of Dishonour," and several volumes

In the Confederate si

!, 1861-6S, and won distinaion

trustee of the Peabody
Education Fund 1875-88. Died in 1898.

JaokBOO, (James,) a lawyer, tiorn in Devotishire,
England, in 1757. emigrated to America in 1771. He
fought with distinction against the British in Georgia
in 1776-81, was elected 10 Congress in 1789, and wa* a
United States Senator for Georgia from 1791 lo 1795-
In 1798 he became Governor of Georgia, and in 1801
was again elected a Senator of the United State*. Died
in Washington, March 19, 1806.

Jaokion, (John,) « clergyman of the A^lican
Church, bom in Yorkshire, England, in 1686. He was a
lealOQ* advocate of the Arian doclnnea, whitdi prevented
hi* advancement in Uie church. Died in 1763. He wrote
a valuable work entitled "Chronological Antitjnities,
(3 vols., 175a,) and numerous controversial trealisea.

Jaokaon. (John,) an able English engraver on wood
flourished about i72S-*5- . „ ,. ,. ^.i. ■ ^.
Jactuon, (John,) an eminent English portr^t- painter,
bom at Laslingham, Yorkshire, in 1778, berame a resi-
dent of London about 1797, and waa elected « membM
of the Ro^ Academy in iSiT- Among his best work*
are portraits of Canova and FTawoan. Died In 1831.

^"LiTHof BHtiihPi

a. f , f , Gk u, J, /o^f; i, t, 4, same, less prolonged; i, *, I, i5, ii, J, thvrl; 4, f, i, 9

rt; fir, nil, fit; mil; n&ti g(S6di mSOo

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

JACKSOIf

T3«.

. - - o, (John Asami^ an Anerlcan MolpiOT, born
■t Bank, Mmdc. November 5,1815. He learned the trade
of * nacbmiit. He afterward* studied portrait-painting
aiKl aajnM-woTk with tocces* nnder D. C. Johnaan, in
Boaton, and then practiicd acalptHTc in Prance and Ital;.
Hia poitrait-busta and nedaliiona are lAen cscellent
Among bis other woika are " Eve lifting the Dead Abel,"
(iS6a,) " Peasant-Boy and Goat," " Cnlpiit Fav," " Read-
ing-Girl," the soldiers' monument at l.ynn, Haasachu-
Bctta, and " Hylu," (1879.) Died at Fracchla, in TnBCanj,
August 30, 1879.

Jackson, (John Brinckbkhoff,) diplomat, bom in
Newark, New Jeney, in 1862. He graduated *t the
Naval Academy in 1883 ; resigned from the navy in
1886 ; engaged in diplomatic duties, was appointed
U. S, minister to Greece and Montenegro, 1905 ; to Per-
sia, 1907 ; to Rotunania, Serria, and Bulgaria, 1911.

JTaokaon, (Patrick Tkacy,) a merchant and manu-
bcturer, bom at Nevbarrport, Haasachtisetta, in 17S0.
Me OTganited in 1821 me Menimac Uanu^cturing
Company, and (bonded UnrelL EKed in 1847-

JaakKW, (Robert,) an English phyudan, bora in
1751. He »er»ed as surgeon m the army, and wrote,
beside* other worka, a "Treatise on the FcTera of
Jamaica," {1791O Ked " iSa;.

jMckaou, (Samvkl,] a distmgniahed physician and
phyaiologist, bom in Philadelphia March aa, 1787. He
wax elected in 1835 to the chair of the institutes of medi-
cine in the University of Pennsylvania, which he filled
with great credit (o himself and the institution for
twenty-eight years. He resided in 1863. He wrote,
bewdea other worlts, "Principle* of Uedidne,'' (1831,)
and an " Introduction to Lehman's Chemical Fhysi-
oU-y," (1856.) Died April 5, iSya.

/ackaon, (Samuel Macaulhv,) editor, bom at
New York in 1851. He entered the PresbyteiiaQ min-
istry ; was professor of church history at New York Uni-
versity 1895-T912 ; was assodale editor of several en-
cydopsdiaa, editor ol a □amber of religious works ; and
editor-in-chief of the New Schaff-Henog Encyclopedia
of Religious Knowledge, [12 vols., 1907-11 ) etc.

Jackson, (Thomas.) a learned English dirine, bom
in Durban! in 1579. He was the author of a "Com-
Bientary on the Apostles' Creed," and of sevettd de' ~

163S. His worin are highly praised by Soathey.
in 1640.

andnii^aj^ical works. Died al Richmond

Jackson. {Thomas Graham,) an English archi
tect and author, bom at Hampstead in 1835. H
pablisbed "Modem Gothic," {1873,) "DalmBtia,"
(1887,) " Wadham College," (1893,) "Si. Mary's
Oaford," (1897,) etc. He was elected to the Royal
Academy in 1896.

Jsokson, (Thohas Jonathan,) commonly known b)
Oe name of Stomkwau. Jackson, a diatin^uiahed Amer-
ion genenl, bom in Lewis cotmty, Virdma, January 11,
iSa^ gradoated at West Point in 1846^ standing seven-
li« sMl in a class of fifty-nine. He was considered al
West YdstsX to be rather a dull and slow student In the
Mexican war (1846-47) he served as first lieutenant with
diniDCtioii. Having resigned his commission in i8sa,
he became a professor in the Military Institute at Li
il^trai, Vii^nia. About 1853 he married Miss Junk
a daughter of Dr. Junkin, ^ Lexington, He was a
pointnl a colonel of the Virginian troops in April, l8(
and commanded the force thai was attacked by the Unii
limy al Hartinsbnrg, July a. He aerved as brigadil
general at the battle of Bull Run, July ai, 1861, and was
promoted to the rank of major-general lii the following
S^enber. It has been current^ staled that he received
Us stimaine from liie fact that he and hi* men " stood like
aHoiMwaIl*'at the battle of Bull Ron; bnt,accordinK to
Tie name " Stonewall" waa first
anse il waa recruited in a lione-
ss of Jefferson, Page, Frederick,

one of Ui Uograpbeta,
" ' 0 hia brigade M
lU cuontij, — the conni

mUedlo
Wlcooni

reinforced, he resumed the oBensive with abavt twenty
thousand men, attacked General Banks neat Strasborg,
May 33, and drove him badr to the Potomac^ On the
approach of General Fremont frotn the weal. Genera)

eckaon moved hastily up the valler to Harrisonburg,
is army was orertaken by General Fremont at Cross
Keys, where an indeduve Mttle wss fought on the 8th
of June. Before the end of June be moved his army
to Richmond snd joined that of General Lee^ He
commanded a corps at the battle of Gaines's Mill, June
ay, and at that of Malvem Hill, July i, iS6a. Un tha
^ of August he deflated a small army under General
Banks at Cedar Mountain, Virginia. He oplnred
Harper's Ferry, with eleven thousand Union prisoners,
on the 15th of September, and joined General Lee in
time to Oke part m the battle of Antietam, September
1 7, He contriboted to the victory at Fredericiisbarg,
December 13, 1S62, for which service he was promolM
to the rank of lieutenant-general He remained inactive
for several montha, (January-April, 1B63,) emploj'ed
partly in preparing official reports. On the 1st of May
he vras ordered by General Lee to execute a flank move-
ment on the right wing of General Hooker's army. He
surprised and routed the eleventh corpa, near Cnancel-
lorsvjlle, on the evening of the 2d of May. As he was
riding with his staff from the front towards the rear
during thai battle, he received a volley from his own
men, who in the ibf knesa mistook the staff for a party
of Federal cavalry. General Jackson received three
wounds, of which he died at Guinea's Station on the
foth of May, 1S63. " His loss," says Hr. Greeln, "was
the greatest yet sustained by either party in the Jall of a
single man ; though Sidney Johnstiui had probably mili-
tary talents of a higher order. But Jackaon'a power over
his men was unequalled ; and it was justified by the
soundness of his judgment, as well as the intrepidity of
his character. Contrary to the vulgar notion, his attacks
were all well considered, and based on a careful cal-
culation of forces; and he showed ss high qnslities in
refusing to squander bis men at Antietam, and again at
Fredcncluboi^, as he did in his most brilliant charges."
Jackson was a man of deep and earnest religious convic-
tioni 1 and in his characlerand iDfluEQceoverhisioidiers
reminds us of the great Puritan leaders wlio fought
under Cromwell.

Jaokson, (WnjJAi^) a cleigyman of the Anglican
Church, bom in Ireland about 1737. In 1794 he was
detected in a treasonable correspondence with France,
in which he recommended the invasion of Ireland. Ha
was tried and found goOly of high treason, but died
from the effects of poison, before sentence waa paased
upon him, in 1795.

Jaokaon, (William,) an eminent English musician
and landscape-painter, was bom at Exeter in 171a
Among bis musical compositions are "Twelve Fopulai
Songs,^ " Six Sonatas for the Harpsichord," and " Twelve
Canzonets for Two Voices." Died in 1S03.

Jackson, (William,) known as Jackson of H asham,
from his native place, an English musician and composer,
bom January9, 1S16. He composed oratorio*, cantatas,
anthems, glees, etc Died April 15, 1866.

Jsokson, (Dt. WiLUAM,) Bishoo of Oxford, and
brother to Dr. Cyril Jackaon, noticed above, was bom
at Stamford in 175a He published several sermoDt.
Died in 1S15.

Jaome,or Eo Jsome, King of Aragon. See James I.

Ja'opb, [Heb. ap^'i Gr. 'lajci:^) > celebrated Hebrew
patriarch, a son of Isaac, and the great progenitor of the
Israelitish nation. He was also called Israu.

S« (jVMii at., ara., nriii., nk., to.

Ja'oob, a Hungarian adventurer, and chief of the
Ptutem-taux. About 1250 he incited the common peoi>lo
to enlist in a crusade for the liberation of Saint Louis,
who was then a captive. He mustered a vast multituda
of French peasana, who massacred priests snd coni-
mittn] other outrages in France. JacoD was killed, and
hi* dupe* were dispersed.

«a* :!,' t as /,- 1 Aor^; I as/* O, H, K, jiiMmi/; N, Muo/; R, friZfcrf; I

iatMu. (I^-Sce Explanatioiu, p. ,

,.,.,Goog

;rc

JACOB

ij**

/AC OBI

Jl'opb, (Edwabd,) a toiKsraphici] and antiqaaiiui
writer of Kent England. Died in 1788.

Jacob, {Giles,) in Engliah aathar, bom in Homp-
ahire in 1686. Among his woiks are "The Poetical
Register," (17131) composed of menioirt of the Enelith
dramatic poet*, and a "Law Dictionary," _( 17*9,) which
has passed throagh manv editions. Died in 1744.

jBCOb, (Hehkv,) an Englisb Puritan and Independ-
ent minister, bom in Kent about 1561. lie founded in
London the first Independent Congregational church
that existed in England, and publisnea teverat norka.
In i^ he removed to Virginia, where he died about
i6a6.

Jmoob, (HBNKy,) a philologist anl Orientalist, bom
in 1606 or 1607, was a son of the preceding. He became
a Fellow of Merton College, Oxford, and published
"GrKca et Latina Poemata." Died in 1653.

Jfi'o^b, (JiHUDAH Leon,) a Tew of the seventeenth
century, Irarn in Spain, resided m Holland. He wrote
a ** Description of the Temple of Solomon," also a
description of the Tabernacle, and an "Expoaition of
the Psalms."

Jacob, (John,) a British general, born in iSis or

Jaciob, (John,) an Armenian carpenter, lived aboat
1650. He IS distingnisbcd for having introduced the art
of printing into Persia.

Jacob or Edkssa. See Baradxiti.

Jftoob or Jamea ]Gr. lonuAir,- LaL Jaco'bus) op
NisiBis, surnamed the Grkat, a Christian bishop, wbo
was r^arded as a prophet and was dlstingnished for his
ascetic life. He became Bishop of NisibiB, and attended,
In 335 A.!)., the Council of Nice, Where he advocated the
orthodox creed. He is said to have delivered Nisilris
5-om the besieging Persians by his prayers. His death
'» rariotisly dated from about 340 to 350 A.D.

S« S^nrr Jaaon, " D« Virii OloMriba ;~ Ykman. " BiUI-
wliaca GnHai*' Cavb. " HiRoni Lilaaria."

Jacob (or Jamea) of Vitry, a French priest, who
In 1317 became Bishop of Acre in Syria, where he con-
verted many Saracens. In 1319 he was made Bishop of
Tusculum and a cardinal. He left a valuable " History
of Jerusalem," or " Historia Orientalis," as well as " His-
tona Ocddentalis," and many letter*. Died at Rome in
1330.

Ja'09b Ben Aah'fr, a leamedjew, bom In Ger-
many, wrote a work called ■■ Arba Thoorim." Died at
Toledo about 134CL

Jl'c^b Bes HaJ'lm or Chajlm, a Jewiah rabbi
of the sixteenth century, distinguished for his teaming,
was born at Tunis. He edited the Masora and Hebrew
Bible, with conunentariea, and a Chaldean paraphrase,
"Biblia Rabbinica Bomhergiana," (4 vols., 15*5-)

Jfi'c^b Ben ZTaph'tB-U, a learned Jewish nbbi of
the fifkh ccnturr. educated at Tiberias. To him ia cUeAy
attributed the invention of the Uasoretic points ued in
distinguishing the Hebrew vowels.

Jacob de Salnt-Choilea, thntoy d«b sta ahtil,

(Louis,) a French author and bibliographer, bom at
:iUUoiis-sur-SaAne in 160& He becaihe a monk of the
order of Carmelites. Among his works are a "Treatise
upon the Finest Libraries of the World," (1644,) "The
Parisian Library," and " The French Univeraal Library,"
(1646.) Died in 167a

Jaoob-Kolb, ihrkoy kolb, (GiuBB,) a French
antiquary, bom at Rhelma in 1775. He made valnaUe
eollections of Greek and Roman medala, autographs,
ad books. He wrote "Historical Researches on the
"^rasadea and the Templar*." Died in 1830^

Jacob 1« Blbllcpluls. See LAOOtx, (PAtra.)

JaoobBa or Jacobaaa. See jAcqtiUJNi;

Jaoobaana, yl-ko-bl'uB, or JacoU, yl-ko'bee, (Ou-
4)K]t,) a distinguished phy^dan and philosopher, bom
at A^arhuuB, in Jnlland, in 16^0, became professor of
nedidne aiid natural philoeophy in the University of
Copenhagen. He wrote several worka on natural
hiator;, uid el^ant Latin poemsL Died in 1701.

Sh MiObKHi, "UioMina;" Kaarr o^ Hviaar.

JaoobassI, yl-ko-bit'aee, (Domenico,) an Italian

cardiiud, bom at Rone about 1443, wrote a "Treatba
on Coandla," (1538.) Med in t^Vj.

JaoobL See JACOBAKUV

J?-0</bl, [Get. pron. yl-kon>ee,] (AnmAHAK,) M.D.,
a disiinguiahed physician, bom, of a Hebrew fiunily, at
Hartum, in Westphalia, May 6, 1830. He siadied at
Greifswalde and Gdttingen, and graduated at Bonn in
1851. In 1S53 he removed to New York, where he
gave attention chiefly to gynKcoioey and diseases of
children, and held several professorships. His prindpat
works are " Dentition and its Derangements^ (tSU)
and a " Treatise on Diphtheria," (i88ol7

Jaoobl yl-k</bee, (Hbinkich Fkikdrich,) an eml*
nent German writer and thinker, bom at Dusseldorf in
1743. His bther was a merchant, and young JacoU
was destined to the same calling, although his tastes led
him to other pursuits. At the age of sixteen he was
sent to school at Frankfort Me afterwards went to
Geneva, where he remained three years, applying him-
self to literary studies. During this period be acquired
such s mastery of the French language as has rarely
been equalled pv any of hii coontr^en. On returning
to Dnseeldort he conducted bis father'a bosiDesa far
several years, without, however, abandoning his bvoorite
pursuib. Afterwards, through the influence of bis friend
and patTCKi the Count of Goltstein, he received an ap-
pcnntment under the government, and was thus enabled
to devote his prindpal attention to philosophy uid lite>
tatnte. About this time hemarried BettyvonCIermont.
of Aix-Ia-Chapelle, a lady of considerable wealth as ma
as of great accomplishments and personal attractions.
In 1779 Jacobi was invited to Munich, where be becama
privy councillor. But, having exposed the abuses of the
Bavarian system of customs, he fell into diahvoor with
the govemment, and withdrew to his estate near Dus-
seldorf In 1804 he was again called to Munich, to aid
in the establishment of the new Academy of Soencea
in that dty, of which institution be became president
in 1807. He resigned (his position in 1813, and died
in 1819.

Among the works of Jacobi may be named " Edward
Allwlll's Correspondence," ("Eduard Allwill's Brief,
aammlung," 1781,) "On the Doctrine of Spinota,"

Idealism and Realism," ("David Hume fiber den Glaa-
ben, odcr Idealismns und Realismus," 1787,) "Wolds-
mar," (a vols., 1799,) and " Of Divine Things and their
Revelation," (" Von gSttlichen Dingen nnd Ihrer Oflien-
bamng," 181 1.)

"As a writer of fiction," observes Mrs. Ansthi, "Ja-
cobi is distinguished for vigorous painting, adniirabie
delineation of nature and the human heart, warmth and
depth of feeling, and a livelv, bold, yet correct turn of
exprearion. As a phUosopner, he n admired for his
rare depth of though^ for the fervour of his rel^iou*
feelings, and for tlie origiiulity and beantv of his atylb"
Again she saja, " His diaracter to rich tn all that can
attract the wise and good." "Jacobi u ranked, and
jnstiy," SHS Dr. Hedge, "atnong the philosophers of
modem Cfermany, altnongh his philosophy, (aj from
shaping itself into a system, denies, — and that denial
may be regarded as one of its leading cbaracteristica,—
on philosophical grounds, the possiulity of a system,
and nudntama that any system of philosophy, carried ta
its Intimate results, must lead to faiutidsm. He vin-
dicated the ' affective' part of man's nature, which the
Kantian exaltation of pure reason liad seemed to dis-
parage, at least to neglect, and gave to feeling its doe
place and authority as a medium and interpreter of tmth.
. . . He differed from contemporary philosophers in being
a devout believer in revelation, — m the Christian revela-
tion. The gospel was to him the test and criterion of all
truth. For Uie rest, he was an edectic, and welcomed light
fi-om whatever quarter it came. In philosophical insight
be is surpassed by none 1 and, thoi^h his fixed idea of
the impdiMibility of a s^tematic philosophy majr have
somewhat vitiated hto view of existing ptulosoplues, his
criticisms on some of them are among the oest that
have been essayed."

S« J. KuH)^ "Jacobi nad dii PhOaKiphiB •nnei Zat," iImi

i,e,i,6,ii,r,/«v.-*.*.4.«

>s prolonged; ii. C, I. S. ii. ;, tAtirt; h C i, 9. eitaire; Oi, fill. At; mCt; n&t; git&d; mS

Digitized ay CjOOQ I C

'p. H. JaeoU, omIi ttioem L*ba\ Lchm mi Wblua." iBi«i
r. HuKT, "J. G. Uiduid; P. H. t«bi," i^i Eucb and
Cavan. ** All(«iieiD( EuyUiqHdK i" ' NBD*d«BMBn)Jiig C4n<-

Elles-lcttres at Freiburg. He published
a collection of poems. Died in 1S14.

S« RoTTKE. "GaUchDiiarcdgmaf jKobi," 1S14: EaicR mid
Cbuh^ "AllggmiB* EacTkkitHdie."

Jaoobl, (Kasl Guttav Jakob,) an eminent German
mathematiaan, born st FoBdam in 1804, became in 1839
professor of mathematics at Konigsberv. He wrote
" Foundations of the New Theory of Elliptical Fnnc-
tiona," (iSsQ,) and "Canon Arithmetical," and contrib-
Bted a number of able treatises to the Academy of
Science*, of which he was a member. Died in Betlin
tniSsi.

JacoU, (Makt Putnam,) an American physician, a
daughter of G. P. Putnam, of New York, was bom in
London, England, in 1841. She was educated in the
Philadelphia Woman's Medical College, in the New
Votk College of Pharmacy, and in the Ecole de M*de-
dne, Paris, where ahe graduated in 1S71. In 1873 she
married Dr. A. JacobL She became proliestor of ma-
teria medica in a woman's medical college in New York.
and published many professional papers of high value.

Jacobi, (Maximilian,) aGerman alienist, a son of H.
P. JacotH, already noticed, was born at Dusseldor^ April
>4 1775- He studied at Jena, Edinhnrgh, Gottinnn.
Eifort, and Ijindon. taking the degree of M.D. In 1S07,
He afiicrwards Iiad charge of Insane aayloms at Sallbura
and at Siegbnig. His writings on ineani^ are tii hign
importance. Died at Siegburg, May iS, l8;8.

Jacobi, (MoRnzHiKUANN,)brotherofK.G. J. Jaco-
En, was bom ki tSoi. He was the iuventor of Galvano-
plastic, (1S40,) on which he published a treatise, and of
the application of electro-magnetism lo the moving of
machinery. Died at SL Petersbnrg, March 10, 1874.

Jkoobinl, yl-ko-bee'nee, {LiTDOVico,) an Italian car-
Snal, bom at Uenzano, January 6, t830> He became a
domestic prelate of the pope in 1S62, and held various
offices, chiefly connected with the Propaganda. In 1S74
he was made Archbishop of Thessalonica and nundo at
Vienna. Id 1879 he wa* created a cardinal-priest, and in
iSSo wa* appointed papal secntaiy of state, adminlsIratM'
of the property of^ the Holy See, and prefect of the
Lanretan congregation. Died Feb. aS, iSS-j. His rela-
tive, Amcklo Jacobini, born in Gen!:ano, April 35, iSac
was in lESa created a cardinal -de aeon, and died m i886t

JS'c^bC, I Ger. ^ron. ylltop*,] (Fukdkich CHiisnAN
WiLHBLM,) an eminent German scholar and writer, botn
at Goth* in 1 764. He studied at Gottingen under Heyne
in 17S4, and Iq 1807 became a teacher of andentliteraMre
in the Lyceimi at Munich, and member of the Academy
of Sdeiwea of that dty. In iSio he was appointed
chief tibraiian and diT^±» d the calnnet of coins at
Gotha, Among his noaerotH critical writing*, which
are distinguished ibi prc^otmd leamin^ and elegance of
style, arc "Animadversions on Enripides," ("Animad-
neisiooe* in Enripidem," 1790,) "Critical Emendations
on Andent Writers," (" Emendationes ciiticK in Scrip-
toies veteres," 1796,) and "Emendations on Greek
Anthology," (" EmeiHlationes in Antbologiam GiKcam.")
He also prepared editions of Achilles Tatius, Bion and
Hoachns, and other classics. He made translations Iroin
the Orations of DemoWhenes, the Greek Antholi^j, and
Velleios, and contributed a number of excellent treatises
to Wicland's "Attic Huseimi" and lo the "library of
Andent literature and Art." He also wrote "Glean-

Jacoba. (Jacobs,) a Belgian painter, whose true
name was Jacqubs Albert Mjchbl Jacoss. He
was bom at Antwerp In 1S12, and was noted for his
landscapes, sea-views, and town-pictures. Died in
1879-

JacobB, (JosBPH,) a British folk-Iorist, bom at
Sydney, New South Wales, in 1854, He is an

JACQUARD

(JiTKIBN,) a distinguished Swiss

history of the Jews and other subjects.

Joooba, yl'lEOpa, (JiTKIBN,) a distinj^
painter ofanimals and nonling-scencs, bom in 1610; died
L..664.

Jaooba, (Lucas.) See Lucas van Letdzn.

Jacoba, yl'kops, (Simon,) a Dutch painter, bom u
Gouda, was killed at the siege of Haarlem in 1 571.

Jaoobaen, Tintop-sfn, (Levik,) a Danish surgeon,
bom at Copenhagen in 1783. He invented an iiutni-
ment called the "lithodaste," and wrote several worka.
Died in 184J.

S« H, C Oaaano, "Talc >cd JacobHU LBgnnL"

Jaoobsen or Jacopaen, ySlcop-sfn, (Mtcrail,) ■
naval commander, bom at Dnnkirk. He served in tba
famous Spanish Armada sent against England in 15881
and, by his skilfiil management, saved several vetsel&i
Died in 1633.

Jaoobaon, yiHcDp-son, (Johann Kakl Gorrytm^)
a Prussian technologist, bom at Elbingen in 1736, pub-
lished a "Technological Dictionary of Usefiil Trades,
Arts," etc Died in 1789.

11-000)08, (MUANCTHON WiLUAMS,) D.D., LL.U.,

American Presbyterian der^man, bom at Newark,

New Jersey, September 19, 1816. He gtadnated at

■n^ College in 1834, and at the theological school

1838. In 1851 he became p4iIessor of

Princeton College in

Oriental and Biblical literature in a theological teminarr
at Allegheny City, Pennsylvania. He published " Notes
on the Gospels, Acts, and Genesis, in six volumes, (1S4S
-6;.) Died Odober 28, iS7fi.

Jaooby, yl-lu/bee, (Johank,) a German democrat,
bOTn at Konigsberg, May i, 1805. He was a physidan.
when in 1841 a political pamphlet ascribed to him causeo
his imprisonment In 1848 he was a republican leader
and a member of the Frankfort Parliament and of the
National Assembly. He was later tried for high treason,
but got dear after a seven weeks' examination. He wai
to later years often imprisoned at a socialist agitator.
Died March 6, 1877.

Jacomettl, yl-ko-meftee, (Pnrso Paulo,) a acalp-
tor, founder, and painter of die Roman school, bora at
Ricanati in 1^80; died in 1655.

Jacomb, jak'gm, .' (Thokas.) an English disaentli^
miniater, boin in Leicestershire in 1633. He wrote a
"Commentary on the Eighth Chapter of Romans," a
" Treatise of Holy Dedication," and other works. Died
in 1687.

Jaoopo dl FletTO, yl'ko-po de pe-a'tRO, an Italian
senlpior, bom in Tnscanj, was a pupil of Andrea Ot-
cagria. He died after 13&8.

Jaoopo TedBsoo, (architect.) See Lapo.

Jacopona da Todl, yl-ko-po'iii dl to'dee, or Ja-
oopo,yi'ko-po, sometimes called Benodetto, an Italian
monk and poet, bom at TodL He wrote poems which
were approved by the Academy della Cmsca. The
"Stabat Mater Dolorosa" is ascribed lo him by some
writers. Died in 1306.

Sis O. MoDto. " Vlu ^ JuDpmc." 1S5I ; GufcnaMt, " Hkuin

JacopBen. See Jacobsen.

Jacotln, zhft^o'tlN', (Piirrb,) a French officer of
engineers, bom near Langres in 1765, was distinguished
for his knowledge of topography. He drew a map of
Egypt and Syria which was taken from actual survey.
Died in 1S37.

Jacotot, ihlTio'to', (Joskpk,) a French teacher, bora
at Dijon in 177a Under Napoleon I. he wasa member
of the Chamber during the Hundred Days. He gained
distinction by his earnest efforts in the cause of national
edacation, for which he advocated a new and improved
system and on which subjed he wrote several works.
Died in 1840.

Sec A. GuvuDk " Jacotot M H iMibodV' iS4<>: C P. WoKM,
"HuniltoD unci Juulgl," 1R31 1 "NoDnll* Biagnphic G&jnla."

Jaoqnand. zhnSN', (CLAUnitis,) a French hutorical

Mi;(as«; gJtanl;tuJ:o,ft,x,gitliiral; n, natai;\,lrUlai; i

inAiu. (gySee Explanation*, p. 33.)

Digitized by CjOOQ I C

JACQUELIN

JAGELLON

bwn in I.oroti«, Jolj 7, 175a. At u eu-ly tge, bdi^
employed m a trpe-lbander, uid iftennrda u a catler,
be eihiUted in nncotmnoD mechu^cil geniot. In 1703
he uaiited in the defence of hie netiTe dt;r egaiixt tbe
•nnj of the ConTcndon. He stibteqnentl; t^red for a
■bortperiod in the winy of the Rhine. Id 1801 he com-

pitted hit rreat invendon for weaving tbe fiiie« and
richeet kin& of figured doth. Tfai* apparttii*, wUdi
hem bit Dtune, — uie Taoqnard loom,— uioogh at fint
■tTODgljr opposed by the weaven of France, hai be«i
broo^t inKi general Me both In Eoro^ and in America,
and, uutead of deitroying tbe occupation of labourer!, it
ha* greatly increased the number of operaiivei employed
Id the manoEacture of figured atub. ^acquaid aUo in-
Tented a machine for weaTing nets. For this inventioo
he recdved a gold medal bi 1804 from the inapectora of
Parii. While in that dty, he was introduced to Napo-
leon L Died in 1834. In 1840 a public statue was
raised to his memory by the dtiiens of Lyons.

S« Db Forns, " Cloca hiiuHiioa lU J*u
nlla Btotnpluo (MiUnl* ;" Lakahtih^ ^H<

Jacijtiellii, tbtkl&N', (Jacques ANDki.) a French
dramatitt, born in Paris in 17761 died iaiiij,

1 ,1 — _i.«i.n. . . ,..., ■), 3ao-o-hS.'a,

land.

JacqnaUno, iblklin', Jno-o-bne'^ or Jao-o-ba'a

France and son of Clujlei
Brabant, and to Humphrey Duke of Gloncestei and
brother of Henry V. After a long contest wiUt her
coosbi Philip the Good of Burgundy, she was compelled
to ^re up to him her possessions. Died in 14361.

Jaoqualot or Jmqaalot, ihtklo', (Isaac,) a learned
Protestant theologian, bom in Champagne, France, in
1847. He wrott "On tbe Exiatcnce of God," (1697,)
a "DissertatiMi m the Messiah," (1699,) and on "The
Ins^ratioo of tbe Old and New Tettamenta," (1715.)
Died in Berlin in 1708.

S« Davui DDKAiTi^ "La Vli dt JiqiHM,'' 17!}) Hiciaoit,

Jaaqnamard, ihtli'mtK', (&icm(a,) a snuninarian,
bom in Paris in 1 772, wrote a Talnable " Elements of
French Grammar." Died in iSjol

Jaoqaemart, ihlk'mlc', (Albiit,) a French antbor,
born in Paris in 1808. His most important worlu are
thosedcTotedlolhehi ' ..-.--.

w devoted lo the hisloiy and description of the a

Died in Paris, October 14, 1875, His son,

LDINAND Jacqueuakt, bom at iVis in 1837,

naturalist, bom in Paris b iSoi, After making scientific
excursions through France and Switzerland, he sailed
in 1836 for America, and visited Canada, the United
States, and Hayti. He returned to France in 1S37, with
a choice collection of plants and minerals. In iSiS he
went to the East Indies, and explored thep-eater part of
HindoBtan and Thibet. He was author of a " Geolc^cal
Treatise on the Alps," " Correspondence of Victor Jacqne-
mont with his Family and many of his Friends durirur his
Journey in India," and "Travela in India from the Year
1&18 to the Year 1831." Died at Bombay in 1833.

Sae KoouAan db Waiuh, " Li Vic m Iu Snrtw dt Jatqsa-
■HHI/' iSp; "NouTcllfl BioKnpbia Gdodnla;" "Fonifn Qu^
i«riT Rmsw" tor Ttbnazj, iIm,

Jaoqua*, ihik, {Aututa,) bom in Paris in 1813,
wrote several works on philosophy, and edited the
works of Leibniu. Died in Buenoe Ayre* In 1B65.

JaoquM, Fatak. See Baulot.

jMOqnu, (Mathikv Josuk,) a French ecclesiastic
snd professor of theology at Lyons, was bom in 173&
He wrote " Convindng Proob of^the Christian Rdigion,"
snd other theological works. Died in iSai.

Jacque*, (Nicolas,) a French miniature-painter, bom
near Nancy in 17S0 ; died in 1S44.

Jacqnea de Cblaoa, zhtk dfh she'zAH', a French
poet, who lived about 1150, was highly esteemed by his
contempoTsries.

ruqnat, ihtlif , fEnotxi Vokkkt SrAMftuu,) ■
dltlinguisbed Orientalist, bom at Brussels in i8ii, was
particularly skilled in the Sanscrit In 1839 be was

-J_ju-J ^ — ....k^- -r *!.- A^-*l« Ga.4»»« Af D*>Ja ^m.A

Truic Writers," and a priie euay op«i the Discovery
of America. Died in 179^

„„_._vj'Jh^ . , ...

.._ appointed profietsar irf phUosophy at the Rxmian
College by Pope Benedict XlV. He edited the ■■ FriD>

i4T.lt" nf WmMihi. anil WTiit>> with

. ._ .. NikolaaaTooeph, noticed below,

was bom about I 766l He was professor bi the Univeru^
of Vienna, and wrote on natural history. Died in 1839.

jAoquia, (Nixolaas Jossnt,) a cdebrated botanist
bom at Leyaen in 1^7. Having removed to Vienna,
he was sent by Francis L to the West Indies, whence he
retumed at the end of six years, with a choice collection

of plants. He wa" -"' '~ ' — "" — '

of chemistry and fa ,
and created baron and conndllor of mines snd coinage^
He wrote numerous works on botany, amon^ which may
be mentioned his magmSoent"Flor«AastnacK," whicb
contained five hundred coloured engravings, (1773-77.)
Died in Vienna in 1S17.

Sh Ebch nnd Couiu, "Algmme iacjUo^u^ :" Ustmt,
"GalahrtB Deuudilud ;" "NouhIIe BioEniihic G&iintc;" Ra^
iiAin(,"IUdg iiv GcdidiDuiaftdn da M. J. /•agum," tSiS.

genL _._ ,,_, _ _

of cavalry at Waterloo. IMed in 1S48.

JacqniDot - Fampeluiie, ;sbt1ie'no' pOupOibi'i
(Claltde FRAHgois JossPK.) a French advocate snd
politician, bom at Dijon in 1771 { died in 1835.

Jaoqnot; ihl^o', (Geoscks,) a French statuary, born
at Nancy in '794i gained the grand priie in iSio, and
went to Rome with a pension. Died Nov. 13, 1874.

jKdaaaolui, yl'dl-s^ (Salouok,) a German (Jew-
ish) musical composer, bom at Breilau, August 13, i8}t.
He acquired distinction as a pianist, composer, and id>
itmctot, and espedally by his " Sdence of^Pure Compo>
lition," ("Lehre vom reinen Satze," 3 vols., 1SS3.)

Jkdelot, ihtdio'. (Nicolas,) a leamed French phy-
lidan, bom at Pont-ii-Mousson in 1 738, be-
<rf anatomy and physiology at Nancy. H
roDS professional works, Unona which a
upon the Causes of the Pulsation of the Arteries," and
a " Complete Course of Anatomy." Died in 1793.

Jadln, zhrdlN', (Louis Ehhanukl,) a French com-
poser of dramatic music, bom at Versailles in 176S; died
In iSy.

Jaffln. (Louis GODBFRCnr,) a French landscape-painter,
son of the preceding, boro In Paris in 1S05; died in iSSa.

Jadwl^ Sec Hedwio.

JuBgfir. See JXgbe.

Ja«rt«, (JoHAN or HANS.) See JIkta.

JaBi, yilti', (Phiuff,) a German Jewish) historian,
born near Posen, February 1 1, 1819. He was educated
at Berlin. His " Histoi^of Germanyander Lothair the
Saxon," (1843,) and " History of Germany imder Conrad
HI.," (1845,) were followed by the important "Regesla
Pontificum Romanorum," (1851,) a standard work. He
then studied medidne, but in iS6a he was appointed a
professor of history in the Univeiaity of Berlin. His
" BIbliotheca Remm Germanicarum" (6 vols., 1864-73)
is highly esteemed. Ued by soidde, April 3, 187a

JaisUon, ylfellon, Duke of LUnuuda, bom about
1354. He embnced Chrisdanitv, and marned Hedwi^
Queen of Poland, thus uniting thie two territories nndec

I, {, I, a,fi,f,/i»y;i,t, 4, same, less prolonged; i,i,I,6,ii, J,.rA»4,-^f, |,Q,0A(«r:r;flr,llI],atim{t;iiOt;ga6d;indBa;

Digitized by VjOOQIC

I36S"

JAMES

In', (Ckustiah Joszth,) ■ Ger-

fcan ID ItwV. He tnni
GoDUO. Died in iSoi.

r, bcrn U DiDgebtadt la v

« Jnosar, ji'lft, (GitVTAV,)a German hiitor-

IT, bom at Lripuciii 1808, painted some firewM

ki tBC ro]p«l palace of Hanich, and varioni oil-paintiiigi,

(nl p«inler, bom at L

— i^'T commended. Died April 39, 1871.

Jigw or d'aager, (Joiumn Woi^fgano,) a German
Lalbenn dinne mid theological writer, bom at Slntigart
b 1647 ; died in 179a

Jag'sar, (Thomas Auoustos,) D.D., an American
fauhopiboniin tbedtfcrfNew York, Jnne a, 1839. He
tocA orders in the Epiacopal Chnrch, held rectorahipi in
New York and Philadelphia, and in 1S75 waa conaeciated
Sbhop fii Southern OhioL

Jnslo, jil^tch, (Vatkoslav, «Uo — ■-
" IS, and in ~ ' "~

Ignatius, Bi

n Rnaiian Ignatib Vikkntikvitch,) a

* called to the Unireruty of Odessa as professor
of compantive philology. In 1874 he was made pro-
fcaara of Slaric Imoages at Beriin, and in 1S80 took a
■"■■I*' poaitioa at &int Petersbaig. Amoiw his works
are a "Hialory of Croatian and Servian litenttore,"
(toI. i., 1867,) "Critical and PalKonapbical EsMys,"
(18S4,) etc He has edited many Old Croatian, Glago-
Htic, and Old Slovenian writinn.

n'go, (RiCKASD,) an En^tsfa dergyman and poet,
bom in Warwickshire in 1715. Among his poems may
be mentioned an "Elegy on the Death of a BlackUnl,"
■EdeehiH," and "Labonr and Genius." Died in 1781.

Juutn-Oeer or Jahaugnlra. Sec JuiXh-Gesk.

Jafan, ytn, (^adihand Hikdrik,) a Danish histo-
rian, born at Neumiinater in 1789. He wrote on Danish
history. Died in 1818.

Jabn, vtn, (Fbibouch,) a German medical writer,
bom at Hcintngen In 1766; died in 1313.

Jalu, (FiiKDKiCH LuDWio,) a German writer, bom
at Lani in 1778, pnblished several treatisei on gym-
nastics, an essay "On German Natfonality," (1810^) and
other works. Died in 1851.

Jabn, (JoHANN.) a German Orientalist and Roman
Catholic priest, bom in MoniTta in lyjo He was
professor of Oriental languages at Vienns from 1789 to
iSo6l He wrote, betides other works, an " Introduction
to the Old Testament," { 1 793.) and " Biblical Antiquities,"

11805,) both of which were censured as unsound and put
1 the " Index" by the court of Rome, Died in 1816.

Jahn, (Otto,) a German archKolo^st, bom at Kiel
in 1S13. He became professor of philology at Leipsic
in 1S47, and published a "life of Hozart,'^(i856,) and
other works. Died September 9, 1S69.

Jiihiifl, j-ins, (Fmdbrick wilhelm.) a Prussian
muxidan, wriier, and composer, bom at Berlin in i8og.
In 1871 he published an excellent "Catalogue of Weber's
Worka." Died August 8, 18SS.

Jatar, via, (Geoig Hunuch GorrUKa,) a diatin-
gnished homceopathist, bom at Gotha, in Germany,
January 30, 1801. He studied undei Hahnemann, grad-
uated as doctor of philosophT io Germany, and as doctor
of medicine in Pans, (i84o>) in which dty he thenceforth
lived. Most of his numerous books (m German and
French) have been translated into English. Died al
Brnssels in Tnly, 1875.

JaUlot, itit^o', (Chaklxs Huibit,) a French geog-
rapher arid engraver, puUlsbed some accurate maps of
France. Diedin lyil.

Janiot; Jkan Baptistk Rimou,) a French geogr.
pher, published " Researches in the City of Paris, (5
*ol»., 1771.) Died [n 1780.

Jadme. See Tames I. or Aeaoon.

Jaina and Jalaa. See Jiha.

Jakob, Ton, fan yt'kop, (Limwic Hkinkich,) a
learned German writer, bom at Wettin in 1759, became
professor of politica] economy at Halle in 181& He
published a "Hannat of National Econouy," (1805,)
and other esteemed works. IMed in 1837.

Sec "NonnUc BioEiapliic Gja^nle."

Jal, ahll, (Augdsti,) a French Wtiratatr and ardut.
fllogist, was bom at Lyons about 1795, He pobli^te^

besides oiticisms on art, " De Paris 1 Naples ; Etodes
de Mteura, de Marine et d'Art," (a vols., 1S35,) siid
I'Archfok^e navale," (a vols., 1S39.) His chief work
is the valuable " Dictionnatre critique de Bi<^raphie,"
often reprinted. Died April 5, 1873.

Sh "NoanD* Bicfriphls G^aJnU."

Jalabait, ihtltTwia', (Chaklks FKAm^is,) a French
historical painter, bom at Ntmes about 1815, obtained a
cicdal of the first class in 1S55.

Jalal-ad-Deen, (or -eddtn.) See Jblal-ki>-Dui«.

Jaloy,iht1i', (Jkan Louis Nicolas,) askilfnl Frendi
statuary, bom in Paris in 1801. Among his works ara
statues of " La Pudeur" and " La Priire." Died 1866.

JaUabart, zht^lliaiR', (£tibnhe,) a French natural
philoaopher and writer, born in 1658; died in 1714.

Jallabert; (Jkan,) a son of the preceding, bom in
Geneva in 17:2, filled the office of syndic of the repub-
lic He wrote "Eipcriments upon Electricity," (1748,)
and severai other scientific works. Died in 1768.

S« DiscrNn-na, DDtice id thfl ''BLofrapbie H^dialfl!" "Him-
nJk Biognpfais Mutnla."

Jom'bll'abtu, a native of Syria, who was enslaved
by the Romans under Trajan, flourished in the second
century. He Subsequently obtained his liberty, and
wrote a lomaoce, in Greek, entitled "Babylonics, or
the Loves of Sinonis and Rhodanes."

JambUohns or JBmblioiis, a Platonic philosopher,
and native of Syria. He flourished under the reign of the
einperor Julian, who dedicated numerous epistles to him.

/am'bll--eliaa or I-am'bll--ehtu Chal-cl-de'niu,

tGr, 'lofiffiixv; Fr. Jaublique, ihSNTjlik'.J an eminent
leathen philosopher, bom at Chalcis, in Syna, flourished
in the reign of Conatantinc the Great, (306-37 A.D.} He
was a pupil of Porphyry, and was attached to the Neo-
Platonic school. Many of the Neo-Plalonists encouraged
a life of ascetic meditation and a belief in magic and
divinttlon. Their system was built on the doctrine
of emanation, — Chat the souls of al! being*, after the
requisite purification, return to the Source (torn which
they emanated. Jamblichus wrote a "Life of Pythago-
ras," a treatise on the "Mysteries of the Egyptians,"
and several other worlis. To his influence is ascribed

;" Rrrrni, " Hin

'■Di»-

iblicUDoci

JambUotu. See Jai

Jambllqne. See jAUi

Jftmoo, Jkml, or DJaml. ji'mee, (MooUa-Nooi
«d-Deen- (Hoar-ed-Diu-) Abd-er-Ralunan, m^llt
n%K.fd-deen' Ibd eR-rin'mln,) written also Ojamy
and Dsohaml, a celebrated Persian poet, bom at JSm, (or
Djam.) in KhorassAn, in 1414, liveJ al Herll, where be
enjoyed the bounty of the Sultan Aboo-Saeed, [Abou-
Said.) Among his principal works are "The Chain
of Gold," (Sil'ailet-xah'ab or -leh'eb.) a collection of
•atirea, and "The Lovesof Joseph and Zuleika, and Hej-
noon and Leila." He also wrote "BehSristin," (" Abode
of Spring,*^ a treatise on morality, in prose and verse,
which is aiunired for it* graceful style as well as fur its
sentiment*. JImeeba* sometimes been called "the Per-
sian Petrarch." He was devoted to the doctrine of the
Soofees ; snd many of his poems are characterized by
the spiritual or mystical ideas of that sect Died in 1491

" "■ ■' ~ nide"IS»m;"OuiBiav,

■' Frwu'i M>iuii>*" tot

named the Conqueror, succeeded to the throne
11)1. He quelled an insurrection Ibrmed against him
by his nobles, and checked the encroachments of papa]
power. Died in 1376. He was succeeded by his sou,
Pedio IIL

S«T. i«3oreb''VididBlRa;I>Da JaiiDt I. da Amgon," liu.

Jamaa IL, King of Aragou, snmamed the Tun',
son of Peter IIL, was bom Oi 1361. He ascended the
throne in ta9t. He annexed Catalonia and Valencia Co
his territory, and carried on long wars against Navarre
and the Hooi*. He was a brave, magnanimous, and
benevolent prince. Died in 1327.

tni; (as J,- %Aai^; gta/'; a,'ii,}L,g>ittttral; K,iuuaJ; %,trUltdilat: thatiniUu.

(^^See Eaplanaiions,p.a3.)
nji,,.ed=iGoOl^lc

JAMES 13

JamH L of England and VI. of ScotUnd waa bom la
the Cattle of Edinbu^h in June, i«66. Me wai the only
child of Mai7 Qneen of Sixita and her huaband Henir
Lord DarnleVi (called, aftei hit marriaee, King Henir.)
Both Queen Hanp aad Lord Daniley were grandchildren
of Ma^aret Tndor, liater of Heiur; VUL of Ensiond.
It was through thU princeai that James claimed the
throne of England. In 1567 Lord Damley was mnr-
dered, Jamei ma idaced ander the care of the Earl of
Mar, and Queen Mary nunied Bothwell, and mu aoon
after made pritoner t:^ the iDisrgent lord*. Mary *aa
forced to abdicate in ^Tonr of her ton, who waa crowned,
u Jamei VL, on the 99th of Tnly, 1567. During hii
minority ScoUand ma fearfully tent by cont^icline
&ca'ons and the violent diapate* of the Protestants and
Catholics. The regent Morton having rendered himself
odious by his tyrannical acta, a 100X881111 conspiracy
was formed agamit him by a majority of the Scottish
nobles. Morton, however, on account of hia Protestant
proclivities, soon regained his former influence. James
from the commencement of his reign exhibited a weak
and ftivolous passion for ftvouritea. His coosin Esme
Stuart, Lord D'Autngny, a native of Prance, obtained
the principal ascendency over his youthful mind. Cap-
tain James Stuart held the second place in the king's
esteem. Lord D'Anbigny ms created Dolce of Lennox,
and Captain Stuart Earl of Anas, Both eagerly platted
the destrucdon of Morton, who was put to death in
1581. In 1583 a company of nobles seued King James,
confined him in the castle of Ruthven, in Ferthshue, im-
prisoned Arran, and forced Lennox to retire to France.
This revolt is known in history u the Raid of Ruthven.
At the expiration of ten months, Jamea recovered his

Scottish sovereigns. Elizabeth conferred upon Ji
•o annual pension of five thousand pounds, and through
her bfluence deprived the Earl of Arran of all emolu-
ments. In 1 586 James formed another treaty with Eng-
land, offensive and defeniive, for the protection of the
Protestant religion. In 1587 Mai^ Queen of Scots was
executed. James at firstappearcd insulted andenraged ;
he threatened to invade the dominions of Elizabeth ;
but, feeling more interested for the inheritance of the
crown of England than for his honour or for filial duly,
be was soon pacified. In 15S9 he married Anne, daugh-
ter of the King of Denmark. In 1594 be quelled a
rebellion of the Catholic lords. Bothwell also^ having
taken part in this revolt, was obliged to fly front the
country, to which he never returned. James was an
earnest advocate of Episcopacy, and made strenuous
eflbrt* to establish it in his dominions, in opposition to
the wishes of the people. On this account a tumult
was raised in F ■" ^ ' ' —' '
appeared to be „ .

hlUting for him an unusual share of s[urit and enei^,
dexterously turned this to his own advantage. In 1600
he was decoyed to the casde of the Earl of Gowrie,
where Ruthven, brother of the earl, made an attempt
on the king's life, on which occssion both the noblemen
were slain. The Gowrie Coiupiracy has always been
veiled in mptery, — no historian Mving yet unravelled It
On the death of Elizabeth, in i£c^, James became
King of England. He displeased his new subieda by
the prodigaElyof his ^fts to bis Scottish fiivoontes. He

against Spain.

In 1605, chi^ through King James's

i Gunpowder Plot was discoverecL {See

TheTeari6i3 was marked!

of Henry, Prince of Wales, who by his manli

a marked by the death

. y his manly and noble

qualities' had been bi more successful than bis blher in

Herbert, Earl of Montgomery, and Kobert Carr (

>6 JAMES

This Bude room fbtanewGiTOurite,namedViUiers,«fao
was created Duke of Buckuubam, and who retained
his influence over the king during the remainder of the
reign. In 1G17 James visited Scotland, where he was
very lealons in introdndng episcopal forms into the
Established Church. In 161S Sir Walter Raleigh was
executed on the pretended charge of conspirai?, tnit in
fact to conciliate the court of Spain. The public con-
tonpt which this exdted agaiiul James was increased
by hi* behaviour towards the Elector- Palatine, whom
the Bohemian* had chosen as their king, and who was
attacked by the united forces of Austria and Spain.
James pnsillanimoiisly reliiBed to give his son-in-law
any sssutsnce or encooragemenL Frederick had bees
the Protestant champion oif Europe, and the people of
Britain hesitated not to express tbcir grief and r>g«,
Dnriiw a long period James had wished to form a Span-
ish aluance for Prince Charles ; and be now hastened
the negotiations. This alliance was, however, broken
off through the raahness and insolence of Buckingham,
Finally, m 1634, war was declared against Spain, and
an army was fitted out to assist the Elector. Owing to
pestilence and mismanagement, this army never entered
the Palatinate, which remained in the possession of dM
Duke of Bavaria. James died in Much, 1635, after a
reign of nearly fifty-eight years, during twenty-two rf
wbicb be sal on the timme of England. He had seven
children by his queen, Anne of Denmark, of whom only
Prince Charles and the Princess Elizabeth survived him.

" No prince," says Hume, "so little enterprising and
BO inoffensive^ was ever so much eniosed to the opposita
extremes of calimuiy and flattery, of satire and panqyria
. , . Many virtue*, It must be owned, he was posseaaed
of; but *Garce any of them pure or free from the conta-
gicnirf the neighbouring vice*. His generosity bottlered
on profusion, hi* leanui^ on pedantry, his pacific dls>
position on pnsiUanimity, his wisdom on cunnings his
friendship on Ikht fancy and boyish fondness." (Hume's
" History of England," chapter xlix. Respecting the
character of James, see, also, Gardiner's " Hbtory,"
referred to below, vol. i. chap, iL pp. S.5-570 J»mes waa
the author of numerous works, wUch displayed «»•
siderable learning and no little pedantry ; but the nK)M
important irf his labours was the supervision of tbo
present translation of the Bible, which will remain as a
laating monument of his industiy and munificence. Tha
transUtion was not only made under his immediate
superintendence, bat the excellent rules by which the
transistors were governed were drawn op by James bun-
aeU Among his works we may cite " Basuicon Doron,
or his Majesties Instructions to his Dearest Son, Henry
the Prince," "The Essays of a Prentice in the Divine
Art of Poesy," " The True Law of Free Monarchies,"
"Dzmonoli^," and "A Counterblast to Tobacco."

So Ahthus Wiisoh, "lila ud Roid of Kiic Ju»al,,"i(ijj|
W.HAaau,"LifaorjuiKiI.,"i7ji; RomrsoN, ''Hinonrf Stm-
lud 1" " SacTM HiuoriM of thi Gnn tt Jinw I.," by OisoaH^
WiuKw, and Sn E. Psvkh, with ooua bt S» Waltsx Scott, 1
raU., iSii : OAaDnoi, "UiMMvof Engludfran UwACMsiinurf
Jmml.lcthcDiinMofCliirfJiuliia Cak»" LoadoB, 1(63.

Jbhim IL of England and VU of Scotland, son of
Charlea L, and younger brother of Charlea IL, wa* bora
■t Saint James *, London, In 1633, and soon after w*s
crested Duke of York. He was taken prisoner by the
Parliamentarians in 1646. In 1648 he escaped to Hoi*
land, and went to Paris, where he r '--■' ' - ' —

the peace
Cromwell and the French obliged
him to leave the kingdom. At the restoration, in i66c^
James accompanied his brother to England, where he
received the appointments of lord high admiral and lord
warden of the Cmque Ports. The same year he married
Anne, daughter orChancellor Hyde. In 1664 the Duke
of York waa an earnest advocate of the war with Hol-
land. He took command of the Beet, and in June, 1665,
Sined an important victory over the Dutch. In 1671
e Duchess of York died, and James avowed himself a
Roman Catholic. In 1673 war was renewed against Hol-
land, and James, as lord admiral, assumed the command
of the navy. In 1673 the Test Act was passed against
Catholics and diasentets. By it the Duke of York was

I.£,I,Sk(l,;,/«ir.-t* A same, less prolonged; i,f,I,0,B,f,M.)rr;hf,i,9,(>Jifi(n,-far,(ltl,at;mit; nOt;gKd;mdOD(

d by Google

JAMES

jm he manied Haria Beatrice Eleonora, dan^htei of
d>e Duke of M^dena. In 1677, greatljr to the labs&ctioD
of the En^ish DatiDD, Marj, tuaghCer of the Duke of
York, was married lo her couaia WiUiam, Prince of
Orange, who was a. ^otesUnL

In 1679, daring the commotionB of the Oates Popish
Plot, James retired to the continent. In hU absence
a bill foi excluding him from the throne was brought
before the Parliament It was passed by the Commdhs,
but was rejected bf the Lords. Upon the death of Kine
Charles, in 1685, Janet ssrended the throne uawposedj
and jMXMnised to nmintfin and defend the Establishea
Chni^ H* snmnoDed a ParKament, which voted bim
all the revenues his brother had enjojed. Having de-
<lared his intentiini ti cmtini^Dg the alliance formed
by Charles with France, he received from Louis XIV.
500^000 livrea. Strong saspidons were soon excited
against the king bf hia arbitrary measures. It became too
matiifeet that he only intended to keep his promisei until
he oxUd break them with safe^. He sent an ageot to
Rome to promote the restoratioii of Roman CathoUdun
in England ; be Dnblid; attended the illegal celebratioo
of the maas, and laboured earnestljr for tiw repeal of
theTestAct. TheUindnessof hit wal was so apparent
that even the pope advised him M exercise more caution,
, 1685, Enghutd wa* invaded bv the Dnke of
. . laih, a aatiual son of Charles H. Monmouth
was touUy defeated at Sedgemoor on the 5th of Jnljr,
was captured two dajn after, and executed. James now
exhibited his true character. Colonel Kirke and the in-
bmouB Judge Je&eys were sent to the western counties,
which had been the principal scene of Monmouth's insur-
rcctioii, and, bj the king's express aathority, perpetrated
a series of butcheries. Men were shot and hung with-
QDt the fbrm of trial, and women were burned at the
Make (di sheltering fugitives. In opposition to law, be
aibnitted Catholica to Uie highest rank 10 the armjr and
the Dsn. ProteitaiitS htddmg tu{^ offices of state were

. ut resembling that of the high com-

nndei Charies L was established. Episcopal
dioceses were ^nn to pfofessed Catholics, and the Prot-
estant dergjf were driven 60m the colleges of Oxford and
Cambrl^ to make room for fordgn priests. In Jan&
t688^ the queen gave birth to a son, who was sns^cted
Id be spnnons. Previous to this poiod, Marj, Pimoess
<£ Orange had been r^nrded as the heir-apparent to
the crown, and the Ei^ush people had hoped that at
lei^tb th^ woold again bs governed by a Protestant
sovereign. These hopes being now blighted, they ap-
plied to the Prince of Orange for assistance in an eSinrt
to depose the long. He was piepared to accept the in-
vitation which the; sent him ; aod in November, 1688,
he landed in Devonshire, with about fourteen thousand
men. The Idn^ deserted by the nobility, the gentry,
the army, his friends, and his servants, quitted the island
ia December, and Bed to France, where he was kindlv
received by Louis XIV, Soon after, tbe Prince and
Priitceas of Orange were crowned, as Kin^ William IIL
and Queen Maiy, In 16S9 James lauded m Ireland with
ssm^ farce dven him bv Louis. He beueged London-
derry, which he was nnaUe to take. On the 1st of Jnlv,
i69C^ King William, who commanded in person, totally
defeated James's arroj at the battle of the Bojne, and
firmly estaUished bis own power, James soon relumed
10 France, and resided at Saint Germain's unlit his death,
whidi occurred in September, itoi. As a king, he was
brave, determined, enetgclic. He did much for the fm-
provement of the British navy; he was industrious, and
frqgal of the public money. But he was implacable in
revei^e, and bis blind tugotry cost him three kingdoms.
James had by his first wife, Anne Hyde, eight children,
of whom only Queen Mary and the Princess Anne sur-
vived bim. By his second wife, Mary of Hddena, he
W sis children, two of whom ontUved lum. He also
had (bur children by Arabella Chnichill, a sister of the
Duke of UarlbotoDgh, and oite by Catherine Sedley.

Sa* David Jons, ~ljltti Jtnm U-i'irai! J. S. Cuuuo^
-Life of IibmIiTKiu at Bnclud." ■ mil., if It ; fiuwncr, " H»-

naf lit Om ■faaa?' MjkCMitjkT, * HiMorv of KB^adi" C
iis.-HkMrT«ftb«BailyPsitrfa«R«^afJiMlV'i»ii«.

i Z, King of Scotland, of tbe honae of Stnart^

escape the inlri^cs of the Duke of Albany ; but he w
•died by a Bntiih fleet, carried as prisoner to Lon-
don, and thrown into the Tower, whence, after remaining
there more than two years, be was taken to Windsor.
In 1417, when King Henry V. invaded France, James was
obliged to accompany hiiu. In 1434, after a captivity of
nineteen years, he was released and restored to nis kmg-
dom. While the yoong king was in Englaitd, Henry V.
bad given him a good eduntion ; and, upon his acces-
sion to power, lames commenced with eatigj and firm-

detriment of the royal authority. On the recovery of his
kingdom he resolved to check with a strong hand the
arro^ce and lawlessness of the nobles. He seized his

Donglss, Lennox, Angus, a

Murdo, Dnke of Albanv, his sons, the Earls of
~ ' ~ ~ ~ ' and many other peers and

1 to the king e^^epi the Duke
of Albany, his sons, and the Earl of Lennox, who were
tried and executed. Thiablowstrndcterrorintotbeorder
ol noUes. Tbe king continwed to conduct his reforms
with ability and prudence. One part <^ his policy was
to raise the ecdesiastical poww in order to balance that
of the barons. Tames had married Joanna Beanfor^ a
lady of the Mood-royal of F"g's"^ Aldiough the earls
at first recdved the innovations of the long in a spirit
of submission, they at leneth, perceiving the rapid decline
of their authority, formed a consptran against bim, and
linated him in 1437. James haa the reputation of

being one of the moat accomplished princes of Ids day.
He produced several poetical pieces and songs, whidl
were greatly admired, and in which much literaiy taste

— jF.., — J -I... :_^ i^, .. Ktopg QiUudr."

— '^e misfortune of
e too refined for

mote civilized. His
il^anoe would have rendered tiis schei
cessfid ; and, instead of perishing because he al
too much, a grateful people would have applauded and
seconded his eflbrts to r^brm and improve them."

JamM IL, son and successor of the preceding, was
bom in t4m He had for his adviser an able msn,
named Crichton, who during his minority obtained chief
control of the government Crichton impressed on the
mind of tbe young monarch the neccMi^ of further hum-
bling the noUliiy. Bui what James L had attempted
to do slowlv and by legal means, his son and CrichtOD
pursued with an impetuosity as unsctupoloss as it was
unwise. William, sixth Earl of Douglas, having defied
the royal authority, was decoyed by Criditon to an in-
terview in the Casde of Edinburgh, where both he and
hi* brother were murdered. James stabbed with his
own hand William, eighth Earl of Douglas. This led
to a revolt, and the house of Stuart appeared to be ia
imminent peril The Earl of Douglas commanded the
greater number and more warlike foilowers; but, owing
(o his want of energy, nearly all his retainers deserted
him before a battle was foaght, and he was obliged to
fly to England. James wontd in all probability have
succeeded In bis plans, had he not been killed in 1460
by tbe bursting of a cannon.

5a BimtOH, "Hinorr of Scotland," voL fiL dup. IXTJB
KoBBTHH, " Hiatorr of SoodauL"

James m, the son and successor of James IL, was
bom in 1453. During his minority the kingdom was
governed successively by Bishop Kennedy and I.ord
Boyd. Tames married Margaret of Denmark about
147CL He had respectable abilities, snd was a lover of
the fine arts and literature. The nobles were offended
because he negleded Ihem and chose for his associates
artists, musicians, and other pers«KU of inferior rank.
The king's brothers, the Dnke of Albany, and the Eari

■s i; E as /; 2 Aortf; t as /; O, H, X, /Mnmi;; H, Miuiif ; ■, TiJZRf ; I as

ih as inliu. (J^'Sec Explanations, p. 33.)

Digitized .y Google

■ 368

JAMES

ol Hu, conipired witli the malcontent doUc* against
James, who wu defeated I7 them In battle near Ban-
nockbiun In 148S, and ms maidercd aa be Bed from
the field.

JuBM rv. King of Scotlatid, incceeded hi* bther,
James IIL, in 1488, at the age of fifteen. He wai gen'
' — ■ and brave, loved munificence, delighted in

and was eager to obtain fime. During bis reign the
•ndent and hereditai; enmity between the long and the
noUe* appear* alnoat entirely to hare ceaaed. During
the revolt which had coat Janea IIL hit life, his Ma
had been compelled or persuaded to act himself at the
head of it, and wai open.y declared king. He was anb-
•eqnently ironbled by remone for this deed, and, not
being free from lupersiitton, he recrived from the pou
as penance, an iron belt to be worn without cessation foe

M Aberdeen, and he also created the order of Knights
of the Thistle, (or of Saint Andrew.) In 1513, in oppo-
■ilion to the advice of hia sagest coonseliois, be rashly
invaded England with one of the most Icyal sod gallant
armies that ever a Scottish king had commanded, and
was defeated at the bmoos b«nle of Flodden, where
the Sower of the Scottiah chivalry perished. The king,
wiLh twelve earla, thirteen lords, snd a great number 3
barons, died upon the field, in September, 1513.

Jama* V, a son of James IV., wsa bom in 151a, and
succeeded his btbei in 1513. The regency was conferred
upon hi* cousin, the Duke of Albany, a man of enter-
prise and ability, who was desirous to extend the royal
authority; but, in spite of all hi* exertions, the aris-
bicracy retained their power, snd the duke resigned his
sathority about 1535. The king was then in hia tbir-
leenlb year, and the nobles agreed that he should assume
the govcrntneDt Tbe Earl of Angus, however, by his
faiirigues, obtained tbe chief control of affairs, and kept
the young Iting as a prisooer in bis own palace. Junes.
after suSeri tig this for some time, escaped, and Angus

fat bumbling the nobility. Commencing ve^ cautiously,
he found loyal supporters smong tbe clergy, the prin-
cipal of whom was Cardinal Beaton. The noble* had
received too severe a blow at Flodden to resist, and
James pushed forward his plans in an unacrupuloos
and arbitrary manner. He married Uary of Guise in
IJ3S. Henry VIIL of England dedarEd war against
him in 1543, and he WM obliged to seek the assistance
of those nobles whom he liid oppressed. They look
■p arms at his command, were lea by him against the
English, and were at first successful ; but, ojnng to the
lateness of the season,- and to other causes of discontent,
they refused to follow up their good fortune, A second
expedition across the border was still less successful :
nearly ten thousand Scots were taken prisoners, or, as
some say, went deliberately over to the English. This
proved too great a blow to tbe proud and imbiiioo*
monarch, who died of a broken heart in December,
1543, in the thirty-first year of his age, leaving the
crown to his only legitimate child, the unfortunate Uary
Queen of Scots. He had sever^ natural children, one
ot whom was the fiunou* R^ent Murray.

Sm BmTOit. " Hiitori of ScatUnd," toL in. tbtft. oiL-mffi. :
FsouD^ "HiBtDty ^ sa^luid,*' mL iv. chaps. iviiL ud iji,:
KDMSTton. "Hinoiy sfSoNUiid;" Hums, "Hiitstjof EBcUod."

Jamea VI. op Scotund. See Jambs L op Eko-

Jainu, [Gr, l^xuCoc; Lat Jao/busi Ger. Jaxob,
rlltob; Fr. Jacques, ihik; Sp. Santuco, sfln-te-1'go;
It GlACOMO, jl'ko-mo,] one of the twelve apostTes,
commonly called Saint Jambs, son of Zebedee, and
brother of Saint John. He was one of the three apostles
who aptwared to be the most btimately associated with
out Saviour. He sufieted msttyrdom about 44A.IX, bf
die order <d Herod ^ripps.

Juiea, called thb Lbss, was one of the twelve apaa>
ties, and is geiMrallv supposed to iiave been the brother
of oar Saviour, ana tlie author of the Epistle bearing
that name. Joeephos states that he was put to death
by the high-pnest Ananias about 63 or 63 A.D.

James. (Charlbs T. C.,) an English novelist and
dramatist, bom ai London in 1858. He wrote "The
New Faith," {1890,) "One Virtue," (1893,)
" Where Thames is .Wide," (1896,) etc.

James, (Edwiw Janbs,) an American educator,
bom at Jacksonville, Illinois, in 1855. He was edu-
cated at Harvard, held professorships in the University
of PennsylvHoia 1883^5, "'^ became connected with
the University of Chicago in 1895. He became presi-
dent of the American Academy of Political and
Social Science in 1889, sod was president of tbe
University Extension Society 1891-96. He published
several works and numerous papers on economics.

James, (Florence,) pen-nsme of Florence War-
den, a British novelist, bom at Hanwoilh in 1857,
She was an actress 1880-85, snd hss written sevend
plays and numerous novels.

Jamo>, (GsoRCE Pavnb Rawsfobd,) a tci^ ndn-
minons novelist and historian, bom in London m iSOL
Before attaining the age of seventeen he had written a
series of Eastern tales, entitled "The String of Featts-"

^ James was chosen Brirish coiwil

at Norfolk, in Virginia, and in iSjS received tha ISbm
appointment for Venice. His very numerous works
are mainly novels. Died in i8<io.

JamoB, (George Whartoh,] explorer, bom at
Gainsborough, England, in 1S5S ; was lor years engsged
in geological, ethnological, and archxological research
among the Indian tribes of the S. W. United States.
He has written largely on Indian life and customs, the
natural scenery of the southwest, etc.

JanMs, (Sit Hehrv,) an English general, l-om near
Saint Agnes, Cornwall, in 1603. He was educated at
Woolwich, and in 1835 entered the royal engineer*. He
invented photozincography, and executed valuable £sc-
simile plates by that process. He published accounts
of the ordnance surveys of the three kingdoms, besides
Ctber works of permanent value. Died June 14, 1877.

Jamas, (Henry,) an able and original writer on the-
ology, bom at Albany in tSil. About 1843 he became
acquainted with the writings of Swedenoorg, whose
leading doctrines he appears to have fully emlnaeei^
without, however, joining himself to the ecclesiastical
organization of Swedenbor^an*. He published, be>
aide* other works, "Moralism and Christianity," (185a,)
"Christianity the Logic of Creation," (1857,) "Sufaatance
and Shadow, etc," (1863,) snd "The Secret of Sweden-
borg, being sn Bloddation of hit Doctrine of ^e Divint
Natural Humanitr," (1869.) Died December 18, 188s.

James, (Henrv,) Lord, an English lawyer, bom
at Hereford, October 30, iSzS. He studied at Chel-
tenham College and at the Middle Temple, was called
to the bar in 1852, was made a Queen's counsel in
1869, and a bencher in 1870. He entered Parliament
in 1S69, became solicitor-gen eial in 1S73, and attor-
ney-general in the same year. In 1895 lie became
chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, and was raised
to the peerage as Lord James of Hereford.

Jamea, (Henry,) an American novelist and critic,
a son of Henry James, (1811-1883,) was bora at New
York city, April 15,11843. He was educated in Paris,
Geneva, and Bonn, and early bpcame known as a
contributor to American journals. Among bis work*
are "Roderick Hudson," (1875.) "The Portrait ot
a Lady," (1881,) "Tales of Three Cities," (1884,)
"The Tragic Muse," (1890,) "The Other House,"
(1896,) etc., with works of travel, criticism, etc.

Jamea. (John Anobll,) an eloquent English
dissentinc minister and popular writer, bom at
78s._ He was for many years
""'""*■ — and acquired

Blandford, Dorsei

an Independent minister of Birminghan.,

great influence by his oral ministiy and his n

writings, which have bad an immense circuiaiionT
Died in 1859.

i,e,I,o,ii,y,/i»(f,l,t,6,same,let*prolongedii,J!,I,6,ii,];,«i»«;«,«,j,9,««tt«rv;fir,llll,at;mitii>At:gd&dim0Bii)

Digitized by VjOOQIC

JAMES

1369

JAMESONS

JUM*. (JOBM Tbohju.) Blihop of Calcutta, bom at
Rogbr in 1786. Upon tha death of Biihop Heber be
was appointed to t&e diocese of Calcutta, and sailed for
India in 1837. He wm the anihor of a " Tone throDgb
Germany, Sweden, RuMia, and Poland," (i8i6,| " Treat-
toe oa the Italian, French, Dutch, and German Schoali
of PaintinK," (1831,) and "The Semi-Sceplic, or the
Coouaon £nae of Religion conaidered." Died in iSaS.

James, (Lionel,) war oineapiHuleat, bom in Eng-
land in 1S71. He bu been correspondent of the
" Times" in all the wan of moment since 1894, and has
vritten " Indian Frontier War," " The Boy Galloper,"
"The Yellow War," " A Subaltern of Horse," "Side
Tracks and Bridle Paths," etc.

Jamas, (Richard,) an English diyirte, linguist, and
traveller, and nephew of Thomas James, (1571-1639,)
wu born at Newport, in the Isle of W^ht, in xtM.
Among his worka are manuscripts npon Russia, and a
" Poem opoo the Death of Sir Robert Cotton." Died
tat638.

Jamaa, (Rdbzkt,) an English phyaictan, bom in StaT-
' "'■ ■ " s the inventor of a celebrated

in I7(«.
ferer-powder which bon hia name, and the author or :
'Heifidnal Dictionaiir," (t743-HS,l Pn which he wa
■Mated by Dr. Saoiiul Johnson,) treatiMS on the " Prac-
tice of Phytic" and " On Canine Madncis," and
Mrtation on Feren," (1778.) K«d In IJ76.

Tamtia. (TnoHASi) a learned dirine, bom at Newport,
la the Isle of Wight, ta 1571. He waa disdngnished as
■n able and indnstHoo* writer againal the Catholic*.
Among the meet important of hi* works are " A Tieat-
iw of the Corruption* of the Scripture*, Conncil*, and
nabera by tiie Church of Rome," (1611,) and "The
Jesnita' Down&IL" Died in 1639.
S« Wooo. " Albioa Oasniam"

Jamas, (Thomas,) aa English narigalor, who sailed
la 1631 in search M a northwest passagi
•one diacoverlea ou the shore* <tf Hudson'
Ae ooaafenp Iring west of It be gave ihc name of New
Widea. Cm nia reBun to England he published "The
Strange and Dangerous Voyage of Captain Thomas
lames (or the DisniTeiy of a Northwest Passage to the
Sooth Sea."

JamM, (Thohas C„) H.D., an American physician
and acholar, bom in Philadelphia tn 1 76& He graduated
at the UniversltT of Pennsylvania in 1788, and followed
his pnifeasioD with eminent Mocess in his native dty.
la 181 1 he was apptrinted proAasor of midwifery in the
above institution. Died in Philadelphia in 1835. He
contributed several short bnt beaolihil poems to Dennie'i
"Pwtfiriio."

Jamaa, (Thouas Luiukl,) LL.D., an American
•lateaaian, tMirn in Utica, New York, March 3^ 1831.
He learned the trade of a printer, waa engaged in jour-
aalism, l8si~£o, held poutiona in the New York cuslom-
honac^ t8&)-73, was poatmaaler of New York, 1873-81,
poatmaater-general of the United States, l8Sl--8l, and
afterwards was a bank-president in New York dty.

Ja^Ma, fWiLUAM,) an English land-agent and anr-
TCyor, born In Warwickshire in 1771. He wa* the Gnl
to project the Manchester and Uverpoot Railway, and W

rterally regarded as " the ^ther" (rt the railway-system
England. Died in 1837.

Jamaa, (Wiluak,) an Englishman, known as the
aotbor of "The Naval History of Great Briudn from
Oe Declaration of War by Prance in 1793 to the Ac-
ceation of George IV. In 1830^" (5 vols., iSaa,) a work
erindng great research. Died in 1S37.

Jamaa, (Sir Wiluak,) an English naval officer of
1^ rank, bom at Millbrd Maven about 1731. He dit-
lii^nisbed himself in the East India service and in tba
American war. Died in 1785.

Jamas, (William,) an American psychologist,
bom at New York in 1843. He was educated at
Lawrence Scientific School, and became professor of
[diiknophy at Harvard in 1S72. He published " Priu-
dplea of Psycholc^," " The Will to Believe, and Other
uays," etc Was appointed GifTord lecturer on nstu.
t^rdigion. University of Edinburgh, 1889-1901. Died
Aogusl 36, 1910.

Jamaa (or Jaoqnaa, ahik) da VltrL (d^h vc'tKe',) a
distinguished cardinal and historical writer, bom at Vitri,
near Paris, in the twelfth century. He preached against
the Albigensea, and about i3iS jtnned the crusade against
the Saracens. He wrote, besides other works, a "His-
tory of the East and West." Died in 1340,

Jamaa (or Glaoomo, |l'ko-mo) da Voragliie, (dft
To-rS'je-nl,) a Romish prelate, bom at Voraggio, near
Genoa, about 133a In 1193 he was ordained Archbishop
of Genoa. Died in 1398. He wrote various ecclesias-
tical works, and a femoiis collection of the lives of the
saints. entitled the "Golden Legend."

James EVanois Edvpard, oiled the first Pretender,
and Chevalier de Saint George, bom in 1688, was the
son and heir of James II. of England. He was educated
in France, and was a Roman Catholic At the death
of his father he was recognized as King of England In
Louis XIV, He entered the French arm^i.and charged
at the head of the cavalry at Malplaquet m 1709. Lord
Bolingbroke formed a design to secure for him the sue*
cession to the throne, but was defeated by the death of
Queen Anne. In 171; the Scottish Jacobites took arms
to assert the title of the Pretender, and, under the com-
mand of the Earl of Mar, were defeated at Sheriffmuir.
Another army of hia partisans surrendered at Preston.
James Francis Edward landed in Scotland in December,
171J; but, finding his cause tn a desperate state, ha
Rtnmed to France the next month. Died in 1 758 or 1765.

Sn JoH, " Unoin o

Ja'm^po, (Anna,) a celebrated writer, bom m
Dublin m 1797, was the daughter of Hr. Murphy, ■
painter. She married in 1814 a barrister named Jame-
son, with whom she went to live in Canada ; but, various
drcumstances causing a separation, Mrs. Jameson r»
tumed to England, to employ herself tn literature and
the fine arts. She was an earnest labourer for the fiillei
development of the usefulness and mental culture of the
women of England. Her productions erince great dis-
criminatioa, learning, and refinement Among the moat
important of these we may mention "The Diary of an
Ennuyee," ( i8i6,) " Memoirs of Celebrated Female
Sovereigns," fa vols., 1831,) "The Beauties of the
Court of Charles II.," "Lives of the Early Italian
Painters, "(avols., 1845,) and " The Poetry o( Sacred
and Legendary Art," (3 vols., 1S4S.) Died in 1860.

Ji'mf-sfD, (Leandik. Stark,) a British colonist,
was bom at Edinbuivh in 1853. He studied medi-
dne, went to Cape Colony, and became a physician at
Kimberley in 1878. He became connected there with
Cedl Rhodes, was made in 1891 administrator of the
South Africa Company at Fort Salisbury, and in 1895
set out with five hundred troops to aid the UitJanders
in their contemplated revolt against the Boer govern-
ment. He and his force were defeated and obliged to
surrender January 3, 1S96. He was handed over to
the British authorities, tried in London, and con-
demned to fifteen months' imprisonment, but was
released after a few months on account of illness. Ho
returned to South Africa and engaged in business, was
elected to the Cape Assembly in 1900, and was premier
of Cape Colony 1904-08. Made a baronet in 1911.

Jl'ma-afo, (Robikt,) an eminent Scottish naturalist,
bora at Leitb in 1774 or 1773. He published " Mineral-
oer of the Scottish Isles," (3 vols., iBoo,) " A System ol
Hmerahwy," (3 vols., 1804^) and other wnrW He
was profeisor of natural history in the University of
Edbbargh from 1804 antil 1854. Ih 1819 Professor
Jameson and Sir David Brewster founded the "Edin-
bui^h PhiloaophicBl Joumal," which the former edited
many yean. He also contributed to the " Encydopaedis
Britannica." Died in 1854. ,

Jl'my spae^ (Gkikgi,) an endnent painter, called
" the Van Dyck of Scotland," was bom at Aberdeen in
Antwerp where, with Van
IS. " Hia eacellence," says
licacy an'* -**-- — — -'-^ -

i" ^' "•
when Charles L visited Edinburgh, the magistrates of

«Mi;sa*f;|4i>ni/,' ta*y,-cH,K„(«awW,- n,Haial; t,triIUd; taat; thnin /Ait. (j^p-See Eiplanatioiis,p. 33.)

d by Google

JAMBT 12,

J -D Pjdnt the ponruU of

b DioiiaTcba. Chules wu lo much
pleued with the rcanlt that he sat' for his own portrait,
and preaented the artist with a diamond ring from hii
finger. Jameson was also a painter of hialorical and
landscape scenes. Died in 1644.

Set Allah CDHHweHAiL " Lira of tba Man RmiiKiii Bninh
Piinlcn," Etc.; Waltole, " Auolatci of PuDliii(:" Ckaubiu,
" Biognphiail D^ioDUT of XipLnvit ScotAnen.**

Jomet, ihf my, {PiERRB Charles,) a French writer,
bom near Sens in 1701. Among his works are "Meta-
phyaicaJ Essays," (i73»i) "Letters on Tasle and the Doc-
trine of Bavlc," {1740,) and "The Mongol Philosopher
Dane-Che -Men-Kan," (1740.) Died about 1770.

TamL See Jameb.

Jl'iiile-B9n. (John,) D.D., a learned divine, bom in
Glasgow in 1759, became in 1797 pastor of a church in
Rdinbur|h, where he remained nntil his death. The
degree oT doctor of divinity was conferred upon him by
the College of New Jeraey, He published, besides other
worlta, " Sodnianism Unmasked," (1788,) "The Sorrows
of Slavery," a poem, " The Use of Sacred History," (a
vols., 1801,) an " Etymological Dictionarrof the Scottish
Language," (a vols., iSog,] which is highly esteemed,
and "An Historical Account of the Andent Coldeei of
lona," (tSii.) Died in 183&

See CHAHBin, " Btonapluail Dictkaan of Bmboit Sanma ;"
" BdiDbarah ReiW" & April, iSog, lad May, iSiS: "UontUy
Review" £r SepMnbir, iSio.

JamlMOii, (RoBEBT,) a Scottish scholar, born in
Morayshire in 17S0. For many veart he was in the dvil
•ervice in Edinburgh. Among his work* are " Popular
Ballads and Songs," (1806,) partly oripnaL Died fn
London, September 04, 1844.

Jamln, ahfnilN', (Jean BArrnTE,) VlCOWTt, a
French general, bom in 1771; died in 18148.

Jamia, (Jules CALsmN,) a French natural philoao-
pher, bom in i3l8. He became professor of physics in
the Polytechnic School at Paris. Hecommencedln 1858
the publicatian of an important work, entitled "Coma
de Physique." Died in 1SS6.

Jamln de BoimaT, ihf mlM' dfh bCs'mU-«', (Jeam
BAFTin'E AUGun'E Mabib,) one of the beat French
cavalry officer* of hi* time, waa bom in Bretagne in
1773- He became colonel of the royal guarda of light
cavalry abont 1807, and went to Stain, where he dis-
tinguished himself at the battle of Ocafia in 1809. As
general of bn'^de, he won additional honours at the
battle of Vitorw, in 1813. For hi* varions lervices he
was created barm of the empire and Marquis de Ber-
muy. He fell at the battle of Waterloo, 1815.

Januheed. See Jemshkeii.

Jamshld. See Jkmshekd.

Jamyn, shfralN', (Amadis,) a French poet, bom
in Champagne about i;40. His production* attracted
the attention of Konsard, who became a warm friend and
liberal patron of Jamyn and procured lor him the sitoa-
tion of secrcury and reader lo Charles IX. He wrote
poems on various sobjects, and made translation* of the
Mst three books of the " Iliad" and the first three of tba
" Odyssey." Died in 1585.

JanMdMn, yln-l'ken, {U. Jan (or John) Aohsn.)
See ACHKN.

Jananaohek, yt'oSw-sbCli', {Fkancxsca Madeuma
Romance, called Fanny,) a tragic actres* of rare talent*,
bom in Prague, Bohemia, July 20, 1S30. She appeared
in both English and German plays, and spent many
years in the United States. Died November 28, 1904,

7aiM OF Natabbb. Sec Joan.

Jane, (Frederick T.,) a British artist and author,
bom at Honilon, Devon, in 1865. He served as artist
on several illuslraled papers, and wrote " Blake of the
Rattlesnake," (1895,) " To Venus in Five Seconds,"
((897,) "All the World's Fighting Ships," (1899,)

Janet, xhfni', or Juwt-Iiange, ihfnt' IflHih,
;Anob Louis,) a French painter, bom in Paris, Novem-
ber 19, 1818. A pupil 01 Ingres, Collin, and Vernet, be
became noted for his military pieces, and not less so for

?o JANNEY

those on religious subjects. Died at Pari*, November
35, 187Z.

Jnne^ (Paul,) an eminent French philoaopher, bon
at Paria, April 30, 1833. He bcid professoishipa of
philoso^^y at Boui«e* and Straaburg. and later at the
Sorbonne. Hi* position i* that of an acceptor of (cience
who at the same time rejects materialism and defenda
the old philosophy. Among bb nomeroo* work* are
'• Elements de Morale," (1869,) " La Philosophic Iran-
Saise contemporaine," (1879,) " Lamennais," (1890,)
"F^nelon," (1892,) etc. Died in 1899.

Jlne'vra;, (Jaues,) an English ttonconformist dlvfaib
bom in Hertfordshire in 1636. He was a preacher of
peat power, and was very actively employed at the time
of the plague both in the pulpit and in vuiting the sick.
He wrote a " Life of John Janeway," his brother, and
"The Saint'* Encouragement to Diligence," (1675.)
Died in 1674.

Janl, yl'nee, (Chbisitan David,} a German phi-
lologist, bom near Halle in 1743. He pnbliahed a good
edition of Horace, (a vol*., 1778-^) and other work*.
Died in 1790.

Janlcon. ihf ne'sAN*, (Francis Michel,) a noted
journalist, bom in Pari* in 1674. Being an avowed
Protestant, he went to receive hia education in Holland,
which became his adopted country. In early lifc ha
entered the army, but finally devoted himself to litera-
ture. Among his works are " Present State of the
Republic of the United Provinces and their Depcndeo-
dea," (1739,) a production of great merit, and "Serioea
and Satirical Letters upon the Works of the Savanh,"
(la vols., 1740 tl ttq.'S Died in 1730.

See Moaiai, " Dictioaiiain Hinsriqua 1" Nictaiw, " HteoirHi*'

Jaiilii,zhfn&N',(JuLBsGABBtElJacelebratedFteiick
critic and tittlraUtir, bom at Saint-Elienne in 1804. H*
contributed successively to the " Figaro" and the " Qm>-
tidienne," and about 183a became one of the editoia
of the "Journal de* Dibata," for which he fiimiahed a
uoinber of brilliant and origuial article* on politic* and
literature. He wa* for a long time the dramatic critic
of tiiat journal. He also wrote for the " Revne de* DeiiB
Hondes," etc Among his other production* are tba
romances of "Bamave," (1831,) "New Literary Tate*,"
■•Jonmey in Italy," (1839,) and "TheNunofTottlouse,"
(iBSa) He also wrote an abridgment of " Clariaaa Har-
iowe," and a "History of Dramatic literature," (4
vols., 1851-56.) His ^Uiqut consist mostly of literwy
gossip, written in a aparkling and poliahed style. Ha
wa* adTnilted to the French Academy in 1S70. Died
June lo, 1874.

Jonltltia, yl-nlf se-Aa, or Jaalold, yi-nlt'akee, (Clb-
ment,) a learned Polish writer, born in 1516. At fifteen

»•- tc elegant Latin poet™. Among hi* work* is

of the Kings of Poland." Died in 1543.
iftbM or JannAbl, Al, U.jln.nA'be^^t Al-
Janna'bius, or umply Janna'bius,] (Aboo-Uotum-
med-Hnatefa — mS&s'd-fl,) written alao DJannaby
and Dacbannabi, an Arabian historian, of whoae liie
scaroely anything is known. He wrote an abridgment
of universal history, entitled " Bahar-al-Zokkar," from
the creation of the world down to hia own time. Died
in 15S1.

Jannftbt See JannXbbb.

Jannablas. See JannXbbb.

JannarlB, (Anthony,) a Greek philologist, bom
at Lakkoi, Crete, in 1852, nephew of the famous Cretan
chief Michel Tannaris. He was lecturer in Greek lit-
erature al Athens University in 1889, a lender in the
Cretan insurrection of 18S9-90, and subsequently
worked six years in the British Museum, investigating
the history ol the Greek language. He published
"Historical Greek Grammar," (1897,) and varions
works on Greek philology.

Jaaneqnln, ihtnOclN', (Claitdb,) Sienrde Rocheiort^
French traveller, sailed for Africa in 1G37, and, aT"'

___. ,.,._,.. ^_,.„ T„..._ - -»,e Ki

= . -,(>643':)
T.) See ClIment, (Jacques.)

1, i, 1, 0,a,J,/rWff;i,(, A, same, less prolonged; i,i, I,S,Q,J,(Aorr; t,f, i,9,aJjrHre; llr, (111, (9it; mllinOtigS&d

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

JANNICKE 13

Loodon tooo^, Virgtnu, Tumar; it, tSoi. Bodi Ui
samtts wen member* 01 the Sodet; of F^Dds, or
Qotkn*; andUamiiidappeart tolUTebeenataiiearly

ydeeph iniowMcd irith the trntb and high bnponance
file raigliXM i«u>dplet Is which he wm Educated.
Besides aome smitUer works, he wrote " ConvetHtioiu
on Religions Sabjectt," (1835;) "A Teacher's Gift,
conaiatiiig of Easaja in Froae and Verae," (1840 ;) " An
HiHoTical Sketch of the Cluwtian Church during the
Middle Agea," (184^) and two valuable biogiaphiea, vii.,
a " Life ofWilliam Penn," (1851,) and a *■ Life of George
Fox," (iBSS-) His last and most important publication
i* a " History of tlie Religious Sodetj of Fnend* fiom
it* Rise to the Year 1S2E," {4 vols., 1867.) This work
beats, among other subjects, d[ the causes and erenis of
the scparatiou which occurred in Che Society in 1827-38.
The writer belonged to the anti-oithodoi diriston of the
Qiukcis; and, though not profeMiog strict impardiliiT,
be evinced, in his treatmcat of this delicate and difficiul
■abject, great moderation, a sanpoluus renid for the
&cts of tbe case, and, on the whole, a liberu and kiudljr
•piriL He was a highly-esteemed minister of the So-
CKlj of which he was a member. Early in 1S69 he was
appointed by President Grant superintendent en Indian
•lutirB in the Northern Supertntendency. Died April 30^
1880.

JBimlcke, yCn'nik-kf h, (JouaNM FsUDRICH,) a Ger-
man author, born at Frankfbrt-on-the-Main, January 7,
1831. He became a prominent railway official. He

Etiiahed " Hand-Book of A()iiarelle-Patnting," " Hand-
mk of Oil-Fainting," "Principles of Ceramic Art,"
"Summaiy of the literature of Ceramics," and other
works, partly on entomology.

JanoKkd, yt-nodi'kee, or Jsnotskl, yi-note'kee,
•ometinies written Janisok, (Iohn Danikl,) a Polish
or Ruaaian author, bom at ^Tiborg in 173a He was
appointed superintendent of the Z^uski Library at
Warsaw. Among his works, which principally relate
to the literature of Poland, are ''Letters on Criticism,"
"A Dictionary of Che Ljring Authors of Poland," and
*■ PolUh Literature of our Tmie." Died in 1786L

JauaemliL See Jasuin,

Jansea, jan'sen or yln's; n, or Jui-Mt'iiI-na, [Dutch
pron. ySn-si'ne-fis,] (CoKNEUS,) Bishop of Yprea, cele-
brated as the founder of the sect of Jan«enists,i>ot

▼inityinth

■ttacked the French government, . . ,

ka having formed a treaty of alliance with the Dutch ProC.
eMaots. This provoked thcenmityofCardinalRichelieu,
bnt otMained the bvour of the Kicie of Spain, who raised
JanseniBS to the see of Yprea in l6t^ His principal

Coduction was entitled " Augustinus,^' (Louvain, if^o,)
which be advocated the doctrines of Saint Augustine
*- regard to the —""——• Ji-i". -"— r™- —m -"^

^ free will, ai

tt to tt

is death,! , __

_ .3 the judgment of the Holy See ; but his
pnUiahed the boc^ and supttrosed diat part of the will
which related to it. The opiuions which he advocated
were directly opposed to those advanced by the Jesuits,
who made great efforts to obtain a decision against them
by the pope. Finally the bishops of France reduced the
doctrines of Jansenius to five propositions for condemna-
tion,— viz. : I. That there are divme precepts which good
gten are unable to obey for want of &>d's grace, although
desirous to do so. 3. That no person can resist the in-
Anence of divine grace when bestowed. 3. That for
kuman actions to be meritorious, it is not requisite that
they should be exempt from necessity, bnt only from
constraint. 4. That the Seml-PehigiaMen grievously in
maiotalDiiig that the human will is endowed with power
of either receiving or re^sting the aid* and infliences
«f prevcntire grace. ^ That whoever maintui.s that

ems Christ made expution by his sufierings and death
the sin* of luU mankind is a Semi-Pelagun. Imtocent
X. condemned the first four of these proposition* as
simply heretical, bnt the last as rash, impious, and in-
tarioDS to the Supreme Being. Many bulls were also
bsoed by the succeeding popes, by wliich the Jansenists,
*-»k;%^i:^hard;%9XJHi,'»,^guttitrxU; ii,muaJ; ^MihJ; laat; *iit»\nlAu. (S^See Explanations, p. sj.)

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

■ of France, w

gthem

1 many other

' "PorTkcjal,"
Geboorte. Lon^
ocG4nlnlc"

dedared to be heretics. Louis XIV., at the insti|^tion
of his Jesuit confessor, ordered them to be petsecnted
and their monastery at Port-Royal to be suppressed.
Notwithstanding fitese attempt* to crush them, the lan-
senisla continned to increase, compri^ng among thdr
champions Pascal, Amauld, Nicole, and i
celebrated men,

Sm Larcaacn, "Hiitoria Jiawniipii. . ,^,
lorica] and Crilicxl DictUnuiri" Sadttx-Biuvi, "]
InatiL.IL: Hnna, " UinonKb VdIiemI nn da Geb.
•tc. Tu C jMmnint" 1717: "NoavaUs Biognphu d

JailBeil,yln's(n,(Hu(DKlX,) a noted writer and trans-
lator, bom at the Hague ini74i. He fixed his residence
in Paris about 1770, where he became librarian to Tal-
leyrand. His works were chiefly of a hiscorical and
philosophical character. IMed in iSii.

Jansenina. See Janskn.

Janaenliu^ yftn-sa'ne-ua, (Coknbus,) a learned Flem.
Ish ecclesiastic, bom at HnIsC in 151a In r568 he was
ordained first Bishop of Ghent Of his works we may
mention " Concord of the Evangelists," and a " Para-
phrase on the Psalms." IMed in 1576L

Janseuitu, (Jakob,) a Dutch scholar, boro at Am-
sterdam in 1547, became in 1J95 regiu* professor of the

and ofthe Gospel of John. Died In 1635.

Jaason, yln'son, (KmUTOFriK Nagil,) a Norwegian
poet, bom at Bergen, May 5, 1S41. He published sev-
eral volumes of poeipf and novels, including " Toigrim,"
(l86»,) "Fraa Bygdom," (1865,) "Han og ho," (l868,j
and "Nonke Digt," (iSiSy.) He wrote " FraDanskecidi,"
(1875,1 * novel, and other works, including the stronj^y
efiective drama "A Woman's Fate," (1879.) In 1889

Jansoii or Jenaoo, zh&N'sAN', (Nicolas,) a French
engraver, printer, and type-founder, settled in Venice
■boat 1470. He produced Chere a number of celebrated
editions between 1470 and 148a He is called the in-
ventor of the Roman type now generally used. Died
about 1481,

Tansaen, ^Ins'sf n, or Jobn'son, (Coknelis,) a noted
artist, bom in Amsterdam in 1590. In 1618 he vidted
England, where he was employM by James L to [udnt
the portraits of the royal bmily. He was also patronized
by the notrility^^ He possessed neither the freedom nor the

Sace of Van Dyck, but in other respects was regarded a*
I equal, and in finishing was cotiMdered even superior
to him. His carnation* have beea [wtticalarly admired j
and his pictures yet retain their original lustre, in conse-
quence perhaps of the ultramarine which he use± Died
in 1665.

Jmusoo, yins'sfn, (Johannes,) Uonsicnoe, a Ger-
man priest and historian, born at Xanlen, April 10, iSa^
He was educated at Louvain, Bonn, and Berlin, and in
iSSo was made a prothonoCaiy to the pope. Among his
numerous works is a " History of the German People,"
(1876; 3d vol., 1SS4,} written from the ultramontane
stand-poinC. Died December 13, 1891.

Janssen, (Pbtbr,) a German historical and por-
trait-painter, bom in 1844. He became director of
the Academy at DUsseldorf m 1S95. His " Peter Deny-
ing Christ" is in the Fhiladelphia Academy of the Fine
Arts, Died in 1908.

Janssen, (Pierkk Jciles CisAR,) a French as-
tronomer and physicist, bom al Paris, February 22,
1824. He held professorships in the Lycee Charle-
magne and the f^cale speciale d'Archilecluie, and in
1875 was appointed director of the observatory at
Meodon. In 1892 he founded a meteorological ob-
servatory at the top of Mont Blanc.

JaaasenOi ylns's;ns,(ABRAHAM,) a celebrated painter,
bcm> at Antwerp in 1569. His designs were ele^nt and
spirited. He was > good coloriat, and a rival of Rubens.
He excelled in painting snbjecta illuminated by torches,
where the brilliant light and deepest Atdt were placed
In a striking contrast. Hia most important works are
the " Resurxectton of Lazarus," and a ** Descent from ths
Cross." Died at Antwerp in 1631,

/ANSSSNS

JARRIGE

Jana'aww, (Datch aron. jpiiu's^ns,) {Fkamcu,] D.D.,
a Ronun Catbotic bishop, bom >t Tilbnrg, Netherluda,
October 17, i&t3. He wu educated at the American
College, LoaTain, wa* ordained a Catholic prieit in 1867,
and came to America in 1868. He was appointed Vicai-
General of Richmond, Va., in 1S73, Bishop of Natchez in
18E1, and Archbishop of Louisiana in iSSS. Died in 1S97.

Janiiwia. 0ah Wiixsm,) a diatfavnitbed Dntdi
general, bom at Nymw^en in 1762. In iSoa he wai
appointed governor and general-inKJiiefof the oolonj of
tne Cape » Good Hope, where he wa* defeated bj the
English, who took powession of that coaDtrv in i8o6.
After the abdication of Louii Bonaparte, miaer whom
be had held the office of minister of wat. Napoleon made
biin Govemor-Gcneral of Holland and the East Indies.
In this capadtf he bcavelf defended Batavia agaititt the
English in iSii, but was finallT obliged to (nrrendet.
Died in iSjS-

jMiawna, (Victor Hohoud^ a noted Flemiah
paintei, born at Bnissel* in 1664. He atudied in Rome
the works of Raphael, selected Albano for hil model,
and excelled all his contemporaries In that *tvle. At
the expiration of eleven years he returned to Broisela,
where be painted numerous large ^nctuiea (or palaces
and churches. Died in 1739.
See KoSTEK.

Jannallo. See jAti
aio, jl-noo-l're-o,n Saint, Bishop of Eencvento, 1

Jui-u-I'Tl-aa, [Fi. Janvikk, ih&N'Te-|

;It.J«

JkpiK j^ (ALKXANDaa Hay,) LL.D., a Scottish
aathor, known by the psendonym of H, A. Pack. He
waa bmm at Don, near Montrose, in 1839, and graduated
at the Universit;^ of Edinburgh. He was editor of the
" Sundsy Magazine." His works Indnde " Lives" of
Hawthorne, (1870,) De Quineet, (1877,) and Tboreao,
(1878,) "Golden Livea,"(i87l.) "Noble WoTk«r8,"(l873,)
"German Life and Literature," " De Quincey Me-
morials," (1891,) " Hours in My Garden," (1893,) etc.

Jaqnalot See Jacquklot.

Jaqnotot, ibrko'to', (Haiik Victoibb,) a sfcUftil
Frendt painter on porcelain, bom in Paris in 1778. She
copied several works of Raphael on porcelain, and
painted the dessert-service presented by Napoletm L to
the CiarofRDStia after the peace of TiIsiL Died in 1855.

Jaiohl, shtR'shc', (Soiomon But Isaac,) sometimea
called Baaotili a distinguithed Jewish writer, bom at
Troyes, in France, about 1040. After finishing bis edu-
cation at the Jewish Academy in that dty, he travelled
through Egypt, Western Asia, Greece, Russia, and Ger-
many. On his retnm to France he wrote Annotationa
<m the Five Books of Hosts, the Hishna, and the Gemara.
These works obtained a high reputation, and procored
for the author the tide of " Prince of Commentatora."
Died in 1 105.

Jardln or Jardyn. See Dir Jardin.

Joi'dlns, (Groigi,) bom in Lanatlcshircj Scotland,

1743, waa professor of l<wic in the University of Gla>-

beheaded daring the persecution of Diocletian, about
305. A cathedral was erected over his grave at NaplM,
where it is believed that his blood exerts great power in
checking the cmpticnis of Vesuvius.

Jl'nna, an aodent Latin deity, represented with two
feces, He was regarded as the opener of the day and
as having charge of the gales of heaven. He seems to
have presided over the commencement of enterprises.
The word Jatata ("gate") <s ssid by some to have been
derived from him ; also the name of the month Janosfy.
The temple of Janus Quirinus at Rome was kept open
hi time of war and dosed during peacb It has been
conjectured by some scholars ttiat the name and attri-
butes of Janus may be traced to GanSsa, (or Gan8sha,)
the Hindoo deity of pmdence and drcnmspection, '
among his other offices, had those of presiding ove
commencement of itndeTtakings, giurding gates and
doors, etc.

S« GoicmAirT, ~ RclklBni da rAntlqdi^" Pin, itii-ig, tdL
Lbook*. HCL ^^^1. dl; KnoMnsv, " UjriMocr."

JanTler. See Jahuariur

Janvlar, ibfiN'v^', (Antidk,) an ingenioos and cele-
brated horologist, was bom at Saint-Claude, in France,
in 1751. He invented nomerous improvement* for
watcnes snd for different kinds of sstronomical aijpa-
ratns. In 1784 he became watchmaker to the king.
Died in 1835.

Janvier, (Dom tUnri AmRom,) a learned Frendh
monk, bom in 1614. He made a Latin translation of
the " RabU Da^ Kimchi's Hebrew Commentary on
the Psalms." Died in 1682.

JanTier, (Thomas Allibonb,) an American
author, bom at Philadelphia in 1849. He has pub-
lished "Stories of Old New Spain," "The Artec
Treasure House," etc. Died June 18, 1913.

His sister, Margaret Thomson Janvier (pen-
name Margaret Vandergrifl,) has published a num-
ber of juvenile stories and " A Dead Doll and Other

Japct. See Iaprtus.

Japattu. See lAPrrus.

Ja'pfaetli, IHeb, HD".] a patriarch, one of the three

sons of Noah, and the supposed ancestor of the Cauca-
sian race. (See Iafktu&.}

Japi^ J'aplcx, or Japlka, yl'piks, (Gysbbrt,) a
celebrated Fnaian poet, bom at Bolsward in 1603. But
few inddents in his early life are known. Japix was the
first, and in feet the only, writer in FrixiaDofanynoteirf

that period, or as late as 1763, as we are told by Bos-
well. Died in 1776.

BOphical Education," (1818.) Died in 1817-

Sh Ct-tAUiSAS, " BiACfWifalcal DiGtuurr of Snipoit Scotnua :"
Uoathly Rniew" ts July, itif.

Jaidlne, (Sir Wiluam,] a Scottish natnrslist, bom
hi Edinburgh about i8oa He studied botany, orni-
thology, etc He published, besides other works, " Illus-
" "'oni of Omitbology," (3 vols., 1&29-4S.) He waa
of the authors at the " Natoralist't Library," (4a
vols., 1833-43,1 and joint editor of the "Edinburgh Phi-
losophical Journal." Died November ai, 1874.
Jardlnler, ihlit'de'ng^', (Claude Donat,) a Frendi
igraver,t>ominPBrisin 1726. Among his works is tha
Virgin and Uie Infent Jesus," from C. Haratta. Died
in 1774.

Jardlaa, daa, d> ihlR'dlN', (Makie Catherinr,)
Madame di ViLLBDiitr, a talented and praflieate French
, ,.1 .J (Q p_j.

authoress, ^

1640. She r

she supported herself by writing romances and

dramas. Her works were quite successfiil, and, not-
withatanding her very exceptionable conduct, she waa
much courted by persons of distinction. Her active
and vivid imagination produced a new era in French
romances, changing their old and tedious style into that
of the modem novel Died in 16S3.

Jard-pBiivilllar, ihtR'pOiCve^^', (Louis Albx-
AHDUt,) a French politician, born near Niort in i^S7-
In 17^ he was elected to the National Convention,
where he distinguished himself by his bold defence of
the long. Napoleon created him baron of the em^ra
and proldent of the court of exchequer. Died in iSaa.

JardTii or jardln, (Kakel de.) See Dujardin.

Janiao,d«,dfhzhtR'ntk', (GuiChabot,)Seigheub,
s French soldier, who in 1547 killed Ls Chiteignerayo
in a duel which was fought b the presence of King Henry
IL Died about 1560,

Jainoirloll, yaR'no-vik', or GMomovictil, )oB-no>
vee'kee, (Giovanni Maria,) a celebrated and eccentric
violinist, bom at Palermo, Sidly, in 1745. He spent
several vesrs in France, Prussia, and England. He sub-
sequently visited Saint Petersburg, where he died in 180^

Jaio«la£ See YARosLAr.

Jar'ratt, (Thomas,) an English philologist and cler-
gyman, bom in iBojj graduated at Cambridge in 1817.
He published "A New Hebrew Lexicon," "A Sketti
of Sanscrit Grammar," (1875,) etc Died March 7, iB8a.

Jarrlge, ihfrtzh', (Pierre,] a French Jesuit, bom at
Tulle in 1605. He embraced Protestantism, and wrote
a work against the sodety of which he had been a mem-
ber, entiued " The Jesuits upon the Scafiold ;" hut sub-

'.S. a. f,/«>V-Aii^same,less prolonged; \,\,\,h,^%ikert;\,^.\,r),Biici

,[, nill, flt; m(ti nfit; g36d; m

db, Google

JARRY

JAVCOURT

of hi* prenont work. Died in

Jury, ihfTe', (Nicoua,) a Ficnch nllicrapbitt, born
IB Paris about t&ic^ was Eunow for tbe Deant]' of hk
penmantbip.

JaxTT, dn, dtt Eht're', (LAnnrr JoDlura— chQV-
jtB',) ■celebrated eedesiaatic, poet, and orator, bora
neat Sainies, in France, abont 1658. He went to Paria,
where be was patroniied b^ Boesnet and ibe Due de
llcmtansier. In 1714 he gained a poetical piiie at tbe
French Academj over Voltaire and other competilon.
He wrote "The EvaoRlical MiniMrj, or Reflectimii
awm the Eloquence of the Pulpit," (1726,] "Poema,
Cbristisui, Heroic, and Moral," and leveral other worVi.
Died m 17301

Ju% ihts, (Gabsikl,) a diitini^iEhed mineraJogin,
«nd member of the French Academy of Sdeocea, boni

Minima, iD France, In 1731 In 1757 he was

■mine the mines of Genua^ and HungaiT, and In I7C>S

Tisitcd England, Scotland, Norwaf, and Sweden for the

leporpoae. Hediedini769,learingnanascript«lrc_
vbicb his brother compiled " Oboervatiom apon a Great
Number of Gold and Sil>er Mines," {3 toIb., 1774-81.)
Sa QuiaAD. " 1,1 Fnna LhtfnirB."

Jan, So, dfh zhlK, (Fkancou di RoolMobonart—
nMb'aboo-tx',] CHETAUEa, ■ French officer and conr-
tier. He was arrested \ij Cardinal Richeliea in 163a,
bccune he reteed to gire evidence in the prosecabon
of hk friend ChtteannenC keeper of the leala. AAar
u fmpTiftaoment <£ eleven nontba tn the Bastille, and
twentj-fotir ezaminationi^ during which nothing could
be extorted from him thatwoold^iniiiiate CUUeaoneu^
he was convicted on false evidrace and sentenced to
death. A repiieve, however, arrived from the king after
Iar> had pldbed lus head upon Ibe bloc^ He obtained
Lis hliert; after a long impriaonmeiit Died in 1670.

S« Riouun, "ILimaam.'

Jar'wf*, (Jauks Jackson,] a writer aivd traveller, bom
bBauaD,Massadiusetts,in tSiS. He produced, betide*
otter works, a " History of the Hawaiian or Sandwich
IfUnda,"(i843,) "Scenes and Scenerj in the Sandwich
Island*," (1844,) " Art Hinia," (iSjs,) alterwards enlarged
■nd Tepoblisbed as " Art Studies,''" The Art Idea, Scnlp-
toic. Painting, and Architecture in America," {1865,)

Jar'vifl,(ARi

m police officer,

■ndhastravelledverywidelyinDoitheiii Canada, reporting
on boSUo, game, fisheries, etc. Served as major in the
Sooth African war, and has been in command of the
Mounted PtJice on the Vakon River outposts since 1902.

Jarwls, (EnwiRD,) M.D., an American statLslidan,
bom at CcmcDid, Massachusetts, January 9, 1S03. He
oadoatcd at Harvard College in 1816, and took his pro-
fenonal degree at the Massachusetts Medical School in
l8wx Among his works are "Practical Physiology,"
(1848,) "Primary Physiology," {1849,) and other school
books on physiold^ and health, besides a large number
of reports, me motials, tables, and other papers regarding
public health, mortafltjf-rales, education, longevity, in-
vement of population, Insani^, and other nultera per-
taining to stale medicine. Died October 31, 1SS4.

Jar'wla, (Jorn,) an artist, bom in Dnbtin about 1 740,
had a peat repntalion for hu paintings on glass and his
ezqoisite manner of finishing smgle subjects. Among
bis principal works u the west window of New College
Cbapel, Oxford, from a design of Sir Joshua Reynold.
Diedin 1804. '

Jarwl% (JoBH WssLBY,) a distinguished artist, bom
in the north of England in 17S0, came at an early age to
New York, where h« gained a hiah reputation l^ his
portraita. He was also noted for hit eccentridtiea and
genial humour. Died January la, lli4Ch

larriis, (Samukl Fahuii,} D.D., LL.D., an Ameri-
ou> cler^rinan and anthor, stKi of Bishop Jarvis, was
bom in iuddletown, Connecticnt, In 178& He gradnaled
U Yale m 1805, and wu for some tine pr^essor of
Oiieotal literature in Washington (now Trinity) College

The Hittray
of the Medutorial Kingdom," (135a) Died in 1851.

Jwikov or Jkxlkov. See YAziKor.

jAflmin, xhts'mflN', or JajUMuln, shftNss'mftif',
(Jacques or Jaquou,) the "Barber Poet of Agen,"bom
at that town in 179& His poems, which are writteo
in the Provenfal ;^oit, enjoy the highest popniariw in
FranM, and display great powers of humour and patnot,
with a charmingnmplicity of diction. Among the matt
admired are "The Cnrl-PapeiB," ("Los Putiltoto*,")
and "The Blind Girl of Cutel-Cnill^" ("L'Abo^ da
Castel-Ctiilli."} The latter hat been trantlated liiHi
EngHth by LoogfeUow. Died in 1864.

Sm SAiNTa-Bswa. "CuBerica du Londi;" "NmnU* filqp*-
[Ui Gdnfnlt !' " ^oiv^ QuartoliF Rtnn" fat Ocubir, il^f.

n'i9ii.lGr.1aawf,1 atemi-Eibulout Greek hero, exit-
brated as the leader ol Che Argonantic eipeditjon, which
was supposed to have occurred before the Bieg;e of Troy.
The Argonauts went to Colchis to (etch a golden AetK*
which was guarded % a dragon. Jason succeeded in
this enterprise by the aid of Medea, a torcerett, whan
he married. (See Hsoka.)

Jaaon, tyrant of Phere, and chief magistrate of Thes-
saly, was ambitious and enterprising. He obtained
control of T^essaly in 374 B.C., and aspired to be master
of all Greece. He was astassinatcd in 369 B.C.

Jaa'per, (William,) (known in history as Sikokant
lAlru,) a Uave soldier of the American Revolution,
bom in Sooth Carolina about 1750. When the American
flag was ahot away in the attack on Fort Moultrie, June
tSt Itfit be leaped outside the walla of the fort, amidst
a ptrfKi nana of cannon-shot, replaced the flag, awl
returned to hit pott without injury. For this gallant
service Governor Rotlcdge presented to him hia ows
tword. Ha aflerwardt tervad with dittinctlon under
Marion, and wa* killed at Savannah in October, 1779.

JMtTOW, yfts'tiov, (Hakcus Mobmcai.) Ffa.D., ■
Jewish scholar, bom at Rogasen, Prussian Poland, Jniw
5, 1829. Removed to the United Stales in 1866 and
became a rabbi in Philadelphia. He compiled a " Com-
plete Talmudic Dictionary, " and wrote on the laws and
nistory of the Jews. Died in 1903.

Jaa&ow,(MoRais,)soo of the preceding, bora in War-
saw in 1861, is professor of Semitic languages and librarian
at the University of Pennsylvania. Is an authority on
Semitic religions, on which he has written several treatises.
— His brother Joseph, bom in 1SG3. is professor of psy-
chology at the University of Wisconsin, and has written on
"The Subconscious," and olhcr psydiological subjects.

JiMXBT,yl'sI, (Paul, or PjIl,) a Hungarian historian,
lx>m at SiiCnl6 in iSog. He became a secretary to the
Batthvinji ministry, and died in 1S51. He wrote two
valuable histories, — "The History of the Hungarian
People after the Battle of Mohica," (184G, incomplete,)
and " History of the Hungarian People from the Oldest
Times to the Publication of the Golden Bull," (1855.)

Janbert, ihSlniR', (Fbahcois,) Coutk, a French
lawyer, bom at Condom in 1758. In 1804 be became
president of the Tribunate. In 1806 he wat appointed
councillor of state. Died in iSai.

Jaubeit, (HiPPOLYTB Francis,) a French minister

state, and naturalist, a nephew of Che preceding, wat
born in Paria in 179S. He became minister of public
works in 1S40. He published " Illustrationes Plantarum
Orientalinm," (3 vols., 1848-^6.) Died Dec S, 1874-

JaalMit, (FiuiKK AMgD<i EmiliihPkobb,) a French
Orientalist, bom in Provence in 1779, accompanied Na-
poleon Co Egypt aa first secretary- inter pre let in 1799.
He was appointed, after his return, professor of Persian
in the College of France, wis elected 10 Che Academy
of Inscripcions in 1S3D, and made a peer of France in
1841. He contribuced to the "Journal Asiatique," and
wrote a number of learned worlu. Died in 1847.

Sk E. BioT,"NijIicebi(i(rapbiqu(nir II. Jiubnt/'QoiaAKD,
" Lk Fmwe titl^Fvire. "

Janoonrt, de, d^h zh^oot', (Aknail Francis,)
Uakqui^ a French politician, bom in Paris in 1757,
wat a moderate member of the Legislative Aasemblj

tut; f^i; fitmf; i»a/;a,M,K,itaiiral; »,mial; K,lnlliii; li

11; thasin/Au. (37-See Explanation*, p. aU
,-J:,C00^^lc

JAUCOURT

JAY

fa) 1791. lo jDoe, 1814, 1m Kted u minkter of fotdp
•AuT* in the abaence of Tallejruid. He fbonded ue
ProtcBtiDt Bible Society of Paris. Died ia 1851.

JaaoooT^ de, (Louis,) Chitauek, an Mcompliihed
French writer and (cholai, bom in Pari* in 1704. He
Itudied It Genera, Cambridge, and Lcjrden, and was a
pupil of Boerbaave in medicine. He pabliihed in 1734
a "Hbtor; of the Life and Works of Leibnitz," which
b much admired. He wrote man; artidet on natnial
l^otopb]', natural hiitorr, lileratore, etc, ix tbe gieat
rVench EniTclopKdia of Diderot His principles were
mote consisteDt with the Christian religion than thoae
of the other EncTdopKdistt. He wrote a Toluminons
Hedical Lexicon, but lost the mannsaipt at — '--*

Janf&'a^ ihe'fift', (Gaspaxd Jbam AndkA Joufu,)
a French writer on theology, born in Prorenoe in 1759,
became chaplain to Napoleon abovi 1804, Kshop of Metz
In 1806, and Archbishop of Aiz in 1811. Died in 1823.

JaitSrtt; (Lovis Fum^ois,) a brother of the pre-
oedint was liom In Paris in 1770. He wassecretarjof
the AeademT of Haraeillea, and wrote several valuable
fnvenile booki. IMed about 185a.

Jangeon, ihjt'ihdN', (N.,) an able French mechani-
' o wrote several works on natural history and

unenuiisi, oorn in rrancne-i-onite in 170O1 oecame
wofesBor of Greek and Svriae In tbe Royal College at
Paris. He translated OcUer'i " Histtar of the Sara-
cens" (1748) fromthe English, and aeTeralmedicalwarka
from the Latin. Died in 1757.

JanrMnil 7 Agnllar, ds, dl HSw-rl'gee e l-ge-tak',
(JuAK,) Chevalier de Calatrava, a Spanish poet and
Eointer, bom at Toledo about 1570L In 1607 be visited
Rome, where be studied Italian and improved himself
in the art of painting. He translated mto his native
tongue the "Pbarsalia" of Locan and tbe "Aminta" of
Tasso, [1607.) The latter is an excellent version. He
introduced a superior style among the Spanish paintera.
Died in 1651:^ or, according to some, in t64a

Sec TicKKoit, " Hioorr of Sjwuili LittnOn ;" Qmtuar, " Die-
tionDiin dei PbdOm B*pi(iiiilL"

Jaarea, (Jean Leon,) French Socialist leader, bom
St Castres, September 3, 1859. Elected Republican
deputy, 1885. Becanie the intellectual champion of
Socialism. A tireleij journalist, leading orator of bis
generation. Assassinated in Paris, July 31, I9<4-

Javallo, yl-vello, (Ckisostomc^) a learned philo«>>
pber and theologian of the Dominican order, was bon
near Milan about 1471.

Jav.o-ltt'niu, (Pxiscoa,) a Roman Jorist, sapfrased to
have lived under the reigna of Nerva aitd Hatman. He
wrote an " Epitome of the Libri Poateriores of Labeo,"
and several treatises on law.

Jay, cbl, (Amtoine,) a Frendi joanalitt and littlra-
iTKr, bom w the Glronde In IJTa He was for many
years chief editor of the " Coiutitntlonnel,'' a daily paper
of Paris, and the "Mlnerve." In politics he was liberal.
He spent seven year* in the United States, 1795-1S03,
In i833hewas choeen a member of the French At^emy,
His most important work is a " Hiatorr of the Ministry
of Cardinal Richelieu," (18IJ,) which is highly praised
by Henri Martin. Died m 1854.

Sh " NouTcUe Biognphu CMc^nla."

J«7, (Hakkiett,) an Engliah novelist and actress,
' r London, Scptemba- 31, 1857. She published

works. She went upon the stage In iSSi. She was
•itter-in-law of Robert Buchanan, and became hi* second
wife in 1S84.

J^y, (John,) an iUostriooB American Matcsman, first
chief jtisdce of the United Slates, was bora in New York,

II , — .- ., descended on bis fethet's

merchant of La Ro-
on the revocation of tbe

the bar of New
York'ini76£ At this period he comluned in a remark-
able degree the digni^ and gravity of manliood with the
irdoor of yonth. Hia talents soon procured fcr him
both an extenaive Iqgal practice and great influence in
(be political assemblies called to consider the aggressive
policy of the BritiBh government Elected to the fiist
Continental Congress at Philadelphia in 1774, he took

' iding part in all ita proceedings, and, as one of a
nittce of three, drew up the addresa to tbe people
of Great Britain, which at once procured for its author
the reputation of bein^ one of the ableat and most elo-
qaent writer* In America. He also prepared the addresa
issned \ij Conere** in 1775 to the people of Canada. la
the general debate* he took atrong ground in &voaT<rf
the central anthority and against separate colonial action
Having been recalled from Philadelphia in Hay, 1776^
to take part in the deliberations of tbe New York pro-
vincial Congress, his name does not appear on the
Declaration of Independence, which, however, received
his cordial support. He eierted great influence in the
convention wolcb met in Angnst of the same year lo
frame a Slate government for New York. He alio re-
prted to the New York convenaon, in March, 1777, a
bill of rights, and bad a chief share in framing the Con-
stitution. Before its adjournment, May, 1777. the con-
vention appointed Jay chief justice of New York.

In December, 1778, he ogain took his seal in Con^si,
and a few day* after was chosen its president Ht* dig-
nified and impartial discharge of the duties of this po^
Hon won the esteem of all parties. In September, 1779,
he resigned the offices both of president and chief justice
to accept tbe appointment of minister to Spain to nego-
tiate for a loan of f 5,000,000 and for the free navigation
of tbe Mississippi After many month* of vexatioM
and froltleu laooora at Madrid, he proceeded to Paris,
and took part with Adams, Franklin, and others in ne-
gotiating the treaty of peace between the United Stales
and Great Britain, signed September 3, 1783. Jay re-
turned to New York in July, 1784, and, learnfaig that
Congreaa had already appomted him secretary of toreini
a&irs, then probably the most important omce in me
government, he accepted this poaition in December
following, and discharged Its duties until the election of
Waahbgtoa ss Preudent of the United States in 1789.
Toai ■■ ■ - " ' - •

17S7, Jay onited with Hamilton and Madison In writine
"The Federalist" "No consiilntion of government
•1^ Chancellor Kent "ever received a more mssteriy
and SQCcessiul vindication." Jay contributed greatly
UFwards overcoming the majority against the ConstitntioB
hi the New York convention called to adopt or rejcc>
it in 17SS, [at first the vote stood only eleven for, to
Ibrt^six against it : afterwards thirty for, to twenty^evea
agamtt,) and on tne reoiganiiatioQ of the government
under it in 17S9 he was oOered tn Washington, It t* saiil
the choice of the offices in his gin. He accepted that of
chief justice of the supreme court " His general learn-
ing and ability," *a]« Daniel Webster, " and especially
the pmdence, the mildness, and the firmness of his char-
acter, eminently fitted Mr. Jay to be at tbe head of snch
a court" In 1793 Jay received a majority of the votes
for Governor of New York ; but, on some technical
eroimds, George Clbton, tbe Re[>ablicancandidatej wa*
declared elected. Id writing of this result to his wile, he
said, " A few years will put n* all in the dust ; and then
it will be of more importance to me to have governed
myself than to have governed a State." In 1794 Jay
accepted with retoctance the appointment of special
minister to England to negotiate a settlement of the dl^
ficnlties between the two countries, well knowing that
in the state of public feeling no adjustment that could be
eSeded would give aatisuctioii to all parties. He con-
dnded a treaty on the igth (rf November of the same year.
It provided, aiDonp other things, that pre -revolutionary
debts owed to Btitiib sabject* should be paid by tha
United State*, that tbe British government should indem>
ni^ American* for losses sustained by illegal captmes, et<^
(About f 10,000,000 were afterwards paid on this account)

*. e.1, 8, a, y,/«y' •'i *, 4.»«ne, less prolonged} i, 1, 1, 5, D, y, ihori; », e, j, 9, eiicun; fir, fUl, ttt; mit; nfll; g56di m«&ni

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

My_ ^

TUi treatj waa al once usaUed with tUnoit Dneuinpled
tMence b^ the pirtr favoiiraUe to France. Mob« lighted
bonfiies with it id Ijib prindpal dties, and in Boston Jaj
UmselT wia burned in efflgy. On the other bind, Ham-
ihcn defended the treaty with an abilitr that extorted
■be admiration CTeti of its opponents, and Fisher Ames,
In one of the gr«;iten eSortt of American eloqaence,
dedared that the " treat]' had jostlj raised the character
of the natioQ." It wai Gnallj carried into effect ^ a
vote of fifW-eight to fiftj-one. While Jay was absent
in England, he was elected, without his knowledge or
GODsent, Goremor of New Vorlc, — an office whidi he
hdd for six vears. It was under his adminblraiion that
■laiery in tAat State was aliolisfaed. In writing
*'*~' 'n ITSOt he hsd declared, "Tni i»..i~ ^

fiieod, L

kilo this measnre, [the aboUtion of slaverr,] her pravera
to Hearen be lib^ty will be Impious." ^Te vcub later
(1785) he WBI made president of a aodety in New York
"to prtHDOte the uanomisiloii of alaves." Having do-
dined a re-election at the dose of his secood Kabnna-
tocial term. Jay was otaninated and confirmed by the
Senate to sncceed Oliver Qlswsrth in his former office
ef diief Jnstice of the United States; bat this honour he
abo decUDcd, and for the remainder of his lije resided
OB his estate at Bedibrd, Westchester conniy, New York.
He died Mav 17, iSag^ "In lofty disinterestedness,"
ny* Hildretn, " in nnjrielding integiitv, in snperioritT
to the Uluaions of psssion, no one of the g>^at men irf
the Rerolation approached so near to Washington,**
(as Jay.) Jay was a member of the Episcopal Chorch,
and was a man lA deep religioos as well as earnest moral
fictions 1 the Bible is said to have been his con-
it study. In atatnre he was somewhat less than six
fed in height ; he was well formed, but rather thin, £»ce
colooikaa, with decp-blne eyes, and aqniline nose.

St* a "Ufa of John Jay. wiibSdaaioiu from hiiWriifaip,"lR
!■■ ■OB, ViLUAii Jav, ■ Tok. 1S33 ; Jamu Rotwiac, " Lm* U
Joha in ud Aletaader HubiIuil" iSie: HanT FuNnaaL
*Lin nd-nBH* oftha CUrf Janiea of ih* Uniud Sot^
dUi " Nukiaal Portnil-Gillsy of Diitiiuiiiibad Amenoiu," toL
iL; "NafA ABBiean Rarint" fca Jalj, ilij, ud October, 1833,

TsLjr, (JoBM,) an eminent lawyer, a grandson of the
piecedin^ and s son of Judge William Jjay, was bom in
Hew YoA in iSty. He gradoated at Columbia College
in 1836, Mndiedlaw, and was admitted to the bar in 1839^
He (Sstingnished himself as an opponent of slavery, and
was cODnsel for several fogitive slaves in the courts of

sod from 18S3 to 1888 president of the New York
Stale Civil Service Commission. He was twice chosen
president of the Union League of New York. Died
May 5. 1894.

Jnj, (WiLUAM,) a popular English dissenting minis-
ter and writer, bom at Tisbuiy, Wiltshire, in 1769. He
was the piqiil and protjg^ of the Rev. Comelins Wir ' ~

He began to i^each about the age of sixteen, and be-

— B m 1791 minister of Arf^te Chapel, Bath, where

---■-' — ■■ 'D preach for sixty-lwo yeara. "- —

Cbaracten," (1854,) a "Life of Comchus Winter,"
"Hmninga with Jesus," (18J4,) and "Evenings with
Jcsna," (1854.) Died in December, 1853.

Jay, (WOXIAM,) an American philanthropist, second
■on of Chie^jBStice Jay, was bom in New York in ivSa
He graduated at Yds in 1S07, and on the death of his
fether, in 1839, succeeded to the &umly estate at Bedford.
He Ind ptenoBily, in 1830, been appointed first judge
of Westdester connty, in which office h« was commned
till Mpeneded, in t&^ on account of his anti-staveTy
M. He early entered upon his phUanthropic
t, and eontinoed to exert himself In behalf of
. Jtpetanoe reform, the abolition of slavery, educa-
tWBsl uid ulssionaiy enteTi»iaes, Snnday^chools, tract
aadBSilesocieliea,otc.,fbt the remainder of his life. He
was far several jeai* the president of the American
hace Sode^, and was one of the chief fbnnders oT the
erican Buile Sode^. His prindpal works a
. .- . , ../^ . .. ^^ his Writ „ .
» the Character and

« War and Peace," (1848,) and " A Review of

and Consequences of the Meocao War," (1S49.) Died

at Bedford. New York, in 1S58.

Jay, to, (Gui Michel.) See Lb Jay,

JaTodovn or DjayadeTB, jl-f-oi'v^ a celebrated
Hindu poet, known as theanthorof the " Gita Govinda,"
(" Song of Krishna,") a famous Sanscrit poem in honour
of Krishna. The time and drcomstancea of his lite are
unknown. An Oriental critic refers to Jayadeva as a
poet in the following terms: "Whatever ts delightAil
m the modes of music, . . . whatever is exquisite in
the sweet art of love, whatever is graceful in the strains
of poetry, — all that let the happy and wise Icam from
the sonp of Jayadeva."

Sea UoOB, "HiBdD PulbaoBi" "Aiiaiic Roaivdui^" toL flL

jMcet, xhf si', (Jkan Piebbi Mabie,] a French en-
graver, bom in Paris in 17SS. He perfected the art of
engraving in aquatint, and reproduced the works of
Horace Vemet and other masters. Died in 1871.

Jeaooclia, jiliok, } (Calbb,) a baker of London,
known as the author of the " Vindication of the Moral
Character of the Apostle Paul against the Charges of
Hypocrisy and Insincerity brought by Bolingbroke, Mid-
dleton, and Others," (1765.) Died in 17S6.

JsaAeaon, jiPlft-sn, (John Cobdv,) an English
author, bom at Framlingham, in Suffolk, January la,
1S31. He was educated at Pembroke College, Oxford
where he graduated in iScz. In 1859 he was called to
the bar at the Middle Temple. He has published
" Crewe Rise," (1854.) " The Rapier of Regenl's Park,"
(iSSa,) and a dozen other novels, "Novels and Novel-
ists," (1858,) " A Book about Doctors," (1860,) "A Book
about Lawyers," (1866,) "The Real Lord Byron,"
(1883,) " Lady HamilloQ and Lord Nelson," (1889,)
"Victoria, Queen and Empress," etc. Died in 1901.

Jean OF Fkahck. See John.

Jean Bon Salnt-AiidxA, zhflN bdH slN't&N'dBl',
BaboN, a French revolutionist, bom at Montanban in
1749, He studied theology, and became a Protestant
minister. He was chosen oepat^ to the National Con-
vention in 1791, joined the Jacobins, voted for the dearii
of the king, and was elected one <rf the committee of
public safety. He was appointed prefect of Mayence^
(Mentz.) where he won ^eat esteem by the firmneas, in
tegrity, and wisdom of his adnunistration. Died in 1815,

Jean Jaoqnea. See Rousseau.

Jeaa de Mathn. See John o» Matka, Saint.

Jean de Fails, zhBN de pi're', a French Dominican,
and professor of theology at Paris, wrote " De Regis
Potestate et Pipali," in which he maintained the causa
of King Philip against the pope. Died in 1304.

Jean PanL See Richteb.

Jeanea, jeeni, (Hkhkv,) an English divine, bora at
Allensay, in Somerseuhire, in 1611. He wrote a treatise
on "Abstinence from Evil," one entitled "The Image
Unbroken," {1651,) in defence of Charles L, and a work
in reply lo the " Iconoclastes" of Milton- Died in 166a.

Joanne d'AIbre^ shin dH'bsi', or Joan, Queen of
Narure, born in 151S, was the only child of Henri
d'Albret, King of Navarre, and Marguerite, sister of the
French monarch Frandsl. Her earliest suitor was Philij^
ihe son of Charles V. of Germany; but Francis L opposed
the union, and gave her in mamige to Antoine de Bour-
Ixm, Duke of VendAme, in 1548. Through her husband's
influence she embraced the Calvinistic nilh, caused it to
be introduced into Navarre, and in a short time was re-
dded as one of the chief supporters of Protestantism in

555> with her husband, she succeeded to the sovereignty
I Navarre. Two years later, her husband, having been
ppoinCed lieutenant -general of France, was killed at

tasi; %a»t; \hard: gtMj;a,n,T,gtattiraJ; n.muaJ;

qualities.

S« SBHomu, "Hiitoin it Fraatals ;" Di Taoo, "BWorfs
■ol Tuporis 1" D'AiniaHa,"lUBainai"

K, trillrJ; I as ■; th ss in Alu, (|^-See Explaaatlaii*, p. 33.)

D,g,t,7ed::yC00t^le

JEANNE 13

Jaums d'Aro. See Joan of Ak&

Iwuuie of iraples. Sec Joan of Naplxi.

Joanne of ZTavarra. See Joan op Navakkb.

jeannln, ihf nlH', (PtuiRB,) a French •latetnun and
£plomatiit of high rwuCaCion, bom >i Auton in 154a
He held an office at Dijon in 1571, when a rovil order
came for the tnasucre ot Ihe Prolestants. Although he
wal a lealoiu Catholic, he peranaded the local aulhori-
liea to diiobey ot suipend the execution of the order,
which in i few dap wa* cmmteminded. He alterwardi
became preaident of the Parliament of Dijon. In 1594
he gave hi* adhetion to Henij IVi., who employed him
on important foreign miuioDi. He gained the confidence
cf the king in a high degree. After the death of Henry
IV., (1610,) the qoeen, Marie de H^cii, appointed
Jeannin conlioller of the finances, and omfidecTlo him
the chief direction of affairs. He died in 1613, leaving
"Memoirs of hii Negotialioni," (1656.)

Jeanron, ihtv'ihi*', (Phiuppk Auonm,) a French
painter, bom at Bonloiiiw-aDr-Mer In iSog. Died 1S77.

JeaMin, (Lidj.) emperor of Abyssinia, bora in 1896,
grandson of Menelik, whom he succeeded May 15, 191 1.

Jeanrat, ihS'rf , (Edue StBASnKN,) a French as-
tronomer, born in Paris in 1724, He published in 175a
a valnable " Treatise on Perspective.'^ In 1753 he was
appointed professor of mathematics in the Military School
01 Paris, where he caused an observatory to b« estab-
lished. Among his work* is "Observations on the Solsi
Eclipse of 1793." He became a member of the Inatitata
In 1796. Died in 1S03.

J«bb, (John,) divine and physician, bom at London
in 1736. Having served for a period as paslor, he em-
braced Sodnian views, redgned from (he Church, and
studied and practised medicine. He was much engaged
in political controversy, and earnestly advocated the
American cause during the Revolutionary war. Died
■ . 1786.

Jabb, MoHN,) an Irfah Proteatart Ushop and das-

;hoTar, bom at Drc^heda In 1775, ' '

at Trinity College, Dublin. He publislii

sical sdioTai

c, was educated

1810, an important work o
1* liighlv praitcd by several a
FJaiTniL" u

"Sacred Literature," which

o-j r 4 critics. ." It has the highest

daims," says T. H. Home, " to the attention of every
tiUical student" In 1S33 he was appointed Bishop of
limerick. Among his work* is "Practical Theology,"
(3 vols., 1S30.} Died in 1833.

Jebb, (Sir RicKARDs) Bakt., son of Dr. Samuel Jebb,
noticed below, was bom at Stratford, in Essex, in 1719.
He studied medicine in London, and alterwards at the
University of Leyden, where he obtained the degree of
M.D. He became phyaician-eitraordinaiy to Geoi^
ni. about 1777, and physidan-in-ordiDBry to the Prince
orWalesini7Sa Died in 1787.

Jabb, (RiCHAKD Clatkkkousi,) a British scholar,
bom at Dundee, August 37, 1S41. He was edutaled at
the Charterhouse, and it Trinity College, Cambridge,
where he graduated in 1863 and received a Fellowship.
In 1875 he was made Greek professor in Glauow Univer-
sity, in 1889 regius professor of Greek al Cambridge,
and in 1S91 was elected 10 Parliament for Cimbridge.
Among his works are "The Attic Orators," " Modem
Greece," "Growth and Influence of Classical Greek
Poetry," (1893,) etc. His greatest work is his edition
of Sophocles, (6 vols., 1883-97.) Died in 1905.

Jsbb, (Samuel,) M.D., a noted English phyatdan
and dassical scholar, bom in Nottinghamshire, was an
nnde of John Jebb, M.D., noticed above. He embraced
'he principles of the nonjntots, and became librarian to
the celebrated Jeremy Collier. He edited the " Dialogue
of Jnsrin Martyr with Trypho the Jew, In Greek and
Latin," Ihe "Opus Majus" of Roger Bacon, and several
other works. Died in 1771.

Jea-jeab-hoy', (Sir Jaksk]"",) Bart-, a Parsee mer-
chant, born in Bombay, July 15, 1783. He acquired great
wealth as a merchant, and was disunsuitbed for hu re-
markable benevolence and large charities. He was mule
■ baronet in 1857, and died April is. 1859. His sco, of
the aame name and titles, (born iSii,died July 11, 1877.)
was also distinguished for his charities and public spirit

JEFFERSON

The third baronet of this name was born March 3, tSjl,
and before his succession to the title bore the name of
Hanockiee Curseljee.

JaFflU'-aop, (Josira,) a distingoisbed comedian, bora
in Philadelphia, of a Eunily of actors, February so, 18S9.
In early youth he went upon the stage, and rapidly rose
to a very high rank in his profes^on. In the character
of " Rip Van Winkle " and " Bob Acres," he attained
the greatest celebrity. Died April 33, 1905. — His son
Joseph, born in 1859, is an actorof merit in his father's
and other parts.

JaffsTBOD, (Thomas,) an eminent American atateaman,
and the third Prnident of the United States, wa* born.

ticello. He was the oldest son in a £unily of eight
children. His father, Peter Jeflerson, wa* a man of
great force of character and of eitraordinary physical
strength. His mother, Jane Randolph, of Goochland,
was desocnded from an English family of great respecta-
bility. Young Jefierson began hi* dassical tinaies at
the sge of nine, aiuj at seventeen he entered an advanced
dass at William and Mary CoUmc. On his way thither
he formed the acquaintance of Patrick Henry, who was
then a bankrupt merchant, but who afterwards becama
the great orator of the Revolution. At college Jcfferscm
was distinguished bv his dose application, and devoted,
it is said, from twelve to fifteen hour* a day to study.
He became well versed, we are told, in Latin, Greek,
Italian, French, and Spanish, making at the name tima
a respectable profidency in his mathematical studie*.
After a Eve years' course of law under Juc^ Wytbe,
he was admitted to the bar in 1767. His success in tha
legal profession was remarkable ; his fee* for the firat
year amounted to nearly three thoosand dollars. la
1 769 Jefferson commenced his public career as s member
of the Vi^nla Mouse of Burgesses, in which he had,
while a student of law, listened to Patrick Henry's great
speech on the Stamp Act.

In \JTI he united with Patrick Henry and other pa-
triot* m devising the celebrated committee of corre-
spondence for disseminating intelligence between tha
colonies, of which Jefferson was one of the most activa
and indaeniial members. Elected the next year to a
convention to choose delegates to the first Continental
Congress at Philadelphia, he drew up for their instmc-
tion his lamoiis " Summary View of Ihe Ri^ts of British
America," which, though rejected by the convention a*
bcitig too radical, wa* sabaeqnently issued by the Hotiaa
of Burgesses, and, after aome revision t^ Edmimd Burke,
passed through several editions in Great Britain. Tone
I, 177s, Jefferson reported to the Assembly the reply of
Virginia to Lord North's condliatory proposition, and
on the aist of the same month took bis seat in tha
Continental Congress. His reputation as a statesman
and accomplished writer at once placed him among the
leadeis of that renowned body. He served on the moat
important committees, and, among other labours, drew
up the reply of Congress to the above proposal of Lord
North, and assisted John Dickinson in preparing, in be-
half of the Colonies, a dedaration of the cause of taking
up arms. The rejection of a final petition to the king
having at length destroyed all hope of an honourable
recondliation with Ihe mother-country. Congress, early

made chairman. In this capadty he drafted, at the re-
ouesl of the other members of the committee, (Franklliw
Adams, Sherman, and R. R livingeton,) and reported to
Congress, June 38, (bat great charter of freedom known
a* the " Declaration of American Independence," which,
on Ja1y4, was adopted unanimously, and signed by every
member present except John Dickinson of Pennsylvani&i
It may he donbted if in all history there be recorded ao
important an event, or if a state paper bas ever bean
framed that has exerted, or is destined to eiert, so great
an influenM on the destinies of a large portion of the
human rac& The Dedaration of Independence, saya
Edward Everett, "is eqnal to anything ever born on
— "hment or expressed in the visible signs of thought. "
" writing it,' adds Bancroft

^The heart

^S%

[efferson ii

*,S.I.

u. ?./««■.■!.*. 4. M

i, i, 1,8,6, f, tkert; t, f, 1, 9, eUntrt; llr, fill, Ot; mh, n&t; gOSdi mdO*

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

THOMAS JEFFERSOK.

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JEFFERSON

Congreas, and aUo the appointment of

Assenibty. A State Constitution h>d ptcviouslj been
tdapted, to which he had furnished the pieamble ; and
he now applied himself to a radical revision of the iaws
of the commonwealth, in which he was engaf^d for two

■c^mlDce, and the restoration of the lights of

•dence, — reforms which, he believed, would eradicate
"every fibre of andent or fulnre aristocracy." He also
originaled a complete system of elementary and collegiate
education for Virginia.

In June, 1779, Jefferson succeeded Patrick Henry as
Governor of Virginia, and held the office during the
Boat gloomy period of the Revolution. He declined
* re-election in 1781, assigning as a reason that at thai
critical jancture" the public would have more confidence
in a military chie£" Two days after retiring from office,
his estate at Elk Hill was laid waste, and he and his
family narrowly escaped capture by the enemy. JeSerson
was twice appointed, in conjunction with others, minister-
plenipotentiary to negotiate a treaty of peace with Great
Britain, — vii., in June, 1781, and in November, 1782,—
but was prevented, by circumstances beyond his control,
liom action in either instance. Returned to Congress
in r783, he reported to that body, from a committee of
which he was chairman, the definitive treaty of peace,
(concluded at Paris, September 3, 1783,) aclmowledmng
the independence which had been announced in the De-
claration of July 4, l^^(^. He also proposed, and carried
thriiugh Congress at its nent session, a bill establishing
the present Federal system of coinage, which took the
place of the English pounds, shillings, pence, etc, and
repotted a plan of government for the territory of the
United States. In May following, (17B4,) Congress ap-
pointed him minister-plenipotentiary to act with Frank-
lin and Adams in negotiating treaties of commerce and
imily with foreign powers; and in 1785 he succeeded
Dr. Franklin as resident minister at Paris. It was during
this sojourn in France, which was one of the happiest

which marked
He published, while abroad, his famous "tiotes on Vir-
ginia," relating to politics, commerce, manufactures, etc,
(Palis, 1784,) whiai at once attracted general attention
thro^^hoQt Europe. Having obtained permission to
retom to America, he left Parts in September, 17^ and
reached Virginia soon after the election of Washington
■s first President of the United Slates. The Federal
CoDstitntion, then recently adopted, did not meet with
his approval He declared that he did not know whether
the good or the bad predominated. Subsequently, how-
ever, be thought more fiivourab^r of it In organizing
the government, Washington ofiered him a seat in his
cabinet as secretary of state, which Jefferson accepted.

With Washington's administration began the fierce
struggles between the two great political parties of the
cognlry, the Repnblicans and Federalists, — the former
wider the lead of Jefferson, and the latter under that
of Alexander Hamilton, then secretary of the treasury.
Jeftraon opposed Hamilton's funding system, his United
States bank, and other financial measures ; and when the
war broke out between England and France he was in
favont of aiding the latter with our aims, while Hamilton
advocated the observance of a strict neutrality. These
diBeiencei between the two rival chiefs, which were the
ocoiion of many stormy discussions in the catrinet and
of in almost unexampled political excitement throughout
the country. cdI mi nalcd shortly after (he dismissal of the
Frtnch minister Genesl, (Genet,) and Jefferson resigned
his office, December 31, 1793, and retired to Monticello.
At the dose of Washington's second term be was again
_,i_j !... p„i,]j^ life, as the Presidential candidate of

the higbett noBiber of votes, at
Ml icvording (o a rule then

1^^

thsn._._,

virtue of this office he took his seat, March 4, 1797,
1* president of the Senate. The disputes with France,
ana other difficult questions, rendered the administration
one of extraordinary turbulence. At its close, Jefferson
and Adams were again the respective candidates of the
Republican and Federal parties. In this election the Ke-
publicans triumphed, but cast an equal number of volel
for Jefferson and Aaron Burr, — sevenly-lhree : Adaml
received but sixty-five. As it was necessary that the
person chosen to the first ofEce should have a plarality
of votes, the election, in these circumstances, devolved
upon the House of Representatives, which, on its thirty-
sbth ballot, declared Jefferson President and Burr ViM-
President, their terms of office to commence March 4,
iSol. Jefferson was re -elected in 1804 by an electoral vote
of one hundred and forty-eight to twenty-eight, and in
iSoQretired voluntarily from office, after a prosperous ad-
ministration of eight years. Among the important events
that occurred during his term of office were the purchase
of Louisiana, (1803,) the brilliant victories of our fleets In
the Mediterranean, and peace with Morocco and Tripoli,
in 1803, Lewis and Clark's overland ejmloring expedi-
tioa to the Padlic, sent out by the President in 1804, the
arrest and trial of Aaron fiurr for treason, 1807, and the
attHck, the same year, of the British war-frigate Leopard
on the American frigate Chesapeake, which ledtojefler-
ton'i embargo act and ultimately to the second war with
Great Britain. Washington and Adams had opened Con-
gress with a speech; but JeSerson preferred a written
message, as being more democratic He also initialed
the policy of removing incumbents from office on the
grounds of a difference in political opinioiL After par-
tidpating in the inauguration of bis frtendand successor,

tames Madison, Jefferson retired to Monticello, where
e passed the remainder of his life in attending to hie
private affairs, receiving the numerous calls of friends
--' -"angers, and in the eserdse of a most liberal hoe-
'. In 1S19 he look the chief part in founding the
sily of Vi^nia, at Charlottesville, near Monti-
cello, and acted as its rector till his death, which occurred
on the same day with that of John Adams, July 4, iSafi^
— the fiftieth anniversary of the Declaration of Independ-
ence. The following epitaph, written by himself is
inscribed on his tombstone, a small granite obelisk, M
Monticello: " Here was buried Thomas Jefferson, author
of the Declaration of Independence, of the Statute rf
Virginia for Religious Freedom, and Father of the Uni-
versity of Virginia." As the author of the Declaration of
Independence and the founder of the Republican (Demo-
cratic) party, Jefferson has probably exerted a greater
influence on the institutions of this country than any other
American except Washington. He was regarded as the
very embodiment of democracy. All titles of honour
— even that of Mr. — were distastefiil to him. Dressed
in the plainest apparel, he was as accessible to the
yeoman in his everr-day garments as to a foreign dig-
nitary of state. In his intercourse with others be was
distinguished for his a&bility. His conversation was
fluent, imaginative, various, and eloquent " In Europe,"
wrote the Due de Liancourt, "he would hold a distin-
guished rank among men of letters." His adroitness in
politics and in the management of men has rarely been
surpassed. In religion he was what is denominated ■
free-thinker. "His instincts," says Bancroft, "all in-
clined him to trace every bet to a general law, and to
put bith in ideal truth." Slavery he considered a moral
and political evil, and declared in reference to it that he
"trembled for his country when he remembered that
God is just." His extreme views of State rights to
later life vrcre very much modified, and he owiied that
it was necessary for the general government sometimes
"to show its teeth."

In his prime, Jefferson was six feet two and a half
inches in height, with a sinewy, well-developed frame
angular face, but amiable countenance, and ruddy com-
plexion delicately fair. He had deep-set, light-hazel eyes,
and hair of a reddish chestnut colour, very fine. He
was married in 1771 to Mrs. Martha Skelton, daughter
of John Wales, a distinguished Virginia lawyer. She
brought him a large dowry in lands and slaves, about

»h:^m;%ha'd; tas/V ii,^t„gtattiral; If.itaial; t,tnlUil; ias

in fkii. (|^*See Explanations, p. 11.)

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

JEFFERSON

1378

JEFFREYS

cqaal in valtie b

n propert;; bat hU Uberali^

... „ .. t uid ten gianddiildren stirTived bim. "The
Memoirs, Correspandence, »nd Private PapenafThomu

tefferton," in 4 voli. Svo, edited by hia grandson, Thumaa
Jeffenon Randolph, wa« pabliahed at Charlottcsvitle in
1S39, and repnblUhed in London and Boston the same
year, and in New York in 1B30. In \%tf, his maniacripta
were purchased br Congress, and published under the
title of " The Wntinra of Thomas Jefferson," in 9 vols.
8ro, 1853-55. ^i" "Manual of Parliamentary Practice"
k still m use among legislative bodies in this country.

See, la udditioii to the wcirta linaidT mcnllDiiEd, Hum S. Rah-
BALL,'*LifaafT. Je&noB," 3 nde.. itjS; OKHca Tircsu, "Ljfe
«f Tbomu Jdlcml^" iRjfii S.L. RxTm, " LUe of Ttuxnaf JeF-
ftnoo," 1S141 Thiodou DwiGHT, "Chvscter (i(T. J^enun,"
-*— - ^, Uhk. "LifeefT. JeSEnoB," iSu: Nicholai Biddu^
~ (n T. JeBmen." lin : Gaiiwots, " Pnm Wriun of
. ' DwcKiHOC **Cniqia£e of AimncaB Litomtur*,"
nL L; "EdinbiDili Revirr^ tn- Jalr, iSl°k M>d Oetobv, 1S37.
"Noirdl AoMrian RcTiew" br April, itje, ud Juuuy. iSu;
"WeRnriutB Rerin" fbi Oewbcr, tSia: and an uolltat anidi
« JeflarwiB ia the " New AmericsB CjdopBdii." <bT JOHH B.
Cooca.)

Jaffery or Jeffrey, (John,) an English divine, bora
at Ipswich in 1647. He waa chosen rector of Kirton
and Falkenbam, in Suffolk, in 1687, and waa appointed
Archdeacon of Norwich in 1694. He published the
religions works of Sir Thomas Browne. Dr. Jeffiey was
Strongly opposed to religious controversy. Died in 1 73a
Sm *' IJft of Jeflerr," pr^cd to hie ** SenuooL"
Jeffery or Jeffrey, (Thomas,) an English lUssent-
' n at Exeter about the vear 1700. He

*VBiiii)C7 (n T

• the author of several religious n

nay me

Q which he
"The

True Grounds and Reasons of the Christian Rel:
and "The Divinity of Christ proved from Holy Scrip-
lure." Died about 173S.

Jeffrey, (Francis,) Lord, a distinguished Scottish
critic and essayist, born In Edinburgh on the a3d of Oc-
tober, 1773. He waa sent to the University of Glasgow
in 1787, and removed in 1791 to Queen's College, Ox-
tbrd, where he remained but a few months. In 1794 he
waa admitted an advocate to the Scottish bar, Init for
several years obtained scarcely any practice. About
this time he became a member of the Speculative Soci-
ety of Edinburgh, where he formed the acquaintance of
several young men aHeiwards eminent in the literary
and political world, Amone these were Sydney Smith
and Henry (afterwards Lord) Brougham, with whom he
projected the "Edinburgh Review," the first number
of which was issued in October, i8az. Three numbers
were edited by Smith ; bat upon his removal to London
the entire charge devolved upon Jeffrey, who held the
position of editor for the ensuing twenty-six years. It
was successful (iom the first, and in a short time the
drcnlation had increased to about nine thousand, and
in 1813 it considerably exceeded twelve thousand. As
Jeffrey himself ezprewed it, "it stood on two legs, the
one being the CTitidsm of current literature, the othei
being Whig politics." The commencement of the " Ed-
inburgh Review" formed a new era in English literature,
and completely changed the style of the popular maga-
zines. JeSrtj was the principal conlrlbutor; and his
articlea iti botn politics and crilicism at traded great atten-
tion. Scott, B^ron, Coleridge, Wordsworth, Moor«, and
other distinguished poets oi that period were severely —
sometimes unjustly-— criticised ; l«t most of them after-
wards became warm IHends of the great reviewer. About
1S03 he married his second-cousio. Catherine Wilson,
who died in 1805. In 1813 he married an American lady
in New York, named Charlotte Wilkes. Thoueh Jeffrej'
devoted so much of his time to editorial labours, his
practice as a lawyer greatly increased. In rapidity, flu-
ency, and eloquence be had no equal at the Scottish bar.
Once, while conducting the prosecution of a libel-auit
at Glasgow, he poured forth such a torrent of words that
the opposing counsel declared "that, by calculation with
hi* watch, that man had actually spoken the English
language twice over in three hour*." In i8zo he was
•lened lord rector of the University of Glasgow. Nine
years later he became dean of the faculty <u advocates,
ind tbereupon resigned tbe editorial chair of tlM

"Edinbargh Review." In 183a he was elected to the
first Parliament of William Iv. He continued in Par-
liament (bur years, and held the office of lord advocate
of Scotiand under the administration of Grey. He re-
ceived the appointment to a Scottish Judgeship in 1834,
with the bonorary title of Lord. As a judge he was
highly esteemed ior his conscientiousness and his busi-
ness qualifications. Lord Jeffrey's contributions Co the
"Edinburgh Review" extend over a period of nearly
fifty years, and amount to over three hundred article*.
The greater part of these were published, in 4 voLi., is
1843. Died in January, 185a

See Loud Coohuiiii, " Life of Lord Jdfrcf/' 1 vote., tin !
AmsoHL " Dietlonerir of Audkore ;" "QuutaiT Reriew" (or Jdj,
iSu; "Blediwood'e Mipiiiie" &r Stptember ud Odober, 1I5*:
"Freeei'e Uuuiiie" (er liar, iSjii "Nonta Bridih Rniev" fiie
Mmt, iBwi, esdAuciiM, iSji. Foi u ibli^ ihouh kkdewIuI •even,
lenew at Jelfrn'e ctaancts ee a aide. He inide eotitltd " BritiA
CntiA" publietavl in the eMuDd nlvine of WHima'i " EeHT* ead
RiTieiM.'i New York, 1S49: (it firel appealed in (he " Monh Amm-
iou Beiin" tm Odober, 114;.)

Jef&w, (Rosa Vbrtner,) an American novelist,
born at Natchei, Mississippi, in 1838. Her maiden
name was Griffith, the name Vettnet being that of an
aunt who adopted her. When seventeen years old, she
married a Mr. Johnson, of Lexington, Kentucky, and
after his death married Mr. Alexander Jeffrey. Among
her works are "Poems," (1857,} "Daisy Dare," etc,
(1871,) "Crimson Hand, and other Poems," (1881,) and
the novels "Woodbum" (i86i) and "Marah," (1884.)

Jeffreyi,{Lord Gsorge.) Baron Wem, the in&mooa
minion of James IL, was bom at Acton, in DentHghshlit^
and studied law at the Middle Temple. At first ne pro-
iessed to be a Roundhead, and wis chosen recorder of
London, and dty judge. During bis practice at the Old
Bailey iKir he had acquired a boundless command of the
language in which the depraved express hatred and con-
tempt ; and on the bench he hesitated not to pour forth
torrents of oaths, cnirses, and vituperative epithets on
attorneys, jurymen, witnesses, and prisoners. Age and
merit were treated in the same manner ; for tvhen Baxter
was brought before him, 00 a charge of nonconformity,
he railed in such a manner at that eminent divine and
his counsel that it was impossible to obtain a fair trial.
His voice and manners were always disagreeable ^ but
these, which he considered natural advantages, he had
improved to such a degree that in his paroxysms of rage
few could bear him unmoved. His eye had a terrible
fasctnatiou for tbe prisoner on whom it was fixed. He
appeared to delight in misery merely for its own sake.
Such was the man who became the court bvourile of
Jsmcs and chief justice of England. Je&eys, perceiving
(hat he had ob^ned all that could be expected from
his old friends, sought the favour of the court. He
received great attention fi'om the Duke of York ; but
the king regarded him with contempt and disgust. Not-
withstanding these views, however, Jeffteya was soon
made chief justice of the king's bench. Upon James's
accession to the throne he was raised to Hie peerage,
with the title of Baron Wem, and was subsequently
made lord high chancellor of England. He gained great
notoriety during the trials of those who had participated
in the rebellion of the Duke of Monmouth. Pen can
scarcely portray the atrocities committed under his juris-
dictioTL He delighted in torturing, burning, hanging,
and beheading men, women, and children, after the
merest shams of trials. All these actions appeared to
give great satisfaction to his sovereign. Yet his dcdsiona
are said to have been generally just and impartial where
potitjcal purposes were not to be subserved. When the
Prince ot Orange came to EJigland, the lord chancellor
attempted to escape lo the continent ; but as he was
in a beer-house at Wapping, dressed as a sailor, he
waa discovered by an attorney whom he had formerly
abused. This person gave the information to the popu-
lace, who immediately seized Jeffreys and carried him
before the mayor, fi'om whence he was sent to the
Lords. By them he was committed to the Tower, where
he died in 1689, from tbe effects of his intemperance and
misfotttmes.

See WoOLnoi, "Utugire of (he lifc of C. Jdbm," lUj;
Loan CAHruu, "Line of (he Leid Cbeacdkn," 1R56; Hac-
AULAV. - HbtoiT of tatftufi," vole. L and iL

t. i, 1. 4tu,f,/MVV^i, A, same, leas prolonged; i, i, 1, 6, fi, |F, At^nv f, f, {, q^ (id«iir*; llr, All, &t; mhi D&tj gdSd; n

JEMSHEBD

a Ei^Ui poet, born m North'

imbridge, u
■ed. Amoi

wta adnutted to the bu, but nerer prmctiaecl.

hn piodoctionB were lemral Oagediet, md an ormtoiio,

entitled "The Triiunph of Tnith." Died b 1755.

JaFfrejl, (John Gwvn,) a WeUh natonUiit, bom ■(
Swansea, Jannarr i3, 1809. He became a s<didtor, and
In 1856 wai called to the bar at Lincoln'* Inn, bat retited
from the profeauon in ■86& Hii principal work ia
" Britith Concbologj," (5 vols., 1863-69.) Died in iSSc

JottlM, jef 1t6i, qoHM,) H.D., an American phjd^
daa, bom in BoMonia 1744. He gradnUed at Harrard
in 17631 and took Ida medical dsree at Edinbrnrb. In
the Revolnti<m be tided with tbe British, and became
■argeon-nujoi to tbe TOjral aim; in America. In ij8o
be rcsomed bis profeasitm In London. While making

■ the fiiat wiccessful eiperiment in
an enensiTe scale. He returned to Botton in 1789^
and died in 1819.
JahtD-Oattr or Jatitnglr, Jg-hln'Beer', written also

PjuhHTICnlr, T>j jNha wgtiTr*^ DJaAUk ffliTT, and

DBohehanelr, (Li. the "Conqueror ai the World,")
ooe of the Mogul emperors of Hindoslan, succeeded hla
btber, the neat Akbtr, in 160C Jehangeer left Hemofn
of hta own Uic. He died in IM7. He Inherited nothing
of the abilitj of his fiUher. It wo* during the reign M
(his emperor that the celebrated embassy w Sir Tbomaa
Roe airired from England at the coort of Delhi

SaCoiuii DB Bai, "HiMoin da I'lnd*;" "LoodoD Qaule^
■»iH"farM>nh.>(M.

J»-llo'4'Ju^[HebLininrr; Fr.JoAOUZ.iho'rkti',!
MB of Jebo, ascended the throne A laraei 8j6 B.C, and
R^ncd seventeen veaia.

SwILKhvdifi- i-n.

Jrtioahi^ also called Sholliuii, succeeded Us father
Twiaboa the ttironeof Jadah,and reigned three montha
Died about 610 b.c

JehoMh. SeejoASH.

Jv-b^V^lnL [Heb. Dyin> t Fr. JoACatiL ibo'r-
klN',] wboM name wsi changed b)i Pbaraoh-Necbo
&mn Elialdm, sncceedcd to the tbtone of Jadah 608 B.a,
and reigned eleven jears.

J»-hol'f-klli or Joo-»-iiI'ali was the son of the pre-

cecBn^ whom he succeeded as King of Jodah in 597 B.C.,

and reigned three montlis.

St* II. Kiii(iuiT.; II. ChmudM EonL (-^o,
Ja-tu/rfm or Jo'ram, [Heb. D'^in\] King of Israel,

MM of Ahab, succeeded to the throne 896 B.C He was

killed in bottle I^ Jehu in 884 B-C.

JAorUB or Jonun. son of Jeboahaphat, ascended
the throne of Judah 893 or 891 B.C. Died in SS5 or SS4.

Sa IL KiDfiniL ij-15: IL ClnmidBiiL

Jtt-tMah'a-phat IHeb. DSBnTT; Gr. Ilko^; Fr.
IcKAPHAT, iho'zt'fltM Kingof Jud^asonof Asa, was
ban aboot 950 B.C. He began to reign in 9 14, formed
an alliance with Ahab, King of larael, and reigned
twenty-five yeaia. He had a high reputation for pietj
asd justice.

Stt IL Chinudn iru-iiu.

JVhn, {Heb. KITT,] King of Israel, was an officer in
the anny of King Jehoram, when he was intunted king
br a jroung prophet sent (7 E1ishab8S4B-c He killed
Jehoram, and reigned aboat twenty-eight yeiii.

Jek'fU, (Sir Iosiph,) a diatfaigaished lawyer and
Matesman, bom in Nottinghamshire in 1664. He was
a votninent member of the Whig party during the reign
<■ Queen Anne, and was knighted upon the accession
of Morge L He was afterwards master of the rolls, and
privy comidllor. Died in 1738.

fakvll, (JosKPH,) M.P., a wilty_ English barrister,

bom about 1753, was distinguished by his talent fcM'
qigiam sihI repartee. He ^came solidtor.general to
Ae Prince of Wales in i8o> Died in 1S37.
- - -■^■- •'■•k ed-deen',

pam and repartee. He became solidtor.ge
Prince of Wales in iSot Died in 1837.
riU-«d-I>eeix or Djolal-Bddln, jfh-lll'' e

who succeeded his father, Ala-ed'Decn, m laiS, was re.
Bowncdfor his militaryabilityand enterprise. Hefonghl
niunerons battles against Jengis Khan with various suc-
cess. It is said that he aflenrards abandoned himself to
indolence and pleasare, and when a Mongol army in-
vaded his oqntal he fled, and was killed, in 1331.

JdAl'.«dJ>«an-Roomee, (Jeiai-ed-Dtn-Rfimt 01
IMalal-sd^yn-RoQiiir,} jf h-liKed-deen-roo'me^ oat
of tbe moat eminent Perslam poets, born at Bllkh or
Balkh, in Khonwsln, about laoo. His fttber was a
noted doctor and preacher of the Soofee sect, who set-
tled at Iconlnm, (Konieh,) in Asia Hittor, (called In Aiabie
and Persian Xtom, because it was part of tbe empir*
of Rome.) At hi* death, in 1333, JelU-ed-Deen became
the chiefof the Soofee*. HiB''Mcs'newee" ("Mesnewi")
or " Ifeanevee," (£/. poem with rhyming couplets,} le**
correctly written "Hetsnewee" or ** bfetsnevi," is re-
garded as an eacellent model of tbe mysticsl stylb
"This predous pearl of theocean ofmyaticism depa^ed
from thjs fragile world" in 1373.

Jelt (RiCHAEs WiujAM,) D.D., an Eneliah clergy-
man and author, bom in London in 1798. He graduated
in iSao at Oxford, and became a Fellow of Oriel and a
tutor, was made canon of Christ Church In 1831, was
Bampton lecturer in 1S34, and in that year became prin-
cipal of King's College, London. He wrote several
theolwical works. Died at Oiford, September 19, 1871.

Jell; (WiLUAH Edward,) D.D., a brother of the pre-
ceding, was bom in Gloiicesler in 181 1. He was educated
at Eton, and at Christ Church, Oxford, graduating in
1S33. His "Greek Grammar" (1843-45) added greatly
to his fame. He also edited the "Ethics" of Anstotle.

bd6fslm, JFaANT,) Babon, a

a 46, fought with distinction It
the French Revolution, and n
field-marshal in iSoo. Died in 1810.

Jsllttohloh von Bnalin, von, (Josb?h,) Ban of Cro-
atia, son of the preceding, was bom at Peterwardein in
1801. In the revolution of 1S4S he was appointed Ban,
or coraraander-in-cbiet of the Croat*, and had the prin-
cipal share in the victon of Schwechai, near Vienna,
over tbe Hungarians. He gained several advantage*
over General ^m, but was at length defeated, (1S49,) and
forced to retreat with considerable loss. Died in 1S59.

S» BALUVDm, "Htitoln da liGotm daHoociia."

Jel'Iett. (John Hewitt,) an Irish nuthemsiician,
bom at Casbel, December 35, 1S17. He published
various able malheniBlical treatises. Died in 18S8.

Jellioo, (Admiral Sir John Rushworth,) bom De-
cember 5, 1869. Second Sea Lord of the Adrairally,
1912. With the oulbreak of the European war he be-
came the active commander of the English fleet.

JeUliiak,yet1e-nlk', (ADoU'K,]aUemianphaologbl,
of Jewish extraction, bom in Moravia in t33i, wrote on
the Cabala and on Oriental philology. Died in 1893.

S« Jorr, " Adolpbe Jelbek a I* Kibbala," its'-

Jem or Dj«m, jtm, sometimes called Zldm, a Torklsb
prince, bom in 1459, was a son of Mahomet. II., and
ronngei brother of Bayaieed, (Bajaiet) At the death of
fiis nther he aspired to sovereign power, but was de>
featedinbattlet7Bayaieed,(l48li) Jem became an exile,
ikassed some yeara in France, and died in Italj in 1495.
DJwnlah, jtmlf, [Hindoo pron. jilm'lt,!
1 mo-hlm'mcd,) called Awkkr (or EmIk)
Omka, {i.e. " Prince of the Noble*,") a bmous states-

11 and general, bom near Ispahln. In 1653 heentered
the service of Aurung-Zeb, and was raised to the rank of
firstviiier of the Mogul empire. Having been appcrinled
Viceroy of Bengal, he commanded in 1659 an expedition
against Assam, in which be displayed great talent* and
pmdence. Died In 166$.

Sm ~Nii«Ttna Biii(nphia Ciainit.''

Jemalleflcl or Jemshld, jfm-sheed', written alsa
Djemobyd, DBOhsmsolild, and Jtunabld, an ancient
Persian king, supposed to have ascended the throne
about 800 B.C. lie greatly improved and embcltUhed

tmi; f»»u tMsrdj i»J; a, ti,K,ftiltmrai; n,«iai/; K,iViiVAf,-iasa,'fhaiinMu.

||y~SeeEaplanation^p.a^J

rfnGoOl^lc

JEMSHID

1380

JRNNER

"NguntlLo 0

Ibe citjr of Istakhar, or Persepolis, the ruins of nhtch are
Dov known by the name of Chilminar, (" Forty Pilltrt.")
Tradition aaciibcs lo him the introduction ol ihe solar
fear among ihe Persians,and the invention of tents. He

was delhroned by Zohak, an Aralrian.

Sn Atkinmn. "AbridgnHnl of th( Shlh Nlmth oT Firdliul;"
D'Heikmiut. ■- BiWiCThitim Orimult"

Jemshid or Jsmacbld. See Jemsheed.

Jengls Khan, jJn'gis KJn, (wriKen also Djengnis
Eliati, Dscbeugis Chan, Tcheuguyz Kbui, CblDgla
Khan, and in various uther modes,') a celebraled I'attar
conifueror, born in I r64, was the son of a Mongolian chieC
Having sutxlued a number of Mongol and Tartar tribes,
he caused himseir lo be proclaimed khan of the nation,
and about uio Invaded China, took Peking, (1215,) and
in a tew years gained possession of the northern prov-
inces. In I3|S he marched against Mohammed Koleb-
ed'lJeen, King of Ktiorasmla, whom he defeated, and
afterwards destroyed liokhara, Samatcand, and other
dties. Having subjected Ihe whole of Persia, he gained
a victory over the Kinc of Tangoot, and was proceeding
towards the south of China, when he died in 1337, leaving
the principal part of his empire to his son Oklai. Jengis
Kban is said lo have caused the destruction of five mil-
lions of human beings. He gave a code of laws, which
is still called by his name.

S« Di GuiGHU, " Hiiloire i^n^nlt ds Huv," (tc ; Ptm
~ ■ - '■ , •■Hi.ioiie du gr.nd^ CcnghiKiiii" A. R*>iu*at.

lee Uoldinep Mordi in Kipuchili." 1840 ; AnTuriia

GauuL, " HiHvire d< GntchiKan." iijg; AaooLniiA, "Anniln
Uatlmiieii'- Kaiahiih, "H»tain<k Kuoie."

Jeulcheu or Zeiilchen. yi'ne-K^n, (Gottlob Au-
ot;sT,) a German jurist and bibliographer, born at Leipsic
In 1709; died in 1750.

Jenlacb, Ton, tun ya'nish, (Bbrnkard,) Bakon, a
German Orientalist, born at Vienna in 1743, became
tn 1772 keeper of the Imperial Library, lie pub-
lished " Persian Anthology," (" Anthologia Persica,"
1778,) and a "History of the Early Kings of Persia
after the Establishment of the Mobammejan Religion,"
("Historia priorum Regum Persanim post firmaium in
Regno Islamismum ei Mohamede Hirkhond," 1791.)
Uied in 1B07.

Jenlachlus, yl-nts'Ke-us, (Paul,) a Dutch or Flemish
writer, bom at Antwerp in 155S. He published "Thea-
trum Animarum." Died in 1647.

nak'lil, (KoBEKT,) an English divine, born in the
isle of Thanel in 1656. He was educated at Can-bridge,
and received several prdermenta; but, refusing to take 1
the oaths of allegiance to William and Mary, he was |
deprived of them all. He wrote " The Reasonableness '
of the Christian Religion," (1696,) and several other
works. Died in 1727.

Jenkin or Jenk'jrn, (Wiluah,) an English Purian
minister, bom at Sudbury in 1611. He preached many
years in London, and published an "Eiposiiion of the
Epistle of Jode," (1652,1 which is called an excellent
work. His ministry was highly commended by Baxter.
He died in Newgate prison in 16S5.

Sea J. SHnUAH, " Menalrof WUllun Jnkin," ilM.

nukloB, (Albert G.,| an American general, bom
In Cabell county, Virginia, about iSja He represented
a district, of Virginia in Congress, iSjy^i. He served
inder General I,ce at Gettysburg, July 1-3, 1863, and
was killed at Ihe battle of the Wilderness, ^Iay 5, 1864.

Jeak'tna, (DAvtD,) a Welsh judge, was bom in Gla-
jiorganahire in 1586. After Ihe commencement of the
dvil war he condemned to death several persons who

1645. Having been brought before the House of Com-
mons on a charge of high treason, he refused 10 kneel,
and called the House "a den of ihieve*." He was fined
jflOOO, and imprisoned in Newgate. He was released
about i66a He wrote several legal works. Died in 1667.
S« Wood, "Albinx Oiooioua."

SWiiliin wch form" {like GenKtibaii) u

at McGill College, Montreal, and at Ihe Universit; of
Pennsylvania. He was called to the bar at Lincoln'slnn in
1S64, was agent-general for Canada, 1S74-76, and sat in
Parliament as an " Anti-Republican Liberal" of advanced
social views, 1874-80. Among his works are "Gini's
Baby," "Lord Bantam," "Little Hodge." D. 1910.

jenk'ina, (Hbnrv,) an Englishman, celebraled for
his longevity, bom in Yorkshire in ijoi ; died in 167OL

Jenkins, 0oHN,)an English musician and compc«er.
born at Maidstone in 1593; died in 1678.

JenkUu, (John S.,") an American author, born at
Albany, New York, February ij, 1818. He publisLed,
besides other works, " Lives 01 the Governin's of the
State o( New York," a " Ufe of Silas Wright," and a
" Life of Jackson," (1847.I Died September 30, 1852-

fenklns, (Sir Leoline.) a British civilian and statea-
man, bom in Glamorganshire in 1633. He foughton the
king's side in the civil war, and on the death of Charles
became tutor to several bmilies in Wales. Hewassub-
intlj obliged by Parliament to leave the country.
' the restoration he was chosen principal of Jesua
College, Cambridge. In 1665 he was appointed judge
in the court of admiralty, and in 1673 ambassador tu
Holland. On his return he became secretary of state.
He was twice chosen member of Parliament for Ihe
University of Oxford. His letters and manuscripts, con-
taining valuable diplomatic information, were pttblisbed,
' 1 1 vols., in 1734. Died in 1685.

nnk'in-*9n, (Anthony,) an Englishman, travelled

Russia and Persia about 156a His Adventures were
published by Hakluyt and Purchas.

JSnka, (Benjamin,) an English religious writer, bom
1646, was curate of Kenley and Harley. He wrote
" Prayers and Offices of Devotion," (1697,) and " Medi-
tations 00 Important Subjects," (170I-) Died in 1724.

Jenks, (Edward,) an English historian, bom at
Clapham in 1861. He became connected as lecturer
and professor with Oxford, Cambridge, and other uni-
versities, and published " Constitutional Experiments
of the Commonwealth," (1891,) " Law and Politics in
the Middle Ages," (1897,) etc.

Jenlu, (Tudor,) author, bom at Brooklyn, N. V.,
n 1857. Practised law 18S1-S7, and was on staff of
"5l Nicholas Magarine" 1887-1902. Is the author of
mmerous works, including "In the Days of Chaucer,"
"of Shakspeare," "of Milton," etc., "The Book of
FamousSieges," "When AmericaBecameaNation," etc

JSn'nfr, (Edwakd,) M.D., celebrated for having In-
troduced the practice of vaccination, was bori) at Berke-
ley, in Gloucestershire, England, in 1749. He studied
surgeiy at Sodbury, and afterwards went to London,
where he attended the lectures of the celebrated John
Hunter, with whom he formed an intimate friendship.
He commenced practice at Berkeley, and obtained a
high reputation for skill His attention was G»i called
10 the subject of vaccination by hearing a countrywoman
remark that she could not take the sm^lpoi, because she
had had the cow-pox. Upon investigating the subject,
he ascertained that milkers ftequently caught a disease
froman eruption on 'he cow's udder, and that to such per-
sons it was impossible to communicate the smallpox by
inoculation. Jenner related the drcumslance to several
eminent men in the profession ; but they treated it with
ridicule. By further experiments he clearly demonstrated
the fact that from one of the several eruptions to which
cows were subject, the true cow-pox, as he termed it,
could be propagated to the human body, and then from
one person to another, and that this was a preventive of
the smallpox. After nearly twenty years of experiments,
he published "An Enquiry into Ihe Causes and F.fTects
of the Variol« Vaccina," (1798;) and soon after more
than seventy physicians and surgeons signed a declara-
tion of their entire confidence in Ihe truth of Jenner'a
theory. He was rewarded by Parliament for his dis-
covery by a present of Zlo,ooo in 1803, and a grant of
ji2o,ooo in 1870. Diedio 1823.

See Da. JOHH BuoH," Lifeol Dr. Jeuiier," 1B17: H*.'^ K\.'

■«riN,"Noticihi«oriqin.urlt D«tfurJfiiD«." tlmcy, 181,;
Wah Lor, -' Huld* »d E. JenDcc." RDiicrdim, >Si9.

n prolongedi 1, «, 1,0, B, f, ihcrt; t, f. L 9. W

r; Oi, fill, at; mCt; n0t;it3&d;nn«

Digitized .y Google

/EUTNER I

Jaun«i, (Sir Wiluam.) an English phir5[cian,
bom U Chalhun Id 1815, graduated in London in 1S44.
He became piofeisor of anatomy in University College
in 1848, and professor of clinical medicine tbeie in
1857. He was appointed physician -in-ordinary to the
queen in 1861, and physiciin-in- ordinary 10 the Prince
o( Walei in 1863. He established the difFerence be-
tween typhus and typhoid fevers, and published " Lec-
tures and Essays on Fever and Dipbtheria," (1893.)
He was president of the Royal College of Physicii
■8S1-S8. Died December 11, 189S.

nn'nlngB, (David,) a learned ditaenting minister,
bom in Leicestershire, England, in 1691. lie

tiqaory and virtuoso, _. . . , _ ...

1731. He had a passion for the collection of medals,
antiquities, and works of an, by the purchase of which
he mined ti> fortune^ Died in 1819.
Jwnntnga, (Sakah.) See Marlbobough, Duchess

Jensen, (Adolfh,) a German musician and com'
poser, bcm at KBnigsberg in 1837. He was espe^
dally distinguished as a song-writer. Died in 1879.

Teil*an.(WiLHELM,) a German novelist, born neai
Kiel in 1S37. He studied medicine, and after 1S60
mgaeed in journalism, editing several important news-
papers. His novels are especially noteworthy for their
fine descriptions of the sea. His principal works are
" Lieder aus Frankreich," {1871,) and " Rumen-
stelne." (18S8,) Died November 24, 1911.

JeoMUi, (Ntcoi-As.) See Jansoh.

JCn'fnft, (SoAHE,) a distinguished writer and politi-
cian, bom in London in 1704, was educated at Cam-
bridge. At the age of twenty he married a young lady
of a large fortune, from whom be aoon after separated
He was severjl times elected lo Parliament, and in 1755
was made a lord of trade. In politics he was a Tory,
Kii writings are conspicuous for elegance o^ style, wit,
and discrimination. Among them we may mention " A
Free Inquiry into the Nature and OHnn of Evil," (1 757,)
"View of the Internal Evidence of the Christian Keli-
|ioil,"<l776,) a work which attracted great attention,
and several poetical productions. Died in 1787.

nph's^n, (Robert,) a dramatic writer, and captain
the English army, was bom in Ireland in 1736. He wrote,
besides other works, the tragedies of "Braganza," {1775,)
and "The Count of Narbonne," which were successful,
and a poem entitled " Roman Portraits," (1797.) He
was master of the horse under twelve successive viceroy*
of Ireland. Died in 1S03.

Jepb'tll^ [Hcb. nnQ\] a judge of Israel, aboal

SeaJo^BiLaDdiiL

Jeqaltmlioiilia, Oe, dl zhi'ke-teen.yon'yl, (Fkan-
□sco Gl Acaiba dk MoDtasoma, originally named
FiANcisco Gomes BkandJo Monteanma,) Viscount,

a Brazilian statesman, born at Bahia, March 33, 1794.
In 1808 be became a Franciscan monk, but soon aban-
doned his profession, went to Coimbra, studied medicine
and law, and graduated in 1S1& Banished from Bra^
in 1823, he entered the Senate in 1851. Died in 1870.
S^x'A^n, (William,) a writer and critic, born at
Kelso, ir, Scotland, in 178J. He became a journalist,
and in 1S17 established the "Literary Garelte," which
be edited in an able manner until 1850. He published
an interesting work, entitled " Men 1 have known,"
(1866.) Died in 1869.

ianm, Jertr, or Djeilr, jeh-reeR', [in German,
DscHBKiK,] or, more fully, JeTB«r-Ibn-Ateeyali.At-
rwn>eeinaB> (Attemlcd,) Ib'n I'tee'yjh lt-t(-mee'mee,
muamed Aboo- (AbD-) Hazrah, (I'ba hli'rjl.) a
oelebnucd Arabian poet, who lived at Bassora, (Baiira,)
^Atatx he wa« called El-Basxxb, (or -Basrv.) He

1 JEROME

xcelled in almost every kind of pocti

ory piec

etiT, in l»nenric
t distinguished vat

powers. He died about 73a (or,
according to some authorities, about 700) A.n.

J«T-9-mI'fli. IHeb.7rOT or Vya-\- ; LaL Jereui'as ;
Fr. J4h4mik, ihi'rl'mc'; Ger. Jeremias, yi-ri-mee^;
IL Geremia, jJi-rJimee'l,] a prophet of Judah, who
lived about 600 B.C., was one of the four great propheM
of the Bible. He was the author of the greater part of
the book in the Old Testament which bears his name,
and of all the book of Lamentations. He is called
Jesemv in the New Testament. (Matthew ixviL 9.)
Died about 580 B.C.

Jeremltin was Patriarch of Constantinople in 1571.
The Lutherans sent him a copy of the Confession of
Augsburg, hoping to obtain his approval of it; but, on
the contrary, he condemned it in many of his writinn.

Jfa^mie. SeejEKMiAH.

Jaremle, jir'^-me, (Sir John,) an eloquent lawyer,
born in Guernsey in 1795, at the age of twenty was
admitted lo the bar. In 1824 be was appointed chief
justice of Saint Lucia, in the West Indies. When he GiM
went to that island be was opposed to the abolitioniit*;
but, improving the opportunities which he possessed
of investigating the subject of slavery, he formed very
different views. During the time that he held office in
Saint Lucia he ably enforced the laws for the ameliora-
tion of the condilion of the slaves. On his return to
England, in 1831, he published "FourEssays on Colonial
Slavery," In 1836 he became justice ofthe suprema
court of Ceylon, and fonr years later Governor and Cap-
tain-General of Sierra Leone, where he died in 1841,
He was the author of a " Letter on Negro Emandpttioa
and African Civilization."

Jerlchau, yJR'j-Kfiw, (Jens ADai^,) a Danish sculp-
tor of distinction, was born at Arsens, April 17, iStb;
died at Copeiihacen, July 25, 18S3. His wife, ELIZA-
BETH jERicnAU-lJAilMANN, was Mm at Warsaw, No-
vember 19, 1819, and died at Copenhagen, July It, 1881.
She had a good reputation as a painter.
Jeilr. See Jer

'"'^"^'^"ol

Rise and Fall of Scandinavian Poetry," , ...

Mild Tenour of Christianity," and "The Shakapeare
Gallery," which was praised by Edmund Eurke, Died

J8r-o-bo'ani (Heb. D;'3T1 I, first King of laraeL
was elected king by the ten tribes who had revolted
from Rehoboam, the son of Solomon, 975 B.C. Died
about 954 B.C.

SrI. KingtiL ion.; II. Cbromda ii. to liv.

Jeroboam n, a son of Joash, became King of Israel
n 834 or 825 sc, and reigned forty-one years.

S« II. King. xlL

t^uo,je-rol'i-moi Sp. Geronimo, Hi-ron'e-mo,] Saint,

or, more fully, Btt-ae^I-tts Hi-er-on'JF-mus Bo-pbro'-

dI-iu, one of the most learned of the Latin Fathers of

Church, was born at Stridon, in Dalmatia or in Pan-

library. He neit travelled through Thrace, Pontus, and
Cappadocia, and finally fiaed his residence in Syria. He
snbsequently went to Jerusalem to study Hebrew. Aboat
3S1 he returned to Rome, and became secretary to Pope
" — lasus. Upon the death of that pontiff he removed
monastery at Bethlehem, where iie died in 420 A.IX
A large portion of his writings were of a controversial
character, eihibittng gteat learning, eloquence, and in-
genuity, though too often betraying bigotry, passion, and
bitterness. But the works by which he will ever be
emembered and honoured are a treatise on the " Uvea
nd Writings of the Elder Christian Fathers," "Com-
mentaries on the Prophetical Books of the Old Testa*
menC, the Gospel of Saint Matthew, and several of the
Epistles of Saint Paul," and a translation of the Old and
New Testaments Into Latin, known in the Romiah
Church as the " Vulgate."

S«Eumn;"VIiiDoctori*Hiainriiii,"BllE, i J19 : ScinBia^

*mk:^a»t \hard;k'^i;ii,»,K,giimir«ll».mttal:%,trilltd:%v;t^a\aaM. (17~SeeE:KpIan>tions,p, 33.)

d by Google

138"

JESSEY

itiV vi _

SCTUU di S. Cireliunb" inb., 1S44: Euch imd Giui

J«Tome OF Santa F*, (iln'tl O.) a leirncd Spanish

few, who lived about 1430. His Hebrew name was
asH<7A Larchi. After maldng a careful examinalion
of the prophedes in regard to the Messiah, he was
viticed of the truth of tJhristianity, He wrote a treatise
on the eriora of the Jewish &ith, and another against
the Talmud.

J^Ama de Card!*. See HierohvIiIUS.

JeromeofPragno.ILat.HiERON'ruusPRAGEN'sis,]
otie of the most distinguished followers of John Huss,
was bom in the dtj from whidt he took his SDmatne. He
studied at the Universities of Paris, Heidclbere, and Co-
logne, eadl of which conferred upon him the tiUploma of
D.D. About 14D0 he became acqmimed with John Huss,
whose doctrines he soon after benti to preach with great
effect in Bohemia, Hungary, and Poland. In 141 5, when
Huss was arrested, Jerome prepared to go to Conatatice
to defend him. Being informed, however, of the great
hoMility fell there toward* reputed heretics, he
to Ebcrlingen, and afterwards attempted to rel
Bohemia, but was arrested, and placed in the custody
of the Prince of Salzburg, who sent him in chains to
Constance, where he was thrown into prison and treated
with great cruelty. On a third examination before the
counal, he signed a recantation of the doctrines of Huss
in regard to transubstantiation ; but a few months ader he
bitterly repented of thi», and dcdaied that tear of a cruel
death alone induced him to do it. He was Ihereupou
condemned as a heretic, and sentenced to be bomt oa
the 30th of May, 1416. He suffered with the ^eatest
firmness, serenity, and Christian heroism, and hia death
oscited the highest admiration even in his enemies.

Jorome, (Jkroms Klapka,) an English humourist,
bom at Walsall in 1S59. He was successive!]' clerk,
school-master, actor, and joumatisl, being editor of
"Idler" 1892-97, and of "To-Day" 1893-97. His
first and greatest success as a humourous writer was

- '■'" " ■ « Boat," (1889.) He subse-
rous other works.
u Travkrs,) lawyer, bom at New
iras admitted to the bar in 1884;
t district attotney 18ES-90 ; justice 1895-
1902 ; district attorney 1901-09, gaining a record by his
vigorous prosecutioiis of fraudulent acts.

JSi/r^Id, (Douglas Wiijjaii,) celebrated as a hu-
mourist, a ioumaliat, and a dramatical and satirical
writer, was Dorn in London in 1S03. He was the son
of the manager of Sheemess Theatre, where he imbibed
hb taste for dramatic literature. He was apprenticed
to a printer in London, in which situation he diligently
improved his leisure hours in the study of literature and
the languages. Shalispeare was hia favourite book. His
first production was an essay on the opera of " Der Frei-
■chiitz," which he enclosed anonymously to the editor
by whom he was then employed. The artide was highly
commended, and Jerrold hail the satisfaction of pladng
it in type. Thus encouraged, he wrote "Black-Eyed
Susan,'' (about 1824,) one of the most popular drama*
ever acted on the English stage. This was followed by
seveial other plays of great meriL He afterwards be-
came a contributor to "Punch," the popularity of which
wa> rapidly increased by his satirical and witty produc-
tions. He aI«o edited successively "The Heads of the
People," "The Illaminaied Magaane," "The Shilling
Magaune," and " Lloyd's Weekly." All of these were
very SGCcessfiil, and the last had an immense drculation.
Hany of his writings have been issued in volume form
among which we may mention " Mrs. Caudle's Curtain
Lectures," (new edition, 1S46,] "Chronidea of Clover-
nook," (1846,) "Saint Giles and Saint James," (1851,)
"Prisoner of War," "Time Works Wondeto." (1854,)
■nd the " Bubbles of the Day." Died in 1857.

Jarrold, (Walter Cofeland,) grandson of the

with "Three Mer

quently published nuc

Jerome, (WiL
York in 1859. He w

preceding, was bom at Liverpool io 1865. He became
a journalist, and published biographies of Faraday,
Gladstone, and Holmes, " Electridans and their Mar-
vels," (1*95,) and various other works.

J'enold. (William Blanchard,) a ton of Dou^
las, was bom at London in 1836. He published, be-
sides other works, " A Brage-Beaker with the Swede*,
or Notes from the North," (1853,) "Life of Doiulu
Jerrold,"(:8s9,)"Chronicleaofa Crutch," (i86ot) "Two

of •' IJoyd's Weekly News." Died Miirch 10, 1SS4.

TAmmlem, yi-riK/zl-Km', (Johann Friedrich
WiLHiLH,] a celebrated Protestant ilivine and pulpit
orator, bom at Osnabradc, in Germany, in 1709. He
was appointed in 1740 court preacher to Duke Charles
of Brunswick, and soon after became tutor to his saa.
Prince Charles William. Through hi* infltience tht
Caroline College was established at Brunswick. In 1771

plations on the Prindpal Truths of Religion," (J vols.,
176&-79.) Died in 17S9.

J^r'Tla, UoMN,) Earl of Saint Vincent, and admiral ol
the Britiah fleet, bom at Meafbrd, in Staffordshire, m
1734. He entered the navy when ten yeara old, and in
17W became a post-captain. In 177S he commanded an
eighty-gun ship in Keppel's action against the French,
and in 1782 captured the F^gase,of seventy-fonr guns,

the Mediterranean. He encountered the Spanish fleet
off Cape Saint Vincent in February, 1797, and, thou^
their force was double his own, he gained a complete
victory. For this exploit he received the thanks of both
Houses of Parliament, and a pension of j&ooo, and was
raised to the peerage, with the titles of Earl of Saint Vin-
cent and Baron Jervi>of Meaford. He was appointed
first lord o£ the admiralty in l8ot,and retired bom that
olEce in 1S04. He became admiral of the fleet in iSii.
Died in 1813.

Jdaabel, the French of Jezebel, which see.

Jeal, yi'iee, [Sa»ii;klk,1 an Italian engraver, bom at
Milan about 1789, executed a number of excellent plates,
after Raphael Died in 1853.

Jeald. See Yezeed.

Jlta'ae, (Edward,) an English naturalist and writer.
published, besides other works, "Gleanings in Natural
History," (3 vols., 1831-35,) and " Scene* and Tale* of
Country Ufc,"( 1 844.) Died in 186S.

the Stuarts," (4 vols., 1839-40.) and "Memoir* of the
Ptetenden and thdr Adherents," (1S45.) Died in 1874.
Jes'sel, (Sir George,} an English judge, was bom in
London, of Jewish parents, in 1S34. He was educated
at University College, London, and in 1847 was called to
the bar at Lincoln's Inn. In 1865 he was made a bencher
and Queen's counsel, was sent to Parliament in 1868 as
a Liberal, became solidlor-general in 1S71, was knighted
in 187a, and in r873 was appointed master of the rolls
and sworn of the Privy Coundl. He was regarded a*
the best equity lawyer in Great Britain. Died March 21,

. yfa-ai'ne-Ot, Jorann,] a physician, bon

Hungary in 1566^ was employed by the Emperor of
Germany. In i&ll he was condemned and executed for
having attempted to indte his countrymen to revolt
against the house of Austria.

Jfia'aey, (Henrv,) a learned English divine, bom in
Vorkshirc about 1600. He was ordained after the Epis-
copal fbtrns, and obtained a living. He subsequently
became minister of a Baptist congregation. He coiB-

1,(1.0 S,;,/wv'.'*>t.^*"i>«ile>*praloogedil,<,I,6,)i,]f,ri«r«';t,«,(,o,<4MiDT;aT,flll,at:met;n&l;gAd;n

d by Google

/ESSOPP

1383

JIRECEK

lueiiccd a new translation of the Bible, but, from the
peixccations which he Buffered for his religious belief,
ms unable to finish it. He died in prison in 1663.

Jaa'sopp, (Augustus,) an English author, bora
at Chedrant in 1824. He became rector at S^mJng
in 1879. Hb works include "Arcady, for Better for
Worse," (1887,) "Trials of a Country Parson,"

{1890,) ''Random Roaming," (1S93,) "Frivola,"
1896,5 etc.

J«b'dp, (Mokris Khtchum,) an American philan-
thropist, bom at Weslport, Connecticut, in 1830.
He was very active in reform movements, including
the Five Pomls Mission, the Suppression of Vice, the
Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, the Youn^ Men's
Chiistian Association, etc. He became president of
the Museom of Natural History in iSSi, and presented
it a fioo,ooocollection of native woods. Died 1908,
Jeuna, 1b, l;h zhun, (Jean,) a celebrated French

Ereacher, bom in Franche-Comti in 1591 ; died in 1671.
[is sermons were published in ro vols.
Javhery or OjAvhiiy, jiv^-ree, (Ismaeel-Ibn-
Harn'mad,) an Arabian lexicographer, bom al Farab.
After travel line through various coantrie«, he tettled at
Nishapoor, in Persia, where, in 991), he published one
of the most perfect of Aratnan dictionariea, of which
Goliin made extensive use in hi* " Lexicon Aratncum."
Died about 1005.

JaT'pn, (Thomas,) an Eo^h drunatlc writer and
actor, who died in 16S8, aged about thirty-five.

Jev'9ni, (Frank Bvron,) an English antiquarian
writer, bom in 1858. He became dassical tutor at
Durham University in 1SS3 and was senior proctor
1896-98. He wrote "The Prehistoric Antiquities of
the Aryan Peoples," (1890,) "A Manual of Greek
Antiquities," (1S95,) "An Introduction to the His-
tory of Religion," (1S96,) etc.

JeT'9111, (WuxiAM Stamlxv,) an English economist
and author, bom at Liverpool, Septemb^ i, 183;. He
was a grandson of William Roacoe, the historian. He
waa educated at Univetsity College, London, and grad-
•ated in 1S61 as M.A., after having spent five years as an
officer of the mint at Sydney, Australia. He was, 1866
-76, professor of Iraic and mental and moral philosophy
at Chrens College, Manchester, and in 1S75 became pro-
fessor of politick economy in Univeraily College, London.
Among his works are " Pore l^ic," (1S64,) "The Coal
Question,''{i86j,) '* Elementary Lessons in Logic,"(l870,)
"Theorjrof Political Economy," (1871,) "Logic Primer,"
(1876,) " PoUtical Economy Primer," " Studies in Deduc-
tive L(«ic" (1880.) He was drowned, August 13, 1883.
JMWfU or Jaw'fl, (JoHK,) Bishop (rfSalisbiury, one

- '-■-- "-'icopal Chnrch,bom

_Je studied at Oxford,

sr Uie reign of Edward VI.
be openly avowed ttie Protestant ^th, and assisted Peter
Uartyr in his dispute with the Catholic theologians at
Oxford. After the accession of Mary he fled to Gr-
},) and at Strasbnig again met Martyr, wh(
d on some of his works. When Elizabeth
1 the throne, Jewell returned to England, ant'
■at ordained Bishop of Salisbury in 15^9 or 1560. Ii
thii pooitioii he continued to laboar diligently tor the
advancement of the Protestant religion. He died in
1571, greatly esteemed for his eminent piety and vast
theological knowledfpe. His writings are principalW
of a controverMal nature, and are still highly valuei
The moM important of these is "Apologia Ecclesir
Anglicarue," ("Apology for the Church of England,'
1563,) which is said to have done more for the piomo-
liea of the Reformation than any other work.

Ja-watt, (JoHti Howard,) author, bom at West-
pert, Maine, in 1S63. Engaged in journalism, and has
written many juvenile works, including '' The Bunny
Stories," "Christmas Stocking Stories," eta

Javr'ett, (Sarah Oknb,) an American author, bom
■I Sonth Berwick, Maine, September 3, 1849. She — •-
"Deephaven," (1877,) " Flay-Days," {1878,)
Friends and New," (1879,) "Country Byways" 7l88o,)

S£&',^

"The Mate of the Dayl^t," (lS8j,) el

Jow'ltt, (Llewellvn,) an English author, bom at
Kimberworlh, November £4, 1S16, Among hispublica-
tionsare "The Ceramic Art of Great Britain," {* vols.,
2000 engravings,) "The Stately Homes of England,"
(partly by S. C Hall,) "Mountain, River, Lake, and
Landscape Scenerv of Great Britwn." He died in
T86.

Jewsbnry, (Maria Jane,) an English authoress,
bom in Warwickshire about iSoo. Among her principal
works are "Phantasmagoria, or Sketches of Life and

1833 to the Rev. William Fletcher, she accompanied
n to Indis, where she died in 1833. Her sister,
Geraldine, (1821-89,) ^rote a number of novels.

Jex-BlEtke, (Thomas Wiluam,) D.D., an English

graduating in 1855. He was made principal of Chel-

'am College in 1868, head- master of Rugby in 1874,

was dean of Wells 1S91-1910. Among bis works

" Long Vacation in Continental Picture- Galleries,"

(1858,) "Life by Faith," {187S,) "Higher Religious

Education," (1896,) etc

JBbVWH. (Heb. "larn; Fr. JtsABw, ihi'itTitl',] a
auehlei of Ethbaal, King of the Zidonians. and wile of
ihab, King of Israel She was notorious for her cruelty
and ill bitti. She waa killed by being thrown out of >
window by the order of Jehu.
J«aid at Jesed. See Yezeed.
Jeaxar or Djemsar Ahmed, jlz'sfT &H'mCd,a Pasha
of Acre and Sidon, notorious for his cruelty, was bom
in Bosnia. After being a slave of Ali Bey in Egypt, he

the Three Tails. In 1799 he was defeated by the French,
and shut himself in Saint-Jean-d'Acre, which, with the
aid of Sir Sidney Smith, he saccessfully defended against
Bonaparte. Died in 1S04.

J1ierliig,von, Ton ^'rlng, (Rddolf,) an able Gemuui
iuri3t,baraat Aurich, in East Friesland, August is,i8i&
He was educated at Heidelberg, Munich, and Gottingen.
He held professorships of Roman law inccessively at
Basle, Rostock, Kiel, Giessen, Vienna, and Giittingen.
He published the celebrated "Spirit of the Roman Law,"

has been very frequently translated. Died ii

Jimmn Lenno. a Japanese hero of tradition, who
nquered The islands of Japan and founded the empire
660 B.C., the year 1 of Japanese chronology. He
regarded as the first of the mikados, but hb history {3
chiefly legendary.

JIiia.jin't, (a Sanscrit word sieni^ng "victorious,"!
one of the many names applied^ to Vishnu : also the
name of a celebrated sage, [called also Jaina, ji'n^)
the founder of the sect of Jains or Jainaa. It is also the
title of each of the saints who have been deified by the
Jains. As the Hindoos have no trustworthy annals, it
seems impossible to determine positively the historical
character of the Jaina. They are commonly regarded al
a division or oSshoot of the Booddhists. Thus much ii
certain, that in some of their tenets and customs the
Jains cloeely resemble the Booddhists. They have a
peculiar sacred language (not now in use) called the
f' Jaina Prakrit."

S« Hooa. " Minda PuthiaD," and u auellnt urtide aa Ihi
Jaini, b]> Ma Rhv> Davuk. in the " Ei>cTcloiiEi9i> BmuDia."
Jlraoek, yee'Ret-ehek, (Hermkneoild,) a B(diemi*i-

giech) jurist, brother of Joseph Jirecel^ was born al
ohcnmauth, April 13, tSay. His principal vrorka arc
on Bohemian and Moravian law.

Jlreoek, (Joseph,) a Bohemian (Czech) historian,
bom al Hoheninauih, October 9, 1815. He became con-
nected with the Austrian departments of public instmc-
tion and worship, and did much to develop the recent
renaissance of Slavic literature throughout Anstria-
- •- ' 0 tht

<t'909.

ttJt; qatt; i^iirJ; ^tsj; a,tt,K,ffaltiirai; v, natal; ii,lnilai! i aM M;tbaa in tiit. I^^See Explanations, pl 33.)

db, Google

JIRECEK

Jirecak. (KoNsrANTW Joseph,) a son of Jo .
jirccek, wiu born al Vienna, July 14, 1854, and became
g;enerat lecreurr of (he Bufcarian ministry of public
mitruction. He publwhed a " Bibliogtaphy of Bulgarian
Literalure." (187J,) a ■' History of the Bulgarians," (1876,)
and valuable works on the resources and trade of (be
Balkan peninsula. In igS4 he was appointed professor
of history at Prague.

Jo'fb, [Heb. 2*y,\ chief captain rA the utnia
Israel under King David

Sc« It Sunud iii. i».. t. «iiL, ™, =. i L KIdes iL

Jo'f-ehlm.lltGiOACCHiNO.jo-ak-kee'no.Ian Italian
monk, founded (he monastery of Flora, in Calabria, He
wrote several heretical worts, in which he advanced
the doctrines of tritheism. Died in 1201 or 1207.

Joachim, (George.) See Khcticus.

Joaohim, yo'i-Kim, (Johann Fkieorich,) a German
historian and medallist, ixirn at Halle in 1713. He was
professor of history and law at Halle, and wrote several
works on history and nuraismatics. Died in 1667,

Joachim, (Juseph,) an eminent Hungarian (Jewish)
violinist, composer, and teacher, bom at Kittsee, near
Ptesburg, Tune 18, 1S31. He made his first public ap-
pearance when only seven years of age. HevidtedLon-
doD, and made a lour of the priodpal cities in Germany
Alter 1868 he resided in Berlin as Head of the High
School for Musical Eieculion, attached to the Koyal
Academy of Arts. Died August 15, 1907.

Joaohim Mnrat. See Mi;rat.

JSan or Jo-an'na [Fr. Jkannk, zhtn ; It Gio-
VAHNA, jo-vln'nl] L, 'Queen of Naples, a daughter of
Charles, Duke of Calabria, was bom in 1337. She was
married to Andrew, Prince of Hungary, and in 1343 auc
ceeded hergrandfather, Robert, Kingof Naples. In 1345
Andrew was murdered by conspirators, probably with
the connivance of Joan, who soon after married Prince
Louis of Tarentum. To avence the death of Andrew,
Louis, King of Hungary, invaded Naples and expelled
Joan ftom the kingdom. Havinggaincd the favour of the
pope by ceding Avignon to him, she was restored to the
throne in 13s*. She was married in 1376 to her fourth
husband, Otho of Brunswick, but continued to be child-
less. In 13S1 Naples was invaded by Charles Durazio,
who captured Joan and put her to death in 1381.

GiAKj<oiiii,'"'si^ dviJe jirR^o di Nj^poli:" V. Mi<iwoi'"'H»
loniic Jannc 1, Rcinf dc Napic.," 176.; D. t.rvaLU, " Dtll» prims
■ itWx Kcxnla 6iov>r,r>i. R^cinr di Nipoli." iSu : "NourellE DIo-

JoEUi {or OioTanna) IL, daughter of the Duke of
Durazso, succeeded her brother lldislaui on the throne
of Naples in 1414. She was notorious for her licentious
conduct and the number of her lavourites. She died in
1435, leaving the kingdom in a very unsettled state.

S«D. C«rviLLi."DellipHm»nJelli(«sjniljGionnM,B^iii*
«Nipoli." illji; "Noiivfllc Rioeraphif C.*«<ralc,"

Joan, Pope, supposed by most authorities to be a fabu-
lous character, is placed by several writers in the ninth
century. Having assumed male attire, she went to Rome,
and became so celebrated for her ecclesiastical know-
ledge that upon the death of Leo IV. she was unani-
mously elected pope. She was, however, one day sciaed
with the pains of cnildbirth as she was proceeding to the
Lateran Basilica, and died in the street, after a pontificate
of two years, five months, and four days. She was buried
without honours. Other accounts state that upon the
dlsoivety of the imposture she was stoned to death by the
populace. David Blundel, a Protestant historian, was
the first 10 show this story to be a fiction, although it was
ia circulation as early as the thirteenth century.

St. J. LUKMHT, "HiMloire d. ]> Pipeuc Janni," 1730; S.
Baiing-Gould. "Curiam Milti(a(IhaM>ddliJicB."iWj; D«i/-
UHCii, ■■ P.li.l-Fml«ln," ,»6j.

Joan, Queen of Castile, daughter of Ferdinand and
laabclla the Catholic, was married in 1496 to Philip,
Archduke of Austria. In icooshe gave birth to Prince
Carlos, afterwards Charles V. of Germany. She aoon
titer lost her reason; and when, upon the death of Isa-
bella, she became Queen of Castile, it was necessary that
a regent should be appointed. Died in 1555.

Sh PancoTT. "Hiuorrof FiidiDUduid lia)i«IU;" Uauaha.

84 JOAN

Joan, (Jeanna,) daughter and heiress of lleniy L
lA Navarre, and queen of Philippe le Bel uf France,
was bom in 1171. Upon her marriage with the French
monarch she retained authority over her hereditary do-
minions of Navarre and Champagne. She carried un
a successful war against the Castilians and Aragonese,
assisted her husband in the councils and administration
of affairs in France, established a college in Navarre,
and was a liberal patroness of learning. In 1 197, Count
de Bar having invaded Champagne, the queen marched
aeainst him at the bead of her troops, cut his army in
pieces, and carried him prisoner to Paris. Died in 1305.

Joan d'Albret:. See Jeanne d'Albeet.

JBan of Arc. or Jeanne Dare, zhtn dlEk, sumamed
THE Matd op Orleans, [Fr. La Pt;cBLLB d'OrlAah^
II pii'sil' doRiyON',] the most illostrious of the hero-
ines of history, was born in the hamlet of Dom-Kemy,
in Lorraine, about 141 1. She was the daughter of
poor and religious peasants, who implanted in her heart
at an early age the leeds of that exalted enthusiasm
which subsequently obtained so absolute an ascendenCT
over her character. At this time the rival factions of
the Otl^anists or Armagnaca and the Burgundians deso-
lated France by their wars. The former supported the
claims of Charles VIL ; while the latter had sworn al-
legiance to I^Ieory V. of England. Joan from in£uicj
hul imbibed the principles of the Organists, by whom
she was surrounded. Her devotion to their cause was
increased by the cruelties which she frequently saw the
enemy commit She was untiring in her efforts to re-
lieve the sufferings of the poor around her, and even sold
lier bed and the greater part of her clothing in order to
procuie them supplies. She afterwards stated that as
early as the age 01 thirteen she received commands from
Heaven to go and liberate France. These commands
continued to be repeated ; but her parents endeavoured
to suppress her enthusiasm. She. however, obtained
the assistance of an uncle, who introduced her to De
Baudricourt, the commander of a ndghbouring fortresa,
before whom her voices, as she termed them, had or-
dered her to lay her divine commission. That ofhcer at
first treated her assertions with sconi 1 but finally, on
account of the disasters that his prince had Suffered, he
^ave her the assistance which sne had rei^uested, and
m February. 1429. with a guard of five or sii men, she
Bet out on her journey for Chinon, where Charles then
held his courL At this time his cause appealed to be
almost desperate. Orl<(ans, which was the only place of
importance that remained to him, was closely besieged
hj the English. Joan appeared before him, and declared

him to Rheii

reached her eighteenth year, and possessed a very beau-
tiful countenance and noble form. Charles was convinced
of the truthfulness of her statements, and, notwithstand-
ing the opposition of his ecclesiastics and courtier*,
raised her to the rank of a military commander, and
placed a considerable body of troops at her disposal.
She entered Orleans about the last of April, 1439, with
a convoy of provisions, and in one week raised the siege.
In battle Joan displayed great personal braveir. ^e
subsequently gained the battles of Jargeau and ntay, in
the latter of which the noted Talbot was made prisorier.
Several important cities surrendered to her without resist-
ance ; andm less than three monthsfrom the time that she
received her miliury command, Charles was crowned U
Rhelms. in the cathedral consecrated to the coronation oJF
the French sovereigns. She ihen petitioned the king that
' e might be permitted to return home ; bnt he prevailed
I her to continue in the Brmj. The following spring, M
1 making a sortie against the Burgundtai

uvais and the University of Paris, urgently demanded
execution as a sorceress. The King of Enf;laad
granted their request, and Joan, after a mock-ttial at
Rouen, was condemned to be burnt. On the 31st (^
May, 1431, she was dressed in the garb of the victims of
the Inquisition, and, amidst the clamours of assembled
thousands, conducted to the stake, where, in c slwrt

:, her body was consumed. She died dedaiiac that

I, fc I, a, a, ;, /wy; i, t, A, same, leu prolonged; i, J, I, i, li, y, fitorl; h t, i. Q. •^««'ra,' fir, (III, fl

lit; nAt; g^M; mSIn

db, Google

JOAN 13

ti«r Toicea had not deceived her, and with (he name ol '
Jetm on her lips. Many of those who had most eagerly
Mnighl her death were melted to lean : and even the
ezecationer declared that he had c

perished the Maid of Orleans, uainst whom not the
slightest crime could be proved. If the inspiration which
the received came not from the source to which she
attributed it, it was at least the o&pring of braver*, of
generosity, of pitrioiisra, of those virtaes which nave
raised to immorlalilv so many of the great and good.
In the high-coloured and ealogistic account given of
her by Michclet, he remarks, " She had the goodness of
the ancient marlyts, hul with this difference : the early
Christians remained pure and virtuous only in retiring
frnm the encounter and in separating themselves from
the struggles and temptations of the worid, while she
was benign in the Hercest conflicts, good among the bad,
gentle even in war^ 'into war, thai triumph oithe devil,
she carried the spirit of Heaven.' Thfa tenderness of
heart she bad for all men. She wept after the victories,
and relieved the saflcrings of the wounded English."

Her death stamped indelible infiimy on all the
connected with the war, — on the Burgundians tor de
livering her to her inveterate enemies, on the English
and their French allies for their inhuman cruelty and
thirst for revenge, and on her own prince and party foi
not making a powciful attempt to save her.

SecBii -

K^K^

^rlaFi

;'''h:V

FamiIla,i(cd<Tfiii
>!n a* Jmwh (TAt
in da lonu d'Ar

uu iTAic'
ep diiejAvr Francyi.'* Posen, 1S47; Gum

Joan [Sp. JuAKA, Hoo-ln'ylj Hemlqnea, (En-i

hliX)d.ri _

admiral of that kingdom. In 1444 she was married .
John IL of Aragon, and in I4jagave hEilh to Ferdinand
the Catholic She was a pnncess of great energy of

diaracter and of

0 her advice and assistance many of the
;ohn IL are to be attributed. Died in 1468.

Joasee, Ko-3'nis, or Juanes, Koo-l'nia, (Vincente,)
.in eminent Spanish painter, bom in Valencia in ijaj,
Uudied at Rome, and was regarded as the greatest attisl
of the Valendan school. Died in 1579. Among his
most iropOEiant works may be mentioned Christ after
death bome by the angels, the Saviour vrith the two
propbets, and a Saint Frands.

Joanne*. See John.

Joannes ComDeniia. See Cai.o-Joani«es.

Joannes MaBHlllenaia. See Casstan, (John.)

Joannet, iho'fni', (Claude.) a French liuiraltur,
bom at Dfile in rr:6j died in 17S9.

Joanny, iho^ne', the assumed name of Jkah Bap-
nfTx Bernard Brissebakre, a famous French tragic
actor, born at Dijon in 1775, and who is said to have
been nearly equal to Talma. Uied in 1S49.

JoCo (or Joam) of PoRTun*!. See John.

JoCo o( Joan, lurnamed De Dios or De Dibu. See
Diiu.

Jo'aali llleb. BWl'] or Je-ho'asai, King of Judah,
and ion of Ahaziah. He ascended the throne when
•even years of age, and reigned virtuously forty years.
He was assassinated by his servants in 83S B.C.

5hII. Chrooidaaiii. udED*.! 1 1. King! li ud IJL

Joaab or Jehoaah, King of Israel, succeeded iiis
btber, Jehoahaz, 839 or S40 B.C., and reigned sixteen years.

S«II. Kii«siiiLi II. OuoDidE* m. 17.

Job, [lIeb.3VK; Or. 'liifJ; Arabic, AnfooB, (AiYOUB
or AiYDB,] i'vSib'; Gcr. Hiob, hee'op; IL Giobde,
bb'bl,] a patriarch of Ui, (a country which is believed
By many to be the same as Idumaea,) who ia aapposcd to
kne lived in a very leinote antiquity. One of the most
•oblimc buoks of the Old Testament bears his name and

S5 JODE

gives an account of his life and virtues. By many it has
been thought that Job was an allegorical character; btlt
there appears to be little reason for this supposition.
He is mentioned by the prophet Eiekiel, {xv. 16,) and
by Saint James, (v. 11,) a« a real person. Much con-
troversy has arisen about the age in which he lived, and
the author of the book; bnt both these points remain
unsettled. This work wa* written in Hebrew, with a
mixture of Arabic-
Job or Alyoob, fydSt/, (SoLOMOH,) an Arrican
prince, son of a king of Bondoo, in Senegambia. to
1730 he was sold to the English, who carried him to
Maryland, where he became a slave. His story interested
General Oglethorpe and otherg, who ransomed him and
sent him to England in 1733. He was presented at
court, and attracted much attention. He produced an
interesting geographical account of his native country,
and wrote from memory, it is said, three copies of the
Koran. He returned to Bondoo about 1735.

Jobard, iho'blii', (J. B. A. M.,) a writer on social
economy, bom in Haute-Marne, France, in 1791. He
lived in Belgium. Died in 1861.

Jobb^Duval, xho'bJi' dii'vU', (Armand Marii
FtLix,)a French painter, bom at Carhai^ July 16, iSil.
He went to Paris in 1839, and was a pupil of Paul De-
laroche. He is best knovm hy his refined and delicate
religious pictures and his portraits. Died April 3. 1889.

Jobert, zho'baiK', (Louis,) a French Jesuit and anti-
quary, bom at Paris in 1637. For sorat time he was
a professor of rhetoric in his native d^, and al^erwards
became celebrated as a preacher. Me was the author
of several treatises on medaU. Died in tyiQ.

Jobert de LamballB, aholialR' dfh lON'bll', (AN-
TUiNi Joseph,) an eminent French surgeon, bom at
Lamballe in 1799. He lectured in Paris, and published,
besides other works, a "Treatise on Plastic Surgery,"
("Traits de Chirurgie plastique," a vols., 1849-) He
became surgeon to the emperor in 1S54. Died in 1867.

Jo-oae^ or Jo-oaa'te, [Gr. 'loraimj ; Fr. Jcx:astb,
zholiisf ,) sometimes called Bploaate, the wife of Lain*,
and the mother of CEdipus. According to ttattition, she
was married to CEdipus without knowing who he was,
and hung herself after she discovered the relationship
between then.

Jog'Q-ljFn. (Ada Maria,) an English novelist,
bom at Aldeishot in 1S60. She has written ■' A Big
Stake," (1892,) " A Regular Fraud," {1896,) " Miss
Raybum's Diamonds," (1897,) etc.

Jof'f-l^ (Robert,) Lord, M.P., an English poli.

tidan, born in 1816, visited China about 1840. and pub-
lished " Six Months in China," Died in 1854.

Jo-«ha'Dan or Jo-ha'nan Ben B-U-e'ser, a Jewish
rabbi, born in Palestine about 184 a.d. He compiled
the "Jerusalem Gemara," a part of the Talmud. He It
said to have died in 179 A.D.

Jficber or Joechar, y^K^r, (Christian GoTn.iEB,)
an eminent German scholar and writer, born at I.eipsic
in 1694. He became professor of philosophy and his-
toiy at Leipsic about 1730. His must important work
is a " Universal Dictionary of learned Men," ("Allge-
meines Gelehrlen-Lexikon," 4 vols., 1750-51,) which is
highly esteemed. Supplements have been published by
Adelung and others. Died in 1758.

Joohmoa, yoK'mtis, (Albrecht,) a German general,
bom at Hamburg in 1808. About 1838 he was sent by
Lord Palmcrston to Constantinople to plan a campaign
in Syria. He became general -in -chief of the allied
armies of England and Turkey in December, 184a He
was appointed minister of foreign affairs by the Archduke
John, Vicar of the German empire, in May, 1849, and
resigned in December of that year. Died in 1881.

Jocondtie. See Giocondo, (Giovannl)

Jode, de, d(h yo'd?h, (Arnold,) son ol^ Pieter, Jr.,
noticed below, was bom about 1636. He is said bo
have been inferior to his grandfather and father as an
engraver. WbUe in London, in 1667, he engraved for
Charles I. "Mercury Instructing Cupid," by Correg((ia
Among his other works is "The Infant Jesus embracing
Saint John."

S« Basaic. " DiMkHuiaiR d« Gnnufi."

T-,%hard; ^iij : a,A,t.,gutlural; t>,i%aial; *.,trilltd; Sasi; thaainMii. (f^^SeeEapIl

Gooi^Tc

J ODE 1386

Jode, de, (PlETtR.) » FlemUh engraver, bom in 1570 ;
died in 1634. Among the moat important of his pro-
ductioni majF be mentioned "The Lait JudgmeDt, by
Coiuin, and "JesM Chriit ^nng the Ke;* to Saint
Peter," br Ruben*.

Jode^ de^ (Piirnt or Prrsus,) Jr., •on of the pre-
ceding, ma bom at Antwerp about 1606. He engraved
nnmeroiu piclsre* from Rarien*, Van D^ck, Titian, and
other aitlala. Among hii best worlu 11 "The Visita-
tion of the Virgin," iRer Rubens. Died after 1660.

fodalla, iho'dcl', (Etiennk,) Lord of Lyinodin, born
at Parii in 1 532. He was one of the seven French poets
termed the" Pleiades." He it said to have been the first
id to introduce
s said thai hit
fluencj of composition was so great that on a wager he
composed in one night five hundred Latin vtr«es on a
given subject He died poor in 1573. Hit prindpaJ
production was [be tragedy of "Cleopatra," (1551.)

S« LoilOF«LIJ»,"Pg«a»iii3Po«rTDr Europe ;"Ba via, " Hu-
Mrical ud Crilial Dictiautry ;" Nicbhoii. " Mimoira ;" SaihtI-
Bnv« " PoU* FnnciuE u Huiims Sitdc"

Jo-do'otu (or Jua'ttu) or Ghent, known alto bv
the Italian name of Giurro da GUAirro, a FiemiBti
painter, wlio about 1465-74 painted "The Commnnion
of the Apostles" at Urbma Very little is known about

JOSN

Jo'dnU, (RiCHAKD Paul,) an Bnglli

- - " . i«A Wi

. _ . , leroine," a tt«ged)r,

(1786,) and "Philology of the English Language," (iBao>)
D>ed in 1831.

Joeolier. See Jochik.

Jo**!. [Heb. SW"; G(. lufll,] one of the twelve minor
Hebrew prophets, is supposed to have lived in the reign
of Uaziah, about 81X1-7SOB.C A passage of his propbecj
is quoted In Acts IL 17.

Joerdena. See Jordens.

Jf>l&odtu. See TouFTKOL

JoSre, General, Chief of French General Staff dunog
the European war, 1914, bom 1851. Joined French
army dnrinE Franco-Prussian War of 1870-71. Com-
manded a battery during the siege of Paris ; a ditttn-
guished mathematician.

JoPfrld, an English abbot of Lincolnshire, lived la
the twelfth century. Peter de Blois, a writer of the time
of Henry IL, states that Joffiid was the founder of the
University of Cambridge.

JogtiM, dn«, (Isaac,) a French Jeauit, bom at Or-
Mans in 1607, spent manv years in Canada as a miaaionaiy.
He was killed by the Mohawks in 1646.

Jobann, (princes of Germany.) See John.

Johumoan, iho'f nS', (£lo[,) a French antiquary,
bom near Blois in 1770. He was one of the founder*
of the Academic Celtiqae. Id iSti he became imperial
censor of books. He wrote on botany, Celtic monuments,
and other subject*. Died in 1851.

JohannaBtiB, (Fihnus.) See Joksson, (Fufti.)

Johonnaa, the Latin for John, which see.

Johanuaa Antioahaaiia. Sec John or Ahtioch.

jotiamiaa CUmao&a. See CLtHACua,

jotiuioea Beoimdiu. See Eveiiard, (Jokannbi.)

Jobannot, ahot'no', (Chaklss.) eldest son of Fran-

gts, noticed below, wa* bom at Frankfort about 179a
e wa* a skilful engraver, and produced illuatrations of
the lile of Saint Genevieve of Brabant. Died in 1&15.

Jobannot, (Charles Henri ALFXXDb] an engraver
and painter, second son of Fmncois, noticed below,
was bom at OITenbach in iSol, Died in 1837.
&e"Noimll»"" ■■ '■■ ■ • -

Jobo (Gr.luftn^; Lat Johan'kii; Ft. JEAN.ahfiN :
It Giovanni, jo-vln'nee) the Divina, commonly called
Saint John thi Evanoeuit, with his brother James
was among the first to become a disdple of our Saviour
'hen He commenced hit ministry. John was nude
oe of the twelve apostles ; and hit gentle, loving spirit
appear* to have especially endeared him to his divine
Master. He spoke of himself as " (be disdple whom
Jesus loved." He was with his Master in the garden ol
Gethsemane. When our Saviour wai nailed to the cross.
Ho commended hi* mother lo the care of the beloved
disdple. After the tesutrection and ascension of Jesoa,
Saint John became one of the most prominent of the

Gopagaton of the Christian religion. Syria and Asia
inor were the principal scenes of hi* labours. Wo
are told ^ Tertullian and Saint Jerome that under the
reign of Domitian, by the order of a Roman proconsul,
he was immersed in a caldron of boiling oil, and that in
this terrible ordeal he was miracnlously preserved, so
that he sustained not the slightest injury. After tbil
he was banished lo the isle of Patmos, where he WTOl«
the Apocalypse, ot Revelation. He also wrote thre*
Epistlei, and the Gospel according to Saint John. H«
is supposed to have died at Epheaut bi 99 A.IX, at tb«
age of ninety-four.

In recent yeara there has been a sharp discussion as to
the authorship of Saint John's Go«pel, Orthodox theolo-
'iiia in general, with many Unitarians, like Eira Abbot

id E. H. Sean, assert that Saint John was its author.

Among all the disdplea of Christ, John appears to

that "God is , .

its ftiUesI proof in the great &ct that God gave Hia
Son for the salvation ot the world. (See John iiL 16,
17; and \. Epistle iv. 8. 9, 10.) The soul of "the be-
loved disdple" leem* ever filled with the one theme.
Love, not fear, is to be the motive of obedience :— " If y«
love me, keep my commandment*." The love lo wht<A
he refers is not a mere sentiment, but a living power :—
"Tbit i* the love of God, that we keep hit command-
ments." (See John liv. 15, 31, a3; L Epistle r ■
Sh F. A. Tholuck, ■' "

graver, of French extraction, was born in Hesse-Darm-
atadt, and lived abont 179a He tetlled at Paris with
hi* partner, Charles Andre.

Jobannot, (Tonv,) a painter and wood-engrai
ton of the preceding, was bom at Offenbach in 1S03.
He gained a wide reputation as a designer and engraver
cf vignette! for books. Among the works which he
Ulnstrated are " Weither," the plays of Motiire, " Manon
Letcaut." •Jrframe Paiurot," and "The Vicar of Wake.
Geld." Died in Parit in 1S53.

vdiiioD of «hi^

:, ■' Conunenluv aa tha Ganal at Jsln," Ih
wu DuHliud tato EniSih bf Da. C V
1. iSn ; WaotcKamca, "iBUoAKtiin to th

rc,c

fir..,

Ovpelcif Saial Jidui."G<)lDii«ii. 1806; AtKT, "The Ambonkp
of iha Fourth Guul ;" £. H. Seau, " Tho Fcunh Goapel Uh
Hun of OuUt." All.

Jobn L,sumamed Zmis'cES, IGr. T^/uaiff.J became
Emperor of the East in 969 A.D. He carried on a suc-
cessful war aninst the Rossi, or Rutaian*, and quelled
serious disturbance* in his eastern provinces. He died
of poison, as he was returning to Constantinople, in 97J.
He is said to have been a man of superior talents.

Jobn HI., of the fiunily of Ducas, sumamed Vatat'-
ZES, bom in Thrace in 1 193, succeeded hia father-in-law,
Theodore Lascaris, in IKII, as Emperor of the East
Constantinople being then in possession of the Latins,
lohn fixed his capilJ at Nic^a, in Bith^nia. ' '

besieged Conatantinoi

ever, reconquered all tl .

the Greek Empire which had been taken by the L
John was a liberal patron of the useful arts, and did much
to promiite the welfare of his subjects. Died in 1:55.

Jobn IV. (Laa'oaiia) succeeded his lather Theodore
as Emperor of the East in H59, when he was aged bat
six years. He was deprived of the crown in ti6i by
Michael Palzologus, who put out bis nes and im-
prisoned him during the remainder of hi* life.

Jobn V. See Cantacuiknus.

Jobn VL, (Faleaol'ogna,) bom in 13^2, was a aon ot
Andronicus, whom he succeeded on the imperial throne
of Constantinople in 1341. He was afterwards impris-
oned by one of hit sons- During these intestine troubles
the Turks attacked the capital, and forced John to con-
clude a disgraceful treaty. He left the throne to hia son
Manuel. Died in 1391.

Jobn VH (Palaaologtu) succeeded his bther Man-
uel on the throne of Conttantbople in 1425. Being
unable to oppose the Turkish invaders, he aought the
' the Latins ; and, in order to cement tha

I, {, 1, 0, D, T, /ivV''' L t, ^ tame, leaa prolonged^ i, <!, I, «, fi, y, /AcW; a, t, i, 9, K^iwv; fir, fill, fit; mit; n(lt i gS6di m

Digitized by VjOOQ I C

JOHN r;

nuOQ, he formed a recondlUtion ttebreen the EMteni
and We»tera Chnrches, which, however, luted but ■
•koit period. Died in 1448. Me wa« sncceeded by bit
bcother, Conatantine XI 1 1.

Sm Lb Bkau, " HiOttn dn Bu'Kmpira."
John [Sp.jDAN.Hoo-3ii'}L,soDorPete[(Fedro)IV.,
wa> bom in 1350, and ascended the throne of Aragon b
1387. Died in 1395.

John (Joan) XL, King of Angon and Navarre, bora
h 1397, *" °** °^ the oraveat and most enterpriiing

1 of Queen Blan
d Ijy his brother

FcnHnuid tlie Catholic He becune King of Aragc
145S. He carried on long and Buccessfijl wars BgBJnst
Heniy IV. of Caatile and Lonil XL of France. He also
•ap^naed a fbnnidable ret^ellion of the Catalana. Died
101479.

John (Juan) L, Xing of Castile and Leon, wa* boin
in 1358. He aacceeded hia bther Henry (Henrique) II.
in 13791 He aubsequeativ invaded Portugal, bat met
with a total deieat at Aljnbarota in Angust, 13E5. Died

two vcars later. He carried on sanxssful wan against
the Rings of Aragon and Navarre and the Moois of
Granada. By tiis first wife, Maria of Aragon, he left
diree children, one of whom succeeded bim aa Henry
(Henrk|M) IV. ^ his second qoeen, Isabella, be had a
oaD^kter, afterwards illustrious as Isabella the Catholic
Thoo^ a feeble sovereign, he waa a liberal patron of
leamn^ and his Teigu waa distinguished for the revival
«r literature in Castfle. Died in 1454.

Jobll (Hum, bins) L at Dbnmakk and IL of
SWBDDt, son of Christian I.,ortbe house of Oldenburg,
born in 1455> ascended the throne in 14S1. About the
lear tsootKe Swedes rebelled against him because he
n^ ganiaoned the fortresses wiUi Danish and German
troops. He waa finally obliged to resign all claims to the
5we<fiBh crown. Diedinisi3.

John, King of England, sumamed Sanstbub,(" Lack-
land,'^ Ute youngest son of Henry II. by his queen, Elea-
nor of Gnienne, was bom at Oxiord in 116& The king
•I first created bim Earl of Montague, in Normandy, and
in 117S made bim Lord of Irelano. In 11S9 he married
the <BngbteT and sole heiress of William, Earl of Glou-
cester. The same year be was a confederate io the
rebdliOD of his brother Richard. On the accession of
the latter to the throne he gave John several earldoms,
indoding about one-third (n the kingdom. Soon after
Richard^ departure on the crusade for the Holy Land,

Aithu'.DukeofBreti^e.whom Richard had lecognized
as hb heir. When John waa informed of his brother's
anprisanment in Germany, he immediately attempted to
asnip the thnme, but was kept in check by the loyalty
\i the nobles. On the king's return to England, in
" - - - - - -"■■ . ,^pj]]ed

p the thnme, but was kept jr
he nobles. On the
1194, he deprived John oj

[he king'

D to make a humble submission. Richard di

nance in 1 199, leaving his kingdom to John, who was
dkcn with him. That prince hastened to establish his
anihority in Normandy and his other dominions, and
•as crowned at Westminster in May, 1 199. In iloi he
•teained a divorce from his wife, and married Isabella
of Angonlfme. Philip Augustus of France espoused
the cause of Arthur, who commenced hostilities againsi
J(*n and gained several victories, but was subsequently
taken prisoner by his uncle and conveyed to Rouen.
Nothing further waa heard from him ; but the probability
h that he was murdered. The war afterwards went
(Btirefy against the King of England, who in the course
«( two years lost the greater part of hia continental

right to apptnni the Archbishop of Canterbury, that u
being then vacant The pope eicommnnicaied him an>i
laid the kingdom under an interdict, (1108.) John, how-
ever, paid no attention to the thunders of the Vatican,
but imprisoned or banished the bishops and clergy who
obeyed the pope's orders. Meanwhile he reduced lie-
wellyn. a Welsh prince, to subjection, and suppressed a
rebellion In Ireland. Finallj Uie ^pe, havinE formally
deposed him and absolved his sobjects fiom their oath*
of allegiance, instigated the French Idng to invade Eng-
land. John, perceiving his danger, made an abject sub-
mission to the papal l^ate, and resigned to him the
kingdoms of England and Ireland, [1313.) Philip wai
then forbidden to prosecute his enterprise. For a long
time John's tyranny had excited the hatred of his barons.
This was increised by Langton, Archbishop of Canter-
bury, who, presenting Ihem with the charter of Henry L,
exhorted them to obtain the liberties theiein granted. A
numerous body of barons solemnly swore to regain their
rights or to levy an unceasing war on the king. King
John, being supported by the pope, scornfully refiued 'o
make any concessions to the barons, who raised a power-
ful force and marched to London, where the citizens
gladly received them. On the 15th of June, 1315, John

he done this before he induced the pope to absolve him
from these obligations and to excommunicate seveial
of his opponents. He also brought into England large
bodies of ffu-eign troops, and gained several victories
over the barons. The latter then chose Louis, Dauphin
of France, aa their king. This prince landed at Sand-
wich io May, iai6. John would probably have been
successful, (for dissensions were already breaking out in
the camp of Louis,) had he not been carried off by a
fever in October of that year. John has left one of the
darkest names in the history of the English kings. He
was extremely cruel, fickle, and licentious, without a
redeeming virtue. He had, by his queen Isabella, five
children, the eldest of whom succeeded him as Henry
IIL The second, Richard, was elected King of the
Romans in 1357.

e Htwa. "Hiilocy of Envliind;" Hillau,
ryof EiwlKid;" JossfH BaitiiiGTOii, "Hiili
f Richim I. and John, hia Sopt," 1790^ Lit

7 II.

John (Fr. Iban, ittAN] X, a posthumous son of Louis
X., King of nance, was born in 1316. Though he lived
but eight days, he is recorded among the French mon-

S« N. na Uonneaqui, "Diwerutwn hiitorique lur Jeu I.
Roi it Fnn«,"iS««.

John (Jenn) IL, sumamed lb Bon, ascended the
throne of France upon the death of his father, Philip
of Valots, in 135a Charles, King of Navarre, having ac-
cepted an invitation to meet John at Rouen, was there
imprisoned, and several of his lords put to death. The
people of Navarre applied to England for assistance, and
Edward the Black Prince invaded Prance at the head of an
army. John marched against him with 60,000 men, was
defeated andmadeprisoner at the battleof Poitiers, fonght
in 1356, and conducted to London, where he was received
with great honour by Edward III. While he remained
in Etigland a civil war broke out in France with the peas-
antiy, known in history by the name of " La Jacquerie."
In this revolt the castles of the nobility were plundered
and burnt and the inmates massacred. These ravages
continued for two years, until the dauphin, assisted by
several powerAil lords, defeated the peasants, patting
thousands of them to the sword. In 1360, peace having
been concluded between France and England, John re-
turned to his capital ; but, finding mach opposition made
by the nobles to the conditions of the treaty, be ^ain

^-txA, to confer with King Edwaro.

n after taken ill, and died in London in 1364.
^e Sismohui, "Hiuoin dei F
" UicnLcr, "BiitciTTi da F:

Hew

. , .. .. . ' Hnnii Uahtir, "

John L OF Navaiu. See Johb IL OP Francs. .

John n. OP Navaikk. See JoHH IL OP Araoom.

• »• *,- 5 as /; i AwV; J ••/; O, H, E,/i«»<r«/; N, now/; «, frw^- i as « ;

l^^~See ExplanatiouB, PL

.-„,Goog

IK

JOHN

1388

JOHN

b« <^uclled a powerful conspiracy fbimed a^ng
by hia nobles. He encouraged the spirit oietite

John HL OP Navakri, at Joan d'AJbrs^ zhBH
JII'bRl', be^ to rdgn in 1494. In 1513 Ferdinand
the Catholic invaded NaTarre and drove John from the
throne. IMed in 1516,

John L, King ai Poland, a ton of Ca*iniir IV., waj
boro in 1459, and succeeded his father rn 1492. I(i
waced war ^nsl the Tartan and Turks. Diedini;oi

John n. or Polakd. See CASiwrK V.

John m OP Poland. See Sobteski.

JohnlPort. JoXoorJoAM,zho-d»N')L,sumamedTHi
Grkat, King of Portngal, the naturaf «on of Peter I.
was born in 1157. On the death of hts brother F-rdi
nand, in 1385, he assumed the regal power in oppoaitior
to the right) of Ferdinand's daughter Beatrix, who hai
married John I., King of Cistiie. This ted to a war will
Spain, in which the Ponuguese monarch gained seveta
important victories and lirmlifestablished his power. Hi
subsequently carried on a successKil war against (he
Moors of Africa. Dnring his reign the Portuguese cot
meiiced those maritime expeditions which soon aft
rendered them so celebrated. Under the command of
his son, Prince Henry, they diseorered Madeira, the
Canaries, the Azores, and several places on the western
coast of Africa. Died in t433.

S« La CLtD^ "Hiiioin itirfnla it fvtBffif Piihaiiixi
LoKi,"CliTDiiica dd Re^ Jala I.," j nlL, 16441 HawixlMom-
tm-tra, "Jomnet Vam^im Kige*," 1741

John (Joio) H, King of Portugal, surnamed THf
PiBPEcr, son of Alfonso V., was bom in 1455, ""^
ascended the throne in 1481. At the age of siiteen
years he fonghl against the African Moors and took Ar-
lile and Tanglers, and live years later gained the battle
of Toro over the Castilians. Soon after his
f fbimed
e spirit of etiterpr
among the Portuguese.and fitted out a squadron destined
for the East Indies and the Eastern Seaa. Died in 1495.

^» VAVOHCttUB, ■■ Vi J« J AcdonB del Rty Don JuM 1 1 '■
16U, (iniulalEd iniD Fmdi. 1641 ;) DahiAo di Gois, " Chroi
do FnncijK Dom Jaao Rey," He, 15671 "Mouvellt Bi<!(n[

John (Joto) m. King of PortOEal, born in ijoi,
succeeded his father, Emanuel the Great, in i;ai. In

y,34 he married Catherine of Austria, to whose brother,
harles V., he gave his sister Isabella in marriage. He
colonized Brazil, and sent to the Eastern Seas a fleet,
by which Japan was discovered. He established the
Inquisition in Portugal and its colonies. Died in I j57.

John (JoSo) rv, surnamed Tin Fortunate, cnief
of the dynasty of Bragania, was bom in 16C4, He threw
off the authority of bpain, to which Portugal bad been
subjected since the days of Philip II., andliecame king
In 1640. He enacted many wise and beneficial laws, and
died, greatly regretted by Ihe nation, in i6j6.

Su VirroT, " Hiiwirg dn R^volutiDiii in, Pomigil," i6»«,

John (Jofio) V, King of Portugal, bom in 16S9, suc-
ceeded his father, Peter 11., in 1707. Hejoined the allies
against France and Spain about 1703. After the peace
of Utrecht (171^) he devoted his time to the encourage-
ment of education and commerce. Died in lyja

S«"Vidii, Siicceuait FillcdnMiito da Rcr Jola V.." Liibu.
17J11; FMDimm. Dkwis, "Portugal."

John (JoSo) VI. of Portugal, was bom in 1769, and
was appointed Regent of Portugal in 1793 on account of
Ihe derangement of his mother, Maria I., who was then
queen-regnanL In 1807, when the French invaded
Portugal, he sailed to Brazil, where he received the title
of emperor. He returned in 1S11, soon after which the
Braiilians revolted and declared themselves independent.
Died in 1816.

Se< " HiHirirt di lean VI, Roi da Poctuiil," 1)17: "Nounllc
Biognphie »<i<nle.''

John, KiKO OP Scotland. See Baliol.

John OF Russia. See Ivan.

John (Johan. yo'hln) I, King of Sweden, the list
of the dynasty of bverlier, succeeded Eric in 1116. He
was very active in establishing Christianity. Died in lazi.

John n. OP SwEDFN. See John I. op Denmakk.

Joba TIT, King of Sweden, the second son of Gus-
tavus Vasa, was born in 1^37, He married Catherine
Jagellon, daughter of Sigismund, King of Poland. In
1560 he' visited Sngland, to negotiate a marriaf^ between

his elder brother Eric and Queen Elizabeth, in which he
was tinsuccessfuL In 156S he depuaed EricarKl ascended
the throne in hil stead. Inttuenced by his qaeen, ho
attempted to re-establish the Catholic religion, but was
effectually resisted by his brother Charlc*, Duke of

Sudf

at the head of the Protestants. Died

John, King, or Emperor, of Abysunia, was known as
Prince Kassai or Kasa, (LJi Kassa,) and was Under-
Governor of Adowa. la 1&S7 the Emperor Theodore
made him one of the kings of Tigr^. In 1S68 he as-
aisled the English in their march against Theodore, after
whose fall John received from the conqnerora lar^e
amounts of milituy stores. Civil «rar« followed, but m
1871 John was crowned at Axootn. In 1S76 he repelled
an Egyptian invasion, and in 1S79 he received the alle-
giance of Meniiek, King of Shoa. Died March 13, 1S89.

jobn (Joan) L, Duke of Bretagne, was born in 1317.
Having attempted to check the papal encioachmenta,
the pope excommunicated him, and he was obliged to
E'l to Rome lo obtain absolution. Died in 1184-

He

from whom he ri

[Mi-

le of Count of KichemonL

John IV, Duke of Bret^ne, known as Jbah Iw
MoNTPOKT, half-brother of the preceding, was born in
1393. John (Jean) IIL, having no children, willed the
dukedom to Charles de Bloii ; bat Jean de Hontlbit, re-
garded by many as the legitimate heir, soon reduced aU
the towns and provinces to his subjection, and went to
Englandto render homage to King Edward for his estates.
On his return he was summoned before Ihe court of peers
to prove his claims to Bretagne. The peers decided
against him, and he raised an army to defend bis righla,
but was shortly after taken prisoner by Ihe Duke of Nor<
raandy and confined in Ihe tower of Louvre at Paris.
In the mean time the war was carried on with energy
by his duchess, Jeanne of Flanders. At the expiration
of nearly four years, John escaped, disguised as a mer-
chant He died soon after, in 1345.

5« Daid. "Hiuoin da BretwniB."

John (Jean) V, (or John IV, according to some
authorities,) Duke of Bret^;ne, born in 133S, v

son of Ihe r ""~~ "" '-^ " — " "'""

of Edward I

his competit

obtainea possession of Bretagne. He afterwards fought

for the English against the French, who drove him out

of Bretagne about 1374 ; bul he was soon restored. Died

'ni399-

Sh Siuiohdi, "Hkli^re da Fnn^ii."

John (Jean) VX, son of the preceding, became Duks
of Bretagne in 1399, when he was ten years of age. He
carried on a war against the Count of Penthiivre and
the Duke of Burgundy, and afterwards joined Ihe Eng-
lish under the Duke of Bedford against France^ Died
in 1443.

John, surnamed THK Fearless, [Fr. Jkan Sans Pstiii,
ihflH sCn pUK,] Duke of Burgundy, born at Dikm in
1371, was the eldest son of Philip the Bold. At the age
of twenty-five he assisted Sigismund, King of Hungary,
against the Turks, by whom he was made prisoner at the
battle of Nicopolis. When taken before the Sultan Baya-
zced, (Bajazel,) he evinced so much courage that that
sovereign gave him his liberty and the surname of SanS
P»UR, (the '• Fearlesa-'T Afier his return to France he
was engaged in fighting the English and in political in- -
irigues at the French court. He was appointed guardian
ofthe dauphin of France in 1406. He caused the assas-
sination of his rival, Ihe Duke of Orleans, in l^^, and
obtained almost unlimited power in the kiivdom. Ha
was murdered in 1419, at the instigation of the 1'
of Charles VI.

Lj.I,S,B,f,/dHf,'l,t,6,Same, leas prolonged; i, e,f,d,ii,|r,iiiT^'», «, j,9,<i£»i>fv; flr,llll, fltimCl;ubligdod, m^aoi

,hJ::, Cookie

JOHN 13

John, [Ger. JoHANN, yo'hin,] sumamed thb Con-
(TANT, a ton of the E1«cloi Ernest, was bom in 1467,
H»d became Eleclor of Suony in 1515. He was a ecbIuus
defender of the Frotesiani faith, and in 1530 caused the
Confession of Augsburg tu be piodaimed in the Diel
assembled at that city. Died in 1531.

S« Eboi nndGsuui, "AJlEinwint EnerUa|iuili&"
John [Lat. Johah'nes; Fr. Tun, ihON; IL Gio-
▼AJf Ni, jo-vln'neej X, a natire of Tuscan;, wai raised to
the Roman see upon the death al llarmisdaB, in uj.
He wM sent on an embassy lo Constantinople by King
Tbeodoric to obtain taleraiion far the Arians ; and on
his return, having displeased that morutrdi, he was
thrown into prison, where he died in 51&

John H, sumamed Mbicukius, was a native of
Rome, and succeeded Bonibce IL in 531 or 533, Died

Jobn IV, a Dalmatian, sncceeded Severinns in 640.
Hecondemnedthe doctrines of theHonothelites and the
edict of the emperor Heradins, called "The Ejcpomtion
of Faith," which was issued in their defence. Died in
643, and was sncceeded by Theodoras.

John V, a native of Antioch, in Syria, was chosen
pope on the death of Benedict IL, in 685, and died in
6S7. Conon succeeded him.

JohnVXiaGreek, succeeded Sergius I. in 701. During
his pontificate Wilfred, Archbishop of Vork, was tried
and acquitted of the charges preferred by the English
dergy. Died in 70;.

Jotan Vn, a native of Greece, was efecled saccessor
b> the preceding. Died in 707. Sisiniiiw succeeded

John VIUL, (called John IZ. by those who admit the
trath of Pope Joan's history,) was a native of Rome, and
mccceded Adrian IL in 872. He crowned the emperor
Charles the Bald, and afterwards Charles le Gros. He
MnfiriDed Fhodus Patriarch of Constantinople. In 878
the Saracens invaded Italy and compelled him to gKiy
Iribvte. Died in 883. He was succeeded by Martin II.

Su AiTTiiuB DC UoHToa, " HiRoitt del HHimmiii Pootifaft"

John IZ, an Italian, became pope in S9S, after the
death of Theodore II. Died about 90a

John X.was elected in9i5,throneh the influence ofhis
■Mistress Theodora, as successor to Lando. He crowned
BercngariuB as emperor. Subsequently, with the assist-
ance <H this sovereign, he marched against the Saracens,
who had invaded Ualy, defeated them, and drove Ihem
from the country. At this time Guido, Duke of Tus-
cany, with his wife, the in&mous Marozia, possessed
great power in Rome John, having oflcnded them, wu
seiied in his [ralacc by their soldiers and put in prison,
where he is said to have been killed in 928.

John XL, elected pope in 931, was the ion of Maro-
zia, as some suppose, t^ Pope Sergius IIL Alberico,
another son o( Maroiia, raised a revolt against his
notber, whom he imprisoned with John in the castle
of Suit' Angela The latter died about 936, and was
succeeded by Leo VIL

John '»'" ion of Alberioo, was elected successor to
Agapetns I L in 956, when he was but eighteen years old.
lie tJianged his name from Octavianus. Four years
later be crowned Otho I. Emperor of Germany and
King of Italy. Subscquenlty he becaroe so nolorioas for
bis (^tpression and licentiousness that Otho returned to
Rome in 963 and caused John to be deposed and Leo
VIIL to be chosen in his place. But, as so«i as Otho
led Italy, John entered Rome at the head of a powerful
party, drove out Leo, and committed great atrocities.
He died in 964. One of his mistresses, named Joan,
exercised much influence at Rome during his pontiticats ;
and it has been sivgested that this may have given rise
to the story of " P^>e J9an.''

S« BABHitiirt, "Anula."

John Jt " ' , Bishop of Kami, was raised to the papal
sec in 965 by the influence of the emperor Otho I. The
Romans, however, being opposed to this election, im-
insooed John. Otho marched lo Rome, liberated him,
and hanged aeveral of his opponents. John crowned
tasi: f asi; %iard; J;as/,'Cl,lt, ^guttur^; s,iiatal;tL,triIled; lass; th aa'attkit, (I^^See Explanations, p. 3V

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

(9 JOHN

Otho IL, son of Otho I., as emperor. Died in 971, and
was succeeded by Benedict VL

John ZIV, Bishop of Pavia, was raised to the papal
see, as successor to Benedict VII., about 084. After a
pontiflcate of nine months, he was deposed t^ Bonifiice
Vu. and put in prison, where he it inpposed to hate
been poisoned in gS J.

John XT., elected successor to John XIV., died a few
days after^Bv some he is left out of the order of popes,

John ZVl, a native of Rome, became pope about
9S6. During his pontificate, a patridan, named Cres-

Ihority by the emperor Otho. Died in 996, and wu
succeeded by Giegory V.

John AVll, whose previous name was Philaoa-
THit/s, a native of Calabna, and Bishop of I^accnza, was
chosen pope In 997 by the taction of Crescentius. in op-
position to Gregory V. Otho III., espousing the catise
of the latter, executed Crescentius with his adherents.

in 1003, and died four months afterwards.

John T^ elected pope in 1004. He sent Saint
Bruno to preach Christianity to the Russians, and healed
the schism between the Churches of Rome and Constan-
tinople. Died b 1009, and was succeeded by Sergius IV,

John ZZ, previously named Romanus, was the son
;ory of Tuscany, a ' ' ' ' "
le succeeded in 10: ,
Conrad as emperor. He died in 1033 or 103.
succeeded by Benedict IX.

John * ^ ' I bom in Lisbon, was elected su
Adrian V. about 137& He died after a pontificate of ■
few month^ Nicholas HI. succeeded him.

John XXn. a native of Cahors, in France, and pre-
viously knosm as Jacques d'Euse, or Jahes op Ossa,
was chosen to succeed Cfement V. in 1316. He was
consecrated at Lyons, and made his residence at Avignon.
At this period there was a competition for the throne of
Germany between Louis of Bavaria and Frederick of
Austria. John, who declared that he had the right to
appoint the emperor, excommunicated Louis in 1334 or
1327, and advanced the daims of Robert, King of Naples.
TTiis led to a long war in Italy between the Guefphs,
who were allies of Robert, and the Ghihclines, who were
assisted by the troops of Louis. At first the'Guelphs had
the advantage ; but their opponents soon gained ground,
and in 1337 I^ouis visited Italy and received the iron
crown of Milan. At Rome the Bishops of Venice and
Aleria crowned him emperor, after which he deposed
John and appointed Peter de Corvara in his place, with
the name of Nicholas V. After the return of Louis to
Germany the Guelphs began to obtain thr ascendency.
John died at Avignon in 1334. He possessed extraor-
dinary abilities, was devoted to study, and wrote some
medical treatises. His avarice, however, was the most
prominent trait in his character ; and to him is attributed
the introduction of the Annates, ot First-Pruits. He left,
besides his jewels, eighteen millions of golden florins in
his coffers.

S« ArTAup na MoHTni. " Hiiloirc da unnniiu Ponlifcii'

BioBiaphw tWrrfnJt" ' °'" °™^'

John XXm, (or 'TVTI, according to some authori-
ties,) (Cardinal Cussa.) a Neapolitan, was elected as suc-
cessor to Alexander V. in 1410, during a schism of the
Church. His title was disputed by two rivals, lienedict
XIII. and Gregory XIL He was a man of depraved
morals and of insatiable cupidity. A tjuarrel between
John and Ladislaus of Naples resulted m the expulsion
of the former from Rome. Tohn applied for support
to the emperor Sigismund, who convoked at Constance
in 1414 a general counciL This coundl (at which John
was present) requited him lo abdicate the popedom.
He pretended to comply, but left Constance disguised,
and fled towards Rome with the intention to resist the
decree of the coundl. He wss quickly arrested and
brought back to Constance, where he was convicted of
many heinous offences, and formally deposed, in 1115.
He was confined in prison about three year*. He oied
at Florence in 1419.

JOHN II

Tobn, (Jaan,) Don, op Austsia, on« of the most ce1«-
brited miliurr and naval commanden of tlie sixteenth
crnturjr, wat the natural son of the emperoi Charlet V.
and Barbara Bioioberg, a native of Gernunr. He was
bom at Ratiation in 1546, and passed a< the son of a
Spanish nobleman named Quixada, by whom he was
educated. Charles V, on his death-bed tecommendcd
him to the protection of Philip IL, who soon after ac-
knowledged John as his brothei and made appropria-
tions which enabled him to live in princely stale. At
the age of twenty-two he was appointed commander-in-
chief of the forces sent against (he Moriicoesc^ Granada,
whom he vanquished in several battles and finallv re-
duced to complete subjection. In 1571, war having been
declared between Philip II. and the Saltan, Don John
was appointed generalissimo of the combined fleets of

and about fifty thousand men, and on the 7th of October
encountered the Turkish fleet in the Gulf of Lcpanto,
where he gained one of the greatest naval victories of
which history makes mentioD. Soon after die tnttlc
of Lepanto he received an embassy 60m the Greeks of
Albania and Macedonia, requesting him to assiit them
against the Turks and to receive tM sovereignty of their
countries. Don John was prevented fi'om accepting the
offer by Philip, who, jealous of his brother's rejxttatton,
refused the assistance necessary for the enterprise. Dor
John, in a subsequent expedition against AlHca, took
Tunis, Biserta, and several other important places. He
was appointed in 1576 Governor of the Netheriands,
which were then in a state of rebellion. He at first used
conciliatory measures ; but the States, suspecting him
(A doplicity, declined his overtures and prepared for war
Don John soon after took Namar by stratagem, and on
the ist of January, 1578, gained the decisive victory of
Gemblonrs. He afterwards reduced Louvain, Niveile,
and other towns belonging to the insurgenta. While
thus actively engaged, in October, IJ7S, he was seized
with an illness which carried him lo the grave. Strong
suspicions were entertained by many that be was poisoneil.
S«( L.VAHDuHAHimi "VididaDaB Jiiui,"i637: BiuiLt
IS UoHTrLatHciuiif , " Vic in Don Tuand'Autridw," i6ga ; Auiis
DuHHSHiL, " Vie dt D« Jou d'AutridM," iSij^ Moruv, " Rw
af Ibe I>iitch Republic," toL iii. pan v. diqit i.-v. ; Pkskdtt.
" Hiilorr of Philip lOvoL iL; J, P. Lviaa, "Eiihau( Tohuin,
fa PrtujJ ilEi Volka," i^S; SatHODnnHii, "L«bcs da En-

of Schwarsburg-Sondershausen, she was trained
singer ; but, having lost the sense of hearing, she became
a very succetsful and prolific writer of romances. "The
Twelve Apostle*," "Gold Else," and "The Second
Wife" are among her works. Died in iSS;.

Jobn or Jobann. (Nbpomur Makia Joskpk,) bom in
1801, succeeded his brother Frederick Augustus as King
of Saxony in 1S54. He was distinguished for great virtues
M a rnler, and for his literary attainments. He trans-
lated Dante's " Divine Comedy." He was an ally of Aus-
tria in the war against Prussia in 1S66. Died Oct 90,1873.

Jobn 01 Bayhux, [Fr. Jean db Baviux, Aim d^fi
bfyOh',] a hauahty and violent French prelate. He
became Archbishop of Rouen in 1070. Died in 1079.

Jobn OF Brib.^ine, [Fr. Jean db Bribnnk, ihfiN d;h
bRe'In',) King of Jerusalem, and Regent of Constant!
Boplc, was bom in France. He assisted in the taking
of Jemsalem in I30^ and in 121S, at the head of a latin
army, he took Damietta. In 1226 he was compelled to
resign Jernsaleni to the emperor Frederick II. Three
-■ ;ats later he was elected, oy the French barons in the

aat. Regent of Constantinople, which he bravely de-
fended against the Greek emperor John Ducas. Died

JO JOHN

Jobn, surnamed Ct-iHACUS or Cumachus. Sec

CUHACUS.

Jobs OF Gis'CALA or GiscHALA, a Jewish captain,
was an enemy of Joaephus the historian. He was the
chief of one of the lactiona of zealots and outlaws tkU
fought against each other and against the Romann in Je-
rusalem while that dty was besieged by Titus, in 70A.l>
On the capture of the dty he was imprisoned for life.

Jobn OF Luxemburg, snmamed the Bund, sod of
the emperor Henry VIL, was bom in 139$. In 1309
be was elected King of Bobenia, and in 1333 he con-
quered Silesia. In 1331 he formed a league with Lonii

of Bavaria, Empetor of Germany, against Pope John
XXII., and entered Italy. The pope then offered to
recc^nize him as King of^ Italy. The emperor, in ordei

prevent this, invaded Bohemia. John left the ct
mand of his army in Italy to his son, returned to Bo-
hemia, and drove out Louis. He was soon after attacked
with a disease in his eyes, which produced blindneu,
but did not in the least affect bis spirit of enterprise.
He invaded Poland, reduced it to subjection, and formed
an alliance with Philip of France against the English.
He was mortally wounded at the battle of Cr^, in 1346,
after having performed great feats of valour.

Sot FKNMnar, "Cbnaudas;'* StSHoaDi, "HiMeir* im tit»'

Jobn OF Raqusa, a learned Romish prelate, wa* is
1426 sent by Martin V. to the Council of BJUe, over whidi
he presided in 1431. He distinguished himself by hia
controversies with the Ibllowers of Huss.

Jobn OF Sausbuky, a learned scholastic philosopher
Ktid writer, born at Saiisbutv about iilo. lie entered
the service of Thomas i. Becket, and became hia secre-
taiy. In 1176 he was appointed Bishop of Chartrea.
He wrote, be«des other valuable works, " Polycraticna
de Nugis Curialium et Vestigiis Philosopborum," which
is a satire on the follies of courtiers, etc, and a " Life
of Thomas i Becket." Died in 1180. Hi* work* were
pablished by J. A. Giles, Oxford, (5 vol*., 1848.)

Sh " Gallia QmitiHW," tooH Tin.; B. HAUKiAU, "De la Philo-
■efUe adkolviique ;" "NopieUe Kogiaphlc G^^le.'*

John OF Seviu-e or Db Luna, a learned Jewish
convert of the twelfth century. He translated into Span-
ish many valuable Arabic works.

Jobn OF SUABIA, Bumamed the Parricide bora
in 1289, wa* a nephew of the emperor Albert L Tha
latter, having withbeld from him his hereditary domain*
was murdered by John and a band of conapirator*.

^at,

in lajy- "

Jobn OF Bruges. See Eyck, (Jan tan.)

Jobn OP Caffadocia, a theologian, became Patriarch
of Conitantinople about 518. H« co-operated with the
pope Hormisda* in the reatoratioii o( union between
tiie Eastern and Western Churches. Died in uo.

Jobn IL OF Capfadocia became Patriarcb of Coo-
atantinople about 58s a.d. Died In S9&

I, ^ f, t^ fl, T, /0v; Kl,\ aame. less prolonged; i, {, 1, 6, u, V, 1*"*: ^ «, {, q, »iteun; Or, Oil, Qtl; mtt; nOt; gflbA; n

Jobn OF Umni. Sec Giovanni.

John (Jobwin) BapUat, (Joseph Fabian Sebas
riAN,) Archduke of Austria, born in 1781, was a son of
Leopold II. He succeeded Kray in iSoo as commander
of the Austrian army, and was defeated by General
Moreau at Hohenlinden, in December of that year. In
the campaign of 1809 he directed the operations in the
Tyrol, and gained a victory over the viceroy Eugene. In
June, 1848, he was elected Vicar of the German cDipiie
by the Parliament at Frankfort He resigned that Office
in December, 1S49. Died in 1S59.

John Caa1-n4r, [Ger. Johann Casihir, yo'hin
kl'ze-miR,) Count Palatine, bom in 1543, was the second
son of the Elector- Palatine Frederick IIL He was a
lealoDs Calvinist, and in 1568 raised an army with which
he invaded I>irraine to aid the French Huguen-" '-

of the Calviniit policy. After the death of his fether,
John Casimir was the political chief ol the Refonneia.
wed m 1S91.

S» Da Thod. " HiMeire Uunnallt :" Daird. PAaaiii, ** Hi*
teria Pilatina ;" F. Jinmn, " Ednca h ObitsiB Jeuiiia Oiwmri.'
■ S>i; "NoDTcllcBiVipluiGdBtnli."

Jobn Comnonna. See Calo-Joaknes.

Jobn DanuMoenna, See Dakascenus.

Jobn de Hatha, inl'thl, (Saint,) a French priest,
born in Faucon, in I^ovence, June 14, 1169b He studied
at Aix and Paris, and became the aasodate of Saint
Felix of Valois, with whom he (bunded the order of
Trinitarian Brethren, for the pnrpoae ol aiding in the

Digitized by VjOOQ I C

JOHN

JOHNSON

*ork of nnsoming Chrutian captiTM from among the
Hoon. H« seienl timea visited the Hooriih conntriea.
Di«d DecemteT 3i, 1113.

Jobn Fndariok [Ger. Joranm Fukdrich, ^(/hln
rttcd'riK] I. of Saxon;, ■vnuned thk MABHAHiMOua,
wM ■ son of the Elector John the Coutant, whom he

of S<:hmalkal<ien, be was tafcen priaooer at Uie battle of
Hahlbcrg, but ma relcMcd throivh the interrention of
kt* cousin, Muuice of Saxony. Ked In 1554.

S« EnscK imd Gaum, "AIlBiMiBB Es^kkioaedia f Cmtai
Sacttthuih; "Haurii JoaniiFiidaici KiMleiu," Mc, 1678: C
BiTDu. " Nadnichl Ton dv KnrMni JdiuD Friedridi'i ni Sich-

J^D Oeorg« {Ger. Johann Georg, yo'bln gi'oBa)
I, Elector of Saxon;^ born in 1585, began to reign in
1611. During the Tbirtf Years' war his course was
Tadllaiii^ altcmatel; fivoorins the cause of the emperor
and of the Protestant allies. Id 1635 be made a diaad-
Tantageoos peace with Ferdinand IL Died in 1656.

Sec Kaxl Ausoxt HOlu^ " KufilrK Jotium OBsrg I., hom
Fimilit," etc.. iBjB: SaauGHAHH, "lUiHiUiis d* Viu Jeuiua
GctjiSn I-i" >6A

JoIiD G«orEe H^ Elector of Saxon;, bom in 1613,
benn to tciKa in 1656, and distinguished himself as a
legislator. Died in 168a.

Sec SnauiAMH. "Pmcnmnu: Elslor JiMiaa Gcor^ II.
^*-i—^*- ae 1 1— liti f fifiilittTT," itS^

John of ADtloob, or Johii tha Sobolaatlo, [LaL
JoHAM'tns Antioche'nits, or Iohan'hes Scholas'ti-
cos; Fir. TiAW d'Antioche, diON dftw'te^jah'j] a Greek
caDonist, bom at Antioch. became Patriarch ofConstan-
tinoplc in 565 A.D. He published a collection of canons.
Died in S7& (Sec Malau.)

John a Bologtia. See BoLOGif a.

John of DuuaBona. See DAHASCUtui,

John of Gaunt or Ohsnt, Duke of Lancaster, «
Tonnger son of Edward ML King of Ensland, was bom
in 1340. His birthplace, Ghent, m Flaodeta, then called
in E^iab Gaont, (after the French Ctmd^ gave him the
desigiution bj which he is generallj known. He served
in eaity TCNrth under his eldest brother Edward the Black
Prinoe m the French wars, where he gained great dis-
dnctioiiforhiisldUandbniTen. He toairied Constance,
a natural daoghter of Peter t£e Cniel, King of Castile
and Leoi^ and, oa the death of that monarco, laid claim
to tDC •oretngnQ' <rf thaw kingdomt, but WM defeated b]r
HcDrTofTYutamara. HeaabMqnentljrgaTehisdtaghier
tn Buniage la the hdr-appareot of the crowns of Ca^lilc
and Leon, npon which he resigned his own daima. Hit
third wile waa a sister-in-law of the poet Chaucer, to
•horn he proved a liberal patron. Died in 1399. His
ton, ■nraamed Bolingbroke, afterwards ascended the
ilir..iic of England, with the title of Heniy IV.

John <A Ood, Saint. See Died, dk, (/eak.)

John of IiOjrden, aametimes called Johann Book-
daon or B«ooald, a notorious bnatic, bom at Leyden
in 1510. Having i<nned the Anabaptists, he associated
himself with Matthj^ and with bis followers took pos-
session <i the dty of Mihuter. After committing the
neatest excewes and crueltiea, he was taken prisoner
o] ibe Bishop of Miinster, and executed in 153a

Sa JocKKUi. "CcKliidne dcr Mflotiridia WiedertlidHi"
KatnrnuM. ** HiMin vi Ouris V.," bonk t. ; C A. Voinn,
-Jiliu tciB UvdB,'- ™ : J. C^Walika™, " JohuanB L^

John the BaptlBl; [Fr. Jean Baptisti, ih6N btp'-
ttsi*; It. Giovanni Battista, jo-vin'nee Ut-tii'tA,]
son cS Zachariaa, a Jewish priest and his wife Elisabe^
It waa foretold of him that be should come in the spirit
and power of Elias, to prepare the way of the Lord.
{Lake l 17-) Our Saviour alto said that no prophet
- • - ■' • li. aS.) He

Johnea, jSni, F (TuoMAa,) an Englisb scholar and
Inbliomaniac, bom at Ludlow, in Shropshire, in 1748.
He was twice elected a member of Parliament He
translated Froinarfs "Chronicle," and other literary
worlta, from the French. Died in 1816.

Johns, (John,) D.D., an American tnsbop, bont in
Newcastle, Delaware, July 10, 1796. He graduated at
Princeton College in tSlj, took orders in the Episcopal
Church, was appointed Assistant Bishop of Virginia in
184a, and in iS6a succeeded Bishop Meade as diocesan.
He waa tor some time president of William and Mary
College, and of the Theological Seminary of Virginia,
Died April 5, 1876.

John'apn, (Alexandex B.,) an author and htnker,
bom in Gosport, England, in 1786. He settled in Utica,
New York, in 1801, and enga^ in banking opeiationa
in that town. He devoted his leianre to the study of
the nature of human knowledge, or ideas irrespective of
the words by which they are expressed. The results of
hit investigation are his " Philosophy of Human Know.
ledge, or a Treatise on Language," (1S2S,) a " Treatise on
Language, or the Relation which Words bear to Things,"
(1836,) and other publications on tbesame subject Hil
"Phvsiolc^ of the Senses" (l8j6) was highly com-
mended by the " Westminster Review." He also uub
lished a "Treatise on Banking." Died Se^ 9, 1807.

John'spn, (Ahdbkw,) tbe seventeenth President ot
the United States, was bom at Raleigh, North Carolina,
in 1S08. He learned the trade of a tailor, which he fol-
lowed for many years at Greenville, Tennessee. He was
self-cducaled, and, it is said, never attended any school
In iSaS he was elected alderman, and b 1S30 ma]|or, lA
Greenville. After he bad served several terms in the
legiilaluie of Tennessee, he was elected a member of
Congress by tbe Democrats in 1843, and continued in
that body for ten years. He was chosen Governor of
Tennessee in 18S3, and again in 1855. In 1857 he waa
elected a United States Senator for six years. Having
taken a decided stand against the disu * --- i-

Vice- President of the United Stales bv the Republican*
in November, 1864, and, on the death of Mr. Lincoln,
became President in April, 1S65. On his accession to
office he displayed at first a spirit of great severitT
igainst the rebels, but soon afterwards adopted a line M
policy in relation to the reconstruction of the tei^ded
States which was very hvonrable to them. His policy,
which tended to restore the domination of the secession-
ista and to reduce the freedmen again to many of the
svils of slavery, waa refected by a majority of Congress;
ind a violent contest ensued between that body and the
President, who vetoed numerous acts passed by Con>
iress far the reconstruction of the Southern Sutes, et&
His vetoes, however, were overruled by a majority of
two-thiids in each House, and the poficy of Congress
prevailed. In the course ot a tour from Washington to
Chicago, in 1866^ he made many undignified political
speeches, which rendered him very unpopular, and in
the next elections hia opponents, the Radicals, obtained
large and iocreaied majorities. He opposed impartial
suffrage, recomnkended repudiation, and co-operated with
the Democratic party. He pardoned a large number
of counterfeiters. In August, 1867. he suspended Mr.
StantoI^ secretary of war, and appointed General Grant
secretary admUrim. Tbe Senate of the United States
reinstated Mr. Stanton in January. 1S6S, and President
Johnson quarrelled with General Grant because he gave
up the war office to Mr. Stanton. Great excitement was
produced by the attempt of the President to remove Mr.
Stanton in February, and he was impeached of hizh
crime* and misdemeanours by a large majority of the
House of Representatives. Among the crimes charged

r'nst bin waa the violation of the "Act regulatme
Tenure of certain Civil Offices," bv the removal of
Mr. Stanton without the consent of the Senate. The
trial before the Senate began about March 1 3, and ended,
May36,inhi*acquttt»L Thirty-fire Scnatora voted that

■- gnOty, and nineteen voted not guilty. Among

1 were seven Republican*. Died Joly 31, 187$.

)olm»a," N» Vott. tSW.

Ibe latter «

r; f *«»* t»»j:a,H,K,tmatrai; vi,Mtal; KfUM; 1

ihsainiltu. (|y~See Explanation*, pt 33.)

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

JOHNSON

■35"

JOHNSON

He servcil as aide-de-camp to General James Brecken-
ridjeintheiecond war wiih Great Bntain. Died in 1849,
Jobn'apii, (Ckarlbs,) an EneliBh dramatic writer,
born in 1679, is mentioned in Pope^ " Dunciad," particu-
larly on account of his obesity. The comedy of the
"Countf7 LasMt" was the most popular of bis plays.
Died in 1748.

Johnson, (Clifton,) an American author and
illustialor, bom at Hadley, Massachusetts, in 1865.
He published "TbeNewEnglandCouniiy,"" ABook
of Country Clouda and Sunshine," "The Farmer's
Boy," etc., and has illustrated numerous works.

Johuaon, (CtnuBikT W.,) an English writer on agri-
culture, bom at Bromley, Kent, about 180a He pub-
lished "The Farmer's Encyclopaedia and Dictionary of
Rural Afbirs," (1S43.) Died March S, 187S.

Johnson, {Eastman,) an American painter of por-
traits and genre, born at Lovell, Maine, in 1824. Among
his works are " The Old Kentucky Mome," ■' Savoyard
Boy," " The Woodsman," " The Chimney -Comer," and
other admirable delineations of common life, and
numerous ponrails of piominenl statesmen and other
leading personages. He died April 5, igoG.

JobnsoB, (Edwakd,) one of the earliest historians of
New England, bom in Kent, England, about 1600. He
emigrated to Charlestown, Massachusetts, in 1630. Died
in 167s. His valuable "Histwy of New England from
the English Planting in l6a8 till 1652" was published in
London in 16S0, and afterwards in the Massachusetts
Historical Collections.

Johnson, (Cabbih.) See Johnson.
Johnson, (Geokge,) an English physician, born at
GoudhuTst, Kent, in November, iSlE. He was educated
at King's College, London, and graduated in 1842 at the
London University. He was professor of materia medica
in King'a College, 18^7-63, of the practice of medicine,
1863-7%, and in 1876 took a professorship of clinical
medicine. He was made physician extraordinary to
the queen in 18S9, and knighted in 1S9Z. Among his
works are "On Diseases of the Kidney," (i852,>
"The Laryngoscope," (1864,) " Lectures on Brighl's
Disease," (1S73,) etc. Died in 1S96.

Johnson, (Hkleh Kkndrick,) an American author,
daughter of Rev, Dr, A. C. Kendrick, and wife of Ros-
siter Johnson. She was bom at Hamilton. New York,
January 4, 1S43, ■"'^ *" married in 1869. She is the
author of "The Roddy Books," (3 vols., 1874-7^) »n<l
"Our Familiar Songs, and those who made them,"
(1881,) and has edited several compilationi.

Johnson, {Hiram W. ,) governor, bom in Sacra-
mento, California, became a prominent lawyer, and after
district attorney Heneyhad been shot down in court con-
ducted the prosecution that sent Boss Ruef tojail. This
success brought him the nomination and election as gov-
ernor of California in 1910. A progressive in politics,
he received the nomioation for vice-president on the Pro-
gressive ticket in 1912.
Johns on,(l5AAC,) one of the founders of Massachuie Its
>lony, came from England with Governor Wiiuhcop

water, thev removed to Shawmut, now Boston, which
was settled under Jolmson's supervision. Died in 1630
Johnson, (John,) a learned nonitinng divine, burn
In Kent, England, in 1662. He was the author of " H0I7
David and ht« Old English Translation Cleared," written
in answer to one of the works of Baxter, "The Clergy-
man's Vade-Mecum," (170S,) and several other works

Su Thomu Barrr, " Ua of John Johnun." i7(S.

Johnson, (Sir John,} a general, son of Sir William,
noticed below, was born in 1743. He was a royalist ic
the Revolution, instigated the Indians to fight far the
king, and conducted several raids from Canada againit
the State of New York. Near the close of last centnry

le was appointed Governor of Upper Canada. Died in

830. See his "Life," by J. W. de Feysler.

JohnBon,(MARTtN,)anEnglisli londscape.painter and
seal-engraver ofthe time of Chariest L Died about 16S5.
Johnson, (Owen,) author, bom at New York in
1878, son of Robert Underwood Johnson. His works
inShide " Arrows of the Almighty," "In the Nameof
Liberty," "The Eternal Boy," "The Varmint," etc

Johnsob, (Reverdv,) an American lawyer, son of
Judge Johnson, was born in Annapolis, Maryland, May
21, t796. He studied at Saint John's College, was
admitted to the bar in 1815, and followed his profession
with great success in Balrimore. He was also extenaivel*
engaged in cases before the supreme court of the Unitei
States. In 184S he was elected by the Whigs to ilie
United States Senate. This position he resigned in 1849
to accept the attorney-generalship of the United Stales,
tendered him by President Taylor, On the death of Gen-
eral Taylor, in July. 1S50, Mr. Johnson resumed his pro-
fession in Baltimore, In connection with Thomas Harris,
he published seven volumes of reports of the Maryland

jnrt of appeals, (from t8oo to 1826.) He was elected

Senator of the United States for six years, (1S63-69,)
■nd appointed minister to England in June, l86a He
negotiated in relation to the Alabama claims a conven-
■on which the Senate of tiie United States rejected al-

lOSl unanimously. Died February lo, 1876.
Johnson, (Richard,) a commentator and gramma-

an, born in Eneland. Among his works are "Nodes
Nottinghamicae,'' and "Grammatical Commentaries."
Died in 1721.

Johnson, (Richakd Mentor,) ninth Vice -President
of the United States, was bom near Louisville, Kentucky,
in 1730. He studied at Transylvania llniversity, and
practised law with success. Elected ■ rentesentalive
to Congress in 1807, he Eealously supported* the admio-
istration of President Madison, and was regularly re-
elected for a period of twelve year*. On the breaking
oat of the war of 1812. he raised and commanded a
regiment of mounted riSemcn on the Indian frontier. Id
1813 he again took the lield, and contributed greatly to
Harrison's victory of the Thames, (October 5. 1813.)
The Indian chief Tecumsch, who fell in this batlle, it
generally believed to have been killed by Colonel John-
Eon, who was dangerously wounded. In 1819 he was
transferred lo (he United States Senate, of which he
was a member for ten years. He was again returned to
the House of Representatives in 1819, and was regularly

(lent having on that occasion received a majority
01 voles in the electoral college, Colonel Johnson was
elected by the United States Senate. He was lg«ill
the candidate for the Yice- Presidency on the ticket with
Van Buren in 1S40, but was defeated. Died in 185a.

Johnson, (Richard W.,) an American general, bom
in Kentucky about 1827. graduated at West Point in
1S49. He commanded a division at the battle of Stone
River, December 31, 1861-Januaiy 1, l863,and atChick-
aniauga. Sept 19 and 20, 1863. He served under Sher-
man in Georgia in 1864, He was professor of military
science in the Missouri State University 1868-69 and
in the University of Minnesota 1869-71. Died JS97.

Johnson, (Rubert,) an English composer of wtcicd
music, who flourished in the middle of the sixteenth cen.
tury. Little is known of his life beyond the fact that he
was an ecclesiastic There was another Robert Johnson.
who composed music for the London theatres from about

Johnson, (Robert Underwood,) editor, bom at
Washington, D. C, in 1853, On the staff of the "Cen-
tury Magazine" in 1873, he was made associate editor
in 1881, editor in 1009. He has taken a prominent part
in the founding of Vdlowslone National Park, and the
movement for forest conservadon, is secretary of the
American Academy of Arts and Letters, and is the
author of several volmnes of poems, etc.

Johnson, (Kussiikk,) an American author, bom at
Rochester, New York, January 27, i84C^ graduated ai
Rochester University in 1863. He is the author of
"Phaeton Rogers," (1881,) "Idler and Poet," poems.

j, £, 1, 5, &,y,Affi!f;&,t,d^ same, less prolonged; i,e,I,a, a,y,

theTS;^^\, tf, Abninr/flr, Oil, Qt; mit; nAt; gSSdj mRMl;

Digitized by CjOOQ I C

JOHNSON

>393

JOHNSON

(iSSa,) " History of the Wsrof i8ia," (i88a,) " Hii-
tory of the Old French War," (1883,) etc., editor of
VBrioQS bonks and series and of (everal cycloplFdias,
uid associBte editor of the " Standard Dictionary."

Jotan'sui, (Samubl,) in Enciiah divine, memorable
fer his ondaunted rapport of the ProteMant cause, was
bom in Staffordshire m 1649. Soon after he had tftken
ordeis be removed to London. He becaunc an euncai
■drocsie of the bill of exclusion against James, Duk«
of Yoik, and publiBhed a tract entitled "Julian the
Apcmtate," (i^<) in *hich he refuted the arguments in
favour of passive obedience. Foi vrriting this aitide he
was tried and imprisoned ; hat during his confinement he
iMsed several treatises against popery. In 16S6 he wrote
"Ad Humble and Hearty Address to all the English
PtMcnanls in the Present Anny." For the production
of tlm csBay he wa« sentenced to Hand three limes in
the piUon, to pay a fine of five hundred nuirki, and to
be piiblidy whipped (r«ni Newgate to Tirbum. He bore
all theaesoflerings with mat irmnea*. Hesubaequently
wrote in Eavour of the Rev<riutioik, and also of William
of Orange, on whose acsesaion he wai rewarded with
it of ;£iooo imI an annuity of jf 30a Died in

■%

, 1, (Sauusl,) an eccentric English dramatic

writer, bom in Cheshire alMut 1 705. He wrotCi besides
Mher comedies, " Harlothrombo, 01 the SnpematuraL"
Died in 1773.

Jolnwon, ISAuiriL,] one of the moat eiuitwnt Ec^-
lish writers of the eighteenth ceniut]', a ton of Michael
JtAnson, a bookseller, was bom at Lichfield, September
lfl)i709. He Gonmtnced hii studies in his nadve town,
and aabaeqitently continued them at a acbool in Stonr-
tsidge. In 1728 he entered Pembroke CoU^e, Oxford.
From boyhood he had been afflicted with the scroliila,
which greatly impaired his eyesight and weakened his

Nolwi

of knowledge

■e of the oOicera pronounced him to be the best pre-
ig all those who had entered since his re-
Three years afterwards he was under the
ty of leaving college, on account of the nanownets
of hia resource*. The same year, his father dying under
pecnniaty embarrassment*, he obtained employment as
Mber to a school m Market-Boavrorth. The duties of
dut office, however, soon became so irkaome tliat he
Anw it up and reinoved to Birmingham, where he had
■ade an engagement to contiibate to a newspaper. It
was there, alao, that he produced his hnt book, an
abridged translation from the French of " Father I^bos'
Voyage into AInraiinia," for which he received the small
oonpeosation of five giuneaa. In 1736 he married Mn.
PotUr, tlie widow of a mercer. This lady is described
•a bdng nearly twice his age, and as having vulgar
■aanetv, a tond voice, and florid complexion. Johnson
■fal, however, that it was a love-malA on both sides.

Not loiw after, he attempted to establish an academy al
Edial Hall, where he obtained only thiee pupils, one of
irtiom was David Garrick. In iTvj he went to London,
accompanied by Garrick. In a short time he produced,
in imitation of the third Satire of Juvenal, a poem on
London, which attracted great attention. Pope remarked
"that the author, whoever he was, would not be long
Donceatcd.'* It was in the meiropolis that Johnson
farmed a friendship for the poet Saraee, with whom he
freqnenlty walked the streets at night because they were
too poor to procure lodgings. In 1740 he wrote the
parliameolaiy speeches for the " Gentleman's Magazine,''
•od in 1744 published the "Life of Richard Savage."
Three years latei he commenced hia English Dictionary.
[o March, 1749, the first number of the " Rambler" waa
issoed. Johnson coi.tinued this periodical until his wife's
death, in 1753, which affected his mind so deeply that he
wspended many of his literary labours. In 1762 George
UL granted him a pen^un of ;£300 per annum; and
from that time he was enabled to live m ease and inde-
pendence. He became a meinbcT of the famous lileraiy
dob to which Bnike, Goldsmith, Reynolds, and many
other celebrated men belonged. He received the degree

«a*l;tasf; %Jkard; ^aAj; ti,K,vi,guttHtM; tf,iiataJ; t^trUlal; ia*

irfLIaD. in 1765 from the University of Dublin, but did
not assume the title until several years later, when the
tame honour was conferred on hira by the University of
Oxford. He wa* also treated with marked attention by
the king, to whom he was introduced at the library in
Buckingham House. In 1773 he made an excursion to
the Western Islands of Scotland, of which he wrote
an account, and two years later visited Paris. In 1781
he finished the "Lives of the British Poets," the last of
his literary works. He died in 1784, from the eftecti
of dropsy and asthma.

Johnson's intellect wa* incisive, comprehensive, and
profbundi andfWben free from the inSuence of prejudice
or passion, hi* judgments are, generally speaking, re-
markably jnsl. He seemed to seue, instantaneously and
without eflbrt, the essential features of the subject under
discussion, and hi* dedsiont are often expressed with a
clearness and force that make a vivid and indeliUe im-
picssion upon the minds of his readers. He was pre-
eminently distinguished for his conversational powers ;
in society he was original, pointed, logical, and fond of
aigumeni, in which no one but Burke could successfully
encounter him. Much of the intolerance and ill tenipei
which he too often betrayed on such occasions must be
ascribed to diElret*ing and deep-rooted bodily infirmi-
ties, which poweriullv reacted upon his mind. If his
ditposilion wa* irritable, bis heart was essentially kind
and genetous. Few persona, with means so limited as
his, ever spent more for charitable or benevolent pui-
poses. "He loved the poor," says Mrs. Thrale, "at 1
never yet saw any one else love thenL . . . He nursed
whole nests of people in his house, where the lame, the
blind, the sick, and the totrowfut found a sure relreaL"
Fiands Barber, the servant and friend of Dr. Johnson,
was originally a Jamaica slave. It is related that John-
ton, on making his will, asked his physician what would
be a sufficient annuity for a ^ithful servant Being tuld
that fifty pounds a year would be regarded as adequat*
in the case of a nobleman, "Then, he said, "I shall
be nM!itamui; for I mean to leave Frank seventy pounds
a year." "That, with all his coarseness and irrita-
tjlity," says Macaulay, (who will scarcely be accused of
any undue partiality to Johnson,) "he was a man of
sterhng benevoicnce, has lon^ been acknowledged. But
how gentle and endearing his deportment could be wa*
not known till the ■ Recollections of Madame D'Arblay '
were published." Although certainly not wanting in a
proper respect for dignities, he possessed a true Saxon
mdependencc of character, of which his well-known letter
to Lord Chesterfield furnishes a line illustration. He
waa a sincere and humble believer in the great truth*
of Christianity, which he ably upheld and defended.

Johnson was great in all the branches of literature to
which he devoted his attention. Few men have exerted
so great an influence while living, — an influence which
nfll probably be felt fir into the future. Hia poems,
which are chiefly descriptive and satirical, have been
ereatty admired by some of the most eminent critics.
"I have had," laid Sir Walter Scott, "miwe pleatnre
in reading 'London' and the 'Vanity of Human Wishea'
than any other poetical composition that I can mention."
Of the latter Byron remarks, "Tit a grand poem, all
the examples and mode of giving them sublime." His
romances and plays attracted Iom attention. He wat
particularly untucccssfiil with his female character*.
Burke aptly remarked that among his dramatis personae
"all the ladie* introduced were Johnsons in petticoats."
His eacellence in liietanr criticism lies in his strength,
perspicuity, and originality of thought His critical
obeervatioos ate generally extremely just (as already
intimated) when not biased by prejudice. He had not,
however, that nice discrimination or sensibility requisite
in order to appreciate poetical beauties of a delicate or
subtle kind. His most important critical works are the
" Preface and Notes to Shakspeare," and " The Lives
of the British Poet*." Hit English Dictionary, upon
which he bestowed vast labour for several years, is
probably the moat remarkable work of the kind ever
produced by a single person. His style, predse and
stately, was much admired and imitated during hit
lifetime ; but at preaent the prevailing tatte in literature

in Hit. (|gr~See Explanationt, p si.)
Digitized by CjOOQ IC

JOHJfSOJV

»394

JOHNSTON

■Mpronoa
Mcdaaan

,S« Botnu, "Lifa(^Jti>iiiHa.--iwin('CK>iDn'ieditioa
of BoswiLL'i ''Ufc of Johnioii," in M*c«DUiT"« "E«^;"
" AnccdolEi of Dr. JohflKB," I17 Hadahi Fioni.lllB. Thulk
ijM; AiiDnsini, ''Life o( JoIujob," 1791; Tkomas Cadlvli
"Here** ud Hero-WonhiF:" Scott'* HbolliiiHoi P™
Wotki; Cakv, "LiTci gf £u^ Potti (nm JiAnen la Kirk
Wliiie;"-Quinerlr Ret!iw"&No™iiber, iSj,, June, iBjo,Apri
iBjS, lad Tjnmrv, iSj? ;" Wtumimltr Review" for Oaober, 1B31 .
■a, (lio, ihc excellgnKiid tlabonu utida in Aluhur's " DicliDiiii)
■f Aalhiorm. "

Jotuuioti, (Samuel,) D.D., born hi Guflfbrd, Ci
Dccticut, in 1696, gr»d(utnl at Yale in 171J. HaviriK
become an Episcopalian, he took holy orders m England
in i;>iz, and on his retnm settled at Stratford. He wat
chosen president of King's College in 1754. This posi-
tion he resigned in 17^. Died in 1773. He wrote,
bealdes other worki, a "System of Morality."

JotlDBOii, (Sauuil,) an American anihor, bom at
Salem, Massachusetts, October 10, iSaa. He gradnated
at Harvard College in 1S42, and at the Cambridge Di
rinity School in 1843. He became a preacher of th
Free Religious raovemenL He was one of the compiler
of two collections of hymns (or advanced Unitarian con
siegations, and was himself the anthor of some Gn'.
hymns. He published " The Worship of lesns," (1868,)
■nd a liborious work On "Oriental Religions," {187a
itug.) He was an able orator and writer, and a man of

fire and noble, but somewhat eccentric, lif& Died
ebraary 19, iSSl.

Johnson, (Sauubl Frost,) an American pointer, bom
in New York city, November o, 1835. He studl^ art
in New York, Dusseldorf, (iSto,) and Antwerp^ (1863-)
After bis return to New York he became a professor "
the art-schools of the Metropolitan Masenm.
Johnson, (Samurl Wiluam.) an American chemist,

liversilies. In 1S56 he became professoi

" How Crops

boolu are " Essays

Uses," (1866,) " How Crops Gi

Peed," etc Died in 1909.

Johnson, (Thomas,) a Iieatenant<olone1 In the roni
army, distinguished as a botanist, was born at Selby,
in Yorkshire. He received from the University of Ox-
ford the title of M.D. He was mortally wounded at
the siege of Basinghome, in 1644. He wrote aevenl
botanical works.

Johnson, (Thomas,) an English scholar, bom in
Oxfordshire, was edacaled at Cambridge, where in 1693
he received the degree of M.A. He edited Sophocles,
(1705,) and otbcr <£usical works. Died about 1750.

Johnson, (Tom L.oniN,)bomatGeca^etown, Ken-
tucky, in 1S54. He invented railway devices, acquired
wealth in street railway and iron business, and was a
member of Congress 1891-95. Was an earnest advocate
of the Henry George " Single Tax" theory, was elected
mayor of Cleveland in 1901, and attempted radical
reforms in thai ciiy- Died April 10, 1911.

Johnaon, (ViKGiHiA Wales,) an American novelist,
bom in Brooklyn, New York, December 38, 1849. Her
novels are somewhat Dumeious.

Johnson, (Waltek Rogers,) an American chemist
and geolc^st, bom in Leominster, Massachusetts, abont
1794. He graduated at Harvard in 1819; and, while
[^feasor of mechanics, natural philosophy, etc in the
Philadelphia High School, he contributed largely by

Seology of that State, particularlT the coal fomations,
lied (or four year* (1839-43) the chair of cbemistry b
the Medical University of Pennsylvania, and In 1844

Johnson, (William,) judge of the supreme oourl of
the United SUIM, was bom in Charleston, S. C, in 1771.
Giadoated at Princeton with high honors in 1 790, beame
distinguished in law, and was appointed judge by leSenon

in 1801. Published " The Life and Correspondence of
MuoT-Gcnenl Greene," (3 vols., i83i.) Died in 1S34.

Johnaoti, (Sir Woxiam,) a British militaiy oBcer,
bom about 1715, was empl^rcd In North Atnerica, and
had great influence over the Indian*. He commuidcd
an expedition Knt against Crown Point in 1755, and
defeated l)ie French and their Indian allies. He wrote
a short work " On the Cnatoma and Languages of the
American Indiaitt." Died in New York in 1774.

StI "Life ud TlmH of Sw W. Jaluni," 19 W. L. Snn^ iMf.

Johnson, (William B.,] a Baptist minister, bom nssa
Charleston, Sonth Carolina, in 1783. He presided over
the Baptist Convention of South Caiolina (or twenty-five
years or more. He was the author of several religiooa
works. Died in 18&1.

Johnson, (William SAMtntL,) F.R.S., an eloqnent
American lawyer and scholar, bom at Stratford, Con>
oecticut, in 1737, graduated at Yale in 1744. Having
been sent as a colonial agent to England in 1766, he
became an acquaintance of the celebrated Dr. Johnson,
with whom he corresponded for many years. He was
elected to Congress in 1785, waa a member of the con-
vention which formed the Federal Constitution in 1787,
and was elected a United States Servator for Coimecticat
in ITS9. He was president of Columbia CoU^e, New
York, from 1791 until iSoa Died in 1819.

Jobns't^n, (Albert SvnMBy,] an eminent American
general, bom In Mason county, Kentudcj, in iSin,
graduated at West Point in 183& Having remgned his
commission in 1834, he enlisted as a private aotdio' in
the arrny of Texas m 183& He aoon became commander-
in-chief; in place of F. Houston, with whom he fought

duel about 1837. He waa secretary of war of the
republic of Texaa, 1838-40, and served as colonel of
the army of the Uiuted States in the Mexican war,
(1846-4^.) In 1S49 he waa appointed paymaster of the
army of the Uiuted Statea. Having been raised to tlie
rank of colonel, be commanded the expedition sent to
Utah against the Honnons in 1857. In i860 he took
command of the department 0/ the Pacific He offered
his services to the aeceaaionists in 1861, and was u>-
poinled commander of the department of Kentnd^
and Tennessee. He occupied a fbrtiGed position at
Bowling Green in the antumn of 1861. The capture
of Port Donelson, February 16, 1863, having rendered
*'-'- position untenable, he moved hastily southward
Tennessee, and tbnned a junction with the army
of General Beauregard at Connlh. About six week*
were spent in this disastroos retreat He collected ■
force of about 50^000 men at Corinth, and attacked the
army of General Grant at Shiloh on the 6th of April,
1863. He waa kilted about two p.m. on the first day
of this battle, by a ball, which cut an artery of hia leg.
"A. S. Johnston," says Hr. Greeley, "waa probal^
the ableat cmnmander at any time en^iged in the rebel
service." (" American Conflict,")

S» Lib o' ' " ■-•^— ■- "■'-

lic«/'>»5-

Johna'tyn, (Alexander,) a Scottish punter, bom In
Edinburgh in 1816. His works mostly represeot scenes
of Scottish life, or Scottish history. Died in 18^1.

Johnaton, (At.KXAnDEK,) an American publicist, bora
at Brooklyn, New York, April 39, 1S49. He graduated
it Rutgers College in 1870, was admitted to the bar in
1876, and in l^j was appointed professor of juris-
prudence and political economy in Princeton Collie.
Among his works are a " History of American Politics,"
(1870,) "The (jenesis of a New England State: Con-

necocnl," (iSSj.) and a small " '

Statea," (1884.) Died July jo, ll

Johnston, (ALXXANDKR KETIhiJ ui Siuun^ui Bn_-

rapher, vras bom at Kirkhill, in Scotland, in 1S04. b
order to be thoroughly informed upon geography, he
made himself acquainted with the French, Spaniah,
Italian, and German languages. His first important
work, the "National Atlas, was issued in 1S43. In
1848 he published a valuable "niyaical Atlas," which
greatly extended the celebrity of its author. He was

I, e. 1, 6, ii, ;, /<»f ■' ^ tt ^ same, less prolonged; 1, i, 1, 5, ii, y, /^orf/i, f, i, 9, oAnwra,- fir, flu, Otj mlt; nAti g

dbyGoogle

JOHNSTON

JOHNSTON

of Mr. Johniton may be oientioned "A Dictionary of
G«<:*"I*y," (1850.) wid in "Atlas of the Historical
Geogra^y of Europe." He died July 9, 1871.

Sh " Bl>d*nid-| UlieuiiH" fcr April, iU/^

JohiHtoii, (Dr. Akthur,) a Scotdih physiciaii and
poet, etninentfor hig dauical leamtng, waa bom in Aber-
deemfaire in 1587. He puriued his itndies mostly on
the continent, and in 1610 received the degree of M.D.
at PadiUL He afterwards resided at Pari* several yeare,
and on his return to England, in 1631, wu appointed
phyaidaD -in-ordinary to Charles I. Died in 1641. He
contributed to Sir John Scott's collection of Latin
popins, and composed, in Latin, "Poetical Paraphrases
of tne Psalms of David," (1637.) " I am inclined to
think," says Hallam, "that Johnston's Psalms do not
&1I iax short of those of Buchanao, either in elegance
of style or in correctness of Ladnity."

JotuMton, {George,) a distinemshed natnralia^ was
bom M Simptin in 17S9, and graduated as a physidan at
the UniveiaitT of Edinborgh in 1819. Among his inier-
estinK and valuable contributions to sdcnce niay be men-
tion^ " History of British Zoophytes," (1S38,) " Uislury
of British Sponges and Lithophytes," (1842,) papers on
' British and Irish Annelides," a work on Conchology,

I1S50,) and "Botanjof the Eastern Borders," (1854,);

He practised medicine at Berwick-on-Twccd for many ud IbrSfied position
years. Died in 18J5. .._...._ . j

JoluiBton, (Sir Hbnkv Hauilton,) an Englith
trareller, bom near London in 1S5S. His travels be-
«n in 1879, and embraced North Africa, Portuguese
West Africa, the Congo region, Mount Kilimanjaro,
Lakes Nyassa and Tanganyika. He held several
MKisulships in Africa, and in 1891 was made consul-
{>eneral for British Central Airica. He wrote several
books descriptive of his travels.

Jobaston, (Jakes F. W.,) a noted agricultural chem-
ist, was bom at Paisley, in Scotland, about 1796. He
•tndied in Sw^en, nnder Bericlius. In 18^3 he wa«

claim to precedence in the battle of Bnll Run, Jnly 21.
He remained inactive at Manassas Junction during the
autumn of tS6i and the ensuing winter. Abotit the 8tb
of March, iS6z. he changed his base and retired behind
the Rapidan. He soon moved his army to the peninsula
to oppose McClellan, and, having been repulsM at Wil-
liamsuurg, May 5, retreated towards Richmond. On
the 31st of May he attacked a part of the Union army at
Fair Oaks, or Seven Pines. In this battle he received
a severe wound, which disabled him for several months.
In November, 1862, he was assigned to the command of
a department comprising Tennessee, Alabama, and Mis-
sissippi. He reported in April, 1863, that he was still
unGt for active service in the field. Afler General Grant
approached Vicksburg from the south. General Johnston
moved a small army to relieve that place, and reached
Jackson on the 13th of May. He was defeated on the
14th, abandoned fackson, and retreated to Canton. On
the 19th of May he wrote to General Pemberton, "I am
loo weak to save Vicksburg. Can do no more than
attempt to save you and your garrison." In December,
1863, he took command in person of the army which had
recently been defeated by General Grant near Chalta-
looga, and which was teqtured to oppose the advanc«
of General Sbeiman towards Atlanta. He began this
' ' about 55,000 men, occupying a strong
'■' Daltor " '■- •" •" —

djstinguished as a

Among bis

works are the " Elements of Agricultural Chembtry and
Geology," (1842,) " Catechism of Agricalmral Chemistry
and Gralogy," (iSu,) a work which has been tjranstated
into nearly every European language, "Contributions
10 Scientific Agriculture," (1S49,) "Notes on North
Americi," (1851,) and " Chemistry of Common Life,"
|l vols., 18S4-55.) Died in 1855.

JobiMton, (John,) an eminent physician and natural
philosopher, bom in Poland in 1603. He graduated at
the Umversities of Leyden and Cambridge. He wrote,
beddes other works, in I^tin, the ** Wonders of Nature,
Prided into Ten Classes," which was a natural history
of beasta, birds, fiabes, and iaseda. Died in 1675.

Johnrtofi, (JoHM,) LL.D., an American scientist
bora at Brislol, Maine, Aoguat 23, 1806. He graduated
at Bowdoin Odl^e in 183s, and was professor of natural
•dcnce in Wesleyan University, 1S17-79. He wrote a
"Uanoal of Chemistry," (iSio,') "Natural Philosophy,"
(iS«6^) " PrimaiT Natural PhiloMpby," (t8s8,) " History
of Bristol and Bremen, Maine," (1873,) and many sden-
tiic papcik. Died at Clifton, New York, December a.

n, Georgia. This position
._.__ _?__ ,_._-.„ fell

back to Resaca, where hew _ ... .
May. After a severe battle, he retreated in the ensuing
night, closely pursued. Mid reached Cassville, near the
Etowah Kiver, on the 19th. Having crossed the Etowah
under cover of the night, General Johnston made anothst
stand in the Strong position of Allatoona Pass, to dis-
lodge him &om which General Sherman ordered a flank
movement to Dallas. General Johnston attacked the
Federals at Dallas on the >8th of May, was repulsed,
and on the 4th of June retreated to Kenesaw Mountain-
On the 37th of June, General Sherman made an unsuc-
cessful assault on the works at Kenesaw, but he resorted
sgain to a Bank movement, which compelled General
Jobaston to aiNUidoQ Kenesaw on the M or 3d of July,
and to retreat aaoas the Chattahoochee. He was re*
moved from the command on the l8tb of July, 1S64.
Before this date he had attained the rank of generd,
the highest in the service. Commanded the army which
opposed Sherman's advance into North Carolina and
surrendered on April 16, 1865. Was elected to Con-
gress in 1877, aiid was made a commissioner of rail-
roads. Died March 31, 1891.

JotnUton, (Kitnt,) a Scottish geographer, a son of
A. K. Johnston, was bom in Edinburgh, November 34,
1S44. He travelled in Parafuay, published various map*

andgetwraphical papert -''--' --' '

"Afnca,^ (1878,) and 0

Farafuay, .

hical papers, edited and ri

878,) and one on general geography. In

) he started on an expedition from the east coast of

the interior, but died at Berobero^ jup
1879.

Jobnaton, (Marv,) novelist, bom at Buc
Virginia, in 1S70. She has written " Prisoners of
Hope," "To Have and to Hold" and other tales of
colonial Virginia, alto "The Long Roll," a dvil war
story, etc.

JobDBtoii, (Richard Malcolm,) an American
author, born at Powelton, Geoiglia, in 1833. He was
professor of literature in the University oJ Geoi^a
1857-61, served in the Confederate army in the dvil
war, and afterwards engaged in literary work. He
had much merit as a humourist and as a delineator ol
Soolhem life. Among his works are "Georgia
Sketches," (1864,) "Two Gijiy Tourists," (1885,)
"Studies: Literary and Sodal," (1S91,) "Old Times
in Middle Georgia," (1897,) " Pearse Amersoo't
WiU," (1898.) Died September 33, 1898.

JohaBton. (Robert,) a Scottish historical wnter,
was the author of a " History of his Own Tunes,
(164a, in Latin.) Died about 1636-

SccCauiBDis, "Biographical DlclloiiU7 t* Emtaml Scot*-

AkiiBton, (JosKPH EcouBToM,) an t
ftnoal, born io Prince Edward county, Va., February 3,
1807. Hb mother, whose maiden name was Wood, was
1 niece of Patridc Henrr. He graduated at West Ptrint
n 1819, ^ned the rank of captain in 18419^ and served
with (fistiftction in the Mexican war, 1846-47. In June,
iS6ot be waa appcnnted quartermaater-general, with the
mk of brigadieT-feneraL He resigned his riunmiMifm
in April, iwi, and was immediately appointed a major-
■encral, or gnieral, by Jefferson Davis. He took com-
Bind of a Ibrce at Ilarpcr*s Ferry in May, 1861, and waa
oppiea] in that vicinity by General Patterson. Kaving
dodcd Patterson, he moved his army rapidly to Ma-
BiKN, and eSected a junction irith the armv (A Beau-
regard on the 20(b or aisl of July. General JolmstM)

•as inperior in rank to Beauregard, but he waived hb ^^

*i»k;^»»,:tk^:ti»j:<^T^^P>ttmnd:Yi,n»ud:%,trimi%»»*:'A>.»^'aitkU. (BT-See Explanationa, p. 33.)

d by Google

JOHNSTON

JOLY

Johnston, (Samuel,) iavcDlor, bom at Shelb)',
New Voik, in 1^53. Invenl«d various agricullural im-
plemenu uid iQelal-workiog machines, new coking and
smelting apparatus, etc. Died in 1911.

Jolmstoiie, { Drvce,) an eminent Scottish divine,
bom in Dumfriesshire id 1747. Studied at the Univer-
sity of Edinburgb, and wrote "Commentary on tlie
Revelation of St. John the Divine," (1794,) "Essay on
the Inflnence of Religion on Civil Society and Civil
Government," etc. Died in 1S05.

Jobnatona, Johtuon, or Johnston. (Charles,) an
kutbor, bom in Ireland about 1^10, was educated Tor the
bar. The most important of his productions was a po-
litical romance, entitled "Chrysat, or the Adventures of
a Guinea," (1760.) which met with a great sale. Besidei
this, he wrote " The Reverie, or a Flight to the Paradise
of Fools." (1763,) "Arsaces, Prince of Betlis," and other
works. Died in Calcutta in iSoo.

S« Si« WiLTin ScoTT'i MinlluMoiu PrsH Worki.

Joltnatona, (Christian Isobel,) a Scottish author,
ess, born in Fifeshire in 17S1. Her second husliand was
a Mr. Johnstone, whom the married in 1S13. Her prin
dpal works are the novels "Clan Albyn" (181J) am
" Elizabeth de Bruce," (1S37.) She also wrote "Diver
•ions of Holycott," "Nights of the Round Table," and
many tale*. Died in 1S57. I

Johnstons, (George,) a diplomatist and poit-captain
in the royat navv. the son of a Scottish baronet In 1763
he was made Governor of West Florida. During thej
American Revolution he was appointed (in 177S] one of :
the commissioners sent with Lord Carlisle to the United
States to treat with Congress. Died in 1787.

Johnstons, (Jaues,) a distinguished Scottish physi-
aan, bom at Annan in 1730, was educated at Edinburgh
and Paris. He was very successful in malignant fevers,
on which he wrote a treatise. He ts alsosaid to have been
the first to recommend the use of mineral acids in those
diseases. Among his other works may be mentioned
"Medical Essays and Observations, with INsquisitions
relating to the Nervous Sj^tem," (1795.) He practised
*t Worcester, where he died in 1803.

S« Chakbhhs, " Bit^nphical Dictioury of Eoiiiicat Scotunen."

Johnstone, (John,) son of the precetUng, was born
m 1768, and educated at Oxfotil He w:
celebrated as a skilful physician and an ace

scholar, lie wrote the "Life of Dr. Part," (1 _

whom he was very intimate \ also several me<Ii»l wor^
Heprsctised iit Birmingham about forty years. Died
in 1836.

Johnstone, (Juhn Menrv,) a celebrated cumii^ actor
•nd vocalist, born in Ireland in 1750 ; died in 1S2S.

Johnstone, jons'tQn, do, Chevalikb, a native of
Edinburgh, entered in 174J the army of the Pretender, to
whom he soon became aide-de-camp. He served at the,
battle of Prestonpana and in subsequent engagements.
After the battle of Culloden he escaped to Paris, and

n'^sh^

1 174s and 17- ,
which was translated and published in London in l8zo.
Died hi France at an advanced age.

JoinvUle.ihwiN'vil', (Edmond,) a French landscape^
painter, born in Paris in 1801 ; died in 1849.

Jolnvllle, de, dfh join'vil or zhwlK'vtl', (Francois
Ferdinand Philippe Louis Harie d'Orl<ans, )
Prince, the third son of King Louis Philippe, was bom
in 1818. He served in the navy, and obtained the rank
of captain for his conduct at the attack on Vera Cruz in
1838. In 1840 he was sent to Saint Helens to brine the
remains of Napoleon to France. He commanded the
naval division which bombarded Tangier in I S44, and gave
an impulse to the construction of steam ahipa of war by
his " Note sur les Forces navalcs de ia Prance," (1S44.)
He served for a time on McClellan's staff during tbi
civil war. In 18S6 he was expelled from France, as 1
member of the former royal house. Died in 1900.

Jotnville.ae, (Jean or Jehan,) Sire, > French noble-
man and chronicler of high reputation, bom in Cham-
pagne in 1124. He grew op at the court of Tbibaut, King
of navarre and Count of Champagne, and in 1348 raised

MTcral hnndrcd armed men Irom among his tenants and
accompanied Louis IX. in hit 6rst crusade to the Holy
Land. He soon became a great favouriK with this
monarch. Joinvilte distinguished himself fur bravery at
the capture of Uamietta in Egypt, and was subsequently
with Louis, made prisoner at Mansoorah. He returned
to France with the king in 1254. He wrote a very in-
teresting work entilleo " History of Sunt Louis IX.,
King of France, by Jehan Sire de loinville." " In this
history," says Ambrose Firmin Didot, "which is one of
the moat precious monuments of ancient ot modem
limes, the Christian, the man of the world, the Friend of
the king, and the tuu/ historian, display themselves with
such naturalness, simplicity, and candour that the readei
can penetrate the inner heart of the author t^ the simple
recital which he baa given us. . . . His natural and
easv style has all the charm of conversation." ("Nou-
velle Biographic G^njrale.") He is supposed to have
died about 1317.

S«F.FntBU''NMie)tBrJeudtI(iiBnaa,"i>j]; Chdjuk.
"Mgtkc tuiuriqiH mr Sin da Jinnlk,'' ■>»; SAIHTa-BlVTB
"CiintriH da LsndL"

JAl(al,(MAUKiCB,or MAURUS,)(in Hungarian, J6k a,
HdR, yS'koi mSa,) a very eminent Hungarian novelist
and dramatist, bom at Comorn, February 19, 1S25. He
for many years was prominent in political journalism, and
was often elected to public office. In the best of his
numerous works the style is brilliant, and many have
been translated into other languages. Among his works
are "The Hungarian Nabob," "The White Rose,"
and "The New Landlord." Ajubilee edition in one
hundred volumes was published in 1894. Died in 1904.

Jollet, ihoOe-t', (Lonil,) ■ Frendi trsveDer, w>i one
of the first while men that explored the Mississipiii
River. He had resided some time at Quebec before
1673, when he and Marquette were sent to explore that
river. (See Marquette.) After the end of that voyage
it aiipears that he returned to Quebec. Died about 1730.

Joliveau de aegrsls, ibole'vy d^h s^h'gRi', (Ma.
rie Madeleine Nicole Alexandrine,) a French
poetess, born at Bar-sur-Aube in 1756; died in iSjO.
lie wrote "New Fables in Verse," etc

Jollvet, de, d?h ihole'vi', (Jean Baptiste Moysi,)
Count, a French advocate, bom in 1754, was elected
■ 1791 to the Legislative Assembly, in which he baldly
^.jnounced the Jacobins. On the accession of Napoleon
he was created councillor of state. Died in iSiS. He
wrote various worka on political economy.

Jollivet, ihole'vi', (Adolphe,) * French politician,
oorn in 1799, wrote many works against the abolition of
slavery. He was killed in Paris during the revolution
of February, 1848.

Jollivet, (FiERRS Ji;les,) ■ French painter of hittory,
born in Paris in 1S03, gained a medal of tbe first dsss
in 1835. Died September 7, 187I.

JoUols, zholwl', ( Jean BaptistePrjsfer,)^ French
antiquary and engineer, Imrn in Burgundy in 1776. He
was chief engineer of tlie department of Seine, (Paris.)
He published many works on French antiquities. Died

P. Jolioii," 1*46; "N

Joly, ihole*, (BtKICNE,) a French religious writer,
born at Dijon in 1644, wrote a number of devotion^
works. Died in 1694.

JolT,|CLAiJDE,)aFrench writer and ecclesiastic, born
in Paris in 1607, wrote "A Collection of True Maxims
fur the Education of s King, wunst the Pernicious
Poli« of Cardinal Mazarin," (l6^3,) a copy of which
was burnt by the common execuliimer. lie became a
canon of the Church of Paris in 1631. Died in 170%

S« Hoifai. " D>clianiiiiir( Hiiloriqv*.''

Jol J. (Claude,) a French preacher, born in Lorraine
in iGio, became Bishop of Agen, and lef) several volumes
of sermons. (1692-94.) Died in 1678.

Joljf or Jollr, iho'le', (Francois Antoine,) a French
comic poet, born in Paris in i66». He wrote several
comedies, and published accurate editions of Molitrs
(6 vols., 1734) and Comeille, (S vols.1 Died in 17;}.

Joly, (GUI,) a French writer, a neiihew of Claude Joly,

<,E,1, 0, 0,7, /<»u','i,i.d.same, less prolonged; &,«,!, 6, a,;,i4ar«,-hf, i.9i<^curr,'fSr, fill, Bit;met;n&t;gaSd)man;

d by Google

JOLY

'397

JONA THAN

noticed above, became confidential secretuT to Cardinal
de Rctz. He is known as the author of the historical
"Hemoiis"lTom 1648 to 1665,(1718.) An English trans-
lation of this work was publishedin 1755. Hu"Memoii8"
are designed to eaplain and complete thoas of De Retz.

'oly. tjosua KOMAIN,) a French monk and writei,
bom in 1715 ; died in 1805.

J0I7, (Makc Antoini,) a French dramatist, bom in
167a, wrote "The ScEiool of Lovers," and "The Jealous
Wife." Died in 1753.

Joly or J0U7, (Harib Clisahbth,) a noted French
actress, bom at Versailles in 1761. In 1793 she was
imprisoned by the revuhitjonists, but regained her free-
dom on condition that she should pdCorm at the theatre
of the Republic Died in 1798.

Joly, (Philippe Louis,) a learned French ecclesiastic
and philolo^st, born at Dijon about 1713. Among his
works are " Critical Remarks on the Dictionary of Bayle,"
(174S,) and a " Treatise on French Versification," (1751.)

So QafaARD, - La Fnm Lktfnin."

Joly de B<frvy, zhole' dfh bl've', (Louis Philippi

eS£PH,) a French judge and religious writer, bom at
ion in 1736; died in iSsz.

Joly-Clerc, Ibo^e' klain, (Nicolas,) a French natu-
lalist, wrote a number of works on botany. Died in 1817.

Joly de Fleury, ihole' dfh fii/h're'. (Guillaume
Fkaij^ois.) a learned and eloquent French advocate and
magistrate, was born in Paris in 1675. For more than
twenty years he was attorney-general in the Parliament oF
Paris. He wrote several treatises on law. Died in 1756.

Joly de Flemy, (Jkan FitAN^ois,)a French financier,
a son of the preceding, was born m ■7I& He succeeded
Nccker as minister of finances in 1781, and resigned in
1785. Died in iSoa.

Joly de rieury, (JIean Omer — o'maiii',) a French
priest, nephew of Guitlaume Francois, noticed above
Died in 1755-

Joly de Halzeroy. See Maizehoy.

Jomard, iho'min', (Edke Francois, ) a French
atchseoli^st and geographer, born at Versailles in 1777.
Kc accompanied the army to Egypt in 1798, returned
in 180Z, and was appointed secretary of the Egyptian
commiasion. He contributed to the redaction of the
great " Description of Egypt," and, as imperial com-
miasaiTi directed the engravins and impression of the
same tor twenty years, (1807-36.] The portions of this
work written by Jomard were published separately,
widi the title of "Observations on Ancient and Modern
a Historical and Picturesque Description of
lents," (4 vols., 1830.) lie was a member of
the Institute. Died in i36i.

Sec " NouTctIc Biagraphie Uninle."

Jombert, zhoN'baiR', (Charles ANTu[NE,)a French
■riiei on art, bom in Paris in 171a; died in 1784.

Jomelll, 70-mellee, (NiccoiA) a celebrated Italian
compaaer, bom at Aversa, near Naples, in 1714. He
atadied under Feo, Leo, and Martim. His first opera,
"L'Errore amoroso," produced when he was twenty-
three yean of age, rendered him so famous that he was
soon after invited to Rome, where be composed two
uorc operas and was patronized by the Cardinal of
York. In 1742 he went to Vienna, where he formed an
intimate Iriendiihip with Metastasio and gave instmo-
tjom in music to the empress Maria Theresa. He was
rmplayed as musidan or chapel-master in Saint I'eter't
at Rome from 1749 to 1754. The Duke of VVurlemberg
having invited him to enter his service as chapel-master
to the coart. JomelU removed to Stuttgart, where he
passed aboutsevcnteenyears,(i7S4-7a) DiedatNapIc

Prench army, became aide-de-camp to Ney about 1S04,
and presented to Honaparte on the field of Auslerliti
Us "Treatise on the Grand Operations of War." A
few days after this event he was appointed chief of the
staff of Ney. He received the title of baron for hii
conduct at Jena in 1S06, and was emploved in Spain in
igoS. In 181 1 he became a general of brigade, and in
1812 French governor of Wilna. He conlritmled greatly
to the victory of Bautien in 1S13. His promotion naving
been obstructed by the enmity of Berttiier, he quitted
the French service in 1S13, and entered that of Russia,
with the rank of lieutenant-general, and became aide-de-
camp to the emperor Alexander. Died about April I,
1869. Among his chief works are "Trait* des grandes
Operations militaires. ou Histoire critiirue et militaire det
Guerresde Fr^d^ric II comparees 1 celles de la R^volu-
lion," (s vols., 1805,) a "Critical and Military History of
the Campaigns ofthe Revolution from 1791 to iSoi,"
(15 vols., 1819-34.) and "Precis de I'Art de la Guerre,"
(5th ed., I vols., 1838.) The works of Jomini are among
the best that have ever been written on the art of war.

S» PASCAI, "ObterriiioH lur b Vie ct let Ouviagti de Biroii
Jomioi:" QiTinAiiD. "La Knnu Lili^nin;" "Nouolle Dioara-
ehii (Mnjrile :" " MoiilUy Rnin," niL icL. iSb. (ApptDdii-T

Jon Areaon. See Aeeson, 0on.)

Jon, du. (Francis.) See Junius.
Jonae, yo'nji, (Peter,) Bishop of Strengna,

prolessor of theoli^y at Upsal when John IIL

ti Swe-

Egmo

(i747,)and "Eao," {1748,) several oi
aod a miserere for two voices.

Sec Ftfni. "Bicfpiphie UoirsHUa ih* Muudeni;" Pimu
Ai.nvKi, "Nottxia Ipocraficha iH N. Jnnellj/' 184J: " Nouvclio
k«njiluc &ti><nl<;" Ckoroh •! Favolle, "DiniDnniiri itt

Jomlnl, iho'me'ne', (Henri,) Baron, an able general
and eminent writer on strate^^, was born at I'ayerne,
■ the Siris* Canton de Vaud, m 1779. He entered the

tCtcmpled to re-establish the Catholic religion. Jon
boldly opposed this proceeding. Died in 1607.

Jo'n^h or To'ii^ [Heb, njV; Gr. '\uvSi: \M.
Jonas,! one o( the minor Hebrew prophets, and the
subject of the book bearing his name, is supposed to
have lived under the reign of Jerotioam II., about 800
B.C. ; but some place him under tiiat of Jehu.

Sh II, King! lii. ty. MiltbM idL >«. 41 1 Lukan. 14. ji.

Jo'nah of Cor'doTa. known also as Mariniu, or
Merinos, (in Aratnc, Aboo-I Walaed Uerwan Ibn
Ianah,) an eminent Jewish rabbi, born at Ciirdova,
Spain, about 990 A.D. He was a very able Hebrew lexi-
cographer and grammarian, and liis principal work,
;*Kitabel Tankifi,"or"The Book of Minute Research,"
is Sliil highly valued.

Jonoa. See Jonah.

(*■"■ - . ,

born in Iceland about 1368, is said to have studied
astronomy under Tycho Brahe, Most of his works
relate to the history of Iceland. Died in 1648.

Jonu, zho'nS', (Emile,) a French musical composer,
of Jewish origin, born March J, 1S27. He produced
"Le Duel de Benjamin," (1855.) "Le Roi boit," (1857,)
" Les deux Arlequins," ( 1 865,) " Le Canard 1 ttois Decs,
(1S69,) and other operas -bouffes.

Jonaa, vo'nlis, (lusrua,) an eminent Gemun Re
brmer and writer, Dorn at Nordhsusen m 1493. He
became in I $31 professor of theology at Wittenberg
He assisted Luther in the translation of the Old Tes
lament, accompanied him to the Diet at Worms and at
Augsburg, and had a share in the composition of the
so-called Torgau Articles. He also translated a number
of Luther's works, and Melanchthon's "Defence (Apol-
wyl of the Augsburg Confession," from the Latin into
Geiman. Died in 15J5.

5« P. Ekssh*!!, "ViUMAnaDrJ. Jona."U|ml,ii6i; a
C KxArp, "Nimtiod* Juito JoiuTh«lciro,"<le., 1S17; Euca
uJ Giuuit. '- AllE«Miii* Eiicykiocaxlief^- Nouvellf Uiognuhi*
»n«nlc ;■■ L. R.i>iha>i>, " Ufc ofjuilii. Jonmm," (in Ulin.) ■;}!.

Jonaa or Joon, (Runou>h,) a scholar and aulhiH,
bom in Iceland, graduated at Copenhagen, where he
fixed his residence after 1649. He wrote "Elements
of the Northern Languages." and " Rudiments of Ihe
Icelandic Grammar." Died in 1654.

JonVl:ll?n, [Heb. [run'.J son of King Saul, and the
most intimate friend of the psalmist David. The death
of this prince, who fell with his (alber.near Muiiul GUboa.
while fighting the Philistines, fiimished the subject of
one of the must beautiful of David's songs.

ShI. Sani<Kl<viiL. ux..u.i II. SimDeli. <t-i7-

Jon'athan Ap'phua, (aPfus,) a celebrated Jewish
leader and high-priest, succeeded his elder brother, Judas

•«i*.(»,.-ijw.#«,

K, gvlttiral: N, naiai; R, lri//ci/; 1 as

,'lha>

l2^r~^ee Explanations, p. 33,)

<-j:.,Gooi^lc

JONATHAN

JONES

Uaccabaena, in l6t b.c, u cUef ruler of bia luuion. For
Mvcnteen rora he Koremed with wiadooi and justice, and
curied on Bucceisfal win with DUUiy of (he lurToandiiig
nations. During the dvil dissenaion* in the kingdom
of Sjria he wu decoyed into the dt; tA Ptolemais and
nauacTcd with hia entire eacort.

Jonattum Ben Us-d'ol (or nz'ie-el) or 0-n'eI,
a Jewish lablH, aappoaed to utc been contemporary
with the ptopbets Hagni, Zechaiiah, and Malacbi. He
was tbe author of the '^argnm," a Cbaldak paraphraw
of moat or the Hebrew prophetical bootca.

Jonokbloe^ jronktiloot, {Willih Joseph Ah-
DKBAS,] a Dutch author, bom at tbe Hague, July 6, tSi?.
He waa educated at Leyden, and held profeuoiships of
the Dutch language and literature at Groningen and
Leyden. He published histoiiea of poetry in the Neth-
erlands, and of Dutch literature. Died in 1885.

Jonoonrt, de, d^h ihAN^uioK', (Eus,) a Dutch wntei,
of French eiiraction, bom at the Hague m 1707- He
was one of ihe'editors of the " Bibliothique des Sciences
e( dea Arts," (50 vols., 1754-80,) and wrote vaiiona
works. Died about 1775.

ZtxanXj*. yODk'Ha, 0AN1EL,) a Dutch litUroieitr and
. physidan, twm at DoK, lived many ]reais at Rotterdam.
Amoi^ hta works was an able treatise against torture.
Died in 1654.

Jonea, j<>ni, (Anson,) an American physidan. Presi-
dent c^ ^e republic of Texas at the time of its annexation,
was bom in Berkshire county, Massachusetti, in 1798.
He settled in Brazoria, Texas, in 1833, took a promi-
nent part in the political and military moremeota which

resulted in the independence of that republic, ~

ister to the United Stales In iStS, and after

three years accretary of stale under Premdent Houston.

bom at Grandborough in 1851. His first marked
success as a playwright was with " The Sil*er King,"
(1882.) Later plays are " The Middleman," (iS^.)
" The Triumph of the Philistines," (1895,) etc.

Jonas, (HiNRV Benci,) F.KS., an £iigliah pbrnidan,
writer, and lectnrer on medical subjects, bom at Lowe*'
toft in iSii. He graduated at Cambridge in 1816. and
commenced tbe study of medidne. In 1846 h

Animal Chemistry," "Lectures on Pathology and
Therapeutics," and "Tbe IJfe and Letters of Faraday."
Died in London, ^ril 30, 1873.

Jonet, (Hugh Boltoh,) an American artiat, born at
Baltimore, October so, 1848. Among bis best pictnrea
are "The Poplars." "Taiuper," "The Wayside Pool,"
"The Rettim of the Herd," "October," "On Herring
Run," and "The Ferry Inn." In 1883 he was elected 10

English Palladio," was bom in London about 1573.
Bemg apprenticed (o a joiner, his talent for designing
attracted the attention of the Earl of Pembroke, who
furnished him with means lo travel through Europe-
While in Italy, he accepted an invitation from Christian
IV. to visit Denmark. The sister of that monarch waa
the queen of James L of England ; and thus the way
was paved to the royal patronage when he reached bis
native land in 1605. In a short lime he waa appwnted
architect to the queen and lo Prince Henry, in which
he formed a friendship with Ben lonson. Thej

in 1844 he succeeded Houston as President Died by
his own band in tSjS.

Jonea, (Charles CoLCoCK,)!*., an American author,
bom at Savannah, Georgia, October z8, 1831. He
graduated at Princeton College in 1853, became a
lawyer, was an officer in tbe Confederate army, and
alter 1865 removed to New York, reluming to Georgia
in 18S7. Among his works are " Ancient Tumuli in
Georgia," (1869,) "Antiquities of (be Soulhera In-
dians," (1873,) " De Soto's March through Georgia,"
(18S0,) "Negro Myths from the Georgia Coast,"
(1888,) etc. Died July 19, 1S93.

JonM, jjtau, (David,) a Welsh poet, bom in Cs«t-
narvonshire, was also a collector of Welsh mannscsipts.
Died about 17S0.

Jonea, (David R.,) an American general, bom in
South Carolina about 1827, graduated at West Point in
18461. He served aa brigadSer-geneial in tbe annj of
General Lee at Antietam, September 17, 1863. Died
in 1863.

JonM, (EdwaU),) a Welsh musidan and bard, bora

other works, "Musical and Poetical Kelicsof the Frendi
Barda," (17S4.) Died in 1811.

JoiiM, jj^ (Ernest,) M.P., an English poet and
Chartist He became the leader of the Chartist move-
ment about 1846. He waa imprisoned about two years
for his radicalpolilical speeches, (1848-49.) Among his
works are "The Wood Spirit," (1841,) and "Chartist
lyrics." He was elected a member of Parliament in
1S69, and died the same year.

Jonas, (Gkipfith,) an English author, bom In I7ai.
He edited at difierent times several periodicals, and was
connected with Dr. Johnson in the " IJterary Magadne"
and with Goldsmith In tbe " British Magaiine." Among
bis works are "Great Events from Little Causes," and
several "Liliputian Histories." IHed in 17S6.

Jonas, jSni, (Henry,) an Irish poet and dramatic
writer, bom at Drogheda about 1720, was l^ trade a
bricklayer. His pri^uctions attracted (he attention of
tbe Earl of Chesterfield, then lord lieutenant of Ireland,
whi> took him to England and procured a targe aub.
■criptlon for his poems. Among his works we may dee
the "Tragedy of the Eari ol Essex," (i7S3,) and
"The Cave of Idra." Died in 1770.
Jonas, (Henrv Arthur,) an English dramatist.

•everal plays. In 1611 he viaiteL _ ,

and it was at this period that he liilly adopted the daa^
style of architecture, which was then but little known in
E^land. On bia return he became surveyor-general of
the royal buildings. He died in 1653. Of the edifice*
designed and constmcted by him may be mentioned the
palace at Whitehall, and Oie west front of Old Saint
Paul's. He wrote a work entitled " Slonhenge Re-

Jonai, (Jacob,) Commodori, an American naval
officer, bom in Kent comity, Delaware, in 1770. He
became a lieutenant about iSoi, and in October, 1811,
commanded the aloop-of-war Wasp, with which be cap-
tured tbe British sloop Frolic, which carried more gun*
than the Wasp. He was promoted to the tank of post-
captain in 1813, and obtained command of the frigate
Macedonian. Died in Philadelphia in 185a

Jones, (Janes Chamberlain,) a United States Sen-
ator, bom in Davidson connij, Tennessee, in 1S09. Id
1841 he was chosen bv tbe Whigs Govemor of the State,

£ lines K. Folk being his competitor. He waa re-elected
1843, when Mr. Polk was again the oppoaing can-
didate. In the National Whig Conventkn of 1S48
Govemor Tonea strennoaaly advocated the nomination
id' Heniv Clay ; bnt after tbe aelection of General Taylor
aa the choice of the Convention he enttred the canvas*
warmly in hi* support, and spoke to large audiences
in diflerent States of the Union. He waa eiecied to the
United Stales Senate in iSst, and aerved the ftiU tern
of six years. He supported tbe Kansas-Nebraska bill
ui 1854, and thenceforward acted prindpally with the
Democratic party. Died in 1859.

Jones, (Jekemiah,) a learned and eloanent English
diaaenting minister, bom in 1693, published an important
work entitled a " New and Full Method of Settling the
Canonical Authority of the New Testament" (a vols.,
1726,) which is said to be the best English work on the
lubject Died in 1714.

Jonas, (John,) a physidan and medical writer, sup-
posed to have been bom tn Wale* about 1500. He wat
educated at Cambridge, and practised at Bath, in Ei %•
land. Among his works was " The Art and Science M
Preserving the Body and Soul in Health," (1579.)

Jonea, (John,) a Benedictine, bom in London in
■575- ^ic studied at OifuriJ, where be roomed wii}i
Laud, afterwards the celebrated ardibishop. Having
become a Roman Catholic, he went to Spain, became a
monk, and continued his studies at Composlella. Ha

f,e,f,S,il,J,/nV/'^i>^*iune,lcsapq)longed;l,<,^d,iii,j?,fJ<»r;ht,t,9>'AK<'r^>'f^>fUI>Bt;mit;n&t;g96dim«bn;

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

JONES

'399

/ONES

«M SDbKquentlr appdnted professor of Hebrew and
dmrnt; It Douav. lie wm the aathor oT seretal tbeo-
wptaf work*. Died in London in 1636.
'onej^UoHM,) a WeUh intjqoaty, who ooUected ud

eyet

|in^ Fifty lai^c volaows of theK _
He IS suppmed to liave died about i6oa

Joae«, OoKN,) the author of "Adratta,
Woman's Spleen," (1635.) and other dramatic
lived in Enuand dunng the reign of Charles L

JonM, (John,) a clergyman of the Church of Eng-
had, bom in Wales in 1700, and educated al Oxford.
In 1751 he became rector of Boalne-Hust, and in 1755
vicar of Hitchio. Four yean later he was dioecnbyDr.
Voung^ the poet, to be bis curate. He wrote " Catholic
Faitli and Practice," <I765,) and other leligiont work*.
Died abool 1770.

Jono*. (John,) LL.D., a UoiCariaa minister, bom b
CMnuTlhenshire about 1765. About 179J he was ap-
ptnnted pa«tor of a con^uation at Plymoath Dock, and
■fterwarda at Hali^ in Yorkshire. He suheequently
lemoved to London. He was tiie first to introduce
dM use of Greek-and-English dictionaries. Previou*
to hi* time the Greek had been studied entirely with the
aid of books written in Latin. Of bis numeious works
we mav mention " Illustrations of Che Four Gospels,
Ibonded on CircDmstances peculiar to our Lord and the
Erangelista," (1808,) and "A Greek-and- English Lod-
eaa," (183^} Died in 1837.

JonoN, (joHH,) a lawyer and writer, bom in Carmar-
tfaenahire m 1773, was admitled to the bar in 1S03.
Antong bis worlu are "A History of WaJu," and
"Cy&mod Newydd," a translatioD of the New Testament
from the Creek into Welsh. Died in iSaS.

^ont^ (JoMM M.,) an American general, bom in
Virrinia about iSao, graduated at West Point in 1S4]
He liecsuDc a captain m 1853, and resided liis commu
sion in 1S61. He served as a brindier^eneral in the
■rnn of General Lee, and was killed near SpotUTlTania,

J<»aa, (NOBLI WiMBUtLY,) a phyaldan and patriot,
bom in Georgia in 1735. He was an early and active
ptoraoter of the Revolution, was a delegate to Con-

. . _.. olulion,
greas in 1775, and wai taken prisoner at Charleston il
178a In 1^1 he was again elected to Congtesa. Died
in 1805.

JoDOa, (OwBN,) an antiquary, btwn in Denb^hshire,
Wales, io 174a He pabliahed a large collection of
ancient Welsh poetrj, and the "Arclueolosy of Wales,"
containing severaj historical documents. Died in 1S14.

Jonoa, (OwtN,) an architect, born in Wales about
iSoa Id 1S37 he visited Granada, and in 1S43 published
"Plans, Elevatioas, Sections, and Details of the Al-
hambta,!' with a translation of the Aralnc inscriptions,
and a historical account of the sovereigns of Graikada
from the Spanish. He chiefly devoted bis attention to
onumental architecture, in which he soon acquired
distinction. In 1852 be was appcunled "Director of
Decraatiorts" at the Crystal F^Uace in London. He
HtplMj^ bis taste and artistic knowledge with a very
h^py efiect in arruiging and ornamenting the varions
cooxts of that boildine. Among his writings are "De-
■giks for Mosaic and "nssellated Pavementa,'' (1S42,) and
tin "Grammar of Ornament," (iSj6.) Died in 1874.

Jones, (Paui. ; originally John Paul,) a ^moua naval
officxr, bom at ArUgland, in Scotland, in 1 747. He emi-
grated to Virginia, entered the colonial naval service in
1775, was appointed a captain in August, 1776, and took
eunmand <rf the Ranger, a vessel of eighteen guns, about
Jime, 1777. He sailed to Eorope in that year, cruised on
the coast of Scotland, and made a bold attack on Whiiti-
haven, where be burnt some shipping. He also captured
■he Drake, a *ioap at war. Early in 1779 he was Irana-
kicd W the Boobomme Richard, which carried about
fai^'five gnns. Having several smaller vessels luider
tis command, he captured or destroyed many British
wssels. In September he attacked the Serapis, a frigate
of iorty-fbur guns, which surrendered aller a long buttle.
His own ship was so much damaged in this action thai
•he sank a few hours af^cr. Congress volcd Caplain
Jimea a giAA medal Ibr this victory. He entered the

Rusaian service, with the raidc of rear-admiral, in I7S8(
bu, having quarrelled with one of the Rusnan admirals)
he was soon removed from the command. He died io
Paris in 1791.

S» I. R StmKiuaits, "liA of J. P. I«i»,". mlt, ife.;

LM«™ra,,"flfc£JJ.. lo«c;»™t, i84>: -HmT.v«
«o J. P. Joa^" OnniBHa, ibg; W. O. SiHiOh " Life of J. P.

eui.^nLB.1 " Homhlr Roviaw'' fee SifX

Jonoa, (Ri(M,) a Welsh poet, bora in 1715. Hepnb-
Ushed" Welsh Anthology,* (177a) DiediniSoi.

Jonaa, (Richard,) a Welshman, published about
1654 " Gemma Cambricum," a work of great ingenuity,
ut which all the books and chapters of the BiUe were
abbreviated and written in his native dialect

Jonaa, (Sauuel,) an American major-general, bom
in Virginia, graduated at West Point in 1841. He took
arms against the Union in 1861, and commanded in
Westem Virginia in 1863-63. He was killed al the
bailie of the Wilderness, May 5, 1S64.

Jonas, (Sauuel M.,) an American political re-
former, was bom in Wales in 1846, and brought to
the United States in infancy. He became wealthy as
a manufacturer, introduced reforms in labor con-
ditions, and was elected mayor of Toledo in 1897.
As Eucb he became a vigorous advocate of municifnl
ownership and opponent of monopolies, and was re-
elected in 1899. Died July 12, 1904.

Jonaa, (Stxphxk,) bom in London in 1763. He was
the editor of the Whitehall "Evening Post,'* the "Bio-
graphia Dramatjca," and ■"Biographical Dictionary,"
(3d edition, 1796.) Died in 1817-

Jonaa, (Sir Thomas,] chief justice of the common
pleas during the reign of James IL lie openly opposed
the encroachments of the king on the laws of^ England,
and was dismissed &om office in 1686.

See Hacaouv, " HiuoiT of Knj^d." nJ. iL chip, n.

Jonea, (Thomas Rupert.) an English geologist,
bom at London in 1819. He became professor of

geology at Sandhurst in i86z. He w: " —

Fotks and papers on fosul fotaminifera.

Jonaa, (Thokas Rvmui,) an English physician and
surgeon, distinguished as a comparative anatomist and
physioli^t, was bom abont iSio. He was educated
at London and Paris. He was appointed professor of
larative anatomy in King's College, London, and
... -.40 became Fullerian professor of physiology in
the Royal Institution of Great Britain. In 1844 he was
elected a Fellow of the Royal Society. Among his
works may be mentioned "A General Outline of the
Animal K/inBdoin," (1S41,) and "The Natural History
of Animals, (1st voL, 1844.) Died December 10, 1880.

Jones, (Thomas Wharton.) a British oculist and phy-
siologist, born at Saint Andrew's, Scotland, about iSoS,
published a " Treatise on Ophthalmic Medicine and Sur-
gery," etc., and became professor of ophthalmic medicine
'-. University College, London. Died in 1891.

Jonoa, (Sir Wiluah,) an English jud^e under James
L and Charles L, was bom in 156& He wrote several
l«al works, and became a judge of the king's bench in
1&5. Died in 1640.

Jonaa, (WiLUAM,) an able mathematician, bom in
le island of Anglesey in 1680, He taugbt mathematics
for several years, and corresponded with the most dis-
tinguished scientific men of that age. He was the friend
of Newton and of Halley, and rhe father of the emi-
Orientalist Sir William Jones. He held the office
ce-president of the Royal Society. Died in 1749.
Among his productions are "A Compendium of the Art
of Navigation," (1703,) and several works in defence
f the theories of Newton.

Jonea (William) of Nayland, a learned Episcopal
divine and multifarious writer, bom in Northampton-
shire, England, in 1716, graduated al Oiford in 1749.
Of his productions we may mention " Catholic Docltine
of the Trinity proved from Scripture," (1756,) an "Essay

L the First Principles of Natural Philosophy," (1763,)

K Course of Lectures on the Figurative Lamguage of

CMl,'{aa//|ian/; tas/,-G,H,K,;u/fi(ra/,- ti,nataJ; s^trUltd; last; thasinMir, (3^'See Explanations, p. 33.)

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

JONES 14

the H3I; Scriptures," (17S6,] and two politinl treatisu
■gaiiiBl the French Revolution, entitled "A Letter from
Thomas Bull to his Brother John." and " The Scholar
amied against the Errors of the Times." He was per-
petual curate of Nayland. Died in 1800.

SmWiluahStivuis, •'IJ& nf W. Joneiof Niyhod," iSot.

JoDSB, [Lat JoNs'sius,) (Sir William.) an eminent
Orientalist, (on of William Jones, noticed aboTe, ( 1680-
1749,1 was botn in London September iS, 1746. He
lost his (ather when he was three years of age ; but his
mother, a lady remarkable both for her learning and
accomplishments, ably superintended his education. In

¥'S3 he was placed at the Harrow School, of which Dr.
hackeray was preceptor, Jones early distinguished
himself for his classical acquirements, and at the age of
seventeen entered Universi^ College, Oxford, with more
leaniing than many lond scholars have carried thence.
The following year he left Oiford, to become tutor to
the ion of Earl Spencer, in whose family he continued
to reside for five years. During this penod he devoted
much of his time to the ac(]uirement of the Oriental
languages. He was also versed in nearly all the Euro-

Ean tongues. In 1768, at the request of the Kine of
enmark, he translated the "Life of Nadir Shah" from
the Persian into French. The year following he issued
a valuable Persian Grammar. In 17;^^ be began the
■tody of law, and in 1774 he was admitted to the bai.
In March, 1^83, he was appointed juii^e of the supreme
court of judicature at Fort William, in Bengal, and re-
ceived the order of knighthood. Soon after ne married
Anna Maria Shipley, a daughter of the Bishop of Saint

Asaph. In the following September Sir Wilham J<

reached India, where he continued to pursue his One
•Indies with unabated seal. He also organized (about
jf," for the purpose ( ' '
■n relative 10 the sciences, antiquities,
languages, and history of Asia. He died at Calcutta
on the Z7th of April, 1794, after a short illness. In the
branch of literature to which he devoted his
he undoubtedly surpassed all other Europeans. He is,
however, to be equally esteemed for his noble quatitie*
and Christian virtues as for his vast erudition. Among
his numerous works are "Commentaries on Asiatic
Poetry," commenced in lus twenly-fitHt year,ind confin-
ing translations from the most distinguished Hebrew,
Persian, Arabic, and Turkish poets, treatises " On the
Gods of Greece, Italy, and India,"
Classical Book of the Chinese," " On the Musical Modes
of the Hindus," and a translation of the "Institutes
of Manu," and a prose translation of Kftlidftsa's cele-
brated poem "Sacontala," {" Sakoontalft,"] both from
the original Sanscrit. He was also author of several
works on the laws of England and of India.

S« Loin TaiGHHOUTM, " Life of Sir WillUin JdnH," 11114!
" Autobiocnphr of WDiLun Jonct," puUiih«d by hit kq, London,
1846; H. A. Hahakei, "Oraliodt Vila el Miriii. G. Jonaii,''
LcjdEn, iSii: ■' Nonnlle Biognphic »n<nle :" '■ Edinbcirgli Kc-
view" for JiniuTv, tSosi Caiy, "Utci of Encti4h PoeM bwn
jDfaniDn 10 Kiiki WUu."

Jonaa, (William ALrREii,) an American writer and
critic, was born in 1817. He graduated at Columbia
Coll»e in 1836. He has contributed largely to

Briodicals, and published several volumes of essays.
is "Characters and Criticisms" (a vols., 1857) war
highly commended by Washington Irving. Died 1900.

jDuea. (William Basil,) D.D., an English bishop,
born at Cheltenham in i8m. He graduated al Trinity
College, Oxford, in 1844, was a Fellow of Queen's Col-
lege, 184S-S1, and of University College, 1851-57, and
a tutor, 1854-65. In 1867 be became archdeacon and
canon of York. In 1874 he was consecrated Bishop of
Saint l>avid's. Among his works are " Vestiges of the
Gael in Gwynedd," (1851,) "History of Saint David's,"
(1856,) " Notes on the CEdipus Tyrannus of Sophocles,*
" New Testament, with a Plain Commenlary," and "Tin
Peace of God." Died January 14, 1897.

JonMltu. See Jonks, (Sir Wiluah.)

JonBi da, dfh yong, (Ludolf,) a Flemish painter
of battle- and hunting-scenes, born near Rotterdar- --
1616; died in 1697.

.'oneoUiie^ yong'fh -links', (Jacob,) a Flemish sc

JONSON

ir, bom at Antwerp in 1531. Among his works is 1
onument to Charles the Bold at Bruce*. Died in 1606.
JotUn, iho'nio', (Gilbert,) a French Jesuit and poet,
born in Auvergne in 1596. He translated into Latin,
with many modifications, the Odes of Anacreon, which
he publishedunderlhe title of "The Christian Anacreon."
He wroteseveral Greek and Latin odes. Died atTournon,
March 9, 1638.

Jonaitu, yon'se-As, (Johahh,) a German scholar, bora
at Flensburg in 1614. He wrote, besides other works,
" De Scriptoribos Histoiix Philoaophica," (1659,) which
ras once highly priied. Died at Leipsic in 1659.
Jon'a^n or JohcBOn, (Ben,) one of the moat cele-
brated English poets and dramatists, was bom at West-
minster in 1574. His father, a Protestant clergyman,
died a month previous to his birth. Jonson's mother
subsequently married 1 master-bricklayer, who sent him
10 Westminster, then under the charge of Camden, to
whom he afterwards dedicaled the drama entitled "Every
Man in his Humour," Jonaon re^rded his preceptot
through life with esteem and affection. In his sixteenth
entered the University of Cambridge ; but, on
of his straitened circumstances, he was obliged
college and to assist his step-father as B mason.
Becoming disgusted with this employment, he enlisted
in the army in Flanders, and greatly distinguished himself
by his bravery. When he returned, as Cifford observes,
"he brought little but the reputation of a brave man. a
smattering of Dutch, and an empty pjrse." He soon
afterwards joined a company of acton ; but, having killed
one ol them in a duel, be was thrown Into prison, and
narrowly escaped with his life. During his confinement
Se was converted by a priest to the Roman Catholic
ellgion. Subtequently, aAer a careful examination,
he renounced hii adopted fitilh, and was again received
into the communion ofthe Church of England. In 159S
he produced "Every Man in his Humour," drama,
which at once brought him Into rwtice. One of the
characters of this play is said to have been performed
by Shakspeare. It was followed by numerous produc
lions, which added (o ihe bme he had already acquired.
About 1605 he assisted Chapman and Marston in writing
"Eastward Hoe." This was regarded as a libel on the
Scots, and his associates were thrown into prison, whither
he voluntarily accompanied them. The three poets were
condemned to lose their ears and noses; but, through
Jonson's influence at court, they escaped. He was shortly
afterwards created poet-laurcale by James I., with an
annual pension of A 100 and a tierce of Spanish wine.
Jonson died in 1637. On his death-bed he expressed
Ihe deepest penitence for the profanity that he had intro-
duced into his plays, which, with this exception, are ixt
purer in morals tlian the other dramas of that age. Jon-
son's convivial habits (perhaps bis greatest weakness)
caused him to suffer from poverty in his declining years-
He was accustomed to meet Shaltspeare and olber dis-
tinguished persons al the drinking- houses of London.
He also gave costly enteruin men ts at his own residence.
He was brave, generous, and benevolent, and governed
by the highest principles of honour. Towards his friends
■- iring in his attachment, and was easily

idled t<

bibits ui

IS of perception. He unquestionable^
mnch praise foi ■■-•■•

Is of the English stage. " I think him," sayi

lerceptioi

ing English poetry and
„ !. " I think him, sayt
Dryden, "the most learned and judicious writer which
any theatre ever had. ... If I would comjrare him with
Shakspeare, I must acknowledge him the most correct
poet, but Shakspeare Ihe greater wit Shakspeare was
the Homer or father of dramatic poets, Jonson was the
Virgil, the pattern of elaborate writing. I admire him,
but 1 love Shakspeare." Jonson was most successful in
satirical comedies, the style of which he obtained from
the ancients. To the refinement and thought di^iplajrcd
in his writings may be atlributed the ill success which
many of them Srsl met with among the English people,
whose taste liad been vitiated by the low ffil and ob-
scenity which they had been accustomed to hear from
the stage. Among the most important of his drama*
are " Cynthia's Revels," <i6oo,) " Sejanus," (1603.) "Vol-

e.i.5, ii.y,/i>H^,-^i.^ same, lesi prolonged; i,i,I,S,{i,]F,/iiarr,-f,^i. 9,i<Jnvrf,'(Ir, mi,at;mCt;n&t;g96d;iM)>>i

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

JONSSON

1401

JORGE NSON

pone," (1605,) "The Alchemitt,'' (1610,) and "Catili
Conipincy," (1611.)

S™ CwmfDoB, "UfcrfBen Imp

< Sdiule." 1 volK, iSjA; '

"i^ft

byW.

tqI. i, lAio: "No¥ih Britjth Rtnew" for Febfwuj, 1856.

JoDsaon, (Arngriii.) See Jonas.

fonaaon, yons'ion, (Fink,) (Lat. Fin'nus Johan-
H^US,] > dergTTnan and historical writer on the church
and literature of Iceland, was bom In that island in
1704. After receiving his education at the Univeruty
of Copenhagen, he returned to Iceland. Died in 1789.
His most impOTtant work is the " Kcclettaslical History
of Iceland," (" Histotia Eccleaiaatica Islandiic")

Jonaton, (Arthur.) See Johnston.

Jordaens, j^R'dlns, (Jakob,) a distinguished painter,
bom at Antwerp in 1594. He studied under Van Oort,
bat was indebted for the most of his artistic knowledge
to Rubens, by whom he was subsequently employed. He
Tainted with rapidity and ease, and his colouring was
rich and hannontoua ; but he was ddicient in elegance
and loftiness of conception. Among his numerous works
are " Jcsns Christ in the Midst of the Doctors," (a paint-
iDjg which has been frequently attributed to Rubens,)
■The Adoration of the Shepherds," "Saint Peter Cut-|
ting off the Ear of Malchus," and "The Satyr and the
Man who Blew Hot and Cold." Died in 167a

Jotdon, zhoR'd&K', (Cauilli,) a French politician |
anil orator, bom at Lyons in 1771. He was distinguished 1
br his moderate prindples during the Revolution, and |
his attachment to the Catholic religion, which he bravely
defended. Having been proscribed by the Directory, he
aooj^ht an asylum in Switietland in 1797, and afterwards
in Gennaoy, where he became acquainted with Goethe,
Schiller, and other men of note. Jordan returned to ,
France about iSoo. During Bonaparte's administration I
be led a private life ; bnt upon the accession of Louis I
XVIIL he was ennobled, and elected to the Chamber
of Deputies. He wrote several works of a political
aatnre. Died in 183 r

a to Berli

snppression of mendidly and (he promotion of educa-
tion. Among his works is "Travels in France and
England," (1735.) Died in 1745.

Jca'd^n, (David Stasr,) Ph.D., M.D., an American
loolqgist, was born at Gainesville, New York, January
19, iSsi. He graduated in the scientific department of
Cornell University in 1873, and as M.D. at Indiana Uni.
vertity in 1875, was a special agent of the United States
census for the marine industries of the Pacific coast from
1879 lo iBSi, was professor of biology in Butler Ui
sity, Indianapolis, from 187S to 1879, and in (he Indiana
UniTeT^ily 1879-85, president of Indiana University
,885-51, and became president of Leland Stanford,
Jr., University in 1891. He was president of the
California Academy of Sciences 1896^. Among
his works are a " Manual of Vertebrates," (1876,)
and a " Synopsis of the Fishes of North America,"
{1883,5 '"''1 other books and a great number of sci-
entific papers.

Jo'dfD, (DoROTHSA,] Or Dorothy Bland, a cele-
brated actress, bom at Waterfoid, Ireland, about 1762.
In 1785 she made her appearance in London at Drur]
Lane Theatre, where she enjoyed the highest popularity,
She saboequently became the mistress of the Duke of
Clarence, (afterwards William IV.,) to whom she l>ore
ten children. This connection being suddenly broken
off by the duke in iSli, Mrs. Jordan retired to France,
where she died in 1816 in great poverty. As an actress
the possessed uncommon versatility, and excelled both

ii D, Joidu," 1 vDk., il}t! Oxaaasv,

Jordan, Hoft-dln', (Estkban.) a Spaniard, oom st
Taliadolid m 1543, excelled in painting, irchitectDrei

and sculpture, but devo(ed his attention chiefly to the
last-named art. Philip IL appointed him hit first
sculptor. Among his most admired \ rodnctioiM are
"Saint Peter," "Saint Paul," and "The Adoration of
the Kings." Died in 1605.

Jordan, yoB'dSn, (Johann Christoph,) a noted anti-
quary, and ptivy councillor 10 the King of Bohemia,
was the author of annotations on Livy, Dionysius of
Halicamassus, Polybius, and Diodorut Siculus. Died
about 1740.

JoTdan, (JoHANK Petbr,} a German (Wendish)
scholar, born at Zischowiti, Upper Lusatia, February
t5, 1S18. He studied at Prague. His works include a
" Wendish Grammar," a " History of Bohemia," a
Polish-German and two Ciech German dictionaries, ett

Jordan, (Sir Joseph,) an English admiral, who com.
mantled at the victory of Solebay, which was gained over
the Dutch in 167Z.

Jordan, (Max,) a German author, bom at Dresden
in 1837. He was successively director of the Munici-
pal Museums of Leipsic and Berlin, in 1875 lecturer at
Berlin University, and in 18S0 councillor in the
Ministry of Public Instruction. He wrote a number
of works on the history of art.

Jordan, (Rudolf,) a German painter, bom at Berlin
■bout 1810. His delineations of ftsher-life in tfelgoland
are greatly admired : among these we may name "The
Shipwreck" and "The Death of the Pilot" Died 18B7.

Jordan, (Sylvester,) a German jurist and politician,
born near Innspruck in 1792. He was imprisoned aboul
twelve years for his liberal opinions, and was released
in 184s. I>>e<l in iSAi.

Jordan, yoR'din, (Wilhrlu,) a German poet, born
at Insterburg, Prussia, February S, 1819. He was edu-
cated at Leipsic, Konigsberg, and other universities, and
was when young distinguished as a republican agitator
and orator. Besides a "History of Hayti," (184&-49,)
he published a large number of volumes of verse, in-
cluding " Detnioureos," (iSjZ,) a bold and thoughtful
attempt at a poetical theodicy. He also published several
parts of a new " Nibeluneenlied," besides translation*
of Sophocles, Homer, and Shakspeare. Died in 1904.

Jot'dail,(WitXlAuGEORCR,) editor and author, bom
at New York in 1864. Edited " Book Chat," " Cur-
rent Literature," "The Saturday Evening Post,"
189S-99, and "The Search' Light," 1905-06. In 1907
he suggested that (he State governors should combine
into a " House of Governors" to promote uniform legis-
lation. This idea was carried into effect by President
Roosevelt in 1908, and he has been permanent secretary
of the "House of Governors" since 1910. He has
written " Mental Training, a Remedy for Education,"
and other works on educational topics.

Jordanea. See Tornandes.

Jordano, (Luca.) See GioxDANa

Jotdano Bnmo. See Bhuno.

Jor'd^n, (Edwakd,) an English physician and scien-
tific writer, bom in Kent in 1569. He was a graduate
□f the University of Padua. Died in 1631.

Jordens, yoR'dfns, (Georc,) a Dutch jurist, bom at
Deventer in 1718, was known as the author of two legal
treatises,— one in defence of the Univeruty of Utrecht,
and the other on the Mosaic, Greek, and Roman laws.
Died in 1771.

JBrdena or Joerdens, yoR'dfns, (Karl Hbinrich.)
a German philologist and biographer, bom in (he county
of Mansfeld in 1757. He was rector of an academy at
Lauban. His chief work is an excellent " Dictionary ol
German Poets and Prose Writers," (6 vols., 1805-11.)
Died in I S3 5.

See EucH ggd Gatnu "AUcimdnc Encrklopudig."

Jordy, zhoR'de', (Nicoijis Louis,) a French general,
bom at Abreschwiller in 1758; died in 1E25.

Jore, zhoR, (Claude Franqois,) a French printer,
lived about 1750, was a friend of Voltaire, for whom
he published several works. He wrote "Six Letters to
Voltaire," and tome other productions.

Jorgenson, yoR'gen-son, (Jorcen,) a Danish ad-
venturer, bom at Copenhagen, in 1779. He went to

mi; ^»»$; iiard; ^a^ji a,a,lt.,gatturai; »,nataJ; t,triJliJ; east; thas'm/ii'i. (IJ^Sec Explanations, p. 33.)

db,Google

JOHJSSEN

1403

JOSEPHINE

England in jrouth, and in 1809. during the wu between
England and Denmark, landed in Iceland wilh a few
aailon from a veasel under his oomnumd, and proclaimed
the independence of the island. Soon after the British
goreniment restored t( to Denmark. Soon after his
return to England he became -leej dissipated, and was
finally convicted and transported (o New South Wales,
where he is supposed to have died. While in Newgate,
before his transportadon, he wrote awork entitled " The
Religion of Christ the Retigiim of Nature."

Joiiaaen, jo'rls4^, (Thohai Thbodoki Hkm-
DB1K,) a Dutdi author, born at Utiecht, Februar; 23,
1833. In 1S65 he became profcuor of history at Am-
sterdam. His principal wiilinss ate biographies, chiefiy
written in a historical spirit. He also wrote luefiil woilu
on literaiy hittoiy,

Joilaa, yoR'is, (Augustih,) a Dutch painter and
graver, bom at Delft in 1525 ; died in 1551.
Jorli^ (Davtd.) See David George.
Joijan«e, Joijaiul, or DJotdjaiil,jor-ji'nee, (Saeed
Bbereef Zeiu-ftd-Deen Abool Baasan, or Bald
SohAilf Zelu-«d-Dta Aboul Haaiwin, sl.eed' stiEr-
eeF lin (or zin) (d-deen' itiflOl hls's^n,) a renowned
Arabian writer, born in Tagoo, (Tagou,) in the district
of AsletabSd and (he region called JorjSn, in 1339. He
was the author of namerous works, among which per-
haps the most important is an extremely valuable dic-
tionary, entitled "Taiafat," (i<. " Definitions.") Jorjibee
enioved the favour of the great conqueror Tamerlane.
Died in 1413.

Jor-nan'ail or Jor-d«'iiM, a distinguished Gothic
historian of Ihc sixth century, was secretary to the Gothi
kings of Italy. Having embraced Christiani^, he

ordained Bighopof Raveimain 553. The most important

-"-"- -■-■-- "'"-iryof liic Golhs" unti] the reign

iq^uered by Belisarius, ("De Gt-

oi Viliges, who was cont^u
tarum sive Gothomm, On{^i

first printed at Angsbui^ to 15IS, and is hidily prized.
He also wrote an abridgment of universal nistury, en-
titled " De Begnorum et Temponmi Succesuone.

Sh Vossnn. "De HiHorkli Laiinlii" Euor and Cxuna,
" Alltemcine Encykloiiuilie :" D. W. MoLua, " IKipotaiio Orea-
Wri.{lt Jorrunde,'' 1*90.

Joi'tlii, (John,) D.D., an English divine and cntic,
of French extraction, bom in London in 169S. Soon
after graduating at Cambridge he settled in bis native
dty, where he gained great diatinctioii for hi* eloquence
and learning. He was appointed Archdeacon of London
in 1764. or his worlts ma* be mentioned a volume of
"Latin Poems," (1733,) wliich are classed among the
most finished of the modem prodnction* in that lan-
guage, "Miscellaneous Observations on Anthors, An-
cient aiid Modem," (3 vols., 1731,) "Remaiks upon
Eccleaastieal History," (S»ol»., 1751-73,) and the "Life
of Erasmus," (1758.) Died in 1770. 'if ortin's aermona,"
•ays Dr. Johnson, " are very elegant

Joaaphat, See Jekoskaphat.

Jd'aeph, (Heb. flOT; Gr. 'luoW.' L«<- Jose'phos;
It. Josef, yo-*«r ; Sp. Josef, Ho-sif ,1 one of the twelve

Kitriarchs, and the lavonrite son of Jacob, was bom in
esopotamia about 1900 B.t^ At an early age, on ac-
count of their iealotisy, he was sold by his brothers to
some Ishmaelitish merchants, whocarried him as a slave
into Egypt, over which kingdom he was subsequently
^pointcdgovemor by Pharaoh. The descendants of lua
■ons Ephraini and Manasseh formed the two half-tiibea,
which exerted no little influence in the Hebrew nation.

JoMph [Ger. pron. yo'sH] 1, Emperor of Germany,
<rf the house of Hapstmrg. and son of Leopold L, was
bom in 1676. In 16S7 he was proclaimed lung of Ilun-
gaiT, and in 1690 King of the Romans. At the death
<A his fiither, in 1705, he ascended the imperial throne.
He carried on a successful war against Louis XIV., in
which he was assisted by England, Holland, and Savoy.
The allied armies were commanded by Prince Eugene
and the Dake of Marlborough. Joseph granted, through
the influence (it b laid) of Charles XII. of Sweden, n
fous privileges 10 hii Protestant subjects. Died in

See C. LuiMci, " Lnben mid Tlulen d» K*;in« JoKph I.,**
PUKI Waghu. "Hittorii Jo*^ I. Cnmi Aofud,''

Joaepll n. Emperor of Germany, the eldeat sca of
Frands of I^rraine and Maria Theresa of Anstria, was
bom in Vienna in 1741. In 1764 he was elected Kiiw
of the Romans, and tn the following year succeeded h&
&ther on the throne of Germany. He married Isabella,
a daughter of the Duke of Parma, in 1760, and Muia
Josephs, a daughter of the emperor Charles VIL, abovl
1764. In 1773 he signed, with the sovereigns tA Rtmia
and Prussia, the trea^ bv which Poland was divided
between them. At the death of his mother, in 1780,
he came into poraession of Hungary and all the other
hereditary dominiims of the house of Austria. He
united with Catherine tA Rawia, six yeara later, in a
Turkish war, in which hi* general Laodon ^ned
several important victories. During Ids rrign he intro-
duced many dvil and ecclesiastical refonns, which would
probably tiave been very beneficial to his subjecta had
be acted with more Calmness and deliberation. He
abolished feudal serfdom, regulated the taxes, allowed
ibcrty of consdenoe and rights of citizenship to all
denominations of Christians, mitigaied the condition of
the Jewa, supprewed several convents, greatly abridged
the power of the pope and clergy in his dominions, and
encouraged mannactuTea and industry. Bui his zeal in
correcting the abuses of the Roman Chorcb caused ao
insurrection in Belgium ; while his attempt to establish
the German as the aniversal language in his dominiona
induced the Hungarians to revolt He died, without issue,
in February, 1790, and was succeeded by his brother,
Leopold IL

See P^oimL, "HUidra de JoaqA II." 1S41; ?. X. Hum,
"Geechichte Kaker JoKfh'i II.," ■ voIl. I79>TL. A. H Caxao-
ciou, " Via de JoteMi II, Eiepaeui d'Alkmecse," i-m : Ichas
CouniTA, "Leben JoeMi I1-. Rtaiidn tMBtT iBb; C: T.
Hkvhii, " CeadiicliM Ku*r JoHphV II.," ■ tok.,iM 1 Kahhu,
" Kwer JoKph II. and eeiiie ZaI," 1841,

Joaeph, Fathek, |Il Fra Giuseppe,] an Italian tnla-
uonaiy, whose Eunily name was Sebastiakl He went
to Persia, and obtained no little influence at the court of
the Shah. He used his power in ixiaia at the English
interesls and against those of the French. He vraa
acquainted with several of the Oriental languages, and
translated the works of the Persian poet Hiliz into
Latin.

Joaepll, zho'itF, (Francois Leclerc dn Ttem-
blay— dii IROm'bli',) colled Father Josemi, a French
manic, bom in Paris In 1577, became the agent and
confidant of Cardinal Richelieu, who employed him la
negotiations and intriguea. Died in 163E.

S» AsriRicHAam-Vie da Pfac Joeeph," ivdIli "LevM-
uble Ptn JoHBh." tj>H; RlCHXUatr, " lliiBiva .-" "Nonifl*
Biecnphie G^nenla."

Jocepli OF Exeter. See Iscahius.

J<w^>ll Al'bo, a Jew, distinguished lin hit leaminc,
bom al Sora, in Spain, In the louiteenth century. He
was the author of a work on Jewish &itb, entitled "Se-
pher Ikkariin." Died in 1430.

Joaepll B«ii Oorlon. See Gorionidbs.

Joseph Bmannel, [Port. Jout Manobi, ibo-ik' diI-
no-ll',! King of Portugal, born in 1714. In I750hesac-
ceeded his Esther, John V. In 175; his kingdom snfiered
from a great eartnouake, which destroyed a large part
of Lisbon and killed aboul sixty thousand persons. In
175S an attempt was made to assassinate hua, in whid)
he was severely wounded. He discovered that the Jesuits
were implicated in the plot, and immediately caused all
against whom any evidence was brought to be executed.
He also issued an edict by vrtiidi all the Jesuits in Pot*
tugal were declared traitors. In 1763 he anittd wiUi
England in a war i^atnst France and Spain. He enacted
several laws to encourage education and to advance
religious toleration, and restricted the powers cS the
Inquisition. Died in 1777.

See " Leben Joseph Emmanueli KSaiga voe Pomifil," Ntarue.

Josepta Malr, (miR,) a French Jew, bom at Avignoa
in 1496. He wrote a work, in Hebrew, on the KJiifs ot
France and the Sultans of Turkey. Died in 1554,

lom^bm, the French of Josefhus, which at

Joadphina, jo'zf-feen', [Fr. pron. iho'ii'fin'J origin-
ally Maiia Jo««pli Rose T«aob«r de i» eAgma,
(trshi' df h II plib're',1 wife of Napoleon I. of FlaDce,

(, S, I, &, Q, J. /mjf; It t. 6, same, less prolonged; 1, j, 1, 5, ii, f, lAari; %, t, j, g, attmrt; Ar, fill, flt ; m£t; nAl: v<l6di mSOn

db, Google

JOSEPHSON

1403

JOSIKA

vts boni in 1763 in the island of Martjniqoe. At a
very earlj age she attracted attention by her remark-
■U« beaoly and Tivadly. About 1778 she went to
reside in France with an aunt by whom she had been
adopted, and thos became the heiress to a latge for-
tune. She was soon after married to Viscount de Beau-
h*i nais, one of the most polished noblemen of the French
coarl. In 1 780 she gave birth to Eugene, who was sub-
sequently appanted viceroy of Italy l>y Bonaparte, and
In 1783 (o Hortente, afterwards Queen of Holland, and
mother of Napoleon IIL Jealousies having arisen be-
tween Beauhamais and his wife, the former sued for a
dtrorce before the Parliament of Pari*. The case was
dedded in bvour of Josephine, who in a short time
sailed for Martinique with her daughter. At this period
bei circumstances were so straitened that she was el^d
10 accept from the captain of the vessel a pair of shoes
br Hortense. At the expiration of three years she re-
lumed to France and was reconciled to her husband.
Daring the French Revolution Beauhamais boldly op-
posed the meatnrea of the Jacobins, by whom he was
eiecoted in 1794. His wife, who was then in prison,
escaped the same ble only t:^ the sudden &11 of Robes-
pierre. Through the influence of Barras and Tallien,
she regwned part of her husband's property, which had
been confiscated. She now became one 01 the leaders

period. In 1796 she was married to Bonapane, who had
teceolly been apptHotedcommander-in-chief of the army
In Italy. At the time Josephine was thought by her
biends to have formed a miiailiaiut. Atta Bonaparte
became First Consul, she exerted all her influence 10 alie-
nate the sufferings of the royalists, and even endeavoured
to persuade him to restore the Bourbons. While Napo-
leon was in Egypt, she bad bought for her flivourite resort
the estate of Halmaisoo, which she fitted up with royal
magnificence. At lengdi her expenditures for this and
other luxnrtes became so enorraona as to occasion the
First Consul serious embarrassment When Napoleon
was raised lothe imperial throne and she became Empress
of France, to her was duein a great measure the honour of
haring imparted to the court of the Tuileries the splendour
and taste for which it was then distinguished. From the
dme of her coronation her influence Over the emperor
rapidly diminished ; and, as there was no longer bope of
her bnnging him an heir, he finally resolved to divorce
ber. The announcement of this decision plunged the
empress into the deepest despair- Napoleon himself
h said to hare been greatly affected; but his resolu-
tion was fixed, and the bill ofdivorce was passed in 1S09.
Josephine, still retaining her former dignities and titles,
retired to Malmaiaon, Napoleon occasionally visited
ber, ai^d appeared 10 cherish a sincere affection for her.
When die ^licd armies invaded France, she was treated
with the greatest respect by the emperor Alexander.
She died m 1814, soon after the abdication of Napoleon.
The character of Josephine has been greatly admired.
The cause of this is to be attributed more to her pleasing
manners than to any exalted virtue which she possessed.
It is said that there was a bscination in her countenance
which no painter could transfer to canvas. She had a
VMS remarkable memory, was accomplished, educate^
and witty ; but vanity seems to have had an unlimited
ascendepcy over her, and il does not appear that she
was endowed with so many uncommon qualities as several
OKidcni writers hare attributed to her. (See Bona-

tUKTt, NAFOLXON.)

- i''jo(l|ihiii^"billH ■'HimTdl«M(»miUaG<D«nla," nl.
F^r 1h« privalB life of JoKphine, ue reads waj dobvoIi

ilgT-)^; alia thEkAtAnof Nuid«oaU> Joat|iliiDc,udof Joac^inft
B NapdKB and U her dn^m. F« a tan csriooa iccoi-- -*
Ih* taipM Joacpluiid'i ikKoidlnti, IH "London R«vieii ._.
Jv*. liM: Uaiib Ama La Ndmahi, "M^motrea hUuriqini
tlttataiit joiiftBBt," Mvti%„ iSxi, (Biwliihmsonor ibeHOH,
OtSO V. C Huouv, "Lifec^'lbaEininH JcMiibinE." iSji-

JtM^llWHl, yi/sif-BVn, (LuDwir,,) a Swedish dram-
Mist, bom at Slodiholm, of Jewish parents, February
10, 183a Among bt« pieces are "Kunslens Vapen,*
■Kapten Gars," and "Thotd Hasle," (1881.) He also
prepared a histoiy of the Swedish stage. Hb brother
JaxoB (i8i8~8o) wa* a noted composer of mu*k;

Jo-ae^hiw, [Fr. JosifHE, iho'iCf; It Uiosbffo,
io-sf f lb,r or, more fiilly, FU'vl-na Jo-aa'phiu, jGr.
vU^rac T6in7in)c,] the most celebrated of Jewish historians,
was bom at Jerusalem A.D. 37. His mother was of the
royal house of the Asmonaun^ and his &ther belonged to
the sacerdotal order from which the chief pontifb were
chosen. He pursued bis studies in his native dty with
such assiduity that at the age of fourteen he was often
consulted on abstruse points of Jewish law. He after-
wards joined the sect of the Essenes, and passed three
years with a hermit in the desert At the age of nine-
teen he became a Pharisee. In the jw 63 he visited
Rome, in order to procure the liberation of some Jew-
ish priests whom the governor Felix had sent there as
prisoners. He was bvourably received at the imperial
court, and succeeded in his enterprise through the in-
fluence of Poppza, the wife of Nero. On his return to
Judea he opposed the revolutionary spirit that was then
gaining ground among his countrymen. Perceiving hia
efforts to be of no avail, he accepted the government of
Galilees, and in 67 a.ix bravely defended for forty-

:n days the city of Jotapata against a powerful Roman
y under Vespasian. The Romans finally trium. ~
however, and of^the Jewish warriors Josephus alone wa)

nphid.

account of his predicting that Vespasian would
soon receive the imperial purjile. He was treated with
the greatest respect by Vespasian and Titus, and at the
destruction of Jerusalem his influence procured the
liberation of his brother and fifty of his friends. He
afterwards accompanied Titus to Rome, where Vespasian
granted him a pension and raised him to the rank of a
Roman citizen. As a mark of gratitude for these and
other favours, Josephus assumed the emperor's family
name of Flavins. The date of his death is unknown;
but some writers have placed it a.d. 9^ The most im-
portant works of Josephus are his " History of the Jew-
ish War," in seven hooka, " The Antiquities of the Jews,"
('Iwjiuii} 'Afitoulto/ia,) in twenn books, two treatises
" Against Apion of Alexandria, a "Discourse on the
Martyrdom of the Maccabees," and an account of hia
own life. All of these were written in Greek, with the
exception of t)ie Grst, which was originally composed in
Syro-Chaldaic and afterwards translated into Greek hf
himselt On account of the beautv of his style, he ha*
been called " the Grecian livy." His works have been
translated into Ladn and most of the modem language*
of Europe.

S» G. R. VAB Homaij, " r. JoKphi Vila," ilsj : J. F- Ecb-
KAHD, " Biognphii dn bnffiuntai F, JoKphiu," ij«] ; FAsai

*■ na,i{nrhH-< r-PTM4-" Cavh, " Scriptorum ecduiutK "'"

" Uobff dB Fl.viu. Jo.

:: PHiuak

ilonl^ hivtonqnt

Uuraria ;" C. F. Bounii
™F. ioik^"'tit\

SotivUn. See Cesari, (Giuseppe.)

Jorti'n-^ r Heb. f wn' ; Gr. 'Ii7a<*c,- Fr. Joau*, iho'-
ra.'W,\ or 0'ui»-a, the son of Nun, (Humber* xiil t6,>
became commander of the Israelites aa the death of
Moses. He was distinguished for his bravery and mili-
tary skill, and gained numerous important victories over
the diflerent Canaanite princes. Much controversy has
arisen in regard to the authorshipof the book of Joshua.
Many suppose it to have been compiled from manuscript*
written by himself; others altribule it to Samuel. Died
about 1435 B.C.

Jo-rt'«ll [Heb. \TrmVC ; Fr. JoslAS, iho'se'ls'] suc-
ceeded his &ther Amon on the throne of Judah 641 B.C.,
at the age of eight years. He was an able and piou*
prince, and during his reign of thirty-one years man>
wi»e and beneficial laws were enacted; idolatry wa*
suppressed, the Temple was repaired, and the true form*
of worship were restored. He was killed in a battle
■gainst Pharaoh -Necbo, King of Egypt, about 610 B-c

; Josla*. See JosiAK.

JAaika, yo'she-kAh, (MikliSs,) a Hungarian nobleman
and celebrated novelist, bom in 1796 at Torda, in Tran-
sylvania. Ilis first and most successful work, " Abafi,"
a hisioriol lale. appeared in i8t6. He produced about
sixty volumes of romances, which were very popular with
the Ilungarimis. In 1848, as a member of the upper
house of noliles, he took a bold stand againat the en-
croachments of Austria, and advocated the '

ik:fa»t;ikard:li»»i;a,n,^giMtiral;H,Matai;M,lrilUd;la»t; ih»ainthii. (|^-See Explanations, p. ij.)

dbyGoogle

JOSQVIN

JOUFFROY

Kouuth. Atlei the defeac af the Hungarians in 1S49 lie
lived in eille. Died in (865.

5« "Nmnlli Bioenphic G^i^nli."

Josqnin Deaptos or Deprea. See DESPRts.

josaellu de CourtenaT, zhtnllN' df h kooRt'ni', ■
French nobleman, who went on a crusade to Palestine in
I loi. He was created Count of Edessa by (he King of
Jeiusalem, and won great distinction by the numeroni
victorieswhicbhegained over the Suacens. Died in 1147.

Jost yost, (ISAAK HARCt;s,) a learned Jew, bom at
Bernburg, in Germany, in 1793, studied philolo^ at
Giiltingcn and Berlin. His principal work is a "History
of the Isiaelites,"(io vols., 1S46.) He also pablished a
translation of the "Mishna," with a text and commen-
tary. Died November 15, iS6a

Josn^ See Joshua.

Jo'tham, (Heb. DJ^V,] King of Judah, was the son
of Uiiiah. whom he succeeded B.C. 757.

JBtUD. yi/tfin, in the plural /fitima, [an old Norse
word signifying "giant," supposed to be derived from
iti ancient form of the verb to "eat," {Anglo-Saioo
it prominent characteristic of '

logy.

le applied to certain mythical beings supposed
to be hostile to men and to the beneficent j^sir. The
Jbtuns, or Giants, are ^pes of the disturbing, untamable,
or destructive forces of nature. Hence the wolf Fenrir,
(supposed to typify volcanic fire,) Midgard's Serpent,
(the vast untamable ocean,) and Hela (the goddi

death) are all represented as of Jiitun birth. Loki Y
self is considered lo be of Jotun origin, and is the fal
of the mightiest and most terrible Dciiigs belonging t

\. Cold or frost, being one of the principal causes
of desolation and death, is represented as the parent of
a powerful femily of Jotuns, termed Frost-giants, The
abode of the Jotuns is called lotunheim or Uigard,
(oot'gixd, i.t. "outer ward,") and comprises the desert
regions on the outermost boundary of the world. The
J5tuns (i.€. the elements of disorder and desolation) are
represented as being always at war with the jEsir, the
powers presiding over life and order. (See ^sik.) The
opposition is eternal ; they are never reconciled, as in the
case of the Vanir and ,£sir, (see Vanir,) because there
can be no reconciliation between order and confusion, or
between life and death.

See, bendei the vork ibove relnTcd lo, Kavvaa, "Religion of
"NordiikM/lboloeL"

Jonbert, zhooHMiR', (BABTHiLBMV Cathkrine.) a
French general, born at Ponl-de-Vaux, in Bresse, in
1769. In 1791 he enlisted in the artny of the Rhine,
and served with distinction against the Austrtans. Two
years later he was taken prisoner by the Sardinians. He
soon after reeained his liberty and returned to France,
where he boldly opposed the Jacobins. In 1704 he re-
ceived the appointment of adjutant-general, anci in 1795.
having displayed great bravery at Loano, he was raised
to the rank of X brigadier-general on the field of battle.
He subsequently gained distinguished honours at several
battles in Italy and in the Tyrol. In 1799 he

Jouber^ (Franijois,) a French priest and Jansenlst,
distinguished for his learning, bom at Monipellier in
l6£<> On account of his principles, he was persecuted
by the Jesuits and was imprisoned in the Bastille, He
wrote commentaries on the Apocalypse and on a number
of the Hel<rew prophecies. Died in 1763,

Joubert^ (Joseph,) a French Jesuit, &orn at Lyons,
known as the author of a valuable work, entitled " French
and Latin Dictionary, taken irom the Original and Clas-
sical Authors in both Languages." Died in 1719,

Jonbeit, (Joseph,) a fiench moralist, born at Mon-
tignac (P<!rigord) in 1754, became a resident of Paris
about 177S1. He was an intimate friend of Fontanes, by
whose influence he was appointed inspector-general of
the University of Paris in 1S09. He died in 1814, leaving
many manuscripts, a part of which Chateaubriand editet^
with the title of " Pens^s." A more complete edition
of the "F«n*^, E»s^" etc appeared in 3 vols., 184a.

Jonbert, (JostPii Antoinb KENt,) a French general,
bom at Angers in 177*. He served with distinction at
Heliopolis, Wagram, (1S09,) Sroolen^, (181S,] and Liit-
len. (1813.) Died in 1843.

Jonbart, (Laurent,) an eminent French phnidan,
bom at Valence in 1519. He graduated at the Univer-
sity of Montpellier, of which he was afterwards chosen
chancellor. He was also appointed first physidan-in-
ordinary 10 Henry IlL He wrote " Popular Errors in
regard lo Medicine," (1578-79.) *•''='> *" '>'**" '•"
printed, and a " Treatise on Laughter." Died in 1583.

Joabert, (Lio,) a French author, bom December 13,
1826. He very early won distinction as a critic and re-
viewer. He was chief editor of the "Moniteur Univer-
sel," [1B6S-77,) and wrote " Leana," a romance, (1869,}
"La Bataille de Sedan," (1873,) and other works.

Toabert, (Pibtrus Jacobus,) a Boer general,
bom in 1831 or later in Cape Colony, or, as some
accounts state, in Pennsylvania. He served with the
United Slates forces in the civil war. Subsequently
he became a prominent citizen of the Transvaal Re-
public, and was acting president during the term of
President Burgess. He went with Paul Kruger to
England in 1878 to protest against the annexalion of
the Transvaal, and in 1880 joined with Kruger and
PretoriuE in proclaiming its independence. In the war
that followed he commanded the army and won the
famous victories of Laing's Nek and Majuba Hill.
He was elected vice-president in 1883, contested the
presidency in 1SS8, and in 1S99 took command of the
army in Natal, defeating the British in several en-
gagemenls and holding General White besieged for
months at Ladysmith, despite General Buller's efforts
at relief. He died at Pretoria, March, 1900.

Joneniieanz. See Juvenal.

JouE&oL de, d?h ihoo'fRwS', [Lat Joffrb'dus,]

EAN,) a French prelate, bom at Luxeuil about 1412.

Died in 1473.

Jouffroy, zhoo'fRwi'i (Francois,) a French sculptor,
bom at Dijon in 1S06. He gained the grand prize io
1832, and received a pension. He became a member of
the Acad^mie del Beaux-Arts in 1857. Died in 1882,

JouE&oy,(THftoi>ORE Sihdh,) a French philosophical
writer, born near Mouthe (Doubs) in 1796, was a pupil
of Victor Cousin, who influenced the development and
direction of his mind. He was appointed a tutor of
philosophy (ilhie rMtittur) in the Normal School in
1817. This school having been suppressed in iSaa, he
began lo write for several journals in Paris. In 1830 he
became a professor in the Normal School, then re-estab-
lished, lie produced a version of the complete works
of Thomas Reid, (6 vols,, 1818-35.) I" '833 ^^ ""^
appointed professor of Greek and Latin philosophy in
the College de France. He exchanged this position in
1838 for the office of librarian to the University, and
succeeded Laromiguitre as professor of philosophy in
" 17. Among his worka are " Melanges philosophiques,"
31.1 and "Cours d'Esth^tione." (l84^1 He also

(1833,) and "Cours d'Esth^tiqne,^ (1843.I He also

Koduced a version of Du-'-" '^' '- '"^
oral Philosophy," (i8a6,) I
preface. Died in 1E43,

;6,) to which he w

aluable

, srtide " itiafhof' in the " .

Noowll* Bioeraphie Oininlt"
Jonffi-07, de, d?h zhoo'fRwl', (Claude FRANgoii
DorothAe,) Marquis, an ingenious Frenchman, bora
In Franche-Comt^, about 1750. He studied the con-
struction of different vessels, and went 10 Paris, where
be conceived the idea of propelling boats by steam. Hit
first vessel of this kind was launched in 1776. Although
this attempt was far from being successful, Jouffroy wu
convinced that his object was attainable. In 1783 he
completed another steam-vessel, one hundred and forty
feet long, with which he ascended the Sa&ne several
miles, but, on account of his limited means, was unable
to carry his invention to a higher state of perfection.
The inventions of Jouffroj were highly ipoken of b;
Robert Fulton. Died in 1831.

f,e, 1, 8, S, J, i^«!f'.' 1, i, d, same, less prolonged; i, 2, 1, ft, Q, ]l, Morf; », f, 1, 9, ('iwvn'; f&r, fill, At ; ntCt; n(h; gd&d; mOte;

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

JOUKOFSKl

JonkolBkl, (Vasoi Anduivitcr.) See ZuoMCor-

Joal«, jool. y (Jauis p..) F.R,S^ m EnglUh experi-
■DPUlal philosopher, bom at Salford, near Manchester,
in 1S18. He was a ptipi) of the celebrated Dalton. lie
made sume discoveries in electro-magnelUm. and in tlie
theory of beaL He in considered one of the founders of
the theory of the correlation of force*. Died in 1S89.

Jonrdaln, ihooR'dlN', (Auablb Louis Marie Mi-
chel BrAcbiUDt— bRl'ahe'ri'.) a distingaiahed French
writer and UrientaJist, bom in Parii in 17S8. Among
his principal works ia "Persia; or, A Description of the
llistuiy, Guvernment, Religion, and Literature of that
Empire." (j toIs.. 181^) He was a contributor to the
"BiugraphieUniverselle." Died in 1818.

Jotudain, (Ansblmb Louis Bernard BrAohlllet;}
an eminent surgeon -dentist, the blber of the preceding,
*2B bom in Paris in 1734. He invented several instra-
ments used by dentists, and wrote nonieioas treatisei on
dentistry. Died in 1S16.

See J. R. DvTAi, " Nadu hiusriipH nr la Via dc U.JounUn,"

Jonidaio, (Charlh Maue Gabkibl BrAchilletJ
a philosopher, a sou of Amable, noticed above, was born
in Paris in iSi7. He published, besides other works,
" La Philosophie de Saint Thomas d'Aquin," (3 vols.,
18^) Died July 10, 18S&

JoordBln, (Claude,) » French Benedictine and
antiqoarian writer, bom at Poligny in 1696; died in
1782.

Joordaia, zhooB'd&^^ (Andk* Joseph.) a French
statesman, bom in Provence. In 1795 he was elecltd
to the Council of Five Hundred, where he opposed the
laws against the emigrants. For this reason, in 1797 he
was obliged to seek an asylum in Spain. On the acces-
sion of Louis XVHL Jourdan wM chosen councillor of
state. Died in 1S31.

Jourdan, (Antoine Jacquis Louis,) bom in Paris
In 1788, published a " Dictionary of Terms used in the
Natural Sciences," (> vols., 1834.) Died in 1848.

Jonr^ui, fjEAN Baptiste,) a French dramatist, bora
■t Marseilles in 1711 ; died in 1793.

Joiu-dan, (Jean Baptists,) araarshalof France, bora
it Limt^es in 1 761, was the son of a poor Mirgeon, who
paid but little attention to his education. At the age
of sixteen be entered the French army, and fought for
the Americans in the Revolutionary war until 17S3,
■ben be cctomed home on acconni of 111 health. In
1791 t^ again entered the army, and soon after received
Ibe command of a battalion, and served under La Fa-
yette and Dumouriei. In 1793 he was appointed general
of dmsion. Having distii^uished himself at the battle
of Hondschoote, in 1793, he was chosen commander-in-
duef erf' the French army. He then gained a decisive
victory over the Austrians at Watdgnies, near Mau-
beoge, and raised the siege of that town. He was sub-
•eonenlly called to Paris by the committee of public
•aleiy to consult opon the future movements of the
army. He was at first received with great eniiiasi

mthority, and IHchegru was chosen in his place.
■794, however, he was app<rinted commander of the
■nay of the McseTle against (he Aiutrians, over whom,
■ a few weeks, he won the Important battles of Arlon
isd Fleanu. He also captured Charlerd and many
Mbci (owns. In the autumn of 1794 be gained the
victories of Ayvaile and Aldenhoven. Ho afterwards
took Lozemburg, Dnsseldor^ Frankfort, and Wilraburg,
ImI in September, 1796^ wa* signally defeated by the
Aicbdoke Charles near the last-named place. Jourdan
•oon after reslKned, and, having returned to Paris, was
(boaen a member of tbe Council of Five Hnndtnl, of
which a few month* later he wa* elected president Ii
1798 be wa* appointed to the command of the armif or
Ibe Danube:. In 179% '»™jK Qui with two decisive
defeats from tbe Afchdnke Charles, he was succeeded
WHassena. The same vear be wa* di*mis*wl from the
CoaiKal of Five Hundred for having opposed the ambi-

marshal of the empire in 1804, no military command of
importance was given to him un/il he accompanied Jo-
seph Uonaparte to Spain as major-general. He remained
with that monarch through all his vicissitudes, and was
the nominal commander of ihe French forces when they
were defealed at Viloria by Wellington in 18:3. In iSlS
Louis XVHL created Jomdan a peer of France. Died
in 1833. He was the author of two works,— " Oper»
dons MF Ihe Army of tlie Danube under the Urders of
General Jourdan," and " History of the Campaign of
1796, containing the Operations of the Army of (he
Sambre-et-Meuse." Napoleon, at Saint Helena, con-
fessed that he had ill-treated Jourdan, whom be charac-
terized as a " true patriot"

Sh Tkiih, " Kutoire du Cociulit a de I'Empin ;" Da Cova-

<"»i.m, " Dicriooiiiun da Gtntma Fnncaii ;" Mich add, " Notice*

■■'-'^ipis Hir le Mu«chi] Jourcliii, In Otntnuu Kaldcreatlh Kil-

le." an. ; "Nounlle Biapiphie Gfatnlc"

Gsalpine RepuUic hi iloa Tho^h created 1

Jourdan, [Mathieu Jouve,) sumamed Coupr-TKt^
koop'til', (^" cul -throat, ) a French revolutionist, noto-
rious for his inhumanity, was born in Vivarais in 1749.
He was executed in 1794-

Jourde, ihoo&d, (Gilskbt Amablk,) a French law-

member 0
1837.

Jonrdenll, zhooR'duI' or shook'duh'y^ (Didier,) a<
French Jacobin, was one of the chief instigators of the
massacre in September, 1791. Died about i8oa

JooTgnlao Balnt-M^ard, ihooRn'ye-lk' sIn mk'lR',
(Chevalier Fkami;o[5,) a French satirical writer and
royalist, bom at Bordeaui in 1745. In I7^j he wa*
arrested on a charge of treason, but was acquitted. Died
in t837.

Jonsse, shooss, (Danibi,) an eminent jurist, born
at Orleans, in France, in 1704. He entered a college
in Paris, where be gained disdnction in mathematics.
He subsequently began the study of law. Among his
numerous works are a " Historical Detail of the City
of Orleans," and " New Commentary upon the Criminal
Ordinance." Died in 1781.

See EucH mill GaniB^ " AilKEmeioe encrkkipaaiis."

JoDsaotit JonsMt or Jousao£ See Voosuf.

Jonvancjr or JooTouoy, zhoo'vBN'se', Joseph,) a
celebrated French Jesuit, bom at Paris in 1641. He
was chosen professor of rhetoric in the college of Louis
le Grand, and was afterwarda called t? his superiors to
Rome to assist inwridng the higtoryot the Jesuits. His
style is remarkable for its purity and elegance. Among
his works are " Notes upon Juvenal, Peraius, Terence,
Horace, Martial, and the Metamorphoses of Ovid," and
the filth volume of the " History of the Jesuits" from
t59l to 161& Died in 1719.

Sc* Moalat. " DictionnairT HiBcniqut ;" QvllAMi, " La FlBDC*

- . w celebrated historical

painter, born at Rouen, France, about 164& He was a
pnpil of his uncle, Laurent Jouvenet, and afterwards
studied in Paris and was admitted into the Academy of
Painting. He was subsequently patronised by Louis
XIV., who granted him a pension of t7oolivrea. Having
lost Uie use of his right hand \sj a paralytic stroke, be
ascertained that he could use his left with equal facility,
and soon after painted one of his best pictures, a repre-
sentadon of Innocence followed by Falsehood and seek-
ing protecdon in the arms ol Justice. Among bis other
works are "Esther before Ahasuerus," "Jesus Christ
driving the Money-C hangers from (he Temple,'' '

and (he " Dcscen( from the

" Nouvellc Bic^^raphie

Resurrection of Laiaras.
Cross."

JoUTBiinaBnx. See Jiivknai_

Jonjr. de, d?h ihooV. {Louis FRAN^ors,) a French
lawyer, and advocate of the I^rliament of Paris, where
he was born in 1714; died in itti.

Jony, do, (VtcroR los
French writer, bom at Jou;

bvonredthe Revolatioa;

ir Versailles, in 1764 01

■ai;(a*f;KAitn/; £as/-(;,H,K.fMn(ru/,- n.mms/;

!:%,lrilltd: lass; tbasinMu. (|]^SeeEsplanalions,p.3).>

D,o,i,..ed3,'GoO'^lc

JOYNER

he fled foi safety to Swilierland. In 1 ^ he retnmed to
France, and, aflerMrvina for some time in the army, which
tiequitted in 1 79^, fixed his residence in Paris «nd turned
his attention to literary pursnits. Among his works are
the operas of "The Vestal" (1807) and of "The Ama-
son," the tragedv of " Sjlla," (iSm,) "Cedl," a novel,
(1S17,) and a series of essajFs entitled " The Hermit of
the Chaussje d'Antin," (5 toIs., 1812-14-) The last
woiV, which somewhat resembles Addison's "Spec-
tator," obtained a European repntation. He waselected
to the French Academy m 1815, and appointed chief
librarian of the Louvre in 1831. Besides the worlcs
above named, he wrote "The Hermit in the Province,"
("L'Hennite en Province," 14 Tob., 1818 a jw.,) and
" The Hermits in Prison," (" Lea Hennites en Prison,"
S vols., 1833,) which was very popular. Died in 1&46.
Jova. See JupiTKk.

JovallAUOB, dB, di Ho-vEl-yl'nAs, (Gasfar Mel-
nKlOR.) a Spanish statesman, author, and scholar, born
of noble parentage at Gijon, in Astorias, in 1744. He
studied at the Universities of Oviedo, Avila, and Alcali.
In 1770 he was chosen a member of the Goyat Academy
of Madrid, and was soon after appointed coundltor of
atate by Charles IIL In 1778 he became a judge of
the criminal court at Madrid. Afterwards, through the
instrumentality of Don Manuel Godoy, Prince of Peace,
he was banished to Majorca, where for more than seven
years he remained a prisoner. He returned to Spain
in iSoSi and in a short time became a member of the
supreme junta. Among his works are several valuable
treatises on politica] economy, the tragedy of " Felayo,"
(1790,1 the comedy of "The Honourable Delinquent,"
a " EHssetiation on English Architecture," and an ex-
cellent " Memoir on Law amilied to Agriculture," (" In
forme sobre la Ley agraria. ) Died in iSt I.

Jovellai y Soler. (Ioaquim,) a Spanish soldier,
born at Mallorca in 1819. He joined the army,
took part in the Carlisl war, served in Cuba and
Morocco, and filled impoTtaol civil and military
|>ositlons. He was captain -genera] of Cuba at the
time of the Virginius affair, in 1874 fought against
the Carlists, and in 1875 was made minister of
war. Twice afterwards be filled this post, and was
prime minister for a short period. Died April 16,
1893.

Jo'tI-^h, [Lat Jovia'nus; Fr. Jovikm, iho've-iN',
IL GcoviANO, jo-ve-1'nojj or, more fully, Jo-Tl-S'linB
FUl'vI-iia Clan'cU-iw, Emperor of Rome, was bom in
Pannonia, 131 a-d. He early distinguished himself asj
a commandei in the Roman anny, and, though an avowed |
Christian, received many marks of distinction from Julian I
the Apostate, whom he accompanied on his unsuccessful i
expedition into Persia. At the death of that severe^, |
in 363, Jovian was elected emperor by the army. "Oie ,
Roman troops were at that time in miminent danver,
both on accoont of the superior Persian forces by wBch
they were hemmed in, and the great scarcity oT provi-
sions. Jovian, after tnavely repelling several attacks of
the enemy, formed a treaty, by which be agreed to give
up the Roman conquests west of the Tigris. Returning,
he spent some time at Antioch, where he annnlled
Julian's laws against the Christians and re-established
the orthodox religion. He died in 364, at Dadastana,
in Galatia, as he was proceeding to Constantinople.
Jovlanoa. See Jovian.
Jovien, the French for Jovian, which see.
JoTln. See Tovinus.

Io-TlDl-9a,TLaL Jovihia'nus; Fr. Jovihish, iho'-
*e'n£^',J an Italian monk, distinguished fbr his bold
opposition to the growing superstilion and encroachments
w the Roman Church. He particularly censured celi-
bacy, fasting, and the austerities of the convent. For
the propagation of these principles he was condemned
fbr heresy by the Bishops of Rome and of Milan, and
tn 39S. by the orders of the emperor Honorius, was
scourged and banished. Died about 410 a.ix
JoTlniaons. See Jovinian.
JoTinleit. See Jovinian,

Jo-Ti'mis, [Fr. Jovin, iho'vlN',] a native of Rheims,
was created a Roman consul by the emperor Valentinian

< 367 A.i>. He received the

iaul, and soon after cut in jMi _ ^

had invaded that country. He built in his natiire cHy a
church. In which he was buried in 37a A.D.

Joriatu, a Roman general, who m 41 1 A.D., nnder the
reign of Honorius, assumed the imperial title and po*-
seued himself of part trf GauL In 412 he was defeated
by Ataulphus, King of the Visigoths, an ally of Hooo-
nus. He was soon after taken and executed.

Joviii%(PAUi.> See Giovio, (Paolo.)

Jow'iBtt, (ButjAUiN,) an eminent English scholar,
born at Camberwell, near London, in 1817. He was edu-
cated at Balliol College, Oxford, was chosen a Fellow in
1838, was a tutor of Balliol College from 1843 to 1870,
and afterwards was rcgius professor of Greek at Oxford.
In 1870 he was elected master of Balliol Among hi*
works are " The Dialogues of Plato," (a translation,
in 4 vols., 1871, one of ihe best ever made,) a trans-
lation of Thucydides, (i vols., 1881,) "College Ser-
ions," (1895,) etc. Died October I, 1893.

Jovr'ett^ (Re*. William,) an English missionaiy,
born about 1787. He published "Christian Researchea
in Syria and the Holy Land," (iSzj,) and other works.
Died in 1855.

Joy, JoyB, or 0«e, (Geokqe,] an early English Re-
former, bom in Bedfordshire. He graduated at Cam-
bridge in 1513. Being acoued of heresy, be retired to
Germany, where he remained several years. He is sop-
posed to have died in 1553. He assisted in the transla-

On the Unity and Schism of the Ancient Church."
S« Liiwi^ " HiihiiT (rf Iha Tnmladoiii oi du BQik."
Joyant, zhwl'yOH', (Jdlis Romain,) a skilfiil French
landscape-painter, born in Paris in 1803. He produced
views ofVenice, which were much admired. Diedin y%y^
Joyo^ jois, (jKJtSMiAH,) an English writer and Uni-
._rian minister, bom in 1764. He was principal editor
of the "Cyclopaedia" which appeared under the nama
of William Nicholson, and was the author of a jus^
popular work, " Scientific Dialogues," " Letters on Nat-
ural Philosophy," and other productions of a similar
nature. He was arrested in 1704 with Home Tooke and
others on a charge of treason, but was released without
trial aAer the acquittal of Tooke. Died in 1816.

Joyetise, do, dfh ihwi'yui', (Aknk,) Due, a French
nobleman, bom about ij6i. He married Margaret of
Lorraine, sister of the queen of Henry IIL About 1586
he received the command of the army sent against the
Huguenots. He at first gained some advantages, and
committed great cruelties upon the Protestants, but in
October, 1587, was defeated and slain at the battle of
Coutras by Henry of Navarre.

See SisKOHDi, "Hilton d« Fiuciii;" D'ADHCiii, "Ma-

JoyauBB,da, (Francois,) Cakdinal, brother of the

preceding, was bom in 1561. He was the confidential
minister of Henry IIL. Henry IV., and Louis XIII. In
1614 he became clean of the cardinals of Avignon. Died
in 16. S.

LV, " Hbtore da CanUnil <k JojMiH," Mc, Pud, iS)4,

JoystiB«, da^ (Guillaume,) Viscount, a Freitch
military commander, bom about 153a He was made
lieutenant-general of Languedoc, and in 1563 distin-
guished himself m the wars uainst the French Froteat-
ants. In 1583 he was createda marshal. Died in 1592.

Joyavae, d«, (Hknki,] Due, bom in France in 1567.
The death of his wife, about 1 587, affected him so deeply
that he entered the order of the Capuchins. In 1591 he
obtained a dispensation releasing him from his vows, and
received the command of the army in Languedoc Henry
IV. created him marshal of France. He afterward* be-
came again a Capuchin. Died in 1608.

Set BaouHK. "Vk de Henri. Due de lofmnt." Paris, i6ti.

Joymtae, d«, (Jkah Aemand,) Marquis, a Frend
nobleman, bom in 1631. He served with distinction in
Flanders under Tnrenne, and was afterwards aeated
marshal of France. Died in 1710.

Joy'nfr, (William,) sometimea called Lyde^ an
English CUholic and author, bom near Oxford in 1631 ;

i,e, I, j^ fl, ;, Aniff; i, i, Aisanie, lea* prolonged; i, e, 1, 6, u, f , ^A(w<; t, «, b « ''<<»ra; fk, fill, lit; mCtj iiAtj gOU; inO^

d by Google

JOZE

in cne of hia camedies, he directed against tooie of the
Cith^c ceremoniet. He was aoon aHer leiKd hj the
tAcenofthelaquiaitioo, tortored, and finally burned '
an auto-de-H in I74<l Among the best of his comecU
Ke *■ Esop" and " The Enchantments of Hedea."

JoiA BCnnoeL See Joseph Euanuei.

Jnui, Don. See John, Don, of Adstru.

Jnan, Hoo-An', Don, natural son of Philip IV. of
iteain and Maria Calderona, an actress, was bom in
Ibdrid in 1629. In 1647 he received the command of
die Spanish armjr in Italy, where he toolc the city of
Kaples and gained manjr other advantages. Afterwards
be wu defeated b; Turcnne in the Netherlands, at the
haule of Danes, and compelled to evacuate the country.
His brother, Charles IL, subsequently made him prime
ministeT, Died b 1679.

Jtun da SMite Cnim. See Juan di Viraz,
Joan da TepM^ Boo-In' di yS'pfth, or Jaaa da
BantK Cm^ a tamt of the Roman calendar, wai bom
b Old CastDe in IU3. He, with S^nt Theresa, estab-
■idked the order of Barefooted Cameliies. Died in 1591.
Joan T BantinIM*. Hoo-ln'e sln-tl-thee'le-t,(JoROE,)
Dott, a celebrated Spanisb mathematician and naval
officer, was bom at Orihnela, in Valenda, in 1711. He
was tent about 1735, with several Spanish and French
servanta, to measare the d^ree of the meridian at the
equator. Me devoted much attention to naval archi-
tecture He wrote " Observations on Astronomy and
Fhvaica made in the Kingdom of Pern," (5 vols., 174S,)
and a treatise on the construction of vessels, [3 vols.,
1761.) Died b 1774.

JtiMlIa or Sfain. See Joan.

Jiura^ joo-C'rEx, (Sp. pron. Hoo-l'r§th,l (BENrro,)
tHexicaii statesman, bom in Oajaca in 1S06, and said
to be of pore abori^iDal stock. He studied law, wai
dected to Congress in 1846, and was Goremor of Oa-
nca from 1848 to 1853. In 1853 he was banished by
Santa Ana. He jcnned the party c4 Alvarez, who became
pnddent in 1855, and served under him as minister of
jusdce. In 1857 he was appointed secretary of state by
Comoofort, who wa* driven trom power in January, iS;8
Joarei was recogniied as the successor of Comonfort 1^
the liberals, but was opposed by the clerical party in a
tong civil war. He was elected president about 1S61,
soon after which Mexico was invaded bva French army.
Having zained several victories, the French took the
dty of Mexico in June, 1863, and Maximilian of Austria
assumed the imperial power, under the patronage of
NaiK^n III. juaret was reduced to a critical position,
and bis cause seemed desperate 1 bnt at lenMh the French
irmy was withdrawn b 1S66, and the IJoetal* quickly
tecovered the ascendency. He was elected president
■gain in October, 1867. Died July 18, 187X

JttHif [Gr. lofoc] 1 succeeded hit lather, Hiempsat.
on the throne of numidia about 50 B-C. In the war
between Cssar and Pompey he supported the cause of
the latter, and gained a decisive victory over Curio, a
lieutenant of Csesar. After Pompey's defeat at Phar-
aalia, Juba continued to support hu cause in Africa, and
for sMne time held even Caesar in check. He was, how-
ever, defeated by the dictator at the battle of Thapsus,
and soon after killed himself^ 43 B.C., b preference to
fradi^ the triumph of the conqueror. His kingdom
was rraoced to a Roman province, of which the historian
SaUnst was appcnnted the first governor.

Sea Cxua, ~E«l]iini Grile:" DioH Cabiu^ "HIudtj of
KsBc^ AmAH, "Bjlliini tjrfle."

Jntw n, son of the precedbs, was carried to Rome
byOesar, who gave him a liberal education. He served
b the anny of Augustus, from whom he received the
kmgdom of^Mauritania about 30 B.C. He married Cle-
spatra Selena, the daughter ofthe celebrated Cleopatra,
Queen of E^pt, by Antony. Juba was distinguished

laai.'jasA' giarJ; ^uj; G,il,ti,gt4Httral; n.natai; t^trilUd: 1

for hb leamitu^ abilily, and jnslioe. He was the authoi
of several works, written in Greek, upon various subjects
Pliny, Plutarch, Tadtus, and other historians mention his
writings with just commendation. He died about V) B.C.

See Vossrus, "De HiaioridBGnKii;" Ecxhil, "Dociiini No-
nuium:" "MnunllaBkcniphieGfa&ils."

JnM, Ehii'b&', (August,) a French historian and
general, bom in 1765. He wrote a "Military History
of the Wars of France from 1643 to 1S15," {1 vols.j
and other works. Died in 1814.

JaM, (Jacques,) a French Jansenist, bom near Pari*
in 1674; died in 1745,

Jubinal, ahil'be'nU', (Michel Louis Achillb.) a

French politician, born in Paris in 1810; died in 1S75.

Jada, ihii'df , (LtoN,) a French Kotestant, bom b
Alsace b 1482, was the natural son of Jean luda, >
priest. In 1501, having formed a Iriendship with Zuin-
glius, he was led to embrace the principles of the Re-
formers, and became pastor of Saint Peter's Church in
Zurich. He was distinguished for his teal b promoting
the Reformation, both from his pulpit and by his pen.
Died in 15^ He commenced a transladon of the Old
Testament into Latin, which was finished after his death,
and was regarded by the Protestants, and even by many
Catholic divines, as the best veision extanL He was
the author of several religious works.

Sec M. Adah, "Vba Thwlcconua CamaDorem 1" IlAA4"La

Jti'd^ {Heb. n-linM fourth son of Jacob, and one

of the twelve Hebrew patriarchs, was born in Mesopo-
tamia, b.c. 1755. When Joseph was thrown into the
cave by his brethren, it was through Judah's influence
that they sold him to the Ishmaelites, instead of taking
his life as they had previously intended. (Genesis zxxvu.
36.) Jacob, on his death-bed, foretold that Judah's pos-
terity would become the principal tribe of Israel, and
also referred to the coming of the Messiah, who was to
be his lineal descendant. (Genesis ilix. 8-11.)

Jn'dab, (Henry M.,) an American general, bom at
Snow llill, Maryland, about iSzi, graduated at West
Point 't 1843, and was a captain before the civil irar
began. He became a brigadier-geneial of Union volun-
teers early in 1861, and comman<bd a division at Resaca.
Georgia, May 15, 1864. Died January 14, tS66.

Jndah or J»-Iiti'd^ Hak'ka-dosli', (or Hkklu-
doocb,) a learned Jewish rabbi, born b Galilee about
-~ ^.D. He is believed to have compiled, at the re-
I of the Roman emperor Marcus Antoninus, the
Mishna, (Hischna,) which contains the various Jewish
and institutions not found in the Old Testament.
short time the Talmud was ranked among the
sacred books of the nation, and it has since received ad-
ditions fi-om several teamed rabbis. Died in 190 A.D.

Set Wolf. " Bibliotb«c> Hcbiwo."

Jtl'd^h HIooB (or Hlong,) he-DOS', > Jewish rabbi
_nd physician, whogained great distinction for his learn-
ing and skill, was bom at Fez, in Africa, and lived about
1040. He wrote several works (in Arabic) on the Hebrew
language, and is now regarded by his natirm as their first
~id perhaps their greatest grammarian. His name is
imelimes written fuD ah Chiuo.

Jadab Rar or Rab. See Ashe.

Ju'd^ Zo-o&r'I-pt, one ofthe twelve apostles chocen
r Jesus. He betrayed his Master to the officers of [he
lief priests for thirty pieces of silver. Afterwards, being
stung with remorse, he returned the money to the priest*
and "went and hanged himselC"

S« Manhn t <, «tL 47-5* ixro. j-j; Maik liv. 18-11, 43.

Ja'daa Le-Tl't^ or Hallo-vl, a learned Spanish Jew
and poet, bom in 1040 or 1080, wrote a work in AraMc
in defence of the Jeinsh religion, entitled " Sepher Hoc-
cori," which was translated bto Hebrew, Latin, and
Spanish. Died in 114a

Ju'd^a Maooabsa'us, (mak-k»-bee'us,) IGr. 'lovdae A
Ma«a^au)(; Fr. JuDAS MachabCe, ihU'dls' mrkJTii',)
of the royid line of the Asmonxans, became leader of the
Tews upon the death of his bther, Mattathtas, B.C. 1661.
He conquered and cut in pieces several Syrian armies
which had been sent against him by Antiochus, subdued
the Idumeans, Ammonites, and otner neighbouring na-

1; thasinriu. (U

'See Explanationt, pt 3).|
Digitized a,G00gle

JUDD

JUGURTHA

don*, and restored ihe woiahip of (he true God in the
Temple of Jerusalem. He wai afterwardi besieged in
(hat dty by Aniiochus Eupator, who was, however, soon
obliged to return to Syria, on account of a dvil war which
hadCnoken out in his liingdom, Judas, wishing lo form
an independent government in Judea, and being unable
to contend against the whole power of Syria, concluded
a treaty of alliance with the Romans. But, before any
aisistance could arrive, a large army of Syrians again
invaded Judea. Judas marched against them with a body
a^ three thousand tnen, which was soon reduced by de-
sertion to eight hundred. He nevertheless attacked the
enemy, and, aftera severe battle, w>* defeated and slain,

Jadd, (Charles Hubbard,) psychologist, bom at j
Barielly, India, io 1873 ; came to America in 1879.
Uecsme professor of psycholi^ in New York Univer-
sity in 1S98 ; in the Univeisityof Qncinnati in 1901 j in
Yale, 1907, and professor in and director of the School
of Education in the University of Chicago in 1900.
Has written and translated various works on psychology.

Judd, (John Wesley,) F.R.S., an English geologist,
born at Purtsmonth, February iS, 1340. He was edu-
cated at Westminster Normal College and the Royal
School of Mines. In 1867 he went upon the geological
Burvey, in 1876 he was appointed professor of geology
in the Royal School oF Mines, and in 18S1 he took the

tEological professorship in (he Normal School of Science,
■ondon. He became dean of the Royal College oi
Science, London, in 1895. His works include " Vol-
canoes," (1878.) "The Student's Lyell," (1896.) etc.

Judd, (Orange,) an American author and pub-
lisher, bom near Niagara Falls, New York, July i6,
1821. He graduated at Wesleyan University in 1847,
studied chemistry in Vale College 1850-53, and edited
the " American AgricuUurist" 1853-81. He failed in
business in 1S83, and afterwards established Ihe
"Orange Judd Farmer" at Chicago, editing it till liis
death, December 27, 1892.

Judd, (SVLViSTiR,) a Unitarian minister and writer, I
bom in Weslhampton, Massachusetts, in 1S13. He
graduated at Vale in i3i6, studied divinity at Harvard,
and from 1840 until his death, in 1853, was pastor of the
Unitarian church in Augusta, Maine. Hia principal
work, "Margaret, a Tale of the Real and Ideal,'' (1845.)
is pronounced bv the "North American Review" "the
most emphaticallv American book ever written." It has
since been beautifully illustrated by Darley. Among hia
other works are " Philio," a didactic poem.

Juda, |Gr. 'loMitr,) Saixt, one of the twelve apos-
tles. He ia supposed to be the author of the book
tKaring his name. He was •nmamed Lbbbkus and
Thaddeus.

Jndioaal, ju'de-kil, became ruler of Bretagne about '
6^3, and assumed the title of royalty. After a reign of
SIX years, he en(cred a monas(ery, and was succeeded br <
his »n Alain. ii

Jn'dlth, [Heb. nniTT ; It GiuonTA, ioo-dit'ti.) a :
Jewish heroine, of uncertain epoch. Accoraing to tradi-
tion, she lived at Bethulia when that town was besieged
by Holofernes, a general of the King of Assyria. Havii^
t^ insidious arts gained admission to his tent and per- ,
iuaded him that slie designed to betray the town to him, [■
she cut off his head and carried it in a sack to Bethulia,
which was, consequently, sand from capture.

S« Ihe Apsctyphil Book of Juddi ; Alvokso Niccolu, " Ls
CiudiiB; DIuauiiok," i-fby.

Jndith, zhii'dit'. Mademoiselle, the stage name
of Julie B«mat, afterwards Madame Bernard De-
ROSNE, a French actress, bom at Paris, of a Hebrew
family, January 29, 1827. She was a relative of Made-
moiselle Rachel, the tragedienne, and went upon the
stage in 1841. Her beauty and native talents, however,
failed at first to win much success ; but in later years her
power and versatility were widely recognized.

Jtid'afin, {AtK>NiEAH.) an eminent Baptist mission-
ary, bom in Maiden, Ma-ssachusetts, in 1783, graduated
at Brown University in i3o7. He was sent as a mis-
lionary 10 Burmah in iSia, fbunded a mission at Ran-

goon, and learned the Burmese language. In i8>] he
printed a Burmese translation of the New TestamenL
He was thrown into prison in 1824, and kept in close
confinement eighteen months or more, during which he
and his companions suffered extremely. He completed
a Burmese translation of the Bible in iSu. He married
successively Ann Hasseltine, Sarah Hall Boardman, and
Emily Chubbuck, each of whom is noticed below. Having
visited the United States in i345, he returned to Burma!
in 1846, and resumed his labours at Maulnuin. He died
at sea in April, 1850,

Jtidaon, (Emily,) (originally Miss Chubbuck.) an
American authoress, known by the aem dr plumd of
" Fanny Forester," was bom at Eaton, in New York,
b 1817. She wrote (or the " New York Mirror," and
published two volumes of her essays, sketches, and
poems, under the title of ** Alderbrook," (1S46.) She
was married in 1846 to Dr. ludson, and immediately
sailed with him for India. While in Burmah, she com-
posed some of her best pocm& After the death of her
husband, in 1S50, she returned to America, and died at
Hamilton, New York, in 1854. (See JUDSON, Ado-

JndBon, (Harrv Pratt,) an American author and
educator, bor^i at Jamestown, New York, in 1849.
He became a teacher, was professor of history at the
University of Minnesota 1885-92, and of political

Nineteenth Cenluty," " The Growth of the American
Nation." etc.

JudaoD, (Sarah.) (originally Miss Hall,) a mission-
ary to India, born in Alstead, New Hampshire, in 1803.
In 1825 she was married to the Rev. Geurge Dana
Boardman, and the same year sailed with him fur Bur-
mah. They established the Baptist Mission at Maul-
main, and subsequently at Tavoy. Af^er the death of
her huslnnd, in i8|i, she continued her missionary
labours with great success. In iSu she was married to
Rev. A. Jndson, noticed above. Died at Saint Helena
in 1845.

JuBl, yoo'tl, (J,,) a Danish admiral, was a brother
of Niels, noticed below, with whom he co-operated in
several battles. He was one of the negotiators of the
treaty of Lund in 1679. Died about 170a

S« N. JoHoa, ** Vke-AdnDnl J. Jotb Li* nf Laraenhwtti-

JubI, (Niels or Nicholas,) a celebrated Danish ad-
miral, bom in 1629. After serving in the Dutch navy
under Van Tromp and De Ruyter, he entered the Danish
service, and greatly distinguished himself by several im-
portant victories which he gained over Ihe Swedes. The
King of Denmark created him an admiral, knighted him,
and conferred upon bim other honours. Died in 1697.

Inangllng, yfng^ing, (Fredrrick,) a gifted aitist-
engraver, born in l^ipsic in 1846, learned wood-engraving
in bis native city, and in 1866 came to New York, where,
as accessory to his business of engraving, he studied draw-
ing, painting, and etching. He was one of the founders
of the American Society of Wood -Engravers. In 1S83
one of his pictures was awarded a second-class medal al
Munich. After a visit to Europe in search of health, he
died in New York, December 31, 1889.

jnAnin, zhii-i'nlN', (Gastard,) a French prieM,
writer, and professor of philosophy^ in Paris, burn M
Varambon, in Bresse, in iGjo; died in 1713.

Juglatla, yoo-gli'r^. (ALolsro,) an Italian Jesuit and
professor of rhetoric, born at Nice in 1607. He was also
employed as preceptor lo Prince Charles Emanuel of
Savoy. He wrote numerous panegyrics on Louis XIIL
and other persons of distinction. Died in 1653.

Jugleb, yd&o'ltp, or Jugl«i, yS&c'Ifr, (Johann
Friedrich,) a German writer, bom near Naumburg in
1718. He published "Biographical and Critical Notices
of Eminent Jurists and Statesmen of Europe," (6 vols^
1773-80.1 and other works. Died in itoi.

Ju-gur'tha, jGr. 'lonToipffut or no7J|i9cic,l an AlricRD
prince, remarkable for his crimes and tragical death, was
a natural son of ManastabaL He was brought up at the

il, e, ^ B, Q, J, /jiif/i, t, d, same, less prolonscd; i, e, I, S, u, i^, ^Aorf; h f > i> Vi «^<«'v; (^iri I^'t Qt; tuCl t D^l g^^i ■'>^Ita

Digitized by VjOOQ I C

It of hia nnde.

JUIGNE
Uidpt^ Kine eS Hmiidia, and at i

amn. Dorii

diaUnction, >»9 at its condualon waa bighlycommended
to his ancle b* Sdi^ Midpaa soon after created him
Mnt heir with his own aont Adherbal and Hiempul.
Upon the death of that monarch, Jugurtha caused
Hiempsal to be muidered, and forced Adherbal lo seek
intKection at Rome. Commiaaiooen were tent ou
the Roroin senate to divide the kingdom between
balal and Ju|iiTlba ; but the Utter, hsTiag bribed Ch
received the largest portion of Um territory, and was
declared to be innocent of the murder of Hiempsa).
ResolTing, however, to obtain the entire kingdom, he
captured Adherbal in the citj of Cirta, while be was yet
nnder the protection of the Roman senate, and pat him
to death with the greatest crnelty. War was imme-
ifialely dedared against him by the Romans; but he
•Moceeded in fuming an adraatageoas treaty with tlie
coDBiil Calpumios, who had been sent to reduce him to
•vbjedion. The senate refosed to ratify this trea^, and
•ammoned ][Dgartha to Rome to answer the charges
broo^t against him. He obeyed the mandate; bat
^lile in that dty he procured the assassination of his
CO— ill Ifasaiva, another daimant of the Mumidian crown.
Vpon the commission of this ontrage he was commanded
(o leave Rome. As be was taldng his last view of the
aqrital, he is said to have eidaimed, "Heroenan dty.
than waitest onljr for a porchasei to sell tbyselt; aM
tboD wilt perish if one is found." After his return to
Nnmidia he defeated a Roman army under Aulns PlNt-
kamim, compelling It to pass nnder Ibo jok* and t«

•vacBate the country. The war was aftei '- ""

Ifaned by Metello* ; and, though Jognrtha .

IIm ablest commanders of that age^ be wu miable to

■» on the field of _ . . , . _ .

stent integrity rendered him invindble to the golden
dfcn of the Namidian Dsnrpcr. Jugartha, having been
twice defeated by Mariui, the socceasor of Uetella*, was
delivered to his enemies by the treachery of hi* ally,
Boccbna, King of Mauritania, He was carried in chains
to Rome, where he graced the triumph of Uaiina. He
was then thrown into the Uamertine prison. Hi* death,
rikicb occurred six days later, is generally snppoaed to
hav* been caused by starvation. The Jwajthme war,
whicA was terminated B.C vOb, is the sab;ect trf one of
the hbtoriea of Sallnst

Sm Saluist, " Junrtha;" PiVTAaof, " Unla ;" Lmr, "Bn-
MBh- bnoki bm.. W, tn& : " Nond* Biivw^ QJn^d^''

tBgaished himself by his penectttion of the Ja

b 17S1 be became Archbubop of Pari*. Died in 1811

ShLjuihst. "VledaMa^A. Cladvtde im^A," ibi.

Jtdcn^BrolMliiUre, de, dfh ihii-tn'yl' bawS'se'-
ae-aiK% a French lawyer and compiler, was bom in
Ankia, and lived about 1C5& His prindpal work is a
"Iliei^ogica], Historical, Poetical, and Cosmographical
ffietJonary," (1 644.)

JnlOara or JnUhard. Sec Jabkt.

Jiik«B, jiiks, (Josspu BntTi,) F.R.S., an Ei^Iish
■edogist, born near Birmingham about iSia. He pub-
Utbe4 brides other works, " Popubur Physical Geoliwy,"
(iSo.) Med July 19. 1869.

Jnle^ the French for JuLIUt, which see.

7(Ug, rule, (BEaKHAKO)) a German philologist born

Jf JULIAN

39 B.C:, was diatJngniahed for her beauty, accomplisif
menia, aod disgraofol intrigues. She was mamed to
Marccllua, upon whose death she became the wife of
Agrippa, by whom she was the mother of 6vb children.
After the death of ber second husband she was given in
marriage to Tiberias, who divorced her, and afterward*
caused her to be poisoned, 14 A.[k

JitUa, a daughter of the preceding, bom about iS B.C.,
was married to L. iGmiiiua Paulns. Her character is
said to have reaemUed that of her mother. Somcwriterm
identify har with the Corbma of Orid. Died i8 A.D.

JnUa, daughter of CKsar German^ cua, wa* b<»n 17 a._.
At the age of sixteen she was married to a Roman sena-
tor named Vinudaa. She was soon after suspected of
consfnraqr and banished by her brother Caligula, bnt
was sobacquentlj recalled by Claudins. She was put
to death In her twentT-fourUi year, at the instigatioii
of Measallna.

Jnlla de FontttDeUe, zbUte-t' d^h Riftfh-nei',
(Jkan SiSAmEN EuGiNi,) a French chemist, bom at
Narbonne in 1790, published a "Manual for Glass-
makers," and other worka. Died in 1S43.

Sh H B«i J ULU DB FoHTBmu. " Motk* »r M. JbIk da Fofr

JnQI-f Dom'nf, wife of the Roman emperor Septi*
mius Severus,3nd the mother of Caracalla aodGcta,was
bom in Syria about 170 A.D^ She was the daughter of
Bassianns, a priest of the sun. After the death of Seve-
ms she endeavoured to heal the dissensions between hel
SODS, but in vain ; Geta was murdered in her presence
in ais, by his brodier'* orders, Dnrine the remainder of
Caracalla'a reign she exerted great influence in the afUta
ofgovemment Died in 317.

JnOI-Mil, ILat Ivua'nds; Fr. Juuin, ihitne^',)
or, more follv, Jit-UU'aiw FlXM-tw Cbra'dttia, snr-
nained Tm APOaTATa, a Roman emperoi, was bora in
Constantinople in 331 a-D. He was the son of Julias
Constantius, and a nephew of Constantlne the Great
On the death of the latter, the soldiers, in order tg
secure the succession of his sons, massacred alt the other
membera of the Flavian family except Inlian and hi*
elder brother Gallos. The jealonsy of the emperor
CoMtantins afterward* banished the btothcrs to C«p>
padoda, where thej were educated in the priadples o^
the Christian religion and officiated as lecturers in the
Inarch of Nicom«lia. In 351 Gallus was created Cxsar
by the emperor, and Julian was pennitted to return to
i... _,«_. (j[y_ j)„( jn ^ short time w— -"-i~ —"-^ •"

at RingelbacI
Rddelberg a

1! philology in the Universide* of Lemberg, Cr: ,

nd Innspruck. His prindpal original investigations
were in the Mongolian and other Easi<Asian langusges.
lie published several volumes of " Mongolian LMcnds"
nth German translations. Died August 14, 18&

iBltf, JFV. JuuK, ihale',) a Roman lady, remarka-
ble fiw her beanty and virtuM, was the daughter of Julius
Cnar. She first married Cornelius Cacpio, but, by her
biber^ commMnd, procured a divorce and became the
■ifcofPompey the Great. She died 53 B.C, before the
iMiuiton* aroae between her bther and hei husband.

InUa only dan^iter of Angostta Cesar, bom about

*Ut; fait; giard; iftaj; a,H,K,giiMiral; tl, natal; w,l

of the Platonists, and, naving obtained permission ..
visit Athens, he poraned bis studies b that dly and was
privately initiated in the mysteries of the religion of
Greece. After the execution of his brother, in 35s, he
vras recalled to Constantinople through the influence of
the caipreas Bnsebia. Constantius created him Caesar,
and gave him coaimand of the armies in Gaul Julian

.■_ . ' ' in marriage Helena, nster of the emperor.

' aaoceasftucampaigna agunst the Germany

^ „ „_ Tun Gaul, expelleii them from that country,

took captive Chnodomorius, their most powerful Idi^
iUTHfed Germany, and gained a high distinctioa (or
miHtary skill and personal braverjf. Constantiua,
enviona of the fame otjulian, and wishing to destroy his
power, commanded him to send his best troops to
the East, in order that thty might assist in the Persian
war. The aoldiera, who had become greatly attached to
Julian, refused lo ober, and, notwithstanding hi* remon>
strances, proclaimed him Augustus. It is even stated
that they threatened him with death if he refused the
purple. He then sent an embass^^ to Constantius, re-

Sfstingtbat he might be recognised as Augustus hi
uL This not having been granted, he mardied
towards Constantinopte ; but the sudden death at ths
emperOT, in 361, enabled Jnlian to ascend the impeiiaj

so icKig a time, and, renoondng ChristiaBitr, 'n wbkh
lass.-thaainM^i; (|^See£ip)anatioaa,p ■}.>

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

JULIAN

protablr be waa never a tnie bdierer, dedued hi* Uth
In the (UTinities of Greece and Rome. He procUimed
liberty of conscience to all, commanded the pajpn tem-
plet to be reopened, and even attempted to reatote Jr
daitm by cebiulding the Temple at Jernailem. He wi
prevented from completing thii project bj remarkable
eruption* of fire, which rendered it impo^ble for tbe
workmen lo continoe their laboais. In the aprlng of
363 he set ont from Antioch, at the head of 6^,000 welt-
disciplined troops, on his contemplated invasion of Per-
•ia. He crossed the Euphrates and Tigris, and gained
tevenl important victories over the Petsiant; Mt the
oppressive heat and the scarcity of prorision* compelled

lum to retreat, and in June of the same year, as t*

bravely repelling an attack of the enemv, a j
wounded him fatally in the side. He died the following
evenini;, while be was calmly conveising with Ids friends
on philosophy. Julian was the aathor of an account of
his Gallic and Gernian wars, which has been lost, "The
CKsars," " Misopogon," a satire against the citizen*
of Antioch, whom he had offended l^ his philosoi^iical
austerity and his slovenly haluti, and trf about eighty
letters npon various subjects.

S« AvcusT NsAmaa, " Ueber Kiiier JuHu nud hb Zaul-
tta," ilii. (Imalited iaia Bodili lif G. V. Co^ iBjbi} L* But-
TBUK, "Vk da rEmixrwir JdUhlI' 17U; Uanen, " Hiitoin in
rEiipnn JllB(I^" ■ml*- 18171 WIuuk WABUnniii, "JnHu,
H a DbcDnne cntuniM UK Kulhouilu and Fkrr KnMloii wkldi
iliftslnlihil ITiiiiiiiirii'i rtlliiiiiiliiiiiiliiillililiiiTHiiiiliiifJiiiMliiH."
irwi Am. DasiAaDiint " mxtU nr I'Eaptmr JoBea,'* 1S41 ; j.

■otv of Iht DecUnc and Fan of lbs -_-i- ...-__ —

"HiKoriaBc '

UiuiAM, " Hiitoij of ObntiiBitr.
Jnllai^ Hoo-le-ln', Count, Governor of Andalusia

' " "lain. After King Roderid

Julian, the latter formed 1

■nder the Gothic Idi^ of Spain. After King Roderick
had ravished the daughter tX Julian, the latter formed a
treaty with th« Moslems for tne invaMoo of Spain, and
rendered them effident service at the battle of Xeie*,
where Roderick was defeated in 711 A.D.

See Mnnn, " HisUn of A* Uihonetta ¥n|iii la Sfatai"
SovTHaT, "Radarkk, AcXast ef tho GollMk"

JnOI-fn, (Lat jDUA'Nin; Fr. TuuKN, ihtl'le.tit';
It G1ULIAN0, ioD-le-i'no,] an ItaUan bishini, disdti-
gniahed for his opposition to the doctrines of Saint Au-
gustine, was bom about 3S0, and studied theology under
Pclagius. In 416 Innocent L raised him to the see of
Eclanum ; but about 430 he was banished from Italy on
account of his Pelagian doctrines. Having been con-
demned by several couitdls, be settled in Sdly. Died
about 455.

Jnlliui, Atchlnshop of Toledo, and a saint tA the
Roman calendar, was bom in Spain, of Jewish descent.
He was raised to the see of Toledo in 6fo, and preaidJed
over four different councils held in that dty. He was
the author of a work on death, the resurrection, and the
" " ' ' jmenL Died in 69a

1, (Marcus Auhelius,) a Roman Governor of
Venetia, who in 3S5, while aspiring to tbe imperial
purple, was defeated and slain near Verona by Carinnt.

Julian CeMtrlnL See Cesakini, (GiuuAtfo.)

Jn-U-a'iu, a woman of Portuguese descent, b.jm in
Bengal in 165S. Having gained the favour of Aurung-
Zcb, she was appointed governess to his son, Shah Alum,
who succeeded to the crown in 1707. In a battle between
that prince and his brothers, who disputed the succession,
she rode by his side on an elephant and greatly contrib-
ated to his success. Shah Alum raised her to the rank
of a princess, and conferred upon her many other hoooois.

JnllAatu. See JtnJAK.

Jn-H-X'ntia or Julian, (Sal vies,) a celebrated Roman
fuiist, and great-grandfather to the emperor Didtns, was
bom about ICO A.D. He was twice chosen consnL His
prindpil work is entitled "Digests," in ninety books,
and is often referred to by writers on Roman law.

See J. G. HDHaocilil, " ProcnuBBii da S. JdUiibo," 17J].

Julia. See Juua.

JtUlsD, the French for Juliam, whldi see.

Jalien, ihttle-lN', (Piskkb,) a celebrated French
sculptor, bom at Saint-Panlien in 1731. He commenced
his ttudie* at I^mis, imder Pjiache, whom he lefl in
1765 to becctna the papil of Conaton, the Ung's sculp-

lo JULLIAN

tor, at Psris. In 176S he went to Rome, where he r»
mained four yeais, to perfect himself In his art In i^
his statue of '' The Dyin^ WaniM" gained his admissioa
to the Academy of Painting and Sculpture in Paris.
Died in 1804. Among his moat admirable production*
are "La Baignense," the statues of La Fontaine and
Poussin, and copies of Apollo Belvedere and " The Dying
Gladiator," from the It^ian.

Soe J. LaBnnM."H<i(kaliiaoriqQ( on )■ IHo M too Ouniaea
d* P. Joliai." iSsa.

Jnlien. (Simoh,] or JoUeii of FuiiM,a French artist,
born at Toulon in 1736, studied in Paris under Vanloo,
resided ten years at Rome, and after his return was

the French style. Died ir

Julian, (STAitisi.AS,) an eminent French Orfentaliat,
bom at Orleans in 1^99, He studied under Abel R^
■insat, and devoted himself particnlarly to the ChineM
language. He succeeded Abel lUmusat a* professor of
Chinese in 1833, and afterwards became admmistratoriir

tbe College of France. He made translations from How-
tseti (Mendus) and other Chinese authors, and pub-
lished" Practical Exerdse* of Chinese S^taxand Lexi-

cography," (lS4>.) Julian's reputation is that efooe a
tbe Gnt Chinese scholarm of hu time. He was a mem
ber of the Academy of Inscriptions, and of the pi ~
teamed societies ot Europe^ Among his^works is
great interest, " Voyages de* Pileno*

ber of the Academy of Inscriptions, and of the prindpal
d societies ot Europe^ Among his works is one of
great interest, " Voyages det Pileno* Bouddhistes,'* (3
vols., 1853-58,} translated B^mu the CUnese. Died at
Paris. Febrwy 13, 1873,

Julio Romnna See Giuuo Romanol

Juliua [Fr. Jules, thtil ; IL Giiruo, joo^e-o| L, •
Roman by birth, succeeded Marcus in the papal see in
336. In 340 he convoked a comidl at Rnne to settle
the dispute between Athanasius, the orthodox Bishop
of Alexandria, and the Arians, who had expelled bim
from his office. Atharuuius appeared ; bat his enemies
called at Antioch a coondl which condemned him.
Julias, finding his interpositions to be in vain, sntn-
moned the General Coandl of Sardica, which restored
the bishop to his see and Introduced the custom irf
appealing lo tlie pope in all ecdedastical disputes. Died
in 35a A.n.

Juliua It, (Cardinal GiuuANO dalla RoTer«—
delli ro-vi'ii,) born in 1441, was elected to the see of
Rome upon the death of PiusIIL, in 1503. Haughty
and warlike in Ids disposition, be immediately tumed his
ambition to the aggrandizement of the papal authority.
He drove Cssar Borgia from the Romagna, and attempted
to expel the Venetians from Ravenna, Rimini, and other
parts of his dominions. Failing in this, he formed the
League of Cambrai with the King of France, the Emperor
of Germany, and the Duke of Ferrara, for die deatmctian
of the Venetian republic Julius, soon discovering, how-
ever, that he had more to fear from the French than
from the Venetians, made a treaty with the latter in
15ID, and took the field in person against the French,
over whom he gained some slight advantages. In ljt>
he allied himself with the English, Spaniards, Swiss,
and Venetians, aod finally succeeded m expelling the
French from Italy. But linle was gained by this soccess;
for the Swiss and Spaniards gave him as mach trouble
as the French had previously done. He died before
these new difficulties were adjusted, in 1(13. Jnliq*
displayed a great taste for the fine arts. He was tbe
first to commence Saint Peter's Cathedral at Rome,at>d
was the patron of Michael Angelo, Raphael, and othei
men of distinction. Leo X. was his

S« Rahk^ "HjMorv (f tbe Popaoi"
PI^M."■TJ.T=L.\^el^llP«peJlA!•rI/'<a

Juliua m, (Cardinal Oioool— jot'dKc,) bom in 1487
at Arezzo, succeeded Paul III. fai February, 155a. His
■ymtificate was marked by quarrels with the KiniF a
''ranee, the Venetians, and othi

See Attads Da Mama. " HIhd

JuUian, ibiile-ftH', (Pibrrb Louis Pascal,) a French
historical writer and politician, bom at Montpellier about
[769. He wrote " Fragmenta hiatoriqaea, (1804,) and
•■ Sottvenirs de ma Vk," (180BL) Died about 1836.

[Mwers. Ked in 1555,

i, i^ [. fit B, f ;vV' it- 1> ^ •■'■)•>>**• Pttilt^nKed; i, ^ I, S, fi, IF.''*'^; *> «i b 9> '^''K^V Or, All, Ot; inh; nOt; gd6d: mtfOn

d by Google

JBlUan, ttrin^^N', ( Aifiiit,) > wiiur npoa Aa coHnn
at Uw vine, bora at CUloni-wAr-SaOne, fai Fnnee, fai
1766: died in 1833.

TalUaa. (l.<wn,) BpopnlMFienebconpoMTof maric
and director of concerts, wis born in i8i3. He eaof
potd mnsic for balls, <K>ens, etc., uid performed in
nria MoA London. Died In i86a

JoIUmi, (Hakckl Bunakd,) ■ French granuuilati
MMl writer, bora in Pwii fai 1798; died in iHl.

joUian da U DiteMh ihtneW deh II d Rfim, (IfAKG
Artoihb,) a French Jacobin, dbdi^pibhed for bu *io-
■eace, wa* born iu Danplun^ in 1144; died in iSjt.

jQlUati da Paila, ihrie-lM' deb pi're', (Ham: An.
T«MM^) • polilidan and ioiirnaliit, born in Pari* in 1775,

m. son of the preoedinK. Daring tlM Rerohitioii u

a Jacobin. He pobUaSed seTeru worlts on politics,
xtwn, etc, aad fiMmded tn 1818 the " RerM Enc?-
liqML" Died in 1848.

- -um,"La PnwM Un4«3n:" -HaonQt HEcnvkb
. BatiitD d'Adxt, " Biofniiliw da II. J. dc Fira^'il**
Julua. See luLDS.

Jomal, ihti'mtl'. 0ui( CHAMLas.) a French eccle-
riMtic and writer, bora in Pari* j died in 1804.
JntDaUn, thiinllii', (Jkam 'Bknam,) a Froidi

JOKKm Chahlu,) Hakquis, a French rojalht, dis-
tn^uisbed as a cavalry cffcer, was bora in 1764. Tn
1^1 L.oitt* XVL appointed liim lieatenant^colonel at
lHB_guatd. He aerveo onder Nspoleoo. Died In 183&
SeelKMLAK.

. k officer, ban abont 1715, aignali . ,

in the Canadian wan. He is aaid to have been treadio-
ronalj Idlted b 1753 bj the English, to irtiotn lie was

k«r, vAnk^ifT, (CHunuN,) a German pfal-
lolont and historian, was bora at Dresden in 1668. H«
pabunbed several works 00 German Uitorr, and B ■* Lib
•r Lather," (1^) Died ai Altenburg b 1714.

. -AOnmihia KixjUafmlm?' Gujjia,*^'l{iMi^ ad J.
cnn de C JaDduro," 1714.

. -IT Jnnkar, (Gottiab Johann,) a Girnun

^yaician, bom neai Giessen In 1680. He became uro-
MMor of medicine at Halle in 1739, and maintained the
doctrine* of SuhL He wrote niuneroas medical works.
Ked at Halle in 1759.

Jnnokar, jAng'ktr, {Hbmkv Damian,) a bishop,
him at Finatinnn, Lorraine, in 1810, took priesl'i orders
in the Rmuu Catholic Chorch in 1834, and in |8S7 was
comecrated Biabop <A Alton, Illinou. Died at Alton,
October a, 186S.

JTwoooaa, Boon-ko'sl, (Fra Joaqdin,) a akOfol Span-
Itfk paiater, IxMra in tbe diocese of Tatngoaa in 1631 ;
Aed near Rome in 1708.

jrwiio-tI'niia,tbeLatinnameofPKANCMsci>GiuinTNi,
■D ItaHanaatrt^cwerand monk, bora St Florence In I5sa.
He wrote several works on astrology, etc Died in t59a

Jvag, jSU^h or Jniwa, jrOCng'tb, (LaL Jtmo'tus,]
pOACHtM,) a German pbysidan and botanist, bora at

able oppnnents of the (cholaadc philoaophy, and for Ut
■ratmrai waa compared by Lriboiti to Copetnictts and
Gatilea. He alao, it b aald, first soggeated, in his " laa-
goge Phytooa>pica," (1678,) tbe dasaification of planta
after watA developed by Liniuea*. He waa rector of a
acbool at Hamburg from 1619 nntil his death. Died at
Basnborg In 1657.

' m H Asvni Voim, " Hinarii V!i* tt Uortb J. Jnica." ifit? ;
** * TnnpiM and ■■■ Zrilahw," i<j*: ** ffam<lto Bw-

7iii>^ (JoHAKN HuNUCH,) commonlv known by the
pamdooym of SnuiNO, an original German writer,
bora at Im-Gntnd, b the dnchy of Hassan, in I74tx
mUe Btodying medidne at Strasburg, be Mrmed an
fa^Bsn wiHi Goethe, who has given an interesting a&
oMtf of him m hi* Antobiagraphy. In 1804 be beotCM

profoasor of political economy at Hridelberg. He pab-
liibed in 1777 " Henry Stilling'* Yonth, Ear^ Yeara, snd
Wanderiiin,** wUch waa followed soon after by " Henry
Stilling^ Domestic Life." Among Us 6ctitions wrillngi
we may dte "Theobald, or Ae Enthu^sst," " The Chr^
tian Pnilanthioi^t," and " Scenes from the Sjdrit-Land.**
StiUiiw ap[iear* to have been amanofgreat earneatness
as well as timplid^ of character, witli a itrong tenden^
to reUgioos enthnsiasm and mystidam. Died In 1817.

S'.{-.,f,«;,i

: Jaooon, 1147 ; " Fenitn Qao-

SaiwAaK "JoBC-Stilliaii Alii
H. SiltliK-^£n£ad biSAHiJ
UriT RhCii- tmj^, iS}&

Jmig^Bahftdoor, (or -Babftdnr,) jting (or jUng) bf-
hl'da6r, {It. "brave In war,'0 [from the Hindoeianee
^oy. " ''•™'>" " •'*''i"'"d *aWi^ or A»*idl»tfr, " brate,")
the name, 01 rather suraame, of several Indian ynaot*,
among whom the recent minister of Nepanl and virtnat
sovereign of thst conntiy deserve* paiticiilar mention.
He was tbe son of a Nepanlese general, was bora abont
1S15, and by his tinscrapalon* audadty, combined with
rare talents fat intrigoe, he soon rused himself to the
ht^ett podtion in Uie state. Abont 1850 he vi^ted
England as ambassador, and while in that conntry was

ig the
-khaa,

the ot»ect of moch attention. In 1857 he offered the
English goverament his co-operation in suppresiing I*
mutiny <3' the Sepoys, and, with abont 9C00 GSfnih
(itace of probable Aryan origin,) took part in tbe cajjture
of Locknow. for which, and other services, he received
(he grand cross of Ihe Bath. Died February aj, 1S77.

Tnngar, ntfeig'^, (iCcidius,) D,D., a bishop, bom
at Burtscheid, in Rhenish Prussia, April 6, 1S33. He
was educated at Aii-ta-Chapelle and at Louvain, and
was for man^ year* a Roman Catholic priest in Wash-
ington Territory. In 1879 he was consecrated Bishop
of Nesqually in that Territory.

JnBger, y46ng'fr, (Johann Fkiedkicx,) a German
UtUratair, bom at Leipsic in 1759. He was the aulboi
of numerous popular romances and dramatic works.
Among his novels are " Vetter Jakobs Launen," (6 vols.,
1786-^) and "Der Schein trUet," (1787.) Died in 1797,

Tnngermaiui, ya6np'flr-mSn',(GcnmiiiD,t aOerman
philologist, bora at Leipsic He published " Longi Pas-
turalia Gnece cum Latina Versione," {1605,] and other
classical vDik*. Died in 1610.

Jungannann, (Ludwig,) a botanist, bom at Leipsic
b 1573, was s brother of the precediru. He was pro-
feasor of botany at AltdorC Died In 16S3.

Jnn^ana, ^ng'hlns, (Sophu,) a German novelist,
born at Csssel, December 3, 1845. In 1877 she married
Professor Joseph Schumann, but retained her maiden
name for her literary work. Herwritmgsinclude"Kiithe,"
( 1876,) " Han* Eckbcrg,"( 1 878,) and other novels, marked
by masculine force in style and in characters.

Jtinghnhn, yjt&ng^OSn, (Franz Wojielm,] a Prn*.
sian natnrslist, born at Hanafeld in iSii. He was em-
ploved as armv pbysidan or officer of health in India,
and explored toe island of Java. He pablished, beside*
other works, an account of the topography, botany, and
geology of hva, ("Java, seine Gestall, Maniendecke
nod fauMre Banart," 3 vols., iSu,) which is esteemed
tike best work on that aubjecL Died April 14, 1864.

s«r»»

Bohemia, i:
t8lj professor of laneuage*
am of^Prague, where be was
afterward* prefect Ilia greatest work is a " Bohemian-
German Dictionary," (5 vols., 1835,) whidi gives evi-
dence of immense learning and indusby. He also wrote
a " Hbtoiy of the Bohemian Langoage and literature,"
(1835,) and « "Bohemian Chrestomathy." He wrote
other works, in prose and verse, and made a number of
translations from eminent English and French writers.
Jnn^mann i* regarded a* one tA tbe most lealooa and
effioent promoter* of Slavonian Uteratnre^ Died in 1847.

S« L. CBLABSViKV, "Dodnln ta Sbmlks J. Ibhbmm.'
i*S>i " Foni^ QiwDriy Rsfim^ftr Atril. iM.
JiMdl1-ii% a bishop who fionrithed in AMca abont

177J. Hewaa appointed

ana rbetotic at tbe Gymnasium ol Prague, where

a«*i;«aa>;|Asn^-ftaay;a,B,K,/MM«rs/;M,iMM;;>.irUM';las«,-thaBbMM. (|V~Sce EipUnationa,p.l3.)

d by Google

JUNIUS 11

«0 A.D. He wrote a LMin work "On PuU ol the
OlTine Law," which wu printed at BUe in 1545.

Ja'nl-iu, the assumed nine of a political writer 1^0
In January, 1769, benn to issue, in London, a series
of famous lelteis, which first appeared in Wood&Jl's
"Public Advertiser." Jonina opposed the ministrr then
In power, and denounced serer^ eminent persons with
Deat severity of invecttve and punzency of sarcasm.
His style is eminently pure, terse, amfvigorona. These
letters had a ereat popularity, and powerfuUj promoted
the cause of civil lilierty. "l^e myrtnidoos of the court,"
•aid Burke, in the House of CommoDs, "have been long,
and are still, pursuing him in vain. They will not spend
their time upon me, or you, 01 yon. No : they disdain
such vermin when the mighty boar of the forest, that
has brolten through all their toils, is before them. . . .
Kings, Lords, and Common* are but the sport of his
liiry. Were he a member of this House, what might
not be expected from his knowledge, his firmnea* and
tntegrity I Among the numerous persons to whom
these letters have Ixcn attributed were Sii- Philip Fian-
CIS, Lord Chatham, Edmund Burke, Henry Grattan,
Colonel Bait^, Gibbon the historian, John Home Tooke,
Horace Walpole, John Wilkes, and Wedderbum, (after-
wards Lord Loughborough.) The publication of the
Letters of Junius continued until January, \TJ%. In
lus dedication to the people of England, he said, " I am
the sole depositary lA mj own secret, and it shall periah

A multitude of books and essaja have been written in
the attempt to solve this myitery. But all the eflbrta
In that direction seemed for a long time to be wholly
nnsuccessfiil ; so much so that a very able lawver and
■ntlquaiT. Sir N. H. Nicolas, writing in 1843, decjaied
hb conviction that alt the Junius-seekers had completely
&iled in their undertaking. Uacaulay, however, in his
essay od Warrfn Hastings, (1E41,) says that "the evi-
dence |>ninEi Sir P. Francis] would support a verdict
in a avD — nay, in a crinunal — proceeaina," At the
pment time (1885) the question is still doubtliil. A
rest numt>er of circumstances seem to point to Sit
-"hilip Francis as the true Junius. Among the various
bcidental proo& bearing on this question, one of the
most curious is given in " Lippincott's Magaiine" for
January, 187a But Abraham Ilaywaid ha* since then
adduced strong reasons for rejecting the Francis theory.
Sh JiHUt Tavlor, "The tdealhT ef JuDiu wilhi DiilinauiihBd
Living Uuneler £uiUWwL" i>i<; JOHH M*soh Good, " £b>>
w junlw ind lui Wr>tiiiv?' ILkCADuv, mini dT Gicw-i " Lii^
rf Wurm Hurinfi :" Loan Bsooohaiu uticii b ttaa " Edinburgh
RaTi«t"fcir Naienibtr, 1817, (nd. "")r "Quinerl) Review" for
Dtomber, iSji 1 Aujman, "DkAoimrj tl Jutliani" HATWAaD,
" Hon ibonl Junioi." 1K7S.

H-vrn. (FxANcix.) IFr. Francois dj Ton.

and Geneva, and was appointeif pastor of a Walloon
church in Antwerp in 1565, but at length wis com-
pelled to fly to Germany to escape the tortnres of the
Inquisition. In 156E he became chaplain 10 the army
of the Prince of Orai»;e. I^ve years later, at the re-
quest of the Elector- Palatine, he went to Heidelberg,
where, with the assistance of Tremelltus, he translated
the Old Testament into Latin, 11575-79.) This work,
which established his reputation, islinown as the vei*ion
of Junius and Tremellina, He afterwards filled succes-
rively the cluur* of theology at Neuatadt, Heidelberg,
and Leyden. He wrote numerous works on divinity and
the dassica. Died at Leyden in October, [60a.

Sh "Vila F. Jdili Biturigeuik ib Ipaoawl coiucripti." ins;
lUvts, "Hinoriail u>d Cntici] DicumarT 1" Nic&oh. "H*-
■eiiMl" F. GoHAa, "Oiatlo bDebib in Otaoun F. Juui." itea,

Julias, fFRANCii or Francucus,) an eminent phf-
tologist, son of the preceding was born at Heidelberg
te tul9, and was educated at Leyden. He passed over
to uigland about i6ao^ and became librarian to Thomaa
n he remained thirty
, liefly to the study d

the Teutonic langw^ea. HepnbliiliedBrare and valu-
able work, — a liaiielatianoftheGaapelsinto the andent
Gothic, (made bj BJahop Ulphila* about jte *.a.,) with
a Coaunentaiy, (1665.) Janiua waa the astlMW of a work

mVif

I a JUNON

"On the Pamting of the Anoienta," ("De Ptcton
Veterum," 1637,) and of an Etymological Dictioaaiy,
("Etymologicum Anglicanum," 1743,) in which h« ex-
plains the derivation and origin of numerous English
words. He left bis choice collection of manuscripts to
the University of Oxford. Died at Windsor in 1677.
Sm Ga^vmi. ■■ Life of Fiandi Jummi ,■' b ib> id tdinon of ba
D* I^cnn ytttnini.''_i^l Bxvub " HuKorical ind Crilical Dic-

:" ri«:i«oti, " Uiinc

;" WoDi^ " Athenz OioDien

Jnuiam, da, d«h nK/ne-ua, or Jonglie, yong'th,

yong'th,

Friesland, in 1511. He went to Englsnd
near the dose of the reign of Heniy VIII., and became
physidan to the Duke irf Norfolk. After the accession
of Edward VL he published a Grcek-and- Latin Lexi-
con, which he dedicated to that sovereign. For this tie
was levereiy cenanred by the Roman pondft He wiota
in honour of the marriage of Queen Maiy with Philip
of Spain a Latin poem entitled " Philippeia." About

1564

Died at Middelburg in 1575. As a philologist

mentioned are his "Nomendature of All 1. ...... _

vocabulary In seven different languages, several Latin
poems and epistlea, and variotu «Nnroenlarie* on die
writing* of the andent aDthor&

Sa* P. SaoLvaMA, "Diuribein H. Jviiiintam liiiiBlsnM Unin
luruu,** 1S3A.

Jnakoi, yMnk'ff, or Jtulksr, yoo'ne-ktr, (Gaoaa
Adam,) ateadter and (tanilator, born at Hanau about
173a He tranilated namenni* German drama*, etc.
into French. Died In 1805.

Junker, (Wn.t«LJi Johann,) a 'traveller, bora at
Moscow, Russia, April 6, 1840. He studied medidne it
Giittingen, Berlin, and Prague. He travelled eitensively
in Tunis, (i874<"<y<.) Egypt, the Upper Nile Valley, and
Central Africa. Died February 13, 189a.

JtuilurBMiHi, jtSbt^tp-xiiika', (AuoobtJ a very pop-
ular German comic actor, Imitb at Bielefeld, Decembei

i, [ 833. He is best known for his rendering* of various

laraclets in Frits Renter's works, which have been
dramatised {ai him, and, in part, by bimaelC He baa
layed chieflly in Treves and Stuttgart

Jtmk'lii, (Gborqe,) D,D., LL.D,, an American Pres-
byterian divine, bom at New Kingston, PennsrlTaiiia,
November I. 1790. He graduated at Jefferson College

ident of Lafayette College in 183*,
ras president of Miami University liom 1841 to 1S44,
ind of Washii^on College, Lexington, Virginia, fr-om
1848 to 1861. In his numerous published works be was
m active defender of the Old School theology. Died
in Philadelphia, May 30, 1S6S.

"■"'no, llr. JuHON, shii'nAfJ' ; IL GlOHOHK, joo-nc/-
. goddess of the Roman mythology, called die queen
aven and the wife of Jupiter, corresponding to tiw
Greek Hera, fH^ or 'Hfii;.) She was regarded as the
protecting deity of the female sex, and as the patroneaa
trfmaiiiageand matonity. She wassumamed Matkona
and Rrcina, and was worshipped by the Roman wtnnen
atanaonualfestival called Matronaha. Aathepatroneas
of marriage, she was called i^vnuba, Gamelia, jugalis or
Juga, and various other names. Her aid was implored
by women in childbirth under the name of LuciNA,{which
see.) She is usually represented is a msjctic woman,
crowned, wilh her favourite bird, the peacock, near her.
The namejunoiaiii all probability related etymologJeallT
to the Sanscrit word Yiid,^ sigriilying "matrix," and
hence denoting maternity and fcmineity.

Sm Smith, "DietkHiary of GTEek and Romii BlDtiapkir au4
UTthologv;" KsiCHTLSy. " Mirtholan," irtid* "Hmi" Ovi-
QHiAUT,^ Rdipou d< TAntiqailj," iidLii. du|.. iL

JojooiL See Jutftx

* It 11 icarKiy neceuary u> remind the etymolociu bcw uearly *»
related to t: in Anbk and Penisn thcr hire bat a ubeI* Inter
npn!Unibath:lnN<»c(iaa and SwiAah ihete BbutlMedifli
*Dcc in Iba proauKiatioB e' lban»voi>ala,*l>a"i|pTi>aO'a>»lia
dielvUkellMllaliiaaiGerauiaH. 7 (iLi., < amooanl) ia Ike Lai
(■■ n doa bunT tf iba mojem languaiea) ewttsiMiilaJ W »

kil S,fl,!,fgv>&>^^*>nK,l«Mprolonged;I,«,l,ikfi,f,<)b*<;f,f,f,9,ai«wrv,-iar.filt,litimet;i>Bt;gnd;iBaikM

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

JUNOT M

JmM>t^ihii'na',(AMDOCHi,)Diic (l>Abnntti,adM»
nkhed Freadi gencTil. wu bom neu- Semur in 1771.
At (be ^e of twenty be enlisted u ■ common soldier,
\m, on acconnt of his micimimon bntvery, was soon nude
While MrvinE U the siege of Toulon, he
■ lonofBoni -^- "^ ^-^■—^■-

Mmpuiied that general on hi* lUlUn campaigns, and
impit with hU icciutomed braven at ihe battles of Lodi
Arala, Cwtiglfone, and Lonata During the invasion of
Xnpt and Sjrria he became the favourite of Bonaparte,
M gained great distinction at the beetle of Naiareth,
jAne, with three hendred horsemen, he attacked and
oslemi. After

lorv. In iSoo

,, „ _._„ , and afterward*

fmenMr of that dif and colonel-general of husaara.
He eleo received the decoration of the grand eagle of
the legion of honour, and was sent as ambassador to
PottBgal. He took part in the battle of Aosterliti, in
■So^ In 1807 he commanded an annf which invaded
Fottanl «nd took Lisbon. He was soon afterwards
mMoi ]>ac d'Ahrantie. la August, 1608, he «**
Meatod by Sir Arthni Wellealey at Vfaniera, and com-
pelled to evacuate PonaaL The emperor then deprived
hiai of the goveraoiahip of Paiis, but appointed bin
CaiMain-Goteral and Govcraorof the Illynan province*.
His mialbrtaQes and disgrace sbmrd; after aiecied hit
■ind ao deeplvthat be waa obliged to retire from pobKc
UEb He died at Montbard in Julr. iSll-

Sea If ASAHB d'A^lutt^ "Hteoins:" Ttoaa^ " HiHoin da
CoH(JMMd*l*EBi]ifr*:"N«K>uaM, " Cmwm wJwfs ■•' ' Anson,
*Ifiiuirr af Bontpc ;" " Hoonlk BmgnplDi (Mnfnk."

lnno^(LAumm Psutoif.jUAtuuis, Dachesse d'Abran-
its, was bom in Montpellier io 1784, and waa married
M General Junot abont iSoo. Hei &mily was related to
that of Bonaparte, to whom her mother had shown ^Bit
fcindwess before he became a generaL At her marriage
Hademmselte Pennon received from the First Connl
one httndred thousand francs as a maniaze-portioiL
la 1806 she accompanied her husband Io Lubon, and
b iSoT became Duchesse d'Abrant^ On the teslora-
tioa of the Bonrboiu she was kindly received 1^ Loali

XVIIL She wrote, bcstde*' other worlu, "" '

HtMnriol Sonvenira of V ' ' "

IKrectOTj, etc," (iS vda.,

Sd A D. RooMAua, "Vi

rAtnatta." Pvil ■>}(: tenun CAHve. "RcLuiA* iklls Da-
*a^S&niuli? As: '- - " '- "

"Memoir* or

la 1786.

JwitB or Jante^ (Fturrot) See Gidkta.

Jimt^ (ToMHASO,) a Venetian phniciao, flourished
aboot itja He wrote a treatise "On the Battlea of
ftc Anaaots," which disptayt considerable erudition.

Jonte. See Giumta.

orks, among which is

fiedin 1465.

a "Tract on Mental ApparitluiB.

Jn'pi'ter or Jap'pI-t9T, [Fr. pron. ihS'pe'tdK' ; It
GiOTi, k/vtl, whence the English Jovr,*] the supreme
deity of the Roman mythology, cortetponding to tbe
Greek Zms, and reprewnted *» the eldest son 01 Saltim
and Uiea. He was the greatest of all the god* of tbe
liassic mytholofj, and was supposed to control all earthly
and hnroaa aflaira and to foresee futurity. Tbe Romans
ascribed to him power over all changes in the sky, and

"Teransi" {"thundering,")" Fulminator," ("thundeter,"]
etc. A* presiding over marriage, he is sometimes called
Gamdios \ and as the protector of the rights of bospi-
tali^, be waa invoked a* Jupiter Hospibuis. He was
" — -' "--' '— ■— ^— :'-■;— ^ because his tem-

* called Jupiter Capitolinus, bi

*fri. in nin'ir--i lEcamilT, boA A* Itdten sodSHfafaan
fciiadfca»yii^tbaLaliia|«ain*»aaaaf JnfiiM. ncOoBaa,

Olymraa, in Elis. lie is otually represented is sealed
on a throne, with a ibnnderboll m h« right band, in Us
left a scepm, and near him hi* bvoorite Mrd tbe ea^
The name Jupiter (who was also called Dieapiter) f*
___i .I. „■ j^j^^^ jjij. £)ig^ pater,) ("bther of the
heavenlv &lhcr.' ) Doom, Ditmm, and
fied the same .•-... t ....

a,") are etymolugically
Jupiler. Respecting the probable identity.

probably

leavens, or
DUi originallv siani
" heaven." The Vedic ^iitKi
Pattr or Zti Pater, (Le. " ia thef Zeus,") ;

dose paialleliani, between Ju'piter [or Zeus) and the
Hindoo god Siva, see Siva.

Jnppbi, shU'piN', (Jean Baptitte,) a Flemish land-
scape-painter, bom at Namur in 1678. He studied in
BruBsels, and afterward* vi*ite(l Italy. Among his woA*
is the "Crater of Vesuvius." Died in 1739.

Jurat, zhfi'ri', (FitA)t90is,) a French critic and poeV
bom at Dijon in 1553, became canon of Langres. He
published "Seneoe ad Ludllum Epistolaram Ltberi"
(1603,) and "Panemid Vetere* com Notis," (s vote.,
:65i-) Died in 1616.

Juri«n, aha'r^h', (Piikrb,) a learned Prendi Iheo-
h^an and controversialist, waa bom at Mer, in OrManBi%
in 1637. He became pastor of a Protestant congrqiation

" * he had sndied at Sanmnr and S

Rotterdam, where be was
He wrote nuroeroa*
. among whicli aie a " History of Cal-
vtnSm and Popery compared," (16S3,) and a "CrItiGal
History of Doctrine and Worahip. Good and Bad,"
(1704,) both in French. Died In 171}.

Jn'iin, (Jambs,) an English physidan and philosopher,
wss bom in 1684, and was educated ai Cambridge. He
vras elected a member of the Royal Sodety, of which
he became secretary, and was chosen piesident of tbe
Coll^^ of Phnidans. He wrote several treatites on
phOosophy and physiology. Died in t75eL

Jnaserajid, (Jban Audkien Antoikb Jules,)
diplomat and auuior, bom at Lyoiu, France, in 1S55.
Entered the Foreign Office in 1876 ; was minister at
Copenhagen, Denmark, in 1S98 ; and has been French
Ambassador at Washiligtoo since 1903. Is the author
of "The English in the Middle Ages," "The Eng-
lish Novel," "The Novel at the Time of ShJi-

JuHian, jUs-sfl', do, [French pron. dfh sbtt's^b',]
(Adrien.) a celebrated French botanist, son of Antoine
Laurent, noticed below, wa* bom in Paris, December »3,
1797. He gained the licst prize at the competition al
iBi4,and applied himself to the study of natural histwy
and medidne. He succeeded his father as professor n
ratal botany in the Museum of Natural History in iSafi.
and was admitted to the Institute in 1831. He pnblisbed
a series of memdn and mont^^ph* which have placed
hhn in tbe fiiat rank of botanists. Among his best works
are a "Monograph of tbe Hatpighiacem," (i84Ii> "Kl
an "ElemenlBry Cowae of Botany," whicb baa bean
translated imo all the lai^uages of Europe. In 1S45
be becsns professor of vwetable organi^n^pby to the
FacnlU des Sdencea. Died in Jane, 1853.

Jnsalaa, tm, (Aleos,) a n«nch journalist and ad-
ministrator, bora in 1797, wa* a nephew of the great
botanist Aniohie IjwrenL He wa* prefect of Ain and
of Vienne In tbe reign of Looia Philippe. Died 101865.

Jnsdsii, da^ (Airrotm,) profcaaor of botany in the
Royal Garden of Psria, wa* bom at Lyons m 16S6. He
travelled In France, Spain, and Italy for the purpose
of malting botanical explorations, succeeded Toumefort
as professor of botanv in IT08, sjid wa* the author of
several treatises on that science^ He published a itcw
editionof Toumebrt's "Institutions." Died in I758>

S«s - NoaicB* HocrspUa Gfetak."

Jiiasien,de,(Ai(ToiNK La trKEifT,)ace1ebrated French
botanist, bom at Lyons in April, 1748, was the lust

« asf ; f m; S^an/; j; as/,- <^ H, K, fH/tem/; N, fuur/; K, (n/iW,- 1 ai

/thasinrtii

(|y~See Explanations, p. si.)

JUSSIEU

• JoMMii, who lectured on Mtam in the Tar-
da dn VjA, end «i> nteditetlng ■ natnnu method of
daMificuion, near the date of a life meaMtable In the
leconU of botanical adence. Tbi«iinde,iriiaaead*aneed
ue and dinrwat of ai^ indkpoaed him to tfae laboora
M aolhotabip, fmljr commnnicited hli matnre reflectiona
lo jooiw Juaaieu, who lealooal; enliited in tlie important
MrtCfiffMe. In 1770^ hsTing jut graduated m M.Dq ha
•M appointed demonatrator of botinj In the Jardin do
Hoi, aa the aolMtinile of Lemonnier, cliief phjrndan to
the Itfaig. Ilia fiiat production wu an excellent mono-

l^pij himaelf alinoa

zdnaiTel; to liotaiij.

qipi] _ __ ^

Id 1774 the LTaDgenienl of tiM piaou b the Rojal
Garden, whidi wm cooftttiMd to the ayatem of Tonine-
tn^ waa ezcbaneed for one propoaed Ir^ JnaaiCD, fbnnded
on natoral affinitiea. Wlule performing Iiia dntiea *a
profeaaor, be continued to digest and perfect ilia new
^tem, nntii 1788, when iie de*ei<q>ed (he aame in lila
great lAtin woric, " Genera Piantamm aecundum Ordine*
natoralea diapoaita," "wttid^" aaja Cuvier, "forma in
the adencea of obaemtion an epoch pertiapa aa im-
portant aa the ■ CtiemiatrT' of L«voiaier in tlie ideDcea
of experimenL" Althongn tlic ancceai of Iiia txmlc waa
retarded Iiy tlie political coDraldona of France, hia pbllo-
aopbical aralem haa gradnailf prevailed and anpeneded
tlM artificial metkodof Linnieua. The Idea w and) a
qatem liad occurred to otiiet botaniata ; but Jmaiea ia
entitled to the honour of laying ita bcoad and impreg-

. 1, under the title <rf "Hnaenm of Natural Hia-

tory," and tb« duir of botanrwaa (iTen to Jumeu, mho
waa alaodioMn director of the inantntioa. A fewyeara
later lie became a member of the Inatitutc, and in 180S

named, but re
be reugned It

it retdned the profeaaorahip until 1836, when
_ d It in bvow of hia aon. Between 1800 and
tSao be wrote many botanical treatiaea on natural ordera
■nd bmilica, wiiich were inaerted in the recorda of the
Inatitnte or the **Annalea dn Hoa^am." Tbeae axe
diaracteriied Iiy the same merits aa hia prindpal work,
— profound knowledge, patient obaervadon, a correct
eatlmale of the nine of^ charactera, and an admiralile
aagadiy in perceiving affinities. Died in 1S36L

Sm PuuuM^ " Aofc da A. I. d« lonn." iS}> ; A. T.
•nnST, " Nmk* hInariqH nr A L. d> Jimjhi," A37; "1
M<«nplM CfelnW."

JoMleii, de, (Bunaia) a celebrated be
brother of Antdne, noticed above, was bora at Lyona in
1699. After atndying in his native dly, he accmnpanied
hia brotiier on several adentific toura. On returning
to France he entered the medical course at If cmtpdlier,
where he graduated in lyaoi Sis rears later be waa
(boaen Doctor irf the Faculty of Hedidne at Paria. He
waa die firat 10 cocMeive the idea at the daadficatloa of
planta according to tbdr aSmtiea. Thiametltod waa per-
fected by his nephew, the celebrattd Anloine Laurent de
iM^eu. He was held in hjgb eateem ht Louis XV., to
aiuim he gave valuable advice «i>on the nmnatioD of tiie
garden at Trianon. Josden viaited England, and was

Jnaaleo, A*, n'ooKm,) brother of Antoiiw and Bernard
da Tu^leiL waa bom in Ifona In 17C4. In 1735 he bc-
nied, SB a I>otaniat, the French and Spanish savanta

who had been aent bv thdr respective

and other pattaof
Inable tnfor-

He

South America until 1771,

nation OD natural hiatory. Died at Faria in 1779.

JoMlcn, da, (LAoanrr Piukb,) a French monliat
and writer, born at Lyona in 17^ was a brother of
Atezis, noticed above. He wrote a number of popular
•ducatioual worka, amonaj which are " Simon de Nantaa,"

JUSTIN

the Montyon prim. tHed February >i
Sh QufaAin " La Tnon Lininu*."
JoMOW, ydVaot (Hsinkick Chbistopk,) a Germaa

at Besanfoa alraut 171& He introduced a

,w auu na^eaaful method of lithotomy. Died in 1 798.

Joa^ Saint See Saint-Just.

Joatot ahist, (ThIodorl) a Belgian historiai^ bora
at Brussels in 1818. He published a " Popular Hiatixy
of Belgium," andotber WMks. Died in 1SS8.

JtiMal, ihtta'til', (CHunoPHi,) a French Protestant

itesDUU>,ai>daecreUrytoHeniTiV.,wasbom in Patit
158a He waa diattngniahea for hia Imowledge of

Jnatal, (Hbnri,) a canoniat, ban ta Paria in i6sc^

waa a aon of the preoediob whom be aocceeded aa
atoettrr to the king. He coUected an Maendve likmuyi
espedally rich in mannscripta, and was a liberal patron
of literary men. For the aake of reli^ona liberty he
emigrated 10 England in 1681, and bewne librarian to
Charlea IL He pnbliahed " Bibliothea Juria Canonid
veleris," {a vols., 1661.) Died in 1693.

Joatan. See Juusten.

Jnatl, fFiKDiNAKD,) orientalist, ben at Marburg,
Germany, in 1837. He was professor of comparative
philology at Maibnrg from 1865 till his death, in 1907.
Publish^ treatises on the Indo-Gennaiiic languages, and
wrote " History of the Oriental Nations m Ancient
Times," " History of Iran," etc,

Joatt ySGa'tee, Uohanm HanrucH Gam.nB,) a
German writer on political economy and phitoaophy,
bom In Thoringia about the beginning of the eighteenih
century. Among hia numerous work* are a "Treatiae
on Manubctures and Fabrita," (3 vols., 1758-*!,) and
"Moral and FhiloaopUcal Writings," (a vola., 1760-61,)
both in German. Died at Kflstrin in 1771.

S« Ziacn and Catran, "AUfemdu EacrkloiHiUa.''

Jna'tin, [LaL Joari'wir^ or Jtrm'Nus Fkonti'huiJ
a Latin historian of uncertain period, and of wboae life
nothing ia known. He wrote a work entitled " Hiato-
rianun Fhilippicamm Liliri XLIV.," which, aa he informs
the reader in his preGMe, it extracted or abridged from
the History of the World written by Trogus Pompdus.
Aa the original woik ia los^ Justin's history, although
k has no great intrinaJc merit except an elegant ttvle,
aappliea much valuable information not found in other
hiatorica. The most andent writer that mentions Justin
it Saint Jerome 1 and it is supposed that the former lived
between 150 and 350 a.d.

S«a D. W. UoLLKi, "Diipatitio da JuuIbb." 16S4; ZnuscK.
" Jiudniu Tn^ Poiniigfl BiiiUmiuc," 1804.

Jna'tin or Jnatl'iiiiB, snmsmed thk Harttr, one
of the earliest and most learned of tlie Christian btherti
was bran of Gredc parentage at Ne^olis, in PaletliDe,
aboQt loj *.!>. He was educated in the pagan religion
and in the philosophy of Flito. About 133 he embraced
Chriatianity. He alterwarda removed to Rome, wtiere
he wrote. In Greek, hit first apology for the Christian
religion. It wat addreated to the emperor Antoninna,
from whom Justin procured some conceaaiona for the
Chriatiant. His other apology was addreaacd to Uarcus
Anrellna. He alao wrote an accoont ef hia diacusaiona
with Tryp'>°t ' learned Tew, upon the Mesdah. He
su&red martyrdom at Kome under Marcus Aurdiua,
for refiiaing to sacrifice to the heathen zodt, about 165
Hia writinp are conaidcred very valuable.

St* JoinKAT^"Ufasf Joallii UutTT." London, itiGr Caml
SuivoL "Jiutin do liljtjRr," a nu., \%ifi-a\ VouucAa,
"UebaJnniidaBWlninr. Etc^'^M: Jdhiui. '-DtoKratb di
JaliBaHutTr>,"tSs»i Rrrrsa. " lfti»T of '^-^-'- "" —
pkri" Eosaatm, " BcctaBOial Rittayi~ Na«

^ Jt 1, 8* a, y, /«v. *. *. ^ •wne, less prolonged; 1, i, 1, 6, 6, f, rA*rf; %,%X'h »*«"'»■■ flr, flUl, ttl; vAv, nOt; ^HW ; m

Digitized by VjOOQ I C

JUSTIN i^

JiHtIn or Jnatlaitt I, Emperoc of tbs BtMt, mu
born a pcwant in Dada in 450 A.a At an earljr age b«
went to Constantinople, where be enlbted in the im-
perial suaid* of Leo I. He diuingmahed hinocir by
Bia mifitaTT obiUtiea, and row in nnk natf "^

ireljr app<dated general and commander ctf tlir
caarcU. In 518, on the death
iaa. JoidB wm prodaimed bit
■nd the people, " " " ' '

mperor Anatta

, jr brtheatidien

. Tbroogb bi* iiWnimentalitjr the Greek
. . rarche* w«« recondled. He !• generally
,„- -^ — tta jmt prince. Died in^, aomi after re-
•■gntag the Ibrooe to hit nepliew Jmbnian,

Sib LiBBB*i^''IIkttindDBi>'KMp)n;"ZoiiAaAi,<'HIUar]i,**
Jnatllt or Iiwtlniu U wai a nephew of Justinian I.,
wbook he Hcceeded a* Emperor of Coiutantinople in
S^ Dnrit^ hii reign the Longobards under Alboin
iixraded Iial;, the northern part of which tber ¥n'ested
Aoa the Ba«t«m EniplTe, ana the Fergana made aeveral
important conqnesis in the Asiatic ptorince*. Id 574,
percgiTing liii inabilin to gorem, he rdigned in &.TOur
of HberioB, the captain oThit guards. Died in 578.

Ses \j» Bh^s, "Uial^rE dn Bu-Enpin;" Udiahdu, "H!>-
uiuvB liM VlIL," FaiM6o9 1 " NoonO* KocnphiiGtotah."
Jii«-t{'nf, [Fr. JusTiNK, ihSs'ttn',] Saint, a Cbris-
(itn martyr, who i* tapposed to have soSercd death
■nder Diocleliui, (a.I\ 304.] She was tlie patroness o(
V^iice and of Padua. In ttie lanei town a church was
built in her honour in the fifth century.

See Mb. Jahbok, " Hiaurf of SKnd ud L^eadur Art"

Jua-tlQl4n 01 Jtu-tdu-I-i'niu [Fr. lumNm,
ibns'te'nc-lirl I, one of the moat celebrated of the Em-
perors of tbe East, and nephew of Justin L, was bom in
Dardsuiia, Hay 11,483 A.D. Justin at his coronation in
Si8 appointed Justinian his colleague, and in 537 invested

St^ua

tbe Arians, Jew*, and Parana. About 5-
revolt! occurred, in one of which the church of Saint
ia and other bnildinn were destroyed by fire. This
itiori, in which thir^ thousand insurgents are said to
BBTC SUien,waaindtMf t^tliebctioas m the circus,s&d
was only qnelled by the prompt resolutioD of Belitarius at
tbe head of the Inperial guards. Jostinlan showed great
damemcy to those of Us rebellious subjects iriio were
■ade iHieooers. He inunediatdT began to repair tbe
dam»Ba of the conAasratiou, Tne munificent dutch
of Saint Sophia, wluch is one of the most remarkable
edifices of any ^ or touutry, was rebuilt apoa the plan
fami^ted by the architect Aoihemliis. JnstiniaD also
czbibited bii liberality and architectural skill in thecoo-
■traction of temples, convents, roads, bridges, aqaedocts,
and fortificadons in many parts irf his vast empire. Bnt
by far Ibe greatest woik of bis reign was the reriiion of
ue Roman law and the publication of the Codes, Pan-
dects, and Institntians which bear bis name, and whicb
were compOed under hii Huperrision by the eminent
jurist Tribonian. The "Codes," consisting of twelve
(Moks, were con^^eted in 534. The " Digesta" or " Fan-
dedae," embracing all that was taken from the decisioiis^
aicmnents, and expo^tions of the dvilians of Rome, were
*n£seqaenily issned In fifty books. The " Institntionea"
were aa abndgment of tbe first prindple* of the law for
tbe nse of atnaents. Justinian also compeaed many new
laws, mosdy in Greek, entitled " Constitationes No-
vdke." Wbile be was dius rendering such eminent
aervioe to the world liy the pnblicaiioa of bis Codes and
Randecta, his oelefacaled generals BelisarlDS and Narses
cwricd the terror of Us arms into Fersis, Italy, and
Africsi, and made their master the sovereign of nearly
afl tbe temtory over which (he first CBsaia had held
•'—'-'im. (See BlLISAXnn, and Naisbs.) Jusdnian
beral encooragement to the industrial arts, and
E first to Inlroducc silk-worms and tbe manu-
of silken goods into Eur(q>e. He died in 565,
r^cn of more than thirtv-eight years, and was
y hb nephew, Justin XL Justinian, a]thouf[h
faady censDtaUe for his occasional intoteranux, was dii-
tagmabed for his ceneral jnstice and humanjtr,
^hisk ■ ■ ' -^ ^

'cT&h

tS JUVENAL

whidi would have placed him in the highest rank as a
Monarch, even If be had not produced Ihoae Codea which
have ImmcKtaHted bis name.

S«PHiairnB,"HlMacl>sidTan|iaii«,*'(traiidM*dfaMBiitfik
b«Hou>orr,ituJLDBewto,"ViajHtiiilul,"tT3i;lsAM^>r,
"Huioirad* lu&iui," ■(]fi; Ouviinit DB BiLDau, "lnnnm
Ikui,"i6iS; O. PaeeiK, "Tin Jiudidiiii,''ii7tj
■ad FiD of (he Rodu EmiriTe v" IdoirTVSQViSK

'• ■lHRoniiina,"dnMiL; H.Voan^'I)B-

"Cloii. JoMink--

pUo G4ii6al«."

. WWINIA'NUSI H. I

thie IIL, ascended t>
He gained important advantages O'
eompdled them to relinquish some of their conquests.
nnalij[, his great cruellies to his subjects, and also, it is
said, his intentioD of bunune Constantinml^ caused his
general Leontins to depose him, to cut on lus nose, and
to baniah him to the Crimea. He subsequently escaped
from tbe Crimea, and married the daughter of a Turkish
diie^ with whose assistance, and that of the Bulearians,
he regained his crowiL He put Leontius, and many
others, to horrible deaths. He was preparing to execute
fiutner croelties, when he wae killed m 711 by Philip-
puuB Bardanes, who succeeded him.

SHCiuiiii,**D(diiHnidFiaoflliaRoBiaii Rnifin,'" La Bu^
"Hinsin dH Bi*-Enip4ni" Zohasai, "HiOMT:" " WomdU
BiognphU Gtetnlb"

fifMtitant See GllTSTIHIANL

Jostliiiuina. See Justinian.

JitatliiieiL See Justinian.

Jnatdnns. See Justin.

Ina'tn-lns, (yoos'too-lb,) (FirTRO Fkamcuco,) a
Latin poet, and secretary to Cksat Borgia, a native of
Italy, lived about 1500. His poems are distinguished
for their parity and elegance,

Jnsnl See Yoosuf.

Jo-tnr'iia, [Fr. JirroRNi, ihii'taRB',] ■ nymph or
goddess of the Roman mythology, was said to be beloved
br Jn[Hter. According 10 Virgi), she was a sister of
TumuB. The water which the Romans used in sacrifices
was mostly drawn from the fountain of Jutuma.

JntmiML See Jdtvkna.

JanBteii or JuBten, vooa't^n, (Padl,) Kshop of Abot
In Finland, sras bom at Viborv. He was sent in 1569 by
lohn IIL of Sweden as an ambassador to Ivan, Ciar «

Jnwara, yoo-vl'rl, or Irant, e-v&'rl, (Fiuppo,) first
architect to the Duke of Savoy, was bom at Hesrina, In
Italy, b 168;, and educated at Rome under Fontatia.
Heconstmclcd a palace at Hessina, and several edifices
in Turin. In 1714 he went to Lisbon, where he super-
intended the building of the royal palace and other edi-
fices, for which he received the order of knighthood and
a pension of about three thousand dollars. He died in
1735, at Madrid. Among his best works are tbe hunting-
palace of Stupbigi, and the Birago di Borgaro palace,
both in Turin.

S« UiUBA, "Mimoci* degli Arddtcid;" QvATaaHtaa na
QuiiKT, I^Viw dH AiduiactH cdtbmi" "NoinjlU Biompldi

Jn'v^-Hfl, [Lat Jitvkna'us; Fr. JuviNAL, ihli'vi'-
nS!',] or, more fully, DeyT-miu Ja'nl-iis Jn-ve-nX'-
lis,oneof the most celebrated of the Latin satirical poeU,
ia believed to iiave been bom in Aqninum, a Volsdan
town, about A-n ^ But few authentic facts have been
ipeding his history i it is said, however, that
son 01 a wealthy freedman, and that he
devoted the early part of hii life to the study of rhetoric
and declamation. He afterwards became a pleader in
the courts of law, where he appears to have been auo>
eesaful. He was an intimate friend of tbe poet Martial,
who mentions him in two of his epigrams. None of
the productions of Juvenal were given to tbe public
ontil he had passed the a^ of liity years. His poems,
which he then redted, gained him universal admuatioii.
One of his earliest satires had been written against ta
actor named Paris, who was a great lavoarite with the
emperor Domitian. It was not published until the reiga
of Hadrian, who, imagining that it reflected on one o(
his own bvouritea, sent Juvenal into an honourable exile

*»ki %i»$; Xkard; iivti;<i,H,X,pitturai; ti.muai; ■t.lrilliti;*

1 1/ th as in tAu. (tf~See Eaplanadons, p^ SJ.'

,-d::, Cookie

JUVENAL u

bj makjoe him the prefett irf 4 legion in Egypt, wbett
be la »id to hare ified abont A.a 11$. Sixteen of hi*
Mtiret have been pTCMrred. Several tranlatioiB d
tbem baie been made into gngii«h, oT which the moat
. ' le of Drjden and Giflbrd. ' "

pictorta of the licentwtwncn of that age do not tend to
itn tboae very paMton* irtiich ther *eem intended to
Tcatrain. He waa ifiRingiiiahed for nil force of intellect,
bia dowoflai^aue, and hii never- (ailing wit. "Jnrenal
>i*e« me,''aaT« ^yden, "at mnch pleaton as 1 can
bear. He Atlly Htlifie* expectation ; be treats hb aab-
ject home, , , , When be gtvea over, tti a aign that the
antiject b eihaosted, and that the wit of man can carry
it DO fartber.** Hia works, differing equally from the
a—teremotaldialogoe« of Penios and the genial r^Uery
of Horace, are rhetorical rather than poetioU. Tbey are
briUlant uid •onovoni dedamstioii*, and master-piece*
of dcnnndatioa.

"Munificent venification," (ay* Hacanlay, "and in-
fenio«* combioatiotu rarely harmonUe with the eiprcs-
■ion of deep feeling In Javenal and Dryden alone w«
hav« the sparkle uid the beat together. Thoae great

--•"^ -*-' ' ''"Ting the fcrvour of their

mboatible, and kindled
n Into a falaie at once dasiling and deatrnc-

"X^

tivc^" (" Etaav on Dnden.*^ Among the best edidoni
of Tavenal to tnal of Rnperti, (Leipuc, 3 vols., iSoi,) to
which are prefixed all the andent documents lor the

IHography of tbe satirist

ShJ.V. rRAKXI^"Ex*v*acrilkwnD.
itHbaM^PRifniimdaVftaD. f. * ~"~'

"IGMKhi B

If, (Gn Join

Mttl^ thoo'vl'nO'i

or ZvoKBBxax, ihoirl'nV,] a French jdiilokigi*! and
eodemutic, born abonl 1460^ was edniated at PariSL
Among hi* work* aic " Commentaries 00 the Contajiea
of Terence," and "Monastic Reformatfons Vindicated"
Died in 1505.

JttTMul dM Unina. See Ussms.

Jii-T«n'oiw, (CA'rus Vec'tius (vU/sbe-o*) Aquiu'-
■m,) one of the earliest Chnsttan poets, was bom In
Spain abont yya jl.d. Hi* principal production is tha
" life of Chnst," written in Latin poetry and taken lit*-
rally from the four Evangelist-

Jnriguy. See Ricolev d« Tnviwnr.

JKa/pn, (WiLUAM,) Archbiinop of Canterbnry, bora
in Chichester in 1582, graduated at Oxford. In l6ai lie
was appointed president of Saint John's College, and
afterwards received various offices in the Church through

Two years later be was appointed by Charles L lord
hieh treasnrer of England For about six year* be fid-
filled tbe duties of thu station with so much justice and
ability that, althongh great hostility was eiated that mi
ecdettostic should be diosen to that office, no charge*
were made against his administiation. He remained
with Cbarle* throosh his trial, and accompanied him to
the •caflbld, where he received the dying injunctions of
that monarch. On the restoration M wa* t»sed to tbe
Kc of Canterbury. Died in 1663. (See "Hemwrs of
Jnxon and bis Times," 1S69.}

K.

Mohammed { but aAerwarda, becon

tho MoeleiH feitb. f b« prophet w

Km>, kis, (Lat. Kaa'siui,] (NiKoutus,) a Danish
statesman, bom in 1535, and educated in Germany, where
he studied theology under Melanchthon. In 1573 he
was appointed chancellor of Denmark, and in 15^ be-
came first regent of the kingdc<m during the minority
of Christian L He pcrfiinned the duties of that office
with commendable ability and patriotisni. Died in IJ94.
Kaas actively promoted the cause of education.

Sn HornufM, " Pmlniti Uiuriqiw* dei HomiiMt etlHm *

is: pfjS/j

E»«»

■M41 i' CAuntDUim, " Dna^«ig VlUB K. Kauii,'
KauitM. See Kaas.

Kaan-BoarIt*«Tak kBw book'hl'vfh, (Abkak,) b
Dutch phyndan, and nephew of Herman Boerhaave,
was buni at the Hague in 171^ and educated at Leyden.
In 1740 be was invited lo Samt Petersburg, where be
became coundllor of state, and in 1748 first physician to
tbe imperial court. IMed at Moscow in 1753.

'- ' -■ ■' --; - itcriai ■

, of his olctures were eniTi

Died in 1660.

re engraved by P

Kabel, vna der, vtn der Wbfl, (Adkiaan,) a Dntdi
landsca^-painter and ennaver, born aiRiswyck[ni63i.
His design* were natural and vigorous. Died in 1695.

Stt Fujcinomi, "Dietkauryof PiiiitRt."

Kablr, ki-beek', an East Indian (HIndec) writer, of
Benares, who probably lived in the fifteenth century of
our eia. He waa of tbe weaver caste, and of the Vaish-
nava sect, though bred a Mussulman. A very great
nwnber of works are ascribed to him. His writings are

e eitent phOoaophical, tcacUng »

religions, and to
sort of pantheisn

BUibiu or Kaboiu*. See Caboos.

Kadlvbek. kid •looOiek.t Vincent,] ■omeiime* writ-
ten Kodlnblio or K«lnbko, a Polish historian acMl
prelate, waa bom in Gslida. In laoS he was railed to
tbe *«e of Cracow. Died in 1133. He wrote a valnabl*
aitd accurate history of Polaivd to the year I303.

Se> OisauiiKi, " V. Kadlobak, on hutonich.kriltKhs Batn^"

Kaampfer. See IUmpfex.

KaaaUier. See KXstner.

Kagar, ki'g^r, ^ohann Hattrias,) a Gennan
painter of history, bom at Munich in 1566; died at
AMSbnrg in 1634.

K«hl», kllf (1, jLVDWio HAmTiN,) ■ Gennan phikM-
opher and jurist^ tiom at Magdeburg in lyts. Among
hi* works IS " The Balance of Europe," j" De Tmtina
Enrops," 1744.) Died in 1775.

Kftbler, kl'Ifr, Johann,) a German Lutheran divine^
bom ai Wolmar, HesH-Cassel, in 1649, wa* aCarte^an
in philosophy, and wrote sevcnl works. Died in 1737.

Kahnin, kl'nia, (Karl Fkiedkich Aooust,) a Ger-
man theologian, bom at Grcitx in 1814. He studied
under Tholuck, and became professor of theology at
Leipeic in 185a He pnUished a valuable work, enotled
" Lntherische D<wmatik," (1 vols., i86t-6B,) also, " CliriB-
Phiknophie," (1SS4.) eta Died in iSSS.
ofa»

tenthum und Phiiosophie," (1SS4,) <

most celebrated of all the andent Persian dynaatiea, ao
called ftom its founder, Kai-Kobid, who, according to
the Penian legends, was placed on the throne I^ the
famoat hero and conqneror RiKatutn, lor Riwtem.) Of
thii dynaity, Cyrus the Great (called by the PrriiuM
Kai-KhosrSt or Kai-Kho*rau, Kos-rSw') wa* the chief
ornament and gloiy. (See CvKtia.) Darin* the Ytwnger,
conquered by lUezander the Great, was tbe last of tlw
ICaianian Iringa.

S« ATEuaoi(,''AbriilanBt€tflbtSlilli tHmeborFb^^,
Lwdoi^ itjil "A ShotlHklT of fmt," bvoL v. sf SmW.
[oHB'i WorkA

L E, I, fltfiiTi''^-'^^,^i>ine, leu prolonged; I, !, f, S, ti,. jf, Morf; f, f, i,Q, sJAvn; fit, 011,01; tD!linfil;gd&d;nMShu

Digitized by CjOOQ I C

KAIKAOOS \A

Eol-KAotM, (-K*fl« or •Kmmu,) Id U'dDa', ui an.

ctcM lcu« of Peraia, (or Iiln,) ww the Km of Kki-Kobld.
Uii genial, the bntoua RdGetum, cariied on succesafiit
*n iBUntt die Kin^ of Tftrtab Sir Williun Jonoi

es tbe date of this prince's accession at B.C. 6ia
Kiooa is said to hare foanded an obBervatonr in
Babylon. He was succeeded b]> his grandson, Kai-Kbos-
tSi, (C]T<u the GteaL)
Sit UiuuKHii^ "Shum;" ATKimM, " Abrid^Bol of ih*

peror and several of the n«ishbouHng ptiticea, Died in
U19, and ms snccMded by his brotber, Kai-Kobld
Ah-ed-Deen, (Ala-cddlo.)
So FnuHT^ - MnucT."

Kaf-EAcMW (oi -Klfis) 11, Aue<t-«d-I>«e4 (A»
Md-BddlnJ iz'ied ed-deen', auccecded Ui fuher,
Kai-Khoeroo IL, in the aoverei^tv of Anatolia, about
«.tL U44. His rcisn wai occnpiea by lonj wars with
kii brotheT, Kilii-Aralin, and «rith the Grand Khaa
ofTartarr. Diedin 137S.

Kal-Sioaroo. See CvKoa.

Kai-Ktiosroo (-KhcMTon) mi Elder. SeeCvRn.

Kal-EboM'too' L, sixth Snltan of the djnast; of the
Sdjoiddde*, became aoTerngn of Anatoija A.D. I191.
He wa* killed in battle in laio bf Theodore Lascaria,
Empe "■

1137. In 124^ he was defealed bf the Tartais, and wai
(OCDMlted to become a tributaiy to their grand khan.
He died the same jear.

KatKhoMTOO nZ, twelfth of the dr^Mty of the
Sdjoolridea, became Saltan aboni ij6& Died in 1183.

g«n>-P or C>lI>Bk, kl-li'sf, called in the common
ffialect Kallaa, kl-lls', the name of a lerjr high mountain-
Peak near the northern extremity of India, sopposed to
bcthebTonriteabodeofSiTaand PIrvatL (See Srva.)

Kaln. Sec Lb Kain.

Kiin, (John Juseph,) D.D., an Ameiioui Uthop^
born at Marlinsburg, West Virginia, May it, 184I. He
padoatcd at Saint Chailes College, Maryland, in iKa,
mdied ai Saint Uary't SemiiuuTi Baltimore, was or-
diinolaCalholic priest in iS66,andin 1H75 was conse-
cnledAcchbisbopofSl. Louis. Died October 13, 190]-

Kaiook, Kafok, of »"-<«">■, U-ook', a enrndaon
of Jengi* Khu, was prodained Grand Khan ofTartary
h 1146, This prince granted nnmcroni privilegei to
the Christiana of bis donunions. He died in 114S, as he
>ai raising an immense army far the invasion of Europe.

Xalil*, ki'iis, (Theofhilos,) a Greek eccleii--'^'

born in the island of Androi in 178a In 1839 he
hanithedby the Synod of Alhen* to « cloister iur having
ti^t deism. He wrote a boriesque on the prayers 01

the Christian Church. In 1853 he wa* sent to prison,
where he died in 1853.

KaiMf, (Fkedbkik.) a Dutch attronomer, bom at
AaHerdam, June to^ 1808. He published " The Starry
Heatcns," (" De Sterrenhemel," 1843.} and other works,
sad becaine a Drofessor in Leyden. Died July aS, 1871.

Xaiasr. kl'ifr, (Fkiedkich.) a German engraver,
bora at Ulm in 1775, worked In Vienna. Died in 1819.

Ka]a«i, (Fkiedkich.) an Austrian dramatist, bom at
Bibrach, April 3, 1814; di«d November 7, 1874.

Xaldg I, Kine of Armenia, of the dynasty of Pagrat-
Uca, succeeded hia biotber, Sempad IL, in ^tg. Kak^
■BnBedthesiimaiDeSiiAHAH-SHAH,(''Kingorkings.'')
la 99B he assisted David, a Georgian prince, to defeat the
" ' ' taDnderHamliMntlM Ameer. Diedin loaa

M of the destroying god Siva, (which see.)
Ealakana, kal^-kSw't, (David,) King of the Ha-
wtfian Islands, wa* bom at Honoluto, November t6.

nlaud Wrmalapclly to A* laidllt pliable of uk
W ihniiiijiii at nrtwiini of 1 dir or ipac* id
a A>r>. T& wort "iilaudi" i

17 K A LID AS A

\%fi. Ob the bihire of heiia to the former royat house
at the death of King Lnnalito in 1874, he was elected
to the succession, hi* claim being based upon a remote
descent, through the ftmale line, from one of the old
royal fiimilies of the kingdom. He visited the United
States and Europe in the year of bis accession, and again
in later years. Died January 3a, iSgt.

KUanAga See IUuya.

Kalaftn at Kalaotin. See KuJtooN.

Kalb,de. SccDeKalb.

Kalbeok, kU'bCk, (Max,) a German poet, born at
Brealan, January 4, 1850. He became a jonmalist and
art-critic m Vienna. He has published several volumea
of lyric poems, remarkable tot delicacy of finish and far
their richly musical quality.

- „ , .-737,»i

the war of the Bavarian succession, and ^en._ _
in the caoipaignsof Holland and France^ Forhisgallaal
defence of Dantiic agunst the French, in 1807, he was
made field-maiahaL In July, 1807, he concluded with
Talleyrand a treaty of peace tieiween Prussia and
France. Died to 1818.

Sm L C Hicii*in\~ Nodm HRDrioM Hu It UafMul Jdu-
daa M 1m (Mirfnai Kakknadi M KUwm"

KaldJ, kll'dee, (Gsorcb,) a leaned and eloquent
Hungarian Jesuit, bom in Timaa about 1571, was pro-
feaaor of th^l(»y at OlmUtt, Died at Presburg in 1634.
He translated the Bible into the Hanaarian language.

Kale. SeeKALF.

Kalee. See KJtii.

Kaler, (James Otis,) an American author, bom at
Wintcrpoit, Maine, March 19, 1S46, for some years was
enaaged in journalism in Boelon and New York. He is
author of several hishly succeaaful tales for the younK
including " Toby Tyler,'' "Mr. Stubbs's Brother,''" OM
Ben," "Tim and Tip," "Raising the Pearl," etc, pub-
lished under the name tA "James Otis."

Kalargla, kl-lEa'gis, (DEMmiu^ a Greek general
and politician, bom in Taganrog about i8oa. Hcfought
far independence again*! the Turks. About 1843 hebe-
cam* a general, ana governor of Athena. He was min-
iaterofwarlbrabouttwa years, (1S54-56.) Died in 1867.

K«14 kUf, written also Kale, (Wiuielm,) a dUtin-
goiabed Dutch painter of still life, born in Amsterdam
in tfijo. He especially excelled in patntinf^ fruit, gold
and silver vessels, gems, cryslala, etc Died m 1693.

KUI or Kjaee,U1ee, the feminine of Kill, (a name
of Siva,) forming ihe common appellation of Siva's con-
*Mt in her destroying character. She is often called
Mihl Kill, (mf-hl' laiee.) or the "Great Kill," and
Bhidrk (b'hiid'rfl Kill, (from Bhadra, one of the maiij
appellationa of Siva,) and various other namea. She h
represented sometimes with four and somcD'me* with
ebrtit bands, and her person is decorated with a necklace
ofnnman akull*. Her images are usually painted blade
or of a dark colour. In her character of Mihl KIH she
•oaaetime* represents eterni^. (See Coleman'a "My-
thology of the Hindoos," p. 91.) A* active or militant

_i-^— -1.. I „-j n . i_ 1.— ordinary and more

\ Plrvatl, (U. Ihe
■ ■■■ the

,.di'.

vee,) which slgntGe* the "goddess /or eefoEImM (See
DvBOA, and PutVATt)

KUMIM, CtlUUal, kl'R^'s*. or 1
called "the Shakspsare of India," the mo*i
of Hindoo poeta, 1* supposed by some to have lived
aboot 50 B.C., by other* aboM 150 A.a or even later.

of whidi the most celebrated, " Sakd&ntall," (or ■* Sakon-
taH,") wa* Grat made known to tike nations of ibe West
through the prose translation of Sir William Jones. The
appearance of this remaricable [Hoduction -"*»—> a deep
interest and general admiration among the critic* of
Enrtqie. Of tta author, Alezander Homboldt observes,
"Tenderness In the cxpraaslon of feeling, and ridinesa
of creative £uicy, have assigned to him oi* lofty place
among the poets of all nation*." Goethe eiprcasea U*
admiradoa m a still higher strain 1

peaceral character she . .

"mountain goddeaa,"ln alloalon to her dwelling on the
inaccesrible beighta of the Himalayas,) or as DCvt, (df-
vee,) which slgntGe* the "goddess /or eefoEImM (See

<Mi;taar;lAa^;ta>y;0,iI,K,^Mnvra/,-N,eaM/;K,/yaOiar;las*;lha*inMM; (fl

P-SV)

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«^ dH wu iwd Dod (BIAkt. willM da in* rtSlwd •Ibt,
WDlM da in tOmm^ A* Ird*, ndl ^dm MimWiUMI

A tnntluioii of the SakoMtttU, by Honicr WUliaou,
Aa Boden profeiior of SaHcril at Oxford ww pub-
Ibhtd at Hertford in 185& In IhU Tcrnon the metrical
portioD* of lb* orieinil plav were for the firat time
rendered Into Englidi *ene. "Beeidei the dnaw ebeadr
referred to, there have come down to v» two olhera I^
KUldtM, vifc, " Vikranui and Urvui," which abonndt in
Inkai buatiea, and a oomcdj entitled "AgnEmitn and

HilaviU." Hia two epic poenu, " Ragbr " — -*

"Knmlra-SambhlTa," '''

beautiea, conpanthelr little merit, taken a« a whole.
Anong bia hmcal poena, "Mcfiha^uta," or the "Clood-
Hewenger, ia remarkable for ita deep leeling and grace-
fal delineatioDa of nature. The " NalAdan," a aort of
poetical romancty which, in apite of mn^ that would
•tiike a European reader aa nditnlooa or abanrd, haa
roanjr charming paaaagea, ia alao commonly aacribed to

hf^mMb

mat^" alradT nfand ta: WiuiM'i" [sdu
■km B* btEakinHlMioaaaftlM-H>|ha-
ia cf "Aa^Znand IMaiU:" iln Baooc-
' ~ '■ 'ne"K>lt^"kBbHBInDi-

_ AwMtoAaXar- W.Y11
It, Uliah, (David,) a German humoi-oaa poet,
of Jewiih origin, born at Brealau. Febtnafy 13, 1830. Hia
Tecaes, playa, and conpleta are exlreoiely popular in Ger-
many. He pnbliahed " Berliner Leierkaiten," (1857-60,)
and " Lutige Werke," (1870.) Died at Berlin, Auguii
31, 1873.

Knllaohi (Lddwic,) a Gennan author, bom at
Polniach-Uaaa, of Jewiih parents, September 7, 1S14.
He waa educated at Heidelberg and Honidi, and became
noted a* a journaliit and a writer of humorous ballads
and romances. Died in Paris, March 3, iSSa.

Blallsoh, (Uabcvs M.,) ■ JewUh scholar, bom at
Treptow, in Fomerania, May i^ 1818. He wat educated
at Berlin aad Halle. He settled In England hi 1849.
His writings Include " A Critical Commentary" on the
Old Teatamcnt, with tranalatioD, (toL L, 1855 ; vol. iv.,
1873,1 a Hebrew Grammar, "Bible Studiea," {1S77,)
"Parti and Goal," (1880^) etc Died ini 885.

KUIji. kl'H-yt, [from tfae Sanacrit JUU, ^Uack," and
hence "terrible'' or "deadly,"] called also KUintgi,
Oct'Vnfgt,) h rtie Hindoo mythology, the name at a
terrible aeipent deatrojed by Knshna. Aa the latter la
bj some identified with the Apollo of the Gteeka, to
Klliya b auppoaed to be the Python of ciaaMC mythology.

Sh MiMK, " Hiwh nBltwoa."

Ealkar. See Camzak.

Kalkai, kll'kir, (CHBiSTiAit Anduas Herman.) a
Danish iheoli^an, bam at Stockholm in i8o>. He d»>
came firat minister of the diocese of Sceland hi 1843.
Among his worka ia a "Manual of Exegesis," (3 voik,

Kalkbteimer, kllk'biln'nCT, (C)

. V.) a Ger.

n and composer, bom at Minden m 1755.
He composed dramatic and inatnmMntal music, and
became chapel-master to the queen at Beriin in 17SS.
Died in Parte in t8o&

8aPtTii,"SiccnpU*lIuiNn(lhd**UMlda>s."
K>dkbr«iuiar, (FuuiltiCH,) a German musical com-
poser and pianist, 00m In Berlin in 1788, waa a son of
the precedm^ He visited Vienna in 1803, where he
itndjed nnder Albrcditsberver. He settled io Paris in
1814, and, in conjunction wiUi F

poaitioita for the piano are highly eateemed. Diedini849.

ShL,Bditui, "Kalktii«iiwr,"Puii, iSu: Fdm, "Biocnnliia
Jidmoll* d«* ri-'-— ;" " Hoanll* UaanpUa Gtuinlt."

tana, [moden Hindoo ptoo. kUld ; ftom the Saa-

■ " TvdArt Am Ih* bloHH ef tba MBlr, (h* *>te ofdM bMr jxM,
VoridM thoa wtai danm lad Hnpnina, ahit mtitba and bsv

idid, llba loal,]
W^Mit than ctaapnmai liEai«B and aarth (a aturt] ondir ooa

[8 KAMADEVA

•crit lU^ to "count" or" reckon,"] rtie onlyaM otftto
avatara of Vlahnu yet to come, ^nshnu, nuMnted on a
white horse, with a Aamhig sword in hk hand, will triu
the present (or KUI} age to an end, to be followed by aS
era of purity.

Set Uwm. "Hfab Paadwa."

Kali, kU, (Abiahah,) an emhient Danish scholar,
bom in Jntland in 17^ graduated at the University 0/
Copenhagen, where b 1778 be became professor of lb*
hisb^ and mvthokigyof the North. In 1785 he founded
a sodely for the pnmotion of the atudy of foreign lite-
rature, and In i8m was appointed hiatorjc^npher of Ute

KAUay, voa, fon kUloi, (Benjamin,) a Hungarian
atateaman, bom December 33, 1839. He lived braooM
time in Servia, and wrote a " Hisloiy of the Serba/' (S
vola., 1S77-78.} He waa aent >a an envoy to the Eaat
Roumelian commission in 1878, and took an active part
in reorganizing the a&irs of the Balkan peninsula. *-
1S83 he was made finance -minister for Austtia-H

XalUonite*. See Calucbath

Kallloiwtidaa. See CAU-iCKATtDAS.

Kallitnnnhna. See CALUMACHtn;

KalUnloua. See Calukicvi.

Ealllntia. See CAtxiNu&

Kalllope. See Caixiofk.

Kalllppiw. See Caluppds.

EaUlnthenM. See Cauutkbhu.

KalUatrntiw. See Cauutxatui.

KAlUwoda, kil1e-«o'dl, (Johann Wihzbu) a notea
violinist and compoeer, born at Piagiie in 1800 i died 186&

Knlm, kiln, (Feub,) a Swedish natntalist, bora fai
■715. In 17A under the direction of the Academy at
Sdeocea m Stockholm, he sailed tor North America,
where he temsined about three yearn, priNeoting tlta
atudy of natural history. On hia return to Sweden ha
pubfiabed an acraont of bU travela, under the title of
" A Voyage to Ncoth America," (ySJ.) The first part
of thia valuaUe work relates to Sweden, Norway, and
England. He waa afterwards elected a member of the
Academy of Sciences at Stodcholm, and created knight
of the order of Vaaa. He wrote several other adenttfic
works. Died In 1779. The genus Xalmia was named
in honour of blm.

Sm J. L. ODHBUDi, -AaiiDBdat-Ta] Bf^ ?. Kaln." ijtti
ktmunn, SumJaaiaai la JBom'* "AUioHiDaa Galdnan-I^

Eilnoky, c

ao-kc fon ki/Ki._ , ,

alaiesman, bom at Lettovit^ in Moravia, December 31
1833. He early enleied the diplomatic service, and
in iSSi was made prime minister of Austria- Hungary.
He resigned in 1895. Died December II, 1898.

Kalo-JoannM. Sm Calo-Toannbs.

Kaliu^TUi, vtn kU'rlf, (Abbam.) a Dutch paintet

and sculptor, born at Dort in 161K. His paintings are
chiefly otBowera and frulta. Dieoin 1699.
Kuraat^ Tan, <Bbrnasd or Baxkht,) brother of the

waa distinguished for the elegant fi
e 10 hte lanascspea. He p^tedsceoe

Ealteabnoli, kU't^-blK', (Gbokc GormtiED,) a
German engraver and art-hisloriazi, bom at Craudent,
May iS, 1S05 ; died at Bamberg, February 1, 1865.

Kalabko. See Kadli;biil

KoljTMO. See CALVPsa

KA^dtvi, kl'm^-di'vt, DrEAmid»o,kl'm*-dS'a,
[from the Sanscrit kim4, " deure" or " love," and lAMl
a "god,"] written also Camadeva, Camadeo, and
Camdeo, sometimes called sii^y Kama or Cam^
the Kod of love erf the Hindoos, it said to be the son otf
Hayfl,("Illusion.) He is represented aa a beautiful yout)^
aometimea as riding on a parrot, and sometimes aa con-
verting with his mother Mayl, or hia wife Reti, (or Ru^>
(if. "Affection.") Hehasabowm " '
according tosc

luthoritiea, of flowera.) The

^or.

l,S,i,i,t,J,U^f;Kt,i,aan^itupfaloatfid;t,i,l,6,i,y,ti^:9,^},<l,aiiain;ai,ai\,atinJi;a^^^

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KAMADHBNU

•f lb aiTO«M arc ti

'SpfinOi* *** •• —

WHt ronaukable et«iit in KlmadCtm'* hiatoi7 U Uf
wtoonntcr with St*^ It U raUIed thu be once pie-
Boincd to aim one of hi* »a(iwi at the dMrojlnc deity,
who mth on« glance <rf bit eye rcdnccd the lor^od to
ashe*. Since Out cataitrophe Klmadtra hat ceaaed to
pcaaeaa any coiporeal fonn ; but hia actual power lecnM
OMreby to have been iDoreaaed ratber than titnilnhtbfil,
■a he can nowoKM-eeatilf, and with leeieaa[ridoB,eieit
Ua awaj o«ei the mindi of men.

8w Mota^ " YBaM PmUmobj" Sta Wiumh ;««■> Wotfei.
•d. A. (« hL iB. of iBodw ■dUnJ

KliBldhtaii,liI'iDa-d1ti'M]6,Ur. "with-cov," from
the Sanacrit kamS, -derire'* or •'wiih," and JMtmt, a
"cow,") in the Hindoo mytholon, the name of a won-
deifcl oow, prodoced by tlM choming of the ocean, tiaiing
power n grant to dioae wh<Nn atie ftTouied a^iatever

..._ , ...id in 1830 min>

of futtioe; Died In iSm. He publlabed "ClTfl
Law of the Dnchy of HecUenbor^" and " ConnibotioM
to Fut)lic and International L*W.

Eni»da,(theuaineiJa(age.) See KlsvArA.
KmouIi, kfoi-Tla, (COMfTAHmn,) a bmooa na*al
hero of nrnkm Greece, bom in the iBland of I]

of Ipaaca
about 179a In i8u ha Idew op the Tnrldth admiTal'*
aliip b the channel of Chioa, and in i8m Mved the bland
of Sauee W bnmii^ a large Tnrlcith frlgale and eevenl

'bldj and ie in Cut a godde** of no n

M^ woold ^pear to occupy nearly the

Vi^na'a cooaort Lahahml, who alao waa ^

the duiraiik| of the ocean. It la not uniwaal kg the
Hindoo*, wbn praring for |>ra*peiity or liappine**, to
Hty, " May Lakabmt «nH> teeide* among the goda, (or
" who repoaee on the bo*oin of Viahno,") become a boon*
panting cowtooMk" (SeeLAKifDlI,andKOBMA.)
Sm Hooo, *■ Ifiada PuAmo."

*»■"*'* or "•""»'* fmodtm Hindoo pron. kfim'-

SW; from UmalM, the '•totna," which ie in it* Urn
dnd from himU, "beaaty,' "radiance,''] one of the
Mune* of L.iuKHt (whldt tee.)

Kambnn, htmtdn, a Tamil (South Indian) poet, of
a **IT uncertain dale. He wrote > " RamtwaH'' in iha

T, a ion of the preceding, bora In
1S33. waa educated by Proteitant miwionanei. He via-
hecTEnrope in iSu, became Uog la 1S54, and died 1S63.

g»lH«l. SeeCANlLU.

Kunanahd, kl-men'ikee, (Count Hichakl Pkdoio-
moi,) a Rnadao, bora abont tyu, waa created field-
^-"i— ' by the emperor Alexander in iSoa. Fo4r year*
bier he waa appointed ooaunander-in-cbief of the army
aent agabMt uw Frendk, bol waa *oon after incceeded
ygf Bennif^Kn. He die4 or waa Irilled, in 1809.

gfn— , LouL See Horn, (Hbmkt.)

Knm^m SeeKBAHO-Hu.

g-T"^ ▼•»• (Jakob.) See Campui.

Kunpw^vao, nn klm'pen, (Nioolaai GoDntlBD,)
« Datd hiitorian, bom at Haarlem in 1776. In l8»9
he waa |aii<**ia i^ Dntdi bietoty and Uterator* in Am-
tftrdam. Among hia worlu mnbe mentioned "Hii-

7of the Frenc£AMendencyln'Enrope,''(STOb., 1815

1 1771, wrote »everal
Died in i&lj.

. r, kfani/ip, (Emgelbucht.)

an cmmeDt German botanbt and ttanller, waa bain at
Langoinl65l. Heatudiedmedidne and the language*.
IbiSSj In accompanied the Swediah ambaaaadoi to
hnia. HaTing paaaed into the aertico of the Datch
iMt Indin Company aa anneoB, •— -i-i«— < n.„«i
Ja*a, Smnatra, and Japan. He reti

e returned to Europe in

■ published by

khed In German in 1777.

Ih HnmuKL 'Hfata' '

OraHUHRK

tnuMDOftMip* which w - . „

tSsy he icpreaented Ipaan in tlie Greek National Con-
Tention, and in 1848 waeupoiaiedmlidtteT of the marina
and prendeot of the camiiet. He resigned in iSjJ,
Died September 14, 1877.

EandMM. SeeCANOACb

KnndcnlM. See CAHDAUi.xa.

Knndoh R«o, fcAn'dfh ri'o, [perhaps ftom the San-
aoit MmM, a "liong*' aod rit, a modem Hindoo wor^
^gnlMng '^prhice,''] written alao Knndnralm, the

, . . J «... .. ^jijd, y^( god fa alwaya

See SiTA.) Kandeh Rao
N worehippad diiefly among uie Uatirattaa.

SMHao«,"ffio4iift*lh«B."

KniidJatoa. See Kahjatoo.

Xandor, klnt^er, (Johanh Joachw,) a German
attiat and modeller m porcelain, Inra In Suony In 170&
He worlied at Mdaaen. Died in 1776.

~:ui«, (Eluha Kurr.) H.D., a diidnguiihed Ameii-
ezplcrer, bora in Philadelphia on the soth of Fely
7, i8aa He was the eon of Judge John JL Kane.
__. studied medidn^and gtadnaied In the unhrerally
of Pennsylvania in lu^ on which occasion he wrote an
InauguraT titens on "Kyestdn." In 1S43 he sailed to
China with Commodore rarfcer, aa aurgeon or physician
to the embaaay. He Tiaited India, Ceylon, and the Phil-
ippine lalea, and waa impelled by hb adventuroua spirit
into aeveral perilous enterprises. In 1845 '>' made an
' n to the Himalaya Hoantaioa, ascended the
Nobb, and traietsed Greece on foot He re-
turned home in 1%^ He aerved in the Mexican war In
1847. ^ Hay, 1850^ he sailed aa sorgeon to the expedi-
tion which lieutenant De Haven conducted in search of
Sir John FYanklin. He pnblbhed, in tSUt'Tlie United
Sutes Grinnell Expedition in Search of Sir John Frank-
" ~ " commanded a aecond ezpeditioD aent out for

. . purpose, and sailed from New York In the

Advance in May, 1853. He biled to find any trace* of
Franklin, returaed home in October, 1S5}, and related
the adventures and suSerings of hb party m his "Arctic
ExploratlcKia,'' (s vols., 1856.) In this voyage he had
seen what he thought was an open Polar sea. He re-
ceived a gold medal from [he Royal Gei^^phical Sodely
of London. To leciuit bisfaititighealch, hemadea voy-
age to England io October, 1856, and passed thence to
the Weil Indies. Died >I Haiana in Febnuir, 1S57.

Sit WiLLiAK ELnu, "Biognphy ofEUthi Kcnl Kut," iSsS;
ScHUucKEB •'UreDfElishilCcni Kuc," "North BrilUh Re-
view" for F.bm.ty, .8,7.

Kan^ (Sir Robut,) ILD.. a dbtii^nbhed <diem>st,
bora In DnbUn in t8iOL After fi'" ' "" ~

I appointed in iSm
. He bad prcviooMy

presideat of (Queen's College, Cork. ]

been knighted by the lord uetUenant _. . .

works on dieinistry, pharmacy, eta Died Feb. i6i iSoa

^ina, (Thomas L,) a general, brother of Dr. E. K
Kane, was bom in Philadelphia about iSki. He waa aent
on an important miaaion to the Mormon insurgents of
Utah in l8^ He was wounded in a battle near Har-
risonborg, Virgbda, in Jnne, 1861. Died Dec. >6, 1SS3.

»'«¥»i»«^ kft'nit^ (Ai;oUtT,) a Hungarian botanbt,
bora at Lugo*, April >$, 1843- He was educated at
Vienna, and in 1871 became profeaaor of botany in the
Univerutyof daosenburg, where hb activity as a scien-
tific writer haa been very remarkable^

Knnjfttoo, Knndjntot^ or Kanjnttt. Ittn-JI-too',
fifth Mongol sovereign of tlM dynasty of jengis Khan
began to i^n over Fosfa A.K 1991. A conspira<f

ij;|iUrrf.*tn/;Otli.K,/Ma«ra/;M.r*uaf;>,MCW.-la*a;tiiasindA; (|^-See Explanation^ p. >).,

Digitized ay CjOOQ I C

ba*)ng been fonned aguoM him by aU noblet, be w
killed in 139s.

KMine, un'nf b, [Johamn Aknold,) ■ learned uid
eccentric Gennan writer, born it Detmold in mj,
■tndied philology and theology at Goltingen. In 1818
he became prolnsor of Oriental literature at Erlangen,
where he died in 1834. Among; his various works we
may name "Anthtdogir of Greek Epinama," ("Florite-

E' lun Epipammiram GrBcornm,") "System of Itidiao
rths," and " Biblical Researches."
KanneglaHser, Itln'ntb'^eesVi (CcrrruKB Huit-
KICK,] a German medical writer, born a( Gotha in 171a;

er, (Kakl Frikdiich Ludwis,) a
n scholar, born al Wendeourk in 17S1, is knoini for
his numerous and excellent translations into German.
Among these are the drama* of Beaumont and Fletcher,
Dante's "Divine Comedy," extract! from the writings
of Byron, Madame de Stael, Uickiewics, and other cele-
brated authors. He also made tianalatioii* from Horace,
Sappbo, and Anacreon,and published poems and several
original dramas, among them two entitled "Hina"uid

Kanna. See Kushha.

Kuit, (TuMANUKi,) one of the profoandcst metat>h7-
sidans that have ever lived, the (onnder of the Critical
(popularly called the Transcendental) school of philoso-
phy in Germany, was bora at K6nigsberg, April 36, 1734.
His lather was a saddler, and it said to have been of
Scottish eilraciion. Both his parent* are represented
M havine been endued with a severe and inflexible vir-
tue: ana to the iniluence of their precept and example
must be ascribed, in no small measure, the pure moial
duracterand that profound reaped for moral obliga-
tion which Kant exhibited througb the whole of his
life. Having gone through a comae at the gymnasium,
(the Collegium Ftedericiannm,) he entered in 1740 the
■niferstty of his native dty. Here he commenced the
atndy of theology, but soon abandoned it fbr other pur-
anilB, and devoted hi* attention to the natural adencea,
mathematics, and philosophy. On leaving the university
he maintained bimself for several years as a private tutor.
Daring this period he publbhed his firat work," Thoughts
on the True Estimation of the Uving Powera," ("Ce-
danken *on der wahren SchiUiung det lebendtgen
Krafte.") About 17(5 he began to give lectutca on
logic, phnics, metapnysica, and mathematica. In 1J63
he waa oBercd the profetaoishlp of poetry in the Uni-
versity of Konigsberg ; but he declined the petition, on
the ground that he had not the proper qualifications.
He bad already established his reputation a* an original
and prolbnnd thinker, when at length, in 17711, be wa*

Sipointed to the duir of lagjc *nir metaphyucs in the
Diversity of Konigsberg. When he entered upon hll
professorship, he delivered a discourse on the World of
the Senses and that of the Understanding, (" De Mundi
BCnsibilis et intelligilnlis FormS et Frincipiis,") containing
the genua of the philosophical system which he after-
ward* developed in hi* great work entitled "Critique
of Pure Reason," ("Krilik der reinen Vemunft,"] £na
pyblished in 17S1. He had previously, in hit work on
"Universal Natural Histoiy and Theory of the Heavens,"
("Allgeroeinc Natorgetchicbte and Theorie det Him-
nels," 1755,) in which he may be said to have antidpated
the diacovery of the planet Uranaa, given proof erf his
•agadty in qaettion* relating to ^qraialadence. Among
hi* various other work* may M named " Observations
upon the Sentiment of the Beaatilol and Sublime,"
(" Beobachtungen iiber da* Geflihl dea SchBnen und Er-
habenen," 1764,) "Critique of Practical Reason," (" Kritik
der praktischen Vemunft," 1790,) — that i^ reason con-
■Idered in its anplication to our moral conduct, — " Cri-
tique of the Faculty of Judging," (" Kritik der Urthdls-
knA," 1793,) and hi* eiaay "On a Plan for an Everlaating
Peace," ("aim mwcK PritJtn^'^ (179^-) Kant died
Fabmary i^ 1804, &ving never, it is aaid, in the whole
course <» his life travelled above seven miles friMn hi*
native dty. Although his writings embrace a great va-
licty of tul^cts, his &me rests c£iefly upon hit achieve-
BMnla a* a metapl^aician. At a deep and dote Uiinkei

10 KAO-TSOOOOTEB

be ha* perhapa never been equalled.* Out IhoHs will
not permit nt to give even an outline of the Kantian
lyttem of philo«ophy, which could only be rendered
intelligible m an extensive treatise. It will be aulticieni
here to obterve thai Kant's great aim waa to determine
the laws and limiu of the intellect of man, and thus to
guard, t>a the one hand, against the arrogant dogmatism
of tboae who overestimate, and, on the other, against
the absurd tkeptidtm of those who underestimaie, the

Ewert of the human mind. He does not pretend to
ve made any important ditcoveries respcOing quea-
tioni whidi belong properly to religion, (such, (or ex-
ample, as the immortality of (he soul, the moral attributes
al the Ddty, etc.) but lie claims that the great point*
of faith are not only undittorbed by bis sptem, but ace
rendered more secure againat the attacks of thuae who
use their reputation Ibr philo»ophic insif^ht 10 give welgU
to argumenti against religion, in queations where, from
the necessary laws of the human InKllecl, the profbandeat
philoaopher can know no mora than the great mass of
mankind. "Only by this means," {i.i. by a critique
determining the laws and limits of the human reason,)
tayt he, "can the roots of materialism, fidalism, atheisia,
... be cut off;" and he propose* in this manner " to
make an end for all future time of all objections sgainit
morality and religion, by presenting the deareal prooft
of the Ignorance of their assailants." It b claimed by
tome of the admirers of Kant (indeed, he himtelf sug-

Kled the paralld) that he performed for mental pbl-
>pby a service aimitar to that vrhldi hia cou—

Copernicoa performed for astronomy. A* the It
be said to have determiocd the ti

tU as the true position of the earth in the Solar system,
so the former hat determined the proper limit* and trae
position of the human intellect In relation to the ob)ecti
of knowledge ; and as Copernicus has demonstrated thai
many of the apparent motions of the heavenly bodies
are not real, but canted by the motion ai the earth, (the
atandpcint of the observer,) so Kant has shown that
many mental phenomena are to be explained, not I7
referring them, at most philosophers have done, to iit-
dependent external cause*, but to tho«e etsentUl law*
which r^nlate the movements of the mind ittelC

For an excellent popular notice of the infhience exerted
by Kant'a philoaophy, the reader is referred to De Quin-
cey't chapter on German Literature in the volume m hi*
work* entitled "Life and Manner*." He will alao find
manv intereating observation* on Kant and hi* writings
in Madame de Stael't "Germany," Part ITL chap^ vi.

Sa*, ilu, J, BovTxnmc, " L Kut, eia Dcuknul,'* ilot ; T.
W. SonraaaT, ■■ 1. Kanl^ Bwfnphic" MC, 1841 : Jmhmahh, " t
Kaat, nadiildert in Briilni," Mc., itu! Boiownt, ** DirMcihBH
im Umm DBd OuTKUn t. Kun'a,-' tta»: t. T. Rimck, "Aa-
Bcfam au I. Kvf* Ubaa," ilnj; Ahahd SaiHTaa, -HiMoin
di 1* Vis « d* uraioHtilue <k Kuii." 114^; J- WiuM. " UiMoin
d* la PhfloBfiUB Alleauade dcpmi Rant nuqii'ft HwL" Psrii.
ijtU.. iM ; Wv. OnnH, " Kui dm In d*n.tn> Ibmtm <h ■
"*•" ^ft'' Husta, "Lain* A«iui*mnn Kani'i,'' ihu: Wnm-
ANSW, "ImiBUDtl Kaai," «e., 1*041 P. Hoana. utidi m th
"NonvaUa KganplueClirfnh;" Hsnca, " ProH Writan ef Ga
Banv ;" " Bladiwoad'a HannDe" for Fwuin, xtaj, (br Da Q^ia
cav,) ad AufaM, iSjn; " EdtalMncb It(vinr''^fcr JmuBiy, Oo^

KantaotUMia*. See CANTACinBNua.

Biantomlr. See Cantbmik.

B^fto>IBoo or Kno-hon, kl'o tsoo, the name al
several emperor* of China, of whom one reigned fai the
seventh ana two other* in the tenth century.

Kao-TaooiiK or Kao-Tkoruig (kl'o taooiw) I, of
the dynasty of Tang, anccceded hi* Either, Th*l*-Taouiig,
on the imperial throne of China about 648 kd. He was
a wise and just ruler, and enacted many good laws.
He reduced the Khan of the Turks to complete inbjirc-
tion. Died in 6S4.

Sh Uailla, ^'KiMoin ifatnla it la CUaa;" PaimmB.

Blao-T*oa-Oot«« or Kfto-Taon-Onti, kl'o«oo'oo'-
tee, called alto Soong-Ootoe or Sonng-OntL soong-
oo'te. Emperor of China, and founder of the dynasty of
Soong, was born about A.D. 3S5- ^T his intnguea and

■ H. SliE<s, ■ntiur of tbg ankle 00 Kaat u the " ^-,

UBiTcneUb" ciQi him "Ihi niw srolbund ihlakv with wIhiib dit
hiuarTO< aHhsmaa DiBd bat aiadeii* aaniaiiiKd."("l( pwiiaa

I, e,i,akU,y,iWv,-Ji,t,d, same, lest prolonged; i,i,l,6,i,f,tA^rt;i,^\,^aitcHre:QiX,iU.\,tititattiiittiggbiiim

db, Google

KAPHA M

■Sitarf akiU he redoccd BU17 of the riTal chieb to
wlwection. ind, after patting tM emperor and hii aon
M aea*h, ascended the impenol thiMte. Died in 432.

S14)'M9 <w Caidia. I lliitdoo peon, k&pil-lt.] an In-
dbn phUoM^tber, rmiaed u an avatar of Siva, «u
tk* (bonder of a cektvated ccct named Slnkhn and of
■ pliiloaopbic •jratcm called the Slnkhya phitooophT,
•cppoaed to have been the genu or commenGement of
BooddbiaaL The Slnkhn philoaoph; wu a ajatem of
latiaaaliaBi pnabed to toe boidera of atheism. (See

VAWDtVA.)

Kapolat, Up'niit, (Vaiili Vamuivitcm,] a cele-
BntMlljtic poet and dramatiit, bran in Ronia in 1756.
lOl tiandatHm of the Odei of Horace £iBt fixed hia
natadon aa a man of letters. He wa* an Intimate
hrnd of the poet Denhavin, and a member of the Im-
perial Academy of Saint Fetertburg. Ainong hIa works
■M the comedy of " labeda," and an " Eaaay npon the
Odnsej." Died in 1813.

Sapodlatrla. See Cak> naaTKU.'.

Kapp^ Up, (FaiEDBlCH,) a German author, bom at
Uamm, in Westphalia, April 13, 1814. He became a
kwTCT, lived in New York, 1S50-70, and in 1873 —

nrdy'in
Stitea,")

of the German Diet. He pubiished,

I, "The Slave Queition in the United

," (1857,) " Life of Stenben," (1859,) " A Historvof

__. See CEUNt-Gioici,

Ea»-lf onatapba. See CAKA-MurrATA.
E«i*-Tiwii£ See Caka-Yoosif.
Karajltcb, KaTadJltoti,orKaraclaoliltBOli, U-rA'-
jhah, (VUK.) a learned Servian, bora near I.aanitia in

btUad-poetry of hia cooatrr, said to exceed in richness
and ealenl that of almost every other nation. His
totlection was issued m Vienna in 1814, under the title
•f "Servian National Songs." He published a Servian
Gnrnmar, a Servian-and-Gennan Dictionary, and varions
Mbet worka. IMed February 7, 1864.
"" -"- ........ . "Hinofjof Bo-

Tafjiwrln oT Karamalii, U-rlm-ieen' or ki-rAm-
lin', (Nfkolai Mikmablovitch,) one of the most emi-
nent of Russian historians, was born in the province of
Omburg in December, [765, and was educated )n Mos-
cow. In 1789 he commenced a tour through England,
Fraaoe, Switzerland, and other countries of Europe. On
kii mtarn he published " Leiters of a Travelling Rus-
■aa." He aftei^rards issued various literary productions,
■faidi were written in a finished and elegant ityte. He
■as one of the editors of the " European Messenger," a
liteiaty joamal. In 1803 he wa* appointed historiogra-
p<ier of KDSBia, and the same year commenced bis great
work, the ** History of the Rusdan Empire," (11 vols.,
1S15-14.) He did not live to finish the work, which ends
tboM the year 1610. No work In the Russian language
ha* obtained greater popularity. The first editim, of
eight Tolnmcs, broDghl the author 100,000 rubles. The
enperor Alexander created him councillor of state and
knght of the order of Saint Anne; andaAerthe death of
Ac bbtorian his widow received from the same monarch

German, and Poliah. EHed In Hay, t8l6.

S™ Darntt* «tM Df Kiramita in the "R(m« BnejtkwMSgp* :"
rma A. Giumni. anida h ibc " Noimllt DiocnpUi Gtni-
nb ,-" " Britiih Bd Ponioi XniB>" far S^ianiliR, iRiS 1 " UonihlT
~ ,"isL m, ■>H,CAppcBAi!}''rfreit9 Quant^ Review^

, k^-rl'iin, (NicoLAl Nikola vevitch,) a

11 soldier, artist, and author, born In 184a. Ilia
writings include various novels and stories, as well as
loDe etbnologica] papers.
EarbtnU. See CABiuRra.
Eailm i-ir Kareem. See Kereem.
Karl, (Fkiedsich Albxandek.) Prince of Prussia
a German field-marshal, a brother of the Emperor Wtl-
Imi I., was bom at Charlottenburg. June •9, iSoi. He

KARR

held prominent comnand* In the Austrian war of t866
and U) the French war of 1870-71. Died at Berlin
January 31, 1883.

Kail, (FuBDiiCH Aususr,) Duke of Mecklenbarg-
Sirelits, bom at Hanorer in 1^5. Having distingniahed
himaelf in several actions against the French, he was ap>
pointed tienlenant-general 1^ the King of Prussia in 1 813,
Me entered Paris at the bead of the royal guard in 181J.
In 183; he became a general of infiuiiry suid president
of the council of stale. Died In 1837.

Karl Albreoht, Elector of Bavaria. See CHARLia
VII., Emperol

Karl AlucBuder, Dukeof WUrtemberg.born In 1684,

He distingniahed himself at the battle of
Turin in 1 706, defended Landau aeainsl Marshal Villara
b 1713, and obtained the rank of field-marshal. Died

Karl del FOnfta. See Charles V.

Karl der Oroaae. See CHARLEMAaNK.

Karl Bttgan, (ol-gin',) or Charles Bugene, a son
of Karl Alexander, noticed above, was born in 17381
and became Duke of Wfirtemberg in 1737. He pro*
moted commerce, arts, and agriculture, and founded the
■utversity called Carolina, at Stuttgart Died in 179J.

Karloman. See Carlomam.

Karlatadt. See Carlitadt.

Kaimaiaoll, kaR'maRsh, (Karl,} a firman savant,
and director of the Polrtechnic School at Hanover, bom
at Vienna In 1803. He wrote " First Sketches of Me-
chanical Technology," and otber scicatific works. Died
March 94, 1879-

Karmat, Kamath, Canoatb, kaR'mtt, or Kar-
mathl, kaR'ml-tee, called also Ham din, him-din', the
founder of a fanatical and nnmerous sect which made
great ravages in the Arabian empire in the ninth cen-
tury. HeattemptedtoestabKahacommunityofpropertv,
and taught a contempt for ruligioo and morality. Hm
follower* were called Karmatiaiis (Carmatiaas) or Kar-
matlians. Died about 900 a.d.

Kameadea. See Carneade*.

KamkovrskI, kaRn-kov'skee, written also Kam-
eow, kaRn'kov, or Kamo'wald. (Stanisus,) a distin-
gnishcd prelate, born in Poland aboni 1515. In 1581
he was created Archbishop of Gnesen and Primate of
Poland. He was a libera] patron of learning, and a

created Archbishop of Gnesen and Primate of
noter of
several other works. Died In 1603.

n Poland," and

inll* Biecipbii &

Kiroljr, kl'rol, written also Karoll, (Jasrr,) r
Protestant minister, who lived in Hungary about ijSlX
He waa distinguished for his knowledge of pMloaophy,
theology, and rdiilology. He produced a valuable tnuw-
lalion of the ffible bWA the original Hebrew into Ibe
Hungarian, (15S9.)

Karpliuki, kat-ptn'skee or kaa-pin'skee, (Fkamcis,)
a Polish poet, born in Galida about 176a. He wrote ■
tragedy entitled ''Todyta," and a number of popular
songs and idyls. Died in 1813.

Kaipliuld, kar-ptn'skee, {HYACiimi,) a Russian
theological writer, bom in Ukraine In 1711; died in
Moscow in 1798.

B^arpooratea. See Carpocratks.

KatT, kiR, (Jean Baptistb Alphonsb,) a popohw
French noveKst, bom at Mimich tn 1808, was a aon of
Henri Karr, a pianist. He produced in 1833 a novel
entitled " Sons lea Tflleols," in which the public admired
the miltnre of irony and sentiment, of nncy and good
sense. About 1837 he became editor of the "Figaro,"
and ofa satirical monthly periodical called "The Wasps,"
{" Lei GuSpes.") Among his numerous novels are " Fa
di^Be,"(i834,)"VendrediSoir,"(i83J,)and"LaFamilU
Alain," (i&tS.) He also wrote an ingenious work on
flowers and nrdens, " Voyan autour de mon Jardin,"
(3 vols., 1845I) Died September 30, 1890.

S« " Rcrug do Deui Uwdo," Fehnury. iS4> \ ClIukt OS
Ris, •' Pontjiu i li Plumt" iSij ; ■' FrMer-i MtiniiiM" (or Mlf,
iStt. ADdFtbnun. iSu; '* SbcEwodd^i UuuiiH far July, iBUt
" flDBt^la BBfniiiH Gfo'iala-"

emi; (mi; %Aant; taaj; a, K, K,giaiirai: a,nMai; %,lnlUd; lass; thasinCiu. (IJ^Sce Expl»na>ion*, p. a).)

Digitized ayCjOOQiC

KAUFMANlf

Kanlkko^ (Sir John Bukokss,) Q.C, in English
lawyer and auiesmui, bom at Bencbiin, nev Croydon,
in iSii. In 1867 be becaoie a member of the Hoiue of
Commoiu, and in the aame year wai appointed Mlidtor-

{eneral, in which capacity he alao acted for a time under
>iBraeli in 1 S74, but waa compelled to retign on account
of filing aighL Died in London, October 4, 1881.
~ 1, kat'stfn, (DimtiCK Lvdwio Guvtav,)

I, (Franz CtUUTTUIt LOUENI,) a German
■gricullDriit and writer, an nndc of the preceding, WH
bom at Biltiow in 17(1 \ died in 1839.

^ (Karl Johahn Bbxnhakd,) an eminent

the Utnenl'ICiiigdoi

■ " .la"P , .

>nt wotka. In hia pecobt

ii«i7."(i843,)
mportant wotka. In hia pecobar aepartment of
Kaiaten occopied the highest rank. tKed in 1853.

KArUkAyl, klm-a-ki'y», written lesi correctly Cai-
tlcMTS or CartiklTB, otherwiae named BUn'dl, a
son of SiT* and Ptrvatl, and brother of Ganesa, ii the
Hindoo god of war and commander of the celestial annie*.
He ii wwMtimea called AoitiiHO* or AaniiKu'VA,
("ban of Agni" or Fiie,) Sumama, and many other
ramta. One of fab createM expltdta waa the dettrvctioii
of the nig^^ giant Trlpnnuora, who bad acqaired anch
power tlut Indn and toe other goda ticmtdM far their
■omlnioiL

Kutlkty*. See Kaitikkva.

Kaofanpa. See KAiraPA.

KaadoiMla. SeeCAMiontA.

Uta'a^n, (John Adahi,) as American stateaman,
bom near Bnilbgtoa, Vermoot, Tannary 11, iSaa. He
nadnated at the Umvwiity of Vermont in 1843, and
became a lawyer, Hann^ removed to Iowa, be was
made Giat aaautast poatmaater^eneral ander President
Lincoln in 1861, was United Statea poatal commissioner
to Europe, and atgned poatal contentions with nearly
every important nation in Enrope, was a Republican
nMMl)eroftheThlrt7'Bghth,Thim-Nmtb, Forty-Third,
Forty-Fourth, Por^-Sevendk, and Forty-Kghth Con-
greaaes, and served as United States envoy and minlater
to Anstria-Hnnnn, 187J-81. He went to Germany as
United States miniater tn 1884,

Ktetaar or K— tPT, kbfnfr, (Abuham Gon^

and poet, bran at L^palc In S^Mmber, lyiQt He be-
came assistant profaasor of mathematics at Leip^ in
1746, and obtained the chair of mathematica and ^yaics
at GMtingen in lyjA. In 176a h« auoceeded Tobias
HiQsrasaiTectoroftheObserTataryatGdHiiigeB. He

■atka from the RevWal

Qgbteendi Centmy," (in German, 4 vo1b„ 1796-1800L)
Diedln Jime,i8oa

KwtiMr, klsi'DCr, (Kau, WiLHCuf Gomos,) n
GvtHiaB phvaician aiid natnralisi, bom at Greifimbeii,
In FMseram^ in xify In 1891 he was professor of

t Erlusen. He wrote, anona
a of Physics ind Chemistry,"

chemtstiy and madidne Bl , _

other treatiaea, " OntUnea of Physics and Chemistry,"
(iSaiJand a "Mairaal of Ueteotology," (3 vola., 1813-
3a) Died In 1857.

Ki«>i^ or Qtmfk^ (modem Hbdoo prmL
ktts'yv-p*,) [etymologv obscure ; perhaps from the San-
scrit iar or A^ to ''shin^"] written also KMahjnqw

and I

F, the a

«of

Aditl) of the Suraa, bidnding Indra, and (by Diti) 0
the AsDiBS, or giants.

S« Mdo^'-MhidBPuit _.

tfM (f SaacMaU." Qv KJUidJUa.)

KtsT^^ kls'y»-pt, called also Kln'i>4 a cel»
brated Hm«loo aage or phllaaopber, was a son of the

firecidin^ and was one of the greatest of Hindoo
ugidans. He founded the atomistic phUos^hy called

Kkt«, T«ii, tfai kl'tth, (Jak Jakob Lodiwye,) a
Dutch clergyman, bom at the Hague, December S3,
1819. He was educated at Utrecbt, and became a pastor

Amsterdam. Bealdes eight volumea of poems, largely

who lived abont 1720. He ia known for h

also wrote "On tbe Connec _ . . _ _.. .

Dutch Languages," and a "Lite of Jesi» Christ"
KltflT, (HntKT,) F.R.S., a skiliiil ir "^ —

IS distin-
guisbedfra UalnvestisiatioMof tbe^tttclplesofr•flec^
uig teleaccpesi bx lus experiments to oetemdns the
exact length of Aeseooads-pendulnm; lor Us bnpoitani
advice and improvements 00 measure* and weiahta ; and
espedally for Ms invention of tbe floatlug coOmiator, aa
instrument for adjusting tbe telescope. In 1S14, when
tbe emperor Alexander of Riusla viaited EnKlud, Kater
was decorated by him with the order of Saint Anne.
He wrote several mathematical treatises. Died in 183^

Ka'to, (Takaaki,) a Japanese diplomat, bon m
i860. Was educated at (be UniTersi(]r of Tokio, was
miniiler to England 1894-09, ministerfor foreign alBurs
1900-01 and 1906, and ambassadw to'Englaod 1908.

Kntona, kSf p-nSb, {Stbpiun J an eminent Hongariaa
adudar and historian, was bom at Papa in 1 731, and
became a Jesoit at tbe age of d^teeik He afterwards
filled the chairs of poetry, rtietoric^ and history in the

in b a Histaty t^ Haiwaij, written in Lathi, ('

broduo-

liis is regarded as the most valuable a

work upon the sul^ect It doses with the year iSot.

Katan'ra, (Tara,) a Japanese statesman, bom in
184a. Took part in the war with Chins ; was gov-
ernor of Fonnosa in 1896; war minister 1898-1900;
prime minister of Jspan 19OI-06 and 1908.

Katti WOO, Ion kit, a Prwssian officer, bom in t68t,
was an Intimate friend of Prince Frederick, afterwards
FVederick ths GreaL For having aided him In Us
attempt to escape to EngUod, Katt waa executed before
tbeprisob>«iiMlo«s of the prince, in 17301

K*nar, Utw'^, (FlKDIMAHHk) a German mo^cal coaa-

rer, bon In Uotavia m lyji. Hia works, amounting
*11 to Bsar^ two hmidred, consist of church mosii^
operas^ symphonSes, concertos, etc. Died in ■831.

KnaSnannn, kSwfmln, (Maua Amgiuca,) ths
daughter of a portrait-painter, waa bom at Coire^ in
Switaerland, about 1741. Afker studying psinting in
Italy, she went under the patronage of Lady Wentwortb
to England, where in a short time she gained coodder-
able celebrity in her art Her popnUrity was probafaly
as much doe to ber accomplUbed manners and ber supe-
rior edncation aa to any excellence wUdi she possessed
asanartiat In 1781 she was married to AntocJoZnccU,
a Venetian p^tet, whom she accompai^ed to Italy In
tbe lUlowing year Died at Rome in 1S07.

KMttowiii, Miwf min, (Johamw GoTTTOKPt) a Cer.

L Ei I. % 0. ;, <biv/ ^ ^ ^ •<un(^ ICM prolonged; I, e, I,^ 11, ^ (4«rf ,- f, f. W «Jw»ry; Or, fUt, Ot; mh; nOtj gdM

Digitized by CjOOQ I C

KAVFMANN

\ born at Chemmti^ in Sazonjr, in 1751,
Jr of Mvenl very {ngcaiOM initrninent*,
I which wa* a iMe- and liarp^lo^ (FUttK- tmd
BmifmmAr^i which was pnrchawd bj ibe Elector Fred-
pKfc AofDitM. IMed in 181& Kii ton Frkduick,
Don in 1785, inreiitcd the automaton tmmpetet and
other aimilar worka. Died in i8e&

K»«fBlMiii, Ton, fon kSwCmln, (Konstanthi Pe-
T»ovTTCH,) a Ruisian general, bom at Haidani, February
■9. (O-S.,) tSlB. He entered the annv ai an officer o?
engineers in 1839, "nd obtained promotion ilowlj, though
mstingnished for Taloor. In i86t tie waa appointed
GoTOTWT-General of Turkestan, where he made impor-
but conqnesta and in other ways extended the Russian
■nflvencc. In tSw he was made engineer-general of
the ami y. Heiscfaarged with having acted with extreme
cmelty towards the conqoeted people of Torlccstan.
Died U Taahkent, Hay 15, i88>.

Kanlbaoh, kfiwII^K, (WlunLH,) one of the most
CMiaent painters of recent times, was bom in the prind-
Mlit^ of waldedt, Germany, in 1805. Though destined
b^ hia &tber to be an artist, be showed little inclination
tcK painting, nntil a collection of enEravings illostrating
Schiller's tragedies fell into his hontb and gave the first

Cinmclitisat the Academy of Dnaseldorf about i8M,and
in 1839 finished his picture of the *'Had-House,"(" Inen-
baaa,'^ ■ work displaying such originality and power as
entitled] bim at once to a place among mat painters.
About this time he eiecnted the (rcscoe of " Apollo and
the Uuses," in the Ode<m, and " Cupid and Psyche," in
the palace of Doke Max, at Manicb. In 1S37 he com-
pleted his " Battle of the Hans," founded on the traditioii
of the cooibat before the gates of Rome, between the
Raenana and the a|unts of the Hans who were slain,
srhiA, rising in the air, oontiiuKd the fight This won-
dcrftil prodnction, so strange and nniqae in its character,
waa received widi genenil applanse, and U hutljr re-
garded as a miiade of art His second great historical
piece. "The Destruction of Jemsalem ^ Titus," was
isdahed in iSjS; and a copy of' it, eiecoted in oil st the
request of KiiwLaiiis of Bmria, occupies a conspicuous
place in the nnakothek. Kaalbacb also lllottrated,
•omewhat in tbe style of Hogarth, Schiller's " Criminal
frwa Lost Hononr," Goethe's " Fanat," and " Renard the
Tax," ("ReiDdke Focha:") the last displaya ezqniaite
hsBSDOT. BerideatheaboTe-nuntionedworlM,hepalnted
naxDcroiii portraits, and furnished illusdations for Shak-
speare and other poels. Was director of Academy of Arts
at Munich.— His stm. Human, (1846-1909^) dealtwith
sodh sabjects as '■ Momt'sLastDay," and Fkikdkich,
his iiephew,(bomiSz3,]aiid4ii son, Fribdrich August,
(bomiSso,) became painters of merit. D.April 7, 1874.

Sm A. IUcantSEL*'HiMcJr« i» r Ait BodwiM a AH^^b* :"
H. roirraoi. "IxrAlt m Mun^if -Honda Bic«nqiUt

Kannitm, tod, fan kfiw'nits, (Wsnibi. Anton,)
Pkinc^ a celebrated Austrian statesman and diploma-
tiM.bamat Vienna in February, 1711. After traTcllii^
ta EngUn^ France, and Italy, he waa appointed by the
•Mperor (diaries VL aolic coondllor, (1735.) On the
aoceawon of Ifaria Theresa he was made in 1745 minis-
tor •^enipoteodaiy to Charlea of Lorraine, GoTemor of
Ibe Netberlanda. In I748hewas antemberof the Peace
Coogrcaa at Aix-la-Cbapelle, andwa* aoon after created
mmisteT of slate and knight of the Golden Fleece.
Hsn^ been sent as aubaiMadoT to FVance in 1750^ he
negotiaMd the secret alliance between that conntry and
Aoatria. He was soon after appointed chancellor of
state and cfaancellw of Italy and the Netherlands. He
euc^ed the nnbonnded confidence of the empress, to
wboae aerrlce he was devoted, and the prindpal meaaurea
*t ber goremment are to be ascribed to his tnBuence.
He acted a prominent part bi tbe ecdesiastical reforms
of joaeph iL The court of Rome, offended by these
■MOvadotM, called Kanntts "the heretical minister,"
f B Mintstio eretica") For a long time he was consid-

patn» of lesming and tbe aria, and W4 .
icccnpliibed scholar. Died in 17^

TOa, (on kfiwaHfr, (Pkakz,) a German

officer and mihtaiy writer, bom at Stuttgart in 1794,
served in tbe campaigns i^alnst the French from i»i
to 1S15. He published a -WiXmtA the Wars of al>
Nations and Times," (s vols., iZVS-^) and a " life 01
Prince Engene of Savor." (1 Tob, iljg.) IMed b 1848.
KantB, kawti, (Albert,) an American admiral,
bom at Georgetown, Ohio, in 1839. He entered the
navy in 1S54, served through the civil war, was pro-
moted commodore in 1897, and rear-admiral in 1898,
being placed in chaige of the Pacific station. D.1907,
KantB, kawls, (August Valbntin,) an American
soldier, was bom at lapringen, Baden, Jannair 5, 1 SiS, and
in that year was taken byliis parents to Ohio. He gtad-
aatedatWest Point 101852. During the war of 1861-65
he attained the rank of migadier-general of volunteers,
and for a time commanded the cavalry-division of the
Armv of the James. He published "The Company
Clerk," (1863.) "Customs of Service for Non-Commls-
sioncd Officers and Soldiers," [1864,) and "Customs of
Service for Army Officers," (1866.) Died Sept 4, 1895.
KaT'a-uatigli, (Hubbard HiNDE.) D.D.,aUeihodist
bishop, bora in Clark county, Kentucky, January 14,
1803, became a preacher in 1813, and in iSu a Ushap^
being connected with the Southern branch of the Metho-
dist Episcopal Church. Died at Columbus, Missis^ppL
March 19, 1884.

Eavanagb, ktv'v-nlH, (Julia,) a distingnished writer
trf tales and romances, bcnn in the county of Tippe*
rary, Ireland, in 1834. In 1848 she published "Made*
leine," a tale from real Kfe, which was very snccesafill,
and her romance of "Nathalie" (1851) was still more
admired. She also wrote a biographKal work entitled
"Woman in France during the Sghteenth Centniy,"
(a vola., 185a) Her writings are remarkable for tbdi
beantifiil delineation of character and gracefblaimplidty
of style. She died October 18, 1877.
K*iraae', (Masataka,) Viscount, a Japanese
itesman, bom in 1839. During the revolution in
Japan he defended tbe province of Chosiu againa tthe
Sbogun, completely defeating his army. He was one
of the first to study Westem institutions iriih the pur-
pose of introducing them into Japan. In 1874 be
represented Japan in Italy, and was ambassador to
Great Britain 1B84-94. He was created a viscount in
1887.

about i48ch

\J, (John,) a minialare-piintet and engraver, bom
.. . Dalkeith, in Scotland, in 1743. For several yean
he gained a livelihood aa a barber in Edinburgh ; but
having exhibited a talent for sketching, he was aMisteJ
by a wealthy gentleman, that he might devote himself
entirely to art. His paintings were dittingmshed fta
tbeir correct and exact likeness to tbe onginaL He
etched aboot nine bnndred plates, which contained por>
traila of the distingaished or eccentric poaon^es of
Edinborgh at that date. These wem publiahed, nodar
the title <tf " Kay'a Edinburgh Portraits." Died in i8a&

S« Chahhob. " Bwcmpbiail Dictioniiiv of Emiml ScMnnL"

Kay or Kay, kl, (WiujtM,) a Flemiah historical
painter, bom in Breda in 1510. Of his moat admired
productions we may mentioa a portrait of Cardinal
Granvelle, and a large painting in which tbe chief muia-
tntes of Antwerp were introduced of the aiie of Ufa.
Died in 1568.

Kaye. See Caius.

Kaye, (John William,) an English historical writer
bom in London about 1S14. He published, besides othei
works, a " History of the War in Af&hanistan," (1851,)
a " Life of Sir John Malcolm," (1856,) and a "History
of the Sepoy War," (1866.) Died July 14. 1S7&

Blayser, (Karl Ludwig,) a German scholar, son
of Karl Philipp, was bom at Heidelberg, February 3,
1S08. He was distinguished alike as a Homeric scholar

Hi.'CM/.-|J«nA.- taB/,-atH,K.fM«(f«f,- R,iMiwr,- m,IHatd: Isas; IhasinlAit. [1tW~^*« Esplsnstiooa,|i.av'

d by Google

KAYSERLING

KEATS

1839. He was educated U Berlin, and waa (1861-70)
chief rabbi of the Swih Jew*, removing in 1870 10 Pcatk.
His work* include " Romantic Poel^ of the Jew* of
Spun,''(i8w,)''HiMor]r ofthe Jcw*of SpainattdFoc-
tugal," (1S60,) '> History of the Jews of England,"
(i86i,> '■ The First Jew in America," (i8gi,) etc.

Kaxlnosj, kSi^nt^ae, (Fkanci^) a Hnngariaa nd)t»
man, distinguiahed for hb contribution* to the litei*-
tore of hia country, wai bom ai Er-Semlyn in 1759.
He devoted hii attention to the reatoratioa of the

bllen into diluBe, and many terms to exprca* modern
■igniGcations were required to be added in order to give
it a reasonable degree of complctenesa. To effect Uiis,
Kazinciy iranilated numerous works irom the French.
German, and English, adding words where the original
Hungarian was detident In this undertaking beapMara
to have been eminently successful. In 1 7S8 he established
the first Himgarian magaiinc, entitled " Magyar Mu-
leutti," and two years later commenced the " Orpbeus."
In 1 7M he was arrested on a charge of cmupitacy and
condemned to death. This sentence, however, wibocnii-
muted to impriaonment, and after theezpiratiaaof aboot
•ix years he regained his liberty. He wrote tmkku
poem*, and several works in proae. Died of dholera

Kaxwyny, (Zachakia Bui Morahhux) See Cax-

keeu, (John,) Lokd, a celebrated British
s twm at Betmonl, in tbe county of Water*
781. He served in 1813 as colonel in
Spain under Sir Arthur Wellesley, and in 1815 as
major-general at the battle of New Orleans. He wa*
made commander-in-chief in Bombay in 1833, and led
the army against the Afghans in 1S3S. In 1839 he
beweeed the fortress of Gnuinee, which had been re-
garded as impregnable, being well supplied and strongly
garrisoned. Vet it was taken in forty-eight hours, with
little loss. Was rewarded with tbe title of Baron Keaoe
of Ghuzoee. Died in 1 844.

Eeaii«, 0OKH Joseph,) boin at Ballyshaimon,
Ireland, September II, 1839, was educated in Uie RomaD
Catholic institutions of Maryland, was ordained a [oiest
in 1866, and in 187S was consecrated Bishopof Richmond,
Va. After 1S89 he was for a time rector of the Catholic
University at Washingtoa. He was made archbishop of
Dubuque in 1900. James John Keahb, bom at Joliet,
Illinois, in 1857, and bishop of Cheyenne, Wyoming, in
(902, succeeded him as archbishop (^ Dubuque in 1911.

Kounay or Kauny, kar'ne, (Fhiup,) an able
American general, 1i<>m in the dly (A New York in Jaite,
181S. He waa tent to Buroi^e by the government to
itudy the French cavalry tactics about 1S38. He ob-
tained the rank of captain m 1S46, served in the Mexican
■ ■ -■ "- '-" r Mexico in 1847. Having

Keaoh, keech, (Bkhjamih,) an En^iah B^Mhrt min<
bter, born in Buckinghamshire in 16401 After the resto-
ration be was bitterly persecuted on imwT^ of the
priikctples which he had advanced in hi* wiWnga. He
preached some years in London alter 166S. He wrote
several theological works. Died in 1704.

Keat), (Charus J.,) a distineuished actor, the ton
of Edmund Kean, was born in Waterfbrd, IrelaiKl, in
181 1, and studied at Eton. He made leveral riails to
America, the last of which wa* hi i86£l About 1846 he
became the manager of the Prince**'* Theatre, London,
lo the popularity of which be oontribnted pt^atly by the
introduction of the most adMiirahle machmeiy, itich as
had never befiire been exhilHted to the British public.
He was also employed to t«ipefinlend the ronl iheatri'
cals ai Windsor Cattle. Died in London, fannary an,
1S68. (See his " Ule," by t. W. C01.R.)

Eean, (Edmund,) a celebrated tragedfaiw born in
London about 1787. He wa* the ton of an ■ctreaa
named Ann Caiey, and, while very young, WM brought

George IIL at Windsor Castle, greatly to the aatis&ction
of tlut monarch. In 1814 he first appeared at Dmr*
Lane Theatre, in the character of Sbylock," with such
distinguished lucceat that be not only fiilly established
hit own fame, but alto retrieved the declining popularity
of the theatre. He afterwards visited America, where
he remained two years. Died In 1833. As a tragedian
Kean is considered not inferior to any one that has ap-
peared on the English stage. His remarkalde tnccess
was owing to his great application in the ttudy of his
duracters and tbe intensity of passion which he threw
into thetn. He etpecially e»celled in his repreeentatlons
of "Shjlock," "Cfthello,^' and "Richard IIL"

ScePiiacT«,-UrtofK.Kcan."il}^: F. W. HAWKm, " lift
it Edmund Km:" Oxannv. " Dranaoc Blotni>hr."

Kenn, (Ellin,) known also by her maiden and pro-
fessional name of Eixeh Trek, an excellent actress,
both in tragedy and comedy, the wife of Charles J. Kean.
She was born in London in 1805, first appeared upon
the stage in 1823, was married in 184a, renred from the
stage in 1868, and died August 30, 1880.

Keane, (Augustus Henry,) an English anthro-
pologist, born at Cork, Ireland, in 1833. He became
professor of Hindustani, University College, London,
and published "Man, Past and Present," "Ethnol-
ogy," and other works. Died in 1912.

r, and lost hi* left ai

(1S59.) 'lie became a brigadier-ecnenl of the Union
army in 1S61. He commanded a division at the battles
of Williamsburg, May 5, Fait Oaka, May 31, White Oak
Swamp, June 30, and Malvern Mill, July i, 1861. In
the month last named he was raised to the rank of
niajor-generaL He was hilled at the battle of Chantilly,
September i, 1 861.

ieptember i,
fceully, (!

jSTKt>UBI« Watts,) a major-genetal In the
uniiea state* army, an uncle ofthe preceding wa* bom
in Newark, New Jersey, in 1794. lie entered the army
as lieutenant in iSiz, and distinniished himself at tlw
battle of Queenstown. Promot^ to the rank ti briga-
dicr-geneiat on the breaking out of the Mexican war in
1S46, he marched westward from the Arkansas, con-
quered New Mexico, and established a provisional gov-
ernment at Santa F^. He was brevett«l major-general
for his gallantry at the battle of San Pasqual, December
3, 1846. In the following spring be wa* for *Miie Ume
Governor irf California. Died in 1S48.

KSar'f, (Anmi^) an Engluh author, bom at Bilttui,
in Yorkshire, March 3, 1815, the daughter of a dcigy
man of Irish birth. She published "Castle Daly," "A
Doubting Heart," "Clemency Franklyn," and other

novels, besides tales and vi

w children, and " Heroea

deeply religious n
3. '879-

Keoiy, (Ckarlbs F.,) an English novelist and
historical writer, author of " Outlines of Primitive
Belief," (1882,) "The Vikings in Western Christen-
dom," (1890,) etc., and of a number of novels.

Kaat«, keet, (Gboroi;) F.R.S., an English author,
born in Wiltshire in 1719. During his travel* ca the
continent he made the acquaintance of Voltaire, with
whom he waa a correspondent for a long time. Of hia
workswe may mention the poems of"Anaent and Modem
Rouie,"{i76o,) and "The Alps," (1761.) He compiled an
account of the " Pelew Islands" (1788) from manuscripts
placed in hi* hand* by Captain Wilson. Died in 1797.

KeaVfns (GiOFrRn,) D.D., a Catholic priest and
historical writer, wa* bom in Tipperai^, Ireland, about

ESata, 0oi:

London in 1795 or 1796, and educated m the classics at
Enfield. He pobliahed hia first poema in 1S17, a

4, e. i, a, 0, J, ^v; i, i, 4, same, less prolonged; i, *, 1. 6, u, J

I '^^rf; *• (• i> 9> '''Mvrx; OLr, All, GU; mCt; nOtj g3&d; mSin;
Dg,l,,ed 3, Google

■nlion, u >
••Kjperioa," '

KEATS

n of Leigh Hunl. Mis ■■ Eiiriyniion,'
■iiich ippeared soon after, was Mverely crilidsed by
Giffanl in the " Quarterly Review.* As KeaM was or a
TCiytentitife disposition, it is inppoeed ihat this crili-
dira accraTated the disease ondcr which be was suSer-
kK nt died in iSji at Rome, whither he had gone to
Rsde oa accoont of his health. The poetry of Keats,
dHMghexhibilinKavivid perception of the beautifnl, and
peat powers of ^ncy, is deficienl in intensity and fwoe
sn] b* cdebrity is perhaps to be attributed as much to
^ drcnmitances attending hit eiilv death as to his
poedcal abilities. Besides the "E&dymion," wc may
— -■— - uniKig the most important of bis works,
" LamU,'^ and " Isabella."
Mt KKiuMD MoiCKTOii Hiun^ " Ijh. LatMn^ not Uicm r
Ktinua a' Jska Keiu." i Tol*., itil; "Qiuitof; Rnin" bt
AEvil, lilt: "Wcdmhuw RcTiew" forjuuirt, ibm; "Atlutic
HoilkV' Bir J*«UT. iS6l : " HaatUy Review'* lor Julr. ito-.

Keats, (Sir Richakd Goodwin,) an English admiial,
bom in Hampshire in 1 757. In 177S he was promoted to
sJieBlenancjin the ninety-eight-gun ship Prince Geoi^,
■here the Duke of Clarence (lAerwards William IV.)
WIS placed under his command. He served with dis-
tinction against the Americans and the French. In 17S3
Ik reccired a commander's commissioo, and in 1807
tccune rear-admiral. Died in 1834.

Keble^ kee'b^l or kee'bl, {John,) an English divine
ttd poet of high repatation,wasboniat Fairford,tn Glou-
caleishircon the IJIh of April, 1791. He was educated
u Oifard. elected a Fellow of Otiel College about 1810,
and ocdained a prieti in 18161 soon after which dale he
left the university. For twenty ensuing years he was
employed a» his father's curate at Fairford. He was an
intimate hiend of John Henry Newman, and one of the
kidere of the Tractarian movement in favour of High'
Chirdi doctrines, or Puseyism. According to Dr. New-
Dun, Kcble was the primary author of this niovenienu
In iSj7 he publUhed "The Christian Year; Thoughts
in Verse for the Sundivt and Holidays throughout the
Year," which obtained aluw unbounded popularity,
and passed iJirough fifty editions or more, lie was
ippauted professor of poetry at Oxford in 18^3, and
becaae vkar of Hursley in 1835. About this lime b^
■airiulCharlatte Clarke. Hecontributed to the" Tracts
lor the Times." (1834-36,) and published a number of
NTBons. AmoDg hu popular works is " Lyra Innocen-
liua: Thoughts m Verse on Christian Children, tbeii
Ways and Privileges," (1S46.) "To English church
pu^ withoni number," says (he "North British Re-
new," "'The Christian Year' has long been not only s
dieriihed classic, but a sacred book, which they placi
1)csUe tbeir Bible and their Prayer-Book. Died in 1S66.

S« Sn loHH T. CDianxs, " HwDoiror iIm Rer. Jaki Kebl*,"
iKci: "Nonh BfilBli Rnicw" fat ScpBalw. iSW; "Qnruilr
_•■!_ »_ji — 1 JuIt, iB&q; -BiitWi Ouanerlj Rc^ew" hi
od't Hfffuide" for Aptu, 1^69.

grApnl u

\tij.iMij: "BUrkwooil'i HisuiBe"

Esble, (JosiPH,) an English writer apon
« London about 163s; died in 1710. Of his
works we mBj die "An Explanation of the Laws againsl
Secmants," ( 16S1.)

KeokwiBwui. kfik'litr-mln', (BakthoLomXv*,) a
kuMd Gernun writer on science, bom at Dantzic in
1571. He wrote, besides other works, "Systems Ethi-
cs" (i6iOi) and "STsteina Mathematices," (1617.)
Medtn 1609.

Kod'die, (HuraiBTTA,) a British sathor, known by
Ae pseudonym of Sakah Tttlek. She was bom in
tSay. She published the novels "Dap of Yore," (i8£4,1
'Citoyenne Jacqueline," (1865,) "Noblesse Oblige."
(t869,) "French Janet," (1889,) "The Macdonald
Usi," (189s,) "Mrs. Carmichael's Goddesses,"
(iSgS,) etc., with other works.

Zed'ney, (John Steinfokt,) D.D., in Arnerican
tternrnaD, born in Bloomfield, New Jersey. February
11, 1819. He graduated at Union CollcKe m 1838. and
Bl tbe Geiwral Theological Seminary ..f New Vnrk in
iSil, and took piiest'a orders in the Episcopal Church
in 1S43. In 1871 he became professor of divioily in
tbe Seabary Dhrinity School at Faribault, MinDetot&.
He pabtished poems and other works. Died

25 KEIL

Kee'ler, (Jahks Edwakd,) an American astron-
omer, bom at La Salle, Illinois, in 1857, graduated at
Johns Hopkins University in iS8i. He was director
of the Alleghany Observatoi; 1889-98, of tbe Lick
Observatory after 1898, and was elected to the Na-
tional Academy of Science in 1900. Died in 1900.

Ks«l*7, (Lisua E.,) phyndaa, bom in St. Lawrence
Co.,N. Y., 101836. Opened institutesforthe cure of the
■lo^l and opium habits by the use of chloride of gold.
This "gold cure" was claimed to be successful. D. 1900.

Kee'Iy, (John Ernkst Worrkll,) an American
pseudo-inventor, bora al Philadelphia in 1837. After
many experiments with sound -vibrations be made a
machine which appeared to develop enormous power,
acting under (he influence of musical notes. This
machine, known as the " Keely Motor," first ex-
hibited in 1874, was varied and modified for many
years, large sums being advanced him for experiments.
He died in 1S9S, and after his death there were dis-
covered evidences of fraud which had been deftly
concealed during bis life.

Keen. (William Williams.) M.D., an American
physician, born in Philadelphia, January 19, 1837. He

Sraduaied at the Philadelphia High School in 1853, at
TOwn University in 1859. and at Jefferson MedicalCol-
lege in 1862. He served with distinction as an army-
surgeon, and then studied his profession in Europe fur
two years. Me afterwards conducted a school lA anat-
omy in Philadelphia, and was professor of surgery at
tbe Woman's Medical College 1884-89, and later at
tbe Jefferson Medical College. He published several
works 00 anatomy and surgery.

Keene, keen, (Edhund,) an English prelate,
bom at Lynn in 1713. In 1751 he was raised to the
see of Chester, and in 1770 10 that of Ely. He was
a man of teaming and benevolence. Died in 1781.

Keene, (Thomas Wallace,} an American actor,
bom on Stolen Island, New York, in 1S40. Hebe-
came a prominent and tavoarite actor, his best parts
being Richard III., Cassius, lago, Othello, Richelieu,
and the like. Died May 30, 1898.

Keen'^r, [John Chkistian,) D.D., a Methodisi
divine, born in Baltimore in 1819, erndualed at Wea-
leyan University in 1834. Wrote "The Post-Oak Cir-
coil." Became a bishop in 1870. Died 1906.

Kee-T*e or EI-Tie, kee-tajih, [written in French,
Kl-TsEU,) a Chinese philosopher, wholived in the twelfth

Keferateiii, ki'ltr-ailn', (Christian,) a Gennan
geologist, born at Halle in 1784. He published, btMides
other works, "Geognoetic Observations on the Basaltic
Structure of Western Germany," (1830.) in which tw
socceasfiilly malntaina the volcanic nature of basalt, and
"The Natural I iistory of the Earth," Died in 18G6.

Kebreln, k^rln, {Joskph.) a German scholar, born at
Heldeaheim, October so, 1S0& He was a distinguished
teacher, and a man of kindly and genial nature, lie
wrote "Love and Psyche," (1834, in verse, from Apti
leiuB,) " Lives of the Saints," (1843.) and many other
works, chiefly educational. Died March 35, 1876.

Eahran, ki'r^n, (JosRPH,) aGerman historical painter,
born at Hiilchrath, near Dmseldorf, May yo, iSty.
Many of his works are of a religious and ecclesiastical
character. Died May 12, i88a

Kelgbtley, klt^e, (Thowa!!,) a historical and bio-
^phical writer, bom in Dublin about 1790. He pub-
lished, besides other works, "Mythology of Andent

Greece and Rome," (3d edition, iBu ;) a " History of

"-jland," (1837 ;) a "Life of JrAn Milton." (1855;' "- '

History of Rome." Died November 4, 1871.

Eell, kll, (CHitisTiAtt August Karl,) a German
scholar, born at Weissenfels, May 17, t8i*. He studied
at Berlin and LeipsiCjand held professorships of jrfiilology
in Berlin. He published works on Greek onomatology,
" Analecia Epigraphica," " Sylli^e Inscriptionum Boeoti.
,. _._ j,|jj December IJ, 1865.

tmM!^mi!H»rd; ^a0J;Q^iI,ti,glaluraJ: v.natai; ^triiUd; lass; thasinMt^ ()^-SeeE>plaD*tiona,p.a3.)

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

. . .i«,Ji>f.- -- ... -

cary, but studied geolo^, and MMCUII7 the ftructtire
3f the EulGrn Alps. Died at MarW^ Hajch 10, 1876.
His report!, charu, etc, are of Tcry high value.

EeU. kll, (JoHANR GioRO,) ■ German scholar and
miiniittir, bom at Gotha in i;8i. He pobllabed In 1814
an "Elementary Book uf the Spanish Langoage." In
1813 he «ni chosen a member of the Rt^l Spanish
Academy. He also wrote ■ namb«r of Ijmcal poems.
Died in 1S57.

Eeil, (Kari. Aoai^T Gottukb,) ■ German theolo-
^aa, bom at Grouenhain in 1754. He published, be-
sides other works, a "Manual of Hermeneutics of the
Hew Testament," in Gennan, (iSia) Died in 1818.

KaUtaan, kllOiSn*, (Balthasar Matthias,)

bmi If originaTljr German. He became profess
eralogj in Chnstiania, where he died, Janua^j ., .i^j^,
Hi9 liDouts in the study of the geology of Nomji were
of much importance.
Kalll, keel, (James,) a phnidan, brother of John,

noticed below, was born at Edinburgh in 1671

'i» native dty and at Leyde .

n the Universities of Qjdbrd and

yden, and

studied medidne

lectured on anatomy

Cambridge. He wiole a work entitled "Anstomif of

the Human Body," and several physiological treatises.

Died in 1719.

So CKAHma," Kacnpbki] DioIoniTyof Emiaal Scmhhb."
KetU, (John,) a djstinguished mathematician, bom
at Edinburgh in 1671, and educated at Oxford. In 1700
he was elected Fellow of the Royal Society. He wrote
several works in de(enceof[h« theories ofNewton against
Leibnitz. In 1711 be wasdiosen to dedpherjmpeisfor
the qneea, for which poaitiDn he was well qitalified. He
became professor of astronomy at Oxford, where he had
received the degree of doctor of phytic^ Among his
works are "An introduction to Natural PhiloBcn>hy,"
and "An Introduction to the True Astronomy, both
of which were published in I^n and EngUsli. Died

I German architect.

S« Chahh

Kslm, 1dm, (Franz Xavcx,]
bom in 1769 ; died in 1864.

Kaim, kim, (Thbodor,) a German Protestant theo-
l<«ian, bom at Sintlgart, December 17, 1835. He was
educated at TUtungen, and in 1S60 became pn^essot
of theology at Zurich. Among bis writings are a " Life
of Ambrosius Blarer," (1S60,) "The Historical Christ,"
(iS6s,) ■- History of Jesus of Naiareth," (3 vols., 1867-73,)
■ briefer "Histoiy of Jeavs," (1873,) etc Died Novem-
ber 17, 1878.

Kelm, kIm, (William H.,) an American general, \)om
at Reading Pennsylvania, in 1813. He was elected a
member trf Congress by the voTers of Berks county
In 185S; and was awointed ■ brigadier-general in the
■utumn of i86t. Died at Hanisbur^ Pennaylvania,
in May, 1861.

KaiMi, kl'sfT or ld'i«r. (WiiXRU.) a Flemish painter,
bom at Antwerp about 1647; died about 1693.

KoUer. See Krsri, (DiErRit:H Giorc)

^ ' r,kI'zer,(RutiHARD,) one of the earliest opera

concertos and jHcces of church

were highly esteemed b)r HandeL Died m 17^9.

Sf "MeunHa BiofniiliH GiUnitf Buum. "HiMoiT uf

Keltb, keeth, (Grorob,) fifth Earl Mariscbal of
Scotland, distinguished as a munificent patron of leam-
iiw, and as the founder of Marischal (roar'sh^) College,
Aberdeen. He studied in Paris, and afterwards at
Geneva, where he had the celebrated Theodore Besa for
a preceptor. He sncceeded bis grandfather as earl
marischal in 1581. Daring the reign of James VL he was
appointed to several high offices of state. Died in i6u.
Sh CxAH n^ " DioRnipUal DletiaiUT dT Embal ScQtBBn. "
Kolth, (Grorci,) bereditaiy Earl Marischal of Scot-
land, was lioni in that coantrv about 1693. He entered
the anny, and was appointed by Qoeen Anne the captain

KELAOON

at her gvarda. At the death of that si „ .
strenuous but muucoesafol eSbrts to have tbe Pretendei

S prod aimed in London. After the accession of George
' in 1714, hi* properly was confiscated, and aentenot
death passed against him by the British PaiUameat.
Keith escaped to the continent, and served for boom
time in the Spaniah army. He subsequently removed
to Berlin, where he spent Ae remainder of his davs la
high favour whh Frederick tbe Great. Died In 177%

5a D'AioasoT. " aog* da UDord KvMal." im

Eellli, (CiOKGE,] a Scottish religionist, who at an
early age embraced the prindplea of Ge<Hge Foi, in
the defence of wtiidi he displayed mudi seal and elcK
quence. He subsequently advocated many views at va-
nance with those held by the Quakers, for which he was
" disowned" or eicoramunlcated by the SodeM. Before
his death bi> views again changed, and he died in the
communion of the Church of England. He wrote " The
Standard of the Quakers Examined," (1701,) intended a*
a refiitation of Barday's "Apology."

So jAHnv. "HiitDrr of Fiiaidj," Hd. EL dMiL 3.; Oooaa,
" Hiiiorr of il« Qualuo ;" Smith, " HiiBiij of rnamrlmiM."

Keith, (Jakes,) field-marshal of Prussia, and brother
of GeorgeKeith, (1693-1778,) was bom In Scotland in
1696. Having entered the army of the Pretender, be
took part in the disastrous battle of SheriSnuir, where
he was wounded. He afterwards served in Spain and
in Russia, where he obtained distinction as a warrior and
statesman and was raised to the rank of lieutenant-gen*
eral. Soon after the accession of the empress Elisabeth
he removed to the court of Frederick the Great, by whom
he was created field-marshal of Prussia, and in 1749
governor of Berlin. He fell at the battle of Hochkirchen,
m October, 1758.

Sh a. HntnODii, "Ucmoin of rxld-Hinhd Kdth/- irnj
" ■ obm d» Feld-MuiduJU jTltritfi;-'
Kacnphicil HiaiatMrj of Saiaatt

Keith, (RoBKRT,) a Scottiah Episct^ dergyman and
antiquary, bom in Kincardineshire in 1681, was conse-
crated a btshm) in 1 717. He was the author of a " His-
tory of the ASairi of Church and State in Scotland from

Keltb, (Sir Robert Mitirat,) a Britbh diplomatist,

bom aboQl 1730. He was for manyyeais a—*- "*"

at the court ofVienna. Died in 1795.

Keith, (Thomas,) an English mathematidan, bom in
Yorlnhire in 1759. He wrote the " Complete Pracdcal
Arithmetidan," a work on TrigoDoraettr, and other
works. Died In 1S34.

Keith, Viscount. See ELraiNSTOHE, (G. Krith.)

Keltt, commonly pronounced kit, (Lawrxnc» M,,} a
politician, bom in South Carolina in 1834. In 1S53 he
was elected ■ representative to Congress, and re-elected
in 185s, 1857, and 1850. In i8<6 he was associated with
Prestim S. Brooks In his assatut opon Charies Samner
on the floor (rf At United State* Senate. He took an
active part b flie Southern disunion movement of t86a
Re waa killed in battle near Richmond la June, 1864.

Eekuli, kfh-koo-lii', (Friidrich Anoun,) an eni-
nent German chemist, bom at Darmstadt, September 7,
1819. He held aucoessivelv proliessonhips at Ghent and
Bonn. His Drindpal work* are the excellent " Hand*
Book of Organic Chemistry," (1861, 1867,) and "Cbeof
istiy of Beniol Derivatives," (1S67.] Died in 1896.

Kekul6, (Rrinhard,) a German archaeologist, bom
at DarmsUdt, March 6, i83<t. He was educated at Ei
langen, Gottingen, and Berlin, and in 1S70 became pro-
fessor of archxology at Bonn. He published "Greek
Terra Cottas from Tanagra," (1878,) a " life of F. G.
Welcker," and many other works.

Kaltoon, Kdaoon, or Kelftfln, IcH'i-tfSn', (Alm»-
lek-Almanaooi-B^-ad-Daan, (or -Altnanaotir-
SaMMdrn.) al-mtl'ek U-m&n-sooR' slf-ed-deen',) Snl>
tan of Egypt, was brought to that country as a slave in
1249 A.D. He rapidly rose in rank, and in i>79, having

a, fl, I, ^ fi, ;, /MV'; i, i, A, sane, less prolonged; 1, ^ I, S, A, y, ai/rr;t, ft f, ««*««»«; Or, fill, at; mCt; D(kiXiI6di m

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KBLIJ-ARSLAN

itTjHed uafntt Alnukk-iI-Sieed, he f . . . _
MitBof UTptand Syria. He mbMqiwntlr conquered
TiB(^ IM oUwt placei of importance in NOTthem
iMa. Diedinuga.

KaUJ-AiaUn. See Knjj-AuiJtH. ■

KaOar. See Cbllaudl

Edlai; kelOfr, (GlOlia,) « German CathoHc theolo-
gbn, born near Bootdra^ in the Black Foreat, in 176a
Htbeome in 1806 paitaa' at Aanu, where hie opinion*,
■Uch leaned toward* Proteatanttam, gave great offence
n the Catholic dergj. Me pnbliahed, among other
mda, "The CatholicoiL'' Died in iS>7.

Eallar, {GBRARDt) a Dutch anthoi, oom at Gouda,
FcbnHr7i3,i839. He became well known a* an editor.
ipd m anfGor of a lai^ nunibei of noreli, boolc* of
triTCl, diamatic poenUk art-critidsma, etc. Hi* book*

vUch were receind with each favour that the Senate of
Zarich TOied him a penwon to enaUe Itim to proiecuie
^litcmvatadie*. Hi*''NewPMm*"appearedinl8ji,
-GfEen HeniT," a historical romance, in 1S54, and in
i^bia best-faiown work, "The People of Seldwyla,"
t cdleclion of abort itoties illnttrating Swiu manners.
Hi) later hooka lodade " Zoiidi Novela" and " Seven
Ugeoda," (187a.) Died July 15, ili9a

Keller, (Hilen Adams,) \txa at Tnscumbia, Ala-
bmii,isl8So, became deaf and blind at nineteen monthi

imAible progress in education, graduated A. B. at Rad-
difle CoU^e in 1904, and has developed liteiair abilit<^,
mitiiig " The Story of My life," "The World I live
Itt," "The Song of the Stone Wall," etc. She haa re-
cotly been taoght to speak.

EaQer, (Josbth,) an able German engraver, bom M
list, CO the Rhine, in 181J, became profeaaor of en-
piring at DnaaeldmC Among hia worka are a largo
cagnnng of Raphael'* "Diapnte of the Sacrament,"
Mdieveral prints after Overbeck. Died May 31, 1B73.

Iallar,Ton, ftm kel'lsr, (Hbihkich Adilhert,) a
Coman philolosiat, bom at Pleidelsheim, Wtirtemberg,
Uy IS, i8i3. He (tBdied at Tiibinf^n, and became a
dojyman, and Kbnrian of that univenity. Hr — "
' ' ■ - -- — --■'■— -' -'J — -^ FrencI

... 1 gen-

era] in the Union army, born in New Hampshire aSool
1S07. He nined a vi^ory at Philippl, Virginia, in Tone,
1S61. In March, 186a, he wa* appointed commander of
the " railroad diatrict" in NortbwestEm ViTginia.

Kel1«T, (Edward,) a noted astrologer, Mrn at Wor-
eeater, En^and, in 1555. He waa an accom|diae of tlw
notoriooa Dr. Dee, whom he accompanied to Genaany.
While there, he was imprisoned as an impoMor by the
emperor Rudolph) bat, having aitenrardi obtained bla
releaae, he won the bvour of the emperor, by whom be
was knighted. He, however, resumed his old practice*
and was again impiisoned. In an attempt to regain
his liberty, he fell from his window, and was mor^lr
■rounded, in 1595. He wrote various work* upon at'
chemy and astrology.

Keller, (William D.,) bom in Philadetptiia about
1814, studied law, and was elected as a Democrat a judge
of the coart of conunon pleas. About 1856 he bKame
an active Republican, and was in i860 an ardent aup>
porter of Lincoln for the Presidency. He was elected
- member of Congreas from Philadelphia in 1864 and
re-elected each anoceaaive term until bis death.

"sSi

_ editor of old texts, trench

lly German. Died March 7, 18S3.

MToaBt«inbok,kel'lcrfonstIn'bok,(Kiiiu>-

-JB Ldtwio,) a Swiss jurist and legal writer, bom at
^ricbbi iTMibecameprofeasoroflaw at Halle in 1843.
Died at Berbo. September la, 1860.
~ - • 1, keller-ho'v^n, (MoRrn.) a German

milla

il ariBT on tl. .
■ dcoHTe victoiT over the Doke of Brunswick
n September, 1792. Having been accused of treachery
by Caatine and otnera, he wa* imprisoned for ten montha,
■ad only rdeaaed after theEill ol Robeipierre. In 179 j
ke became commandGr of the army of the Alps, and
««er Us return to Paria waa ^>pointed inspector-general
of cavalry, ia I7g& He was created in 1804 senator and
■nabal of Fmce, and hi 1806 he obtained from Napo-
tnatkoommandof thereaerre army on the Rhine, and
On the acceadon of Lonia XVIIL

ID 17^ becune conrt painter

dt eiodled in portraits, and engraved many of his

Kika. Died in 183a

KdlMmum, A*, dfh hi'llft'in&N', (Fkancois Crkh-
nira^) Duke of Valrav, a diatingnlshed French
ih4 of German eatracUon, bran at Strasborg "
Afieiaerving in the Seven Yean'

of general of dMaion. He waa wounded at AuatarHt^
where he directed several charges tA cavalry. In iSiJ
._ ,__._. "'d Id 1835.

wder of Saint

KallHmniiii, de, (Francois Etirnhi,) Duke of
Vifaaj, bom at Mctz in 1770^ wasason of General Kel-
knaanu, noticed above. He aerved aa adjutant-general
Bder Bonaparte in Italy in 1796^ became a general
of te^ik ia 1707, and contributed greatly to the victoir
« HamwD m iSm. Abont 1809 he obtained the tank

Congre** he nnlfonnly acted witb the radical Repnth
licana. Died Jannarv 9, 1S90.

KaUgnn, cliCI'giiln, (Johan Hrhkik,) an eminent
Swedish poet, bom in West Gothland in 1751, wa* edu-
cated at the University of Abo, in Finland. In 1786
Gustavns lit. appointed him a member of the Swedish
Academy, and liltewiae chose him for his private aecre*

ascd librarian. His works, conaiatin^ of lyric poetiy
(ow opera*, were published in 1796, in 3 vols., under
Ibe title ot "Samlade Skriftes." Djed in 1795.

See LomFaLujv, " PdatB isd Pdaetv of fiurDw :" H. vew R»
■rraiH, "J. H. Kdlpin Ltlwd." in«.

KaUla, Earl or. See Erskinr, {T- Alkxandbr.|

Kal'UHS^ii, (Matthrw,) an Engliah Roman Catholic
priest, bom In Northamptonahire alwnt 156a He filled
the office* of chancellor of the Univenity of Rheima and
preaident of the College of Douay. He wrote numeroua
religion* and controveraial work*. Died in 1641.

Kel'lpSK (Clara Louiss.) an American singer, bom
Sumlerville, South Carolina, in July, 1843. of New
England parentage. Her lather was a prominent inventor.
She made her debut in 1861, and has since sung with
great applause in all the principal dcies of Europe and
America. She was married in 1SS7 to Carl Slrakoech.

Kellogg, (Martin,) an American educator, born
at Vernon, Connecticut, in 1S3S. He was educated
at Vale, and afterwards studied theology. He went
to California as a home missionary in 1855, became a
profeisor in the College of California in 1859 and
in the University of California in 1869, and president
of the latter in. 1893. Died August 36, 1903.

EaQy, (Francu Maria,) a Briliah actreaa, a niece
of Michael Kelly, bom December 15, 1790. She first
.ppeared on the stage at the Drury Lane Theatre in

799. She attained greal eminence in her pruiiM*ioii,
ind was an Intimate friend of Charle* and llary l^amb.
Died November 9, 18S1.

KnllT, (Huall,) a dramatic and wdltlcal writer, ben
at Killamey. u Ireland, in mg. He removed to I^m-
don, where he became the editor of several periodkala.
He publiahed a pamphlet entitled a "Vindication of the
Administration of Mr. Pitt," and the plays of " Falsa
Delicacy." (1768,) "A Word to the Wise,'' (1770*) and
the "School for Wives," [i774-) Died '» '777-
' K«ll7, (Jamis Edward,) sculptor, bom at New
Vork in 1855. Became a maniine editor, and then
sculptor, his first work being " Sheridan's Ride." His
later works have been nomerous.

Kelly, (John,) a clergyman of the Church of Eng-
land, bora at Douglaa, in the Isle of Man, in i7Sa He
translated the Bible into the Manks language, a dialed
of the ancient Celtic, in which he was eaceedingly well
versed, and wrote " A Practical Grammar of the Anoenl
Gallic, or LMiguage of the Isle of Man." Died in iao»

•i,-Sa*»;|i«*|ai/;a,H,K.|ai«»«/;lt,«.«/;B,WUrf;las«;»ha*lnrtii. (WSeeEaplanatlon%i..»J.i

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KELLY IS.

Kelly, IMiCKABL,) a celebrated Hnger ind muiical
compOMr.bomat Dublinmi76>. At t£e ageofsixtecn
he went to N^les, and received lessons there fcoin
Fineroli and Aprili. He performed with emiaent auccesp
in ItalT, and also in Germany, where he was a favourite
with tne emperor Joseph and an intimate friend of the

E«at HocarL He afterwards became first singer at
ruty Lane Tiieatte, London. He wrote an interesting
work eiilillcd " KEminisceoccs" of his conlemporariei
and friends. Died in 1S3&

Kel'tie, {John Scott,) a British author, bom at
Dundee in 1840. Me became an editor and geog-
rapher, in 1885 librarian and in 189? secretary of the
Royal Geographical Society. He published "Applied
Geography," (189O,) "The Partition of Africa,"
(18^,) and other works. Edited "Statesman's
Year- Book."

Kel'vin, (WiiitAM Thomson,) Lord, an emi-
nent British physicist, was botn at Belfast, June 26,
1824. Me was educated at Glasgow and Cambridge,
and in 1846 became professor of natural philosophy
in the University oi Glasgow. He was knighted in
1866 in reward (or his discoveries in the Iraosmission
of electrical currents, which rendered the Atlantic
cable successful, and served as electrical engineer for
this and several other ocean telegraphs, ending with
(he Mackay- Bennett cable of 1879. He enjoyed the
highest distinction in science for his numerous and
valuable researches in physical phenomena, his atten-
tion being directed both to pure and to applied
science. His vortex theory of atoms (subsequently
abandoned by him) attracted world-wide attention.
No physical scientist, in brief, has made a greater
mark upon his age than Lord Kelvin, which title was
given him in iSgz. He was president of the British
Association in 1871, o( the Royal Society 1890-95,
and published several collections of his numerous
scientific papers and lectures. He died Dec. 17, 1:907.

Kembls, (Adelaide.) See Sartoris.

Kem'ble, (Chaki.ks,) a brother of Mrs. Siddons and
J. P. Kemble, was bom in South Wales in 1775. He
vaa educated at Douay, in France, and became an actor
■t the age of eighteen. In 1791 he performed at Drury
Lane as "Malcolm"' in " Macbeth," and continued upon
theatageasaSDCcessbl actor until 184a Died in 1854.

K«mble. (ElIubsth.) a daughter of Roger Kemble.
was bom in Lancashire, England, in 1761. She made
her first appearance in London in 17S3. In fonn and
expression, as well as in the applause which she re-
ceived, she has been compared to her sisler, Mr*. Sid-
dons. In 1785 she married an actor named Whittock,
whom she accompanied to America in 170a. In thii
conntrv the became a great favourite, and performed
several times before General Washington. Died in iS36l

S:«mbla, (Fbances Anne,) often called Fannv
Kehrle, a popular English actress and writer, born in
London in 1811. was a daughtetof Charles Kemble. She
performed both tragedy and comedy with eminent suc-
cess. About 1833 she accompanied her bther to the
United States, where she married Pierce Butler, ftam
whom she was divorced in 1S49, and afterwards, for nearly
' entyjrears, resided in Lenox, Massachusetts. Shej>ub.

lished

"Journal of a

" Records of aGirihood," (1878,) and " Recott
Life," (1883;) Died January 16, 1S93.

Kemble, jGborok Stephen,) another brother of the
Kemble femily, and a distinguished actor, was bom in
Ilerelbrdshire in 1758. He first appeared at Covent
Garden in 1783, and afterwardti was successively the
manager of the theatres of Glasgow, Edinburgh, and
Drury Lane. Died in 1822.

Kemble. (John Mitchell,) an Anglo-Sazon scholar
and historian, son of Charles Kemble the actor, was
bom in 1S07, and was educated at Trinity College, Cam-

L_!i... T^ < L_ _._j theedilor of the

He became
< foreign scientific and historical

bndf[e. For several years he was the editor
"Btilisb and Foreign Quarterly Review." He
• member of various foreign scientific and hi

KEMPENFELT

His chief work to entitled "The Saiona in

England ; a History of the English Commonwealth till
the Period of the Norman Conquest," (a vols., 1849,)
Died in 1857.

Set " Fnier*! Uifiiiiw'' far Uudi md VMf, 1157.

Kemble, [John Philip,) an eminent English trage-
dian, brother of the celebrated Mrs. Siddons, and eon
of Roger Kemble, was bom at Prescot, in Lancashire,
in 1 757. Me first appeared on the stage at the age of
ten years. He was afterwards educated at tte Roman
Catholic seminary at Douay, France. In 1776 he again
went on the stage, and rose rapidly to the first rank in
hia profession. In 1783 he first performed as "Hamlet"
in London at the Drury Lane Theatre. He subeequently
became a shareholder and manager in the Covent Garden
Theatre. He retired from his profession in 1817. On
this occasion a public dinner was given him, at which
Lord Holland presided. On account of ill health, he
then went to reside in the south of France, and after-
wards at Lausanne, in Switzerland, where he died in 1823.
As an actor, Kemble eicelled in the highest tnder ol
tragedy. Me possessed an elegant and discriminating
taste, and was learned and refined. His manners were
uncommonly attractive. He enjoyed a high charkcter as
a gentleman and a man of honour.

Keml^ ( RocER,) a distinguished actor, bom in Here-
ford, England, in 1731. In 1753 he married Sarah Ward,
an actress, bjt whom he had twelve children. Among
these were Mrs. Siddons, John Philip Kemble, Eliza-
beth Kemble, and Charles Kemble, all of whom are
mentioned in this work. Died in iScrt.

Kem^ny, klm'ifi, (Sichund,) Baron of, a Hunga-
rian writer and journalist, bom in 1S16. In 1849 he waa
elected to the National Assembly at Pesth, where he
advocated the revolutionary cause. The new year he
became one of the editors of the "Respublica." He
wrote several popular romances. Died Sept. z2, 187}.

Kemp, (George Mickle,) the designer of the Scott
monument at Edinbui^h, was born at New Halt, in
Scotland, about 1794. He was employed for a time as a
draughtsnian, and, when plans were requested tor the
Scott monument, he iiirnisned one which was preferred,
though he did not live to see the execution of it. Died
i-i 1844.

Kemp, (John,) an English prelate, bom in Kent about
400, was elected Archbishop of Canterbury in 1452, and

Kemp, (Joseph,) a distinguished musical composer,
and organist of the cathedral of Bristol, was bom at
Exeter in 1778; died in 1824. Among his producticme
are the anthems "I am Alpha and Omega,' "A Souitd
of Battle is in the Land," and "The Siege of Ischia,"

Kempelen, von, fon k!m'pfh-lln, (Wolfcahc,) a
bmous mechanical genius, and the inventor of the chess
machine, was bom at Piesburg in 1734. His remarkable
talent for chess-playing made him a favourite at the
court of Maria Theresa, who created him an imperial
councillor. In 1769 he exhibited to the empress hia
so-called automaton chess- player, a figure in size and
appearance like a Turk, which, though opposed by the
best players, was nearly always victorious ; but, after
astonishine and puzzling all Europe, it was discovered
that the ^ure concealed within it a Russian dwarf, a
famous chess-player, who directed its motions. He also

Kempelen

Speech." Died in 1804.

Kem'pfn-fSIt, (Richard,) an English admiral, the
son of a Swede in the English service, was bom at West-
minster in VJiO. He was distinguished for hi.4 gallantry
and activity, and in 1779 was made a rear-admiral. He
went down with the " Royal George," at Spilhead, Au-
" 29, 1782, a calamity louchingly commemorated by

iwperi

. . '87

a poem " On the Loss of the Royal Georet

i, i, I, S, Q, 7, Img; \h,b, same, less pioloogcd; i, i, I, C, u, f , ihvrl; 9, f > {, ?i <^(«rti f3r, Oil, fit; met; nfit; giKdi mfi&n;

d by Google

KEMPER 14

Kcm'pfr. (Jacksuh.) D.D., LL.D., in American
tmbop, bam In PleaumI Vallejr, New York, December
(4, 1789. He gradualed M Columbia Cullege in iSog,
look Olden in Ihe Episcopal Church in 1S14, and waa
Ik twenty years a clergytnan of Philadelphia. In 1835
he wu consecrated a miaBionatr Uahap (bt the Western
States. In 18^9, aftei long and severe laboats through-
ost a wide Geld, he was made Bishop of Wisconsin.
EKed «> Delafield. Wisconsin, May 34, iVio.

%Mafm, Um'pp, <Tam MufHIOK.) an able Datdi
jaiin, bom at Amsterdam in 177& He became pn>*
feasor of law at Leyden in iBog, ainl pnblitbed a numbei
oT works on law. Died in 1^4.

S« U. SiiGuiuic " Uemerd J. If . Kempai," ill*.

Eera'p^r, (Reuben,) an American officer, bom in
FaDqnicr connly, Virginia. He dittin^niahed himself In
nrioDs engagemenis agarnsi the Spaniards in Florida
and Meiica, and took part in the defence of New Ottean*
■uder General Jackson. Died in 1826.

Kemph, kCinr, (Nikoijius,) a German theologian
and writer, bom at Strasburg in 1397 ) died in 1497-

KemplB, i, 3 kEm'pis, (TnouAS,) or Thomas Hun'*

E-kfa, a celebrated German ascetic writer, bom al
empen, in the diocese of Cologne, about ijSa He
became an inmate of the monastery oF Mount Saint
Agnes, and spent much time in copying relifjiooa books.
He ■• said to have employed fifteen years m writing ■
tapj of the Bible. He also wrote several original treat-
iKS. His reputation ia foonded on the well-known work
entitled ■■ De Imiiattone ChrUtii" but it remain* an
■mettled question whetheT he omiposed or only tran-
Kribed iL Man^ volumes have been wiitten on each
Bdeof this qaestion. I^ed in 1471.

5a Bnwn, " Tfaama t Kernel* BtecnpUa," iM : BAnniK^
'ThoBB voo KHnpai." etc, isu: HoMdm, "Nidirk^Mi Obtr
Thimi i Kenpii,'' Cnlikl. ■Sss.(Bid u b* the litM of all iha
IniqiUc* of X 1 Kempii 1) Uauw, " Rcchmlia wn In, tMuUi

■ " ■' t%^; HonaoH. "ReloriMri ind M»r-

„r^ CHAaL«iHo»ni*ini,"T. tKompfmelM

B: J. P. SiuasT. "Gem, OenoD imd Renca, odn

.« [fwo Dieics der VdAmb-.-hc. i«iSi "Kmt>11i

ffiDfimptiie Gju^iile.'

w-

English p[
atedat Oa

relate, bom at

Kflii,(THO>tA3,) a celebrated „
Berkbamstead in 1637, and educated at Oxford. About
1679 he went to Holland as chaplain to the Princess
of Oranee. He was afterwards appointed chaplain to
Chariesl L, who raised him to the see ^ Bath and Well*
in 16S4. " He was," say* Hkcaatay, "a man of parts

«9 KENNEDY

to Kentucky, became a totor in tbe bnily of Henry
Clay. He supported General Jackson in the Presiden-
tial ctunpawn of 1829, and was afkerwards appointed by
him an aoditor of tbe treasury depariment. He WM
made postmaster-general in 1835, and continied to fill
that post till iS4a He began about 1844 a Life of
Genera] Jackson, of which the first volume was pub-
lished several years ago. Died in 1S69.

Kendall, (George Wilkins,) an American writer
and journalist, born at Amherst, New Hampshire, in
i8ia He removed in 1835 to New Orleans, where he
became associated with Mr. Lumsden as editor of the
" Picayune." In 1841 he accompanied the Santa Fi ex-
pedition from Texas, of which he published an account
afler his return. He brought out in iSjl a work entitled
"The War between tbe United States and Mexico," with
coloured plates of the principal confiicta. Died in 1867.

Kendall, (John,) an English writer, and member of
the Socie^ of Friends, bom about 1715 ; died in 1814.
Among his works are a " Life of Thomas Story," and
"Precepts of the Christian Religion-"

ESn'driok, (Asahkl C.,) D.D., an American scholar
and Baptist clergyman, bora al Poultney, Vermont, in
1809. He graduated at Hamilton College in 1S31. He
waa professor of Latin and Greek at Madieon University,
and from 1850 (o 188S waa active Greek professor in the
University of Rochester, with position of professor
emeritus until his death. He published a number of
religious and miscellaneous works. Died Oct. 31, 1895.

Kvndliok, (Nathaniel,) D.D., a Bapdst divine, bom
In Hanover, New Hampshire, in 1777, was appMnted
OTofesBor of theoli^ and moral philosophy in Hamilton
Coll»e(now Madison Univermty)in t833. His labours
contnlMited greatly to tbe prosperity of the InUitntioiL
Died In 1S4&

Kso-SbI'J^, (Dr. Edwakd V aughan HVTii,) a British
lawyer and author, bom at Cork in 1819. He was edu-
cated at Trinity College, Dublin, and became noted as «
translator of songs from foreign languages, of which he
had a wonderful knowledge. His ardent seal on behalf
of "the Tichbome claimant" in 1873 gave him even
greater futnt, His paper "The Englishman," founded io
1874, had a very great popularity, and in 187S he was
sent to Parliament His principal works arc "Bralla-

fhan," (1845,) and "Goethe, a New Pantomime," (185a)
lied in London, April 16, iSSo.

lodge in the house which he occupied there as a preben-
dary- The kiiw had aenae enough to respect so manly
a spirit, or all the prelate! be liked Ken the best.^
Dcptrred of hia bjabopric as a nonjuror upon the coro-
sationof William IIL, he wM regarded vrith the highest
cmem even by hi* opponent*. Queen Anne, upon her
axtlBon, granted him a pennon. He was Ihe author
of (evera) volume* of elaborate sermons, and of many
poetical {Hodnctioiu of a relinoos ^aracter. " H&

SbW. HAwKiin,-L(f*(ifBirfiivbB,">Ti}: W.I. Bowij%
'\A<tr\*>aa^1imLr ttt,: Kauduv, " H>«orr of EOtfad/
•d. i. dup. v.; "QimlcTlr Renew" ior Bntmber, igji \ Mm
Snucxun, "Uvea li du Sevan Biebupe. etc Los^a, 1S661
•EdiBbatEii Ktviaw" iv Ainl, ilsi,

KSa'dal, (Gm»aB;>aa Engliah nonconformist minis-
fer, bom m Dcvonahue, was a CalvinlsL. He became
rector of Blissland, in Cornwall, from which he waa
^eded about 1661. Died in 1663.

Tij.i (Hakoabit BKtnrTDH,) an English actress,
- n and maiden name of Madge

betttt known bv her ataae and
lewa* bom w
t npon 11
d Ur. Kcnd^ an

li 1S49, went

l& Ur. Kent . . . .

GriiDston. Mra. Kendal is one of the leading actresses
It of the recent British stase.
r".!! I » ..™, 1 — ,(^ Amenean stateaman, bom
in 1789. He graduated al

■ ■ tTy, removing

ki-nee'she^ (Petes,) ArcfaUshop of
(Jpaal, Sweden, during the reign of Gustavos Adolphns,
waa bom in 1555. He rendered important service to
the cause of education, and owing to his efforts parish
hospital* were eatablisbed throughout Sweden. H*
wrote several theological works. Died in 1636.

Senlf , (John R.,) an American lawyer and general,
bom in Baltimore about l8wJi He commanded a small
force which was attacked at Front Royal by the army
ol Stonewall Jackson, May 35, 1862. Died in 1891.

Ken'uan, (George,) an American author, bom
at Norwalk, Ohio, in 1845. He became a telegraph
operator, and explored Eastern Siberia in the interest
of Ihe Western Union Telegraph Company, writing
his experience in "Tent Life in Siberia,'' (1870.)
He invesligaled the Russian exile system in Siberia
1S85-S6, and published "Siberia and Ihe Exile
System," (1890.) Became a lecturer and war corre-
jpondent, and a joamslisl after 1907.

Ken'nn-way, (Sir John,) a British dlidomati«t,borK
at Exeter in 1758. He became a captain of the mny in
India in 1780, and negotiated an important treaty with
Tippoo Saih in 1791. Died in 1S3&

KMi^it-Ay, (Benjamin Haix,) D-D., an English
•diolar, a brother of the fbllowing. was bom near^ir-
mingham, November 6, 1S04. He graduated al Saint
John's College, Camluidge, in 1837, and in t8^ wa* ap>
pointed r^ns professor of Greek al Cambridge. Be-
sides volume* otsBrmons, poems, kdnres, etc, be pub-
tiabed translation* from the Greek dassics, and Tariona
Greek test-booka. He was noted for hi* extensive and
Ihoroagh echolarship. Died April 6, 1S89.

Kaimedr, (Chailx* Rahn,) a brother of tbe Re-
ceding, and a aon of Rann Kennedy, a poet and dinn*^

.(AMO^I
■ Doastable.MaBsad . ,

Daitmouih College in 181 1, and suheeqi

%mh; %^t; ^kard; lit»f;fi,V>,1.,giatural; v.tiatal; %,lrilUJ; Itax; thasinMiJ. (J^'See Explanation*, p. ij.)

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

KENNEDY 14

WM born ncu Birmingbun, M^cb l, iSoS, graduated
It Trinitj Colleee, Cambridge, and publUhMl poenw,
tnnalationa, law-boolu, etc. He i* betl known ■* the
tranalMor (with hi* bther) of Virgil into Engliah blank
venc; Died in 1867.

E«n'nf-djr, (Gkacx,) a popalar Seottlah aathoresc,
bom in Aynhire m 1783. She pnbliihed Krentl moral
and religious tales of great merit. Among these we
may name "Anna Ross," "The Dedsion," and "Jeaaji
Allan," which have been translated into German ; also
"F»ther Clement," (i8as.) Died in iSac

Kennedy, (Ildefonso,) a Scottish Benedictine and
.-i—^ti.. -™-...T, bom at Hnlhcl In iTai, wm aeoetary

•dcntific tt

fdy, (J>
: IIL, w

I bom about 1405. He w

ee of Saint Andrew'a, and was BBbseqnentlT
d of the reeencj nntil Jamei IIL obtaineo
his uajoritf . He waa dutinguished for the salutary re-
forms which he eflected among the Scottish clergy. He
was the ibnnder of the Univenity of Saint Salvator, at
Saint Andrew's. Died In 1466.

S« Chauuo, " Mg^Mpldal Dictioimr nf KmiiMDI ScodmL"

Kennedy, (John,) a phyucian and kntiqnaiy, bora
In Scotland. He wrote a treatise on the coins of the
emperor Carauslus. Died in 1760.

Ken'nf-dy, (John,) an English author, and rector of
Bradlev, in Derbyshire. Amonc hi* wncks b "A Scrip-
tnre Chronology,^ (175*-) T^A about lyTtx

Kannedy,yoUN,) D.D., a Scottish preacher, bom
at Killearnan, Rosi-slilre, August 1 1, t8i9> He received
a nniversity education, and in 1844 was ordained nun-
iUer of Dingwall, afterwards joining the Free Church.
Among his worlcs are " Man's Relation to God," " Days
of the Fathers in RoM-shire," and "The Apostle* of
the North." He i« one of the most eloquent of Scot-
tish pulpit oratoiB, and in iSSl was prominent ai an
anlagonut of the opinions of Pro£ W. R. Smith.

Ken'sf-dy, (John Prhdixton,) an American atates-
man and popular writer, bom at Baltimore, Marvland, in
1795. He served b the war of 181I, and was elected in
1810 to the Maryland House of Deleeates. He wassutv
•eouently three times elected to the United States House
of Representatives, where he actively supported the lead-
ing measures of the Whig party. Ho was appointed
secretary of the navy in 1S53. He published several
popular works of fiction, among which we may^ name
*■ Swallow Bam, or a Sojourn in the Old Dominion,"
<i832,) and " Horse-Shoe Robinson, a Tale of the Tory
Ascendency," (1815;) also a "Life of William Wirt,''
besides other wor'ka, Died in August, 1870.

Ly, (Thomas FaaNCis,) a Scottish reform
politician, born near Ayr in 178S. He entered Parlia-
ment in iSiS as a Whig. His public lite was devoted
•acceasfully to the reform of the Scottish administration
of government. Died in 1S79.

Kennedy, (Waltu,) a Scottish poet, bom in Ayr-
shire about 1450. He i« chiefly known by his " Flyting,"
or rhymed controversy with the poet Dunbar; but his
best extant work is "The Praise of Age." Died in
1508.

Kennedy, (William,) a Scottish poet and litUraieur.
bom at Paisley in 1799. He published in 1817 " Fitful
Fancies," and in 1S30 "The Arrow and the Rose, and
other Poems." He resided for »ome years at Galveston,
Texas, as British consul, and wrote a work entitled
"The Rise, Progress, and Prospect* of the Republic of
Texas," (1S41.} He returned to Great Britain in 1847,
and died in 1849.

Ken'oft, (Basil,) a dergymut at the Church of
England, and brother of Biibop Kennet, bom in Kent
in 1674, was educated at Oxford. He became chaplain
to the English &ctory at Leghorn. He returned to
England on account of ill health. He wrote various
antiquarian and historical works, among which are " The
Antiquities of Rome," (1696,) relating to the history of
the republic, and "Lives and Characters of Andem
Greek Poets," (1697.) Died in 1715.

Sat " Biocnpliia BriBDoia.'*

KENRICK

(Wmn,) ■■> English prelate and autbor
bom at Dover in 1660, was educated al WestminMer
School and at Oxford. In 1609 lie received the d^iee
of D.D., and in 1718 was ordained Bishop of Petmx>-
rough. He was distinguished ai a preacher of great
eloquence and a* a icholHr of indebli^able industn and
perseverance, at well as for hi* opposition to the High-
Church party. Died In 1738. Of his numerou* work*
we may mention " Parochial Antiquities attempted in
the History of Ambrosden, Burcester, and other Ad-
jacent Places in the Counties of Oxford and Buck*,"
(ifos,) and "A Regiiter and Chronidc, EcdeaiaMica]
and Civil," (1718,) relating to the reign of Charles IL
S« W. MawTOM, "Ufc ofWUn KomM,-* 11;

Ken'ovth L, King of Scotland, died, after a abort
reign, m £06, and wa* succeeded by Engene IIL

Kenneth H succeeded hi* father, Aliun, as Kin^ of
the Scots, in 834. Be carried on a ■ncceasftil war against
the Britona, and reduoul the I^cta to subjection. lie is
said to have been the firat lovereign who swayed a
sceptre over all Scotland. Died about 8t8 A.D.

Kennetli HL ascended the throne of Scotland in 970.
He repelled the invasions of the Danes, established a
just and effident government in his dominions, and n
■aid to have been the Gist monarch who gave Scotland
a written code of laws. He was assassinated in 994.

Sw Bvoiuuii, " HiUscy of Scutlna."

Ken'ney, (Chaklu Lamb,) an English dramatist,
critic, and journalist, son of Jame* Kenney, and godsoa
of Charles Lamb, was bora in 1833. HiaprindpaTworks
were "The Gates of the East,'' and " Life and Letters
of Baliac" Died Angus! ij, iSSl.

Kenney, IJamk^) an Iriih (met, bom in 17S0. He
published "Society, with other Poem*," (iSoj,) and
wrote several auccessfiil farce* and plays, among them
"Raising the Wind" and "Sweetheart* and Wives."
Died in 1S49.

Ken'nI-cott, (Bkmjamin,) a learned di«<iw and He-
brew scholar, bora at Totncss, in Devonshire, England,
in 1718. While a student at Oxford, he wrote two dis-
sertation*, one "On tlie Tree of Life in Paradise," and
the other "On the OUatiiMM of Cain and Abel," wfald)
procured for him, Iree of expense and before the tutul
period, the degree of B.A. He was soon after elected
a Fellow of &eter Colt^e, Oxford, became canon of
Christ Chatch, and obtained the degree of H.A. in 1750.
In 1753 '^ published a treatite on "The State of the
Printed Hebrew Text of the CM Tertaroent," m which
lie enfolded hi* plan of collating the Hel^w mantMcripta
of tlie Old TeatatDcnL Althaugh hi* efforts met with
oppoutiOD from tome of the dergy, a large som wa*
rawed to aid him in his enterprise, and several men
of learainK were employed to assist him in his laboai&
Hb " Hebrew Bible," the result of these labours, was
issued in 1776, vrilh the various readings attached. Dr.
Kenntcott and hi* ataUtani* in thia valuable work cosi-
*iilted tUteen Samaritan and over six hundred Hebrew
manuscript*. Died at Oxford io 1 783,

S« " NotrrtUa Bio^nphia G^n^nla."

Ken'opn, (Robekt Lxwis,) a Methodiat divine and
physidan, bora in North Carolina in 1789. He excelled
\a various branches of science, particularly geology, and
is said to have been the first to call attention to the ooal-
Geldsof Alabama. Died in 1838.

Kiu'tlck, (Fkamcis Patbicic,) D.D., a CathoUc
prelate, born at Duldin in 1797, emurated in l8si
to America. In i8ai he succeeded Dr. Conwell as
Bishop of Philadelphia. He wa* created Arcbbisliop of
Baltimore in 1851, and was afterwards appmnted by
the pope " primate of honour," having precedent^ over
all other Catlralic prelates of the conntn. He enjoyed
a high reputation for learning, and published, among
ottier works, "Dogmatic Theology," and "Moral The-
olwy," (both in Latin.) Died in 1863.

Kenrlofc, {FcT» Richakd,) D.D., brother of tbe
preceding, vrat born at Dublin in 1806. Having re-
moved to Fbiladelphia, he became editor of the " Cath-
olic Herald." On the death of Dr. Rosati, in 1843. he
aucceeded him aa Biahop of Saint Louis, and in 1847

l,tX^%%l'^:^^''>'*'^^^^^^^'^'^tf^''^^'^^^^'''*^'-*'^^'>''*^''"'>^^^'^'''^''-'''°^^'^''"^^^

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tjxi, paomaea "i^puuM, ruKNOpmi
■ poebT, (1759.) " A Reriew of D(. Job
ttOD of Shakspeare," Ujis,) which cms
■ilh JohiMoa's frknda, a "Dktioaar]

KENRICK 14

vn made first archbishop of that dtj. He founded sev-
eral charitable institutions, and was actiTe id promotiiig
the caoM of education. Died March 4, 189&

KIn'itok, (WiLUAM,) an English writer, noted for
Ui qnaTTclsmne disposition, born m Hertfordshire about
vpa. pqblisbed "Epbtlea, PUlotophical and Moral,"

; ^ . ^ . ,^j),_ Johnson's NewEdi-

I which caused a conlrovemv
" Dictionarjr of the English
LancDage," and a poem called " Love in the Suds, for
whidi he was stied for damues br Gauick, whom ha
had Ubelled in it I»cd in 1779.

Kett'sat^ (ToBM Fudikick,) an American land-
•o^w-paiater, bora in Cheshire, Connecticut, in 1818.
He Madied in London, and in 1S45 exhilnted at the
Roral Academy his "View of Windsor Castle." He
afterwards visited Rohm, where he eiecated several
craellent pictures of Italian acenerj. Among hia best
American landscapes majr be named "Sunset in the
Adiroodacks," "Ftanconia Moantains," and "Hudson
River from Fort Putnam." He became a member of
die Natlottal Academy of Design in 1S49. 1^*1 in <B73.
Si* TDOcaaiuii, "Book of the Ariutt."
Ken^ (CHAkLia ; in fait, Wiluah Chaklu Mark,)
an Englisb tonmalbt and Roman Catholic author, born
in LoDdoo, November 1, 1813. He was educated in the
co)l»e* at Prior ParK and Otcott In 1S59 be was
called to the bar at the Middle Temple. Among his
pidilicatioDaaTe"TheVi«onorCagliostro,"(i847,)"Ale-
theia," (1850,) "Dreamland," (1862,) "Poems,"
(1870,) "CoroQaCalholica,"(in fifty languages, i88o,J
"Humour and Pathos of Charles Dickens," (1884,1
" The Modem Seven Wonders of the World," (1890,)
etc D^ in 1902.

Kwit^ mowAlD,) DuKKOP, btberof Vlctnia. Queen
«f Great Brhaii^ and the fowthsmofGeorRe IlL.wa*
bwa in 1767. He studied at GSttingen and Geneva. In
1790 he entered the army, and three years later asualed
b the c^itare of Saint Lada. Id 1796 he was appointed
Betenant-general, and in 1799 was created Duke of Kent
Md StiaAera and Eari of DaMfai. In 180a he became
Govmor trfOibraltar ; but, his rigid discipline produdng
a matiny, he was aoon after recalled. In iStS he married
a daughter efdw Duke of Saae-Cobwt TheDuksof
Kent •«* a Uhenl patron of benev^ent cnterinise*.
Died m 183a.

Sea "LiA if Kdnri, Dnk* ofXsat," by BaKm KitAia, itja
K«nt (Ei>wAKi\) LI.D., an Ameikan jodge, bom in
Concord, New Hampshire, fai 1802. He graduated at
Harvani aitd in 1835 settled as a lawyer in Bangor,
Maioe^ Ilewasafterwards twice Governor of the State,
and became an associate jottice of the supreme court of
Maine in 1859. Died at "Bangor, May 19, 1877.

KODt^ (James,) a ^stlnguished oc^aidst and musical
compoaer, bun at WindtMter In 1700. He became one
of the children of the Chapel Royal in London. Upon
fiin^'Dg his edQcatioo, be was succes^vely chosen 01-
nnist of Trinity Collie, Cambridge, and of Winchester
CathedraL He published a popular work containing
"Twelve An^ms" of his eompotitioD. Died in 1776.
See Bdiobt, " tTutaiy of Mnuc"

Kent; QAms,) an eminent American jurist, born in
Patnam cotmty. New York, in July, 1763. He graduated
at Yale Coll^ in 1781, studied law, uid commenced the
nnctice of his profession at Fauglikeepsi& In politics
he was a Federalist He was profoundly versed m legal
knowledge. He became a resident of ^e cilv of New
Toifc about 1793, and a friend of Alexander Ilamilton.
In 1798 be was appointed a judge of the sujireme court
ef New York, and in 1S04 be^me chief justice. He
lectured on law at Columbia College. His important
^TT^fi^''^- in law and eqoity have been preserved in the
Rqiocta of Johnson and Cainea. He became chancellor
ta 1S14, and retired from that office in 1833, after which
he WMagain profesaoroftaw in Columbia College. He
pablitbed " Commentaries on American Law," U vols..
t826-3C^) which is a standard work of high authority
and a productioD of great literary merit Kefening to
tki. -ork, Jodge Story remarks, ''These CommpniariM

beueEutor* of the profession. They embody the prin-
dples of law in page* a* attractive t^ the persuasiva
eloquence of their style at tbey are instructive by the

and Story," says the " Edinburgh Review" for October,
iSSa, (p, 340,) " that they have done more than any other
men to put an end to the indifierence of English lawyers
to the learning of their American brethren." Judge
Kent had a high reputation for virtue. He died in New
York in December, 1847, leaving one son, William.

S« JoKH Duo, " Diicoinia OS tba Life of Juaei Kal ;" " Ha-
timal Ponmil-Gtllefyof DMriinniihodAmmciini," toI. 'i.

Kaat, (Mama Louisa Victokia.) Duchkss of, bom
bi 1786, was a daughter of the Duke of Saxe-Coborg.
She was married about 1S03 to Prince Emlcb Karl of
Leiningen, and a^n to the Dnke of Kent in 1S18. Vic
toria. Queen of England, was the issue of her second
marriage. Died in 1861.

E;«nt; (WiLUAU,) the founder of the En^iah style
t£ landscape -gardoiing, was born in Yorkshire about
1685. He studied paindng, which he soon abandoned
far ornamental architecture. Among his best designs ii
that of the temple of Venus at Stowe. Hw bme, how-
ever, rests diietly on the great improvement he effected
In landscape-gardening, fa^ substituting the dose imita-
tion of nature for the Uiff and fertnai style of the French
aiMi Dutch. Walpote has styled him "the creator of
modem gardening." Died in 1748.

K«nt, (WitLiAM,) an American lawyer, son of James
Kent, the eminent jnrist, noticed above, was born in
1802. He was appointed by Governor Seward a judge
of the circuit court of New York. Having resigned
that office, he practised law in New York City. Died in
January, 1 86 1.

Eent/IHtem, Saiht, a Scottiah ecc1enasti<; became
Bishop of Glasgow. He ia said to have converted many
of the natives to Christianity. Died about 60a

Ken't9n, (Simon,) an American soldier, bom in Fau-
qnicr county, Virginia, was one of the »' "' ' '

in the war of tSta. Died in 183&

Ken'r^n. (Jambs Bbnjamw,) a clergyman-poet,
bom at Frankfort, New York, in 1858. He studied
theology and entered the Methodist ministry. He
published " In Realms of Gold," " An Oaleo Pipe,"
and other volumes of poetry.

Kenyon, (John,) an English poet, bom in Jamaica
about 1783, inherited an ample fortune. He published
" A Day at Tivoli, with other Poems." Died in 1856.

KuTon, (LtOYnv) Lokd, an eminent English law-

Sir, and chief justice of the king's bench, was born tf
reddlnglon, m Flintshire, October 5, 173a. He b*
came in 1754 a member of Uncoloa Inn, and wak
admitted to the bar in 1761. With too high a sense
of honour to employ artifice, and having no inftuenda,
friends to assist him, sever;U years elapsed before he
obtained practice. In 1779 he distinguished himself by
his able defence of Lord George ffordon, on trial I61
treason. Three years later he was made attomey-genetaL
In 1788 he was appmnled chief justice of the king's bench
and was nused to the peerage, with the title of Lord Ken-
yon, Baron Greddington. He died in iSoa, after having

amilll'H a taige fortune. Lord Kenyon was ^nerally
popular, though hi* extremely parMmonious habits, added
to bk overbearing and haughty manner towards die bar-
'ite juikes, made him
lis professioi

overbearing and haughty
rister* as well as towards his ai_ . . y
no favourite with the member* of his prottt
Jaatice, he was distinguished for his strict adherence to
the letter of the law, and for his impartial severity upon
offenders of every rank.

Sh Lou CAKmLi, " UTEt^oT Iha Chief l^i.

tc. of Lord KenjpoD," LoDdoa, iH

^Mk;^wtt; i/tar^: t'*j:o,'»,wi,giittiirai; v,HMal; t^irHUd;!

iaOu. ()^~5eeEiplanationa,pk93.)

d by Google

KEPLER M

Court of Chancerjp in IreUnd." In 1856 he beoune «
judge of the common pleas. Died Scplcmber 30^ 1878.

Kefdar, kipntr, or Keppl«r, [Ijtf. KiPii'KtJS,!
(JoHANN,) a celebrated German utTonomei, born at or
near Weil, in Wiirtembern, on the 37lh of December,
1571. Hia father, Henry Kepler, lost twarW all his prop-
erty by becomine surety (61 a friend, and was reduced
to the position (rf Uvern-keeper at Elmendingen. About
15S6 he entered the monastic school of Maulbionn,
where he was educated at the expenje of the Duke of
Wurtemherg. He continued his siadies at Tiibingen,
which he quitted in 1591 with the degree of tiuster.
In 1 594 he was appointed professoT of mathematics at
Gt^tz, in Styria. He published, under the title of
"Hyxterium Cosmographicum," (1596,) an account of
to inqairies and speculations in relation to the number,
distances, and periodic times of the planets. In 1597 he
married a widow named Barbara von Muller. Kepler
■ltd the other Protestant professor* were driTen from
Griiti by persecution about l6oa He visited Tycho
Brahe, who then resided near Prague, and who intro-
duced him to the emperor Rudolph. At the request of
Rudolph, he began to assist Tvcno in the formation of
Mlronomical tables ; but his relations with that Mtrono-
met were not very agreeable to dther.

On the death of T^ho, in October, t6oi, Kepler suc-
ceeded him as principal mathematician to the emperor,
with a salary of 1500 florins, and inherited his unpub-
lished obsenations. He published In 1604 an important
contribution to the science of optics, entitled a " Supple-
ment to Vitellio." After he obtained the patronage of
the emperor he resided for tome years at Una. In 1609
be produced hi* greaiett srork, "Aslronomia nova, •e>
Phyiica celeatis tradila Commentaiiis de Motibus Stella
Martis" in which he announced two of the laws which
regulate the periods and motiotis of the planet*, attd
which are known as Keplet'a Laws. These are : i, that
the orbits of the planets are elliptial ; 1, the radiua-
ndor, or line exteniling from a t^onct to the aun, de-
fcribe* or passes over e<}iul areas in equal times ; j, the
squares of the periodic timet of planets are proportional
to the cubes of their mean distance* from the aun.
"The** laws constitute undoubtedly," san Sir John
Herachel, " the matt important and beautinil system of
geometrical relations which have ever been discovered
Ey a mere inductive process, ind«>endent of any coii-
tMeration of a theoretical kind. They comprise within
them a compendium of the motions of oil the planets,
and enable us to assign their place* in their oitnts at any
instant of lime, post or to come." "This beautiful and
simple law," say* Professor Playfair, in reference to the
third law, "had a value beyond what Kepler could pos-
^bly conceive ; yet a sort of scientific instinct instructed
him in its great importance. He has marked the year
and (be day when il became known to him : it was on
the 8lh of May, 16:8," Hi* thin] law was discovered
with infinite taiisfiction In 1618. and announced in his
" Harmonicc Mundi," (1619,) the title and contents of
which recall the idea* of Pythagoras on celestial har-
mony. Kepler imagine* that in this music of the spheres
Saturn and Jupiter perform the bass. Mars the tenor,
and the Earth and Venus the lUmte-teiUrt. He con-
vdered the sun to be the source of motion as well as of

tnl of his salaiy, and often felt the presauie of poverty.
After the death of Rudolph, (161J.) he was appointed

Srofestor of maihemalics al Lint His first wife having
led, he married Susanna Rettinger, about 1614. In
1620 he wa* visited by Sir Henry Wolton, an English
ambassador, who invited him to remove to England:
but he declined. He eipended the labour of several
Tears on his ** Rudolphine Tables," which were published
in 1637 and were highly prized. Among bis important
works is his "Dioplrica, (161 1,) in which be describes
the astronomical telescope with two convex lensc*. The
Invention of this fonn of telescope ia a*i7ibed to him.
Kepler wa* so devoted to science, aiul had so little re-
gard for riches, except those of the mind, that he used
to say he would rather be the author of the works he
had written than posses* the duchy of Saxony. He died

3a KERCKHERDERE

at Rab'sbon in Norember, 1630^ leaving four tons and
three daughters.

S« DtlHKWATU Bbtuvhi, " Life of Kej^er." In tha " Ljbnrj
or UkTuI Koowledn ;" BaaiTscHwian. "Kepif™ Lib™ nnd Wii^
ken," i9]i : Sia David Biawsni. " Maniri of Sdcnz," A^\ ;
Aa«cm"N«lMb(oEnpfai<>iKi."lai>Eii. : Da. F. HoaFn. intda
in Ilw " Nwnlle Diocnpliic GbinSt :" " Forcin QtiMntrlj lU-
new"&« JiiH.ilj;i^'A<biiIieUDDihI]r"f» Ajnil, iS«d.

at B3Je, Strasburg, and Konigsberg, and w
work*. Died in 1663.

Keplsnia. See Kepler, (Joh*nn.)

Xefi'pfl, (Augustus.) an English admiral, son of
William, Earl of Albemarle, was born in 1715. In 1761,
aa commander of a small squadron, he captured Bells'
Isle, and the following year was created rear-admir^ o(
the blue. In 1778 he became admiral. He was subse-
quently raised to the peerage, as Viscount Keppel, Baron
CIden, and was twice appointed first lord (rf the adml-
raltv. He was accused by Sir Hugh Palliser of neglect
of duty in an action agaiiut the French in July, 1 778, and
was tiled bpa court- martial, by which he was honourably
acquitted. Died in 17S6.

Ke^Ml, (Lady Caroune,) the reputed author of thg
popular song " Robin Adair," wa4 born in Scotland about
■735* She was the daughter of the second Earl of Al-
bemarle, and married Robert Adair, an Irish surgeon,
in opposition to the wishes of her ^rnily.

Eepp«l, Earl of Auibmakle. See Albemarlk.

Ksppol, (George Tkouas,) an English officer, born
in 1799, was » son of the Earl of Albemarle. He was
elected to Parliament in 183a and in 1847, and in 1851
succeeded to the earldom. He published a "Jonmejp
acroM the Balkan." Died January 31, 1S91.

KepplOT. See Ksplrr.

Kopptfr, (Joseph Frrdinahd,) a di*tlng«ished csri-
catnnst, bom in Vienna, (Austria,) February a, 1S38.
After working as a photographer, caricaturist, and SDe>
ceufiil comedian, he came to the United State* about
1869, and was a theatrical manager at Saint Loui*. In
1B73 he became connected with a weekly periodical hi
New York, and in tS76 founded " Puck,** a well-known
and inccessfiil comic paper. Died February 19, 1S94.

K«r, kfr or kar, (John,) of Kersland, a 9.caSA
philologist, was profe**ar of Hebrew at Edinbaivh. Ha
was employed a* a political agent by William IIL, and
pnbliabed "Hemcut* and Secret Negotiationa," (3 vola.,
>73&) He was bom in 1673, and died in 172&

Kar, (John,) an eminent Ublit^raphei, bom in London
in 1740, was the son of Robert, Duke of Roxburgh, whom
he succeeded in 175; in the Scottish dukedom, and also in
the British peerage a* Earl ajid Baron Ker of Wakefield
He died in 1804. In the accumulation of hia library,
which is said to have been the most valuable private
collection in Great Britain, he exhibited remarkable
industry and rare judgment The sate of these book*
after his death produced 1 great sensation in the lite-
rary world. One — " II Decameroite di Boccaccio" — wai
■old (or £»as°-

En, (Robert.) See Carr.

Eer Porter. See Porter. (Robekt Ker.)

Eeralio, d«, d?h k^h-rTleV, (Louis FtLtx Onine
ment — gin'm&K',) a French officer and AMAm&wr, born
in Brittany in 1731- He wrote, besides other work*,
one upon the "General Principles of Tactic*." Died in

Kintrj, da, dfh ki'rt'tRe', (Auruste Hilarion,)
a French Uuirateur and statesman, bora at Renne* m
1769. He was twice chosen a member of the Chamber
of Deputies, in 181S and in iSlT, and was made a peer in
1837. Among his principal works are " Moral and Phyat-
ological Inductions," (1817,) and several romances and
poem*. Died in 1859.

KeTBtiy, de, (^milb,) Count, a French author,
bom at Paris in 1833. He served in the army 1854-
65, and subsequently was in public life [or a few years.
He wrote "AbonChat bon Rat," (1856,) " La Vie
de Club," (1863,) " ATravers le passe," (1887,) etc

E«TOkberd«T«, klRk^R'dfh-rch, (Jan Gbraakt.)

Dutch philologist and theologian, bom near Hacatifcbt

1, 1, 1, 4 a, y, A»¥.' *T *. *, •ame, less prolonged; », ^ 1, 8, a, J, «*firt; fc fe i, g. «fartff»; flj, All, at; mb; nftti f»di w««i

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

tbe reign of Charln I)

KERCKHOVE

ilMMt 16711. tic was piofetsor at LouTmn, and ifr<
Ntenl works. Died in 173&

KOTOkhove, van den, vtn dCn ktRk'bo'vfh, (J'
PolTANDKB,) a Protnuni theologian, of Dutch eitrie-
bon, born at Mcu in 156& In i5og be wu appointed
to tlie ehaii of theology in the Univewtjt of LeJRlen, of
■bich he waa sobaeqaentlj' chocen rector eight tine*.
Kedin 16461.

Karokhove, van dm, mitten also Kerokohore^
(JosKPH,) an able Flemish painter, bom at Brnger ='
1669. He pamted sacred history. Died in 1734-

Kervam- (Blerlm- or K«ryin-) 'TT'*", ker-ccm' Kin,
became sovereign of Persia in 1750. He was an ?hi>
vairioT, lawgiver, and staicsman. Died about l7Sa

KVWot noHN Barrett,) D.D., LI.D., a bishop,
bora in Dublin, Ireland, March i, 1816. He came in
iti9 ID the United State*, took orders in the Episcopal
Chorch, was assistant professor of Latin and Greek in
Saint Fanl's College, on Long Island, ftoin 1S37 to i£4l,
was rector of the College of Saint James, in Maryland,
from 1843 to 18&4, and president of Trinitjr Coiiege, Hart-
bod, from 1864 to 186& In 1S6G he was coi\secrated
Bishop of Pittsburg. Died Tulj 10, 1S81.

KMVii4lBn>TrteiarM), oe, df h kCa'giilfiN' tRl'mf-
ift', (Ives Joseph,) a cclebiated French navigator, born
It Quimpcr, in Brittany, in 1745. Having previously
visited the North Sea, he set out in 1771 on a voyage ic
the South Sea, and the following year discovered, in 49
south latitude, the island to which Captain Cook f;ave.
in 1776, the name of Kerguelen's Land. He published
a "Narrative of a Voyage to the North Sea and the
Shores of Iceland, Greenland," etc, (1T71,)
Atxoiml of Two Vovages in the South Sea and the
Ii»dies,"(i78a.) Died 101707.

K«rtwllet, a», dfb kt'rrli', (CKARun Fhiupfb,)
a French hydrographer, bom in Bnitan; in 1809. He
became a captain in the navy, and was employed manj
nars in eorveying the coast of Africa. He published a
■ Hannal for the Navigation of the West Coast of Africa,"
(3 vob., 1S53.) Died in Paris in 1863.

Keii, ki'ree, (pRAttcis Borgia,) a historian and Jesuit,
bom al Zemplin, in Hungary, wrote a " History of the
Empire of the East." Died in 1769.

Keil, (JOHtf or JAnos,) a learned Hungarian l»shop,
who wrote " Ferocia Martis Turcid," a nistory of the
lEflerent TorliBh invasions of Hungary. Died in 1685.

X^Am-KhAn. See KERBEU-KHitN.

Xem, kiRn, (J. Comraa,) a Swiss atatesmsn ol the
liberal pam, was born al Berlineen m 180& He be-
came president of the Federal Tribunal in 1850, and
President of the republic in 187;. Died in 1888L

Ksm, kdn, (Vincenz,) a skilful German surgeon,
tiom at Grits in 1760. He became professor of surgery
ID the University ot Vienna, and is ssid to hsve intro-
teced important reforms in the practice of surgery. He
published severil professional works. Died in 1829.

Kwr'naban, (COULSON,) an English author, was
bom at Ilfracombe in iSjS, and educated at St. Al-
bans. Among bis works are " A Dead Man's Diary,"
(1S90,) " Book ol Strange Sins." (1893,) "God and
the Ant," (1895,) "Captain Shannon,'' {1897,) etc.
Xaroar, kta'afr, (Andreas JuniNUS,) a German
lyric poet, bom at Ludwigsburg in 1736. He published
n iBti "Travelling Shadows, by the Magic-Lantern
Flxyer," a work of great humour and originality, in 1817
'Romantic Poem^"' and in 1853 "The Last Bunch of
Bbxaoois." Buthismostfamous work was "The Seeiess
xA Prevorst," (1819,) a biographical sketch ot Frederike
M*"*r. who claimed to have communications with the
spirit-world. He died February 31, 1S61.

KaroiMl, kir'roo-tl', or Qaritonallle, ki'roo'tl' or
kfroo'fy^ (Louise Penhoet,) Duchess of Portsmouth,
1 mistress of Charles IL of England, was bom in France
about 1651. She went to England as maid of honour to
Henriette, the queen of Charles I., and received the title
di Dnchew 1/ Portsmouth in 1673. She is said to have
««d her influence to promote the designs of Louis XIV,
Diedm 1734.

XoT, kfr or kar, (Robebt.) a Scottish surgeon and
•demi&c writer, born about 1755, was a ir.emlxr of the

fasi,-;asr;gA0'^/Aas/-O,K,K,;Ni»(ni/,'N,iu[<i/,-R,iyi//ir^,-iasi; thasin/^V. (^

System of linnnus," "The Natural History of Qoad-
mpeds and Serpents," and a "HistOTy of Scotland during
the Rei^ of Robert Bruce." The firsi and second are
translations. Died in 1813.

SuCiuim*, "BiognphialDictionfTel Kaintat Semimi "
KMwdnt. See Dubas, DC. (CljiiaK Lechat.)
Esrsaint, d«, dfh kia'slN', (Akuand Gui Simok,)
Count, a French naval commander, born in Fails ^wot
1741. After the commencement of the Revolntion he
made his residence in Paris, where he became a member
of the Jacobin Club. Heafterwards joined the Girondists,
and, as a member of the Convention, boldly opposed the
execution of the king and the extreme measures of th«
Jacobins. He was proscribed and executed in Decern-
ber, 1793.

Kerasnbrock, kCr'sfn-bRdc', (Hermann,) a German

historian, bom in the county of LJppe in 1536. His chief

work is a " History of the Anabaptists of^Mdnster," (in

Latin.) Died in 1585.

K^i«7, (J_OHi4,i sn English mathematician, lived ir

a work on Algebra,

.•rMaboon, ktBs'sfh-bem', (Willbu,) a Dutch
statistician, bom in 1691, wrote a number of valuaUe
works on population, mortality, etc. Died in 1771.

See HHrscKUHC, "Notk> u' b Vii do Ker••Ibolla^" iSu:
" Noindk Bior^Me G^nlrak."

KarrillatB, de, d«h kaR've'yiR', (Jeak Marir,) a
French Jesuit, bom at Vannes in 1668, He produced a
version of Ovid's Elegies, (1734.) Died in 174J.

Eerryn da iMttmbove, k;r-vln' (or ktRWlH') dfh
llt'tfn-ho'y^h, {Joseph Marie Bruno Constantim,) a
Belgian historian, bom near Bruges in 1817. As a
legislator, he was long a distinguished supporter of the
Catholic party, and he was minister of the interior it)
1S70 snd 1S71. Among his numerous works are a
" History of Flanders," and a translation of Milton's
works. His writings are in French. Died in 1S91.

KoMT Daa, kis'li dis, a Brahman author, who wrote
in Hindee. His writing include the " Raaikvrija," a
treatise on rhetoric, (written in 1J92 a.d.,) the " Kama-
chandrika," (a religious poem, l6oa,| the " Bhakta 1ilam<
rita," an exposition of Vaishnava doctrine, etc His

arks are much read in India.

Ktalvi. ki'sf-v^ written also Ceaava and EA^ava,
[from the Sanscrit word ktii, "hair," probably cognate
with the Ladn aetariei, having the same signification.)
iLe. "having beautifijl hair,") an efnthet of Krishna.
(wbkh see J alsot a surname of Booddha.

EMh'nb Cbnn'der B«ii, (Baboo.) written alio
Babn KMab Cltandia S«n, an East Indian religious
leader, born in Bengal, December 19, 1838. He was
educated at Calcutta, partly under English inBuences.
Having rejected caste and idolatry, be joined the Brahma
Samaj founded by Rajah Rammohun Roy, of which he
became one of the leaders. In 1S66, he, with the more
pronesuve members of the society, broke away (rom the
old Brahma Samaj, and formed "the Brahma Samaj of
Iiuiisi." Died at Calcutta, January 7, 1SS4.

KmhI, Tan, vtn kh'sfl, (Ferdinamd,) a distin-

Gbhed painter, born at Antwerp in 1660, was patronised
John Sotrieski, King of Poland, and William IIL of
E^ngland. His death is variously dsted in 1696 and about
1710.

See PtuciHOTOH. " DJctiomiT «f Puinlen."
KmmI, kes'sf 1, or Kew^ wan, vin kes'sfls, (Jai^
THE Elder, a Dutch artist, bom at Antwerp in i6i£^
excelled in painting animals, fruits, snd flowers. His

Krtraits and landscapes were also of superiw merit.
■ was the bther ot the preceding. Died about 1693.
van, (Jan,) the Youncek, the son, or, ac-
some writers, the nephew, of the preceding
at Antwerp idxmt 164&. He was one of the
best portrait-painters of hi* time ; and some of his works
have been mistaken for those of Van Dyck. Having
visited Spain, he was appointed in 16S6 court painter to
Charles IL His portraits of the two queens of Charle*
and that of Philip V. of Spain are ranked amwig his
Diedin 1708.

-See Explanations, p. S3.i

X;i,ti7ed::yC00t^lc

KESSEL

A, Tmn, (NiCOLAAS,) > painter, born at Antweip

ji 1684, was a nephew of Ferdioand, noticed abort; He
adopted the style o[ David Teoieia. Died in 1741,

Keasalf Talti (THVODOiLtif,) a Flemiih engraver, bom
at Antwerp about 1610, engraved aome worki of Riibena>
and hisloncal aubjecta after aeveral Italian nualert.

KMMla, kea'sfls, (Hatthias,) one of the moat dia-
tingulshed Dutch tcnlptort of recent titnea, *aa bom at
Uuatricht in 1 784. Among his best works are a coloasal
accne from the Deluge, a " Hadonna," a *'Cnpid aharp-
anlns his Arrow," and a "Discobolna." Died at Rome
Itii83&

S« tamo Gkiau)!, "Vita di K. Kmili," tttt; Njuua,

EMtnar.keafDfr, (CuiumAH Wiuuut,) a German
phytidan, bom in Thuringia in 1694. published " Biblio-
Iheca Medica," (t74&) Died in 1747.

KM or Kett, (Robert,) a tanner, of Norfolk countj,
England, was the chief leader in a lebellioo which
ocnrred in 1549, during (he ptolectorate of Somerset.
After several consideraEle successes, he was at length
defeated by Dudley, Earl of Warwick. Soon after be
was taken prisoner and hung at Norwich Castle. Ket's
rebellion— or, as it is commonly called, the Norfolk re-
bellion— was "remarkably" says Fronde, "among other
thing*, for the order which was observed amonp the
pe«>3e during seven weeks of lawlessness." (*■ History
of England, vol v. chap. zxvL)

E«t. (William,) of Norfolk, an English rebel, brother
of the preceding, was one of the leadera of the insurgents
who took Non^ch. He was banged in 1U9.

E«tboca or Ketbo^u, klt-lx/gf, a Mongolian by
bbth. and Sultao of Eicn*** "^ brought to that country
•a a slave b aj>> 138& He rapidly roae in rank, and
finally utade himself the aovereign <h Enpt In 1994. In
■1^ he was driven from the couniry bv his bvouritc
Laieen, (Lajtn or Ladjyn,) who succeeded him.

Keton'nm, (William Scott,] an American officer
in the Union army, bom at Norwalk, Connecticut, in
iStj. He served in the Ueiican war, and in 1863 was
made brigadier-general of volunteers. Died in 1S71.

K«tel, ki't^, (CoKNKLis,) a Dutch painter, born at
Gouda in 154S. He commenced hia atudies in Paris;
bnt, being a Protestant, he was soon driven from France
by Charles IX. About 1574 he went to England, where
be painted the portraits of Queen Elisabeth and of

Ketelaer, kt'tfh-llt', (Nicolaas,) one of (he earliest

He waa drowned, white tuthing, in 1833. Among h

vols., 1803,] and "Flowers of Wit," (1S14.)

Kett, (RoBBRT.) See Krr.

Kettelv,voii,fonk!ftth-lfr,(WiLHKLMEMAMUEL,)
a German Uahop and baron, bom at HUnster, December
35, iSit. He waa made a Catholic priest in 1844, and
ffishop of Mentt in iS5o> He became the leading nltra-
montane statesman of the German Reichst^, and pub-
lished many works bearing on the relstionship of church
and stale in Germany, and on kindred lubjects. Died
July 13, 1877.

Kattlawell, ket'lel-w^ (Johh,) an English Donjnring
divine, born in Yorkshire m 1653. He pnbJiahed b
1678 "Measures of ChristiaD Obedience," whidi waa
h^hly esteemed. He became rector of Coleshill about
I^ refiiaed to take the oath of allegiance to William
IIL in 16S9, and was ejected. His "rare integrity" is
commended t^ Macaul^. Died in 1695,

Sm Kauoo, "hOtal Ktsln*!]." inl.

er, ktt'n^, (Fuedkicb Ebkit,] a German
r art history and theology, born at Stollberg In

1671: died in I
Kttn,ki'tS&|

J4 KHADIJAH

monMer of Ae Hindoo nytholafTi in astronomy, tlie
draaon's tail, or descending node. (See RJtuu.)

Kstiahui, kB'Kfn, (RobutJ a poet and historical
writer, Iram at Geldem, floorished about 1660.

Kanlan, nui, vtn kfi^fn or kuh'l^, (Takseohs,) ■
Dutch painter, bom io 158a He was employed in Eng-
land by Charles L, and afterwards fixed lus residence at
(he Hague. Died in 1665.

Konlui, wan, (Lddolph,) a Dutch mathematician,
bom at Hildesheim. He wrote a treatise on the cird^

KVan den Cirkel," 1596,) and "Geometrical Problema.*
ied at Leyden In 1610.

Kbiiz, IiB. See Lk K>vx.

K«w, written alao ^air and Kisoi^ one of the names
given to Confiidna.

SMLic(z's"IifaaiidTiacliiii^afC(iBfbdiii,"cfa. *■ p-jS,

Eexlei. kfktOfT, (Sikoh,) a Swediah scholar, bom in
1603, wToicvariooa mathematical works. Died in 1669.

Key. See Caius.

K<ry. (Francis Scott,) an American jurist and poet,
born m Frederick county, Maryland, in 1779^ Having
lemoTcd to Washington, he became distIic^attomey a(
the Diairict of Cotnmbta. He was the author ofiha
popular national song of "The Star-Spangled Batmer,"
_.. -. "'dmtlE»3.

and a number of other pi

Kay, (Thomas Hswrrr.) an English philologist, bom
near London in 1799. Having gradnated at Cambridge,
he was invited in 1^4 to fill the chair of mathematics in

of Education. " In 1S74 he published "Language, its

"rigin and Development." Died November 39, 187^

Key, Id, (WiLLKH,) a portnUt-painter, bom at Breda,

In the Netherlands, ini 530 1 died in 1 568.

KeyoB, keei, (Ekasmvi D.,) an American geeeral.
bom in Hassachnsetta about tSit, graduated at West
Point in 1S31. He became a colonel in the regular army
in 1S61, and commanded a brigade at Bull Run, Tuly3i.
He commanded a ccwps at the baltie of Fair Oaks, Hay
31, 1S63, and at other battles in June of that year. He
publiabed " Fifty Yeara* Observations of Men and
Events," (1884,) etc. Died in 1895.

Keying kTrng', or Ky-In, kfin', a Chinese diplo>
malist, negotiated with the English the treaty of Nankia
in 1843, after which be was governor of Canton. He
&vourcd a Griendlypoliqr towarda Europeana, and wa
diuraoed by Hien-Fung m 1850^ bnt restored in 1853.

KeyUtKU, kll'hfiw, (Ebuuiart,) a painter, known i

Italy u;

at llelungor, in Denmark, in 1634. Alter atndying under

Rembrandt, he went to Rome, where he died in 1687.

Keyaar, da, d^h kl'z^, (NiCAisi,) an eminent Be^ian
painter, waa horn near Antwerp In iSl}. In 1836 lie
exhibited at Bmssds hit mcltire of "The Battle of the
Gcdden Spun." Among Kit other most admired workt
are "Tbe Battle of Woringen," "The Antiqnaiy," and
a "Crucifixion." Died July 17, 1887.

K«7aer, voti, vtn kl'zcr, sometimes written D«
Eeyaer, (Hendrie,) a Dutch architect and sculptor.

Keyeer, van, (Thomas,) a skilful Dutch portrait-
painter, born about 1595 ) died in 1679.

KejMrlliiK won, fon kl'if r-lin^, (Thierkv,) a Pms-
i!an general and UtUraOitr, bom in Couriand in 1698,
wax a friend of Frederick the Great. Died in 1745.

Sh UAuramn^ -fii«* dt t^frnTSmt-"

Keytler, Ut^, Uouann Georc,) a GermaD anti-
quary, bom at Thnmau in 16S3. He published "TraveU
in Germany, Italy," etc., (1 vols., 1741,) and other works.
Died in 1743.

S« lUaaauH, -HtjOa'm Ldm," ua.

German, Chadidscha,] written also Chitcttjali, a tli^
widow of Mecca, who married Mohammed the prophet
At the time of tbdr marriage she was abont farty yean

i. 1,1,4 a. ^ ^»^; *. *.fc •""^ le" piolongedi I, e, 1. 6, B, J. **»<; fc ft fc ft <*««««; ar, (111, ttti mfci n8t( fSMi »^

d by Google

KHADYJAH

chU^n,

wlulelie was Mily twenty-Ore. She bore him efghl

nn lUed <roang except Fttimah, wha

^ hii anum vtA EiToorile, Alee, (Ali,)

■n tA whom lUed y

■i iEkmi

"HonoorableWuTJor, , .

KuUnk'Eliaii, kl'ihln' kdHlook Kin,

the Mongoliin dymaa^, lucceeded to the imperial

of China A.D. 1308, el the age of Iwentjr-iiiiie. he wai

diniiigiiishcd tot bit abilitief u > conunander, and for

hisutrotiage of men of letters. Died A.D. Ijti.

JChalat Kl lif, ascended the throne of Sciitan, iu
EMstem Persia, abont A.D. 963. He wM a bold and ddl-
hl wanior and an able diplomatii^ bnt vu tieacheroM,
vnel, and tynmnical. After a reign of forty years, he
was conqaered by the emperor Hahmood of Gliaina,
who impnioned him till hia death, a.Dl iqoS.

KIiAl«d or Chaled, sSled, written also Caled,*
celebrated Arabian general, bom in 58a A.IX In the
third year of the Hejrah he completety rooted the army
of Mdnammed at the battle of Ohod. He aubcequently
embiaced the Hoelcm Euth, Gained nnmeroos important
rictoriea over its enemies, and received from the propliet
the title of "The Sword of God." Eastern writei* ascribe
It almost superhuman valour, which

M often stained with cnielty. Died about 643 A.iik

Kitaled-B«n(or-Iba)-Buinek. See Bakuecidu.

Kbale«l (KhBlIl) or Chain, Kl-tcel', (Aboo-Abd-

ar-Raluaai), I'bSO Ibd-er-riH'min,) a celebrated Arabic

grammarian ofBissora, bom about 7igit.D.; died in 7861

'"^-' — \ (KballlJ snrnamed Miuk-al-Ashraf,

■h'Vaf iij. the "Illuslriooi King,") eighth

S<ma, succeeded his father Kelfoon

1] A.D. 119a He took Acre from the European

iKcdt&n]
ChTistiai

■tenia in 9T1. He founded nnmeroiu

Mkcouragea Uteratnre and the fine arts. Died in 99a.

irh»f-#<fitj TT somettmes written 83utoiiadoor, b^
-ime Patriarch of Atmeoia In 105S. He was imprisoned
at Conttantiiiople by Constantine Ducaa, who afterwards
banished Urn to Cappadoda. Died in 1064.

Khell, Ktl, (Jonra ton Kkkllbuko,) a German
numismatist, bwn at Unx in 1714, published sereral
'sin Vienna. Diedini77)<
ttomnltmar, {Ivan Ivanovitcr.) See Ckui-

Kberukof or Kbenwkow, xCr'JU-koF, [written, in
German, Chuaikoh,] (Hichaki. MATVUvm^K,) a
dlatin^Ished Rnssian poet, bom in 1733. Among bit
principal works' may be mentioned " Rossiada," (17S5,)
an epic on the event of the Russiiins liberatiiig them-
selves from their Tartar oppressors. Died in 1S07.

Ehevsnliflller, Ki'v^-hlDlfr, (Franz Christopk,)
a German historian, bom in 1 JS9, rose to be imperial
tninitter of state. He wrote " Annales Ferdinandei," a
hittonrof the reign of Ferdinand II. Died in i6sa

KUlkof or KliilkoT, Kil'kot (Andiki Vakop Le-
TTTCH,) a Russian prince, sent as ambassador to Sweden
' Peter the Great b 1700. War having been soon
ir declared between the two countries, Charles XIL
ordered Khilkof to be thrown into prison. During his
confinement of eighteen years he wrote his celebrated
" History of Rua£b" He died at the isle of Aland, on
his retnm to Rni^ In ijiS.

Khnopfl. (Fbrnand,) s Belgian painter, bom in
1858. He received the Order of Leopold in recogni-
tion of his great merit as a painter, and became a
lea.ding spirit in the Sociele de Beaux Arts at BmsseU.

KbodB-Bend^ Ko'dfh bCn'd^ (Mohammu),)
sovereign of Persia, of the dynasty of the Sofees, (or
Sofys.) began to reign in 1J7S. He was a weak and
effuninate prince. During hit refgn the Turks and Tar-
tart ravaged his dominions. Died abont 1JS7.

Kbomarooykli or Ktaomwonykb, Ko-ml-roo'yfh,
auccceded bis ^tber, Ahmed, as Saltan of Egypt and
S7ria,.8S4 A.D., at the ue of fifteen. He earned on a
war with the caliph Miwtamed, whom he obliged to sue
for peace, and invaded the Greek empire, Irom which
he carried a rich booty. He was assassinated in S96.

K^oml<* kof, Ko-rae-l^of, Kboinlalcov, or Blltoiul*
akow, KD-rae-il'kov,(ALEXis Stefanovitck,} a popular
Russian poel, born about 1802. He published historical
dramas, called " Yermak" (or" lermak") and "The False
Demetrius," also lyrical poems, and some aUe prose

Bihondemear, Kbondemlr, or KhondemTr, Kon-
df-mees', a surname of ai7fla.«d-Deen* (CUyft*.
eddln) Utohanuned, ge-lss' ed-deen' mo-htm'med, a
Persian historian, and a ton or the eminent hisloiian
Mirkhond, was bom at Her&t In the second half of the
fifteenth century. He wrote a valuable universal hia-
ton, extending from the creation to 1471, also a work
called "The Friend of Biographies and Eminent Men,"
which Is highly commended. Died after ijis.

Khoong-Foo-tae. See CoNyucii;a,

Kbosroo or Khoam, Kos'roo', written also Klios-
ton, Khoarau, Kos'rSw, and Kboarvw, [Gr. XwpoqTt

ChTistians, whom he finally drove from Syria.

assassinated by his ameera, A.IX lagj.

Kludeel- (Khalll- or CbaU-) Be^ Kl-1eel' btg, of
Ac Tnrkoman dynasty, succeeded hit &lher, Ooioon
(Uzdd) Hassan, on the throne of Persis, K.l>. 147B. His
esccaaiTe cmel^ and oppresdon caused several revolts
among his tnbwcts, during mte of which he waa altiB
on the field of battle.

Kbaloal (KhaUl or dum) Paah^ grand vizier to
tbe Ottoman Sultan Amorath II, In 1444 he gained
ax Varna a dednve victory over the Chnstian allies.
In thia battle Ladialaas, King of Hungtry, fell Up<Mi
llie acceasion of Hahomet IL Khaleel still retained his
power, and commanded the Turldsh army at the capture
«f Conatantinople, in 1453. He was a fow days after

coodemned on a charge of bribery, and execnted.

Kliallfa AbduUaM. the chief general of the Mshdi,
was bora in Darfar about 1840. The massacre ai
Kturtoum Is altiibuted to him. He continued in aimt
after the death oi the Mahdi, resitted lot two year*
tbe advance of Lord Kitchener, but was finally over-
thrown at the battle of Omdeiman, in 1S98. At a sub-
sequent engagement on November 35, 1899, he was

defeated and killed, with his principal emirs and thou-

tltlds of bis troops.

KhalUkan. See Ibn-Kraluxan.

Kliaii Ann, kin aK-zoo', (or simply Atati,) an Urdu

(Ooidoo), or HindusUnee, poet, bom in 1689. He lived

at Delhi, and at Lucknow, where he died in 175& He

wrote good poems both in Urdu and in Persian, and left

an excellent Persian dictionary.
EIiang-Haek (or-m,) kliliighee. Emperor ofChiika,

of tbe dynas^ of the Mantchoo Tardus, was bom about

rfS3 A.I1. He succeeded his folher, Shun-Chee, (Chun.

Ic£^] at the age of seven jeara. In 1675 he quelled a

tinnidabte rebelUon raised i^ainst him 'aj the Chinese

nder Oo-san-Kwei. He afterwarda carried

U wars against the neuhbonriog nations, and reduced

■carlyallthepifaceaofTartarytovattalage. Historians

speak in the higbett terms of the jmtice, candour, libe

ttlity, and tolerant sririt of Ibis m<mard>. Dtediniyu.
KJiatobadoor, Kbatobadoni, or Ehatoluiau

Kl.chi-dook', an Aimenian poet and bishop, bom at

Ccsarea, in Cappadoda, about 1600. His poenu ate

thiefly of a religious and moral character.

Amk;^f»t;ihard; i^^j;ii,V,V.,g>atiir^; V,natal; %,tTmed;%»t: <i^at'\MitMit. (||3f~SeeEaplaaaiiona,p.33.)

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

N.) said to

signify "Generous Soul," the greatest of the Sassanlde
aoveteigns, was tbe son of KobU, (Cabades,) whom
be succeeded on the throne of Persia, a.ix wl. At an
early age he dltplayed extraordinary talents ifor govern-
ment, and upon nit accettjon to the throne immediately
commenced a refbmi, which the conupt reign of hn
Euher had rendered necettary. thr the retrencbment
of eipenditnrea, and other means, he greatly improved
the tUte of the finances. He appointed none but the
most efficient men to offices; be established a strict
and impartial justice throughout his dominions; he re-
modelled his army, and suppressed the Zendiks, who

rriiUD lUo Gnnhcddia.

KHOSROO M

JnMinimii, who pafd the PenUn monardi ten thoowid
pomi* of gold. He afterward* orried on wars with
nriout AaUtic nations, extending hii empire as br a*
the Indus. Alarmed al the incceuea of Bclisaiitu in
Itaiy and Africa, he resolved to strike a (udden blow.
In 540 he invaded Sjrria, pillaged and barned several
dtics, including Antioch, and look * mnltiMde of pris-
ooera and an immense amount o( bootjr. Tb« next year
he was opposed by Belisarin*, one of the greatest gene-
rals of that or of any age. The Roman commander, with
a small number of ill-disdpllned soldien, Micoeeded in
holding in check: the innumerable hoMt of Persia. But
in }41 this great general wa* teudletU and Khosroo,

hanng now nothing to fear, went from vilctoiy to victory.
The war continued nntil 563, when Justinian purchaaed
a treaty for thirty thoosand pieces of (old. Hostilities

Sain renewed under the emperM lostin, and the
Persia met at length with a touJ defeat, in ^78,
from Justinian, the general of the emperor Tibenus.
Khotroo died in 579. The lone and beneficent reign of
this prince is mentioned by Oriental poets as the golden
age of Persia. His vinues, his wise and efficient meas-
ures for the welfare of his subjects, hit conqneats, his
liberal encouragement of literature and sdence, attested
by the numerous colleges and libraries which he founded,
all rendered it worthy of this eminent distincliun. A
Pehlvi translation of the celebrated Bidpa^ 01 Pilpay

V Di Sac

," Mm

MLOT, " BiblioUitque Orienuk." wtide " Mcnuchiivlii.

KboaiOO, Sioarn, or Khoarmn (or Choaroes) IL.
tnmanied PA»VKEiorPABwIz,p|r'veei',«^. the-'Gene-
roos," son of Hormisdas IV,, and grandson of Khosroo
L, was raised to the throne of Persia upon the deposition
lA his btbcr, A.a 59a He was soon after driven from

sovereign, with a powerlol army, overthrew the rebels
and reinsUled Khosroo. In 603 Maurice was asaasain-
ated tiy the usurper Phocas, Khosroo immediately took
up arms to avenoe his death, and by a series of victories
in a few years subjugated the greater part of the Greek
empire, and at length appeared before the gates of Con-
stantinople. Heradius, the saccessor of Phocas,havinR
vainly attempted to obtain a bvourable peace, Tcv>lved

avely to mecl his foe in the field. Hegained repeated

Dorics, and in five yeara drove the Persians out of

every province which they had wrested bx>m the empire.

Khosroo was assassinated in 63& He had married
Christian lady named Shereen, (Shirtn,) distinguished fo
her exquisite beauty. She poisoned heiself at his grave
The romantic and unchanging affection of iheae loya
■ ' - ''--'■' d the

S« HaLDOUi. "HiHDir eC Peru:" La Bkad, "Kiuoin 1!
Bit- Empire."

KhoBioo, KboBioo, or BStoam I, Kingof Armeni; .
Blimamed the Gkeat, a brave prince and able general,
ascended the throne 198 a. D. He conquered the nations
of the Khaiars and Basiliens, and overran the greater part
of the Persian dominions. He was assasnnated in 233.

Kboaroo, Eboaron. or Khoani TX^ the second
Christian King of Armenia, and a contemporary and
ally of Constantine the Great, ascended the throne in

upon the throne of Persian Armenia by the King of
Persia in 387, whilst the legitimate king Arsaces ruled
that part of Armenia which belonged to the Romans.
Khosroo gained several important victories over the
neighbounng nations, and upon the death of Arsaces
annexed Roman Armenia to his own dominions. In 391
the King of Persia, suspecting Khosroo of the design
to render himself independent, took him prisoner, and
placed another prince on his throne. Alter remaining
in captivity twenty-one years, he was restored to his
kingdom. His death occurred soon after.
S« Ls Bkau, " Hitton da Bu- Empire.*'

~ ^ ~ Se* COK-

S KIELHORN

KboirararaiL See Al-Khowarzzul

KholleeL See Khai.k>i.

^'T'""'. khoouB, a god of tbe ancient Egyptian*, w

god.

. kik, (CoMiius,) an wt6a», celebrated aa a
painter of flowers and portrait*, was bwn in Anaterdan
in 163s ; died in 1675.

Kldd, (Bbnjamih,) an English author, bom in
1S58. Me entered the Inland Revenue department id
1877 and resigned :n 1897. His "Social Evolution,"
(1894.) attracted wide attention, and has been fre-
quently reprinted and translated. It was followed by
"The Control of the Tropics," (1898.)

Kldd, (John,) an English chemist, born tn 1775, waa
professor of chemistry, or medicine, at Oxford. He
wrote, besides other work*, tbe Bridgewaler Treatise
" On the Adaptation of External Nature to the Phydcal
Condition of Han." Died in iSji.

Eldd, (Sahubl,) an English OrienUlist, bom at Hull

I So I. He went a* missionary to Malacca, and after
his return waa professor of Chinese in the University of
London. He published "Illustration* of the Symbols
of China," (1841.) Died in 184].

Kldd. (WiLUAM.) a pirate, born in Scotland about
165a. He is known to local tradition as Robrrt Kidii.
In 1696 he was intrusted by the British government with
the command of a privateer, and sailed from New York
for the purpose of suppressing the numerous pirate*
then inf ' " " '^" ""- *-"-

He was arrested at Boston in 1699, a

of his plunder was afterwards recovered. He was soon

•ent to England for trial, and waa executed in 1701.

Kld'dfT, (Daniil Pabisii,) D.D., an American
Methodist clergyman, bom in Genesee county. New
York, in 181S- He graduated at the Wesleyan Uni-
versily, Connecticut, and in 1836 settled a* a ^tor al
Rochester, New York. In 1837 he went as a missionary
to Brazil, where he introduced the Scriptures in the
Portuguese language. He published, besides other
works. " Sketches of a Residence and Travels in Bra-
til," {1845) Died in 1891.

Kld'dft, (RiCHAiD,) a learned English theologian,
entered Cambridge UniveTsity in 1649, and, after vanon*
preferments, srasappanted Dean of Feterboiw^ in 16S9.
He waa raited tnp William MIL to tbe lec of Bath and
WelU in 1691, at sncceasor to Bishop Ken. He wrote
" A Commentary on the Pentateuch," a ■■ Demunstratioa
oftheMee*iaB,''and several other works. Diediniyos.

Su If HCADUV, " HittscTDT Enckinl," vol t.

Kld'dfT'Diiii'atfT or KTd'fr-niTii'atfr, (Rits^
AU\) an English monk, distinguished as a preacher
and scholar, was bom in Worcestershire. He puUished
a Latin treatise against the doctrines of Lulhet. Died

fFlfr, <Hi>su,) D.D.,

-- the ministrr of the German Kefbrmcd Church i..
1839, and hela various tucceufiil pastorate*. He waa
president of Heidelberg College, and professor in tbe
theological school at Tiffin. Ohio, i85(-4S4, and retained
the professorship until 1S67. He altcrwards held aa
honorary professorship at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania,

Kiel. (Cdkhius van.) See Kilian.

KleL keel, (Fbiedkick,) a Prussian mnsidan and
composer, bom at Puderbach, on the Lahn, October 7,
l83t. He it a professor of music at Berlin. Kiel ranks
as one of the ablest contrapuntists of the present century.
His " Canons and Fugues,*' his "Mista Solemnis," (186^)
and bis "Requiem," (1861,) are excellent. |D.tn tSS5.)

KleUioni, keel'hoKn, (Fkane Lorenz,) a Gerwan
Sanscrit scholar, born at Osnaburg, May 31, 1840. He
studied at Gottingen, Breslau, London, Berlin, and Ox-
ford. In 1S66 he was appointed professor of Sanscrit in
the Deccan College al Poonah, and in i8S3 he became
professor at Gottingen. Besideseditiona and translations
of various texts, he published a "Sanscrit Grammar,"
(1S70; 3d edition. iSSa] ■•

I, «, 1, 0, a, y, /«v; 1. *. 4. «rae, less prolonged; i, J, 1, 5, a, J,a«-(; », ¥. i, 9, •*««<«; fir, fill, flt i nilt; iiilt; g«dj m

Digitized by CjOOQ I C

KIELLAND

ind, kylllind, (Albxandkr L.,) a Noiwegian
uthot, born at SEaTanser, Februair 18, 1S49. He wr
educated at the UniTenin Christiania, and became
nuumJacturcT. He published "Gartnan og Worse,"
romance. "Arbeidafolk," (a noYel, 18S1,) many ihort
tales, scTCral bright and liTely pieces for the stage, and -
" Life of Kiistian Elsler," (1883.) His earlier works ar
in the manner of ZoJa; his later ones are better and
More (KiginaL Died April 6, 1906.

KlalmersT, tod, fbn keel'ml'f r, (Kabi. FkiBDRiCH,)
■ German naturalist and professor, bom near Tiibingon
tn 176^ He published a "Trtaliae on the Rei tions of
Organic Forces," (1793.) Covier, who was his pupil,
•peaks ofbitD as the bunder ofihe modern philosophical
•chool. Died in 1S44.

Sm V(wUuTiDi,"DeiikRdtiiirC. Y.toBV^«imK3vi."tA^

ITIwlaaw, keel'sfo or ke-tl'sfn, (Frbduic Chris-
TIAJt,) a Danish naturalist, born at Copenhagen in
1774, wrote on zoologr and botany, a " Naloral History
rf Birds," (iSio,) and other works,

Klen-LoonK (or -LmiB,) ke-en1<)^g, written also
■" — » -inj, bom in 1710, succeeded his father, Ynnj-
<a the imperial throne of CUiut io I73^ He
k Tartary and Thibet to sabjection, and
_ ... eroiu lortreMes throoghout bis vast em-
pbe^ It was in 1771^ during the reign of this emperor,
that the Tor^oots, a Mongolian tribe numbering about
yXMloo and mhabiting the country near the Volga, left
mdu homes, and, tiaTelUng eastward, after incredible
•nfiiani^, finallr reached the confines of China. Kieu-
EjxmV welcomed them warmly, and allotted ihem ample
tcnitotj for their future home. As a prince, he was wise,
JlM^ and beneficent He was noted for his love of lite-
lauuc, and for the liberal encooragement which he gare
Io learned men of every nation. Died in 1799.

Sw Fomx D'UUAN, " Diwnn mt I'Enpacur Kim-Lav,'

E.: "Naumlk KAcmiiit Gteliak." For an inter^nf •ceaoD.
■fihtoagmKniof ilM_Timo«m, w«DmQphicmv. "NuniheaBd

KUan-IinnSi See Kikn-Loohg.

XIaoh, (pronounced almost kew,) a name given to
Confucius in his childhood. (See Cohfuciub.)

Klapwt, kee'pist, (Hiinkich,) a GcmiBn geogra-
pher, bom in Berlin in iSiS, published a number of
excellent maps, among which are the "Atlas of Hellas
IGreece] and tbe Hellenic Colonies," "Maps of Asia
■Gnor," and an "Historical-Geographical Atlas of the
Ancient World." Died Apri) 21, 1899.

Ktorings, kee'rings, (Alexander,) a skilful land-
Bcape-painler, bom in Hollat>d in 15901 died in 164&

KIWThwgaard, hyCit'kf-goRd', (S8rbn Aabve,) an
eminent Danish philosopher, bom at Copenhagen, May
f, 1813. He studied at the university of thai town, and
became a theolcwian, but was never ordained. He left
some thirty books, and many manuscript writings; but
hii'moet notewotlhy book is •'Entcn— Ellor," (" Either—
Or.") B philosophical deience o£ Christianity. Died at
Copenhagen, November M, 1855. Hb "Life," by G.
Brandcs, (1877.) >» a very brilliant and aWe work.

Klannau, keea'miti, (GufTAr,) a Swedish patriot,
bom in 1703. He was elected seven times a member of
OeDiet. Died in 1766.

Kieaal. kee'i^r. [DlBTWCH Ghorc.) a Gei

nlial and medical writer, born at Haiburg, in Hanover,
ta 1779! died '

EiMorarett
tkanted German writer, bom
He wrote, in Latin, many works, Died in 1744.

Kiea«vrattar, (Raparl Gkoic;,) a German writer on
■MJc, bom in Moraria in 1773. Among his productions
Me treadaes " On the Music of the Modern Greeks" and
*0n the Music of the AraUana." He was an uncle oj
Aalxas, the historian of mnai& Hi* musical compoei-
bona are very namerooa. Died in iSja

Beailng. kees^ng, (Jouakh Rt^DoLPii,) a German
hutettant theologian, bom al Erfurt in 1706; died in
1778.

37 KILIJ-ARSLAN

MeaHnfc (Lkopold,) an eminent Gernun sculptor,
bom at SchSneben, in Austria, in 177a. He worked ia
Vienna, and became sculptor to the court Among his
works are a bust of tbe Archduke Charles, ana the
monument of Von Hammer- Purgs tall. Died in iSt?.

S« Nacuh, "AUgamaiua KflnMtn-Lcxiliiiii."

KJPfin or Eirf^n, (William,) an English merchai:t
and preacher, born in t6i& He amassed a large fortnue

S' trade, and afterwards became a dissenting minister.
ied in 1701.

Sh Uacaduv, " HIiloiT irf EofUnd," vaL H. dup. li

BUklcfrt^ (Ahtoon,) a Dutch admiral, bom at Vlie-
land in 1763; died abouliSjS.

Kllboume, kil'burn, (James,) an American pioneer,
bom in New Britain, Connecticut in 1770- He organised
about 1801 the Sdolo Company which settled in Ohi<^
and waa a member ol Congrcs* from 1S13 to 1S17. Hi
was a clergyman of the Episcopal Church. Died al
Worthington. Ohio, April 9, 1850.

Kilbye, killie, P (Richard,} an English fivine, bora
at Ratcliffe, in Leicestershire, about 155a He was pro-
fessor of Hebrew at Oxford, and one of the translator!
of the Bible. Died in 1610.

KUbye, (Richard,) an English minister, author of
"The Burden of a Loaded Conscience." Died In 1617.

KU-dSrtt', {Thomas Fitzgerald,) Karl or, an Irish
nobleman, bom about i«i4, was a son of Gerald, Earl
of Kildare. He rebelled against the King of England
in iS34i and was taken prisoner, sent to England, and
ejiecuted at Tybum in 1537.

Klllon, keeHe-ln' or kit'c-»n, (BARTaLOMXus,) a akil-
ful engraver, born in Augsburg in i6m vras the son and
pupil of Wolfgang, noticed below. Died in 1696,

KlUan, kee^le-ln, or van Klal, (vln keel,) (Cobni-
Lls,) a learned author, bom in Brabant Among hi*
works are an " Etymology of the Teutonic Laneuagot
or a Teutonic-and- Latin Dictionary," and sefer^ pieces
of Latin poetry. Died in 1607.

K'H^", (G^RO Ckristoph,) an engraver, bom at
Aupburg in 1709, was a brother of Philipp Andrea*
noticed below. Died in 1781.

T"'°"i (Lucas,) one of the moat distinguished of
German engravers, born at Augsburg in 1579. He CD
craved with uncommon ease and rap1dit]^ Among hii

id "Christ after Death," 1^ Michael Angelo.

idlan, (PmilipI" Andrbas,) an eminent engraver,
born in Augsburg in 1714. Augustus IIL, King ot

was born in Aag*t>urg in 1714. August
Poland and Elector of Saxony, appointed him his
engraver, and Kilian executed several designs at Dres-
den, though he continued to spend most of his time at
Augsburg. Among hia works are the " Adoration at
the Kings," by Paul Veronese, and portraita of Francis
t. and Maria Theresa. Died in 1759.
Rm NASin, "AUiuneina KOnnlvLedkin."
TTiHan (WoLPOANC,) brother of Lucas, ootlced above.

ScE NAGLUt. -AllEOKeina KIliiillcr-LQikon."

KiliJ- (or Kllldj-) AtalAn, kiili) aa'alln', written
also EellJ-Arallui, I, Sultan of Icomam, began to reign
in 1093. He was defeated by the crusaders under God-
frey of Bouillon at NicKa in 1097. In 1 101 he gained a
complete victory over a large armv of cnisadera. Having
Kvolted against the Sultan of Persia, he was killed in
battle in 1 107.

SfcAaaoLnDA, "Annila.''

KillJ- (or KlUdj-) AnUtn IL, sumamed Azz-Ut
Dkkh or AauDYN, Iz'ed-deen', (" Splendour of- tb*
Faith,"] Sultan of Anatolia,commenced hisrdgn at Ico*
nium in 1155 A.D. He carried on long ancldoubtfnl
wars agairut the Greek empire; but final!]^ succeeded in
annexing several provinces to his dominions. He was
distinguished for lus sldll, energy, and generosity. Died
=-11191.

S« UmABO, " HtaHkl dn CntBte."

r; S hard; t —J: <>■ H, %,giiltiiral: N, mom/; \, IrtiUd; I as t; Ih as in Uu. ()^~See Explanationa, p, a^

,-d::, Cookie

KILLIGREW

_ r, (Aiiint,] in Englbli lady, to wbom U
dcD hu addrcMed hit moat bcantifiil elegy, ma ce
bnted for her virtuca tnd ■ccomplUhnunt*. She «
tbe daoEhter of Dr. Henrj KiUigrew, and «M bom
t(6o. She excelled both u > poetess and ai an arti
A volnme of her poems was pablished abortlj after
her death, wUdi occnrred in 1685. She executed pat-
Watt of James IL and his qoeen, and aereral historical
painlinn.

KilUg(«w, (Cathuihi,) the wife of Sir Heni; Kil-
lifraw. wai bom aboat tiyx She was disdncnished for
her poeCica] efliisioiu and for her knowiec^ ef the
classical and Oriental lanfpiages. She was ■ dao^tei
of Sir Anthonv Cooke, sod a (later of Lord Bacoa^
tnother. Died In i6oa

ElUlgteir, (Thomas,) an English dramatist, bom b
Middlesex in 1611, was a pase to Charles L After tba
commencement of tlie rebeilioa he accompanied Charki
IL on tlie continent, and married one of tlie qoeen^
maid* of tionoor. Upon the restorattm he was made
groom of die bed-cluml>et, and, 00 accoont of Idi wit
andoddides, I>ecame a highly-priviteged peraoo at oonrt
d plaja. Died tn i&a.

Enilgrew, (Sir Wiluah,) a brother of the preceding,
was bom in 1605. For hia ^tlifol adherence to Cturlea
L he waa loiigfaled at tlie restoration, and was soon after
appointed vice-chamheriain. He wrote aereral plaja,
and two works entitled " Midnight snd Daily Thoughts"
and "ArtteM Midnight Tbonghta of a C^Ueman at
Coart-" Died in 1693.

Set Baxbi, " BiecnpUi DmmUio."

KOmaiiie, kil-min', (Chabixi Jorph,) a general,
bom in Dublin in 1754, entered tbe Frentih annjr, and
•erred with distinction nnder Bonaparte in Italy. Died

E, Earl or. See Bovo, (Wiujah.)

KU-pat'rIok, (Judsoh,) an American jeneral, bora

fa New Jersey in 1836, graJdnated at West Point in April,

1861. He served as captain at the battle of Big Bethel,

__j._ .1- - - - n q[ iggi ijecame a lientenant-colonel

of cavalry. Ini363he tookpartinvarionaoperationBof
the army of the Potomac. He was appointed a brigadier'
general of volnnteers in May, 1863, after which oe wai

employed in a rud to RichmoDd for the release of Federal
prisoners. He commanded the cavalry of Sherman'*
army in ilsmarch from Atlanta to Savannali, November-
December, 1S64. He was minister to Chili from 1S65 to
1870, was reappointed in 1S81, artd died there December
4 of tlie same year.

KUwardebjr, kil-wflrd'be, (Ronrar,) an English
prelate, became Archbishop of Canterbury in 1272, and
carding in 1177. Died in 1279.

Elm'bfll, (Hakmet McEinN,) an American poeteis,
bom at Portsmouth, New Hampshire. She has pab-
lished "Hymns," (1867,) "Swallow Flights of Song,"
(1874,) and "The Blessed Company of all Faithfal

■equently travelled h

works are "Reminitc ..

the Cuban*," (1850,) and "Romance of Student-Ufe
Abroad," (1S53.) Died December a8, 1S93.

Klm'hfr-iij, (JOHH Wodehousi,) Eam. of, an
English sUlesman.Tiom in l8i6, graduated at Oxford in
1S47. He waa under-secretary of stale for foreign afiaiis
from 1851 to 1856, was sent as ambassador to Saint Pe-
tersburg in the latter year, and rctnmed in 1858. He
was again appointed nnder-secrctary for fetdgn afUts
In June, i8<9, rcdgned in Anrnat, 1861, and waa lord
tienlenant of Ireland from October, 1S64, to July, t866L
In 1866 he *aa raised to the peerage, and m 1S68 he
*a* appointed lord privy seal. He was colonial secre-
laryin 1S70-74 and liSoSx, secretary for India 1S83-
86 and i89>-94> lord president of the council 1S92-94,
foreign secretary till 1895, and leader of Ihc Liberal
party in tbe House of Commons 1897. Died '

38 XIJ^TG

Kimohl. Urolcee, or KlmU, klm'Hee, (David,) aa
eminent Jewish rabbi, aometimea called R*d>k, bom
at Nsrbtnine, Prance, about 1158. His Gentile family
name wa* Petit. He is regarded by hia nation as tha
greatest Hebrew grammarian. In 1331, 00 accoont of
nis influence and vast eradition, he wat appointed by
the French and Spanish Jews to dedde in a controveny
which then eiiated between then in regard to the doc-
trines of Haimonides. His principal worka are a Hebrew
Grammar, a "DictJonaiy la Hebrew Roota," and com-
mentsiies on nearly all the booka of the Old Testament
Died aboat 1235.

Klnuton. See Kyhaston.

Klild,klnt,(JoltAMNPUBI>UCII,)aGerman/ttMukar
and poet, b^ at Ldpiic In 1768. He wrote novds,
dramas, and poena; Hismoetfunotis production is the
open "Der Freischfiti," set to mnsic by Weber. Died
at Dresden in 1843.

Kind, (Kau. TKBODOit,) a German writer, diatln-
golsbed for his knowledge of the modem Greek lannage
andtiteratare,wasbomatLeipsicini7g^ Hepubutbed
" Modem Greek Popnlar Son^ in the OriEinsI and witii
• Gennan Translation," etc. Died December y, iS6ft.

Kins (Cbaku^) an American joomalitt, wm of
RnfiH Kiiu^ noticed hiiow, was bom in New York
in 1789. He became in ifaj aasodate editor of the
"New York American," a Utmry and poUtical Jonmal
of a conserrative character. He was aabsequently ooe
of the editors of the "Courier and Enquirer," in New
York, and in 1849 was choaen preddent of ColnmbiB
College. Died near Rome in 1867.

King, (Charles,) an American soldier and author,
bom at Albany, New York, in 1844. He graduated
at West Point in 1866, was promoted captain in 1879,
colonel in 1890, adjutant-general in 1895, and briga-
dier-general in 189S, serving in the Philippines under
General Meiritl. He published numerous military
novels and other works.

King, (Clarsncb,) an American geologist, bom
at Newport, Rhode Island, in 1S42. He was on the
California geological survey 1S63-66, and determined
'*- age of the gold-bearing strata, commanded the

Si, and was afterwards engaged in special investiga-
tions, He published " Syslemalic Geology," " Moun-
taineering in Sierra Nevada, "etc. DiedDec. 24, igoi.

KI11& (Edward,) a learned English aotiqaarv and
latmr, born in Norfolk in 1735. In 1767 he waa elected
a Fellow of the Royal Society. He wrote, beatdes other
works, " Obaervationa on Andent Caatlea," and a treatise
on gngli«li architecture previous to the Norman Goa>
quest. Died in 1807.

King. (Edwakd,) an American author, bom at
Middlefield, Massachusetts, in 184S. He became a
joumalisl, and in 1875 published " The Great South,"
tbe result of a long journey in the Southem Slates.
From 1875 till tS& he lived in Europe as a corre-
spondent. He published "Tbe Gentle Savage,"
(1883,) " Europe in Storai and Calm." (1885.) "A
Venetian Lover," (1887,) "Joseph Zalmonah,"
(1S93,) etc. Died March 28, 1896.

King, (Grace Elizabeth,} an American Buthor,
bom in Louisiana in 1E59. She published several
volumes of fiction, " De Soto and his Men in the Land
of Florida," etc.

King, (GreOorV,) an English engraver and writer on
heraldry, bom at Uchheld atxiat 1648; died in 1712.

King, IHakbibt E. Hauilton,) an English poetesa,
born in lS4C^ (Uughter of Admiral Hamilton, and niece
of the Duke of Abercom. In 1863 she married Henry
S. King, a pnbliaber. Among her books of poetir v*
" Aspromonle," (1S69,) " The Disdples," (1873,) and "i
Book of Dreamt," (1SS3.)

irtim; (Dr. HsNRT,) an Eogliah divine and poet, bort
in 1591, became Biihop of Chichester. He wrote " i
Poedcal Version of the Psalms," " Poema, El^iea, Par*

i,i,U^a,S,Uv;^i,\Ume,lenja^iioageA:.i,l,i,6,i,1.i**r*;*.^h<>.'t*'''^if*^,li'i.^i'<^i'^i

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KING I;

loH, ud Sooneli,'' (leu,) *nd varion icniiaiu ind
mS^om traitite*. Died w 1669.

King, (HoitATiO,) >c Americin poit-office offidil,
wn bom U Pa.rii, Mime, in iSii. He became ■
Dcmp^ier editor, and in 1S39 entered Che posl-oSice
deputment as a cleric. He was inide GrsI assistant
poitmaiter-^nera] io 1854, and in 1S61 w*i post-
master-generel for a short period. He afterwards en-
p%ti. in legal practice. He published " Sketcbes of
TriTel," (1878,) etc. Died May 10, 1897.

1 English Ibeolc^an, bom fn tbe

cooatjaf Bodu aboal 1559, ««* the fiUher of Henir.

* ' * . He became ^aplain to QaeenEliiabeth,

Mttent preacber. lai6iiQe

far.

noticed ^sore. He became ^aplain to Qaeen E!

mdwrnneloattentpreacber. In -'--■■

Bithop of London. I>iedini6ai.

Kln^ (JOBM,) an English drrine, born m Cornwall in
1651. He preached for some time at Chelsea, and be-
emeprcbendaryof YOTkin 1731. Died in 1731-

Rit aoQ John, born in 1696, «■• a phnidan, and
■abiiilted an edition of the ''Oreatea," "Hecnba," and
*nanian'>orEaTipidea,(i73&) IHedini728.

K Cbookshanks;) bora in Anahlre, Scot-
minted in iSig to America, where he
n>w «»».«. uitimgatshed aa a acnlptor. Among hit
nindpal worlca are bnata of John Q, Adanu, Uniel
WebHer, and other eminent Americans. Died in iSBa.

King, (Leonard William,) atchaeotogist, bom at
Loodon, Eiiglaod, in 1869. Engaged in Oriental study,
modocted excavations at Kajonjik for [he British Mu-
jnno, and collected rock -inscriptions in Assyria, Persia
ud Kotdistsn. He has written largely on Babylonian
lod Asiyrian subject*, " Studies in Eastern Hulory,"

UhK {Uatthxw Pktuu) an Eng
cpmposer, \Kxa in 1773. He compoMd the moiic lor
nrions dramatic piece*, and al«o produced wnga, glees,
etc Died in 1833.

Klngl (MrrCRiLL,) LL.D^ a diitingnithed Joriat and
■cholar, bora in Scotland fn 1783. He remored to
Charlcstcm, Soalh Carolina, where he devoted himself
to the stndj of law. He was one of the fcnmders of the
Fhilcsophical Society at Charleston, and waa appointed
in 1S19 jodee t^the city coott

Xlii& (Atkx,) Loan, an eminent lawyer and high
Amcellor of England, bom al Exeter in 1669, was Ae
MM of a frocer. His talents and appbcation attracted
llu atlentioa of his maternal uncte, the celebrated John
Udie, throDgh whose Influence he waa sent to the
UoTcnity of Leyden. After bis return to England he
ttadied law, gained admission to the bar, and rapidly
me m his profession. He was elected about 1700 a
■enber of Parliament for Beer-Alston, which seat he
Klaiaed for several jeai& In 1708 he was appointed
ncnder of London, and was knighted. Notwithstand-
■Dgtheardnona dotieaof his prolession. King found time
lo write two tltAt theological works, which a1oi,e would
ban made bim celebrated. They are an " Inquiry into
Ae Cooathutioiii, Discipline, Unity, and Worship of (he
^iMiliie Cbarch," (1691,) (in which he bvoured the
rrtta id' the Protestant disaeDlers,) and the "History
"the Apoatlea' Creed, with Critical Obftcrvations on ita
Sercnl Artidca," (lyo!.) In 1714 Sir Peter King was
nated chief joatice of the common pleas, and in 1715
■• Bade iord cfaanceUoi, and raised to the peerage, a*
BvM Kii« of Ockbam. He wai attached to the Whig
larty. He resigned the scab m 1733, on acconnt td iU
htia>. Died in 1734.

■> Ubd CAMrvu, » Lin* of Dm Lad ChBoOon 1" - B«l«»
■ tkaSi>«dHiBdWriiii«igf UnlKiai;" fosi, "Tta

I (Pktxji,) LOW^ a

^ tTTSi "a* a great-grandson M the preceding. He
tMeitd tbe Honae of Xorda about 179^ and be^me a
piifitialaiMl personal friend of Charles Jaroea Fml He
priOdwd a " Life of John Locke," (1&19.) He died in
■^ leaving a son Wiluah, Earl of Lovelace^ who
Mnied Lord Byron's daughter Ada.

Udk (Pbtkk Jdbx Lockk,) an English ladalator, a
■M of the preccAn^ waa bom at Ockham, Surn, in
WL H* waa elected to Parliament in 1847, and ob-

eipedidon aeal in i8a6 to explore and rarrev the ooMia
of Sonlh America Tbe rcinlla were published tn a
"Narratira of the Snmying Vmgea of H.U.S. Ad-
TBntnre and Beagle, between the Yean l8a6 and 1836^"
(18M.) Died in i8sS-

KuiK (PusTOH,) an American atateaman, born In
Ogdensbotg, New York, in 180& He embraced the
profeialon of law, and was a representatiTe In Congreaa
from 1843 to 1847, and again firom 1849 to 1853. He waa
ferred to the United Statea Senate in 1853, took an

to the prjndplea of ^e Republican par^. He was ap-

KIntea collector of the port of New York about iS&t
ed at New York hi November, 1S65.
KIOK (Richard,) an English divine and polemical
writer, Dorn in Bristid about iTU. Among his prind>

Ed works are " Lettera from Abraham Plymiey to hit
rather Peter on the Catholic Question," and a " IVeat-
iae on the Inspiration of the St^ptures." Died in iSiiX

King, (Sir Richard,) an English admiral, bom in
Doraetsblre In 1771. He rendered important aervicea
at tbe battle of Trablgar, where be fought as captain,
(iSoj.) He became a vice-admiral in 1811. Died in 183^

KlnK (Rdpus,) an American statesman, bom in Scar-
borangh, Maine, in 1755, graduated at Harvard in 1777.
He Btudied law, was admitted to the bar in 17S0, and
became an eloauent pleader. Jn 1784 he was elected
a delMate to the Continental Congreaa, in which he
ofieredin itSs a resolution "That there be neither
slavenr nor involuntary aervltude in any trf" tbe State*
d in the resolution of Congreas of April, 1 784,"

L£ the Northweat TerritMy. He married Mary Atsop,
of New York City, In 1786. He took a prominent pari
In the Convention which in 1T87 formed the Conatitn-

Fedetal party. Having fixed hia residence in the dty
of New York in 17S8, he was elected a Senator of the
United States in 1789. He advocated Jay's treaty in
acveral eloquent speeches, was re-elected to the national
Senate in 179(1 and was appointed minister-plenipoten-
tiary to Great Britain in 1796. He performed the duties
of tola pocution with much ability for eight years, and
retired to private life in 1804. In 1813 he was elected
a United States Senator by a legislature of adverse poli-
tic*. Having been again elected in 1819 or iBsot be
continued in that body unril 183$, and made an able
speech against the extension of slavery on the occasion
01 the aitaniaiion of Missouri He vras appointed min*
ister to Finland in 1835, letnmed about a year later, and
died in April, 1817.

Se> "NitHval Portnit-OdlaiT of natbcnldiad Amnicua,"

King, (Rums,) an American ^neral, a ton of Charles
Kliu^ noticed above, was bom u the dty of New York
in i8t^ He graduated at West Point in 1833, and wa*
employed as an engineer for several years. About 1838
he became adjutant-general of New York. He after-
wards edited a paper at Milwaukee. He was appointed
a bri^icr-gcneral of volunteers in 1861, and commanded
a division under Generals McDowell and Pope in the
summer of 1S63. He was minister at Rome (torn Oc-
tober, 1S63, to July, 1867. Oitd October 13, 1876.

KlnK (Susan PinGau,) an American writer, dangh-
ler of James L Petigru, was bom al Charleston, SonA
Carolina, in 1S14. She pnblitbed " Busy M(»nenta of an
Idle Woman," "Sylvia'* World," and other tales. Her
wcond husband wa* a Mr. Bowen. She died in 1875-

Klng, (Tmoha^) an actor and dramatist, bmii in
London in ma Among bis prodnetloo* are " Love at
First Sight," " A Peep bebiitd the Cnrtain, or the New
Rehcaraal,'' and " Wit^ Last Stake." Died m 1805.

Klnfc (T. B[rn.iR,) an American politidan, bom In
Hampshire comity, Haaaachuaetts, in 1804. He stodlcfl
law.uKtremovedtoGcorpaalKmt 1814. Hewaselectet
' member of Congret* in iS39> 1841, and 1845, and b»
'-'^in 1861. ^iedln 1864-

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KING I,

KIdk (Thomas Stark,) an American Unitarian di<
Tine, bom m New York in 1&14. He became in iS^
paalor of the church in Hollis Street, Beaton, and in
i860 tailed for San Frandaco, where he aisDinei] charge
of the Unitarian church in that dty. He had a high
tepatation aa a lecturer, and published, amone other
worka, "The White Hills; their Legend*, Laixucapet
and Poetry," (1S59.) Died in 1B64.

Sh "a Tributa to TbooiB Sair Kinb" br R. Pacnmnuii.

King. (WiLUAU,) a Proteitant prelate, m* horn in
Antrim, Ireland, in 16501 He opposed the Catholio
ander James II., and bTonred the RcTOlution. In vtm
he was created Archbishop of Dublin. He wrote "Th*
InTtntions of Men in the Worship of God," (1694,)
Intended to reconcile the Irish Presbyterians to ''■-
Episcopal ceremonies, and a treatise. In Latin, on "
Origin of Evil," ("De Origine Mali," 1702,) which
attacked bf Bayle and Leibniti. Died in 1719.

King, (William,) a learned and satirical writer, born
in London in 1663. About 1703 he was appointed in Ire-
land to the offices of judge of the admiraltj, keeper of the
records, and commissioner of priie^ Among his works
■re " Animadversions upon the Pretended Account of
Denmark," (1694,) in answer to a work bj Lord Moles-
worth, "The Tiansactioneer," a satire on the Royal So-
dety, (1700,) and "Original Works in Prose and verae,"
(3 vols., 1776.) A Memoir of his life is prefixed to thi
jut. Died in 171a.

Kins (William,) an English writer, born near Loo-
don in 16SJ. Among his works are several Latin tracts
on various subjects, and his aulobiography, entitled
"Political and Literary Anecdotea," )iHi9,) containing
an interesting account M a namber ^ hia coatemporarier.
He was principal of Saint Mary's Hall, Oxford. Died

Set "Edinburtb Rniew" lai Juljr, iM' "MalUji RiTiew'

King, (William,) bom at Sorboron^h, Maine, in
17AS, was president of the convention which framed the
Conititution of hi* natire State, lie was afterwardii
•lected first GoTemor of Maine. Died in 1851.

Kimg, (William Flstchek,) D.D., an American
educator, born neai Zanesville, Ohio, December so, 1830.
He graduated at Ohio Wesleyan University in 1S57, and
for fire ytars was tutor there. In 1863 he became pres-
ident of Cornell College, in Iowa.

King, (William Rupus,) an American statesman of
the Democratic parh, bom in Sampson conn ty. North
Carolina, in lySa In l8io he was elected to Congress.
He was United States Senator from Alabama from 1819
to 1S40, being re-elected four times. He supported
General lackson in the Presidential campaigns of 18x4,
1818, and 1S33, and was appointed minister to France In
Pretident T^Icr in 1844. He was elected president of

I 185J Vice-President of the
J3-

Klag'lakA. (Alexander William,) an Ei^ish au-
thor and barrister, born at Taunton in 1S09, was edu-
cated at Eton and at Trinitv College, Cambridge. He
was called to the bar in 1S37, after which he made a
tour in the Levant, and published a book of travel
called " Eolhen." (1S44.) which was high!]' successful.
He accompanied the British army to the Crimea in 1B54,
and wrote a "History of the Crimean War." In IB57
he was elected to Parliament. Died January 2, 1 891.

S« "Quirttriy Rtriew" Soi Deunlier, t«M. »"ii Antll, 1861;
"l<lKk>aod-> M>g>iiiw" iot Mudu iW), and Judut, i%f>,;
" Edmburch Re*i«" (01 April. iSejT'' Nonh Britidi Ktniw''br

Klngiake, (John Aluahdek,) an English Liberal,
born in Taunton in iSoj, a cousin of A, W. Kinglake.
In his times he was considered an extreme RadicaL
Died in London, July 11, iSya

Kingjake, (Robert Arthur,) an English reformer
and philanthropist, a brother of the historian A- W.
Kinglake. He was born at Taunton in 1813. His atten-
tion has mainly been given to the improvement of the
condition of labouring people. He esublished a " Court
of Recondliation," by which suits at law are avoided
and diScnltiea settled without coat. Mr. Kinglake is
aUo the author of several works uf merit

KlngOt king'o, (Thomas,) a Daniah poet and prelatfi
bran at Slangerap in 1634, became Bltbop of Fdncn.
Hit sataed poems were highly esteemed by hit conlem-
porariet, and he has been compared t^ English reaJen
to Dr. Watta. Died in 1733.

Sea LoMGPaLLow. " Pstu ud Putin' fi Eeraii*."

Klngaborongh, kingi'bfir'fh, [Edwakd Kino,) Vw
COliMT, an Encdish antiquary, bom in 1795, was a sod
of the Esri of Kingston. He published "Antiquities ol
Mexico, comprising Fac-Sinulcs of Ancient Mexican
Painting*," etc, (9 vols., 1830 a itq.) Died in 1S37-

Klngaley, (Calvin,) D.D., an American Methodist
clergyman, bom in Oneida county. New York, in iSll,
became editor of the "Western ChristliD Advocate" in
1856. He wat elected a bishop in 1S64. Having made
a tonr round the world, he died on his return, at Jem
Salem, in 187a

Klneiae7,(Rev. Charles,) apopniar English writer,
born at Holne Vicarage, in Devonshire, in June, 1819
He was educated at Magdalene College, Cambridge, wat
ordained 1 priest of the Anglican Church in 1843, and
became rector of Cvertley, Hampshire, in 1S44. Aboal
this date he married Miss Grenfell, whose sister is the
wife of Froude the historian. He puUished in 1S48 a
dramatic poem called "The Saint's Tragedy." He
united with hit friend the Rev. J. F. D. Mannce in effinii
to improve the condition of the working-men t^ the
formation of oo-operative associations, tfls intereat in
the suflerings and triala of the working -classes in lug*
towns was manifested in his novel of "Altcm Locke,
Tailor and Poet," (iSjo,) which attracted much attention,
and in " Veast, a Prolilem," (1851,) he showed a similar
interest in the labor ouestion. His romance of " Hy-
patia" (18(3) is regarded as one of his most powerfnl
works, and amoi^ hit other* the best-known are ■* Alex-
andria and her Schools," "Sermons for the Times,"
(1854.) " Westward Ho 1" a novel, (iSsj,) " Glancua ; or.
The Wonders of the Shore," "The Heroes, or Greek

Plays and Puritans." (1873.) Died Jan. 33, 1875.
igEley. (Henry,) an En^ish —-'--- •----■--- -'

Charles KIngsley, was born a^ Hoi

Klngiley, (Henry,) an En^ish author, brother of

Devon, in 183O)

B, Oxford, living, Jor
e published " Recol-

s educated in OHet College, Oxford, li

of Geoffrey Hamlyn," " Ravenshoe,"
GrangeGarden," and many olherslorics, D. May 24,1876.

Klngaley, (James Lucr,) LT.D., bom in Windham,
Connecticut, in 1778, graduated at Vale College in 1799,
and in 1805 bedune professor of Helsew, Latin, and
Greek m that institution. He wrote the " Lift of Ezra
Stiles" in Sparks's "American Biopaphy," and pub-
lished scvcraJ educational works. Died in 185a.

Kingl'miU, (Andrew,) an English Paritan minister,
bom at Sidmonton in 151S. I le preached at Oxford and
at Geneva, and published several religious vrorks. Died
at Lausanne in );6a

King'aton. (Charles Cameron,) slatesnum, bora
in Adelaide, SouLh Australia, in 185a. Was long a
member of the Assembly and the Commonwealth HoDse,
premier of South Australia 1S93-99, three times attorney
gencnJ. and minister of trade and commerce lgoi-03.
He held liberal views. Died in 1908.

„ 't^n, (EuxABrTK Chudleich,) Ddchess of,
an English beaaty, bom in 17K1. She was privately
married to Harvey, who became Ear) of Bristol, and
from whom she was toon separated. In 1769 she w«*
again married to the Duke of KingsioiL She was tried
charge of bigamy, and convicbid. Died ini 788.
Ingaton, (William Henry Giles,) an Engliah
writer of fiction, chiefly for juvenile readers, was bom in
London, February 28, 1S14, and spent most of his youth
in Portugal. Among his numerous works are *>The
Circassian Chief," (i&m.) "The Prime Minister," (1845,)
"Lusilanian Sketches," "Peter the Whaler," (1851,)
"Western Wanderinn," (1856,) "The Three Midship-
men," "The Three Lieutenants," "The Three Com-
minders," "The Three Admirals," etc, his boys' books
alone numbering over one hundred and thirty. Died al
Willesden, August S. "880.

l.lki,0,ii,p,/«V/t,t,A,aane,lMlMralOD^;i,4^I,0,fi,f,si»y;«,«,V9,<J«w»;ar,ail.ai;Bfc:nfit{g«^

d by Google

RUPyARD KIPI.ING.

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KIRCHHOFF
kink'Ql, (JoHASK GOTTnutO,) a GermultenioTedini7j3,aii(!w>sa.ppointcdleBcheriaCoward's

tBlJ. He )>ubIUhed in 1^46 a " History of the PUitic| 1763, Xbout 1780 he was chosen a Fellow of the Rora]
Alt among Christian Nations," and a poem entitled Soaely. His mostimportant work is a new andenlarged
edition of the " Biogiaphia Britannica," of which he pab-

"Otlo the Archer." In 1S4S be esublished a journal

called " Spaitacus," in which he was a lealoiu odvc

«f demociaiic prindplei. Having taken part in
■toimii^ of the ai«eiial at Siegbacg, and the inau:
liao of tne Palatinate, he wu in June, 1849, talien b; the
Prasnaiu and Imprisoned at Spandan. In November,
1850^ assisted bj hia friend Cart Sctmri, he made hii
Mcape to England. Died November 13, iSSa.

Klnloch, kinloK, (WtLLiAX Fennay,) Lord, a
Scottish judge, bom at Glaseow, August 3, 1801, gi^-
■aied at the University of Glasgow, and in iSijS wm
Bade a judge. Died October 30, 1S71. He pnbliahed
Nveral Tolmne* of verse, mostly of a devotiraial chai

Ctoqted

He went West wl

school- teacher, jc

" Keeuka, and other Poems,'

ailed ~ ■ ■ - -■-

1767 hi

S vol*, in 177S-79. This work is highly eateemed,
but was left unGnished, terminating at the letter F. He
wrote a "Life of Captain Cook," (1788.) Died in 1795.

Klralfy, (Imrb,) an Hungarian composer, bom at
Budapest in 1845. He began the composition of
music at the age of twelve, and was a menager of
spectacular exhibitions in the United States 1869-74;
iftecvL-ards in Europe. He produced " Our Naval Vic-
tories" in New York in 1898, and other works.

K4n)t, (John JosmiA,) F.RS., an BoglUh aitl*(
and antiquary, bom in Suffolk in 1716. He published
"The Perspective ofArchiteeture," (1761,) ancl "A Map

of Suffolk." Died ir. .,,.,

Kliby, {Rev. William.) an eminent English ento-
mologist, bom in Suffolk in 1759, was a nephew of the
^ ■_™™=..-., pfccedmg. He was educated at Caius College, Cam-
wyer. He published D^^e. and became curate of Baiham. He studied
:M54. His short lyric ! vanous branches of natural history, and was one of the
1 "Rain on the Roof" was very popular. D. 1904.1 ""' members of the Linnsean Society, to which ba
nabargeii, van, *tn kinsHilK^iifn, (Jan Hen- contributed several papers. He acquired a European
,) a Dutch adnural, born at DoesbuTg in 1735. In repuUtion by his work on English Bees, " Monographia
he entered the Russian service under Catherine 11., Apium Anglia-," (3 vols., 180*.) In conjunction mth Mr.
. ~ . Spence, he published an excellent "Introduction to En-
tomology," (4 vols., iBij-ae.) He also wrote the Brittee-
water Treatise entitled "The Habit* and Instincts of
Animals." Died in iSja

Klrby, (William Forsill,) entomologist, bom at
Leicester, England, in 1844. Became an asststani in the
Zoolt^cal Department of the British Museum, retiring

,n Tn«. H. ►, :,.__ largely on butlerflies moths,

'Mammals of the World,"

n after gained a brilliant victoty over the Turks.
Id 1781 he assisted in the £unous battle of Doggersbank,
fought between the Dutch and English. He was Created
Connt of Doggersbank by Louis, King of Holland. Died

Klnaby, kin'skee, (Frrdikand Johann Nefohu
^■PH,] pRiNCa, an Austrian muaician,knowiiasafriend
tndpalron of Beethoven. Died November 3, iSiz.

Elnitky, kin'skee, (Franz Joskfh,) Count, an Ad»
■tiao general, born at Prague in 1739, served with dii-
tfamion against the French in 1793^^ I>ied 'n iSoj.

Klnsoii, kin'son, or Klnsoen, kin'soon, (Frank,) a
ikQfiil Flemish portrait-painter, bom at Bruges in 1774
or I77c^ worked in Paris and Brussels. Died in 1839.

Kipk (William Ingrarah,) D.D., an American prel-
ate, born in New York in 181 1. He graduated in 1S31
at Yale College, and was consecrated in 1853

)p of the Pro

He pablTsl

;t Episcopal Church m California.
iarly " "' - -"-■■- - ""■"-
Dooble Witness," "Tt
tic and Religious life m iiaiy," tM. Died April 7, 1S93.
Klp'Ilug, (Rudvabd,) an English author, bom at
Bombay, India, in 1865. He was educated in Eng-
Itnd, but returned to India in 1880, where he became
engaged as an editor on the "Civil and Military G»-
letie" 1882-89. Hisjoumalislic contributions in verse
and prose were published ai " Departmental Diltiea,"
(l«86,> "Plain Tales from the Hills," (1888,) and
"Soldiers Three," (1889,) these displaying a skill in
character-drawing and an original and graphic Style
which gave bis works wide-spread popularity. Subse-
qeenlly he resided in England and the United States,
publishing various worJts, the most notable being " Bar-
taet-Room Ballads," (1892,) "The Jungle Book,"
(1894,) "CaptainsCourageouB,"(l897,) "The Day's
Work," (1898,) "Recessional," a poem of striking
divacter, "Kim," (1901,) "The Five Nations,"
(l9C^,)"PuckofPook's Hill," (1906,) " Rewards and
riiries," (1910,) etc, Kipling attained a rapid popa-
larily and is still "' -" '■-

ahoQt 1755. He
Fn^^fiH proved r
works. DiediniSai.

KipplDK faVping, [Lat Kippim'oius,] (Heinrich,)
• German philologist, bom near Rostock about 1633,
WIS the author of numerous works on philology, history
and intiquitka. Died in 1678.

X^fdB, (Andebw,) an English dissenting minister
■ad eminent biographer, born at Nottingham in 1735.
He preacbed for some years in London, whither he

, , He has wrii .
and other insects, also
" New Arabian Nights,''

Klioli, kMsK, (Chkistfrted,) a distinguished m-
tronomer and writer, bom at Gnben in 1694. He was a
member of the Academies of Science at ^uis and Saint
Petersburg, and director of the Observatory in Berlin.
Died in 174a

Kirch, (GoTTTRiKD,) father of the preceding, was
born in Lower Lusatia in 1639. He was appointed di-
rector of the Observatory and royal astronomer at Berlin.
He wrote " Observations upon tne Comet that appeared
in Ilaiy in 1676," (1677,) "Astronomical Tables," and
"Christian, Jewish, and Turkish Calendar to the Year
1685." Died in 171a

Klioh, (Maris Margarithr Winckkluann,) an
astronomer, wife of the preceding, was bom in Upper
Lusatia in 1670. She assisted her husband in his astro-
nomical labours, and published almanacs. Died in 1730.

Kircbbach, too, fon ktSxK'bi^, (Hugo Ewald,) a
German general, born May 33, 1809, He entered the
Prussian army in 1816, was a lieutenant-general in the
Austrian war of 1S66, and a corps- commander and full
general in the French war of 1870-71.

KtT'«tl«r, [Ger. pron. kMR'Kfr; LaL KiRCHB'RtfS,]

Ps.) aleamed German Jesuit, distinguishedfat
his talents and versatility, was bom near Fulda in 1601.
Having studied at Avignon, he was invited to Rome by
the pope to fill the chair of mathematics in the Roman
College. He wrote numerous treatises on philology,
hieroglyphics, and antiquities, which display profound
learning, but are deficient in sound criticism, and many
of them are rather interesting than reliable. Among
these maybe named "CEdipus Egyptiacus," (3 vols.,
1653-55,) being an eiplanation of hieroglyphics. Also
publishedvaluablescientitic treatises; and to him is gener-
ally ascribed the invention of the magic-laotera, D. 16S0.

KirolMr, (Conrad,) a Gemua philologist and writer,
bom In Aogsborg. Hb chief work is a Greek and He>
brew Concordance of the Old Testament, (1607.) Died'
after 163a

Klrohh(d( kttsK'hoi; (Gustav Robkrt,} a Getmaa
astroncHDer, born-at Kdnigsbetg, March 13, 1834. He

M ■>« .uu^ j>^. u. x^muu, wmmer ne - Kesearches on the Holar Mpectrum." Died in 188T.
«Mj|/{a*i;|Aafntf;tM/;a,ii,K,j«a)lMn^;N,iMW;K,)yi]Xn/;lH*;thasiii£Ui. (JJ^See Eiplanalions, p. 3},J

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

KIRCHMAIER 14

■ ■p.j>hm«» or Klrohmajvi, kSiK'mr«r, (GiOKO
KaiPAK,) a Gennaii chemist uid (chalu-, boni in Fnn-
cooia In I^S- He wrote commentaries on Bereral dmic
nthon. Tie disc»*eiT of the ait of etching on glau
widi flooric add ii attribnted to hlni. IKed In 170a

8m I5cn>, "AlhMdBii OddMMB-LaUuHi.-" "NoonOa
Btanplik Ofainli,>*

KIrohmalar, (Thomas,) a Ludieran minUter, born in
Baraiia about 1511. He took the G<«ek name of Nao
GeoTEOa. He b the anthor of namerons Latin poema
and theo1cig:i<3l and polemical works, tnoatij written In
the Latin lanrnage. He preached at StnttgaTt,Eu]ingen,
and Wistoch. Died in i $63.

Se« Bayu, " Hiiuiiol *iid CiitoU EHokouji" Su, " Osv

Kliohman, kiCuK'mln, a Rnsuan electridao, of Ger-
man extraction, was profesior of philoeophy at Saint
Petersburg. He was kilted b; the dectric fluid, in the
act of attiacting it from the douds, in 17S3.

Kirobniaim, kftRK'min, (Johann,) a German 1
Ihor and scholar, bom at Lubeck in 1575, became
1603 profcaior of poetry at RostocL He wrote a " Dis-
seitabon on the Funeral Ceremonies oaed among the
Romans," (1605.) »nd"DB Annulis," a treatise
dent rings. Died in 1643.

Su Bavui, "Hiilnuil and Cr
" MiiBoirei"

KiTObmBim, Ton, fon kttuc'mln, (Juuus,) a German.

Ehilosopher and jurist, born at Schabtedt, Dear Merse-
ure, in lEkn. He was educated at Lelpiic and Halle,
and Dccame prominent as a Liberal Pnisaian legislaK
in |366 was deprived of his right to act as a legal
sdlor. Besides important l(«al works, (" Prnssian Code
of Civil Procedure," "Penal Code for North Germans "
" Penal Code for the Empire," etc.,} he published " F
losophj of Science," "On tmmortalin'," "i&tbctica
based on Realism," "Catechism of Philosophy," eti
Though opposed to idealism, hissystem is considered ii
compatible with absolute maierialism. .Died in 1884.

Klrolmer, kiCRK'n^r, (Thkodor,) a German musia
composer, born at Neukirchen, in Saxony, in 1814. H:
"genre pieces" for Ihc piano-forle, in which the influence
of Schumann is manifest, are bis best perfonnanccs.

Klrgenor, ktKzh'nais', (Tosifh,) a French general,
born in Paris in 1766, was killed at Markersdorf in 1813.

Ktrk, (Edward N.,) an American general, born in
Ohio. He was a dtisen of Illinois when the dvil war

began. He commanded a brindeof the Unlonai..^ ...
thebattle of Shiloh, April 6 and 7, iS6z, and was woanded
at the battle of Stone River. Died July 39, 1363.

Klik, <Edwakd Norris,) D.D., an American Con-
cregationaliEt divine, was bom in New York in tSoa.
He graduated at Princeton College, New Jersej, and
became in iSzS pastor of a church al Albany He was
afterwards uipointed secretary of the Foreign Evangelical
Society, and in 1S43 settled as pastor of the Moont Ver'
non Church, Boston. Died March 37, 1874.

Kiik, {Ellbn W.,) an American novelist, second wife
of I. F. Kirk, was born in i84». She was a daughter
of Jesse OIney. Among her writings are " Love in Idle-
ness," " A Lesson in Love," " Through Winding Ways,"
"A Midsummer Madness," etc

Kirk, (John Fostbe,) an American historian, born at
Fredericton, New Brunswick, in 1814. His education

s obtained in Nova Scotia. He was sectelary and

assistant to the historian Prescott from 1S47 to 1S59.
His prindpal work is the " History of Charles the Bold,"
(3 vols., 1863-^) He also edited a new edition of Pres-
cott's works, with notes, and later a "Supplement lo
Allibone'B Dictionary of Authors," (i vols,, l8gi,) for
the period 1850 to 1S90. He edited " Lippincott's
Magazine" 1S71-86, was lecturer on history at the
University of Pennsylvania 1885-88, and subseqi
engaged in literary work. Died September 31,

Kirkaldr, k^t-kau'de, (Sir Wiluam,) of Gruige,
one of the earliest Protestant* of Scotland, was the son
of Sir James Kirkaldy, high treasurer ander the tdgn of
[ames V. Sir William was implicated h) the assassina.
Hon of Cardinal Beaton, for which he was imprisoned.
" * ■■ '■ France, where he was distinguished

)liant and chivalrous knights in the

KIRKWOOD

.... and army of Henry II. After his return 10 Scot-
land, he became alesder of the Prolestaols. He fought
bciTely ^Unst the French, who had been sent ores to
assist the Catholics, and made Qneen Mary prisoner. He
vainly attempted to captnTC Bothwell, whom he porsned
sa far as the coast of Horway. About 1570 Kirkaldy
esponsed the cause of the <jneen, of whose party he
bKsme the leader. He refiised to obey the mandates
of the regent and after several months of fighting, in
which great Krodty was displayed on both S1de^ sni-
Isined a siege in Edlnbuivh Csstle. He iras, howevtr,
finally obli^d by his soldieTs to make an onccnditioiial
aurrender. He, with several of bis friends, was hnr^
In August, IJ73. John Knox, who hsd formerly boen
hii Intimate friend and feUow-snSerer in the Protestant
canse, deeplv deplored hi* change of prindples and his
nntimety end.

S«" Ugmoin sad AdTOatma of Sit Wia. Kiriuldy," EdlnbuA
iBhj RommOHt" Hlnsiy of ScoUuiil :" Ciuuki^ " BioMpu-
cal Di«ioiiai7 of KninsiM ScDtttDCn :" FaotrDEi " Hmory of flng-

B:iiVbtld0, (Thomas S„) M.D., an American phy-
ddan, bom in Bucks county, Pennsdvania, In 1809^
Having graduated at (he University of Pennsylvania, he
became resident phystdan of the Pennsylvania Hospital,
St Philadelphia, and in 1840 saperintendent of the Hos-
pitsl for the Insane. He published " Roles i.nd Regula-
tions for the Pennsylvania Hospital for the Inssne,"
(1850,) " The Construction, Organiiation, and (reneral
Arrangements of Hospitals lor tne Insane," (1S54,) etc;
He died December 17, 18S3.

Kirk:*, k^rk, (Puicnr,] Colonkl, a British officer,
notorious for cruelty, liv^ in the reigns of James IL and
William IIL HU men were called " Kirke's Lambs."

S« Psn* "D1»it:" MACiijuiv, "Hfitoiy of ImJaai."

Klrk« Wblttt. See WHm.

Kllk'l^d. (Mr*. CAROLtKK MATtl-DA Staksburv,)

years in Michi^n, she published, under the assumed
name of " Mary Clavers,* "A New Home— Wholl Fol-
low r (1839,) " Forest Life," (1843.) and " Western Clear-
ings," (184G,) which soon obtained a wide popularity.
Mrs. Kirkland's delineations of Western pioneer-life
are among ihe most admirable of their kind, abound-
ing in humourous incidents, shrewd sense, and pic-
turesque descriptions. Died in 1S64.

Kirklaiid,(JoHK THOftHTON,} D.D., LL.D., an Asaer*
ican scholar and divine, bom at Uttle Falls, New York,
in 177a Having graduated at Harrard in 1789, ha
became pastor of the Congregational church in Summer
Street, BostorL He was elected, in iSlo, president ol
Harvard College. He wrote a " Life of Fisher Amea,"
and several other works. Died in i84aL

Kirkland, (Joseph,) an American author, bora at
Geneva, New York, in 1830, son of Carolbe, above
noticed. He look part iq the war, engaged in legal
practice in Chicago, and wrote a number of novels, of
which the best known is " Zury: The Meanest Man in
Spring County," (1887,) a striking study of pioneer-
life in Illinois. Died April 29, 1S94.

Klrlc'nun, (Marshall Honroi), sn American rail-
way expert, bom in Illinois, July 10, 1843- He in early
life became connected with the Chicago and Northwest-
ern Railroad, of which road and certain of its subsidiary
lines he has long been an officer. Among his works are
" Railway Revenue," "The Officer's Hand-Book," " Bag-
gage, Parcel, and Mail Traffic of Railroads," " Railway
Expenditures," (3 vols.,) " Hand-Book of Railway Ex-
penditures," "Railway Train and Station Service,"
''Track Accounts of Railroads," and 1 '
technical works.

Elrk-pat^rlok, (William Jah«3,) an Oriental
scholar, bom about 1760, vras a member of the Asiatic
Sodety of Calcutta, and major-general in the English
army al Bengal He wrote a " Biography of the Persian
Poels,''"Description of the Kingdom of Nepaul,"{i»ii,)
and several other works. Died In l8l>.

Kirk'srooA. (Uaniil,) LL.D., an American astrono-

i, e. i, «, 0, y, /«y; *,*, ^ saoje. 1<« P'<»'<»»fl»^i ^ i^ '-<>• "^ ^ *^^'' *«• t * ***''^' '*'■'*"'**'' "^^

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

KIRKWOOD

1443

KTTTO

nei, born in Haribrd coimiv, Harjrlatid, September 37,
1S14, was principal of tlie high school of Lincuter,
PcaiuTlruiu, 1843-4S, professor of mathematin io Dela-
ware College, 1851-56, in Indiana University, 1856-66,
ud igain was called lo that position in 1S67. His prin-
dpal woiks are "Meteoric Astronomv," {1867,) and
■Comets and Meteors," [1873.) He made important dis-
coieries in aaltoDOmicat science. Died June it, 1895.

Klikwood, (SAuttKL I.,) an American Governor,
bom in Harford county, bfaryland, December 10, i8l3.
In 1S4] he was admitted to the bar in Ohio, and in 1856
Ik wtt dected a State Senator of Iowa. He was Gov-
tiunof Iowa, l36o43,and again in 1875, United States
Senator, 1860-67, ""Q 1876-81. He was Secretary of
be Interior (i8Sl| under Garfield. Died Sept 1, 1894.

ntnbweer, kHsr.'bliiO'fr, {Johank PKruw,) a
German musician and writer on art, bom in Thiirii^i«
hi 1711 ; died in 1783.

Kinten. kKR'stfn, or Klrotutsln, kffiNK'stIn,
(Gioic,) a physician and writer on surgery and anatomy,
bora at Slettin, in Pomerania, in 1613 ; died in 166a

Klntan, (Michael,) a learned physician and scientific
■nter, bom m Moravia in 1610 ; died in i6tS.

nnt«ii,{Lat Kibsth'nius,] (PsTER,)«diBtingii!«he(l
phjaidan and Oriental scholar, born at Breslan in 1577.
He studied at the most celebrated nniversities of Ger-
Daoy, and travelled extensively in Europe. He was sub-
■eqaenlly invited to Sweden by Chancellor Oxenstiem,
•hire he waa appointed physician to Queen Chrisllns
tad medical professor In the University of Upsal. He
li said to have been master of twcn^-sia languages.
He wrote, among other works, an " Arabic GrammaJ,"
(1608-1%) >nd "Notes on the Gospel of Saint Matthew,
from the Collation of Arabic, Syriac, Egyptian, Greek,
and Latin Texts," (161 1.) Died at Upsal in 1640.

KlntaaiiUL See Kirjten, (Pbtbk.)

KittOuid, (WiLLiAU A.,) an American naval
officer, bom in North Carolina in 1836. He entered
the navy in 1850, served through the civil war, and
was made captain in 1S80, commodore in 1893, and
rear-admiral in 1895. He retired July 3, 1898, and
died Angnst 13, 1S98. 1

Klrwan, kfr'wf n, (RtCHARm) a distingalahed diemist I
■ad geologist, bom at Galway, in Ireland, about 1733,
or, 1] others say, in 1750- He was elected presjdeat S .
fte Rml Irish Academy, Fellow of the Royal Society |
of London, and member of various scientific associations
on ihe continent. He published "An Essay on the
Cooititntion of Addi." (1787.) which was translated,
tiyLavolsier and refuted by him, "Element* of Mine-;
^"n" II794-) *^ "Essay on the Anaiysii of Mineral
Witeis," " An Estimate of the Temperature of DiflerenI
Utitndes," and other scientific works. Died in iSia.

KUikUh, (Stephen,) a Hungarian theologian, bom at
Siepdinin 1505, was a disciple of Luther. He preached
ttTe>M*vir,andpDblishedaeveraI works. Died in 1572.

Etachtaap. See GushtIsp. I

Ktafalndy, kIsh'fiUi-toody, almost kisb'fSh-Iooj,
nUioLV,) a celebrated dramatist, the founder of Hon- 1
piian cooiedT vaa bom at Tete in March, lygck On
Kco^ of his Gery and turbulent dispodUoo, he was
traced in the Anstrian army at an early age. He served
M an officer in Italy in 1805 i^ainst Napoleon, and was
•Aerwaids taken pnsoner by the French. Having been
tichiiiged, be fought in Germany in iSog. He left the
~ 'n 1810, and fixed his residence at Vienna, where
-oed a Jiiing as an artist In 1819 he acquired a

— jB celebrity by his piay "The Tartar In Hungary."
Soon after be produced " Ilka," a tragedy, "Stiber the
ChieJUin," and several other plays, all of which were
tMdved with the greatest applause. Among the moM
popular of his comedies arc the "Student Maltbiaa,"
of whkh the emperor Matthias Corvinus is the hero,
'The Snitort," and "The Insurgents. " KisEalad* et-
dhhshed an able and successful literary annual, entitled
Ac "Aurora." Died in November, 1S30.

KteUndTi (SAndok,) an elder brother of the pre-
ceding, and one of the most eminent of the poets of
Hungary, was bom in the county of Szalad in 177a. He
Wertd the army in 1793, and formed an attachtnenl for

kirn c

Ae beaolifbl Rosalia Stegedy, who rejected him. He
■nbseqaently served against Napoleon m Ital;|ri and was
taken prisoner by the French. While a captive in the
place where Petrarch had poured forth his immortal
strains to Laura, the young Hungarian reaolved to ad-
dress Ihe object of his love in a similar poeiiL In iSoo
he regained the affections of the lady Rosalia, to whom
be was married. He left Ihe army and retired to hit
p4temal estate. The same year the anonymoas pnbllca-
ti m of his poem, under the title of " Himly," produced
a sensation among men of letters never equalled in
Hungary. In 1S07 he made himself known in publish'
ing a poem entitled "Happy Love." He afterwards
wrote several other poems and dramas, of which "John
Hnniades" and " Lidislaus the Rumanian" were greatly
admired. Died in 1844- Three year* later his complete
works were published at Pesth, in 6 vols. SeverU
extractslTom"Him^"havebeen translated into English.
Sec T. MuHDT, " Gnchicfata ia Uuntur d« Ctnimn,"
Lininc. iBu; tl» tb* vtida on iha "Lufini* ind Litcnton
of ut* Ui^yan" ia Iba ** FortifB QturtalT Rentw" fcr SeptuBbv,

KI«*,kis,1AnGUSTUS,)adistin^ished Prussian sculp*
tor, born at Pleas, in Upper Silesia, in 1801. He studied
under the celebrated Ranch. He was professor in the
Academy of Fine Arts of Berlin. Among his most
admirable works are an equestrian statue of Freda
rick the Great, and two colossal groups in bronze, — an
"Amazon attacked by a 'ngei," and "Saint George
and the Dragon." Died in 1865.

Kltch'ea-er, (Horatio Herbkrt,) Viscount, an
English soldier, bom in 1850. Entered the army in
l87l,vasiQcivil life 1874-82, took part in the Nile cx-

'ition 1884-85, and commanded a brigade in the Sna-
campotgn of 1888. Was governor of Suakim 1S86-
S6, adjutant -general of Ihe Egyptian army 1888-92, and
Sirdar of the Egyptian army in 1S90. His defeat of
Ihe Khalifa al Ondnrman in 1898 was rewarded with
Ihe title of Baroa Kilcbener. Served successively as
chief of Blair and commander-in-chief in the South
African War, was given Ihe rank of general and title
of viscount, and was commandeT'Io -chief in India from
1901 until 1909. In 1911 he became Agent and Consul
General in Egypt. Appointed Secretary of War August

Kltoh'^n-fir, (WfLUAM,) an English physician and

writer on gaslronomy, bom in London about 1775. He
thor of "The Cook's Oracle." "The Art of

varioot But^ects. Died in 1827.
LUAM JaBiMD,"Iit« I biK koon," I.Ct>dllB, ilU ;

d'l UwariiM" far OaotMT, 1M7.

KlfoUn, (Gborob Wiluah,) D.D., an English
author, bom at Naughtoii, in Suffolk, December 7, 1827.
He graduated at Christ Church. Oxford, in 1850, and
remained connected with the university until 1883, when
he became Dean of Winchester, and Dean of Dur-
ham in 1894. He issued editions of Bacon's works,
and of the " Fa*rie Queene," and wrote a '■ Hislory
of France," (1S73,) " Life of Pius II.," (1881,) etc.

Kttik (Chabub,) an English physidan and writer
ben at Gntresend about 17« ; diedlniSu.

Klt^ (John,) an English writer, distinguished as a
bibllol acholar, bom at Plymouth in 1804- He suflinvd
much privation and neglect in hli childhood in conse-
qnence of the intemperance of his father. Aboat the
age of twelve he was rendered incurably deaf by « fall
from the roof of a house. He became an inmate of the
poor-house, where he manifested such an earnest deeire
to improve his mind that some persons procured br
him admission lo a college in Islington. As tutor to the
children of Mr. Grove, ho travelled m Rnssia, Ame-
nia, and Persia in 1S19-32. About 1833 he was engaged
by Charles Knight to write for the "Penny Mauiine."
He edited "The Pictorial Bible" published by Charles
Knight, I1838,) and produced numerous valuaHe and
Buccessful works, among which are "The CyclopmUa
of Biblical Literature," (4 vols^ 1845-50,) "The Lost
Senses — Deafness and Blindness," which contains an
antotjiograpby, and " Daily Bible Illustrations," (7 volt.,

••i.Sa**;giarrf,-S«t/;o,H,K,^>«n««/;N,»ua/;«,frtfiW;!B*s;thasin/AM. (jySe«Explanations,p.a3.)

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

KIYOMORI

1444

KLEBER

tbiojgboiit Earope, he published a naiiiber of excellent
mapt jud geographical Irealwest and wrote valuable
irtfde* for the « BioKrapUe Universelle." Died In

1849-53.} He WM mairied aboot 1833. He £ed Bl
Cannatadt, WUrtemberg, b 1854.

S« J. E. RvLAWD, ' Uemein of Jalm KitU," iht i. " Briaf
Bii^nptiu," t^ Samuu. Suiiai: "Ncnh Bniuh Kni*v" ir
Fcbnurr, 1^47-

Kiyomorl, a Japanese ruler, bom about Iil7t ttie
first of (he great shoguns, or military rulers. Succeeded
his lather as minister of jusliee ibr Japan in 1153, and
soon after rose to supreme power, controlling (he mikado, ipprenticeihip
or emperor and holding all civil aulhority. Head of Berlin, where h
,\. TV. r.™ii„ »,. o^.crKi in Mi^minaK. thr rival dncdon by the analyaia ot mineral suostance* ana uj

^J^ S/;^; 311 "ss^t.s: i-r?jv-r;Fs£.;-:'£5i,-:^-SS:

KlaperU. See KOfkili.

KjapiuE or KjoeplnE. cli5'ping, (Nikolaus Mat-
son,) a Swedieh traveller, bom in i6w. In 1648 he
tailed to the Easl Indies, and afterwards visited Persia,
Farther India, Arabia, and Egypt An account of hit
travels wu published after his death. Died in 1667.

Kloosko, klltchlco, (Julian,) a distinguished pobli-
Ciat, born at Wilna, in Kuasian Lithuania, November 6,
1818. lie graduated in 1S46 at Konigsber^, afli

Ireaiwea, and wrote valuable

__. _. aphie Universelle." Died In

Paris lniS35. KlaprotE WM one itf the greatett lingoiata

KlBpiOth, (Martin Heinrich,) an eminent German
analytical chemist and mineralogist, bora at Wernigerode,
In Pruasian Saiony, in December, IMJ- He served an
ipprenticeship as an apothecary, and atont 1768 went to
Berlin, where he studied chemistry. Having gained dia-
by the analysis of mineral substance* and by

[eainchcmis ' -" "-.....u.

Academy of Berlm ir

t Paris. Among his principal books are " £tudes
Diplomatic," (iSW,) and " Les deux Chanceliers," which
wa* translated into various languages. He also wrote
" La Poiaie polonaise," (1863.)

, He published the

|.«iu.ui^<. .-.^.-^^~ . -.- -..r--iienW inhis"Con-

Cributiona to the Chemical Kncwledae of Mineral Bodies,"
(5 vols., i796-i8ia) Abont 1809 he became professor
of chemistry in Berlin. Died in Berlin in 1817.

Bli«taphi« UWicale ;" Kopr. "Ot«ebidit* d« Chimie."
w, klls, (FaiEDKiCH Chkistian,) a German tand-
■ Dresden in I7ja ; died in 1817.

. Y= 8i.-.u..^u ... .0,.. jLL ^„,..s»™p, ...^. -^..,^.. ^pe-painter. born at Dresden in 175a ; aiea in loa
he lived in Germany, luly, and Austria, but chiefly £^ iRarl Chbwtiam,) a hisloricat paint<
aria. Amonir nia nnticina bnolra are ^' Erudea de. .■._ .f.,._^ j: , ».- u^^^ .■* T\rf,mAi-n \n 1

brother of the preceding, was bom at Dresden in 1747.
Died in 1793.
Klanber, klSwTifr, (Ignaz Sebastian,) a German
1 born in Augsburg in 1754- He 1 —

Klapka, kl&pOiBh, (General Gsoece,) born at To- Jnnted to Sunt Petersburg t» the empress Catherine,
mesvir, in Hungary, in 183a He became a cadet in ^ho appointed him professor m the Imperial Academy
an artillery regiment about 1S3S. and lieutenant-colonel
in 1847. In 1S4S he pined the Hungarian revolutionitta,
and greatly distinguished himself In his daring courage
and bis ability as a commander. He soon after received
a general's commission and was appointed secretary ctf
war. to 1849, while defending the fortress of Comori^

tillery. He forced
bis enemies to evacuate ftaab, and cut off their
nication with Austria. A few days after he received the
information that the Hungarian army in the South had
Burreudered to the Aostrians, and also a command from
Giirgey to yield up the fortress of Comoro. This man-
date General Klapka refiiscd to obey ; but two months
later, having obtainnl honourable terms from Haynao,
he capitulated and went Into exile. He strove unaucceaa-
fully to bring about a revolution in Hungary in 1866. He
wrote " Memoirs of the War of Independence in Hun-
gary," (1850,) and a work upon the war in the East and
the liege of Sebastopol, (1855.) Died May 17, 1893.

KUproth, kllp'rSt, sometimes Anglicised in pronun-
dation as klap'rftih, (HiiNBICU JuLius,) an eminent
German Orientalist and traveller, bom at Berlin, Octobef
It, l7S3,was ason of Martin H, Klaproth, noticed below.
At an early age he acquired, without a teacher, consid-
erable knowledge of the Chinese language, and in iSca
founded the " Asiatisches Magazin" at Weimar. On the
recommendation of Count Potocki, he was invited in 1805
to Saint Petersburg, where he was made adjunct for the
Oriental languages and literature at the Academy o)
Sciences. In the capacity of interpreter to the Russian
embassy to China, be travelled through Siberia as far u

Iikootsl

Ik in

:80s, a

appointed h — ^.
of Fine Art*. Died about iSao. Among his engravings
is a portrait of the empress Catherine.

Elanber, (Joseph,) an engraver, bom at Augsburg
in 1710, was an uncle of the preceding. Died in 1768.

Klaufl, a surname of NrcoLAS voN dbr FLtfc See
FlUk, de.

Kleander or KlecnilnM. See Cleandu.

KleanthBik See Clkanthes.

Klearohoa. See Clkarchus.

Kle^r, [Fr. Ki.iBER, klilaii',] (Jean Baftistk.)
a celebrated French general, born at Strasburg in lyu.
Having studied at the miliuir school of Munich, he
returned to Franco in 1788, antlBOon attained the rank
of ailiutant-major. For hia gallant conduct at the siege
of MaycDce, in 1793, he was made general of brigade.
He suWquently gained several advantages over the
Vendeans ; but his generous treatment of the pnsonet^
called down upon him the censures of the committee (rf
salety. He was removed to the army of the North, in
which, as general of division, he served under Jourdan.
He gained distinguished laurels in 1794 at the battle
of Fleurua, where he commanded the left wing of the
French army. He aoon alter captured Mons and the
fortress of Haestricht. In 1797, displeased with the
Directory, he retired to a country-seat near Paris ; but
he left this retreat at the request of Bonaparte, whom he
accompanied in 1798 lo Egypt He waaacverely wounded
at the siege of Alexandria, of which city he was appointed
governor. The (bllowing winter he marched into Sjrria
at the head of the French vanguard, reduced El Arish,
Gaia, and TafTa, and gained in April, 1799, the decisive

ictory of Mount Tabor. On his return to Egypt he

collected valuable books and doca- added to his already brilliant reputation at the rattle (tf

ments, which he used in the composition of his "Asia
Polyglotta." In 1807 he was sent by the Russian govern-
ment on a scientific expedition to the Caucasus, and on
his return, in 1S09, was appointed aulic councillor, and
received a title of nobili^ and other distinctions. He
resigned his offices in Russia in 181a. In 1816, through
the influence of William von Humboldt Klaproth re-
ceived from the King of Prussia the honorary title of
professor of Oriental languages and literature at Berlin,
together with a large pension, and permiasion to reside
in Paris. Among his numerous works we may mention
"Travels in the Caucasus and Georgia," (a vols., iSta-
I4>) "Geographical and Historical Description of the
&iitem Caucasus," (1814,) " Historical Picture* ofAala
from the Monarchy of Cyrus to the Present Tim^"
(1824,) " Asia Polyglotta, or a classification of Orien-
tal nations according to their tanguases, (i8n) and
" Od the Oripn of Paper Money m China." BesJdc* ,„. „,.. ,
these pTodnctiont, which enjoy the highest repniatioii ' oners of

AboukJr. In August, 1799, he was made commander
in-chief by Bonaparte, who returned to France. Thon(;h
Kleber was very popular, this event caused general dia-
aatis^tion in the army. The soldiers were g|j^tlT "'
duced in numbers, and provisions were scarce. The grand
vixfer, with over 40,000 men and several English officers,
having captured the important fortress of El Arish, was
marching against the French. For these reasons Kleber
formed a treaty with the Turks and the EnglUh admiral
Sir Sidney Smith, by which, upon the surrender of all
the fortresses in his possession except three, he was to
receive from the Turks a large amount of gold and per-
misMon to return peaceably to France. He accordingly
delivered up several strongholds, and was preparing to
San from Egypt, when he was informed by Admiral Keith
that the EnglUh government, on the groond that Smhh
was not vested whh frill anthority, would not consent
that the French shonld leave the coontry except as pris*
~ of the treaty thoroughly

I, e, 1, 6, D, f, /Mtf,' i, t, A, same, less prolonged; i, «, 1, 0, u, ITt ''*«'';*.(• i> 9> '*'"<»; ^> ^ A; ■*>*() ■■B^tC'''^; "^

d by Google

««»«! die Firench general. He »tUcked the TWks,

Sined over them the bnlliant and dedaive Tictory of
cliopolis, droTe their army from Cairo, and within a
monlh regained eieiy position which he had preTionaly
abandoned. He then turned his attention to the im-

Eivement of his conquests. He dtstribnled land among
troops, formed several companies of native soldiers,
and was oains practicable and efficient means to render
Egypt a valuable colony of France, when he was assauin
■ted in June, 1800, by a Mohammedan fenatic Klebei
stands as one of the very firat of the many diitinguiahed
generals of that period. To bis great intellectual powers
were joined the generosity of a lofty mind and the hatred
of avarice and cmeltj;. "Kleber," said Napoleon at
Saint iIelena,"wasanirreparablelo«s to France and to
me- He was a man of the brightest talents and of the
peatest braTeiy. Of all the generals I have had under
me, Desaix and Kleber poesessed the greatest talents."
S« CcwsiH n'AMtroB. "Hinotre da G^niniix Dtttix t
*»».■■ ■aoa^LDSDTD.HihiinjURT, "VirjdnWii4r«lKI«w,'
ifcn; Thuu, "HiiiorToT the Frtnch Rtrolulicn ;" B. Bahiois
"Now. BIT 1* Gioi,^ KItba," ,Sf): "NoowUa Biscnpfai

Kl«bs, klibs, (Ehwin.) an eminent German palholo-
gitt, born at Konigsberg, February 6, 1834. He held

Eroleasorships of pathological anatomy at Bern, Wiiri-
arg, and Zurich. He has published important works
on pathology, etc

Kleoberft klSTiiRG, (Minna,) a German poetess,
born of Jewish parents, named Cohkm, at Elmshorn,
Hobtein, July Ji, 1S41. She married a rabbi named
Kteeberg in 186a. She afterwards removed to the United
States. She died at New Haven, Connecticut, December

51, 1878. A volume of her lyric poems (all in German)
_ a* been published. They are fiill of fire and patriot-
Mm, and gained for their author a wide reputation.

Kleemtin, kli'mSn, {CHRin^AH Fribdrich Kakl,)
a German nalnralist and painter of Insects, etc, was
bom near Nuremberg in 1735. He wrote several works
on entomology. Died in 17^

Elofaker, kli'fi;h-k?r, (JoHANN,) a German writer,
bom in Hamburg in i6gS; died in 1775.

Klalll, Idin, (Bernhard,) a German compoMr, born
at Cologne in 1794. Among his principal works arelhe
ontMiam of "Job" and "David," and an opera entitled
"Dido." He was an able composer of vocal music.
Died September 9, 1S33.

Si* efn, " Biocnphie UnirDiell* do Mnidm."

Klain, kllN, (Dominique Louis Antoink,) a French
general, bom at Blamont in 1761 ; died in 1845.

Klatn, (Ernst Fkhdinand.) a learned jurist, bom
at Breslau in 1743. became privy councillor at Berlin.
He wrote "Principles of German and Prussfan Penal
Law," (1795,) "System of Prussian Civil Law," (1830,)
and other legal works. Died in i8ia

Sec turn AatobicienphT, "E. F. Kl«'i Sribabiopi
. (Jakob Thbodob,) a celebrated

k'e

barg and of the Royal Society of London. Linnseua
prre the luuoe of Kleinia to a new plant in honour of
una natoralist. The works of Klein are regarded as
valuable contribntions to science. Died In 1759.
Sh CanrriAH SaHim, " Lobnde inf Hctth I. T. Klvi
BnscHme. "HittonKfa-IimuiKha Hudbixhi" "Noat
mphie OininSc."

Klein, (Johanh Adam,) a distinguished Gemum
painter cj'landscapes and animals, and a sldlM engraver,
vas bom at Nuremberg in 1791. He viuted Rome
about iSaa Died at Munich, May ai, 1S75.
Sm Kiuaaa. "ADfamangi Ktutlar.LaOua.''
Klatn, kiln, (Juuus I,eopold,) a Jewish dramatist,
bom at Hiscolci, Hungary, in 1S04. He sttidied medi-
one, but finally settled at Berlin as a literary man. He
produced many tragedies and comedies, but il chiefly
Bxmoiable for his "History of the Drama," (i> vols.,
1865-76,) which was never finished. Died in 1876,
XletnartB. See CLtNARix

Klelnan, kli'nSw, (Johamn,) Baron von Janowtti,
an Amttian general, born in Bohemia about 1760. He
commanded a corps at Wa^im, and rendered Important
Btwkea at Leipsic, 1313. Died in 1819.

KLENZB

; klln'tu, (Hugo Wilhrlh Paul,) a Ger-
lan theologian, born at Bielguth, in Silesia, Septembei
%, 1S37. In i8fi8 he was called to a professorship in
le Universi^f of Berlin. His commentaries (chieHv
I Lange's "Bibelwerk") and critical studies are well

, . he left Copenhagen,

.. .-. — the service of Frederick

the Great- He greatly distinguished himself at Ihebatlle
of Kunnersdorf in 1759, where he was mortally wounded.
His most celebrated work is a poem entitled " Spring,"
("DerFrllhling," 1749.) Besides this, he wrote several
tk-jrarit and id^s, a aerie* of essays, and a treatise on
military tactics.

Sm LoHcnLLow, " PocB ud Pomv of EntDne ;" F, Nkouu,
" EhrcainUchtnlai k. C TDD Kldil'^" i;n; OEniHIIS, "O*-
■chichiv der Denttdwn Dichluag," 1^53,

Klelst, von, (Hbinrich,) a German poet and novel-
ist, bom at Frankfort-on -the -Oder in 1776. He fought
in the Prussian army against France. In 180S be waa
■Bsodated with Adam Miiller in the publication of the
"Phcebua." A victim of hypocboadna, he committed
tuidde in iSti. Gervinus places him above all the dra-
matic poets of his time. His works include dramas, lyric
poem*, novels, and tales, among which are the tragedies
entitled "The Prince of Horaburg" and "The Battle of
Hermanik," (1809,) and " Michael Xohlhaas," a tale.

Sm BBunr. " Honrick nm Klebi'i Lcben sod Briefe." 1B4S;
Gnvwu^ " Gnehidin itx DcancheB Didnantt" 4ih iditioii. tSu ;
■"' — '— Qoanerly RgTiew" (W Juri, iSiti "Britith Qukn«^

"Foreun Q

Klelat von Nollendorl kRst fbn Dollfn-doRf

gHiL Friedkich,) CotTNT, B Prussian commander,
tti at Berlin in i7Ga. He served with distinction In
the RoMlan campaign of 1811, and at the battie of Baut-
~ ^n, after which, as Irussian plenipotentiary, he concluded

le truce. After the battle of Dresden and the retreat

■ the allies, he aaiued a signal victory over Vandamme
at Nollendor^ (August, 1813.) He was created a field-
marshal in 1831, having previously received the order of

e Black Eagle and been made commander-general of

iiony. Died in 1833.

KlelatHenM. See CumuNES.

Kleitanibioe. See Clitarchus.

EloltomoolioB. See CuroMACifUs.

Kleitoa. See CLtnis.

Klenun, kJfm, (Fkiuiricu Gustav,) a German Ai<
ilrateHr, bom at Chemniti in iSoa. He published a
"History of Bavaria," (3 vols., l8a8,) a "Manual of
German Archeology," (1835,) a "General History of
Human Civilization," (10 vi^., 1S43-50,) and other
works. Died at Dresden, August 36, 1S67.

Kleagel, kllng'fl, (Jokann Chkistian,) a German
painter and engraver, bom near Dresden in 1751.
Among his beat pictures are an "Italian Landscape at
Tvrilight," and " The Wheat Harvest." Died in 1&14.

KleuM^ kllnt'sf h, (Clemens August Karl,) a Ger-
man jurist, a brother of the following, was born near
Hildesheim in 1795. He wrote a " Manual of Common

. . . eminent Ger-

architect, bom at Hildesheim in 17S4. He studied
at Brunswick and at Berlin, and afterwards in France,
England, and Itatv. In 1S13 he went to Munich, where
he was patroniiea by the crown-prince Ludwig, and two
years later waa appointed court architect to the King of
Bavaria. In 1833 he waa ennobled. Among the most
unportant of hii designs are the Glyptothek, a building
to receive statnaij and gems, completed in 1830; the
Odeon and the Pinakothek (picture-gallery) al Munich,
completed In 1837; and the Walhalla, or hall ofheroea,
a magnificent marble edifice near Ratisbon, finished in
1S39. This building, the exterior of which resembles the
Parthenon, is one of the most remarkable monuments
erected In modem times. Klenie, in his dcsigru for
building*, display! an uncommon knowledge of the
various style* of architectnre; though he regard* the
Grecian model* as superior to all othen. He alac
erected at Saint Patersburg, under the auspices of the

asi: {asi; ^hard; iaaj; a,K,K,gtiiltiraJ; s,natal;t^irillal;i

( |S~Sce Eiplanatlpn*, p. 83.1

,-J:,LiOO^^IC

KLEOBULOS 14

emperor Nicholai, the ImpeHal Palace (completed Id
iSji) and the Impeml Hnsemii. Kleme piiblished,
among other wori^ an " Eun on the Restoration of
the Tuscan Temples," " Tbe Walhalla in its Artistic and
Technical Relations," and several collections of Gredan
daigns. He was likewise Bkilled in painting, and pro-
doc^ teveral landscapes and architectural piecea. Died
in 1364.

Sn R. WiKHAim, "RiK« L. mo Klnm mrf nam KuutL"
■8W1 NAQLaa, "AUtcmeiDHKaintler-LailHia;" " Mannll* Bio-
■nphis G^oinla ;" FoKTODl. " Da I'An a AllcBUfiw," unw L

Klcobnloa. See C[.eobulu&.

Kloombrotoa. See Clioubrotds.

EleonedM. See Clroubdbs.

ElttontAiiaa. See Cliouknbs.

Kl«on. See Clron.

Kleopatra. See Cleopatra.

Klaophon. See Clbophon.

KlocMtratiu. See Clxostratus.

Klarok, klERk, (Hendrik,) an artist and poet, bora
m Brussels about 157a Among his puntings are "Tlw
Resurrection of Jesus Christ," and "The Martyrdom of
Saint Andrew."

Klsttan, kief ten, (Grokq Ernst,) a German medical
writer, bom near wllnborg in 1759 ; died in 1837.

Klettanberg, kief tfn-biRo', (Susanne Catkrrinr,)
born at Frankfort-on-the-Main in 1713, was an intimate
friend of Goethe's mother, and has been celebrated by
the poet in his " Wilhelm Meiater," under the name rf
■the Beautiful SouL" She wrote a nnmbei of religioM
essays and hymns. Died in 1774.

Seakar, kloi'k^r, (Jokanm Frikdrich,) a German
scholar, bom at Osterode in 1749. He became in 1798
professor of theology at Kiel, where he died in 1S37.
He translated the "Zend Aiesla" (rf Zoroaster from the
Peisian, (1776,) and wrote a treatise "On tbe Religii
System of the Brahmins," (1797.)

S«a Ratjui. "J. F. Klenktr and Brid> waaia Fnnnik," i
iS4a-

KUopeiB, klits'pth-rl, (VXci^w Kliuxkt,) a Bo!
mian dramatist, born at Chlumec in I79li died in iS.,

KUBgemanit, kling'f-mln, (Carl,J a German littl-
raftwr.bornalLimmer, Hanover, in 179S. He wrote the
words for many of Mendelssohn's songs and other com-
positions. Died September 25, 1S63.

KUmrath, kllN'itf, (Hrnri,) a French jurist, bom
M Strasbourg in (807 ; died in 1837.

Kllnggmaan, kling'fh-m&n', (Ernst Auoust Frikd-
rich,) a German dramatic poet, and director of the court
theatreatBninswick, where he was born in i77)j. Among
his best works are "Loiher," "Henry the Lion," and
"German Fidelity," ("Deutsche Treue.") Died b 1831

Se* "FoRisn Qiurlerlj Roriew" for NorembeT, i\rj.

XUnBMwtlBrDa, kting'^n-shtR'ni, (Samuel,) a
eminent Swedish philosopher and mathematician, bom
near Linkiiping about 1690, was educated at Up«aL
Having visited Germany, he became the biend and dis-
dpie 01 the celebrated Wolf. Upon his return to Swe-
den, in 1 730, he was appointed professor of mathematica,
and was subsequently chosen tutor to the crown-prince,
(Gnslavus III.) He performed the duties of this office
with great ability, lecdving as a reward the order of the
Polar Star and the title oicoandlloi of state. He was
a Fellow of the Royal Sodeties of London and of UpsaL
KJinEenstiema wrote a work on refracting telescopes,
wUui obtained the prize offered by the Academy of
Sciences of Saint Petersburg, a treatise on the height of
the atmosi^ere, (ma,) and various other productions.
Died at Stockholm in 1785.

S« Uak-tiii STKomn, "AminnelH-Til Bfiw 3. KHiEaf
■**—■ i" t^%ii ADiuTHa uid JOoua, " AUgndicaiM GalAhrun-

KUnget, kling'fr, (Frirdrich Maxihtuan,) a Ger-
man lilUraiair, born at Frank fott-on -the- Main in Felnu-
ary, 1753. Having vidted Russia in 1780, he became
reader to the grand duke Paul, whom he accompanied

00 his travels. IniSii he was created Ikulenani-generiL
He published poems, dramas, and romances. Died at
Saint Petersburg in I S3 1. His dramaentitled" Storm and

KLOPSTOCK

tore, ("Die Sturm-nnd-Drang

^od

:h of the revolt of u
aninst dvilization, (rfaimplid ,
ol youth against age, of the he'art'against reason," etcT

Sae GuvIHin. "Gcodudiu do- DeutidieB DiclWiDii'* "Nob-
kJIe Biognphie G6iJiaI*."

KUngior 7CH1 Ungsrlaiid, kling'soR fon B&ng'fr-
Ilnf , a German minnednger and astrologer of the ttor-
teeoth century, supposed vrj some writeta to have beea
the author cnT the fiunoos ** Nibelungen-Lied," while
others regard him as a fabulous personage.

Kllngatldt, KllngstMdt, or EUnptet klir^sth,
(Claudius Gustav,) a miniature-painter in the suite
of the regent Duke of Orleans, born at Riga in 1657;
died at Paris in 1734.

KJl<x See Clio.

KXoakar, kloklcfr, or Eloku, kloHifr, (David,) a
portrait and historical punter, bom at Hamburg in 1^9.
In early life he went as secretary of legation to Sweden,
where he was appointed to give lessons in drawing to
Queen Christina. He was afterwards liberally patron-
ized by Charles X. Died at Stockholm in 16^

See Soai nnd Ginsn, "AIlgEiiiaiie EncrUopudH."

KloostemMiL See Closteruan, (Johamn.)

Klopp, (Onno.) a German historian, bom ai Leer
October 9, i8ai. He studied ai Bonn, Berlin, aod GSt
lingen, and became an archivist attached to the court
of me King of Hanover. He afterwards went to Austria.
He wrote a "History of East Friesland," (1854-81,)
"Frederick IL of Prussia," (1S60,) "The Fall of the
House of Stuart," (1B75-76, in 4 vols.,) etc. Died I9b3.

Klopatock, klop'stok, (Friedrich Gottlieb,; ■
celebrated German poet, Ixn-n at Quedlinburg, July 9.
1724. Heearlycherishedtheambition of writing an epk
poem. About 1746 he went to Jena to study theology,
and in 1747 removed to Leipaic He produced in
1748 tbe first three cantos of his "Messiah," which
had immense success and opened a new era in German
poetry. In 1749 he was employed as tutor in a family
at Ijngensalza. He removed in 17$! to Copenhagen,
at the invitation of the king, Frederick V., whc jave
him a pension of four hundred thalers that be might
have leisure to complete his great poem. In 1754 he
married Margaret (Meta) Moller, an accomplished and
literary woman, whom he has commemorated in odea
and elegies under the name of "CidlL" He remained
twenty years at Copenb^en, where he was patronited
by ConnI Bemstorff and Count Moltke. In 1755 he pub-
lished &ve more cantos of the "Messiah." Hecherished
tbe idea that he had a great poetical mission. "Tliis
idea of an epic priesthood," says Taillandier, "gradually
became a reality. He transferred to his poem the events
of his life; he reflated his life by the inspirations <^
hi* poem." " By his character and conduct," says Goethe
in his Autobii^aphy, "Klopstock had succeeded in
creating attention and resj>ect tor himself and other meo
of talent ... At this time Klopstock came forward
and offered his 'Learned Republic' for subscriptioiis.
Although the later cantos of the 'Messiah' could not
have the effect of the earlier, partly on account of their
contents, nartly on account of their mode of treating the
subject, which came pure and innocent into a pure and
innocent time, the esteem for the poet remained tm-
changed." The same writer remarks, "On ttie whole,
one night have taken him for a diplomatisL He carried
himself with the sclf-consdous dignity of a person who
has a great moral mission to fuifiL"

In 1758 he was greatly afflicted by the death of his
wife. He settled at Hamburg in IT71, and published
in 1773 the last cantos of bis " Messiah." The f^eneral
sentiment of his contemporaries in relation to this poem
is thus expressed by Madame de Stael, in her "Tableau
de 1' Allemagne :" "When the reader commences this
poem, be receives an impression like that of a person
entering a grand cathedral filled with the music of an
organ. His admirers compared him to Homer and
Milton i bot more sober critics censure his sentimen-
tality, monotony, and lack of action. Although his
"Messiah" is seldom read at the. present time, all the
German schools unite in the expreasion of honour and

I the natioital literature^ The finest qualities

li. e, 1,0, ill yi'i^/^^i^same, less prolonged; i, J,I,&,Q,)',Mw^;^ti ii9> o^'*''A'(^i A1l,flt;mltitiBt;g(t6d; mdBa,

Digitized by CjOOQ I C

F. L.lli>LTn."AnD

KLOSE 14

geniiH are displajred io hi> odea, aome of which ate con-
■idered aa duaic model* of the aoUe and the gracefiil.
He also wrote a nuinbet of tacred dnunaa, amoiig which
i* "The Death tA Adam." About 1793 be married a
aidow named Von Wintbem. He died at Hambutg in
Mard), 1803.

Sn HamaTCii IMMuira, " P. G. Kltrttodi't Noffnplu^" iliji
r».M»» "KiarauA. a und Bbar iho," c tdIl, iite-u; Hu*
9ditodhteFrind>,"iSM; H. DSuhc, "Kk>p-
ay, JoHAHM G. Gaima, "Klopnodi* LtboT'
H D«m, "Ban d« TOoohbA," Pub, iSej:
bi D. M. r.C. KlopMOdi,'' AlUmfc iSiS: Loho-
PUiinr, "fqeu uvl pHtrr^Biirtipei^' "Foraga Quirtirij R»-
mw" fcc JsmaiT, iSu ; GBimiDI, " Goctiichle ia Dmucbea
DidtuBS :" AixxADOBB TouuuuH. " KlopKock. Lane, ud
WidiiKd: TnedMSB Gsnu LitwUnn," Londcn. 184! ; "Nm-
•dte Bup^bia G<B&ik."

Klo««, kia«, (F. T.,) an Englbh mnwcal compoaei and
■kilfal pianiit, waa bom in I^ondon ; died in 1830.

Klot^ klota, JLat. Klot'iius,! (Cmkistian Adol-
mus,) a learned German critic and poet, bom atBischofs-
werda, near Dresden, in 1738. He studied at Leipsic
and Jena, and in 1763 became professor of philosophic
at Goltingen. He was appointed by the King of Prussia
professor of rhetoric at Halle in 1765, with the title of
•nlic councillor. He wrote numerous commentaries and
short treaties, amona which are "Ridicula Litenria,"
(1762,) "Acta Literana," (7 vols., 1764-73,) and "Lec-
titaiea Venusiiuc," (1771.) Died in 1771.

Sec C Haiku, " Lcbsn nnd Chinkm C. A. Klotusi," xjj* ;
C G. TCH Mdii, "Dukmal nir Ebn daa Ktm Kino," i77>l
llAKcauDaBr, " Viu el Mcmorii Klcliii," iti'-

Klotc, (Matthias,) a German painter of portraits
and landscapes, bom at Strasburg b 1748; diediniSai.
Hit three sons, Caspak, StuoN, and Josifh, acquired
diMiiiction in the same departments of painting.

Klot^ (RUNHOLD.) a German critic and scholar, brnit
at Stollbei^ in 180T, succeeded Hermann as profeuorof
philology at Leipsic in iS4g. He published editiona of
Terence, of the "Phoenissz" and *• Medea" of Buripidei,
and other works. Died August 10, 1870.

KloC>, (SiuoH,) a German painter of hiator; 1
landscapea, bom at Mannheim in 1777, waa a aon
Matthias, noticed above. Died in 1835.
Klotstna. See Klotz, (Ckxistian Adolphus.)
Klotxiiia, kiot'se-ttB, (Stefuin,) a German tbec4o-
nan, born at Lippstadt in 1606 ; died in 166&

Klnbei or Klaeber, ktilTier, (Johann Ludwio.)
a Gennan jurist, bom near Fulda in 1762. Became pro-
fessor of law of Heidelberg, and held governmental posts.
He acquired distincdon by a history of the Congress of
Vieoos, " Aden des Wiener Congresses in den Jabren
1S14 und 1815," (9 vols., 1815-35,) '"'^ other vorlts.
Died in 1837.

SaUmvTADr, "KIObB* Lebon." tnAnd to KLPKa-i "Of-
hnUOc* Rcdn de* DtiMehin Bnada," i&ib: "Moonlk Ko-

Eln«ber. See KlObu.

KJnegoL See KlDgu.

KlOgu. kiil'B«l,(G>OKQSiiioN,)aG«n)uui mathenw-
tician,bom at llambDrg in ina He became In i~~"
professor of mathematics at Helmstedt Among
principal worla is "Elements of Astronomy," (1819.)
DkdmiSia.

Stilly kloit, (AdeIAan,) a Dutch historical writer, bom
at Dort in 1735, In 1779 he waa appointed professor
of the archzoTogy of Hcdland and of (nplomatic histoty
tl Leyden. Among hia works are a "History c' ''--
Mitical Administradon of Holland" until 1795, (5
iSoi-D;,)andthe"PoliticalEconomyof Holland. Died
iiiS07.

Klti^ kl36k, (CHKmx>PHiit,) a Polish naturalist,
born in Podlachfa in 1739, published a " Dictionary of
Kanis," (3 vols, 1786-88.) IJied in 1796,

Klnptel, kiaep'^, (EuUAituiL Chbistofh,) a Ger>
nan, bam In Saze-Gotha, be<3me, in 1764, editor of the
•ell-known "Almanadi de Gotha." Died in 177GL

ElTn or KUJn, kBn, (HKifDRiK Human,) a Datch
poet, bom at Amsterdam in 1773, wrote a poem 00
A**raaonj, (i8o<h) and other works.

ElytemnsatrtL See CLVTKHHtsrsA.

Kinety, kma'tee, (Gkorgb,) GENBRAt, bom
Km^ary in l8lo. Became an Austrian army ofRcer. bat

KNEELAND

in 1848 fboght in the HungaiiaD anny against the Ans-

trtans. After the surrender of Gfltgey be entered the
Turkish service and became diitingui^ied as a general

the Crimean war. Died in 1865.

Knapp, knlp ot k'nip, (ALBUdfr,) a German diTiii&
born in the duchy of Wiirtembetg in 1798, publisbed
several collections of bymns and sacred poems, which
are highly esteemed. Died June 18, 1864.

Kiwpih (GiOKO Ckkistian,) a German tbeologiait,
bom at Halle in 1753. He was prolesaor of theology at
Halle about fifty years, and was distinguished in sacred
oitidsm. He was moderately orthodox, endeavooring
to recondle revelation with the demands of reasoit. He
published "Lectures on Chrisdan Theoionr," (1 vols.
1827,) and other works. Died at Halle in 1835.

5« A. H. NiBBTB, " KpiBMBea dm Aadodia a a Kaw'A

Knapp, (Hbrmanh,) physician, bom in Frusta in
1S33. Was professor of ophthalmology at Heidelberg,
came to America in 1868, and foandnl an Ophthalmic
and Aural Institute in New York. For nuny years he
was the leading eye and ear specialist in the United
Slates. Died May 1, 1911.

Knapp, nap, (Jacob,) an American Baptist revival
preacher, bom in Otsego county. New York, December
7, 1799. Was ordained in iSaJ, and for many years
wat known as a marvellously successful evangelist.
Died in Rockford, Illinois. March z. 1874.

Knapp. (JOKANH,) a German piinter of flowers
and animals, wa« bom in Vienna in 1778 ; died in 1S33.

Knapp, (Maktin Augustine,) judge, bom at Spaf-
ford. New York, in 1843. Became a noted lawyer, was
appointed on the Interstate Commerce Commission in
1891 and was its chairman aller 1898. Wis made pre-
siding judge of the U. S. Court of Commerce in 1910.

BZnapp, nap, (Samubl Lorbkzo,) a miscellaneous

[iter, bom at Newbuiyport, Massachusetts, in 17S4,
Among his principal works are " BioHrapbical Sketches
of Eminent Lawyers, Statesmen, and Men ot Letters,"
"Travels in North America, In Ali Bey," "Lectures
.n American lileratore," and "American Biogrsphv"
Died in 183&

Knapton, nap'tgn, (Grokgi.) an English portrait-
lintet, bom In London in 1698, painted in crayons.
Died in 1788.

KuatobbttU-HngeaseiL See BRABOURt^i.

Ktiatw, knSwBs, (Ludwig,) a German painter, was
bom at Wiesbaden. October 10. 1829. His spedally is
the painiing of scenes in peasant-life. His pictures are
extremely popular in Germany. Died Dec. 7, 1910.

Knaiu^ kn6wst or k'nfiwit, (HtlHUCH,) a German
poet, born in 1541 j died in 1577.

S« LotforuJAw, "Pofltiuid Poctrr of Eorvpa."

Knan^ knSwt or k'nSwt, {Chkistian,) a German
botanist, bom at Halle in 1654; died in 1716.

Knant, (Crristoph.) a boUnical writer, father of the
preceding, was burn at Uaile in 1638; died in 1694.

Knantii, knSwt, (Christian,) a German historian,
bom at Gorlitzin 1706; died in 1784.

Knebel, knfbfl, (Ehmanurl Thkophilus,) a Ger>
man medical writer, bom at GdrliU in 1773 ; died in 1809,

Kaabal, von, fon knS'bfl, (Karl Ludwiq,) a Ger>
man litUrattur, bom at Wallerstein, in Franoonia, in
1744. He published an excellent translation of the
Elegies of Propertini (1798} and the "De Remm
Natura" of Lucretius, (iSai and 1831.) Hia interesting
" Correspondence with Goethe" came out after Knebel'i
death, which took place in 1S34. He waa intimate with
Mendelssohn, Gleim, Jacobi, and other eminent writers.

KneaUnd, ne'ljnd, (Sauurl,) M.D., an American
naturalist, born in Boston, Angust i, i8ai. He gradn-
ated at Harvard Collie in 1840, studied medicine in
Boston and Paris, was a sargeon in the army, 1869-66,
and in 1866 became professor of loology and physiology
in the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Among
his works are " Wonders of the Yosemite Valley," " An
American in Iceland," " The Land of Hemp and Sugar,"
etc He travelled extensively for the study of earth-
quakes and volcanic phenomena. Died Sept 17, iSSS.

*Hi,'|aa//2.(artf;tss/,-a,H,X,/i>«imi/,-N,MaMf;R,»iEIW,-lass;thssindit. (H^See Explanations, p. 13.)

d by Google

KNELLER li,

Kil«ller, netlfr, [Ger. pron. knellfr,] (Godfikv,)
1 celebrated porlnul-paintei, wai born at Lubeck in
1648. He commenced hti atudies under Rembrandt,
and pursued them in Italy. He afterwards went to Eng-
Imnd, where he was snccessiveljr court painter to Charles
II., James II., William III., Queen Anne, and George L
The last-named created him a baronet Kneller was also
made a knight of the Roman empire by the emperor
Leopold. In addition to the distinguished personages
of the English court, he painted portraits of Louis XIV.
ind Peter the Great Died about 1733.

SeaW. A. Ackuhuin, "Der PonnhiDilR' Sir Godclrn Kndto
n VerhUraiH lur Kuniibildung KiDer ZeIi dii|E>iElli."^ Lubeck,

Eniazlmlii, kne-JUh'nin, wrillen also Kulasohnln
and Knlajntn, (Yakof Borissovitch,) a Russian poet
and dramatist, was bom at Pskov In X-ftfl. Among his
principal works are the traeediesof "Dida"and" Sopho-
niiba,'' and a number of odes, aongs, and M)les. Ai the
request of the empress Catherine, he trarvslated from
the Italian " La Clemenra di Tito" of Metastasia Died

Seg " Menidln oT Iha PrioGW Duchko£" 1B4S.

Knlulawlcs, kne-lzh'yk-vitch, f (Karl,) a Palish
general, born in 1761. He fought bravely, though un-
successfully, in the defence of his country in 1794, and
afterwards entered the French army and distinguiahed
hiimelf in the Italian campaign of 179S. Ke was made
■ commander of the legion of honour in 1804. Died in
1843.

Sn L. Choduio, " L« Polotn* iUiutrfe," 1I4S.

K<''"«"<", kne-lih'nin, r {FitANas Dionysius,) a
Polish poet, born in the goTemmenl of Vitepsk in 1750,
became teacher in the Jesuit*' College at Warsaw, and
was afterwards secretary to Prince Adam Ciartor)|ski
He was the author of lyric poems, and published varioui
tnuislations of ancient poeis into Polish. Died in 1B07

Knibb, nib, (Rev. William,) an English BaptUt mis
llonary, noted for bis courageous opposition to slavery
In Jamaica, was born at Kettering, in Northampton shire,
■bout lEoo. He laboured zealously to ameliorate the
condition trf the slaves ; and by his representations to
the people of England he aided not a little in the negro
emancipation of Jamaica, as well as in the subseqacnl
■bolitioii of the apprentice system. He made a powerfiil
■nd-slavery speech a( Eieler Hallin 1S40. Died in i!<45.

S«Jas.Hobt, "Memoir of Wn.KnLbb."i8Mi J. H. Hiktok,
'■ Mem^n of Wm. Knibb," 1S47.

Knicaulu, knc-chS-neen', (Stkphan Pktbovitch,) a
Servian general, bom in igoS, distinguished himself in
the revolution of 1S48, and in iSja was made • general
and senator. Died in 1855.

Kniokwbacker, nlk'^r-WkV, (David Bum,) D.D.,
an American bishop, born at Schaghticoke, New Yotlt,
Febi^iary 34, 1833, gradualed at Trinity College, Hart-
ford, in 1853, and at the General Episcopal Theological
Seminary in 1856, took orders in the Episcopal Church,
(1856, 1857,) was rector of a church in Minneapolis, Mil
nesota, (1857-73,) and in 1883 was consecrated Bishc
of Indiana.

BlniolEorbooker, (Dikdrich.) See Iktino.

~ ■ kneep, (Ckristofh Hsinrich,) a German
jtn at Hildesheim in 1748. He travelled in
Goethe, and worked in Naples. His drawing!
in sej^ and crayons, of Italian landscapes and anliqni-
tiea, are much admired. Died in Naples in iSzj.

icniggn, Ton, fon knik'kf h, (Adolf Franz Fkikd-
aiCH,) Baron, a German philosopher and writer, born
near Hanover in 175*. He wrote, beudes other works,
"The Romance of my Life," (" Roman mrinea I^bCTis,"
4 vol*., 1781,) and "On the Art of Living with Men,"
("Ueber deti Umgang mit Menachen," 1788.) Died in

Sw COmkk, " Adolf TOO Kniroi, ■tin Leben md Blickt unemc
Mt," 1844: "KDruBiocnphiaaet A. too KnitSB, i>>I-

Knisli^ nit, (Charlcs,) an eminent English editor
and author, bom at Windsor in 1791. He settled in
London about i8a3, and commenced business as a pub-
lisher. He was one of the first members of the Society
foj the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge, under whose
Mtipicea he published"The Penny Magarine" (1S3J-4S)

Knlep, knei
Italy with Goetl

KNIGHTON

at hti own risk, and "The Library of Entertainini

Knowledge." Among the works which he published 01
edited are "The Penny CyclM)aedia," (30 vols., 1833-46,]
"The Pictorial History of England," (about l84!4.} and

- valuable "English Cyclopedia," (14 vols., 1854-^1,)
lich is in fact a recast of the " Penty Cyclopidia," with
iportant changes anal additions. This is separated into

divisions for biography, geography, etc. He also published
a number of popular woiks, among which are a " Life of
Shakspere," prefixed to his " Pictorial Shakspeie," (1830,)
"Knowledge is Power," (1855,) and his " Popular His-
tory of England," (1856-61.) Died March 9, 1873.

Knight, (Edward Ferderick,} an English
journalist and author, bom in 1S52. He was a war
correspondent of the "Times" in various campaigns
from 1891 onwards. He travelled widely, and wrote
works, among which are " The Cruise o(
the Falcon," " Where Three Empires Meet," " Mada-
iscar in War Time," and " Rhodesia of To-Day."
Knight, (Francis Arnold,) an English nal-
ralist, bom al Gloucester in 1852. He published
Iiiylls of the Field," "Rambles of a Dominie,"
By Moorland and Sea," (1893,) etc.
Knight, (Godwin,) F.R.S., an English philoaophei
graduated at Oxford in 1741. He published an " Attempt
to demonstrate that all the Phenomena of Nature may
be explained by Attraction and Repulsion," (174S.) Died
In 177*.
Kntght, (Jauks,) an English navigator, who in 1719
as sent by a mercantile compan* with two vessels t«
arch for a northwest passage and for mines of copper
None of this party ever returned.
Knight, (John Prrscott,} an English painter, boni
Stafford in 1803, was the son of a noted comedian. He
painted portraits with success. Died March 26, iSSi.

Knight, (Joseph Philip,) an English musician and
composer, bom at Brad ford-on -A von, July 36, iSlz. He
composed the music for many popular songs, the words
of which were furnished by Thomas Havnes Bayly,
Moore, and others. Of these, " Rocked in ine cradle of
the deep" is perhaps best known ; but many others were

- Jpular in their day. Died in 1887.

Knlgh^ (Richard Payne,) an English antiquary and
Greek scholar, bom in Herefordshire in 1750. He was
several times elected to Parliament for the boroughs of
I^eominster and Ludlow. He made a targe col&cdon
of Greek coins, bronzes, and various works of art, valued
at fifty thousand pounds, which he bequeathed to the
British Museum. Among other works, he wrote "An
Analytical Enquiry into the Principles trf Taste," (1805.)
He contributea to the " Edinburgh Review," and wrote
a mediocre poem on "The Progress of Civil Society,"
(1796,) which furnished Canning and other* a subject fot
a parody in "The A nti- Jacobin." Died in 1834.

Blnlgh^ (SaHuel,) an English clergyman and biogra-
pher, born m London in 1674. He wrote the Live* of
Erasmus (1714) and of Dr. John Colet, (1726.) He
became chaplain to George II. in 1730, and Archdeacon
of Berks in 173;. Died in 1746.

Kntght, (Thomas Andrew,) a distinguished vega-
lable physiologist and horticulturist born in 1758, was a
brother of R. P. Knight, noticed above. He succeeded
Sit Joseph Banks as president of the British Horticul-
tural Society. He wrote "A Treatise on the Culture
of the Apple and Pear, and on the Manufacture of Cider
and Perry," {1797,) and other works, He produced new
and valuable varieties of fruits from seeds, and made
Mperiments in vegetable fecundation, in the germination
of seedi, and in oUier ptoceuea of vegetable phyuology.
Died in 1838.

Kalght, (William Angus,) an author and editor,
bom in Scotland in 1836. He became professor of
moral philosophy in the University of St. Andrews in
1876, and published and edited a large number of
works, some ol the later of which are •' The Philoso-
phy of the Beautiful," (1891-931) "Aspects of
Theism." (1894,) " Nugie Viatoris," (1897,) clc-

i, e. ', o, u, y, toHg; i, t, fi, same, less prolonged; i, 1, 1, 5, li, f , tkert; », ?, i.

\ eiteun; Or, fill, Ot; ult: oOti gd6d : mlVmi

Digitized byGOOglc

KNIGHTON M

■boBi t38i>-i4oaL HU priscipal woAi no ■ chnmicle
of M«itU from tbtt invanon of William the Conqueror,
tsA a bisloiy of Richard II.

Knigbton, (William,) a British author, bom al
Dnblia in 1834. He became a teacher in CeyloD and
snbseqoently in Caicntia, and wrote several works on
Ceylon, on royal life in the East, etc. A later wotli
of much popularity was ■' Struee'es for Life." He
contributed valuable historical papers to the " Trans-
actions" of the Royal Society of Literature, of which
he became vice-president in 18S7.

KnlU, ul, (ReT. Rjchaso,) an EnRliah Hethodut ini>>
■ionaiy, bom in DevoD«hirc in 1787. He was »ent in
1S16 I^ the London Missionary Society to India, where
he spent three years, and subsequently resided uxleen
years in Russia, where he labonred with great seal and
Died in 1857.

the principal leaden of the Anabaptist insnirection of
1533. He was eiectited in 1536, with his accomplice,
John of Leydeiu

Enlpetrovitu. See Knipstkow.

Kntoabow, knlp'stlo, or Enlepatrow, Vneej/stRo,
[Lu. KNlPSTBt/vius,! (JoHAKN,) ft German reformer,
Dom at Sandow, in Sdesia, in 1497. fie distinguished
himself in a public dispute against Tetzel in i^iS. In
1539 he became professor of^theot<^ at Grei&walde,

America, where he became a preacher.

ilu are mostly published in German.

Among them are "Tales and Legends of (he North

American Indians," (1871.) German translations of Long-
fellow's poems, with notea, "American Sketches," (1876,)
••little Snow-White and the Dwarfs," (1873,) " Ij>"|-
fellow ! Studies in Literary History," (1879,) " An Amen-
can Shakspeare Bibliography," (1877 J etc.

Knotty not, (Edwabd,) an English Jesuit and con>
troversial writer, whose proper name was Matthiw
Wilson, was bom in Noithumberland in i;8o. Among
his principal worki is "Infidelity Unmasked," (1652,) in
answer to Chillingworth's "Religion of Protestants."
Died in 1656L

Knowlsr, nST^r, ? (Wiluam,) an English clergyman,
born about itoo, translated part of Saint Chiysostom's

. 1547 rector of the \
. KojaBohnln c

liversity at that place. Died

.. a distinguished Prussian architect, bom in
1697, was appanted by Frederick the Great superin-
tendent of the royal buUdii^B. Among his best works
are the castle of^ San*.Souci and the Opera-Honse at
Berlin. Died in 1753.

Knobleobor, knop^lK-^, (N.,) a German mission-
ary and traveller, bom about iSoa In company with a
irading-party, he ascended the White Nile in 1E49-W
to about 4° north latitude, but was onable to reacJi the
•oorce of the river.

Kmoller, von, fon knollfr, (Maktin,) an ei
historical painter, born at Steinach, in the TVrol, ii . ^.
studied aeveral years in Rome. Among his bMt worlu
are the frescos painted from Incidents in the life of
Cardinal Borromeo^ and a large fresco at Munich of the
'Ascension of the Virgin." Knoller received a patent
of nobility from the empress Maria Theresa, He worked
many years jn Milan. Died in 1804.

Knolles, nSli, (Richake^) an English writer, biHn
in Northamplonabire about 154s. Among his works
■re "General History of the Turks from the Origin of
this Nation until the Elevation of the Ottoman Family,"
(i6)o^) and a "Compendium of the Latin, Greek, and
Hebrew Grammar." His " History of the Turks" was
pcaiied by Dr. Johnson. Died in 1610.

Knollaa or Knon-lM, ndlz, (Robkkt,) a celebrated
Engtiafa general under the reign of Edward III., was
bern about 1317; died about 1^.

S« FsoissArr, "OmnidBi.''

KaoUla or Knowlea, nfili, (Sir Fkancis,) an English

■oted the Reformation In the reign

(be accesaon of Elizabeth, (issS,) he was appointed

dtamberlain of the household and privy councillor. Died

ioiS9&

SoTcKnai, "Kinofyirf the Rogn of Edwud VI.," «c.

Knonr, knot, (Georo Wolfgano,) a German en-
graver, bom at Nuremberg in 1705 ; died in 1761.

KnoiT won Roaanrot^ knoa fon ro'ifn-rSt', (Chu*.
nAH,) Babon. a German scholar and statesman, bora
near licgnitx in 1636. He wrote an " Evangelical His-
lory," and " KabbaJa DcDndata," an ezpositioo of the
truBcendentaJ, metaphysical, and theological doctrines
of the Hebrews. Died in 1689.

Knoffts. knoRts, (Kaki,) a Germ an -American scholar,
bom at Garbenheim, Rhenish Prussia, August j8, 1841.
He was educated in Wetilar, London, and Heidelberg.

works. Died in 1767.
"lowlea, nSlz, (James,) an Englis

bom in 1831. He was e<fiicated at Uni

Knowlu, nSlz, (James,) an English editor and arcbi-

College, London, as an architect He executed many
fine DnUdings in and about London. He foanded the
Metaphysical Sodety in 1869, edited ihe " Contemporary
Review," 1870-77, and in 1877 founded " The Nineteenth
Century," a review, of which he was editor and owner.
He published "The Story of King Arthur," {1869.)

Knowles, nSli, (Jahu Davis,) an American writer
and Baptist clergyman, bomat Providence, Rhode Island,
in 179S. He graduated at Columbian College, Wash-
ington, D.C, and in 1835 became pastor of a church
In Boston. He wrote Memoirs of Roger Williams and
of Mrs. Ann H. Judson, and was Ihe founder of the
"Christian Review." Died in 1838.

BTnowlaa, nSlz, (Jakes Shksidan,) a popular drama-
tist and actor, bOTn at Cork, in Ireland, in 1784. Al
twelve years of age lie wrote his first play, and at four-
teen produced an opera, "The Chevalier de Grillon."
He visited America in 183S, where he performed on the
stage and met with a flattering reception. Four years
later, an annnal pension of two nundred pounds was con-
ferred upon him by the British govemment Among the
most celebrated of his numerous plays maybe mentioned
"Leo the Gipsey," "Caius GraccW," (i8<5,J "Vir-
ginius," (1820,) and "The Hunchback," (1831.) Several
years before his death he left the stage and became a
Baptist preacher. Died in 186a.

SeaR-H. HoBHi,"NBwSi)iril<iftb«A(«,"iS44i"BdiDba^
Rsview" for JoIt, ilul "Fnwr*s UnnniM" ftr AfaiL iljii
"Blukwooi'i If 19110?' fac Octobw, 18^: Aujioii^ "Dictkn-
aiy of Authon."

Knowlea, (Richard Brinslxy,) ason of J. Sheridan
Knowles, was Dorn in Glasgow in 1830. He wrote " The
Maiden Aunt," (1845,) a successful piay, and in 1843 was
called to the bar at the Middle Temple. He contributed
much to current literature, and for many years was an
editor in London. He also edited and published many
old manuscripts. Died January iS, 1S81.

KnowlM, (Thomas,) an English dergyman and
writer, bom at Ely in 1733. He wrote "Advice to
Young Clergymen, "PrimitiTe Christianity, in Deftnca
of the Trimty," and " Lectures for Passion Week."
Died b iSoa.

Knowlton, nOl't^n, (Thomas,] an English botanist,
bom in 1693; died in 17S1.

Kno». noks, (Hbnry,) anable American general and
statesman, bom at Boston, July 35, 1750, was a book-
seller in lus yoDth. He ra^ed an accomplished lad*
named Lucy Fluker. He took part in the battle <ri
Bunker Hill, and in the beginning of the Revolution
distinguished himself by his skill as an engineer and
artillerisL In 1775 he was appmnted commander of
the artillery. He was raised to the rank of brigadiet-

Seneral in 1776, and served under Washington in tin
attles of Trenton and Princeton, January, 1777. He
directed the artillery at the battle of Brandywine, Sep.
tember, 1777, ^"^ '* Monmouth, June, 177^ He also
contributed to the defeat and capture of the British army
-- Vorktown, in October, 1781, soon after which he was

I,- (hatinMu. (I^^See Explanations, p. 23.)

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

'450

KJVOX

tntion, and wa« appointed to the aame office by President
Washington in 1789. In politics he was a Fedentist

dUd at Thomaaton, Maine, in October, 1806.

Sm BAHcmrr, "Hiiicrr of tha Unitsd Sum" "NidDml
PonnJi-GaOcrr at I&iiii(nuW Anicnaiia," nL iL

Knox, (IsA Ckaic,) a Scottish poeiesa, boni in Edin-
burgh, October 17, tSit. Her maiden name was Craig,
She published aevcral successful volumes of poetry and

firose, among them a " Ultle Folk's History of Eng-
uid," "Songs of Consolation," "Dnchess Agnes," a
dramatic poem, etc

Knox; nol(s, (John,) the greatest of the Scottish Re-
formers, wai bom at Glfibrd, in East Lothian, in 1505.
"- - - educated at the University of Saint Andrew's,

change took place in his religious opi „ ,.. .j.^

he openly renounced the Roman Catholic religion, and
became a zealous preacher of the Protestant doctrines.
which at that time bad few adherents in Scotland. The
storm of persecution soon b«an to beat gainst him,
and it is stated that Cardinal Beaton employed assassins
to take his life. In 1547 he retired for saie^ to the castle
of Saint Andrew's, which was occupied by a party of
Protestants who had conspired against and killed Cardi-
nal Beaton. During the siege of this place he preached
with great power and converted many of its inhabitanta.
The castle al length was captured \t] Regent Arran and
his French allies, who carried Knox as a prisoner to
Rouen. He was confined nineteen months in the French
galleys, and released in 1549, after which he preached
at Berwick and Newcastle for several years. He was
appointed chaplain to Edward VL about 1551, and was
intimate with Cranmer. In 1553 he married Marjory
Bowes. On the accession of tjuecn Mary, {[;;3,) he
was induced by the urgent entreaties of his fnends to
retire to the continent He visited Scotland in 1555,
after which he passed about three years at Geneva, where
he formed a friendship with Calvin, studied Hebrew, and
was emplcmd as pastor of a church. In 1558 he pub-
lished "The First Blast of the Trumpet against the
Monstrous Kegiment of Women." The Scotch Prot-
estants in the mean time had increased in number, and
the conflict between the opposing ideas had reached a
crisis which required the inflexible resolution and un-
flinching courage of Knox. He returned to Scotland u
"- -— and' -' ...... ^ ,

mation in that country, which wa
the queen-regent, a French princess of the family of
Guise. The Protestants raised and maintained an army
for self-defence, and were animated by the vehement
harangues of Knox, who thundered continually against
the idolatry of the Romish Church. The Parliament in
1560 renounced the authority of the pope, and adopted
a confesuon of faith proposed by Knox. In 1561 the
young queen Mary arrived in Scotland, and had with
Knox several interviews, with no satisfactory results.
"At my interview with the queen," he wrote to Cecil,
"she showed more artifice than I ever found in a person
•o young." At her instigation, Knox was accused of
treason, and tried, but was acquitted, {1563.) His first
wife having died, he married in IS64 Margaret Stewart,
a daughter of Lord Ochiltree, "rhe projects and influ-

abdication of the

ay as regent
in his latter years he was great); afflicted by the
■ination of Murray (1570) and the confusion and disorders
which followed that event He died in November, 15^2.
Among the Reformers of that a^, Knox was distin-
guished for his courage and sagacity, as well as for hil
earnestness and the inflexible austerity of his principles.
The regent Morton, in a short funeral oration, said of
him, " Here lies he who never feared the bee of man."
Of Knox, Fronde remarks that be was "perhaps in
(hat extraordinary age its most extraordinary man, and
whose character Decame the mould in which the later
fortunes of his country were cast." (" History of Eng-
land," vol. iv. chap, iviii.) In another place he laya,
" No grander figure can be found in the entire history of

the Reformation in this bland than that of Knox. . . .
I'he one man without whom Scotland, as the modem
world has known it, would have had no existence. . . .
His was the voice which taught the peasant of the
Lolhians that he was a free man, the equal in the sight of
God with the proudest peer or prelate that had trampled
on his fore&tners. He was the one aniagonist wbom
Mary Stuart could not soften nor Maitland deceive ; ha
it was that raised the poor commons of his country Into
a stern and rugged people, who might be hard, narrow,
superstitious, and fanatical, but who nevertheless were
men whom neither king, noble, nor priest could force
again to submit to tyranny." (See " History of England,"
voL X chap, xxiii. pp. 453-456 a uq.)

See McChi. "lilt of John Knoi," i toIi., ilii: BamTom,
" KlHon of ScodMid," more jHTiicululT chap, Kxxriii, : RotiarT-
■OH, "HiftoTT of Sak\Mndi" ENtouna. "Hatorj^ EoKlsod," vcda,
r,, viL. SL, L 1 MnHxva^ " Lcbsn dca J, Koa und der bada
MuioL" iSt4i " £ticrclop«<£> BHltDniea;" "WeiiminBr«r R*-
view" lor Jnlf, ilu: Chaubb*, "Knnpbiciil DinionaiTar Knii-
DCn Scanmen;" "^Edinburgti Roiaw^tor Inlv, igii, Aiail. ttft,
•ml Jnli, iBu.

Knox, ndcs, (JoifH,) an English benefactor, born
about 1730, was a Dookieller of London. He acquired •
fortune by business, and tpent much time and moner in

eans to improve ttie condition of the poor in the High-
nds of Scotland, which he viutcd sixteen times. Re
wrote a "Systematic View of Scotland." Died in 1790.

K1104 (John,) a native of Edinburgh, and captain
in the English navy, wrote a historical account of the
campaigns, naval battles, etc. in America during the
years 1757, 1759, and 1760. Died in 1790.

Knox, (Philander Chase,) sUtesman, bom at
Brownsville, Peonsylvania, in 1853. Was admitted to
the bar in 1875, and in 1876 made assistant U. S. dis-
trict attorney for western Fennsylvania. In 1901 he was
appointed attorney general of the United States, in 1904
was elected to the Senate and in 1909 became secretary
of state in President Tail's cabinet,

Knoj^ (RaBKKT,) of tbe British East India naval
service, was born about 164^ In 1660 he was wrecked
on the island of Ceylon, where he remained a captive
twenty years. After his escape he published a "His.
toricaJ Relation of the Island of Ce^on," (16S1.] Died
about 1700.

Knox; (Thomas Frances,) D.D., a British divine.
bom in December, 1812, He was educated at Cam
bridge. In 1845 he went over to the Catholic Church,
and in 1S49 accompanied F. W, Faber to London to
found the London Oratory, where he remained until hi*
death. Oneof his works, "When does the Church speak
infallibly P" attracted much notice, and was translated
into German and Italian. Died March 30, 1S83.

Kno:^ (Thomas Waixace,) an American author,
bom at Pembroke, New Hampshire, June 26, 1835. He
became a teacher, and was afterwards a ioumaiist of
Denver, Colorado ; served in the war of iSoi-fij, attain-
ing the rank of lieulenanl-coionel. and acting also aa
correspondent of the New York "Herald ;" travelled
across Asia and Europe, via Alaska and Siberia, in 1866,
in the interest of a telegraph etiterprise, and again trav-
ersed the tropical regions of the Old World in 1S77.
His principal books are " Camp- Fire and Cotton -Field,"
(1865.) "Overland through Asia," (1870,) "Back-
sheesh," (1875,) "The Boy Travellers," (S vols.,
18S0-84,) "Darkness and Daylight," {1S92,) "In
Wild Africa," (1895,) etc. Died January 6, 1896.

Kno:L (vicbsimus,) D.D., a celebrated English cler-
gyman and author, bom at Newington Green, in the
county of Middlesex, in 1753. The title of D.D. was
conferred upon him by the University of Pennsylvania.
Of his numerous works may be mentioned "GssaySi
Moral and Literary," (1777,) "Personal Nobility, ot
Letters to a Young Nobleman." "Christian Philoso-
phy," (I79S>) "On the National Importance of Clasucal
Education, '"d " Considerations on the Nature and
Efficacy of the Lord's Supper," As a preacher he wat

popular. He obtainMl the united rectories of Rum-

and Ramsden Crays in Essex, and was mister ol

Tnnbridge School, which he conducted for many year*.
Died in 1831.

Knox. (William,) a Scottbh poet, born about tySa

I, E, I, ^ S, ;, /«>y-,- i, t, ^ same, less prolonged; i, e, I, JJ, ii, ^ lAdrJ; t, t, j, 9. ''nwn.' At. fill, at; mtl; n&t; g(5Mi mSOn.

d by Google

K^OX- LITTLE

Knox-UttlB, (WitxiAH John,) a BriiUh pruchei
bcm in the North of Ireland about iSja He sradoatei
a( TiioitT Callege, Cambridge, in l36l. In iSSl he was
nude a canon of Worcester. He is a populii polpit
ontorand a High ChuichmaD,and has pablisbed "Ser-
BKini'* and sCTcral devotional and reli^ous books.

Knnd. See Canute.

KaiqrfiBr, ^nSb^ip, (Nikolaus,} a German palnlei
«f battle* and mythological subjecta, bom at Leipsic in
t6o3idiedin 1660.

JEimt SmCanutv.

Enntseii, Tr.iiig.Mj or Cnatxon, kniKt'sfn, (Hat-
ntiAS,) an alhdM or skeptic, was bom in Holsiein, and
rfocated at Kgnipberg. He made numerous proselytes,
who, from his doctrine that reason and conscience were
■nSdeal to guide all men, ha*e been called Conaden-
tjarians. Died after 1674.

Kniuen. See Knutzrn.

KuTptuiaseii, knip'hfiw'zfn, (Bakoh,) a German
general, bom in Alsace about 1730. He obtained in 1776
cmmnand of an army al Hesaiana who were hired by
Ihe British ministry to fight against the Americans. Me

leofBr-"-— '-* *^ ■—

ud in other ac
Berlin in 1789.

Kobad. See Cabades.

Eobell, koHjCl, (Fbrdihand,) an able German land-
•cape-painter and engraver, bom at Mannheim in 1741X
He worked for some years at Munich, where be died '-
1799. His etchings are highly prized.

Kobell, (Franz,) a German landscape-painter, brother
i/lbepreceding, wasbornatMannheimin 1749^ Healso
oBcuted with his pen a large nutnber of pictures, which
luTe been greatly admired. Died in iSia.

Kob«U, (Franz,) a German poet and mineralogist,
a gnndson of Ferdinand, noticed above, was bom al
Uiuuch in 1803. He published several good works 1
iDJiieialogy, and popular poems. Died November i

Rotterdam

pieces, and naval battles with success. Died

Kobell, (Jan,) a skilful painter of landscspM and
suimals, bom at Utrecht in 17S1, was a son of the prr
(tding. Died in 1814.

Kobell, (WiLHELM,) an eminent German painK
of landscapes and bailies, born at Mannheim in 1766,
ns a son of Ferdinand, noticed above. He worked al
Msnlch. Died in 1853.

KobonzL See Cobenzi.

Koob. koK, (CHRtsriAii Fkiedkick,) an eminen
Pnssian jurist, bom al Mohrin, Febrasr^ g, 1798. Hi
was bred a shoemaker, but studied law in Berlin. Hi
■rote nnmerous and valnable legal works, and is justly

rded as one of the reformers of German legu
listtation, and one of the founders of the nei
Pnusian l^gal system. Died January ai, 1872.

Kocb, (ROBEKT,) a celetKaled German physician, wi
boniatClauslbal.Deceinber, II, 1843, and educated at
C6ttiDgen. He discovered in 18S1 the bacillus '
nbfrculosis, and in 1SS3 led the cholera- ex pedili
to Egypt and India, and discovered the choli
bacillus. Id 1S90 he discovered the phthisis bacillus
uid developed a system of lymph inoculation. He
"as professor at Berlin in 1885, director of the insli-
tiie for infectious diseases in 1S91, and in 1896 went
to South Africa lo study the cattle-plague. Died 1910.

Kocb, von, fon koK, (Christofh Wiuiklh,) a
French Prolesunt and historical writer, of German
Plreotage, was born at Bouxvitler, in Alsace, in 1737.
He BtnTied at Strasburg under Schijpflin, and gained dis-
tiaaioa as a lectnrer on history, public law, etc. in that
dly. In 1791 he leprcsenled Bas-Rhin in the Legisla-
tite AssemUy. He was imprisoned during the reign of
lerm, and became a member of the Tribunate in iSoi.
Anone his importanl works are "Tableau des lUvolu-
60BS de I'Earope depuis le Boulcvcrsement de I'Empiie
PriMiin." (1771,) and an "Abridged History of the

KOEBBRGEA

the European Power* since the Feace

of Westphalia," (4 vols., 1796.) Died in 1813.

5« ScHwnoHlDsaa. " NMioa biocnphiqn i» Kocb."

Koch, (Jean BAinnK FxiDittc;) « general, nephew

of the preceding, was bom at Nancy In i73x He in-ote

" Memoirs towards the History of the Campaign of 1814,"

(j vols., 181Q.) and aided Jomioi in his " History of the

WarsoftheReTolud<in,''(svola., 1819-14.} DiedinlS6l.

Kooh, (Joseph Anton,) an eminent landscape and

brav, in 1;

in 1768. He stodied in Rome, where be G«d hi_
uice. Among hi* best pieces are the " Sacrifice of
Noah," " Franoeaca da Simini," and the (rescos from
Dante in the villa Maasimi. He also etched twenty
plates of Italian landscapes, which are esteemed master-
pieces. Died at Rome m 1839.

Sh Naqlu, ■■ AUfUHiDH Kanuler-LoikoD."

Kooh, (Kakl Heinrich Emanuel,) a German lulu-
ralis^ bom at Weimar in 1809. He travelled in Southern
Russia, Turkcv, and the Caucasus, and published, after
his rettu^ his "Journey through Russia to the Caucasian
Isthmus," (3 vols., 184a,) "Wanderings in the East," (3
vols., 1846,) and a " Flora ol the I-evant," (" Beilrage zu
einer Flora desOtientes," 1848-54.) Died May 15, 1879.

Kooh, (WiLHKLU Daniel Joseph,) a German phy-
sician and botanist, bom near Deux-Ponts In 1771, be-
came, in 1834, professor of botany and medicine at £rlan-
gen. He published a treatise "On European Willows,"
("DeSalidbusEurapzis,"i8tS,) "Synopsis of Che Flora
of Germany and Swltierland," (1835-37,) and other works
on botany. Died in 1849.

Koob-Btemield, koK BtgHn'Btt, (Joseph ERxn-,)

German historical writer and andquarv, bom at Mil-
tcrsill in 1778. Among his works are "The Kingdom of
the Loneobards in Italy," (1839,) and "Historical Studies
on Civilisatioa in the Alp*," (1853.) Died in 1S66.

Koohuio'WBki, ko'Kl-nov'skee, ^oHri,) a Polish
nobleman and celebrated poet, born m 1532. For bis
translations of the Psalms into Polish verse he received
the title of "the Pindar of Poland." His other poems
were published at Warsaw, (1803-05.) Died in 1584.

S«Ba>minrui, " Hiitocr of Poliih Lilentun."

K&ohly or Koaohly, koK'iee, {Heruahn August
Thbodor,) a German philologist, born at Leinsic in
181c He wrote, among other works, a valuable "History
of the Art nf War among the Greeks." Died in 1876.

Kock, (Matthew.) See Cock.

Kock, de, d?h kok, (Charles Paul,) a French ro-

ance-wriiei and dramatist, of Dutch extraction, bom

at Psssy, near Paris, In 1794. His works, though pos

sessing little merit as literary productions, and ranking

among the moat immoral of Frenc' '" "~" '

popularity both in France and other

Some French critics consider him _..

of French manners, of Parisian roguery, rusti
and the absurdity of the bourgreit. Died in i

S« Quteui

Wnirtle;" '■£

QnarlcTlT Rvviei ... _ ._ _. .,, .

Anteriam KrriaV for Ajiril, 1S4J.

Linirain!" "KeiiveUi Bincnphi*
,.. .vii.rfw" for J«nii»rj, idjj; " Fomtn
Fobnutry. iSys uul Octotier, 1839 ; " Korth

Kook, d«, d^h kok, (Paul Henri,) a French author,
a son of Charles Paul de Kock. He was bom in Pari*
in 1S19. He wrote a vast number ofnovels and romance*,
and a number of plays. Hi* style and his subject* much
resemble those of bis bther. Died in 1S91.

Kodda, TMD der, vln tv kod'd^h, (Ian, Adriaan,
and Gysbert,) three brothers, who lived at Warmond,
near Leyden, and founded a religious sodcty, called Cd-
LegianCs, about 163a.

Kodhftee or KodltOt Al. !1 ko-dhl'ee. (AbdaUah
tbn-Abi-Seki-Ibnid-Abbftr, Ib-dll'lfh Ib'n I'bee
bCk'r ib-ndSl' Ib-biR',) often called simply Ibntd- (or
Ibnool-) Abbftr, a celebrated Spanish Arabian author
bom at Valencia, in Spain, in the thirteenth century.
His style is elegant, pure, and terse. Among hi* writings
are two biographical works on the Arabian poets and
authors.

Eodro* or Kodm*. See Courui.

SLoaberger, koo^EQ-fr, (VsNcasLAtn,) a Flemish
painter and architect, bom in Antwerp about 155c. Ht

t)*i;tM/;eilan/;taSf,'O.H,K,;««Hnif,-N,iM»<i/;R,iyi/i^,-lasi,- tbasinMu. (IfSee Explanations, p. 13.)

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

KOECHLIN

■tadled in his natiye dtr, and afterwards at Rome, wbera
he greillj disiiagouliEd hiinsel£ Among hU p»ntinn
ere the "MartTrdora of Saiat SebMtian," and "Chnst
taken from the Ccoss and mppoited bf Angela." Died
in 1634, or, according to some authoiitiei, in 1610.

S« Dbcahfs, " Viu <In Fcjntna FluauiK" lUi

KasohUn, klkllN', (Daniel,) a French chemist and
maiiuracturer of cotton, born at MiUhouse aboat 1785,
was one of the firm of Nicolas KoechlJn frtres. tie
greatljr promoted Ihe prosperity of Mlilhouse by (he
invention of a ptoccw of adorning printed muslins with
rich designs and brilliant colours. Died April iS, iSyt.

KcBChUn, {Nicolas,) a brother of the preceding, wa:
bom at Miilhouse in 1731. He was a manufacturer u
fine muslins f('»ifi««i
ber of the Chamber

Koechly. See KOchly.

Koeck, kSGk, (Pieter,) a Flemisli painter, engravei .
and architect, was born at Alost about 150a He studied
in Italy, and afterwards visited Turkey. Among his
works are seven large and well-eiecuted paintings to
illusirate the manners of the Turks. He also made
engravings of these pictures. Koeck was first painter
to Charles V. Died in 1553.

S« PtuiiHCTDH, '■DicIianiiTof Painten."

KoeeJer. See KOgler.

Koahler. See KOhles.

Kookkoek, kffik'kS&k, (Bebnabd Corheus,)
Dutch landscape-painter, bom at Middelburg in 1S03,
published in 1S41 "Recollections and Conmunicatians
of a Landscape-Painter," His works are commended
for fidelity to nature and other merits. Died in t86z.

Sh NADLn, "AUtBo^nta KHuder-LeukoB."

Koalosaj, (Francis.) See KOlcsey.

Koeler. See KChler.

Koelllkar- See KOlukee.

Kooliantor. See KOutEirrEK.

Koanlfr See Kdttia

KoanlesbOTVn. See K^Ntcaiiovtrt.

EoenlBsmarok. See KdHIGSMARCK.

Koeppan. See KfippKN,

Koepatatn. See Cafito, (Woltcano.)

Eoamar. See KSiiner.

Koorte. See KJSrte.

Koerten-BIoclE. See Block.

Koea, (F.) See KOs.

KoeatUn. See KCn'LiN.

I, knots, (RoELOF,) a Dutch portrait-painter,

guished Fleming!, Germans, and Englishmen. Died in

Sh DasCAHR, "Vis da Pcintns Ftimindi," He.

Eofod, ko'fod,-(JoHAN Anchbr,) a Danish writer,

born near Bornholm in 1777, pnblished several histories
and a "Conversations-Lexicon,'' (28 vols., 1816-38.)
Died in 1829.

5« EasLiw, "Fot&tler-Leikni."

KSgler or Koe^er, koclfr, (Ignaz,) a leamea
Jesuit, bom in Bavaria in l6Sa In 1715 he was sent as
a missionary to China, where he received many marks
of distinction firom the emperor Kang-Hee, (Kang-Hi.)
He died in Pekin in IT46.

Kohen AtUr, ko'hfn It-tla', written also Cohen
Attfanr and Kubnn Atthar, a learned Egyptian phy
sician, lived about 1150, and wrote on materia medica.

Kohl, k6l, (JoHANN Georc,) a German traveller and
popular writer, was bom at Bremen in 1S08. Among his
pnncipal works are "Travels in the Interior of Russia
and Poland," (1841,) "Travels in Styria and the Bavarian
HiBhlands," (1842,) "Travels in England, Scotland, and
Ireland," (1S44.) and "Travels in the Netherlands,"
(1850.) He also wrote "Sketches from Nature and
Common Life," (2 vols., 1S51.] His fine descriptive
powers and attractive style entitle him to rank among
the best writers of travels in recent times. Died in 1878

Saa " Forrign Quarterly Rniew*' <br October, iB4>,ui<l Jusuy,
iB4i; " Blackwud't MafUiDa" far December, iSVi.

Kfihler or Koahlax, kl/lfr, (Johann Bbrnhard,)
■ German scholar, bom at Labeck In 174a. In 17S1 he
was appointed to the chair of the Greek and OrienUl

„ „ . in tb« Unirenttjr of KSnlgsberg. He wrote
Remarks on Dion Chryiostom," "Tracts on Roman
Law," and several other works. Died in iSoi.

Xtthler, Eoehler, or Koalot, (Johakn David,) a
German author and antiquary, bom near Leipsic in
16S4. In 1710 he was appointed professor of logic at
Altorf, and about 1715 was chosen professor of history
at (^ottingen. His numerous works relate to history,
bibliography, and literature. Died in 1755.

Sm J. U. GisHn, " Mcmoiia Kodilerj," 17)] ; GATmu and
I. B. kTshlo, "J. D. KBUan LabB," m tba lul nilumg of bk
' Mlliubelii»dfim(«i," ■iToU, ir>9-U.

K&bler or Koahler, (Jokahh Tobias,) a Gennaa
numismatist, bom at Altorf in 17M, was a son of the
preceding. He published a "Cabinet of Ducats,

"■" ■■ ■ .i7i;8-6ai Die: :.__,:_

-- -. , Friedrich

TuEODOR.) bom near Gottingen in 178^^ published r
" History of Genosny." Died in Hanover, January 31
1867.

K&hna, kl/n^h, (FRSDEmtCK,) bom In Pnistia In
17J7, emigrated to America in 17S0, and made a targe
fortune at Charleston, South Carolina. He died in iSm,
leaving a great part of his property to the charitable
institutiont of Pennsylvania and South Carolina, for the
benefit of the coloured as well as Ihe white population.

Kolb. See Kolbk, (Petee.)

Kolb, (Gsoaa Fkikdrich,) a German editor and
politician, bom at Spires, September 14, 1808. After
his banishment (18^3-60) he edited the " Frankforter
Zeitung." He published a " Hand-Book of Compara-
tive Statistics" (1858] and "The Basis of Statistics,"
{1861.) Died in 1SS4.

Kolbe, kol'bth, (Adol* Wilhelh Hekmahn,) a
German chemist, bom near GiSttingen in 1818. He wa*
a pupil of Wohler, IJebi^ and Bunsen, and held pro-
fessorshlM of chemistry at Marburg and Leipsic. He
published a valued treatise on o^anicchemisdVi in which
branch of the science he made important discoveries.
Died in 1S84.

Kolbe, kol'bth, (Karl Wilhelm,) a sUlful German
engraver and writer, bom at Berlin in 1757. He etched
numerous landscapes aAer his own designs, and wrote,
among other works, a treatise "On the Riches of the
German and French Languages, and th ~
both for Poetry," (1806.) Died in 1835.

~ ■■ ■ ■it, '■Main Lebeo.lauf (

lODCi KDniUcr-LciikoD

Kolbe, (Karl Wilhelm,) a German painter, nephew
of the preceding, bom'at Berlin In 17S1 ; died in iS;3.

Kolbe, written also Kolb, kotp, or Kolben, kol'ben,
(Petbr,) a naturalist, bom at Wunsiedel, In Havana,
in 167;. He passed some vests in Southern Africa,
and wrote, among other works, "A Description of the
Cape of Good Hope," (1719.) His book, containing
much valuable informatioo, was tran^ted into Ihe
French, Dutch, and English langiiages. Died in 1716.

Sea a C. OaiRu, "IHswnMio da Viu et lleiidi P. Kelbii."
ijjS.

Kolben. See Kolbe, (Pttee.)

Kttl(»aT, kOI'chi, (Francis,) one of the greatest of
Hungarian orators, celebrated also as a poet, critic, and
lawyer, was bom in Middle Siolnok in i790> At an
early age he formed a friendship with Kadnciy and Paul
Siemere, and in 1816 was associated with the latter as
editor of a jouriial entitled " Life and Uterature." He
published in this periodical a number of critical essays,
regarded as the best jn the Hungarian language, (be
object of which was the improvement of the national
literature of Hungary. He was a deputy to the Diet
of i83>-36, where he was distinguished for his rare elo-
(juence and bis unswerving course in the support of
liberal principles. Died in 1838. His complete works,
consisting of poems, tales, essays, and philosophical and
"iscellaneoos writings, were published the same year.

See in irtideon Ibe " LanpjB[e atid Lilciatora of Ihe Maf7>jm,"

Ihe " Yampi Quincrly Reiritw" for Saptmbfr, 1S18.

KSIer. See KAhler.

Ko-laVUa or Co-laf tift, (Joanhis,) a modem Greek

~'esman and democrat, bom near Janina in 17SS. wai
of the moM actiTe promoteri of the insnrrectioo of

*. *. 1. ft 3. J. i'-gi i. *, 4> same, less prolonged; i, *, 1, 6, B, J, ihort; », 5, j, q, ahiairt: (Ir, lUI, at; ah; n6l; gMd; mS

Digitized by VjOOQ I C

KOLLAR

l8». On Ute *cce«^oD of King Otho lie wu appi^ttd
■uniiter of the Interior >nd presidenl of the objnct
He became in 1844 minister of foreign afbfra, which poM
bft held nntil hi* death, io 1847.

Sm L. EB LoHixra, "H. Colrnii, |h m Momraa da Rio,"

EoUu, kolliR, (Ja"') ■ distingnished ecdeaiudc,

KX, and antiqaary, born in Nortbeni Hunniy in 1793.
endckvoared ^ hit writings to ettablisH a conunoo
lang[Da^ and feeling of nationality between the variooi
Slanmic races in Europe. Thii ipirit pervades all hit
poetry, for which he oied the Bohemian language, re-
(U-iliDg hia native Slovakian a* defident In dignity uul
KMnprebenaiveDesa. Aftet the terolt of the Hungaiiuia^
towbomhewaa Utterly opposed, he removed to Vienna,
where be became prol^or of ardiEoltsy. Died in 1851.
Hs principal poem ia entitled " Siawy Dcera," ("Dangh-
terofGloiT,"i824.) Among his prose worlca an " Treat-
fMs on the Namea and Antiquities of the Slavonic
Nation," and "On the literary Reciprocity between tlie
Races and Dialect* of the Slavonic tribes," (1831.)

S« Da. J. BowuHO. "Scrrian PoeDv;" "Fonini QurlHU
Kninr" far April. iSiS. ^

KoUl, bollee, de, (Bason,) a political adventorer,
bom in Piedmont abont 1775. He made an attempt in
tSio to release from prison tlie Spanish prince, (after-
wards Ferdinand VII.,) bat, his plan haviDg been be-
trayed, he was imprisoned four yeaia in the castte of
SamnuT. Died about 1815.

Sr« " Htmnin oT Buna i» KbIH," b)F bfanHtf ; " UJotMr^
Rcrior" iat OcUbcr, 1B13.

Kauik«r or EoelUker, kolle-ker, (Albert,) a Ger-
nan pbysiotogiil of high repulation, bom about tSiS.
He gained distinction by his minute investigations with
flie micTDscope. Among other works, be pnbliahed
"Manual of Human Hislology," (" Handbach aerGewe-
belehre des Menschen," 1851,) which has been translated
into English by Busk and [{uxley. He became professor
of anatomy and physiology at Wiirzburg. Died 1905

Kollmann, kol'mln, (August Fribdrich Ka«l,) a
German composer, bom near Hanover in 1756. He was
an organisl in London, and wrole a " l^ory of Musical
Haimony," (1806.) Died in 1S24.

KoUoot^ or KolontaJ, kol1on-U'. (Hugo,) written
also KoUraitay, a Polish patriot, bom in the government
of SandiKfiir in 1750. He had the principal share in
drawing ap the constitution of the 3d of May, 1 791, but,
•Aet the meeting of the confederation of Taigowitza, was
fcrced to leave the country. He was afterwards impris-
oned for a time at Olmiitz by the Austrians. He was the
author of several able polidcal treatises. IMed In iSia.

Kolmar. See Colmak.

Xeio. See C6ln.

Kol-o-ko-tro'nlB or Coloootrocils, (Tkioixikk,)
a modern Greek patriot, bom in Messenia in 1770. He
fstinguisbcd himself in many engagements with the
Tnrks, and rose to be commander-m-chief of the Pelo-
poimesmi in 1833. Tn 1835 he was made a coundllor
of stale by King Otho, and obtained other distinctiona.
Died in 1843.

Sw Qvunrr. " Id Grta modtnw dm ••• Kurpgni snc I'Ab-

Kolowrat or Kolownt-LlelMtelnskl, ko^o-rlf
lecp-stfn'slicc, (Fkanz Anton,) a Bohemian mioister of
state, bom at PrafEOe in 1778. He became a member
af the council of minisleis al Vienna in iSiJ, and long
had charge of the department of finances. Died in i36i.

Kolowra^ ko^o-clf, or KoUowratli, kol'lo-rit,
(Liofold Ksakowskt,) a sUtesman of Austria under
the reigos of Francis L, Maria Theresa, Joseph IL
Leopold IL, and Francis IL He held the offices of
minster of the interior and grand chancellor of Bohemia.
Died in 1809.

KBIrenter or Koelrentor, kel'roi'ter, (Joseph
GoTTUBB,) a German botanist, bom al Julz, on the
Neckar, in 1733; died in 1806.

Eoltxof or KolzoT, kolt'sot (Auxxi Vasiui-
TTTCH,) a Rnssian poet, bom in the government of
TcaoneiJi in 1809. His "Russian Songs and Ballad*"
are ranked amon^ the best productioD* of the Und In
fte language. Died in ' ~

S3 KON2GSMARCK

Komaenos. See Cohnbnus.

Eomti'ia, ^vTARO,) Count, bom at Hyuga, Jsfiaii,
in 1855. Studied at Harvard Law School; was minis-
ter to Korea 1895-96; minister to the United Sutes,
Russia and Chins, 1S98-1901 ; minister for foreign
affairs 1901-06 1 chief Japaoese envoy to the Portsmouth
peace conference 1905; spedal ambassador to China
1905 ; ambassador to England 1906-08. Died 1911.

KoubibU, konai'skee, (Stanislas Jutowa,) a
Polish poet and lilt/rtUatr, bom at Konary, neat Cracow,

tcfonn the national literature. Died in 1773.

S« Krajvwiei, *' Clofc faiiuiriqiu da Koaankti'^Wiruw, 17*^

Konewka, ko-nfn'kf, (Paul,) a Poish artist, bora
about 1840, was noted for his skilful silhouette lllustra-
■jns. Died at Berlin in 1871.

Kong-Fon-TtBL See Confucius.

Eong-Fn-Tse. See Confucius.

KBnlg or Koeole Wmn, (Christiah Gottliu,) a
German poet^born at Altorf in 1711 ; died in 178a.

KSoig or Ko«ills KA'nio, (Emanuel,) a Swiss natu-
ralist and medical writer, bora at BUe in 1658. Among
hi* works i* "Regnnm VegetalMle," (i6Sa) Died m
1731.

KSulg or Koonli; (Fribdrich,) the inventor of the
steam-press, was bom at Eisleben, in Germany, in 177^
About 1S07 he visited London, where he was aided in
carrnng out hi* plan* t» Bensley, Taylor, and WoodblL
In 1811 a iheet of the ''Annual Raster" was printed,
being the first that was done by a printing-machine by
whiiS the paper was applied to the type t^ a revolving
cylinder. In November, 1814, a number of the "Times"
was printed by a steam press on the principle of Kbnlg**
Invention : It is said to have been the first newspaper

'er printed by steam-power. Died in 1833,

S« " Noufelle BiognpUa Giii«nl&"

KStilg or Eoetiig, (Gboro Mattkias,) a German

riter and scholar, bom at Altdor^ in Pranconia, in 1616^

as appointed in 1667 professor of poetry in ' '

Among his works a

" Latin-and-Gcrman Lexi-

.699.

KSnig or Koenlg, (Hiinrich Josbfb,) a German
novelist, bom at Fulda in 1790. Among his best works
are "The Wildenscs," (1836,) "William Shikspeare,"
(1839.) and "The Clubbists of Menti," ("Die Clubistei
von Mainz," 1847 ;) the last named, a historical romance,
is especially admired. He was secretary of finance at
Hanaa from 1S19 to 1S35. Died in 1S69.

Set H. CarrcH, " H. KBna nnd wiu LHgen 1 SciienuOck a
Nic GntKh imd die RuBiKhe LiUnlor in DcuucUikI." i&ts.

K&nlg or Koanift (Jouann Grrakd,) a botanist, and

Enpil of Linnaeus, born in Livonia in 1718. He visited
celand and the East Indies, and wrote several treatises
on botany, which he left in manuscript Died at Tran-
quebar in 1785.

Efinlg or Koenlg, (Samuel,) an eminent mathema-
tician, son of Samuci HeJnrich, noticed below, was bora
at Bildineen in 171Z. lie was professor of mathematics
at Franeker, and professor of philosophy and Ian at the
Hague. Died in 17C7.

Kfinlg or Koem& (Samuel Hbinrtch,) a Swiss
Orientalist and theologian, born abont 1670 at Berne,
where he became professor of mathematics and Oriental
lai^oages in 1731. Died in i7Sa

Konlg or Koninc^ (Solomon.) See Coninck.

KSnlgshoven or Eoenigshoven, kfi'nica-bo'ven,
slso known as James Twinger, an ecclesiastic, bom at
Strasburg in 1346' He wrote, in Latin and German,
" Chronicles of Strasburg." Died in 142a

S« OsaiLiH, " De Jicobo Tiringen," etc., i7t«.

KOnlgsmarck or Eoonigimarck, von, fon ki/-
niGs-maiik', written also Kfinlgsmork, [LaL KSnIgs-
mak'kius,! (Jokann Christopk,) Count, a celebrated
general, born in Germany in 1603, entered the service
of Gustarus Adolphus in 1630. After the death of the
King of Sweden, ne defealea the Auslrians in the battle
of WolfenbiitteL Heatsoinvaded Bohenua,andcaptnred
Prague, in 1648. He was afterwards appointed Govemot
tmk; ^asi; %harJ; gas/;o,H,K,^>uaini/',' V,iimial; *,lrilUJ: Isae: thasinMu. (|^~See Explanations, p. 33,1

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

KONIGSMARCK \A

of dte docbies of Biemen «nd Verden. Queen ChiiMlu
created him count and field-murshal. r^ed in 1663.

Sh ■' Ema Gkn J. C KAnic-nului." Holm, ■«&«.

KBniguiuuok, KoenlgBmorck, or KgnlgamMk,
ron, (Maria Auroea.) Countkss. a granddaughter of
th« precedinK, celebrated for her beauly and accompliih-
menta, was born in Bremen about 167a She wis the
mUtress of Frederick Augustua, Elector of Saionj and
King of Poland, by whom she had a son, Maurice Count
de Saze, aderward* bmooa as a French genera]. In
170a she was sent bj the Elector to treat with Charles
XII. That monarch refused to ace her; "but she
returned," sajs Voltaire, "with the satisfaction of be-
lieriog that she was the only person feared by the King of
Sweden." The Conntew of KJSnigBnurck spoke sevenJ
languages with great fluency and correctness. She com-
posed a poem on Charles XII., written in the purest
French. Died in 172S.

S« CRAH■]^ "DtnkwQnfigidlcii der U. A. KSBinmifc," i
Toll., iB^: CoRviH'WiiuHTiET, " Uaiu Auitn CcUa too
Kaufimarli." 1841 ; " Forrign Quirlerly Rtirien" for April, it];.

KttnigsDiaTOk, von, (Otto Wilhklm,) Count, son
of Johann Christoph, noticed aboTC, was bom in West-
phalia in 1639. He subsequently served with great dis-
tinction in the French army under Turenne and with
the Swedish army in Germany. In 1686 be was created
generalissimo of the Venetian republic, for which he
gained several victories over the Turks. Died in 16SS.

KttaigBinai'k or Kosnlgamark, kii'niGs-maKk', (Fi-
Lip Chkistopsr,) Count, a Swedish officer, born about
1640, was a favourite lover of Sophia Dorothea, the wife
of George, Elector of Hanover. This prince, it is said,
caused Urn to be assassinated in 1694.

Sm Saiitt-Sii - ■■'" ■ - " " " «i«j— >-j-

I'H

laHin

KOnigumaTkillB. See KOnicSHARCK.

Konlnok. See Coninck.

Konlng, ko'ning, (Corheus,) a Dutch engraver, bom
at Haarlem about 1514, engraved portraits of celebrated
men, including Luthei and CalviiL

KonlnK (Jacob,) a Dutch painter of landscapes and
bbtory, born at Amsterdam about 1645. He went to
Copenhagen, and worked for the King of Denmark.

Koiiint de, (David.) See Cokinck-

Koning or Konlnok, de, dfh ko'nmg, (Philiff.)
an able Dutch painter, bom at Amsterdam in 1619, was
a pupil of Rembrandt He was a good ctdorist, and
excelled in landscapes and portraits. Died la 16S9.

EonOD. See CoNON.

Kotuad. See Cokhad.

KonstamtljD or KorutantTiL See Conttantins

EontstEl, kont'gkce, (Martin,) a Polish general, born
in 1635, served with distinction under John SoKeskL He
directed the artilleryin the great battle against the Turks
at Vienna in 1683. Died in 171a

Kons, (Karl Philiff.) See Cohz.

EooBUg or Kouang, hoo-ang', (almoat kwang,)
Chinese statesman and celebrated historian, bom in the
province of Shen-see or Chen-si about lotS a.iv He
wrote an important work on the history of China. Died
fnioSlS..

S« Haiuji, "MiUoini^ajnladelaCluDa."

Kooblal (KonbUi or Eablal) Khan, koo^ir Kin,
(Blwe-Tsoo or CU-Tson, ahee-tsoo,) the founder of
the Mongol dynasty of China, was a grandson of ^tapt
Khan. He began to reign over the north paitof Chtita
about 1160, soon after which date he conquered the
tOQthem provinces and became master of a vast empire
extending from the Polar Sea to the Straits of Malacca,
and including Thibet, Tartatv, Siam, etc He is said to
have been an able mler. In his reign Marco Polo visited
China. Died In 1294.

Eoogon, tah der, vtn dfr kS'lftn, (Lsonaui,)
Flemish winter, bom at Haarlem in 1610, was also 1
etcher. Died in 1681.

Koolee Khan. See NJtt>iR ShXh.

EoolneC EoolneS; or Enlnaw, koot-nCF, (Vakof,)
a Russian general, bam in 1763. He was killed at the
battle of the Drissa, in July, iSll.

KooralElnorKoiiiuui,koo'rI-keen'orkoo'rl-
(Alecandik BoKisovrrcH,) Frihck, a Rosuan dipto-

Paris from 1808 to tSii. Died
in 1S18.

KoorakJn or Komakln, (Bokis Ivahovitch,)
Princi, a Russian diplomatist, born in 1677, was ■
brother-in-law of Peter I. He was sent to Rome on ■
political mission by that emperor. Died in 1737.

Koomhert. Sec Cornhkrt.

Kootau,vaii,vSn kyt^n, (Thkopords,) a Latin poet
bom in Holland in 17491 died in 1814.

Eootoo> or Kfltfla, (Kotfaons,) kdS-tdBi' or \Slf-
tooi',* written also Eoton^ (Mabmood Salf-«^
DMn Malak ModbafEar, mlH'mnd' sif ed-decn' mo*-
dhlf (f t,) became Sultan of ^ypt in 1159 br naurpaticm.
He defeated the Tartan In Syria. He was assassinated
by Btbara in 136a

Kootoosot Eontonxot Eontotuof or XntA-

SOIV, k00-l00'E0( (MiCHAU. LAURIOHOVrrCH GOLKNI-

tchxf,) a celebrated Russian commander, bom in 1745,
served against the Poles and the Turks, and rose to tic
lieatenani-general hi 17S9. In 1793 he was ambassador
to Constantinople, and on the accMslon of the emperor
Paul was charged with a mission to Berlin. After the
assassination of that sovereign he was appcrinted gov-
ernor-general of Saint Petersburg, and m 1S05 was
created commander-in-diief of the first corps of the
Russian army against the French. He gained a victory
over Marshal Hortier at DUrrenslein, and boon after
commanded the allied army under the emperor Alex-
ander at Ansterlitz, (1S05.) In iSii, at the age of sixty-
seven, he succeeded Barclay de Tolly as commander-
in-chief of the Russian army, a few days before the
battle of Borodino. For his victories over Ney and
Davoust the emperor bestowed upon him the surname
of SmolenskoL He died In 1813, at Bantzlau, where a
monument was erected to him.

So Sicui. "Minnin da Nipnltoii d da 1* cnnili
^IKiutumKT-DAHiuiviEV, -'Vit dn Fetd-Uiir«diiil K^,„
ImiUlcd fruatbi Riuun In Fmun, iggn; "NounUe I
-lie »i>iral<i."

Kopemlona. See Cofbrnicus.

Kopemlk. See Cofernicus.

Koplavltoli, ko-pe-i'vitch, written also Koplen-
▼I04 (Euas,) a Russian philolt^st, who was sent by
Peter the Great to Holland in order to complete his
studies. Among hlsworks areaLatin Grammar lor Rus-
sian schools, and a Slavonic-and-German Dictionaiy.
Died in 1 701.

Koplaob, ko'pish, (Anoun',} a German poet and
artist, born at Breslau in 1799 ; died in 1853.

Kopltar, ko'pe-taR', (BartholomXus,) a philologist,
born in Camlola in 1780, was appointed first keei>Gr of
the Imperial Ubrary at Vienna, (iS43.) He published
in l8c8 a " Grammar of the Slavonian Language in Car-
niola, Carinthia, and Styria." Died in 1844.

Eopp, kop, (Johann Adah,) a German publicist,
bom at Offenbach in 1698. He wrote, besides other
works, a "History of the Law which now prevails in
Germany," ("Historia Juris qno bodie in Gennania

otimur." ir--' "--J'- ---"

'1741.) Died in 174&

Kopp, kop, JoSEFK EuTVCH,) a Swiss historian, bom

Mlinster, In Lnceme, In 1 793. Among his works is a

" History of the Swiss Leagues|^' (BAndt^^t, vols., i&tS-

17.} Kopp discredits the popular tradition of William
Tell. Died October 15, 1866.

Kopp, (Ulricu Fribdrich.) a German antiquary,
bom at Cassel in 1761, became director of the court
archives in iSoi. His "Palsographiairitica" (1S17) is
much esteemed. Died in 1S34.

Koppe, kop'pfh, (loHAKN Benjamin,) a German
theologian, born at Dantzic in l75Gk He published
several exegetical works, and left unfinisbed an edition
of the New Testament in Greek, (3 vols.) Died b 1791-

Sn HarmnnDT, "Ucba deo T«nUirt«n J. B. Koppc,"

Danish scholar a

Louis,)

_ „, _. Copenhagen ib

1804. In 1834 he visited Greece, where be was appointed
professor of history, ardueology, and modem languages

AtntpbuaciiB mon ftaquadr lif« both

I, e, 1,8^8, J, /tfw^; I, i, 4, same, less prolonged; i,e,I,A,B,y,#ii»4,-t,«.i.9.«£nwv; ar,fUI,flt; met;nBtiga6diindBn;

d by Google

■4SS

KOSCIUSXO

csthetica, and modem languuea in Franklin :
dull College, Pennsvlvania, He published " T
in the Middle Arcs,'' (1S54,) etc Died April

at die miliury collcfle in Atfintt. Heremoved iniS46to
Americi, where he Secame in 1854 professor of history,
■."" — if"-nin and Mar.
The World
*ges." (i8s*) ='c-' Died April 14, 1873.
KBppen or Ko«ppen, kSp'pfn, (Cakl Friedrich,}
■ Gernian writer, bom about iSoo, became assistant pro-
feswr in one of the principal gymnasiums of Beilin. He
mibasfaed in 18481 treatise "On the Divine Right of
Kings," ("De Jure Dijino,"} which waa condemned by
tie government and forbidden to be reprinted. His
work entitled " The Religion of Booddha and its Origin"
(" Die Religion des Budtuia und ihre Entstehung," 1I57)
a nsardea as one of the best treatiaes on that subject
He aW> published "Tbe Lamaic System of Religion,"

n philosopl^, bom at Lubeck in 1775. Ho
Dccamc pasior of a charch at Bremen in 1S04, and pro-
fessor of philosophy at Erlangen in 1837. Among fait
works is "The Fbiiosopby of Christianism," (a vols.,
1813-15.) Died in 1858.

Xappen or Koeppan, (Jokanm I^unrich Juitus,)
a German philo!c«iBt, bom at Hanorer in 17JJ. He
published a Greek Anthology, (3 vols., 1787,) "Cora-
mentary on flomer's Iliad," {5 vols., 1787-^) and other
works. Died in 1791.

KiSpp«ri, kop'pHin, jPnxR,] a Russian writer, bom at
Kharkov in 17^3, published several works on the antiqui-
ties and statistics of Russia, and a valuable " Ethnograph-
ical Chart of European Russia," (1851.) Died in 1W4.
K&priU, ko'pre-lee, written also Coprogll and Kin
peril, (Mbkkmet,) an eminent Turkish commander,
Eiotn at Kopri, in Asia Minor, in 15S;, rose from the
station of a cook to be grand vizier at Constantinople in
1656. He took Tcnedos and I-emnos from the Vene-
tians, and obtained Other advanti^s over tbe enemies
of the Sultan. As a ruler he showed great energy and
pmdence, and effected important reformations m tba
condition of the country. Died in 1661.

XOpTUl, (Mustafa,) sumamed the Virtuous, son
of the preceding, was appointed grand vinerby Solyman
"' ■ . 1689. Died in 1691

-^ . ,c.

,e preceding, bom
IS grand vizier. He gained
eral important victories over the Hungarians and the
Poles, and took the island of Candia. Died in 167&
Ste VoH Hahhu. " Guchxhie dei OinudiKhai ReicIh."
Kops, kops, (Jean Baptistr,) a Belgian landscape-
painter, born about iSoo.
Koray. See Corav,

Kordea, koR'dia, (Bkrnhard,) a German writer,
bom at Lnbeckin 1761. He lived at Kiel. Died in 1 813.
Eoren, (Mosks op.) See Moses Chorenensis.
Eoreaats. See Moses Chorenensis.
Kor( koR^ (Andrei,) Baron, 1 Russian publicist
and senator, bom near Mittau in 1715 ; died in 1S13.

Eori; (Nicholas,) Baron, a Russian minister of state
■odet Peter III., was bom in 1710 ; died in 1766.
*" ' See CoBiNNA.

V See CoRMKLisz.
_ . _ _ . r Koemor, koR'n^r, (Ckbistiah Gott-
mEDt) bom at Lcipisic in t7;6, was the lather of Theo-
dor K5meT, and an intimate n'iend of Schiller. He was
aba a (Xvrespondent of Goethe. It was in his beautifal
tteeyard near Dresden that Schiller wrote "Don Car-
kM.'' Died in 1831.

K8ni«r or Koemor, (Karl Tueodor,) one of tbe
Rwst celebrated German poets, was born in Dresden in
1791. He studied at Leipsic and Berlin, and displayed
at an early age a rare poetical genius. Among his mat

Cictions were the popular comedies of "The Gteen
ino," (i8i2,) and "The Watchman," (i8i».) He
was one of the first to enlist in the war against Napolei
and, inspired with patriotic enlhusiaam and a keen se:
of his coontry't wrongs, he produced some of the m
^rited and beautilill martial lyrics in the German I
nage. These were published under the title of "The
Ifte and tbe Sword," (iSif )

and "Zriny," (1813.) He feO in battle near Roaenbci^
in 1813, at the age of twenty-two.

S« F, W. LaHiiAHH ," LdKrubeidiitllxiDt K. T. KoctncrV"
iSia: H, A.EFHAiiD,'-T.KiKnier'>LebeD,"eic,ieii;H. Blao,
" Keriylina et PoCIU dE I'AllEiugM." iSji : " NmiTclls KognpU*
Ginftale:" LoNc:«LLOi.,"PoM»«iii Pornr of Europe;" "'Bladf
wood'! MiKiiine" tor Octotier, iSu, wd Februur, iSii.

Kommami, koRn'mln, (Hrinkich.) a German writer
and lawyer, born in Wiiitemberg ; died about i6aix

KOrlM. SeeCsoUA.

EQt&bI, kb'Ro-sbee, (JoszBF,) a Hungarian statistidan,
botn at Pesth, April ao, 1S44. He has published many
volumes regarding Hungarian populations, finances,
trade, prices, railways, etc

Korts or Koeito, koR'tfh, (Wilkklh,) a German
writer, bom at Aschersleben in 1^66. He pnblisbed,
among other works, a " Life of Gleim," (181 1,) who was
his great-uncle, and a "Ufe of Camot," (i8m.) Died
in 1846.

KorUiolt koRfholt, FLat. Kortkol'tus,] (Chris-
tian,) a Lutheran theologian and ecclesiastical historian,
bom at Burg, in Holstein, in 1G33. About 166$ he wal
appointed professor of divinity in the Univeraity of KieL
He published numerous religious treatises, of which we
may name "On the Pagan, Mohammedan, and Jewish
Religion!," (1666,) "Orihe Three Impostors Herbert,
Hobbcs, and Spinosa," (16S0,) "On the Origin and Na-
ture of Christianity," and " On the State and Progress
of SchoolsandAcadei>ies,e8pedallyinGermany." Died
in 1694.

S« Liudihakh, "Mtmerii C Konbolti," 1694.

Eorthol^ (Christian,) a Danish or German theo-
logian, son of Sebastian, noticed below, was bom at
Kiel in 1709. He became professor of divinity at Gol-
tingen. He published "The Letters of Leibnitz," (4
f als., t734-4a,) and wrote, besides other works, (in Latin,)
an "Essay on the Enthusiasm of Mohammed," (1745.)
Died in 1751.

S« Avaxa. " Unwria C KoRtioltl," 17J1.

Korthol^ (Sebastian,) a son of Christian, noticed

ing, and wrote many literary cl ,
Sorttaoltna- See Kortkolt.
Korttlm or Kortnam, ItoB'tiim, (Johann Friedrich

Ckristoph,) a German historian, born in Mecklenburg-
Strcliti in 178S, became professor of history at Heidel-
berg in 1840. He wrote, among other works, a " History
of the Political Constitution olTJreece," and a " History
of the Middle Ages," (J iol»„ 1837.) Died in 1858.

Kortilm or Eortaem, (Karl Arnold,) a derman
physician and satiric poet, born at Miilheim-an-der-Ruhr
m 1745, published a mock-heroic poem entitled "The

fobsiad; or, The Life, Opinions, and Deed* of Jerome
oba the Candidate," (1784.) Died in 18*4- An English
translation of " Tbe Jobsiad," by Rev. Charles T. Brooka.
was published in Philadelphia in 1863.

KoBoliuka,kos-se-iis'ko, [Polish, Koscius:KO,kA«h-
yoyako,] (Thaddeus,) an illustrious Polish patriot and
general, of noble family, born In Lithuania, February I3,
1746, Having studied at the military academy of Ver-
sailles, he embarked about 1777 for America, where he
foi^ht with distinction at New York and Votktown and
acquired the friendship of Washington. He returned
to Poland in 1786, but, his country being soon after sub-
jected to Russia, he retired to Leipsic On the break-
ing out of the revolution of 1794. he was appointed
commander of the Polish army, and defeated the Russian*
with greatly superior numbers at Raclawice. For two
months be defended Warsaw agair^st the united forces
of Russia and Prussia, but, overpowered at last by fresh
troops advancing under Fersen, suffered a total defeat at
Uaciejowice, where he was wounded and taken prisoner
in October, 1794. Afler two years' impriaonraeni he was
released by the emperor Paul, who offered him his sword,
which Kosdusko reftised, saying " he bad no need of a
sword,Bincehehadnolonger acountr)^" Whensolidted
by Napoleon to aid him in hi* ambitious schemes with
regard to Poland, he steadily refiised; and tbe prodama-
tion to the Poles, which appeared in the "Moniteur"
lOnder hi* name fo 1806^ was dedared by him a forgery

tt*»: qaat; iltarJ; ^aaj; a,H,K,piairal; »,Matal; R,lriiltJ; laat; thaBintiu, (ig^See Explanations. p. Sj.J

d by Google

KOSEGARTEN

He died in 1817, it SoleaTc, in Switxerland, having
pterioiulT written to the emperor Alennder entreat-
uig him to give to Poland a free coottitadon. He also
abolished Mrldora on his Polish domain.

8h II. A. ImLmi. "Modoe nr RoMidBlu," 181S; Faumh-
nmiH, "KonsW* Ldptlg >>is: !• Cwwufo, " Hkidik mill-
tth«, poUritoa M pnTfa A KodwlLO," i<«; Julu Mi™«lit,
** KoKiiinkii, L«|nul> demomiTcmi," tnouucd fromtlw Frsicb

of the Liberals of that capital, bat was repolMd M
Scliwechat The Austrian general Windisdigritt then
invaded Hungary, to<A Penh, and committed great atro-
dtiet. A war ofextermination fjllowed, and the Austriant
were defeated in several battles. In April, 1849, tka
Hungarians renounced allegiance to the house of Hapa-
burg, and chofic Kossuth governor or dictator. Bat the
'"" rventton of Russia rendered the heroic effort* and
IGces of the Hungarians unavailing. The victoriee
gained by Dembinski, Klapka, and Bern served merelj
to prolong the national agony. Kossnth, after a dis-
agreement with Gorgey, whom he accused of treachery,
resigned his office on the nth of August, 1840, and went
into exile. He retired to Turkey, and was imprisoned
at Kataieh. Through the intervention of Enghnd and
the United States, he was released in August, 1851,
visiting tho«e conntnes in that year and being leceived
with enthusiastic popular demonstrations. He made
■everal admirable speechei in the English langnaze, of
which he had acquired a wonderful mastery. He re-
sided for several years in England, and later in Turui,
Italy, where he died, March 30, 1894. — Francis Kos-
'lis son, bom at Budapest in 1841, became promi-
the Hungarian parliunentand leader of the party
of independence. Grew very popular and in 1896 be-
came lauler of the House.

Koata-IbD-Looka, (or -Lflka.) kos't! fb'n loo'kl,
written also Coatha-Ben-IiOtika, an excellent Aratnan
scholar and translator, bom at Bilbec, flourished fron
about 870 to900A.D. He translated several Greek works

to Arabic, and wiote original treatises on philosophy,

(ric, medidne, etc.

KoBtar. See CosTKk.

Koa't^r or Coa'tfr, (Laurbns Janszoon,) a Dutch
printer, bom at Haarlem about 1370, is supposed b;
some writers to have invented the art of printing. Ac-
cording to one tradition, he kept his art a secret, but it
was stolen by one of his workmen, named John FusL
Died about x^ifi,

S« A. F. Oti>OT,"Euii nr U TypogiapM* i" AooDSTa Bd-

lao, "Hinoiredfi rOri^pnedo I'lnprunenA."

KfiatUu ot Koeatlin, kfist-leen', (Christian Run-

DLD,) a German jurist and novelist, bom at TiibingeB
In 1813 ; died in t85&

Kfiatllu, kost'leen, (Julius,) an able German theo-
logian, bom at Slultgail, May 17, 1836. He studied al
Tiibingen and Berlin, and became professor of tbeolo^
at Gotlingen in iS<5,at Breslau in 1865, and at Halle m
1870. He has published "The Church of Scotland,"
(1852,) "Luther's Doctrine of the Church," (1853,)
"Faith." (1859,) "Luther's TheolMT)," {1863,) and a
valuable " Lile of Luther," (1875,) which he afterwaida
abridged fbi popular use, (18S3.)

KoatroC KoatroT, or Kostrtnr, kos'tiio( (Ermil
IVANovrrcK,) a Rusuan poet, bom in the province of
Viatka; died in 1796.

KottaouK See Koorooz.

Kotonz or Eot&z, See Kooroot

Kotter or Cotter, kof i«r, (Christoph,) a German
enthusiast, bom in Silesia in 1583. He obtained notoriety
by visions and predictions. Died in 1647.

Kotzebne, Ton. fon kot'sfh-boo, (Augitst Frird-
RiCH Ferdinand,) a prolific and popular GennaD
dramatist, bom at Weimar in 1761. He went to Saint
Petersburg in 1781, and was appointed president of the

fovernment of Esthonia. He produced in 1789 "The
ndians in England," and "The Stranger," which were
very successful About 1800 he settled in Berlin. He
wrote abusive articles against Goethe and other great
German authors, who had refused to admit him into
their literary dicle at Weimar. Between i3o3 and 1S06
he made journeys in different countries of Europe, and
published "Souvenirs of Paris in 1804," (a vols., 180J.)
After the battle of Jena (1806) he took refuge in Russia.
and edited two journals, called "The Beel*' (1808-10,)
and "The Cricket," (1811-12.) in which he wrote agains'
Napoleon. In iSiy he was sent to Germany by the
Russian government to watch and report the stale and
tendency of public opinion. He expressed such hostility

Eoaeeiuteii, ko'i^ h-gaR't^n, (Johahn Gottfried
Lddwio.) son of Ludwig Tbeobul, tioticed below, was
bom in the island of RUgcn in iru. Having studied
philology in Paris, he became in 1824 professor of Ori-
mtal languages at Grei&walde. He translated into
German the Hindoo poem "Nala," (1830,) and made
several versions from the Persian. He also published
editions of the "Moalakat," and other Arabic works.
Died in i86a

EoasKaltan, (Ludwio Theobul,) a German divioe
aad poet, was bom at Grcvismuhlen, in MccUenborg
to I7S8. He became in 1808 professor of history at
Greifiwalde, and sutsequently of theology, and rector
of the university. His romance of "Ida von Plesseo,"
(178S,) as well as his "Legends" and lyric poems, enjoy
a wide popularity. He also made several translations
from the Danish and Envlish : among the latter is Rich-
ardson's "Clariaai." Diedini8i8.

Sc* LoHGFnunr. "PoMiaud FoetiT of EniopB."

Koalolt kos'lo^ or Koslov, koz'lafi (Ivan Ivano-
TTTCK,) a Russian poet, bom in 1774, made a number
of excellent translations from the English. His poems,
written after he became blind, are distinguished for their
melody of versification and tender pathos. Among the
most admired of these is "The Honk," ("Tchemeta.")
Died in 183&

Sb E. UicHnuKi, " La Piitlci Rubs."

Eoalovaki, (M. I.) Sec KozmrsKL

Eoa-loVskl, (OssiP Antonovitch.) a popular Rus-
sian composer, produced, among other works, a ' Re-
Siiem" of great beauty, and composed the music for
serot'i tragedy of " Fingal." Died in 1S31.

Eoamas. See Cosuas.

Koaauth, kosh'fiSt, (Louis,) an eminent Hungarian
' ■ ■ I, born of a noble family at Mo" - '-

iptin, in 1803. He studiM ~

5. ^rSarospatak, and joined tL- ^.^

party in opposing the despotic policy of Austria. Having
offended the government by his writings, he was impris-
oned three years, I1837-40.J The Diet of 1840 leliised to
grant inppliea during the imprisonment of Kossuth, who
was consequently liberated. In 1S41 he married Theresa
Heiilenyi, and began to edit a daily paper at Pesth, called
" Pesti-Hirlap," the tone of which was libera), but not
radical or democratic. He was elected a member of the
Diet l^ the national party of Pesth in 1E47, and acquired
a high reputation as an orator. In March, 1848, the
Diet adopted a proposition made by Kossuth, the oHect
of which was the appointment of a resjjonsible Hun-
garian ministry, as a pledge of constitutional reforms.
Kossuth and others were sent as a deputation to Vienna,
and obtained the assent of the emperor, then cansdous
of the pressure of a powerful revolutionary movement.
Kossuth induced the Diet to vote the perfect equality of
dvil rights and public burdens for all classes, and to
extend the right of suffrage. He became minister of
finance in the new ministry formed in April, 184S. Al'
though the benefits of these reforms were shared by the
Croatians and Servians, an anti-Magyar partjr was soon
formed in Croatia by the intrigues of Austrian agents.
The Croatians, directed by Jellachich and secretly aided
by Austria, revolted against Hungary, and began hos-
tilities bv the massacre of villagers on the frontier. In
June, 1848, the Austrian court openly sanctioned the
movemcntsof the Croatian insurgents. Kossuth Ijelieved
that the time bad come to defend by arms the constitu-
tion and the national independence. He called for the
levy of 200,000 men, which was granted by the Diet. In
September, 1848, jellachich was defeated in battle, and
Kosstlth was elected president of a committee of de-
fence. After the second insurrection at Vienna, October,
1848, the Htrngarian army advanced to the assistance

t,!, 1, 9, Qi?,^'»f.''',t>^ same, less prolonged; ll,£,T,6,u,)F,«t«rf;f,f,i,q^ajrfwrr;ar,nil, IItiiDlt;n9t;g3&d;mnn)

db, Google

A *k UuinhdiB in iSig
bj Kail Lndwig Sand, who wu actnUed by a Euiatical
Mil againat one whom he conndered a traitor to 1ib«rtj.
AaKMM hia diamaa are "The T«o KUngsbergs," a
ttme^, (1807,) and " nniro," (" Die Spanier in Peni,")
Ub Wtt-ka, which were Teir mnnerona, were fbnnerl;
Btore popnlai than tbey are at the preacDt time. Kot-
Mfaoe poaacaaed a naij innntioa and a RTcat bdUty in
coopoaition ; but hb prodnctiona are dcSdent in depth

Kotittbna, von, (Otto,) a wm of the preceding, born
■t Rcnl, in Ruila, in 1787. Alter having made the
VDTage aroond the world with Krmenstem, he aet aaU
^lin in 1S15, accompinied hf CbamiaaOk Eacbacholti,
ud olhen. He diacorered aeveial ialanda in the Sontb
Sea, and the aonnd
Inhit natne. He p<

« Diaco*err In the _ . . .

to find a Norlheaat Fasaaee," (iSai.) Having
Sir the third time in iSm, lie made other discoveriea,
vhidi are described in hii ** New Vojue aroimd the
a I8a3-a6," (1830^ He died at Ke<ral In 184&
~i, kol'afii'Id6K', (Lbopold,) a Bohemian
maaidan, botn at Welwarn in 1753. He
d Uosut as composer to the court at Vienna,
(1791.) He composed operas, Bfmphonies, and sonatas,
which were once verj popular. Died in 1S14.
KonanSi See Kooahg.
KonbUl Klun. See Kooblu Khan.
Konck, kfink, (Pibtzs,) a Dutch painter, bom in
1501, worlced at Antwerp. He was patronized
Ties V. Died in icja
11 Khan. SecNXoii
KoalaetL S«e Koolnbf.
Komnaa, koo'mas, (Constanttnb Micbail,)
UDdem Greek scholar and author, woa bom at i.uuaa
aboal 1775. He publiihed a "Greek Lexicon," J1836,)

World ii

"Elements of Philosophy," U vols.,) and other scientific
works. Died at Trieste in 1836.
Eonng-Fon-Tsen. See CoHnrcnia.

KonraUn. See Kookakik.
Konima or KoTimavatai*. See KObma.
Kontonv See Koorooz.
Kotitoiixof or Kotitonaol See Kooroozop.
Kov-9-lof'sky, (Alkxander,) an eminent Rus-
uan embryologist, bom Novembei 7, (O.S.,) 1S40.
He became a professor at St. Petersburg and a high
ultharit; on the anatomy a,od development of tbe as-
ddlans, tunlcata, worms, brachiopods, and the related
(Dims of animal life, making a number of valuable
discoveries. Died in 1901.

Kovalebky, (Sokia or Sophib,) bom in 1850,
daughter of a Russian artillery officer, married In
186S Woldemar, brother of Alexander Kovalefsky.
She gained an EuropeaJi fame as a mithemstician,
becune professor of malhematics at Stockholm in
1SS4, and wrote a series of brilliant novels, of which
"Vera Baiantiova" was translated into English in
1S95. Died in 1891.

KodoMd, koi-lof Bkee, or Koalovshdlkos-Iov'skee,
pIlCKAlL IvanovttcH,) a Russian sculptor, became
professor in the Academy of Arts at Saint Petersburg.
Amone his master-pieces are the itatne of Suwarow at
Saint retersbtir^ and ^e statue of Catherine II. as
Hinerva. Died m 1803.
Koilov. See KostAF.

KoBmian, koz'me -In, ? {G a btan or C Anrr an,) a Polish
poet, bom in Loblin in 1771. He wrote odea which were
hi^jhly esteemed, — "The Gcoi^cs of Poland," — and an
epK poem entitled " Stepbeit Cumieclci." Died In 1856,
Krafft, kRlfl, (Adam,) a German sculptor, bom at
Norembcrg aboat 1439. Among his master -pieces are
tbe tabernacle tn tbe chnrch of Saint Lawrence at Nu-
remberg the celebrated Ciboriimi in the minster at Ulm,
'~' . nmnber of beantifnl bas-reliefs. Died'

the Academy of Vienna, bom at Hanan In ITSa Amona
his works we mav name " Rudolph of Hababnrg" aaa
" Belisarins." Died in 1856.

Kraft SeeCiATO.

Kraft, kitSft, (Anton,) a Bohemian violoncellist and
composer, born December 30, 1751, at Rokitun, near
Pilsen. Died August 18, 183a His son, NiKOLAU^
born December 14, 1778, wu also famous as a composer
and performer on the violoncello. Died May 18, 1853.

Kraft, kRlft, or Krafll, (Gsorg Wolfoang,) a Get-
man natural philosopher, born in Wiirtemberg in 1701,
was professor of physics at Ttttungen, and wrote several
worlu on geometry and physics. Died in 1754.

Kraft von Togganbnrfi kitlft fbn log'g^-b36Ba', a
German minnesinger. Died in 1359.

KraltelT, kalt'sir, (Charles,) a Hungarian pbyrioaa
and scholar, born in 1S04. He emigrated to America
in 1833, and became in 1843 professor of modem lan-
gaages and history in the University of Virginia. He
published "Glossology," and several other works. Died
in Westchester county, New York, in 1S60.

KrHmar. See Crambk.

Knunp, ks&H, (CkrItikn,) a French mathematldan
and medical writer, bom at Strasbnrg ; died abont iSllL

Kranaoh. See Cbanach.

Krantor. See Crantob.

Krants or Crnnta, kBints, (Albbrt,) a German hia-
torian and ^plomatist, bom at Hamburg abont 1450,
was employed on several important embaanes to Ena-
tand arid France. Among his prindpal works, whicn
are written in Latin, are "Chronicles of the Kingdoms
of Denmark, Sweden, and Norway," and " Ecdesiaalical
Hisloiyof Saiony." Died in 1517.

Sh WiLcam. "Lcbsn AJbertD CnnliK," itii; Bavul "BIp
torialuHl Cridcd DicaanliT;" Ntcdaoli, "Utintdra;" llBlUB.
" OailBi* Liicna."

KTan% (Dayiiv) See Cranz,

wr«»»»H.mtWftf or Kiaaobenlnnlkov, kRteh-fit-
nin'ne4iof, (Stbpbbh FrrBOViTt:H,] a Russian natunl-
lat, born at Hoscow in 1713. He travelled in Siberia
and Kamtachatka, and wrote a '* Description of Kamt
•cfaadca," (I vols., 1755.) Died in 1755.

ScaGasTCH, " Enal mt I'Hiaora da la LitUratura Rdhs."

Enudokl.kRt-stt'skee, (Ighatius,) an eminent Polish
poet and mUratair, bom at Dabiecko in 1734. Having
taken orders as a priest, he rose to be Bishop of Erme-
land in 1767, and in 1795 Archbishop of Gnesen. Hia
vrit and cmiversational powers made him a £ivoiuite
with Frederick the Great of Pnisaia, who once said to
him, " I hope, my lord trisfaop, you will take me into
Paradise with yon under your mantle," "No, sire," he
replied, (alluding to the loss of some revenues:) "your
msjesty has macie it so short that I cannot conceal any-
thing contraband under it" Among his principal works
we may name the mock-heroic poem entitled "The
Mousiad," ("lHysieis,") founded on the tradition of King
Popiel being devoured by rata and mice, " War of the
Monks," (" Monachomachia,"] and a number of fables
and satires of great meriL His novel of " Pan Podstoli"
Is also highly esteemed. Died in iSoi.

S« S. K. POTOCKI, "End nr Li^it, Re de Knikki," itoai
" Kmrelli Biognphu G^ufnla ;" DHOCMOmKi, " Klai« da Kia-

Kraalnakl, kRi-sin'skee, (Vaurian,) Count, a dis-
tinguished Polish writer and scholar, bom in White
Russia about 178a After the suppression of the Polish
revolution ti 1830 be repaired to England, where he
published, among other works, a " History of the Re-
formation in Poland," (a vols., 1S40,) "Panslavism and
Germanism," (1848,) and " Religions History of the Sla-
vonic Nations," (1851.) Died m Edinburgh in 1855.

Kraalnakl, (Zyomuht Nafolbon,) a Polish count
and poel, botn at Paris, February 19, 181a. He was an
ardent patriot and anti-Rassian. He published several
poetical works, of which the " Undivine Comedy"
(" Nieboska Komedya," 1837-48) is (he most celebrated.
Lord Lytton's poem of "Orval"is adapted from this
woric " Iridion" is also a celebrated fiction by Kra-
sinsiii. His writings are well known in their English
translation by Martha Walker Cook. Died at ^ria,
February 34, 1S59.

1; giari/; siaj; a,n,w:,fiiaiirai; v,H<ual;t,triUed;l

>;«ha

JnMu; (89~See £xplanati..>ns, p. 13.1
Digitized ay CjOOQ IC

XSASZEfVSKI M

Knwivwakl, kKl-ibir'Bkee, (Josira Iohatius,] a
Poli»h novelist and mi«cellaneoii> writer, bom &t Wu-
Mw in iSix. Ilia works, wfaich ate very namerous, con-
■ilt of novel!, poenu, travela, and historical treatises.
His romances are very popular in Poland, and have in a

Seat measure snperseded the French novels. Among
e best are "The Magic-Lantern," (1843,) "Ulana,"
(1843,) and "Sviat i Foeta." His epic poem "Ana-
fielas," and a " History of Wilna," are also ranked among
his best productions. Died Maich ao, 1S87.

KratercM. See Ckatekvs.

Kntoa. See Cka'CIS.

ICraUnoa. See Cratindi.

Ki^tlpptM. See Cratippui.

Knttxeiutalii, kRlt'sfn-stln', (Chkistian Gott-
lieb,) a German natural philosopher, mechani cal inventor,
and writer, bom at Wemigcrode in 1733, became pro-
fessor of physics at Copenhagen in 1754. Died in 1795.

Ktbub, kkftwaa, (Chbistian Jakob,) a teamed Get-
man writer, professor of philosophy, etc at Konigsberg,
was bom at Osterode in 1753. He published a treatise
and other works. Died in 1807.

German prelate and historical wnter, born at Ratisbon
in 170a He was prince-abbot of the mcmastery of Saint
Emmeran. Died in 1763.

XTKua, (JoHAHN UuucH,] a Gcnnao engraver, bom
at Augsburg about 164; ; died in 1719.

Kraoflb (HARTIN.) See Ciusius.

KranaOb kltttw'z^ (Gioro Friedrich,) ■ German
economist and writer oa the science of forests, bom at

«^,

. bom at Frankfort in 1737 ; died in 1806,
.USB, (JoKAHK Ckristoph,) a German historian,
Dorn at Artem in 1749. Among his works is a " His-
tory of Eutope," (5 vols., i7S9-<&) Died in 1799.

Kr«nse,(JoHANN Gottlieb,) aGerman bibliographer,
bom in Silesia in 1684, published, besides other works,
" Umstiindliche Biicher-Historie," [3 vols., 1716.) He wm
professor of eloquence at Wittenberg. Died in 173&

Sh KiiCHiuin, " Prngninnu id EiiqDiu J. G. Knuil." in&.

Ktanse, (Kakl Christian Friedrich.) a German
philosopher and masonic writer, bom at Eisenbcrg in
1781. He devoted several works to the display of the
merits of freemasonry, of which he was a lealous advo-
cate. Among his other works is " Urbild der Hensch-
heit.TTheTypeof Humanity," 1811.) Died in 183a.

Sm Lihduiahh. "Duudlnns dn Labau vaA dtr WiiHn-
■dnfttlthn Kimu." ■!»

Kranae. (Wilhelm,) a German landscape and marine
paintet, bom at Dessau in 1S03. He has produced some
excellent pictures of Norwegian scenery.

Kraut, kRQwt, (Wilueui Theodob,) prolessor of
law at Giittingcn, was born at Liinebuig in i8oa He
wrote a number of legal works. Died fan. I, 1873.

Erautli, krawth, (Charles PosTRHrtSLU,) D.D., a
Lutheran divine and accomplished scholar, the son of
Dr. Charles Philip Krauth, (late president of Pennsyl-
vania College ai Gettysburg,) was born at Martinsbuie,
Tfirjinia, March 17, 18^3. He graduated at Pennsyl-
vania College in 1839. Ordained in 1841, he became
pastor of a church in Baltimore, and was subsequently
settled at Winchester, Virginia, -and Pittsburg, Pennsyl-
vania. In 1S59 be was called to the pastoral charge of
Saint Mark's Lutheran Church, Philadelphia, where he
remained four years. In 1861 hebecameeditor of "The
Lutheran and Missionary," iasned in Philadelphia, and
in 1S64 professor of theology, church history, ^c in the
Lutheran Seminary of thai city. In 1S68 he was elected
to the chair of moral and intellectual philosophy In the
University of Pennsjrlvania, and in 187^ became vice-

provost of the same lastitution. He published . .._
lationofTholuck'*"Commentaryon Saint John," (1859,)
"The Conservative Reformation and its Theol<^y,"
(1871,) an edition of Berkeley's "Principles of Human
Knowledge," (1873,) and an edition of Fleming's "Vo-
cabulary of Philosophy," to which he added a valuable
Index, etc, (1S77.) He died January 1, 1883.

Kraj-i won, fbn kRi' or Knioi, von, fon kRI'of,
fPAtn,) Baron, an Austrian general, bom at Kesmatk,
in Hungapr, in 1735. He fought j^nM the French io

Se* Aluom. "Hiwori of Europa."

KrayanholC kRl'fn-hof, written alio KratJsntaoI^
(CORNKLIS RocLF,) a Dotch general, bom at Nymwegen
in 175S, became minister of war nnder Louis Bonaparte.
Hepublisbed several excellent charts. Died about 1840.

Kixver. See Ckayxr..

Kr«ba, kRlps, ^ohanh Auetrar,) a learned German
writer, born at Heinaugen in 1681 ; died in 1713.

Krelil,kaal,(ADnii?rLuDWic,) a German Protestant
theologian, bom at Eisleben in 17S4, became professor
of theology at Leipsic in 1S34. Died in iScj.

KraiLkRll, (Karl,) an able astronomer, bom at Ried
in the Tyrol, in 1 798, became director of the Observatory
of Prague in 1S45. He published a treatise "On the
Nature and Motion of Comets," (1S43.) Died in iSfo.

Kreitmayor or Ereytiiia^, kRit'mIs, written also
KieittmaTT, (Aloys Wigulaus.) a German statesman
and jurist, bom at Munich in 1705. Among his work*
we may name "Code of Bavarian Judicial Law," (1751,)
and "Bavarian Civil Code." Died in 1790.

Bremer, kni'mfr, (CHRinvpR Jakob,) a Gennao
historian, bom at Worms in 1711. He wrote several

^77i

Knmar, kRi'm^, (Petrr,) an eminent Bel^rian

unter of history and genre, born ' " "~ ' "

mong his works are " Harius at C
Tenters Designing after Nature."

Blrastofv'aky, (M.,) a Russian novelist, bom at
Kief in 1820. He served in the Russian army, and
wrote numerous novels. Among the best of these, as
translated into French, are " Le Sphini," " En
Voyage," " Uncle Bujanoff," and " Le Diabloiin."

Krataohmanu, kRftsh'mln, (Karl Friedrich,) a
German poet, bom at Zittau in 173S, published "Songs
of the Bard Ringulph," and other works. Died in 1809.

ExAQtser, kRoit'sfr, (Konradin,) a German com-
poser of operas and songs, bom in the dudiy of Baden
in 1781; died in 1849.

]^siit>er, kRut'saiR', (Rudolt,) a celebrated com-
p<Mer and musician, of German extraction, bom at Ver
sallies in 1766, became violinist at the imperial chapel,
and a member of the Conservatory in Paris. Among
his best works are the operas of " llodcoska" and " PaD*
and Virginia." Died in 1S31.

See Vira, " Biocnpbie UmTendlg im UiubnBL"

KrayslK kRl'rio, (Friedrich Ludwig,) a medical
writer, bom near Leipsic in 1770^ studied medicine at
Pavla under SpallanianL In 1803 he was appointed
physician to the Elector Frederick Ai^iostus, afterwards
King of Saxony. He became in iSiSprofeisorof thera-
peutics and pathology at Dresden. Died in 1S39.

Kroyslg (Georo Christofh,) a German historian,
bom near Annaberg in 1697. He wrote 00 the history
of Saxony. Died in 17^

KroytatByr. See KREmUYBR.

EiiotuML See Krishna.

ErUoff or Killov. See Krtlop.

Rflahiii. Grtahna, Krlohna, or KiUohiw, kRlah'*
n^ la Sanscrit word, signifying "dark blue :" see below,]
in the Hindoo mythology, the eighth avatar of Vishnn,
usually regarded as the most glorious of all the manifesta-
tions of that deity. It ia said hy the votaries of Krishna
that in the other avatars Vishna manifested only a
portion of bis godhead, but that in this instance he ap-
peared In all tne fiilness of bis power and glory. He
was bom In the kingdom of Mathura ; his mortal parents
were Visudfvi and DivUd. It had been predicted that
the son of Minlkt should deprive Kansa, the tyramiical
kingof that country, of his life and crown. Kansa there-
fore sought by force and stratagem to destrov the young
child ; twt the parents, assisted and guided by power

■,>,I,iSkB,f,/e)^;i,t, A, same, less prolonged; i,£,1,6,Q,f,tl«r<;t,f,i,9,f4Awra,'ar,(lll,flb:mtt;aAt;g^&l;m

db, Google

firine, SDCcceded in baffling all hit efforts It ia re
dnt, when Kriabna was only Mven yeara old, Indra,
{ealoD* of the popnl*rity of the ctuld-eod, attempted to
Mboy the woTshippert of the latter bjr a feaifb] itonn
ef lightning, rain, and hail But Krishna raited above
tbeu on the tip of hit little finger Uoant Goterdhen,
tke Hindoo Paroassoa, Ihna affording complete ahelter
to U* trembling followeia.

One of Kriahna'a earliest exploits was the deatmctlon ot
^ gr««t lerpeDt KUiya, (or KUinJ^i,) which poboned
tbe waters of the river Jntnna. Not long afterwards
he slew his malignant enemy Kansa, having first para-
bsed lum with fear. A remarkable resemblance between
Krishna and the Grecian Apollo ba« been pointed out
by Sir William Jones and other writers. Krishna was
pre-eminentlf a pastoral god, and his followers were
pijnci pally milkmaids and herdsmen. Apollo was
regarded as the protector of Socks and herds, (his
name of Nomios theos (r^ftm ttit') is derived from
nome,(nifLt,) a "meadow" or "pasture;") and, when
compelled lo pass some time on earth, he employed
himself in tending the flocks of Admetus, King of
Thessaly.

EifUaB. See CRmAS.

Kiltolaoe. See Cutolads.

Kriton or Kilto. See Cairo.

Kroarer. Sec KbOvu.

Krohn, lutSn, (Huuunh Gbokq,) a German jurist,
bom in 1705; died in 1756L

KramayeT, kxo'mlR, [Hiironthus,) a German
Protestant theologian, bom at Zciti in 1610, wrote " Hi»-
toria Ecclesiastica," and other works. Died in 167a

See G. LnrHAm, ** Leidipndi|:t auf U. Knavftt" 1670.

Kioramjei, (Johahu,) a German theologian, bom
in Misnia in IJ76, was an ancle of the preceding. He
became superintendent (Protestant bishop) at Weimar,
and pablished several works. Died in 1645.

Kropot'klne. fPerKR,) Prince, a Russian geog-
rapher and anarchist, was bom at Moscow, Decem-
ber 9, 1842. He was educated at St. Petersburg,
explored Eastern Siberia and Manchuria and the
glacial deposits of Finland and Sweden, and acted as
secretaiy to the Geographical Society. In 1871 he
joined the International Society in Belgium, and was
arrested and imprisoned in St. Petersburg in 1874,
but escaped in 1876. He founded ibe anarchist
newspaper " Le Revolte," was expelled from Switier-
tand in 1881, and imprisoned in France as an an-
archist 1883-86. He published "Paroles d'un
RevoUe," (i8S5,)"In Russian and French Prisons,"
(18S7,) "A la recherche du pain," (1892,) "The
s Part in History," (1898,) with many ency-

rticles.

•Ick, von, fbn kKo'iik, (Bbrnuabd Friedrick,)
Baron, a German aavant, bom in 1656, erected a private
obaervalory at BerliiL Died in 1714.

KTSyerorKro«7er,kRo'yfr,{HENDRiK Nioolaus,)
a Danish natnralist, bom at Copenhagen in 1 799. He
was sent on a mission to South America in 1S40. He
paliliihed, beside* other worka on natural history, " The
nabesof Denmark," (1 vols., 1838-^3.) Died in lS7a

Krfldener or Kntcdanex, (Jullana,) a Russian
mystic or enthusiast, bom at Riga in I7e(^ was the
daughter of Baron Vietinghof; and was married at the
age of loarteen to Baron Kmdener, from whom she was
divorced in a few years. She was intimate with Madame

and gave herself np entirely to preaching the gospel and
prophesTing. After travelling in Germany, where she
ibnned an acquaintance with Stilling, she visited Paris,
bat, owing to the disturbances caused by her meetings,
was obliged to leave the city, and soon after her arrival
in Germany she was ordered by the government toretnm
to Russia. She died in 1S14. She was the author of a
tomance entitled " Valeria," (1803.) She ia aaid to have
had mnch infiueoce over Alexander, Czar of Russia, who
heard her preach in Paris in iSi5,and who submitted to
hex revision hit plan of the Holy Alliance. In the latter

59 KRUMMACHER

part of her life she abounded in work:
towards the poor.
~ See KrVnitz.

n Rus-

Kmg, (WlUoui TiAUCOTT,) a German 'philoso-
phical writer, bom near Griirenhaynchcn, in Pnusian
Saxony, in 1T70. Having studied at Giittingen and Wit-
tenberg, he became professor of philosophy at Leipsic
in 1S09. Me was chosen in 1833 a deputy to the first
constitutional Diet, where he was a warm advocate
of liberalism. Among his principal writings are his
" Fundamental Philosophy," (1803,) and " History of the
Philosophy of the Andents, especially of the Greeks
and Romans," (1815.) He profeaeed a system called
"transcendental synttietisni," which was very popuUr
In Germany. Died in ig^a.

KrUger ot Km«gsr, kxiio'fr. (Efhraih GorrLiu,}
a German engraver, born at Dresden in I75& Among
his master-pieces is "Ariadne at Naios." Died in 1834.

ErtlcBr or Knteger, (Franz,) a skilful German
painter, bom at Anhalt-Dessau in 1796. He worked
in Berlin, where he painted good portraits and became
court painter. His bvourite subjects were hunting-
scenes and landsoapes with animals. Died in 1857.

See NAOLn, " AUcemeinea KBuMler-Loilion."

Krfiger, (Jokann Gotilob,) a German natnraliat,
bom at Malle in 1715, published, besides other works,
a "Treatise on Physics," (" Naturlehre," 3 vols., IJ40-
490 Died in 1759.

Eriigsr, (Stephaniis Johannes PaulusO a
Transvaal statesman, was bom at Colesburg, Cape
Colony, October 10, iSzj. After tbe Boer mjgratioa
northward he became famous a^ a hunter and lion-
killer, took part in the Zulu wars, and in 1848 fought
against the English at Bloomplaats. He was sub-
commandant of the army in 1856, commandant in
1861, and showed such ability and courage in the
war 'against England in 18S1 that he was mode head
of the provisional govemment. He was elected
president of the republic in 1883, and successively in
laSS, 1S93, and 1898, and in 1S99 declared wac
against Great Britain, becoming the leading spirit in
the subsequent ably managed war. After (he conquest
of the Transvaal he went to Europe. D. July 14, 1904.

KtUcbt, (Tkeodor.) a learned German writer, bora
St Stettm in 1694 ; died in 17;!.

KrUeer. (Tmeodor,) a German engraver, bom about
1575 ; ^i"l at Rome in 1650.

KrnltoC See Krvlof.

Knunmaober, kRSSm'mlxVi (Friedrich Adolf,)
a distinguished German theologian and writer, born at
Tecklenburg, in Westphalia, in 176S. He was succes-
sively professor of theology at Duisbutg, councillor of
the consistory, and court preacher at Beraburj. His
" Parables" (m verse) {1805) enjojr great popularity both
I Germany and in other countries. Among his other
..'orks are "Die Kinderwcit," consisting of religious
poems for children, " Sufferings, Death, and Resurrec-
tion of our Lord Jesus Christ," (1817,) "Cornelius the
Centurion," (1819,) and "The Life of Saint John,"
(18^3.) He was attached to evangelical religion as
distmguished from rationalism. Died in 1845.

See UOlus, " F. A KninuudHr and HiDa Freundo," i toU,

KrtuniaBCher, (Friedrich Wilhelm,) an eminent
polpit orator and writer, son of the preceding, was bom
about 1796. He was for a time pastor in Wupperthale,
where he was a zealous advocate of the older Lutheran*
ism, and gave great offence by his denunciation of thr
rationalists. ^ preacher of a reformed community,
he went lo New York in 1S43. After a few years he
relumed lo Germany, and settled at Berlin in 1847.
Among his principal works we may name "Tbe Church's
Voice of Instmction," " Elijah the Tiahbile," and " Sab-
bath Bells," (i8si.) Died in December, iS63.

^^nmmaolMr, {Gottrried Daniel,) an uncle of
the prcoeding, was bom at Teddenburg In 1774. He

M i; C aa /; I A«nf,' t as/: O, H, K, jNttMni;; N, Kruo/; R, MO^tf; I as

inMu: (I^^See Explanations, p 9

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KSUMPHOLZ

he was ooe of the prinapa) leaden of the Fietiats.
Among hii work* are a Krie* of termont, entitled " The
Wanderinn or the Israelites throtigh the Wildemeu to
Canaan," (1850^) and " Dail* Manna," which hav« been
translated into English. Died in 1S37.
Stt FunnicK W. KaoHiutzEa, " O. D.

Krampbolft Icidfimi/holi*, (Johahh BArnsr,)
harpist tnd mtisical compMet.bbm abont I74j,at Zlonitz,
near Prague, hit Either being a band-master m a French
regiment. He committed luidde in 1 790. His brother,
WiHUL KKUuniou, bom in 1750, was an eminent
violinist. Died VLxj a, 1S17.

Erfinltit or Kni«iilt>, ksU'nlts, (Johank GBOKC,)a
German phnidan and scholar, bsrn at Berlin in 1718, is
prindpalU known as the publisher of the " Economico-
lechnological EnCfClopMua," seventy-three volames of
which \aA appeared *k the time of his death, in 1796.
The work was aHerwards continued and largeiy ex-
tended 1^ (he brother* Florke and others.

Kmpp, Icrdtp, (ALntBD,) a German manufacturer,
bom at Essen, April 16, iSll. He inherited from bts
father the celebrated cast-steel works of his native town,
and extended them very greatly. The steel cannon of
the establishment are eapeciallv celebrated; bnl the
works turn oat all kinds of steel goods, and are upon
the largest scale ever known. Died July 14, 1887.

Kmoe, kRoo'ifh, (Fribdrich Karl Hrruank,] a
German historian, bom at Oldenburg in 1790. In ifoj
he pablished his principal work, entitled " Meltas," and
in iSaSwas appointed professor of universal and Russian
histoiT at the University of DorpaL He also wrote a
valuable "Chronicle of the Northmen." Died in 1866.

KroM, (Karsten or Christian,) a learned German
writer, the £uher of the preceding, was bom in Olden-
bn^ in 1753. He publislied " Aflas and Tables for the
Sarvey ofttie History of all European Cotintriea," (iScq.)
Died m 1817.

Kiuae, kitoo'tth, (Laurids or Laurent,) a Danish
litterateur, bom al Copenhagen in 1778. Among his nu-
merous works are comedies, novels, etc He translated
into Danish and German some works of Ingemann, and
others. Died in Paris in 1839.

S« hit Hcmoin oT hu Life, " Ei^neRmfni lui nuDon Lcbn,"

KmsomMi, kRoo'ifh-mln', (Coeneus,) a Dutch
historical painter of great merit, bom at Amsterdam in
1797. Amonj; his master-pieces are " A Burial -Scene,"
"The Preachmgof Johnihe Baptist," and " Belisarius."
Died in 1857.

Kroseman, (Jan Adah,) a painter of portraits and
•acred history, a brother of the preceding, was bom at
Haarlem in 1804. Died in 1S61.

Kraaemaxk, kRoo'zth-maRk',(FRiEDRiCH WiLUEtJi
LuDWiG,) a Prussian commander and diplomatist, served
against the French in the campaigns from 1S06 to 1813,
and rose to the rank of lieutenant-general. He was
employed successively on important missions to Saint
Petersburg, Paris, and Vienna. Died in iSia.

BlnueiiBtaiii, kRoo'i^n-stian', (Adah John,) acele-
biated Russian navigator and traveller, bom in Esthonia
[n 1770. In 1S03 he sailed from Cronstadl, and daring
ao absence of three years discovered the OrloET Islands,
and obtained much information respecting countries pre-
viously little known. He brought out in iSto his " Voy-
sge around (he World from liax to 1806," (3 vols.,
with an atlas and 104 plates,] which was translated into
the principal European languages. He also published
"Contributions to the Hydrwaphy of the Greater
Oceans," " Atlas of the Pacific Ocean,^' and other simitar
works. Krusenstern was the first Russian navigator who
sailed around the world. Died in 1S46.

See "NaUTeile BioEiaphie G^njnle;" "HodIMt Rnin" fa>
June uid J«]J, .8.^

Kiylot^Re-lof, or KniUof;almost kRwe-loC, (Ivan
Andreibtttch,] written also KttIow, Kiilofl; and
KiUoT, a celeln-ated Russian labulist, bom at Moscow
in 1768. At an early age be became bmiliar with (he
French language, and read irith avidity the works of
Moliire, Radne, and Boileao. His first compositions

4*r^«'

» KUGLER

were Awnas, which woe not &vonnbly received. H«
was successively editor of "The S]^nt Post," '*Tbe
Spectator," and the "Pelertborg Hercary," and in 1801
was appointed secretary to Prince Gallitsin. In iSoS tM
published a collection of bbles, which met with great
bvour. He was elected to the Petenburg Acadeiny in
iSii, and suhaeqoently received a large pension vota
the emperor Alexander, who also loiulcd him with hon-
orary disdnctions. His " Fables," which vie with those
of La Fontaine in mUvtti and hmnonr, are the delight
of all ages and dasset in Russia, and many sentencea
in them have become proverbs. They have been trans*
Isted into German, French, and Italian ; but no version.
It is thought, does justice to the origiiiaL Krylof was
intimate with PSSahkin, (Pushkin,) Karaman, and other
eminent writers. Died in 1844.

S«PL»n™F, " Life of KriJoffi" prefixed to hnWoda; "It»tM
" " ■*•" fcr SefMmbet 1. iStJi Alfisd Boogvault,
Li FniuM Riwe, a Vi* .1 m. PstHn.- Puu,
Biofivhia (Mnftale 1" ■!» u artide on lh« RiM-
nan ruHuiiD, B " Fnur^ lligenne" Av Pdmify, iSj^

Kryiu or Krtjna, kilns, (Everakd,) a Dutch paintet
of history and portraits, lived at the Hague aboat ifioa

Kabftril-n, [modem Hindoo pron. kshOt'rf-yf,]
written also Kshotrlya and Eshatmya, the name of
' e second or military caste among the Hindoos. It

pmfi^ional soldiers. (See Bkaumanisu.)

Kablal Kban. See Kooblai Khan.

Kticheiunolster, kii'K;n-mIs-tfr, (Gottlob Fried-
rich Kbinrick,) aCerman physician and naturalist, bora
at Buchheim, lanuai^ », 1831. He studied at Leipsic
~ Prague. His writings sre mostly on the entozoa and
other parasites, and he has also written on contagion, on
rater-cure, on Cremation, etc His priodpal work la
On the Cestoid Worms," (18J3.)

Kfloken or Kneoken, kfik'k;n, (Friedricm WtL-
HBUi,) a popular German composer, bom at Bleckede In
iSia His songs and ballads are great bvourites bodi
in Germany and England. In 1851 he was appointed
court chapel-master st Stuttgart He produced two
successful operas. Died April 6, 18S1.

KaAokan. See KOckxk.

KtMMlgttD. See KttORLOEN.

EnaEo. See KOhn.

Enehne. See KOhne.

Kneluoel. See KOhnAi.

Kneoeii, kii'n^n, (Abrahau,) D.D., LI.D., a DdIA
Orientalist, of German descent, was bom al Haadem,
September t6, 1838. He studied theology at Leyden
from 1846 to 1851, and became extraordinary professor
of theolo^ there In 1851, and in 1855 liill pri^^sor.
Among his writings are a Latin translation of Aba
Said's Arabic version from the Samaritan Pentateuch,
(1S51-54,) a " Historico-Critical Investigation into the
Ori^n of the Old Testament Books," (1S61-6S,) " The
Religion of Israel," (1874-75,) " Prophets and Prophecy
in Iw-acl," (1877,) "National Religions and Universal
Religions," (iSsi,) etc He was the moat prominent fig-
ure in the "Leyden school" of theology, and was distin-
guished lor his " advanced" view* regarding the tcxtoal
itidsm of the Scripture*. Died in 1891.

Knesel. Sec KUseu

EnestoT. See KUster.

EfiKelgen or Eaegelgaii, kii'g^-^n, (Karl and
Gerhard,) German painters, bom at Bacharach, ou
the Rhine, in 1773, were twin brother*, and pursued
their studies together at Rome. In 1799 theif visited
Saint Petersburg, where they married two sisters of
high rank. Karl remained in Saint Petersburg, where
be was patronized by the emperor Alexander, while Ger-
hard relumed to Dresden. He perished by the hand of

robber near that city in 1S30, His works are chiefly
portraits and historical pictures. Among Kail's pro-
ductions are a series of Crimean and Finniim landscapes,
lecuted by order of the emperor. In 1833 he published
A Painter's Journey in the Crimea." Died in 1832.

Kngler, kfibclfr, (Franz Theodor,) an eminent
German critic and writer on art, bom at Stettin in 1808,
le in 1S33 professor of the history of art in tbc

l,^I,Q,B,f,/M^,-l,t, 6, same,les3 prolonged! i,<E,I,<S.ii,y.'4i>rf;f,f,f,9,«Jtni(n/flr,illl,at;met;natjed&dim«0D

d by Google

'KUH

J U Berlin. About
ii 1837 brot^ht out his " ti

of Punting from Constantini. „

nme," wiiich wu followed In hii equally tnUoable

il of the Htstun of Art," (1S41,) and other siml-

.It,;
rfbit ,
the Great to the Present

- --- -, "(il

I» works. Died m BeHin in i8s8.

Sn - Ninodk KognpUi CMn^ali."

Ktllt, koo, (Ephraiu Mosbs.) a German poet, of
Jewish puettttgev bom at Bredsu in 1731, wrote songs,
odes, bbks, sod epigrams. He was a Iriend of Leasing
tA Mendeisscdtit. Died in 1790.

Kntal, kOOl, (IJuMiiCH,) a Gereosn naturalist, lx«n
at Hanan in 1797; died at Java in 1831.

L«a,liciK*nklv.*icnDH.K^^iSu. "^

KnUaa, Iuk/IiSw, (Fsibdkicu Danucl,) a German
mnsictaD and composer, bom in Hanover in 17S6 or
1787. He composed operas which were popular, and
music for the flute. Died in 1833.

Kiiblniaiui,kiil'm&N',[CHAKLBsFiutDialC,)aFieMk
chemist, bom at Colmar in 1S03. Died in iSSt.

KnlllmatiTi, kSQt'min, (QuiRiNUS,) a German vision-
ary, bom at Bteslan in 1651. He led a wandering life,
and published several extravagant writings. He was
bomed at Moscow in 1689.

Sec G. Wumwar, " De Faiuitidi Silcdonun ct •pcdillin da

Kttluruitedt, kiim'stet, (Fkiidkicb,) a Gcrmsn ma-
aidan and Composer, bom at Oldisleb^, Saxe-Weimar,
December 30, 1S09. He wrote operas, symphonies, and
ontorios; but his fame rests on his treatises on the organ.

Knhn, kd&n, (AOAi.BaaT,) a celebrated German phi-
lologist and mylhologist, born at Konigsberg, in Bran-
denburg November 19, iSia, was a pupil of Bockb,
Bopp, and Lachmann, and in l8j6 was appointed a pro-
fessor in the Cologne gymnasinm. AmODZ bis works
sie "On the Primitive History of the IndiyGermanic
Peoples," (1S56,) "Myths, Customs, and Legend* of
Westphalia," (1859,) etc Comparative mythology was
his specialty. Died in 1881.

Kitbn, k^n, or Etdmlno, koo'ne-ti*, (Joaci">'>) *
German philologist, born at Greibwalde in 1647. He
VIS professor of Greek at Strasbuig in 1676. Among hii
works is " Qussdones Philoso;ihiae ex Sacris Veteris
ft Novi Testament! Sdiptoribus," (169S.) Died in 1697.

KtUm or Coaho, kiin, (Karl Gotilob,) a German
phyHdan, born near Mcrseburg in 1754, published a
complete edition of the " Extant Woilu of the Greek
~ " ■ ■ ins," (" Opera Hedicorum Grccorum quae super-
D the original, with a l^tin translation, 39 vols..

14>i KURMA

She spdce many languages, and composed lyric poen^
pablisbed in three *oIiiues in 1833. Died in 1815.

Knmmra, kSbn'm^r, (Fkiidkick Aucurr,) a Ger-
man violoncellist and compoMt, bom at Heioingen,
August s, 1797 J died May 2», 1879.

Knimner, kdbm'afr, (Gborg Adolt,) a Germaa
naturalist, bom at Ortnnd in 1786 ; died near Kakonda,
Africa, in 181 7.

Ktumner, (Kakl Wilhblu.) a German geographer,
bom about 1780, was a brother of the precedinj^ He
produced globes and maps m rdi^. Died about 1840

(iSai.l

\l^ .

a German

tan, kaVnOw, (JoUANN,) a German musician,
composer, and litlfraliur, born at Geysing, in Bohemia,
in 1667. His compositions for the clavier were es-
pedaily £i.mous. He was the inventor of the sonata as
a [riece in several movements not dance-tunes, and four-
teen examples of tliit form of music are still eaunt
amoiu bis productions. His satirical poems were ad-
miredin then day. He died in Leipsic, [whither he had
teoioTcd in 1683,) June 35, 1733.

KOIme or Knebne, Idi'n^h, (Gi
titt&iu!Mir, bom at MagdebuT) ' " '
ter Novels," (" Kloatemovell , .

KfUmer, kii'n?r, (Rafael,) a German philologist,
bom at Goiha in 1S03, published a " Complete Gram-
mar of the Greek Langu^e," (1B34,) and "Elementary
Giwnmar of the Greek Language." Died in 1S7S.

KnlwluB. See KtlHN.

KtUuiBl or EuAhnoel. kii'nSI, (CKKimAM Gott-
u^) a German biblical entity bom at Leipsic in 176&
Be became professor of theology at Giessen about 1809,
and poUished " Commentaries on the New Testament,"
(4 Tcds., 1807-18.) Died in 1S41.

Knick. See Kinrx.

Knll Kbvn. See Nlsix ShXh.

KnlUok or KnlUk, kd61liUc, (Tkbodor.) a Ger-
man compoMr, bom bi Poaen in iSiS. He received the
title of pianin 10 the King of Prussia. Died in 1883.

Knlm, kSSlm, (Jouann Aqau,) a German anatomist
and ^ymologist, bnn at Brealan in l6Sg ; died b 1745.

KlilBUUUi,kMl'mlis(ELUABniI,)aRDssian poetess,
of "r""'*i eitiaction, bom at Saint Petersburg m 180&

have dis-
1701.

Knpdmapn, kffint'min, (Johann Christian,) a
German numismatist and naturalist, bom at Brcslau in
1684; died in 1751.

Etmg, koong, or ^ua^-Cbi^n-'Waaig, a Chinese
prince, brother of the emperor Hien-Fang, (died to
1S61,) and uncle of the emperor Tung-Che, (died in
1875.) Knng was bom in 1835. On the accession of
Tung-Che (1S61) Prince Knng was made one of the
three regents, and became the real head of the govern-
ment. He retained much power under the emperoi
Kwang-Seu, under whom be was founder and head of
the foreign office, and principal secretary of state. In
1S84 he retired from office, io which he had long
been leader, of the Chinese progressive party. He
was recalled from privacy in 1S94, during the war
with Japan, but age and sickness checked his ac-
tivity. Died in 185^. (The word iuiff is properly a
title belonging to princes of the blood of the fifth to
the eighth rank, and has been traoslated " duke.")

KunlgTuids, the German of Citnboons^ which see.

Ennratll, kistn'th, (Heinkich,) a German chemist
and alchemist, bom at Leipsic about 1560; died in 1605.

Kniut kSCnst, (Cornklis,) a Dutch painter, bom at
Lenlen in 1493 ; died in 154^

Knuth, von. fon koont, (Karl Sioisuunes) an emi-
nent German botanist, bom at Leipsic In June, 17S8. He

nUhed him with t
Berib, and took bim ti
fessor of botany at Berl

ans to study in the University of
Paris in 1813. He became pro-
19. He published, besides

collegemnt Bonpland et Humboldt," which treats of the
plants collected in America by Bonpland and Humboldt,
(7 volt., 1S15-35,) "The Grasses of South America," (1
vola., '835-33,) and an "Enoroerallon of all the Plants
hitherto known," (5 vols., 1S33-50.) Died in 1850.

Kimt^ kd6nts, (Kari,) a skilful German painter of
animals and landscapes, born at Mannheim b 1770, was
also an engraver. He worked mostly at Cailsrahe, where
he was court painter. He engraved Claude Lorraln's
picture of " Abraham Sending away H^ar." Died >n
1830.

Kimtn, (RtiDOLi

>LF,) a German lithographer andpt
the preceding, was born in 1798;

at Carlsruhe, May 8, 184S.

KtmMii,^36nt'sfn, (Frikdrich LtiDWia Ehil,) a
musical composer, bom at Lubeck in 1761, produced a
number of successful operas. Died in 1S17.

Kupetxky or Kupetzld, koo-ueta'kee, ( Jokann,) an
eminent German portrait -painter, born at Pesing, on the
borders of HuneaJy, in 1667. After a residence of manj
years in Italy, where he was patronized by John Sobieski,
he returned to Vienna. He was treated vrith great dis-
tinction by the emperors Joseph I. and Charles VL,
•hose portraits he painted, as well as those of the prin-
cipal nobles of the court He painted in the style of
Rembrandt, and ranks among the best aitists of tbr
time in his department Died in 1740.

See J. C Fdusu, " Ltboi G. P. Rognidiiiiiid J. K;upeiiki,"i7jS.

Kflimn, kd&R'mf, called also Kfliin&Tatax&, kdBr.
mt'vf -tA'r^ {le. the " avatar of the tortoise,") the secortd
of the avatars of Vishnu, on which occasion he took the
form of a torioise that be might furnish a support to
Mount Mandara while the gods and Asurs churned
the ocean. The mountain beiuK the chum-stick, the

t; A as in Mu, (i^See ExplautioM, p. 33.)

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

KUJiMAVATARA

i46>

mat •erpent S§«ha ma made ne of For tb« atring."
The diDrnIng of the ocean la one of the most bmona
and poputai ubies related in the mythology of the Ijin-
doo*. IireaultediD the production of the fourteen gema,
■I ibey are called, — namely, i. Chandra, (the moon;) *.
Lakahmt, lh« incompaiable conaort of Vishnu; 3. Snri-
dSri, or the goddess of wine ; 4. Oochisrava, a won-
deilul eight-beaded horae ; 5. Kostubha, a jewel of ines-
timable value ) b. Plrijlla, a tree that yielded wbatever
one might desire ; 7. Surabhi or KimadhSnn, * cow
similarly bcHintifiil ; S. DbanwaDtara, a wondrous phy-
sician ; 9. IrSvata or IrSvat, the elephant of lodra ; la
Shank, a shell which conferred victory on whoever
sounded it; 11. Danuaha, an unerring how| 11. Vish,t a
remarkable drug or poison ; 13. Rembha, (or Rambh3,)
an Apaari possessed of surpassing charms; 14. Amrita,
or Anuit, the beverage of immurulity.
EoimaTBtara. See KOrha.
Ktiio'kl, (Tamisada,) a Japanese soldier, bom in
Kugoshima In 1S44. Rose to the mnk of general in the
amy, in l395 captured Weibaiwej from the Chinese, and
in the war with Rusiia performed brilliant exploits on the
Yalu, at Mukden, and elsewhere.

Kiuopat''kln, (Alexki Nicholavitch,) aRnssiaa

eeoeni, bom in the Pskoff district in 1848. Took part

ut the war in Turkestan and the siege of Plevna in 1S77,

was made commander-in-chief in 1S97, minister of war

in 189S, and took command in Manchuria in I9O4, but

the Japanese victories led to his dismissal in 1905- He

has written works describing his campaigns.

Ktirreem Klian. See Keeesm Kh2n.

Kar™r,koor'rer, {Jakob WilhelmHeinricHj) bom

in Wurtembergin 1781, wrote "On lie Art of Dyeing

and Printing Cloth." (3'ol»-. 1848-50.) Diedin 1861,

Kunchner, (Conkad.) See Prllican.

Knn, kd&Kts, (Heinbich,) a/iO/nulRir- and Oriental

scholar, of German eitiaction, bom in Pari* in 1805.

He wrote chiefly in Germaiu Died February 24, 1873.

Kfiaol or Kuoael, kii'sil, (Matthias,) > German
engraver, born at Augsburg in l6jl ; died in iBSa.

Kftnel or KuessI, (MtLCKiOK,) a alulful engraver,
brother of the preceding, was born at Augsburg in 1633.
He engraved (with the burin) and etched portraits, aacred
bittoiy, and landscapes. Ue resided mostly at Augsburg.
Died in 1683.

Kttster or Kuuter, kiis'tfr, (Georg Gottprikd,)
German historian, born at Halle in 1695. He wrote,
Desidet other works, " Ancient and Modern Berlin," (3
vols., 1751-59.) Died in 1776.

Kflntsr, (LultOLPH,) an eminent German scholar,
bom at Blomberg, in Westphalia, in 1670. He publishea
"HistoriaCritica Homeri," (1696,) and was aconlributor
to lhe"Thesaurus Antiqultatum Romanorum" of Grae-
vius. He also published editions of Suidas (3 vols., 1705)
and Aristophanes, (171a) He was a member of the
Academy of Inscriptions in Paris. Died in 1716.

Ktlttner, kti'n^r, (Karl Gottlob,) a German trav-
eller, bom near Delitisch in 17J5. He published several
books of travel and descriptive works on England,
France, and other countries of Europe. Died in iSoS-
Kntnzof or KutOBOw. See Kootoomk.
KuvSrK or CuvSrS, kS5-vi'r», k Sanscrit word sig-
nifying "deformed," "lazy." "slow, |) the name of the
Hmdoo Plutus or god of riches, said Co be a half-brother
of the femoua giant R&vana. He is said to reside in the
splendid dty of Aliii, and is sometimes borne through
the air in a gorgeous car called Push'pikL His contort
(Sakll) is oJled KauvSrl, (kSw-vi'ree.)
Kny]^ koik, or Knlok van Wontansoon, <vlu

wSw't^-afln',) (Jam,) a akilfel Dotch painter uo g

Kflxbg or Efltxint kfU'aing, (Fbibdrich ttMi-
OOTT.) a German naturalist, bom ui Thnringia in 1807,
published, among other works, "Elements of Philo*
■ophical Botany.

KtuIt, kvS'sfr, [etymology unknown,! ■ mythic per-
sonage mentioned m the Noiae legends. He wat to
wise and knowing that no one could ask him a queatioD
which be could not answer. He waB, however, entrapped
and alain bv two dwarb who had itivited bim to a feast.
With hit blood they mingled honey, and thus composed
a mead which makea every one who drinks of it a akald.

* It BUT be fm^B to obcerva (hit In la^ clmrabx ii DnaHy
parfenbcd tr^ aunng a bod;, lenntd (he cfaurn-alick. Eg rvraJvc
rtpiiUy in thfi creun « mOk, bf menu of 1 tiring in [he uoie duls-

i Tha litriinlinn nf Iha inm» nf Ifiiilrihni1niihllii iflniini to
A* bet that, to thoH i^mi in the punuii of inalih, il ■mll]>
iSHia 10 cona with ■ very elowud hohhliaf pace, la like dhooct
the Flutua <£ ib« Grceli* wi« repnKnlcd M wH only bfind. (becauae
helmUnad bia favoun with (olillle dinnuneDt.)tiiil Iiih. beciiue
lie ■**«t^ H> GOiaa ao aJowJf and rducunily ta Ihoaa *bo ioii£ht

Ewftng-aen, (" Sacceaiionof Glory,") a Chinese em-
peror, bom in 1871. On the death from amallpoE of the
emperor Tung-Che, (January la, 1875,) Kwang-Sen, the
infant grandson of the emperor Taoo-Kwang, (who died
in 1S50,) was selected as emperor. His aunt, the
empress dowager, acted as regent (ill he reached his
majority at twenty-one. As emperor he came under
the influence of reformers, and set in train such radi-
cal changes (hat in 1898 the empress dowager,
through a palace ioup ifitat, seized the reins of power,
under conservative support Died November 14, 190S.

Kyao, Ton, fbn kee'Sw, (Frieprich WILHEu^)
Baron, a Pmsuan nobleman, celebrated for his wit aiM
blunt honesty, was bom in 1654. He was a ^vonrite of
Augustus It., King of Poland, who made him adjutant*
generaL Died in 1733.

Kyd, (Tkowas,) an English dramatist, flonrished
about 15S0, a short time bebre Sbakspeare^ His only
works extant are entitled "Cornelia, or Pompey tbe
Great his fair Cornelia's Tragedy," " The First Part of
Geronimo," and " The Spanish Tragedy, or Hieronymo
la mad again." The last-named production displayi
unrommon power, and is supposed to have suggested
to Shakspeare aome parts of " Hamlet."

Eydennjnuter. See Kiddbkiiikstbr-

Ej'fEhflnaer, klfHioi'zf r, an ancient palace (now b
ruins) of the emperors of the Hohenstaufeo dynasty, if
situated on a high eminence near the village ol Tilleda,
in Germany. There is a popular tradition (hat at the
Kyfihauscr, in a magnificent subterranean palace, Fred*
enck Barbarossa ("Red-beard") exists in a state of en-
chantment, with his knights and squires seated round
a stone table, through which hi* beard has grown. Once
in one hundred years (or, as some say, in sixty years)
he partially awakes from his enchanted sleep, and sendt
out some one to inquire how tbe time i* passing. It is
supposed that after a certain period he will awake arul

:. his empire, and then a better time will prevaiL

" " ■" ■• - Barbaros-

Erwachen,")
has reference to (£e above tradition.

Ejhi'^tvn or Eln'^B-tfin, (Sir Francis,) an Eng-
lish poet, born in Shropshire in 15S7, translated Chan-
cer'a "Troilut and Cressida" into Latin, and was the
author of a poem entitled " Leoline and Sydanis." Ha
was the founder of the Museum Minervas in Cctvenl
Garden. Died m 1&43.

S« Wood. "AC " ■

Kynaston, (John,) an English divine, bom at Ches-
Mr in 172S, was a Fellow of BraaennOM College, Oxford.

. bom at Kiinigiberg about 1605. He became
first physidan to the Prince of Orange, and proIcMor
of medidne at Leyden in 1648. Died in 1655.

Eypke, ktp^f h, (Georg David,) a German OricDuu-
ist, born in Pomcrania in 1734, wrote " Observationes

bv Pope in the verse* on the Man of Koss, was bcua
about 1664. He was a native or resident of Ross, in
Herefordshire, where he built a church and endowed s
hogpitaL He owned an estate of jfsoo a year. Died
to 1754. aged ninety.

t, ft r, ftlU J, Z»v; *. * A •»!"«. less prolonged; i, «, I, JJ, fi, », jAwr; ^ ft j, ft «A™w,- fir, flUl, at; mit; n»t, g»d; n

d by Google

LABERGE

I«ale^ Uulfb, (PxDU,) a DanUh poet of Ibe fifteenth
etntniT, wu bora at Lolluid. He wrote "Latin-Dulih
ritnciba," ("Adagia Latino- Dudn.'^

Lmv. See Lakk, van.

Ii«bndl» Itn^de', (Jun,) ■ French FroteMant mln-
ieter, r^prdedbf Bome u aniTBticor a Euiatic, wai bom
at Boiu^, b Gmenn^ in i6ia After jdnlng the Jecniu
and obtsuning uiccew aa an eloquent preaeber, he turned
Protettant in i6sOi and waa for eight -jtaa paatoi of a
church at Montanlian. He inbieqaentlf preached at

1 the Princeia Eliiabetb of the Rhine. The
•eo called Labadista, which Im Tonned in Germany,
continned (or nearly a centory. Died in 1G74.

Sea Mascdoict. "Aria dunabta k Uuaicun de GmtT* tan-
diiBI la Vk do Sicnr Jcu Ubnfo" uc.. Ltob*. ■«64.

la'b^ [HebL ta'T.I the son of Bethnel, Uved U
Haran, in Mesopobunia, about 1740 B.C. He had two
danghtera, Leah and Rachel, who became the wives of
Jacob. (See Geneaia xxix. and xxz.)

Iiabanof (Labanov or I^ljanoiv) de Rostof;
Il-bd'nof dfh ros'to^ (Prince Alxxandik,) a Ruuian
^neral and writer, bom in 17SS, lerred as ude-de-camp
to tbe emperor frinn 1S17 to 1828. His principal work
ii " Letters, Instrnctions, and Memoiis of Mary Stuart,
Qneen of Scots," (7 vols., 1844.) Died Dec 8, 1866.

lA Barbinala le OentU. 11 bts'be'ni' Ifh x\,htt-
te', a French liavelter, bom ptobabty at Sainl-MaloL
He Tisited Chili, Pern, and Cbuu, as a merchant, about

I^b'^-^OA, ^Benjauin,) D.D^ LL.D., an American
educator, born in Charlestown, New Hampshire, June 3,
iSoi. He graduated at Dartmouth College in 1838, and
at Andorer Seminary in 1S31. He was ordained to Ihe
Congregational minittrr in 1831, was professor of ancient
languages in JaclisoD C!oJ1ege, Tennessee, and its presi-
dent from 1833 to 1837, and was president of Middlebury
College, Vennont,from 1S40 to 1866. Died at Widpole,
New Hampchire, November ij, 1883.

lAbarraquei, It^ifrlk', (Antoini Gkbhain,] a
FicDCh chemist, bom at Oloion in 1777 ; died in i8ja

labuTO. See Baku,

IdbaiT^ (THioDORM,) a Frendi omnpoaer, and a
akilfol perfctner on the harp, was bom in Paiii in 1S05.
■ -jiA ■ - ■ -

I 1S48 sent him on a :

o the pope. In 1S75

and wiiler, born at Daa in tT^Oi £ed in 1814.

!•■ Baatle^ d^ dfh It Us'te', (Josbph Bimakd,)
Bakom, a French antiqoaiy, bora atCarpentrasin 1703;

Loba^ YtW, (JuN BAFTiTn,} a Fiench monk and
ncceaslvl aothor, bom in Paris in i£63. He went in
1694 to the West Indie* as a miaaionary, and, tiaving
retimicd to Prance in 1706, published a "Description
ef the West Indies," (6 TtAs., 173a,) a work of some
■eiiL In 1728 he published an excellent DeacHption
of Senega] and adjacent regiona, ("Relation de I'Airique
ocddentale," S vola^ 1718,! tlie data of which were fiir-
■iabed W De Bme. Died in 1738.

Lalwt (UoN,) a French traveller and physidan,
born at Aede in 1803. He cured the Shah of Persia,
who nve bim the title of prince. Died In 1S47.

Mobe, Itb, (Pbujppb,) a French Jesuit and volumi-

Technical, aitd Historical Agreement," ("Concordia
Chronologica, Technica et Hiatorica," 1656.) He !■
chiefly known at the present time by his Tiduable work
on Ladn pronunciation, entitled "Ernditae Pronuntia-
doni* Calholid Indices," which was enlar^ by K
Leeds and republished in London In I7SI. Died in 1667.

ZinbM de MoDTdron, WW d;h mAN'vli'rAN',
(CHAELSt,) a French philolocisl and advocate, bom in
Pari* in 15S2. He published, as editor, besides other
works, "Glossaries of Cyrillus, Philoxenus, and other
Andent Writers," (" Cynlli, Philoieni et aliomm vete>
rum Glossaiia," (1679.) Died in 1657.

IiaVberton, (Robert van Hindbklofbn,) an
educator, bom near Marseilles, France, in 1813. He
became professor of Greek at the University of Penn-
sylvania about iSjo. His principal work was an
" HiMoricil Atlas," illustrating the boundaries of na-
tions at successive periods ; a standard work of reler-
ence. Died October 12, 1S98,

I«b4, IS^', (Louisi,) a French lady, known by the
oameof LabuxzCordiIre, wasbomat Lyon*ini5a6|
and became the wife of Ennemond Perrin, a merchant
who dealt In cordage. She was leamed in languages
and celebrated for her beauty and ardent imagination.

I« BAdoIlltoe, 11 bJi'do'l^lR', (Euile Gioault,)
aFrench/iA!Mi<a(r,bomat Amiens in 1813. He becam*
an editor of the " Siide." He translated into French
Fenimore Cooper's works, Mrs. Stowe's " Uncle Tom'l
Cabia," and the Wiverley Novels, and wrote a "Life
of La Fayette," (1833,) a " History of the Manners and
Private life of the Fiench," (1847,) " History of Italy,"
(1859,) "A History of the War between Germany and
Italy," (1866.) " France and Prussia," (1867,) " History
ofthe War of l87i>-7l,"(l873,)"Baiaine and the Capitu-
lation of Meti." (1873.) "General Hlilory of Andent and
Modern Nations," (1879,) etc. Died in 1883.

LabMoyire or La Bridojira, de, d; h irbk'dwl'-
yaig', (Charles ANc«LiQOKHucttET,)Cou[JT,arrench
genera!, noted for graceful manneraand chivalrous spirit,
was born In Paris in ijSG. He became aide-de-camp to
Marshal Lannes in 1808. At Essling, in iSog, he was
wounded by the side of Lannes, who was killed at the
same time. He was aide-de-camp to Eugene Bcauhai-
nais in i8iz, and distinguished himself at the Moskwa
and Bereiina. In 1S14 ne accepted from Louis XVIIL
the command of a regiment stationed at Grenoble. He
was one of the first officers that in 1S15 joined the sUn-
dard of Napoleon, who raised him to Ihe rank of general
of division ; and he was one of the last to leave the Geld
at the battle of Waterloo. Having been arrested In
Paris and tried by court-martial, he was shot, in 1815.

See " NounUfl Bicf[r^}hi« G^D^nle."

Zi&'b«-o, (QuiNTUS Antistiws,) a Roman juriat, whe
fionrished about 50 B.C He fought for Brutus at Phi-
lippi, and. after the battle waa lost, died by bis own hand.
His son, QuiNTUS or Makcus Antistius Labbo, waa a
more eminent jurist, a man of great learning, and an
infieiible republican. He lived during the reign of Aa-
gustus, to whom he sometimes expressed his mind with
boldness. He was the founder or head of a school oF
law, and was the rival of Capita He wrote Commen-
taries on the Twelve Tables, and many treatises, extract*
from which are preserved in the Digest Labeo and
Camto are styled " ornaments of Peace ("decora Pad*")

«

The disdples of Labeo were called Praet^

I^berge. de, dfh It^iitih', (Charles Aucurri,)
an excellent French landscape-painter, born in Paris in
1805. He represented human nature with surprising
fidelity in a picture of a "Diligence passing through a
Village and annonndng the Revolution of 1830." Hi*
"Countiy Physidan" (1832) is called his master-piece.
His works are finished very minately, without im[airing
the general eflect Died in 184a.

tmii ^Mt; gitMrJ; i*M/;a,tl,X,jpMitrai. n,muQi; t. hilltii;

i; lass; thaa'mMi. (l^'See Explanations,!). aj.;

Digitized .yGoOgle

LABERGERIE 14

bbersMlB, d«, df h IfUuh're', (Jean BAm*n
RoVGiBB,) BA80N,an eminent French tgricnlturUt, born
In Touraine in 1759. He pnblished leveral approTed
historical works oti the agricoltore of the aadenl Creelu,
Roman*, and Gauis, alto trcaliMt on Practical Agricnl-
tnre. Died in 1836.

Et«-b«'il-iia, (Dicwus.) » Roman knight, diMin-
Ished as a writei of mimes, ma born about lOT B.C.
the jrear 45 Caiaar ugnified a wish that he ahonld act
hia mimea in public. He leluctantly complied, indi
practice being deemed degrading, and acquitted him-
•eif with credit, at the same time availing himtelf (A the
opportunitj to (am hii wit against the dictator. The
prolDgne which be apoke on this occasion has been
preserved, and is mucb admired. Only small fragments
of his works are extant Died in 43 B.C

LaUobe, Itlitsh', <EuctNK Habin,) a French dra-
matic author, bom at Paris, Uay ;, 1815. He studied
at the College Bontbon and at the law-school, but be-
came a newa-reportei for the amall joumala. He attained
great success as a writer of eccentric and extravagant
comedies, ^ces, and vaudeville*. In 1880 he was
chosen to the Academy. His plays, more than one
hundred in number, were iu many instances prepared by
other writers with hia assistance, the originality and ex-
travagance beine in most caaes his own. Among hia
best-known worb are " Le Chapeau de Faille d'ltalie,"
(iSji,) and " Le Voyage de M. Perrichon." Died 18SS.
i B-C

ra later. About 60 B.C. he became lieutenant of Cxsar.
lie wa* the ablest general that served under CBsar in
the conquest of Gaul, where he gained victories over the
Treviri. He abandoned his late chief at the passage of
the Rubicon, and took arms for Pompey and the senate in
49 B.C After the battle of Pharsalia he commanded in
A&ica, and was killed in the battle of Munda, in Spain,
in 45 B.C. His son Quintus became a general of the
Parthians, defeated Mark Antony in Cilicia, and was
captured by the Romans and put to death in 39 B.C.
Another son, Titus Labienus, was an eloquent orator
and an enemy of Augustus Csesar.

LBblUardlira or I« BiUardUre, de, d(h irbe'yfe''
dj^iR', (Tacqubs Juukn Houton,) a French botanist,
born at Alencon in 1755. After he had explored Cyprus,
Svria, and Mount Lebanon as a botanist, he was em-
ployed as naturalist in the expedition which was sent in
search of La P^ou*e In IT91. Having returned to
Paris, be published two valtuble works, viz., " Narrative
of a Voyage In Search of La Pirouse," (iSoo,) and a
" Flora of New Holland," (1S04-06.) The former has
enriched the various branches of natural history. He
wa* a member of the Institute. Died in 1834.

B« P. Flwuks, "£|oii dc J. J. da Labilbrdibe,- Atl-

Idbltte, irbif, (Charles,) a French critic, bom at
ChStcau -Thierry in 1816, became professor of foreign
literature at Rennes in i&io. He wrote for the "Revue
dea Deux Mondes" able articles on M. J, Chitnier and
other authors. Died in 1845. Two volumes of his
'' Etudes litt^raires" were published in 184&

Lablache, li^lsh', (Lotiis,) a celebrated ^ger and
actor, born of French parentage in Naples in 1 794. He
performed many scasotu in Paris and London. Hia
voice embraced two full octaves ; it was firm and (onoron^
powerful and expressive. He was tuccessfnl both in
tbe serious and comic opera. Died in 185S.

La BoVtia. See BoAii.

Ilk Borda. See Horde.

Labor de, (Gkneeaj.) See Dklaborde, (Hbnbi F.)

LabordB, It^rd', (Maxiuilian,) an American phy-
rician, of French extraction, bom in E^geheld, South
Carolina, in 1804. He became in 183S secretary of state.
In 184a he was appointed professor of logic and belles-
lettres in South Carolina College, and afterwards of
metaphysics and physiology. Died November 6, 1873.

Labords, Ifboxd', (Vidiin,) a French priest, born at
Toulouse in i6Sa. He lived in Paris, and was patronized
by Cardinal de Noailles. He published a "Treatise ou
the Essence, Distinction, and Ijmita of the Spiritual and
Temporal Powers," " Familiar Conferences," and other
admired religious works. Died in 1748.

LABOULAYE

in Paris in 1774. was a son of Jean Joseph, (17x1-94.)
He accompanied Luden Bonaparte m hia embassy to
Spain in tSoo, after which he devoted some year* to tbe
sndy and delineation of Spanish monuments, sceneir,
etc. He published the results in a lai^ and conlj

mended. He was eleMed to ^e Chamber of Depntie*
in \%xi and 1827, and risked his life for the popular
cause in July, 1830, after which he became a coondllor
of state. Among his important works are "The Hona-
ment* of France classed Chronologically," (14 parts,
1816-36,) and a "Picturesque Journey in Anstria," (]
vols., tSai-33.) He was a member of the Inatitnta
Died in 1842.

a very large Ibrttme by commerce, and was distinguished
for his liberalitv. He was appointed banker to tbe
court by the Duke of Choiseul, who gave him the title
of marquis. He vras guillotined in t794, (in snapidim
of having conspired against the dominant party,

Leborda, da, (LdoN Euhanuel Siuoh Joskph,)
Cotlirr, a French traveller and writer on art, a son of
Cotmt Alexandre Louis Jooeph, noticed above, was bom
in Paris in 1807. He became aide-de-camp to La Fa-
yette in 1830, and was elected to the Chamber of Depn
ties in 1840^ In 1S43 he was admitted into tbe Academy
of Inscriptions. He produced a splendid work entitled
"Travels in the East" CVoviiFe en Orient" etc. con.

'ranee," (1850- J5,) and other works on art.

In 185; he was chosen director of the archives of the
empire. Died March 19, 1S69.

Laboil. (Fbknand Gustavs Gaston,) an able
French lawyer, bom at Rheims in i860. He was
called to the bar at Paris in 1S81, and conducted a
number of leading cases, gaining an European repu-
tation by his masterly defence of M. Zola, accused of
libelling tbe President and army of France, and bis
defence of Dreyfus in 1S9S before a court-martial
pledged to convict.

Idbouohera, Itlioo'shali', (Hbnby,) Baron Taun<
ton, an English Whig minister of state, bom in Lira-
don in 1798, was descended from a binlly of Preodi
Protestants. He was returned to Parliament for Taunton
la 1830, became privv coundltor in 183;, and president
of the board of trade in 1839. Having resigned with
hi* party in 1841. he was choeen chief secretanp fat Ire*
land in 1S4& He was president of the board of trade
from July, 1847, till February, i8sa, and wu colonial
secretary from the accession of Palmerston, in i8<5, until
February, 1858. His mother was a Baring, water of
Lord Ashbuiton. Died in July, 1869.

Labonoliera, (Henry,) nephew of the above, was
bom in 1S31, educated at Eton, and from 185410 1864
was attache or secretary at various foreign courts. He
entered Parliament as a Liberal in 1865, representing
Northampton after iS8o. He became an extreme
radical, and gained large influence through his editor-
ship of "Truth," published by him. He was in Paris
during the siege, and published " Diary of a Besieged
Resident in Paris," (1871.)

Idbonchtee, Itlxjo'shaiR', (Pirbbb Antoiiib,) a
French historical painter, was boin at Nantes in 1807.
Among his works are "The Colloauy of Geneva in 15491
Calvin, Eeza, and Farel," and "Lather at the Diet of
Worms," (1857.) Died at Paris, March a8, 1873.

Labonderia, llTjood're', (Jean,) a French rdigiook
writer and abb^ bom in Auvergne in 1776; died in 1849.

Laboulaye, H'boolf, (Edouakd RenA LErtauBB,)
a French jurist and historical writer, bom in Paris in
1811. He acquired a high repntation by his writings,
among which are a " History of the Law of Lantted
Property in Europe," (1S39,) a " History of the United

ii, ^ t, <S 0, IF, iMg; i, i, 6, same, leu piolooged; &> i, I, fi, ij, jF, »hmi; f, ;, j.

I, f^Kurt; Of, fill, Qt; xtAl; vAt; ffAA; mfita)

n,,l,/ed:^;,C00^l

LABOURDONNAIE 14

States of America," {x vol*., 1855,) and an ingenious
•nd witty work entillKl " Pans in ^Dcrica." He tratw-
bUed into French aereral of the work* of Dr. Cbanmng.
(1853.) In 184^ he was choKn 1 member of the Acad-
emy of InscHptiont. He mi a warm friend of the Union
dtuing the great dril war, (1361-65,) *"'' *^ ^ Liberal
kl French politic*. Died May 34, 1SS3.

Set " NoaTcDi BiD(npliia G^n^nk. '

L«bonrdoiuiale or La Boordoiuiaiv, da, dfh If -
booB'do'ni', (Anns Francois Aucushn,) Count, a
F^nch general, bom at Guerande in 1747. In 1793 he
was made a general, and, having obtained command of
the army of the North, was denounced by Dumonriei for
obstniaing his operations in Belgium, and was recalled.
He afterwards commanded the army of the Pyrenee*.
Died in November, 1793.

I^bonrdQimala, de, (FsANgois RAciS,) Count, a
Plencb legislator, bom at Anger* in 1767. In 1815
be was elected to the Chamber of Dcpuiie*, where for
^out fifteen years he was one of Hie chief orators of
tbe extreme royalista. He obtained the portfolio of the
interior in the Folignac miniatr* in 1B19, but resigned
■boat the dose of that year. Died in 1SJ9.

Lkboordoiuiala, de; (MxHi.) See MAHt.

lAbanrdoiiiiBls, de, dfh IrbooK'do'ni', [MahI,
mfi',) a Frenchman, sumamed "The King of Chess,"
was bom in 1795. After tbe death of Fhitidot he wa*
probably the moat skilful chess-playet in France. He
wrote a "Ule of Mahi de Labourdonnaia," (bis grand-
blher.} Died in 1E40.

Labonreor, Lo, Ifb Ifboo'rut', (Jian,] a French
priest, whose works have thrown li^ht on the history of
France, was bom at Montmorency in 1613. He became
one of the almoner* of tbe king, lie pubushed " Monu'
nent* of Illustrious Persons," (1641,) " Memoirs of
ICichel de Castelnau," (1659,) and other works. Died
mi67S-

lAbradoT, ll-bRl-D6K', (Juan,) a Spanish painter of
tbe Seville sdiool, was bom in Ealremadura. He painted
Bowers and fruits with great success. His works are
Mshly prized in Spain. Died in 1600, at an advanced age.

iMioiuBe, da, deh It^ftooss', (Clotiloe Suzanne
da CotoCflllBS — d;h kooR'sel',) a French enthusiast,
bom in P^iigord in 1747. She professed to be a pro-
pfaetesa. In the Revolution the advocated the popnlai
caose. Died in tSai.

L« Bronase, de, (Nicolas,) Comtede Verteillac, (dfh
**R'ti'ylk',l a French general, bom in 1648, was killed
sear lions in 1693. Louis XIV. said, " I have tosl in
the Count of Verteillac the best officer of infantry that I
have had since Turenne."

I« Bnme, de, dfh 11 bRiin, (Jean,) a French Prot-
estant minister and writer, lived about i690-i7aa

Ia Bnineiie, de, df h 11 bsiin're', (Guillaume,) Vi-
OMDte Dode, a French general, bom in Istre in 1775.
He had the chief command of the engineer* of the army
wfaidi invaded Spain in 1833, and directed the fortilica-
tiODi of Paris, (1840-45.) He was made a marshal of
nance in 1847. Died m 1S51.
So " NoiTclli Biocia|J^ G^n^nk.'

n, born In the diocese of Caatrea in 160;, was
Sir many years rector of the College of Cahors. He pub-
Usbed several esteemed bistorical worlcs, amona which
is a " History of Rome from Julias Cesar to Conttan-
tine L," (1671.) Died in 1684.

lacmsMde, ItTtS'std', (AuGUStl,) a French poet
•ad critic bom in the Isle of Bourbon in iSso. He made
a good rertion of Ossian's poem*, (1S43,) and became
•ecretaty (o H. Sainte-Beuve. In 1852 he published
" Poemes el Paysages." Died in 1897.

iMcuo^da, deh miz', (Loins,) a French medical
writer, born in BJun in 1703. Among hi* works is
" I<Ue de I'Homnte physique et moral," (" Ideal of the

««J;tMf,-SABrtf/guy;o,H,K,<MA»«/;

iS LA CHATRE

Etibnne dk la Vilui,) Count, an eminent Ftendi
nataralis^ bora at Agen in 1756. He was carefully edu-
cated at home by his bther, who wa* of a distingnishei]
family, and in earlv ninth chose natural history as U*
tavourite study and BuSbn as hi* model Having seat
to Bu9bn an account of some experiments on electiidM
and received a complimentary answer, he went to ParM
in 1777, and formed an intimacy with that naturalist and
Daubenton. He published an "Essay on Electridty^
in 17S1, and soon after became the favourite pupil of
Bufton, who'selected him to continue his "Natnral His-
tory." In 178; Lac^p^de was appointed curator and
sub-demonstiatur in the Cabinet du Roi He published,
as a sequel to Buffon's work, in 1788, a "Natural His-
tory of Oviparous Quadrapeds and Serpents," whi^
was conimended by Cuvier. In 1791 he entered the
Le^lative Assembly as a moderate- friend of the new
regime, and during the reini of terror found refuse in the
country. He oblamed a chair of zoology in the MuscUD*
of Natural History in 179;, and was adnutted into the
Institute in 1796. His " Natural History of Fishes" (6
vols. 4to, 179S-1803) is elegant in style, but defective m
philosophy. Having been chosen president of tbe aenat«
in iSoi, grand chancellor of the legion of honour in
1803, and minister of state in I S04, he was very assiduoo*
in the performance of his public duties. His " Natural
History of Cetacea" (x vols., 1S04) is called his best
work. After the restoration he was made a peer of
France. Died in 1825.

S« Cuvim, '■ KlogE hiiloririBB dn Conls de Lm^pUe." il».
ViLUHAVi, "Eloge hiiloriigiM da Comlt dg Lic^pMe," iSii;
Ahauii^ ''Noliu mur Ie Vic et let Oo-m^a de U, k Coota di
Lac^pMe;-- QdIkaid, "Li Fraoca Lininini" - NoukIIs Wo-
cnphie G^u^iUft."

"La. Cerda. See Cbrda, de la.

Looerda e Almeida, de, dl W stR'dl it It-maV-di
(Francisco Jozt,) a Portuguese traveller, eiplored^rta
of Brazil, antf portions of Africa between 10° and a6* sontb
latitude. Died in Africa about 1798.

IiB CliabeauBBliTa, de, d;b II itXlXft^i.', (Ahob
Ctienne Xavieh Poisson,) a French comic poet, bom
in Paris in t7;3 ; died in 1S20.

La Chaise or Iiachalae, da, dfb It shiz, (Francis
d'Aix,) or La Chaise d'ALz, (Francois he,) FiRK,
a French Jesuit, bom in Forez in 1614. AAer teachinc
philosophy al Lyons, he obtained in 1675 the place d
confessor to Louis XIV., which he kept for thirty-four
year*. He had much influence with the king, and ap-
pean to have acted with moderation and prudence.
Volture calls him a "mild person, with whom the wqrt
of condliation were always open." He is partly respon-
sible, however, (or the revocation of the edict of Nantes.
Uiedini709. Alatge cemeteryof Paris bearsthename
of Pire La Chaise.

Sm Voltaiii, "SiM* de Loidi XIV;" Saint-Sihoh. -H<-
□uira:" "NouveDa Uognii^ie G^ntale."

La Ctaalotals. See Chalotais, de la.
Itaohambeaudle, If sh&N'be'de', (Pierre,) a French
fabulist, Ixirn at Sarlat in 1806. He joined the Saint-

francs from the French Academy. Died July 6, iSya.

X« Chambre. See Chambre, he la.

Laohapalle or Ia Chapella. de, dfh Ifshrpei',
(Armand Bolsbaleau^-bwl'bfhla',) a French Prot-
estant minister, was bom in Saintonge in 1676. After
preaching in London, he became pastor of a cbnrcb at
the Hague in 1715. He was the editor of the last ten
volumes of the " Bibliothtque Anglaise," or " Uteraty
Journalof Great Britain," (15 vols., 1717-37,) which wa*
commenced by Laroclie, and wrote several theological
works. Died in 1746.

La Chapelle, de, (Jkan,) a mediocre French poet,
bom at Bourses in 1655, became a member of tbe French
Academy. He irrote several successful tragedies, amonc
which was "Zaide," and "Tbe Amours of CatuUo*,"
(16S0,) Died in 1713.

Lach'a-rSi, [Anjif^siK',] an Athenian demagogue and
tyrant, who obtained (he chief power at Athens in 196
B,c. He was eipelled by Demetrius in 395.

La Chatre, de, deh IfshltR'. (Claude.) a French
general and courtier, bom about 1536 ; died in 1614.

*,mat^;x,triafd;\^f:\\i.»^\o.tku. (CT~See Explanation*, p,«3,;

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

LA CSAVSSEE m

LfL CIiaaMA& See Ciuiisitx.

U'«IiH, [Adxw,] an Athenian giraenl, commuided
■n eipedition sent to Sidlf in 417 B.C. He wm one of
the comnunden of the vxaf «ent Eo Argot In 418 B.a,
and was killed at Mantiaea in that year.

Zr««b'a-Bla, [AfijiAf,] a Greek word signifying "lot"

Dr"iilestiar," thenameofoneoftb«P ' " "" '

"La. Chjtvdia See CRtrARDit,

iimng "!<
(whidiM

Tjnhmann, liK'mln, (Kasi^) an emitient Gennan
eritic and philolc^t, t>orn at Brunawick in March, 1703.
He itudira at Leimic and GottinKen. After having
lectured in the Univeraitj of Kiinigaberg, he became
fai 1817 professor fai that of Berlin, where be acqolred
a high repatation. In 1830 be waa admitted into the
AcademjorSdenccsof Berlin. Me published excellent
critical esaays on Homer and on the " Nlebelongen-
Lied." Between 1819 and 184J he edited the worka of
Catullus, Tibullos, Terence, and ATianos. He published
an edition of Lucretius, (185a) He also mote "De
Chorela Syatematia Tragicornm GnBCorum," (1819,) aad
nanj othet norka, He is chiefly remembered for bis
imporUnt Ubouia on ihe teat of the Greek New Testa-
ment. Died in Berlin, March 13, 1S51.

ShJacobCuhk, "RcdainrLuhmuui," iSsi ; Haitih Ylum,
"K. Ltchaunii, on* Bioinphi*," iSgi; "Houitlta BiopipUi
G(n*iil«."

IiMolmer, llx'nfr, (Franz,) a Gennan musical com-
poser, bom at R^n, in Bavaria, in 1S04. lie competed
sympbonies, which are bit chief title to fame, and aev-
eral operas and oratoHos. After acting as chapel-master
In Vienna some years, he became royal chapel-master in
Monicb in 1836, and in 185a he wa* chosen general di-
rector of muaic He ranai among the greateat com-
posers of ■ymphooies in recent times. Died in iSgo,

Laokemaohw, llk'kfh-mlE'fr, [Jokann (knr-
ruKD,) a German Orientaliat, bora at Osterwick in
1695; died in 1736.

I^ok'tDg-t^ (JjiMts,) an English bookseller, bom
about 1745 ; died in 1S16.

Sat hii "Auufalagnphic Mmoin,'' ir^Si

LsiakmanD, lUc'mln, (Adau Hunuch,] a German
historian, bom at Weningen in 1694 i died in 1753,

La CUde or IriioUde, de, dfh irklid', IN.,) a French
historian, was a IHend of Voltaire. He published a " Gen-
eral History of Portugat,? (a vols. 4to, 1735,) of which
a Portuguese version appeared b 16 vols., (1781-97.) He
died young in 173&

Iiaoloa or Ia Gloa, de, dqh Itltlo', {Piiuia Am-
BKOISE FKANgois Choderloe— sho'dSRios',) a French
officer, bom at Amiens in 1741. He was secretary to
the Duke of Orleans during the Reralution. In the
army he served as mar jchal-iu-camp under Ihe Republic
He published a licentious romance, "The Dangerous
Liaisons." Died in 1803,

£a Colonle, de, d^h II kolo'ne', (Jean Martin,) a
FMnch historical writer, bom at Bordeaux in 1674. He
wrote a " History of Bordeaux," (3 vols., 1757.) Died
101759.

Laoombe, mdMt/, (JACQDE^) a mediocre French
writer, bom in Paris in 1714. Among his numerous
oTks,in prose and verse, are a" Dictionary of the Fine

1789-91.) Died in i8i_

Le CoDdaiiilii& See Condauinb, La.

LeooTdtdre^ ItlioR'dlft', (Jbam Baptivti Henri,) a
celebrated French preacher, and founder of a new order
of Dombdcana, was bom at Recey-sar-Onrce [C&te d'Oi)
in iSoa. He waa educated for the law, which he i«-
noonced In 1833 for the church, having been converted
from Voltairian views tnr the ■■ Essav on Indifference"
of Lamennala. In 1830)10 was associated with Lamen-
Dais and Montalembnt as an editor of the "Avenir,"
which was ultramontane in religjcMi but liberal or radlcd

frjenda above named, and afier the pope had denounced
the "Avenir." In 1835 *-^' archbishop opened to him
the pulpit of Notre-Dame, Paiia, where he attracted

wards preached in Paris and other dties. He pub
lisbed " Considerations on the Philosophic System of
" ," (1S34,) " Sermons (CeHftntua) at Notre-

the French Academy i
Died in November, 1E61.

SHHOirTALUll

Lovun. "L«Pm Lacoraairv, 1I44 -,

Hm haWriqn* da Luorditr*," tif/ti '' Navnlla BiopapUa

:" " VaAMoX* Hubiuh" ler Ftbravj, 1861 P^QaM-

tslT Rniaw" lor Islr. 1U4 1 Piu Chouuhb. " Via du Pin Lao*-

(ud Eatluh tn

igriUamcDabl

I u>d Kcw Vcsk.

Laoordalre, (Jeam THioDOR^) a French naturalist
a brother of the preceding, was bom at Recey-sur-Oiirca
in iSol. He travelled extensively in South America
between iSiJ and 1831. Among his works are an " In-
troduction to Entomology," (1 vols., 1834-37,) and a
" Natural History of Insecta : Oners of Coleoptera."
(4 vols., 1857-) Died at Li^ge, Jnly 18, 1870.

Leooete^ llltost', (Eue,) a French Jacobin, bom at
Montagnac, was elected to the Convention in 179a. On

.1803.

Intionary tribunal. Died in

Laooate, li'kosf , (Marie R.,) an American poetees,
bom in Georgia about 184a, known as the aathm' of
"Somebody's Darling," a short poem which appeared
anonymously in 1S63 and achieved wide popnlanty,

iMoova, mooR', (PiiRRE,) a French painter aiul
arclueolonst, born al Bordeaax in 177S,

Laorebdle, de, dfh lt1IE(h-tel^ [Jean CHARLEa
DoMIHtQtf^t a popular French hiatorian, bom at Meta
Id 1 766. He waa in Paris durine the Revolution, and waa
a aealons partisan of the moderate ConatitutioBalisla.
After the fall of Robespierre he became ooe of the chieft
of the Jtuneiu derlt, and gained diatinction as an elo-
quent writer and editor of a political joumaL On the
iStb Frucddor, 1797, he was arrested on the charge of
being a royalist, and imprisoned twenty-three months.
He published a " Histoir of the Fretui Revolution," (J
vols., 1801-6,) which obtained great success, a "His-

,. _ History of France during Ihe

Kghteentb Century," (6 vols., 1808,) and "The National
Convention," (3 vols., 1815.) He was admitted into tba
French Academy in iSiI, and was professor of history
at the Faculty of Lettera from 1S09 to i&^Sl In 1817 be
waa the prime mover of a protest which the French
Academy made against a proposed law to subvert the
freedom of the press. Died in 1855.

Sm "NooveOa Kopaphia G^Btalei" Tastsi, "Hinoin das

" for April, H

"Edinbiv^ R

snccessfHil writer, brother of Ihe preceding, was t>

Mela in 1751. He became a resident of Paris at an early
a^ He gained reputation by hia " £loge de Montau-
~ ," by a priie eaaay " Sur la Pr jjngj <ua Peines in&-

180a he was admitted into the French Academy b pUoa
of La Harpc. After the restoration of 1814 he waa otw
of the editors of the "Minerve Franfaise." He waa
author of " Portraita and Tableaux" and " M^lanscs of
Philosophy and Literature," (S vols., iSoa-oy.) Died in
1814 or 1&5.

lAOTOlz^ ItltRwl', (TutJiS,) a French uoveliat and
poet, bom in Paris in 1809, publiahed "The Farasitca,''
(a vola., 1837,) " Memoira of^ a Sommuubuliat," (5 vola^
1S45,) and other novcla. Died In 1887.

1.1^1, 0,B,;,/«V'i<i>^»™'>>«"P"'''">S«'; I,<!,I,S,Q.]r,'i«rt;a,t.i,9,««M)»v,-fir,flll,at;mCt:n&t;gd&d:ni

d by Google

- -E, (Paul,) ■ prolific writer and norelirt, faraAer
«t th« preceding, wu bom in Farii in 1807, and is
known nnder the psendonTm of P. L. Jacob BiBUOPHiLM.
He pubUahed a " History of the Sixteenth Centnnr in
Fianee," (4 »oU, 1834,) a " Hittory of Napotean IIL,"
(4 vol*-! 1854,) and other hiitorical works. Themannera,
aits, and adence* of Europe In the middle agei and in
tiie fifteenth and aizteenCh centnrle* are illottrated in Ui
*■ Moren-Age et la Renaissance" (5 volt., 1S47--51,) wUdi
i* rq-atded as a nluable and important «orlc Among
hk novel* aie <* Soir^ea of Walter Scott at Paris," (s vcd*,
1839-31,) "The Good Old Time," (1835,) "Lover and
Mother," ("Amante et Mtre," 2 vols., 1839.) and " Le
Dico P^p^tioB," (1874.) He was very prominent h a
bibliographer. Died at Paris, October, 1884.

lAOTCdz, (SiLvisTU Francis,) a French mathema-
lidan, boTD in Paris in 1765. He was professor in the
Polytechaic School, the Sorbonne, and the College o(
France for about sixty years, and rendered importsnt
aervicea to tdence by his elementary works on geometry,
algeh^ etc. He pablished a "Treatise on the Difier-

»

He •

11843-
Sh " Hondi Biocnphk Obditlt."

ZmofoIx or Xm Crotz, d«, dfh ttlcKwl', (Eimuc,)
a Frendi writer against war, bom in Pans about 1590.
Anioag Ids works is "The New Cyneaa."

LmvoI^ da, (Fkancois Josifh Paupuiu,] Vt-
oraiT^ a Frendi general, born in Langnedoc in 1774;
(fiediniS43.

IaOTOIz, do, (J. P.,) a French regidde and lawyer,
was ham at Pont-Andemer in 1754. He was an active
member of the Convention, and beouna a political friend

geograpber, bom in Pans m 1704. He ooblisbed a
'Modem Geography," (1747,) which was oaea in college*
t>r aboat fifty years. Died in 176a

^oroix, ai, (Harik Nicolas Chuotibh,) a French
ei^jneer and topographer, bom in Paris in 1754. He
enjoyed bigh consideration as chief of the topographical
bureau in the department of foreign affairs. DiediniS3&

Idoroix dn Bfalne, de, ^b ItlcRwft' dii min,
(FiAMgois GrudA,) Siidk, a French bibliographer, bom

ry matcrialB, h

^ , . e published in 1584 his " Bibliothiqne

Ftanfaiie," which contains valuable information on
Frencb works and their authors, and i* comtnended for
accuracy. He waa assassinated in 1591 by some fanatic*
mho suspected that he secretly &vaured the Reformed

Lncroose, d«, dfh mRoss', (Brrmard ThIobald
JosEpti,] Baron, a French pi^tidan, bom at Brest fai
i79& In 184S be was appointed minister of public
■arks, and became a senator in 1853. Died in 1865.

Laorossat de^ (Jran BumsTE Ratuond,) Baron,
a French admiral, the lather of the preceding, was bom
at Meilhan in 1765. In 1804 he was appointed com-
mander-in -cluef of the flotilla at Boulogne. Died in 1839.

Id«To>e, de, dfh ISltaoz', (Hathukih VrrssiiRE,)
a French Orientalist, bom at Nantes in 1661, became
librarian of the King of Pmssia in 1697, and professor

I Bcrhi

He.

[) Dic-

tJonaiy," ana several historical

Laoriu or Id CroM, do, dl ll-kRooth', (Jdan,) a
tkiUnI Spanish painCerof history and portraits, was bom
at Valenda in 1545, and was somamed Pantoja. He
■as patronized by Philip IL, for whom be painted por-
baits and leli^om pieces. Died in 1610.

ZiMOm^ dOb (JuaRa Iffn,) s Spsnish or Mexican
poetesa, bom near Mexico in 1651. She published in
l6yo aWmw of dramas and other poems, religious and
Kcotar, which wen greatly admired for grace and sensi-
bffity, Sbe retired to a convent In 1M8, and died in
-'-' She waa often called "the Tenth Muse."

■^-d^'

had great bcUity io vernficatian, and excelled in ridicule
ai baoim. He produced ttuny svccessfol comedies. Id
— e skiUidly treated. Died in 1795.

Laoahml See LaxshmI.

lAOtanoo. See Lactakttus.

Zdotaiitliia,11k-tln'BhE3s,[FT. Lactancb, Kk'tfiNsa';
It Lattanzio, llc-tln'ze-o,] (Ldcids Colius Firmi-
AMus,) an eloquent Latin Father, who flourished in the
third and fourth centaries, and is anpposcd to have been
a native of Africa. He was a pupil of Amobius. About
990 A.n, Diocletian employed him as teacher of rhetoric
at Niciunedia. Some writers think he was converted
fi^Mn paganism after that date. Between 310 and 330 he
was precq>tor of Crispns, the son of the emperor Con-
stannne, uid during that period lived in Gaul. His
principal work ia " Institutiones Divine," (" Divine lur
stitutiMW,'^ a defimce of Christianity. He is reputed
the most eloquent and polished of the Latin Fathen,
and was called by Saint Jerome " the Christian Cicero."
Died probably about 335 /l-D,

Sh BmOKB llDoiTTAnc, " Saauurr et Iha Writiiifs of LwMS-
dm," Lndiin, iSjg; Ftauar, "Hiiiort tccMdHtigm ;" SAim
Juoic^ "De Ssipuiribiu Eixlwltnica 1" P. Ecica- '""

Laonrio, irUl'ii', (Gerard Jban.) Comte de Cessac,
a French general and adminislraior, born near Apen in
■753. He became a member of the Institute, minister
of state, (1S07,) and minister of the administration of
war in iSio. Died in 1841.

Iiaooiuu See Lacuna.

U'ojP, (John,) an English actor and dramatist, bom
at Doncaster. He obtained such popalirity as a comic
actor that Charles II had his portrait painted in several
characters. He wrote, besides other comedies, "The
Dumb Lady,"and"SirHetcu1ea Buffoon." Died in 16S1.

La'07, (Michael Ropuino,) a musician, actor, and
composer, bom in 179;, at Bilboa, Spain, where his £uher
was an English merchanL He was famous as a per-
former on the violin, and subsequently appeared as a
comedian, but is best known as the adapter of the words
and music of famous operas so as to suit them to the
taste of the time. Died September 30, 1S67.

LaoT, de^ dli ii.'eHet', (Luis,) an able Spanish general,
bom near (^braltar in 1775. Having failed in an attempt
to restore the authority of Uie Cortes, he was shot in 1S17.

IiaOT, Ton, (Joseph Franz Moritz.) See Lascy.

I^-^dH, {A(Mi%,j a Gieek philosopher of the Pis-
tonic school, was a naUve of Cyrene. He was a pninl
of Arcesilaus, whose successor he became at Athens
about 340 B.C. His wridngs are not extant Died
about 315 B.C., (one account says 341 B.C.)

Iiadd, [Gkorgi TRUUBUii,) D.D., an American
theologian, bom at Paineaville, Ohio, January 19, 1843.
He graduated at Western Reserve College in 1864, and
at Aodover Theological Seminary in 1S69, held Congre-
gatlonalist pasiotships from 1S69 to 1879, "" professor
of mental and moral philosophy at Bowdoin College
from 1879 to 1881, and in 18S1 was called to the corre-
sponding chair in Vale College. He lectured on phi-
losophy in Japan in 1893. He wrote several theological
works, and a number of works on psychology.

Ladd, (WiLLiAU,) an American philanthropist, bom
at Exeter, New Hampshire, in 177S, was one of the
originators of the American Peace Sodeiy, of which he
beaune president He was successively editor of the
" Friend of Peace" and the " Harbinger of Peace," and
wrote several essays on that subject Died in 1841-

LadonborKTon, fon li'dfn-bJRG', (Adalbkrt,) bom
at Anspach in 179E, filled many important posts under
the Prussian government Died in 1S55.

Iiadanberg Tan, (Philipp,) a Prussian lawyer, the
lather of the preceding, bom at Magdeburg in 1769,
became in 1S37 privy minister of stale. Died in 1S47,

LadlaIaua,lad'is-lawsB or li'dis-lSwss, [Fr. Ladislas,
irde'slls'i Polish, WladisIaw, vli'de-alav' or vU'de-
slir,I I, King of Honaary, and Samt, born in 1041, was
a son of Bcla 1. Hebenn to reign in 1078, and died in
1095. He was canonizM by the pope.

5« CAiiAciv. "DiBcrtaiiD ibS. LwEilu." Me, TIbuu, 177),

I«dlalana n, of Hungary, a son of Bela IL, was
bom about ii34i died to 11^ after a reign of about
six nunths. He Is omitted from some lists of the kings

* as i; ( •• /,- 1 Aofi^; j; as r; o, H, K, ;Ki»<ra/; N, itrMA'; R, ftvAM; I

>■; th as inlku. (|^~S«e Explanations, p. 33.]
Digitized ay CjOOQ I C

LADISLAUS

LadlaUns IL oi

1 1 85, mUl BOD of I

died in IJ05.

Ladialana ni or IV, ■nrnuneti Cuuan, King of
Hungary, BOCCMded his father, Stephen IV„ in 1173. In
Ua reign Hnnguj wu ravafced by the Tu^ra or Hon-
gtria. He wu usassinBted ^ ijga

lAdlalana IV. ur V, King of Hungxrf, born abool
1400, WBB ■ ion of Jagelton or LadUlaui. He inherited
the throne of Poland in 1434, and was elected King of
Hanglry in 1440. His armv gained leveral victorici
ov«r the Turlcish invaders. {See Huhiadbs.) He was
lulled at the batUe of Varna by the Tnrki in 1444. He
was succeeded by the infant ton of Albert II., who
was styled Ladislaus VI., and who died in 1457, aged

Sk Faraua, "Cttchichle der Ungun."
Iiadlalans VL or TK, King of Hangary, bora aboai
1450, was a son of Casimir IV. of Poland. He was

He died in 1516, leaving the throne

Sm Cotnrr VOH Mailath, "Ooditdin da Un^fB."
lAdlalana or Lanoelot King of Naples, was the
■on of Charles III., and began to reign {n 1386, His
rival. Louts II., had possession of Naples, but was ex-
pelled in 1399. Ladislaos excited the Romans to revolt
Sainst Innocent VII., and in 1408 made himself master
Rome. Died in I4I4-
Ladialana of Poland. See Vladislaus.

Francois,) Barok, a meritorious Frcncn administrator,
born at Metz in 1770; died in 1S48.

LadowBld, ll-dov'skee, (Remie.) a Polish naturalist,
bom at Volhynia in 1738, published a " Natural History
of Poland," (1783.) Died in 1798.

Ladvooa^ Itd'vo'kf, (Jeak Baftiitx,) a French
doctor of the Sorbonne, born at Vaacouleors tn 1709,
was learned in philosophy, history. Oriental languages,
etc He became professor of divinity in the Sorbonne,
and published, besides other works, a Hebrew Grammar,
" Hibliolhique annnelle," (1748-51,) and a " Historical
Dictionary," (3 vols., I75>.} An enlarged edition of the
last was published in 5 vols, in igaa. Died in 1765.

See QiTfRA*!^ ''Lt Fnna Un^raire."

LadTOOBt, (Louis Francis,} a French philosophlca.
writer, bom in Paris in 1644. He became a counsellor
and dean of the chamber of accounts. He wrote several
metaphysical works, one of which is entitled a "New
System of Philosophy." Died in 1735.

LadvocBt, (N.,) a French publisher and bookseller,
born in 1790 ; died in 1S54.

LnllnB, lee^^a, (Caius,) surnamed Nepos, an emi-
nent Roman genera!. He had a high command under
Sdpio Africanus in the expedition against Spain in sio
B.c; In 205 he ^ned a victory over Syphai in Africa,
for which he received a crown of gold. He was elected
praetor in 197, and consul In 190. His notes furnished
Polylnus with materials for his history of Sdpio's cam-
paigns in Spain.

Ltelina, (Caius,) sumamed SAFiENS,a8onofttie pre-
ceding, studied philosophy with Diogenes the Stoic, and
became an eminent orator. He served with distinction
under his friend Sdpio the Younger at the siege of Car-
thage, and was chosen consul in 140 R.c. He favoured the
aristocratic party, and was an opponent of T. Gracchus.
The celebrity of the friendship between I^xlios and
Sdpio caused Cicero to place the nameof the former at
the head of his dialogue "De Amicitia." Horace com.
mends his mild philosophy, — "mitis sapientia Iclii,"
(Serm. iL Sat i.) Died about 115 B.C.

See Cksiio, "Bnitu" wid "De Onton;" HnDitic Haha,
Diiurtitia ds C Ldio Sapienti," iSji.

LaemleliL See I.amlkin.

Zia«im«o, If n(k', (GuiLLAtmK FitANgois,) a French
physician, bom at Quimper in )748) waa the uncle of
me following. He became phyuoan-in -ordinary to the
kinc Id 1779. Died in 1811.

jRutiTHtoiK»KHYAcn4TH^)aneiiilneDl

French physidan, bom at Qnimper in February, 1781,

to Paris in iSoo to pursue hi* studies.
■pedal attention to anatomy, in which he ma
discoveries. He had already acquired a reputatlr

ibyhta

when he invented the stethoacope

didne by his impor-

'of auscultation. Having been uoMn cmef

Bi;, and o;

dtscovery _ ..

phyddan of the H&pital Nccker in tgi^ he
diMases of th« thoral with great diligence, aagadty, and
■uccesa. His " Treatise on Mediate Auscultation," etc.
(''Traill^ de 1 'Auscultation m^iate et des Maladies de«
Poumons et du Cceur," 3 vols., 1819) produced a great
sensation, and may be regarded as the most importatnl
contribution to medical science made in the present cen-
tury. He was appointed professor of metiidne in th*
College of France in tSaz, and obtaitKd the chair of
dinic medidne in 1S23 or 1813. He died of consump-
tion in 1836.

S«P*ai»rr, •'£io*edeL»eniiee,"iB4o; A.L. J. Bayls, "No-
Eia luinihque iur R. T, H. Laewiec" itifii "Nourelle BioenphH

Iiaeiubargli, llns^RH or llns'biRB, (Mathiku,)
a Fleming, who lived about 1630, was the author of a
famous almanac, first published about 1635. An almanac
bearing his nitne continues to be published at Lieges

L« BnKlna or Tlnninii. See Enziha.

T^Kz or Idar, Tan, vSn tin, (Pibtbr,) a celebrated
Dutch painter, horn at Haarlem in 1613. He sladied
and worked sixteen jrears in Rome, where he was inti-
mate with N. Poussin and Clande Lorrain and received
the sumame of BAMBOccia In 1639 he returned to
Holland and settled in Haarlem. His favourite subjecta
were hunting-scenes, rural sports, fairs, fisheries, and
rustic festivJs, which he treated with great vivadty. He
excelled in design, colour, and aerial eflect*. His etch-
ings of his own designs are also much admired. Died
in 1673.

LaMte. See Laertes.

e of the Arg

He resigned the c

n tohia

Laattliu, (DiocKKBS.) See Diooenes.

Laet, ▼on, vln lit, (Jan,) a Flemish geographer, born
at Antwerp, waa well versed in languages and history.
He published valuable descriptive works on Spain, Italy,
Persia, etc His "Description ofthe West Indies" (1640)
is highly commended. Died about 1650^

S« HlcteOM, " HJmoira."

Lterlnna, li-vl'nus, (Habcus Vai.ebii;5,) a Roman

general, who, having obtained the office ofpnetor in :
B.c;, fought with success against Philip, )ung of IT
at Oric " '

He became consul in 310 B.&, and
obtained by lot the command of Italy, which was then
invaded by Haniubal ; but he exchanged this province
with Marcellus for Sialy. He quickly expelled the Car-
thaginiatu from this island. Died in 3oa b.C

SeeLivT, " Uiitorr oT Rom ;" PoLTSius, " Hiilorjf."

IiCBTlnnB, (PuBUUS Valerius,) a Roman ^neral,
who was consul in 380 B.C 1 le obtained the chief com-
mand in the war against Pyrrhus and the Tarentinea.
His army was defeated by tWhus in a great battle on
the Siris, near Heradea, in ado B.C.

Iiwrlnua, Itt-vee'nus, (Torrsntids,) called also
Vender B«k«ii, vtn d^r Ira'kfn, a Flemish prelate,
born at Ghent about 1515, was distinguished as a Latin
poet He founded a college of Jesuits at Louvain, and
became Bishop of MechlirL DiM in IS95.

ZiSBTlna, Ire've-DB, a Latin poet, of whom little is
known. He lived in the first century before Christ, and
wrote "Erotopxpiia."

Lafabilqno, irft^Rtk',(NicoiAS,) 1 Flemidi painter,
born at Namur ; died at Uege in 1736L

La Faga^ U flih, (Raimond,) a French designer and
engraver, bora at Lisle (Albigcois) about 1650, studied
and worked at Rome and at I^ris. He waa renowned
for bddnesa of touch and fadlity of execution. The
pen was his favourite instrument in desipL He left
many etchings. His habita were very mtemperate
Died about iMOl
■,£,1,6,0, J, /M|f;i,t, 6, same, less prolonged; i,i,I,6,fi, J,M«rf;f,t,i>9i^'X";nb',flll,tttjmlt;n&t;g45diinODa

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

LA FAYETTE

Died ID 1S63.
La FUUa, da, dfh IS fl) or flfn. (CitUBNT,) a
Pnnch naturalist, bom at Lk Rochelle io 1718 ; died in

I^folat See Lafave.

L> Faia, d«, df h II (t>, (CHARLia Augusts,) Hai-
ijuis, a French littiratrm; born It Valgorgc in 1644. He
•erred •ereral campaigns in the aimy, {1667-74,) and
became a friend of Tarenne. Beiidei soma trifling
poetical piece*, be vioie " Meradrs and Reflecdona on
the Piindpal Evenu al the Reign of Louis XIV.,"
{1715,) which is commended. Died in 171a.

M Fuge^ II flUih, (Joachim.) a French financier,
bom in Psuii about 1750, originated a ajalem of tontine
«Aich i* called \rj his name. Died about i8a5.

lA&rgo, li'fln', (John,) an American artist, bom In
New York city about 1840. He is one of the best land-
■cape-puntera in the United States, and Is noted foi his
flower-piecei and water-colour pictures. Hi* stiongest
qvalitj ia exhibited in the masterlj and expressive nae of
ralonr. Among his noted works are " Paradise at New-
port," " Christ and Nicodemus," a cartoon sketch, and
the frescos of Trinity Church, Boston. He devoted
himself to mural painting, and afterwards for many
years Co the making of stained-glass windows, inventing
new and radical methods. Died Norember 14, 1910. —
His son Chbistofmer GKANT,bomio 1S62, isan arcbi-
tect, who has been engaged on the Cathedral of St. John
Ibe Divine and other important ediRces-

I« Fargc^ {Makis- Cavpxll^) a frenchwoman,
BOtoHoDs for her crimes, was born in Picardy in 181&
She was the daughter of a colonel of artilteiy, and was
married in 1838 to M. La Farge, who died soon after, it
was supposed from the effects of poison administered
vj hb wife. About the same time she was accused of
having stolen (rom one of tier (Hends some diamonds of
peat value. The trial which followed was of the moat
eidling kind, several eminent chcmisa having declared,
■fier in examination of the remains, that there were no
marks of poison, while U. Orfila asserted that arsenic
vn present. Madame La Farge wai condemned to
tmprBonment for lile, but after twelve years she war
released, on account of ill health, and died in 185a.

I« Failua, II a-Hee'nl, (Giusbfpi,) an Italian lawyei
sad historical writer, bom at Messina in 1S15. Hi
famded several liberal jonmals, which -— '-

sippressei
at Florenc

;d by the government. He afterwards sc

Laf^

lorenc^ where he found more liber^, and published
a democratic anti-papal journal, " L'Alba." lie took a
prominent part in the unsuccessful revolution in Sicily
~ '°'3, after which he again became an exile. Among
■ ■•■ - ' " ■ f from 1815 to l8«x"

_ , ,. [evolution of Sid

. . toIb.) Died in 1863.

Lafaye, Iff}', (Antoinc,) a French Protestant min-
ister, bom at Chlteaudun, became prolessor of theology
at Genera in 1584. He wrote several theological worlts,
and a "Life of Beia," (1606.) Died in 1615.

Labra or Id&ist, irO', (PtasRi Bbnjauin.) a
Ftench philologist, bom in the department of Yonne in
1S0& Ha chief works are " French Synonymes," (1841,)
crowned by the Institute, and a "Dictionary of the
^oonrmea of the French Langaage." Died in 1867.

Im&T*. d«, ^ irfV. (JBAN £ui,> an able French
Mgineer, bom at Vienne In 1671. He served in tbe
n^ man; yeara as engineer, and made discoveries in
Oc adence of war. Died in 1718.

Lab^ da, (Jkan Fkancois,) a French diplomatist
dMingniihed for his wit and accomplish mentt, brother
of tlie jn'ecetUn^ was bom at Vienne in \in^ He was

■^, he made the campaigns of AiwtrU, Prwi^ and

KT,) a French general, tiora

afterwards one of the chief coonsellots of
Charles VII., and conlriboted to the victory of Joan
of Arc at Orleans in 1419- He aided in expelling the
English from Normandy in 1449. Died in 146a.

Sh " NotneQ* Bufnpliu G^nlnls."

La Fayatta, do, (Louist,) a French lady, bom In
1616, was a daughter of Count Jean de la Fayette.
She gained the affection of Lonis XIIL about 1634, and
encouraged him to become more independent of Riche.
lien, ^uecnteredaconvent about 163& Died in 166;.

1636.
La Faratta or LafiiTaUa, da, {Marib Tbah Paul
Rooh Tvaa OUbart MoUai— roah tv ihll'baii' mo'-
t^-4',) MakQUis, an illustrious French statesman and
»mot, was bom at Chavagnac, September 6, 1757- His
Ctther, who was a marauia and mar^chal-de-camp, was
killed at the battle of Minden in 17J7. After leaving

I'Aven, a daughter of the Duke of Ayen.
beu' (k an immense fortnne, and had brilliuit

Mdlle. d'Ayen

.S'ffi

hberty, l

pecta at court, when, with generous enthusiasm for

.-ty, he offered his services to the new-born republic

of America. Silas Deane, commissioner of the united
States in Paris, accepted his offer, and promised him
the grade of maJOT-general, which was confirmed by the
American Congress. In the spring of 1777 he arrived
in tlie United States, and in the same year took part in
the battle of the Brandywine, where be was wounded.
He gained the favour and confidence of Washington,

independence of the United Stales, La Fayette

the ocean in 1779 and retarned with material

aid 10 ine scene of war. He commanded the advanced

nd of Washingtoti in 1780, and contributed to the
livevictory of Yotktown,(i78i,) where the war was
virtually ended.

On his return to France, with a prestige magnified
by distance, he was received with unbounded applause,
which reanimated or confirmed bis devotion to the canse
of liberty. In 1 787 lie advocated the rights of the French
Proteatanis andnrioos reforms in the government His
prindpal parliamentary act in the Stales- General of 17S9
was his Dedaration of the Rights of Man, which was
adopted by that body. In that year he was chosen bvac-
damation commandant of the Parisian militia, to which
he gave the name of the National Guard. At Oiis period
he was the popular favourite of the nation. "Theiedera-
tion of 1790, says Lamartine, " was the apogee of La
Fayette. He oterahadowed on that day both the king
and the Assembly." (" History of the Girondists.'^
Aiming to reconcile his lovalty to the king with his duty
to Ibe cause of freedom, he acted with the Feuillants,
the friends of constitutional monarchy. In the main-
tenance of order he often risked his life, and he enforced
martial law against the insurgents in the Cbamp-de-Mart
in July, 1791, soon after the arrest of the king at Va-
rennes. Before the end of that year he resigned his com-
mand, and was a candidate for the mayoralty of Paris; but
the intrigues of the queen and court, who bated or feared
him, decided the election in &vour of P^thion, who was
a radical revolutionist The large majority of P^thion
showed that the star of La Fayette was dedining. In the
winter of 1791-92 he was chosen commander of one of
the three armies, and, war having been declared against
Austria in April, he directed some small operations on
the frontier of Flanders, at the same time striving, with-
out success, to defeat the Jacobins at Paris. Indignant
at the attack on the Tuileries, (June ao, 1793,) La Fayette
went, with a ainele officer, to Paria, and, in a short
harangue before ue bar of the Assembly, demanded the
punishment of the oBenders. " In this attempt to act as
dictatotj" says Lamartine, "the motive was generous,
the pent great, but the means null." Returning to the
army, he devised a plan to save the king by transfening

%mk; (asi; ^hard; ^MJ; Q,U,t,gallmtU; K.naiai; t^trilUd; 1

iaiku. (i

ExplanatioiM, p. 33.)

Digitized by VjOOQIC

LA FAYETTS

him from the capita] tohia cimpi but the conit reiected
the ofcr. '^

The insarrection of Angmt lo gBTC the aacendencj _.
the lepnblicini, who tlepnved La FaretteorUi command.
He then fled lowanb Holland, intending to emigrate to
die United Statea, bat was arreated bf the Anttrians and
detained in the dnngeona of Neiia and Olmtitc, where
In waa treated with much rigour. In a treaty with Ano-
Iria in 1797, Bonaparte inatsled on hia liberation, wUch
«u eflected in September of that year. Having paascd
about two years m Holland, he returned to I^ance in
tSoo, and, refusing sereral offers of pnblic employment
under Bonaparte, maintained his political consistency in
retirement at La Grange. Some one having complained
that La Fayetle censured the government, the First

Consul repbed, "Let him alone: he will not sr

against me than he has expressed openly before

In the Chamber of Deputies in 1815, he opposed the
claims of Bonaparte and of the Bourbtnia, and wished to
rally round the standard of 1789 (or "liberty, equality,
and order." After the restoration of the Bourbons he
Ipoke frequently in the Chamber in opposition to the
ministry. In 1S34 he revisited the scene of his youthful
exploits, where he was received with cordial demonstn-
tlons of honour and gratitude, and passed about a year
In a triiunphalprogresa through the twenty-four States of
the Union. The Congress dl the United Stales voted
1300,000 in recompense for his services in the war of
^dependence. The arbitrary measores of Charles X.
(gain roused him to political action. He took a proini-
nent part in the revolution of 1S30, as the chief of the
popnlar camp in Paris, and president of the commission
which exercised a sort of dictatorship after the expnl'
aion of Charles X. He was also chc

" You know that I am a republican, and that I regard
the Constitution of the United States as the most perfect
that ever existed." He died May 30, 1834, leaving one
too and several daughters. Perhaps no man ever lived
through such vicissitudes of fortune, and such severe
trials of bis virtue, with a character more Aee from jnst
reproach than La Fayette. The high-toned consistency
of his conduct is expressed in the assertion of Madame
de Stael, " thai you could certainly predict what he would
do in every contingency."

See Sauahs, "L>&t*ix *> >• lU^ntiin M i8m" ■ ml&,
iS}^; Cunwrr, "Souvenin deli Viede La FiyetM," iSj6;"Uj-
Dwira at ConfApoDdisce du G^oinl l^&rclle." (pub^^ifld In
hu bmiljr,) fi nlm., 1838: I, Q, Anuu, "OratioD od Uu LUe ud
Cbinoa ef L*fiTtn^" iSm: William Cdttu, "UfeofGanml
La&ran^"Nc*Vark,ig49;L.iiaLoHlini,"H.<liL«&iTeti«, |s
an HomiM <!• Rien." iSu : F. C. HuDLn, " Life of Lib^nc.-
i_i .•_. . c D iir-^^ „ pg„p.!.. i:..j_; — .

tbii United Saw,'" t^

Le&KIti," TS33 ; BAHCBOrr, " HiilorT <

(• : "North it — ■ — "-S— " •- '

Remw" i

Reyi*n"fof DKember, iSjij " Foreim Quarterly Revi
ker. iS]i; " Edbbivth Renew" ibt Januirr, iSjj.

La Fayette, de, (MAaia Madklsinb Ploolie de la
Vergne— pe'osh' d(h II vlftfi,) Countess, a popular
French authoress, bom in Paris in 1634, was eminently
beaatifiiL She married the Count de la Fayette in 1655,
and her house became the resort of La Fontaine, La
Rochefoucauld, Manage, and other eminent suthots.
She wrote two succesafiil novels, "Zayde," (1670,) and
"The Princess of Clevea," (1678,) which were the first
French works of fiction Uist truly represented the man-
ners of the higher classes. She left also " Memoirs of
the French Court" for the years 1688 and 16S9, (1731,)
and a few other works. Died in 1693.

See LHHOxm." Notice tor Unduiie de h FiTette," iSn;
SAiHTa-BmrTE, "Pormiu de Fenin«i," i8u: Aucn. "Ndiice
thofraphique nr Madame de La&TeU& (preued lo iier Latten,)
itJ3 ; '' NcmTelle Biotnphie C&i^nle.''

L* Fayette, de, (Oscak,) a son of George W., noticed
above, was bora in Paris in iSiGl He served in the
STmr in Africa, and obtained the rank of captain. In
1(40 be was elected lo the Chamber of Depuues, snd in
1848 to the Constituent Assembly, in which he voted
with the republicans. Died March 16, 1881.

I, ^ 1, 6, a, f , /«y; i, i, \ saine, less prolonged; i, e, I, S, i, f , j;A«rf; t, «, 1, <h <>A«r«v; Or, fill, eb; init; iiOti gOd; idM

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

70 LAFITAU

LafanUre or La Fenltoe, irft're^la', (Lotni
Fisuiit JuuEN,) a French Jurist, and a member of the
Institute, was bom at Jotuac in 1798. His principal
work is a " History of the Civil Law of Rome and of
French Law " {6 vola., 1846-53-) Died in 1861.

La Fertlere, da, d^h It qi'ie-ain', (Louis Makie,)
Count, bom at Redon in 1776, became a general ii
division. He lost a leg at Craonne in 1814- Napoleon
left him a legacy of 100,000 francs. Died in 1834.

La Fert^Imbanlt, de, d«h It f^R'ti' iN'ba', (Maui

Hadame de GeofFrin. She was trained d[
of such men as Fontenelle and Montesquieu, who were
habitu^ of her mother's salon. Her moral or pious priD>
dples caused her to close her door against D'Atembett
and the other Encydopatdists. She wasfnuu/ nea/frimw
of the order of Lantnrelns, designed lor literary diver-
lion, and composed several volumes of moral T^ipma

Died in 1791.
La FerU-Sennet

leterre, de, df h 11 flK'tl' sIn'taiR'
(Henri.) Due, a French marshal, born in 1600, com-
manded a wing at the battle of Rocroy, (1645.) He
became a marshal of Prance in 1651, after which Ta-
renne and he recovered Bar, Arras, and other towni
which the Prince of Cond^ had captured. Died in
1681.

La Fenlllade. See Fbuillade, de la.

Laffan, (Bertha Jane,) an English novelist, on
the staff of "All the Vear Round" after 1878. She
published numerous novels and one volume of poetry,
"Songs of Jubilee and other Poems," {1887.)

Laffltte, If tit', (Jacques,) an eminent French finan-
cier and liberal scatesmaa, bom.at Bayonne in 1767, was
the son of a carpenter. In 1788 he entered as deik the
banking-house of Perregaux at Paris. He became a part-
ner about i3o3, and the head of the firm in 1809, In
the latter year he was chosen governor of the Dank of
France. The great fortune whicb he had acquired was
fieelj offered for the defence of Paris from the invaden
in 1814, and for the restoration of the public credit in
1815. Napoleon deposited with him 5,000,000 franca
just before bis departure to Saint Helena, with the ex-
pression of perfect confidence in his bonestVi In 1S16
he was elected to the Chamber of Deputies, in which he
acted with the Liberal opposition and spoke with ability
on financial questions. "Placed in the vanguard of the
defenders of the Charter," says M. de Lom^nie, "as
popular by his opinions as by his princely munificence,
the opulent banker beheld himself surrounded by alt the
notabilities of the press and the tribune." He took an
active part in the dethronement of Charles X in 1830^
and osed his influence in iiiTouc of Louis Philippe, to
whom in a critical hour he wrote, " No more hesitation I
Choose between a crown and a passport" He entered
'le first ministry of the new reign as minister without a

Crtfolia This ministry having been speedily dissolved,
ffitle, on the 3d of November, 1830, became prime
(frisiimt du cmiai^ and minister of finance,
to command a majonty in the chamber, he re-
signed in March, 1831. The financial crisis which fol-
lowed ruined his fortune, which had been reduced tnr
lai^ donations to the popular cause in 1830^ A national
subscription relieved him from embarrassment aboot
1S33. Died in 1844.

LaSan de Laddbat, IfiaH' dfh irdild', (Andr*
Daniel,) a French financier, bom at Bordeaux in 1746,
was a merchant in early life. He was a moderate mem-
ber of the Assembly in 1791, and of the Council of Elders
'" '795. Thecal/ ^^of September 4, 1797, sent him
. . m exile to Guiana. After his return to France he
published several treatises on finance, economy, etc He
was one of the founders of the Protestant Bible Sodetv
In tSiS. Died in 1819.

I«fltatt, If fe'ta', (Joseph Fkan^es,) a Frendi Jea-
nit, bom at Bordeaux. Having been for many yean a
missionary in Canada, he returned to Fiance, and pub-
lished " Manners of the American Savage* compared
with the Maimets of Primitive Ages," and two otber
works. Died in t740L

lattten. (Pixsu nuitQoi^) • PnmA prieat ind
■riter, born kt Bordenu ta 1^5. He wrote ■ " life
<]f Clement XL," (1751,) ud other world. He beoine

1 French antboren, bom In Puia abAit i7Sa
wrote Mreral javenile books, •mong which are "Honl
CooTenatiooB and Tale*,''ctc^ (1781,) often reprinted.
K«diii794.

iMfitto. tt-fif or ITfef , (Jnu(,) ■ notoriou French
printeer, bom aboot 1780^ became abont 1813 the leader
of a band of mratea who eMaUiahed themselTei at
Gnnde Tene, in Barmtvia B»j, in the Gulf of Heilca.
Id 1814 he wu oflercd a Urge torn of mmiey, and a
cnwniiwion in the navy, on covdition of hi* asiistjog
the Britiah in tbeir attsdi on New OrleanB. Ho refused
thcie prt^KMala, and ofiered 1^ aemcea to defend Loni-
riana on condition of pardon to himaeif and followera,

of U* death are nnfcnown. The adventnret of La£tte
ha*e fanned the aatdect of aereral tales and roinancea.

Lafoli«, (Louis GiiiLUUia,)aFTenchcheniis(, bom
at Rouen in 1 739. Discorered the yellow dje exbacted
bttm gaudi, (djrci'a weed,) sod wrote an imaginative
nark, called the "Philosopher without Preteniioti,"
(■■FUlosophe sans PritentkiD," etc., 1775.) D.in 1780.

Zia FoUette, (Robikt Marion,) political refonner,
boni at Primroae, Wisccmsin, in 1855. Was admitted to
thebvin i8£o; was niember of Congress 18S5-91, and
goTo-nor of Wisconsin 1901-05, when be resigned to ac-
cept the United States senatorsbip. Carried aeasures
for relbim in nominations, railroad taxations and railroad
nia, and became one of the leading radicals in the
Sen^e. He was a candidate for the presidentiat oomi-
pation in lopS and 1913.

'-" — ™"^-', (Jkan Biknaki^ a prolific French

of the French Citiea," nunjr plays, some romances, and
the antobiographical "Cioijiuuile Ana de la Vie litt^
nire." Hi* work* compriie mto'e than fifty Tolnmea.
Died nor Ucotaaban in 1884-

Idfui, If An', (PidlU,) a fiunooa French tranc
Ktor, bom in P&igord in 1775, made a auccessful dim
ki Pari* in 1800, and «a« conddered by Us admirer* ■
riral of Talma. Died in 184&

IisfoiM, dot deb If ftii', {Frarcou Joseph Aua-
aninu,) Baron tie Uellicocq, a nench botanist and
aatiqmiy, bmn at Noyon, Oiae, in tSoi.

Uba^ IfAit', (Chablxs Phiuppb,) a popalar mn-
lidan, born in Paris in 1781, wa* appointed in 1809 first
tioGmst to the emperor Alexander of Rosaia, and on his
Rtam to ^ria in 1815 filled the aame office at the roysJ
dapeL Died in t^a

I«talt^dS,d(hU'Bll', (JosxPK,) a French dramatist,
honi in Paris In 1686^ wrote anccessfiil comediea, among
which was "The FesliTals of Thalia," ("Lea Fttes de
Thafie," 1714.) Died m 1715.

Lsifontaliitt, If CftN'tin', (Airoun' Hkinrich Jirajus,)
a pt^ar novelist, of Ftendi origin, bom at Brunswici
abmit 175& Having taken holy orders, he wa* emplored
H pastor or profeasor at Halle. He pabliihed, in Ger-
man, a great number of novels, which had a temporary
•Bcxesa and were translated into French. Among them
ate "The Singular Man," ("Der Sonderling,") "The
Family De Halden," and "Agnes and Bertha," (iSlS.)
Died at Halle in 1S31. His s^le ia easy and agreeable,
t« Ua sentimentality ia considered excessive.

Lk Fant^lne or IJofontaliie, do, d^h Iff&K'tin',
OumJ a tunons French bbulist, born at Chtteau-
TUaiy, Jnly 8, ifai.wa* the most popnlar French poel
«f ha time. He waa remark^le for ui easy, careless,
aid mdolcnl temper, and passed the age of twenty-one
befate he roanifeated hi* poetical genins. He married
Marie HMcart to pteaae hi* father, who procared for
km the office of master of waters and forests ; but he
won sold his office and separated from his wife. The
Dnrhesa de Bonillon, ploaed irith his first literary

rt LA GAR AYE

tSxtM, becaise Ua patroneaa and took him to Paris. Hm
received a pension from Fow)De^ and about 1663 coib>
poaed an admirable elq^ on the fell of that minister.
He enj<^ed fer abotit twentr years the hospitality of
**-'- Sabliirev a lady of Faria, who generously pro-
m from the efects of bis improvidence and
incapacinr for busineaa. His first tales appeared in 1664,
and six books of Fables in 166S. Ten years later, ha
produced the last aiz books of those inimitable works.
At the death ofColbert(i683,) La Fontaine and Boileaa
were rival caodidatea for the place which he left vacant
in the French Academy ; and the former was succcaafoL
Holitre and La Fontaine are reckoned the two most
original writer* of the brilliant age of Lonia XIV. Hany
anecdote* are related of his simplicity, mannl/, and ab-
senoe of mind. "His lines," says Hsllam, "have a
proverbial truth and a humour of eipression wUci
render them constantlv applicable. . . . Uany of )A
hbles are admirable 1 the grace of the poeirv, the happr
inspiration that seems to have dictated the tarns li
expression, place him in the first rank among febulists."
("Introduction to the LJIeratiure of Europe.") He died
In Paris in April, 169J, having exprcased pcmitence for
the licentious passages in bis talea.

Sh La H*Br^ " llof) d* Lafentsbe," in* : WALcaaHAai^
"HiMoin da b Vis M Its Oamtttit J. dt Ij fatObtt," iS»;
MAaAK " Hitwin <k Is Via at daOuw^aa da J. da La Foataina,"
iliii OuMroBT, "Klofa da La Fcnuina," 1774; SiiHTa-Bnrra
" Portrtin UnfnUraa/* tooH i., wd " Omaeriea do Laidi," ume vii. ;
Daa KMnulctM, "Hotica aar la Via da J. da LafonUiDB." itja;
" Nsimlla Biocntihia Cdninla ;" LaaianLU)«,"PoaiaaDdPi]«>iT
at Xnropa."

Im Fontenslle or I*fonteiieUe, da, df b II foNf nCl',
(AsMAND DAsiil,) a French antiqaary anid biographer,
bom in Fmtoa in 1784. Among hia works are a " Hia>
tofy of Oliver de Clisson," (3 Tola., 1836,) and the " Life
and Correspondence of Dn Ple**ia-Uornay," (with Aa>
gnia, 11 vol*., 1833-42.) Died in 1847.

w _. If foss', <Phii.ipi>i £tiemne,) a French vete-

J ^joan, wrote "The Farrier's Goide," (itMJ

and a "Manual of Veterinary Medicine," (1803.) Died
ir 1810.

Lafou* or Z« Fowo, do, d;h II fesa, (Antoini,)

French dramatist and poet, bom in Pans in 1653,
was accounted by some the first tra^ poet of hia time.
He produced, besides other dramas, " Polyxtne," (1686,)
and "Manilas Capitolinua," (1698,) a tragedy, which is
' Ighly praised by La Harpe. Died in 170E.

LalcMM, d», (Charles,) a French historical painter
of high reputation, bom in Paris in 1636, was an unci*
of tbe preceding. He studied nnder Lebnin, and in
Rome; He wa* employed by Louis XIV. to adorn the
Trianon and the HStel de* Invalidea, the freacoed donM
of which is called his master-piece. He wa* admitted
Into the Academy of Painting in 16S3, when he eihiUted
the "Abduction of Proserpine." Died in 171^

~ "NounnaSlsgnpfaiatidiifaale."

da, (Jean Baitisti Joseph,) s sMlAil
French engraver, was bom m Paris in lyii ; died about

hKtierj, ItTK're' or If fufh-re', (Antoine,) aFrench
engraver, bom at Salins in 1513. He worked in Rome,
where he published maps and engravings, and " Mirror
of Roman Grandeur," ("Speculum Romanse Magni-

idinis," in 118 plates, 1554-73.) Died in 1577.

La Fnent*. See Fvshtk, La.

Irfi Fueuta, 11 fwCn'ti. (AlciIktaba Hioukl,) a

he had been made liicd/ (attomey-eeneralj of Cuba. Hia

History ol Granada," (4 vols., 1843-48.)

liBgalla, la-gilOl, (Giuuo Cesau,) an Italian pby-

diief work is a

(1613,) and "De Immortalitate Animorum," (t63i,) an
effort to prove that Aristotle admitted the immortality
of the souL Died in 1634.

IiB OalUwioiiUie. See GALUSSONiiRE, de la.

lAgorave, An, deh Ifgfrt', (Claude ToussAimr
Makot,) Comte, a French chemist and philanthropist,
bom at Rennes In 1675. He founded jnfant-schools.

cas«; {asr; Siard; ft as/,- O, H,X, jwakro/; s, mual; r, trJOed,- i asi; th as

1 Hit. (1^— See Eiplaiiation*, p. 33.)

r.,,l,/ed:^;,C00^lc

LA GARDE i

and hoapitala for the letik and ■gcd. He made tom
idlproTAment* in Tegetable analysis, and publithed
treatise od "HydraaTic Chemistiy," ("Chimie hjdrai
Hqoe,"i74d) Died in 1755.

Sea " L« jSpoBi chiirilib<M,aD Wm da CmM ■! de U Camlsi

lAgsrda. See DESHOUuftKis.

La a«rdla. See Gardik, dk la.

La Oaaoe. See Gasca, ds la.

; lft'g;r-bRin^, (SvsN or Svxn Bkino,)

»A*:4.. i^^^vh ■.. *«nN Bf^g fff^ manv Tears

He

«^c and method. Died in 1788.

SeeC WoLLiN, " Pirestiiticiii BFuct S, LagcTbring," ijSl
LagwISf or Ii«i«erlO«^ la'Sfr-iar, (Pehs,) a Swedish
scholar »nd writer, bom in 1648, became professor of
rhetoric at Upsal. Me was learned in languaees, and
mote Latin verse with much purity of Wjlt. He pob-
tiahed sereral antiquarian treattsea. Diea io 1699.

Lagerlof, (Selma,) a Swedish authoress, bom at
Morbakaford io 1S58. She became a teacher, aod after
189s deroted herself loauthorship. Her great romance,
"The Miracles of Aniicbrist," aod other worlis were so
brilliant in style as to win her a wide reputation aod io
1909 ahe was awarded the Nobel priie for li'

1 Iriend of Linnaena. He translated French and
Gennan works into Swedish, and availed himself of Ids
advantages as director of the East India Company to
collect scientific facts and specimens and, to promote
researche* in natural history. Died in 1759.

S« KavGR. " AininnelK-Til Ofnr U. Lignrntroem," i^te
Lagny, de, dfh lln'ye', (Thomas Fantet,) a French
mathematician, born at Lyons in l66a He removed to
Paris in 167S, was admitted into the Academy of Sciences
in 1695, and chosen professor of hydronaphy at Roche-
fort in 1697. He was a Fellow of the Royal Society of
London. He published, besidesotber ingenious treatise*,
^The Cubature of the Sphere," (1703,) "which," says

Lagomanilnl, 13-go-maR-see'nee, (GiKOLAMo,) _..
eminent Italian philolc^st and Jesuit, bom in 169S, He
was professor of rhetoric in Florence for many yeara, and
about 1750 became professor of Greek in the Roman
College. He published Latin orations (1746) and epia-
lles, 3 poem "On the Origin of Spring;B,'' ("De Origine
Fontium," 1749,) and other works. Died in 1773.

Sea Fahohi. "Vilz lulrvuBi doclriu uaUtntiun i" PARTMa-
Hiui, "D( Via ei Sludiii H. L4[aDiniiii," iloi.

!« Oianga, (Antoine.) See Kivbt di la Granci.

Lacrmnge or Iia Orange, ll gK&Nzh, (Joseph Louis,)
one of (he most eminent geometers of modern times, was
bom at Turin on the asth of January, 1736. Hisparen
were of French origin. He was educated in the Collei
of Turin, where his mathematical genius was rapidly
developed and was specially directnl to the study of
modern analysis. It has been said that all he learned
seemed to be only « reminiscence of what he had before
known. Having eiaroined Euler'a work on "Isoperi-
meCrical Problems," he sent to the author in 1755 the
Irat essays of his "Method of Variations," which alone
would immortalize his name, and which he had invented
to respond to the desire of Euler. About the i^c of
nineteen he was chosen professor of mathematics in the
military college of Turin. The first volume of the " Me-
moirs of the Academy of Turin" (1759) consisted chiefly
of the admirable essays of Lagrange on the most im-
portant and difficult points of analysis and mechanics,
soch as the propagation of sound and the vibration of
chords. He published In 1761 some applications of his
great discovery, which was afterwards called the " Method
of Variations.'' In 1764 he gained the prize oFTered by
the French Academy of Sciences for a " Theory of the
Ubration of the Moon." Invited by Frederick the
Great, he removed to Berlin in 1766, and was for twenty
years director of the Betlb Academy of Sciences, which

LA GUERONNFERB

he enriched with numerous treatises on " Tautochronoa*
Corves," "Numerical Equations," the "Integral Cal-
culoa," " Partial Diflerencea," and on the moat ardaon*
questions of general astronomy and celestial mechanica.
Re was cboaen a foreign associate of the Academy of Paiia
In 17^ The bersuasion of Mirabean and the offer of a
pension from the lung induced htm to settle In Paris ia
.-=_ ,.___,..i,,j^i^ ,,.-.,__._ .... ....

ytique." ("

le <H the master-pieces of the
tellect His interest was vividly excited by the Revoln-
tion, in which, however, he took no active part In 179a
he married Blademoiselle Lemonnier. He was the niat
professor of geometry in the Polytechnic School, fbonded
abont 1794 ; and his tune was tbe first inscribed on the
list of the members of the Institute, founded in 179c
Napoleon, who highly appredated the great talents of
one so incapable of intrigue and adidadon, gave him the
office of senator and the titles of coantof the empire aod
grand officer of the l^on of honour. He died in April,
1813. "Among the inventors who have moat enlarged
the iraundariea of oar knowledge," says La Place, ** New-
ton and Lagrange appw to have possessed in the highest
d^ree tbe power which, by the discovery of gmend
pnnciplea,caii*tilnteallietniegeniB8ofsdencc."

DBLAKSas, "■t,\aft da Licnnn;" Vimr H

ihLHoiiquB aur 1hVi« de Ij|;Tangc,'' 1S13; PivtvoI

SE™';,'

U Ijtgnnga," 1S13 ; HAOiiTvinr, "I^
Sigr^NDunlie Eiotr^ifaiE G^nlc"

* IMicnvo in L«l«

La Orange, (N.,) a French lUUraUur, bom in Pari*
bi 1738, translated the great poem of Lucretius ■*De
Renim Natura," with notes, (176S,) and tbe works oi

Seneca, (7 vols., 1779.) The former passes for one of

the best versions in the French language. Died in 177J.

Zia Oracg* or IiagTanBe, da, d^h II ga&Hih, (Ad£

laIde Blaise FRAKgois le LitvxE,) Marouis de Fog*
rilles, bom in Paris in 1766, became general of divisicMi
in 1809. Died in 1833.

Iia Orange, da, (ADii.AifDa Bdohard.) Marqihs, a
son of the preceding, and a member of the Institute, was
bom in Pari* in 17^ He was an active member of toe
Chamber of Deputies from 183^ to 1848, and voted with
the friends of Loai* Napoleon in the Assembly <£ 1849.
In 1S53 he became a senator. He wrote, besides other
works, tresttsea on numismatics. Died January 17, 1876.

La Orange, de, (Auand Charles Louis le LttvKE,)
a French general, bom in 17S3, served with distinctioD
under Napoleon L Died fulv 31, 1864.

Lagrange, de, (Joseph,) Coute, a French general,
born in 1763 ; died in 1836.

La OranRe, de, (Joseph de Chancel,) a French

dramatic and satiric poet, commonly called La Orange
Chanoel, was born at P^riguem m 167& His drama
of " Jugurtha" was performed with success in 1694. He
produced other tragedies, among which " Amasis" (1701)
and " Ino and Mehcerta" (1713) are <alled the best He
was imprisoned or exiled some years for three remark-
able odes, named " Pbilippioues," (lyie^) which were
libellous satires against the Regent of France. " As a
saliric poet," says the "Nouvelle Biographie G^n^rale,"
" he has left a work which, in spite of it* imperfections
and crying injustice, is the monument of satire in France."
Died in 175!

Oiaiait]" SAun^SiHon, "iU-

Lagren^.de, d(h llgR'ni' or If gftfh-nli', (ThIodosb
Marie Melchior Joseph,) a French diplomatist, was

born at Amiens in i8oa He went to Athens as minister
in 1836, and to China in 1)144. Died April 37, 1862.

LagrAnAe, IfgaA'ni', (Jkan Jacques,) a French hia-
torica! painter, born in Paris in 1740, He worked in Paris
with success, and reproduced antique paintings by incrua-

tion on marble and glass. Died in i8>l.

Lagrtoto, (Louis Jean FRANgois.) called AinA, a
French historical painter, brother of the preceding, was
bom in Paris in 1714. He was sumamed " the French
Albano." He studied at Rome, became Academician
in 1755, and for some time was first painter to the Em-
press of Russia. He afterwards worked in Paris. Died
*^i805.

S« RsMOir. " Hotia nu Licrfufe I'lfaif," 1(15.

La ChiAionnltre or I*gii4roniilira,ae^ d^h It gk'-

1 E, T, S, S, ;, hug; *, *, 4, same, less prolonged; i, i, 1, 6, G, f, tkcrt; *,(,},

I, ettatrt; Or, f&ll, fit; mtt; n&t; gi)6di mOBn.

,-j:,Coo^h

lUGUBRRB U:

ro'ofc^K', (ArrMOB.) Vicomte, a French political
tntlei aDd Bonapaitist, bnn in 1S16. He becaine chief
wfiUi of Lanuutine's new journal, the " Pa)'*;" in 1850.
A diaaeiisioii aio«e belweea him and Lamartine on the
(abject of a hbtorical ttndf on l/)uii Napoleon, which
the fonner published b the " Pays." and which increased
kia reputation ai a brilliant wnter. He wai elected a
depotT to 185*, and appointed a cotrndllor of state in
iSu. His pamphlet entitled "Napoleon III. and Eng-
land" (1858) produced a great senutioa on both tide*
of the Channel, He became an editor of the " Conitf
totionneL" Died Uecembet aj, 187^

Lagtiaiia, ll-eaia', (Jean, common]; called Jack,)
an English mnsidan, painter, and engraver, bom in
London in 1700. He was the son of Lodh Lafitierre, a
French painter who wttied in England. Died in 174S.

Lagncm or La Oneir*, li'gaiR', (Louis.) a French
painter, bom in 1663, waa a pupil of Le Brun. He went
» England about 1684, and wnrked with ot for Verrio.
He punled "The Labours of Hercules" in Hampton
Conrt Palace. Died in 1731,

La Onleha or Lagalohe, da, dfh It Sbh, (Phili-
BBRT,) a French general, bom about 154a He refused to
execute the order of the court for the roasaacte of Prot-
estants in 1573. He commanded the artillery at Irry,
and contributed largely to the riclory. Died m 1607.

His nephew, Jbak Francois, bom in 1569, was a
marshal of France. Died in t(^3.

Lagnllle, irgtl' or l^ge'yf, (Louis,) a French Jesalt,
bom at AuCan in 1658, wrote an "Andent and Modem
HistoiT of Alsace," (3 vols, folio, 173T.) Died in 1743.

Tjcnm, ll-goo'nl, or Laonna. ll-koi/nl, (Akdkis,]
• learned Spanish physician, bom at Segovia in 1499.
He obtained the confidence of Charles V., who appointed
lum phyaician of the army in Flanders. He practised
k Meti, (1540-4G,) and in Rome, where he was patron-
bed bf the pope, who made him a count. He died in
Spun in ijba, leaving numerous works, among which
are Commentaries on Galen and I^Iippncrales, and
'Anatomica Methodus," (1535.)

S« N. AirrvHio. '- BibliDIhcci Hljpaiu Non."

Lahatpe or t>a Harps, If^lRp', (FKioiRic CisAK,)
a Swiss oScer and republican, bom in the Pays de Vaud
in I7S4. He was for some years preceptor of Alexander,
afterwards Czar of Russia, and about 179S became the
chief or most powerful director of the Helvetic Republic
He went out of power in iSoo. In 1S14 he enjoyed the
favDor of Alexander, who was in Paris and gave him the
tank of general in hb army. He wrote several treatises
•0 Swits politics. Died in 183&,

Set Chaiu* UoHifAitiL " Notice binpiphiqw nr \» Qittrti
r. a dc Lahnpe," 1838! " Kouvelli Kognpiiis (Mninlc"

La Harp« ot Laliarp*, do, dfh lt':itRp', (Jean
FtAH^ls,) a celebrated French critic and dramatist,
bnn m Paris in 1739, was educated at the College ol
Hirconrt. He produced in 1763 the tragedy of " War
wick," which was very successlul, and wrote to Voltaire a
letter on the dramatic ait which procured him (he bvour
and patronage of that philosopher. He composed, be-
sides other dramas, the applauded tragedies of " H^-
Imie," (about 1770,) and " Philoctite." His talents
fcmd a congenial employment in academic competitions.
He wrote admirable enloeie* on F^nelon, Henry IV.,
Lafonl^ne, and others, and he received several prises
from the French Academy, of which he was chosen a
member in 1776. About 1786 he began to lecture at
the Ljcfe of Paris on literature. These lectures, en-
titled ""Conr* de Ijttrfraturo, andenne et modeme," (i8
vols.,) constitntt his most durable title to lame. His
tiiticwns on Ftench antfaois are mnch better than those
M the andent claaska. "The seventeenth centnTy,"sa]rs
Sable-Benve, "in Mme of its parts and some of its
works, was never better analyted," [than bv La Harpe.]
At die bcginiring of the French Rertdotion he was a
lepahlican. He was Iropritoned a few months during
■he rc^ of tetrof. Died in 1803.

S« Suinw-Bsova, "CuHrlc* du Lunf," Umm v.; Lton
tswrt. "Nglic* SOT la Vic M lea Oumfci in Liharpb" iga; ;
■iB.T-Jun](,*'Viedi J. F.il>UHirpe,"iSij; DAUHixr,^Nii(ia
• L* Hsipt;" S*iifT-S™iii, "NoiiM »Br Ls Hirn," iSn;
lBcaa,-yHdcLiIl>iI>(."ili];Sauvfc"J. r. itel^IUip*,

vtn'yol',) a famous French captain or bandit. He pep
formed many exploits against the English in France la
the reign 01 Charles Vll. He never obtained a very
high rank in the army. Having failed in an attempt to
rescue Joan of Arc at Rouen, he was taken prisoner, but
soon escaped. Died in 1441.

Ia mr« or Lali^e, d«, df h WhW, (Laurknt,) an
eminent French painter and engraver of merit, bom in
Puria in i6o6l He aAamtA manv of the churche* <A
Paris with hit works, among which the " Apparition ft
Christ to the Three Marys" is called the master-pieoe.

the title of pointer to the king, and was one of tlM
founders of the Royal Academy. Died in 165&

Lnhlrv, dSb (Philippx,) a Frendi geometer, son at
the preceding, bora in Pvis in i(^ He wat admitted
into the Academy of Sdences in 1678, anil was employed
by the government in continning the messorementofthe
meridian commenced by Picard. For many years he wa*
profewor of mathematics in the College of France. He
was also vcned in e^)eTJinental phyaice. Among his
prindpal work* are "Conic Sections," (168;,) a "Treat-
ise on Mechanic*," (1695,) aitd "Aatronomtcal Tables,"
(1702.) Ked in 1718 or 1719.

Sc* yonmnua, "dg(« d* LaUni" "NoonNa Blofnpin

. d«, d«h II dN'tOti', (Akuand Lodis di
Dkldhdak<e,) Baroh, a French traveller, bom at Moat-
de-Martan about 1667. He was a private soldier in
North America, 1683-93, and published three volnme*
of "Nouveauz Voyages dans I'Am^riqne," (t703-O4j
which are untrustworthy. Died at Hanover in 1715.

La Hnerta. See Hubktj^

Idhym. See La Hibl

lAld'la'w, (WiLUAU,) a British poet, bom in t7M.

died in 1845.

_ idot, IJo'yeh-lo-, ,
dramatist snd Jacolnn, bom at Veraultes ir

Lalgn^Ot, lia'yeh-lo', (Joseph FsANgois.) a French
..._. __. .__A,_ . . ,„„,-, jjj^^_

li-om 179a to 1795, and Toted
for the death of the king. Died in 1S19,

Laln4. li'ni', (Josbfu Henei Joachim.) VIcouT1^
an eminent French orator and statesman, bom at Bor-
deaux in 1767. He acquired distinction as an advocate
at Bordeaux, supportea the popular cause in the Revo-
lution, and was br several years under the empire a
member of the legislative body. In 1S13, as chairman
of a committee of that house, he made an important
report on the slate of tbe nation, which gave great oSenca
to Napoleon. Having become a royalist, he was chosen
president of the Chamber of Deputies in 1S14 and in
1815. He was admitted into the French Academy and
appointed minister dL the interior in iStG. He retired
ftom office in December, tSlS, became secretary of slatt
without a portfolio in 1S31, and was created a peer of
France in 1833. He was one of the leaders of the mode-

,«=.opii.«. : - - - - -

says Lamartme,

the two most pathetic orators of (he ri

See LiUIASTIHII, " Hiui
paphit G<n^le."

Lalna^ li'nl', ( A1.EXANDIIB, ) a French poet and
linguist, bom at Chimay about 1650. After travelling
several years in Europe and Asia, he became a resident
of Paris. He was courted by (he great for bis brilliant
conversation and extensive knowledge, and composed
brief poetical effusions, which were admired for grace
and vivadty. Died in 171a

Lalnez or ILiaynnn, ll-ntth', sometimes improperly
written Loyueo, ( Jago or Dibgo,) the second general
of the order of Jesuits, was born in Castile, Spain, in
1 512, About IS36 he was assodated with Ignatius Loy-
ola in organinng the sodety of Jesuits. (See Loyola.}
He was deputed by the pope to the Coundl of Tren^
where he signalized his leal for the interests of the
court of Rome. In 1558 he succeeded Loyola as gen-
eral of the order. Toe Coundl of Trent having te-
sumed its session, he made there a famous speech, in
which he argued the necessity of a anpreme head of

(Mi,-(aaj; %hard; taa/- 0,U,K,/MVHni/; H,mm/,- t,trUltd;l»i; th ssindu; (H

nSee Explanations, p. s^)

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

LAJNG

the ChoTch. Died in 1565. The politjr oT the TcmiU
■ppeart to have been mainljr the product of the intelli-
fcnce and tnbtlely of Lunei.

Sea RiiADBniBA, " T)(b del P. T. D. Lnan/' ite4 ; F. Souml
"Vi. aa P. J, LuH^" im: '- lUniAUn. •'tiB af J. Laro^

Lklni, (Aluundsk.) a Scottith minor poet, bom at
Brechin, Maj 14, 1787. He was a flax-dresser b; trade.
He pablitbed " Wayside Flowera," and many songa.
Died October 14, 1857.

Lainb ling, | ALSXANCIft Gordon,) Hajos, a resolute
Scottish travelter, born in Edinbui^h in ITSJ, enlisted '-
the army in iSia In iSaa the Governor of .
•ent Um mi a mission to the Mandingo ~
i1m esplored Solimana and adjacent regi(
lie WM raised to tlie ranic of mijoi, aniTi

bj Lord Bathant to explore the Niger. ,^

vatA the north, he aidied in Angust, i!^ at Tlmbuctoo,
after faSTin^ been woonded by the Toaiilu. On hit way
lo Sansanding he vat murdered by his guide, an Arab
aheilc, in September, 1816. Hia Journal has -' '"-
lecovered,

I>alii& (David,) LI.D., a Scottish andqnar? and littl-
ratatr, bom at Edinburgh in 1793. He was the original
secretaiy of the Bannatyne Club, founded by Sir Walter
Scoti for the printing ot rare books on Scottish history
and literature, and edited many of itt publications. He
devoted much attention to the old Scotdsh ballada and
other antiquarian matters, and brought to light many
interesting docnments. He edited the workt of John
Knox, David Lvndsiy, William Dunbar, and Robert
Hcnrjaon, enriching them with many vaii
tiona. Died October 11, iSiS.

I«inK (HiotXiLif,) an able Scottish blttorian and
lawyer, bom in Orkney in 116a. He practised law in
Edinbuivh, where he was admitted to the bar in 1785.
In iSoo be published a " Histoir of Scotland from I'
in of the Crowns [1603J to the Union of the Kii

HistoiT of Scotland from the
_._... ._3] to the Union of the King-
doms In the Reign of Queen Anne," which is a work
of merit and remarkable for critical acumen, but delect'
ire in tlylK He wrote a treatise against the authenticity
of Ostian't poemt, and a few other works. He became
a member of Parliament, and be wat aliiend of Charles
J. Fox. Hi* political principles were hlwraL Died in
181&

Ladng, (Sahuil,) a British law};er and politician, a
nephew of the preceding, was born in Scotland in iSia
He was elected to Parliament at a Liberal in 1853, and
was president of the company which owned the Cmtal
Palace at Sydenham, Irom iSjo to 1854. He wat finan-
cial secretary to the treasury in 1S59 and i860, and was
appointed chancellor of the eichequer in India in the
latter year. In 1873 he was a^n elected to Parliament
He was long engaged in railway interests, and was
the author of several works, including " Modem Sci-
ence and Modem Thought," {1886,) " The Antiquity
of Man," " Human Origins," etc Died in 189J.

liun. Ita, (Fkan^ii Xatiu,) an eminent French
oibliagrapher and monk, bom at Vadana in 1738. Dur-
ing the Kerotution he saved valuable historical documents
ftom destruction. He published a "Series of Aldine
Editions," a "Specimen of Roman Typography of the
Kftcenth Century," an "Index of Boots from the In-
vention of Printing to the Year 1500," and other works.
Ked In iSoi.

Lain, ll'rfh, (SlGiSMOND,) a German painter, bom in
Bavaria about ijjo ; died in Rome in 163&

LalTMBft U'riss', (GlRAaD,) a skilfi3 Flemish hU-
(orical painter and engraver, born at liege in i64C^ wat
a pupil of his father. He settled in Amsterdam, ^lit
facility aa an artist was remarkable. He had a rich
imagination, and was skilful in costume and composi-
tion. His engravings are much esteemed. He died in
1711, leaving an able "Treatise on Painting,"

Ll'la, [Aoir,] a celebrated Greek courtesan, lived at
Corinth in the fifth century B.C., and was notorious (or bci
aTidihr and caprice^ Among her lovers was the phi-
loaopher Aristippoa. The dtiiens of Corinth erected a
manument to her. Another courtesan of that name wat
■uppoaed to have been a native of Sicily- She lived at
Athens or Corinth abont 400 B.C

I, e, I, <k ii, T. /<<«f .A (> Ai taiae, leaspiolonged; ii, e, L 6, ii,]f, Mert; f, f, j, « ««Mwv; fir, Oil, t&ii mtti oat; gd&d; m

Digitized by CjOOQ I C

74 LALAMANT

ZiVI-tH^ [Gr. AAof,] a king of Thebes, and the father
of <Edipn*. An oratJe havmg declared that he shoold
be hillul by his own son, he exposed his son soon after
birth on Mount CithKron. The child was prcaerved by
strangers, wat named (Edipus, and remained ignorant
of his parentage. (See CEDiPOt.)

Lajard, IfzhtK', (Jeah Baptittk FtLix,) a French
antiqnaiT, bom at Lyont in 1783, went lo Persia at sec-
relan of embassy in 1807. He waa admitted into tha
Acaoemy of Inscriptions in tSta Among hit works is
" Reteaicbes Into llie Public Worship andthe Hyateriea
of Mitbra in (he East and West,*' (1S48.) He pro-
pounded a novel theory on the relations of the Greeks
with the Oriental races, which has since been partially
confirmed. Died in 185S.

So " MoDTcDa BiDcnphie Ginfnit.''

Iiajard, de, dfh Ifihln', (PtxKRa Aucuste,) an able
French statesman, bom at Monipellier in 1757, was
minister of war in 179a, During the empire he was a
member of the Ic^slalive body. Died in 1837.

LajatmeiMe, (Marie Emua.) See Albanl

Ii« JoDchtre, d«, d^h II xhdN'shaiK', (Etiennb LI.
CUYER,) a FrencJi engineer, bom in Auvergne in 1690^
He projected the connection of the SaOne and the Vonnc
by a canal, the construction of which, however, was given

bom at Serres (Ari^e) in 176». As a member of tl
Convention, (1791-95,] ho protected the interests of the
aria and sciences. He took a prominent part in the
orgaiuzation of the Institute, of which he vras a member.
In 1814 he retired to the United States, was welcomtj
by Jeflerson, and obtained frqin Congress five hundred
BCTet of cotton-land. He was afterwards president of
the Univertity of Louisiana, and returned to France in
1833. Died in ParU in 1845.

Zioko, (AsTmiR,) a learned English preacher, bom at
Sonthampton, was appointed Dean of Worcester in leotL
and Bishop of Bath and Wells in 1616. Died in t6l&
Several volumes of his sermons were published.

tmk», (GlkAKD,) Viscount Lake, a British general,
was bom in 1744. Having served in the American war
and in the war against the French r«>oblic, he was ap
pointed commander of the army in Ireland during the
rebellion which began in 1797, and was defeated bj the
French al Castlebar. In 1800 be obtained the chief
command in India, and in 1S03 gained a victory over
the Mahrattaa near Delhi He defeated (hem again the
same year at Laswarree. Between 1804 and 1S06 he
waged a snccessfiil war against Holklr, and received
the title of Baron Lake of^Delhi, etc. He returned to
England in 1S07, and wat o ' '

of tha Scmi Biiliaiia.**
, , M proD. Mksh'mM; ety-
mology obscnre,) called also Bii* nee, or Btiit shaee,
in the Hindoo mytholcwy, the goddess of wealth, and the
contort of Vishnu, it fabled to have iprunK ftom the
chumine of the ocean, f See KObma.) There is a striking
analogy Dclween the origin of t jlfhmt md that of the
Venus (Aphrodite) Anadyomene of the Greeks, who
also is said to have sprung ftom the Caam of the sea,
(See VKNt;s.) But Lakshml, though represen(ed aa
extremely beautiful, is not, like Venus, (he patroness of
love, bu( the goddess of wealth and prosperity. She is
represented with four arms and arrayed with the moat
beandi'iil ornaments and gems. She is sometimea called
BLdml, (from fdJmi, the "lotus,") in allnsion, perhaps,
to her divine beauty, and by many other ilanies._ She ia
sometimes identifiea with the beautil" ~
(or Rembha.)

SceUooa'CHiadaPi

ic beautiful Apaarft Rambbft

due, hitioiT, ■

, a FTench veraion of DerooMheiiM'

. ifh Ifl&Nd', (Jacques,) a meritorioai
TtcDdi jctmt, bom M Oilcans in 163s. H« published
"Specimen Juris Rontmo-Gallici ad Pandectos," [1690.)
Ked in 1703.

L^lwide^ da, (JossTH JiRfliiE Lsfkancais,) one of
Ute most eminent Fiench astronomers, wis born at
Soorg (Ain) in July, 1731, and was the only child of
Fkn« Ldninfaii. tic manifiwied at an early age the
lore of Eune which was his rulii^ pasuon. He <
Madent in a college of Lyons when the great eclipse of
Jnljr, 1748, insmred him with a determination to be an
astronomer. Having been sent by his parents to Paris
10 stody law, lie attended the lectures of Messier and
LemoDnier on astronomy and mathematics, and became
Uie Gmmrite pupil of both proficssora. The Academy
having resolved to send an astronomer to Berlin ■-
nake obacrvationa and to second Ia CaiUe, who > ...
stationed at the Cape of Good Hope, Lalande was
selected in 1751, through the influence of Lemonnier.
Returning in 1753, his laboun were approved, and he
was chosen a member of the Academy of Sciences in
his twentieth year. He next ascertained the diameter
of the moon, and began (o work on the theory of the
planets, which became one of the moat constant occn-
palkHis of his life. He assisted Clairaut in computina
the eflect of planetary perturbations on the return of
Halley^ comet about 1759.

He was chosen in 1760 editor of the "Connaissances
des Temps," in the plan of which he introduced impor-
tant improvements, and succeeded Oelisle as professor
of astronomy in the College of Prance in 1762. For
lartj-aix years he discharged the functioiu of this place
with great zeal and A/at. In 1764 he published his grea
•Treatise on Astronomy," ("Trait* d'Astronomie,^) i

e Transit of Venus of 1769," and a year latei
Jation on the possibilttv of a collision of com
with the earth, which caused a panic among the 1
learned, although he had arrived at the conclusion ti
•adi a collision was very improbable. He wrote many
articles fcif the "Encyclopedic Mrfthodioue" and the
*^oamaI des Savants," and published "The History,
"neoTj, and Practice of Navigation," <"Abr^ de Na-
wation," etc, 1793.) ^'''°''8 ^^ other works are
"AstroDomical Bibhograpby," (iSoi,) "Histoire celeste
Franjaise," (iSoi,) containine the observations of many
French astronomers, and ** Memoirs on the Parallax <u
^ Moon." He died in tSoT. "Though in many re-
spects only an astronomer of the second order," says
Ddambre, " he was the foremost of all as a professor,
id <£d more than any other to promote the study of

HUU

IS irritable, bnt ci

]log& de I^lisd* ^ " NaBT«U« Biagrapfaic
), da, (MiCHBl, JRAN JfoAUK LBFRANgAIS,)

~-x, a nephew of the preceding, was bom in

J -.J 1766. Under the direction of his uncle he

■ide observaCioDS in Paris, and ascertained the theory
«f the ecbil of Hars. He became a member of the In-
nkute and td' the Borean of Longitudes. Died in 1S39,
TalaiWTa. do, (Michkl Ricuakd,) a French com
iKser, bom in Paris in 1657, became superintendent of
■Btic of Lonis XIV. about l^3- He composed many
■Mei& " He was," says Denne-Baron, " the most skilful
French compOMr of religions muuc of his time." Died
■ 1716.

La LandcOIe or Lalandells, de^ dfh 1i lAiTdei-,
(Gtnujtmii JosBFH Gabriel,] a French novelist, bom
at Hontpelliei in tSia, wrote "The Naval Crown," (9
vols., 1848,) and other maritime novels. Died in i836.

lialiinne, Iftltn', (Jean Battiste,) a French didactic

"t, bom at Daa b 1773.

. Ifi'mSH', (Charles Fkanqois Ah-
TOIMB,) Baron, a French general, called Laueuakd
Ain*, was bom at Mets in 1774. He served in Spain,
where be obtained the rank of general of brigade, (iSii.)

he returned to France, was restored to the rank of genL
ral, and entered the Chamber of Peers. Died in 1839.

S« "NmivcUs Blocr^^liii G&jnb."

Iiollsmand, (Cuudi FRAHgoii,) an eminent French
medical writer, bom at Metz in 1790. He was professor
of clinical surgery at Montpellier from 1S19 to 1833, and
again from 1S16 to 1S4C. In the latter year he was
elected a member of the Academy of Sciences, and
settled in Paris. He wrote, besides other medical treat
ises, an important work entitled "Anatomico-Pathologie
Researches on the Brain," {5 vols., 1830-36,) which was
translated into many languages. He was once called ta
Egypt to attend Ibrtheem Pasha. Died in 1854.

Hn QuiiABD, "U Fnnes Lintiire."

ImUemand. (Hrnei Douiniqite,) bom in 1777, was
a brother of Charles Francis Antoine, noticed above,
and a brave partisan of Napoleon, who made him general
of division in the Hundred Days. He fought at Water-
loo, (1815,) after which he went as an exile to the UniMd
States. Died at Bordentown in 1S13.

iMllematid, (Jean Baftiste,) a French painter of
landscapes and sea-views, born at Dijon in 1710^ worked
some years in Rome, and painted several pieces for the
Vatican. DiediniSoa.

L'AUemand, Itl'mON', (Sibohund,) an eminent Aus-
trian painter of battle-pieces, born at Vienna, March 8,
184a He was a soldier, and afterwards he devoted
himself with great success to his specialty.

Ijallemandet; ltl'm&N'd4', (Jean,) a theologtan, bom
at Besan;on in 159S, wrote "Philosophical Decisions,"

GDedsiones Philosophicae," 1644,) and other worln.
ied in i&ty.

IioIlaniBiit See Lalauant.

Lallemaut, lIl'mfiN', (lAcqifES Philippe,) a Frettdi
Jesuit, born near Abbeville about 1660. He published
a remarkable work, entitled "The True Spirit of the
New Disdples of Saint Augustine," (4 vols., 1706 tf
«?.,) and " Moral Reflections, with Notes, on the New
Testament," (11 vols., 1714.) Died in 174S.

Irttllamnnt (Pierre,) a mystical French writer, bora
at Rheims in 1613, published " The Spiritual Testament,"
(l^x,) and other works. Died in 1673.

Laill, lUlee, (Giovanni Battitta,) an Italian poel
and diplomatist, bom at Norda, in Umbria, in 1573,
was employed in several negotiations by the courts of
Rome and of Parma. He acquired a high reputation
by his epic poem "Titus Vespasian, or the Destruction
<rf Jerusalem," ("II Tito Vespasiano. overo La Gem-

I«Uii LU, Inl'loo lU, (called also Sri Laixu UH. and
Lallu UIl KJtvi,) a Brahman prose author of the present
century. He was educated at Fort William Colleg^
" 'cutta. His writings ate in the Hindee dialects, and
of high importance. They include " Piem Slgar,"
{1S04-10I) a tuslorf of Krishna, and " Rajnili," (1809.)
the latter a translation of the "Hitopad^" and of a
part of the " Fanchatantra" into the old ot poetic Hindee.
His works are extremely popular in Northern India.

lally, de^ dth irie', (Thomas Aetkur,) Count,
Baron of ToUendal, in Ireland, a French general, of
Irish descent, born in Dauphin^ about 170a For his
conduct at Fontenoy, in 174S, he was made brigadier-
generaL He fought for the Pretender in Scotland in
the same year. In 1756, while France was at war with-
England, he was appointed commandant-general of tha
French possessions in India, commissary of tlie king,,
spdic of the French East India Companv. He
took Fort SaiDt David in 17^ and attacked ftfadras

eas^- (a*/; ^JtarJ; iMj; Q,a,K,giairai; tf,Maiai; ^trUltd; lass; «hSBin£iu (i^pSee £:q>lanation%p,s^>

Digitized by VjOOQ I C

LALLYTOLLENDAL m

wfthoat SDCceM. Hit plans were Ihwirted by the cor-
rupt agent* of the company. In 1761 he sarrendered
Fondicherrjr to Sir £. Coote, and wai taken a> prisoner
to England. After having been imprisoned for four yean
In the Bastille, he was executed for treason in 1766. In
1778 the royal council annuUed his sentence, the injustice
of which was generally recognized.
S» VoLTAiu, "Sitda da Lmit XV."

Lally-ToUondal, do. (l(h \t\e tolftK'dll', (Tbo-
FHIME GlRAED,) Marquis, a French orator and writer,
a son of the preceding, was born in Paris in 1751. He
devoted many years to the successful vindication of hia
Other's memory. In 17S9 he was deputed by the no-
blesse to the Stales-General.and wasoneof the minority
of his order wbo united with the Tier*-£tal and favoured
reform. He emigrated to Engltud in 1791, and returned
to France in iSoo. In 1815 b« enterea the Chamber of
Peen, where he showed himself a moderate royalisL He
was admitted into the French Academy in iSitit He died
In 1830, leaving many political tteatbei.

L« Ironee or LaJonge, \% lANzh. (HiiBEaT or Ro
BtBT,) called II FtAMMWGOk (u. "the Fleming,") a
•killii] painter, bom at Bmssel^ lived moatly in Italy.
Died in 1709.

lift IiOuMrtt, Se« LouBtiut, La.

Lb LuMm«. See Luzernk, La.

lAma, ll'ml, (Giovanni Brkmardo,) an Italian
painter of the Ne^>otitan school, was born about 1510.
He painted religious subjects and portraits with auccess.
Died about i jSa

LAiii'f-«hus, (AuMi;[ii[,] an Athenian general, bom
about 470 B.C., was the aon of Xenophanes, and, accord-
ing to Plutarch, was a man of great courage and honour.
In 415 Nidas, Aldlnades, and Lamachns were chosen

Kneralso'r the expedition against Syracuse. The people
vln^ recalled Alcibiadet, Nicias had the pnncipal
direction of the enterprise, though Lamacbu* was the
abler general. He wu killed at Syracuse io 414 B.C

IiBiaall*. See Dukeau.

Iiainaiioii, do, dfh Ifmft'nAN', (Robekt dk Paol,)
Chevalier, a French naturalist, bom at Salon in 1751.
He lived »ome years in Paris, wrote memoirs on fossil
bonea, etc, and accompanied the expedition of La
Pjrouse as naturalist in 1785. He was murdered by
some natives of one of the Navigator Islands in 1787.

La-mar', (Joseph Rucker, ) justice, bom at Ruckers-
ville, Georgia, in 1857. Became a lawyer; was in the
Georgia legislature I SS6-S9 ; was appointed assodale
justice in the Geoi^a supreme court in 1903, and in that
of the United States in 1910.

Lamar, (Lucius QuiNTt^sCiHCiNNATt^s,) statesman,
bora in Putnam county, Georgia, in 1815, father of the
above. Served in Congress from Miiaisiippi 1856^;
was afterwards a Confederate officer and commissioner to
Rnssia. V/as aprofeasorinlbeUniversi^ of Mississippi
1866-73, in Congress 1873-76, elected to the Senate
1S76 and 1S82, secretary of the bteriorin 1885, and a
justice of the Supreme Court in 1SS8. Died in 1S9J.

Id-mar', (Mieiabeau B.,) an Aiaerican ttalestnan,
born at Louisville, Georgia, In 1798. He removed in
183s to Texas, and was elected first Vice-President in
1S36, and in 183S President of the republic Died at
Richmond, Texas, December 19, 185a

Lam&TOhft or La Maxona, If mttah, (Joseph
Dboudt,) a French general, born in Vosges in 1733.
At the death of Dampierre (1793) the chief command
devolved on Lamarche, until he was aupeiBeded by
Custine in July, 1793. Died about 1800.

La Marche, (Olivier.) See Harche, La.

La Marck, (Robbht.) See Marck. La.

Lamaick or La Marok, da, dfh II mtak, (Jean
Bapticts Pierre Antoinr dk Monet,) Chi^auer, a
celebrated French naturalist, bom in Picardy, August
1, 1744. He was educated for tlie church at a college of
Amiens, but entered the army in 1761 and fought in one
campaign with distinction. Having been disabled for
action by an accidental injury, he went to Paris, where
he studied medidne, which, however, be did not prac-
tise. He devoted himself to botany, in the dassification
of which he made some innovations, and published

76 LAMARTJNB

in 1778 "Flore Franfaise," ("French Flora,") wfaicfe
opened to him the Academy of Sciences. Taking the
most genera] conformations a« the point of departure,
proceeding bv a dichotomic path, and presenting at
each step a dioice between two opposite charsctecs it
was found a convenient guide. Having received a com-
mission as botanist to the king, he was employed in
botanical researches in Holland and Germany, from
which he returned in 1782. He extended his reputation
by the article Botany in the "Encydop^e M^thodique,"
(abont 1783.1 In 1788 he became an assistant of the
director of the Jardin du Roi, which was reorganized in
1793, under the name of the "Museum of Natural His-
tory." Lamarck was appointed professor of lOotogy in
that institution. His sagadous and cealous researdiea
and writings in the department of invertebrata (which
devolved on htm because the other professors deemed
them beneath their notice) constitute his prindpal title
to celebrity, and raise him to the rank of a l^alalor in
the animal kingdom. In 1S09 he propountfed, in hi*
" Fbilosophie zoologique," several novel or absurd hy-
potheses on the production of animals, — as the theory
of metamorphosis or progressive development, and th^
of spontaneous generation. His capital work, entitled
"Natural History of Invertebrate Animals," ("His-
tolre naturelle des Animaui sans Verttbrea," 7 volt.,
1S15-33,) ranks amone the noblest montrnients of^haman
•dencb He had published an outline of the same in
iSoi. Died in 1839.

5« Cuviia, " £)ogg de Lmnirek ;" Giomov Saiht-Hiuir^
" DiKDun pnnoiicj lur la Tonbe de Lunarck :" " Nounella Kr
nph» G^ndnJe;" "UoqUtlj Raviev," roL her., iSii ti arft
(Appcodii.)

Lamaxe-Floqnot, IfmtR' peTto', (N.,) a French
naturalist, bom at Bayeux about 1785, travelled in the
East Indies, from which he riroughtspedmens of zoology
t>( eight hundred and fifty-five speaes. Between 1841
and 1S4S he explored North America.

LaMaimora. See Marmora, deli .a.

Lamaiqae, If mlRk', (Francois,) a French regidde,
bom in Ftrigord about 1755, was elerted to the Coi^
vention In 1791. He was one of the four deputies who
attempted to arrest Dumouricz at the head of his army
in 1 793, and who were by him delivered to the Austriana.
Died m 1839.

Lamarqna, (Maxiuilien,) an able French geneial
and orator, born at Saint-Sever (Landes) in 1770. H«
served as a general of brigade at Austerlitz in 1B05,
obtained command of a division in 1S07, and took Captjea
from the English in iSoS. At tbe battle o( Wagram, in
1809, his couri^c was consgHcuous. He joined tbe
standard of Napoleon on his return from Elba, and
commanded with success in several actions against the
Vendeana in 1815. In 1818 he became a liberd member
of the Chamber of Deputies. Died in 1831. A bloody
conflict occurred between the troops and the populaca
at his (iineral in Parts.

Set Louu Blanc. "HitUHn dc dii Ann" "Mjnxiira (t Soa
Tnilrmchi G^n^ral Lamirque/' publiihed bj tut bmiL^, 3 voU.. iS)^
}»; "NsuTcIlc BiognphM (Mniralt"

Lb MattelUiia or LamarteUttre, It mlR'ttl^ta',
(Jean Henri FrrdihanI),) a Frendi dramatic auTiiaT,
IJorn at Ferrette in 1761 ; died in 1830.

Ii«nuutin«, 0», d;h ll'mfa'ttn', (Alphokse,) a
French poet, orator, and historian of great celebrity, waa
bom at Mlcon, on the Safinc, on the list of October,
179a His father served for a short time in the army
as captain or major, and was imprisoned as a royalist
in the Revolution. His mother's name waa Alii dea
Roys, The name of Dc Prat has been erroneouslygivert
to the subject of this artide by some biographera. He
was educated at the College of Belley, which he left
about 1S09, and afterwards passed some time at home,
where he read and admired Dante, Petrarch, Shakipearc,
Milton, and Ossian. In iSii-13 he visited Rome and
Naples. He entered the tife-goards of Louis XVIIL in
1814, and when his coinpany was disbanded on the re*
turn of Bonaparte fi-om Elba, he retired into Switzerland,
where he remained during the Hundred Dan. In iSao
he published a volume of poems entitled "UMitaliooa
poetiqnes," which cxdted general admiration, and of
which45,ooocopiea wcresoldinfoDTTean. ThisTolime

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d by Google

LAMARTINE

d io 1817,) in which he ezpresia the contraM
between the pernuDcnce of nature aiid the intuibi)ilf of
hoMan aSdn. Lamutiiie wu appcaiited in 1820 Mcre-
tarf of legation at Florence, (or, as om writer san, at
Naplea,) and married an Enstisb heirest named Eliza
Karianna Birch. Hia " NouTeUei Mutations pojtiques"
appeared in 1333. He was charg^-d'afEure* at Florence
far aeveral jears, ending in 1839, and waa elected to the
French Academj in 1830. He professed deTotion to the
church and the throne in hia '■ Hannonies poJtJqQCs el
nligicaseSt" (i83c^) which are considered Yij tome critic*
« bis best productions.

After the Revolution of 1890 he adopted more liberal
political prindples, and resolved to mabe a change in his
pwanilE. He ofered himself as a candidate lor election
to the Chamber of Deputies, but was defeated. In 1S31,
accompanied lif his wife and daughter Julia, he visited
Mesnne, the favourite scene of his youthf al reveries and
Hpirations, tiavellins like a prince in a vessel which he
had chattered. His oaughter Julia died at Bevroot He
Fciomed in the autumn of 1S33, and published, in prose.

•ton of which is entitled "A Pilgriinage to (he Holr
Land." Daring his absence he had been elected by the
voters of Bergues to the Chamber of Deputies, in which
he maintained a position independent of paitf, but spoke
oSen with snccess on questions of social and political
philoeophf. He displaced a matvellous affluence of
pore sentiments and beaulifol images in bis poem of
" foceljm," (1836,) announced or designed as an episode
of a great poem on the propessive phases of humanity.
He became the representative of Micon in the Chamber
in 1337, and was classed for some years among the
'progressive conservatives;" but he censured the im-
mobihty of Goizot's policy, and in 1843 became a deter-
mined oppoDent of the ministry and conservative parly.
The pnbiic were greatly surprised by the avoiral of
democratic principles and sympathies which he made in
his eloquent and brilliant " History of the Girondists,"
(8 vols., 1&47,) which had an important political influ-
ence as a cause of the Revolution of 1848. He is cen-
sured for inaccuracy as a historian, and for hia imitation
of a habit of many ancient writets who ascribe to historical
persons iroaginaij speeches. "This work," says the
" Edinburgh Review" for January, 1848, "brings before
OB that most stirring and important period with a clear-
ness and vividness that all previous descriptions, except
•oinc of Carlyle's, have lailed to realize : it presents us
- -' - ■ page with distinct, highly -finished sketches

ef the principal ai

the whole, to have brought Io the consideration

- ■ ■ -^ iritandmor. ..:._.,

Ife kepi

brought

of the Revolution a more candid spirit
some sympathies tlian any preceding write:
himsdf aloof from the reform banquets of 1S47, and look
DO part in the first two days of the ensuing revolutioit.
On the 24th of February M entered the Chamber, and,
iciectmg the daims of the falUeg dynasty, advocated
tte fennUioD of a [mivisioMd sovenunent As a mem-
ber «f the eovemmenl fanned In that momentous crisis,
he Mswrna the fnnction* of minister of foreign affairs.
He became a± once the master-apirit and moderaior of
the RevalDlioo, and repressed the spirit of anarchy and
^'~™*''" by memorable demonstratioDs of eloquence,
ooM-age. aDd magnanimity. His barangne to the se-
Abons and infhriated bands who demanded the red flag
■••lead of dM trieoloured (February 35) was one of the
moA rennrlcable tiidrnphs of eloquence recorded in
Umott. He addressed a padfic manifesto to Europe,
(Mara 4J sad was successful in averting ■ general war.
For sane voalhs his pcqwlarity was immense among
oeariy all riatsei In April he waa elected by ten de-
[iiilnil Ills to the Conatitnent Assembly which met on
dte 5th of May. He was the fourth on the list of the
Kseuilise Commisnon of Five chosen by the Assembly
CO the lolh of May. The decline of his popnlaril*
ahowB bf this bet & ascribed to his connection ot col-
which he com-

77 LAMB

resigned in consequence of the inturrection of Jiue 1^
whio) they were unable to snppreM.

On the 6th of October he made a remarkable apeech
in the Assembly, in which he advocated the election of
president by the people, and said, " If the republic suc-
ceeds, I have won my game (partU) against destiny. If
it fails, either in anarchy or in a reminiscence of despot-
ism, mv name, my responsibility, and my memory will
fall with h." He also expressed his foreboding Ihat tha
result of the popular vote would not accord with his own
choice. Al the election of president in December, 1848,
he received only about 8000 voles. After the coup ithat
of December, 1851, be look no part in political affain.
He published In 1849 a " Ilisloty of the Revolution of
1S43," (a vols,,) " \-ie* Confidences," containing memoirs
of bis early life, and " Raphael, Pages de la vingtiime
Ann^" Among his later works are a " History of the
Restoration," (7 vols., 1851-51,) "Histoire des Cons-
tituents," (4 vols., 1854,) and a "History of Turkey,"
(8 vols., iS;;.) Many of his works have been translated
mto nearly all European langnages. His neglect of
economy and his expensive habits involved him, many
years a^o, in pecuniary embarrassmenl^ which his ^at
lilerary indusny and success failed to relieve. His fnends
in 1858 opened a national subscription in his favour ; bat
the resuIlB of ihis appeal 10 the public graliiude were
not very salis£>ctDty. Died in February, 1369. "There
is in the most imperfect sketches of Lomariine," says an
anonymous French critic, "a grand ntrrent of Inspira-
tion which imparts to each passion and idea its appro-
priate life and lustr& God and man, sodety and nature
religion and politio, all objects of thought and senti-
ment, contribute to this resplendent focus of universal
poetry."

Stt Chaiu* Roam, -»Mn(U« d* LnMiii^" !>«■: Cu-
roYi MoHTiAviu^ " VU <■ unniD*;" LohCmii, "Giilwi* dis
CoaHiapaniii* ;" SiintTa-BiavB, " F«lr>iH eantHnpeniu," mbm
L ; LDsim, "Hbtojra de A da I^mulin*," 184S; LoHcrauoiL
"Poiu nd PottiT of Eorop*;" S. FiajisDo«»r, "I^nirliD*,"
Balin, iSit; CamniiH, " Lunrtiat M la OcuimoMDI jnri-
■Diic,'' iM ; A. mLamaktuis, "Trail Uouau P(ni«>u,"(iBdEar
Hibvanioiiorth«unH.eiil]lled"Thre«McnithiinPow(r; iHiKtorT
ud I VlniUaiiioo ;")" Quirterlv Review" for JuIt. iBu. ud Uuefai
><(> ; " Edinburth Renn" lor Jinuvr. iM. uil ittxaij. i8jo:
" Ftuer'a Uiamtini" for MDreinber, iSu. lod September, lit;:
"W«Mn,u»»rBiin>^'<nr Iiniian. A-A: '■ Blaekinud'l Uuuiiw'*

' WeMiniatter RaiieV tbr Ji

1 8)6 "• BlKkmKid't Ua^nsa''

1,3 MaiUnUie, See MARTiNiiRE, vm. i^

I.amb, lam, (Lady Caroline,) an English authoress,
daughter of Frederick Ponsonby, Earl of Btsborough, was
born in 1785. She was married in 1805 to William Lamb,
afterwards Lord Melbourne. Her romances, entitled
"Glenarvon," "Graham Hamilton," and "Ada Reis,"
procured her some literary reputation. Her friendship
or love for Lord Byron attracted much attention, and
gave rise to some scandal. Died in 183&

S« the "Monihlj Reriew" (nr Ociober, iS»: Midahb Goto-
ciOLi, " RecoUectioiu of Lord Brnn," pp. iob-idi iI nf.

Iionib, (Charlhs,) a popular English essayist and
humoris^ was bom in London in February, 1775, aitd
was educated at Christ's Hospital, where he formed an
intimacy with Coleridge. In 179a he entered the set-
vice of the East India Company as clerk in the India
House, London. He began his literary career with a
small volume of poems published In 1798 in connection
with some verses of Coleridge and Lloyd. After the
litithful performance of his irksome duties al the desk
for thirty-three years, he retired in l8ij, with a pennon
of ;f 44t. His reputation is founded chiefly on his prose
works, especially the "Essays of Elia," (1830.) His
exquisite taste and critical sagacity are manifested fn
his " Essays on the Tragedies of Shakapeare," and other
works. His character was amiably eccentric, abounding
in whims and quaint humonm, and most of his writiiwl
are strongly expressive of his mental individuality. He
remained unmarried, and lived vrilh his sister Mary, who
in a fit of insanity killed her mother about I7(>6. She
was restored to a saond mind, and found an aSec^nate
guardian in her tvothor antO his death in 1834,

Sea T. K. TAUDoais "Ufc ef Oaric* lanbf Bbvaw W,
Pucraa.''CkBtMLanhtBll(Bid>,'*ilM;Ds(>trmcn, "Lilt-
mv niadiiiiiiiiiiiM." voL L ; Pncv niiuaaAus " Chirka Lmb
^tH ritasdt:" '• UmbBih Raviea" lor OcMtw, iSji ; " BIk^
■ood^ Ifa^nw" far Aona, ■■■& sad Angiut, il^i "Brilirii
OniiitodT EvTiwi" fcr Apnl, Mf.

■ it;fss/,-2'«n<,- j[as/;o,ti,K„rwVMns/; N.iwia/,- iifrifW; lasi; thaslntfi*. (|^~SeeEEplstistlan^p.SV

hed:^:, Cookie

LAMB u

Ztfmb, (Gborce,) an EngUsfa author, bom in 1784,
wu a younger son of the &nt Lord Melbourne, and ■
brother of prime -minister Lord Helboome. He wu
•lecled to Pailiunenl bjthe Whies in 1818, and waa
•creral timet re-elected. He contributed to the " Edin-
burgh Rene*," of which, laid Byron, "Jeffrey and I^mb
were the Alpha and OmeKa," and published a trans-
lation of Catullus. In 183s he was appiuinted ander-
MCretary of the homo department Died in 1834.

Iicunb, (Martha Nash,) an American historian,
bora in iSz9, married Charles A. Lamb in 1852- She
became an enthusiast in historical research, and wrote
numerous volumes on (he local history of New Vorlt
city and Ticiatty and other subjects. Her principal
work was "The History of the City of New York,"
(3 vols., 1866-S1 .) In 18S3 she became editor of ihe
" Magazine of American Histoiy," retaining this posi-
tion until her death, Jaouaiy 2, 1893.

Ziunb, {Mary,) a aiater of Charles Lamb^ waa bom
in London in 1 765. She waa subject (o attacks of terrible
insanity, althoi^b ordinarily her diaposition was [emark-
ably calm and iweet- She died May 30, 1847- With
ber brother, ahe wrote "Tales Irom Snakapeare," (1807,)
and "Mrs. Leicester's School," (1808,) besides poems
and other pieces Srat published collectively in r874.

bunb, (W11.UAM-) See Melbourne, Lord,

Zriunballe, de, dfh mNt^', (Maria THtfatsi Louisb
da Savola - Carignau — deh s^vwl' kf rin'yflH', )
Princess, born at Turin in 1749, waa a member of the
foyal fiunily of Sardinia, and distinguished for beauty
and virtue. In 1767 she became the wife of the Prince
ef LambaUc, (ihesonofthe Dalce of Penthiivre,) and one
year later was left a widow. She wi* a iavouriie attendant
of Queen Marie Antoinette, whose danger and adverse
Ibitnne ahe shared during the Revolution. Having been
tmprisoned In La Force, she was massacred, with cir-
cumstances of great atrocity. In September, 179a.

Iiun'bfrd*, {William,) an eminent Engilish lawyer
and antiquary, was bom m London in 1536. He be-
came a master in chancery in 159a, keeper of the rolls
In 1597, and keeper of the records of the Tower in
l6oa He published a work on old Saxon laws, entitled
*■ Archaionomia," (1568,) "The Perambulation of Kent,"
and "Eirenarcha; or. The Office of the Jnstices of the
Peace." He founded a hoapital for the poor at Green-
wlcb. Died in 1601.

Sa Niciuis. ■• Lib of Laodank."

iDunb'dlii, (Grorok C.,) an American artist, bom in
Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, January 6, 1832. His father
-waa a portrait-pamler. The younger I^bdin studied
art in Munich, Paris, and Italy. In early lifr be removed
to Philadelphia, and in 186S to New York, retumiog to
Philadelphia after some years. His spedallies were por-
traits (especially of young girls) and flower-pieces. His
pictures of roses are especially note worthy. Hewaaone
of the professor! in the Philadelphia Academy of De-
sign, and in i863 waa made a member of Ihe National
Academy. Died January 38, 18961

LambAOoltiB or X«mb«oliia. See Lambkck.

Idmbrck. Um'bCk, {Lat. LAMBEc'ans or Lambk'-
Cius,] (Fetir,) an eminent German bibliographer, bom
at Hamburg, April 13. 1618:, He became profesaor of
history in his native place in 1651, and librarian of the
Emperor of Austria, at Vienna, about 1661. Among his
works are a "History of Hamburg," (1651.) and''A
Catalogs of the Imperial Library of Vienna," (" Com-
tnentana de Augusta BibHotheca CKsarea Vindobo-
nenai," 8 vols., 1665-7*) said to be the most extensive
ever compiled. Died m Vienna in i63a

SsB " Lcbwi dw Peui l^mbecdi," Hunbm^ 1714.

Lamberfivon, Ton llmHilRC, (Joseph Maximilian,]
ColTNT, a learned and ingenious German writer, bom
at Briinn, Morana, in 1719, corresponded with Voltaire
and Home. He published (in French) an " Essay on
the Impossible," (1764,) and "Mimoriel d'un Mondain,"
("Memoriai of a Worldling," 1775.) Died in 1792.

Lam'bfT^ {Avuier Bourki,) an English botanist,
bom in 1761, contriboted menK^rs to tne "Linncan
Transactions," and waa a liberal patron of sdentiGc

men. His herbarinm waa one of the finei
Died in 1S4Z.-

Lambeit, leNHiaiR', (Chaklis Joseph,) called Lam-
bert Bay, a French engineer, bom at Valendeimea in
■804. About 1833 he entered the service of Mebemel
All of l^ypt, and became director of the Polytechnic
School and the Observatory of BooUk. Died in 1864.

IiMnbatt (Claude FRA)f90iS,) a French compiler,
born at Dole, lived in Paris. He pabUshed nmneroiM
mediocre works, among which waa a "Historv ofaU
Nations," (15 vols., i7sa) Died in 1765.

Lambeit^ jDaniel,) a famous giant, bom at Ldcea-
ter, England, m 1770L He was five feet eleven inches in
height, and at twenty-three years of age weired fbnr
hundred and brljr-eighl ponnda. He waa also remark-
able for hia strenglb, and performed woixlediil feats ai
a swimmer and pedestrian. At the time of his death
(1809) heweighed seven hundred and thirty-nitie poonda.

Lambert, [LaL LaifBEK'Tus,J (Fkan^e^) a French

Protestant Reformer, bom at Avignon in i^

of theology at Marbu^ in 1537. He published <
mentaries on the Bible, and other works. He contributed
greatly to the propagation of the Reformed docMnea in
Thuringia ana Hease. Hia ayatem of theology la e>-
plalne<rin hia " Farra^ of almost all Theological Mat*
teia," (" Farrago Omnium fere Rerum Tbeolc^carum."!
"ied in 1530.

Sn B>vu(, "HiNoriol md Crilkd DiaioDBT;" J«An W.
fcUH, '* F. Lunbert von Avianoa udi Haneu LcHo," olc. iSm
tciaoH, "H^moim/'-NwnlUBiecnwUaGAifiak."
Lambert, (Gborce,) an eminent Engliah painter and
igraver, born in Kent about lyttx He painted land-
-' of Gaspard Poussin, ■ • ■

Lambert llm'bfRt, (Johann Heinrick,) a

-ofonnd

From 1748 lo 1759 he was preceptor to the si
of Count de Salis. About 1763 he became a icsident
of Berlin and a pensiimed memliei of the Berlin Acad-
emy of Sciences. He was afterwards employed in ovfl
aflair^wilh the title of councillor. He cultivated vritb
great aucceas matliematica and astronomy^ on whidi be
wrote many treatises, and he demonstrated the Incom-
mensorability of the drcumference and diameter of a
drde. His " Cosmological Letters" (1761) attracted
much attention. He produced, in German, a celebrated
work on dialectics entitled "Novum Organon," (176},)
and " Photometria, sive de Gradibns Lnminis," (''On
lie Degrees of Light," etc.) He belonged to tike Prot*

slant church. Died in Berlhi in 1777.
Sn UATrmxi Graf, ' " ' '

»ot= d. 1 ■ ■- -

1777-
» Liiban." itsi

la Blocnpbis O

n-abonld

pendents. HeenteredtheannyoftheParliaiBent, Ibnght
aa colonel at Uarston Hoor in 1644, and at the end of
the Gnt dvll war bad obtained the rank of general He
was second in command nnder Cromwell a "—•-'
in 1649, and led the van at Dunbar in 1651.
made the proposition that the title of Ftoto
be given to CromwelL " Lambert, his o

Hume, "who, imder an appearance of «l_.,

to him, indnleed an unbounded amMtioo, nropoaed to
temper the liberty of a commonwealth by the anthontv
of a single person." After the death of Ouver be plotted
againat Richard Cromwell in 1639, and commanded tbe
army in oppoution to the Parliament milU the triompk
of the royalista nnder Monk. In i663he«n«caatleniiied
to death ; but this penalty waa commuted to b) ' ~
in Gnemaey, where he stn^ved thirty years.

Sh Him, "KiOmj of E^tand;" C
Hiaorr of Knfllnd."

Luiibert(JosErR,) a French ecclesiastic and monlia^
bom in Paris in 1654, became prior of Sainl-Martin-de>
Palaiscau. Among his works are "The Evangelical
Year, or Homilies on the Goapela," {7 vols^ 1693-97^

1,^ t, % ii, ;, /'wf-.A ^ ^ same, leas piolungedi i, I, I, JJ, ii, J

tierl; f, f, i, 9. ntuurt; fir, flll. Hi; wit, n6l; gO&d; mtfte}

LAMBERT

ad "Instrnctioii respecting the Creed," (S^mUt,) (3
mb^ iTaS; 9tfa etfilioii, 1830.) Died in 1T33.

LamMrt, llm'bert, (Join,) s Flemish printer ud
aim*eT, lived tf Gbent, tad died In 1^56 or 1557.

umbiai:^ (Hicbkl,) a French mtuidut, bwn
PntieiB in 1610, wm pUroolKd by Richeliea end pniied
by Boilean. I^ MngB and ontatai were greatly ad-
aiiretL Died in 169&

Iiunbert:,(N^)a Frcndi dramatist, lived about 1650
Among his worlu b a drama in rerse, called "Magic
withott Magic," ("La Hagie aans M^e," 166S.)

Lambert Saint. Sec Saint Lahbeit.

X«inb«it; Sawt, Biahop of Maeatticht, was inataio-
ated in 708 bv <ai]er of Alphelde, mother of Charles
Maitcl, for havrng oensnied her pn^gacr.

lAmbert. de, dfb lAntMui', (Anne THiKJtai
MB^oaiMt d« Conrortla»— mtag'iif df h kooa'all',)
HAM)tn& a French anthorcsa, born in Paris in 1647,
■as tbe wile of General Henri I.ambert, noticed belov.
She waa a Mend of F^elon and Fontenelle. She wrote
"Treatisea on Friendship, Taste, and Riches," (173a,)
"Adrice ol a Mother to her Daughter," {1734,) and
other works, commeDded for parity of style and lu monls.
Died in 1733.

Her aon, Hknri Fean^i^ (1677-1754,) became i
IJeatenani-general in lyao.

iMmbert de^ (Henri,) Marquis de Saint-Bris, i
French general, born in i^i ; died in 16S6.

Zduabvit 1« CtunoUie, IflH'baLE' Ifh shf mrln', 1
learned comjdler, prodnced a book called " Liber Flori<
dns." Died at Samt Omer in 1 135.

iMinbert tod Aaobaffesborg, Ilm'bCil fon 1-shlC-
f^-bBbw.&, X German historical writer, born about loio,
ana aathor of well-written "Annab" pnbliabed in 1535.
Died abont loSo.

I^mbartl, llm-bCa'tee, (Antonio,) an Italian poet,
horn at Venice in 1757; died in 1S31.

IiunbeTti, (Bon A VENTURA,) an Italian painter, bom
at Carpi in 1651, was a pupil, and one of the best imi-
latMa, of CHgnanL He worked in Rome. Died in 1731.

I^mbom, (Ldigi,) an Italian Hellenist, born at
Re^o about I75S> In 179^ he became a member of
the gnnd cotmcu of the Cisalpine Republic, and was
sfterwacds professor of rhetnic in the College of Milan.
His BKist mipmUnl work was a beanlifiu edition of
Hmer, (3 vols., 1808.) ^Died in 1813.

I^mbeiUnl, (Ism-bet-tee'Qee, (Hichelb,) a pointer
cf the Bolofoeae school, liTcd from 1436 to 1469.
hinted a celebrated Madonna in fresco at Bologna.

LunbMtlni, (Paosputo,) see Benedict XIV.

L«mb«Ttoii, (John Porter,) aathor, bom atPhila-
delphia in 1839. Was a teacher 1859-So, afterwardsan
editttf on scToal literary prodociiooa, being the chief
writer on " Historic Characters and Famous EvenU,"
(13 vols.,) alsoanlborof " English Lileiature," (1905.)
Wa* en|«eed in the bbrary of tbe Uaivenity of Peim-
ayhania after 1903.

iMmbertna. See Lambert, (PiAitgora.)

lAimbilotto, lONlielof, (Ptre Louu,) a FMnch
composer, bom at Charleroi in 1797. His fagnes, motels,
etc bad great saccesa. The " Restoration of the Gie-
fotian Chant" is called his master-i^ece; Died in 1835.
I^mblii, lawTiaN', [LaL Laubi'hub,] (Denis,) a
learned French professor and daasical scholar, bom at
Montreml-SDr-Mer, in Picardy, abont 1516. He was
appointed professor of Greek in the Rc^ College of
Puis in 1561. He published esteemed editions of
Cicero, >[orace, (1561,) and Lncretios, (1563,) and Latin
Tcrsions of Demosthenes and Aristotle, (in part) He
dtedof grief for tbe massacre of the Protestanta in 1571.
LambiDVt, i&nlifoi', (Emili,) a French landscape-
painter, born at Versailles in 1S19. Died in 1877.

Lamblaet, (Pierre,) a French biblit^raptier, bom
near M^iiires in 1743, wrote "Researches into the Ori-
gin of Priming," (1798.) Died in 1813.
LambiutiB. See Lambin.

£«inbl«rdle, lAn'blhi'do', (Jacques iuw,) a French
tagineer, bomat Locbe>,iliTauraine,ini747. He wrote
an able " Memoir on the Coasts of Upper Normandy in
Relation to the Collection of Shingle,'* (Galtt,) (17B9.)

79 LAMENNAIS

He was the Gnt lUreclor of the "Ecole oentrale dea
IVavaoa pablica," the name of which was changed to
Polytechnic School in 1795. Died b 1797.

llun'bnui, (HABCARrr,) a Scottish woman, whoae
leal for tbe canae of Mary Stuart induced her to make
an attempt against tbe life of Queen Elizabeth. Het
pistol having dropped from her hand when she was
abont to fire, her design was frustrated, and she was
pardoned.

LambnuoUnl llm-bRoos-kee'nee. (Luigi,) an Ital-
ian cardinal, bom at Genoa in 1776. He was appmnted
secretary of foreign afEurs by Gregory XVL In 18416
be obtained more votes for pope in the first scrutiny
than any other candidate, bat was not elected. He be-
came a member of Pius tbe Ninth's coundl of state in
1S46, and fled from Rome during the short triomph of
the popular cause in 1S48. Died in 1854.

likmbton, (John George.) See Durham, Earl at.

Ltunbton. lam'ijn, (Wiluam,) Libutxnant-Coio.
NEL, an English officer, who acquired diatinction by hit
astronomical and geodesic labouis in Hindootan, was
bom abont 1748. He was employed by the Marquia of
Wellesley about iSoi to direct the trigonometriial sur-
veys which were designed to connec^ by ■ series of tri-
angles, the eastern with the western coast of India. By
the assiduous labour of more than twenty yeaia, he bad
eitended his operatiotu from the Carnatic to Ellichpoor,
and measured an arc of the meridian 13° in eztenL Ha
died in India, of fever, in 1813. The Records of the
Asiatic Society contain several Memoirs on the opera-
dons above mentioned.

L«in4 If mi', (GABRtn,) a French geometer and

engineer, bora at Tours in 1795, became proleaaoi of

physica at tbe Polytechnic School in Paris about 181s.

He published, besides other wnrka. an sMe « Trmiu

Physi - ■

n aUe "Treatis*

on Physka," ft vols., 1836,) "LeMons on the Inverse
Functiona of iVanscendents," etc, ("Leeona sut les
Fonctions tnrenes de* Tranacendantes, etc.,) and
" Lectures on tbs Mathematical Theory of the Elasticitj
of Solid Bodies," (1853.) He was elected a member of
the Institute. Died at Paris, May I, 1870.

La'mMli, (Heh. yil,) the ami of Melfausaleh, and
the lather of Noah, died five years before the Flood,
aged seven hundred and seveniy-teven yean. Anoibei
Lamech, a descindant of Cain, is the first patriarch
mentioned in Scripture as having more than one wifib

5« Gnoii It., t.

!« MeUlanls orMslUontTS. SeeMBiLURAi^LA.

TififnftiiTials or La WfniTifli, dfl^ d^ Ift mft'nA',
(Hdgubs FtLlcmt Robert,) AsBi, a celebrated French
writer on religion and politica, was born at Saint-Halo in
June, 1781. He was educated at home, where he learned
Greek, I^tin, etc without a teacher. Having recraved
the tonsure in tSil, he was ordained a pnest at Rennea
in 1816, and acquired sudden celebrity by tbe pabUcalioa
of his eloquent "Essay on Indifference to Religioii,'*
("Esaat tnr I'lndiflifrence en Matiire de Religica," 4
vols., 1817-33,) in which he appeared as an orthodos
champion of the Catholic Church. In 1834 he visited
Rome, and declined the trflei irf a cardinal's hat from
Leo XII. He published in 1835 "ReligioD considered
in ita Relations with tbe Civil and Political Order,"
which &voured the ultramontane doctrines. Before the
revolution of 1830 his mind had made great progresi
towards liberal or democradc principles, withont depart-
ing from his religious Eiilh. In that year he foundeo the
"Avenir," a joomal whkh, in bold and fervent word^
advocated religious and politica] reforms. Lacordaire

annoonced in 1834 hia final revolt from the Church of
Rome, in hia " words of a Believer," (" Paroles d'na
Croyant,"] which is one of lus most important a>d
powerliil woductions and vras stigm«tiz(d by the pope
as " small in volume but immense in perveiHty.'' A
great outborM of entbosiasm and indignabtm followed tha
publicatioa of this work. He became nltra-democratl^
and wrote aeveral political worka, among whidi weia
"The Afiairaof Rome," (1836,) and "The Book of tb«
People," (183^) His "Outlines of Philosophy" ("Ei
Ined great sdo-

tuloaophie," 1840-4^) obtaine

s a«4. E as «,- S kard; g uj; a, H, K,gulliiral; N, natai; >, triUeJ; ■ ass; th as in tiii. (jar-See Explanations, p. ivL

d by Google

LAMENNAIS

ecu. In 1840 he wa« (entenced for one or hit writines
lo ui imprisonment of one jreai. He inu elected to the
LegislatiTC AsBembl)' in 1S4S. Died in 1854. His com'
plete worki appored in 11 vols. Svo, 1S37.

S«c E. RmAH, "Lamennili ct hi fcriu,"!!! lbe"RaT« da

-!7:S*n.Ti-Bn™«,"Pon™ti« -

RDHHn-, "EindH nr I'AbM ij

y. HADHou^ "Hltttoirt Kcr^ta dn Putic ,_

M, dg Lunenniia," 18411 L. m LoufHiB, "M. dc

, _ H J. rJ^" , j-,. .. NoureUt Bwnphia

\t Rnloi^fac April, iSit; '^WmT

Ofafnlei" "P«ian QuuUfli
■buur Rnlnr" br Apnl, ilg*.

Tjm»«nnt» de, (JuN Marii Sobbst,) «. French
eocletiaitic,born>t Saint-Malo about 1775, wua brother
of the preceding. He wrote several religious works, arid
became canon of the diocese of Rennes. Died lo i86ck

La Ueonardlira, de. dfh II mi'nlR'd^ik', (Htrpo>
LYTB Jules Pilxt,] a mediocre Fteach poet, bora al
Loudun In 1610; died in 1663.

Iiaina^ de,d;h ]l'mi',(ADRiEN Augustim

a French doctor of the Sorbonne, bom in

wrote "Solations of Many Cases of Conscience," (1714.)

LMasth, ae^ dfh irmi', (Albxakdrb,) Count,
French revolutionist, bom in Paris in 176a In 1789 he
was one of Che deputies of the noblesse who united with
the Third EtUle to form the National Assembly, and be
acted the part of > zealous patriot in that body. After
the death of HirabcaQ, (1791,) Bamave and the Lameths
were for a short time among the master-spirits of the
Aasembly. He co-operated with his broker and La
Fayette in their eObru to defend the constilntion and the
king after his arrest at Varcnnes. He was a general in
LaFmtte's army when the crisis of August 10, 1792,
compelled hitn to By with hts general, and both fell
Into the hand* of the Austriana. Lamelh recovered hi»
liberty in 1795, and rctumed to Prance in iSoo. In 1S20
he acted and voted with La FavetEe in the Chamber of
Deputiet. He published a "History of the Constituent
Assembly," (3 vols., 1819.) Died in i8»9,

Sm Thius, "Hiu«T of the French Reyolniion ;" QrtKAiuj,
"La Yaast Litldnire;" "Nouvdle Blugnphig G^n^nlt.^

Zdmeth, dB, (Charles Malo Fbancois,) Count,
a French politician, brother of the preceding, was born
in Paris in 1757. He served at Vorktown, Virginia,
In 17S1. In 17S9 he was elected to the StatevGcneral,
b) which he acted with the popular party. He was a

Eolitical Iriend of Bamave, and aspired to be a rival of
[irabeau. Changine his course in 1791, he became the
friend of the king, and resisted the progress of the Reve-
lation to eitreme issues. He emigrated about 1793, and
returned home in iBoi. Under the regime of Napoleon
he was a general of brigade. Died in 183a.

S««THiHis,"Hi«oiT<rftt» French Rerolalin:" " NniTeOa
BHcnphie «ii^nle.'>

Lunath,de,(THtoi>OKK,) a brother of the preceding,
wag bom in Paris in 1756. He obtained the rank of
mar^hal-de-camp In [791, and was in that year a mem-
ber c& the Legislative Assembly, in which he voted with
the constitutional rojralists. He defended the king and
queen by his voice with courage and energy, and was an
exile baia 1793 to 1800. Died in 1S54.

La BUtlierie, de^ dfh Ik mi'tae', IJean CtAtrpE.) a
FTendl naturalist, bom in MSconnai* in 1743. He pub-
lisbed " Principles of Natural Philosophy," (a vols.,
1787.) "Considerations on Organized Beinn," (3 vols.,
iSot) "Lectures on Ge<riogT," h vols., 181^) and other
works. He became [vofessor <H natural sdences at the
College of France in tStX. Died In 1817.

Lft M«ttil«. See Uettkib, La.

lAmay, ll'ml, (Andbeas.) a German historical writer,
bom at Miinster in 1736, was perpetual secretary of the
Academy of Mannheim. He wrote, besides other worim,
a "Diplomatic History of the Count* of Ravensberg,"
(im-) Died in i303.

Lull or L«ia7, irme', (Beknakd,) a learned French
priest of the Oratory, bom at Hans in 1640, He taught
pUlosopby and theology M Saamur, Angers, and other
places, and was ■ disciple of Descartes. He published
■Bcccsslul works on rell^on and science, among which
are K " Treatise OD Rhetoric," "Elements of Geometry,"
<ifi85,) " Apparatus BJUicus," (1696,) and a " Descnp-

Sa LAMOIGNON

tion ol toe Temple and Holy Ci^ of Jerusalem," (u
Latin, 173a) His work called "donversations on riw
Sdences" ("EntretieDs sur les Sciences," 1684) wn
highly eateemed by J. J. Rotuseao. Died in 171$.

See BanujtL "HiHofra da CaitWarnHH;" "N«<n«lli Bio-
impbi GAiteh."

Lanl or Lam;, (Dom Francois,) a French Bene*
dtctine monk, bom near Chartres in 1G36. He passed
his last twenty years in the abbey of Saint-Denii, He
was noted for his skill and alacri^ in disputatitra, and
was the author of several theological works, the moM
remarkable of wbich is " On the Knowledge of One^
Selt" (6 vols., i694-9a) Died in 171 1.

Iiaml, ll'mee, (Giovanni,) an iMlian antiquary and
litUratcur of high reputation, bom at Santa Croce, >
villaBe between Fsa and Florence, in 1697. He was •
Mod classical scholar, and became prtdessor of eccle-
iiaslical history at Florence about 173s. From 1740 to
1770 he edited an able literary periodical named "No-
velle Lctteruie." He contributed much to explain or

Men," [Delidao Etudilomm," 18 vols., 1736-69,) and the
lives of many eminent Italian literati, " MemoratMlia
Italomm Eniditione picatantium," (3 vola., 1743-48 ]
Died in 1770,

See bit AulobHgnphv in the igth voltuneof hd "Delioc Eni-
'■- m-r FoHTAKi, "^fiogiodi Unri," ; - -

.„..._.., --^~ , -,-,. «1, -Vil»

Laml, (PiiRRi RtMi CRUssoi.Ui,)aFrenchJUKfrn&»r,
bom in Paris in 1798; died in 1832.

Li'ml-^ an Atnenian courtesan, renowned for wil
and profusion, was the mistress of Demetrius Poliorcetc*
about 300 B.C.

Iiamtee, lE'ml-ee, [Gr. Imidai.; Fr. Lahibs, Ifme',)
fabulous monsters of classic mythology, sometimes rep*
resented as having the head and breast of a woman and
the body of a serpent. They were supposed lo have the
power of changing their forms. A ccording to one tradi-
tion, there was a queen of Lib^a named Lamia, who was
notorious for her cruelty and was accustomed to murder
children. The name of Lamia was used to frighten
children in the nurseries of antiquity.

Iiamlea. Sec Lamia

Lam'iagtoii, (Alexander Dundas Ross Wisueart
Baillie CoohiBiia,) Lokd, fotmerlj known as Baillib
Coohrane, an English author, a son of Sir T. J. Coch-
rane, already noticed. He was bom in Nbvemher, iSlG^
and was educated at Eton, and at Trinity Coliwe, Cam*
bridge. For many years (1841-80) he was a Conserva-
tive in Parliament, and in 1S80 he was raised to tha
peerage. Among his works are "Poems," (1S3S,)
"Ernest Vane," (1849.) "Florence, the Betotiful,"
(1854,) "Young Italy," (1865,1 " Frands the First," etc.,
(1870,) "The Th^&tie Fraufais in the Reign of Looia
XV.,"(lS79,)etc Died Februarv 16, 189a.

T^^Tni»«n or IiaenUeln, Itm'lln, ( Alkxahdeh,) a
German painter, bom at Hohenfeld, Bavaria, in iBlt,
became a dtiicn of Paris in his youth. Among hn
worksaie"The Awaking of Adam," (1841,) "The Lad-
der of Jacob," (1847,) and portraits for the palace of
Versaillea. Died at Pontlevov, April 35, 1871.

Iiomolcnon, de, dfh irmwin'yAN', (ChkAtibn
FEAN901S,) a French magistrate, eminent for his integ-
rityand talents, bom in Paris in 1644, was the eldest son
of President Guillaume de Lamoignon, He was chosen
master of requests about 166S. For twen^?-five yean
(1673-98) be performed with honour the duties of advo-
cate-genera! lo the Parliament He was made president
i mertitr in 1690. He was intimate with Radne, and
with Boileao, who addressed to him his Sixth Epistle. In
1704 he became a member of the Academy of Inscrip-
tions, after dcdining a/autaiit in the Acadtoie Fran-
^mc Died in 1709.

His son GniLtAiJUE, Seignear de Malesherbes, bom

maintained the virtuous repotation of h
illy', and died In 1773, leaving a son, who was the
eminent Malesherbes.

Iriunoisiion. de, (CmttTiEN FXAin^ois,) a Ftenck
fudge, bom probably in Paris In 173s. He becana

% I, I, £, B, J,/M(r/ 1, t, 6, sam^ leas prolongedi I, «, ^ S, It, f , ^4^/; », t, i, 0, <>i>nrx; Or, fill, OLI; mCt; nOt; sSAd; n»<

Digitized ay CjOOQ I C

LAMOIGlfON

1481

mndent J mrrtitr in 1758, ind *bared the exile ot Par-
Dunent in 1773. He was appoinled keeper of the aeiili
fa 17S7. Died In 1789.

Tiwinotgnon. do, (Guiliauui.) an cininent jot^
■■d Gnt president of the Parliament of Paris, ms bom
b 1617. Hia bther, Chretien de Lamoi^on de Blville,
waa a bighly meritoriout ma^trate. Guillaume beaune
natter M reqaeats in 1644, and first president of the
Pariiament in 165& In announcing his nomination, the
king (aid to him, " If I had known a better man, I ahould
hare appointed Mm." He recdred much praise for the
part he took in relation to the ordinances of 1667 and
1670^ and in teveral instances preferred the claims of
tfntj to the favour of tlie coart He laid the basis
of an important jndiciary reform in bis " Dedaiona,"
("Arrdcs,") printed in 170*. Died in 1677,

1648. He waa appointed master of requests in 1673.
tKed in 1724.
X«molgnoa->Ialeali«rbw. See Malzsrekbeh
La Monnoya. See Monnoik.
Xiamont', (Danibl Scott,) an American official,
t Eiitlandville, New York, in 1851, He
on the Albany "Argus" and became
.tary to Grover Cleveland as governor
1883-85, and as president 1885-89, and secretary ai
war in Cleveland's cabinet 1S93-97. Died 1905.

lAmontTOIl, fon ll'monf , ([okann.) an attroni ,

bom in Braemar, Scotland, December f 3, 1S05, was edu-
cated at Ratisbon, in Germany, and became a monk. In
l8sa he was chosen professor of astronomy at Munich.
Died August 6, 1879. He made vatnable contributiona
to astronomy and lo the science of magnetiam.

LAMPETIA

. La Motto-) Fonon^, irmof bK/kl',
(Cakouhi,) a German authoress, wile of Ibe followtne,
was bom «t Nennhansen in 1773. She published sue-
cesBful novels entitled " Feodora," " Lady of Faiken-
stein," and " Ida," also " Letters on Female Education''
and " Letter* on Greek Mythology," which were recdved
with favour. Died in 1831.

I^motta-FonqaA, de, dfh irmof foold', (Fkibd
RICH HiiHBiCR Kakl,) often called simply FonqnA,
Bakon, a German poet and romance-writer ofrare genius,
was bom at Brandenburg, Pebrnary 11, 1777. He was ■

Kandaon of Henry Augustus Fonqu^ (See FouQul.)
aving served in several great battles of the war against
Napoleon, about 1813 he retired from the army on ac-
count of ill health, with the rank of major, and afterwards
resided in Paris, at Halle, and on his estate of Nenn-
hausen. He found a congenial sphere foi his fertile
imagination in the Northern traditions and the old Ger<
man poetir, and produced many beautifiil poems and
works of fiction, among which are " Undine,"* a tale^
(1813,) one of the most exquisite creations of German
gemus, "Cotona," a poem, {1814,) "Der Zauberring,"
("The Mag:c Ring," 1816,) "Eginhard and Emma,"
a drama, and "Bertrand du Guodin," an epic poem,
(l&l.) Died in 1843.

ionnptqr. miitlrf" L*l

. "G«nhichl£ db

'llnntUyR.

lamoilcUre, de, d?h Ifmo'te'se-aiK', (Christophe
Loins LtoN Jncbanlt — ihil'shd',) a French general,
bomat Nantesin igo6. Hegained distinction at colonel
ef zooaves in Algeria, and became a marichal.de'aimp
In 1S4Q. He obtained the rank of lieutenant-general in
1843, returned to France in 1846, and was elected a
deputy in 1847. In the Rerolution of 1S4S he made
ttreanons efforts to support the Orleans dynasty. H«
was elected to the Constihient Assembly, and com-
wanded a division of the army in the fight against the
innugents o* Paris in June, 1848. He was Cavaignac's
nunistet <A war about six months ending in December,
■848. Having shown hostililr to (he power of Louis
Napoleon, he was arrested on the 2d of December, :85i,
and confined a few weeks in the Castle of Ham. He be-
came general-in-cbief of the army of the pope in 1860, and
WW defeated by the Sardinians at CastelSdardoL Hcwas
takeo prisoner soon after this action. Died in 1865.

I« MoUia, It mot, (N.,) s French historian, born
■bout 16S0, was also called La Hods. He wrote " His-
tory of the RcTOlutions.of France," (1738,) and a "His-
tory of Louis XIV.," (5 vols., 174a) Died sbout 174a
Iiallothe-Roiidaiioonrt,d«, d(b II mot hoo'dfiN'-
kooK', (Philippe,) Due de Cardone, a French general,
bwn in 1605, gained successes over the Spaniards, and
received a marshal's blton in 164a. Having been de-
feated at Lerida in 1644, he was deprived irf command.
Died in 1657.

Iainotli»-Laiigon. e», dfh irmot* ia.s'g6N', (Eti-
■HMK UoH,) Baron, a French IHUnaeur, bom at Mont-
pellier in 1786. Among his numerous works are poems,
Wstorica] memoirs, and romances, Died in 1864.
La Moth* la Vaysr. See Hothx, La.
Iia MOtta. See Uorrs, La.
L«mott«^ irmot*. (Jxannk de Ltrnw Saimt-Mmy
in Vauhs,) Madame, an artliil Prenchwotnan, who
aeqnircd notoriety in the aOur of the " Diamond Neck-
bci," was bora, probably, at Bar-sur-Aube about I7sa
She becaaie the wife <A a person who styled himself
Coaol Lamotte. Having practised with success on the
mhdi^ of Csrdinal Rohan, she induced him to nego-
oaie lor a diamond necklace vslned at about a million
lad a half of francs^ which he designed as a present to
Hte aaeen. Her husband absconded with the diamonds,
■Udi she had obtained by fraud. She was whipped
ad hnprisaned for this odence, and died in 1791.

*m»:f mi; gianI,-inj;o,H,K,gi/ttura:;H,iiataI;R, trilled; t

ecclesiastic bom in Picardy in 1741. He be

anzilianr of Hirabeau in 17&, and wrote the addteas ob
the dvil constitution of the clergy whidi that orator m»
nounced. In 1791 he was chosen Bishop of Rbone'*^
Loire, and deputed to the National Assembly. Having
resisted the extreme measuresof the dominant party, he
was guillotined in 1794. He had published several re-
ligious works.

Lamonroox, It'moa'roy, (Jean Vincent Ttux,) a
French naturalist, bom at Agen in 1779. He went to
Paris in 1807, and waa chosen profissor of botany or
natural history at Caen about tSia He gave apedal
attention to those marine productions which are Kiund
on the borders between the animal and vegetable king-
dota, and wlilch he described in several capital works.
Among these is a "Description of Coral-forming Polypi
or Zoophytes," ('■ Histoire des Polypiera coralligines
flexibles," 1816.) He also published "Lectures on Phys-
ical Geography." Died in 1815.

Set " Nodci UaenpbiqK ur Lunnunnii," ^ iiii bnlhs-, iti»

Lampadiiia, Um-pl'de-Os, (Wilhelh August,) a
German chemist, called the founder of metallurgy, was
bom in (he duchy of Brunswick in 1771. He became
professorof chemistry or metallurgy at Freiberg in 179J.
His prindpal work is a "Manual of General HeUl-
lurgy," (3 vols., iSoi-09.) Died in 184*.

Seo Calluxh, "UedioiuKhEi ScbriftiuUv-Lunus ;" "Bio-
crmphifl Mediaie.'

Lunpe, llm'pth, [Fribdsich Adolph,) a Gennaa
Protestant theologian, born at Deimold in 1683. He
bc^me professor of theology at Utrecht in 17*0* and
published sermons and oihra works, among which was
- "Commentsry on the Goapel of Saint John." Died

1739.

i^^P», (JoKANN Frixdkich,) a German composer <4
songs and operas, born about 169a, lived In LondoiL
Died in 1756L

iMinportl, lim-plR'tee, (Francesco,) an Italian
teacher of singinf^, born at Savona in 1S13. His success
-vith private pupils led to his being appointed in 1850
irofessot of singing to the Conservatorio at Milan, when
le trained many of the most disdnguished operatic
vocalists. He resigned in 1S75. Diedin 189a.

laampotia, lam-pee'she-^ [Gt. Aunnrff,- Fr. Lam-
pdTiE, lftN'pl'te',1 a daughter of Helios, whose flocks
and herds she tended in the island of Thrinakia. Ulysiea
having been long detained on (he island by stress of
weather, his companions killed some of the sacred oxen,
'>r which the oSended^ods afterwards sent against (hem

great tempest, in which all perished except Ulysses
rhosa— ■' ■-■ " - "^- -'- ' -

lO saved himself on the [uece of a

• Culled in French Oxdau.
th as in Mm. (I^-See ExplanatioM. p. q.)

D,g,t,7ed::yC00t^le

LAMPETIE

148a

LANCJBAN

Iiunp«aaL SeeLAMPiTU.

LampQlaa, Ilm-peel'yii, or U»mplll»^ Um-peel''

&(Fkancisc» Xavibr.) ■ Spanith Jesnit, born in
«Ionia in 1731. He lived M Genoa after the eipol-
uon of the JeanitB from Spain in 1767. His principal
work is a defence of Sp9mi«h literature agaiiul Beltinelli
and TiraboBchi, "Sa^o atorico-apologetico della Let-
teratgra Spaennola," (6 vols., 1778-81.) Died in idio.

Zdanplngli, lam'ploo, f (Thomas,) an English prelate,
bom in Yorkshire in 161S. He became Bishop of Exeter
h 1676, and was a partisan of Jatnei IL in 16S8, but
after hi* flight recc^iied William IIL, who appoinled
Urn Archbishap of York. Died in 1691.

Ztfmpradl, Um-pU'dee, (Giovanni Habia,) an Ital-
ian publicist and writer on law, bom near Florence in
173a [ died in 1793,

Luapredl, (Urban,) an Italian pbilolo^t, bom at
rioTcnce la 1761 ; died in 1838.

IiBinpilda. See Iampkidius.

IiUaprldio, llm-pKee'de-o, (BlHEDnro,) a Latin
poet, bom at Cremona. After beiiw professor of Greek
in Rome, he opened a tchool in Padua in ijii. He
composed admired ode*, epigrams, and elegies. "I1
cannot be denied," sajs TiraSoschi, "that he has imi'
lated Pindar hapmly in nobleness of idea* and in ima^'
naliva power." Died about iS4a

LaiU'^ttldl-iia, [Fr. Lampude, IAn'okM',] (iCiiuk,)
a Latin historical writer, who flourished about 310 A.IX
He was one >A the author* of the " Augusta Hisloria,"
to which be is said to have contributed the lives of
Comoindas, Diadnmenos, Heliogabalus, and Alexander

OS,] (DouiNic,) a Flemish painter and Latin poet, born
ilBnigea in 1532. HiapaiotingB are rare and eatecmed.
Died in 1599.

Iiunpaonliu. See Lampson.

Iiampagnnnl, Iftm-poon-jpl'nee, (AGOsmto,) an Ital-
ian poet, born at Milan in 1588. He wrote manj works
whicli were once popular. Died bi i66El

Lamf. See 'L*Mi, (BKRKAmD.)

Imiu, ll'ni, (LuiGi,) an Italian painter, bom at Md-
dena in 1597. He worked in that dtr, and imitated
Guerdoo with aaccess. His picture of "Mddena de-
livered from the Plague" Is called his master-pieoe.
Died in 164GL

Zriuu-Tonl, li'nl'tlRd'tee 01 -teKf lee, (Francesco,)
(or Fkancbsco Ter«l-lMiu,) an Italian Jesuit and natu-
ral philoaopher, bom at Brescia in 1631. He was at one
time professor of philoaophjr in his native place, and was
a diligent observer and experimenter In natural sdence.
He published, besides a few otliet works, "Magisterinm

Lano'u-tar, (AI-bbrt Bkhoit Marib,} a Belgian
meteorologist, wai bom at Mons, Belgium, in 1S49.
He became connected with the RoyiU Observatory,
Brusseb, and director of the journal "Ciel et Tene."
He wrote many works and articles on meteorology
and astronomy, the most notable being " Bibliographi
genftale de 1 Astronomic."

Z«iic'fs-tfT, (Eduund,) Earl of, the son of Menrr
IIL of England, was bom in London in 1245. Edward
L sent him with an army to conquer Gaienne, but, before
be could effect that purpose, he died In 1296. His son
Thouas, Earl of Lancaster, was the most power&il sub-
ject of his time in England. He was a motlal enemy
to Piers Gavcston, whose death he procured in 1312.
Having rebelled against Edward II., he was defeated
and beheaded in 1322. His brother Hbnrv became his
heir, and aided Queen Isabella to depose the king in
1316. He was appointed guardian o( the young king
■Mward IIL in 1327.

r._»»»hu (C- I^^aa., ,n EJI_ o ,

d conducted the first

r,(JoiiNOFGAtnrr,)DtrKBOr. See John
OF Gaunt.
Lano&ater, (Jossfk,) born at London in 1778, be-
me noted as the founder of *' Lancasteiian Schools,"
in which mutual instruction was introduced. His sys-
tem became popular and spread in England and other
countries. About iSiS he sought the United Statesand
itroduced his system there. Died in 1838.
LKDOiistei, (Nathaniu.,) a learned English writer,
bom inCh^iireabont 1700. Was for some time rector
of Stamfcrd-Rivers. Fiincipal work is an ■' Essay aa
Delicacy," (1748,) a poem. Died in I77S-

Lanouter, (William J. C.,) author, bom at Wey-
mouth, England,in 1851. Becameadvil engineer, and
87S tiegan to write sea stories under the pseudonym
'* Harry CoUingwood." His boolcs are very nnmer-
j some of the later bdng " The Castaways," "Across
the Spanish Main," " GeofFrey Harrington's Advent-
~~es," "A Middy in Commauil," aikd" Blue and Grey."
I«aOC, (Georce,) an excellent English painter of
fruit and still life, was bom in Essex m tS02. He re-
ceived teasoTks in " high" or " historical" art from Haydon.
and pursued his master's (avourite branches of painting,
itil he discovered that his genius waa more adapted to
e treatment of fruit, flowers, game, etc In this depart-
-nt he is considered to have excelled all the English
oil-painters of hia time. He produced some historical
pieces and laiieaux dtgtitr*. Died In 1864.
I>uio«, (W ILUAM,) an American law^r and political
riter, bom at Charleston, South Carohna, in 1791. H«
published a " Lifeof Washington" in Latin. Diedm 184a
LM)c«l0t, I6ns^o', (Antoinb,) a French titUrattt^
and antiquary, bom in I^ria in 1675. He was a member

r Jambs,) an English navigator, who
, India in tS9I, and condui' ' ' "" '

expedition which the East fndia Company

made a voyage to India in

region (i€oo-«3) for the purpose of forming

reutions. He made a treaty with the King of Acbeen.

Died In idacL Narratives of bis voyages may be found

bi Haklnyt and Parchas. An inlet of Baffin's Bay was

named, in honour of him, Lancaster Sound.

I, i,l,M, J, /mw;i,*, a, same, less prolonged;!, J. 1, 6,5, ?,**«■/,- »,?,i, 9, »***fr,fSr,nUI,fll: met; n6t; gd6d! m»

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

learned antiquarii
the office of secretaiy
Died in 174a.
^uioelot.

» die Un^ irtidi be aoM in 171^

(Dom Claudk,) an able French gram-
in Parla in i6tc He became one of the

jrl-Royal in i63'8, and was the first regent

of the schools of Port-Royal, which flouriahed from 1646
to 166a under the care ofsuch men as Amauld and Pas-
cal. Lancelotwaa the first master of Radne. "He threw
some additional lustre," says Hallaro, "around Port-
Royal by the Latin and Greek Grammars I1&44 aiMl
l6SS) which are more frequently called bv the name of
thai famous dolsler than by his own." They were used
lor a long time in the French achools. He published in
1660 "Graramaite g^n^rale et raisonn^" a treatise on
the philosophy of all languages, which is esteemed a
work U the firat class. Died in 169$.

I«iioalot OF Naples. See Ladislaus.

Laacelottl, lln-cbli-laftee, written also Luioelott
(Giovanni Paolo,) an Italian jurist, bom at Perugia in
1511. He wrote, in Latin, "Instilntes of Canon Law,"
which were approved In Pope Paul IV. Died in 1501.

Lanoillottl, lln-chil-tot'tee, or LnuoeUotL lin-chCl-
lo'tee, (SiCoNDO,) an Italian author and priest, born al
Perugia in 157s. He published ui 1630 a SQCcessfiil work
entitled "To-Day," {" L'Hiwgidi,") intended to prove
that the world was not morally or physically worse than
it had been in andent times. He wrote other learned
works. Died in Paris in 1643-

IiMiollottl, lln-che-lol'tee, (Francesco,) an Italian
painter and poet, born at Florence, lived about 1500.
He excelled in nocturnal scenes.

r.fwrt»<, lin-chee'tce, (Giovanni Maria,) an eminent
Italian physidan and scholar, bom at Rome in 1654. Foi
thirteen years he lectured on anatomy with hlal^r. the
College of Sat^enia, Rome. He became the chief phy-
sidan of Pope Innocent XI. in 1688, and served Clement
XL in the same capadty. Besides other professional
works, be published, in Latin, a "Treatise on Sudden
Deaths," (1707,) and one "On the Noxious Effluvia of
Marshes," (1717.) Died in 1730.

See Aiulti, "Vie ds Lucid," pnHml to hb (nuiia "Da
Uotii Cocdk;" Fahhwi. "Viut folonim," *tc ; G. H. Cuactw-
■Bfi."VitadiG.U.LaDcni,"ifii;"Noi " "' '

1483

ranter of luMocy, bmn at Bnnuls, vu a pupil of Van
Dt)^ Died in 1671.

Xanon, IBmIcb, (Piutu,) a French UwTtr, and writer
en dediaDOlog; and torcety, WM bom at Bordeaoi; died

Zianora^ IAnHcrV, (Nioous,) a Tttach painter, bom
fai Paris in 1690. He imitated the manner of Watteao
with aaccesi. Hia reputatioD waa higher in his own
time than at the preaenL Died in 1743.

' ■--*- - j^BjfriBk, lln'kKinlc. (Psospn

traction, bom about

•■■ emp1o]Pcd tnr Sit Peter Lelv to paint the landacapes,

Bowera, etn of hta pictures. Died in 1691.

ZaaOMi, da, dk lln'dA, (Juan,) a Spanish painter, lived
at Pampelana horn iw to 163a

IJtiAnlm or Landola, ICN'di', {Fiksbk.) a French
psrvenn of low birth, bom at VJtri, became the bvoorite

i, Utf'dtl', (Chablxs,) a FVench historicai
punter, bora at Laval, Hafenne, In 1821. He obtained
■ medal at the Great Erooaition of 1S55 for hia picture
ef the •* Repose of the virgin."

Xian'dfii, (JoHH,) an English aathematldan, bont at
Peakirk in 1719. He benm to write for the " Ladies'
DiaiT" in 1744, and published in 1755 "Mathematical
LtKnbrattoos," in which Tarious parts of high analysis
are treated. In 1766 he was admitted into the Koyal
Society. He wrote sercial treatiset on dynamics and
the intara] calculus. Among his principal work* is his
_^...^ ., i , , Dieainl790.

paeer arid general, bora
iSn. " -•-' -

th^ he made

ReakhMl Analytit." (1764.)

iMUt'dfr, tFRKI»BICK wi. .„

' general, bora at Salem, Uaasachuset^ m
commanded an expedition to open a wagon-
Ibe plains to California in tSgS. It is stated
that he made five explorations acrot* the continent,
having been employed bj the government to tantj a
totue for a Fadflc railroad. In July, 1S61, he was ap-
pointed a tMiga^er-cenera]. He waa wounded at Ed-
wards's Ferry, October, 1861, and ugnaliied hii courage
at Blooming Gap, Virginia, in February, 1S61. He died
•I Pawpaw, Virginia, in March, 1863, leaving a high
rcpotation for enterptiae and t^'aveiy.

lAn'dfr, (John,) an English traveller, born ic

He accompaiucd his brother Richard in an eimedi

explore tberiverNigeriniSjo. (SeelAMDEB,RiciURD.)
Died in 1839.

ZiMider, (Louisa,) an American sculptor, born
Salem, Masaachuse^ about 1835, studied at Rome
ander Crawford. Am < <- - - •
f^t'Vt of " Evangelii
a boat of Hawthorne.

X«lld«r, (RicUAiD,) an English traveller, who hat
fciKlered his name memorable In solving the problem
of tbe CDorse <^ [he Niger, was bom at Truro m 1804-
lle had been employed as a servant by several gentle-

s his confidential s>
l) After peiformina;
the last offices to his master near Saccatoo in April,
1837, he returned with the papers of Clapperton to
Eo^and, where be arrived in 1838. The offer which
he made to renew the enterprise was accepted by gov-
ernment. Accompanied by his brother John, be sailed
from England in January, tSto, traced Uie Nlscr from
Ya^Miri (or Vanri) to its month in tbe Bight M Benin,
and returned home In 1S31. A "Jonraal ofan Expe-
dition to Explore the Coarse and Termination of the
NiKer," (a vols.,) by Richard and John lander, was
paUbbed in 1833. The vovage from Yaoori to the
month of the river occupied about four months, from

a mercanliie company, he was killed by the natives
1^5. The roost prominent trait of his character w
kdomitable peraeveranoe.

Sm - lilahmih Bwitw" far Jalj, iln.

LANDON
CAndl, lln'dee, (Costanzo,) ComtT, a

Italian pU-
lologist and nuniitnutist, bom'at Piacenza m 1511 ; died
in 1564.

Z«ndl, (Gaspaxo^) Chktauki, an Italian painter of
history and portraita, bom at Kacenia in 1756. He
worked moaUy in RiHue, and became professor of paint-
ing m the Academy of Saint Luke. He excelled in car-
nation tints and in truth of expression. Some Italian
oritica coiwdered him ai one of thdr best painters.
Among his principal works is "The Assumption of tbe
Virgin!" Died at Rome in 1830.

Umd^ (GlDLio,) Count, an Italian writer, bom at
Piacenn about \vx>, wrote a romance entitled "The
life of Cle^>atra," (1551.) Died about 15S0.

Landl, (Oktinsio,) a witty and extravagant Italian
writer, bom at Milan. He was for some time in the
service of the Bishop of Trent, and passed many of hIi
later years in Venice. He published several scandalotn
and paradoxical works, among which are a "Dialogue

on the Death of Er "' ' " '"

doesi,n and the " . .

thors," {ISS0>) Died about 1560.

S« TiaAHKHi, " SlDili delli Letlenmia Ituiuu."

IiUldl,(STEFANO,} an Italian composer, bom in Rome^
lived about 1630. He composed sacred music, and was
distingnished ior bis inventive genius.

Iianfllnt lln-dee'nee, or Landlno, lln-dee'no,
(Christoporo.) an Italian critic and scholar, bom at
Florence in 1434, was reputed one of the principal oma-
mentaof the Platonic Academyof that dty. He becam«
prolessor of belles-lettres at Florence in 1457, and waa
chosen by Pietro de' Medid to finish the education of
his two sons. He vrrote several Latin poems, and es-
teemed counKotariee on Horace, Virgil, and Dante.
Died in 1504.

S« OiWDair4,"HiBdTa<b la LittfcMan luHams.-" Nssa^
" Iimtia dc' Sshtcn Fuvendra."

T^niUnl, (Taddro,) a Florentine acnlptor, who worked
in Rome and was employed by Gregory XIIL, Sixtus V.,
snd Clement VIII. Died about 1(94.

iMndlno, (Francisco,) an Italian organist and com-
poser, Bumamed Qivxi, (the " Blind,") was born at Flor-
ence about 1335 ; died in 1300.

Iisndij, (Kknesaw M.,) judge, bom at Millville,
Ohio, in 1866. Practised bw at Chicago 1891-1905.
In the latter year he became judge of tbe U. S. District
Conil for Nfnlhem Districtof Illuiois. In 1907 he tried
the rebate cases against tbe Standard Oil Company, and
imposed the immense fioe of (29,240,000, the greatest
on record. It was disallowed on appesL

Lan'do or Lan'don. a native if Sabina, was elected
pope, as snccessoT to Anastasiu* IIL, in 013. He died
Id 014 A.I1., and was incceeded by John X.

Lando, lln'do, (Pibtrd,) was elected Doge of Venice
in 1539. During his reign tbe Venetians made peace
with the Turks, and resisted tbe eflbrts of Charles V.
and Francis I. to engage them in new hostilitiet. Died

""ne

... , _. .„, .. jrked

in Paris, but acquired more reputation 1^ his writings
than by hi* paintings. He published many magnificent
illustrated works, among which are "The Lives and
Works of the Most Eminent Painters of all School*,"
(35 vols., 1B03 et tiy.,) and "Annals of the Huaeum,"
etc, ("Annales du Musie ct de I'ficole des Beaux-Arts,"
(33 vols., 180&) Died in 1S2&

JLan'dfui, (LBTrriA Euzabith,) a popular EnglSsh
poetess, bom in a suburb of London in 1802. She began
to write verse about tbe age of thirteen, and in iSM
became a contributor to the "literary Garette," under
tbe signature of L. E. I. These poetical efforts prt^
cured for ber an extensive reputation, and enabled her
to support berselC She produced, anonymously, two
novels, entitled " Romance and Reality" and <■ Ethel
Churchill," and poems called "Tbe Troubadont," "Ze-
lana," eta She died in ■ S39.

Iian'(l9n, (Minvillb db Lancbv,) an American
humourist, bom at Eaton, New Votk, in 1S39, and

mi:^»»t:Ziard:ta»i;a,K,K,g-tttnI;V,>uial;^trM^:iut;l\ia*iaMt. (I^See Explanation*, p. OJ

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

LANDOR n

the author, ander the nune of Eli Pericins, of " Eli
Perkini'i Wit," "Humour and Pathos," "Saiatosa
in 1901," etc. Died Dec 10, 191a.

Lui'dor, (A. Hbnkv Savagb,) an English ez-
ptorer, wu bora at Florence, Italy, grandlon of Waiter
^T^e Landor. He traTelled for sereral years in the
Eait, and in 1898 was taken prisoner in Thibet and
•objected to painful and dangerous tortures. Hisworh*
include "Alone with the Hairy Ainu," "Corea, or
the Land of the Morning Calm," " In the Forbidden
Land," (1898,) etc,

I«n'd^, (Waltu Satagi,) an eminent English
anthor, bom at Ipaley Court, Wanrickshir«, January
30, 1775, was a aon erf Walter Laitdor, who married a
ijdi h«iresa named Eliiabcth Savage. He was edu-
cated at Rugby and at Trinity College, Oxford, became
master of an independent fortune, and followed no pro-
fession except that of author. He published a volume
of poem* in 179S, and a poem entitled "Gebir" in 1798.
In 1S06 he sold his large estates, quitted England in
disgust, and removed to the continent. ' He served as a
colonel in the Spanish army against Napoleon from iSoS
to 1S14. In 181 1 be married Julia Thuillier, of Bath.
He became a resident of Florence about 1S16, and occu>

fiied the palace of the Medici for several years. He pub-
ished in 1810 Latin poems, entitled "Idyllia Heroica,"
His reputation was extended bv his "Im^nary Con-
versation* of Uterary Men and Statesmen," (; vols.,
1834-29,) which presented many novel and paradoxical
Ideas. Among his other works are "Count Julian," a
poem, (1831,) "Pericles and Aspaiia," (1836,) "Andrea
of Hunnary," a drama, (1339,} "The Hellenic*," (1847,)
and "The Last FruitofanOld Tree," (1853.) He was
a friend of Robert Sonthey, Died at Florence in Sep-
tember, 1S64.

- - - ^ Ko(^phT.
■^.g.7,«.d(

Landrlanl, lin-dRe-l'nee,f Paolo Cam illo,) a painter
if [he Milanese school, born about 1^70^ died abontt6i8.

Iiond'aesr, (Ckarle^) an English painter, a son trf
John Landseer, noticed below, was born in 1799. He
received lesson* from Haydon, and acquired a ^t repD>
tation as an artist. Mia subjects are diicfly taken from
English history snd poetry. His " Monks of Melrose"
(1S43) gained a priie of about £yX). He was chosen
an Academician tn 1841;, and keeper of the Academy in
l8qi. Died July ai, 1879.

IiBndM«r, (Sir Edwin,) the moat celebrated modern
painter of animals, was born In London in i8o3. He
learned to draw after nature in his childtiood, under the
direction of his &ther, began to exhibit in 1817, and at
the ag; of eighteen painted hia admirable "Dogs of Saint
Golbard." Betreen iSai and 1S30 he produced "The
ProTJling Lion," "The Return from Deer-Slalking,"
(18*7,) and " Hunting of Chevy Chase." He was elected
Royal Academician in 1830, amsr which he eihibiled " Sir
Walter ScottandhisDogs,"(T833.)" Bolton Abbey in the
Olden Time," "The Old Shepherd's Chief Mourner,"
('S371) highly praised by Ruskin " as one of the most per-
RCl poems or pictures (I use the words as synonymous)
which modern times have seen." His humorous picture
of "Laying Down the Law" appeared in 184a His
marvellous technical skill is subordinated to the expres-
>ion of sentiment or pathos in a " Pastoral Scene," (1S45,)
" Peace" and " War," (184G,) and other works. Among
hU master-pieces are a portrait of a Newfoundland dog,
■tyled"AMember ofthe Humane Society," (183S,) "A
Scene from the 'Midsummer Night's Dream,'" (iSji,)
and "The Children of the Mist," (1853.) Many of his
works have been engraved. Died October 1, 1S71.

I>aiida««r, (John.) an English engiaver, the btber of
the preceding, was born at Lincoln in 1769. Having
acquired reputation fay excellent engravings of animals,
after Rubens and other artists, he was chosen associate

on art, one of which is entitled " Sabxan Researches,"
(1833.) Died in 1853.
* — . r, (THOMA^)an EngUah artist and eminent

LANFRANCO

brother Edsin'* pictures of animals, aiid of R
heur's " Horse-Fsit," by the bithfnl reproduction cf
which he unquestionably did much to confirm Ae
fame of these distinguislied artists. Died Jaonary ic^

near the North Cape, in iSoa. He published a vast col-
lection of peasant-songs of the North, and ra-epared al*o
a great collection of hymn* and psalms, pnblisMd at th*
expense of the eovernmenL His own verse* are often
tame and poor, but some have merit. ENed in 1881.

Lau'diiltdt, [Fr. LAMDOLPHt, IftN'dBIF,] a mediaval
historian and priest, bom at Milan about loS^ WM_ ■
pupil of Anselm of Laon. He wrote, in Latin, a " His-
ton' of Milan from 109S to ii37."

Laos, (Edwabd William,) an English Orientalist,
bom at Hereford in 1801. He rewded several years in
Egypt, and published an interesting and valuable work
"On the Manners and Customs of the Modem Egyp-
tisns," (1836,) and a very complete "Arabic-tnd-Enf-
lish Lexicon," (in two Pans, i863-«5.) Died in 187&

Iibus, (James H.,) an American general, bom at Law-
rencebnrg, Indiana, m 1814. He was elected to Congress
in 185s, and removed in 1855 to Kansas, where he be-
came a leader of the Free State part^. He was elected
manor-general by the legislature of Kansas in 1S57, and
a Senator of the United States in 1861. He commanded
a brigade in the first year of the civil war, but retained
bis seat in the Senate. Died by suicide in July, 1866.

IiUMlk (JosEFU,) sn American general and politidan,
bom in NorUi Carolina in 1801. He distinguished him-
self in the principal engagements of the Mexicsn war ol
1846-47, sjid rose to the rank of major-general. He
became Governor of Oregon Territory in 1848, and waa
elected United State* Senator from the State of Oregon
in 1S59. In i860 he was the Democratic candidate for
Vice-TresideDt, John C. Breckinridge being the nood*
nee for President Died at Rosebnig, Oregon, April 9,
iSSi.

LUM-Fools, (Stanley,) an English su1hoT,bon
St London in 1854. He was educated at Oxford, be-
came a student of numismatics, and compiled a num-
ber of catalogues of the coins in the British Museum,
also completed the grest Arabic Lexicon of hit
grand-uncle, E. W. Lane. His works in alt numbered
about silly, many of them devoted to Mohammedan
history and description in Arabia, Egypt, India, and

Irfut'&ano, ILat Lanfrah'cus ; IL Lahfranco, lln>
fRin'ko,] a distinguished prelate. Archbishop of Canter-
bury, wa* bom at Pavla aoout 1005. Having embraced
the monastic life, he became celebrated for piety and
learning. He was a counsellor of William of Normandy
before his conquest of England, and in 1070 was chosen
Archbishopof Csnterbury. "His seal in promoting the
interests of the papacy," says Hume, "wss iodebti-
gable." He enjoyed in a high degree the confidence
of the king, who consulted bim in affairs of state. He
crowned William Rufiis in 1087, and died in 1089, leaving
several works on theoli^.

Sm W. F. Hook, " Lin* of lh« AiehbiilisiB af C»Bt«itai]j"
ToL iL chap. iL ; A. CHAaHA, " Laa&ivc, NoticB bioaiapbiqiia, nt-
Binin." etc, 1*44 ; " Houndl* Biopi^u G^uf nle.''

Laufranoo. See Lanfkanc

Lamfiiuioo, lln-fRlnOco, or liwnfrano, Un-fttlnk',
[Lat Lanfkan'cus,} an Italian surgeon, born at Bfilan
about 135a He removed in 119^ to Paria, where he
practised and lectured with a hiah reputation. He
wrote a treatise on surgery, entitled " Chirurgia "'ya
el parva," (1490,)

Lanfranco or Lanfrano, (Giotanni,) an eminent
Italian painter, born at Parma in 15S1. He received
lessons from the three Caracd, whom, in design and
expression, he imitated. He worked in Rome for tha
Dukes Faraese and the Borghese bmily, and afterwards
in Naples. His painting on the cupola of San Andrea

1 e, I, Is <l< f • J^'A ^ ^ Mme, leaipfolongedi i, e, 1, 5, 0, y,»l«r«; f, f, (, A "Arnin; Or, Oil, at; mtt; nOt; gdUi usant

d by Google

LANFRANCUS

1485

della Valle, Rome, ww ipacfa admired. Hi* works in oil

■nd fresco v« tctj numeioiu. Died >t Rome in 1647.

SmTjumo, "lim afihEpunKn:" LAni>"Hinon aTPimt-

ta(>BlBlT."

Lanfrnnmu. See LAnnAKC and LuintANcoL

Lanfrer, lox'fKi', (Puu^) a French hiitorian, bom

atChamMnr,Savoj,Octoberi6,i8i8. Me was educated

at Pant, and became a lawyer and man of letters. His

-L'figliBe «t lea Pbilorcp'hes au XVlIIiime Sitde"

(tsss) ■■=

Cbnrcl , _

pol6iD I," (6 Tola., 1867-76,) in which he"deEtrojed for-
ever the Napoleonic lef^end." He was chocen to the
Constituent AssembI]' in 1871, xaA was minister to
Switierland from 1871 to 1874- In 1876 he was made
k life senator. Died at Pan, Norember 16, 1877. He
ms a moderate repablican in ttieory, bat in practical
politic* found himself almost contioiully in opposition
to every pait;.

IiaoB, (Andrew,) a British suthor, bom ii
land in 1844. He gradusted at Oafonl, and became
a Fellow of Menon College. With S. H. Bulcher, he
prepared a spirited prose tianslation of the Odyssef,
He translated some other Greek texts, and became i
Tolnminotis author in prose and poetry. Some of his
muneions works are " Ballads in Bine China," (1880,)
"Ballads and Verses Vaine," (1884,) "Letters tc
Dead Authors," (1S86,) "Myth, Ritual, and Re-
Hfiion," (1887,) "Homer and the Epic," (1893,)
"My Own Fairy Book," {1895,) and "The Making
of Religion," (189S.) Died July 18, 1913.

Lmi& line, (Hbikkich,) a Gerinan ^Tine, bom at
V^oomem, November 14, 1S16. Me was educated at
TSbJogen, and published much in the interest of what
CiUted liberal relij^oo. He was for years a pastor L.
Zniich. Amonx hia works are " An Attempt at a Chris-
tian Dogmatic," (1S57,) "The life of Jesus and the
Chtirch of the Future," etc. Died December 30, 1876.

Z«ii& (ToHAifN MiCHAU.) See XjutGS.

Iian^ Ung, (Karl Nikouus,) a Swiss phyddan,
bom at Lucerne in 1670. He practised medidne with
saccess in his native place, cultivated natural btstoiy,
and acquired &me by bis work on the figured stones of
Switzerland, " Idea Historiac naturalis Lapidum Ggurato-
ram Helvetiae," (1705) Died in 1741.

' — t JLoins,) bom In Wiirtemberg, Germany, in

be executed .__. _ . .. ^ _.

Lkn^ von, fon llnE, (Kakl Hbinrick,?
l^orical writer, bom in Sualna in 1764, was appointed
in i8i I director of the archives of thekinedom at Munich,
He poUisbed a " History of the Jesuits in Bavaria," and
other works relative to tnat country. Died in 1835.

Sec KiRl HumicH I.U10, " MmK^RD," 1841.

Lsmgallarla, de, dfh lOti'rfl're', (PHiupn dr Grn-
TILS,) MARQiria, a French militair adventurer, bom at
Lamotte-Charente in 165& He nmed the tank of gene-
ral is the French army, and afterwards fought under
Prince Eugene against the FrendL He died In 1717,
tearing two volumes of Hemdta, (1709,) which have
been translated into English.

lADcara, te, <a lln-gl'rj, (Don Juan,) a Spanish
•dmiral, bom about if3a He was defeated near Cape
Saint Vincent in 1780 1^ an English fleet under Rodney,
bat was in the same vear made lieutenant-general of the

it-genei

. . , _. anded the Spanish fleet which took

TOnkm In 1793. Died in i8oa

iMUgbaliM, Ung'bin, (Gikakd,) D.D., an English
■dicdar, bom in Westmoreland about 1608. He became
a Fellow of Queen's College, Oxford, and in 1644 keeper
of tbe archives of the university. He edited Longlnns,
Mtd left several useful catalt^es, which remain In mana-
Ktipt. Died bi 165S.

I^ngbBliiA, (Gekakd,) the son of the preceding, was
bom at Oxford In 165& Having collected many old
ptayi^ (nine bondred and eighty,) he published ■ cata-
lofee of tbe tame, called " Homos Tnumphans," which
waa Im^ffved and reninted In 1691, sritb the title of
"Accoont of the English Dramatic Poets." This work

Langbeln, langTjin. (August Psiu>kich Erntt,) a
German poet and writer of fiction, bom at Radetni^
near Drewien, in 1757. He became a resident of BerlS
in 1S0& He published a number of romances, lon^
and humorous poems, which had a transient popularity.
Among bis proae works are " Talismans against Ennui,"
"The Wingsof Time," and "Ganymeda/MiSai.) He
had an agreeable style, but little imagination. Died In
■835-

Sh Bkxhchadh, " C«vemuoiu-Lci3nni."

Irfins'btldgek (FRXDUtiCK,) an English poet, born at
Birminghatn, March 17, 1849. He took orders in the
English Church in 1877, and in iSSo graduated at Saint
Albsn Hall, Oxford, having in 1879 been appointed to
the incumbency of Glen Alia, in the North of Ireland.
He has published several volumes of poeliy, besides
many songs and tales and some burlesque comedies.

Iiangdalo, Lord. See BicKERSTTrn, (Hbnry.)

Lang'dale, (Sir Marmaouke,) an English general,
bom in Yorkshire. He fought for the king in the civil
war, and commanded with success at the siege of Ponto-
fi^ct Castle. He commanded the left wing at Naseby
in 1645, and was defeated by Cromwell at Preston in
1648. On the restoration he returned to England in
1660, after many years of exile, and was chosen lord
lieutenant of Yorkshire. Died in 1661.

Irimgdoii, (Sauubl,) D.D., an American divine
and theological writer, bom at Boston about 1733,
became president of Harvard College in 1774, and
resigned in 1780. Died io 1797.

IiMigs, (Hblens,) bom at Oldenburg, Germany,
in 1S48, became a prominent advocate of tbe higher
education of women and the rights of women in gen-
eral. Through her efForts an institution was opened
' " irlin in IM9 for the teaching of important branches

elegen

lessor of theology at Halle in 1709, and published, be-
sides some theological works, a Latin Grammar and n
Greek Grammar, which were soccessful. Died in 1744.
Iiange,[I^L Lan'gius,] {JoHANN,)a learned German
physician, bom at Lemberg, in Silesia, in 1485. H«
waa first physician to several Electors-Palatine. He
wrote professional wo

isss-

d works which are commended. Died

liuiie or Laii& ling, (Johann Mickasl.) a German
Protestant divine, eminent as an Orientalist, bom at
Eiclwangen in 1664, He lived as inspector at Prentzlau
from 1710 until hts death, in 1731. He published a
treatise " On Mohammedan Failles," (1697,) and several
ritical ei

was educated at Dusseldorf and Bonn. He became pi
feasor of church history and dogma at Zurich in 1841,
and professor of theology at Bonn in 1S54. Among his

imporunt worts are " Life of lesus," (1844-4;),)

■ - — ' "The History of the

"Christian Dogmatic," (1849-5^,) "
Church," (1853-54.) and the peai -uiuciwctn, 01
mmentary, of which there is an American transla-
(1863 J<*^.,) edited by Dr. P. Schiff; with the aid
of other scholars. Lange also wrote many evangelical
hymn* and poems. Died in 1884.

longfl, (JosBFH,) a German philologist, Ixim at Kal-
sersberg. He published editions of Martial, Juvenal, and
Persius, also " Florilegium," (1598.) Died about
1630.

I^ngo, llng'fh, (jDuns Hbhkik,) a Danish art-critic

and historian, bom at Voringborg, June 19, 1839. He

B educated at Copenhagen. He published a trea'"~

Pekinin 1710. and ai

nin ni6. Several ui

*i»h; ^m!%IUtriii ^Mj;Q,K,JLtpimiral: tk,ntttai; ^tTiiltd:\t»»; ^*A\n.tlas. {)^~SeoExplanatioai,p.33.)

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

oTSibeiu.

Iiuica, (LunwiG,) a German intiqaaij, bom *t Han-
over, Harch 4, ifb^ He held proiMaoiship* of ardiK-
olcgy in Prague, Giesun, and Leipaic. HU capital work
U an extensive and important "H>nd-B<x>k of Roman
Antiqaitiea." He wrote also valued memoirs upon
various points of Greek arcbKOlogj, epigraphy, and
frammar. Died in 1SS5.

Iiange, (Lat Lan'oiub,) (Rudolph,) of Hiinatet, a
German writer, born about 143S. He published torae
Idtin poems. Died in 1519.

Langs, de, dfh llng'^h, written also Iianghs, [Lai.
Lan'gius,] (Charles.) an eminent Flemish philologist
and critic, tom at Ghent or Brussels. He edited Cicero's
treatises "De Offidia," "De Amidtia," and "De Senec-
tnte." lipsiuspronouncedhim the most learned Fleming
of his time. Died at Liege in 1573-

S« nux VAH Huur, " C. da LunbalCurola LuiiiMt « Unin
Vandvlnkc" 1S4&

Langeao, da, dfh ISn'zhlk', (N. db lTspinasss,)
Chevalier, a French poet, bom about 174S. He pro-
duced, besides a number of original poems, a version of
Virgil's " Bucolics," (1806.) Died in 1839.

Ziwigebeok. Ilng'^-bfk', (Jacok,) a learned Danish
writer, bora in Jutland in 1710. He was emptojed by
the king to collect manascripts, inscriptions, etc. He

Danish wriiers, under the title of "Danish Historians
of the Middle Ages," ("Scriptores Rerum Danicarnm
medii ^vi," 1771.) Died in 1774.

Sm " NooKlIt Bk«npliia GtetnU."

Langelando- See Lon gland.

IiUigBiibBOk, Ung'^-bik', (Konkad Jokanh Mar-
tin,) aGerman surgeon and anatomist, bean in Ibe king.
dom of Hanover in 1776, wrote a "Manual of Anatomy/'
(1806,) "Icones Analomicz," (S vols., 1836-39,) and
other valuable work*. Died in 1851.

SH8Aiin^UAUUCaCA*Aiiv.''CJ. U.Lui(aibaek,"*K., ilii.

lauiganbDok, (Maxiu[UAN Adolf,) a physician, a
son of the preceding, was born at GoCtingen, January It,
181S. He held professorships in Gdttingen and Berlin,
and in 1S64 became surgcon-in^hief of the Pnuaian
army. He wrote on ophilulmologr, surgery, and medical
poli^ Died in 1S87.

IiMigandylc Iftna'^n-dik', (Pieter,) a Dutch poet,
bom at Haarlem in 16E3. He excelled in humorous
composition, and was the author of several epigrams
and comedies, among which is " Don Quixote al the
Wedding of Camacho." Died in 1756.

LMigeiiii,Toa, fon llng-in', (Frieprich Albrecht,)
a German jurist, bom at Mersebutgini798, wasamiuinied
b 183s tutor to Prince Albert. Died Dec.

Lmagoiutaii), 1:

a German

1, lW(n- „ .

. . theologian, born in Hesse, was called

HlHKlcus DB Hassia. Died at Vienna in 1397.
Zriuig«r, llng'^, (JoHANN Petbr,) a German painter.

oboined great reputation and success as a teacher. His
best picture represents "Christ Blessiiw Children."
Died m 1834. His son Robbkt, bom at Dusseldorf in
1783, was distinguished as a fresco-painter and designer.
EKed in 1846.

Lwogeron, de, d«h lONzh'rAN', (Akdrault,) Couitt,
a general, bom in Paris in 1763. He emigrated in 1789,
entered the Russian service, and became a lieutenant-
general in 1799. He commanded a Russian division at
Austerliti, in 1805, and gained some advantages over the
French in the campaign of 1813. Died in 1831.

I«ngettl, lln-jef tee, (Giovamni Battista,) an Ital-
ian painter, bom al Genoa in 1635 ; died in 1676.

Langarln, l&Nih'vlN', (Sir Hector Louis,) a Cana-
dian statesman, bom in Quebec, August 35, 1836. He
became a barrister in 1850, Queen's counsel in 1S64,
solid (or-general for Lower Canada in 1864, postmaster-
general in 1866, secretary of suic for Canada in 1867,
minister of public works in 1869, poetmaster-gencral in

M LANGLBS

■878, and again minister of public works in 1879. He
was kniffhted in t88i.

Lftug'ford, (John Alfrxd^) an English anlhor, bom
at Birmingham, September 13, iSzJ. A teacher by
profession, be published numerous volumes of prose

Tiatighnm, ting'^m, de, (SmoK,) •» English car-
dinal, bom in Rutlandshire. He was appointed liy the
king chancellor in 1364. became Archbishop of Can-
terbury in 1366, and a cardinal in 1368. He was hostile
[o WfCliHe, whom he removed from the maslenhip of
a college at Oxford. The temporalities of his see were
seised by Edward IIL about 1368. Died in 1376.

Sm W. F. Hook. "Liia of tlw A

I^m^am, ling'hlns, (Karl Gottkard,) an eminent
German architect, bom at Landshut in 171^ He was
appointed director of the puUic buildings (^Berlin, and
adorned that dly with several fine structures, among
which are the Brandenburg Gate and a theatre. He
was the author of some treatises on architecture. Died
in 1808.

lAiigtie, da, (Charlbs.) See Lan<».

Iiai^^onia^ (Rev. Daniu,) an Englisb antiquary,
bom in I/>ndon. He published "Chronicle <M the
Kings of England," ("ChronicoD Regum ADgtoram,"
■679.) Died in 1681.

Iriuigborns, (John,) an English poet and translator,
born In Westmoreland in 1735. flavins taken holy
orders, he obtained a curacy in London in 1764. He
wrote a number of successful sentimental works in prose
and verse, among which are " Letters of Theodoaiua and
Conatanda," and " The Fatal Prophecv," a drama. About
1768 he obtained the living of Blagden. Somersetshire:.
Hia repotation rests chiefly on his translation of Plu-
tarch's "Lives," (1770,) which ia correct and literal.
He was assisted m this by his brother William. He
vindicated the Scotch against the satire of Churchill in
a poem called " Genius and Valour." His versificatioo
is easy and harmonious. Died in 1779.

Sae JoHHWiH and Chalhiic^ " Lim of tin En^ib PoMf.'

Laaghorao, (Wiluam,) a brother of die preceding,
was bom in 1711, and tiecame rector of Folkstone. He
assisted his brother in the translation of Plotardi, and
published " Job, a Poem," and a paraphrase to verte of
a part of tsaiah. Died in 1773.

Lan^nl.lln-iee'nee, (Antonio,) called also AatcHdo
da CainrB, because be wa* bom at Cairara, an Italian
:ulptor, lived about t53a

Iiangitia. See Lanob.

LongUdo, de, d;h laifelld', (Jaoqubs,) Baron de
Saumiires, a French writer, bom in P^ngcrrd about
1630, He was secretary to Cardinal Hanrin. Died
in i6Sa

LanglMid. See Lonoland.

LangJA lAN'gl V, (HonorI F^Hgois BIarib,) an aUe
writer on mosic^ bom at Monaco in 1741. He pnbllshed
a "Treatise on Harmony and Modnladon," (1797,) and
composed several opera*. Died in 1807.

Luigle, de, d«h IfiNgl, (Jban Maxim iusn,) a Frendi
ProlcslanI minister and writer, bom at Evrenx in 1590;
died at Rouen in 1674.

Iiangle, da, (Paul Antoinb Marib Flbdriot,) an
able French naval officer, bom in 1744. He saOed as
second in command of La P^ouae's exploring expo-
dition. He was killed by the savages on one of the
Navigator Islands in 17S7.

Z«ii|^te,lftN'gltss',(Louis Matkieu,) a French Ori-
entalist, bom near Saint-Didier in 1763. He gavespedal
attention to Arabic and Pernao, be<^e a member of
the Academy of Inscriptions, professor of PerMsn in
Paris, and keeper of the Oriental mannacripta of Ae
National Library, (1795.) Among his oumeroos works
are a French version of the "Political and Military
Institutes of Tamerlane," translations from the Eng-
lish of several books of travel* in the East, a Maotchoo
E>>clionary, and "Aodent and Modem Monument* of
Hindoetan," (1 vols., i8ii-ai, unfinished.) Died in 1814.

S« Abl Xfaiuuv, " Nonmiii Ueii«M AudqpH r J. r.
A. RbDUT, •■ Motitt lur b Vic « In Onrifa da L. A. Ub^'

I, ^ t, Ilk n, T, />V> 1^ ^ ^ *>me, less prolonged; i, «, I, Ji, u, ), iiorT; f, f, ), Q, 0«A:i>rr; fir, nil, lit; miti n&t; fdAd; i

d by Google

LANG LET

1487

LANJUINAIS

Auusti
U ihe II

Lanslst. S«« Likglkt.

LuK^y. (John Niwpobt,) > Brituh physiolo-
^, b^ >t Newbury in 1S53. He was elected a
Fellow of Trinity College in 1877 and of the Royal
SodeljInlSSs. Hewiotemany papers on the changei
of Ihe glands durine cecretion, the action of poisons,
and ihe central nervous system.
iMtgley, (Samuel P.,) Ph.D., LL.D., an American
HHner, bom at Koxbury, (Boston,) Massachusetts,
St 23, 1834. i le received his prorcssional training
: Harvard College UbscTTalory, and in 1867 be-
came director of the observatory al Alleghany, Pennsyl-
■msa. iiince 1870 he has devoted a large share of at-
teolian to aolai phjnica, and in iS3o invented the bo-
ItNueler, an instrument for measuring minute quantities
of radiant energy. In 18S1 he organized an expedilto
to Ml Whitney, California, for the more accurate detei

eries, has been awarded the Draper medal, and a!so both
the Kumford medals,— one from the Koyal Society of
London, and the other from the American Academy of
Aru and Sciences. In 18S7 he was elected Secielary of
the SmittisoniaD loititDtion at Washington, and sub-
Kquentty experiinented on the subject of mechanical
iighL He published "The New Astronomy," "Re-
■earches on Solar Heat," etc. Died Feb. 37, 1906.

LaiiElaT, (Waltbk,) an English painter, bom at
Biimingham in 1852. He was educated at the National
School, Biimingham, and received gold medals fo(
puntin|>( «jihibiled at Puis and Chicago.

tiesai

1 Prendi painter of bat-

Ui worka are panorama! of the "Battle of Hoskwa''
tad the " Burning of Moscow," Died in 187a

laiiglola, (SiHOH AU3CANDKI,) a French Orientalist,
bom in 178& He was elected a member of the Acad-
cny of IiucriptionB in 1835. Among his works is " Rig
Veda, ou Livre des Hymnes," translated from the San-
lait, (4 voU, 1849-51.) Died in 1854.

Umcriali, lang'gmh, (Bkownk,) an English nhiri-
dan, bom about 1700, wrote aeveral work* on mediane.
Died in 1759.

Luipdinft Ungi'dott^ (Gkorc HnifRtcH,) Baion,
a German natnraliit and physician, bom in Snabfa In
1774, accompanied Knuenttem'a expedition to the
Kor^ (1S03,] and afterward* visited Brazil. He pdI>
lisbed a Treatise on " Planu collected during the Rus-
nan Voyage around the World," (1810,) and otiiei works.
Died in iSsK

iboQi 1300,

AiMin at Bridlington. He" corniced a " Chronicle of

Eogtand," (in French verse,} which extends to the

1307. Me i« KippoMd to have died in the reign '

vardIL

iMO^Ujia. (Stbphkn,) an English cardinal, Arch-
bishop of Cantcrbarr. In Iie6 he went to Rome, and
was made a cardinaL The election of Archbishop of
Cantetbaiy being oontetted in 1907, Innocent IIL com-
piled the monk* to cbooee Laoglon, whom King John
refiued to reco^iie nntil the pop^ by laying U* Ung-
dom Ditder an interdict, reduced hitn to mbnltiioa la
tiij. He co-operated with the insurgent baroo* in
!■» illii^ the national Ubertiea against King John In
— 5> and was saapended by the pope for —'--'-- --

mof^

1315, and
pri&h tl

t the

._ _1 writer, bora in Bnrgnndy in 1518, wal ■

iieikd of Sir Philip Sidney. He entered the service of
AnM>ia,ElecMrof Saxony, Ini568, and was the envoy
af Uial prince to Pari* at the time of the Massacre of
Saint Bartbotenew, from which he escaped. He was
iftennrd* employed a* nootiator by William, Prince
of Oia^e. In 1579 he published, under the name of
Jaohn AntoB, a bmoo* work, entitled " A^ndicfaa owln

Tynnnos," a bold assertion of the right of in
to tyrants. Died in 1581.

Z«iigti«t d« OorgT ICn'gi' dfh zhta'zhe', (Jban
Baftistk Ioseph,) a French philanthropist and bene-
&ctor, wag bora at Dijon in 1675. He became vicar of
Saint-SalPKe, Paris, and built the magnificent churdi
of Saint-Sulpice, finished in 1745. He also finmded In
Paris an institiition in which poor women and girl* were
supported and educated. It is said that he several timei
refiised a Wshi ' " '

I^ngnet d _^

logian, Dora at Dijon ii

ceding. He was a zeal___ , _, ,

and gained distinction by his polemical wiitinga. He
became a member of Ihe Frendi Academy in lysi, and
Archbishop of Sen* in 1730. He published Catechinn*,
and other religious booka. Died in 1753.

ZKuler or Lanlfere, ll-ne-^a', (Niccol6,) an Italian

C'Dterand mnsidan,wasbom in 1566. He lived InEng-
d in the reign of Charles I., who pationiied him and
employed him to purchase pictures. lie was more eminent
a* a musician than as a painter, and became the klng^
chapel-master in 1616. Lanier was also a dealer in
pictnres, and purchased several at the sale and dispersion

honom-sat Oglethorpe College in 1S60, served in Ihe Con-
federate army, 1861-65, and was five moniba a prisoner
of war. Afiet the war he became a lawyer, and partner
with his father at Macon. His earliest work was " Tiger-
Lilies," a novel, (1S67.) " Florida" (1875) was a amall
deacriptive work in prose. Hia "Poenu," (1876^) and
especially hi* Centennial Ode, made him well known
everywhere. He also prepared " The Boy's Frofssut,"
(1879,) "The Boy's King Arthur," (1880,) "The Science
of English Verse," (iMo,) and "The Boy's Mabino-
gion," (i88t.) His "The English Novel and Its Develop-
ment," (1883,) and " Complete Poems," (1S34,) were poat-
hnmoosly published. He lectured at Johns Ilopkiik*
University and other schools on literary topics. Lanier's
poetical gifts were rich and abundant He died of con-
sumption, at Lynn, North Carolina, September 8, l8St.

Ziantf^ (Gioaaa Thomas,) an American writer,
bom at Saint Charle*, Canada, December 10, 1E4J. lie
became a journalist of Ihe United States, and contributed
largely to periodica] literature on political, literary, and
toaal subjects. His principal books are "Canadian
Ballads," (1864,) " Fables out of the Worid," (1877,) a
comic " Life of Andrew Jackson," etc Died in i836.

Xian'tgaii, (John,) an Irish writer and Roman Cath-
Jic priest, bom at Cashel in 1758. Among his works is
an "Ecclesiastical History of Ireland," (4 vol*., iSai.)
Died in 1818.

Il-nee'no, or Tjntni, ll.nee'nee, (Bkbnar-
DlNO,) an eminent Italian painter, bom at Vercelli, wa*
a pupil of Gaudenao Ferrari, whom he imitated. He
worked at Milan and Novara. His design and composi-
■' - n are adnured. Among his master-pieces are " Scene*
the tJfe of the Virgin," "The Sibyls," ^at Novara,}
and " The Marmdom of Saint Catherme," (m fresco,) at
Milan. Died about 1570.

So* TASAit, " Lina ofthc Paiqloi ;" I.ARI, " Storia idROfka."

iMnjuliuda, Iftit'ihii-e'nl', (Jban Dbnis,) Coi;nt, ■
French lawyer and liberal legislator, bom at Rennes ia
1753. He was deputed to the Sutes-General Jn 1789,
and to Ihe Convention in 1793. In the latter body he
boldly defifnded Ihe king during his trial, and resisttid
the terrorists with great energy. His delence of the
Girondists in May, 1793, is piwed by Lamartine. He
was proscribed with the Girondists, bat escaped, and
kept himself concealed dnrinE the reign of terror. He
wa* choeen a senator in 1800, and a member of the
Academy of Inscriptions in 1808. He published many
political, religion*, and hi*torical treatiaes. Died January
13. 18^.

IdnJtiliMla, (Joseph,) a French writer, 1
preceding, wa* bora in Bretagne. Having
Hondon, tn Sudtierland, he turned Proteatant,

French writer, ancle of the

*mki%mt;%luBr4;^»^j;a,V,X,gmttm^iVi,mualiX,triiUd;\iAt;^ahxillut. (|

Explanation*, p^ 33.)

db,Google

LANKESTBR

"The Accomplished Monarcli;or,Frodigi<._ _. _ _._

and Wisdom which nuke the Eulogy of the Emperor
joMph IL," (3 vols., 1774.) Died in 1808.

Iionk'Qa-tQr, (Edwin,) F.R.S,, an English naturalitt
uid popular lecturer, bom at Melton, in SuFTollc, in 1814,
graduated u M.D. at Heidelberg in 1839. He was chosen
a Fellov of the Royal Society in 1S45, and professor of
natural history at New College, London, in 1850. He
lectuied on natural history at the Royal Institution "'
other placet, and contributed scientific papers to vari
periodical*. He became ioini editor of the "Quarterly
Joomal of Microscopical Science" in 185^ * — -~ *■-
works are an article on sanitar* science in . .,

clopzdia Britannka," and " Half-HonrB with the Micro-
scope," (r859.) Died October 30, 1874.

I«uike«tar, (Edwin Ray,) an English biologist, >
•oa of the foregoing, was born in London, May ifc
1847. He was educated at Christ Church, Oxfonf, and
tn 1874 was appointed professor of toolcm and comp«ia-
ti»e anatomy in University College, London. Was di-
rector of the National History depattmenls of the British
Museum, 1898-1907, and wrote " Comparative Longev-
ity," " Degeneration," and other works.

Ziftn'mMi, (Charus,) an American artist and author,
a sou of Judse Lanman, of Connecticut, was bom M
Frenchtown, Michigan, June 14, 1819. He became a
journalist, and for manyrears held positions in the civil
service at Washington, D.C. He was one of the secre-
taries of the Japanese legation at Washington, 1871-81.
Among bi* numerous works are "Life on the Lakes,"
(1836,) "Summer in the Wilderness," (1847,) "Essays
for Summer Hours," (1853,) " Dictionary of Congress,"
(1858,) "The Japanese in America," (187a,) "Recollec-
tions of Curious Characters and Pleasant Places," (iSSi,)
and "Leading Men of Japan," (1883.) He was a sui

ful landscape-painter, and was an associate of the N:

at Academy of Design, New York. Died March 4, 1895.
liumoB, Itn, (Jean,) Duke of Monlebello, one of the
most celebrated marshals (rf the French empire, wa*
bom of bumble parentage at Lectoure (Cera) in 1769.
He entered the army as a volunteer in 1793, and wu
rapidly promoted until the amp d'itai of the 9th Thermi-
dor, 1794, when he was forced to retire from the artny.
As chef-de-bataillon, heserved under Bonaparte in Italy
in 1796, and was made a colonel far his conduct at Mon-
Unotte. Id 179S he followed Bonaparte to ^yp^ where
he became a general of diviwon and rendered important
service at Aboukir. His courage and capadn were very
maspicuous at the battles of Montcbello ind Marengo,
in 1800. He was sent on a diplomatic mission ' ~
tugal in 1801, and on his return, in 1804, was cr
marshal of the empire and Duke of Hontcbella

Lannes commanded the left wing of the grand army
in the campaign of iSoj, and added to his already
brilliant reputation at Austerlitz and Jenl, (1806.) His
military skill was exerted with success at Che memorable
siege of Saragossa, where he commanded in chief; in
1809. In the second war against Austria he contributed
to the rictory at Eckmilhl, (1809,) and directed Che suc-
cestfiil attack on Ratisbon, where, when hia men bttered,
he seited a scaling-ladder and ran forward through " the
imininent deadly breach." He was mortally wounded at
the battle of Aspem and Essling, in May, iSoo. In [he
laldst of the conflict, Napoleon paused to address the
dying general, who said, " Adieu, Sire I Live for the
world ( but bestow a few thoughts on one of your best
friends, who In a few hours will be no mor&" The em-
peror is said to have been more deeply afected by this
scene than he ever was before. " Laiines was at once,"
said Napoleon, " the Roland of the army and ■ giant in
capadty. He had been in fifty-four pitched battles. He
was cool in the midst of fire, and possessed a clear,
penetrating eye. Violent and hasty in his temper, some-
times even In my presence, he was yet ardently attadiu]
to me; As a general, he vras greatly superior to Moreaa
or SoulL I found him a mere swordsman ; 1 raised him
to the highest point of art" He left a son, NapoUon
Augnate, Duke of Montebella

Sea Rn4 Pnm, " Vi> miliulnda J. LaH*," iSn; CKliwkv-
muF, "Viadu Mu^chil l^mie^" 1S13: THiaii, "Uiskkt of ihi
FrsachKcnlntiai:" "NoimUt BlocnpUa GMral*."

B8 LANSDOWNB

Ii^nnoa, (NapoiJon Aucirsra,) Duke of Montebello,
a son of the preceding, was bom in 1801. He was sent
•s ambassador to Naples in 1838, and became ministci
of the marine in 1847. In 1S49 he was elected to tha
Le^slative Assembly, in which he voted with (be ma-
jonty. He was appomted ambassador to Russia in i8;8^
and commander-m-chief of the French army at Roma
about June, 1863. Diedjuly 19, 1874.
XiannoL See Lannoy.

Lannoy, IfnwJ', (Ji;uana Cornelia,) Bakohus of,
an eminent Dutch poetess, born at Breda in 1738. Her
poetical talents were displayed in satires, odes, and epis-
tles, which are admired for elegance and spirit-sdrnng
power. She produced three successful tragedies, " Leo
the Great," (1767,) "The Siege of Haarlem,'' (1770,) btmI
"Cleopatra," (1776,) Died in 1781.

Laimoj or lldnnol, So, dfb Ifnwi', (Charixs;) a
famous general of the Spanish armies, was born in Flan< *
ders about 147a Having served with distinction <n
various campaigns, he received the badge of the Golden
Fleece in 1516, and was appointed Viceroy of Naples bj
Charles V. in 1521. After the death of Prosper Colonna,
he commanded the imperial armies, and In 1535 gained
the decisive victory of Pavia, where he exchanged sworda
withFrandsL Diedini;z7. (See Avalo$, Fbrdihando
d". Marquis db Pescara.)

Irfuioue, If nay, (Ff LfX HrppoLYTl,) a French land-
scape-painter, born at Versailles in 1813. He gained the
first prize for landscapes in 1S41. Died Jan. zz, 1871.

tAOsberfc llns'b«Ra', or LaiupeT^ Uns'pCRo',
(JoKANN,) an ascetic German writer and monk, born at
Landsberg, in Bavaria. Died in 1539. Among his chief
works is a "Manual of the Christian Warfare," ("En-
chiridion Mititix Christians," iu6,) which he wrote Is
opposition CO the " Miles Christianus" of Erasmus.

lOBBberg, llns'btRg or llnsliiRH, written also Imm-
bei^e, (Philifpus.) a Dutch astronomer and geometer,
bom in Zealand in 1561. He was for many years pastor
of the Protestant church at Ter-Gocs, He published,
besides other works on mathematics, a "Treatise on the
Diurnal and Annual Motion of the Earth." (1630,) in
which he advocates the Co|>emican system, arul "Geom>
eti7 of Triangles," (1631.) Died in 1632.

S*a Batu, "Hubirieal ud Ciilkal Dictl<nvT:~ tormn
UUuNhMaBdgtoL"

Lana'deU, (Hsnry,) a British author and trav-
eller, was bom at Tenterden, Kent, in 1841. He
studied theology and was ordained in 1867, and trav-
elled widely in behalf of missionary enterprises, visit-
ing every councij in Europe and Asia and parts of
Africa and America. In 1892 he became chaplain of

and "Chinese Central Asia," (1893.)
Lanadown*. See Grasjvillb, (Gborqb.)
Iituia'downe, (Henry Chakles Kbith Fits-
matulce,) fifth Marquis of, an English peer, tiom
io 1845, a son of the fourth mar^juis, noticed below.
He was educated at Eton, and at Balliol College,
Oxford, and succeeded to his rides in 1866. He held
positions in the treasury, war, and India offices under
Mr. Gladstone, was Govemor-General of Canada 18S3-
88, and of India 188S-94. He became secretary for
war in 1895 and was foreign secretary 1900-05.

Idtudownak lani'down, (Hknry Prtty FTrr-lCAtr-
rice,) third Marquis of, an eminent English statesman,
bom in 1784 was the second son of the 6rst Harqola.
(See Shblburhb.) About 1795 he was placed under
the tmtion of Dugald Stewart in Edinburgh, and several
:ars later he graduated at Cambridge. In 1801 Lord
[enry Petty entered the Home of Commons, where he
: length became a successful debater. lie was ap-
pcdntM chancellor of the exchequer when the Whif

t,l,I,S,X%l''^!i^t,i.»unt,ltagpi<Aoageiil,i,l,S,&,J,tAert;^^\,g,piiain;9i,ail,At;atX;n^iffl6dimB^l

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LANSDOWNE 14

■hbtry of GreiiTille and Pox came into power in 1S06,
bid retired ftom t^at office in Mtrdi erf the eniuing
tear. He nurrled a daoghlet of tba Earl of Dcbeater
m 180& At the deatli of hii brother. In 1809, Im In-
berikd the title of marqnit, and pasaed into the House
of tarda. He cordiallfMpporledatdifierent time* the
dbrti to abolish slavery, v^U ablf in faToor of Catholic
emandpalioD, and acted eeneralij with tlie Wliig parly.
In i8a7 be waa aecretarj loi tlic lioiiie department nnder
Ciaoing for three or fonr monlhi ; and during the brief
amdatry of Lord Godericfa, whidi resigned about the
end of tSaS, l>e was secretary of foreign aSUrs. On the
facnationof aWhig ministry by Lord Grey in 1S31, Lord
Lanadowne became president of the Coandl, which po-
•itioa he filled with credit antil 1841. He was the leader
of the oppoMlion <n the Honse of Lords from 1341 until
1841!^ when he entered the cabinet of Lord John Rnaaell
IS president of the CounciL He resigned in 1833. Died
ibont Febmary i, 1S63.

His son, the foiirth Marqais of Lanadowne, born in
tSi6,diedin July, tS6&

Iduwdoirne, Makquis of. See Shklbukn^ Eau.

buitaiv, len'tf rf, (Siuoh Hathtirin,) an excellent
French landscape-painter, bom near Milly in 1719, or, as
•ome s^, in 1745. He worked m Part*, and paaied his
life in poverty, cawed by hi* indolent and improvident
habita. His manner reminda one of Claude Lomdn.
He excelled in aerial perspectiTev and re[»EMnt«d in a
■arvellooamaniterlbedi&erent period* of the day. tlw
(Uea of his pictures present a vapory tone and an ex-
qniute lightness of touch. Died in nris in 177S.

Sm CBAaus Blanc; " HiMoin dia Ftbm i" La CitATian-
KM, "RcdKRfaea Uustinia. UofrniMqw* « Ktttnin* nr b
Putn Lmlum,- 1S31; "Nomll* KofripUt O^otnle."

I«ilt«rt, l^-tS'ree, (FXakcxSCO,) an Italian writer,

of the House of Savoy," (" Storia dell:
Cisa Savoja," 1835.) Died in 1843.
Tj.i»>iji»— iSMt'nls', {Fkan^is,) a

itlMUBa, ISNt'nls', {Fkan^is,) a French revoln-

be fiual list by Marat with an expresuon of contempt
Died in 1799.

I^atlar, de, dfh l&N't^', (Etiinnb Fkam^ois,) a
popular French author, bom at Marseilles in 1734, was
called "the Anacharsis of the Boudoirs." His comedy
" Limpatient" waa perlbrmed with great applaose in
1778. He is ranked 1^ some tzitics among the best
a*dpU> of the school of Voltaire^ During the reign
tt terrtn (1793) he waa imprisoned al Lron*. He after-
ward* prodnoNl a fictitious narratiTe of the " Travels of
ABtenoT," ("Voyages d'Antrfnor," 1798,) which had a
inxSgioD* success and was translated into nearly all
modera lawnages. At the age of ninety he compoMd
a poem, ooled "Geoifroy RodeU or the Troabadoar."
Died in 1S1&

J, If ntlss', (FKANgon,) a French generaL
t H3.bas (Le* Landet) in 1773. As general of
brigade he rendered important serrices at Lodl and
Cwt^ione, and as general of division followed Bona-
parte to Egypt ■" '^8> He commanded in the Delta
dori^ the expedition against Syria, and was killed by
die Eislish at the battle of Alexandria, or Abonldr, in
March, lioi.

3h Anun Pakal, " BiocniUa do Umt'O^aA^ da LmsiH
» A IiEiI.-G6id»l Bbib dt Iiinimn." 1B43.

Laa^^n, (Chaklis,) an English architect and dvil
owiieer, bom b Sussex in 1813- Be designed Queen's
College, m Belfast, and other edifices. Died in 1889.

Tjh" lln'ii, (Giovanni,) an Italian statesman, bom
at Vignale, in Piedmont, in 1S15. He was a physician
by profession, and between 1855 and 1873 held many
cabmet pontiona onder Victor Emmanuel for several

attempted, bat otdy in part tuccessfiil, Hn»>ii-i»l reforms,
Ked Much 9, 18^

Irf>n«aiil, UD-U'nee, or laitwuio, lln>ik'no, (Ah-
Dua,} an ItaHin painter, bom at Milan about 1648,

S9 LAO-TSE

(tndled under Carlo Maratta. He worked at Milan and
Vienna, where he was employed by the emperor. Among
hb work* ate • Saint Charles Bon«meo, and a "Holy
Family." Died al Vienna in 1713.

Lansano. See Lahzani.

Lanil, lln'iee, (Luicl,) an eminent Italian antiquan
and writer on art, was bimi near Macerata in 17^3. He
became a good classical scholar, and had acquired the
reputation of an able professor and writer, when the
soppres^on of the order of Jesuits, of which he was a
member, opened to him a new career. He waa chosen
sab-director of the Galleiy of Florence in 1 773. In 1789
he published an " Essay on the Etruscan Language," (3
vols.,) which was highly priied by the leamef Hb
reputation waa Increased by his "History of PaintinK
in Italy from the Renaissance of Art lo the End of di«
Eighteenth Century," ("Storia ;dttorica della Italia."
etc, 1793 ; id edition, 6 vols., 180^) which is character-
ised by good taste and judicioos criticism. It was tran*-
lated inlo English by Thomas Roscoe. Died in i8ia

S« ZAHDOin, "Elafpa Roricc di L. Lann:" Mauko Bom,
"Saaxio di Stod) di I. Xinj," lii]; A. Caffi, "Bicsnfii dl U
Linn^' t%^; "Edinburgh Reviaw" far Scptosbcr. iSil

lained until his death. His works have been collected
under the title " Opera Omnia Medico-Physica et Phil<^
•ophfca," (3 vols., 173S.) Died in 173a

ui-oo'o-oa. [Gr. Aaocouv,] a Trojan hero, and a prleal
of Apollo or of Neptune, was variously represented a* a
son of Antenor or a son of Priam. lie sCrenuonsly
opposed the admission of the wooden horse into the dty
of Troy, and thrust his spear into that stmcture. While
he waa oDering a sacrifice to Neptune with his two bchm,
two huge serpents, issaing from the tea, attacked tbeM
and crashed them all to death. Hisstorywaaa&voorila
subject with the ancient poets andartists,and has derived
espcdal celebrity from a ma^iScent marble group of
Laocoon and his sons which 11 preserved in the Vsdcaa

See VineiL'i "iCadd," book IL 41-p and iwiui llaok !>■»

SDIC'I " LiMOOD."

Laodomelau See Laodamia.

La-O-df-ml'a or La-o-df-mel'f, [Gr. AooAipiM,*
Fr. LAODAtfiH, Ifo'dt'me',] a daughter of Acastni, and
wife of Protesilaus, the first Greek who fell at Troy. To
keep alire the memory of her husband, whom she ten>
derlf loved, she caused a wooden image of him to be
made. Her father, in the hope of dispelling her grie(
ordered it lo be burned, when she threw herself into tha
flames and perished with it.

lAOdamla. See Laodamia.

La-odl-oe, [Aoodicq,) the name of several Gredaa
princease*, one (^ whom waa the mother of Seleucoa M>
cator, founder of a Syrian dynasty. Another wa* the
wile of Antiochos Theoa, whom she poisoned in 346 B.G.
Her son, Seleucus Callinicus, then became king.

La-om'v-doti, [Gr. AoMtdu*,] the king and founder
of Troy, and the Guher of Prtam. According to andeal
legend*, Neptune and Apollo were condemned to aerv*
tiioinedon for one year, and the former built the walla
of TroT for a stipulated price, but after the work wa*
finished the perfidious Icmg refused to pay Neptune.
Laomedon was killed bv Hercules for another breach
of bith.

lAOmedon, ■ Greek general In the service of Alex-
ander the Great, enjoyed the confidence of that king In
a high degiee. After the death of Alexander he bedune
governor of Syria, in 333 B.C. He <ra*ditren oat by tha
army of Ptolemy about 331 B.C.

Lao-TIM. iro'tseh' or IS'o'tsiih', or Latt-TMn, Ifo'.
ttiFh', written also Lson-TBEe andXiao-Taa, sometimea
called Ziao>Kltui, (kyoon,) a celebrated Chinese phi>
losopher or sage, who was bom. it is said, in the pronncA
-" 565 ycara before Christ, or fourteen years b«>

ofHoni

with white hair and eyebrows, whence be 11

w I; t u j; I AdraT; £ as>,- o, H, E, ;w»m>f; H, Mojo/y ■, ilTfaVaf ; I as

IS In thU. ()r~See EapUnatloM, p. sv)

Digitized by VjOOQ IC

LAO-TSEU \^

La^ Tit, the " hoan or aged child." and La»-Kam, the
"aged pilnce." Hii white hair Beena to have been re-
garded aa an indication of hia earlj wisdom. Many other
narrels are told conoming his birtb, which need not b«
related here. It aeems probable that Lao-Tse waa not
wholly unacquainted with the relieioiu doctrines oflndia,
not on1y_ those of the Brahmans, but perba|M also oi the
Booddhisis. For aome years he waa archivist and his-
toriofcrapher to one of the Chinese princes. He was, it
■ said, prolinindly versed in the doctrines and institutions
of the ancients. He taught the existence of a supreme
Being, under the name of Tac. or the "supreme reason."
His followers are called Tat-Sse (tl'o sJk) or Taau,—
that is, the "disciples of Reason." Instead of referring,
like Confudas, to the authority of the ancient sagesj he

e must seek for the principles of right

«, in complete retirement from all worldly
paisnita and thoughts. On one occasion Confndus had
■n interview with Lao-Tse, who cautioned him against
seeking the honours of Che world. Lao-Tse ohserred
that the possessor of true wisdom seeks rather to hide
than to display his riches. Confddns left him deeply
impressed with hb extraordinary character, and evidently
regarded him as something wonderiiil, if not divine. We
■re told that after this interview Confiicias said to his
disdples, " It does not astonish me to see the birds fly.
Ae tishes swim, or Che beasts ran; I know that the fishes
may be taken with nets, the beasts with snares, and that
the birds may be shot with an arrow. But I cannot tell
how the dragon* can Hy on the wind throngh t)» donds
and raise himself Co heaven. To-day I have seen Lao-
Taej he can be compared only to the dragon." Tht
date of Lao-Tae's death is onknowrL He was undoubt-
edly an extraordinary man, and his inflaence is not yet
lost in China. The following sayings of his may serve
to give an idea of the cast and calibre of his mind : "He
only can be called wise (or enlightened) who knows him-
•elf; he only can be called valiant who subdues hint-
aelfi he only can be called rich who knows what ia
necessary." like the Brahmans of India, Lao-Tse
taught the final absorption of pure and enlightened souls
into the anprcmc eternal Spint, and that, "having thos
become one with the supreme Reason, Chey will exist
eternally." He inculcated univeraal benevolence : we
ought to show kindness not only to the sincere and vir-
tuooa, but also to the insincere and wicked. "Thoae
who are holy," he says, "wilt treat all men as a father
treats his children." The religion of the Tao-Sse, at
the present day, seems doscly allied to Booddhism;
and many of its votaries of both sexes, like the follower*
of Gaatama, spend thdr lives in monasteries. The
modem Tao-Sae are much addicted to supeistitiaQB
observances, and deal tartly in sorcetT. They are ven
popular with the common people, and in some parts of
the empire their influence rivals that of the Booddhists.

ScsPAimim, " C3iii»," pp. it»-iis; Laces, "LifcandTudi-
hfiof C(nibdvi,''chaji.T.,L«iloii, 1RS7, TTflbnErACo.; Bmai-
MAin, " CasKintioBS-Laxilun," anicla " L>o-Tk ;" LaoHn." Ccs-
ticiag uid thf Oiimt Clmir%" > irSWHf.; J. P. A. RiMOSAT.
" lUmoin w b Vii *t Ih OptDHOi d* Lud-Tho," tU).

Lao-TMtL See Lao-Tsi.

lAOn-Tia or Laon-Taza. See Lao-Tse.

lift Fal^ the FVench of ErasNK, which see.

lAparalU, 11-pi-retlee, (Fbancssco,) an Italian
architect, bom at Cortona in 1531. He planned the
dty of Valelta, Malta, and assisted Michael Angelo tn

Id Peyronie, de, d;h llpi'ro'ne', (Fbancois Gioot,)
a French surgeon, bom at Hontpellier in ifoS. He re-
eeived the title of first surgeon to the kin{b(Loais XV.,>

and wrote a "Treatise on Diseases of the BMin," (1708.)
Died in 174T.

I4 Perronaet de, dfh It pfroot', (pHfUPnc ncor,)
Baron, a French Datnralist, bom at Tonlonse in 1744.
He pnUisbed, besides other works, a "Flora of the Pyr-
enees," (1795-iSot.) Died in 1818.

Sn DecAMPB, " ffioca di U. I* Bma da la PsrmB," ■<■»

• Thsdi

LAPLACE

TaphKBi, Iw'tin, (Inokasb A.,) Ii
ralist, born at Palmyra, New Yorl^ in iSll. He pub
lished " Wisconsin : its Geography and Topo^phy
History, Geology, and Mineralogy," (1844.) " Antiquities
of Wisconsini^^jiSss,) etc He died Sept I4, 1875.

Lapi ll'pee, (NiccoLd,) an Italian painter, bom at
Florence in 1661, was a pupil of Lnca Giordano. The
nlterr of Florence contains a "Transfiguration" by him.
Died m 1733.

Lapldtt, A. & Il'pe-di', called also Bteen, (stinj
tCoRMEUUS,) a Flemish Jesui^ bom in the diocese ol
liege. He wrote " Commentaries on the Bible." Diad
in i6S7-

Iiuaa, ll'pCss, (Gaktano,) a oainter of the Roman
achod, bom m Umbria in 1704 ; died in 17761.

Iiaplaae, lt'piBs',.(FiBRRE Bbloh,) Baron de Sainte>
HJline, a French general, bom at Lfons in 1761, was
killed at Talavera in July, iSia

lApltluB, lap^-Mee, [Gr. AinrlAu ; Fr. LAPtTKKs, ir-
pit',) a fabulous tribe of Theasalians, whose ilwy is
mtimately connected with that of the Centaors. "They
were ruled by a chief named Pirithons, to whose mar-
riage the Centaars were invited. At this marriage-feast
occurred the celebrated fight of the I^pithK and the
Centaurs, which was a fiivourite subject with the ancient
poets and artists.

Lapitliea. See LAPrrtUS.

Lapito, If pe'to', (Lowis Atrousn,) a Frenc* land-
scape-painter, bom near Paris in 1805. Many of his
works are in Che ropl galleries of Luxembourg, Ttttle-
ries, eCc Died April 7, 1874.

IaoIaov, ifplfas', {Cyriuji PiKutK TuAodoki,) a
French navigator, bom in 1793. He commanded two
scientific expeditions, of whldi he gave accounts in the

Igation ot the Artemisia, t837'-40," (4 vols., 1845-4&)
rte was made a vice-admiral in 1853. Died in 1875.

La Plaioa, (Piurb.) See Puce, de la.

Laplaoo, (Pierre Simon,] one of the greatest as*
tronomers and mathematidans of any age or country,
was bom at Beanroont-en-Auge, (Calvados,) in France,
March 13, 1749. His btber was a peasant or poor
hrmer. After making great pr<^ess in the high mathe-
matics at the Academy of Beaumont, be went to Fans,
where, through the influence of D'Alembcrt, he became
professor of mathematica in the military echoed about
1768. HesraschosenaswMfrrA^iMAi/oftheAcademyof
Sdences in 1773, and about that time produced a ca^tal
■* Memoir on Differential Equations and the Secular In-
equalitiee of the Planets." Addresdng himself to the
anluoitf questions of mathematical astroaomv, he began
to CMifirm the theories of his predecessors ano to demon-
strate in det^ the principles of Newton. In 1^85 he
became a titular member of the Academy of Sciences,
which he enriched wiib memoirs on pure mathematics,

general astronomy, and the theory of the planets. He
Toured the popular cause in the Revolution, and offered
homage to the rising star of Bonaparte, who in 1799 nomi-
nated him minister of the interior, thinking perhapa,
that the man who ascertained the laws of the planetary
perturbations might also renlate the disturbing forces
of the soda] and political spheres. This experiment was
a &ulure, and Laplace was removed from that office to
the (Au; eotutrvattur In December, 1799. "He was,"
said Napoleon, "below mediocrity as a minister. He
looked at no question in it* proper point of view, but,
always searchmg for subtleties, aimed to condod tbe gov-
ernment on Che prindples of tbe infinitesimal calculus."
In 1706 he published important discoveries in hia
" Exposition of the System of tbe Universe," (" Exposi-
tion dn Systime du Monde,") which is a kind of trans-
lation into popular language, without analytical formulas,
of his greater work, "La M^canique celeste." It was
the "deposition" that procured for him the reputation
of a pure and elegant writer, atkd eventually opened to
him tbe Acadjmie Franfaise in 1816. The deamess

«. e, I, & 0, ;, /i»tr,- It, t, ^ same, less prolonged ; 1, i, T. 8, il, y, /<fa>r«; t, c, f, q, 0«nww; fir, fill, flt| miti nOt; sS6d

d by Google

LA PLACE M

eonlnned the tame merila in the wunc degree." H«
Kceired the title of count Id iSo& He wat for many
jrm* a membeT, and ercnmaUy president, of the barean
of kmgttndea. In 1814 be voted to erect a prorUionBl
goTcnuneDt on the niiiw of Napoleon's empire, and he
lemained aloof from the Imperialist party during the
Hondred Dan. He was treated Huqnis Laplace in
1817, and in the same year was chosen preudent of the
Academy of Sciences. He tiad been dioeen an associate
of many foreign Academies. Among bis important pro-
ductions are "The Analytic Theory of Probabilities,''
(iStx,) and a "Philosophic Essay oa Probabilities,''
(1814.) The capital monument of his genius it his
"Treatise on Celestial Mechanics," ("Traits de la M^
camque celeste," ; vols., 1799-1S35,) which will doabt-
kn preserve his memory to the latest posterity. Among
Us great discoveries are the theory of Jupiter's satel-
Btea. and the causes of the grand ineqaalily of Jupiter
and Satiun, and of the acceleration of the moon's mean

has Utaincd a higher celebritrby ranging

Bdd of discovery. One of bis last expressions was,
"What we know is but little, fdntolrf.iiw; J that which

Sm Foeata^ " Aon d* La FIks :" AaAOi^ " Biop^iliia A
Li Plicb" (Bid En^iui nnloa ef Ibi mmit, f-"'-'— J {n iSn i^
~tIoai^ BiOBniplM Gfatnla^ Pnsnua « Ouau^ "Nv

Km Plaott or LaplaOft Oe. dfh It'pltis', (Chakuh
bflLX PtBMtB JosBPl^) Makquis, a son of the great
asboootner, was bom in Pari* In 17S9. He entered
the army yono^ and served in the campaigns of Ger-
many, (tS09>) M Russia, (iSia.) and of France, (1814.)
He became a peer of France in 18*7, a lieutenant-general
hi 1843, and a senator in 1853. Died October 30, 1874.

Zm. Pl«oe, de, jLat PLAOc'tra,] (Jostr^) a French
ftotestant theologun, born in BreUgoe about 1605. He

"■ '—nof tbedogyatSanmurin 1633. Among

" Cm the Impatalion of the I^ist

, . ipntatiime Pnmi Peccati Adami,"

165J,) Id which be opposes the doctrine tlist the uu of
Adainittmpntedtoall hi* posterity, and "An Argument
(m the Drriuity of Christ," (1657.) Died in 1665.

Lk Flkoetto, II plTstt', UiAN,) a French Prota

as pastor of the French chnrch in Copenhaeen

[686 to 1711. Among his wtu'ks, which are highly

Bed, ate " Essays on Morality," (3d edition, 4td1s.,

rtnj and "Cbristitn Moral* reduced to Three Prinei-

pal Duties i theRepentaoceof Sinners, the Perseverance
ef Oe Rigbteoos, and Growth in Grace," (1695.) Died
In 1718.

SoMicAkik, "Ufauin*;" QsdaAB), " Id Fnae* Uninin.''

Im Planoba. See Rbonibk, (Louts.)

iMpo, U'pa^ a Florentiiie srchitect, was the pupil of
tnctolA de I^ and a friend of AmoUb di Lapot Va>
Mti r^reaenta him as a German, (whose proper name
wH Jacob or Jacopo,) and a* the mher of AmoUb ; but
odicia have msproved both of these statements. He
adoraed Florence with many fine edifices, which tinK
hac destroyed. Died about 1375.

I^m, (diminDtivc of Jnocnm,) an Italian canonist,
born u Tuscany, taiq^t canon law at Florence more than
twenty years, and was choeeit captain tn chief of the
Goel^ \a^. He gained distinction by his researches
far mannscnpts of clusic authors, snd had thegood ibr-
laue to find Cicero's oradon lor Hilo and the Fbilippics,
which be sent to his intimate friend Petrarch DiedinisSi.

turn TlBAagsau, "Snn deDa Lntantaia laSHn."

Xispo aiuml, U'po jln'nee, an Italian poe^ a native
«f Florenoe, lived abamt laja

Sn ImMFBUjiw, "Poita nd PoMiT <f Earop*."
"VKpa, di, de li'po, (AutOLTO,) a celebrated Italian
•rchitecl and sculptor, bom near Flmence about I2U,
waa the too ^Camtao, and the pufnl of Clmaboe to de-
iipL HeliadtIiereputat>onofbeingtbegreatcstTn»
auMlta b Ui timn. About 1194 he oqan to ei

91 LARCHBR

the diordi of Santa Croce in Florence. His neatest
work is the church of Santa Maria del Flore, caHed also
the Duomo, or Cathedra), of Florence, which, however,
he left unfinished. Its noble and beantilul dome was
the work of Brunelleschl Amone hi* master-pieces of
scDlptnre is the tabernacle of the basilica of San Paolo,
near Rome. Died abont 130a

Sh Tauhi, "Lin* gf (he PidBtm ud Scalpton."

l:«polnt«, IfpwlNf , (Sattnibh.) a French poet, bom
at Sens (Yonne) in 1811, was a shoemaker in his youth.
Me was befriended by Bi^anger and Victor Huei, wllb
whose aid he published a volume of verses culed "A
Voice from Below," (■' Une VoiK d'en has," 1S44.) He
wrote "Memoirs of Beranger," (1857.) Died in 1893.

Zia^iiiiarays, If pon'rl', (ALBBitT,] a French his-
torical writer, bom at Tours in 1808, published, besides
other works, a " History of the French Revolution from
17S9 to 1840," (3 Tola., 1840.] Died in 1E49.

IiCtporte or Im Porte, de, d^h IS'poHt', (Hippolytb,)
Uakquis, a French litttmiatr, bom in Paris in 1770.
Among his works are " Ivelina," (3 vols., 1830,) and
"Recollections of an Emigrant," (1S43.I Died in 185a.

I«poTta, (PwKM FftAN^li,) s French comedian and
theatrical manager, went to London in 1814 as member
and joint manager of a company who performed French
plays at the theatre in Tottenham Street He was sabse-
quentlv manager of the King^ Theatre, and introduced
many nmous singers and operas to the English public.
Died September at, 1841.

La Porta, dft, OonPH,) AhbC, a Frendi critic and
compiler, bom at Mfbrt in 1713. The moet important
or popular of his compilations was the " French Trav-
Eller," ("Voyageur Fran;ais,") a melange of romantic
adventures and historical narratives, (43 vols., 1765-95.)
Died in 1779.

Iiapoite dn ThelL See Dtmnii. dk la Posts.

IiBpn, llp'pf h, {Karl,! s popuIaT German poet, bom
near Wolgast in 1774, published "Funereal Garlands,"
(" Friedhobkriinie,'') and other works. tHed in 1843.

Lappenberg, ll^pfn-bCac', (Iomann Haktin,) an
able German bistonan, bom at Hamburg in 1794. He
studied in Edinburgh, London, and Berlin, and was ap-
pointed minister to the court of Berlin m i8aa. In IU3
he became keeper of the archives of the senate of Ham-
burg. He published, beside* other works, a continua-
tion of Sartorius's "Authentic HistiHy of (be Origin
of the German Hanse Towns," (1830,) and a valuaUe
" History of England under the Anglo-Saxon Kings,"
(1 vols., 1834-37,) which has been translated into £jig-
liah by Thorpe. Died In 1865.

Lappoli, llp'po-lee, (Giovamhi Aktonio,) an Italian
painter, bom in 1491. He vrorked in Rome and at

(1S56) opened to him the doors of the French Academy
in 1858. He died December 14, 1883.

laap-iCik', (John,) a Scottish minor poet, bom in 1737,
He was a correspondent of the poet Burns. He pub>
lished a volume of poor verses in 1788, snd died at Moir-
Urk in 1807.

La Primandava, da, df h II pne'mS'dy, (Piuuts.)
a French writer, bom about 1545. Among his work*
was "L'Acad^mie Franfoise," (1577, often reprinted.)

Za Qnlntlnle. See Quintinie, de la.

I^nnaa. IfrS'iT, (Jban Lovis,) a French teacher,

>m in Paris in 1793. He 1 "" ' "

aage of the Alps byHannib , . ,

La BavardlAre, de, dfh It rf vtR'de-aik', (Dahikl
DE LA ToiTSCHE,) SiBUR, a French explwer, Xxyta in
Poitou about 1570. He condncted an expedition to
Braml in 1611, and planted a colony on the island of
Maranham ; but Ibej were expelled by the Portngnese in
1615. Died after 163a.

Larofaar, Ita'shl', (Piaaai Hbnki,) a French UtUr^
latr and Hellenist, bom at Dijon in 172& Afier trans-
lating several works from the English, he published in
1767 an able work, entitled "Supfdemcnt to the Phi-
loeop^ of History," «4iich was designed to reftitt Vol^
taiit^ frotn trikofa it d

:e an " Essay on the PaB>

It drew a *arca*dc reply. Hi* diiel

Ml,-ta*(;|i«ntf,-tB*f;<),ii,K,/Matf«/;N,«iua/;i,*vaW;las^- thi

■ iniEtiJ; (|y-SeeEzplanatkm*^p.43.)

Digitized .yGoOgle

work i( a trandilion of Hcrodolna Into French, with
Coiiii>i«ntaf7, (1786^) which is bighlf prued m ■ mono
meot of Imrning. He wu a member of the Lutitote o
Academy of Iitioiptioiu. Died

Lu'oom, (Lucy.) ui American poet, bom at BeverW
F>niis,Massachiueia,in i8a6. Id eaily life *he woricea
in the Lowell mills, and waa a Treqaent contribator to
the " Lowell OBering" and the " OperatiTca' Magazine. "
She allerwatda engaged in teaching, and subsequently
(1865-7^ was editor Ol " Out Voong Folks." Her prin-
dpalwork* are " ShJpa in the Mist" etc. (18^0.) " Poems,"
{1868,) "Wild Roses of Cape Ann," (li»o,> "New
England Girlhood," (1884,) "As it is in HeaTtn,"
(I891,) etc. Died April 17, 1891.

LardisBbal, de, dl laR-de-thl-UI'. (Don Manud,)
a Spanish minister of state, born in Biscay abont 175a
In 1S14 Ferdinand VIL appointed him miniaterof Um
Indies. Soon after thai date he was imprisoned for gome
nnknown reason, and died in exile in 1833.

Lard'iifr, (DiONViius,) LL.D., a distinguuhed scien-
tific writer and editor, was bom in Dublin in 17931
and educated at Trinity Coll^;e. lie wrote at college a
"Treatise on Algebraic Geometry," (1823.) Hii"PopD-
tar Lectures on the Steam Engine"(i83^ passed through
many editions. In iSiS he became professor of natnral
philosophy in (he London Univeisi^, and projected the
"Cabinet Cyclopaedia," to which Herschel, Brewster,
and other eminent author* coniribiited. For this work,
which appeared in 134 volumes, (1830-^4,) Dr. Larditer
wrote the treatises on hydrostatics, pneumatics, geome-
try, etc. Between 1S40 and 1845 "' delivered in the
chief dlies of the United States saentiGc lectnres, whidi
were pablished, and bvourably received. He became
a resident of Paris in 184;, after which he published
hand-books of natural philosophy, astronomy, and other
•dencea. Died in 1859.

LarduBT, (Nathaniel,) D.D., an English theolosian
of great merit, was bom in Kent in i6£|. He itDoied
at Utrecht and Leyden, and became a dissenting minia-
ter. From 1713 to 1729 he was chaplain in the &mily
of Lady Treby. He began to preach to the Presbyterian
congregation of Old Jewry, London, in 1133. In 1717
he published the first part of his "Credibility of the
Gospel History," a work of profound reasoning and
research, and one of the most successfid arguments in
defence of Christianity ever given to the world. Re-
ferring to this work. Sir James Mackintosh remarks that
It "soon wearies out the greater part of readers, though
the few who are more patient have almost alwap been
gradually won over to (eel pleasure in a display of know-
kdge, probity, charity, and meekness unmatched by an
■vowed advocate in a case deeply interesting his warmest
feelings." (See hi* remarks on Paley in tlie "View of
the Progress of Etliical Philosophy.'') Between 1733
and 1743 he produced five more volumes of the same
work. He was the author <rf other treatises, <me of
which (" Letter on the Logos," or " Word") advocates
Sodnian doctrinea. Died m 176S.

>i nit., i7Bti '■Hcnuin of tba L& tf the Rw. iTLudiurl"
LoDiloii, 17A9.

La Renaudlira, da, df h II r^'nfi'd^iR', (Phiuppk
Francois,) a French geographer, bom at Vire, in Nor-
Biandy,ini78i, was associated with Hal te-Brun as editor
of the "Annates det Voyages," (54 vols., 1836-39.) He
published several geograpMoil works. Died in 1S45.

LaieaUa. See Acca Lauuntia.

U'rHk a name applied to genii, or inferior god* of
human origin, worshipped by t£e andeut Romans. The
I^res were believed to preside over houses and Ikmilies,
•nd were divided into several "''"**, as Lares domestid.
Lares pnblici, Larea orbani, etc. They were supposed
to be the spirits of gbod men who had died, and were
partly identified with the Manet. (See Manes.)

L«4i eiIIto»Xipaiix or Lat4T«IU&rA-L4p«aa^
d«, dfh IfrJi'vil'ye^R' WpOf, a French republican,
born St Uortagne in 1751. He was deputed to the Con-
vention in 1793, voted Hot the death of the Idn^ and
defended the proscribed Girondist* in 1793, for which he
was doomed to die, but escaped by conoealbg Umseli
la 179s he resumed his place in tbe Convention, where

)a LARMESSIN

be acquired the reputation of an eHective speaker, and
In October of that year vraa elected a member of tbt
Executive Directory. He presided over the department
of sdence, morals, and religion, and showed hit hostjlitr
to the Cathcdics, who stigmatized him at a Iknatic and
"theophilanthropist," He acted with Barras and the
majority of the Directmv in the cti^ J'Hal of the 18th
Fructidor, (September, 1797.) The Directors b

rhidi L^panz was opposed
Jng himself In a minority, he m-
rigned in Jutte, 1799. Died in 1824.

to Barraa, and, finding himself in a minority, 1

, " HiMaT af th« Fiendi KmlmiHi^ "Noa-

mUs Biocnphit G^^nk."

lATivelllire-Ii^peaiu^ (Ossuir,) a Frendi Uttha-
Our, a son of the piecedino, was born in Paris in 1797.
He wrote important anldet for the "Nonvelle Bio-
graphic G^n^i^e." He died September 17, iSTiSu

LugiUUro, llR'ihe'y^iK', (Nicolas,) a sldlfiil
French painter of portraits and history, bom in Paris in
1656, was called "the French Van Djck." He worked
some years in London, where he painted portraits of
James IL and his queen. In 16S6 he was elected ■
member of the Academy of Paris, He surpassed all hi*
French rivals in portraits except Rigand, worked with
great ladlity, and was a good coloiisL Among lus work*
are portraits of Louis XlV. and Charles Lebnm, Died

t Buur^ "Histmre dea Puntm;'*

In 1746.

SnCuAi ^ __

'OLS, " Aneolatei of P^Iin^

La RlboUl^re or I«i1lioiB]«Te. de, dfh Ifre'bwl'-
ie^iK', CJkan Ahbroisb Bastoh.) a French general,
wm at Fougires in 1TS9. He became a genersU of di-
"'-'- '- 1807, and directed the artillery with skill at

wrote many treatises on eleciridiy, the vcdtaic
pile, etc. Died November 37, 1873.

La Rive or Lorlva, de, (Charlks GASPAUit) a Swis*
chemist and physidan, bom at Geneva in 1770^ He gave
spedat attention to voltaic electridty, and about iSao
constructed a pile of five hundred pain. He was one
of the first to demonstrate the action of the electric

>'dii-e',) a popular French tragedian, bom at La Ro-
chclle about 1746. He made his dihtt in Paris in 1770,
and for many years was a prime lavonrite. His v< '
gesture* were admirable. No actor of his time \
m such perfection the tone of command, of di
irony, and of menace. He performed " Achilles," " Spar<
tacus," " Philoctetea," "Bayard," and "William Tell*
with great success. He was imprisoned more than •
year ^ the Jacnbins in 1793-94- Died in 1S37.

Sh " Noqralta Bioinipbit Gfoinla"

LarlToy, doidfh Ifre'vi', (PtBRRi,) a French dnuaa-
tist, bora at Troyes about ijja He pablithed in 1579
the "Laquais," and other comedies, which in bamour
are compared to those of Moliire. He wa* one of the
first in France who chose subjects for comedy from real
life, and the first Frenchman who wrote original dramas
in prosa Died about 1611.

Sh " NoanQa Kop^iliio GtaMI*.'

La RlvUre. See RtvitRE.

LailTUre, Ifre've-^R', (Charlis FHnjpn,) a
French historical painter, born at Paris abont 1798. H»
obtained the grand prize in 1S34, and a medal of the Grat
dass at the Exposition of 18J5. Among his works i»

Bayard wounded at Brescia." Died Feb. 39, 1876,

LailTl6re or La RivUre, de, dqh Urre've^R'.
(PiXRU Joachim Henri,) a French lawyer and orator
of the Girondist party, was bom at Falaise in 1761. He
was elected to the Conveniionin 1793, and took an active
part in the struggle which resulted in the defeat of the
^onditts in May, 1793. He found refusre in CalvacfaM,
and resumed his seat in 1705. Died in 1838.

I^niteaBlii, Ite'mi'slN', (Nioolas,) a tkiUnl French-
engraver, bom in Paria about 1640, produced noiDeroa*
portraia of illustrious men. His son, Nicolju^ bcxn b

1. e,I, Ck r. f , ^Mv; ii, t, a, same, lets prolonged; I, C, T, ^ Q, ^ ii«f«.- f. «, i. 9, 'iwwnr; lar, fill. At; met; n&l;gSM; n

d by Google

LARNAC \A

i6S^ snipsned hii blher in Ae tmmt ut He engmed
portnit* tuid hutoij with cqoil bdcccbs, mnd lecdved
the title of engnver to the king. Died in 1755.

T^nwo, ItK'nth', (Fkanqois,) k French poet, bom
4t Nimes in 1760 ; died in 1S40.

Itai'nsd, (Augusta, ) author and joamaliit, bom
U Rntland, New Yoih, in 1S35. She became con-
nected as ooirespondect and editorial writer with sev-
eral papers, and for some time edited " The Revolu-
tion," a woman's rights paper. She published " Home
Stories," "The Norse Grandmother," "Tales from
the Eddas," " In Woods and Fields," (verse,) elc.

Lar'ued, (Rev. Stlvestes,) an American Presbyte-
rian divine.bomalPittsfield.Massachusetta, in 1796. He
tcndicd theology at Princeton, and soon acquired a high
reputation as a pu1{rit orator. He subecqu«ntl; became
pntor of » church at New Orleana, where he died during
Ibe preralence of the yellow fever in i&iot A collection
«f ma serroon* wsu published in 1844.

Laroehe or Ia Roolis, Ifroah', (Bkkjamin,) a
n«licb poet and tranalator, bom in 1797, produced good
mnslationa of "The Vicar of Wakefield," Shakspeare'a

poem called "The Funeral of LJbertjr," (i8ia) Died

lATOcha, UTrosh', (Haue Sophjr,) a German mi»-
CEllaneoDs writer, born at Kaufbeuren in 1731, was the
author of " Uoral Tales," " Rosalie's Letter*," and aer-
cral popular romance*. Died in 1S07.

broolw du Malna. See Lvchit, [Jean Piuu
Loots.)

La Roobefoneanld. See RocHEFOUCAinjx

LaroohojaoqiMUii. See RocmjAQuiuiH.

Fretich metaphysical philoiopher, bom in Rouergue
(now AvejTon) in November, 175& He became pro-
fessor of philtwophy at Toulouse in 178^ Having
removed to Paris, he was admitted into Ihc Institate in
1796. As professor of pbilosoph; iit the Facallv of
Letter*, he delivered, in 1811 and 1812, a series ot lee-
tare* which were attended and admired by the UUt <A
the capital. He retained the title of professor after iSis,
but ceased to lecture, and published in 1S15 " Lectures
00 Intellectual Philosophy, or on the Cause and Origjn
«f oar Ideas," ("Lcfonsde Fhilosophie sur 1e* Principe*
de llntellieence, ou sur les Causes et sur les Origine*
de no* Idies," 1 vola.) This work was adopted by the
pnemment as a text-book for public instruction. Died
n August, 1837. " He left a fair and pure renown," says
H. Cousin, mio delivered an oration at his funeral,

Lartnwsc, Ifaoos*', (Pieku,) a French editor and
publisher, bcnm at Touc^, October 33, iSty. He wrote
Buny school-books, but ts chieSy known for his voluoii-
MW " Dictionuaire du XIXt Siecle," which had a very
freatsoccess. Hedied Januarys, i875,leavinghisgTeat
«acl( unfinished.

iMira, de, di Ilt'ril, (Don Haeiano Ju^) a popular
■Dd witty Spanish author, bom at Madrid in 1809. He
bad no pn^esshm except literature. In 1S13 he pub-
lidied a satirical journal, "El Pobredto Hablador,"
iriilch was auppreased alter the appearance of the four-
teenth number, and a few years later, as chief editor of
Ae''SpaiiiBh Review," ("Revista Espafiola,") produced,
onder the signature oif " Figaro," able article* on Span-
Mh ptJilia, manners, literature, etc He published
*lfadas,''ai)d other dramas. All his works bear the
decided Uamp t^ the Spanish national character. He
ceanitted sindde in 1837, before which he had been
ntject to deep melancholy.

I, Ur-rl-mCn'ilee, (Handbi,) a Spanish
philologi*^ bMD fai GuipuoML He wrote on the Basque
tsBKuage^ Died in 1750.

biray, irrf, (CiAtmi FkahCOIS Hiiairk,) a French
riiysiciaD and writer, bom b iTTIi «•■ > Mother of
Doniniqtw lean, noticed below. He practised at NIme*.
HediaiSio.

bur«]r,(DoiiiNiQiFBjKAit,)BABoK,aFreod)«nrgeoa

»3 LA RUE

of great merit, bom near Bagnirea-de-Bigone (Hant-
Pyrjnjes] in 17661 Having served a short time in the
navy, be entered the land-army about 179Z, and rendered
important services by Ihc invention of the amtuloHca
mJania, (flying hoepital.) He accompanied Bonaparte
lo Egypt in 1798, and published a "Historical and Sur-
gical AccoDnt of the Expedition to the East," (1803.)
He received the title of baron about 1810, and became
Burgeon-in -chief of the grand army in 181a. At the
battle of Waterloo, in 1815, he was wounded and taken
prisoner. Under the restoration he was chief surgeon
of the royal guards and of the Hfitcl dcs Invalides until
he resigned in 1S3G. He died in 1843, leaving a high
reputation for virtue and talents. He had published
"Memoirs of Medicine and Military Surgety, "(1813-18,)
" Collection of Treatises on Surgery," {" Eecueil de Mi-
moire* de Chirurgie," 1831,) and other excellent works,
Bonaparte in his will mention* Larrey a* "the mos>
rirtuous man 1 have ever known."

Sm Loou m LoHixiii. " Le Biron Larrar, pw m Hoiuh d»
KiCD." 1I411; J. Satht-Ahovi, "Nolice njcrolagiqiie lur D. I.
LarTi7,"iB«; QuilAIn, "Li Fran™ LiCt/nin :"^ " BincnpllH
M«dkdE ;" -^oonile Bioenphit (Mii^nlc :'> " Edlnbonrb Kmh"
Rj. Mmh. >Si9.

opera

He a

tiaiTwf, (FAlix Hipfolyte,) a French aureeon and
writer, a son of the preceding, was bom about iSio^ He
became surgeon -ordinary to Napoleon III,, and in 1858
midain-itufaletir of the army.

Larrey, da, dfh Ifri', (Isaac,) a French Protestant
historian, bom at Hontivillieis in 163S. Having become
an enle for the sake of religion, he took up his residence
in Berlin, and was appointed an aulic councillor by the
Elector. He published, besides other work*, a " History
of Angustus," (1690,) s "History of England," (169^
1713,) and a " History of the Seven Sages of Greece,"
(1713-16,) which were favourably received. Died in
Berlin in 1719.

Iiarrlv6e, Ifre'vi', (Henxt,) a celebrated French
ratic performer and singer, born at Lyons in 1^33.
made his dual in Paris in 17^5, and maintained
his reputation in the opera for thirty years. Died in
iSco.

LaiToqae, IfroV, (Daniil.) bom at Vitrj in 1660,
became a Catholic, and lived in Paris, where he was a
clerk in the bureaus of De Torcy, secretary of state.

French Protestant theot<^an, the Either of the preceding,
was bom at Lairac, near Agen, in 1619. He was pastor
of the church of Vitrj from 1643 to l6te, after wbicb he
preached at Rouen. Hi* " History of the Eucharist"
(1669) was highly esteemed. He wrote several other
work*. Died in 1684.

Ifaimgn, tlr-roygl, (Don EucsNto,) a Spani*h writet
on polidoU economy, commenced a work entitled " Po-
litical and Economical Memoir* on the Indu*try, Mines,
and other Resources of Spain." Forty-eight volume*
had been issued at his death, in 1804.

Lartot, ISn'tJ', (Edouakd,) a French archKologist,
born at Saint-Guirand in 1801. He became noted as a

department of si

s later became e

on prehistoric anthropology. He was for many
years a professor of paleontology in the Museum m
Natural History at Pari*. Died January af

La Rue or Lame, de^ deb Ifrii', [Lat RUiS'us,]
(Chakles,) a French poet and eloquent preacher, bom
in Paris in 1643. He composed, in Latin, tragedies and
other poems, one of which, on the victorie* of Loui*
XIV., was translated into French by P. Comeille, (1667.)
His Sermons were published in 4 vol*., 1719. His
truedy of "Sylla" >* commended. He prepared an
edition of Virinl "in uanm Delphini," (1675,) often re-
printed. Died in 1735.

La Rue, IS rii, [Lat. Ru^us,] (Fkancois,)* " ' *

born at Middelburg in 169$.

* M 1; 9 as i; K hard; ( as/'; G, H. K,4tiitiiral: N, tiaial; K, trUUd; I i

is; thasinlAu. (2|P~SeeEzplanatiiMi&f^9^)

,-d::, Cookie

LARUE

lArae, da, (Gbsvam.) See Dkukuk

Zia BablUra. See SAiutu di la.

La BablUtfl^ de, dfh It st^l^iR', (Antoini m
Rauboucllkt,) Sibub. a French poet and fiDander,
bom in Paris in 1624; died in 1679.

TiJ—Ent, 11-tln'yee, (BARToLoiutKO ViNcnno Giu-
SIPFE,) an Italian juiut, bom at Rome in 1773. He —

a judge or coaiisellor Id the French cour"

in Pans from 1810 to iSjo. Di«d in 18^7.

Tji»»^i, (Pirrao,) an Italian tardinal, born at Rom*
/nly 15, 1S14, was created a cardinal-deacon in 1883.

La B«l« or La BaUa^ da, dfh It atl, (AtrroiHC,) a
French writer, bom about 139& He wrote, besides c^er
works, a satire entitled " L^ quinze Joyes de Maiiage,"
("The Fifteen Comforta of Matrimony,") which waa <Slen
reprinted. Died alter 1461.

La Bale, da, {Robert CavbliulJ See Ljt Saujl

LaaaUa or La Salla, da, d^ It sll, (AtrroiNs,) a
French metaphysician, bom in Paris in 1 7 u, pnbliahcd
"TheNalunl Balance,"(>788,)and''HorarMechani(s,"
(a vols., 1789.) He translated the worlcs of Lord Bacon
into French, (15 vola.. i8oc0 Died in 1839.

LaaaUo, da, (Antoinr Chaki^ Louis Coluhft.)
Count, a French officer, bom ai Meti in 1775, serred
in several carnpalgns in Italy. In 179S he followed
Bonaparte to Egypt, where be gave proof of courage
at the Pyramids and Thebes. As general of brigaife,
be contributed to the victories of AusteiUti (1S05) and
Jena, (1806.) At the end of 1806 he was made general of
division. In the second Austrian war he commanded
the cavalry of the advanced guard at Raabi Esslin^ and
finally at Wagram, where he was lulled in July, 1809.

Sat E. A BiciH. "Vie nnHuin ia Coal ' ~ - - -

LAS CASES

1S51 : " KovnUg BioRnphie G^u^nta."

Lb Balla, (J. B.) See SALI.S, l« u.

La BaUe or La Bale, de, (ROBatT <^TaIlai— U*'-
If^',) an enterpriung Frenchman, who has tendered his
name memorable by his ezpforation of the Vallejrof the
Hississippi, was bom at Rouen in 1643. He emigrated
10 Canada in 1667, and engaged in the fur-trade, making
long excii[«iont among the native tribes. 101675 he was
appointed by Colbert governor of Fort FronCetiac, and
was encoDn^ed to pursue discoveries which hi* own
amlntion or enterprising spirit bad snggeaied. Having
built a vessel on Lake &ie, he began his visage in
August, 1679, and passed through Lakes Htiron and
Michinn. He built a Ibrt at Peoria, Illinois, and, as his
Tesaelhad been wrecked, returned by land to Frontenac
in 1680. In i6Sa he renewed the enterprise with a nume-
rous part^, and descended the Mississippi in canoes from
the Illinois River to its mouth, where he arrived in April,
1683. ThepartofthtsriverbelowtbeArkansashadnever
before been explored by a European. In 16S3 he went
to France, and, having obtained a commission to plani
a colony in Louisiana, undertook a voyage to thai region
by the Gulf of Mexico in 1684, but failed to find the
month of the Mississippi, and landed in Texas. There
be encountered great difficulties, and at last <raa mur
dered by his own mutinous crew, in March, 16S7. "Hii
capacity for large designs," say* Professor Jared Sparks,
** and for procuring the resources to carry them lorvraid.

ir procunng the resources to carry
ha* few parallels among the most eminent aiscoverers.
To him must be nujnljr ascribed the discovery of the
~~it regions of the Mississippi Valley."

if hjitofiqua da derT__ . -^

_ .. ,_. , , : HiuintTM. "HiwotT of

Bnui," tdL fi. chap, ma. ; " NoanUa Biognphii Gtefnk."

Za Banta or Laatuit% da, d^ It (ANt, (GiLua
Anns Xaviu,) a French Jesuit and Latin poet, bom
In Bretagne in 1684, taught belles-lettres in Paris, and
numbered Tutgot among nit pupils. Died in 1763.

Tjjnnl^j TOO, fou If *fi', (Ekntt,} & Gemian phi-
lologist and writer of datuc antiqaitie*, wa« bom at
CobTentz in 1805. He became ^feasor ti philol<^
at Uimlch b 1844, and wrote, besides other work*, " On
the Oracle of Dodona," (1841,) "On the Myth of Pro-
metheus," (1&43,) and " Studies 00 Classical Antiqaitv,"
(1854-) Died in tS6l.

Xaa Saiuaaya, de, d^h It sS'si', (Jkah Funcois db
Pavli Lotru Pmrj a Frendi antiquary, bom *t Blot*

1,^1, 5, (l,y,/Dfij-,- It, t, 6, same, less prolonged; i,C,I,B,3,f,nl«rr,-t,f,(,9,«fw«»; Br.flll, llt;mtt; nfti; g9&d;m

in 1801. Hi* "Nnmlsmaliciof Narbnnese Gaul"(''Nu-
nismatiaue de Gaule Narbonnaise," 1843) opened to blot
the Academy of Inscriptions. Died Febniary 14, 187&
IioBCB, Uslci, (Amtohio Fkakcxico Grasimi,) aa
Italian poet and dramatitt, bora at Florence in 1503. In
1540 he founded the Floretitioe Academy, and awamed
the name of Lasca, (" Mullet") He afterward* conceived

the ideaof a new Academy, called Delia Crusca, the ai
of which should be to perbct the Tuscan langnage. H
moat Bunou* work is a collection of tales, entitled " The

First and Second Supper," (" La prima e
Cena.") He also composed soimeta, satirical poems, and
" Gelosia" and other comedies in proae. Hi* work* are
recogniiedas authorities ^ftjA'oVAfl^fiiaJ by the Academj
Delia Crusca. Died in 1583.

or Laaoatl See Cakbukis, (Maiino.)

_ . . lAs'kl-ris, tAconiNO,) Marouis of Vmti-
miglia, an Italian general and agriculturist, bom at Turin
in 1776. He wrote several treatises on agriculture. Died
In 1838.

IiBB'OfOi*, (Andkxas Johannis,) somamed Rhyn*
DACKNDS, a noble Greek schoUr. About 14^ he went
a* afiigitive to the courtofLoreiuode' Medio, by whom
he was patroniied. In or before 1495 he removed to
Paris, where he taught Greek to BudEOS and otltet*.
Leo X. placed liim at the head of a Greek coUt^ ia
Rome about 1508. Between iji8 and i<;34 he resided
cfaieSy in Pari* or Venice, whither Frands L sent him
a* ambassador. He edited "The Greek Anthology,"
(■494,) " Commentaries on Sophocles," (151S,) and other
Greek works. Died in 1535.

Sec BAVLa,''HiMoricaliiidCriticiII>iGllaBaiT;" ^uxaGtano,
** RlDti* Vlrocum UtDcmiBii,"

IdBOaiti, (CoHSTANTiNE,) B Greek scholar, who
contributed much to the revival of learning, iras a de-
scendant of the royal fiunilj of Constantinople. After
the conquest of that city by the Turk*, he took refiige in
Italf, (1454,) and waa emplojred by the Duke of Milan
to give lessons in Greek to his daughter Ippoiila. Ha
afterwards taught Greek at Rome, Naples, and Menina,
where he died about 1494. His Greek Grammar (1476)
is said to have been tlw first work printed in Gnek
charactera.

jSot and tSif for the purpose of gaining the friendship
of the Bedouin* and preparing the way for an expedi-
tion to India. He died at Cairo in 1S15, leaving notes,
which were published by Lamartine,

t^oarla, (Thbodori L,) a Greek emperor, eminent
for political and military talents, bom ahoat >I75> He
married about 1 100 the daughter of Alexis IIL, wbo
had nsuri>ed the throne <rf hi* brother Isaac After a
brave resistance to the cmsader*, wbo took Constanti-
nople in 1x4, he was elected emperor and made himself
master of Bithynla. He was crowned a* emperor at
Nicau in iso6. He waged war for several vears against
the French or Latins, and defeated Alexis (above named)
near Antioch in laia He died in laaa, and was suc-
ceeded by his aon-in-liw, John Docas Valaues.

Laaoana, (Tkeodorc II.,) the son of John Dncas,
became Emperor of Nios in 1355. He waged asoc-
ces*l(d war uainst the Bulgarians. He died in 1259.
leaving an infint son, John, whoee thione was osBrpea
by Michael Paheologna.

Sh Ciboh. "DediBe uul Fill tt tb* RaBUn Enurei" Ifi-
lADD, " HinaT of th* Cnnnda;" La Biad, "Uktgu* ds Bm-

Laa Caaaji. See Casas, di las.

Laa Coaaa, de, d;h lis klz, (EMifAMim. AiTOtranM
DiEUDONNt Marin Josbpu,)Makqi;is, a French officer,
distinguished as a companion of Bonaparte at Saint
Helena, wa* bom near Kevel, in Langnedoc, in 176&
He served some year* in the navy, emigrated in i78g^
fought for the royal cause at Quiberon, and retumea to
Ftance in 1800. He became chamberlain to Booapatta

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LASCELLES i^

liiBics and foUo««d him Bito enle in tSlS. In Norein-
bet, 1816, be WM tent to the (Upe of Good Hope, wImtc
.be int iupriaoneiil Mvenl months, after whicn he wa*
td:eD to Enrope. He hid kept a joomal of Napoleon'*
CMiTenation, which he pnbliilied, under llie bile of " Me-
MonJofSaint Helena," (8 Ti^iSsa-i}.) Diediiii&43.

Las'oallAS, (Sit Fsank Cavendish.) a British
diplomatist, bom in 1S41. He enteicd Ihe diplomatic
Kcrice in 1861, and after fLIling varioas minor posts
wu made minister to Roumania in 1SS6, to Feisia in
iSgl, ambassador to Russia in 1894, and to Germany
ID 1895.

Luwo or XMakL S=e A \j>sca,

^'■'ffy* ("t I«'o;j do, (Pbtkk.) Count, an Irish
Ceneral, &ther of the following, was boin in Limerick
m 167SL Having entered the Russian service, he was
tapidly promoted, and in 1709 commanded the left wing
at Fuliowa. The Ciar Peter appointed him gcneral-in-
ehief of the infiuitry about 1711. Iiii734he ' '

Ticlorj over the Swedes at Helsingfc
k 1751.

Lsacf or LaoT, von, fiin lla'aee, (Joseph Fkancu
Hadkice,) Count, a general in the Austrian armjr, bora
n Saint Petersburr '- •— "-- ' "■- •

received front Maria Theresa a manhal'abfttoD ... _,

After the peace he entered the anlic council, and db-
played much abilitf a* minister of war. Died in iSoi.

IiB BttiiM, 11 a'nfl, IX £a Saiiie, Usin, (PixntoJ
■1*0 written Lmmwim, an Italian plulologitt, bom In
NmiIcs in 1590^ practised law in that dtv. He wrote
"HMneri nepenlhet, aea de Abolendo Luctn Liber,"
(ifei,) and several treatise* on philology. Died in 163&

Sm BuccMin, "via p. La Sana," 1617.

"Utmvra*. See Santandke.

Tariirif^ li-tee'ne-o, (Caua,) Count, an able Italian
engnver, bom at Treviso atxiut 1765. He engraved
nnnenia* worli* of early Italian masters. Among liia
pUle* it a collection c^ed "Etmria pittrice." Died
aboot 1837.

His son, Giovanni Paolo, was an engraver tX Flor<

of ihefim

jS LASSEN

LuphilM, da, dfh U'fsii', (Hakc de F«pilloD-
pf pc'tAn',) Sbignbub, a French poet, t>orQ at Amboiat
In 1555, composed many admired sonnets, songs, elegies
and epitapht. He was living in 1590.

TjMiifgn*. If sili', (Jran Louis,) a French chemitl^
bom in Paris in iSoOl He became professor of chem*
iBtry or pharmacy at Alfort in iSaS. Among his dis-
coveries were delphine, calbartine, and phosphoric ether.
He published an " Elemcntaiy Treatise on Organic and
Inorganic Chemistiy," (3 vols-, 1819.) Died in 1S59.

IiMttla, ik-*11i, or iJtnln. (Manuel,) a Spanish
historian and poet, bom at Valencia in 1^29. He be-
came a Jesuit, and as such was banished in 1767, after
which he lived at Bologna. He pul>lished an "Essay
on Andent and Modem Hiatory," (3 vola., 1755.) Died
in 1798.

Lataalle, lls'sU', (Fbkdinand,) a brilliant Gennaa
eodallsE, born at Breslao, of Jewish parents, la iSaj.
He studied in Breslau and Berfin, and became known at
a Hegelian and a friend of the poet Heine. For tea
years De prosecuted Ihe cause of ihe Counlesa Hatzfddt
against her husband, bringing the case before thirty-sis
di&rent court*, with final success. After 1S62 he bej^
with great zeal an agitation in behalf of the working-
men. On August 38, 1864, he was lulled in a dud wi&
a man who had matried the lady lo whom Lassalle was
affianced. Lassalle was a man of vast teaming and
ability and of lioundless ambition. Hi* aim was a
German working-man's repablic, with himself btt presi-
dent His prindpal work* were " Die Phitosophie He-
rakleitos dM Dunkeln von Epheaos," ("Philosophy of
Heroclitu* the Obscure," 1858, a work of great alnlity,
though it makes the Greek philosopher moi" '"'" " —
than the fu;ts will warrant,) and"SyatGn

like Hegel

_ _ greater mtereab

(See his " Life," )^ G. Brandet.)

Imwbv, d«, dfh If •!', (Akmand LAoh db Hadail-
LAN Dl LxsrAKKB,) UAKQUts, a French (dicer, disdn-
~iitbed for his gallantry and talents, was l>om in 165^1

ental

was intimate with Fontenelle and Voltaire. He died
in 1738, leaving a volume entitled "Recueil dedifUrentes
Choses," or "Memoirs of the Marquis de Lassay."

S« Paduh PXui. ■■ U Uwfibi lU LuuT cl rUfttd «ft Li»
tKt" %iA'> SAPrm-BiDTa, "Cwuerie* da Lnivli," too* ix.

I.u-aaII', (WiLLlAkf,) F.RS., L1.D., an En^h
astronomer, bom at Bolton, in Lancashire, June 18, 1799,
For many years he was a brewer in Liverpool, bnt de-
voted all his leisure lo bis bvourite studv of attronomy.
He constmcted his own telearopes, wiin which tie dis-
covered one satellite of Neptune and two aatellite* of
the planet Uranus. Died October j, 1880.

Laa'seU, (Rhhiakd,) bom in Yorkshire, England, \m
1603, wa* converted to the Roman Cathi^c religion
He wrote "Travels in lUly," (a vols., 167a) Died at
Montpdlier in 1668.

lit'i^ (CHUSnAN,) a Norwegian scholar,
d for his profonnd knowledge of the Ori-
■get and Indian tntiqaitiet, was bom at Ber-
gen lu icwix He studied at Heidelberg and at Bonn,
where in 1840 he was appointed professor of the andent
Indian language and literature He rendered moel im-
portant service* to philology by bis excellent editions tA
standard worlu in Sanscnt, and published "Contribu-
tion* to tlie History of the Greek and Indo-Scythian
Kings in Bactria, Cabool, and India," "Indium Antiqui-
ties," {1 vols., 1EL14-M,) and '' The Old Peisian Inscrip-
tions m the Arrow-Headed Characters," which he was
the first to dedpher and explain. His " Institutiones
UnguK Fracritioe" (1837} is esteemed tbc best work
that haa appeared on the subject of the andeni popular
dialects of^ India. Died May 9, 1S76.

Sm"Nc>stc11i Bkynphw dDlnlai" "Ftmiis QuartolT Ra-
view'* tor October, tSs;.

lianaaa, (Eduard,) a mnsidan and oompoter, bom
at Copenhagen, April 13, i S30, but educated at Brussels,
whither he was taken when only two years of age. Hit
operas "Le Roi Edgar," " PraueoloDi" and "Der Ge
&ngeae" have been Mrly successful

Octiiier 14, 1839. He studied law at Breslau and Berlin
ntd m EnglaiHL For many years a prominent legislator,
(in the Prussian, Ncwth German, and Imperial Diets suc-
oe*tiTelyJ he was one of Che most intelligent and fearless
tdncate* of all the refomis and progressive measures
proposed, and the most inSueniut opponeni of Bis-
naid:'* policy. He never held an important office, ex-
cept IS a legtglator. He published "Zur Verfiusungs-
geschichte Pren**en*," (" C^ the History of the FTussoii
CoBitilntkm,") etc; Died in New V<wl^ June 5, 18S4.

Laaksr, (Euanuel,} chess champioo, bom at Ber-
linchm, Germany, in 1868. He became a student of
mathematics and a chess expert, winning the chom-
(Hoiuhip of England in iSgz, of America in 1893, and
of the world in 1894. He won the Moscow first prite in
1S97. He pubtisiied a number of mathematical papers.

iMnlai:, U'd^', (Riui,) a French surgeon and
celetvated oculist, practised in Patit. He was very
socoessfiil in Ihe treatment of cataract Died in iGga

loao, (GAKCIA&) See GAKciLua

Imootoo, If boobs*', (Maub David Albin,} a
French GirMidist revolutionist, bom near Montpellier
itt 1761. As a member of the Convention in 1793, he

" to establisb order in the republic He was one

of the committee of public tsfety.
ierre in a speech in April, 1793,
«H arrated about J nnc I, and executed with the other
Cwiwdist chieb in October of that year.

<Hi;(a*«;|il<in/;ias/;c^H,IC^MAir<>/;N,mnif;B,MVn/;lats,-thaainCiw. (|^~See Explanatkms, p. 93.}

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LASSIS t

LMalo, Ifstw', (N„) a FKocb phjwcUn ud writer,
born at Ch Still on -mT-Loing in 1773, devoted hi* alten-
lion chteflj to the subject of contagion. He practtted
ID the army in iSta and iSiJi during the prevalence of
the typhuB fever. Died in 1835.

Laaao, dl, de lli'io, (Orlando.) [Lat Oklan'
Liu'sus,] loinetiines called Roland db Lattrs, (dfh
lltK,)a bunont musical composer, bom at lions, in I<lan-
ders,ini5io. At the ue of sixteen he was taken to Italf
byGonugo,Viceto;orsicily. After passing a few veara
in Rome and Antwerp, he was invited by the Duke of
Bavaria to Munich, whither he went In ISJ^ and became
mi^ire-Jt-tkapellt. He was invited to niru by Charle*
IX. in i|74 i but that king died before the arrival of
Laaio. By the number, o"""-"*- "^

compositions he acquired „ . .^

poser of bis time except Palestrina. Among hit woika
are masses, motets, magnificats, songs, and other mna'
Died about 1595.

Laaao or tia— na, tod. fbn lla'sta, (RutmLF,) a di
sidan, bom al Munich, wai a ion of the preceding. 1
was organist to the Dnke of Bavaria. Died in 1615.

X«Baona, Ifson', (Joseph Haub Fkan^ois,] _
French physidan, bom at Carpentns in lyiy. Having
practised with success in Paris for many years, he became
physician to the queen In 1751. After her death he was
appointed first phyaidan to Loai* XVL He wrote
treatises on medicine and chemistry, which were inserted
in thecoliection of Che Academy of Sdences. Died

*■"— "■ See Lasso and Lasus.

Laaana, It'sUs', (Pikkki,) a French surgeon and
writer, bom in 1741, was professor oreitemal pathology
in Paris for many years. Died in 1807.

XAsteyrie, do, df h Its'ti'rc', (Ferdinand,)
qnary, bom in Paris in 1810. He acted with the Liberal
party in the Chamber of Deputies, (1842-^) and with
the moderate republlcani in the Assembly, (iS43-;o.) He
wrote a " History of Painting on Glass." Died in 1879.

Laateyrto, e», (Julb^) a grandson o( General La
Payette, was bom in 1810. He was elected a deputy in
1843 and in 1846. After the revolution of 1S48 he be-
came a member of the Assembly. He «a* a contributor
to the " Revue des Deux Mondes." Died in iSSl-

I^atorile-Daaaillaiit, d«, dfh Ita'ti're' dll'd'yAii',
(Craklbs Philibert,) Count, a French philanthro
pist and economist, the father of Ferdinand, noticed
above, was bom in Corrize in 1759. He wrote treatise*
on agricultiue and on the natoral history of
the horse, etc. Died in 1849.

ZiBBtlc^ de, dfh Its'tik', (Jkam Bonpab,) a brave

with success against the Sultan of Egypt. Died in 1454,

So VaaroT, " HiMoin do I'Ordn de Sam Jeu da JlniMlan 1"

~ ' " 41 of ibe Knithu d( Hilu." bj AuoAum Simaa-

, , (PiBTBB,) a Dntch painter and

engraver of high reputation, born at Haarlem between
itM and 15S1. He visited Rome in 1604. He watone
M the maalert of Rembiandt His son Nicola^ bom
at Haailem in 1610, was a skilliil aitisL

U'aiia, [AAoor,] an emin<-nt Greek dithyiambic poet,
bom at Hermione, in Argolis, flourished at Athens in the
•Izth century B.C. He & said to have been the master
^ Pindar. Hi* work* are not extant. He was some-
limes reckoned among the Seven Wise Men.

La BtUEe. See Coligni, (HBMKirmi.)

Latapla, If tt'pe', (Francois de Paui,) a French
botanist, born at Bordeaux in 1739 i died in 1823.

Latemda, Ifti'rld', (Jean FEAHgois,) a Frettch
DOtanist of Bordeaux, bom about 1780 ; died in 1858.

Latbam, (Ch&eles,) aviator, bom at Paris in 1SS3.
Was the first to travel from Paris to London in aballoon
and to attempt to cross the English Channel in axx aero-
plane. Was killed by a buEulo while hunting in the
Coi^ region in 1913.

U'th^^n, (John,) F.R.5., an English naturalist and
phyaidan, bom at Eltbam, in Kent, Id 174a He began

»6 LATIMER

bmineas, pumied^be stndv of natural history, espcdally
omitbolooy. Between 1781 and 1787 he produced Ut
"GeoeraT Synopsis of Birds," (6 vols., with platea,) a
work of much merit In 1 796 he removed to Komaey,
in Hampshire, and ceased to practise medicin& He
afterwards received the title of physiciaii to the prince>
regent Healso wrote, besides medical treatises,a"Gen.
erid History of Birds," (1821-2^) of which the figure*
were drawn and engraved by his own band. Died in
1837-

IiatJiam, (Robbbt Gokdow,) F.R.5., an eminent Eng-
lish philol<^t and elhnolc^t, bom in Uncolnthiie in
181a. He took the de^ees of B.A. and U.D. at Cam-
bridge, where he acquired profidcncy in andent and
inodem_ languages. In i S40 he was appointed profeaaor
of Englishhteraturein UniversityCollege, London. He
published "The English Language," ([^i,) which is con-
other works are "Natural History of the VarietiM of
'■(1850,) "Man and his Migrations." (18(1,) "Etb-
y of Europe," (1851,) " Nationalities of Europe,"
„.) a new edition of Johnson's Dictionary, fiSyo^)
Outlines of Philology^" (1878,) and "Russian and Turk

rhjch are extensively used in the schooTt.

{:

from a Geographical. Ethnological, and Historical Foiiit
of View," (1878.) Died March 9, 1SS8.

Ll'thrfip, (George Paksons,) an American author,
bom at Hunotulu, in Hawaii, August 15, 1851. He was
educated in New York, and in Dresden, Saiony, and at
the law-school of Columbia College. He was assistant
editor of the "Atlantic Munthlj," 1875-77, and editor
-f the Boston "Courier," 1878-80. He married a
aaghter of Nathaniel Hawthorne. His principal works
re^A Study of Hawthorne," (1876,) -Afterglow," (a
ovel, 1877.) " Spanish Vistas," {18S3,) and " Newport,"
1 novel, 1884-) Died April 19, tSga
Latbrop, (John Hiram,) an American college-presi-
dent, born at Sherburne, New Yoric, January 33, I799>
He graduated at Yale College in 1819, and became a
lawyer. He held various colle^ piofessorships, was
chosen president of Missouri Umvemty in 1840, of Wis-
consin University in 1S49, and of Indiana University in
1859. Died at Columbia, Missouri, Augost 3, i866t

Lathrop, (Rev. Josefh,) D.D., an American Presby-
teriaa divine, bora al Norwich, Connecticut, in 1731.
Having graduated al Yale College, he became luator
of the Congregational church at West Springfield. He

Siiblished a collection of sermons, entitled ''Wolves In
heep's Clothing," which obtained extensive populaiit-'.
Died in 1S20.

Latl-mfr, (Euzabkth Woruklby,) an English
writer, bom at London in iSsz. She published a
number of novels, induding "Amabel," " Salvage,"
" A Chain of Errors," etc., also nineteenth century
histories of France, England, Italy, and othet coun-
tries. Died January 4, 1904.

Lat^mfr, (Huck,) a celebrated English Reformer,
distinguished for his courage, seal, and piety, was bora
in Leicestershire about 1472. Having graduated at Cain<
bridge and entered into holy orders, he gained distinctioi)
as a lealous and eloquent preacher of the Reformed re-
ligion. He was palroniieo by Thomas Cromwell, who
in 1519 gave him a benefice in Wiltshire and saved hin
firom persecution which certain bishops raised against
him. He became chaplain to Anne Boleyn and Bishop
of Worcester in 1515. On account of the passage of tut
-~* -f nx artides m 1539, he resigned histHshopric, and
mprisoned in the Tower until the death of Heniy
VIIL, in IU7. He was ^ain arrested in 1^53, and
compelled hj his enemies to be present at a dispute om
transulistantiaiion at Oxford in 15^ In 1555 he wsa
burned at the stake, in company with Ridley, to whom
he said, " de of good cheer, brother ; we shall this daj
kindle such a torch in England as I tmst shall never b*
extinguished.''
Latimer, (Wiluau.) an English sdiolar and reviver

£ C, 1,0, «, T, Aavv ^ ^ A, same, less prolonged} I, i, 1,2, fi, y, Mart; t, t, 1, 0, iiiicsffv/ Or, Oil, Ot; mCti nCti giRd; mOew

d by Google

LA Tim I-

brtliii lA-tee'Dce, (Bumnro,) a cdebrated Italiaa
poet, orator, and granmuriui, bom at Florenct ■boot
iija Ha Unght philoAophT aod mmnuu' in Florence,
vhve Dante wa* hi* popil, and Be held aome of the
higheat offices in the republic, Me was attached to the
GMlph partis Hit Rreateit work, entitled " The Trea-
nae,'' (" Le Trrfaor,") ia written in French, and conaiota
rf extracia and lianslaliona from daaaic authora on hia-
tory, philowphy, rhetoric, etc He alio compoaed " The
little Treaaore," (" II Teaoretto,") a poem, and a ti«aliae
oa ihetoric. Died in 1294.

S« Kkh, "UtocU de^ Scrinori « "
"StoriidcUi LMtannua Itilau;" " N«a

LATREJLLB

Latini, U-tee'nee, or LaUnlo, li-Cec'ne-o, (Latino,)
[LaL Lati'nus Latin'iu^) a learned and Jndidooa
Italian aide, waa bom at Viterbo in 1513. He became
a teudent of Rome in issi, and aerted as secretary to
•neni cardinala, amone irtiom wa* Cardinal Colonna.
He pablished "jjetters. Conjecture*, and Observations,"
(1659,) in Ladn, which treat of manj pointa of hiatorjr,
antiqiuty, aiHl oritidam. Died in 1593.

Latino. See Latinus.

LB-U'iMU,[Gr.AariM[; It. Latino, Ii-tee'tio,UlegeD-
daiy king of Latiaio, a son of Faanua, and the uiher of
LaTJnia, who became the wife of Aneas. According to
Mme authors, he was an incaroation of Jupiter Latiana.

Sh ViKU.'i "Jtaai," task nL

Latlnna Imtliiias. See Latin L

L«fo-mtia,(orlf(o'miia»',)tlie Latin nameofaFlcBV-
iih theologian, sometime* called Jamki HaS90N, who
w»i born in Hainanlt aboi - -'

'b/edtagj at l^iuvain, and
mica of Luther. He wrote several worka against tlw
doctrines irf the Reformers. Died in 1 544.

lAtomna, (BAKXHiLUiY.) a scholar, bom in Luzem*
bail ^rant 1485, became profeaaor of eloqoence in tbe
ColUfG Royal of Paria in i5M- He wrote note* on
Cictro, and other work*. Died in 1S66.

I^^nf, |Gr. Air«; Fr. Latoni, Ifton',] in daaaic
nycliology, a daughter of the TitAn* Casus and Phcebe,
m the wife of Jupiter, and the mother of Apollo and
Diana. The poets relate that, persecuted by Juno, she
wandered about nntil she came to Delos, which was
Ihen a floating island, but became stationary when she
tgndied it. I&re Apollo and Diana were born. Latona
received from Niobe an aflront which Apollo and Diana
Kferely revenged.

lAtone. See Latona.

lAtoncbe or Iia Touoh«, do, dfh If toosh', (Hva-
CDtniE Thabaud,) a French poet and romancer, bom
« La Chltre, in Berry, m 178}, waa known by the name
of HsKKi DK Latoucul He edited the poathumoua
poems of Andr< Ch^nier about 1819. Amons his best
•orks are the fictitious "Correspondence of Clement
XIV. and Carlin," (tSay,) and aeveral Bbort poema.
DiedDi 1851.
_SttSuirTB-BnrTK " Cnueris da Lon^" lonaUL; "NoutiUi

la lOnoIie-TtdTlllfl^ de^ d^h II toosh tni'vtl',
jlAcit RXNt Madklunb le Vassok,) a French admiral,
DareatRocbefonn)i745. He was elected to the States-
General in 1 7S9, and becune a rear-admiral iniyoa. He

'' in a naval battle against Nelson m iSoi.

H-
See Too, DB LA.

latonr or Ia Tout, It'tooR', (Douinkidb,) a French
^ymdan and medical writer, bora in 1749, waa chief
physician to I.oDi* Bonaparte whHe he was King of
HoUaiKL Died about tSaa

I^tovr, (Juit Raimond Jacquis Aute^E,) a French
■e£cal writer, bom at Tonlonae in 1805. He (bunded
aiS47the-'Union>Udicale,"«]oarnijr DiedintSSl.

I^tour, a«, ICaoniau).) Bason. See CACNiAsn

IstotD^, Om, dth Iftoos', (Louis ANrorHs Tinant,)
a French poet and UOhatatr, bom In Haute-Tienne Id
llciSt poblisbed "Far from the Fireside," ("Loin da
Fncr," 1841,) and other poems. Died in iSai.

MtDV, Om, (UAVUCt QmniN,) an eminent French

- . ._, .._^ ^ Saint-Quentin In 1704. He

oat 1737, amf became a fiwhionable

Kedin

painter of portrait* in pastel In lyjo be r
title of painter to the long. Auong nis woi
traits of Voltaire and Roossean. Died in tj

received tha
works are por-

-nij88.

latavxivau, fbn IftooR', (Kau. Anton HAXiyiLiAN
Baillct,) Count, an Austrian general, bom in 1737.
He obtained conmiand of the army of the I«wer Rhma
in ty^ In this campaign he was opposed to Morean,
and, in concert with the Archduke Charles, fought seve-
ral battles, In which the Austrians were worsted. He
became president of the coundl of war, and died in tSo&
Ija Tour (or Latonr) d'AnvoTBiie, de, d;h Iftook'
d«'viRfi', (THiopRiLB Malo Corret,) a brave officer,
somamed "the first grenadier of France," was born at
Carhaix in 1743. He was eminent for modesty and

■■ ' -' • -ji,,..

, which formed
the vanguard of the army of the Pyrenees and was called
"the infernal Column." By the rapidity of his move-
ments he usually dedded the victorj t>efbre the main
bod^ of the aimy reached the field ofbattie. Napoleon
having presented him a sabre inscribed to "the first
^enadier of France." be answered, "Among us soldiers
there Is no first nor last" He was killed at the l»ttle of
Oberbanseti, in iSoo. He learned many languages, and
published "Researches into the Language, Origin, and
Antiquities of the Bretons," (1791.)

Stt BuHOT Di Khsuu, " Hiitoiic lie La Tour d'AuTHVut,**
i»4i : Caujhal '• NodCB lur L. Tour d'Auwrjiit" ia4i ; ftoin
piRocHauA "NckIb wax La Tour d'AuTnvit,'' itao: PaiotL
" Notio tur T. M. da L> Tear d'Auvasu," xtn; " Noaidk Bio.
fnphic Qte^nla."

Im Tour d'AiiTWKna. See Tukbhnb, and Soun^

iMtonr du Pill Oonvame^ da, dfh IftooR' dti
piN goo'vd'nj', (Jean FittDARic,) Comte de Paulin,
a French general, t>om at Grenoble in 1727. He was
elected in 17S9 to the States'General, and was minister
of war from August, 1789, to November, 1790. He was
executed in 1794.

Irfttour - BlBubotirt de, dfh IftooR' mS'bocK',
(Marii Chakuls CtsAK Fav,) Count, a French gene-
ra), bom in 1758. He was one of the three commis-
saries who escorted the king from Varennes to Paria In
1791, after which he was marshal -de-camp in the army
of La Fayette. He escaped with La Fayette in 1791,
-iiid hhaied hi* loag captivity in Austria. Dieo in

„ .1807.

„ n Spain and Russia, and lost a

leg at Leipsic, (1813.) He was minister of war aboni
two years, (1820-31.) Died in 185a.

S«A. Sala, '-L« GteJnl di MinboiBI." Pari^ iSjat "Nua
Telle Biignpfaie G^ninle."

La Tonrstta. See Touairra, ax la.

Latrame. irtR^I' or irtRfy^ (Piirre AndrI,) an
eminent French nataralist, sumamcd "the Prince of
Entomology," waa bom at Brives (La Corriie) tn 1761.
While a student in the collie of Cardinal Lemoine,
Paria, he gained the favoor of Abbi Haiiy. In iy86 he
retired to hia tutive province, where he spent all his
leisure in the study of^ Insects, having adopted the pro-
fesaimi of a prieaL In conaeqoence of the revolutionary
troublea, he abandoned that profession, and applied him-
self lo Us bvoarite science as his diief business. H«
publisbedfai 1796 a treatise "On the Generic Characlera
of Insects." About 1798 he was employed to arranga
' in the Museum of Paris, in which positioa M
1 nearly thirty years. In 1814 he waa chosen a
of the Institute, and in 1819 he succeeded La-
marck as professor of loology. He had published " The
Natural Hiatory of Ants," ( 1802,) " The Natural History
of Reptiles," (iSoa,) "A Memoir on the Sacred Insecta
of the Egyptiana," and man* other works. I^treille was
the author of the entomologtcal part of Curier's " R^ne
Animal," and of the portion of^ Buffon's and Sonnini'a
work which treats of Crustacea and insects. His capital
workis "The Genera of Cmatacea and Insects, arranged
according to the Natural Order," (" Genera Crostaceo-

<s*i; casx; I i(an<; t as/r O, H, x,;M»int/; N, KOM/; >, A-iOn/; ■ ai

.'*bas

adii, (|^~SeeExplanationa.p.i3.)

edaCjOOl^lc

LA TRBMOUILLE u

mm «t InMCtomn tecandcim Ordinein nataralem dii-
potita," 4 voli., 1806-09.) Di«d in 1833.

Irfi Trdmonllla. See Trimouillb. db la.

IiK TUmoidUe, da, dfb tl tRe'niuiV or II tRe'moo'ji^
(Claoiie,) Due, X French ProlcsUnt comtnaadcr, txMii
in 1566, was a brother-in-law al (he prince Henri de
Cond^. He distinguiahed himself at Irry. Died in 1604.

His son HSKRI, bom in 1599, became a general in the
Mrrice of Louis XIII. Hii mother was a daughter of
William the Silent, Prince of Orange. Died in 1674.

U'tio, (M. PORCIDS,) a Latin rheloridan, bom abont
SO B-c, was a friend of Senec* the elder. He had a high
reputation i« a declaimcT, and was master of a cele-
brated school in Rome, where Ovid was his pupil. He
ns called by Quintillan "imprimis clari nominia pro-
fcssoT." Died in 4 B.C.

Latroba, IftrSb', {Benjauin Henry,) an architect,
torn in England in 1763. He emigrated to America in
I79S> *^^ ^"'^ emplored as engineer by the State of Vir-
ginia. He was architect of the United States Bank In
Philadelphia, and of the first Hill of Repretentatins at
Waihbgton. Died in 1810.

Labobe, ll-trSb', (Rev. Ckkistiaii Ionatiu^) an
English musician and composer, born at Fulnec, Leed^
In 175S. He took orders m the Moravian Church, and
in 1T95 was appdnted secretary to the Unity of tlie
Brethren in England. He composed sacred music, and
edited "Moravian Hymn Tunea," and " A Selection of
Sacred Music from the Works of the Most Eminent
Composers of Gernu
Died May 6, 1836.

Labrobo, (John Hazlrhurst,) lawyer, was bom
at Philadelphia in 1803, a son of Benjamin H. Latrobe.
He wu admitted lo the bar of Baltimore in tSaSi Ik-
camc interested in telegraphy and in railroad work,
was active in forming the colony of Liberia, and in-
vented the " Ballimore healer." He originated the
park system of Baltimore, and was the author of numer-
ous works, including fiction, travel, biography, etc.
Died Septeml)er II, 1891.

Lattalgnant. See AirAtCMAirr, !» L'.

iMttanilo. See Lactantiui;

IiaUre. See Lasso.

Lfttnd*. See Maibri.

Iftib, l&wp, (FsftDiNANb,) an Austrian violinist, born
M Prague,'- —-- ... j^..

the princii

Moscow in 1866 as head profeisOT of the violin in the
Conaervatorium, and first violin at the Mosikgeaellschaft.
Died March 17, 1875.

Iianbe, ISw^h, (Hbinrich,) a German poet and lit-
tirateur, bom in Silesia In 1806. His "Tales of Travel,"
(" Reisenovellen,") pabliihed in 1834, resemble those
of Heine, and are by some critics preferred to them.
Among his other production* we may dte " The Countess
Chlteaubriand," a romance, (1843,) "Prini Friedrich,"
and other dramas, and an intcreadns work entitled "The
first German Parliament," [3 vols., 1849.) Died at
Vienna, August i, 18S4.

5«"NaUTellf

L'Aubwpluft. See Adrkspink, de V.

Idnd, lawd, (Whjjam,) ■ celebrated ArchbUhop of
Csnterbntv, was bom al Reading, in Berkshire, in 1573,
and was educated at Oxford. He became one of the chap-
lains of the king about 1615, Bishop of Saint David's in
l6lt, and Bishop ofBath and Wells in 1616. After the
accession of Charles L be rose rapidly into great influ-
ence at court. In 1638 he was translated to the see of
London, and became the chief minister or favourite of
the king. He took part in the persecution of the Puri-
tans, and was unjustly suspected of a bias in favour
of popery. In 163 he was appointed Archbishw (rf
Canterbury. "Of all the prelates of the An^teu
Church," SB^ MacaulM, " I^od had departed Guihesi
from the prmdple* of tne ReibnnaUon and had drawn
nearest to Rome." " Of all men then living," says Gar-
diner, "be [Land) wai the least fitted tolSe '- *

98 LAUDERDALE

with political power. . . . His thoroi^ belief In tha
unbounded efficacy of external forma and institutioiw,
c(»Dbi)ied with his complete Ignorance of human nature,
would be aufficienl to ^xid to madoea* an^ nation which
might be aul^ected to hi* controL" ("History of Eng-
laid from 1603 to x&lt," voL a. chap. x. p. 41.) In 164O
he was impeached t>y the Coounons and committed to
the Tower. After he had been tried for treason, mlhont
obtaining a judicial sentence, the Commons passed an
illegal and unjust ordinance for hi* execution, and be
was beheaded in 1645. "His leal was unreienting,"
says Hume, "in the cause of religion, — that is, in &-
posing by rigorous measures his own tenets and pioD*
ceremonies on (he obstinate Puritans, who had pronnelj
dated to oppose him." Land had many noble qualities
of hMd and heart ; but hi* great bult (and thai of hi*
times) was the non-recognition of (he right of private
judgment in a commonwealth nominally frea. But in
his time not one writer or otlier authority, great or
obscure, seem* to have rec(^iied any such popular
right.

Saa "life of Lud," bv Pavma, 1(44, Harui^ 1611, tjiwtat,
iSag, BuHc^ilsjiWHAmm. "TrooEb ud Trial of W. Lnwl,
IDwIudiiiaijnfixod iIh IHvTorbkan LiK" 1T941 Huiia,"Uis.
torjoi Ed(1u4" dup. liL i *' Retrospocriv Rorww,'* voL vii., iS«>

lAodaU, lfiw-di'(ee, (Giosettd,) an Italian painter
of the Roman school, bom at Perugia in 1G73, wa* a
&*ourite pupil of Carlo Maratta. Died after 17(4

Ztau'dfr, (Sir Jokn,) Lord Fountainhall, an emineot
Scottish lawyer, hom in Edinburgh in t64& He becania
a member of Parliament, and opposed the arlntiary
policy of James IL Died in 1733.

S« Ckahhbi, " Biofnpbn] DicdanaiT of Embnt SmUniwa"

Lander, (Robert Scott,) a Scottish painter, boia
near Edinburgh in 1S03. Among his liest works ar«
"The Bride of Lammermuir," "Trial of Effie Dean*,'
and other scenes from Scott. He worked moatly ia
London and Edinburgh. Died April 11, 1S69.

Laudar, (Sir Thoha* Dick,) a Scottish author, bora
in I7&k Inherited a baronetcy from his father, and lived
near Edinburgh. He was one of the early contribntois
to "Bladiwood's Magazine," and author of varkm*
works, atnong which are " Lodiandhu," a novel, *■ IBglt-
land Rambles," (1837,) and a "Tour Tonnd the CoaMa
of Scotland." Died in 1S4S.

Sa* CKAMaan, " Biocnphial IXetiaurTirf Knrippil gml bh w. **

Lander, (William,) a Scotchman, who gained no
toriety by literary impostures designed to prove thai
Milton was a plagiarist- In 1751 he published an "Ea-
say on Milton'* Use and Imitation (>f the Modem* ia
hi* Paradise Lost," In which he charged Milton with
makbg too fi-ee use of the ideas of Grotius and othera.
He was convicted of having interpolated in GrotJOB**
Latin drama "Adamus Easnl" several verses copied
from an obscure version of Milton's poem. He died in
Barbadoes in 1771.

Lan'dfr-dale', (Jamrs MAmAND^) EARi.oF,Bn able
Scottish W hie statesman, bom in i7J9,waa the son of
the seventh Earl of Lauderdale, and was fiiat Bt^«d
Lord Maitland. About 17S1 be was elected to tfaa
House of Commons, where he acted a* the politkal
friend of Fox, and In 1787 was chosen one of the maa<
asers of the impeachment of Hastings. He inherited Ibe
title of earl in 17S9, and was chosen one of the Scottiril
representative peers in 1790. He favoured the French
republic, and opposed the war against (he French which
began in 1793. In 1806 he became a peer of the United
Kingdom, and keeper of the seal of Scotland, and was
sent by Mr. Pox to Paris with full powers to negotiate
a peace, but without success. On the &1I of the Whig
ministry in 1807 he gave up the seal of Scotland. He
died in (S39, leaving hi* title to hb son James. He wrote
several treatises on finance and political ecimomy.

Landeidale, (John Maitluw,) Dukr of, a Britisb
courtier, bom at Lethington in 1616, was a grant!
of John Lord Maitland, Chancellor of Scotland.
&theT was first Earl of Lauderdale. He was ctmspicv-
ou* among tlie Scottish insurgents of 163S, and bqcan hi*
public career as a zealous supporter of the CovenaaL
After the restoration of ifi6o he became the prime k
Tourite of Charles IL,aodin 1670 wa* amenAcsof tbat

i e,TIV^y,fMtf','i,t,A,s*)ne,less prolonged; i,2,I,S,Ii,)l,J<(«r«;«,f,|,9,«ifiwra;flr,RUt,at:mlt;n5tig3edimaan.

d by Google

LAUDIVIO H

cat«pl catMnet cilled the CabaL " Under the outward
■how of bcHsterODi franhneM," ta^ Maoulaj, " be wa«
peilup* the moat di*hanest nuo tn the whole Cabal."
He was created duke in 1671. Tn 167S he became min-
(Her f(» Scottuh a&ira, which he inaiuwed in a violent
lod arUb-aiy manner. " He had the fortune, beyond
■nj other minuter," saja Home, " to mvntain an aicend-
ant over Charlei IL during the sreaterpart of his reign."
r IlktuTY of England.") Died in i6&t. Aa he left no
oiale issue, his brother inherited the eaitdom.

I«ndlTio, l&w-dee've-o, (Zaccaria,) an Italian poet,
born near Genoa, lived about 1470. He wrote " Letlei*
«f the Grand Turk," (" EpisiolK Magni Turd," 1473,1
often reprinted, and "On ihe Praises of Wisdoni ana
«rtne," ("De Laudibua SapientiK et Vijtntia.")

Laudoo, Ton, Ibn I5w'don, written also Landohn
and IiOtidoii, (Gidkon Eknst,} Baron, a famous field-
marahal of the Austrian army, was bom in livonia in
171& He entered the service of Maria Tberesa in 1743,
and for bis exploits in several campaigns was rewarded
with the ranJt of general in I7S7- The new jeat he was
made lieDtenani-EeDcral, and conttilxited greatly to the
victonr of Hochkitchen over (be Prussians. In 1759 he
gained acompletevictorjatKuneisdorf^ where Frederick
UK Great commanded in person. He was raised to the
link of fietd-manhal in 177S, gained several victories
over the Turks in 1788, and was choeen generalittimo
in 17S9. Died in 1790.

in Geinian, a " Hiatorr of Helvetia," (or Switierlaad,)
CHelvedscheGeschicbte," 1736-38.) Died in 1734.

IiniCAl,tO'thCl',(ANToiNEAUGUSTi,) a French writer,
born at Strasbourg, Tannary 10, 1S30. He visited the
United States in 1&4, and published "The United
Stale* during the War," (1S66,) "England, Political
and Sodal," (1873,) "Great Historical Figures," (1875,)
"Louiae de Coligny," (1877,) "France, Political and
Sodal," (1877,) and other works.

lAng;h11n, (Jambs Laukbncx,) tn American
economist, bom at Dcerfield, Ohio, in 1850. He
graduated at Harvard in 1873, and became professor
of political economy at Cornell in 1890 and at Chicago
in 1S93. He published several works.

L«wgl». H'ab^', (AHiHtA,) an able Prettch cbemiit,
bm in Paris in 177a In 1809 be anccceded Fourcroy
as pTofeaior of chemiatTy in hi* native dty. Hi* lecture*
wete published with the title of " Cours de Chimie aitii-
nk," (3 vola., 1838.) He excelled in chemical analysis,
and wrote numerous memoln on the analysis of minerals-
Died in 1833.

8« P. J. "

nreccdin

_ . (Eknest,) an astronomer, a son of the
ii^, bom in Paris in 1811, obtained in 1S41 the
' medal for the discovery of a comet and the cal-

(Ma«c Aktoinr,) a

__ ._ennopTl

Paul," after Ponssin. Died Februai

L«uier, (Ma«c
fricst, bom at Manosqne in 1713. He

"Essay on Architecture," (1753-55,) a

*'HistoryofVenice,''(i3 vols., 1759-68;) t^ch was the
best which had appeared until Ibat of Dara wis pub-
BshediniSiQ. Died in 1760.

I^ngler, de, d^b IS'ihg^', (CIsab db BnxiCOOB,)
Coinn', a general, was bom in the isle of Elba in 1 78^
Re is tanked among the best military writers ^ luly.
In VLx}, 184^ he obtained the chief command of the Tus-
can corps raised to fight against Austria. With about
woo men he resisted 30,000 Anstrians for sui hours near
ItsDtna. He was minister of war under Leopold II. in
1850 and 1851. Among his works is "Annals and Vids-
ritwk* of the ItalUn People* from iSoi to 1815," (13
tola., 1819-33.) Died at Florence, March 35, 1871.

Lanloii, Tii^EhdN', (FIBKKE,) a French poet, bom In
hiii in 1737. He composed admired songa and lyrjatl

LAUREN BERG

IS chosen a member of thtt Ii

dramas. In 1807 he w
ute. Died b 1811.

5h " UcbiUt Rerie^" vd. bnffl., t

Tjnmpn^ laVmf n, (Jacob 0.,) an American general,
born in Maryland in IS13. He commanded a origade
at the battle of Shiloh, April 6 and 7, l363, and a divi-
sion at the siege of VicLsburg, June and July, 1S63.
Died in Burlineton, Iowa, in 1867.

LaTunont, de, d;h la'mdit', (Fbahcois Fibbbb Ni-
CotAS CHllet — zhe'yi',) a French mineralogist, bom in
Paris in 17^7. He discovered several minerals, and
wrote memoirs which were printed in Ibe "AnnaJes des
Mines" and other journals. Died in 1S34.

law at the College Royal, and published several legal
works. Died in 1693-

lAiuiBy, de, (PiBKBB,) a French Protestant theu*
logian, born at Blois in 1573. He received the title of
counsellor to the king, and taught Greek gratis at the
Academy of Sanmur. He wrote a " Paraphrase on tbe
Epistles of Saint Paul," [3 vola., 165a,) and other com-
mentaries on Scriptnre, which were highly esteemed.
Died in 1661.

LaimeT, de, d^h 19'ni', (Bebnard RbnA Joubdan.)
the last governor of the Bastille, was bom in Paris in
1740, and became governor in 177& The storming of

immediately alter the capture of Ihe place.

Idtmey, (Emmanuel db.) Sec Ektbaicubs, d'.

Lannlta, ISw'nits, (Robbht Ebbkkard,) a nephew of
the following, was born at Riga, in Russia, November 4,
i3o6, He was a pupil of Thorwaldsca He came to the
Uniied States in iSiS, and was for manv _yeara devoted
chiefly to tponumental sculpture. Died m New York,
December 13, 1870.

Laimibs, von, Ton ISw'nits, (NixoUDS Kabl Eduabo
Schmidt,) a German- Russian sculptor, bom at GrotHn,
in Courtand, November 33, 1797. He was a pupil trf
Thorwatdsen, and worked mostly at Frankfort -on -tbe-
Hain, where he died, December la, 1S69.

Laonol or Latmoltis. See Launot.

X«Tino7 or Lannoi, de, dfb IB'nwl', [Lat Launo'-
iw^] (J BAH,) a French doctor of the Sorbonne, bom neai
Valoene in 1603. had a high reputation for learning- In
1643 he vraschosenroyal censor of books. HepuUishedt
besides many works on theology, a " History of the Cid*
l^e of Navarre," (1677,) and defended the liberties of
the Gallican Church against the prctcruions of the conn
of Rome. He was noted for his leal and sagadt* In
expunging the names of spurious saints from the calen-
dar, and wa* said to have dethroned mote saints thsu
ten pope* bad canonized. Died in 1678.

See Bavle. "Hittorical uid Critol Didwiwv;" NioUoK
"Mlm^ra;" J. Rdcbi, "J. LiuniiiiuTb«Iofn,''eu, lUj

IiearsL See Novbs, db, and FmtAKCtl.

Laura, (Fiufto.) See Lauri.

lATnweaaim, de, deh IS'ifgi', (Louia LtoN Ptu-
crrt,) CoiiTB, Due de Branca*, an eccentric Frendi
nobleman, bom at Versailles in 1733- He patronized
literature and adence, and by his chemical eipcrimenta
aasodated his name with those of Lavoisier and Daicet.
He wrote many political treatises. Died in 1834.

Sea''NaincllsBia(nphi«G<ii<nla."

iMoratL See Lobkhzbiti, (PiBmo.)

Leonttt lSw-Tl'tee,(PiErBi^) an Italian fretoo-painter,
bom at Sienna in laSa 1 died io 134a

Laurel. See Lauszuus.

Latuellna, )Sw-t!I1e-As, or Laurel, IfiVrfl, (Olau%)
a Swedish theologian, bom in West Gothland in itSt.
He became Bishop of Westeris in 1647. He published,
besides other works, a "System of Theolwy,'* (l64l,)
which waa esteemed a standard work. Died in 1670.

LatuenboTK ISw'rfn-bCBo', or LaoremberK IfiV-

I* J; ( aa i; 2 hard; ^ as/,- g, B, ti,ptttirai; h, natal; b, trilUd; I

*See Explanati<m%pi^)

LAVRENBERG

Ui time. Among hit work* >ie bar poetical tatires,
{ifija-TOs) md ''Gnecu Antiqna," a dcscriptioD of
uiaent Greece, (1661.) Died in 165&

LaniBnborg, (Pbtek,) a bolanial and anatomiit, _
bfolher or tiie preceding, wu bom at Rostock about
157;. He became profeesor at Roitock in 1614, and
pabliBhed several worki on anatomy. Died in 163

Ztfra'r^DOSorliafv'rfnov.tDr. Fkenck,) an em

Englith civilian and author, bom at Bristol, graduated
at Oxford about 17E0. "He was,"savB Lord Broagham,
"one of the most able, moat learned, and moil aprighl
men that ever adorned the legal profession. ... He
united in himself the inde&tigable labour of a Dutch
commentator with the aliemate playfulness and sharp-
oeu of a Parisian wit" He was a member of Parlia-
nwnl about twenty years. About 1797 be was chosen
professor of civil law at Oxford. He was the intimate
mend and executor of Edmund Burke; He wrote some
of the "Probationaij Odea," and contributed largely to
the epigrams and satires, in prose and verse, of " The
Rolli^uL" Died in 1S09.

lAHienoe, (Richard,) a brother of the preceding,
was bom at Bath in 176a He became professor of
Hebrew at Oxford in l3l4, and Archbishop of Cr'*
in iSzx. Died in 183S. He was a great authuril ___
the Ethiopic language and literature, and translated
several of the sacred books found in that tongue.

Lanrena. See Dv LAtiKSKa.

Lan'rfiu, (IIknry,) an American statesman, bom
Charleston, South Carolina, in 1724. Soon after the
breaking out of the Revolution he was elected a dele-
gate to the Genera] Congress, of which he subsequently
became president, in November, 1777. While op •"-
voyage as ambassador to the Hague, in 17S0, be
taken by the British and imprisoned for fourlccn months
In the Tower of London. In conjunction with Franldin
and Ja^, he afterwards signed the preliminaries to (treaty
with Ejigland, November, 1781. Died in 179*.

Soe "NutisiHil Portnit-GiiiUBT of DiniiiciiubBd Amoli

_._ ,_.. n of the

preceding. He entered the army early in 1777, became
an aide-de-camp to Washington, and was wounded at
Germantown. II is staled that he distinguished him-
•elf in every action of the army which Washington
commanded. He was an intimate fHead of General
HamiltoiL In 17S1 he was sent to France on a special
mission, for which he was selected by Washington. I'
was successful, and returned in time to take part ..
the victory at Yorktown, October, 1781. He was killed
in a battle on the Combahee River, South Carolina,
in August, 1783. Colonel Laurens is represented as
having been a man of rare endowments, as blending in
harmonious union the character of a ^lant officer, a
fine scholar, and on accomplished gentleman.

Lawent. See Lawkence, Siukt.

Laareot, (Paul Makie.) a French historian, bom In
Ardicbein 1^3. His principal work is a "History of
Napoleon," with 500 designs by Horace Vemet, (9 vols.,
1838-42.) Died at Versailles, August 7, 1877.

I«iir«nt, (PiUUiB,) a skilful f?ench engraver, bom
at Marseille* in 17^9, worked in Paris, He excelled in
landscapes and animals, and published engravings <A
the master-pieces of the Louvre. Died in lEoo.

Latuent; (Piukb Josxpb,) a skilful Flemish mecha-
nidan, bom at Bordeaux in 1715. He was appointed
director of the canals of Flanders at the age ot twenty.
one, and gained reputation by the junction of the Somme
with the Scheldt. He was very skilful in the Eabrication
of artificial limbs. Died in 1773.

I«nr«Dtle, le'rfiN'te', (PiBkftB SiBASTiEK,) a French
historical and political writer, bom at Houga (Gtt«) in
1793. He edited several royalist journals ia Parii, and
published "Studies, Literary and Uorol, on the XjiSa
Historians," (3 vols., i8ai,) and a " History of Prance,"
(1841-43-) nied at Paris, February 9, 187&

ZanrentliiB, (Joannes.) See Ltdds.
lAOreDtln*, (Lydus.) See Lyntia.
LBtuantsen, lfiw'rfn(-z;n, or Lorantaen, lo'rent.
t«n, (JoHAN,) a Danish historical writer, bom at Ribe.

» LAUTREC

He wrote on Danish hiatoij, and produced a Daniah
version of the Bible, (17191} Died abont 1738.

LMWetU, liiw-ret'tee, or Lanr«tl, ISw-i«'tee, (TOM-
MASo,) on Italian .painter, bom at Palermo, worked at
Rome lor Gregory XIII,, and b

Rome for Gregoty XIII,, and became president of the
AcademyofSaintLoke, Hispictare*of*'BrutDsTDdEit«
hit ScHiB^and "Horatins Codea IDefendhig the Brf^^
were much admired. Died abont 1600, aged eighty.

Lanil, ICw'ree, (Balthasar,) a Flemish landscape-
painter, bom at Antwerp about 1570; died at Rome to

LanriorZrflvira.iaw'rl, (Fiuppo,) an eminent painter
(rfbistory and landacapea, son of the preceding, was bom
m Rome in 1613. Pilippo painted in preference small
cabinet pictures which were remarkable for imagination
and spirit. He also painted figures for the landscapes
of Claodc Lorrain. His design and compotitjon are
highly commended by £. Breton in the "NouveUe
Bii^raphie Ginirale." T««l in i«ai Hi. KmiIu.
Francesco was a pron
'^35> Hfi^ twenty-five.

linila, (RoGBR Di.) See Low*.

Laniier, (Sir Wilfred.) a Canadii
was bom st St. Lin, Quebec, in 1S41. Me was edn*
cated at McGill University, entered the Quebec assem-
bly in 1871, the Dominion PartLament in 1874. He
became the leader o( the Liberal party in 1891, and
in 1896 was made premier of Canada, holding this post
till igil, when he was defeated on the reciprocity issue.
He was knighted in 1S97.

Iisurlire, da, d^h ls'r^i>', (EustsE Jacob,) a pro-
found French jurist, bom in Paris in i6S9- He was
thoroughly versed in legal science, and attained great
proficiency in literature. Among his numerous works
are "The Origin of the Law of Amortizement," (1693,)
and " Ubrary of Common Law," [" Bibliothique des
Coutnmea," 1699.} Died in 1738.

See " Novvdle Biognphii G^njiotc:"

IiamUlaTd, 16'ri'ySR', (CHARLES UopoLi),) a Frendi
naturalist and artist, bom at Montb^liard in 1783, wat a
pupil of Cnvier, who employed him in the execntron t£
bis anatomical designs. He published "Tbe Mammifera
nd Human Racea,^' (1849.) Died in 1853.

Lanrimantia. See Lauwkrman.

Iiatirlatoii, do, dfh IS'rts'tftN', (jAC<Jt)>' Alxxan-
DBK Bernard Law,) Marqois, a marshal of France^
was bom in India in 1768, and vraa great-nephew of
John Law, the fiunoos projector. In tSoo he became

general of division in 1S05, and governor-general of
Venice in 1807. Having received the title of count,
as commander of the artillery of the imperial guard, he
took part in several victories over the Aoatrians in 1809.
He was sent as ambassador to Russia in iSii, and com-
manded a corps in the campaign of 1813. He vras created
a marqais in 1817, became minister of the royal house-
hold in 1831, received a marshal's blton in 1833, aivd

u appointed minister of state in 1S34. Died in t838.

Idus d>i Perrat. See Duperret.

Lanteibaob, lfiw't;r-blK', (WoLrcANS Adah,) a
German jurist, bom in 1618, wrote a work on the Pan-

works. Died in 1S37.

Iiantli, (Franz Josef,) a German Emitolo^t,
bom in 1833. He became a professor in ffic Univer-
sity of Munich in 1869. His published various works,
the most important being " Manetbo und der Turiner
KSnigspapynis." Died Febn^ary 11, 1895,

Laatreo, IS'tRtk', (Odet dr Font,) Marskai, a
brave French general, was s cousin of Gaston de Fidz-
He was wounded at Ravenna in 1513. Just after Con-
stable Bourbon had resigned the command. Fronds I.
appointed Lautrcchis lieutenant-general in Italy, (1516.)
He was defeated at Bicoqne in 1533, and fought by the
side of Frandt 1, at Pavta in 1535. In 1537 he rr

L ^ I, J!^Q,;,/«fy^,-L,t, 4, tame, less prolonged; i,!,I,fi,Ii,]F,jti>r4;f,f, j,Q,afjwrx;f3r,r911,flt;mCtin0tigaSd:ma0n

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

LAUWERMAN

" ' 1.1/

n poet, bom It Utrecht

. e BiRON, (AnuAND Louis is.)
, do, dfh IS'iQn', (Antoinb Nompac di
CAttUDNT,) DuRK, a French couTticr and gencial, « hoM
Ufe presents remaikable vicissitudes, w>s IxirD inGascony
in 1633. He became a favourite of Loait XIV., who
nvc htm a high rank in the srinybcroce he had merited
tt b; lervicea. In 1671 he commaKlcd the innT which
KCompuiied the king to Flanden. He was ennged to
\iuia Maria, Duchess of Montpeniier, » franddaoghter
o( Henry IV., bat the match was broken 5SL, and, having
liictnrecl the enmity oT Madame Montespan, he was im-
pritODMl from 1671 to 1681, when hi* penalty was com-
nnlcd into exile from court. It is supposed that be was
•eoetly married to the lady first above named. When
tke tbrooe aod person of James IL of England were
uenaced by revoiutioii, (ifiSS,) that king ciHitided his
wife and ton to Laozun, who escorted them to Paris
nd bj that service r^ained the favour of Louis XIV.
He commanded the French army senl to Ireland to fight
tot James IL, was defeated at the battle of the Boyne in
1690^ and returned to France about the end of that year.
IMcd in 1 733. " His life was like a romance," said La
Bmyire, "eiCTpt that it lacked probability."

S« La B«ut*ji«, " "
Dabomo. "Joonul:"'

"HiHoindoli Wlemic. , — .

1 TOlfc, iBij; " Qiunn-lr Reriew" fcf Jidhhj, iSai

Laval, IfvU', (ANN! Adkikn Piekkb de Hont-
MOKXNCT,) Ddc de Laval, bom in Paris in 1768, was
the son (A the Doc de LavaL He was sent as ambas-
sador to Spain in 1814, to Rome about iSao^ and to
Vienna in 181S. In tSa^he was transferred to the court
of Saint James. Died in 1837.

lavaletta, de^ dfh irvrHf, (Pire Antoinb,} ■
French Jesuit, bom in 1707. He was chosen snpenor-
gCDCral of the missions of South America in 17U. He
engaged in mercantile speculatioiu which resulted In a
diigracdid baufcniptCT. This affiur was one of the
anaea or pretexts of the abolition of the order of Jesnitt
in France in 1763; for the order refused to pay thedebli
of I^vaiette, as directed by the conrts.

ZiMTalette, de^ (CHAKLas Jun Mami FIlix,) ICak-
Vtoa, a French diplomatist, bom at Senlis in 180& He
wa* miniater-plenipolentiarv to the Sublime Porte from
1851 to 1853, and was raised to the dignity of senator in
^m Ixttor year. In 1865 be was appmnted minister of
the interior. He became minitteT of foreign aflairs in
December, 1868. Died May 1, 1881.

X«Valatt«vde^CTiAMpAKisaT.) SeeVAijnTi,DBLA.

lAwaletta, de, (Makib Cuamaks,] Count, a lavour-
tae officer and minister of Bonaparte, was bom in Parts
in 1769. He entered the army in 1793, and obtained
the grade of captain at Areola m 17^ Soon aiter this
date, Bonaparte employed him in important missions,
and gave him for his wife £milie de Beauharnais, a
niece of Josephine. During the Egyptian campaign
(1798) he was one of Bonaparte's Eivojrite attendants.
In 1800 he was called to preside over the post-office
depaitmcnt, first with the title of commissary, and toon
after whh that of diiector-generaL At the restoration
of tSl4 he retired to private life, but on the rctnm of
Napoleon from Elba be restuied hit fiinctions as poaC-
nattcr-general on the 30th of March, iSt^ In the same
year be was arrested by the agents of Loius XVIII. and
eoftdemned to dMd). Just bdbre the day of eiecutioa,
ICadame Lavalette visited bim in prison, and remained
tn Us place while he escaped disgaised in her dress. By
tte aid <rf Sir R. Wilson and other Englishmen, he
nacbed Flandera tafely. He was pardoned by the kmg
tn tSaa, and died in 1830^ leaving two volumes of me-
ntors of his life; (1831.) His wife was iricd and acquitted,
bat became permanently insane in consequence of tbc
exertion and eiciiemenL

'IMB*Ua(n(>Uqi

la Cento d* La VtlMI^'' Firi^ il^

)i LA VEDA U

La ValUa, It vtlft', (Josipk.) Martinis de Boit-Ro-

bnt, a French writer, born at Dieppe in 1747. Anon^

hi* work* 1* a piqnant joumal called " Semaines oi-

tiques," (4 volt., 1797.) Died in London in tSl6.

Sei llH"HiMi^R*n«w,"TaLlun., iSil, (AppmliiL)

lATalUe^ (THtoPHiLB SIbastibn,) a French histo-

command of the Catholic army at Coutra* in 1578, b
entered the service of Henry IV. in 159$, arid ~
then made a marshal of France. He was nding ii
carriage with the king when the latter w
in 1610. Died in i6[4.

Lavardin, de^ (Hekri Charlis db Bbaumanoik,)
Marquis, was a great-grandson of the preceding. La
16S7 he was sent as ambassador to Rome, with a large
retinue of armed men, for the purpose of maintaining a
claim to certain privileges or franchises which the pope
refused to grant (See Innocent XL) Lavardin en*
tered Rome as a victor at the head of a& army, but was
excommunicated, uid returned to France in 1689. Died

Iriivatar, ll'vl-tfr or If vl'taiti', [John Caspak,) a
celebrated Protestant minister and writer on physiog-
nomy, bom at Zurich in 1741. He was educated for the
church, which profession was congenial to his character.
In 176J he made a journey 10 Berlin with Henry Fuacll
the artist He produced m 17G7 his admirable " Swiss
Songs," and in 1768 an ingenious work entitled " Pros-
pects into Eternity," ("Anssichte in die EwigkeiL") He
was ordained a deacon In 1769, and a few years later
became pastor of a church in Zurich. His sermons
were much admired, and widely diffused by the press j
but he was censured by some for a tendency to paradox,
superstition, and mysticai tbeoli«y. In 1775-78 he pub-
lished, in German, his celebrated " Physiognomic r rag-
ments for the Promotion of the Knowledge and Love
of Mankind," (" Physiognoraischen Ftagmente lur Be-
fordening der Henschenkenntniss und Menschenliebe,"
4 vols.) This is the result of multiplied and curiooi
observations generalized into an ingenious system. He
was the author of numerous religious and moral work*
in prose and verse, among which are " Pontius Pilate,"
(17S1,) and two poems, ** The Messiah" (4 vols., 1783-86)
and "The Human Heart," (17S9.) He was a friend of
Goethe, with whom he corresponded. In the commo-
tions which followed the French Revolution he displayed
courage and lirmness in opposing the French party,
(though not vrith carnal weapons ;) and at the captnre
of Zurich by Massena, in September, 1799, he was shot
in the street by a soldier. After suSering from the wound
more than a year, he died in iSoi. His character was
eminently honest and noble. "Lavater's spirit," say*
Goethe, in his AntolMogiaphy, "was altc^ether im-

Cing. Near him, yon could not resist his decided in-
nce ; and I had to submit to observing brow and
nose, eye* and mouth, in detail, and to weighing their
relation* and proportion* to each other. . . . Many
times in my after-life I had occasion to think about thla
man, irtio i* one among the most excellent with whom I
have ever attained to so intimate a telatioiL"

I«Tmter, (Lotns^) a Swiss Protestant clergyman, bom
in 1517. He lived m Zurich, and wrote many theological
and other worlu, among which is a curious treatise on
spectres, apparitions, etc, (iSTa) Died in isSGl

ZiBvedaa, (Hbnki L^On £milb,} a French drama-
tist, bom at Orleans in 1859. After publishing several
volumes of journalistic contributions, he took to the
drama, writing a brilliant comedy, "Une Famille,"
(1890,) which was given a priie by the Academy.
Other plays arc " Le Prince d'Auree," "Deux No-
blesses," and "Viveurt." He was elected a member
of the Academy in 1898.

«aai,-faa/;B^in/;ias/,-a,ii,K,/w«)*n(/;N,iMra/,-B,tn^^,'iaB*,- thasintlir. (U See Ex^aiiatioo«,pw 31.1

d by Google

tAVELEYE

i50»

LAW

Lbt»1«7«, de^ deh llvnj', (Smile Loow Victci.) a
Belgian ecoDomMt, boni at Brages, AptU S, IB3J. He
was educated at Paru and Gbent, and in 1864 becune
profeMor of political cconom; at the liige Univeiaitjf.
Wrote a treatise on PraveD(al literatuie and other works,
"De la Propritte" being of great merit Died 1893.

Iiav«raii, (Charles Louu Adolphb.) physician,
bom at Paris in 1S45. Became an aimy doctor and in
iSSo, while in Algiers, discovered the malaria miaobc
In 188a he denjODStralei that the toosquito carries and
distribates this germ. TbU signal discovery was rewarded
with the Nobel priie in 1907. _ In later years he eon-
tinaed his researches into infeclious diseases.

iMTergna, da, df h irviitfi', (Louis Gaskisl Uonci
OaQbatid— ^eHS*,) a French economist and writer, bom
at Bergerac in 1809, Among his works are a "Memoir
■' e Rural Economy of France," (1857.) and many
tant articles in the " Revue dcs Deux Mondei"

important - - -._ . . .

on Spanish history, literatare, etc. Died Jan. 18,

La-vei'n^ {Ft. Laverne, Ifvf an',] in Roman my-
thology, was regarded a< the patri ' '""' ""

IS of thieves and

-dTeroo. See Lavern/

La Verne, de, d(h li vlsn, (I.eoer Murie Philips
Tranchaiit— tr&N'BhSH',) Comts, • PretKh tactldan
and writer on the art of war, bom near Vetoul In tTfig.
Among hi* works is a " History of General Sawarow,"
(1809,} Died in 1815.

LavM, lA'vCs, (GeoKG Lddwic Fbibdrich,) id emi-
nent German architect, and chief director of buildii^
^r the kingdom of Hanover, was bom at Uslar in 17SQ.
In 1851 he finished the new theatre at Hanover, whidi is
regarded as his best work. Died April 30, 1S64.

I>ftvlall«, tfvf-tl', (PiBKKi Joseph,) D.D., a bishop,
bom at Lavialle, Fiance, in i8k>. He atudied with the
Solpitiaat at I^uis, wa* ordained at Louisville, Ken-
tacky, In 1844, became in 1849 professor of theology in
Saint Thomas'sSeminary,in iSjSpresidentof St Mary's
College, in 1865 Bishop of Louisrille. Died in 1S67.

I^TlSHi*, Cauhnal. See Allbmand-Latkserib.

La Vm* da MlimoDt da, d^h II v(l dfh ■nti'mAN',
(Albxakdkb Jean JosErH,) a French dramatic poet,
bom «l VersalUes in 1783. Hi> drama "Le Libjr^"
(1835) cnined the Montyon priie of the French Acad*
einj. Died in 1845.

i^ TillamarauA de^ df h It vil'mtBldt', (TKtoDou
Claude Henri HarMrt— hCK'itR',) Vicomte,! French
philolwist born at QaimperM in 1S15. He published
"The Popular Song* of Breta|pie," (iSjft) ""'h a French
mvion, and other works. Died in 189J.

kT'lnp-tfii, (GsoKGE,] a learned English prelate,
bom in Wiltshire In 16S3. He became a canon of Saint
^ol't, London, in 1733, and Bishop of E^ettr in 1747.
He published, besid^semions," The Bnthosiasm of the
Methodisti and Papists Compared." Died in 176a.

Lo-vlnl-^ (Ft. LavinIe, If ve'ne',]_ a daughter
l^tinna, King of Latinm, and hi* wife Amata, who
promised her to Tomus. She was married to ^Cneas
Instead of Tiunas because an oracle had declared that
sbe should be the wile of • fbrdgn prince. She
mother of ^ticaa Sylvius.

Lavinle. See Lavinia.

LBTinaa^ (Eknkst,) ■ French historian, bom at
Ifovion-en-Thierache, Aisne, in 1842. He was elected
a member of the French Academy in 1892.

Lavooat, If vo'kl', (Antoine,) a French mechanician
and inventor, bom near Nancy in 1707 ; died in 178SL

LavoUler, Ifvwl'is^', (Aktoine Laurent,) an
illustiioDS French chemical philosopher, and the chief
foander of modem chemistry, was bom in Paris "~ "" "
a6th of Angust "743- Afler leaving the College
in, where be obtained high hononis, he pursued with

Academy of Sdences in 1763 fat an improved method
of lighting the atreeta of Paris, and in 176S was chosen
' ^e of that institution. About this period he

._ which he devoted the greater psut of hi* time. He
acquired dorable celebrity by the discovery of a new
chemical theory of combusliotl, (called the anti-pUo.
gistic,) which was partially developed in 1773 in a work
entitled "Physical and Chemical Essays," ("Opuscules
physiques etchimiques,") and which forms a ^reat epoch
■~ *^e sdence of chemistry. In a memoir which heiead
e Aoulemy in 1775, ne announced that caldnatioa
and combustion are the results of the union of a ** highly
respirable gas" (oxygen) with combustible bodies, and
soon after proposed the theory that the beat produced
during combustion was disengaged from that respiraUe
air_ "These two propositjons/* says Cuvier, "belong
ivoisier in his own right, and form the basis and
fundamental character of the new chemical theory^." In
1776 he was appointed to superintend the fabrication of
aaltpetre and gunpowder, of which he greatly improved
the quality. Co-operating with other French chemists, be
rendered an important service by lefonning the chemical
nomenclature, and published in i737"MeitiodarChaau-
cal Nomenclature," ("Mithode de Nomenclatnre chi-
mique,") in which a simple, systematic, and expreinve
tenninologT was substilnted for the absurd or landfid
terms of ue alchemists. He displayed his admirable
talent fbr explaining the truths which be had discovered
in his "Elementary Treatise on Chemistry," ("Trait*
fl^entairede Chimie,''>vols., 17S9.) He invented the
pneumatic cistem, the gasometer, and other chemical
apparatus. His etoHous career was prematnrely cloaed
In an unjust sospidon against the &rmersof the revenne,
althoueh in this service he had acquitted himself iritb
great honour and success. In the reign of terror La*
voisier and many of his colleagues were condemned to
death on frivolous charges, oik of which was that thej
moistened with water the tobacco of which they had tbe
monopoly. His request tor a respite of a lew days, ia
order to finish some important experiments, was rewsed,
and he was executed in May, 1704. About tLat tlBW hs
had published two volumes ol a la^e and importaat
work on chemical philosophy, entitled "Mjmoirea de
Chimie," which remained unfinished.

ScE •!«]• at Lan^ner. by Conn, in tha " Bionuhii Uoivar.
■iDii" FoDKmn, " Nelkg wr LaTainar." ijjt; J.J. La FaAHtOM
■)• LALMoa, "Node* Hu la Vie u IsOiimna da Livoiaar."
in«: Da. F. Hero, anid* m Ih* "Neuvtlk BisaniiU* Qkti^
rilt ;" KiiiavsKV, " Hiitcirc iia LMatUeon-CbiiiiiMn : l^niair,
BwlboUat. H. Davy." i%n.

Lair, (Edmund,) D.D., an eminent English metaphj*
sidan, bom in Lancashire in 1 703, was the lather of Lord
EUeoborough. He was educated at Cambridge, and,
while a student there, published a translation of King's
" Essay on the Origin of Evil," with notes, and an " EJi-
quiry mto the Ideas of Space and Time," He becana
rector of Graystock, Cnmberiand, in 1737, and arch<
deacon of Carlisle in 1743. Soon after thk d^ appeared
his admired " Reflections on the life and Character of
Christ" He was appointed master of Peter-House,
Cambridge, about 1755, professor of casuistry in 1764,
and prebendary of Durham in 1767. In i^ he was
made Bishop of Cartiste. He publtsbed in 1777 an
edition of tbe works of Locke, with a life of the author,
of whom be was a disciple; He belonged to tbe rational
and liberal school of theology. Diedin 1787.

I«ir, (EDWAa.DO See Gllehborough.

Lair, (John,) of Lauriston, a f^ous Scottish pnv
jector and financier, waa bom at Edinburgh in WJ\,
and inherited an estate called Lauriston. About 1694
he went to London, where, by means of his haDdsoma
figure and graceful address, be gained admission into
Euhionable society, and supported himself by gaming.
Having killed a man in a duel, he fled to the continent,
where he followed the trade of a gambler with great
success in Paris, Venice, Genoa, etc About 1715 be
persuaded tbe Duke of Orleans, Regent of France, to
Eivoor a scheme by which he promised to greatly im-

trove the finandai condition of the kingdom. In 1716
e obtained a charter for a general bank of issue and
discount, under the name of Law ft Company. In
connection with this bank he formed the Hississipiri
Company, with a capital of one himdred million francs,
and with the exdusiverigbtof the trade between FraiKs
and LoaisUna, China, India, etc. The atock of tbeaa

f. i, 1, 0, a, f, bV> i> (• ^ aune, less prolonged; i, I, I, S, Q, Jf,£tar<; t, «■ i> 9> '^'>'^; f^i flllf flt; inti; nOtj gd6d; mOta;

d by Google

olTLife."(i7s
.nd by Gibbc

LAW IS

mpwiM* wu bcmght op with avidHj, and the fonner

■■ MOD erected into the Rtnal Bank, with the privilege
■8 E^d "ikI ■il^er. The hope of eDonnma profiti
-■i the public ao generally that the stock of the
Biiii|jaii7 roa« to twenty times its Miginal valtie. In
Jamiary, l^not Law was appointed atttrUair-^Mral of
fiaances, (lu. prime miiusler.) The bll of his baseleu
fabric was sudden and ruinous in 1 730, when die putdic
confidence began to &tl, and the notea of hia bank fell
to one-tenth w the nominal Talne. Law was compelled
to leaTC France; and be died poor at Venice in 1739.
Hi* iTStem ia often called the " South Sea Bobble."

5« JoHH Pmur Wddb. "MaBoim^JohD Lawof Laniisuai."
■•mi A- CoCHtrr. "Law, ■» Sruime ei Kn XpuquE." iRu: La-
TUMIUB. "RtdufchaMir k Sntkne dc Law,' tip; ThSocou
ViUi'J. !»*< *> STRteH dn Papier-Hcmiuia ItiTii," 1149.

I«^r, (WlLLTAU,) ■ pioDs and mystical English au-
thor, bom at King's Clifi; Northamptonshire, in 16S6.
He became a Fellow of Emmanuel College. Cambridge,
bat forfeited his fellowship by refusing to take the re-
qdied oath at the accession of Geoige L in 1714. He
Intd •oate yean as tutor in the family of Gibbon, (father
of the historian,) to whom he was related, and was after-
wards chaplain to Hiss Hester Gibbon at King's CliS
He adi^Med the mystical doctrines of Jacob Bohme, (or
Behmen,) which he inculcated in his "Way to Know-
"Spirit of Love," and "Letters." Mr. Law
' y other woiks, of which the mom popular
■ BIS "senousCall to a Devout and HoWUf " '

This was naised bj Dr. Johnson
Died in 1761.

Iiair, (WiLUAM Akthuk,) an English dramalist,
born in 1S44. He went on the stage as an actor in
1S72, and began play-wntiog tn 1881, produdog more
than forty plays.

L«we«, laws, (Hbnky,) mi eminent English compoter,
bom ptabab)* at Salisbiuy in i6oa He wm mm of the
genawaen of the royal chapel, and clerk of the cheqoe
to Ctiarles L, hi whose aerrice he continued until 16491
He composed the music tot MCton's "Comoi^'' (per*
fcnned in 1634,) in which the poet cmnplimeots hlin ••

In 1653 he published ** Ayres and Diatogoes," counting
of ioi^*, duets, and trioe. " Hilton mobably took lesson*
|h> mnsic) from hioa." (Uasson.) Dted in 1661.

I«w««, (Sit John BuntnT.) Bakt., an English
sgricnltDiist, bom at Rothamsleo, Herts, December 38,
UI4. He was educated at Eton, and at Brascnose Col-
Itte, Oxford. In 1834 he undeitook (in connection,
abr 1S43, with Dr. J. H. <^bert) tluit course of experi-
nenial Aiming at Rothamsted which has made his name
ctciiwImis fiuaoas. He ha* also conducted extensive
works A>r the EunDfecture of artificial fertilisers. The
pohUshed resnlts of the labonrs of Lsvres snd Gilbert sra
ndely leowniwd aa of Tcry great importance to agrl-
cdtstc. Died in 1900.

iM^rmt, (Wiluak), a brother of Henry Lawes, was
a tkiUiil mnsidan and composer, and tsa* one of the
geottemen of the royal chapeL He fought for the king
m the drO war, and was killed *I Chester in 1645- He
composed mnsic for Sandys'* paraphrase of the Psalms,
and many other works.

LairtoM, (EuiLV,) a novelist, bom io Ireland,
dsngfaler of Baron Ooncurty. She published " Hai-
tish," (1886,) "Plain Francis Mowbray," (1889,)
"Grania." (1892,) "Madcho," (1894,) also "The
Story of Ireland," " With Essex in Ireland," etc,
lawloMS, (Valxhtimb.) See CLONCinutv.
Law'r^oe, (John.) a judge, bom in Cornwall, Eng.
Uodiin 175CL He emigrated in 1767 to the d^ of New
York, where he practised law, and rote to distmction in
hi* profession. He was a delegate to the Congress of
die Confederation In 17S5-87, and r^resented the city
of New York in the Congress of the United States from
ijSg to 1793. In 1794 he waa appointed a judge of the
iSAict conit for New York. He was elected a Senator
•ftbe United Slates for New York in 1 796, and reigned

>3 LAWRENCE

his seat in iSoa He was a Federalist, and s persanal
friend of Alexander Hamilton, Died in New York in
November, I Si a

^sw'rqiioe, (ABBtn-r,) an eminent American mer-
chAnt and philanthropist, bom in Groton, Hassachnsetts,
in 1793. As the partner of his brother, Amos Law-
rence, he scquired a large fortune, a portion of which
was invested by them in the cotton -fectories of Lowell,
which owes its prosperity chiefly to these enterprising
merchants. He was elected 10 Congres* in 1839, and in
1843 was appointed one of the commissioners to settle
the northeast boundary question with Great Britain. He
was United States mmister to England in 1S49. He
died in 1855. Among his numerous and munificent do-
nations was that of {100,000 to Harvard University to
found the scientific school called by his name. He also
bequeathed the sum of $50,000 towards erecting modd
kx^ng-honses.

- ■ ■■■■ wit L»wnn«;" HuKT, "Lmse*

m UeTCtiinl

Iismenoe, (Aii(

, , distinguished philanthropist,

brother of the preceding, was born at Groton, Massa*
rySo. Having acquired ai

fortune

chnsetis, ir , „ ,

as a merchant, he spent a great part of it ii
charities and donations to public institnlions ; and the
sraoont of his benefactions is estimated at {700,000.
AtDOng the colleges to which he gave taige lums were
KenyoQ Collie, Ohio, Williams College, and the Tbeo-
Ic^ial Seminary at Bangoi, Maine. He died in 1853,
aiul his "Life and Correspondence" was puUiahed (■])
his son In 1S55.

Zia^rencet (Edward Alexandbr,} D.D., an Amer-
ican divine, bom at Saint Johnsbury, Vermont, October
7, 1808. He graduated at Dartmouth College in 1834,
and at Andover Seminary, was ordained to the Congie-

Eitioiudist ministry in 1S39, was a professor in the thieo-
gical school at East Windsor, Connecticat, 18^-65,
and published various theological writings. Died at
Harblehead, MasaachunetO, September 4, 1883.

ZisWTBiios, (EuGKNE,) an AJueiicau author, bom in
New York dty, Oaober 10, 18x3, graduated at the New
York University in 1S43, and studied at the Harvard
Lav School. He wrote " Lives of British Histoiians,"
(iSSS.) " Historical Siudie*," (1873,1 etc, and conlrib-
nted largely to periodical literature. Died in 1894.

Imrxenoe, (GEoKoa Aurkd,) an English novelist,
bom in 1S3T. He was educated at Rog^, and at Ox-
ford, where be graduated with honours in 1S48. Called
to the bar in 1853, he abandoned law (or literature after
the success of his first novel, " Guy Livingstone." Thi*
was published anonymously in i8j7, and was followed
by " Sword and Gown," " Barren Honour," " Anteras,"
etc He also published a volume of " Bailads." Died
September 13, 1876.

lAW'rQnOB, (Sir Hbnkv Montoomesy,) an English
officer, bom in Cevlon in 1S06, served with distinction
in the campaigns of the Sutlej. He was appointed presi-
dent of the board of government in the Punjaub aboot
1850, and chief commissioner of Cude in 1857. He
rendered important service by tiie defence of Lucknow
Inst the mntinons Sepova, and was killed during the

^

distinguished bravery, born at Buriington, New Jeisey,
in 1781. He served under Commodore Decatur in the
Memterranean, and was afterwards appointed succes-
sively to the command of the Vixen, Che Wasp, the Argus,
and the Hornet In 1S13 he captured the Peacock ftom
the British after a short engagement, and was soon after
made post-captain, and commander of the frigate Ches-
apeake. On the )« of June, 1813, he encountered near
Boston the British frigate Shannon, and after a seres*
coattst, in which he was mortally wounded, his vessel
was boarded and taken by the English. It was on this
occauon that he ottered the memorable words, " Don't
give up the ship." The remains of Captain Lawrence
were sabsequently removed to Trinity chorch-yar^
where a moeument ha* been erected (o bim. He left a
widow and two children. He had been in
the Chesapeake only a few daj
the crew, who were

days, and wM
11 disciplined.

t *• i; t ■■«;{ Aanf; g as// d, H, K,^MM(piB/; N, mom/; a, lyrf/A/; i as

"See Explanations, p. SJ.)

)y Google

LAWRENCE

LaWT«no«, (Sir Johk Laird Maik,] ui Englisb
■dminiitrator of greal abjlitj, a brother of Sir Henry H.
Lawrence, was born in tSto. He entered the civil service
M the East India Company about 1830, and became chtcf
commissioner of the Panjanb soon after the conquest of
that ctnintry. He was knighted for his servicet in the
■oppression of the mutiny of 1S57, and was appointed
Governor- General of India in November, 1S6]. In 1869
he was made a peer, with the title of Baron Xjwrence of
the Punjaub and Grately. Died June 17, 1879.

I^vr'ienoa, [LaL Laurkk'tius; Fr. Ladkent, I6'>
rON'; It. Lorenzo, lo-rEn'zo; Ger. I^rinz, lo'rints,]
Saint, a martyr, tiorn in Rome in the third century,
was in 357 appointed b; Tope Sixtus tteasnrer of the
Church. In consequence of edicts issued against the
Christians by Valerian, he saflered martyrdom in ajS.
I< it said he was burned to death on a gridiron.

Lawrenoe, (Sir Thoius,) a celebrated Enfiliah por-
trait-painter, born at Bristol in 1769. Hisartittic talents
were maiveilousljp developed in early childhood, when
he was also remaikable for his memory, musical voice,
and personal beauty. It is stated that he drew with a
crayon accurate likenesses of eminent persons about the
age of six years. In 1782 he became a pupil of Prince
Hoare at Bath, and soon acquired the grace, inspiration,
and delicacy of manner which rendered hira anrivalled
among coniempotary English artists in the eipression
of female bean^. He removed to London in 1787, and
was admitted as an associate of the Royal Academy in
1791. In 1793 he succeeded Sir Joshua Reynolds as
first painter (o the king. From that lime he was abun-
dantly patronized at the rate of one hundred guineas for
a fall-length portrait. In 1797 he painted a portrait of
Mrs. Siddons, which 1* one of his master-pieces. Be-
tween 1S14 and iSio he painted, by order of the prince-
regent, the King of Prussia, the Emperor of Austria,
Pope Pins VII., Wellington, and many femous generals
and statesmen. He received the honour of knighthood
in 1815, and visited Vienna and Rome in 1S19. On the
death of Beiijamin West, in iSao, Sir Thomas was elected
president of the Roya! Academy. Died in 1S30. He
excelled in the art of imparting ideal beauty to bis sub-
jects without departing Irom the reality. Among hit
master-pieces are portraits of Beniamm West, johc
Kemble, Curran, Lord Erskine, Lady Cowper, and the
Duchess of Sutherland.

Zoology, and Natural History of Man," which attracted
much attention. Among his works are "Anaiomico-
Cbirut^cal Descriptions and Views of the Nose, Month,
Larynx, and Fauces," a "Treatise on Ruptures," (5th
edition, iSiS.) and a "Treatise on Diseases of the Eye."
Died in 1867.

Lawrence, (William,) an American bishop, bom
at Boston, May 30, 1850, He studied for the ministry
and was ordained in 1S75. In 1SS4 he became pro-
fessoi in Che Episcopal Theological School at Cam-
bridge, and was preacher at Harvard University 1S8S-
93. In 189] he was made Bishop of Massachusetts.

La-wrenca, (Wiujau Beach,) an American jurist,
bom in New York dty, October 3^, iSoa He graduated
at Colombia Cidlege, New Vork, in l3l8, was admitted
to the bar in i83t, and was secretary of the United States
legation in London from 1S36 to 1S18. After 1S31 he
took a very prominent position at the New Yoik bar.
In 185a he removed to Rhode Island, of which State he
was acting Governor in iSji. His principal woiks are a
translation of Marbois's "History of Louisiana," (1830,)
"Law of Charitable Uses," ( 1845,) a very valuable anno-
tated edition of Wheaton's " International Law" (1855,)
a (French) ** Commentaire sur les filaments du Droit
international,'' (1S6S-73,) "Administration of Equity
Jurisprudence," (1874,) etc. Died March >6, 1881.

Law'afui, (Cecil Gordon,) an English landscape-

>4 LAY A

LaWa^ (George,) a learned Scottish divine, born
fai West Linton in 1740 ; died in 183& His nemoiy
was so extraordinary that he Intew neailjr the whole
of the Bible by heart It was his own belief that if the
Holy Scriptures should be destroyed he could restore

of proAwn- GeoTia Lawn" in lha"Vitcfa

■n ud RcOeais," 1867.

iMw'a^ (Henry,) F.R.S., an English savant, bom
at Greenwich in 1774. He erected an observatory at
Bath, and published a " Hlatoty of the New Planett,*
(1847.) DiedinlSsS.

ZiBirioii, (Sir John,) an English admiral, bora at
Hull, became a cajitain before the end of the civil war.
He co-opcraled wilh Monk in the restoration of Charles
IL, and was made rear-admiral. About 1664 he and Da
Ruyter were sent with Combined fleets into the Medi-
terranean in order to chastise Che pirates of Baibary.
He was killed in a battle against the Dutch in 1665.

ZAmon, (John,) a native of Scotland, emigrated to
America, where he became surveyor-general of North
Carolina. He was captured and pot to death by the
Indians in 1711. He published "A New Voyage to
Carolina," etc., (1709.)

Lawaon, (Thomas William,) a broker, bom at
Chailestown, Massachusetts, in 1857. Became an active
member of the Boston and New York stock exchanges,
■nd attracted great attention )>y his stringent attacks on
slock speculators and their methods, in "Freniied Fi-
ance," (1905,) "Friday the Thirteenth," (1907,) and

The Remedy," (1912.) Also wrote " Secret of Stre-
ss " and other works.

Iiftwaon, (Sir Wilprbd,) an English Cemperance
advocate, was bom at Aspatria, Cnmberland, in 1839.
He early became interesled in the temperance move-
menC, was elected to Fatliament in 1859, and there
became a vigourous advocate of temperance legislation.
He carried a local option resolution in 1880 and again
in 1881 and 1883. He became an advanced radical,
favouring the disestablishment of the Church and the
abolition of the House of Lords and of standing armies.

Laiv'ton, (Henrv W.,) an American general,
boin in Ohio, March 17, 1S43. He entered toe army
" ~ sergeant of volunteers in i86t, and was mustered
n 1S65 as brevet colonel. In 1S66 he was made
second lieutenant in the regular army, advancing in
colonel by 18S9. He was appointed
brigadier-general of volunteers in 1S9S, took part in
the Santiago campaign, was made major-gen eial, and
in January, 1899, was sent to the Philippines. Here
he played a brilliant part, introducing against the
Filipinos the tactics he had previously employed against
the Indians, which led to their complete rout. He
was subsequently employed in clearing the coantty
around Manila of insurgents, and daring a fight at
San Mateo was shot dead, December 19, 1899. Gen-
eral Lawton died poor, and his admiring countrymen
raised a fund of nearly $100,000 for his widow.

Laxmann, lUa'mln, (Adah,) a Ruswan officer, who
I 1793 was sent by his government to Japan kn the

Krpose of opening commercial intercourse with the
pancse. He failed in this object, and wrote a sucdnct

rrative of his fonmey.

Iiay, (Benjamin,) an earty and zealous opponent of
slavery in America and acoadjator of Franklin and Bene-
Opposed the practice of slaveholding in the So-
ciety of Friends, of which he was a member, and refused
to eat any food or wear any clothing wholly or partly
prodnced by slave labour. Died in 1760.

Idiro, If yf , (Albxanore,) a French Jnrist and
writer, was bOTn in Paris iniSoiS. He published a work
on English law, "Droit Anglais, on R^umjde la Legis-
lation Anglaise," etc, {* vols., 1845,) and "Studies on
the life of M. Thiers," (3 vols., 1846.)

Xi«7a, (Jean Lotus,) a French drunatiat, father of
the preceding, was bora In Paris in 1761. Hi* comedy
"The Friend of the lawa" was received with great

i,fc I, ^ fl, ;,/nVV li, i, ^ same, less prolonged; i, e, I, ^ 0, ^J«<»V; t, t, j, Q, -lAinmr; fk, lUl. eU; mtti nSl; gi)&d; mO^

d by Google

tear b 171)3, bat ma proacribed bf the teiTodili.
e wrote vartoui other worio, ind wai chosen » mem-
a of the French Academj in 1817. Died in 1833.

Iiaja, (UoN,) a French dramatist, ion of the pe-
nding, was born in Parii in 1800. He produced many
popular comediei, among which are *'Emnia, or the
Gnardian Angel," (1844,) and "An April Fool," ("Ud
Poiaaoo d'Avril," 1S45.) Died September 5, 1871.

Irfir'a-moa. or Lair'f-iiuui. an English priest of
Ertilcj, '(nuw Alley Regia,) in Worcestetshire, who in
the caily part of tbe thirleentti century wrote the Old-
English chionicle of " Brut," an enlarged and free trans-
lation of Wace's " Brut d'Anglelerre," This worlt is
imp<Htant as the principal literaiy roonumenl In the
Englisti language of that period.

Uj'fTd, (AuETEN IIknky,) an Orientalist and anti-
qaari, a grandson of the following, was bom in Paris, of
Englisb parents, in March, 1817. He visited Asia Minor,
Persia, etc about iS+o, and a few years later discoTcrea
Ac ruins of Nineveh near Mosul. Under the attspiccF
of Lord Stratford de Reddiffe, and in conjunction with
U. Botta, be made extensive excavations at Nimroud,
where he found monnments marked with caneiform
kwcriptions, and coloesal embleinatic figures in the fcinn
«f winged bolls and lions, — memorials of a dviliiatioa
vrludi existed before the commencement of probne his-
tDiT, These sculptures, bas-relieb, etc. are now deposited
IbDw British Museum. Mr. Layard returned to England
fa 1847. *"*' published an account of his reies '
*Ni(ievehaiiditsReiii>ins,"(3vols.,ia49.) He
ke eaterprite in 184% and pabUthed a teeonA work,
•Btided " DiKoveties in the Rains of Nineveh and Baby-
luD, with Travela in Armenia, Kurdistan, snd the Desert,"
(■853.) In 1853 he was ele^cd a member of PatliamenL
He was onder-secretary of statt for foreign affairs from
August, 1861, to June, 1866. In December, 1S68, as a
tMmber of the Liberal party, he was appointed commis-
riooer of public works under Mr. Gladstone, and ambas-
Mdor to Spainin 1S69. In iS77he wassent asuabiMa-
dor toConstanliDaple,and in 1S7S received the order of
tbe Grand Cross of the Bath. Died July 5, 1894.

Lararcl, (Charles Prru,) an English divine, of
Fkcnch descent, bom about 174S, was gruuUitber of
Oe preceding. He obtained the Sealonian priie for
poetnr at Cambridge about 1774. Id 1800 he was
•Bpotnted Dean of BristoL Ked in 1803.

Laysna, d«, d^h IKfns or IfyAH', (Uathihi,) a
Fkmuh architect oT Lonvain. He designed the HAtel-
de-Ville of Liinvain, an excellent apedmen of what ii
termed tgioaS architecture. tMed in 14S4-

Lktuv*. See Lainu, (jAca)

Imy*, or I^y, !i, (FRXNgois,) a French vocalist, bom
M La Banhe de Nestes, in Gascony, Febmary 14, 175S.
Wfom 1780 to 1S33 he was one of the principal singers
■t the Grand Opera in Paria. Died March 30, 1831.

I^BVaL SeeLAZAaoa. .^ ._, , ,

Itfx'n-niB, [Or. Aiif/ipar ; Fr. Lazakc, IrilR' ; It. Uiz-

le of the personal friends of Christ, and
Mary and Martha. The Saviour wrought

l«xo,lli'sl-ro,l<

a brother of Mary ana Manna. 1 ne ijavioiii wiuubu.

aoe of bis most memorable miracles by recalling Laiams

to life alter he h^ been dead four daya.

bs'B-nia, (Emma,) an American poet, bom in New
Y<wk dty, July is, 1849. of a Hebrew family. Her prin-
nnl books are "Admetos, and other Poems," (1S71,)
" AUde," a prose tale, (1874,) " Poems and Ballads from
Heine," <tS8i,) "Songs of a Semite," (1881.) D. 188

lAsanw, lit'sl-rfts. (Moritz,) a German (lewis
philosopher, born at Filehne, Prussian Poland, beptei
ha IK. 1824. He was educated at Berlin, and in 18
wasetecled to a professorship in the UniversiWof Berr
al which in 1S64 he became rector. In 1S73 he w

TOh, 1877,) "Ideal Problems," (1878,) "The Origin of
ilocals," " Ideas in History," etc.

IiMMrt, lld-ii'ree. > (Pin-RO, ) an Italian writer on eccle '
ritMtiol history, bom at Sienna in 1710; died in 1789.

LEACH

LashiB, ISt'se-ta, (Wolfoaisi^) a Germn aaHqon;^
bom at Vienna In ■;i4, practised medidne in that cm,
About 1550 the emperor Ferdinand appointed him hli
physidan. He published, besides otner works, "Ob
the Mierations of Nations and Origin of Languages,"
etc, I" De Gentium aliquot MigrationibBS, Lingtumunqos
Initiis," etc, 1557.) Died in 1565.

S« Nicteox. "U&nnc" Su, "OiioniHlicoa.''

r,a»-.fiii, Ut-sl-relOee, (Giovahhi Frahcbsco,) »b
Italian satirical poet, born at Gubtno in ifiat. His
prindpal work* are "La Ciccelde," a personal aatire,
and "Coemopolf," (1691.) " He was," says Tiraboschi,
" among tbe small number of poets who did not follow
the tnd taste of his age." Died in 1694.

XrAuarvlU, (Luioi,) a Latin poet, born at San Seve-

no in 145a He wrote "Tbe Cop of Hermee," ("Crater
Hermetia,") and " Bombyx," a poem on sillt-worm*,

■ "■ lin iwa

See Bkanantz, (Dohato Lazzari.)

„, (Giovanni Andrka,) a skilfU Italiu

painter and elegant writer, was born at P^saro in 1710,

and became a canon of the church. His maater-piecs

" Virgin with Saint Catherine," (at Gualda,) some

res ofwhich Lanti pronounces " truly Raffaeleaque."

wrote a "Treatise on the Art of Painting," which

. o&ns reprinted. Died in lySfiv or, as others s«7, in

1801. "Laisarinl was perfectly master of good painting
as well as good writing," says Lanil ; "easy, yet always
■tndied in everrpart; at once noble and gracefol, . .
yet ftee from affectation and parade."

Tj«nrf»i (Grioorio,) an Italian painter of history,
bom at Venice in 1655. He excelled in design and
colouring. His "S. Lorenzo Giualiniani" was greatly
admired. He was one of the best VenetJan pwnten
of U* time. Died in 1730 or i74Gk

8m L^Hii, " Wmtn -t PaiDiiac fai iBlr."

Lmbbwo. See Lazarvl

Lm, lee, (Hbnry C.,) publisher and aothor, a aon of
Isaac Lea, and a grandaon of Matliew Carey, was bars
in PhUadelphia, September 19, 1S15, and succooded to tbt
business of the celebrated publiihlng-ho«M of ICathtw
CareyftSMW. llr. Lea wrote "SnperalMaD and Fote*
—Essays on the Wanrof LBw,(lie Wi«erorBattl^tlM
Otdeal and Tottnrs,^ (1866^) " A Historical Sketch of

American naturaliat, b«n
__ Wilmington, Delaware, in 179a, He became in 1811
the partner of his ^her-in-law, Mathew Carey, a promi-
nent publisher in Philadelphia. Hia "Observations on
the Genus Unio" came out in t8aT, and was followed
by "Contributions to Geolcay," (1833-) He also pub-
ished " Fossil Footmarks m Jhe Red Sandstones of

the Academy of Natural Sdences, Philadelphia, in 185&
Mr. Lea's contributions on conchology to the "Trans-
actions" of the American Philosophical Society are
esteemed among the most valuable that have appeared
on that subject Died December 8, iSSd

Iioa, (Matthew Carbv,) an American chemist,
a son of the preceding, was born at Philadelphia in
1 813. He became an eipert in chemistry, and devoted
his life to investigation, particularly ti photographic
chemisliy. He made some important discoveries, the
chief being in 1889, that silver may eiisl in three
allolTopic stales. He wis elected to the National
Academy of Sciences in 1892. Died March 1 5, 1897.

Iieaob, leech, (William Elford.) an eminent Bng
lish naturalist and physidan, bom at Plymouth in 1790.
He took the degree of H.D. at Edinburgh about l8l>,
and was appointed curator of tbe natural History depart-
ment of the British Husenm in 1813. Thenceforth he
devoted his time to the study of natural history, espe-
dally loology. In 1815 he published the first pari of
his excellent " History of tbe British Crustacea," whldl
was never completed. He largely promoted the intro-
duction into England of the natural system which La-

■ t.-f asr; ^kard;^KI/; O, a,X,gtirtiiral; tl,iuuaI;K, Irilltd; iasi;th as

nihil. (|^^SeeExpIaaatioi)a,p.3i.l

Dgiii.edayGoO'^le

marck ud CoTier had idoptod. About iSai he rMigned
tiM plmce of ccntor, on account of ill health. DIM in
Italy in 1836.

. unons 1

Wmidera of the Creation In Kght DiBeront Worlda,
thevwere rerealed to the Author," [169$.) Died in 1704.

Si» La, "Life of J*» Lad."

IiBad'ar, (Bchjamin Wiluams,) an Engliah paii

oom at WorceitEr, March la, 1831. Hi* pictorei

nnmeroua and very popular, hn pnndpal aubject* being

iMiko, leek, (^ John,) an Englith admiral, bom in
Surrey in 1656, wai the iod of Captain Richard Leak^
noticed below. He aerTcd with distinction in the battlo
of La Hogne, in 1691, and diaplayed akiU a* comnunder
at Gibraltar in imc. He commanded the fleet which
look Alicante, Majorca, etc in i7o6l In 170T be waa
made an admiral and choaen commander-in-cUef of the
leet, and in 1709 became a lord of the admiralty. Died
in 1730.

S>* S. H. IuK>, "Lift af Sir John Laaki." 1710L

S«ak«, (Stipmhh Maitih,) a nephew of Sir John,
noticed above, waa bom in England in 170a. He ob-
tained a high office in the Heialdt' College, and piil>
lisbed a " Hbtoty of Britiih Coin*," (1736,) and a "Lilt
af Sir John Leake," (i7Sa) Died in 1774-

L«ak«, (Colons! Willum Habtin,} an Engtiah tr
eller, diillnguiahed by hi* reaeaichea in the antiquitlea
af Greece, was bom In 1777. Having obtained the rank
of lientenant-cotonel in the army, he commenced about
1800 his travels in Asia Minor, the Morea, and other
parts of Greece. He returned to England in iSio, and
afterwards published a number of valuable worka,— viz:,
"Re»earehe»inGreeee,"(i8i4,)"TopomphyofAthen^"
(i&i,) "Travels in the Morea," (1830,) "Travels in
Nofthem Greece," (183s,) and "Numismata Hellenica,"
a catalofpie of Greek coins, (1854.) By his thoioori.
research and critical laaadty he has done more, probably,
than anr other traveller to illustrate the history and
geography of ancient and modem Greece. Died in i8(ia

S«"Quutvlr KnuVlor Juli. ^n.

Ls-an'dfT, [Gr. JUiiaipot; Fr. LIanskb, IfAHdit',]
a youth of At^rdos, and a lover of Hera He swam
across the Hellespont every night to visit Hero at Settos.
At he was once attempting to croa* in a Mom, be was
drowned. (See Hbko.)

LmukIw, [Fr. LAandkb,] Saint, Archbishop of Sev-
ille, in Spain, was a brother of Saint Isidore. He waa
a lealoua opponent of Arianism. He died about 600
A.D., leaving a work "De Institutione Virginnm," ("On
the Education of Virgins.")

liAandro. See Leandir.

Iianng-Oo-TAtt, (or -On-Tl.) ll'lng' oo'iee, Emperor

ttlnes of Po and the mysticism of the Bonzea, (priests

one of his officera, Heoo-King.

ZmIo. See Lio.

I«ao, ta-&wN', or LUto, do, do le-fiwH', (Duartk
Nunez,) a Portuguese historian, bom at Ev'ora in 1608.

Ua'pyr, (Masy.) an English poetess, bom in North>
amptonshire in 1711, waa the daughter of a gardener,
and received the usual education of the lower dass. At
her death, in 1746, she gave her &lher several poems
which she had kept secret, and which have considerable
merit One of them is called "The Temple of Love."

Lear, CEdwakd,) an English painter and author,
bom in 1813. He punted many landscapes of Greece
and Italy, wrote works descriptive of those countries,
but is best known by his " Book 0/ Nonsense," which
has delighted several generations of children. Died
January 30, 1888.

Lear, leer, (Tobias,) a diplomatist, bom at Ports-
mouth, New Hampshire, about 176a. He became
private secretary to General Washington in 1785, and

negotiated a peace with Tripoli in 1805. Died in

Lo-u'flliiu, [Gr. Mapxpi; Yt. LttASQtri, UtRk',] an
andent Greek statuaiy'of Rheginm, bved about 6ao or
700 B.c Pausaniaa states that he saw at Sparta a bronie
atatne of Jutriter executed by Learchus.
Ltfarqna. See Lbakckus.

Laase, (Mahy Elizabbth,) an American poli-
tician, was bom at RIdgway, Pennsylvania, in 1853.
She was admitted to the bar in Kansas in 1S85, be-
came a prominent political speaker, and was a can-
didate for United Slates Senator in 1893. She was
appointed president of the Kansas State Board of
Charities.

I^athal, (Stamuy,) D.D., an English divine, bom
at Ellesborongh, Buck*, March ai, 1830. He was edu-
cated at Jesos CoUege, Cambridge, graduating in iSja,
waa ordained In \%^ and was appointed Hebrew pro-
fessor in King's College, London, in 1863. Publi^ed
various theological and religious books, including "The
Wilnessof the Old TestameA to Christ," (Boyle Lectures,
1868,) "The Gospel its own Witness," (Hulsean Lee-
lures, 1873,) "Religion of the Christ," (Hampton
Lectures, 1877,) "Foundations of Morality.'' (1883,)
"Christand the Bible," (1885,) "Law in the Prophets,"
(1S91.) Died in 1900.

LobRllUC Ifh bTyU', (Alkxakdu Clausi Haktin,)
I French natural philosopher, bom at Saint-Fargean b
[764. He constructed excellent micrometers and elec-
trometers, and Invented a sideroscope. Died in 1831.

LvboUlr, Ifb-bS'ye', (ANToms FRANgois,) a French
fabulist, b<wn at Caen in t75& He published a callec>
' I of tables in 1784, and another in 1811. Theyara

Kaised for wit, imagination, style, and good morality,
e also wrote operas, etc Died in 1831.

Labaibiar, Ifh-bb'bj^', (Jkan jACQtnts FbanqoisJ
_ French historical painter, bom at Rouen in 1738,
worked in Paris. He was a member of die Royal
Academy. Died in iSa6.

Labaa or La Baa, lfh-b&', (jAcqtna Phiuppb,) an
eminent French engraver, bom bi Paris in 1707. He
was (or a long time the most popular of French engraven.
In 1743 he was admitted Into tbe Academy of Painting.
He engraved many works of Teniera, Wouwerman, and
Vemet, and atHue of bis own designs, which are alao
admired. In 178s he received the title of engraver to
the king. Ked in 17S4.

Sea Basah, " DiGdoenain da Onmin."

Labaa, (Fhiuppi,) a French arclueologist, son of A*
succeeding, was bom in Paris in 1794. He beoune fai
i8ao the preceptor of Lonis Napoleon, (late emperor,)
returned to France In 1838; and in 1843 was sent on
Grecoe and Asia Minor. The

results of this mission wen published bv order of the
govemment In hia "Antiquarian Journey in Greece and
Asia Minor," (" Voyage archfologique en Grice et en
A^ Mineuie,'* abotit i3volB.,i847tf j»r-) Died i860,

Labaa, (Philippi Francois,) a French Jacotnn. bom
near Arras in 1765. He became tbe devoted personal
friend and partisan of Robespierre, and voted (or '.he
death of the king in the Convention. As the commis-
sary of the Convention in the departments of the Rhine,
he seconded Saint-Just in the direction of the aimy, and
arrested several generals. At hia own request, he was
indudcd in the decree against Robespierre on the 9th
Thcrmidor, 1 794, and killed himself on the same day.

Stt Thiui, " iditary of lb* FrEnefa Rerolgtioa."

Labean or Le Bono, Ifh-by, (Chaelks,) a learned
French historian, bom in Paris in 1701. He otodned
the chair of eloquence in the College of France in 175^
and was chosen perpetual secretarv of the Academy of
Inscriptions in 1755. He published Latin verses, (" Car-
mina,'^3 voU, 17^) and a " History of the Lower Em-
~ ' e from the Time of Constantine the Great," (" Hiitoire
Bas-Empire en commenfant k Constantin le Grand,"
33 vols. lamo, 1757-79,) which is a judicious and accn-
~~; liaatai of the Byzantine historians, but is fitolty
ityle. Having been left unfinished by Lebeau, it was

i. e, 1, 8, ii, f , !»ng; 4, 4, 4, same, less prolonged; i, i, 1, 6, fi, J, ihert; », ?, j, ft tittirt; Or, Oil, fttj mil; nftt; gasd; md

Digitized by VjOOQ I C

eompleted bf Ameilluin mnd pgbluhed In t*rent;r''*c»
voliime*. A revised edition wu pnblished by Skint-
Ifsrtin and Brotse^ (» Tola., 1836.) Died in tjji.

latibaaa, (Jkah Louis Joskph,) a Bclgiui minitter of
■late, bom at Hur in 1794. He vai minister of foreign
ilbiia from April, iSfo, to April, 1841. I>>ed in 136$.

Sh I» DB LodiiiK " M. Ltbtu. pu nn Haan d« Rim," 1EI4.

Lttbeda^ llb'fh-dlf, (Guekasiu or HisAsnt,)
Russian traveller and Orientalist, bom In 1749. He
passed some years at Madras and Calcutta, and pub-
fished a "Grammar of the Pare and Mixed East Indian
Kalccts," (London, 1801.) Died after 1815.

iNbeed. ]>Ud, or ]>b7d, ICb-eed', a popular Ara-
taan poet, bom about 530 A-iX He had acquired a great
npvlatioD when, at the age of ninety, he was converted
to ^Ijtpijm by Mohammed, whom he followed ii
fi^t to Medina. Under the reini of Omir he settled
BtXoobh, where be died aboat S73 A.D., at the extra-
ordinaty age of one hundred and fbrty-fiT& Another
account itate* that be died in 661, aged abont ninety.
Uk poem* are wd to abound In original ideas.

Sa I>B Sact, "KotiM nr I* Pci«ti tttrji:" D'HnSKurr,
"BtAntUgiw Cmalalei'* Cadbih sb Pucstai, "Kuii mt
FHimin dia Aiabv."

Iitlbmtdbt, TOD, fbn Ufbth-rEEf , (Karl,) a German
engraver of medals, bom at Meiningen in 1749. He
settled in Saint Fetersbnrg in 1775, and became in 1800
director of the Roasian mint, or Cmr da IHantuia,
Died in 1S37.

lie Berrlaya, Ifh bl're'i', (RenA,) a French hortical-
tnrist, bom near Ananches In 17U, wrote a valuable
"Treatise on Garden*," (1 vol*., 1775.) Died In 1807.

Ziabait, Ifh'blK', (Hbrhann,) a celebrated patholo-
giat, bom at Breslau, Silesia, June 9, 1813. He was
educated at Berlin and Zoticli, where he gi«dua(ed as
H.D. in 1834. Daring a large part of his career he
fived in Paris. He became prolessor of medidae at
Zurich in 1853, and was principal medical professor at
Breslau, 1859-74. Most of his writing are in French.
The best-known Is "Traits d' Anatomic patbologique,"
(j8j5-6ol) Died at Bex, Switzerland, August I, 1878.

Iiebeut Ifh-baf, (Jun,) a French aniiqnary and
priest, bom at Anxerre in 1687. In 1^40 he was chosen
■ member of the Academy of Inscriptioiu, for which be
wrote many memoirs. He pnblished several dissertations
Ml French histotv. Died in 1760.

Zmbld. SeeLsBEBD.

X«bltuiO or !« Blano, I^h-blSN', (FitANgois,) %
French nnmismatlst, born in Daaphinj ; died in 1698.

ZiOblano or La Blano, (Jean BEBttARD,) ABst, a
Medioov French writer, bom at Dijon in 1707. He
pnblished varioos works, two of which had a traiuient
popolarity, vix., "Abensaid," a traeedy, and "Letteia
of a Frendiman on the English Nation,'' (3 vols., 1745.)
Died in 17S1.

ZieblBDC^ (Louis,) a French snrgeon, bom at Vaa-
tmse, practised at Origans about 1770.

Im Blano or Zieblano, (Marcel,) a French Tesoil^
who was sent to Siam in the reign of Louis XIV. He
•as taken prisoner by the English, and not released
until 1690. He wrote a "Histoirof the Revolutions
of Siam," (1691.) IHed at Mozambique in 1693.

Ii0 BluiOi (Nicolas,) a 'French chemist, bom at
Issoudun in 1753, was attached as a surgeon to th4
bodsehold of the Duke of Orleans. He discovered abont
1790 a method of obtaining soda from sea-salt, and thus
■cndered an important service to the faidnstrial arts,
IKedin 1S0&

La Blano, (Thomas,) a French aathor, bom atVitry
in 1599, wrote many works (or the promotion of religion
and morality. Died in 1669.

Iiabljuio de CaatUlou, l(h-btCN' deb kfls'ie'y^N',
U'kan Pkan^is AndbA,) a French nugistrate, bom at
Aixin 1719, was eminent for his legal knowledge and
iloqaeDce. Died in l8oa

IfObUno de OnHlat, Ifh-blBif' dfh te'yt', (Antoinb
Blan(^) a French dramatiat, t>om at Marseilles ix 173a

07 LEBRUN

He produced, be^des other works, two tragedies," Hanco
Capac," (1763,) and "The Dmids," J1771.I1 Died in i79».

Leblond.lfh-btAN', (AUGUSTS Savihibn,) a French
natnraliat and writer, bom in Pari* In 176a Among hi*
works is a "Dictionary of Celebrated Hen of Antiqatty
and Modem Times," (3 vols., 1803.) Died in iSii.

Lablond or Ii« Blond, (Gaspabs Mickbl,) a French
BDtiqaary and ecclesiastic, bom at Caen in 1738, lived
in Paris. He was keeper of the Hatarin Library, and
a member of the Institute, and wrote several treatises
on medal*. Died b 1809.

Leblond, (Guillauui.) a French mathematician,

nrn in Paris m 1704. He was selected in 1751 by Louis
XV. to teach mathematica to the princes-rojraL He

Kblished "Elements of Fortilication," "Elements of
.ctica," and other work*. Died in 1781.

Zieblond, (Jeak BAPnTTC,) a French naturalist, bom
at Toulongeon in 1747. He travelled in South America
many years between 1767 and tSoa, and published
"Travels in the Antilles and South America," (1813.)
Died in 1815.

Iiebmn^ Ifh-buP, (Eduohd.) a marshal of France,
bOm at Paris, November j, 1809. He served in Al-
pria, in (he Crimea, and in Italy, and became war-nin-
ister in 1869, and a marshal in 1870. He was one <rf
the persons directly responsible for the Franco-German
war of 1870-71, and was both war-minister and chieif Of
staff in the earlier part of that war. As a corps-com-
mander under Basalne, be behaved with great gallanlrv.
DiediniSSS.

Iiaboa or !■« Bon.Ifh-bdH', (Jean,) a French medi-
csl writer, bom in Champagne, was physidan to Charles
IX. He publiahed numeron* work*, (1S54-76.)

iMbon, (Joseph,) a French revolutionuC «bo ren-
dered his name inbmons l>y bb cruelties, was bom a*
Arras in 1765. He became a partisan of Robespierre
and a memtier of the Convention in 1793. He was
executed in 1795.

Iieboii,(PHiUPnt,) a French chemist and engineer,
born near Joinville in 1769. He is said to have invented
the use of gas for illumination. Died in 1S04.

LaboaBii, Ifh-bo'sU', (RENt,) a French writer, bom
in Paris in 1631. He joined the canons-regular of Saint
Genevieve in 1649, and taught the bnmanities in varioua
schools. He published a "Treatise on Epic Poetry,"
(1675,) which was praised by Bfuleaa as one of the t>Ml
worlts on poetry that have appeared in the language.
Died in i68a

tie Bonoq, Ifh book, (Siuon,) a French antiquary,
born at Valenciennes in 1591. He wrote on the history
and antiquities of Valenaennes. Died in l6j7.

lie BoQvler, 1^-boo'v^', (Gii.lis,) a French cbronl>
der, bom at Bourges in 1386, wrote a " History of
Charies VII. of France." Died about 1460.

iMbret, IS'bBtt or Ifh-bai', (Johann Fbibdrich,)

im in Wiirtemberg in 173a, wrote a " History of Ger-
many," (1773,) and other works. Died in 1807. '

Iiebreton or t« Breton, l(h-bKfh-l6N', (AndbI
FRAH90IS1) a French bookseller, bom in Paris in 1708.
He was the publisher of Diderot's " EncydopWie,'
commenced in 1751, and took the liberty to aupptess
lodify thrtively some passages which were offensive

e conrt and clergy. Diderot was extremely angry

when he detected the fact Died in 1779.

Ziebreton, (JoACmu,) a French Itith-tUfur, bom in
Bretagne in 1760; died at Rio Janeiro in 1819.

Iaebrttton,(TKioDOiiB,) a French poet, bom at Ronen

1803. He was befriended by B^ranger and I.amar-
tine, and published a collection of poems, "Leisure
Hours of a Workman," (" Henres de Repo* d'nn Ou-
-ner," 1837,) Died December 13, 1883.

Lebiln, (Antonio db.) See Nbbbiubku*.

X«bnin or £« Bmn, Ifh-brfiM', (Anne Chablbs,)
Duke of nacenza, (Plaisance,) a French general, bom in
Paris in 177^, was the eldest son of the statesman C. F.
Lebmn. He was aide-de-camp of Desaix at Marengo^
(i8oc^) distinKuIshed hinuelf at Jena, (1806,) and became
~ general of brigade in 1807. He was an aide to Napo-

is *; s as i; g ^ard; g asy; a, h, ^g«Uaral; n, naia]: a, irilUd: 8 as i: th as in thit. (|»-See Explanations, p.

Goog

t

LEBRUN IS

rf dnke in 1824. In i8s> lie was appointed a teoaUr,
Died in 1859.

Sea " BugnpfalE da Membra du SteX." iSji.

laebnm or Z>e Bnm, (Antoiki Louis,) a French
poet, bom in Paris in i6S(\ wrote verses in Latin and
rVench. Among his best works is a collection of fables,
(1733.) Voltaire imputed to Lebran the aathotship
iM the satire for which the former wa* confined in the
Bastille. Died in 1743.

IiebmiiorIi« Bnm,(C[iAKLis,)Bcelebrated French
punter, bom in Paris in March, 1619. He waa a pupil
of Vouet in Paris, and afterwards studied six Tears with
Povssin at Rome. In 1648 he was admitted into the
Aodemj of Painting, and, having actiuired a high repu-
tation, he became first painter to Lonis XIV. in or before
1661. He displayed his genius as a painter, and his ez-
traordinar^ powers of invention, in a series of pictures of
the battles of Alexander the Great, which are amoi^ hit
most admired productions. ** The Family of Darius" it
c^d his master-piece^ He was appointed president
of the Koyal Academy and director of the Gobelin
manulactory, and exercised a sort of dictatorship in
Ifae arts for manTvears. He pablished a " Treatise on
Physiognomy." Died in 169a

Sa FiLiwiH, "Viei d« Pihiirti:" Chaxus Blam^ "Hi»-
•oErt da Feinrm ;" Bavle. " Hiuoricil and Critkil Dkuduit,"

Iiabraii or Z>e Brua, (Cuables Francois.) Duke of
Fiacenia, a French statesman and author, bom in Nor-
mandy in 1739. He was versed in ancient and modem
languages. He composed many discourses and edicts
for lis patron Maupeou during his contest with the par-
liaments. In 1776 he published an esteemed version
of Homer's •• Iliad." Elected to the States-General in
1789, he acted with the moderate friends of reform.
Letwun became one of the ablest members of the Conn-
d1 ofElders in 1796, and was appointed Third Consul
by Bonaparte in 1799. He enjoyed the confidence of
the First Consul, (who afterwards designated him as one
ofthetiestwiitEtsof France, and a man of strict probity.)
He wasappointed chief treasurer in 1804, and made Duke
of Piacenia (Plaisance) in 1808. In iSto he was chosen
Viceroy or Lieutenant-General of Holland, the throne of
which Louis Bonaparte had just resigned. The Dutch
were pleased with his modest temper and methodical
habits. From tSii to 1813 inclusive he was Governor-
General of Holland. He published an admired version
tX Tasso's "jetuialem Delivered," and other work*.
Died in 1824.

Sec Haiii bo WmnL, " UfaMim tor Is Piiaca Lafanm, Doe
dg Pliimace." iSal ; Thixu "HinoiToriba Frencli RgrglBDon;"
•■ Opbiiciiii. Ripponi « ChcBC d'Ecriti politiqun de C F. L^inm,"
[needed bra ''Noti« biogrtphiqoe" br bu K« CuAxun, iSil i
■■ KoUTElle Bic^nphie Gte4n1e.~

I^bmu, (Denis,) a French Jurist, became an advo-
cate in the Parliament of Paris m 1659 ; died in 170&

Iivbnui, l;h-bniN', (Fkanosca, rat Danzi,) a Ger-
man vocalist, born in Mannheim in 1756. As early as
1773 she was engaged in opera at Mannheim, and she
subsequently made the tour of (he principal European
dties, achieving everywhere a brilliant snccess. Died at
Berlin, May 14, 1791.

Lvbmn, (JCAtt Baptistb Piucke,) a FKikch plctnie-
dealer, critic, and amateur, bora in ^tri* in 1748. He is
■aid to have been the best connoisseur of pa9ntin|^ hi
Europe. His wife, in her " Souvenira," says he rained
her fbrtune by his pasaion for gaming and other vices.
"Tiey lived separately manv years. Died in 1813. He

ibrisbed a "Gallery of Flemish, Dutch, and German

oS LECCm

etc. In 183s she publisbed welt-written "Sonvenlrt''
of her life. The number of her portrait* is over rii
bmidred. Died in 184:.

Ssa iIh " Fordgn Quuurlv Rsviev" lor Oclnbcr, \i\>.

Labnm, (PiEKKE,) a French theologian, ben at
BrignoUe* in 1661, was professor in several coUcfta.
He wrote, among other works, a "Critical History at
Superstitious Practices which have seduceri the People,*
{ITO3.) Died in 1729.

Lebran, (Puure,) a French lawver, bom at Han>-
pellier in 1761. He wrote agreeable verse*, and was
the author of the version of Horace's " Ars Poedca"
published by Count Daru, who was bis brother-in-law.
Died in tSia

Iiebmn, (Pieru AmoiNE,) a popular Ptench lyric
and dramatic poet, bom in Paris m 1785. In 1S05 he
received a pension for his " Ode to the Grand Army."
His tragedy " Ulysses" was received with favour in 1S14.
After the restoration he produced " Joan of Arc" and
other odea, and a poem on the death of Napoleon,
(tS3i,) which wa* much admired. His drama "Marie
Stuart" (i8aa) had a great success, and is called hi*
capital work. In iSiS he was elected to the French
Academy in place of Francois de Neufchlteau. From
1831 to 1848116 was director of the royal printing-e*tal>
lisnment, and in 1839 he was admitted to the Chamber
of Peers. He became a senator in 1853, and a grand
officer of the legion of honour in 1868, Died Hay 37,
1873-

liebrtm, (Pisree Henri HIiAne Maeie Tohdu,) ■

They lived separately many years.

Khfisbed a "Gallery of flemish, D
inters," containing two hundred plates.

:fC"

Labmn, Ifh-brilN', (Karl August,) bom at Halber-
•ladt, in Germany, in 1 792, acquired celebri^ a* an actor,
and wrote several successfiil cbamas. Died in 1842.

Iiebmn, Madame, [tUt Hakib Louise Cusabetb
TlgAe — vc'ihi',) a French lady, eminent for her beauty
and hersldll as a portrait-painter, was bom in 1755. In
■776 she was married to J. B. P. Lebrun, a painter and
dealer in pictures. She became a fashionable artist, and
was welcomed In aristocratic sodety as an accomplished
woman. Between 1779 and 17S9 she painted several
portraits ofMarie Antoinette. Her soir^ were thronged
with people of rank and celebrity. After ber return to
Paris, in i8oi, she painted Lord Byron, Madame de Stac3,

i, e, 1, 6, ti, ;, l<mg; i^k,h, same, less prolonged; 1, !, 1, 6, 11, ]F, skert; t> f. i. 9, tttatn; Or, fill, At; mftt; nOligdbd, mM

Digitized by VjOOQIC

was executed in 1793.

Xiebnin, (Ponce Denis ficouCHARS^) a popular
French lyric poet, bom in Paris in 1739, wa* callea Lt
BRUM PiNDAKB, (piN'diR',) Or the French Pindar. Id
early life he b^an a poem on Nature, which was never
finished. He composed a number of beautlflil ode*
before the Revolution, and during the Republic favoured
the popular cause. He was patronized by the Conven-
tion, and afterwards by Napoleon, who in 1801 granted
him a pension of 6000 firanca. In 1803 he produced a
National Ode on the prospective invasion of England.
"Although he excelled in epigram," says Marie J. Chf-
nier, "and though he displayed remarkable beantie* In
poem* which he left onfinished, he will owe chiefly t*
bis ode* bis durable reputation, and will pass to pos-
terity as one of the three great French lyric poets. "^
La Harpe judged him less favourably. He was a member
of the InsUtute. Died in 1S07.

Lebma da Charmettaa, t(h-bkBN' dfh shtt'mCt',
(pHturPE Alexandre,) a French poet and historisa,
bom at Bordeaux in 178;. Among his works are a
"History of Joan of Arc"(4 vols, 1817,) and "LXJrl*-
antde," a poem, (2 vob., 1819.)

Iieoamiw. See Cahus, Le, (Ahtoine and Ettbnne}

Iiecaoo, Ifh-kf nil', (Louis RKni,) a Freach chemist,
bom in 1800, published numeron* works. Died 1S71.

Leont, If h'kS', (Claude Nicolas,) an eminent French
sureeon,bom in Picardyin iroa He settled abont 173]
at Rouen, where he lectured on anatomy and practised

In 1744 he founded a Royal Academy at

a skilfid lithotomtst, and published

several treatises on that branch of surgery. He wrote a

"Bibln^u

Treatise on the Senses," (1740^) and other pi
works. Died in 176a

Sea L. A. VAunriir, "film d>
the -'Biognplik Mtdiaie;" Rall
"NoowlfeBiopaphicGii^mliL"

LeoohJ, Ick'kee, (Giovanni Antonio,) an ItaUn
mathematician, bom at Milan in 1703. He obtained in
1739 the chair of mathematics in Pavia, where he taught
with great success for twenty years. He was afterward*

inted by Maria Theresa mathematidan of the court

He published, besides other works, "Ele-

"' !'S3i)a"TheoryofIJght,includin«

Treatise on Hydrostatics," ( 1 765.I

B. lfh->in', (Cbau-cs,) * learned Frendi Frot-

1^ theologian, born at Caen about 1647. He retired
to IfoUand in 16S5, and aAemard* to London, There
ke attempted to found an Armiiuan church, but Quled,
because he was suspected of holding Socinian Tiews.
He made a French translation of the Bible, (1741,)
which deviates too mach from the literal sense, and
wrotesereral workiontheology. Died in London in 1 703.
LAohavaUer or tie Chevalier, Ifh sh^h-vrt^^,
(JiAN B^msTE,) a French traveller and savani, born
■ear Contanccs in 17^3. In 17S4 he went 10 the Levant

pbin of Troj, which attest the accuracy of Hoioer's
ocacriptiona. He published his " Voyi^ de Is Troade,"
(1798 or i8«0h) and a " Vovage to th
Enxine," (iSoo.) Died Inly a, lgl6

Vongede
the ^po

&e Spirit of Rationalism in Europe," (London, > vols.)
"We closed them," says the "EdinbiUKh Review,"
{April, 1865,) "with the conviction that Hr. Leckjt is
one of the most accomplished writei* and one of the
matt iogenioas thinkers of the time." He also wrote
a "History of European Morals, from Angustna to
Charlemagne," (1869,1 " '^he Leaders of Public Opinion
in Ireland," (1861,) " Hiatoiy of England in Ihe
Eighieenth Century, (1878-90, new ed., 13 vols.,
1892,) "Poems," (1891,) "Democracy and Lib-
erty," (1896.) He was elected to Parliament for
Dublin University in 1S9J, and was made a piivy
councillor in 1897. Died October 33, 1903.

La Clair, Ifh-klSK', Uiam Haub,) a Frendi violinU
and compoaer, born at Lyons in 1697, He b^an life as
a bnllet-masier, but was induced by the bmoos Somis
to take up the violin, and bis compositions tor that io-
itmmeot enjoy a high reputation. He was assassinated
at Paris, October ax, 1764.

La CMar, (Thohai,) an American portrait-painter,
bom in Oswego eonnty. New Voik, March n, iSiS.
He was cboMo U the National Academy in 1S63. Diet
at Rntberibid Park. New leraey, November 16, 18S2.

LaolMTQ or La Clara, if h-klais', (Daniki,) a Swiss
physician, bom at Geneva in 165a, was a brother of
Jean the eminent critic. He practised with distinction
m Geneva, became a connaeljor of the republic, and
publisbed, besides some other works, a "Complete
Surgery," (169s,) and a " Histoiv of Medidne," (1696,)
which was translated into English. Died in 1718.

Laolarc^ <Datid,} a ddUUl Swia* poitnit-painter,
hmt at Berne in t68ot worked inany_jeui in Frankfort,
and painted portraits in oil and minialnre of numr'™"
Gennan princes. Died in 173S.

Laolaic^ Ifh-klaia.', (Gabusl,) a French phyudai^
practiaed in Paris. He became physician-in-ordinaty to
LonisXlV., and published between i6(V4 and 1706 several
Bfofessicmal works, one of which is entitled " Convenient
Medidne," (" La H^dedne aie^")

Leoleroi [Lat. Cub'icus,] (Jean,) an eminent Swiss
critic and divine, bom at Geneva in 1657. He be
a champion of Arminianism, and removed to Hidland In
1683, After preaching (or a short time in the church of
the RamonatranU in Amsterdam, he obtained in that dty
the ciiair of philosophy and Hebrew, which he retained
■ntil his death. In 16S6 he commenced the "Bibllo-
di^ue Universelle," the first of those three celebrated
series of reviews to which he owes much of his f— *-
and which was issued monthly until 1693. It wa
lowed by the "Bibliothique Choisie," {1703-13.) an
* BIbliothiqne andenne et modeme," (1714-37.) "These
loomals," san Hallam, "enjoyed an extraordinary'
Boence over Enrope, and deserved to enjoy it. ... !
b generally temperate and judidous, and displays a very
cztenuve erudition." (" Introduction to the Ijterature
of Europe.") He published many other valuable woik
•noi^ wtiich are "An Ciitica," (3 vols., 1696,) "Pa
rhasiana," (> vols., 1699-1701,) and a "Commentary c
llie Bible." Died in 1736.

(1786,) and other literary works. Died in iSsft

Sh " Nouolle Biocnplil* Gtaiaii."

Iioolero, (Ikah Louis.) See BuFrott.

Laolero,y 03EPH Victor,) a French dassical scholar,
. a* bom in Paris in 1 7S9. Heobtained the chair of Latin
eloquence at tho Faculty of Letters in iSa^ and was ad-
milted into the Academy of Inscriptions in 1S34. He
published, besides some original works, "The llioughts
of Plato," in Greek and French, (1S18,) and "The Cota-
plete Worksof Cicero," with a French version, (30 vols.,
1811-35.) Died November la;, 1865,

Leolerc, (Laiirent,) a French pnest, bom in Paris in
1677, was a son of S^baatien Lederc the eoKraver. He

lUished, besides other works, "A Cridcd Letter (m

Bvle's Dictionary." Died in 1736.

Leolaro, (Michel,) a Frencn poet and advocate,
bom at Albi in 1633. His prindpal work is "Virginia
he Roman Girl," ("Virginie Romaine," a tragedy,
1645.) He was a member of the French Academy,
Died in 1691.

Leolero, {Nicolas Gabuci.) See Clbrc.

Laclero, {Oscak,) known as Laoleio Tbofiln, an
j;riculturist, bom in Paris in 1798, was a son of Jean
Baptiste, noticed above, and a nephew of Andrf Thoiiin.
He published treatises on agricalture. Died in 1&45,

Leolaro, {StBAsniN,) a skilful French designer and

iKraver, born at Hcti in 1637, removed to Paris in
_ 36;. In 1673 he was chosen professor of perspective
in iat Academy of Painting. His works were nearly
all designed by himsell Louis XIV. appointed him
engraver of his caUnet and professor in the ficole de*
G^lina. Lederc published a "System of Vision,"
(" Systime sur la Vision," 1679,) and an esteemed treat-
ise on Architectture, {1714.) Died in 1714.

5» Valimort. " <)g^ d> H. LMhre Danuw," ato, mj t
QviaAUi " La Fiuea LitlAnir^**

Laolaro or Le Clero, (StsASriBN,) a good his-
torical painter, bom in Paris about 1684, was a son of
the preceding. He was chosen a member of the Royal
Academy about 1704. Died about 1765.

Laolaro or La Qeio, (Vicron Ehmamuel,) a French
general, bom at Pontoise in 1773. He served at tha
siege of Toulon, {1 793,) where he formed a friendship with
Bonaparte, and distinguished himself in the Italian cam-
paien of 1796. He fbuowed Bonaparte to Egypt in 1798,
and promoted the success of the coup £itat of 18th Bm-
maire, 1799. Soon after this event tic married Paulina
Bonaparte, «dth the consent of her brother, the First
Consul, who in i8ot gave bim command of a large
ikt (3J,ooo men) aent to subjugate the revolted
._. of HaytL He obtldned some successes, and
Timssaint LXInvertnre aa a captive to France ; bat
innv was wasted by the yellow fever, of whidi ha
died in November, 180a.

M Tlnaai, "Hinor gf Aa FrtMh RmdulioB," ind "Hi>>
■OCT of iha Cvuolu* and A* Eb^;" "KounQs BiasnpW*

Laolaro daa Baaatta, l^h-klain' di 4'<ta', {Loun
Nicolas Mabih,) a French general, brother of the pre-
ceding, was bom at Pontoise in I7;n>' for his services
at ESimlihl, Wagraiii,etc, in 1809, he received the title
of count He commanded a division in Russia in iSiJ,
where he distinguished himself by bis courage and skilL
Died in i830l

S» " tfooTdk BiosnqiMi G4n&*la."

Lacleroq or La Oaroq, l;h-kIlKk', (CHairian,) a
French missionary, bom in Artois about 163a In 165J
he was sent to Canada, where he laboured many ycara.
After his return to France he published "The Histoid
of (he French Colonies in New France, and of Lasalle^
Expedition to Explore the Mississippi," {1691.)

Laolarq, jMitntn. TutoDORB,) a French dramatist,
bom in Pan* in 1777- He pubtlshed "Dramatic Pro-
verba," {4 vols., 1833-36,) which were very popular.
Died in 1851.

Uolnaa or L'Bolaaa^ de, dfh Ui'kliis', written alsa

negroes o

I.- \haTd: gas/,' a,H, %,gutt»rai; »,naial;^trUlid: tass; (hasiniMu. (i^^See Explanations, p. 3].)

d by Google

I5IO

LECTIUS

Loa vain .Wittenberg, and Montpellier. Atlhelatt-oameil
place be gnduated as phjiiciui in 155s. After travel! <ng
many years in France, Spain, etc., for botanical infonna-
tlon, he wM director of the emperor's garden at Vienna
b^m i<;73 to 15S7. He pubtiahed, in I^iin, a "Descrip-
tion of the Rare Plants of Spain," (1576,) and a "De-
•cription of Che Rare Plants lA Anatna," I15S3,) both of
which were afterwards nnitcd in Ua "Rarionim Plan-
tarom Historia,''t"HistoiT of the Rarer Plants," t6oi,)
with fignrei. In I $^3 he becanie professor of botany at
Leyden, where he died io 1609. He was endowed with
a great memory and a rare lagacity, and excelled in
detcriptian. He lefi a work on foreign aniouls and
plants, entitled "Ezoticorum Libri Decern, quibiu Ani<
ntalium. Plantanim, Aromatuinqoe Historic describun<
lor," (1605.)

Sh Haluh, "BiblioIliKi Botuiiai" NiciioH. "Mjmaina;"
iun, "Diciionun da H MMedite;" Homuk, "Xli M«awin
dt C d> L'EkJuk. DB dea Pfa« deli Boluiqns," etc., litg*. iln-

ZiAoInBe, de, (Flbukv,) a French Hellenist, bom
Paris in 1774. Among his works \% a "Historjr of Greek
and lAtin Literature,'' (3 vols., 1837.) Died m 1S45.

Z«aooq, Ifh-kok', (Albxahdre Chakus,) a French
musical composer, born in Paris, Tune 3, 1S32. In 1S57
he entered a competition to produce the music for an
operetta, " Le Docteui Miracle," and was bracketed
with Biiet. Other operettas followed ; but his first
real success was gained in 1S6S with " Fleur de The."
Since that time he has been ooe of the favourite French
composers of light, gay, and brilliant music, and has
produced a number of comic operas, the best known
ol which are " La Fille de Madame Angol," (1873,)
"Girofle-Girofla." (1874,) and " L'Egyptienoe,"
(1890.) Died March I, 1911.

Iieooiiita. See Coihtb, Lb.

Iieooiiite-Piilniveaii, Ifh-kwiNt' pU-e'ifvO', (Hi*
CHEL Mathibu,) a French le^slator, bom at Saint*
Uaixent about 175% was an active member of the Con*
TCntion, (1793-9O Died In 1S35.

Leoointze, l^h-kwlNiit', (Laurent,) a French regi>
cidc. He voted for the death of the kiag in the Con-
vention, and instigated the execution of the qi
Died in 1805.

Laoomta or La Comte, 1; h-k6Ht', (Ftux,) a French
■cnlptor, born in Paris in 1737, was a pupil of Falconet
He was received aa Academician in 1771. By order of
the king, he executed ttatuea of FMelon and Rollin,
He is dasaed in the second rank of French sculptors.
Died in 181 7.

Laoomts, Hulbs,) an able French littinUetir, bom at
Bottlogne-sur-Mer in 1814. He edited several journals,
and published "Letters on French Authors," (1S37,) a
"History of the Revolution of 1S4S," {18^0,) and "The
English Pontoons," ("Les Pontons Anglais," a maritime
noni, 5 vols., 1850-J2.) Died in 1864.

I«ooat«, Ifh.kANt', ILat Coh'tius,) (Antotne,) a
French jurist, bom at Hoyon, was a cousm-nrman of
Calvin, but an opponent of his doctrines. He lectured
on law at OrUans and Bourgea, and left several legal
works. Died in i;86l

Le Cont«, le-kSnt, (John,) an American naturalist,
and officer in the corps of United States etigineers, was
bom near Shrewsbui7, New Jen«y, in 1784. He pub-
lished "Descriptions o( the Species of North American
Tortoises," "Monographs of the North American Spe-
cieso(UtricDlaria,"etc, and other works. Died in 1S61,

L»oont«, (John L.J M.D., ■ son of the preceding,
bora In New York in 1815, was a dlstingoished entomol-
ogiab He published numerous treatises, etc, on ento-
mology, among which ia one "On the Classification of the
Carabidse of the United StHtea." Died Nov. 15, 1SS3.

Laoonte. (John,) M.D., an American naturalist
and physidan, bom in Liberty county, Georgia, in
1818. He became in 1856 professor of natural and
mechanical philosophy in South Carolina College, in
1869 professor in the University of California, in 1876

acting president, and in 1881 full president of that
university. He was elected to the National Academy
of Sciences in 187G. Died in 1891.

Z>eoont«, (Joseph,) M.D., brother of the pre-
ceding, was bom in Liberty county, Georgia, in 1833.
From 1S56 to 1869 be was professor of chemistry and
geology in South Carolina College, and in 1869 he be-
came professor of geology and natural bistoty in the
University of California. Besides several works on
education and the fine arts, he wrote "The Mutual
Kelationa of Religion and Scieocc," (1S74,) "Ele-
ments of Geology," (1878,) "Sight," (1881,) "A
Compend of Geology, (1884,) "Evolution and its
Relation to Religious Thought." (188S,) and a large
number of scientific papers. Died July 6, 1901.
Le Conta, (Lewis,) M.D., an American sdenlMt

of Georgia. He «
botanist, and mathi

Leoonte de LUIe, (Charles Maris,) a French
poet, bom in the Isle of Bourbon in 1818. He pro-
duced " Poemes antiques," (1851,) "Poisies nou-
vellcs," (1854.) "Po^es barbares," (t86a,) and
"Poemes tragiques," (18S4,) and translated many
of the Greek authors. His beauties of style exer-
dsed a profound influence on the younger poels. He
was elected to the French Academy in 18S6. Died July
17, 1894.

Leooq or Le Coq, Ifh-kok', (Henki,) a FVench nat-
uralist, Ixim at Avesnes (Nord) in iSos. He wrote
treatises on geology, chemistry, and botany. His moM
important work is " Studies on the Botanical Geography
of Europe," (? vols., 1854-57-) Died August 4, 1B71.

Le Coq, (Thomas,) a beneficed deric of Falaise, in
Normandy, who in 1580 produced "Cain," a play 01
mntery of unusual merits.

Leooq de Bolabandraii, l;h-kok' df h bwl'bS'dafiH',
(Paitl EutLE FRANgois,) a French chemist, bom at

Cognac, in 1S38, of a Protestant family. Possessed ol

Beat wealth, he devoted himself to chemical researches.
c discovered the metal "gallium," and named it with
a double reference to his country (Latin "Gallia") and
to his own name, (Lecoq, in Latin "Gallns.") He
published "Spectres lumineuz. Spectres prismatiqnea,"
(1874.) etc

Leooq, Ton, fbn Ifh-kok', (Karl Christian Er»
KANN Edler,) an able German general, bom at Torgau
in 1767. He fought for the French at Wagram in 1809,
and commanded a division of Saxon troops in the Rus-
sian campugn of 1S13. After 1815 he recdved the
chief command of the Saxon army. Died in 183a
LeCoorayerorLeConnBrar. See Couravrr, Lk
Lecotirbe or Le Conrbe, Ifh-kooRl/, (CLAinn
Joseph.) a French general, bom at Lons-le-Saulnier in
176a In 1799 he defeated the Austrians in Switierland.

Hochstadt and other places. On account of his attach-
ment to Moreau, he was deprived of command in iSc^
Died in 1S15.

LecouTTenr or Le Convrenr, 1; h-koov'ruR', (Adri-
RNNE,) a popular French actress, bom near £petnay
: 1690. She excelled in tragedy, and was a great
.rite in Paris from 1717 until her death. VoItaiM
and other poets offered poetical homage to her talents.
Died in 173a

Sr SAimv-Bitm^ "CiuHriisda LnntH."

Leo^ llkt, [LaL Lst/Tins,) (Jacqites,) a learned
Swiss jurisconsult, bom in 1560, at Geneva. He obtained
a chair of law in that dty in 1^83, and the next year waa
chosen a member of the council of state. In the critical
times which followed he showed firmness and abiliqr.
He wrote several legal works, an edition of " Poetse GrsKi
vetetes Carminis oermd Scriptores," (1606,) and short
Latin poema, "PoemataVaria," (1609,) Died in 161 L

I. e, 1, 4 il. f , limg! i, *, 6, same, less prolonged; I, «, I, «, il. )F, iharti », ts, j, 9, e&ina-e; Ox, fill, Ot; m*tj nUt; gflfid; mOD;

d by Google

LECURJEUX

Leomtow^ lfh-kfl're'iJh',(jAcqsas Joseph,) a French

_._.__. _ . . ^ . -x,-. ,_ _=_,j Amongbis

and "Harj of

hittoricaJ painter, born at Hjoii in iSoi. Among bis
■orki are "Saint Looi* at Damkcta," ' "" '

Bn^nd;."

Le'df, [Gt. A^do,] Che wife of Tjndareui, King of
Sputa, and mollier of Castor, Pollux, Helen, and Clf-
tenncttnL Acoocding to the popular Wend, two of
tbne were the o&pring of Jupiter, who, wEcd he visited
Leda, aasmncd the form of a swan.

La Dala, Ifh cAh, (Olivieb,) a Flemish barber, who
became a ^voorite of Louia XL of FnuK& He was
hong by Charles VIIL in 14S4.

Ladabonr, Ton, fbn li'd^-booR',<KAU. Friedrich,)
an eminent German botanist, born at Stralnind in 1785.
He wal professor of botany at Dorpat from iSl I to IB36,
and, after a jonmej to the Altai Moantaim, published
''FloraAltaicaw''U*ol*-> 1819-34.) HI* "Flora Roasica"
(3 Tola,, 1841-^1) i* regarded ■* the best work that has
l^eared on the flora of Kuaaia. He also published
"lUnstntions of New Russian Plants, in Sve hundred
eolonrcd plates," (5 vols., l8l»^) Died in 1851.

Lad«bar, von, fon li'dfh-book', (Lbofold Kau.
WlLMKLM August,) a German writer, bom at Berlin
Ib 1799, published 1 nttmber of gei^raphical, historical,
and antiqaarian works. Died November 17, 1877.

Ii«dM[aiiok. li'dfh-glnk, (Karkl,) a Belgian poet of
nmarkable talents, born in 1805 ; died in 1S47.

iMdoriln. Ifh-dtmllH', (Jun Henri,) a Frendi
pliilologiBt, bom at Straaburg in i67>. He published
cditiona of the " Onomasticon," by Follnx, of Elian's

ien,"3 V

Gennut, distingiiished for his researches with the
Hope, was bom at Nuremberg in 171^ He published
" ICicroacopic Studies," ( 1 759,) and "Microscopic Arouse-

a," (" Mikroakopische Gemilths- und AugenergSl-

' '■ , 1760-64,) often repKnted. Died in 1765.

, da, di li-Dia'mi, (Alonzo,) a Spanish
poet, bom at S^ovia in 1^51. He was a disciple of
Gongora, and, notwithstanding the obscurity and othei
defe^ (rf bis iM>etry, acquired a high reputation. Lope
de V^^ in His "Lanret d' Apollo," meniioiii him in
fevouiable terma. He published " Spiritual Thoagbt*,"
("Conceptos Espiiitualea," 1600-16,] and other poem*.
Died in 1G13.

Sec TiciufDa, *' Hiitory of SfAoiih LJtaratnT« ;" I^wontLioif,
*'Pd«i* vid PoctTT of Eunpc"

Td*^-*""*! de, (Jost,) a Spanish painter, bom at Bnr-
goa in 1630; died in 167a.

Ledleo, Ifh-dc-uh', (Francois,) AbbA, a French
ecclesiastic, born at F^ionne, was private secretary to
the celebrated Bossuet, Bishop of Meaux. He wrote
■Memoirs of the Life and Works of Bossuet," (4 *ol».,
1856.) Died in 1713.

Loidoclicxwaki, lidV^ov'ske, (Mikcislas Halka,)
Cardinai. and Count, a Polish prelate, bom of a noble
bmUy at Cork, October 39, iSaa. He studied at War-
taw, entered the Laiarist order, and finished his studies
«t Vieima and Rome, where he became a domestic prel'
ate and prothonotarj to Pius IX. and was attached to
•eveiil foreign nunciatures. In lS6t he was appointed
Atchtnshopof Thebes and nuncio to Belgium, and in 1S66
became Archbishop of Gnesen and Fosen and Primate
of Poland. For his sirenaottf resistance to the German
laws interfering with chnrch liberty he was imprisoned,
1874-76, and was heavily finet^ and then banished. In
1875 be was crested a cardinal- priest. In 1S93 he

architect, born at Dormans in 1 736. The most remark-
able monuments of his invention are the Barritrei
of Paris. He published a "Treatise on Architecture."
IHediniSo6.

Lednn, Ifh-dR&N', (Hbnri FttANgois.) an eminent
French surgeon, bom in Paris in 1685, became a Fellow
of the Rofu Society of London. He wrote, besides other
pro&ssiooal works, a "Treatise on Lithotomy," {I73c>>)
"Ob«enrations on Sui^ery," (1731,) and "Practical Re-
BectianB on Gnnsbot Wounds," (1737.) Died in 177a

Ladrti, Ifh-dRii', (ANDRi Pierre,) a French priest

II LEDYARD

and naturalist, ben in Maine in 1761, was employed
as botanist in Bandin's expedition to the Canaries and
the Antilles in t796L He wrote seversi works. Died
about 1S15.

Iiedm, (Nicolas Philipfe,) a French experimenter
in natural philosophy, born in Paris in 1731, was a
grandfather of Le^^-Rollin. He made discoveries In
magnetism. Died in 1807.

fadru-RoUin, l^-dru' rolOin or l;h-dRil' roHlN',
(Alexanorr Aucuste,) a distinguished French socialist
and radical republican, bom in Paris in iSoE. His&mily
name was Ledru, to which he added that of Rollin. He
became an advocate about 1830, and was employed m
counsel for the defiance in many political trials between
1833 and 1848. In 1S41 he was elected to the Chamber
of Deputies by the voters of Mana,' and became the chief
orator of the txtrtm* gaucit, or ultta.democTats. As a
tribune and popular agitator he was distinguished for his
audadty and vehemence, but had not much influence
in the Chamber. He founded " La Reforms," a political
journal, and took a prominent part at the reform ban-
quet* of 1S47.

During the Revolution of February, 1S4S, he entered
the Chamber when the regency of the Duchess of Or-
leans was under discussion. By the exertion of great
physical force he occupied the tnbnne, and, amidst the
violenttumult, spoke against the regency. He was chosen
t^ acclamation as a member of ttw provisional Govern-
ment, and bccane minister of the interior. (See Lamar
TINE.) His mesaures in this capacity were not approved
by the majority of his coUeMnea. He was censured for
anattempltoproacribethcoefeated party; but he is said
to have saved the government from the violence of the
insurgents on the i6th of ApriL At the election of five
member* of the executive commistion by the Assembly
io Mav, he was the lowest of the successful candidates,
receivmg four hundred and fifty-eight votes out of about
eight hundred. He owed this election to the influence
rfLamartine. He lost bis popularity with the masses,
and retired from power in June, 1848, when Caviignac
became dictator. In December, 1S48, Ledru-Rollin re-
ceived only 370,119 votes for president, having failed to
obtain the support of the socialists. Me was the chief
of the "Mountain" in the Assemblies of 184S and 1S49,
to the latter of which he was elected by five departments,
and made eloquent speeches against the govemmcnL
In June, 1849, he demanded the impeachment of the
president, and, when this was refused, called on bis
partisans to rise in arms. The fen who obeyed this call
were quickly dispersed by the troops, and Ledru-Rollin
escaped to England, where he remained many years. In
his atnence he was condemned to deportation. He pub
iished a book "On the Decline of England," (a vol*.,
1850,) and united with Kossath and Maziini to form a
revolutionary committee Ibr the promotion of the demo-
cratic cause in Europe. Among his pubtications is
"French Jurisprudence," etc., ("Jurisprudence Fran-
faise, ou IWpertoire du Journal du Palais," 8 vols.,
1S43-48.) Availing himsdf of the general amnestv, he
returned to France in 1870. Died December 31, 1874.

ShN.Galuiis, ■■ViEpo1iciqDedeLcilni-RD]lin."iaja: "Blu^
■ooil'i Miguiae" firt Auput, iSja : "Nounjle Bisiinphii (Mirf-

Zi0dno or lie Dtio, Ifh-duk', (Jan,) a Dutch paintit
and engtaver, bom at the Hagrie about 1638, was a pupD
and skilful imitator of Paul Potter. He painted interiors,
guard-rooms, robbers, etc. About 1671 he entered the
army, in trhidi he obtained the rank of captain, and
abandoned his art.

Iiid'vrlob, (Edward,) an Irish antiquary, born in
■759> became vicar of Agbaboe. He published a vain-

aWe work entitled '""' ' -- -■'^-- -"-->---■ •

and a lew other

PitHck. Died in 1823.

Lfid'nrd, (JoBH,) a celebrated American traveller,
bom at Groton, in Connecticut, in 1751. At an early
age he took passsge as a common sailor on a leaael
bound for Gibraltar, and thence repaired to London,

li:iimt;^^rd:giaj;a,H,iL,gultural: H.iuual; t.lriaidila»*: %iiVt\aMt. (^^See Explanations, p. 33.)

Digitized by VjOOQ I C

LBDYARD

puUUieda joornal of the Torage. including m

of the drcamtuncet ittendmg the death of Captain
Cook. Having proJECted an expedition to the Arctic
teponi, he set out in 1786, and, after a journeT of great
hardship«,hearrivedatIrk(Kit3k in January, 1787. F —
be wai arrested as a spy by order 0/ the einpresB,
forbidden ag-'- *...--.- .......... .

apybj

African Awodation, Mt out on a voyage of discovery
lo Centra] AlHca. He reached Cairo m August, but,
while malting preparations for his ioumey, was attacked
by a fever, of which he died. The news of his death
was heard with deep re^ct by hb friends in England,
who bad formed the highest opinion of hi* qualiGo-
tions for the arduoui taw of African exploration. Ha
was described by Mr. Beaufoy, secretaiy of the African
Association, m "adventurous beyond the conception of
ordinary men, yet wary and con»der>te, and appeared
to be formed t^ nature for achievements of hardihood
•nd peril'*

Sh SpAin, "LilE of LednriL" In Ida "Auelcu BlemuihT;"
" Punuil of Knowledge u«ler biScultia," ytA.t,.; " Qiuriei^lte
new" Sb- JuI», 1818. (bjr SouTHivi) "North Aioericu Renew"

br October. iSiB: CuvauHOi " Caopndiiiiii of

Lodyud, {WiLUAU,) CoLONKL, an American officer,
bom in Connecticut about 17J0, commanded at Fort
Griswold during the attack made bv the British in 17E1.
He was brutalTf stabbed by Che English commander,
Hajor BromGeld, after he had delivered up to him hit
sword. He wa« an uncle of Che distinguished traveller
John Ledyard,

Zi««h (Alfkkd,) an American theologian, born at
Cambridge, Massachusetts, in 1S07, was consecrated
Piotestant Episcopal Bishop of Delaware in 1841. H«
published a ■' Life of the Aposlle PeCer," and a " Life of
Saint John," In 1S84 he became presiding bishop of
his church. Died April 11, 1S87.

Lte, (Ahhb,) founder of the sect called Shakm, was
bom at MarKheiter, in England, in 1735, Having r»-
moved to America, she settled near Albany, New Yorl^
where she gathered a numtier of proselytes around her
She taught many strange doctrines, — among others, thai
■11 marnage is sinful, and is to be shunned under all
drcumstances. She was usually styled by her fol-
lower* "Mother Anne," She aied in 1784. Among
the principal settlements made by her followers are those
at New Lebanon, near Albany, and at Harvard, Masaa-
Auaetta.

S« Alum'i "AnwHcan BioKnpluail Dictknur."

Jjee^ (Arthur,] an American statesman and revolu-
tionist, bom in Westmoreland county, Virginia, in 1740,
was a brother of Richard Henry Lee. He studied medi-
cine in Edinburgh, and subsequently became a student
of law in London. He there published a number of
eloquent political essays, under the name of "Junius
Americanus," in which he advocated the cause of the
American people. He was sent as minister to France
in 1776 ; and. In conjunction with Franklin and Deane,
be negotiated a treaty with the French. He was recalled
In 1779- After his retnm he was elected to Congreas
bi 17SZ, and was subsequently made a counsellor <? the
supreme court of the United States, and a member of
the board of treasury, (1784.) He was never married
He was a good clasalcal scholar, and an intimate friend of
Sir William Jones. Died in 179a.

See R. H. Lu,"Life,</Anliur Lcc," iWi., i«i9; "M«th

Zi««, (Charles,) a distinguished officer in the American
Revolutionary war, was a native of Wale*. Having served
fcr a time in the British army, he removed lo America.
He was appointed major-general by Congress in June.
1775. ^" '77^ ^^ *" appointed to the chief command
of the Southern colonies. He was surprised and taken
prisoner by the English while marching through New
Jersey to join Washington in Pennsylvania, (December,
1776;) but after the surrender of Bureoyne, in October,
1777, he was exchanged. Having disobeyed General
Washington's orders al the battle of Monmouth, in 1778,
be was tried by a court-martial, and suspended from

la LEB

•errice for ■ year. Died in 178a. General Lee wm Ibe
author of several political works.
See " EBC|rcki|»ilii AnKritu*. "

Iiee, (Edward,) an English prelate, born in Kent in
1483. He became chaplain of Henry VIH., who em*
ployed him bi several diplomatic missions. In i;»
ne was sent to Rome to negotiate for the divorce of the
king, and in 1531 was appointed Archbishop of York.
He opposed the doctrine* of Luther, but favoured the
innovations which Henrv VIIL made in the Church.
He wrote "Epicedia Clarorum Viromm," and other
works in Latin. Died in 1544.

!>•«, (EUEA Buckuinster, ) an American writer,
daughter of the Rev. Joseph Buckminster, was horn at
Portsmouth, New Hampshire. Among her principal
■rorks are " Sketches Of a New England Village," and
"Naomi, or Boston Two Hnndred Years Ago." She
translated several works from the German. Died in
1S64.

L«e, (Fm-HiTGH,) an American general, a nephew
of General Robert E. Lee, a grandson of Henry (" Light-
Horse Harry") Lee, of Revolutionary bme, and a great-
grandson (on his mother's side) of George Mason the
author of the Virginia Bill of Rights, was born in Vir-
ginia in 1835. He graduated at West Point in 1856,
1861 entered the cavalry service of the Confederate
my, and rose to be major-general. He was elected Gov-
nor dt Virginia in 18S5, and was United States consul
Havana from 1896 tUl the war with Spain in 18^. Ht
u then appointed major-general, commandmg the
Seventh Army Corps, and after the war was made mili-

Z governor of Havana province. D. April 38, 1905.
BO, (Francis Lioktpoot,) bq Americui statesnnn

Lee. Was elected to the General Congress ii

igned the Declaration of Independence in 1776. Hav-
ig been re-elected, be contioued to serve in CongreM
ntil 1773. Died in 1797.

Lea, (Fridbrick Georcr,) D.D., D.C.I-.an Ei^liih
divine, bom at Thame, Onfordihire, January 6, 183a.
He graduated at Saint Edmund's Hall, Oxford, with high
honours, studied divinity at Cuddesden College, and re-
ceived priest's orders in the EsUblished Church in i3s&
He is a High Churchman of the exiremest school H«
has published several volumes of religious poetry, and a
large number of devotional and theological books and

«, (FKunRICX RiCHAKD,) a popnlar English land-
scape-painter, bom at Barnstaple about iSoa HebegaB
to exhibit at the Royal Academy about 1814, and was
chosen an Academician in 1838 He is moat successfol
hi river-*cenery and in landscapes where trees are promi-
nent objects. Among his works are "The Mill," "Ths
Storm on the Lake." '■ The Avenue of Shobrooke Park,'

The Bay of Biscay," etc Died June 4. l879-

I««, {GioRCB Alkxammk.) an Ei^^h vocalli^
lanager, and musical composer, bom in London in
iSoa. In 1825 he appeared as a tenor-singer at the
Dublin Theatre, and in 1836 at the Haymarket Theatre
in London. He was successively manager of several
London theatres. He composed music for many dra>
matic pieces, and also produced scHigs and ballatb thai
were popular in their day. Died in 1851.

Ziee, (Gborcs Washington Cnsris,} a son of General
Robert E. Lee, was bom at Fortress Monroe, Virginia,
September 16, 1833. He graduated al West Point Mil-
itary Academy in 1854, served, 18U-61, in the United
States army, and, 1861-6$, in the Confederate Army of
Northem Virginia, attaining the rank of generaL He
was professor at the Virginia Military Institute 1865-71,
and from 1871 to 1897 president of Washington and Lee
University. Died February 18, 1913.

Leo, (Got Carletok,) editor, bom in North Caro-
tina in 1869. He held pt^tions as teacher and lecturer
and was literary editor of the " Baltimore Sun" after
1901. Wrote historical and other works and edited
"The World's Orators," "The History of Woman,"
and "The History of North America," (lo vols.).

l,«,I,S,ii ^/pr^.-l, 1 6, same, less prolonged: 1,2, 1, 5, ii^]!,^A<»^;f,t.i,9,<^iw<;llr, fill, at;met;neiigd&d;n.«0(l;

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LEE IS

Lsa, (Hand AH F.,) an American norelttt and mi-
ocllaTieoDS writer, bom al NewbniTpoTt, Masuehntettl.
Hci "Three Eitperimertg of Livine," puUishedm 183(1
pasied thcoDgh nnmerot;! editiona Doth in America uid
Europe. Among her worlu are "Ur«ce Senmnir,''
"Eleanor Fulton," "Lnther and hil Times,'' and *
" HUtoiy of Sculpture and Scuipior*." Died in 1S65.

XiM, (Markibt,) an English writer of fiction, waa
born in London in 1756. In parlnerihip with her dater
Sot^ua,ahe taught school for many years (1780-1803)
at mtk After pabliahing "Clara Lennox" and other

which were verv tuccc^sliiL DiedinlS5l. Ij^rd Byron,
refemneto-Kraitiner" in Lee's " Canterbaiy Tale*,"
(from which he took the snbject of his " Werner,") says,
**I am not lare it erer was very popular; . . . bnt I
haTB BCncially fbtmd that thoae woo had read it agreed
with me in their eatimate of the tineolar power of mind

the mainannTJo September, 1777, and performed several
daring eiploiU. He captared a Hrjiiab fort at Paulu*
Hook in July, 1779. He was raised to the rank trf lien-
tenant -colon el about 1780, after which year he served in
the army of General Greene as an officer of cavalry. He
rendered important service* at Guilford Coort-House,
March, 17B1, and at the attack on Fort Ninety-Six. His
legion of cavalry also contributed to the victory at Eutaw
Springs, September 8, 1781. He waa appointed a dele-
0M to the General Congress in 1786, and was elected
Governor of Virginia in 1791 or 1793. He was again a
member of Coi^ress in 1799, and waa selected by Con-
grcai to pronounce a eulogy on Washington, whom he
characterized as "first in war, first in peace, and first in
die hearts of his cotmlrymen." He wrote about the year
1809 valuable "Memoirs of the War in the Southern
States." In 1814 he was severely injured by a Baltimore
mobk against which be fought to defend a printing-office
and editor. He never recovered from this injury, and
died in Georgia in March, 1B18, leaving four sons,—
Henry, CharlM C, Robert E, (the famous general,) and
Sidney Smith. He was often called Light- Horse
UauT. In a letter to Henry Lee, General Greene
wrote, "Everybody knows I have the highest opinion ol
you as an officer. ... No man in the progress of the
campaign had equal merit with yonnelf"

IiStt, (Hehsy Washington,) D.D., Ll^D., an Amer-
ican bishop, bom at Hamden, Connecticut. Julyi4, 1S15,
became a teacher, and took orders in the Episcopal

Cbnrcb in 1839. In 1854 be was consecrated Bishop of
Iowa. Died at Davenpor^ Iowa, September 36, 1S74.
IiMb (Jnst,) an Amencan Methodist divine, bom

of Edinburgh about 1S40,
divinity there. Died in lSj>^

Xiae, (LuoY Madison,) D.D., an American clergy.
man of the Methodist Episcopal Church, born at Peters-
bore, Virginia, in 1808. He published several religious
wuAs, and in 1836 became editor of the Richmond
"Christian Advocate." Died April ai, 1882.

I«a, (LirrHER,) D.D., an eminent American divine
of the Methodist Episcopal Church, was bom in Scho-
barie county, New York, in 1800, He was editor of the
"New England Christian Advocate" and "The True
Wcsleyan," and from lS;6 to 1867 was connected with
' ' ' in College. He pablished " Slavery Examined in

"■■ ofthe Bible," "The In '^- -'-'-'■ ■ ■■

d December 13, 1889.

I>ee,(MAR<iAftaT,) novelist, bom in New York, 1S4-.
Her noveU are numerous, including ■ ■ One Touch of
Nature," "The MasterChivdry," " A Broken Engage-
ment," " Lovenand Shekels," etc.

L»«, (Uart E.J bom at Chvleston, Sooth CaroliuL
.J 1813, was the author of "Tales from History," and
made a nnmbei of translations from the French, Italian.

and German. Died in i849.

S« Gsowou), "Fonilc Pom ofAmirica."

Iioa, (Nathanixl,) an English dramatist, bon abottl
1658. After he had appeared as an actor on the London

stage without success, he composed thirteen tragedies,
two of which — vit, " Alexander the Great" and " Theo-
dosius" — obtained public favour. He was confined in
Bedlam for insanity In 16S4, and released about tlS88L
Died in 1691. His imagination is extravagant, and in>
dined to bombast "Among our modern English poets,"
says Addison, "there is none who was better turned for
tragedy than Lee, i(| Instead of bvouring the impetuosit*
of his genius, be had restrained it within proper bounds.

SM"Ri!innpttiii.IU™n,''«iLi!L, iSii.

Lae, (Rachel Fanny Antonina,) an eccentric Eng>
lish authoress, originally named Dashwood, was born
about 177c. She wrote an "Essay on Government,"
which was commended iiy Wordsworth. Died In 1839.

S<c Ds QuiHCnr, " Auiohiogrtphic Sketchu." rfup. iv.

Laa, (Richaui Henry,) an American statesman sad
orator, and (Hie of the signers of the Declaration of In-
dependence, was bom in the county of Westmoreland,

Virginia, in 173a- He was educated in England, and,
after his return, was elected about I7;7 to the House of
Burgesses in Virginia. He married Miss Aylett in early

life, in 176J he eloquently defended the resolutions

Sainst the Stamp Act, introduced by Patrick Henry.
: was a delegate from Virginia in 1774 to the Conti-
nental Congress, and (ook a prominent part in the pro-
ceedings oftliat body- The memorial to the people of
British America, authorized by the Continental Congress,
is attributed to his pen. In June, 1776, he introduced
into Congress the measure declaring the colonies free
and independent States, which motion he supported by
a most eloquent and powerful speech. Mr. Lee was
afain elected to Congress in 17781 he became president
of that body in 178I and was elected a United Sutes
Senator from Virginia in 17S9. Like most other Vir-
ginians, he disapproved tbe Federal Constitution. Died
mi794.

«.{byE

oDKiCH, " Lha of Iba S<Enn (0 ih

x:" "UuunnDrtlM lifeof R.H . ., _ .

. Lkk-ivoIm.. \%ii; " North Aaniaii Renew" for April.

. (Robert,) D.D., a theologian, bom at North Dur-
ham in 1804, wasaministerof the Established Church of
Scotland. He became professor of biblical criticism in
the University of Edinburgh in 1846. Died in 1868.

Ziee, (Robert Edwari>,) a distinguished American
general, a son of General Henry Lee, was bom at
Stratford, Westmoreland county, Virginia, January 19,
180T. His mother's name was Anne Carter. He giadu-
ateil at the head of his class at West Point in 1839,
and married in 1831 ■ daughter of George Washington
Parke Custis, who «ras the adopted son of General
Washington. He obtained the rank of capUin in 1838,
and served in the Mexican war (1E46-47) as chief engi-
neer of the army of General Scott, l^ whom his conduct
was highly commended. For his services in Mexico he

began.

appointed a colonel of cavalry in March, 1S61.
On the aoth of April, 1861, he resigned bis commission
by a letter to General Scott, to whom he wrote, "My
resienalion would have been presented at once, but
for the struggle it has cost me to separate myself firon
a service to which I have devoted all the best years tA

About tbe 31st of April he was appointed major*

Jeneral in command of all the forces of Vi^nia. In
nty ensuing, his rank was fixed as brigadier -general In
the Confederate army, and be took command of a ^ce
in Northwestern Virginia. He was opposed to General
Rosecrans in this camp^gn, tbe resulu of which wera

< a.< *,- 1 as j; £ httri; J as /; o, H, ^guttural; n, tuuoI: «, tnUtd; i as s; th as in thU.

^See Explan

».pai-)

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LEE IS

ruber broorable to tke tlnionbta ; tboogfa no Impor- :
lut battle mta fooght About December, 1861, he wu
otdeied to take dui^ of the coist-defence« oiT Sooth '
Carolina and Georgia. He retmned to Richmond In
March, 1861, and on the 3d of June took the chief com-
nund of the aimj deatined to defend the capital. On
the 36th of Tune he attacked the aim]' (tf Genera]
HcClcIlan at MechaniciTille. The conflict waa renewed
on the 37th at Gainei'a Hill, where both anniei anfieied
beaTj loaacB. Having been attacked at Savan'i Sta-
tion on the 39th, the Union annj retired to HalTCm
Hni, do« to the jame* River. Lee'a aim; vm defeated
at HalTem Hill, Jnlr i, losing abont 6500 killed and
voonded Genniil HcCIellan waa, nevetthelesa, aooa
after compelled to retreat, and to abandon the ai^ of
Kichmond, The teat of war having been tranafened

on the 29th and 30th of August, and invaded Marrland
about the 4Ch of September. He commanded in person
at the great battle of Antietam, September 17, where he
had, according to Pollard, about fci.O0Q men. Hia loai
at SoDlh Moontain and Andetam is reported to have
been 1841 killed and 9399 wounded, beside* several
thooaand priaoners. G«ieial Lee retired to Virginia on
the iSth, bnt was not pursued, and occupied a atmiglj-
fortified position at Fredericksburg, where General
Bum^de attacked him on the tjth of December and
was repolaed with heavv loss. On the 3d and 3d of
Uay, Generals Lee and Hooker roughl a great battle ar
CbancelloraviUe, where the former had the advantage ;
but the looes were nearly equal, and the retiring Union
armywas not puraued. Having been largely reinforced,
be assnmed the oflenaive with an army of aboat 95,000
men, and crossed the Potomac on the 34th of June, 1863,
for the invasion of Pennsylvania. Harcbing against
Harrisburg, he was confronted at Gettysburg by the
Union army, commanded by General Heade and pasted
on a range of hills. The Union army acted on the
defensive in the battle of Gettysborg, which began on
the lat of July and was renewed on the 3d withoat a
dedsive resulL On the 3d, General Lee made several
desperate assaults, which were repulsed, and the Union
army was finally victorious. According to the report of
General Meade, the Federals took here 13,631 prisoners,
including the wounded. General Lee retired in the
nighi of the 41h of July, tbrougb the rain, and returned
to Virginia. Hit arm^ waa not engaged in any great
battles during (he ensuing winter.

The campaign of 1B64 waa opened about the 4th of
May by General Grant, who crossed the Ra^idan and
advanced towards Richmond. A severe and indeduve
battle ensued at the Wildencss on the 5th and 6th of
May, General Grant condnaed to approadi his objective
point by a series of flank movements, alternating with
great battle* at Spottsylvania Court-Hoose, May 0-13,
at the North Anna River, May 33, and Cold HaiSour,
June 3. In these battles General Lee acted mostly on
the defenuve in fortified positionB, and bit losses were
probably lesa than those of Grant General Grant, how-
ever, reierring to those battles, says, " Bloody and terrible
a* they were on our side, they were even more damaging
to tbc enemy." Having crossed the Tames River about
Tune 15, the Union army commenced the long siege of
Petersburg, near which several actions were fbogbt in
Jidy and Augnal. (See Grant, Ulyssu S.>

In February or March, 1865, General Lee was appoliitcd
commander-in-cbief of all the Confederate amies. Daring
the winter of 1864-65 the army of Virginia had been
mcstly inactive, and greallv trammelled \n the neceadlr
ofdefendingRichmond and Petersburg. About the 3ath
of March the amvies operating against these dties began
to move, and to cut the Danville and Southside Railroads,
Inwhicli Lee'a army received supplies. The right wing
of his army was defeated by General Sheridan at Five
Forks on the ist of April, and General Grant made a

Kneral and successful assault on the works at Peters-
rg on the id. General Lee evacaated Richmond and
Petersburg in the nightof April 3, and retreated towards
Danville with about 35,000 men. He was pnrsned by
the cavalry under General Sheridan, who attacked him

LEECH

the 6th near the Appowiattas River and tot* aboM
m prisooeta. He received padfic overtores froa
General Giant on the ytfa, and surrendered hit aimy at
Appomattox Col■T^HoD•e on the 9th of A[»il, 1865. It
was then agreed by tiM contracting parttet that "each
tMoa and man will be allowed to retom to bis hone,
t to be dSstnrbed by United Statea attthority so long
— they observe thdrjiarde* and the laws in force where
they reside." Soon after the end of the war, General Lee
be^me president of Washington Coll«e, at Lexington,
Vir;pnia. Speaking of the character of Lee as a general,
Mr. Greeley remarks that he knew how to make the
most of a good defensive podtion, "the single ptnnt in
which fbot it Is a vital or-» >"'- — <— '-— ~- :— *5fc
their claim for him of a
died, at Lexington, October 13, 1870.

Iiee, (Saudu,) D.D., an eminent English Orientalist,
bom at Loognor, in Shropshire, in 17S3. He learned
Ibe trade of a carpenter, which he followed Ibr some
nrs, daring which he ttodicd Latin, Greek, Hebrew,
Syriat^ Arabia etc About 1817 be took the degree of
BJL. t& Cambiidgb and entered holy orders. He was
chosen jntifetaor of AtaUc at Cambridge in 1819, and
profetsoT of Hebrew about 1833, after which date he
obtained the rectory of Barley. He published a Hebrew
Grammar, (1830^) a "Hebrew, Chaldaic, and Engliah
Lexicon," (1840,) an " Inquiry into the Nature, Prt^^^s,
and End of Prophecy," (1S49,} and other works. Died
in 1853.

Iiss, (Samuil F.,) an American naval t^cer, bom m
Virginia, became a midshipman in 1815- He comn—'*"'
the Oneida in the battle acainst the forts belov
Orleans in April, 1863, and in 1 86
North Atlantic Blockadlns Sqnadroi
niodoreinl866aiKlrear-admiraIinl8

T New

n 187a Died in 1S97.

Im«, (Sidney,) an English biographer
London in 1859 and educated at Oiiord. he oecamc
assistant editor on the great " Dictionary of National
Biography" in 1883, and principal editor in 1891.
His pablished works include " A Life of William
Shakespeare," (1898.)

L«e, (SoFHiA,) an English dramatist and novelist,
bom in London in IT50, was a sister of Harriet, noticed
above. She began her literary career in 1780 by the
" Chapter of Acddenta," a comedy, which was succens-
fut, and was followed by novels entitled "The Recess,"
(1785.) and "The Life of a Lover." In 1796 she cton-
posed " Almeyda, Queen of Granada," a tragedy, of whid
Mrs. Siddons performed the principal rNt with applanse.
She wrote two of the "Canterbury Tales" pablished by
her sister, and other works. Died in 1S34.

S« BoADU. " Lib of Un. S<Uani,"cha|i. vL p. loj.

Iioe, (Thomas,) a Virginian planter, distin^isbed for
tus talents, was presideot of the Coundlof Vii^nia. He
was the &ther of Richard Henry, Frands Lightfoot, and
Arthur Lee. Died in 1750.

!««, (Thomas,) an American jorist, bom at Charles-
ton, South Carolina, in 1769. He was appointed by
President Monroe judge of the United States district
court for South Carolina in 1813. Died in 1839.

Lee. (William Hekhv Fitzhugh,) an American
soldier, son of General Robert E. Lee, was bom at
Arlington, Virginia, in 1S37. He entered the army
in 1857, and became a Confederate cavalry leader in
the dvil war, advancing from captain to major-general.
He was elected to the senate of Virginia in 1875, and
was in Congress from 1886 till bis death, October 15,
1891.

Iiae-Hunllton, (Euoenr Jambs,) an English
aothor, bom at London in 1845, faalf-brolber ol iha
aulhoress Violet Paget (Vernon Lee). He was in the
diplomatic service 1S69-75, and published "Poems
and Transcripts," (1878,) "Apollo and Maryas,"
(1884,) "The Fountain of Voulh," (1891,) etc., and
translated Dante's " Inferno," (1898.)

Laab, ISp, (JoHANM,) a German sculptor, bora at
Hemmingen in 1790; died about 1856.

Laeoti, (John,) sn £iu[lish artist and caiicaturisl,
bom in London about 181& He is chiefly known as lb*

L £, 1, 5, Q, y, lung; 1, i, 4, same, less prolonged; I, i, 1, 6, fl, J, short; », f, i, 9, tAitun; it, llil, Bt: mit; nftt; gacd; mdto

d by Google

» are ooellent u work*
of u^ tbongh drawn with ra[»ditT and haste. Ha pnb-
iiihal "Picnre* of Life and Character," and "The
RWiie Generation,'' (1S48,) which diiplafa raiepercep-

tioo iM the Tiriedet of character and the keeno"

of the ludicrous. Died in 1S64.

SMIbi "North Brituh Rni>w" fa- Unrdi, i86j.

Laaob, (Sahdkl V.,} D.D., a Methodist cienmnan,
bon at Albany, New York, March 17, 1S37. He was
(daeated in the aeminary ai Coopeietown, New Voile,
■■d at Evanston, lUinCHS, graduating from bit theological
coone in 18^7. He held ini])ortant pMtorates at Annap-
olis, M artinsbtug, West Virginia, BaJtimore, and Albany,
and did much work for denominational Journals. Among
hit wtitlDgB are "The Drunkard," (iSte,) "Round Lake
Letter*," 7iS 74,) a " Reply to IngersoU," (iSSi,) etc

Laeob'Difii, (WtujAM,] a learned Scottish theolo-
rian,bom in Ijnarkshir ■ ' "
theology at Glasgow for
in defence of revealed religion agaii
are commended. He publithcd 1
uid a work " On the Natare, Reasonablenest, and Ad-
nnlagea of Prayer," (1743.) Died in 1785.

Leeds, Dokk of. See Danbv, Eau. op.

Leamans, li'mJUia, (Conkad,) a Dutch archaeologist,
bom at Zait Boemel in 1809, published an extensive
work "On the Egypdan Monuments of the Museum of

ninst Voltaire and Home

ie publithca 1 collection of sermons,
leN:

Lndeu," (i

flemitn landscape-painter, bom at Bniueis in 1664,
Kcelkd in marine Tiewa. His execution is easy, hi*
toach light, and his colour good. Among his work* li
a "Fbht into ^ypt" Died in iTaa

baC (Edwin,) an English botanist and author, born
St Worcester, Hay ts, tSoa Among hit works are
■Affinities of Plants and Auimala," "Picture* of Na<
tore," "The Botany of Worceaterahire," (18681) "The
Forest and Chace of HalTem," (1877,) "Sceneiy and
Thought,'' (1S80,} etc. Died October aS, iSSy.

Leas, (Fusujc Ricbasd,) an Eagliih total-absti-
nence writer and ■peakn', bom near Leeds, March ic,
1815. He has published many Toloroet on rdigion, criti-
dtni, health, and phytitric^, and eapedally on temper*

Laa'kfT, (luACJ a Jewish theologian and reHgloM
writer, bom in We^halia In 1806, emigrated to Amer-
Ict, and became in 1&19 rabU of the principal STnagogM
of Philadelphia. Died in 1363.

Ion, I^nw, or Ijcwiw, van dar, vtn dfr lo or Ivh,
(GABftin,) a Dutch painter of animals, bom at Dort la
1643. He worked at Amsterdam, Paris, Naples, and
Rome with success, and adopted the Italian manner.
Hit touch was grand and decided. His works represent
lock* of sheep, herds of cattle, etc Died in 16S&

Leeaor I«eiiw, van dar, (Pibtxr,) a painter of land-
topes and cattle, a brother i4 the precedti^, was bom
ibont 1645. Hit style resembles that of Van der Velde.
Re was a good ooknist, and painted with Gtdlity. Died
shout 1705.

Laamr or X«ttw, van dar, rtn dfr IS or Inh, (WtL-
LiH,) a Flemish engraver, bom at Antwerp in i6oa
He engrsTed many work* of Rnbens, among which is
' Daniel in the Lions' Den," and several worki of Rem-
brandt, {Deluding " David Playing on the Harp." Died
shout 166$.

Leanwaa. Tan, vin Ivh'w^ or kCwen, (Siuon,) a
Dutch jurist, bom at Leyden In 1635 ; died in iGSa.

Laanwanhoeok. See Lcuwinroul

Laavaa, leevi, (Rev. Wiluan,) an English compoaer,
bom in 1749, was the author of (he air <M " Auld Robin
Gray." Died in lSa&

Lattbnie, Ith-BlriiK', (Lotns Hbnki,) a French
Uttlratair, bom in Paris in 1754. He wrote a priie
ttsar against lotteriea, besides several treatises on mnwc
tndbouny. EKed in 1839.

Lettbnia da Fooroy, Ifh-ftliUR' dfh fboi'se',
(Loui^) a French mathematician, bom at Saint Do>
■BDCO in 1785. He socceeded Lacroiz as proJessor in
■he Facility of Sciences in Paris, and pablwhcd "De-

Laabitr»-^7al7, Ifh-AliiiK' v&'lf, (Lotris Jauu
Alfkbd,) (real name LefiibTra,) a French mosidan
and composer, bom b Paris, November 13, 1817. He
was best known as an organist, but he was also a versa-
tile and prolific composer. Died December gi, 1&64.

Iieftobria. SeeLsrtvsE.

iMfabvra, Ifh-fivK' or Ifh-fini', (Charlbhaqnb
THiopHiLX,) a French traveller, bom at Nantes in
1811, became an officer in the navy. He wrote "Tratids
in Abyssinia," (6 vols., 1845-50,) a sdentific work oi
much merit Died July G, i86o.

Iiefebne, (FxANgois Joskph,) Duke of Dantxtc, a
French marshal, bom at RuSach, in Alsace, in 1755. He
was rapidly promoted in the war which began in lyoa, and
became a general of division in Januarji 1794- He con-
tributed greatly to the victories of Ffcurus (1794) and
Altenldrchen, (1796.) In August, 1 799, he was appointed
bv the Directory commander of the militarv division of
which Paris was the head-quarters. On the ;8th Bru>
maire he acted as lieutenant of Bonaparte, to whom be
rendered important services in that cauf d'ilat which
made him dictator. He was made a marshal of the
empire in 1804. commanded the foot-guards at the battle
of Jena, and was rewarded for his success at the siege
of Dantzic in 1807 by the title of Duke of Dantzic In
the Austrian campaW of 1809 his skill and courage
were cimspicnous at Eckmlihl and Wa^am. He com-
manded the Imperial guard in the Russian campaign of
1S13, and defended France at Montmirail, etc in 1814.
On the return of Bonaparte from Elba, Lefebvre ac>
cepted a place in his Chamber of Peers, and conse-
quently was excluded from Chat of Louis XVIIL In
iSi6l He was reinsuted in his military rank in 1819.
Died in iSa& He had (he reputation of being one m
the best generals of the arniy, uniting great intrepidly
with superior judgment, and had Che Eacdty of B'<'matint
his men as if by an electric influeoce. There have
been few men of higher military genius.

IiafebTre, (Jules Joseph,) a French paioter,
bom at Touman in 1836. He became notable for
the painting of such subjects as "Psyche," "Lady
Godiva," etc., and was elected Co the Academy 61
Fine Arts in 1S91.

Ziofebvra 01 Lefivie, (Valbntin.) See FtsKS, Lk

IiofebTre da Chsvanw, (Jcan Loi;ts Anns Mas*
LEiNE.) See Chivebus.

LafabvTa-DaaaoaaUa^ Ifh-Qvs' di'noo'Bf,
(Chaklbs^) Coinrr, a French general, bora in Paris Ii
IT73> He entered the army m 179a, and was chosen
one of Bcmaparte's aides-de-ctmp In i8oa As colonel
he distingaished himself at Austerlitz in 1805. He be-
came a general of division in 1808, commanded the chas-
seuis ofthe emperor's gnard tn 1809, and was employed
near Napoleon's person in Russia, (tSii.) At the first
restoiation he waa retained in his command by Loni*
■vif... . I... L. i.:„j ...- M^djrd of Bonaparte in
Waterloo, Having been
condemned to death by a council of war, he escaped to
the United Sute* b 1816. He perished in the wreck
of the Albion packet-ship, as he was returning to Europe^
■■- April, iSai.

I^fbrra. See Cadmabtin, DAaiB, FBvbe, Lb.
rtBVKB, and Fabbb, (Jban.)

I«favTai (Chablbs Shaw.) See Etbbslbv.

IiaffcrrB or Lefabyra, (Claudb.) See FtvuE, Lb.

IteftTra, l^h-flvB', (Jban,) a French astronomer,
bom at Lisieux, became a member of the Academy of
Sciences in 1681. He edited the " Connaissances des
Tempt" from 16S4 to 1701. Died in 1706.

Iimvra, (Jban Jacqubs,) a liberal French publisher,
bom at NeufchSleao in 1779, settled b Paris in hii

Cith. He published excellent editions of manv Greek,
tin, and French classics, for some of which he wrota
jtes. Died in 1858.
IieRTTa, (Nicolas,) an able French chemist, eml>

t»k: ^»at; ikard: ^ai:a,^i:^giieiKriU; V.naiai; B,/r>an/; latt; thssinilfiEf. (By See Explanations, p 33.)

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LEFBVRB i;

palMe. He wrote "Theoretical uid Pnctkal Chem-
bKt," {1660.) Died in 1674.

£eftVie, (PiRKKK Francois Alexandri,) ■ Ftencli
dnunalisl and poet, bom in Fari» in 1741, produced
tragedies entitled "Zuma," (1776,) and "Eliaabeth de
France," (i7R3,) also " Gutttvm Vasa," an epic poem.
Died in 1813.

IioftTie, (FiERKi Paul,] a bishop, bom April 30,
1804, at Rouleiv, Bclginm, He waa ordained a Catholic
priest in 1831 at Saint Louis, Missouri, and in 1841 was
consecrated'^ Bishop of Zela and administrator of the
diocese of Detroit Died at Detroit, March 4, 1869.

LaAvrft, (Robekt,) a French portrait-punter, born
■t Bayeua, in Calvados, in 17^6, remoTcd to Paris in
1784. Having acquired a high reputation, be painted
portraits of Napoleon and Josephine, which were so
much admired that more than twentjr copies were or-
dered b; various dties, courts, and other parties. About
1S15 he received the title of first painter to the Idng.
Died in 183a

Iisnvre or LefabTre^ 1(h-avR', (Tahnfoui or TJtN-
NBGVV, tin'ge',) ILaL Tanaquil'los Fa'beb,] an emi-
nent French scholar and critic, botn at Caen in 1615, was
the &tber of the renowned Madame Dader. He was
appointed by Cardinal Richelieu inspector of the royal
prmtin^-establishment in Paris. After the death of
Richelieu he joined the Protestants, and was chosen a
professor in the Academy of Saumur about 1655. He
published aonotaied editions of Lucretius, (i6M,j Lon-
ginns, (1663,) Horace, (1671,) Vitgil, and other classics,
and translated into French several Greek works. Died
in i6T».

S« F. CikTUOL, " VLltaaaa oo\a tarn 1 la Vic dc T. L«-
ft>n," 16S6: NicdioH, '■H'nurira:" MM. Haac "La Fruea
Ralstinig ;" '• Nouvelle BioKtipfaie G^D^le."

LeOvra d« 1> Bodwie, Ifh-fivn' dfh It bod're',

gruv,) a French Orientalist, bom near Falaise in 1541.
c co-operated with Arias Montanus in the Polyglot
Bible of Antwerp, for which he edited and translated
into I-atin the Syriac version of the New Testament,
(1573.) He also wrote some poems. Died in isoS.

bef^vre d-i^plea, Ich-fivR' dl'lipl', (Lat Fa'bkr
Stapulen'sis,] (Jacques.) an eminent French scholar
and theologian, born at Staples at>ou( 1455. ^' "as
condemned as a heretic bj the Sorbonne, Imt was justi-
fied by Francis I., who employed him as preceptor to
hi* son. Lcftvre produced the first complete French
version of the Bible, (153a) His version Is used in the
French Protestant churches. He wrote commentaries
on the works of Aristotle. Erasmus expressed veneration
for his character, I'ni^^amn vita lancHmoniam vtntror.)
Died in 1537

s«ch:<

d'EupleL" il

H»»*'a.Fi

Leavra d« Balnt-IUmy, If h-fivs' df h stN rli'me',
{Jean,) a French chronicler, born near AbbevUle about
■394: died in 1468.

Lef«Tr«-Dauiiil«r, l«h-l}vK' duh'm*;*', (Jplm,) •
French poet, bom about 1804, He became private
librarian of President Louis Napoleon in 1S49, a^d
librarian at the Tuileries in iSja. Died in 1857.

Iioflo, Ifh-So', [Adolfkk Chakles Emmanuel,) a
French general, born at Lesneven in 1S04. He was seat
as ambassador to Russia in 1848, was banished in 1853,
but returned to France in 1859. He took an active part
In the defence of Paris in 1S70, and was ambassador to
Russia from 1871 to 1879. Died November ifiy 1887.

Iiefort or Ije Foi% l^h-foa', (FnANgois,) a Swiss
nneral, was born at Geneva in \(At. He entered the
Rossian service, and fought severs! campaigns agunst
the Turks before the peace of 16S1. He rendered valu-
able service to the Cur Peter in his contest with Sophia,
bit sister and rival ; and when that prince triumphed, in
1689, Lefoii became his fevourite and chief minister, a
dignity which be merited by his virtues and talents. He

1 1m £criti de J. Lcftm

Lefbrt was appointed general-
1693. Died in 1699.

Lefrano. See Pompignan.

Lefrano, (Martin.) See Fkanc, Ll

■chief and admiral about

LEGENDRB

Ifh^fKlht', p^icroa,) ■ Ficndi advocate and
writer, bom at Ganin in 1809; died in 18S3.

Lafranyals. See Laiande.

Xiefran, U'fsfn or tlffkbi, (Laks Ulof,) a Swedish
Orientalist, born in 1713; died in 1S03.

Lefaal, Ith-fii-CI', (Martin Hector,) a French archi-
tect, bom at Versailles in 181& In 1853 he succeeded
Visconti as architect of the structures by which the
Louvre is joined to the Tuileries. He designed the
blades and distributed the interiors of this work, which
was finished in 1857. He desJKiied the palace of the
Unlvenal Exposition of 1S55. Died January I, iSSt.

Ssr " Man*!]* Biopaphia Cfaftalt.''

I>a GaUlenna. ( Richard, ) an English author and
journalist, was bom at Liverpool in 1S66, and became
a journalist in London iu 1891. He published several
volumes of poetry and prose, beginning with " Mjr
Lady's Sonnets," (18S7,) also translated in verse the
poems of Omar Khayyam.

IrfigolloU or La Osdlola, Ith-giawT, (jDun Jun
CtsAR,) a French physiologist, bom near Dol, in Bre>
tagne, in 177a In iSol he took the degree of M.D.,
and wrote an able treatise entitled "I* the Blood ideii'
deal in all the Vessels through which it passes i" He
merited a high rank among physiolo^sts and experi-
menlers by his " Erariments on the Prindple of Life,
especially on that of the Movements of the Heart anc
on the Seat of this Prindple," (181a.) Died in 1814.

Le dalloU, (Pierre,) a French bibliographer,
bom at Paris. He published " Academic Conversa-
tions," (1674,) and a "Treatise aa the Finest Li-
braries of Europe," (i63o.)

LeniA, pronounced Ifh-gree', {Hugh Swihton,) as
American statesman and scbolar, of Hwuenat descent,
was bom at Charleston, South Carolina, January 3, ■797>
He graduated at the South Carolina Cc^fege about 1815.
after which he pursued his ttudic* in Paris and Edin-
burgh. He was well versed in Greek and other It ~
guages. He also studied law, and gave much af '

articles to the " Southern Review,? and w

of the Union when nullification was agitated in his State.

Having served as charg^-d'aflaires at Brussels for about

which he served one terni. (1837-39.) As a lawyer he
stood high in his profession. In 1840 he advocated the
election of General Harrison to the Presidency by several

eloquent speeches in New York. Virginia, etc He w
appointed in September, 1S41. attorney-general of toe
United States under President Tyler. He died at Boston
in June, 1843. Among his writings are an "Essay on
Classical Leaminp," an " Essay on Roman Literature,"
and "The Constitutional History of Greece."

Legari, (Bnllen.) (Marv Swinton.) sister of Hugh
S. Legar^, nodced above, was bom at Charleston, South
Carohna, about 180a She has acquired distinction as an

Iia^aapl, da, dl 11-glth-pee', (Micbel LorEz,) a
Spanish commander, bom at Zubarraja. He went to
Mexico in 1545, and commanded an eqiedition sent in
1(64 against the Philippine Isles, which he conquered
about t565-7a Died m 1573.

Legendre or Iia Oendro, Ith-zhAxdR', (Adkikn
Marie,) an eminent French geometer, and one of the
most profound analysts of his time, was bom at Tou-
louse in 1751. He was educated at Mazarin Colle^
Paris, and in early life obtained a cbaii of mathemanca
in the Ccote mihtaire of that dty. Having written a
prize essay on the balistic problem, and a memoir on
the attraction of spheroids, (1782.) he was admitted into
the Academy of Sdences in 1781. He was associated
in 1787 with Cassini and M&:hain ki the operation to
connect the Observatories of Paris and Greenwich bv a
series of triangles. In 1794 he published his admirable
"Elements of Geometry," which has been extensively
used as a text-book in various languages, and has done
more to popularise his name than any other work. He
was a member of the burean of longitudes, and from

I, e.T.i). 11. v./i"^.-k,t, A, same, less prolonged; l,i,(,5, u,)F,ji>7rf,-f,f,i, 9,iiijmr;:(ar. flll,flt; mCt; nfit;gd6d; ni^On;

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LEGENDRS

\%at to iStS an honoiaiT conndllor of tte Inperial
Cumdlf. In 1807 he prodnced an important work
called "^eixdaea on Integral Calculus," etc, ("Einr-
cioM de Calcol inl^al but direra Ordrea de Tranicen-
dmlca," 3 Tols.,) wiuch contains hii dJacovcriei on the
Mbject of elliptic functio'iu. This tntqect waa more
fallr developed in bis "TFSit^ des Fonctiom elliptiqnei
et del Integrslea Eultricnnea," (3 toIs., 1837.) He alio
made vajnable additiona to the theory of numbers, on
iriuch he published an esaa;. Died in 1833. Laplace,
I-agraDge, and Legendre formed a mathematical trium-
nrate, which the French consider entitled to pre-
eminence among European geometer* of that age.

St* "NouTdli Bkifraphie G^B^nla;" "Ucmolrof Usn^n"
b Uk" Report oTlhe SmiUwiniia InBiliiticn" fcr 1U7. mulmtgd
hm Ibe Pimcli nf Kui na DijiDiiairri " North Anericin Ro-
lin" fee JdIj, i%A.

I«gaiidT«, (Louis,) a French historian, bom at
Rooen in 165$- He became a canon of the church oif
Notre-Dame, Paris, and published, besides other worin,

I, (Louis,) a snbaltcrti demagogne of the
FKDdi RetolntiOD, bom In 17S6. He was deputed in
twa to the ConTcntiotiiJn which he voted with the
"HottntaiD."

" Mfs Lamartine, "the n

«*■!

e openly defended
Died in 1797.

rench scalptor, bom

him in the Convention br

Lafiandxa, (Nicolas,) . ..=..,j. -.u.^nu, uun
Elampes in 1619, worked in Paris. His subjects
die% religious. Died in 1671.

La QentU. See La Barbikais.

LagontU de U OalalalAre, 1; h-ihSir'te' d«h It gT-

Ifl^jja', [GlIILIAUUE JOSKPH HVACINTHX JSAN BaP-

nvTK,) a French astronomer and traveller, bora at
Coutances in 1735. In 1769 he went to Pondicherry to
t^Merre the transit of Venus, but failed, because the sun
waa bidden In* clouds. He published a "Voyage in the
Indian Seas, (1779,) which contains valuable observa-
tions on monsoons, currents, and tides, and information
respecting the manners, religion, and scdence of the
Hindoos. Died in 1793.

S« JaAN DoHiinQD* Cuinn, 'fllocsdi H. Lcfaull,'

User, ll'zhl' or tii'ihaia', (Antoini,) a Protestant
divine, bom in Savor in 1594. He was professor of
theology and Oriental languages at Geneva from 1545
until his death, in 1661. He pnblished a Greek edition
of the New Testament, (1638.)

Iticer, (Aktoikk,) a son of the preceding, was bom
b) Geneva in 165a, and was ordained a minister. He
filled the chair of philosophy for twenty-four years at
Geneva with eminent success. He published several
scientific treatises and many sermons. Died in 1719.

L^er, (Jkan,) a cousin of the preceding, was bom
hi Savoy in 1615. He was a pastor of a church of tha
WaMeiMca, and, having escaped ' -'

17 LEGOYT

bom at Hontly, in Scotland, December 30, 1S15,
He was educated at Aberdeen and London, went to
Malacca and Hong-Kong as a missionary, and in 1876
was appointed professor of Chinese at Oxford. He

published annotated translations of several important
Chinese classics, and was author of " The Notions of

hefbnnded in his native dty a literary gazette en-
I sulMequently ni "" " ■'"
■The Mirror." To these joumila he contribuu

titled "The Critic," which was suiitequentlv united with

. . _... In 1663 he became

pastor of a Walloon church in Leyden. He wrote a
"History of the Churches of the V,3leys of Piedmont,"
(the Waldenses, 1669.) Died about 1670.

-„. , ,, , — ^gl,.^

■dniral, born about 164& He dLsHngoished himself in
the war agaiust the Dutch in 1671, was made }laTon of
Danmonth in 1682, and admiral in 1683, At the accea-
■onctf James IL, in 1685, tie was appointed master of
me horse and general of the ordnance. He commanded
the Beet in 1688, and made an ineffectual effort to pre-
vent the landing of the Prince of Orange. After taking
the oath to William IIL, he joined a Jacobite conspiracj
in 1690. "He laid a plan," says Macaulay, "for betray.
mg Portatoouth to the French." He was arrested for
trasMi, and sent to the Tower, where, after a ahoit
CoimnemenL he died of apopleiy in 1691.
LtBI*' (James,) LLD., an eminent British KhoUr,

ber of spirited tales and sketches, afterwards published
under the titles of "Sketches of the Sea" and "Tales by
a Country Schoolmaster." He married Elmira Waring
in 1838, and became associated with Mr. Bryant as
editor of the " Evening Post" in 1829, and in 1 836 estab-
lished "The Plaindealer," (issued weekly,) which soon
acquired a high reputation for its independent spirit and
the distinguished ability with which it was conducted.

iga, with a Memoir, were pnbliihed bjr his friend
Mr. Theodore Sedgwick, who sms, in hisprefwe, "It it
not the suggestion of a too fond sftection, but the voioe

of a calm judgment, which declares that, whatever public
career he had pursued, he most have raised to hi*
memory an imperishable monument"

S™ R. W, GaiswoLD, " Poea ■□d PoitiT of America ;" DoYiy
KmCK, "CjtiBfmAit of Amcricui Ulenttore." tqL ii.; "QuartHlt
Renew." igiB; '■Dmioer.de Rwinr" (or Junmiy, 1S40. (wkh

LefUlon, Ifh-ihe'yAN', (Jkah Francis,) a Plendsk
paincei, bom at Bruges in 1739; died in Faru in 1797.

Legi^Iit; ifh-ibe'p4N', (Oliver,) a learned moak
and writer, bora at Soiron, in Limburg, in 1698; died
in I7S8.

lie aUy, 1th git, (AhdrA Joseph Ghislain,) a
French historian, born at Arleux in 17S5. Died in 1863,

I^Snuil. I!n-yl'nee or Hn-yi'nee, (Stefano,) an
Italian painter, also called Iiegnanlno, born at Milan in
1640, was a pupil of Cignani and Carlo Maratta. He
painted frescos at Milaiu Died in 1715.

Sec E. CoKuxi, " £]ofio tlorico di S. LcEnaiil," ijx^

Legobleoi, l^h-go'bgiN', (Chaklxs,) a French Jesuit,
born at Saint-Malo in 16J3, became secretary of the

He published, about 1702, a collec-
tion of letters from missionaries in China, etc, entitled
"Lettres jdifiantes et curieuses ^tes des Mission!
jtrangires." This interesting publication was continned
by Duhalde. Died in 170&

I.e Oonldeo, If h go'ne'dik', (Jean Fkan^is Hau^>
a French philolt^ist, bom at Conquet, in Brelagne, in
1775. He published a good " Dictionnaire Breton-
Franfais," (iSai.) Died in 1838.

Iiegote, li-go'ti, (Pablo,) a Spanish painter, ban
about 1600 j died at Cadiz about 1670.

Lttgonv*, Ifh-Koo'vl', (Ernest Wiloid,) a French
poet and novelist, Dorn in Paris in 1807. He obtained a
priie of the French Academy for his poem " On the lit-
vention of Printing," ( 1 819,) and produced several dramas.
Me was admitted into the French Academy in 1855.

SeeQuiaAiD, "L« Fnna liltteiiE."

IiegotiTri,(GABEizLMARiEjEANBAPTi7TE,) a French
dramatic poet, father of the preceding, waa boni in Pari*
In 1764. He produced " The Death of Abel," (1791,)
which was very successful, and other tragedies. He be-
~une a member of the Institute in 1798. His tragedy
Henry IV. of France" (1S06) displays dramatic skill
and elegant diction. He composed several popular
IfOcms, one of which is entitled " Female Merit," (" M^
rile des Femmes," 1800J Died in tSta.

I« Oonx. See Ckiuz.

Iiegoyt, 1; b-gwi', (Alfred,) a French economist and
statistician, bom at Clermont-Ferrand in 1815, became

*'t;fMt:iiard:iaij:G,n.vi.?uiliiT\il;v,i,4ial;t^lnlied;l^t;%^i%iDthit. (|^~SeeExpIanation.i,p.a3,)

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LE GRAIN

1518

LEIBNITZ

chief of the bureau of (rencral itBtistlcs, and qubllshed
" La France ■tadBtique,"' (1843,) etc Ilied ■" 1869.

Legroin or Iis^lii, l^h-gUN', (Jean Baftiste,) a
French htslorian, was born in Paris in i$65. He held
•ome office at the court of Henry IV., and was maaier
of tequesU of the qoeen Harie de M^dids. He
wrote a History of the Relgtt of Henry IV., (" Decade
contenant la Vte el lei Gestet," etc, 1614,) and "Tbe
History of Louis XltL from 1610 to 1617," (161&)
Died in i&ut.

Legruid or Le Oiwnd, l^-gB&x', (Antoinb,) a
French writer and monk, bom at Douay, lived about
1650-SOk He was prolessor of pliiloiophy and theology
in Douaj, and was a disdple of the Carteeian philosophy,
on which he wrote sereral treatises. He published a
" Sacred HiBloty &om the Creation to Conatanttne the
Great," (1685,) and other works.

IiO Chraud, (Baptists Alexis Victok,) a meritorious
French engineer and administrator, bom in Paris in
1791. He became engineer-in-chief of the fiist class,
and In 1S34 was appointed director-general of bridges,
roads, and mines. He was elected to the Chamber of
Deputies 6ve times. It is stated that no person con-
tributed more to the success of the vast plan conceived
in his time to increase the riches of Fraitce by ladlity of
transport Hit moral dignitv, public spirit, and vanoos
merits are highly commended by M. Villemain, who
calls him a tme model of the able and xealons adminis-
intor. Died in 1843.

IiBgrBiid, (Ci^DDE )vsT Alxxandu,) a French
genei^, bom in the department of Oise in 1762. As

Gneral of division, he commanded under Moreau at
ohenlinden, (1800,) and served at Ansterlit^ (iSos.)

d'armde at the Bcreiina, (i8i».) Died in 1815.

Legrand, (Jacquks Guilx-auus,) an eminent French
architect, boinin Paris in 1743, wasapupil of ClirisMaa,
whose daughter he married. After ne nad travelled in
Italy and acquired a pure taste, he was employed as
architect of several public edifices in Pails, among which
are the Halle aux B!^, (Corn-Market, 1783,} Halle aui
Drapi, (Cloth-Market, 1786,) and Thiitre Feydeao,
(I790<) Molinos was assodatcd with him in these works.
Lt^tarvd published a " Comparison between Ancient and
Modem Atchiiectoie," (1799.) "id wrote an "Essay on
the History of Architecture," (1809,) Died in 1807.

Legrand, (Joacbim,) a French historian and abbj,
bom at Saint-Lo in 1653, was a person of great erudi-
tion. He was secretary ^ legation in Spain about 170s,
and was afterwards employed in the fbreign office. He

tublished a " History M the DivOTce of Henry VIIL of
Ingland," (168S,) and a few other historical works.
Died in 1733.

Legrand, (Louis,) a French theologian, bom in Bur-
gundy in 1711. He became prolessor or naitn da fbidei
m the seminary of Saint- Sulpice, Paris, and published,
besides other works, a " Treatise on the Incarnation of
the Word," (1751.) He composed the censures which
the Faculty of Theology pubRshed against Rousseau's
"Cmile" (1763) and Buffon's "£poqnes de la Natore."
Died in 1780,

Legrand, (Makc Ahtoine.) a French dramatitt and
actor, bom in Paris in 1673. He composed a rnunber
of popular comedies, among which are "The Bliikd
Clairnmuit,''(i7i6,)and"RoideCocagne,"l7t9. DM
in 1738.

Legrand d'Anasy, Ifh-gaSN' dO'se', (Pikkkk Jkan
Baftitte,} a French HahtiUur, bom at Amiens in 1737.
He wrote, besides other works, " Fabliaux, or Tales of
the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries," (1779.) In 1795
he was chosen keeper of the French manuscripts of the
National Librai^. Died in 1800.

Legranzi, It.eBib'iee, or Legraiui, li-nln'see,
(Giovanni,) an Italian composer, bom near Bergamo
about 1635; died about 169a.

Lagraa, l^-gKi', (Antdine,) a French scholar and
writer, bom in Paris about 16S0. He pablished. beddea
other works, "The Works of the Fattieia who lived in
the Time of the Apostles, with Notes," (1717.) Died

Legraverend, Ifh-ndr'aOti', (Jeam Hakie Ema-
NOEi.,) a French jurist, bora at Rennes in 1776, published
a "Treatise on Criminal Legislation in Ftaiioe,'' (iSifit)
and other approved works. Died in 1S17.

Lagren^ See LEORAitzL

Lagrln. See Leokain. *

LeKTolug de la Malsoiuienve^ Ifh-gRwAir' dfh
11 ml'io'nuv', (Fkancoise THftsisK ANToiNrrxa,)
Countess, a Frenchauthoress, bom in Lorraine in 1764.
She wrote "Zenobia," a novel, (i8oo,)an "Essay on the
Education of Women," (l8oi,) and a "History of the
Gauls and of France from the Earliest Times to the End
o( the Reign of HugbCapel," (1830.) Died in 1S37.

Legroa, Ijh-gKo', (Alphonsk,) a French painter,
bom at Dijon in 1837. He resided in England after
1863, and in 1876 became Slade professor ot art at
University College, London. He aided in the revival
of etching, and made bronre medallions of Damin,
Tennyson, etc. Died In 191I.

Legroa or Le Oroa, leh-gRo', (Nicolas,) a French
Jansenist theologian, born al Kheims in 1675. He passed
the last twenly-five years of his life in Holland, to which
he retired for refiige from persecution. Among his worka '
are a French translation of the Bible, (1739,) which is
esteemed for fidelity, and a " Manual for the Christian,"
(1740.) Diedini7SL

Lmtob, (Pibkrk,) a French sculptor, bom m Paris
m 1666. He studied in Rome, where he executed many
admired works. His statue of Saint Dominic is reckoned
among the master-irieces of the Basilica of Saint Peter.
He also adorned the chltean of Versaillee. He Bacri>
(iced less to the depraved taste of the time than moat .
other French artists. IMed in Rome in 1719.

Le Onaapre. See Duomr.

T^hmjttii, IS'mln, (Christiah Gottpkied Wn^
HE):.M,) a German scholar, bom at Halberstadt fn 1765.
He published a " Summary of the Natoral History A
Man," (1799.) Died in 1833.

Lehmaxm. (Heinuck,) a skUfiil German painter of
history and portraits, bom at Kiel in 1S14. He became
in youth a resident of P>ris, where he obtained medala
of the first class in 1840, 184S, and 185s, and was em-
ployed by the emperor to adorn the palace of Luxem-
bourg. Died in April, iSSa.

Letunann, (Johann Gboko,) a German topMjaplMr,
bom in 1765, Invented about 1793 a new method of tttT'
veying, since called by his name. Died in 1811.

Lebmsuin, (Jokank Gkorg Chkistoph,) a Genua
botanist, bom about 1794, was professor of botany at
Hamburg. He wrote monc«raphs of several gener^
and other works. Died in iwi.

Lebmann, (Johakn Gottuib,) a German philoso-
pher, who acquired a European reputation as a mine-
ralogist. In 1761 he removed from Berlin to St.
Petersburg, and received a professorship in the
Academy of that city. He published a work on min-
eralogy for Ibe use of schools, (1759,) etc. Died in
1767-

Itniaaann, (Rudolf,) a painter, and a brother
of Heinrich, was bom at Hamburg in 1819. He
worked mostly io Rome, and received medals at the
Salon of Pans. Many of his works represent the
manners, costumes, and scenery of Italy. He pub-
lished "An Artist's Reminiscences," (1894,) " Men
and Women of the Century," (1896,) etc. Died 1905.

Lelioo, If h-ok', (Lotris GvtoQiix,) a French tttUtm
fair, bom in Paris in 1743. Among his work* is "Pjrr-
rhus," a tragedy, (1807.) Died in "*"

Lebtberg, 13R*b«BG ' '

Mrg, (Aron Christum,) a Rnsnan

the Early History of Rdssul" (1S14.] Died m 1813.

Le HnAron, l«h hti-i'Roo', (Julieh Marie,) a Frend
historian, bom at Prat in 1807. He wrote on ^e history
of the Franks, Gauls, etc Died in 18^3.

Lelbnlta or Lelbnla, von, fon Hl/nlts or llp'nits,
ILal Leibnitz'ius,! (Gotitried Wilhelm,] Barok, ■
Gcrnuui philosopher and mathematician oif the fin*
i, E, ^ a, il, f, j:^; J), i, ^ same, less prolonged^ i, e, I, ^ ii, f , ri<>r<; h & i. ft <>*M>^>' Or. fUl, at; mCt; nb; gd6d; in^

d by Google

'S'9

LEIDY

wder, pte-«iiunent unong the nodemi
feahH, WM bcnm at Leipnc on the 6th of JdIt, 1646.
Be WM • MHi of Prtedrich Leibnitz, profesior <A moral
philoMphj at Leipaic After learning Latin and Greek
at the ichool of Saint Nidiolas, he entered the Univenitj
of Leipaic at the age of Gffeen, and ttodied law, philoco-
phr, mathemaiici, etc He acquired a profound know-
lecqe of the works of Plato and Aristotle, whose ■ntema
Im cndeaTonreij to harmonize. In 1666 he prodiiccda
icmarkable treatise on the comtnnation of nnmbers and
ideia, ** De Arte Combinatoria," and took the degree of
doctor of law* at Altor£ He accepted in 1667 the office
of conndllor of state at Frankfort, and published hii

■ophic writer*.

Attracted bj a tendency to nnivertalitj in science, h«
MeditaKd the plan of an encjdonedia, which became
one of Ilia &Toarite projects, and produced in rapid
■accession works on politics, religion, and philosopbr,
in Latin and French, — for be scarcelj ever wrote in h»
mother-toogne. He advanced new and bold theories of
MOtiim in Eis "Theoir of Concrete Motion" ("Tbeorla
Uotns concreti") and "Theoir of Abstract Motion,"
("Theoria Motns abstract!," ini.) In 1673 be risite
Paris, where he met Cassini and Honbens, and declined
to enter the Academ; of Sdencea with the condition that
he sboold abjure the Protestant religioD. Proceeding
to London, he formed an acquaintance with Newton,
Boyle, and others, and was chosen a Fellow of the Royal
Society. In 1676 he removed to Hanover, having been
appointed by the Duke ofBiunawick-LiinelNirf hi* coun-
ieRor (Hofratk) and librarian. Abont this time be made
Am great discovery of tiie infinitesiinal calcnln*, nearly
identical with Newton's method of flozions. Uany
Tear* later an acrimonious controversy was orried on
between the friends of these two rivals, respecting the
priority of claim to this discovery. A committee of
the Royal Society of London (atxnil 1735) dedded in
frvoDT of Newton ; bat H. Biot maintains that Lelbniti
■BtiiapMed Newton in respect to pnUidly by a letter to
OldenboTg in 1676^ and accord* to both the hoaaar of
Ae ari|;iiu] inventioo. Lribnltc developed the power
of thte calcnln* with a marvelloo* feliotv in it* applica-
tion- to the theory of CDTvea, to mechanical problem*, etc;

In 1683 be became editor of the " Acta Eraditomm"
of Leipdc, a joomal which he rendered celebrated. He
wrote ID 1693 a treatise on geology, entitled " ProtogKa,"
"which," aay* Hallam, " no one can read without per-
odving that of all the earlj geologist* Leibnlti awe
neareat to the theories which are most received in the
Fngljlh •cbool at this day." He waa appointed preai-
dent of the Academy of Sdences at Berlin in 1703, with-
out being reqidred to change his residence or to retire
from the service of the Elector of Bttmswick. Charles
VL of Germany gave him Ibe title* of baron and of aallc
cmmdllor, bat could not prev^ on Um to enter Us
service^ Between itioo and 1700 he wa* engaged in a
long e^tlolaiT negotiation with Boaanet in order to re-
store tne nnity of the Catholic and Protestant chordie*.
He CTOwned hi* career as anthor by hi* great work
entitled "EMav of Theodicea on the Goodness of God,
the Liberty of Han, and the Origin of Evil," ("Essai de
Th^otUc^ snr la Bont^ de Dicu, la Libert^ de I'Homme,
ct rOrigine da Hal," 1710.) According to his system,
God H the supreme Reason of the univerae, the fine and
bat term in the scries of efficient causes, as in thst
of final causes. In forming (he world He ha* realized
the ideal models of truth, beauty, and perfection which
existed eternally in His mind. To the parallelism estab-
B*hed in the divine mind between Che reign of efficient
caosea and thai of final causes, corresponds another har-
nMDy, of a anperior order, between the kingdoms of nature
and tj grace. From the infinite perfection of Che divine

"^ ' » he dedaccs the celebrated theory of Optimism,
K all possible plan* of creation the Almighty
He bcst,thconewhich combines tbe greatest
ty with tbe greatest order, — in wtiicb matter, space,
sod tune are moat wisely economiied. Be died at Hano-

—that among all
baa chosen the b

ver, November 14, 171& Amoi^ his Important wurlcs
i* one entitled "NewEsaay* on the Hainan Undentand-
iug," ("Nouveaoi Eaaais snr rEntendeotect humain,"
aboat 1765,} in which he controverts theoplnlODSorLockb
AnoCher of bis works is called " Pre-utablished Har-
mony," j" Harmonie pri-itablie.") His " Monadologie,"
J1714,) m which his metaphysical system is developed,
1* one of the most remarkable monuments of his intel-
lectual power. " There was only one man in Che world,"
sa^ Haltam, "who could have left so noble a science ■*
plulooophica] jurisprudence for pursuits of a still more
exalted natnre and for which he was still more fitted;
and that man was Leibnitz himself" (" Introduction to
the Literature of Europe.") He waa never married. His
disposition was cheerful, bis manners were aflable, and
his halNis tempcrace. A complete edition of his works
baa recently been published by Foucher de Careil, Paris.
~ "Sloge da Laibaia;" J. A. EsasHAio^

' 'foi HusuAn!
- ■■ jSj: Da

D L^'ffil

niB, Bioii^ihi*," a vok., il^; O. Sqiiluh^ "Lebniti ■!•
Dcnku,>'^it^; JaAKSvLVAn BAiu.v,"lkf(da Labniii,"iT6g;
Jomt U. IlACKn,''LifeiifG. W. Lca)iii^^BaMim,il4t; Ehil
r.VocBi. "O.W. tea Lclnlti," Le^i^ iBjfi ; Da. F. Hdun,
utidiin lha''H<nnlls BinynpUa OlaM* ; Burr, ardclaiallM
"BiapuU* UUTWMll*;" "Uinbaiib Rnin" far Job, il«6i
" AlliD^ If OBtli^' for Iwt, itiL

Iiolbiiltsina. See Liibnir.

Iislcaater, Eau. of. See Dudlxv, (RoBcar,) and
HoNTPOKT, D^ (Simon.)

I>olc«at«r, Its'tf r, or Holkham, (Thomas Wiluah
CoKi,) Eam. 01, an eminent English agriculiurist, was
the son of Wenman Roberts, of Norfolk, and was bom
in I7!3. His father assumed the name of Coke when
he inherited the estates of his imde Thomas Coke, who
was Earl of Leicester and a descendant of Sir Edward
Coke. From 1^76 to 1833 he represented the county of
Norfolk in Parliament, and wa* a constant supporter of
the Whig party. He owned a very large and h^hly-
cnltivated estate at Hotkham, and became distinguished
for his liberality and zeal in die improvement of uricni-
tnre. After the death of the Duke of Bedford (i&9) he
waa reputed Co hold the highest place among Er^Iiril
cultivators. In 1S37 he was rsised to the peerage, a*
Earl of Leicester of Holkbam. The last name of thi*
title was annexed to distingnish him fixim another Earl
of Leicester. Died in 1843.

JiOloh, UK, 0OKANH HsiHRtCK,) a German philolo-
gist, born at Leipsic in 1730, became professor of phi-
losophy at that atyir " "

and phyMcian, born in Thnringia in 1613. He practised

at Erfurt, whm he died in 169a
Ltlohnar, (Johahn Gbokq Hunuch,) a German

painter, bom at ErAirt in i€S4; died in i769>
XiOlcdkhar^ llxOUUt, (LuDWic,) a German traveller,
MH at TrelntBch, in Prussia, October 13, 1813. He
ent to Australia in 1841, and there conducted several

important exploratioua. He waa either murdered 01

died of starvation on one of theae loumey* in 1S4S.
Leldy, li'de, Uoskph,) M.D., LLD., a di*tiDgni*bed

American naturalist, of German extraction, bom in

Philadelphia, September 9, 1S13. He graduated as M.D,

the Academy of Nattiral Sciences. From 1846 to
1853 be gave pnvate couraes of lectures on snatomy and
physiology, and in 1853 he waa elected professor of
anatomy in the University of Pennsylvania, which position
he held until his death. Beside* anatomy, human and
comparative, he devoted much attention Co natural his-

published Inr the Royal Society of London, gives a list
of one hundred and eleven of'^his published papers up
to i8Ga Among the most important of these are tM
"Flora and Fauna within Living Animala," and the

»i.t

r,-2Ai»'if,-gasi;CH,K,p>lAfni/;it,n(U<if,-K,(yrifi!A/,-lasB;tha*indii(. (I^^ee Explanations, p. 13.)

Digitized by CjQOQ IC

LEIGH IS

■* Andent Fanna of Nebraska," luth pab'lished W the
Snithaonian Inititntion. SubnequentiT, beiide* puDlish-
inf an "Elementary TreatUe on Human Anatomy," he
hrgely added to hU liat of acientiScpaprra, among the
noat Important of these being the " Cretaceous Reptile*
of the United States," published in the " Smilhtonr—

:h volume of t.ie" Jon

ii879i) published midei the auspices of the governmeni
n 1866 he received the degree of LL.D. from Hacvard
University. In 1871 he became professor of natural
history at Swarthmoce College, in 1S84 director of Ibe
department of biology at the University of Pennsyl-
vania, and in the same year president of the Academy
of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. Died in 1891.

Leigh, lee, (CHAKI.U,) F.R.S., an English naturalist,
bom in I.ancashire about 1650. He practised medicine
in London and other cities, and published several works,
the most important of which is a " Natural History of
Lancashire, Cheshire, and the Peak of Derbyshire."

Leigh, (Sit Edward,) an English writer and biblical
scholar, born in Leicestershire in 1601, was educated for
the law. In the civil war he lavoured the popular cause,
and was a member of Parliament, from which he was
expelled in 1648 by the extreme opponents of the king.
He displayed much learning in his "Critics Sacra,
or the Hebrew Words of the Old and the Greek of the
New Testament," (1639,) and pnbliahed a "Treatite of
Divinity," (1646,) uid odier works. Died in 1G71.

Lelghton, la'tpn, (Albxakdu,) a Scottuh clei^-
man, bom at Edinburgh in 1568. He was professor of
moral philosophy in that dty for several yean prior to
1613, when he removed to London and obtain^ a lec-
tureship. For libellous or offensive expressions against
the king, queen, and the bishops in his book called
"Zion's Plea," {1619,) he was punished by the Star
Chamber with mutilation, the pillory, and long imprison-
menL He was released in 1640, and died about 1646,

LeightOD, (Alexanobk,) a Scottish author, born at
Dundee in tSoo. He is said to have written nearly alt
"Wilson's Tales of the Borders," and published "Ro-
mance of the Old Town of Edinburgh," and several
volumes of sketches. Died December 24, 1874.

Letgbton. U'lon, (Frbderick,) Lord, an Eng-
lish painter, bom at Scarborough, December 3, 1830.
He was educated on the Conlinenl, painting in Ger-
many, France, luly, and the NeOiertands. His
"Cimabue," the first of his pictures shown in Eng-
land, (1854,) is truly a great work of art. His
numerous pictures are often on classical, scriptural,
dramatic, or medixval subjects. In 1878 he was
knighted and made president of the Royal Academy,
was created a baronet in 1886, and raised to the peerage
as Lord Leighton of Stretton in 1S96. Died in lS^.

Lel^ton, (John,) an English artist, bom in West-
minster, September iz, iSu. - Hii repnUtion rests
largely upon his illustrative designs, aiMi espedally on
his work as an art-educator.

Leighton, (Marik Co.inor,) novelist, born at Clif-
ton, England, b^an writing at fifteen. Among her
works are "The Amaiing Verdict," " Her L«dy^ip's
Silence," "Joan Mar, Detective," etc

Leighton, (Robert), 3 British divine of eminent
merit, born in London about \f>\Z, was the son of Alex-
ander Leighton, (1JG8-1646.) About 1641 he became
minister of the Presbyterian church at Newbottle, near

prevailed, he retired from the pulpit, and was chosen

ao LEJAY

Hit commentary on the lirat epistle of Peter was often
reprinted. In 1674 he resigned his archbishopric, prob-
ably from his abhorrence of the violent contest which
disturbed (he Church and State. Died in 1684.

Leighton, (Robert,) a Scotliah poet, bom at Dundee,
February zo, 181Z, entered upon a business life, residing

years in Liverpool. His prindpal book w
" Khymes and Poems," (1855.] His molt famous poem
is "The Baptecsment of the Balm," published in a latei

pool, April la, 1869) was also a pc«t chF much prooiiab
Leighton, (RoBEKT,) a British journalist and
author, son of the preceding, was bom at Ayr, Scot-
land, in 1SJ9. He engaged in journalism in 1884,
and wrote novels of adventure, such as " The Golden
Galleon," (1897,) "The Splendid Stranger," (1898,)
etc. He married in 18S9 the novelist Marie Connor,
and collaborated writh her in writing " Convict 99,"
" Michael Dted, Detective," and other popular

Lelningen, lI'ning-fD, [Ft. Linangb,] a great
family of German princes and counts, having as
branches the families of Leiningen-Billigheim, Xei-
ningen-Ncudenau, Alt-Leiningeo-Westerburg, Neo-
Leiningen-Westerburg, etc.

tragedy, entitled "Julius von Tarent" Died in 1806.

Lelaler, lis'lfr, (Jacob,) an adventurer and revoln-
tionistjbom at Frankfort-on-the-Main, in Germany, emi-
grated to America in 1660, and became a resident of
Albany. He was appointed one of the commissioner*
of the court of admiralty in 1683. In 1689 he was the
leader of a mob which seized the fort and public fiinda
of New York, " for the preserration," as he said, " of the
Protestant religion." Having dedared himself lor the
Prince of Oran^, he strengthened the fiirt, and waa
proclaimed by his adherent* commander-in-chief of the
province. Sloughter having been soon after appointed
Governor of the colony, Lewler wa* arrested, and exe-
cuted in 1691.

Lelsmann, Ils'mln, (Tohamh Anton,) a German
painter, bom at Salzburg m 1604. He settled in Venice,
painted landscapes and battles, and had a high reputa-
tion. Hi* manner is said to reaemUe that of Salvator
RoML Died in 169S.

Leltner, Ift'nfr, (Gottuu Wilhelm,) iPh.D., a
celebrated linguist, born at Peslh, in Hungary, Ocumi
14, 184a He studied in Brnsa, Constantinople, Malta,
and King's Colle^ London. When fifteen years old, be
was a first-dass interpreter in the British service in the
Crimea. In 1S61 he was made professor of Arabic and
of Mohammedan law in King's College, London. He
afterwards was prindpal of the Lahore Government Col-
lege, the Lahoie Oriental College, registrar of the Punjib
University, (which he founded,) etc He published many
books on linguistic, archsidogical, historical, and ethno-
logical subjects, inostly regaiding Asia, and especially
the northwest of India. He was said to speak, write,
and read twenty-five languages. Died in 1S99.

Lelth, leeth, (Sir Jaues,) a BrltJsh general, bom In
Aberdeenshire, Scotland, in 1763. He served as major-
general under Sir John Moore in the Peninstila, and
took part in the battle of Comnna, in 1809. He was
appointed commander of the force* In the West Indies
in 1S14. Died in 1816.

Lejay, Ifh-ihl', (Gabmbl Franqois.) a French Jea.
uit, bom in Paris about 166a, He was eminent a* a
professor of rhetoric in Pari*, where Voltaire was bli
pupil. He published, besides other work* in Latin,
"Bibliotheca Rhetorum," ("Library of Orators," 1715,)
which is *aid to be a valuable systematic treatise on
eloquence; Died in 1734.

Lej ay or Le Jay, (Gui Hk^ibl,) a Frenchman, known
by the Polyglot Bible which bears hi* name, was bor«
in Paris in 1 5S8. He expended the labour of seventeeD
years and a lai^ patrimony in the publication of hia

l.f.T.A,ii.9,/0iix'' l.t.A.same. lessprotonged; S,e,l.<S. Ti, T.i'l(>rr,'^f.i,9,«^icwrv,' llr,flll,ntimlti nSt; gSbd: 1

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

LBJEVNS ij

"KUe in Hebfcw, Samaritan, Chaldee," etc, TBiblia
Hebruca, Samaritaiu, Chaldaica, Gneca, Sfriaca, Latf na,
Arabica," 1&4;,) which » ■ luUei-pieM of typonapbj.
I^]r was asiisted in editing thU work bTMorin,G«Mnt
Sionita, and other learned men. He waa made a 1^*7
eonndllor. Died in 1674.

la^eane, Ifb'ztiun', (Cladoe,) a bmon* French
Dosidan and compooer, bom at Valendetine* about
1540. He received the title of compOMr to Heniy IV.
Died about 1600.

!•• Jaime. (Hbnrv,) painter, bom in Flanden in
tSl9, studied at the British Museum, and in 1841
gained the gold medal of the Royal Academy for his
picture of " Samion barstiDg his Bonds." He was
enrator of the painting school at the Roral Academy
1848-64.

Em Jenna, (Jean.) SeeJraNK,Li.

ZadjoiUM or Iio J«nna, (Louis FsAMgoii,) Baron,

n 1805. He obtained Ibe rank of general of brigade
at Borodino in 1811, and is said to have taved the army
ti Oudinot at Hoyecswerda. He uinted, besides other
tnbiecta, "The Battle of Marengo,^ (t&il.) "The Battle
of Lodi," {1S04,) and "The Battle of the Moakwa,"
(1834-) Died in 185a

Iiejetme, (Padl,) a French missionary, bom in 1591,
laboured in Canada for many years. He pnbliahed a
descriptive work on Canada and its natiTC tribes, (7
vols., 1640.) Died in 1664.

Zi«Jmm»-Dinolilet; (Gon'AV.) See DtsiCHLiT.

Trf'Train, leh-kln', (Henri I.ouiai) a famtms French
actor, bom in Paris in lyaS. He wa* pationiied by
Voltaire, who discerned in hira the germ of great talent
while be was acting in a private troupe. He made his
iBiU in 1750, arwl attained a celebrity scarcely eqaalted
^ that of any actor of modem times except Garrick.
Lekain was most succetafbl in tragedy and ir ''' - -

Ike Great. Died in 1778.

lie Keox. if;h.koaka,? (Hknrt,) a skilfnl English
ngiaver, born in 1788, He engraved aome worlis of
Turner and Front, illustrations of Sir Walter Scott's
Poems, etc Died in 186S.

La Kaux, (John,) an English architectaral engraver,
a brother of the preceding, wa* bom In London In 1783
or 17S4. He excelled in the etigravinc of Gothic ar-
chiiectnre, the principle* and detail* of which he had
diligently studied. Hi* wo^ have contributed much
to the diffiuion of a taite for the Gothic atyle in Eneland.
He engraved part of Britton's "Cathedral AntiquTties,"
andofPugia's "Antiqoitict of Normandy" and ^Gothic
Spedmens," and other work*. He died in 1846.

La Labonxeur, (Jean.) See Labouriuk, Ls.

Le^and, (Charles Godprby,) an American lUUra-
kur, born at Philadelphia in lEta4. He published in
l8ss "The Skelch-Book of Meiater Karl" and "The
Poetry and Mystery of Dreams," a translation of Heine's
"Rctntea of Travel," (" Reisebilder," 1856.) "Sun-
shine in Thoaght," (1861,) "Legend* of Birds," {1864,)
"Hans Breitmann's Ballads," (1867-70,) "The Music-
' isof Confudna, and other Poems," (1870,) "Gau-

deamu*," (1871,) "The Egyptian Sketch-Book," (1873,)

"'"' English Gypsies," (1873.) "English Gypsy Songs,"

* '■ ■' " eitmann in Tyrol," (iSgj,) and

"The El

(187s,) "Hm!

a translation of Heine. Died Marcti 20, 1903.

IiOl'^d or Xiaylonae, ti'lgnd. (John,) an eminent
English antiquary and linguist, born in London soon
after 150a He learned the andent and modern lan-
guages at Oxford and Paris, Having entered into holy
ordeta, he became chaplain to Henry VIII., who em-
ploTcd him as librarian and in 1533 gave him the title
of his antiquary, with order* to explore the antiquities
of Eof^anct He spent abont seven years in collecting
materials for history, and in 1545 compiled his " Account
of Htitish Authors, " (" Commentarii de Scriptorihus llri-
tannids.") He b«ame insane in 15J0, and died in 1551,
leaving many manuscdpts.

£«luid, (John,) an English dissenting minieter, bors

lublir
lisbed an "Answer to Tindal's

1 Lancashire in 1691.

e became a

a Presbr-
congregation in Dublin in 1716. In 1733 he pufc.

an "Answer to Tindal's 'Christianity a* Old aa

the Creation."' He wrote other approved treatise* in
ddence of Christianity, and in 17J4 pahlished his chief
work, a "View of the Principal Deistical Writers thai
have appeared in England in the Last and Present Cen-
tury,'' Died in 1766.

Sae the " UoaiKj RcTkn" lor Muck, 1754, UutSa, tjjs. and

ZaOluid, (John,) an American Baptist divine, bom at
Grafton, Massachusetts, in 17J4. He published nume-
rous sermons, and essays on various subjects. Died in
■S41.

IieUnd, (Thowas,) a dassical scholar and biatorica)
writer, was bom in Dublin in 173Z. He took orders, and
became eminent as a preacher. In 1756 he produced
the first volume of an excellent translation 01 Demos-
thenes' Orations, which was finished in 1770. He was
appointed professor of oratory in Trinity College in 1763.
His prindpal works, besides the above-named, are a
"History of the Life and Reign of Philip of Macedon,"
(1758,) a "Dissertation on the Prindple of Human EIo-

Sience," (1764,) and a "History or Ireland," (1773.)
ied in 1785.
Sk I>iE"Hon1ti])' Ravin" l<>rA>ifii>t,ir)R, and September md

Lalew^ Ifh-luh', (Adolph^j a popular French
painter of genre, bom in Pari* in 1811. Among hi*
works are "The Spanish SmuBKlers," and " The Return
from Market," (1847.) Died July ay, 1891.

Iialen^ IAruand,) a painter of genre, etc., a brother
of the preceding, bom In Paris in 1818 ; died in 18S5.

Lalawel, l&li'vfl,? (Joachiu,) one of the most emi-
nent Polish historians of modem times, was born at
Warsaw in 1786, He conapired with the insurgents at
Warsaw against Conatantine of Russia in November,
1830, and was proposed for dictator; hut Chlopicki was
pi^rted. Lelewel held several high offices in the new
government for a short lime, until the victories of the
Russian* drove him into eaUe in 1S31. After 1S33 he
resided at Brussels. Among his most popular work*
are a " History of Poland," (1829,) a " Historr of Poland
under Stanislas Augustus," (1831,) and "Poland of the
Middle Ages,"(i846-5i.) He published (in French) an
important work on "MediKvai Geography," (1S53,) and
various other booka. Died in 1S61.

S«a L. Cbouxo, "Notiea tiomphiqua aar J. Lelevtl." 1,1k
aditioB, iS^

Lain, lellee, (Ercoli,) an Italian punter and modeller
of the Bolognese school, botn in 1701. He excelled in
the art of anatomical preparation*. Died in it6&

Iielolr.lth.IwSa', (Louis Augusts,) a French painter,
born in Paria, March ■$, 1841. He became one of the
most graceful and refined of recent French painters,
ranking very high as a draughtsman, a coloorist, and a
designer. Died in 18S4.

Laion^ Igh-IAN', (jACQim,) a French prieai and
bibliographer of hi^ leptitatioii, bom in Paria in 1665,
wa* leanied In language* and literaiy historv. He ba.
came librarian in Uw Maiaon Saint-Honor^ at Pari*.
Among his prindpal works are "Bibliotheca Sacra; or,
Syllabus of^ nearly all Editions and Versions of the
Scriptures," (a vols., 1709,) and "Bibliothtquebistoriqua
de la France," (1719,) containing a catalogue of work*

which treat on French history, — "• ■— ~ * ' '

edition of the latter was publ

lette. (s vols., 1768-78.1 Died iL

La Lonalu, Ifh lo'rlN', (Louis Joseph,) a French
engraver and mediocre painter, bom in Paris in 17151
died in Saint Petersburg in 1760.

was chosen a DKmber of the Ronl Academy in 1701.
His work* dis[)lav good talents, out are censured for
mannerism. Died in 1743.

LAlnt, lilii', (Louis FsANgois,) a French physidan,
bom in Haute-Safine in 1804. He wrote able treatise*
on psychology, insanity, etc Died January 25. '877.

a Mi,- ca*i; tkarJ; ga* r; C, B, K,giMiiral: v. natal; r, trilUd; laa ■; th a* In eUr. (|^~See Explanations, p^ ^)

d by Google

LELY IS

L«n)^, <SiT Petir,) or Van dw FtM«, vtn dfr Ba, a
MKcesaml portrait-painter, of Dutch descent, wm bora
■t SocBt, in WeatphaJia, in 1617. He temoved to Lon-
don in tiie reign of Charles I. He excelled in the repre-
•CDtation irf female beauti^, and became one of the most
Euhion^e artist* of that time After the restoration
in 1660, be received the title of first painter to Charles
n., the beauties of whose court were the snbjects of
hit master-pieces. His works are generallj censured for
immodesty. Died in i68(x

Iiomalre, Ifh-mln', (Hbnri,) a French novelist, born
at Nancy in 1756. He wrote, besides other works, " The
French Gil Bias, or Adventures of Henri Lan^n," (3
vols., 1792.) Died in i8c&

Lamaixe, Ifh-mSR', Jacquks,) a Dutch navigator and
merchant, who was director-general of a company which
in 1615 sent an eipedition to find a new route to the
I^dfic Ocean. He discovered the strait which bean
his name and separates Staten Land from Terra del
Fuego, in 1616, doubled Cape Horn for the first time,
and sailed to the East Indies. He died at sea in 1616.
C. Schouien was captain of the ship which made this
voyage.

Sh A. G. Cbotib, "Notice nir J. Louin, NantUMT."

Latuaira, (Jban,) a Be^an poet and historian, bom
in Hainault about 1473. He entered the service of
Uargarct of Austria as librarian. His principal work
Is entitled " Illustrations of the Gauls," (" Illnstrations
des Gaules," ijia.) Died about 1548.

Lamalre, (Ikamb Maoelbikb,) a French artist,
maiden najoe CoU, bom at Rossoline in 1850. She
exhibited a portrait at the Salon at the age of fifteen,
and continued a prolific painter and book illustrator,
her subjects embracing flowers, portraits, acAginrc.

Lemalra, (Nitx>L*a Eu>i,) a French classical schotar
and Latin poet, bom at Triancourt {Meuse) in 1767. He
was chosen professor of Latin poetry in the Facalty of
Letters, Pans, in 1811. He composed Latin verses with
reuaikable Eaciliu. Among bis productions is a Latin
"Ode on the Birth of the King of Rome," (iSii.) He
acquired reputation among dasiical literati by the pub-
lication of all the beat Latin authors. In 1^4 vols. Svo,
under the title of "Bibliotheca Classica Latina." This
is said to be the l>est collection of tlw classics that exist*.
Died in 1832.

Lamalle, (Fhiufpe Henri.) a French sculptor, a
memtter of (tie Institute, was bom at Valenciennes in
1793. He gained the first prize in l83t, and studied '

a nephew of Nicolas £loi, noticed above,
bom at Triancourt in \%at. He edited Lucan, Lucre-
tius, and other classic authors. Died in 1887.

Iiemaistrs, 1; h-mitR', (Antoime,) a French advocate,
bom in Paris in 1608, was a brother of Lemaistre de Sacy.
He acquired a great reputation by his eloquence, and
afterwards retired to the cloister of Fort-Royal. He was
a friend of Pascal, and a nephew of Amauld d'Andilly.
Referring to his published forensic speeches, Hallam
says, " Lemaistre is fervid and brilliant ; he hurries as
with him. Both Lemaistre and Patru do great honotv
to the FVench bar." He was one of the translators of
the Port-Royal New Testament. Died In 165&.

Iiamalatra, (Jean,) a French magistrate, who in 1591
was nominated first presidetit of the Parliament of Pans
by the chieg of the League. At a critical period in the
contest between the League and Henry IV. he procured
a decree of Parliament in fiivour of the latter, {1593.)
Died in 1596.

LaniEdatra da Bad or Baoj;, l;h-mitR' dfh si'se',
(Isaac Louis,) a French Jansenist theologian, born in
Paris in 1613, was a nephew of Antoine Amauld le
Grand. He was ordained a priest in 1650, and became
confessor or principal director of the recluses of Port-
Koyal. He was confined in (he Bastille two years, (1666-
68,) during which be made a French translation of the
Old TeMatnenL He was one of the translators of the
Mew Testament of Mans, (1667,) which was often re-

printed. Inconsequence of renewed peraecotion, he left
Port-Royal in 1679. He pnblished French ve '

IiBmaltre, (Tulss,) a French critic and poet, bom
at Vennecy in 1853. He became professor of rhetoric
al Havre in 1S75, aad of literature at Grenoble in
1S84, subsequently devoted himself (o literature, and
was made a member of the French Academy in 1895.
He became widely known for his ability as a dramatic
critic, and wrote " Les Com em po rains," (18S6,)
"Dix Contes," (18S9,) "Les Bois," (1892,) etc.,
with a number of plays. Died August 6, 1914.

Le'maii, (Rev. Thomas, ) an Etiglisli antiquary,
bom in 1751; died in 1827.

lie Maotit, or Lanuioat, 1; h-mfoo', (Jkah Bihu-
Nt;KL Marie,) a French botanist, bom at Guingamp, De-
cember 29, 1 799. He published various works on liotanf ,
and, with M. J. Decaisne, prepared a well-known " Gen-
eral Treatise on Botany," (1867.) Died June 23, 1877.

JLa Marolumt; Ifh mla'shAH', (jAcgcEs,) a Flemish
hiatwan, bom at Fornei in 1(37, wrote several work*
on the histor; of Flanders. Died in 1609^

Iianibke, ISmp^fli, (Johanh Phiupp,) a Gennsn
painter and engraver, bora at Nmemberg in 1631, painted
battles, si^es, aiul hnnthiK-Kene* with success. H«
was invited to the court of Sweden by Chariea XL, who
gave him the title of painter to the lang. Died in lyai.

Iiamoban. See LiHNnra, (Simon.)

Lemenet Ifc-mi'ni, (Fkamcisco,) Count, an Italian
poet, bom at Lodi in 1634- He composed many el^anl
Latin verses, but his piindpal poeiM were written in the
Italian language. He liadari^ and poetic inuginatian,
and contri^t^ much to reform tbe poelrj of lus conntry.
Died in 1704.

Lemeius, van, vtn li'mpia, (Balthasae,) a Flemish
painter of histonf, bom at Antwerp in 1637, worked in
London. Died m 1704.

I,em«rcdaT,lfh-nilR's^',(jAC(]UBS,)a French archi-
tect, \iatn at Pontoise ab^ looov By order of Cardina.
Richelieu, he built about 1635 the church of the Sor
bonne at Paris, and tbe Chftteau Richelieu. He obtained
the title of chief architect to the Icing. Among hiamcat
admired works are tlie church of tbe Annondade al
Toura, and that of Saint-Roch in Paris. Died in 1660.

Sm FovTSNAy, "DietliiiBuln

plus Giatni* ;" QoAramtu ■>■

. (Louis Jean NtPOMt)ciHi,) a popnlai'

Freitch poet and dramatist, bom in Paris, April 21,

He was a republican in the Revolution and

.. triumph of which the annals of the theatre offer few
examples. He afterwards produced "Ophis," "Louis
XL," (1811,) and other successful tragedies. He waa
chosen a member of the French Academy in 181& He

poem entitled "The FreniJi Ag^" (1S03,) ai
many other worlcs. Talleyrand is reported to llave said
that Lemerder conveised better than any other man in
France, Died in 18:40.

S« " NoutcUb Biocnphii Ofa«nk."

Umery, I^'re', (Lotns,) a skilful physician and
chemist, a son of Nicolas, noticed below, waa bora in
Paris in 1677. He was a member of the Academy of
Sciences, for which he wrote many mem<Mra. Pen' tlidr^
three years be was physician to the HOtel-Dien, Pan^
Died in 1743,

Ldmaiy, (Nicolas,) H.D., a French chemise botn
at Rouen in 1645, was educated a Protestant. In 167a
he settled in Paris, where he lectured on chemistry wltb
IcUu, and published a "Course of Chemistry," ("Couis
de Chimie," 1675,) which was very sncoesstul. It waa
often reprinted, and was translated mto many languages.
After suflering much persecution for religion, be abjnred

E. 4 1, a, e, ;, Jixv; i, i, 6, same, less pr olongedi i, i, I, d, a, ]*, Mor^; f, C i, 9. oilrNrv; Or, fill, Ot; m(ti nfit; g(t6di B

d by Google

LBMIMRRE

1523

LEMONNIER

CtMs&fia b 168& He wm received bto the Acadenqr
sfSdeDcesin 169^ Died iti 1715.

Sec Pacl Amoin Cat,
Untiy," 171J: "Hoiinl]* Bii^^lua GAdnl*.'

iMmlerra, Ifh-m^is', (AKTonn MakihJ a Frencli
dramatic poet, mM bom in Pati* b 1713. He pioduced
h 1758 " HTpennneHK," a tragedTi whlcli «a* com-
pletel* ■nccesefiiL His trasediea "Wima]iiTeir(i766]
•nd "Tlie Widow of Halabv" (IJ70) were often per-
Ibmed with applaoM. He compoaed a poem on Painting,
(1769,) whicti oontaina teveTal fine pasa^gea. He waa
chooen a membeT of the Ff ench Acaaem; in 17S1. Died
b 1793- ^ ^^

«ak. VtoM, J THk.. iln>: " Mcnnlle Bigfnphit GtnJnle."

Xicmlia^ Ifh-mts' or l;fa-iiieeR', [Lat. HiKiB'us,]
(AmutT,) a Flemish compiier.bon) at BnisBcIs in 1573.
He atodied for the clerical proiestion, and became vicar-

Ceral at Antwerp in 1634. He pablisbed. besides other
m works, "Eulogies of Eminent Belgian Anthora,"
(1603,) and "Annals of Belgimn," ("Rerum Belgicanim
Annaica,'' 1634-) Died in 164a

SMMK*>0M,"U4iDiiinB.'-> Fornin,"BibliDtbaiaB(lciEi."

Ii«mlrav Ifh-mtft', (NoBl,) a French ennaver, bwn
■t Rooen in 1714, was a pupil of Lebat. He cngrared
bndicapes, portraits, etc., and excelled in rignettes.
"Hie Partition of Poland" (designed and engraxed by
him) IE called his master-jnece. Died in iSai.

Iiamly. (Hknsv Rowan,) an American soldier-
aotlior, bom in North Carolina in 1851. He grodn-
Ued at West Point in 1S72, engaged in Western
campaigns and the Porto Rico campaign of 1S98, and
was long in the service of Colombia as director of
the National Military School at Bogota. He wrote
"Among the Arapahoes," "Santa Fe de Bogota,"
" A West-Point Romance," etc.

LemniMU. See LxuRiua.

Lrauilns, llm'ne-ns, or IiemmaiiB, ICm'mina, ^^-
vnt,) a Dotch phjaictan and philosopher, bom at ZJerfluee
m 1505. He practised b hi* niti^ place, and acquired
a Eni^iean reputation bf hi« skill. He wrote, in elegant
Latiii, " De occuldt Nattme Mirimlls," (" The Secret
Wonders of Nature," 1559,) and other sdentificormora]
wark% which were verj ncceaafiiL Died b 156S.

Saa HjUDiaawiiab "JM* otk L. Ltaalii*," iS4]t U. Adah,

XiSmnliu, Hm'ne'Aa, (SniON,) a Swisi poet, whose
nopet name was LemOMn, (itca'Kfn,) wu bom in the
Griions. He studied at Wittenberg, whence he waa
baoiahed by the inflnence of Lather or Melanchthon ,
about I53S> probably on account of his

scientist and historian, was bom at Quebec in 1825,
appointed inspector of inland revenue in 1869, and
knighted in 1S97. He is the author of "Maple
Leaves," (6 vols., 1S63-94,) and numerous works on
ornithology, arcbxology, history, etc.

IiamoliM, GlAH,] a French catdinal and canonist^
born at Cr jcy. H« fbnnded in Paris the college wliich
bears hi* name. Died in 1313.

Lemoine, (JosiPii,) brother of Charlea, noticed above,
was bom in Montreal in 1668. In 1719 he took P«n-
lacola from the Spaniards. Died b France in 1734.

Lanolne or IiemoToe, (Piesrb,) a French poet

and Jesuit, bom at Chaumont, in Bassipiy, in 1603. He
took part in (be dispute between the Jesuits and Jan-
•enists. Hi* prindpai work i* a bombastic epic poem en-
Htlcd ■■ Sabt Lonl*, or llie Holy Crown recovered from

ais^" i6ja] was criticised by Pascal m the eleventh of
his " Provmcial X-etters." Died in 1671.

Iiemolno, (Sauvolle,) brother of Joseph, noticed
above, waa bom b Montreal about 1671. He accom-
panied hia brother D'lberville on bb western expedition,
and wai app<nnted by Louis XIV. govemor of the
colony of Louisiana in 1699. Died in 1701.

Ziamdliw dTbarrlUe. See iBnvnxB, d*.

IiSmoinna, Ifh'mwjb', (J""" Emili,) > French
editor, bom in London, October 17, 1S15. For many

C^n

s vmtings.

3 Lade epigrams and other verses. Diedini5;CL
Haia, Ifh-mwln', (Antoini,] a French officer, a
brother ofD'Iberville, waa bamatUontTea1mi6S3. He
became Govemor of Cayenne, where he died about 1730.
(See iBKavnJX d'.)
Lemoine or LfimoyiMh Ifh-mwin', (CiUKLia,) a

wothcr of the preceding was bom b 1656^ at Montreal,

' ■ ■ ' ■ "erwanU Decame govemor. Med b I7a<>

r iMmoyne, (finsNNa,) a French Pre

of which he afterward* bi

r;

t Caen b 1634,

divbe and Orientalist, bom
"Varia Sacra." Died in 1689.
. inoiiMt (Fkani^is,) an eminent French historical
nnter, bcmi In Paris m 16SS, was a pupil of Galloche.
into the Royal Academy in 1718, in
cananennon 01 nil "Hercules and Cacna, He made
> short viait to Ital^ m 1 733, and at his return was chosen
professor of painting m the Academy. His master-
piece is "The Apotheosis of Hercules," (1736,) an oil-
punting, which adom* a ceiling b the palace of Ver-
taiUes, and is aaid to be the lar|jest in Europe, (64 feet
by ^) He enxiled in composition, and bad {irobably
j* biaho' repntatioa than any French painter of his time ;
bat his desKn was fDCOrrecL In 1736 he became first
pamter to the kin|^ and b the next year committed

S« BnvAH, " DictionMT of Painten."

lie Holne, (Sir James MacPkbrson,) a Canadian

he was chief director of the" ToumaTdea IMbats.^
1875 he was elected to the Academy, and in iSSo he
was made a life-senator and minister to Belgium. He
published "fitudes critiques et bicvraphiques," (186a,)
and other volumes, made up chleBy from his review-
articles. IMed December 14, 1S93.

Itein'911, (GSOKOB WiLUAU,] on English gramma-
rian, bom in 173^ He pnbliahed an "Etymological
Enftliah IMctionary." Died in 1797.

fomon, (Make,) an English dramatist, humorist,
and editor, bom In London in 1809. He produced a
large number of farces, melo-dramas, etc, among which
are "The Serious Family" and "The Ladies' Club."
Several of his plays are quite popular. He became
editor of the London " Punch" soon after its first pub-
lication, and literary editor of the " Illustrated London
News." Wed ta May, 1870.

Lttmonnler, l;h-mo'n^', (AifiCKr Chaklks Ga-
BKIBL.) a French painter, was bom at Rouen in 1743.
Among his works are "Cteoubrotna" and the "Death
of Antony." Died in 1814.

Lemonnlar, (Camillb,) a Belgian novelist, ultra-
realistic in style, was bom neat Brussels in 1835. For
bis "L'Enfant de Crapaud," (1889,) he was fined
£40, and its serial publication stopped.

lMmotiDl«r, (GuiLutum Aktoink,) a French abb4
and lUtSfrnftxr, bora in 1731, produced French trans-
lations of Terence and Persena, and wrote a volume of
" Pablei and Tales." Died in 1797.

LMnonnlar or Lo Monnler, (Louis GTriLtAUHE,)
a French phyudan and botanist, bom in 1717, was a
brother of Pierre Charles, noticed below. Me succeeded
Bemard Jnssieu as professor of botany in the Jardin dn
Roi in 1777, and received the title of first phyaidan to
the Idng about lySa He was for some time chief pby-
sidan of the army. He rendered condderable service
to the adence of botany, and wrote several treatises
which were inserted in the collection of the Academy
of Sdencea. Died In 1799.

S« Challav, " Eval hiilaiqiM •orliVIa de L. a LaBoudH,"
iSa

La Monnlar, (Pieeke,) a French astronomer, bom
in Normandy in 1675. He was professor of philosophy
■t the College of Harcourt, and published a work called
" Course of Phlloaophy," (" Curaus Philosophia^" 6 vols.,
i7Sa) Died b 1757.

Lamoontor or Xa Monnlar, (Pierke Chakles,) a
distbguished French astronomer, bom b Paris in 1715,
was a son of the preceding. He was choaen a membar
of the Academy of Sdences In 1736, and assisted Han-
pertnis and Clalraut In measuring a degree of the me-

«mi; ftti; giarJ; ^Mji a,a,X,giUlt>ral; »,iuMiai; »,lnlled; lut; thamiiu, {\

Explanations, p. 33.)

d by Google

LEMONTEY 15

ildiM It Tomd, within the poUr drcle, in 1735-37' I"
1746 be ascertained the inequalilic* of Saturn caused bf
the attraction of Jupiter, and in 1743, during an edipte,
measnred the diameler of the moon on the disc of the
■an. He wa* (or manj jrears a profeasot of phTsici
in tiie College of Prance. He puUished " Histoire ce-
leste," (1741,) "Astronomic Institutes," ("Institutionf
asironomiques," 1746,) > good elcmenury work on
aatronomir, "Nautical Astionomj," (1771,) and othei
treatises on astronomy, navigation, etc Died in 1799.

S« Lalahia, " BibUDfiaphi« ;" " Zf mrflUa BiosntplqvG^Anle.*

LBmontey, l;h-m6N'li', (Pierre £DOt)AKD,) an abl«
French historical writer and lawyer, bom at Lyons in
1762. He was elected to the Legislative Assembly in
179I' During the empire he gained the confidence ol
>fapo1eon, who ordered him to write the " History of
France in the Eighteenth Century." He published in
1818 an "Essay on the Monarchical System (£taMuu-
mail) of Louis XIV.," and was admitted into the French
Academy in 1819. Died in 1816. In 1831 appeared hJi
"History of the Regency and the Minotitr of Louis
XV,," a part of his unfinished " History of France."

Lemoa, (Tomas,) a Spanish theologian, bom in
Galida, was professor at Valladolid in 1594 vhen the
Thomists and MolinistE began a controversy about
grace. He took a prominent part in favour of the
former, and wrote many works, one of which was en-
titled "Panoply of Grace," (" Panoplia Gratis, "
1676.) Died in 1639.

Lemot, (Fhanijois FReoiRlC,) a French sculptor,
bom St Lyons in 1773. Having gained the grand
prize about 1790, he went to Rome with a pension.
He afterwards worked in Paris, and was chosen a mem-
ber of the Institute. Among hit admired works are
statues of Henry IV., Lycurgus, Leonidas, Bmtus, and
Cicero. Died in 1827.

S« J. S. Pasukm, " KmiM tor Laoot*

Ii«nl07TteL See Leuoinb.

Lamoyne, If h-mwan', (Cauillb ANDRt,) a French

Kt, born at Saint-Jean-d'Ang^ly in iSas. He studied
, but became a printer. He published " Stella Maris
— Ecce Homo— RenoDcemeni," etc., (i860,) " Les Roses
d'Antan," a novel, (1865,) " Une Idylle normande,"
(1874,) etc His poetry is remarkable for its careful
finish and refinement

LMnoyne, Ifh-mwtn', (Jkan Baptutk,) > French
sculptor, bom in Paris in 1704; died Id 1778.

Lemoyna, (Jean BAFn^rs Moyne,] a French com-
poser, born in Krigord in 1751. He composed "Phidre,"
(1786,) and other succesaiul operas. The poem of
'Phidre" was written by Hoffman. IHedin 1796.

IillmperDiiT. See Emfereuk, L'.

Lemprlere, llm'pre-fr or llm-preer', (John,) D.D.,
a teacher and classical scholar, born in the island of
Jersey about 1760, He published in 17S8 an excellent
classical dictionary, which has eni" fed a wide popularity
and ia still in extensive uBe. Aftei acting as master of
the gram mar- school at Exeter, he obtained the rectory
of Meeth. in Devonshire, about i3il. He also pub-
lished a " Universal Biography," (iSoS.) Died in 1824.

Iifim'n'rSI, [Fr. LImures, U'miiR',] a name applied
by the ancient Romans to spectres or departed spirits,
which, as they believed, relumed to the world. If benefi-
cent, they were called Lara; and if malign, Larom.
Some authors, however, considered (he Lemures atid
LarvK as identical. To propitiate thera or counteract
their influence, solemn rites were annually performed.

Lenaln. See TiixEuotrr.

Lenati, ll'nfiw, (Nikolaus,} an eminent poet, born
in Hungary, August 15, iSoa. His family name in fbll
was NiEMBSCH VON Strbklenau, (neempsh fon stRS'-
l(h-n6w'.) After he left the University of Vienna he
studied law, medicine, and natural sciences, and visited
the United States in 1831. He produced about 183a ■
collectioa of lyric poems In German, which had great
success. He alio wrote several epic poems, aioonB
which is "The AlUgenses," (" Die Albigenser," 1841.)
He is ranked Iw the "Nouvelle Biographic cifnerale"
among the first lyric poets of Germany. Died in iS5a

■ i^

24 LENIENT

LenlHuili, (Franz,) a distinguished German
portrait-painter, bom in Bavaria in 1836. His paint-
ings are based on the old masters, especially Rem-
brandt, and include portraits of Mottke, Bismarck,
Wagner, Lisit, etc. Died in 1904.

Lenoloa or Llhioloa, de^ dfh IShIcIo', (Am(ik;|
commonly called NiNON,] a French courtesan, celebrUed
for her wit and beauty, was bom in Paris in 1620. She
was courted by many men of high rank and of eminent
talents, with whom she formed liauotu. Among hei
female friends were Madame de Maintenon and Madame
de La Fayette. She was never married. It appeata thiu
venality was not one of her vices. Her tetters are
marked by an elegant simplicity of style. Molitre ia
said to have had such a high opinion of her literary
taste that be often consulted her. Died in 17015.

ZiSiiat, leh-nl', (Piirrb,) a French historian, born at
Dijon, was devoted to the Prince of Cond^ during tbe
war of the Fronde. He wrote "Memoirs of the Civil
War which began in 1649," (2 vols, 1729.) Died in 1671.

IiB Neve, If h-neev', John,) an English »-'
bom about 1679. He published " FasK Ecclec
canx." Died about 1740.

lie Novo, (Peter,) an English antiquary, bom in
l66z, became Norroy king-at-arms. Died in 1799.

Iienfant, KN'fBN', (Alexandrb Charles Anhm,) a
French Jesuit, eminent as a preacher, was bom at Lyon*
in 1726. He preached in Paris and other cities, and
was reputed one of the most elocjuenl pulpit orators of

in Paris in September, 1792.

Iienfon^ (Jacques,) a French Protestant divine of
great merit, bom at Baioche in 1661. He wa* educated
at Saumur and Geneva, and in 1689 removed to Berlin,
where he preached forty years. About 1705 he becama
chaplain to Frederick William of Prussia, and in 1734
was chosen a member of the Academy of Sciences. Ha
was the author of many valuable worlts, among whtcA
are a "History of the Council of Constance," (j vols-
1714,) a "Preventive against Reunion with [he See of
Rome," (1723,) and a "History of the War* of tba
Hussites and of the Council of Basle," (1 vols., 1731.)
In partnership with Beausobre, he produced a Prendl
translation of the New Testament, with notes and a
learned introduction by Lenfant, (171&) Died in 17^
His histories are admitted to be impartial and moderata.

Zisngurd. See Lbnnard.

Ijengerke, von, fon 1Cng'fr-k(h, (Alexander,) a
celebrated agricultural writer, bom at Hamburg in I&33;
Among his principal works is the "Agricultural Con-

brother of the preceding, was bom at Hambiug in 1S03.
His principal works are "Commentaries on the Prophet
Dsniel and the Psalms." Died in 185;.

IieBglet-Du&eano7,l&N'gll'dti'fRa'nwl', (Nicolas^)
a French abb4, noted as a voluminous and sarcastic writer,
was born at Beauvais (Oise) in 16^4. He was several
times confined in the Bastille for his Greedom or impm-
dence as a writer. He displayed great emdition in his
numerous works, which are chiefly historical Among
his most important works are "Method for the Study
of History" (a vols., 1713) and "Method for the Sttu^
of Geography," (4 vols., 1716.) He also wrote a "Hi^
tory of the Hermetic Philosophy," (3 vols., 174^,) and
edited the works of various authors. Died in 175J.

Lengnloh, ISng'niK, (GorrFKiEo,) a Prussian hia
torian and publicist, born at Dantsic about 1690. Ha
published a "History of Polish Pmssia from 1536 to
1748," (9 vols., 1723-48,) "The Public Law of Poland."
(1742,) and other works. Died in 1774,

Leniplch, (Karl Benjamin,) a Gennai

'">r

ingarian physician, born at Presbnre ... -,,j-

obtained the title of first physician of Hungary, and
published many able professional works. Died in l34Ck
LenlBQt, l;h-nc-iN', (Charles FSlix,) a French
iritie, born at Provins, November 14, 1826. He waa
educated in the great schools of Paris and held proles*

i, e, 1, 5, Q, ;, £b^; 1, (, A, same, let* prolonged; i, i, 1, 5, il, jF, j4iv«; «, t, j, 9, «bc»rr; fir. Oil, fit i mh; nlhi ga^

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LENNARD i;

•onhips of rheloiic and French poetx^ in Ihe Scole
noimale. He wrote two admirable hiatoriokl treatise*
(185% 1866) oti "Satire in France."

Iian'nfnS or Loogard, lEng'gfrd, (SAitPSON,) an
EDglbh antiqaary, who fought nndcr Sir Philip Sidney
at Zutphen. He translated from the French Churon's
" La Sagesse," and other works. Died in 1633.

IrtDDA, li'ni', {Petbr Joseph,) born at Bonn in 178^,
acquired a high reputation throughout Getmanj for lus
•Idll and taste in landscape-gardening. Died Id i366.

Iiennep, van, vin len'nfp, (David Jacob,) a Dutch
poet and philologist, born at Amsterdam in 1774. He
brcamc professor of eloquence at LeTden, and was
unineDt as a clauicat tdiolar. He wrote philological
essavs and elegant veraes, and pabllabed edition* of
Henod and of Ovid, Died in 1853.

S« KoanM, " Lijinde op D, J. nn LtaMp." ■!»

Xien'nfp, van. (Henry John,) D.D., an American
missionary, bom at Smyrna, Asia Minor, March 8, 1815.
He graduated at Amheist College in 1837. From 1840
to 1S59 he was chiefly engaged as a Congreeationalist
missionary in Turkey. He published "Travel* in Asia
Minor," "Bible Lands," "Ten, Dan among Greek Biig-
ands," etc Died January II, 1889.

Iieiuiep, van, (Jacob,) a celebrated novelist, a son of
IX J. van Lenncp, was botn at Amsterdam in 1803. He
du»e the pnAssion of Ihe law, in which he attained
etninencx. Among his early prodnctioot are poem*
entitled " Nation;d Legends,'' ('* Vaderlandatlie Legen-
den.") In iSjo he produced "The Village on the
Frontier," a political farce, which bad immense success.

LENOX

Rose of Dekama." He translated into Dutch some plays
of Shakspeare, and poems of Byron and Tennyson. He
died August z6, 1S6&

Iiennep, Tan, (Jan Da.itel,) a Dutch linguist and
'~-^*''c born at Leeuwarden in 1734. He wai professor of

(pablished % Schd
See Sax, " On<vnuLi

a repucmon oy ■ worn un me Anajc^
Language," and by his " Etymolc«y of the
iMe,* (" Etymologicnm Dngme Grxc^")
■ Scheide, > vols,, 1790.) Died in 1771.

duracter.

in 1754, was the author of poems of a hi
Died in 1817,

S« LoHQnLLOw, " Foea and Pnrliy o( Europa."

'L/aa'a.tfx, (CHA»l.otTl,) an ingenious anlhoress, bom
at New York in 1720, was the daughter of Colonel Ram-
say, lieatenant-govemoi of that place. She went to Eng.
land in her youth, and appears to have been dependent
on her literary talents for support before and ajter her
mamagc with Mr. Lennox. She wrote "TTie Female
Quixote," (1752,) "Henrietta," a successfiil novel, (1758,)
and other works of fiction. In 1753 she pnblished
** Shaiispeare Illustrated," a collection of tale* on which
the play* of that dramatist are founded, translated from
warioDS languages. She enjoyed the friendship of Dr.
Johnson, who expressed a high opinion of her work*.
I}iedini8o4.

JLMmox, (Lord Wiluah Pitt,) an English novelist
and writer on sporttne matters, born in 1799. He was
a voonger ion of the fourth Earl of Richmond. Among
his numerous works are "Compton Audley," (1841I)
"The Tuft-Hunter," (1843,) "The Story of my Life,"
(1857,) " Merrie England, it* Sport* and Paatime*,"
(1857,) "Drafts on my Memory," (1865,) etc. Died
Febniary 18, 1881.

Iieaoble, tth-nobl', (Euttachv,] a French lUUraiair,
bom atTioye* in 1643. He wrote many works inpti*on,
wliere he was confined for forgery, and acquired aome
popularity as a gay, sprightly writer. Among hi* works
are "Political DialDgue*/'(i690,)aiKl "The School of the
World." MediniTii.

iMUolr, Ifh-nwlR', (Alexandke,) a French antiquary
and artist, bom in Paris in 1761. In the Revolution he
saved from destruction many monnmenta and works of
art found in convents and churches. He w«* chosen
keeper (adminiitraUiir} of the Museum of French Mono-

antiquan, 1
Champoflioi

menls tn i8ot. He published, besides other work*, s
" History of Painting on Glass," (1804,) and a " Historv
of the Arts in France proved by Moaument*," (1810,)
Died in 1839.

Iienolr, (Alkzandke Albert,) an architect, a son
of the preceding, was bom in Paris in 1801. He was
architect of the museum formed by the union of the
Palais des Thermes with the HQtel de Clunv, and a
member of the Acad^mie des Beaui-Arts. Died in 1891.

IienalT, (Btienne,) a Frenchman distinguished for
hi* skill in the fabrication of astronomical and mathe*
matical instruments, was bom at Mer in 1744. He fiir-
nlshed the instruments for the expeditions of La P^rouse
and Baadin, and those used by the savants whom Bona-
parte took to Egypt in 1798. Died in 1S32.

LeuolT, (Nicola:^) called Li Romain, a French
architect, bom in Paris in 1726. He was employed as an
arciiitect by Voltaire at Ferney. Died in iSlo.

I^enoimand, l;h-noK'm6K', (Maris Anne At>i<
LA'fDK,) a French fortune-teller, born at A1en{on in iMs.
She wrote, besides other works, " Memoirs of the Em.
press Josephine," (iSag,) which has been translated into
English. Died in 1843.

Sao F. OntAtTLT, " M— Irmfiifllfi La Honuand, u Koi^phia, tm
Prtdictiau," atCi, ttu.

ZiOiioimaiit, Ifh-noK'm&N', (Charles,) a French
bom in Paris in i&si. He accompanied
in to Egypt in 1818, and was chosen a sabati-
Guiiot as professor of history in Paris in 1S35.
___ ..-]te an " Introduction to Oriental History," (1838,)
and other works. Died November 24, 1859.

Lenormant; (Ffumgois,) an eminent French arclue-
ologist, a son of the preceding, was born in Paris, Jan-
uaiy 17, 1837. He began his archKologisdc etudie*
when very young. In 1874 he was made ptofes*or of
archKology in the National Library. Among hi* work*
are " Lettres assyriologlques et ^ptgraphiooe*," (4. vol*,,
1871-73,) " Le» premiire* Civilisations," (1874,) " Etude*
accadienne*," (1875,) "Etude aor quelque* Parties de«
SylUbaires cuii^iformes," (1S77,) " Les Origines de THiS'
toire d'apria la Bible," etc. Died December 9, 1883.

LenAbe, Ifh-nStR', (ANDRt,) a French architect and
dedgner of Ihe royal gardens, was bom in Pari* in 1613.
He di»play«l his inventive genius in adoming the park
and garden of Versailles for Louis XIV., and designed
or embellished other royal gardens at Chantilly, Saint*
Cloud, uid the Tuileries. In 1675 the king granted
him letter* of nolnlity. Died in 1700. "The garden*
of the Toileries and of Vervaille*," tay* the " BiograpUe
Univertelle," "will always be the master-piece* of the
style invented by LetiOtre."

Sn, alK, Hcntiii, " DtctiiODiuin HiMaiiqut;" "Nounll* Bi».
gnphie GAiAnta."

Lenotuiy, l?h-noo're', (Dskts Nicolas,) a learned
French monk, bom at Dieppe in 1647. He devoted
many years to a work entitled " Apparatus ad Bibliothe-
cam maxinum Patmm Veterum," etc, (2 vols., 1694-97,)
which contains critical dissertations on the works of the
Fathers. Died in 17J4.

LSn'px, (Jamks,) the founder of the Lenoi Liiirary in
New York, was bom about 1800. He was the son of a
wealthy merchant of New York, of Scottish birth. Jame*
Lenox made a splendid collection of rare books. In
1870 this collection was turned over to a corporation
and was made the nucleus of a free library. Mr. Lenox
also built for the library a handsome building, worth,
with die [and it occupies, one million two hundred thou-
sand dollars. The building was finished in 1877. Mr,
Lenox died in i88a

LBn'^x, (Matthkw Stuart,) Earl or, a Scotdslt
nobleman, wa* the father of Lord Dsmloy. In 1544 be
was driven out of Scotland by the hoslili^ of the regent
Arran, juid went to the court of Henry VIIL, who gave
him hU niece Margaret Douglas in marria^je. He wa*
invited toretmrn to Scotland^ with hi* son in i;64. In
IJ70 he wa* chosen Regent of Scotland by the party
which wa* hoetile to Queen Mary. Her partisans sur-
prised him at Stirling in ijya, and, perceiving that hi*
friends were likely to reicae him, instantly put him tc
drath.

*»»k;i;mt;Zkard; ga*y;(

f , K. ^umtral; N, Hoial; R, trUltd; I

i; (has xntku. (S^'See Explanation*, p. 13.)

Digitized .yGoOgle

££JVS

1536

LEO

ZiUU, lini or IOn, (Andreas Cornxus,) a FlemUh
painter, bom at Antwerp in 1739. He worked In Bnu-
•ela, and painted history and portnut*. He excelled in
detign, colouring, and chiaroicura Died in 1813.

S« Da STAnAKT, "A C Lau," iM-

wtroem, lEn'ttrSm, (Kabl Jituxii,)
a Swediah writer, bom at Gcfle in 1811. He became

Sofestor of pUlosoplij at hii native place, and pub-
hed, be«idea other works, a " Historjr of the Theories
of Alt," [3 Tola., 1839,) and a "Hiatotj of Swedish
Poetry," (1S40.) Died April 6, 1893.

ZMntlMloTLeiitb«U.ient'»l,r(WiLUAiI,)anEnetUh
■tatesmao and lawjner, bom in Oxftn-dshire in 1591. He
was returned to Parliament in 1639, and in 1640 was
chosen Speaker of the Commons by the popular or te-

{ublican party. When the king attempted to arrest
lampden, and (bur other members, in the House, and
asked Lenthal if they were present, he prudently re-

Elied, "I have neither eves to see nor tongue to speak
I this place, but aa the House, whose servant I am, ia
[deased to direct me." In 16^3 he ceased to be Speaker,
the Parliament having been violently dissolved by Crom-
well, but was elect^ by the new House to the same
office in 1654. He alto acted aa Speaker (or a abort
time in 1660, before Charles IL was restored. Died in
i6Ss, or, according to aome authorities. In i66a.

Sea HUHL ''Hifttofr of Sn^and;" Clauhdom, "HiiEorr of
tlHRet»lBaB>

IiOii'tn-liu, the name of a noble Roman &mily, ■
branch of the gens Cornelia, which produced several
distinguished nien, FuBuca Cokniuvs LKtmiLUS
Sura, a man of cormpt character but popular manners,
was chosen consul in 73 B.C., and was afterwards ex-
pelled from the senate for some misconduct He was
•n accomplice in Catiline's conspiracy, and was per-
suaded by the soothsayer* that he was the third member
of the Cornelia geus destined by the fates to have the
chief power in Rome. Bv the orders of Cicero and the
senate, he was pat to death in 63 B.C.

P. Cornelius Lektulus Sfinther waa conaul in
57 B.C., when he promoted the recall of Cieerow In the
avil war he took arms for Pompey, was made prisoner
and liberated by CBsar, but fought for Pompey at Phar-
aalia, and fled to Rhodes. Nmhing further is known

LIU, lin'too-tte, (CvRiACUS,) a German publi-
t35^l»IIlatEtbingen about 169a HepuUi»bed,inLatin,
" Arcana of Kingdoms and Republics," ( l6S3rl and " The
Absolute Prince," (1663,) which, with his other works,
form an ample commentaiy on Tacitus. Died in 167S.

Iiooi, lints, (Hbinrich Friedrick Emil,) a German
physician, born at Dorpat in 1804. He was choacn a
member of the Academ* of Sciences at Saint Peters-
burs; in 1834, and was aJiennrd* professM of nedicine
at the university in thai dty, and numbered among h's
pupils the imperial prince*. Died February lOt 1865.

Lens, (Jakob Micharl Reinuolii,) a German poet
and intimate friend of Goethe, bom in Livonia in ijja
He became inaane in consequence of an anrequiled
passion for Frederica Brion, who has been celebrated
Xfj Goethe. He wrote several comedies. Died in 1793.

Sm a. St«HH, "Da Duller Lhi and Friadnik* m Swn-
hwa,"il4A-

Lonx, (Karl Gotthold,) a German phDologist and
writer, bOTD at Gera in 1763 ; died at Gotha in 1S09.

Lenz. (Oskar,) an Austrian geoloeist, bora in 1S4&
Since 1874 he has made extensive eipiorations m West

Iieiis, (Sakdel,] a Geroun historian, bom at Stendrl
lni6S6; died about 176%

Sea HnCH, "S. Lnu'i Libeii." %}4L

La'o (Fi. LioN, U'An'] I, PlI'Tt-tM, Umpertx 01
Constantinople, was a native of Thrace. At the death of
«.__j ..ji ^jj ^jj_^ jjg ji^lj ^ |jjj,j| i^jj]^ jjj the army,

monajcL Having gained a victory over th« Hon*, ha
sent an enedition against Gcoseric in Africa, which was
unsuccessfuL He is represented as an able ruler. Hs
died in 474 k.T>., having named aa his snoceaaoi his
grandson, Leo, an in£uit, who died after a nominal reign
c^afew months. Zeno, ^ebther of Leo IL, then began
to reign.

8« Giuof, " DadlBt ud Fill of tbi RoDSn Em^ 1" La BvD,
"HbMiia dB BacEmpin," ed^iol by SAun^UAainL

Lm> ^bom about 470 a.d^, succeeded Leo L in474,
and died the tame vear.

Iieo HX, called Isau'ricui, one of the matt able
emperors of the East, was bom in luoria, of olMcar«

, . , Leo and Tbeodonus aspired ti
the former prevailed in 717. The first important event
of his reign was his great victory over the Saracens, who
had besi^ed Constantinople for two years, (718-1^)
The prosperity of his reign wa* soon blasted bv s dis-
pute about the use of images, which Leo prohibited
in 737, snd which the Greek patriarch and tb« pope
defended. Thus began the schism of the Iconoclasts.

culiont, revolts.

: empire with perteculiont, re
and great calamicie* to the end of hit reign, and c
the final separation of the Latin from the Greek Church.
He died in 741 t-n., and waa tncceeded by hb ton,
Constantine Copronymus.

8h GioomJ' Dedisaad Fall gf ^ Koaa iBfin ;" t^ BuK
"HiBcHra da Bu-Bnpin;" TKaonuim^ "HiiWiT:" "NovaA
Slsfiaphle 0<ii Jrala."

Iieo IV, Emperor of Constantinople, bom in 7SI
A.D.. was the son of Constantino Copronymus, whom he
succeeded in 775. His wife was the ambitious Irene.
He was a zealous Iconoclast, snd is charged with perse-
cuting the orthodox ta image-worshippei*. He died in
780^ jeaving the throne to hit minor ton, Constantine VL

Saa Cmaamn, "Hiatory,"

Leo V, Emperor of the East, is called tue Armrniam,
because his &Uier was a nstive of Armenia. Supported

Stbe army, which he had corrupted, he rebelled against
ichael RangaU, and nsurped the throne, in 813 a.Dl
He defieated £e Bulgarians, who invaded hit dominions,
in 814. He was a zealous Iconoclast, and violently per-
secuted the image-woTshippeia, who appear lo have been
the majority. He was assassinated m 830 a.ix, and
Michael the Stammerer became emperor.

Iioo VI, Bumamed the Philosopher, Emperor of
the East, bom in S6< A.IX, was the ton of Basilius the
Macedonian, whom he succeeded in 886. He exiled the
patriarch Fhoiias. His empire was invaded by the Sara-
cens, who gained several victories. After a weak and
inglorious reign, be died in 911, and was succeeded by

esteemed treatise 0

a on the deaolatioD
Bod Fan of tba RsnaB Kmpin;" La

Great, an ambitions and able ponti£ wat a
Rome, and was choaen bishop of that see in 440 A.D., aa
aucceasoT to Sixtnt IIL His talents and learnins; had
been approved in teveral important missions. In 44S
he reversed the decision of Hilaire, {Hilariua,) a Pt*ndi
bishop, on a question of discipline. It was the con-
stant aim of his policy to promote the supremacy of the
Bishops of Rome. He pronounced a^nsC the heresy
of Eutvcbes, which was condemned in the otcumenic
CoundJ of Chalcedon in 451. Tradition Informs ot that
Attila, marching aninst Rome in 45a, was persuaded
by the prayers of Leo to spare that dty. He tailed
lo prevent the pillage of Rome by the Vandal king
Genseric in 455. nc died in 461 A.IL, Icaring many
sermoni and epistles, which are valuable for the light
they throw on the history of tbe age. HUariut L was

i.s,i,o,a,y,/«if.*.*A8!

u prolonged; i,i,I,O,u,f,i^0rf;f,t, j,9,BJAvrir,- fir, fill, Qt;m{t; nfit; g(t6d: rndBn

db, Google

Leo n. Pope, a

•e of Sidl7, succeeded Af^atbo
'"' 'br Tiiluu and leuninf '~
n Hay, 6S4, and was

n pope it

eecded by Benedict IL

L«o la, a Roman br birth, was cho*
«.lx, in place of Adrian L Hit fint act was the recog-
nitiiM of hit mljectiOD or allegiance to Charlemagne, to
whom be tent the Itejt of Saint Ttttt'*. In 799 be was
attacked by a band of conajMratort, and escaped with
•everal wonndt. Chutemagne visited Rome in 800, and
was crowned bj the pope as Emperor of (he Romans,
with the title o( Angoitqa. Thna the Western Empire
was restored, after it had been sobrerted three hundred
and twentr-fiTe yean. Leo died
ncceeded by Stephen IV.

S« J. aFAua, ~'

Leo TV., a natire of Rome, was chos

JLIV, in place of Sergios IL Hebravelyi

Kai'nat the Saracena, who, however, pillaged the basilica
at Saint Peter. He built a aeborb at his capital, which
was named Leonina. His character ts aaid to bare been
good. He died in 855, and wai socceeded by Benedict
III. The fitbalons female pope Joan was aappceed b;
some writer* to have been the sncccssor of Leo IV,

aft^ hie election he was deposed by hie rival Christopher,
■ad died in prtMO, accordmg to one acconnt, te goj.

hoo VL succeeded John X. in goS a.il, when the
Church was in a deplorable state and Italy wa* filled
with disorder. After a rein of seven montli3t be died.
In 939, and was succeeded by Stephen VII.

Xieo vu. was choeen pope after the death of John
XL, in 937 A.D. He has the repntation of a wise and
pious ponti£ His reign was not marked by Important
erenta. He died bi 939, and Stephen VIIL then became

MO yUL was elected pope in 963 A.D., in place of
John XIL, who had been deposed by a council. John
letnmed. expelled Leo lirom Rome, and held the place
antil Ids death, in 964. The Romans then elected Bene-
dict V. i bnt Leo was restored by tbe emperor Otho. He
died in 965, and was sticceded by John XIIL

ScvpLATnrA. "Vhx PoDdAemn Romiwinim.*'

Ii«o IX, originally Bmno, bKoo'no^ was bom in
AUace in 1001, and wa* a conain-german of the emperor
Canrad_ the Salic He was noted for learning, and be-
came Bishop of TouL In 1049 he succeeded Damasus
IL He held frequent councils, and laboured lealotuly
to reform the morals of the clergy Having raised an
army to oppose the Normans, he was defeated by them
and made prisoner, bot was at last released. He died in
1054, and was succeeded by Victor II.

5« F. X HoNKLSB, " L« IX. and Hnw Ztat,' iS5> ; Hdba-

Lm Z, {Cardinal GtovAHifi da* BCedlol— di mid'-
ee-cbee,) celebrated as a munificent patron of literature
aiKl die arts, tbe second ton of Lorenzo de' Medtd, {the
Magnificent,) waa bom at Florence in 1475. He was
Creaied a cardinal at the age of thirteen. In ijii he
was made nisooer bv the Frendi at Ravenna, but toon
regained hn liberty. JoUns IL having died, Cardinal de'
Medid was elected popfi March 11, 1513, and assomed
the rume of Leo X. He announced his patronage of
Bteratnrc br choosing two eminent avthora, Bembo and
Sadolet, as nit apostolical aecretaries. The pontificate of
Leo is a memoraUe epod fai religion, pcdldcs^d the fine
aita. Ini5i5heiicgMiatedaads^ned,«ithF'rancisLof
Waoce, an important ooncorda^ which remaned in Ibrce
nearly three centtities and gnve to tlte Ui^ the right of
nominating bishop* in his own dominions. One of the
KMt moroentOM act* of his adminittratioD was the iro-
menee issne aAd sale of indiilgenoe*,which were aatboriied
in 1517, (oatentiMy for the completion of the cathedral
of Saint Peter^) and which Empelled Ijither to denounce
Ae ccrrwitioaa and defrthe power of the Church of
Rome- (See LirTHEt.) He iscentaredbvmanyCatho-
Kci for bis lenity towwds Lntlier. By violence sod craft
he amemd Urmno and Pemgia to the hpal State, In

lUi he made a treaty with Charles V., and became Ae
afiy of that prince in a war against Frauds L The
capture of Milan had just been achieved by the allien
when Leo died in December, 1511, not without snspddon
of poison. Me was succeeded by Adrian VL It i*
generally admitted that Leo was rather worldly and
luxurfons as the head of the Church. His fondness for
bnfibonery gave much ofience to the stricter Catholics
As a temporal ruler he is considered more meritorious.
Under hw ausiMees Michael Angelo obtained celebrity
at Florence and tbe splendid works of Raphael were
completed in the Vatican. He restored its alienated
revenues Co the Roman University, in which one hundred

Srofessor* tecdved salaries, founded a Greek college at
:ome, and liberally patronised poeta, scholara, and
artists. The part of the riateenth centurv In which learn-
ing and art flonrished moat remarkably is generally
designated as the "age of Leo the Tenth."

S«W,Ko«ciK''LJfearLei>X.,")dHliiiai^ itp; A-Vlttmam,
"VitiL*ODi«X.j"i7»7; Ami™, "Him(iii»d»L*rBX,"iB44jPAOij
Gtcrtio,-'V!a Uon&X.," t6ti; AaTAiiD n UoirrDa, "Hbtcb
da (ounniu Poodft^" nd. r*. ; Bavu, " Hh '
Dicdoncrr ;" GeimAKDiin, "IKoria d'llaUa^'
eflbc Pop«;'* "EAnborrii Renew" fer Juidut, io»^ nmoir
Xnin" far OctcibwaodHonnba'. iSiA

Leo XI, {Cardinal Aussandko de' Medlol— d&
rold'e-chee,] was advanced in years when he succeeded
Clement VIIL on the ist of April, ifioc. He died on
the 37th of the same month, prob^y from the btigoe
o( the coronstioo. He had been Iwate to Franca onder
Clement VIIL, and had tbe reputation of a virtuous and
moderate prelate. Paul V. waa his successor.
I>eo XII. (Cardinal Annibalx dalU OoDga— delll
bominthedistrictofSpoletoini76a Havii^

>me jreart as nnndo in Germany and France^

he became a cardinal in 1816. In Seiitember, 1813, be
succeeded Pope Pins VIL He proclaimed a jubilee in
tSdJ, and made refcHms in the dvil administration. Hia
biographers give him credit for political prudence. In
a areolar letter of 1815 he denounced the Bible Sode-
tiet. He died in February, iSn, and waa socceeded by
Pius VIIL
^a P. Rddohi, '
tmdflnf Le
bUodXIL, -
of tb* Lut Fotn

Leo XTTT, Pofi, (Gioacchino Peool,) was bora
March z, 1810, at Catpineto, in Central Italy. He was
descended from an old patridan family, and atndied at
Viterbo and at the Collegio Romano. He graduated
in law and theology, and acquired a strong enthusiasm
foi the philosophy of Saint Thomas Aquinas. He was
named by Gregory XVL one of hi* chaplains in 1837,
became Bishop of Damietta in 1S43, waa nnndo to Bel-
gium from 1843 to 1846, was made Archtriahop and Bishop
of Perueia, 1846, waa created a cardinal-priest in tSu l^
Pius IX., became papal camerlenso in 1877, andwa*
chosen pope February si, 1878. He bad been a friend

__j r_ :., ., ^ , XVI., who it laid to ha»e re-

lalate. Though a strong advo-
cate of the papal claims lo lemporal dominion, Leo was
looked upon as a man opposed to radical measures and
boll "Xttna Patris" he estab-
Uihed and defined tbe authority of ihe philoeophical and
tinasof SainlThon--- ■-=--- ■■- ■ -
authonied the public)

acted forsc

if Saint Thomas Aquinas. He also
alion of a great part of Ihe records
of the papal court This publication began in i8S4,and
afforded matter ot great value to the writers and
students of history. Died July 10, 1903.

Leo, an aatronomer, who lived at Constantinople.
He was Invited to Bagdid by the caliph Al-Mamooo,
but Ihe emperor refused to part with hiin. He was ap-
p<^ted Archtnshop of Thessalonica, bot was deprived
of that office, for his oppositiim to Image-worship, in
8494.1).

Leo rpr. Aluf] or BvzANTinu, [Fr. LioN m Br-
tAHO, Witi' dgh be'zSNt*',] a philosopher, who lived
about 350 B.C;, wa* a disdple of Plato. He was sent as
ambassador to Philip of Macedon. His writingi have
not come down to ua. .

Leo OF HdDENA, a celebrated Jewish rabbi, whose
proper name waa Jnda ArU or Aqe^ (aR'yt,) was bom

<Mil;faa/;|iarrf;tas/;o.tt.X,rau9brw/-N wua/- t./n'aRf:laas: (basiniiu. (^^See Explanations, p. 11.)

Digitized by CjOOQ I C

t5>8

.. . . .e T«n«s in Hebreir and Italian, and paUiihed, be-
aides other works, a Hebrew dictionaiy, and an "Ac-
count of the Rites snd Cnttotna of the Jews," (1637.)
Died about 165a

See Wou. " BtbliMhtca Hebnica."

Leo or ORVirro, tLat. Lao Urbevtta'nds,] an
Italian chronicler, who flourished abont 1310. He i»rote,
En hubarous Latin, a chronicle of the emperors, ending
in 1308, and • chronicle of the popes, ena'mg in 131^

Ii«o, li'o, (Hhinrich,) an eminent German historian,
bom at Rudolstadt in 1799. He obtained about iSaS
the chair of history at Halle, which he filled for twentj-
five jean or more. In 1S30 he published a " Manual of
HediKval History" and a "History of the Italian Stale*,"
(5 vols.,) which were received with favour. He was an
adveraarr of the Liberal or radical party in politics.
Among his other works is a " Guide to Universal His-
tory,"!" Lei tfaden der Universal Geachichte," ig3&-4a)
He died at Halle, April 34, 1873.

Ii«o, li'o, (JvAti,l tomamed AFKtCA'NUS, a Moorish
geographer, born at Granada, was a child when bis pa-
rents, flying ^om the victorious Spaniards, took him to
Africa in 1491. He travelled ejctcnsively in Africa and
Asia, wae taken captive by Christian corsairs, and pre-
sented to Pope Leo X. about 1517. He abjured Islam-
ism, and wrote, in Arabic, a " Description of AlHca,"
(1526,1 which wa> published by Ramusio b 1550 and
was for a long time the best work on that subject.

Sk Cum, " BibUotbeca Anbieo-HIipuii."

Iieo, li'o, (Lkonakdo,) an eminent Italian composer,
born in Naples in 1694, was a pupil of Scarlatti He
composed admired Italian operas, Init acquired a more
durable reoutition bv his *' Miaetere." "Dixit Dominna."

His death is variously dated 1743, 1745, or 1755.

S« Film, " Bicisn^ Unifenalla de* Miaiaim ;" " Hsinvllt

BiogiaphiE Gtoinle."

Leo AUatlne. See Auatiui.

Le'o Di-aci'o-naB.a Byiandne historian, was bom at
Caloe, in Ionia, abont 950 A.ik, and became a leaidcnt
of Constantinople, He wrote a narrative of events from
959 to 975, which is called a valuable supplement to the
^tantine history.

Leo tlie Qrammuluv one of the Byzantine his-
torians. He wrote abont 1013 (as a continuation of
Theophanes) a histon of Leo V. and leven succeeding
emperors, entitled " Chronographia Res a recentioribo*
Imperatoribus geatas complectens," from 813 to gag.

Leo the Oieat. See Leo I., Pon.

Leo JudEB. See Tuda, (Lbon.)

Leo M-lI'tim or toon'UaB (le-on'she-us) PUa'ttw
[Fr. LrioNCE PiLATB, li'^Nss' pcltt',] > Greek scholar,
who taught Greek at Florence, and is said to have been
the first who translated Homer into Italian or Latin. He
was lulled by lightning at sea about 1364.

See Homes, "Ds CnecU illuiribui;" FaTiAaCK, "£i»iol2,"

Leo Urberetaiiai. See Lxo of Obvteto.

Le-oeb'^-rSi, [A(ux%t,] an eicelleni Greek sculp-
tor, flourished at Atheits in the fourth century before
Christ His master-pieces were the " Rape of Gany-
mede," a statue of Apollo wearing a diadem, and one
of Jupiter Tonans, which was placed in the Capitol of
Rome. He executed, in gold and ivory, portrait-statues
of King Philip and Alexander the Great. Died after
338 B.C

Le-od'9-ii»*< [AsuJ^^Hv,] an Athenian orator of high
repntatiiHi, was a disciple of Isocrates, and flourished
about 400-350 B.C

tiioB, the French for Leo, which see.

Leon, li-^n', fDiEOO,) a Spanish general, bom in
1804. In the dvil war which began in 1833 he fought
for the queen against Don Carlos. He was reputed the
best general of cavalry in Spain. In 1840 he became a
partisan of Christina in her contest with Espartero, and
was appointed by her captain -general of Madrid. He
conspired against Espartero, was made prisoner, sod
executed in 184 1.

of Saint Jobn, a
in i6oa He «

Died in 167 1.

UoQBxd, ll'o'nSa', {N1C01.AS Gbkmain,) a Frendi
poet, born at Guadeloupe in 1744, came to France ia
early youth. He wrote a poem on the seasons, and
several idyls, (1766.) Died at Nantes in 1793.

Uonaid de Umonsln, li'o'nfo' dfh le'moo'zJLM',
or Umosin, le'mo'ziN', a French painter and enamel-
ler, bom at Limoges about 1^00. He was director of a
manu&ctory of enamels which Frauds I. founded at
Limi^es. His works are admirable in design and colour.
He copied the master-pieces of Raphael, Giulio Romano,
and other Italian painters. Died abont l5Sa

Leonordl, li-o-nai'dee, or Leorutrdonl, Ii-o-iia><
do'nee, (Fkancbsco,) an Italian painter, bom at Venice
in 1654, excelled in portraits. Died at Madrid in 1711.

Leoaardo, Ik-o-nas'do, (AOGtrariN,) a Spanish
painter and IHar, bom at Valeeda about 1580^ He
painted history and portnuts with success in Seville and
Madrid. Died about 164a

Leonardo (or Uonardo, le-o-nait'do] da Flaa, U-
o-nait'do di pee'U, called also Uonerdo Plaano
|pe-12'no) and LeoDardo Bonoool (bo-nlt'chee) or
Fibonaool, (fe-bo-nit'diee,) an Italian mathematidan,
who flourished about iioa He was probably the first
irtio Introduced into Europe the Arabic numeration and
the knowledge <rf algebra, which he derived from the
Saracens. He wrote in 1103 an arithmetic called ** Uber
Aliad," which was published in 1857.

See GucuELMiHI, " £k«io di Uonardo nnoo," iRi).

Leonardo da TlncL See Vincl

IjeonardnooL IL-o-naK-doot'chee, (Gaspask,) an Ital-
ian poet, born at Venice in 16S5. His prindpal poem is
" Providence," ("La Providena," 1739.) Died m 1754.

LeonattiB. See Leonkatus.

Leonbmno, Ifc-on-baoo'no, (LoitRNzo,) a painter at
the Manluan achool, bom in 1409; died abont 1537.

Sea FaAHSi, " Noriiia ipeltuli la Viu £ L. Ldmbnun," i>i^

Uoaoe. See Lbohtius.

L6oD0« PUate. See Leo Filatui.

Leone. See Lio.

LeonelU, li-o-nellee, (Zbcchini,) an Italian mathe-
matidan and architect, turn at Cremona in 1776; died
in 1847.

Leonhard, von, fbn lI'on-haRf, (Karl Cabsak,) an
eminent German geologist, bont near Hanau in 1779.
He studied at Gbltingen, and in 1818 was appealed
pro^essorofgeolc^atHeidelberg. Among his nnmeroos
works we may name his "Topographical Mineralogy,"

Svols., 1805-09,) and "Geology, or Natural History of
e Earth," (8 vols., 1836-45,) which have beeo trans-
lated into English, French, and Dutch. Died in 1S62.

Leonhar^ 11-on-haR'dee, (Johann Gottfrikd,) a
German physidan, bom at Leipsic in I74G> He became
physidan to the Elector of Saxony. Died in 1823.

Leoobardt; la'on-haat, (Gerhasd Adolfh Wii.-
UELM,) a German iurisi, bom at Neustadt, Hanover, June
6, 181 S- He sluoied at Gottingen and Berlin, and was
made minister of justice for Hanover in 1S65, and chief
justice uf Hanover (under the Prussian r^'nu) in 1867.
Soon after this he was made minister of justice for Prus-
sia. As head of the committee on justice in the council
of the federal empire, he made a new criminal code foi
Germany. Died at Hanover, May 7, iSSa

Leonl, Ik-o'nee, (Giacomo,) a Venetian ardirtect, who
removed to England. Died about 1746.

Leonl, (Lbone,) a skilful sculptor and engraver of
medals, bom at Areuo, in Tuscany. He was patronised

S Charles V., for whom he worked at Brussels and
adrid. He made marble statues of Charles and bis
empress, and a colossal bronze statue of the former at
Madrid. Died about 159Z. His son Pomfbio was also
skilliil in the same arts, and was enriched bf the favours
of Philip II. of Spain. Pompeio died at Milan in 166a
Sec CicoGMAiA, "StoriiderkSeulnm."
Leonl, (LuiGl,) an Italian painter, sculptor, and en-
graver, snmamed Padovano, was bom at Padua in

i, e, f, Ek n, ^, laifg; 4, t, 6, same, less prolonged; i, i,1, 8, u, J,

tAffrt; f, «, ), 9, etiture; (Ir, fill, fit; mit; nOtj g36d; m«&D.

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

LEONI i;

1531. He practised hit three uti at Rome with nearlj
equal iDCcesB. Hia piintingi ire landacapes and hit-
torical pieces. Died in 160&

Iiooiil, (QiTAVio,] ■Dmamed n. Fadovaho or Pado-
rANiMOy the ton and pupil of the preceding, was bom in
Rome about 1576, and tiecaine one of tbe moat lamons
portrut-paintcrs of his time. He was chosen principal
if the Academy of Fine Artt In Rome. Diedabonc 1630.

S« I-Aitti. " Kiatorr 'X PuDtiiit in Inly."

Ii»oiilceito,lJi-o-ne-chi'no, [LaL Lkonicb'kus,](N)c-
CoiA) an eminent Italian phjiidan, born at Lonieo, in
tlie Vicentinc, in 1428. He was professor of memdne
or philoso^hj al Ferrara, and gained a high reputation
1^ bis writings, He was the Gist who translated Golen'a
work into Latin. Among his works is a treatise "On
Syphilis," ('• De Morbo Gallico," 1497.) Died in 1514.

I>eonioeiiiu. See Leoniono.

I>-oi)-I-c«'uaa Oni'iil-'bo'niu
LoNiGO, on-j|e-boo-o'no de lo^nee'i
ian grammarian, bora at Lonigo iboiit 143a He lived
in Venice, where it is supposed he taught rhetoric He
mblished a Latin "Treatise on Grammar," (1473,) and
Commentaries on Lncan, Cicero, and other classics.

Xi»-onrt-da«, (AtuvUnr,) a heroic king of Sparta,
renowned for hii invincible coorage, patriotic devotion,
and noble and tragical end, wastheson of Anazandrides.
He succeeded his brother, Cleomenes I., in 493 B.c When
Xerxes invaded Greece with his countless myriads, in.
480^ the Greek Congress resolved to defend the pass of
Tbermopylx, and Leonidas commanded the small band
to which that task was conSded. With about 4000 men,
be resisted the Persian army for several days, until a
treacherons Greek Kuided 10,000 of the enemy throogh
a secret path over the mountain. Leonidas, perceiving
that his position was tamed, dismissed all his men ex-
cept 300 Spartans and about 1000 other Greeks, llie
Spartans maintained their post antil they were all slain.
Tbe PeraiansareiaidtohaveloslthereatVMomen. Tlie
monument raised on the grave of the Spartans bore this
inscription : " Go, traveller, and (ell at Laced«mon that
wc fell here in obedience to her laws." He left ■ son,
Pleistarchns, who became king.

See Hntnonn, bai^ T. and 19. 1 Gaor^ " HinoTof GfMOt."

Iieonidss n. King of Sparta, the son ofCIeonymus,
aaccnded the throne in 356 B.a He factiously opposed
die reforms of Aeis IV., his colleague, who wished to
reatore the regulations of Lycurgua. After having been
deposed for a abort time, he regained his power in 140^
and procured the death of Agia. In 336 B.c he died,
and was succeeded hj his son, Cleomenes III.

~'du OF TARurnrM, a Greek poet, bom at
... a, flourished about 375 b.c. He wrote aboot
me hnndred epigtains, wUdi an prcaemd b the Greek
Anthol<^ and are mnch admired

Sec Vumtam, " Bitbitxci Cnca."

LeonlOh liVne-o, (ViNCuno,) an Italian poet, bom
at Spoleto in 165a He was one of tbe foun^rs of tbe
Academy of Arcades, and contributed by hia preceplf
and example to reform Italian poetry. Died in 173a,

Uoniutt. See Lsonnatus.

Lo-on-ni'ttu or IiS-o-iiC'tTis, [Gr. /teovninf; Fr.
LtoNNAT, IJiVnS',] a Macedonian general of Pella, ac-
companied Alexander the Great in his invasion of Persia
in 334 8.C He was one of tbe officers emplo^d about
Ifaat Ling's person and on occasions requiring entire
. In the attack on Malli the lile of Alexander

satrapy of Phrj^ Minor, and was soon urged by An-
tipater to aid him against tbe revolted Greeks. For
tnis purpose he marched with an army into Thessaly,

where be was killed in battle in 332 e.c.

X^ODo''weas, (Anna Harikttb Ckawfobd,) an
author, bom at Caernarvon, Wales, in 1834. She
married Thomas Leonowens, who died in India, and
was afterwards governess in [be family of the King ol
Siam 1863-67. Subsequently she founded a school
for tbe training of kindergarten teachers in New York.
She published "An English Governess at tbe Court
of Siam," " Romance of the Harem," etc.

99 LEOPOLD

Lft.OIt-tI'f-d«, [Gr. AmrnUw,J a leader of the oil
garchical party which, aided by the Spartan army, ob-
tained the mastenr at Thebes about 383 B.C. He wa*
killed in his 01m bouse by Pelopldas in 379 B.C.

Leontlef or Leontlew, li-on'te-lf, (Alexis Lbon-
TIEVTTCii,) a Rosaian savant, who obtained in 1779 the
title of aulic councillor, and held other high offices. He
was deeply versed in the Chinese literature, and trans-
lated into Russian several Chinese works on history,
geography, eta Died in 1786.

IiOonldiiin, le-on'sh^m, [Gr. Ki&vrtmi^ an Athenian
courtesan, the disciple and mistress of Epicurus. She
acquired some distinction as a philosopher, and com
posed in answer to Theopbraatus a work on philosophy,
the style of which is prmed by Cicero as written "sdco
quidem sermone et Attico."* Among her various loveil
was Mctrodorus, the disdple and intimate friend of Epi-

li'iKsa',]

He became a general, and gained several vi

695 A.D. be rebelled against Justinian II., and usurped
the throne. He iras deposed by Apsimerus in 698,
and In 705 A.ix was put to death by Justinian, who had
recovered his power.

3H, " DEcHdt Hill Fill tf the RtmiD EnpiA"

Byzaktium, called ScHOLAs'Tictti, aa
ecdesiastica] writer, lived about the end of the sixth
century. He wrote "De Sectis," and other works.

ZieODtiiw PUatiu. See Lso Pilatui.

ZieopardI, li-o-pas'dee, (Alusandro,) an excellenl
Italian sculptor and architect, born at Venice. Among
his works are the mansolenjn of Doge Andrea Vendra-
mini, (Venice,) and the three bronze columns in tbe
Piana dl San Harco, on which the standards of the re-
public were suspended. The ele^nce and proportions
of these are equally admirable. Died in 1515.

Sh CicDoiAiA, " Suria delta Scsltun ;" Ticsbi, " Diiionuio.''

Ziaopardl, (Gucouo,) Count, an eminent Italian
poet and philologist, born at Recanati, in the Papal
States, in June, 1798. Between i8t8 and 1S30 he won a

flace among the first lyric poets of Italy \ivaaaerd "To
laly," and "On the Monument which Florence waa
about to erect to Dante." In iS33 he removed to
Rome, where he produced an excellent criticism on the
publication of the "Chronicon" of Eusebius by Mai

SetGiu

imder the title of "Canii," I1831,) contain passages o:
great eloquence and pathoa. Hik prose essays, "Opereite
morali,"|i837,)areesleemed among the finest models of
Italian prote which the present century has produced.
Died in Naples in 1837, " We believe." says the " Quar-
terly Renew" for April. 1850, "it may be aaid wimout
exaggeration that he was one of the most extraordinary
men whom this century has produced, both in his power*
and likewise in hia performances, achieved as they were
imder ungular disadvantages. For not onlf did he <Be
at tUrty^sht, almost md mtwu dd tammun £ mOrm
sA, bat Ukewise ' Heaven's nnirapeached decrees,' Jo
Ida caae, nearly

' Midi IhU ahoimsd ipaa sHloogdiieiM.'
With a lite thus limited, . . - Count Giaoomo Leopardl
amassed great store* of deep and varied learning, proved

exqtiWt«

In bis own country Ih

of tae of his editoi

lamrn* JUai^K." . .

to liberate Italy from foreign domination.

~ HoiTTXHAHi. " Biognfii del Conle Leapardl," lEjS; saiv
, tn,oarw.nm. to. ■j^^^'^'^j^^J^

npoTWQi,"t«nviiL ;

Le'o-pSld [It Lbopoldo, Ili-o-pol'do] L, often called
Leopold the Orent, jGer. Lbopold dek Grosse, li -
o-polt dta gRSs'sfh ; LaL Leopo[.'dii3 Mag'nus,) Em-
perorof Germany, of the house ofAustria, the second soa
of Ferdinand III. and of Maria Anna of Spain, was bom
in June, 1640. He became King of Hungary in 1655,

and elttul •l)rl'."

■ ■•1,- (asj; %lutni; iiaj;a,v,it,gtiaural; K.muat; ^IrilUd; lass; thas

nl/Ui. (|7~Sce ExplanatiaM p.4^)

Digitized by VjOOQIC

■nd Kii« of Bohemia In 1657. After tbe death of hk
father, and a competitiOD with Louis XIV. of France,
Leopold wat elecied emperor on tbe 18th of Julf, 165S.
The Turlti, h»»iog invaded Hungary wilh a large army
were delealed at Saint Gotbard in 1664, and Leopoli:
then made with them a truce of twenty veara. In 167^
he commenced war against Lonii XIV., which, afte:
IndedsiTe campaigns on the Rhine, was ended by thi
trean of Nymwegen in 1678. The Hannrians, drivei.
by hii despotic meisares to revolt, chose Tekeli as their
leader in 16S1, and were aided by a Torldsb army of
100,000 men, which besieged Vienna in Julv, 1683- "'
biesid. King of Poland, saved the capiul Dy a dedi
victoiy over the Turlu in September of that year. '
Austnans, commanded by Prince EnEene, finished tbe '
by a victory at Zenta in 1697, in which year also a second
war wdnst France was ended by the peace of Ryswick.
The daim of Us &unQy to the throne of Spain, vacated
by the death of Charles II. in 1700, involved Leopold
In another war with Louis XIV, He renewed his alli-
ance with England and Holland in 1701. His anny,
commanded by Prince Eugene, gained several victories
in Italy in 1701-m, and shared the triumj^b of the allies
■t Blenheim in 1704. Before the termination of thii
long war of the Spanish taccession, he died, In May,
1705, and wai succeeded by hi* son, Joseph I. He had
had three wives, the first of whom was a Spanish prin-
cess, Margarita Theresa, His prosperity is ascribed to
the merit of his ministers and generals, rather than to
his own abilities. Among tbe Important events of his
itngn was tbe recognition of Ernest Augustus of Hanover,
In 169a, as an Elector of the empire.

See "lilfl of Lecmold I.," LAidod, 1706; Maitcn, ''Lcben
Lupoid! I.," ijoj;Wjiaraai."Sawm LKpddi Migni,'' 1719-31 i
Rmac "Lcben muIThileii Leopoldi dee Grouan," ifsSj Ruha,
"Tits ed ImpenD ^ LcopoFda I.," 1710: "KaitaIIb Bufnphia

Leopold U OF Gbruany, the second son of the
empress Maria Theresa, was bom May K, 1747. At the
death of his father, Frands L, in 1765, bie Inherited tbe
grand duchy of Tnscsny, which he ruled twenty-Gve

pressed the Inquisition, abolished the penalty of death,
and co-operated with Ricci, Bishop of Pistoia, in the
reformation of monastic disdpline, which caused an
angry contest between him and the coart of Rome. On
the death of his brother, Joseph IL, Fetiniaiy 10, 17^0,
Leopold became heir of, the Austrian monarchy, which
was then not in a prosperous condition. The Low Coun-
tries were in revolt, Hungary was discontented, Turkey
and Prussia were hostile, and France was estranged from
Austria by the Revolution. He quickly reduced the
Low Countries to obedience by an army, and padfied
hii other subjects by a c«ndIiatory poliqr. In 1791 he
concluded peace with Turkey at Sistova, and was elected
Emperor of Germany. The alarming progress of the
French Revolution induced him to form an alliance with
Prussia at Pilnita, in 1791, for the restoration of Louis
XVL Hostilities were about to begin, when he died
suddenly on the 1st of March, 1793, leaWng the repa-
tation of an able and Just ruler. His wife was Maria
Louisa, daughter of Charles IIL of Spain. He was
succeeded 1:7 his son, Frands II., [of Germany,) who
in reference to Austria is styled Frands I.

"Leben Leopoldi II„" P«pie, 17J1; Fodcadlt. •* HiMoirs
Hpold 11," ini : Alxiivou, "Uebv E.«iiiold II.,'* ifv;

_ t»i. "LeopaldiniKbc Anoalsn." iml*., intl J, B. Schils,

"Leopold IL," 18J7.

de LHpold 1

Prince of Saie-Cobiirg-Gotha, was bom at Cobur^ .
179a He was a son of the Duke of Saxe-CobuTg-Siul-
Kid, was a brother of the Duchess of Kent, and nnde of
the British queen Victoria. In May. 1S16, he married
the princess Charlotte, daughter of Geor^ IV. and heir-
apparent to the throne of Great Britain, who died in
childbirth before the end of that year. He refused the
crown of Greece, offered to him in 18301 On the 4th of
June, 1831, he was elected King of the Belgians, who
separated from Holland by the revolution of 1830.

o the aid of the B

30 LEOPOLD

married Loaise Marie Th^ise, a daughter of Kit^ Louis
Philippe. He was quite popular among his antqecta,
towards whom his policy was marked by liberality and
a scmpuloos regard for ueir constitutional rights. He
died in December, 1865, and was succeeded ^ his sott,
Leopold IL

See I. HmAii^ ■' HiRoin du IU»h da Uopold I " iB^ ; Ras-
TODi. vm HOHCnr^ " Uopold I, RoTdes Bcln, •■ Vie ni&un M
piliilqoat" )£)b; TaAoBna Justb, "Ugpold, Rd dei Ba^^t."
X^opoIdlL, Kingof the Belgians, sod and BDCcessor
of Leopold I,, was bom at Brussels, April 9, 1835. Was
a grandson of Louis Philippe, King of France, and a
near relative of the reigning families of Great Britsin
and Coburg-Gotha. As Duke of Biabont, he was an
active legislator before his succession (in 1S65) to the
tlirone. As head of the Congo International Association
he took an interest in the development of the Congo Free
State, but was accused of treating the natives with jneat
cruelty in his rubber plantations. His wife. Queen Qiar-
lotte, was a niece of Francis Joseph, Emperor of Ansttiai.
His children consist of two daugblets, who are ineligible
tolhethroneundertheconstitulion. DiedDec 13, 1909.
IiVopold L, Duke of Austria, was bom in iijy. He
served under Richard I. of England at tbe siege of Aab
In 1193, to gratify his avarice and to revenm an insult
he fanded he had received from Richard, he arrested
him at Vienna on his homeward jonmey and threw him
into prison. He received a large aum of money for the
transfer of the royal captive to the emperor Henry VL
Died in 1 194.

Leopold n, Duke of Austria, bom in 139Z, was the
third son of Albert I., Emperor of Germany, who was
killed in 1308, leaving his dominions in joint-tenancy to
bis sons. Leopold ruled Suabia, Alsace, and Switzer-
land. His brothers, Frederick and Lonis of Bavariaa
were competitors for the imperial throne. In 1315 Leo-

Kld attacked the Swiss, {who favoured the cause of
uis of Bavaria,) and was defeated at Motgarten. In
1315 a treaty was made between the two parties, and it
was agreed that Louis and Fiederick should reign jointly.
Leopold died about 13161

See LtcHHCFWsmr, "GeKhidlu Hiibm Habiba|."

I«opold m, Duke of Austria, the son of Albert IL,

as born about 1350; He became ruler over Snabiaa
Tyrol, etc. War baring broken out between him and
the Swiss cantons, he was defeated and lolled In 13S6 at
the famotta battle of Sempach, where Arnold of Win-
kelried dedded the victory by throwing himself on th«
Austrian spears and breaking the phalanx.

Leopoia L OF Tuscany. See Lbofold IL, (Em-
peror.)

Leopold n. Grand Duke of Tuscany, was Ixmt at
Florence in 1797, and vras a son of Ferdinand III., whom
he succeeded in 1824. He conceded a constitution to
Tuscany in 1847. In consequeHCe of the triumph of
the democratic party, he retired from Florence, but was
restored by the Austrian army in July, 1849. He was
forced to abdicate by the revolutionary movements of
tbe spring of 1S59, and Tuscany was annexed to Sardinia.
He published a fine edition of the works of Lorenio dtf
Medid, (4 vols., 1815.) Died in 1870.

Leopold OF Ah HALT- Dessau. See Amhalt-Dkssav.

Let^old OP LoKRAiNB. See Lorrainb.

Leopold, ll'o-pold', (Carl Guttaf,) >

Gusiavus Adolphus," and in 17S8 he became private
secretary of Gustavus III., who treated him with much
favour and confidence. He produced two snccesslnl
tragedies, "Odin" (1790) and " Virginia," and sang tbe
martial exploits of the Swedes in several admired odea,
He wasappointed secretary of statciniSiS. Died in if"

S« Haghdi at PomM, "Miona if C G. LaopdC" tSyi
II, "Noliga bionwbiqiiE tn If. da Laiisl^" iM:
Lin>,"T^ ^S^' "^^"V^ GnC' i^i Lotn-

EHSaitivioaii, "Noliga
tUJJw, "poBUsm! PoaliTaf Europe.'
Leopold Flrladrioh, li'o-polf fkeed'riK, Duke of
An halt- Dessau, was bom in 1794. On the death of his
grandfather, in 1S17, he succeeded to the government,
— ' '- -.%ii to that of Anhalt-KSIhen. Died in 1871.

\,i,\,h,%%lmg:kik,l^»»sats,^»^^A9a^i%l,\h,^'i,$lmi;^^^%thairt;&t,aSi,&X.-,viki^ilt-,^S(A,m

d by Google

LEOPOLD ij

iMopold Filediloh Fmt^ UVpolf fttMiFriz
hlnn, Duke of Dessaa, born in 17^. In 175S h«
•Mnmed the government, and disdnguuhed himself \!^
fats able Kd ministration and hii patronage of learning
and the arts. He died in 1817, and was ancceeded by
hia grandion, the subject of the preceding article.

Iieopoldo. See Leofolo L, Emperor of Germany.

Iidoathtoa. See Lsosthines.

Iie-oa'tfae-nBi, [Gr. AewoMiw; Fr. LtoSTBiKB, li'-
os'tin',] an Athenian general, wbo makes bis Erst ap-
pearance in bistory about the time of the death of Alex-
ander the Crreat, 314 B.C. He was attached to the party
of Demosthenes, and seems to have had a high repu-
tatiiHi, as he was chosen commander of the combined
Greek anny in the Lamian war, the object of which was
to liberate Greece from the Macedonian Toke. He de-
feated An tipater in Thessaly, and be^eged him in Lamia.
At this siege Leostbcnea was killed, in 333 b.c;, after
which sQcceaa deserted the Athenian arms.

Sec G»m, " HiaKEr td GnMB ;" Tuiblwau, " HnuirT of

I4ot«Dd, U'o'te', (Vincent,) an able French geome-
ter, bom in the diocese of Embmn in 1595. He was a
prolesEor at the College of DOIe. Among bis works
are "Elements of Practical Geomettif," ("Geomelricse
pracdcac Elementa," 1631,) and " Cydomathia," etc,
(1663.) Died in 1671.

Zie-o-tfchl-dU, [Gr. hmrtn^AiK; Fr. LIotvchide,
U'o'teHiM',] a Spartan king, the son of Menarea, suc-
ocedcd DeinaratQS, who was deposed about 491 B.c
Leonidas L was bis colleague in the government He
obcained command of the Greek Seet, and shared with
XasthippDS the honour of the aignil victory over the
Persians at Mvcale in 479 B.C. Having been accused of
receiving a bribe from some Thessaliana. he was banished
hi 469, and died in exile at Tegea.

Sec HiaoDciTui. ** Hiitor7," booki vL, viiL, ud ix.

Z>aoirlts, li'o-ftits', [Lat. Lkovi'tius,] (Cvpriak,)
a Bohemian utronomer, bom near Hrodisch in 1534;
died in 1574.

I<e Paige, ifh-pizh', (Thomas,) a French reiigioti*
writer, born in I.onraine in 1597 ; died in 1658.

IiepantA, l(h-p6t', (Jkah Amdr*,) a French dock-
maker, bom at Montmedy in 1709. He lived in Paris,
and was celebrated for the perfection of his works, He
made time-pieces for many public edifices of Paris, and
for [he most of the observatories of Europe. He pub-
lished a "Treatise on Clockwork," (Htriigtrit.) Died

>iis wife, nil NicoLE RiinE Stable da LabiUie —
i'tlbT d(b ItTJHe'aia', bom in Paris in 1723, acquired
distinction as an astronomer. She was a friend of Clai-
laot and Lalande, whom she assisted in the calcula-
tions on the return of Halley's comet, (1757.) She was
the author of " Observations inserted in the "Connais-
■ances des Temps," of "Tables of the Sun, Moon, and
Flaneta," and of several memoirs on astronomy. Died
iiii7SS.

Li9p«ntieorXiepAt»,1ch-petR',(ANT0[NE,)aFrench
architect, bom in Paris in 1614- He was firsi architect
of I^oois XIV, In 1653 he published an esteemed work
enciiled "The Architecture of A. Lepautre." He had
an excellent talent for decoration, and abounded in new
inventions. The church of Port-Royal, in a suburb of
Paris, was designed by him. Died in l6g[.

Sec UoB^i, " Dicticiuiiire HiitDtiquc."

LapMitbek (Jean,) a brother of the preceding, bora
tn Paris in 1617, was a skilfiil designer and engraver.
He detigoed and etched many subjects which are ad>
■iraMe models for architects and other artisla. Died

d above. He studied

d wtnked in Rome for Meen years, and Chen returned

to Pari% where he obtained success, though his works

are deiectiTe in taste. His chief production is the group

«f Aneas and Anchises, at the Tuileries. Died in 1744.

Umu See LARivElLLiRB.

Le Fay*, de, df h Ifh p^V, ( Rsnt, ) Sienr Plessi*-

VQIeDeave, a gay and witty French versifier, bora at

31 LEPTDVS

Nantes or Fotigircs In 163G. He was tor mai^ vears
director-genetaTof the salt-tax (gabtUt) in Dauphine and
Provence, He was noted for his ^wuhhEc Hia^Friend-
abips, Loves, and IJttle Loves" ("AmiCifa, Amours et
Amourettes," 1664) had a great success. He published
many letters, sonnets, etc Died in 1690.

S« Bavu, " Huiotial and Crida] DlnioiuuT;" Uoaiai,
DictxKiMln Hktoriqve,"

Up«a, (ABB*.) See fiplB, DB L'.

Iiepekhiii or Jjopaohln, Ilp-fh-Keen' or ICp.^ h-Khi',
(IVAK IVANOWTTCH,) a Russian naturalist, bom aboot
174a. He was charged by Catherine II. to explore
Russia, and published the results in a " Journal of
Travels through the Various Provinces of the Russian
Empire," (3 vols., I77i-8a) Died in 180a.

Lepelletiar,l«h-p(l't^', (Clauds,) a French theolo-
gian, bom in Franche-Comti! about 1670, became canon
of Rbeims, He wrote polemical treatises i^ainst the
Jansenists, and many religious works. Died in 1743.

Iiap«lletl«r or Le PelleUer, (Jean,) a French an-
tiquary and merchant, born at Rouen in 1G33. He wrote,
besides other works, a " Treatise on Noah'a Ark," (1704.)
Died in 171 1.

I^pelletler (or l» Polatiar. Ifh peh-l?h-te-li') da
SBiat-PaTgeBn, Ifh-pfl'te-l' dfh aJLN flR'iho', (Louis
Michel,) a French revolutionist bom in Paris in 1760^
was president i wmrtitr of the Parliament of Paris, and
was the owner of an immense fortune. He became a
partisan of the new regime, and in 1791 was an influen-
tial member of the Convention. It appears that be had
given the royalists reason to expect he would ^vonr
lenity in the king's trial, but was impelled by the ter-
ToriBm of the Jacobins to vote for death. For this act
hewasassassinaledbyPtria, a royalist, in January, 1793.

S«a Thisb, "HmlcirT ai Ibe Freoch Renlutioii;" FiUK L»
nLLETim, "Vicde U.Xaiidldia,'' im.

JLe Ptea, Ifh paiR, 0R*W Baptiste,) a French archi-
tect, born in Pans in 1761. He accompanied the expe-
dition to Egypt in 179S, and was directed by Bonapute
to draw up a plan for the restoration of the canal across
the Isthmus of Suez. Died in 1S44.

Uplol6, li'pe's^', (Bernard,) a skilful French en-
graver and painter, was bom in Paris in 169S. He went
to England, and engraved Raphael's Cartoons at Hamp-
ton Court. He afterwards worked in Paris, and became
secretary of the Academif in 1740. His manner is broad
and mellow, and his design correct. Died in IT^S-

U[rfol4, (Nicolas Bernard,) a French historical
painter, son of the preceding, was bom in Paris in
173J. He was a pupil of C Vanloo, became profeasm
in the Royal Academy, and received the title of painter
to the king. His works are marred by the faults which

Kevailed in the French school at that time. Died
1784-

IiepTda Do-tni'tX-a, (do-mish'e-t,) a Roman lady
of great personal beauty but infamous character. She
was the daughter of Dmsus, and aunt of the emperor
NeroL

IiepTdus, the name of a celebrated Roman family
of the patridan gens jEmilia. Marcus ^milius Le«-
Dus was elected consul in 187 B.C., pontifei maiimus
in 180, and censor in 179. He was six times chosen 1^
the censors printtfis Sttiatui. Died about 153 B.C. The
triumvir of the same name was his lineal descendant

Iiepidna, (Makcus Mi*\u\k,) a Roman orator, a
grandson of the preceding, was consul in 137 B.C. In
the next year be commanded in several battles in Spain,
and was defeated. Cicero represents hiro as the greatest
orator of bis aee.

IiepidtiE, (Marcus .iEmilius,) the father of the trl<
umvir, was prxtor in Sicily in Si B.C. In 79 he wsf
chosen consul by the partisans of Matius, and attempted
to nullify or repeal the measures of Sulla, who had jusl
died. A violent contest ensued between the Actions. In
77 Lepidus was declared by the senate a public ertemy,
and was defeated in battle by Fompey near Rome. He
died about 76 B.C.

Iiopldiu, (Marcus ^milius,) the TriuiiIvir, was
praetor when the dvil war broke out between Pompey
and Cxsar, in 49 B.a He joined the parly of Csesar,
who, at his departure for Spain, left Lepidu* in charge

easi; (as/: SAon/; ^as;; G,H,K.,f)>aKrri/; N.iiburi/,- R,iMW; Issi

rtbasinMu; (B^~See Explanations, p. S].)

Digitized by VjOOQIC

LEPIDVS IS

of the capital In48heobt*]ned the piorincecrfNeireT
Spain, with the title of procoiuul, and in 46 became the
colleague of Caesar in the consulship. He waa maiter
of the hoi«e when Caesar was killed, in 44 B.C. When
the senate and Antony came to an open rupture, Lepidus
joined the latter with an army, and in October, 43, he
nniled with Antony and Octavian to form the mmous
triumvirate. He put tils own brother on the list of the
proscribed who were sacrificed by this coalition. In
the division of provinces, Spain and Narbonese Gaul
w«re allotted to Lepidus, who remained in Italf, wtiile
Uie other two led their army against Brutu*. After their
nctory at Philippi, OcUvius and Antony ceased to treat
him as their equal, and deprived him of his provinces
In 42, but gave him a command in Africa. When the
triumvirate was renewed, however, (37 B.C.,) he «ra*
nominally included in it In 36 he failed in an attempt
to recover power, and, being deserted hy his troops, sur-
rendered to Octaviua, who spared his life but banished
bim from Rome. He died in 13 B.C.

Iiepldua, (Makcus iCwiLiDS,) a son of the preceding,
formed a conspiracy, in 30 B,a, to kill Augustus on hm
return to Rome after the battle of Actium. MKcena*
detected the plot, and sent Lepidus to Augustus, who
put him to death.

LopldDS, (Paulus iCuiuus,) a brother of the tri-
umvir, became sedile about 55 B.C., pntor in 53, and
consul in 50. Alter the deatli of Cmar, 44 B.C he acted
with the aristocratic party in oppowlion to the triumvir*.
Died about 40 B.C.

iMplat, Ifh-pll', (JossE,) a Belgian jurist and canonist,
bom at Malines in 1733 ; died in iSia

Ii« Plongeou, (AuGiKTUS,) bom in the Isle of Jer-
sey in l8a5. Practised medidae several years in South
America, and made a studv of the Penivian natives.
Wrote "Queen Nino and the Egyptian Spbyni" and
"Sacred Mysteries among the Mayas and the Quiches,"
standard works on the Peruvians. Died in I908.

I« PolttoTtD, Ifh pw&fvAit', a sncceaafnl Prend)
painter of landscapes, genre, and marine pieces, was
born in Paris in iSo6. His proper name is Edmonds
MoDRSTB EugJene PoiDEViH. He gained a medal of
the first class in 1S16. Died August 6, 1S70.

Le Provost diray, Ifh pnrvy de'ri', (CmtlTtKN
SlUiON,) a French poet and antiquary, bom in Nor-
mandy in 176S. Among his works fs a "History of
Egypt under the Romans," (1816.) Died in 1S49.

Mprince or Le Pilnoe, l^h drIkss, (Jean,) a French
painter, born ai Meti in 1733. He worked several yeara
In Saint Petersburg, where he adorned the imperial

Salace. He returned to France many years before hit
esth, which occurred in 1781.

La Priuoe de Beatunont, Ifh priNss dfb bO'mdH',
(Marie,) a sister of the preceding, was bom at Rouen
m 1711. She was divorced from M. Beaumont in 1745,
and removed to London, where she was employed as
governess or teacher for many years. She published
many useful and successful juvenile books, moral tales,
etc Her "Magazine for Children" (" Magasin des En-
bnts," 1757) was often reprinted. Died in l7Sa
LepaluB, Ifp'se-Os, (Kael Petek,) a German ai

auary, born at Nauraburg, on the Saale, in 1775, was
ither of Karl Richard, noticed below. He studied \\ .
and obtained several dvil offices under the Saxon and
Prussian governments. He published a "Treatise on
the Medixval Architectural Monuments of Saxony and
Thuringia," and a few other works. Died in 1E51.
LepBloB, (Karl Richard,) a German philolo^isi
antiquary, highly distinguished for his Egyptiar
searches, was a son of the preceding. He was bom
at Naumburg, in Prussian Saxony, December 30^ iSlj,
and received his first instruction from his father. He
pursued his studies in the Universities of Leipsic and
Go Itingen, giving special attention to languages and phi-
lology. In 1S34 he published " Palaeography as an Aid
to Philology," which obtained a prize from the French
Institute, and waa followed by an " Essay on the Affinity
of the Semitic, Indian, Ancient Persian, Eg;(ptian, and
Ethiopian Languages," (1835-) In 1836 he visited Rome,
Nhere he formed an intimate friendship with Bunsen,

LERMA

and wrote ■ "Letter to Rosellini on the Hierogtyptkli
Alphabet," (1837,) which attracted great attentian. H«
visited England in 1S38, and aAerwards became a resK
dent of Berlin. He produced a treatise on the " Etruriaa
andOscan Dialects,'' (1S41,) and"Obituarr of the Egyp-
tians," ("Das Todtenbuch der Aegypter,' 1843.) Lep-
.;... having projected a great histoncal and antiquarian
^ on E^Tt, the King of Prussia was induced by
sen ana Humboldt to send to Egypt an expedition
under hit direction. Assisted by artists of variom
sorts, he investigated the antiquities of that country from
1S43 until 1S46. On his return he was chosen a pro-
fessor in the University of Berlin, and in 1849 produced
the first volume of his "Chronology of the ^yptiaos.'*
He published the interesting and important results o(
his late expedition in a splendid work entitled "Ths
Monuments of Egypt and Ethiopia," (" Denkmiiler ana
Aegypten und Aethiopien," 1840-59.) Among his urin-
cipal works are "Letters on Egypt, Ethiopia, and tba
Peninsula of Sinai," (1853.) "Universal Linguistical
Alphabet," (1855,) "'nie Assyrian Eponymes," (1869,)
and " The Babylonian Tables of Senkereh," (1877.) Died
in London, July is, 1884.

Lep'tI-iiai,\Gr. AnrrivK/ FV. Lkptinb, ICp'tin',) a
Syracusan commander, was a brother of Dionysius the
Elder. He contributed greatly to the defeat of the
Carthaginians at Syracuse about 396 B.C. He was killed
at the battle of Cronium, in 383 B.C.

Le Qaenx, (William,) an English novelist, bora
at London in 1S04. He studied art, was a journalist
until 1895, after which he wrote many novels of ad-

Lequlan, Ifh-ke-lN'. (Michel,) a learned French
monk, bom at Boulogne-sur-Mer in 1661. Among his
works are a " Defence of the Hebrew Text, and <n the
Vulgate," (1690,) and "Oriens Christianus," (3 vols.,
1740,) an account of the churches, patriarchs, etc. of
the East, which is commended. Died in 1731.

Leqoiea de la Nenvllle, leh-ke-&N' d^hlt nuh'vti',
tjACQDcs.) a French historian, bom in Pans in 1647. He
accompanied the French ambassador to Lisbon in 1713,
and there composed his principal work, a " Hi(tor]r of
Portugal," (a vols., 1700-aa) Died in imSi,

Lera;, l;h-Ri', (Feahcis Xavibe.) D.D., an arcb-
bishop, born at Cbtteaugiron, France, April so, 1815.
He removed when eighteen to the United States, was
educated at Rennes and at Baltimore, in 1S5] was or-
dained a Catholic priest, served chiefly in Mississippi, and
held professorships in the colleges at Vincennes, Spring
Hill, and Baltimore. In i%iy he was consecrated Bishop
of Natchitoches, was appointed coadjutor of New Or-
leans in 1879, and in 18S3 sucroeded Dr. Pcrch^ as
archbishop of that see.

Zaeny, Ifh-ri', (ThIodokx CoNVTAifT,) a French
admiral, bom at Brest in 1795 ; died tn 1849.

Lerohe, llR'Kfh, (Jokann Jakob,) a German natu-
ralist, bom at Potsdam in 1703 1 died at Saint Peters-
burg in 178a

Lerohenleld, llR'Kfn-filt', (Maxiuiuan,) Babon
OP, a German statesman of libera] opinions, bom al
Munich in 1779 ; died in 1843.

Lerdo de Tejada, liE'do AX ti-Hl'Di, (Sbbastun.)
a Mexican president, bom at Jalapa, April 75, 18J5. He
studied at Puebla, and at the College of San Ildefonso,
Mexico, He became an advocate in 1853, was a judge of
the high court, 1855-57, became foreign minister and
premier in 1S57, was minister of justice and of foreign
aflairs in 1E63, shared in the work of destroying Maxi-
milian's empire, became chief justice in i8m, and was
elected president in 1873. He was rC'Clected m iSyCt
but was soon after exiled. Died April 31, 1889.

Lerebotirm, Ifh-r^hTwoa', (NoiL Jeak,) a French
□pttdan, t>om in Normandy in 1763. He made tele-
scopes of superior quality, and other optical instruinenta.
Died in 1240.

Lori, de, dfh Ifh-re', (Jean,) a French ProtesUnl
minister, bom in 1534. He laboured in Braiil about two
years, (1556-5S,) and published "An Account of hii
Voyage to Braiil," {1577.) Died in 1611.

Lerma, de, di IfR'ml, (Francisco de Roxas (oi
RojAslDE Sandoval,) Duke, a Spanish «r '

l^e, [( iSk iif ^i^f^ifi i^i ^ ^ >>nie, less prdongedi i, i. It JS, ii, ]F,fAai4; f, ^ {, 9k (iifAfra; fU, fill, tilt ; mit; nJh; gdU

db, Google

LERMmiER

OMderate ibilitT. He wu ^f^ to Dnt PUlip, who
in 1^98 bcume king as Philip IIL and ■ppcrintM the
■abject of this article prime minister. He was then
created Duke of Lermk, having previously been called
Marquis of Dcnia. He equipped a large Be«t which
wa* ordered to cruise on the English coast, but was
destrojed by a slonn, aAer which he made a peace on
teims favourable to England. For twenty yeais he
retained the bvour of the king, and had entire control
of the gOTCmmenL His polity was mild, pacific, and
prudent in tome respects, but was not successful in
relation to finances. He wM sappUnted in 161S by hil
•on, the Dake of Uieda. Died In 1615.

'— »r, liR'me'nj^', {J«am Low" EuatMB,)

France, where his eloqneni lectures were much admired
by the ardent youth. Among his works are "The Phi-
loaophy of Law," (3 vols., 1831,) and a "History of the
Legislators and Constitntions of Ancient Greece," (a
vdIs., 1852.) He wrote the article "Guiiot"in the "Nou-
" "' iphie Ginrfrale." He was remarkable for

"NDonllB Biopii^ds G&i<nl«."

180S he was appmnted phyaida

tie was appointed phyaician A»- tfnorllHT- for
B of the imperial houaeholil He attended _ ..
polcon in the campaigns of Spain, Rnsaia, (i8i2,) and
Saxony, and gave ^roof of great professional talent
and courage. Died in Paris lit iSjAl

Ii'Biiiilta. See ERMm, L".

Iisntionto^Iieiinontav, or tiemicmtow, tCs'mon-
toF, (Mikhail Ivanovitch,) a popular Riuiian poet,
bom in iSll, became an officer in the guards. In 1837,
by a poem "On the Death of Pushkin," he oBended the
emperor, who ordered him to }oin the army (rf the Cau-
OBSOS. While serving there in the army, he wrote "The
CircaMian Boy," and other popular poems, and a sue-
Gcnltd novel, called "A Hero of our Own Time," (1S40,)
He wau killed in a duel in 1841. Like Bvron, he ei
prenc* his own character and feelings in his writinci
and is the principal person in the tales or pictures wtiic!
hia fma^nation prodacea.

See SuvT-Kni TAiujiininih "Li PolM da Cancuc," b ih.
"Rem dc* Dmi Ui»d«"<or Fabnurv i, iSjsi "Naanlle Bio-

LeTii»«a Hrdra. See Hydka.

ZioniOTit, ICti noo', (Jean,) [LaL Ja'nus Lbinv'tius,]
a Latin poet, bom al Bruges in tuc. He was made
prisoner by the Eneliih in 1587, and detained five years.
His "Carmina," odea, epigrams, etc, pabllshed in 1579,
are said to have considerable merit Died in 1619.

Iiernntlua. See Lbknout.

I>arot. See Lskoy.

Le Roax, (IlBHRr,) a French author, bom at
Havre in 1861. He is the author of numerous novels
and works of travel and bcUes-Ieltres.

Lerowc, (Pierre,) a French sodslist, bom in Paris in
1 79S- He founded, in partnership with Madame George

Sand, the "Revue Independante. His principal work
is "On Hamanityi it* Principle and its Prospects,"
(" Dc rHumanit^ : de son Frindpe et de son Avenir,"
3 vols., 1840.J Died April ij, 1S71.

IisroT, l?h-Rwl', (Charles,) a French physician, bora
in Paris in 1736, was a son of Julien, noticed below. He
pnblished two valuable works, viz. ; " Me;noira and Ob-
teivalion* on Medicine," and *> Melanges of Philosophy,
Chemistry," etc, (1771-) Died in 1779.

Xmtot, (Jean Baptiste,) a natural philosopher, bora
in Paris, was a son of Julien, noticed below. Hebecame
a member of the Academy of Sciences in 1751, and wrote
several memoirs on electricity. Died in iSoa

hatof, (JOAM BattistkOnAsime,) a French dramatic
writer, born it Valenciennes in 1788. He produced suc-
cessful comedies. Died February iS, 1875.

Iieroy or I« Roy, (Julien,) a French watchmaker,
bora at Tours in 168& He settled in Paris, and ac-
quired a European re;)atat[on by the excellence of his
workmanship. He obviated the changes of temperature

tmt; f»»t; gAard; gatj; a,H,K,gtiatirai; N, nOAi/; R, M/i^<// 1 as t; thaaii

a mechanism of compensation, invented horixontal

1759. Hii tons Charles, Jean Baptutx, Julixm
David, and Pierre are noticed in this work.

Leroy or Latol. (Julirn David,) a French architect,
son of the preceding, was bom in Paris about 173&
Having visited and studied the ancient models in Greece,
he published in 175S an excellent work entitled "Ruins
of the IHnen Monuments of Greece," which contributed
peatly to tefonn the vitiated taste that prevailed in
France before its appearance. The lectures which ha
^ve for forty years as professor of architecture finished
Hie revolution which that book commenced. He wrote,
also, " Observations on the Edifices of Ancient Nations,"
(1767,) and other works. Died in 1803.

SeeGAiBT, " Dictiouuii* du Aniitu."

Leroy orIieRoy,(Lat. Re'ciusJ (Louis,) «n excellent
French classical scholar, born at Coutances. He oav-
elled much in his youth, and on his return home gained
distinction by translations of Demosthenes' " Philippic*"
and of some works of Plato. He was an old man when
he obtained the chair of Greek in the College RoyaJ In
i;7Z. Among his works are a "Ljfe of Budzus," in
elegant Utin, (1540.) "The Origin and Excellence of
the Art of Goverament," (fAri p^Uifut,) (1567,) and
"The Vicissitude and Variety of Things," (15761) He
Is reputed one of the first French writers who aRalned
harmony in prose. Died in 1577.

S« NicteoH. "M^nwiiB:" Tuuin, " £]o(h."

Iioroy, (Pierre,) a French satirical writer, who lived
about 1590, was a canon of the cathedral of Rouen. He
was one of the prmdpal authors of a very popular satire
and master-piece of plcatantir, entitled "Menippean
Satire on the Virtue of the Spanish Catholicon," ("Satjre
Mrfnippie de la Vertu du Catholicon d'Espagne," 1593,)
"which," said Voltaire, "was as profitable to the cause
of Henry IV. as the battle of Ivry."

Ii«Toy, (Pierre,) a skilful watchmaker, bom in Paris
in 1717, was the son of Julien, noticed above. He was
chiefly noted for the perfection he attained in marine
time-pieces, and received a prize from the Academy for
the best method of measuring time at sea. He has the
credit of discovering the isochronism of spiral springs.
He published several remarkable treatises on his art,
— one called "Etrennea chronom^triques poor I'Ann^
1760." Died in 1785.

Iieror-Boanlleti, 1^-Bwl' bSif -Uh', (Piems Paul,)
a Preach economist, born at Saumur, December 9, 1843.
He was educated at the Lyc^e Bonaparte, and at Rom&
Bonii, and Berlin. In 187S he entered the Chamber of
Deputiee. His essay "On the inSuence of the moral
and intellectual condition of labourers upon their wages"
(1&67) received great attention. He is the author of manj
papers on politics, taxation, colonization, free trade,
(which he defends,) finance; labour, etc; In 1878 he wa*
chosen to the French Institute.

Leroy drBtfoUea, t;h-Rwl' di'te'oK, (Jean Jacques
Joseph,) a French surgeon, born in Paris in 17^ is
distinguished as the inventor of Instramenla used in
lithotn^. This invention was also claimed by M. Ci-
viale ; but a committee of the Academy of Science*
awarded a prize to Leroy d'EtiolIes "for having fiist
made known [in iSza] the instruments which be had
invented." He died August 1;, 1860.

IiePoydelaCoTblnaye.Ich'Rwl'dfh 18 koR'be'nJ',
(Charles,) a French lexicographer, bom at Sainl-Brieuc
in 169a He published a valuable "Treatise on French
Orthography, in the Form of a Dictionary," (1739,) which
ii praised for accuracy, method, etc Died in 1739.

Leroy deSEdnt-Amand, l;h-Rwl'dfh siNtlR'ni}',
(Arnaui> Jacques,) a French genera), born in Pari*
about iSoa He distinguished himself in Algeria, and
obtained the rank of mar^chal-de-camp in 1847, and that
of general of division in l8;i, as a reward for his suc-
cessful operations against the Kabyle tribes. Having
become minister of war in October, 1851, he promoted
the itup d'flat of December 3, and was made a marshal
of France in December, 1853. He obtained the chief
command in the Crimean war, which began in 1S54,

this. (Q^~See Explanation*, p. 93J

uid, and he died on the 39tb
of September, 1854.

S» DDrnUL SAnm-MAU^ " U. !• GArfnl Loot i1« Siint-
Anind." iS)i; Chaiml "Lm tni* UuMiux MM. d* Siint-
AjUDd, UiffniiD Bt CutelLiDa," 1S51.

Mry, Wn', 01 LM, (TuN,] • French Prote»tint tnd
traveller, bom >t Hargelle In 1534. He went u ■ mis-
rionorv to Brain in 1556, and returned in isjS. He
poblished, in French and in Latin, " A Narrative of a
Voyage to Brazil," with a good description of that rO'
gion, (157S.) Died in 1611.

Le Ba£e or Iioaoge, Ifh slih, {Alain RBNt,] a eel*-
brated French romancer and dramatist, bom at Sarzean,
near Vannes, (Morbihan,) May S, 1G6S. He mt the ton
of a lawyer, waa educated at the College of Vannea, and
la aupposed^o have been employed several years in the
collection of taxes. In 1692 be went to Paris to study
law and phtlosophy. There h!s handsome firure and hn
intelligence and fine literary taste procured br him fm
access to the most polished and aristocratic sode^. In
1694 he married Mademoiselle Huyard, of Paris, and ww
admitted as advocate of the Parliament, bat soon relin-
quished all other paraoits that he might devote himself
to literature. He studied Spanish, and improved hia
style by translating or imitating several Spanish come-
dies. His comedy "Don Cx^ar Utsin," imitated from
Calderon, was a failure; but his "Crispin Rival de son
Haltre" {"Crispin the Rival of his Master") was per-
formed wiihbrilliantsucccssin 1707. In the same year he
produced "Le Diable boiteux," [it. "The Lame Devil,"
popularly called in English " The Devil on Two Sticks,"
and sometimes "Asmodeua,") a romance, the idea and
name of which he derived from a work of Luis Velei de
Guevara. By its satire on all conditions, its nervous
style, and it* tmthfitl portnits, this book attained great
popi^aiity. He increased his repatation by an original
proM play called "Tarcaret," which exposed the iniqui-
tie* of the traUantt and other agents of the revenue.
These parties ofiered him one hundred thousand franca
to suppress the piece ; but he refbsed the bribe, and it
was performed with Immense applause in 1709. It is
superior to any play which he imitated from the Spanish.

In 1715 Le Sage published two volumes of his most
celebrated work, "Gil Bias de Santillane," which is
perhaps a more universal bvourite than any other novel,
and owes its success to its admirable and natural pictures
of human life in all its conditions and all its phases.
It has been translated into all the languages of Europe.
Voltaire and others attempted, without success, to
convict him of borrowing or purloining the story from
tome Spanish writer. Their charges have been refuted
by Fhinp>ls de Nenfchltean. He employed the period
between 1713 and 1738 chiefiy in writing comic operas
and other pieces, which were exhibited at the lair of
Saint-Germain and were extremely popular. He pub-
lished "Roland rAmoureux,"(l7l7-3l,) an imitation of
"Orlando Innamorato," and "The Adventures of Gui-

origin^ thoughts, entitled "A Dav of the Parcx,"("Une
Journ^ des Parques,") and finished the last volume of
"Gil Bias." After composing several other works and
enjoving a large share of domestic happiness, he died at
Boulogne in November, 1747. He had the reputation
of a high-minded and honourable man. Hi* eldest son,
who assumed the name of MontmInil, became a bmous
play-actor.

St* AuDimtrr -Kotk* ur A. R. UmC' i8i>; Sir Waltd
SooTT, " Biocnpbial Nodce of La Sice/' Cn bii UubHidhmu
Waria:) UALmHnun,"El<)*>da La5u«,"igni SAmra-Bnin,
"Cui«iia<luLiiii<li."loiuiL; Rniti Altih, " Son da Loage,*'
iSn; Ticxiioa. "lUMorr 01 Scaniah Ljumnin!'* VitmAiH.
' LlUdmiira Fiaaeaja* du dix-hsidbiie Sitd^" tomt L ; Saihi^
Uaic GiiAioiH, *■ Kloga d) LasacE," tSu; "Noanlla Biograptu*
Qtah^'" "Edtnlmifh Ravic«"nr Apri^ 1S47.

La Sa^« or IiMaga, (Berkard Marie,) a French
rerolntianiBt, was a member of the Convention in 1791,
and voted for the death of the king. As a Girondist he

34 LESCOT

was proscribed and outlawed in 1793, but eatapcd by
Bight. Died in 1796.

Ii* Ban or Leuge^ (Gborgi Louis,) a Swiss pM-
loBopher,lMn) at Geneva in 1714- He studied mediane,
but did not practise IL HUfavonrite studies were natural
phjloaophy, matheroatic*, and mechanic*. In t75ohebe.
came a teMher of mathematics at Genera. Hepablished
■n "Essay on Mechanical Chemistry," 1i758>) an inn-
niona treatise called " Newtonian Lneretins, (" LocrSca
Newtonien," 1781,) and "Fr^mentB on Final Causes,"

a** r. raanwT, nona am
"Honalla Biesmiibia Gfabala."

lie SBg« for IiMag«) da Blontmtoll, 1^ stih d«k
m&N'mL'nftl', (RknA ANDRl,)asonoftheauthorof "Gil
Bias," was bom in Paris in 169c. He made hisiiSAarfon
the stage in 1 71G, and performed various riUt in comedy
with success. He soon became one of the most cele-
brated FKnch actors of that time. His private character
it Mid to have been noble. Died in 1743.

LBa-bo'lM^ [AsotOMf,] a Greek aophiat and rbet<^
rician of Hitylene, who lived in the first century B.C., in
the time of Anguatus. He wa* the &ther of Polemon,
the preceptor of Tiberius. His philosophic works have
not come down to us ; but we have two orations of some
merit, which are ascribed to him. Another Lesbonax, a
Greek grammarian, is supposed to have lived in a later
period. He was authorof a small work on grammatical
figures, ncpl Jixitfiiruv, which is extant.

See SuiDA^ " Labooai."

LeaoaUJet li'kJD' or liltl'y^ (Cathirihs.) a Dotcb

Ktess, bom at Amaterdam in 1649, was called "the
ipho of Holland." She wrote tragedies,—" Genseric;'*
"Cassandra," "Herod and Mariaoine," etc; Diedinijii.
Sea UoBiii. " Dklioouun HiUgiiqoB."
Iiesoallle, (Jacques,) a Flemish or Dutch poet and

Eublisher, born in 1610, waa the bther of the precedinj^
lied in 1677.

IiQBCale. See Scauger.

LesoBlller, li^iM^' or UMl')-!', (Daniel,) a
French officer of the marine, bom at Lyons in 1743. Ha
vrrote a ■> French -English Vocabulary of Marine Term*,*
(1777,) and "Travels in England, Russia," etc;, (iSoa)
Died in iSza.

Zieaoarbot, li'klR'bo', (Uakc;) a French writer and
lawyer, bom at Vervint. He contributed to form tba
first French colony in Canada, and, bavine returned to
France, published m 1609 a " History of New France."

LeBoine-Deainal«>iin,li'a&n'di'mi'zAN', (Jacques,)
a French historical writer, bom at Granrille in 17J&
He published in 17S1 a " History of the Last RevoIutlOD
in Sweden," and in 1789 a "Political History of tha
French Revolution." Died in 1808.

Leaohaialer, 1^'shf se-k', (Jacques,) a French jurist,
bom in Paris in 15^0; died in t6i^

Leaohenault am La Tour, Itsh'ny dfh ll took,
(Jean Baptiste Louis Claude ThAodore,) a French
nacnralist and traveller, bom at Chilons-sur-Sa&ne in
1773. He travelled in Hindostan about five years, (iSlfr-
ai.) Among his works is a " Treatise on the Vegetation
of New Holland." Died in 1836.

L8a'«hU [Atoxw] or Les'obeBs, [Aioxnic,] a Greeh
poet, bom in the island of Lesbos, lived about 700 or
600 B.C. He is the reputed author of a poen called
"The Little Iliad," ('Uiif fu*pi)

LrBsoliiBe. See L'ficLUSK.

Z«soonv«t ae, d?h UTciu'vIl', (Piekre,) a French
writer of fiction, bom about 1650 1 died in Paris in 1711,

IiBBOot, Ib'ko', (Pierre,) an eminent French atchi-
tect, bom in Paris about 151a Little is known ot hia
life, except that he was abM of Clagny. He designed
the Louvre, which waa begun about lUi. The [nrt of
this palace called the Fajade de I'Horlt^e Is considered
a master-piece. Anotherspecimenofhisgoodtasteisthe
Salie des Carvatidea, in the same edifice. "He wilt ever

Sa.__(^AT

gnphiaGi

_V«d.,p,«

>• AitU

i,^I,6,fi,y,/«^;l,i, A, same, leas prolonged; i, i, 1,6, u, )F, ^'IimI; ^ ;, j, 9, wrnm; Sr, (111,(11; mlt; n&t;g3Sd;rodtai

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

LESCUN i;

1, da, d^ lIs'kBN', (Thomas i» Font,) Sn-
SNSDK, a Frencti general, «ras a foni^er brother of
Lantrec. He wm made ■ nunhal of fWice m ijai.
After fighting the •rmic* of Charlet V. M sereral plscei
in Italf. be ms mortallv wounded at Pavla in 1515.

Laaonre^ da, dfb l^'kliK', (Lonis Marie,) Makqum,
a French royalist and Vendean chie^ was boni in 1766,
and was a coniinof lATochejaqneldii. He was the moat
sdendfic officer In the Vendean sraiT. and was noted for
his cool bravery. He distinguished himself at Fontenaj
and Torftm, and was mortSlj wounded at Tremblaye

Mrngele, it coold be said with trntb that his glorvwas
■BStamml by human tdood." (" History of Europe.")
Sm lliuuin DB iji RocaajAQDBisa, "Mlndm."
Iiesooivl. de^ d(h li'kii'rcl', (Jehannot,) a French
poet, who probablj liTcd in the earlier part of the fonr-
teeoth century. Notbtng is known of his life. His ex-
tant ballades and rondeaux are of singular grace and

vil war wbicn besan about l$6l, and obtained the
chief command of the Protestant arm^ in i $75. He was
one of those who moat eSectuallT aided Henry IV. in
obtatidng the throne. In 1608 he was rewarded with the
Rnk t£ marshal and a dukedom, and about iGlo com*
■landed the amy in Italy, where he defeated the Span-
fards. He was accused by some writers of conspiring
with other Protestant leaders to form a repuUic alter
die death of Heniy_ IV. ; bat he refased to flght against
tbe court in the ctril war that began about ■6aa In
l6ai he abjured Calvinism, and was appointed Con-
staUe of France. Died in 1626. Heniy IV. once ssid
be woold acknowledge his own inferioriqr to no captain
fai Europe except Ladigmtres.

Sag Lava Vtnt, "Vk da UufcUl d* Ladiinibw." iSj!;
BaAHTtao, " VIm de* paodi CwiiuiH :" DbTkod. " Hiiuria «i

Im; "N<

< LMmu.lch-zi

architect, born near RambouilJet, October 5, 1794. His
principal books are " Histotj and Theory of Architec-
ture," and a valued " Chronology of the Kings of Egypt"
IhcdiniSSs.

L— anr. If h-sUK', (Thomas,) an able French geometer,
bom at Rethel in 1703. He became a professor of ma-
thematicB in the College of SBpicnza, in Rome. There
be formed an intimacy with F. Jacquier, whom he as-
•isted in two works, vit, a "Commentary on Newton's
Prfncipia" and "Elements of the Integral Calculus,"
(174&) Died in 1770.

IiMko, IbrHtfl], (Nathaniel Gottfrieo,) a German
naturalist bom at Muslcau in 1757; died in 1786.

LMlajr. See Luui, (Alexahdbk.)

Ua'Iey, U<mN,] Bishop of Ross, a Scottish Catholic
prelate, cluefly nMed for his seal and fidelity in the
•nriceofHary Queen of Scots, was bom in 1517. He
eacoTted Mary from France to Scotland in ijGi, andwas
•om after appointed Bishop of Ross. When Queen
Mary was detained as a prisoner in England, and com-
missioners were ordered to examine her cause in 1J68,
Lesley wss one of the commissioners whom she idiose
to defend her. Having taken part in the matrimonial
intrigue between Hary and the Duke of Norfolk, he was
imprisoned in the Tower In IS7I> and released in 1573.
He passed the remainder of his life in exile. He wrote a
Latin work "On the Origin, Customs, and Achievements
]f the Scotch," (1578,) eloquent arguments in defence of
Queen Mary, and other works. Died in 1596.

if SCDIIIIK

' Barrai. "Hiroit of Scotluil," tdL 1'

Philadelphia, September ig^ iSio, „ _ .

Tcrii^ of Pennsylvania in 1S3S, and at the Princeton
Theoloeiczl Seminary in 1844. He was engaged upon
the geological survey of Pennsylvania, 1839-^1, became

1850 devoted himself to the professioi
gist In 1873 he was appointed professor of geology in
the University of Pennsylvania, and in 1874 was put in
charge of the State geological survey. Among his works
are "A Manual of Coal,^' etc., (1856,) "Man's Origin
and Desliny," (1867, 1881,) "History of the First
Geological Survey of Pennsylvania," (l87S,) etc. He
was an original member of the National Academy of
Sciences, was secretary and librsiian of the American
Philosophical Society 1S5S-85, and president of the
American Association for the Advancement of Science
1883-85. Died June I, 1903.

Zisalle (lUlc) or Lealey, (ALexANDKK,) Earl of
Leven, an eminent Scottish general. He served some
yeats under Gustavus Adolpfius of Sweden, who pro*
moted him to the rank of field-marshal. In 162S be
defended Stratsund with auccess. Having relumed
home in 1639, when the Covenanters were preparing to
resist Charles I., he was chosen general-in-chief of their
army ; but before any battle was fought a treaty of peace
was made. War was renewed in 16401 Leslie defeated
the king's army at Newbum, and another treaty followed.
He commanded the large Scottish army which, in Jan-
naty, 1644, inarched to assist the English PariiamenL
Having effected a junction with the army of Falrbx, he
led a division at Marston Moor, (1644,) where he was
driven off the field, though his allies gained the victory.
In May, 1S46, Charles I. delivered himself up to the
army of Leslie, then encamped at Newark. On account
of his great age, be resignect his command in iGjo. Died
ini66i.

(CharUS,) a British polemical writer on
politic* and rel^on, was bom in Ireland about 165a
He tooli orders about 1680 in the Anglican Church, and
gained distinction as a disputant against the Catholica.
In the Revolution, however, (i63S) he was a staunch
Jacobite and nonjuror, at the sacrifice of hia preferment
in the cfiurch. He wrote several controversial works
against the Jews, Deists, Socinians, and other sects. In
his "Snake in the Grass" he attacked the Society of
Friends. After the death of James II., Leslie joined the
court of the Pretender in France. He died m Ireland
in lyaa. His most esteemed work is a "Short and

Sum Bmiwr, "HinotTofhl.Own'niw:" Mo.in, "DlctioD-
hIta Hinonquv,"

ZiMlle, (Chaklis RoiKKT,) an eminent English hi*.
toriod painter, born of American parents in London in
1794, was a brother of Eliza Leslie the authoress. After
passing twelve years in Philadelphia with his parents,
he removed in 1813 to London, where he was instructed
in the study of art by West and Allston. Among his
first successful works was " Sir Roger de Coverley going
to Church," (iBsa) He was elected an Associate of the
Royal Academy in iSai, and Royal Academician in l8a6.
His subjects are mostly of a homely and bmitiar char-
acter, illustrative of the works of Shakspeare, Moli^e,
Cervantes, and other humorous writers. Among his
moat admired productions are his illustrations of ''Don
Quixote." He was also successful in portraits. In 1847
he was chosen professor of painting in the Royal Acad-
emy. He publWd a"Life of John ConsUble," (1843.)
and a " Hand-Book ibr Young Painters," (1855) Died
ini859. " The more I learn of art," says Rnakin, "the
more respect I feel for Mr. Leslie's painting as such.
Given a certain quantity of oil-colour to be laid with one
touch of the pencil so as to produce at once the subtleat
and largest expressional result possible, and there is no
man now living who seems to me to come at all near Mr.
Leslie, his work being in places equal to Hogarth for
derision."

Sh RinaiH, "Modm Puntm:" C R. Lmn, "AnliMs
tnphic RecollKtioM," t&»tA by Twi TAVtoa. Bonoa. iS6s
'■Qu»twrlv Rsview" fcr April, iSfc; "Nonh AmeriHin R«tkw"
for January. lUi.

ZieaUe or IiMley, (David,) an able ScottUh eeneral
After serving with distinction under Gustavus Adolphu

r/Kianf;tas/;a,H,K,/wttsraf;N,«aia/;>,l!rtU>^;lass;thasin«UK (Jg^^ee'Sx^i^aAaB^'^. t^

d by Google

LESLIE

1536

LESSER

of Sweden, be returned to Scotland about 1643. He
lud obtained the tank of major-Deaetal nhen he fnagbt
■gainst Charles T. at Marston Moor in 1644. The boc-
ccas of thii action waa ascribed chiefij to Cromwell and
Leslie In 1646 be defeated MontroK at Pbiliphaagli.
On the resignation of the Earl of Leven, (1650.) Leslie
was chosen connnander-ln-chief of the Scotiisb annji
raited to restore Charles TL He intrenched Ms arm;
between Edinburgh and Leith, and prudently declined
Cromwell's offer of battle. Leslie followed the English
army lo Dunbar, where thej were reduced to extremi-
tiet for want of provisions. Against his own judsment,
he was induced by Che clergy to descend from bis ad-
vantaeeous position and offer battle. The result was a
•ignaf defeat of the Scotch, September 3, t6sa Leslie
was second or third in command at Worcester in 1651.
In the retreat from this battle he was made prisoner, and
was confined in the Tower until 1660. He received the
title of Lord Newark in 1661. Died in i63a.

Loslle, (Eliza,) an American writer, ^ter of Charles
Robert, noticed above, was born in Philadelphia in IT87.
She was the author of numerous tales and aketches,
which display uncommon powers of hnmour and satire
and acquired extensive popularity. Among Cheprind pal
of these are " Pencil Sketches, or Ontlinea of Character
•rKlUannera,"(i833.) " Atlantic Tale*,"" The American
Girl's Book," and "Althea Vemon," (1841.) She also
published " The Domestic Cookery Book," the " Beha-
Tiour Book," and other similar works. Died in 185S.

Leslie, (Frank,) pen-name of Peter Carter, bom
at Ipswich, England, in iSzi. He joined the staff of
the " Illustrate London News," went to the United
Slates in 1848, and founded "Frank Lesli
trated Newspaper" in New York in 1855. He founded
several other newspapers. On his death, in 1880, his
wife assumed the name of Frank Leslie and continued
Co publish the " Weekly" and other periodicals.

Iisalle, {Gu»CB DUNLOF,) an English painter, a son
of C. R, Leslie, noticed above, was bom In London, July
2, 1835. He became a Royal Academician in 1876. Hts
pictures are mostly of a cheerful and domestic kind.

Zi^le, (Hrmkv David,) an English musician and
composer, born in London, June 18, i8az. In 1856 he
founded the Choral Society in London which bears his
name. Hi* compoeition* are numerous and varied in
nature. Died February 4, "'

of the preliniinarv diasertationi in the firtt Tolnne of
Che new edition of the " Encyclopedia Britannica." Hit
treaCise on " Heat," above noticed, indicates a remarka-
ble original genius, and constitutes an era in the luttoy
of that branch of adencs. Died in 183a.

Iiealte. (Thomas Edward Cuffs,) an able econo-
mist, bora in the county of Wexford, Ireland, probably
in 1827. He was called to the English bar, and in
1853 was appointed professor of jurisprudence and

Glitical economy in the Queen's College, Belfast, but
lived chiefly in London and on the Continent. Hti
principal works are " The Land System of France,"
(id edition, 1870,) " Essays in Political and Moral
Philosophy," (1S79,) and a volume on "Land Sys-
." Died in i88».

■dIa,JToHM,) bom in Scotland about 1570, waa the
lamer of Charles Leslie, (1650-1731.) He eptdie Latin
and aeveral modem langMgct. He was appointed
Bishop of Raphoe in 1633, and built a strona; castle,
which he defended agdnat Cromwell in the dvil war.
He is said to have been the last In Ireland to submit
to the victor. In 1661 he became Bishop of Clogher.
Died in 1671.

SaaCiuHBias, '*Bki|Tsi>hialIKaioiiaiT<i''EniiB«lSeDtiiiKii."
LiMllle, (Sir JoHK,) an eminent Scottiah geometer and
natural philosopher, botu at Largo, In Fifeshire, in 1766,
He was educated at Saint Andrew's and Edinburgh, and
became a resident of London in 1790. In [791 he pro-
duced a translation of Buifon's " Natural Historv of
Birds," which was veir favourably received. About
17OJ he invenCed the Differential Thermomeler. He
published in 1804 hi* ingenious '* Experimental Inqoirv
bito the Nature and Propagation of Heat," for which
the Royal Society awarded him the Rnmford medal. In
1S05 he was elected professor of mathematics in the
Umversity of Edinburgh, although the clergy formally
protested against bis election, because he had com-
mended Hume'a "Theory of Causation." He succeeded
Playfair as professor of natural philosophy in Edinburgh
in 1819, and contributed much to the perfection of the
apparatus and experiments of that departmenL He
wrote many scientific articles for the " Encyclopedia
Britannica'' and "Edinburgh Review." Among his
separate publications were "Elements of Geometry,"
eCc, (1809,) and "Elements of Natural Philosophy,"
(1813.) He wroCe an interesting and excellent " Dis-
course on the Progress of Mathematical and Physical
» during the Eighteenth Century," which is one

French general, bom at Prenilljt in 1737. In 1796 he
fought under Botk^Mirte in Italv, and directed the artil-
lerv at Mantua, Caatiglione, and Areola with ^reat skill,
andobtainedthierankofgeneralofdivision. Ihe(IiaiSi&
iMqnarmts^ lilt^h-Koh', (Cuaelis 1-^) a Swiss-
American botaniat, bom at Fleurier, near Nenfchltel,
November tS, 1S06. He wa* educated at the College
of Nenfchltel, was a profeasor at Eisenach, and later the

year. His policy offended the dominant party, which
impeached him in March, 1792. He was imprisoned
and perished in the massacre of September, 1793.

See Thius. " KiMcrr ti ihc Frgncli RcTnluDan.''

liOMep*, de, dfb li'stp', (Ferdinakd,) a French
diplomatist, bom at Vertailles in 1S05. He became
onsul at Cairo about 1833, and in 184a was appointed
consul at Barcelona. During the bombardment of Ibis
dCy by Espinero, Lesaepe performed perilous act* of
humanity, for which he received tesCimonlal* of honour
from several governments. He was minister at Madrid
from April, 184S, to February, 1849. In May, 1849, be
I was sent to Rome to negotiate a peace between the
popular party and the French army. He was recalled
m disgrace in June of that year, because he wat tM
&vaurable to the Raman republic He projected the
ahip-canal across the Isthmus of Suea, which, under his
I superintendence, was completed, at a coet of nearly six^
I millionaofdollars, and opened in November, 186a, Sub-
\ lequently (1S73-1S80) he perfected a plan for the con-
atrucCion of a canal across the Isthmus of Panama, but,
after the expenditure of over (130,000.000, the company
was farced into liquidation. In 1S92-93 the manage-
ment was charged with breach of trust, and five direc-
tors were condemned, he being sentenced lo a fine and
five years' imprisonment. He was too ill lo be taken
from his house, and died December 7, 1894.

Lewepa, d«, (Jcah BAPTim BARTHiutHt,) a Frend
traveller and dvil officer, bom at Cetle in 1766. At

incerpreter he accompanied La P^ouse's expedition in
1785, and on their arrival at Kamtchatka (1787) waa
sent home by land with despatches, etc He published
a Joumal of hi* Travels from Kamtchatka to France^
(1790-) Diedini834.

IiOMier, Its'sfr, (Fribdrich Christian,) a German
naturalist and theologian, bom at Nordhansen in 169X1
He became pastor ofa church in Nordhansen in 1739,

i, e,l, % Q, J*, /iw^/i, i, ^ same, less prolonged; It, i, I, iS il, II, Marf; f, c, L Q> iiA'nnv; Br, flu, fit ; metj oik: gd6di mdan)

d by Google

LESSEM 15

His moot popnUr work it the "Theology of Iniects,"
(1738.) "The plan of thu work ia excellent," uya
WaJckenaer; "bnl the art of descritung with precUion
tnd Dairatiiie with elegince is not founiT in iL" He alio
wrote the "Theology of Stones," (1735.) Died in 1754.
S« J. P. F. Lbuii, "Nachiichl xn dem Lebm mid den
SAriftuF. C LaKn,"i7]s;Mauau,''CUshriHDciiI«Uiuid.'>

Ii— IT, de, <A. CkeuzA.) S«e CkkuzA dr LnaoL
Iiwliia Ib'sing, (Gdtthold Ephkaiii,) an eminent
•mhnr, regarded as the biher of the new era of Gernum
iitcranire, wa« born at Kamentz, in Uppei Lotatla, in
1739. When twelve Teat* oldi, he wai sent to the high
•chmd at Meicaen, where he distinguished himself of
Ui application and his rapid acquisition of knowledge.
Being dcMined bj his paicnu to the ministrj, he entered,
■I the age of teventeen, the university at Leipsic While

e for general literature and his (on
caused hii

fondne

the theatre caused him to neglect, and ullioialely
abandon, the study of theology, that be might devote
liinucif wholly to his &vourite punuits. Not [o mention
•everal dramas of minor importance. Leasing brought
out in 1755 "Misa Sarah Sampsim," a tragedy, which
was received by the German public with extraordinary
GiToiir, and was tiaeslalcd into other languages. In
1757 he commenced, in concert with Mendelssohn and
Nicolai, the publication of the ** Bibliothek der schiinen
WissCDschaften," (literally, the " Library of the Beantifiil
Sciencea,") — a literary journal of great meriL He pnb-
liahed in 1766 hii " l^oon, or the Limit* oT Poetry
and Painting." This work has exerted a great uid per-
manent influence on the science of critidsm in Gennany,
bodi in literature and art. In 1768 appeared the " Dra-
■Lstuigie," — another critical work, in which Leasing
Mpose* the French and defends the English drama.
He completed in 1773 his " Emilia Galotti," which ha*
been Myled "the master-piece of German tragedy, as
tbe ' Laocoon' b the master-piece of German criticlsin ;"
and in 1T75 he brought out his "Minna von Barnhelm,"
regarded a* tbe noU petfcci of hla comedies lUt
bNtitnporuatwoTkwas'*Nathan the Wise," ("Nathan
der WeiBe,''^— a sort of controreisial drama in iambic
wcrae, directed against religious uitoleranc& Our limits
■ill acarcely peiroit oa to do more than allude to his
nriona minoc productions, nearly all of which, in a
greater or lee* degree, bear the dedded impress of an
■amen, independent, and original mind. We may,
bowerer, mention his " Letters on literatare," (" Lite-
ratarbriefe,") his "Education of tbe Hnman Race,"
r**Eniehiing des HenKhengeschlechts,") and especially
Ui *■ FaUeat" ao ridt in wit and ordinal thought : many
of these have a lltenry application.

One of the great oUecti for whtdi Leering earneatly
hbonred was to bnlla ap a national literalore. The
Germans had previously, to a great extent, neglected
m despised the rich native reaonrcee of their own

ncadfa^ in preftrence tlie Hn^iih

enfa
agi

Acadeaivof Sdence. __

panied Qtttaii\ Tauenrien, Governor of Siledt, aL

ae«elary,toBreilati,wherehe resided five yeart. Durlitg
dda pertod he becaine addicted to gambUng ; bat thfi
vice me* not ^>pe>r to have matenally intmered with
In t770 he obtained the
le wWenbiittel Ubraiy.
id poblialied the &moiM
el Fragment^" (on tbe diMKpMtdea of the

n«l narratives,) d; Rennarw^ w^ bowever. at tlut
wa* not known ■* Um aatboc. TUa pnbUcatloB
broi^t apon JjmiML much cenanre aitd reproach
waaaocBtedof addiber'- '--'— ■ --'-'-- "•

and confirmation on all sides," A candid

17 LESTOILE

opinion. The extraordinary activity and Incessant apt^-
cation of Lesslng's mind at len^h wore out his phptcal
constitution. He died at Bnioswick 17S1, aged fifty-two.

Sm B. p. EvAn."Uft>i>dWo>kia(a K. Lc«h«." tmitbiGM-
■uofADOuW.T.STAin.iTolL, iS6t,-Daii»i. " H F 1 iiiiiiM.
•einlcbaiiuiidHiiHWu'lu,'' iSjBiC-G. Lcssihs, " G. K.t<ai^
LdioL" elc, 3 voIl, 174]; DBniHO, "G. E-Ltnini'i Biocnphia,'
il$31 DiLua, "Ennncruntoi u O. K. LaBn(,''^ia4i; ScHun,
" OiuacMiiillk G. E. Lcttinit'i." ilaj: Gioiuiahii, "I hiIim"!
Denkeul," 1741 ; A. Tolhacsu, " KkntoclL Lcamnt, and w[»-
land," London, iStS: H. O. GiAavs, "G. B. Lanni'i Lcbont*-
■chlclite,"cic. itttt: F. SCHuccat. "ChincUiinkiindCritlciiaw'
(" Chancuriitikwi und KritikBi'') on Loriuf,'* iteti "dnrafr
tajada oT Ua of Oonm," br K. P. WHtrru. it^a; "Bladi-
■ood') MiniiM" lia NovteilHr, ilA (I9 !>■ QDoKn d Haoo^
"ProH WnUn«fGBniiBT,"i>4r; "KopipUtlTBlTaKlW"

LMctDft (Kail Fukdrich,) an eminent German
painter, and grand-nephew of tlw celebrated critic, waa
bom at Wartenbcrg in tSoS. He atndied architecture
for a time, but soon yielded to his stronger attraction
for painting. In iSas he finished his picture of "The
Chnrch-Vard," which excited great admiration. He
ioon after studied historical painting under Schadow at
DnsseldorC In this department he produced in ifbg
"TItc Battle of Iconiom," and completed other illustra-
Hon* of the liEg of Frederick Barharoeaa. left unfinished
by Cornelius. His nest prodnctiona, representing scenes
from BtUger's "Lenore" and Uhland's "Royal Monm
ers," dispuy great originality and poetic &ncy. Among
hia masler.piecea we may atoo name ■■ Htu* before the
Council of Constance," "The Robber and his Child,"
and a "Scene in the Eifel," with several other exqid-
rite landscapea. Lesring, while retaining many of the
pecnltar eicellendet of the Ideal or romantic school.

ies'te-ns, (LKONiutD,) a Flemish Jeanit, bom

several popular worlu, among which a

"On Justice and other Caidinri Virtues," (1631,) and
another "On the Power of the Pope." He was charged
with favouring semi-Peiacrianism. Died in 1633.

Ifeoamann, Its'mln, (Dahikl,) a German ItOlratnir.
bom at Soldin in 1794. He wrote Ivric poems, and
a nomber of novels and tales. He died in 1831, it la
supposed by snidde.

Leaaoa. IfsAN', {Rutt PaiMEvtRI,) a French natu-
ralist, bom at Rochefbrt in 1794. Among his numerous
works are a "Uanuri of OmIlbologT," (a vols., iSaS,)
and a " Supplement to the Works ^ Buffon," (" Com-

d in 1849.
Sm A>liiia Lavtvaa, "Cec* hiKwivH d* X. P. Loaoa,"

LfiatfT, (Chailis Edwakd*,) an American l^ttro-
hmr, bom in New London county, Connecticut, in iStJ.
He puUiriied the "Life and vovages of America*
VHiuirtna-" " ArtuM nf Amenra.'' and various other

, , , I797.»M

a physician and writer on botany, etc Died in 1876.

Leatooa or Laatoq, lls'tok'. (Jomann Herhan,)
a surgeon, bom of French parents in Hanover aboat
1695. He removed in 1713 to Srint Petersburg, and
became snrgeoo to Peter the Great In 1735 he was
appcnnted arngeon to the princess EHubeth. He was
Ibe master-spirit of dte plot or revolution which made
her empress in 1741, For some vears afterwards be
waa treated with much favour, and took an influential
part in affiurs of state; but in 1750 he was disgraced
and exiled. He was recalled by Peter IIL in 1761:
Died in 1767.

Leatolla or UtoUo, See ErotLX, i>~ ''

laaneq, go bt lo juuij, u uoi luuy 10 amnim, neiaera jueawwia or iivcoua. aee ctoiljSi ue i..
tiak:ii»t;iiard:i»tj;a,n,K,gitttural;n,Haial;t^triUrd;lMt:tiiiAinlAii. (B^^See Explanations, p. aj.)
97

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

VESTRANGE

1538

,_.__„ -h-trtl^, (Sir RoGBR.) >n Engliih p«r-

tiun writer, born fn Noitolk in 1616, wa« a zealons
rojalist in the dvil irar. Haring been detected in ■ plot
to snrpriie Ljnn, be wai ■entenccd to death ai a ipj in
■644, bol obtained ■ reapite, and cKaped in 164& After
paMing a lew veara in exile, he retiimed in 1653 and
obtained from CromweU a releate from the aentence. In
the reign of Charle* 11. he wat censor of the press. He
translated the work* of JoMpbtu, Seneca's "Moralt,"
■nd Asop's Fables, and wrote many popular politlcid
tracts. His style is censured for ml^arity, and his worlcs
sboimd in slang. After the restoration lie edited serersl
political jonmds. " His jCsop's Fables," taya Hatlam,
"will present eTerythinR that is hostile to good taste,"
(" Introdactkn to the Literature of Europe.^') tried la
1704.

e SnSDT, I^-sU'ok', (Chablxs Alsx-
ANDSB,} a French naturalist atKl designer, bom at Harre
in 177S. He explored with Pfron the coasta of Aus-
tralia, and wrote many memoirs on mollosca, etc. Died
i.. t84&

Iiaaaaiir,(CictKON Jean Baptists,) a French archi-
tect, bom near Raml>ouillet in 1794, became a member
iAilta InttitDte. He published a "Chronology of the
Kings of Egypt," (i84^«>.) Died December 36, 1SS3.

LoBiwTiT, (EtJSTACHB,) an excellent painter of hiuoiy,
•nrnamed "Ue French Raphael," was born in Paris in
1617. He was a pupil of vonet He excelled in con-

master-piece of invention and atylc. He died prema-
turely in 1655.

Sh Chailb Buhc, " Vic* a» Fnnlm rcudit," ud " Ktnda
nr E. LoueiR," iSii! Lovu VitvT, " K. Lemur, •* Via u •■■
<Eiinc^" \M\\ L. DinsiBn, "NonrdlH K*dwr^Hs larliVit

4-E. LWKDT," iSfl.

Zteauanr, (Jkan,) a French Ustorian and Protestant
minister. He wrote a " History of the Church and Em-
pire from the Birth of Christ," (167a.) Died in 1681.

Leaoetur or lie Bneor, (Jean Francis,) a cele-
brated French compoaer, bom near Abbeville about
ITCcl Having gained reputation by his motets and
masses, he was chown chapel -master of Notre-Danie,
Paris, in 1786. His opera "La CaTeme" (1793)

a member of the Insbtate . „

operas, an "Essay on Saoed Mn^" and a "Treatlat
Ml Ancient Hnsic," which sre hi^ly commended. Died
bi 1837.

SHFtT»,"Bii««pU*Ud««lltdnMa)iciB>i- "HoBTdli
Biomphia Gtofnla."

lie Bnaor, (NicotAi,) a French philologist, bom in
Paris about 1 C40, became president of the Chamber of
Inquests in the Parliament of Paris. He made a good
translation of Pindar's Odes into Larin vetae, (1575.)
Died in 1594.

Leaaenr, (Nicolas,) a French engraver of cameoa,
bom in Paris in 1690; died in 1764. His uncle Pikkkb,
bom at Roaen in 1636, was one of the beat engravers on
wood of his time. Died in 1716.

IiMgcglnafcl, See Stanislas.

Utandaire, da, dfh IViftx'dii'aiR', (Henri Fran-
cois Deskkriikrs,) Marquis, an able French naval
officer, bom at Angers in 1681. He was made cM ftt-
cadrem 1745. In that year he captnred four uiglish
frigates near BresL Died in 17UX

Latelllar. See Louvois, CouKTAXVAinc, dk, and
EstrIes, d', (Lons CIsar.)

Lotdller, lfh-ti1e-i', a French painter, bom at Rouen
fai 1614, was a nephew and pupil of the celebrated
PoDssin. His bvonrite tnbjects were devotional. He
excelled in expression and linear perspective. Among
his best works are a"Holy Family," an "Ascension,
and an "Annunciation." Died in 1G7G.

LtttelUei or lie Telller, (Michel,) a French ntatcs-

n, bom in 1603. B/ the patronwe of Uaxarin, b«
I appointed secretsry of stste (or t&e ' '
n after 1643. During the troubles ol

i«e of Usnrin, b«
the war deuartmenl
es of the Fronde he

was sn adherent of Haiarin. The latter baWng with-
drawn from France aboat 1651, Letellier was employed
as minister by the queen-regent dmnng the short period
of hii absence. In 1677 he was appointed chancellor
of France. He sealed wid) alacnt* the fatal edict againal
the Protestants which in 1685 revoked flie edict of Nmitesi,
IMed Id 1685. I.onvois, the minister of Louis XIV„ wm

Letellier, (Michel,) a French Jesuit, bom at Vi*.
hi Normandy, in 1643. He edited Quintus Cartio* fat
tlie use of the dauphin (m tairn Ddphini) in 167S, and
wrote against Jansenism. In 1709 he betsme confessor
to Louis XIV., with the privilege of presenting subjects
for benefices. D'Alembert and others accuse him of

E'ving the king perfidious coonsela. At the death of
juis XIV. (1715] be was exiled. Ued in 1719.
IiOth'bTfdse. (Sir Kofkk,) an English author,
bom in Derooshire in 1840. He graduated at Oxford,
entered the educatiooal service in India, became a bar-
rister in London iSSo, and was in Parliament 1885-92.
He wrote "The Golden Book of Indis," " High Edu-
cation in India," historical works on India, etc.

Iitt'tha, [A«ayil a Greek word aigni^ing "fbigetfol-
ness" or ** Mjlivion," and forming the name of one of
the streams of Hades. See FLUTa

LatUtee, l(h-te-aiR', (Guillaumk Guillon,) ao
eminent French landscape- and historical painter, was
bom in Guadeloupe in 176a He studied in Rome, and
worked in Paris with success. Among his worka are
"The Death of Cteaar," "The Judgment of Paris," aiwl
"Homer reciting his Poems." Died in 183s.

Tjij-htngh^n See MaITLAND, (WtUJAK.)

Letl, li'tee, (Gkboosio,) an Italian historical wnter,
bom St Milan in 163a He went to Geneva, turned
Protestant, and <n>ened a school in i66a In 1669 he
published a "Life of Sixtos V.," which is his moat
popular work. His satirical humour involved him in
dimcultiei, which compelled him to leave Geneva in
1679. He passed some tine at the court of Charles
IL of England, and was ordered to quit that kingdom
in 1681. He died in Amsterdam in 1701, leaving many
histories and biographies, which are unreliable.

Leto. See Latona.

iMto, (POMPONiOt) See PoHPONrvs Lxrat.

Irttoamenr, If h-toom'nDR', (Ckarlxs Lona Frais-
COis HoKORd,) a Director of the French republic, wae
born in Bssse-Normandie in 175L He was deputed to
tbe Cmvention in 179a, and voted with the GiroodiMa
for the death of the king. He was (me of the pumbeia
of the Executive Directory elected in October, 1795 at
■796L He was exiled as a regicide in 1816, and (Bed
in 1817.

S« Taiaaa, ** Hiway of tk Fmdi Rmhtiaa."

La Tooraenr, (Pierre.) See TooxNBtra, Li.

Letronne, Ifb-tRon', ^ean Amtoinr,) an eminent
French antiquary and critic, bora in Paris hi 1787, was
remarluble lor sagacity, mental actirit^, and varie^ of
acquirements. After returning from hu Iraveb in Italy
ana other countries, he was chosen a member of the
Academy of Inscriptions in 1S16. In 1823 he published
a "Historical EaMy on EgytK dnrii^ the Dominarion
of the Greeks and Romana." He wrote able artidca
for the " Biwaphie Universelle" and " Revue des Dens
Mondes." He was appointed professor of history in the
College of France about 1831, and keeper of the ardiives
of France in 1840. Among his principal works b "A
Collection ofthe Greek snd Latin Inscription* of Egypt"
lis. 4to, 1843-48.) He proved that the aodlac of
bendeiab belonged to the time of the Roman emperoca,
tbiw exploding &a theory of Dupuis. Died in 1S4&

LatroHoe, Ifh-tRfin', (Goillaumr PKAK901S,) a
French advocate and economist, bora at Orleans in 1738L
He poblished a treatise in favour of free trade fn grain,
and other works on political economy. Died in 178a,

Letta, let'tfh, (wiLHELM Adolph.) a Prussian econ-

1, ^ I, JV fl, J, /nv/l, t. A, same, less prolonged; Ji, i, T, 6, fi, y, jibft; f, f, i, g, oAkwit; fir, ALU, ttt; niEt; nOl; gdCd; mOOni

db,Google

LETTERIS 15

mirt and Uberal poUticuui, bora at Kleniti in 179^.
He ••( etected to the legislaliTe aaiemblT of Prnana
•ercnl tiaea between 1850 and iSs6. Died in 186&

iMttailB, ICt-tt'iia, (ICaxdouam,} a Polish poet, born
■I SoUder, September 13, iSoOt of a Jewiih bmilv. He
waa edncaud U the UniTcraily of Vienna, where be wa*
km nuDj year* a proof-reader. He pnbliihed aome
tranalationB from Radne, betidea Ijric poems, chtefly in
Hebrew and Gennan. Hia maaterpiece U " Ben Abujah."
He died in peat povertj at Vienna. June 4, 1871.

I«ttliM, let'tira, (JoHH,) an Englnh poet and clergy-
man, ttorn in Northamplonaluie in 1737. Hii poem on
the ooaverwmt of Saint Paul gained a prize at Cam-
bridge in 1764. He attained eminence aa a pulpil orator.
In (785 he waa presented to the liTing of Feasenianh,
Snaiex. He waa author of " Fabica for the Fireaide,"
(iSia,) "Strictnrea on Elocation," (1811,) tennona, and
other worba. Died in 1S31.

Lstfi^m, (John Coaklev,) an Ensliah phjraidan,
bom fai the West Indiea, near Tortola, about 1744. His
p*ienta were nembera of the Society of Krienda. He

FotlMTgOt, ha obtained a la^e practice. He ai
tztenaive adentific repotation, and w ' '

inired an

of the Royal Sodety u

1771.

Besides several p

the Tea-Tree," (1773,) the "Natoialbfa and
Companion," (1774,) and a "Life of Dr. FothergiU,"
(1783.) Died in 1815.

Sm -Uennnarj. CLaunu-lM T. J. PemcBw, ili?;
TMaamxrm, is tlia<'BH^pbt>llUiisl&''

L«m Im, [Fr. proo. Ivh,] (Jouann Jakob,) a Swiat
writer, boni at Znrich In tM9> Hia moat important
work ia a "UniTcraal IHctionaiy of Switzerland," (M
vols., 1746-63,) which treata of the dvil, reUgkiaa,
Uteraiy, and natnnl history of thai conntry. md to

._. ^DOKBOP. See Bkauraknai^ Di,

JjanohtOTibarg, d«, dfh loiK't^n-bCao', (Kail Au-
snST NapoiJoh,) Pkince, the eldest son of Euitne de
Beanharnais, Vicero; of Italy, waa bom at Milan in
tSta Hia motlier waa Aognata Amelia, daughter of tlie
King <rf Bavaria. He passed bis youth In Bavaria.
Aboat i8m he was made the first peer of Bavaria by
Ua niide,XMA L He married Maria, Qneen of For-
Mgal, in Janttary, 1835, and was created Diike of Santa
Cnu, bat died bdbre the end of the year.

L«nalppa. See Lxoorpus.

K«ii-«q^p1IB, (Gt. Arfttomr; Pr. Lkdcippk, Inh'atp',]
a famona Greek philoaoplier, iriio i* generally repnted
tte Bothar of the atomic pbiloaophy. He waa a dlsdpU
of Zeno of Elea. The time and place of his biith are
■nknown ; bat, as he was the teacher of Democritoa, he
probably lived earlier than 450 B.C. Different accoonts
•talc that be was born at Elea, Abdera, or Miletus. Hia
woika, if indeed he left any, have not come down to ua.
Hia doctrinea are supposed to have been wrailai to those

5a Rrma, " Hkuvr it PhihmptiT f Dtoocias LAnrtm.

Lenokart, loik'jat, (Kakl Gborg Frikdrich Ru>
DOLFR,) a German natnraliat, bora at Helmatedt, Octo-
ber 7, 1833. He waa educated at G<3ttingen. He waa
pfofcMor of comparative anatomy at Giessen, 1855-70,
_ I., -"-.ca, 5a]]ed toasimilar chaitatLeipsic. He
otka, mostly on helmmthology.

I, loik'fBt, (JoHAHN Gboko,) a German
UMorian, bom ht Tlturingia in 1668 \ died in 1716L

LeVoon, lAtteur,) an Athenian poet of the old
comedy, was a contemporarv and rival of Aristophanes.

Len-OOth'A-f. (or In-kO'the-f,) [Gr. hxmam-, Fr.
LxtrooTHtB, Itrh'ko'ti',] U. "WUte Goddess," a name
pven to Iinx which aeb

LenoothM See LBtJcoTKKA.

Lmmolavioi, loin-UA've-As, (Johann,) an excelten
German acholar, whose proper name was LOwrnklau
« LoiwutUAU, (lif^fn-USw',) was bora at Amel-
'n Weatphalia, in 1533. He was well versed In

19 LEUWENHOEK

Greek, Latin, and public law. A tarnpaitof bblifewa*
paasedU the conrtaof the Duke of Savof and of odier
princes. He pnblished editiima with I^tin versions of
Xenophon, (1569.) Dion Cassius, Zodmus, (IJ79i) Pn>>
coplos, and other Greek author*. Scaliger, Bayle, and
others praise him highly as a translator. He wrote a
lew original works, among which was a "History of
the Hoalems," (" Musulmanicx HistoriK Libri XVIlL,"
1595.) Died at Vienna in 1593.

S« Bavlh. "Hiuonal uul Critical Dictjonvv:" Nictfuoi^

IiOupolcU loi'polt, (Jakob,) an ioKenions Saion
mechanidan, bom at Planits in 1674. He escelled in
the lal^cation of matfaematical and philosophica] butni<

important work called "Theatre of Machin^" ("Thea-
tmm Madiinarum,") which tieats of machines, statica,
hydrostatics, mechanical adencea, etc Died in 1737.

5« Tirf-ni,*ACiii, " LiibcnilxaehrebiiiiK J. Leupoldi," 173J.

Lrapoldt, loi'polt, (JoKANN HiCUABL,) a German
phvsidan, btnn at Weissenstadt, Bavaria, in 1794. He
published a namber of treatises on patholo|^, physi-
otogy, and hy^ene, and a "General History of Hedt-
cfaie," (1815.} Died August ai, 1874.

liMirst, luh'ri', (FbahCOIS,) a French physician,
bom at Nann in 1797. Haring given spedal attenliao
to mental maJadieB, he acqiured distinction by his " Psy-
chological Fragments on Insanity," (1834,) and othei
works, among which is one " On the Hml Treatment
al Inunity," (i84o.) He became diief phyddan of the
BicCtre in Pans. DiedinlSjt.

Saa IT, TaaukT, " Natke nr 1. L*u
qiKT, " Notk* bioiiaphiqu wr U Vi« dc

■ i%st: Cha«l

U*,) «

Qie chair

___ . , any CL . _ - , -

in three works, entitled " Hebrew PbiloloKia^" [" Pbjlo-
login Hebneus," 1656,) "Philologoi HebrKO-Miatos,*
(1663,) Slid "Hebrew-Greek Philolodst," ("PhUologM
lletwieo-Grtecos," 167a) Among hw other works are
"Scbotia Sniua," "Compeitdinm KUicnm," (1674,)
and a Greek edition of the New Teatament, (1675.)
Died in 1699,

"1 ■ Nil iiiiii. " Miiiiiiliia " PiisM !!■■. "Tulti r BnAmai;"

a na Van^ "Dntla in Obitum J. Lnjnii," i«w,

Lctutdanltw. See LRtnom.

LanUtolf See LtJDOLnros.

IiMitingar, In'ting-fr, (NiKOiAin,) a German his-
torian, born in Braidenbnrg in 1547. He pnblished
about 1587 a "History of Brandenburg." Died in l6l>;

Iionne^ loit'sfh, (EHANOn.,) a oistii^aished his-
torical painter, born al Gmtind, in Wiirtembei^ in
1S1& At an early age he accompanied hia father la
Philadelphia, where his talenta attracted the itotice of
Mr. Carey, by whose assistance he waa enabled to viA
Europe. He stadied at Dusseldorf under Lessing, tsA
«bout 1843 produced his " Colnmbus before the Coondl
at Salamanca," which gave him a high repntaliaii.
Among bis pictures, many of which tllDStrale American

■?3-.

. _._ "The landing of the North-
men, -Washington Crowing the Delaware," "John
Knox and Mary Stuart," " Washington at Princeton,"
and "Columbus before the Queen." Died at Washing-
ton in July, 186S.

S« H. T. TucmaMA*. "Anaicu Artiit Liii," 1W7, aod
■BoAaf iheAtiiin."

ZiWttwaiitaoek, waa, vtn loh'wfn-hook', (Antoon,)
Bometimes written LeenwuUloak orliMiiweiiboeoI^
a celebrated Dntch naturaliat, born at Delft in 1631.
He fint acquired repatattiui fanf hia skill in the btnica
lion of microscopes. By his succeasful use of the micro-
scope in researches into the intimate stnicture of the

olog^t He communicated many of his discovenea to
the Royal Sodetv of Ltnidon, of which he was chosen a
Fellow in i68tx He discovered the so-called animalcules

ii,-(aaj;f 4anf; t»»J;ii,B,x,gtiatin>l; v,iiaial;t,triUtd; laas/ thaBinl!li>. ((^"See £aplanationa,p. S3.>

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

f the blood. He descnbed with accnrac; tbe
ttrnctore of the lamina wliicb compose the ciystalline
kM vl tbe eye. In 1698, Peter the Great, pasiii^
throogfa Delft, reqneited the dvonr of (eeing Leuiren-
hoefc uhI hii microacopes, which wu accorded. Died
In 1^33. Lenwenhoek'a worka were printed in the
"FhilcaophicU Trantactiona," (London.) Four vol-
mnca of nia collected worka were pabliBhed at Leyden
b 1734, nndei the title of "Opera Omnia."

Leva. See Lewa.

Le Tachar da Cbunola. See Cbarnois, db.

Le VaiUant. See VAiiuun', Li.

Iiaral, l«h-rtl', {3%MI Francis,) a French general,
born in Faria in trot. As general of diviaion, he ob-
tained succeaa at Fhilipaburcin 1799. He took part in
the battle of Jena, in iSo& Died in 1S54.

Lavaasaar, 1^-Tf aim', a French anatomiat, who
wrote about lUa "He appeara," *ay« Hallam, "to
have known the drcnlation of the blood through the
Inrwa, aa well as the nlvei of the arteriea and veins,
aniTtheir direction and iu purpose, — treading cloaely
on an antidpation of Harvejt.^

Leraaaenj, (Jian Chaklis,] a French engraver,
bom at Abberille in 1734. He enrraved some works
of Boucher, Lcmoinq Vanloo, etc. Died abont 181a

Xieraasaiu: da la fiaitha, leh-vTsuK' dfh II stKk

gLSNt,} a French Jacobin, bom in Mains in 1747, voted
the ConventioD of 179a for the death of the king, aad
was a violent enemj o( the Girondists. Died ia 1834.
S« AcHiLu Roca^ " Hteolrs da B. LnuM«,"*nla., iSi«

I«vaaaor, Iffa-vt'soi', (Hichkl,) a Frendi htsuwiaa

enugrated to HoUaad.
1 to England, and published a "Hiatoiy of En-
rope In the Reign of Lonis XIIL," (to vols., 1700-11.)
Voltaire calls him " un dMamateur odieuz," (" an odioua
decUimer,"} and aajrs he was thought to be erroneona in
nearly all his judgments. Died in 171S.

Levatd, IJi-vl'tee, (Caklo Ambkooio,) an Italian
writer, bOTB at Biatsono in 179a Among hit worka is
a " Biographical Dictionary at IllMlriooa Women of atl
Ages and Nations,*' (3 vols., iSai.) Died ia 1841.

ZiSTaD or Lavoan, l^-vl/, (Loiris,) a French arcfai*
ttct, bom in 161S. He bailt the HOtel Lambert and
H6tel Colbert, at Paris. He obtained the title of first
architect to Lonis XIV.,bywho«e order he added to the
dilteau of the Taileties the Pavilions de Flore and de
Uarsan. Died in iffjo.

Sm QnAiUMtan na Qdukt, " TIm d*i pi™ Dluflrei Aittu-
Mta."

Iiev«vaaa«iir, Ifh'vfvf ava', (Lotus Gustave,) a
French poet, bom at Argentaii, November 9, 1S19.
Among faia writings arc "PoMes fugitives," (1S46,)
"Farces el Morality" (iBw) "Etudes d'apris Na-
tore," {1864,) " Dans lea Herbages,** (1876.) etc Some
of bis best work is in the old Normsn manner.

Le Vayar. See Mothi, Ia

Itaran, Earl op. See Leslie, (Alexander.)

LirAque, li'vik', (Pierre,) an able French mathe-
matidan, born at Nantes in 1746. To a sound judgment
be added extensive acquiremenU in varions sdencea and
tangoaget. He published "Tbe Navi»tor's Guide,"
(17T9>) *bich was praised by Lalande, and other nautical
works. He was elected to the Institute in iSoi. Died
Ini8i4.

Sm DiuusBJi, "Acc> da UTtgM," ili6; "KoanJl* Biv.
gnphift Gfa^nla."

Iia'Tfr, (Sir AsRTOK,) an Engtbh naturalist, bom
near Manchester. He formed a mnsenro of nalunl hts-
lory. Died in 17S8.

La^f r, (Charles Jambs^) a popular Irish novelist,

was bom in Dublin In 1806. He practised medidne a
few years, but abandoned that profession when he be-
came editor of the " Dublin University Hagadne," about
1843. He wrote a multitude of novels, among wbich

40 LEVESQUE

■re "Harry Lorrcqaer," {1840,) "Charles Oltalleyi"
(1841,) "Tom Burke of Oura," (1844,} "The Dallona,'
(185a,) "The Knight of Gwynne," (1854,) and "Daven-
port Dunn," (1859.) After 1S45 he resided fcr many
years at Florence. In 1S5S he was appointed vice-oonsal
at Speuia, and was transferred to Trieaie in 1867. He
died at Trieste, June i, 1871.

L«ver, (Thomas,) an eloquent English divine^ born
in Lancashire. He was ordained a Protestant miniatei
in 1550. On the accession of Haiy (iSU) '>' retired to
the continent. Ha oftennrds dissenteolrom the Angli>
can Church, fi'om a. partiality to Calvinism. He pub-
lished sermons, and other rehgjons works. Died iniJ77,

LflVf-iftt (Frbqerick Fbrcival,) an Amencaa
scholar, bom at Boston in 1803. He published a " Lexi-
con of ^e Latin Language," an edition of Cxsar's " Con-
mentaries," and other Mucational works. Died in 1836.

Loverett, (Sir John,) bom in England in 1616,
emigrated to America, where he was elected in 1673
Governor of Massachusetts. He was made a baronet
by Charles II. Died in 1679.

Leraratt, (John,) gnndsonof the precedi^, bom in
Boston in 166a, became president of Harvard Universitf
in 1708. He was a distingoished jurist and scholar, and
a Fellow of the RotsI Sodety. Died in I7£4.

Lar'f-tidge, (Richard,) an Engliah singer, sona
writer, and musical compoaer, was bom about 167a Ha
published two volumes of his own songs, and composed
the music lor many of PurcelPs songs. Died in 1758.

Lerenler or M Tatriar. leh vfr^', (Urbajn
Jean Joseph.) an eminent Frencn astronomer, born at
Saint-LA (La Manche) in March, 1811. He entered tha
Polytechnic School about 1830, and after leaving it da-
voted himselfwithsuccestto chemistry and mathematica.
He became a tutor (rlfHitaa-) in the Polytechnic School,
and In 1S19 wrote two treatises on astronomy, which pro-
cnr^ forMm the friendship of AragOb In January, 1846^
he was chosen a member of tha Academy of Scuncca.
Before that date he had undertaken to rectify tbe tables
of Uranus, the orbit of which was sabjett to perturba-
tious from an unknown cause. Conjectoriiv thia cause
to be a planet, he calculated its orbit, mast, and poaition,
and announced the results in a memoir to the Academy
of Sdences in June, 184& The plaitet was observed 1^
telescope near the place indicated by Galle, of Berlin, in
September of that year, and received the name of Nep-
tune^ Leverrier acquired a just celebrity by this gr^
discovery, and was appointed professor of astronomy lit
the Faculty of Sdetices, Paris. In 1849 he was elected
to the Legislative Assembly. Having supported Loub
Napoleon's polii7, he was chooen a senator m 1853. He
succeeded Arago in 1853 as astronomer to the burean
of longitudes and director of the Imperial Observatoir.
He published, besides other works, " Annales de I'Ob
servatoire de Paris," (iS<i6l] About l36o he presented to
the Institute an interesting memoir on Mercnry. He ob-
aerved a movement of the perihelion of that planet which
suggested the existence of a small planet between Mer-
cury and the sun. In 1S70 he was removed from the posi-
tion of director of the Observatoiy. Died Sept. 93, 1877.

" "" " " "■ " daMtotn

Zi* Vert, 1^ v^ (OCTAViA Walton,) an American
inter, bom in Georgia about iSaa She publiahad
; Souvenirs of Travel,^' (1857,) and contriboted tc

nParislni73& Hebeeame

tory of Russia," (" HisCoire de Rusaie," 6 vols., 1789,)
which is esteemed a dassic work. He afterwards was
chosen a professor in the Royal College and a member

of the Institute. In 179s he prodoced i
lation of Thundides. He wrote other historical worl
and translated some of the writings of Plntarcb
Xenophon. Died in iSia.

Sta Dkieb. "Kloca d* Uthqiu;" "ITDBTdla BlwnpUi
G*n*i«li.:" •=fciciaihl£SsTww." vol. Ut., ig<>}<«iiy.,(,tppsii£!)

Ii^asqoa de BarlgnT. See Buriokt, de.
Ii^eaqoa de la Ravallire. li'vlk' d^h IS rTvT-

L^t,0,fl,V,/«iv';'^^^iame, less prolonged; i,i,I,S,fi,y,A(tfr/;f,f,j,Q,0k»rr,-l3r,fUI, at;m{t;nftt;gS5din

db, Google

LEVESQUE

LEWIS

l»-ds', (PiBitRB AI.EXAMDRE,) a French writer, bom >l
Trans in 1697. He wu chieflv known br hia editinn
ef die poems of Thibanlt de Champagne, King of Ni-
TaiT«, (1743,) iriiich was accompanied b; an " Essay on
the Rerolatioiii tA the French Language from Chiule-
Mwne to Saint Lonb." Died in 1763.

£ifT«aqa« da FonDlj, ii'vlk' d;h poo'Tc', {Loois
JUM,) a FTeitch lialraUur, bom at Rheiois in 1691. He
was adnilted Into the Academy of Inscriptions in 1 723.
He conespoiukd with Fontcnelle, Voltaire, and Lotd
BotinebnAe. His principal woric is the "Theory re-
■pectn^ the Agreeable Sentiments," ("Th^rie dea
Sentiments an^ables," 1747,) revised and enlarged in
174* Died m 1750.

His son, JsAN SiuoN, I1734-1810,) wrote a "Life
Ot CfaaDcelior L'Hftpital," (1764,) and a work called
'Theory of the Imagination," (1803.)

iM'vi, [Heb. "h; Gr. Anil,] a Hebrew patriarch, a
ton of Jacob and Leah, was bom in Mesopotamia about
175a B.a He died in Egypt, aged one hundred and
U^y-seveD, leaving three sons, one of whom was the
pandbther of Moses.

SKGsiabnk., xxsT.,iEi., uulEudiHri. it.
Xicvt (David,) a learned Jew, bom m London in 1 74a.
He publiahed, besides other works, " lingua Sacia, or ■
Grammar and Dictionary of the Hebrew, Chaldee, and
Talmodic Dialect^" (3 vols., 1789.) Died in 1799.

l^rwi, Ufvee, (Liomj a writer on commerce and
coniiDerdal law, bom of Jewish parenls at Ancona, July
6t iSzi. He became in 1851 professor of commerd^
law in King^s College, London. Amoi^ his works is an
important treatise on "The Coumet^ Law of the
WOTld," <4 vols., 18 J0-5),) also a " History of British
Commerce," {lij*,) etc. Died Hay S, 1S88.

Laviell, Ifh-ve-^', (Pierrb,) a French painter on
^asa, was bom in Paris in 1708- He restored the
painted windows of Notie-Dame, and wrote a com-
iriete technical "Treatise on Painting on Glass." Died
ki773.

IiOTlsiiK ifh-v^h', (RxNAUD,) a French painter ol
histoiy, bom at Nismes about 163a By correctness of
deugn and brilliancy of colour he merited a plaOB
among artists of the second order.

LCv'tng-Atpii, (Tames,) Eail of Callendar, a Scottish
olScer, fought for Charles L in the dvil war. Died in

LAvio, a«, dfh U've' or li'vtss', (FuNgois.) Due,
marshal of France, was bom in Languedoc in 171a He
succeeded Montcalm, who was killed at Quebec in 17C9,
and took np his winter-quarters at Montreal. He de-
fended Canada several months ; but he was forced by
want of stores to capitulate to the English about 176a
He was made a marshal in 1783. Died in 17S7.

LAvia, da, [PtUKi Marc Gaston,) Due, a son of
Ibe preceding, was bom about 1760. In 1739 he was de-
puted lo the Constituent Assembly, in which he favoured
moderate reforms. He emigrated in 1792 to England,
and tetunied in iBoo. He acquired literary distinction
by his "Maxims and Reflections" (iSoS) and " Souve-
ura and Portraits," (1813,) and wrote several other
works. In 1816 be became a member of the French
Academy and of the privy coundl. Died in 1S30L

See La Has. " Koioniiiura caffdopUiqtu d* la Fnntt."

iMvlta. .See Euab Levita.

Aoslrian poet, born at Vienna in lEie^was the author of
a number of Ivric and romantic poems. Died in 1861.

IiAvlxaa, de, d«h Ifh-ve'ztk', (Jkah Pons Victor
Licotm,) ABBt, a French grammarian, bom in Langne-
doc Havine boen driven into enle by the Revolutton,
he eroigratedto London, where he taniht Fretich. He
poblished in [797 a "Grammar of the French Lan-
pOK," which was extensively used by persons to whom
nie neach is a fordgn tongue. He wrote other educa-
tional woriu. Died m 1813.

Ii0VT«^ 1^-TKft^ (Andi^) a French surgeon, bom in
Paris Ib 1703, had a high reputation for skilfin acconche-
■enta. H* waa called to conrt to attend the daophiness,
■other of Louis XVL He wrote excellent works on
obstetrics, among whfch is "The Accoucheur^ An

demonstrated by Physical and Mechanical Prindplaa,*
("L'Art dss Acconchements dimontrtf par des Prindpei
dePhTBiqMetHtfcanIqne,"i7S3.) Died in lySoL

Iisvy, la'vee, (Juuus,) a German (Jewish) novelist,
poet, ioumalist, and ethnographer, bom at Rodenberg;
Tnly 6, 1831. His psendonym is TuLiirs Rodinbikl
"-■- - '• ■ feaill.

I most successful works ■

raiUetons and light

tales, and sketches of travel. She was married tc
Stahr, the author, about 1854. Died in 1S89.

Iiswald, (Johann Karl Aucun-,) a German littirm-
il»ir, bom at Konigsbcrgin 1791. He produced a number
of dramatic works, novels, and tales, and in 183; founded
a journal entitled " Europe, or Chronide of the Educated
World." Died at Munich, Match 10, 1871.

5« " AquirEllc fttia dem Leben," 4 toll., iBj/.

Lcwaoliaapt. See LJIwenkauft.

Iittwea, lu'iss, (George Henry,) a popular English
author, distinguished Ibi his learning and versatility, waa
bom in London in 1S17. He studied medidne, but soon
exchanged thai profession for literature in which his
labours have been very abnndanl and diversified. Ha
contributed ouuiy literary, historical, sdendfic, and pM<
losophical essays to the " Edlnbareb," "Westminster,"
and other Quarterly reviews. He also wrote articles for
Blackwood's and Fraser's Hagaiines and the "Penny
Cyclopaedia." Among his prindpal separate works wo
may mention "Biographical Historr of Philosophy,"
(1845,) " Rose, Blanche, and Violet," a novel, (iS^)
"Comte's Philosophy irf the Sdences," (iS;3,) "TIm
Ufo and Works of fSoethe," (185O which is one of
his most popular productions, snd "Sea-Side Studies,"

he became for a short time the chief editor of th«
" Fortnightly Review." IMed November 30, 1878.
S« " Blillih Qururlf Raviiw" lor Jg)v and Octobir, 1164.

I(«wia or Lndwl^ lood'ftio, (Karl Aucusr,) I. King
of Bavaria, bom in August, 1786, was the son of YSmg
Maximilian Joseph. He nurried in 1810 the princesa
Therese ofSaxe-Hildbnighansen. Before his acceidonhs
built the Glyplothek, a ^iendid museum for the master-
pieces of sculpture^ He occame king in iSa^, and made
the government His reign is

remarkable for the great impulse given by his liberality
and taste to the fine arts, especially architecture. He
assembled in his capital many scholars and artists, and
adorned Munich with numerous fine edifices, among
which are the Odeon, the Pinakolhek, the roval palace,
university, and several churches. He built the nunons
Walhalla at Ratisbon, (Regensburg,) and made a canal
which bears his name. In iSa^ he published a collection
of poems. The latterpartjjfhis reign did not correspond
with the beginning. He exdted disaflTection b][ restoring
convents and restricting the political and rdigioua liber-
tics of his subjects. The influence of Lola Monies over
the king was another cause of offence. Stimulated b*
the revolution in Prance, (1848,) the Bavarians revolted,
demanding leforms, in consequence of which he abdi*
cated in March, 184S, in favour of his son, Maximilian
11. Uiho, ex-King of Greece, was his second son. Died
at Nice in February, 1868.

Set "Nourclla BitvaplHa Gtefcals."

Lawla H, (Otko Fsisdrich Wilhxui,) King ol
Bavaria, was born at N^mphenbarg, Au^t aj, 184^
In 1S64 he sncceeded his father, Maximilian II. His
mother was of the royal house of Prussia. The king in
1S66 took part with Austria in the war against Prussia,
but after the defeat of his armies he took the Prussian
side. He was ostentiblv the first to propose the new
German empire with William of Prussia at its head. la
that empire Bavaria was merged, but retained a nearly
autonomous position. The Idng, becoming innane, com*
milled suicide June 14, 1S86.

I*wia,(K"

Lnr'lao

»i; ^tmt; %li»rtl; iM;i a,Vt,K,gtMiinii: v,matal!^lrilUd: iM»; t^n'Ml^i*- (I

dbyGoogle

, , , _..,... ._ _ . mof Looit lo

DAonnahc, w*» boni in 806, um) became King of Ba-
nria ia 8i7iLIik, wbenhia btberdiTidedhiidoiiuiiioiu
unoog hit three ■on*. Haniig reTolted iciinit hia
tUktr, he seized Suony, and lanuiied the title of King
of German)'. In alliance with Charlet the Bald, he
defeated hii brother, Lothaire L, at Fontenor in S41.
He died In 876 A.D., leafing three loni, CarlomjiD,
Lewia, and Charles.

Sm H. LoDa, " Gcad>id>u d» Dcondm T<>0».» ii nk,
■>>»-)T: "NognlliBiDinphlaG^BJnle."

Lawia (ImawlK) IL or KL of GennanT was the
tecond loit of the precedinE, whom be sacceeded in 876.
The aame jrear he defeated bis uncle, Cbules the Bald,
who bad invaded bit kingdom. He died at FrankfoH
in SSl, while waging war with the Normans.

Iiewia (Ludwlg) m. or IV, called the Inpamt,
{das Kind.) bom in 803 A.IX, was the son of the
emperor Amulph, and became King of Germany in
90a He died in 91a, and was the last prince of^tbe
race of Charlemagne in Germany.

L«wla IV. or V, Emperor ofuermany, bora in 1386,
WM the son of Lewis, Dolce of Bavaria, and Hiiildi,
who WIS a daughter of the emjeror Rudolph of Haps-
barg. After the death of Henry VIL (1314) Lewi*
and his cousin, Frederick of Austria, were rival candi-
dates for the thrme, and both daimed lo have been
elected. A long dvil war was the result, in which the
Gbibeline* (bngnt fiir Lewis and the Gnelphs for Frede-
ridi, who was taken prisoner in lua.
him after be had signed an act of tei
em[Mre, and was crowned at Rome in

excoauntuiiated by Pope John XXIL,

'- ^ the charge " '

agahist Le
tramfer the crown to Cbanes IV. ; bnt Lewis defended

uainst whom he retorted the charee of heresy. In 1346
Cfement VL issued a bull agalnrt Lei-'- -'-- ^

i,andatt

and Poland, born In 1316, wss the son of Charol
whom he succeeded on the throne of Hungary in 1343.
He waged successful wars against the Venetians and
against Joan, Queen of Naplesi After the death of his
ancle Casimir, m 1370^ be was dected King of Poland.
He died in 1383, leaving three daughters, one of whoa
was married to Sigismund, Emperor of Germany. He
Ii said 10 have been a just and wise mler.

Ximria IL of Hungair and Bohemia was bom in
1506, and sacceeded ht* uther, Ladislaus VI., in isid
Chring to his youth and the factioos conduct of the
Bofalea, his power was only nominaL In lUi be mar-
ifed Mary, a sister of the emperor Charles V. HIi

L«wla^ (khwa of Il^y'and Spain.) See LODla.
I«wte JSp. Ldi\ loo4as^ L of Spain, the clri*— ■
of Philip v., was hom in i7<^. Philip V., havii

— , -, ,-,. , . ., Juivice uulen

Into a melancholy mood, retired to the solitude oT Saint
Ildefonso, and resigiied the crown to Lewis, who uras
DTodaimed in lannary, 1734. A few months after his
he died of smallpox, and Philip V. reanmed
ires of royalty,

wla [Ger. Ludwio, load'*!o] X, Grand Duke of

e-Darmstadt, born in 1753, succeeded hi* fiuber Ic

He joined the alliance against Napoleon in 1813.

at Saalfeld, October 10, i8o6t when he was defeated and
killed, preferring to die rather than to larTender.

Iiow'ia, (Andbxw,) bcHti In Irebutd about 173^ emi-
grated to Virginia, and served with distinction in tha
war of the Revelation, being made brigadier-geneial
about 1775. His statue occnoies a place near Washing-
ton's Monument at Richmona. Died in 178a Hi* thres
brother*, Thomas, Wiluam, and Chaklu, were alao
noted as patriots and soldiers.

IieiriB, (Angelo,) an English author, bom at
London in 1S39 Under the pen-name of Professor
Hoifn ann he wrote " Modem Magic" and other bodca
on card games and conjuring tricks.

Iievrlo, (Charles B.,] an American hamoarist,
bom in Ohio in 1842. Under the pen-name of M. Quad
he produced several humourous works, and was a pro-
lific newspaper writer.

Lswi*, (Dio,) an American physician, bom at Aabonw
New Yorl^ March 3, 1S23. He was educated in th*
medical schools of Boston and Buffalo, published msny
books on health and kindred subjects, and wrote largely
on educational topics, eapecially on gymnastics as an
element of education. Died Hay 11, 1SS6.

Iiewla, (Eduonia,) an American sculptor, of negro
and Indian extraction, born near Albany, New York,
about 1S45. Among her works are " The Freedwomaa
on first bearing of her liberty," and a bust of Colonel
Shaw.

Lewla, (Elus,) LL.D., an able American jurist, been
' York (»unty, Pennsylvania, in 1708. He rose through
s to be chief justice of Ibe "- '

various offices t<

: snpreme conrt

of Pennsylvania in iSu. Died in 1871.

IiBWli^ (Enoch,) a dutingnithod American mathema-
tician, born in Cheater county, Pennsylvania, in 177&
He became teacher o( matbenutic* in the Friends' Acad-
emy, Philadelphia, in 1799, and snbseqnently at the West-
town Boarding-Schoot eatablished by the Society of
Friends. He was the author of treadle* on algebra,
trigonometry, etc, a " tjfe of William Fenn," and other
vaToable worka. In 1S47 ^' became editor of Ae
" Friends' Review," Philadelphia. Died in i8s&

Iiawls, (EsTiLLB Anna Robinson,) an Americaa
poetess, bom in Maryland about iSaj, published " Rec-
ords of the Heart," (1844.) " Myths of the Minstrela,**
(1853,) "The King's Stratagem," (1873,) "Sappho, a
Tragedy," (1875,) and made numerous contribotions to
American and European journals. Died Nov. 34, l8SCk

Lewla, (Fkancis.) one of the signers of the Dedara-
don of American Independence, bora in Wales in 1713,
emigrated to New York in 1735. He was elected to th«
Continental Congress in 1775, Died in 1803.

Lew'la, (Sir Gbokox Coknewau,) Bart., an eminent
English statesman and author, bom in London in Octo-
ber, 1806, was the eldest son of Sir Thomas Frankland
Lewis. He graduated with high honours In the classics
at Oxford, and was called lo the bar in 1S31, but never
practised law. In iS44he married a sister of the Eari
of Clarendon. In 18^7 he was elected by the liberal
party member of Parliament for Herefordshire, and was
appointed secretary to the board of control. He became
nnder-secretary for the home department in 1S48, and
■ f. — - _:-.o-~ ^e ttaigned this oAc*

From February, 1S55, until February, 1858; he «a«
chancdlor of the exchequer in Palnunbm'a cabinet.
On the formation of a new Liberal ministry under Pal-
oaertton, b Inne, 1859, Sir George was appointed boiM
seoetanr. He *iicc«eded Lord Herbert as aeaetary irf
war in Jnhr, 1861. He wrote several able political and
pbOosopbiaJ works, amoiu irtiich Is an "Inqturr into
th* Credibility of Early Roman History," and, wilk
the Right Hon, H. Tnftid, made a translatioo of K. O.
HiiUe^s "Die Dorier," ["The Doriana," a vola., tSto)
Diedini863.

L«wl« (LndwlU n, a son of the preceding, was horn
bi 1777, and became grand dnke in 183a Died in 184S.

Lcnrl^JLndwlgJ Prince of PriMda, often called
Zriidwlg Ferdinand, was a nephew of Frederick the
Great, and was bom in 177X He was a son of Prince
August Ferdinand. He served in the campaign arainM
the French in 1791. In 1806 he wss the head of ttie
war-party which urged the king into adisastrons contest

Digitized by VjOOQIC

LEWIS IS

bmri^ ^oHN,) aa ^"gH*'' theologian and antiquary,
bom at BrMol in 167$. He became corate of Margate
and lectoT of Saltvood and Eaatbridgc Beudei many
wOTka am theolos7.be pnbliahed a "HiatorTof John
WitUi^" (I7J0,) and a " life of Caxton," (1737.) Died
h 1746,

Lawla, [John Fkidekick.) an excellent English
painter^ bom m London in 1S05, recei*ed instruction
ttom hia Euher, F. C Lewis, a landacape-painter. After
a*iut to Spun, be prodnced about 1835 several admired
pktnrea in water-coloan of SMUiisb KOiea, among which
«aa a " Boll-Fight in Seville/* Between \%tfi and 1850
he worked and travelled in Egjrpt, Ana Minor, and other
parta of the Levant, After hii return he increased hia
tcpDtatian by excellent and finely-finished pictures of
"The HareII^'' (1S50,) "An Arab Scribe," and "Mount
SnaL" He waa dected presidont of the Society of
Painten in Water-Colonnin 185s, and became an aaio-
dale of the Royal Academy In 1859. Died in 187&

Iiowla, (Lady Haua Thsrha.) an English author,
boTD in iSm, waa a lister of the Earl of Clarendon. She
waa marrM to Thomaa Henry Lister in 1830, and to
Sai George ConMwall Lewis in 1844. She edited Miss
Eden's stories "Tbe Semi-Delached House" and "The
Semi-Attadiad Coaple," and wia credited with their
aothoTship. Died in 1865.

Lairia, (Matthxw Gmookv,) a luccessfiil English
■ovdiit and dnunalist, often called Monk Lewia, waa
bom ID London in 177^ He inherited b^nn hit ^Iher
an ample fortnne, which consisted partly in an estate
and BlaTca in Jamaica. About tbe ue «f twenty he
produced "The Honk,"anove1 wUch,Dyanaitfiil com-
""*''" of myaterioDt borrora and volaptDaiia imagea,

Xi«win, (HsKmruEK,) an enterprising
traveller, bom In Virginia in 1774- He became private
aecietary to President Jefietaon about 1801, and was
soon after employed by the United States government,
CODJaanlly with Captain Clarke, to explore the northwest
(•rt of tne American continent Tbey gave the names
of Jefersao, Gallatin, and Hadiaon to the three streams
lAKh fann the Misaouri Thev alao ejpioted the Co-
tsmbU lUver to ita moaiK Aner his return, in 1S06,
Captain Lewis was made Governor of Missouri Territory.
"- — ' — * — i-ij- i.^ 1809, in a fit of temporary "-

tafa Lawis wia written by Jefiersim.

Ste " QaamilT Raviaw" far J— ny, 1S15: .

Igr FrbrwT, >tis; " UisiUv tUrWw" far Jolf , Ab«iih, uu ^_t>-

Iiewla, (HoEOAH,) an American ficneral and Gov-
ernor, bom in the dty of New York in 17U, was a son
af Franda, noticed above. He served with distinction
fa the RevolntioDary war, at the end of which be had
the rank of colonel. In iSoi he became chief juatice
of the aopreme court of New Yorlc He was Governor
ef that State bom 1805 to 180^, and commanded the
farces in New York in 1814, with the rank of major-
generaL Died in 1844.

Sai "KuiaHil Pcnnit-Oslla^ it I>i*iiB(id>bHl ABurieuu,"

at Falmooth, Massachusetta, in IT^ settled in Ohio,
where be distiiigiiisbed himself by his seal in promoting
education and other i«fbrms. Died in iSu.
Z^wiai, rTAVLUt,) LL.D., a distinguished I

Lewla^(l7iuJAM,) an English chemist and phyndan,
who practMcd at Kingston, Surrey. He was a Tellow
of tbe Koyal Society, and was employed to read locnrea
M chenuatry 10 the Prince of Wales at Kew. He p«b-
Uihed " An Experimental Hiatory of the Materia Medka,"
(1760,) Bud other worfci. Died in 17S1.

LSYSER

Xiowla, (William Dkapbe,) an Amoican educator,
bom at Fhiladelfdiia in 1867. He graduated at the
Univenitr of Peimsylvaoia in 1891, became instructor
in the Wiaiton School of that institnlioo and lecturer
on econoinica at Haveiford Collie, and was appointed
dean of the law school <A the Unlvenity of Perm^vania
in 1896. He edited a number of legal wotb, and
wrote conmderably on l^al and other sobjects.

Lexoir, (Clarbnce,) legislator, bom at Brooklyn,
N. Y., iSji. BecameaUwyerinNewYorkCitjiamem-
ber of the Stale Senate 1893-98 ; and head of the " Lezow
Committee" to investigate the dly goveiument. His re-
port led loimportantreronns. Inlroduccdbillio tbe Senate
to form Greater New York, took part in other reforms,
waschairmant^committeetoinvestigatetnuts. D. 1910.

L«7 or Iioigh, lee, <Sir Jamks,) an English lawyer,
bom in Wiltshire in 1553. He was appointed chief
justice of the court of king's bench in lozi, and lord
high treasurer in 1615. He was afterwards created Earl
of Marlboniogh. Diedini62S. His "Reports of Cases
in the Courts of Westminister" were pablidied,

Leyba, da, di li^-sl, (Fkahcisco,) a Spardsb
di^unatic poet of the seventeenth century. His works
are highly commended.

I,eybotiiti, HTium,? (William.) an English mathe-
matician, who was in hia youth a printer in London.
He edited the works of Gunler, and published, besides
otherworks, "The Complete Surveyor," "Mathematical
Course," ("Corsns Matbematicns, ' 1690,) and "The
Trader's Guide," (1693.) He died atiout 1690.

Iisjdeek«r, It'dCk'tr, (MxlcHiok,) a learned Dnidi
Calvinist theologian, bom at Middelburg in 1643. He
became prolesaor of theology at Utrecht in 1078, ai
pubtiahed (in Latin) scveru esteemed works, among
which are a "History of the African Church," (1690!)
treatise

esteemed works, amon
ory of the African Church," '"
■On the Hebrew Republic," (1704,) and i

Leyden, Il'dfn, (JohhO M.D., a Scottish poet and
antiquary, enunent as an Oriental scholar, was born al
Denholm, on the Teviot, in 1775. At a college of Edin-
burgh he studied the prindpal andent and modern
languages. He aftcrwarda studied medidne, and in
180s went to Hadraa as an assistant surgeon in tbe
service of the Eaat India Company. There be learned
Sanscrit, Pertiaii, Hindoatanee, and other Asiatic lan-
guagea. About 1S06 he was i^poioted professor cf
Hindoatanee at Calcutta. He became atsay-maiter of
the Calcutta Mint in 1810. He contribnted to Scott's
" Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border," wrote other poetical
peces, and published a treatise " On the Languages and

Leyden, (John or.) See John or Leydbn.

Z,eyden, vnn, vtn H'd«n, (Lucas,) [Ft, Lucas tia
Leyde, liildU' df h ltd,] or Lucas Dnnunea^ a cele-
brated Dutch painter and engraver, born at Leyden In
1494. He received his first lessons in design from hi*
lather, Hugh Jacobs or Jacobse, and at the aee of twelve
painted in distemper a picture of Saint Hubert, whidi
was greatly admired. He painted, with equal tucces^
landKapes and portraits. As an engraver he excelled
1 aerial perspective and chiaroacuro, and, accoitling to
""' *"--—"" ritlon. "Asa

e of the Indo-Chineae Nations." Died m Jar

Vaaaii, surpassed Albert DUrer i

mpositlor

the f reatest artist of the Flemish school ir
Among his master-piecca are a painting of the "Last
Judgment," an "Ecce Homo," dated 1510^ an engraving
of '*Hary Magdalene Daodi^" and another called " Ea-
lenspiegel," of which, it is said, only five or six proo&
are extant He was an intimate friend of Albert DUrer.
; Di»l to IS33-

Leyn, Its ot 14, (Jkan Adgusti Hrnb!,)_ an eminent
' Belgian historical painter, bom at Antwerp in 181^ He
obtained one of the grand medals at the Gxpo^ticm of
Paris in 1855, when he exhibited "The New Year in
Flanders," and other pictnrea. Died August 35, 1869.
Lejvor, tou, fan il'sfr, (AocurnN,) an eminent

■si; ^BB/; K^onf,- tasy/a,n,K,/ianmi/; ii,iuual;%,friIUit; I

r; ibaslnMu. (|^SeeExplanariona,p.a3.)

d by Google

Gerauui Jarkt, barn a

lUbed nuuiflegiJ worl_, „ —

U " Thoughts on tbe Ptndects," |" MediUtkuM* td Fan-
dectM," 11 vol*., 1717-4;.) Died in ma.

litiyatr, voo, written aUo I^rser, [Lat. Lvsc'Ktn,]
(PoLVCARP,) ■ Gennui Latherao divine, wu bom in
WiirteinberR in I5S3. He wai appobted professor of
tbeolon at WiltenberjE b 1576, From 15^ until his
death he was tbe fiist [teacher at tbe court of Dresden.
He published, besides other works, a contbuaCion of
Chemoiti's "HannoniaEvangelica." Died in 1610.

l^Kyuauna, JWt^na, (NicoiAAS,) a Flemish painter,

Lerra, Aa, di ire-vl, or Leva, li'vl, (Antonio,)
one of the ablest generals of the emperor Charles V.,
ma bom in Navarre about i4Sa He (ooght at Ravenna
■a 1519, and dittiMiiiahed Mmaelf at Rebec in 1534.

. j.j,_ •'^-(j^benitwasbe^egedbrFrancia

' -dthebattleof Pavia,

(1515,) dniina which he made a sortie, and, bUing npon
the rear of t£e French, dedded tbe Erte of ibe da*. In
1533 he was chosen geoeraliubno of the Italian leagoe
against Pranda L He accompanied Charles V. b his

Ion aci^nat Tunis in 153$, and had the chief

n of the army which Invaded Provence b 1536L

He died of an epidenilc b the same fear.

S«* RoaannK, "Uluoniiif Chuka V."

IiBjrwm, dei, (Taoo,) a Spanish painter, bom about
IjSo. He Btndied at Roine, and worlced at Burgoa.
Died in 1G17.

Usarc^re^ d*. d«h Ik'sta'd^iK', (Makix Ckai-
LOm Pauunk Robkkt,} a French female publicist,
Iwm in La Vend^ b 1754- She produced in irai a
woric of some merit, endaed "Theory of the Political
Laws of the French Uonarchj," reprinted in 4 volt.,
1844. Died in 1835.

IiMvr-ManiMM, de, dfh Ifh-ii' mtRn'i^', (AD-
BliN,) Count, a Fi^ch pablidtt, bom near Orgelet
in 177a He published a tract agabst the Constitntion
'^ I795r *■ work "On the Causes of the Revolution,''
(1797,) and other political treatises. He was prefect of
StraatMOTE when he died, in 1814.

LaBBj-UBmaala, do, (Cijiudi Francois Adribn,)
Marquis, the bther of the preceding, was born at
Met! in 1735. He was a liberal member of the States-
GenenU in 1789. He published, beside* several prose
worlca, a poem of tome merit, called "Essays on Rural
Nature," ("Essais sur la Nature champetre," 17S7.)
Died in 1800.

I.'HMtler de BrntoUe, lk're't£^' d^h bflti'ta',
(Charlks Louis,) a French botanist, was bom in Faria
fai 1746. He was admitted into the court of aids b 17T5.
After tbe Revolution he was twice appointed a jud^
of the dvD tribonal of Paris. His principal works are
"New Of Rare Plants," ("Stirpes nov« ant mmnscog-
nUtm," 1784,) and " Sertum Anglicum," (17S8,) a descrip-
tlon of plMts in the rojral garden of Kew, in England.

directed. He pobllshed two elemeniaiy works wbldi
are used in manv schools of France, England, and
America, vit, "Viri Rom«e," and "Epitome of Saired
History," {" Epitome Historix Sacre.'') Died b 1794.
S« Qu^Akn, "Iji FnnCE Lhtiwiin."

L'HOpital, de, d^h Ifi'pe'tll', (Francois,) Comte de
Rosnaf.ainarBhal of France, bom in 1583, was a brother
of Marshal de Vitry. As lieutenant-general, he com-
manded in Lorraine, where he gained several victories
between 163S and 1643. He received a marshal'! blton
if] 1643, and was selected to advise the young Prince of
Cond^ who had just taken command of the anny Ed
Flanders. Against the orders of tbe ministry and tbe
advice of L'Hdpital, Cond^ risked a battle at Socroy
in 1643, and gained a victory over the Spaniards. Diec
in 1660.

Sm Da CoDBCBuaii "Dicdonndre da Ginbtm FranciM.''

IiSApltal or L'Hoapltal, d«, (Gdiluuhk Francoii
Ahtoimb,) Marquia de Salnt-Mesme and Count d En-
tremout, a distinguished French geometer, waa born in
Paria in 1661. At the age of fifteen be b said to have
been a profound matbematidan. In early life he was
forced to renounce the military profession by the wealc*
nesa of his sighL In 1691 he learned from John Ber>
noulli the new geometry icbich Leibniti had discovered.

"Hb works," aays Cuvier, "are prized throughout
Europe for Ute exactitude of tbe docriptions and the
finbh of the platea." He left §■ manosmpt a " Flora of

Peru," which he compiled fitom the notes and herlMd <j
Dombey. He was assassinated near Iris house in i8ock
Neither the author nor the motive of this crime waa evei
discovered.

S« Cunn, " Ami da L'HMds," b lli« " Hfodm da Tin-
tuiui" ■-NDunlbUgsnpliicCMnU."

L-Hdritlar ds TUludon, l&'re'te-L' dfh vel&N--
dftn', (Maris Jranne,) a French authoresa, bom b
Paris in 1664, wrote in prose and verae. Died in 1734.

VHiimeir de VlUandon, (Nicolas,) a French
dramatic poet, &ther oF the preceding, was bom in Paria
ibont 1613; died in 1680.

L'Hennlte, lln'mftf, (FsANgois,) a popular French
poet and dramatist, known under the name of Tristan,
was born in La Uarche in 1601. He waa admitted Into
the French Academy in 1649. Died b 1655.

L'HoinoiidorUomoiid,]o'mdN', (CharlrsFean-
COU^) a French teacher, bom at Chanlnes b 1737, waa
a prt^SBor b tbe Univerwty of I'aria, He was a friend
N the cmbent HaUy, whose first sdentific efibrta be

I, e. I, B. t, y, -*y.- i. t, 6, a:

tochron, — u. line or curve of quickest detcent At the
expiration of the stated time (ten mondia) atdutiona wera
finished by only four peiaona,— Newton, Leihoits.
L'Hftpital, and Jamea Berwmlli The result was tbe
paradoxical cydoid. In 1696 he pnblished "Analyse dee
mfinfanent petita," ("Analyue of Infinhedmala,") wfaicfa,
being the Grtt work ad^^ited to initiate students In tbe
mysteries of the mfimtesimal calculus of Leibnitx, w»b
received with great eagerness and marked the epodi of
a revolution in the sdencc He died in 1704. His post-
humons work, "Analytic Treatise on Conic Sectiona,"
(1707,) had a high reputatifm.

S« TonBirUM, "Elocc du Uinua da L'HtMo];" Uew-
tocu, "RiMeindaa UuhiliDatiqaia ;*' "Acta Enditoiwa,'' i;si.

L'HOpltal or L'Boepttal, d«, (Michel,) Chancellor
of France, an fllaairioua legislator and statesman, waa
bom at Atgtieperae, in Auvergne, in 1505. Hb father,
Jean, Wat physidan to Constable Bourbon, to whom he
adhered b his defection from the service oF Frands L
to that of Charles V. He studied law at Padua for ua

Ears, and about 1534 settled in Paris. Three yean later,
orin, 1ieulenant-crimine1,gave him his daughter, and the
office of counsellor to the Parliament as her dowry. His
promotioD was hindered bv the connection of bb fatbei
with the defection oF Bouibon, and by hb own modeaty :
but be at last found a patron in Chancellor Olivier, and
was appointed ambassador to the Coundl of Trent in
1547. About I JS4 he was chosen by Henry II. superin-
tendent of the finances, in the management of which he
made important rcForms. In 1560 the rwent Catherine
de M^dids appointed him cbancellor of France. On bia
arrival at court he found that the chie& of the house of
Guise had resolved to establish the Inquisition and b>
ruin the Protestants. He defeated the first project, and
opposed the other with partial success. He caused the
States-General to be convoked at Orleans in December,
1560, and obtained edicts &vourable to liberty or tolera-
tion. But, in spite oF his mediatorial efforts, the war
between Catholics and Protestants began in 1563. His
advice was no longer lUtened to at court, and he waa
removed from office in 1568. He waa at hb country-
seat at Vignay during the Massacre of Saint Bartholo-
mew, and his life was spared through the mediation of a
lady at court He died in 1C73, leaving a name greatly
venerated for wisdom and tntt^ty. As a statesman
and legislator he holds a high rank. HU political prb-
dple* are announced in a Latin poem, (composed on
ocoi^on of tlip coronation of Fnuida IL,) which waa
much admired. He wrote other e)^;ant Latin poema
and discourses, which have been publiahed.

. Saa U. ViLunum, ■■ Via dc L'HaiiiiiL" in hit ■ Ctndn d-H«.
laiTt iDOdenit 1" UnsQOa na TociLLV, " Via da Uiitelda L'HIS(^-
al," 1764 ; CHAJiua Burtaa, " Eaof on ilu Liib <<K. da L'tlAt*-

e, less prolonged; I, i,!, 5, ii, J, j^nr^a-e. i,g,oii™«;flr,flll,flc;mlti nflt;g3&d,mdlhii

Digitized by VjOOQIC

M" i>i^ ; Bitna, ** Hiito
*■ HBtfona hu Tcnporim:*'
ti L-HMol,'' rS«i Taii

■1 ud Critioil Diakurr :" Da Tkod,
[. CuKW, " Clofi h[Kariquc dc H.
mun'i utkU b Uh "NooMllt Bis-

L'HfipltBl, do, (HiCHBL HuRAULT,} ScigneuT _.
Belesbat, v>s a grandson of tb« preceding. He wu
chancellor of Hrnry of Nanrre before the litter became
Kii^ of France, (1589.} He was also employed bj Ilenij
•1 ambasndor to Holland and Gemianv, and wrote two
able political treatise! "On the Stale o( Fiance," (15SS-
93.) Died in i;9i.

Xi'Hdte or JMtn, ISt, (NiSToaJ an arti«t and anti-
quary, bora of French parents at Cologne in 1804. He
Wat a member of the commission sent in iSaS (o ex-
plore Egrpt under the direction of Champollion, who
emplOTcd him as draaghuman. In 1838 he made for-
tiler eaploiutiont and illustrations of ^lypt, tar the
porpOM of rendering more complete Champollion'a
pocuiamons work on the moanment* of that country.
Died in Paris in 1S43.
Utojrd, loid, written *1Im Lbnyd and Uwyd,

EtJMPHkY,) a learned British antiquary, was born at
nfaigh, in Wales. He wrote a " Hiatory of Cambria
from Caradoc," "On Hona, tlw bland of the Druids,"
(" De Hbni Dmidum Insull,") and ottiet works. Died
about 157a

Sen Wood, "Albaiv OaonitiiM."

Uiiijd, commonly pronounced lold, (Edwaid,) an
eminent Welsh antiquary, bora in Carmarthenshire
•boat 1665. He became keeper of the Ashmolean Ma-
•eam in 169a He published a ostal^ue of the G^red
fcssil* of the AshmoleanMusenm, called "Lythophylacii
Britannki Iconographia," (1699,) and a treatise on
Britiali antiquities, " ArchKologia Btitannlca," (1707.)
Died in 1709.

diviaaa, and other mediocre works
Died in 1S5&

Uala, le^i', (Ehmanuvl,) a French astronomer, bom
U Cbetbourg in 1826. He was appointed an asaistant
in the Observatory of Paris in 1851, but remoTed to
Brazil, where he was appointed director of the Imperial
Obccrratoiy. Besides valuable reports and papen on

' — ' ""s and astronomy, be published amral vol-

~iil and ita resource*.

^ do, dfh le'AiTliooi', {Jbamnk dk Schok-
Ot} DDCracs^ a French lady, diitingiiiahed for ber
^aicDtt and PKty, bom in i6oot was the daughter of
Hcari de Scnomberg, mantial of Fiance. She became
the wife of the Due de Liancouit. Her boose was
frequented by Pascal, Amaold, and other recluses of
Povt-RoyaL Died in 1674.

Sea J. J. BofiuD, " Vk d* Hadima d* Lisnun," iCft.

IJajio, d«, dl le-l'no, (Tkodoro Felifk,) a Spanish
painter, bom at Madrid tn 1575, ewelled in miniatures,
and was snraaraed THb Littu Titiam. He was a

ic in 1747. His principal work is the important
canal iriiicb connects the Rhine with the Rhone. It was
conuDenoed about 1S05 and completed in 1833. Died
in iSja.

Uban, lee^n, [Lat Liia'nius;] (Gborgk.) a Polish
classical scholar, bora at liegniti in 149a He tattght
Ctreek at Cracow. Died in iSSo.

Xdbaaim. See Liban.

U-bi'nl-tifl, [Gr. idfbmc,] a celebrated heathen
■ophist and rhetorician, born at Antioch in 314 A.l>. He
■todied with Diophantes of Athens and oitieis. After
te bad taught rhetoric for several years' at Conitanti-
M^ile and Athena with success, he settled in 354 at An-
fiodi. where he opened a school, which became very
celelinted. Among his pupils were Saint Basil and
S^nt Chtysottom. He accepted the ofBce of quaestor
from the emperor Julian, who was his friend and ad-
He died probably about 390 a.d., leaving many

IS LIBERTAS

Gftuxm as "the vain and idle compositions of an orator
who cultivated the tdence of words." But this is re-
garded by other eminent critics as too harsh a judgmenL
Sm hb AnietiHinpliT adtled Bin i Um n|u rb JwnC
rfintiEintAnia, ■WitaSopbiiarao:" FAaaiciin, "BiUioibeia
Onni" J. C. DBHn, "£>« Libuis Dtipntitioaai its," i«g6:

nil! BicitT>i>£i. GAi«nl<.'

Llbavitia, le-bl've-Aa, (Andreas,) a German phyii-
dan and chemist, bora at Halle. He was chosen rector
of the gymnasium of Coburg in 1605. He gained repu-
tation by work* on chemistry, in which he endeavoured
to refiite the reverie* of Paracelsus. His "Alchjmia
recognita emendata etaucta" (1597) wasihe best manual
of chemistry which had appeared at that time. D. 1616.

Llbby. (Laura Jean,) author, bora in New YoA.
Wrote many newspaper serials, and edited the " New
York Fashion Bazaar" i89i'.95. She wrote "Miss
Middlelon'a Lover," "Olive's Courtship," and other
novels, also songs and dramas.

IdbMt, Ieen>at, (Kakol.) an able Polish writer ou
philosophv and politic*, was bora at Poaen in 180& He
Knight wiUi distinction against the Rnssiana in the Polish
insurrection which began in 183a For his share In a
demooatic conspiracy he was imprisoned at Berlin \a
1846, but was released by the revolution of 1S4& Soon
after his release he was chosen a member of the Slavonic
congress of Prague. While a prisoner in Berlin hi 1847
he wrote "The Maid of Orleans." AnuNig his works
are excellent philosophical and critical essays, "Fllo-
lofia i Krytyka," (1845-50^) Died June 9, 1875.

Ll'b^r, a name applied by the Romans to the Bac-
chus or Dionnus ol the Greek mythology. Liber was

ancient Italian divinity. See BAOCHira.

Ub'f-n, m the Roman mythology, was the wife of
Liber, and was supposed to preside over the culti-
vation of the vine. She wss sometimes identified with

Ubarala da Verona. Ie-bi-il1& dl vi-n/nl, a
linter of the Venetian school, bora at Verona In 1451,
e was one of the most excellent artists of his country

at that time. His painting of the "Epiphany" is aald

to be stHI visible at Verona. Died in 153G.
Iilb-ei-i'toa, a dcacim of the Church of Carthafik
[e was sent to Rome about 535 by a cotmdl of African

bishop*.

lalbvil, leeU-ree, (Pimto,) Cavauexi, an eminem

Italian lainter, suraamed Libsktino, (te-bCa-tee'na^)
Padua in i6o<;, was a pupil of Padovanino. "

pursued
formed I

t style In

graphie Universelle," "as the most skilful draftsman of
Sie Venetian school." Among his master-pieces are
the " Massacre of the Innocents," at Venice, " The Gene-
ral Detnee," "Noah comity out of the Ark," " The Judff-
nent of Paria,"and several picturesofVenuanude. lA
ityle was sometime* grand and sometimes graceliiL It
s said that when he worked for connoisseurs his manner
was bold and free, but for other patrons he finished hi*
work with much care and predsion. IMed in 1687.

Ouiuio PaiOBATo, "Via dd Cantn P. LIbcrl," iliSj

niuuiji, "Vila del Plltori Toictl;" WiHocauMm, "Hena

MihlcT-loikim."

U-be'I^n■, [Fr. LiBfcss, le'baiR'; It. I^ulo, le-

l're-0,1 a native of Rome, was elected pope In jja

'ij3A.l:h, and succeeded Julius L He favoured the

thodox in the controversy with the Arians ; and, the

Council of Milan having condemned Athanasina in 35J,

he refused to sanction that act For this cause he was

banished by the emperor Conetantius to Bercea. After

die of two years, he recovered his see in 35^

by signing the formula of Siimium, a modification of

Arianism. He refused to subscribe the confession of

the Counc3 of Rimini, (3S9>) where the Arians again

irevailed. He died in ''' "

ly Damasus L

S<e BAioHim, "Annalct:'
Romuo," 1670.

wi/Cas/; %kard; %aj;ii,-&,%,guttural; v.natal; t^trilUJ; las

<|^^Sce Eiplanalioi<*, p. S}.;

Digitized ay CjOOQ I C

LIBBRTE IS

Kpnaented u a nutron, heading in me hand a brolien
KCptre and in the other a pike animoDnted by a cap,

ZitbartA. See Libektai.

LRtwUna See LtauL

Uboa, Itb, (AKTomi,) « French Mvaot, bran at
Bjiien in 17U. For many jcara he taught die phni-
cal Bciencei in the Coll^ Charlemagne, Paris. He
diaCOTcred that presanre & one of the elementa of the
Inteniity of elecbic tenaion dcTcloped bjr contact, and
published, besidea other worica, " The Physical and

LICINIANVS

the Moral World," (1815.) Died in 1S31.

U-beth'iI-dSI, (Gr. kabififiittyt. name <
which ihej derived froin^ Mount Libethriua, or from j

le of the Muses,

well called Libethra, in Thrace. (See Musa)
Ub-I-U'ti^ {Fr. LiBiTiNt, letie'ttn',! a Rooiui ^-

deas, supposed to preside over iiinerals. All things

needful for funerals nere kept for sate in her temple.

The business of an undertalier was also called tMtina,
Zdbltloa. See LierriNA.
ZJ'boa or UtK^ [Gr. Aifut-,] a Greek ardiitect, a

natiTe of EU*, flourislied about 450 B.C. He boilt

temple ol

or Olynpia, in the Doric stjrle, the magnificent

. le of Olymiiiaii Tore, 345 feet long by 100 wide. In

the vicinity Ol this the Olympic gamea were celebrated,

■nd the master-irieccr ~' — ' i—j c-

ues. 11
Aidiaa.

Sm QDATnodtaa nm QimcT, ** Jopliai OtjtBfitn."

Ubil, dal, dl4 lee^iee, (Gibolauo,) a Venetian
painter and Mtuminator, bom at Verona in 1473, ws« one
of themostskiUnl artiila of his time. Among his works
•Ka*'Depa«Monfr«m tbeCroM,''aiM]''Tbe E^mlsion
of Adam and Eve from Eden." He pidnted many books
for tlieChnr^ and excelled in miniatnre. Died in 15(5.

His son FftAKCiaco was a prtMuising painter, who
diedyonns-

Xibil'CMTnooi.lee'bRee klr-root'chee, (Guillaumk
Bkhtus Icilius TimoiJon,) Coitnt, an Italian muhe-
MBtfcisn, bom at Florence in iSoii He became a pro-
feator of inMhem«tJc* at Pisa In iSaj, and emigrated to
France in 183a Ha^og been natonlized aa a French
dtlMO, he was admitted into the Inttitnte In 1S33, *^
was sppanted bispeoor-genenU dS the libianes of
France. On a blse charse of pnrMning book* of great
Talne from the public libraties, he was condemnM in
1S50 to Imprisonment for ten years; but he had

'1838^0 which is highly

London. His principal work 11

5h "Hondla Oivi^ilik (Mutnk."

Diedii

.869.

marian, bom at Venice in 1474, becatne a canon
Marco, In that dty. Died bi 1557.

ZiiOStI, le-chl'tee, or Idoflto, le-dd'to, (FoRTDNIO.)
tn Italian physician and professor, femon* in his tiine
as a Peripatetic philosopher, was bom at Rapallo, near
Genoa, In 1577. He bname profeaaor of plulosopby at
Padua in t6o9i md profeaaor of medidne in 1645. He
pnUished a treatise on the natnre of monsters, (l6lGt)
and other works, the majority of which are now jnatly
nes^ected. He had more emdition than judgment
Died in 1657.

" Hutariail ud Cirltki] DicdoDur;" HiclHa,

KiA,} rairfUA, a ucrnuui nisionan, uom in 1701^ ixe
wrote a "History of the House of Hamburg," (4 vols.,
■83$~iM>) which u commended. IMed in 1845.
I^onnoirskT, woi^ (Psux,) Pkinc^ a Prussian

^1

^'ht for Don Carlo* in Spain aboat 1839. In German

Ebtics he was a conservative or abtolutitt. He was
led by a mob at Pranlcfbrt in 1848.
5h KOstuh, "Aimwild aid Lkhnmkr," ilsj.

Uobtenan, won, fbn lix'tfh-nSw', (Wiuhluinb
Enke,) Coithtksi, bom at Potsdam in lyu, was thf
daughter of a poor mnsidan. She became Uie mistress
of ttie crown -prince of Pmssia, Frederick William.
After hb acceaaion to the throne, in 17S6, she was a

person until the death of the

' jfonvUfl Bicgnjihiv

Eiwerflil and Inflnen
ng. DiedbiSao.

SmUt "Aauibiafnplile Moiuin." >SA

XdobtenbarK liK't^n-bCRc', (Gbokg Christopm,) a
German savant and witty author, bom near DamistadI
in July, tjiit. He atudled at Giiltingen, and made greri
progress in nearly all departments or knowledge. In
1770 he was appointed professor of philosophy and exact
idence* at GdttingerL He visited England, where he
assodoted with the most eminent lilmh. He wrota
excellent identific artides for two periodicals <A Gottiu-
gen,— "The Maganne oTScienceand Literature," (itSo*
85,) and "The Almanac," (1778-99,) which owed their
great success chiefly to him. The charm* of his styla
contributed greatly to the di6Dtion of a tastt for tbs
sciences. He panicularly excdied in what in English
is called "humour." Among his most popular work* {•
his "Ample Commentary on the Engravinnof HMaTtb,"
which he began to publish in 1794, and left nnfinished
at his death. It abounds in wit and satire, and displays
much insight into human nature^ His autobiography h
said to be the most candid and piquant ever written.
Died at GSttingen in 17991 " He w, My* Slapfer, "gm
without the least trsce M levity, versatile and profonnd
without ceasing to be solid and dear." ("Biographlo
Univeraelle.")

SB *£ttai of In mckit GBItiiisiB, 9
LidiUBboiU," br lUrnnH, in*;

— _-, «k^' HaiHsiai DBanMi " 1 stiris

__ Karl Ai«iM mo SailHii-WcbH, J. D. Fal^ Lk^

tHilin^'* «£., il«i: "BdmbBnh Xerlaw" nr Jansiy, iBssl
~ra^nQvartBlTSnin"farJiBaain iSj6.

Idohtonstelii. liK'tcii-Bt[n', (MAinit Hukucm
Karl,) a German phnidao and natnraliat, bom at
Hamburg in lySa About i8o3 he became pbyddaii
to the Governor of Cape Colony, Africa, and in iSlO
published "Travels in Southern AlHcs," (3 vols.,) «
valuable contribution to natural history. In 1813 1m

~ ippidnted director of the Zoologiol Museum of

1, which, under his care, bees '"'■' ' "

in Europe. His bvoorite pursuit «
in 1857.

S«Cal

Uohtonatolii, von. bn liK'tfO-adn', (Jorann Jo>
SIPH,) PKiHts, a general, the head of one of the moct
noble families of Austria, was bora in Vienna in 1760L
After serving in several campaigns against the Frendi,
he negoliatM the condition* of peace at Prcsbnrg in
1805. He distinguished himself at Essling and Wagrsm
in 1809. Died in 1836.

Idontetiataln. von. (Joscph Wkmzel,) Punc^ an
Austrian general, bom in Vienna in 169& His service*
in the campaigns of 1733 snd 1714 were rewarded with
the rank of lieutenant-generaL Havins been made Geld-
marshal, he commanded the army in Italy in 1746, and
gained a victory at Piacenia. He wi* afterwards em-
ployed with success hi diplomatic affiut*. Died in 1 77^

LlchtaiMtriii, won, (Uutic;) one of the early Ger-
man poets, was bom about 1199. Hi* prindpal poem,
entitled " Frauendienst," though poeteiting no great
literary merit, is a valuable montunent of the manner*
of that time. Died about ia75.

Llobtwer, llKi'ftfr, (Magnus Gottfkied,) one ot
the most popular German fabulists, was bom at Wunen
in 1719. He published the first edition of hi* "Fable*"
in 1748, and in the next year removed from Wittenberg
to Halberstadt, where he obtained a canotiicatc. In
1758 he produced another edition of the " Fables." The
G^man critics rank him as a &buli*t with lowing and
GelleTt, whom perhaps he surpasses In priquancy of
style and talent for narration. Died in 1783.

Sm iiCHHoii, "Liehiwiir'i Lcben," 171(1 Uinoiiini, "Ki»-
Hirisdi-lilenTucha Htndbuch."

U-dnl-^ (or ll-sin'e-t.) the name of the wife ot C
Gracchus. Also the name of the wife if Maecenas, saU
to have been distinguished for her conjugal tenderness.

Iil-^-I-I'nuB Qifnl-ns, a Roman historian, who
lived probably in the Erst century bx. In 1853 He
Perts, of BerUn, discovered a portion of hia "Ano^li*

1, 2, T,S,&,y,/«v,' I, t,^ same, less prolonged; iL,e, I, &,)i,]f,/il«rf;«,(,i,f,«iiwiirr; Or, Oil, llt;met;oat;ga6d:r

d by Google

LICINIO IS

■BMii^ aoBM Srriac niMiBicripli broaght from the dcMrt
of Nltria in im?.

tininio, le-d»ee'iie-4\ fBntif akdimo,) a painter of th«
TcMttan •diool, bon at Fordenone, wat one of the bcM
papD* of Pordenooe, who was Ui relative. He painted
Dortniis and Hadoniuu^ He was living in 154a

^ (GiOTAHHi Antqnio.) See Pokdknonk.

1, (Giuuo,) called u. Ro><an<\ (il nMnfno,)

an Italian painter, bom about 1500, waa a nephew of
Ponlcnone. Died at Angabnrg in 1561,

U-oliil-iu, (or le-aii/e-oa,) (Puvnis Valbuds,)
(ailed br some wiiten PnVllTM na'Tlna OAle'tltu
Valeria'nna Udnla'inm) a Roinaa emperor, bom in
Dada abont 363 KM,, waa originallya peasant. He rose
to the rank of general in the army, and gained thefavoiur
of Galerios, who in 307 made him a partner in the
em|»re, with the title of Angnitni. In 313 he married
Conatantia, sister of Conatantine tlie Great, and, having
defeated Haximin, became master of all the Eastern
pTOvincea. A war soon ensued between him and Con-
stantine, vdikh ended in the complete defeat of lidnius
at Cbalccdon, near Byiantiam, in 333. He was put to
death bjr order of the victor in 394 a.ix He was noto-
tioDS for crnelljr and other vices.

ShOobom, "Dfdbiaaid FiD iif iln y win 11 Zmpin.'*

Zd-Olol-ns OU'Tin, (Caius.) an eminent Roman
orator and poet, son of C Lidnina Hacer, was bom in
81 B.C. Cicero thoogbt hia style waa too laboored, but
admitted that he had wit, jn^iment, and mnch learning.
His style waa enkgized t^ QuintiliaD aa grave, chaste,
and sometimes vehement As a poet he was usually
ranked with CatDlIna, and wai veiy papular. His works
are all loat except fragments of hia poems, which con-
sisted of elegies and epigrams or lampoons. He died
abont the age of thirty-five.

5»WncHErr,''I>>Cl.kiniD C^to OnUn U Paltl^" itij;
Punr, - Nalmil HiMorr," viL nd lun.

Ucdniaa IboOT. See Maob.

U-dntlM Sto^o, or, mora fiilly, Ca'ltu Uolo^tM
Ckl'vtia Stolo, a Roman legislator, td plebeian fiuaily,
who effected important changes in the constitation of
Romb In 375 BX., be and tiia friend L. Seztiui L*-
teranua were diOMn tribunes of the people, and pro-
posed the enactment of these laws : ist. That in fritnre

».L_ . ._ --(ij^n annually she

. .._ E military tnboni

upointed ; 3d. That no citizen should possess more
man five bandred acres (jmra) of public land. These
famovations were strenuously resisted by the patricians
br abont ten years, a period of anarchy, during iriiich
Camillns waa chosen dictator. The land in question
had been aajniTed by conquest and had been appro-
priated by the patricians. The laws above named were
pasaed in 366^ and Lidnins waa elected consul in 364
■lc He wai re-elected In 360, and was fined ten thou-
sand aaaes in 356 for the violation of hia own agrarian
law.

5« Vrmmm, "Hbtotrgf RonM;" Lm, "HiuoTvaTltont,"
kciki n. and Ti. ; « Noanlle Biofnpliie Gte<nlK"

Zd-«Fiina Pcn'oliu, (por'ahe-oa.) a Roman poet, mcn-
lioDed by Anlna Gellius, Hved about lao B.C.

Llok, (Jambs,) an American business-man, bom at
Piedericksbo^, Lebanon county, Pennsylvania, August
K, 17961 He went to South America in iSai, and to
Califoniia in 1S47, where he acquired great vrealth. He
fied at San Fratuaco, Caliibml^ October i, 1876, leaving

ocbec; Normandy, in 1787. He wrote,

amaa, a " HIatory of Normandy," (i

vol*-, llt35>) a work of merit, which was completed by
DepinDg. Died in 1835.

Uffd^ (DintCAM,)* ScMtish physidan and mathe-
Matidan, b<xii at Aberdeen In 1561. He became pro-
tmoi ta mathematics at Helmstedt in 1591, after which
be waa first pbyridan at the court of Brunswick. Having
returned to SciMland in 1607, be founded a professonhip
■t Aberdeen. He waa author of several medical works,
SH td iriiidi is called - Ar* Medics," (1607.) Died in

♦7 LiEBfG

Idd'dfll, (Rev. Haitay Gborgi,) an Engliah acholai^
bom in 181& He became chaplain to the ptince-consoct
about 1845, and Dean of Christ Cburcli, Oxford, in
l8S5, resigning in 1891. He produced, in conjunc-
don with Mr. Scott, an excellent "Greek- English
Lexicon," (1843,) based on the Greek-German Lexi-
con of Paiiow, and wrote a "History of Rome." Died
January 18, 1 898.

Idddsn, (Sir JoHK,) F.R.S., a British pnysidan, bom
at Dnmblane in 1794. He served as surgeon in the royal
navy, was knighted in 1850, and was appointed director-
general of the medical department of the royal navy
about 1854. In 1859 he became honorary physidan to
Queen Victoria. Died Uay 38, 186S.

Lld'dcm, (HiNRY Parry,) D.D., an English clergy-
man, bom in 1829. He gradoated in 1S50 at Ch^
Church, Oxfard. In 1864 he became a prebendary of
Salisbury, and in 1S70 canon residentiary of Saint Paul's,
He was professor of exegesis at Oxford, 1870-81, and
was noted as one of Ihe first pulpit orators of his lime.
He published "The Divinity ol our Lord," (Bampton
Lectures for 1S66,) "Some ElemenU of Religion." uid
other works. Died September 9, 189a

Idd^ le-dUn', (JoHAH HwRiK,) a Swedish writer,
bom al Linkiiping in 1741, was struck in the prime of
life with palsy, woich deprived him of the use of hk
limbs. He composed a " Htstoiy of Swedish Poeta,"
and several litetuy memoirs, Died in 1793.

Sh WAtUM, ■■ AndDKlwTil UVtr J. H. LWd," inr-

Iddner, lid'n^r, (Bengt,) a Swedish poet, bora In
1T59, resided some time in Paris. Hischief work, "The
.ountess Spistara," is commended for eloquence and

. lee, (Jonas Laurits Inuiit,) a Norwegian poet
and novelist, bom at Ecker, near Drammen, November
6, 1833, the son of a lawyer. He studied at the Uni-
veraily of Cbristiania, and was admitted to practise
law at the higher courts. He published "Digte,"
f" Poems," 1864,) various novels, "Den Frerosyne,"
("The Clairvoyant," 1870,) "The Pilot and his
Wife," (1874,) " Rutland," (fiSSl,) " Ufe's Slaves,"
(1883,) the comedies " Grabow's Cat," (1880,) and
" Lystige Kmer," (i894,),etc. Died July j, 190S.

Ll«b«, leeHifb, (Christiar Sicismond,) a German
numismatist, born in Misnia in 1687. He was a large
contributor to the "Acta Ernditorum." Died in I736r

UebOT, leeHifr, (Pkahcis,) a German historical and

Silitical writer of diatingnished ability, born at Berlin,
arch 18, iSoa He served against the French in 1815,
and waa present at the battles of Ugny and Waicrloa
Being imprisoned some vears after for bis liberal opinions,
he was released through the influence of Nifbuhr, and
sought refuge in 1S17 m the United States. In iSaq he
edited the " Encyclopaedia Americana," (13 vols.,) taking
for its basis Brockhaus's " Conversations-lJexikon," (pub-
lished at Leipsic, in (jermany.) Among his numerous
and popalai works are ** Reminiscences of Niebuhr Ihe
Historian," (1835.) " Manual of Political Ethica," (1838,)
" Laws of Properly : Essays on Property and Labour,"
(1841,) and "Cirif Liberty and Self-Go vernment," (3
vols., 1S53; 3d ed., enlarged, 1859; 3d ed., 1874.) He
waa professor of history and poutital economv in the
Univeraity of South Carolina from 1838 to 1S56, and in
1857 was elected professor of history and political sdence
In ColomUa College, New York. Died October 3, 1871.
Sm AmaCTi»,"Ptoiooaiy_nf Antboii;" Dmrcxiimc, "Q^
futjtaiaij, ■>)>■

Idebttr, (Thomai.) See Ekastds.
Zdsbarkntan, lee4ifr-koon', (Johahn NATKAinn.,) a
■ • -irHnini; - ■"

German anatomist, born at £

He a

in 1711, practised in
the art of injectiona.

He was chosen a Fellow <£ the Royal Sodety of Lon-
don. Died in 1756L
Uabhnrd. €eK CAMKKAum, (Joachql)
Llcbig, von, fon leetrio, (Justus,) Baron, one of the
n-eatest chemiata of the preaent century, waa bom ai
Daraatadt, in Germany, in May, 1803, He entered the

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LIEBKNECHT

1548

LIGNE

tlniranlty of Bonn in 1819, and In 1811 went to Pvia,
where be became aeqiw'-— ' — "■ "—►-''<• —•' f—'-
LiuMC Favoured bjr tb
obtained in 1614 the appomnnent ui uiuioiaui vi i^ucui-

laUy in tbe UniverKt7 of Giettcn. He founded there
the Gnt modd laboratoir of Germany, vbich became
very celebrated and made that imiTersity the central
point of attraction to the chemical atndents of Earope.
Al^ooeb bk terriceE have been great in every de;nrt-
ment of chemical iciencc, he owes his celebrity chiefly
to hii difcovcriei in oiganic chemiitiy. He ju'oduced
In 184a an important work entitled "Ormnic Chem-
titrr in iti Application to Agriculture and Phyaiology,"
("Die organWche Chemie in ihrei Anwendung auf
Agricultur nnd Physiol ofrie,") His principal works,
beatdes the above, are "Animal Chemistry, or Chemistry
bi its AppUcfltion to Physiology and Palholi^," (184a,)
"Researches on the Chemisti? of Food," (1349,) and
a "Dictionary of Chemistry," (5 vols., 1837-51,) in
which he was assisted by Wbhler. He received the title
of baron in 1845, and accepted [he chair of chemistry
at Munich in iSss. In 1848 Liebig and Professor
Kopp Ixgan to issue an annual report 00 the pr<^ess
of chemistry. Hia "Familiar Letter* on Chemistry"
(■844) ftce much admired, and are well adapted to
render the science popular. His principal worlu above
named have been transtatcd into English and French.
Died April l3, 1873.

Uebknaobt. (Johann Gborg,) a German anti-
quary, bom at Wassungen about 1680, wrote, besides
other works, "Discourse on the Great Deluge,"
(" DiscuisDS de Diluvio Maximo," 1704.) Died in
1749-

Zilebknecbt, (Wilhelm,) a Gennsn socialist,
was bom at Giessen in l8z6. He took part in the
Polish revolution and the French revolution of 1848,
was Bubsequenlty imprisoned in Germany, and then
exiled. He was elected to the German Reichstag in
1867, and became the editor of "Vorwiirts," the
leading socialist daily. In 1S95 he was imprisoned
for four months for liit-majuli. Died in 1900.

Iiiebreobt, (Feux,) a German folk-lorist, born
at NaiDsIau, Silesia, in 181I, and professor of Gennan
at UJge 1849-67. He wrote many articles on the
origin and difiusion of folk-tales, and translated vari-
ous works. Died in 1890.

Uaiiiaack«r or U«mak«r, lee'ml'kfr, (Nikolaas,)
a skilfiil Flemish painter, surnamed RoosE, was born at
Ghent in 1575, and was a friend of Rubens. Aroonehia
works, which are moctlyof large dimensions, are "The
Last Jodgment," and "The Transfiguration." Died In
1646.

Ueoo- (or Uaon-] Pang, le-00' ping, a Chinese
emperor, the founder of the dynasty of Han, was bom
about 3U> B.C. He waa proclaimed emperor in id.
One of his generals, named King-Poo, having revolted,
a battle waa fought, in which Ueoo-Pang gained the vic-

tonr, bnt received a wound of which he died
Idontatid, l^h'15', (Joseph,) a skilfol Fr
V bom in 1703, at Aix,in Provence. He was elected

IS

to the Academy of Sciences m 17(1. In 1774
ap;x>inted first physician to Louis XVL He published,
besides other prolessional works, "Synopsis of Univer-
sal Medical Practice," ("Synopsis UniversE Praxeoa
Mediae," 1765,) a work of much merit. Died in 1780.

Ziteven, de^ dfh lee'vfn, (Dorothea,) PawCESS, a
Ruaaian lady, of Gennan extraction, celebrated for her
diplomatic talent* and political iningues, was bom in
1^4. Her maiden name was Benxendorf. She went
to London about 1811 with her husband, who waa
Roatian ambassador at that court, and acquired much
influence by her conversational powers. After 1838
riie resided in Paris, where her talan was frequented hj
many diplomatists, statesmen, etc She was often called
the " Bgeria of GuizoL" Died in 1S57.

Uevena or UvetiB, (Jan,) an etninent Dutch painter
■nd engraver, bom at Leyden in 1607. About i6]o he
went to England, and painted portraits of the royal
bmily. He afterwards worked at Antwerp, chiefly on

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historical sabiects, and acquired a high reputatioit. As
an eograver he is said to rival Rembrandt. Died in
1663.

IilesaifMATsr, von, (Alexander,) a Genuut
punter, bom at Raab, Hungary, in 1839. He studied
at Vienna and Munich, won the Munich lAcademr
prize in 1865, and in tbe same year produced his
celebrated painting on the beatification of St. Eliia-
beth. He subsequently painted many notable scenes
from history and from Shakespeare and "Faust."
Died February 19, 1898.

Ugarlo, le-gl're-o, (PirrRO,) an Italian painter, bant
bi the Vallellina in 1686 ; died in 1751.

U-gS'rl-tu, (QuiNTUs,) a Roman officer, who fought
for Pompcy in the dvil war, and after the battle of Phar-
salia renewed the war against Cxsar in Africa. He waa
pardoned by the victor, but was forbidden to enter Italy.
when his Iriends made efforts to restore him to citizen-
ship, they were opposed by Tubero, who became hia
public accuser in a trial before the dictator, in 45 or 46
■.c. On this occasion Cicero pronounced his admirable
oration " Pro Ugario." Plutarch informs us that Caesar
had resolved to condemn Ligarios, but that in the

him through the transcendent powera of the orator.

Ughf foot, (John,) an English divine, eminent a* a
biblical commentator, wa* bom in Staffordshire in ttaa.
He waa an excellent Hebrew scholar. In 1630 he be-
came rector of Ashley, and in 164a obtained the living ot
Saint Bartholomew, in London. He waa identified with
the Presbyterians during the civil war. About 1644
he was chosen master of Catherine H^l, Cambridge,
and was presented to the living of Great Munden. In
Rabbinical literature he had fitw, if any, auperiors. He
published " Hor* Hebraicae et Talmudica^* (1658,) and
many Latin commentaries on the Scriptures, one of
which is called "Harmony of the Four Evangelist*,"
(i644-5a) Died in 1675.

S« ';Brivii DcKhplia Vila J. L^dbed," 1699; NiobtOM,

U^tfoot, (ToKK,) F.R.S., an English bolaniat, bom
in Gloucestershire in IT35. He was educated for the
church, became chaplain to the Duchess of Portland,
and obtained tbe livings of Sheldon and Gotham. I^
company with Pennant, he explored tbe Hebrides about
1773, and published in 1777 a valuable "Flora of Scot-
land," {"nora Scotica," i vols.,) with excellent figures.
His herbal waa purchased by the king, and was after-
wards consulted with profit by Sir J. E. Smith. IMed
ini78S.

Sm PamiuiT, " lift gf J. Liftitlbot."

Ucbtfoot Joseph Baue*,} D.D., sn Et^Jlsh bishop
and eminent Biblical schtdar and critiG; wm bom in
Liverpool in iSaS. He graduated at Trinity College,
Cambridge, in 1851, look orders in t8u, became a pro-
fessor of divinity at Cambridge in iS^, canon of Saint
Paul's in 1871, Market professor at Cambridge In 187s.
Bishop of Durham in 1S79. He his published revised
texts, srith notes, etc, of Saint Paul's Epistle to tbe
Galatians, (1869; 4th ediitoo, 1874,) Philippiana, (1870;
3d edition, 1873,) and Cotoaaions, (1875,) *"'' °^ Saint
Clement's Epistles to the Corinthians, (1869,) an easay
on New Testament Revision, (1871,) and other works «(
high value. As a scholar Dr. Lightfbot (to use tbe Ian-
guage of the late Dr. Ezra Abbot) "has no superior
among the Germans in breadth of IcaminR or tborcwgh-
neas of reaearcti." (Died December ai, 1089.)

Ugnot de, dfh Itn, (Karl Joseph,) PkinCI, an abh
Austrian general and witty author, bom at Brnseela,
Hay II, 1735, was the son of a field-marshal in the Aus-
trian service. He served with distinction in the Seven
Years' war, (l75S-63i) and was made a general-major in
i^c In 178J be was ambassador to Knssia, and wa*
highly favoured by Catherine II. He commanded a
corps at the capture of Bel^adc In 1789. He obtained
the rank of field-marshal in 1808. His generous and
chivalrous character rendered him the idolof his army.
He died at Vienna in 1814, leaving interesting m

LIGONIER 15

kttets, and other works, ()n French,) which contain
cnrion* anecdolea uid piquant puugu. Madame de
Stael pnblUbcd in iSog > volnme of "Letten and
Thoughts of Priac« de Lvne." He bad poUishcd
"Kilitaiy, literarr, and Sentimental Hiscelluiie*,"
flf^langca militairea, litt^raires et tentimentairea,"
M rob., i79S-igii.) According to Madame de Stael,
I'M waa the only fbrelgner that became a model in the
French style, initead of an imitator."

Ucenlar, lis'o-neer', 0ohm,) Eakl, an eminent gene-
nl of th« Btitidi armjp, waa born of Proteatant parenta in
nance in 1678, and emigrated to England in earl; yoath.
He foogtit at Blenheim,) ■ 704,) Ramiluet, and Malplaqnet,
(1709,) and CMnmandcd the iofimtiy at FoDtenor, (i74S-)
In 1746 be waa appoioted commander-in-chief of tM
British CDrce* in Flandera, He diiplajed great aldl) aitd
BO«rageat LaBeldt in 1747, bat waa there made prisoner.
He beome an English peer, with the title of Earl Ligo-
nier, in it66, and was a field-marahal and privy coun*
dllor at hi* death, in 1770.

UfOilo, le-go're-o, (Pikko,) an Italian atchitect,
painter, and antiquary, bom in Kaplea about 1 530, or,
as othen say, 1408. He waa appointed by Paul IV.
architect of the Vatican and of Saint Peter's Church,
which Michael Angelo had previoiisty superintended.
The latter left Rome ^ut that time. Ligorio, having
deviated from the plan of Michael Angdo, which he waa
ordered to fellow, was discharged in 1 56S. He then was
employed a* ardutect by Atphonso, Dnke of Fenara.
He died about 158^ leaving in manuscript voluminous
wiitiDn {m antiqnitlea and architectiwe, which are
praised by Huratori

S« Vamiu, " Lira or tb* PiiDtoK" Me. ; Lum, " HiMaiT of
^■rit is Itai^;" " Nonvlli BIop^Aiia aktitHm."

. , le-got'aee, (Jacopo,) an eminent Italian

. uof history, bom at Verona in 1543, was a pnt^l

of Paul Veronese. He painted both in fresco and in <^
Havitw aranited a high reputation at Verona, be re-
■ovedto Flonncc, where he received the title of painter
10 tbenand dnke Ferdinand. Antong his muter-pieces
arc "Th* Fonr Crowned Saints," at Imola, and the
"Kartyrdomof Saint Dorothea," at Pescia. Hiiamaller
pictorea are hwUy finlsbed. Died in 1697.

U HsI, lUng of Korea, came to the throne in
1864. He was weak and vacillating in character, and
(ell largely under the control of the Russian agent
residing at Seoul .

Ill HniiK Cbang. an eminent Chinese siatesman,
was bom Februaiy 16, 1823, and look the Hanlin
degree in 1849. He was a secretary in the army
during the Taiping rebellion, later a provincial judge,
and in 1S61 governor of Kiangsu, [lom which he
aided "Chinese" Gordon to drive the rebels in
1863. This service was rewarded with the Yellow
Jacket and the Peacock's Feather and the third class
of nobility. He was made governor-general of
Kiang province in 1864, and of the imperial province
of Cfainti in 1872, where he became active in founding
the Onnese navy. He was made commander-in-
diief o( armf and navy in the war of 1894 with Japan,
but was thwarted by the incompetency of his subor-
dinates. In consequence of the defeats be was de-
prived of bis honours, but they were soon regiored,
and be negotiated a treaty of peace in 1895. In 1S96
he visited Europe and America. On his
was made foreign secretary of the empire.
the Boxer troubles of 1900 was appointed commis-
sioner to deal with the foreign powers. He was recog-
nized as the most enlightened and progressive of the
statesmen of China. Died November 7, 1901.

Uinjima^ (John,) an English Puritan enthusiast attd
racUcal agitator, waa born in Durham in i6i8. He was
accused before the Star Chamber in 1637 of distributing
seditiou pamphlets, and was condemned to be whipped
and impri*ocke± He was released in 1640, and obtained
faooo d^'njg" In 1644 he fought bravely againat the
Ung at Maralon Moor, where he led a regiment. He

49 LILLY

afterwards attacked Prynne, Lenthal, and others in
pamphlets, for which he was committed to Newgate-
He was one of the master-spirits of the " Levellers,"
and a stubborn opponent of Cromwell's authority. In
165 1 he was tried for treason and acquitted by the jury.
He became a Quaker a few years before his death,
which occuned in 1657. Hume designates bim as
"the most turbulent, but the most upright and cour-
ageous, of human kind." (" History of England.")
TJItsnktants or LUJeokraut^ 1ee^e-«n-k>lnls', ct
Lmeonntx, leeHe-^h-k Rents', (Johann,) Count dk, a
Swedish financier, bom about 17JO. On the acceasioa
of Guslavns III. (1771) lie was appointed minister of
finances, which he managed with success for tnany yeari.
Died in 181 5.

SccGivaa, "Hbtcinde hSuMs."

Llllentlwl, leenc-fa-tU', (Michakl,) a learned Praa-
stan philologist, born at LJebstadt in 16S6. He waa
km mauT nara profcssor of tbetdogy in the Univer«tf
of KSnigsberE. He was the principal editor of the
"ErliiatCTtes Freussen," (1714-38,) a highly-esteemed
literary Journal, and pubustied, besides other works,
"Historical and Literary Selections," ("Selecta His-
torica et Uteraria," 17IT-19.) Died in t75a

Ullentlial, (TinoDOR Chuitiak,) a German thec».
logian and writer, a son of the preceding, was born at
K&nigsbergin 1717; died b 1783.

mo, lee^e-o, or LHH, liinee, (Andbka,] an Italiin
painter, bom at Ancona in 1555. He worked at Rome
for Siitus v., and at Ancona. Died in 1610.

IJllo, (Luici,) |Lat AloVsius LiL'tin,] an Italias
phyaidan and astronomer, bom in Calamia. He b
remembered only for the part he had in the reform of
the calendar under the auspices of Gregory XIIL He
applied the epacta to the cycle of nineteen Tears, and,
t^ adding one day to the end (A each cycle, ne arrived
at an approrimative equation of the solar and lunar
Tesra. He died in 1576) just after he had finished the
work. His method was approved 1^ the pope in I5S>

Iilllo OlnldL See Gisaldl

Lilinokalanl, (Lvdia Kauekeka,) ei-Queen of
Hawaii, bom at Honolulu, December 3, 1838. She
was proclaimed queen January 29, 1891, on the death
of lung Kalakaua. Her attempts to abolish consti-
tutional govemment and rule as an absolute monarch
led to a revolt of the American inhabitants and her
dethronement in 1S93. An attempt to regain her
power tailed and she sotigbt the United Slates, but
returned to Hawaii in August, 1S98, after its annex-
ation by the United States govemment.

lallua. See LiLio.

Iilljenblad. See Liubblad.

laijenkrantx. See Liuenkrantz.

IilUle, (Lucv Cecil,) an American author, bom
(White) at New York dty in 1855. She wrote "Mil-
dred's Bargain," "The Colonel's Money," "The
Story of English Literature," etc.

UII0, (GaoBGt,) a successful English dramattet, bora
in 1693, became a jeweller of London, He holda a high
rank among English dramatisls of the second order.
"The Fatal Curiosi^," a tragedy, (I737.) i* called Us
master-piece, and is constructed with remarkaUe akUL
His "Geo^ Barnwell" and "Arden of Fevdsham"
were also popular. Died in 1739.

LUiy, written also l£es and I7IT. (JoRK,) an English
^ .^,u.., ,.-. dramatic writer, bom in Kent about 1553- He wrote
■e and after ' several dramas, which wore performed with success, and
' flourished as a wit at the court of Elisabeth. About tjSo
he published " Euphues : the Anatomy of Wit," which
became very popular with that pedantic generation for
its affected and dainty style, called " Euphuism." " II
deserves notice," says Hallam, "on acconnt of the influ-
ence it Is recorded to have had upon the court of Eliia<
beth and over the public taste." He was the author of
a ^ons satirical pamphlet gainst Martin Mar-Prelate,
called " Pap with a Hatchet" Died about i6oa

Sea "Th* Drarutk Work* of John Wt. wiih Kim AcbbbU

- • ■' '•■ ^jS; "QwUrlrRnim"

," Ht, by T. W. Fauuhut, iI

«m1; (Ml,- B-tiwrf; t'^j;o,U,K,£itttiira!; v.nosai: t^trUleJ; iasi; thasinCtif. (J^See Explanations, p. 33.)

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UUf, (Wnxuu,) a Gunow EnglMi astrologer, bom
In LeicetlersUre in 160a. In earljtiife he waaemplojred
w a Mrrant in London. He began to stiidj astrologj

on pcduial affdrt in the cItU war. Some asenia of the
popolar party also patronuei) bim. He publiihed an-
ntially an almanac called "Merliniu Anglicna Ji

(1644-81.) His character is represented bj Bntler under
the name of "Sidropbel." Died in 1681.

IiiUy. {[William Samuel,) an English author,
bom at Fifehead in 1840. He gFaduated at Cam-
bridge in 1861, wm in the India service till 1870, be-
came a London bairistei in 1S73, and secretary of the
Catholic Union of Great Britain in 1S74. He pub-
lished "Ancient Religion and Modem Thought,"
(1SS4,) "ACenturyofRevolulion," (1889,) "Claims
of Christianity," (1894,) etc.

Ul'f or Iilllf, (William,) a distinguished English
•chooltaaster, born at Odiham, in Hampshire, aLont
146S. After Btudying languages in Greece and Rome,
be settled in London in 1509, and opened a grammar-
icbooL He appears to have been (he first who taught
Greek b London. In 1513 be became master of Sunt
Paul's School, just founded by Colet. He published,
beaides Latin poems, "Brevissima Insdtutio seu Ratio
Grammalices cognoacendiC," (1513,] commonly called
■Lilj^s Gtanunar," which was for a long time more
tued in Enf;lish schools than any other Latin grammar.
He was intimate with Erasmus, Died in 1523.

liImBmo,le'mi'rtk',(PAULiN,) a French IMintimr,
bom at Caussade in 1817. He became chief editor of
"La Pa trie," a daily paper of Paris, in 185S. Died 1S68.

Xdmborob, Tan, ^n llm'boRK', written also Lim-
borft (Hbndrik,) a Dutch painter, bom at the Hague
in i69io, was one of the best pupils of Adrian van der
Wer( of whoM works be made fine copies. Diedini75&

Zdmboioh, Tai^ (PmurFUS,) a learned Dutch theolo-
gian, was bom in Amsterdam the 19th of June, 1633. He
was oneof the principal supporters of the Remonsttant
or Arminian doctrines, which were condemned by the
Synod of Doit in 1619. After preachins for Ion years
at Gouda, he became in i663 jMkstoi anti professor of
theology at Amsterdam. He corresponded for a long
time with John Locke. His mo«t important work is
"Theologia Christiana," (1686,) "a system of dtvinirt
and morals which," says Hallam, "is the fullest delinea-
don of the Arminian scheme'" He wrote a "History
of the Inquisition,'' (1691.) Died in 1713.

Umbonts Tao, vln lim'babKo', (Jan Philippus,)

1 Flemish medical writer, bom near Spa in 1716. He

dsed at Spa with great succcm. Died in 181 1.

nba^-BroaireT, Tan, vln lim'biSBH bRAw'f r,

(Pimit,) a Dutch poel, born in 1795 ; died in 1847.
' 'b Eakl or. Sec Doncah.

B, lim-ni'tti, noKANN,) a Ger-

, ...a in 1591. He was preceptor

of the Hargrave of Antpach and of Albert of Brani

man publidsi, bom at Jen

K

Public Law of tlie Romano-Germanic Empire," (3 vols.,
if>4S-57,) and an "Account trf the French Honar^y and
Consntution," (" Notitia Regni Gallic," 1 vols., 1655.)

IdmonaJn or Umoaln. See Uohakd db Limousin.

Xdn. See Linus.

Ltn, TUi, vin lln, (Hans,) a Dtitch painter of genre,
who flourished about 1650, was sumamedSTiLHUix He
excelled in battle-pieces, and painted horses better than
any other Dutch artist except Wouwerman.

Uuaore, lin'f-k^, written also Linaocr (or Idas-
ksr) and Ltiuumt, (Thomas,) an eminent English
physician and scholiur, bom at Canterbury about 1460.
He learned Greek of Demetrius Chalcondylas at Flor-
ence, and studied medicine at Rome. Kbsx his return to
Eoa^and he lectured on medidne, and taught Greek at
Onord for several yean, until Henry VHI. employed

bim as physician and preceptor «f Ftince Aithar. He
was thejpruidpal founaer and fii« president of the Col-
lege of Physit^ns, London. At an advanced age he took
orders, and obtained the rectory of Mersham, a prebend
in York Catbedial, and other benefice*. He was an ex-
cellent dasslcal scholar, and a correspondent of Brasmna.
He tranalaled several of Galen's works into Latin, and
wrote " On the Correct Structure of Latin Prose," (" De
Eracndata Structura Latini Sermonis,'^ which HaHam
calls "the Grst-lruits of English emdition." and whidi
must, he says, have been highly valuable; Died in 1534.

S«*'LiniofBriti>hFb)wiini,"LiiDdcn,il]r; Bavu,"Hb-
■oricd ml Critiod Diatosary 1" NiciaoH, "Utoinn."

Unant^ le'nSN', (Michel,) a French litUraimr, bon
at Louviers ini7oS. Voltaire, who was bis Mend.spoka
highly of his taste and imagination. Linant lived in
Paris, and was employed as tutor to the sons of M.
Hubert. He wrote odea, epistles, and otfaer short poenu,
which gained several prizes of the French Academy. He
also published an edition of Voltaire's works, I173&I
Died m 1749.

Unok, link, (Joiunn Heinrick,) a German nata
ralist, born at Leipue in 1674 ; died in 1734.

Llnoks, link'f h, (Joskfh,) a Prussian violoncellist and
composer, born June 8, 17S3, at Trachenberg, in Silesia.
Died March z6, 1837.

Lincoln, link'pn, (Abraham.) the sixteenth President
of the United States, was bom in Hardiu county, Ken-
tucky, (in a part now included in Larue county,) the
lllh of February, 1S09. His ancestors were of &iglish
descent ; they are supposed to have originally emigrated
to America with the followers of William Penn. A
little bef<»e the middle of last century Ihcy rcrided in
Berks county, Pennsylvania, whence a part of the Guniljr

(emoved In 17U to Virginia. About the year 17S0
Abraham UnoMn, the grandfather of the subnet of thin
settled in Kentucky, where not long after be wx

stealthily shot by an Indian. He left three sons, of wl

the eldest, Thomas Lincoln, married and settled in Har-
din county in 180& Abraham Lincoln was his second
child and oldest son. His childhood was passed in tha
midst of hardship and toil Wben he waa scarcely
eight years old, his parents removed to Spoicer county,
Indiana. It was a difficult and wearisome journey, and
he ever afterwards retained a vivid recollection of dte
trials and hardships which he passed through on that
occasion. Before he was eleven Tear* Of age, he ex-
perienced a bitter and irreparable loss in the death of
bis mother. Under her guidance be had learned to
read and prire the Bible, and to her influence, there Is
reason to believe, he was largely indebted for the develop-
ment of those rare and noble moral traits which have
conferred npon him, if not a brilliant, at least a spotless
and evet-endnring fame. Among the books iriiid, as a
boy, he particularly valued, was a Life of Waahington ;
and it is not improbable that the contemplation (rf'anch a
character, wbidi united to pl^n and practical common
sense moral qualities of the highest order, may have
contributed not a little to that combination of stra^hu
forward simplicity and moral grandeur for which Lin-
coln was afterwards distinguished. The "Pilgrim^
Progress" was also one of his lavourite books; aitd tla
influence upon his style may perhaps be trued not
merely in bis preference for fbrdlde and racy Saxon
words, but also in that homely directness of expr«Mion
bf which all his speeches and vrritings are characterised.
On the breaking out of the Bladt Hawk war, in the
early part of 1832. Lincoln promptly volunteered for the
defence of the frontier settlementa, and was chosen captain
of his company. The war, however, haring been speedily
brought to a close before he had an opportunity of meet-
ing the enemy, he returned to the pursuits of peace. In
the political contest which took place between General
Jackson and Henry Clay in the autumn of 183a, he ical-
ously espoused the cause of the latter, for whom he
had felt an enthusiastic admiration from bis borhood.
He himself waa a candidate for the State legislature;
and, although unsuccessful, be received in bis own pre-
dnct two hundred and seventr-seven votes out of the
two hundred and eighty-four which had been cast; that

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ABRAHAM LINCOLN.

Digitized by VjOOQIC

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LINCOLN IS

BjlUrtj-iiine Ibitiethi of the wbole number. In 1834
be waa again a candidate for the Icgiilatnre, and «nu
tlectwL He was re-elected in 183& In Much, 1837,
be gare proof of the oprightneu ai well ai independ-
ence of ma character l^ recording bis protest on the
(oatnal of the House asaintl tome eitremc pro-si aven
itaolatioiis which had been pasted b; the Democratic
BUJOTitf '■* '^^ l^^alnre. At that time the expression
of any anti-slavery sentimenla

Dliaoia. Lincoln and another member who shared his
Tiewa declared in their protest that *■ thej believe that
die institntion of slavery ia Toanded in injoitice and bad
policy.'' Having been again elected to the legislature
m 1838; he became the admowledged leader of the
Whigi in ^e Hoose, and Teceived [he entire rote of his
parn for the spealienhip, which he lost by only one vote.
He had been admitted to the bar in tSlb, and In April,
1S37, he established himself permanently in Sprinnleld
and commenced the practice of law in earnest, with John
T. Stuart as his partner. In Noveaiber, 1841, he mar-
lied Misa Mary Todd, daughter of Robert S. Todd, Esq^
of Lexington, Kentuctr. Having accepted the nomi-
nation forCongresstni846,he wastriamphantly ele(Md,
being the only Whig out of the seven representatiTea
sent Inr OlirMxs to the national legislature. Daring the
time that he wai in Congress he uniformly gave his vmce
in bvonr of freedom, voting a^nst laying on the table
without consideratian the petitiimi br the abolition trf
sbrety, aitd always supporting the doctrinea of the
Wilmat Prowo whenever any meaiure of thii kind
waa before the House. The passage of the Nebraska
Un in Mn, 1854, mvolvinK the re^al of the Missouri
Compromise, gave everywhere flresh interest and ar-
dour to the contest between freedom and slaver*. A
United States Senator was to be choeen by the luinoia
lepslalnTb lincoln had lieen nominated oj the Repdb-
Enn party as their candidate (or the Senate of the United
States. Judge Douglas, confessedly the ableat politician
and best debater among all the Democratie leaders of
the West, was the opposing candidate. Lincoln chal-
lenged hit opponent to a teriet of puUic discus^oiu

tbort, in every essential qualification for the (Uacnirion
ti those great principles which were then agitating the
ooontiy Kom one extremity to the other. As the elec-
tion at Umted States Senator depended on the legisla-
ture, and na« on a direct vote W the people, Dtraglas
was the auccessful competitor j but the extraordinary
abiHtvdiBplaTed by Lincoln in the discussion above re-
ferred to, led to hU nonunation by the Republican par^
in i860 at their candidate for the Presidency. No Presi-
dential contest involving issues to momentous bad ever
before occorred. The general election then abont to
take place was to decide the all-important qnestion
whether the Wighting influence of slavery should be
allowed toextendtoeverypirt of the republic, or should
tiiencefbrward be restricted to the Icrritory vrhicb H
already possessed. Never before had any Pmddential
slection so strongly excited all the bopes and fears of the
patriot, all the affections and passions of the people.
It took place on the 6th of November, tS6a Lincoln
received the electoral votes of all the free States except
New Jersev, which was divided, giving him four votes
and Donglas three. Breckinridge received the votes
(rf' an the slave States eicept Virginia, Kentucky, Ten-
nessee:, and Missouri; the three former voted for Bell,
the last for Douglas. Lincoln recelv^ in all one hun-
dred and eighty electoral votes, Breckinridge seven ty- two,
Bell thirty-nine, and Donglas twelve.

No aoODer was tiie result of the election known then
several of the Southern States made preparations for
ibniMllr sepanting themselves from the Federal Union.
SoDtb Carolina took the lead ht the secession movement
mwned in Novenber and passed an

LINCOLN

act calling a Stste convention to meet on the lyth of
December. It met accordingly, and on tlie 90lh an
ordinance was passed nnanimoBily dtssotvlng the union
till then " tobttitlng between South Carolina and other
States under the name of the United States of America."

a settled

that convention, tbat the a

the resnlt of any sudden excitement or hastilj-sd
resolution, but was the deliberate fulfilment of a a
and long-cherished purpose. "The secession of Eonth
Carolina," said Mr, Rhett,"was not the event of a day."
It was "a matter which had been gathering head lor
thirty years." Mr, Inglis said that most of them had
had It "under consideration for the last twenty years."
" So far," says Raymond, "as South Carolina was con*
cemed, there can be no doubt that her action was de-
cided by men who had been plotting disunion for thirty
years, not on account of any wrongs her people had sas-
tained at the hands of the Federal government, but from
motives of personal and sectional ambition, and liiT the
purpose of establishing a government which should be
permanentiy and completely In the interest of slavery."
C Lincoln'! Administration," chap. L) Following the
example of South Carolina, HIssiMippi passed an ordi-
nance of secession on the (rlh of January, iS6t,* Florids
Tanuary 10, Alabama January tt, Georgia January 18,
Louisiana January i6| Texas February i. Thus, more
than a month prerious to the expiration of Mr. Buch-
anan's term itf office, seven States had done all that
lay in their power to disscdve their connection with ths
Union. Deflates appointed by the conventions of Ae
seceding States mot at Montgomery early in Febnian,
and formed a new Confederacy, of which Jefferson Dana,
of Mississippi, was elected Praddent, and Alexander H.

:othe
people of Savannah, attempted to vindicate the conrae
of the seceden in setting up a new government in oppo-
sition to that of the United States. On that occasion he
said that the prevailing ideas of Jeflerson and "most
of the leading statesmen at the time of the fbrmatioo of
the old CoBMltution were that the enslavement of the
Afrkan was a violatiM of the laws of nature, that tl was
wrong In prindpte, sodallv, morally, politically. . . .
These ideas, however, were fundamentally wrong. They
rested upon the assumption of the equality of races.
This was an error. . . . Our new government was
foanded upon exactly the opposite Ideas ; its foundations
are laid, Ita comer-stone rests, upon the great truth that
the negro is not equal to the white man: that slavery,
subordination to the superior race, is his natural and
normal condition. This, our new government, ia the
first in the history of the world based upon this great
physical, philosophical, and moral truth."

While President Buchanan took the ground that ttw
Federal government had no right 10 coerce the secedina
States, several membersof the cabinet had not neglected
the opportunities which their official position afforded, of
m-omotlng the Interests of the Southern Confederacy.
The secretary of war, lohn R Floyd, took care to malce
tndi a ditpotlHon of toe Federal anus and ammimitiou
that in case the new administration should be disposed
to adopt a more decisive policy it would find its enerala
paralyzed tiy a total want tA the material of war, while
the revolted States, in case of necesaity, might readily
possess themselves of that verv material whltS had been
thus adroitly placed beyond the reach of the Federal
KOvemmenL An olBcial report from the ordnance
department, dated Januarr 10, 1861, tbows that during
the year 1E60 iiU»o muskets had been removed from
Northern annon'ea and sent to Southern arsenals by a
sin^e order of the secretary of war ; and it was claimed
for him, t:^ one of his eulogists in Virginia, that, while
a member of President Bn^anan's cabinet, Mr. Floyd
"thwarted, resisted, and forbade" certain measures
which, if carried into effect, would have tendered ths
formation of the Southern Confederacy hnposnble.

It wat under sncb circumstances at these— witii seven

■ThsH ditHiiiiid r
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Digitized by CjOOQ IC

LINCOLN

of the most influcjtiil of Ihe United State* (n open
tolt, and seTeral other* on the eve of secesiion, — with
timoroDt indedslon at the head of the goTcmment, and
secret treaton lurking not onljr among the membera
of the calrinet, but also among the officers of the am;
■od iMTy— that Abraham Lincoln, on the i lib of Fet-
nury, 1861, left hia Western home and proceeded to
Waahinalon to take into hia hand* the reins of govern-
ment His brief parting words to bia litenda at Spring-

in God by which he was sustained through all the perils
and darkness which lurrounded hia aduunUlration. " My
Friendi : No one not io mjr position can appTcciatB the

sadness I feel at this parting. To thb people I "

that I am. Here I Iiare lived more tliaii a qnai
centurr ; here 117 diDdren were bom, and here
them lies buried. I know not how soon I shall
again. A dutr devolves upon me which is, perhaps,
greater than that which hat devolved upon any other
man since the days of Washin^n. He never would
hsYe succeeded except for the aid of divine Providence,
upott whidi be at all times relied. I feet that I cannot
sncoeed withont the same divine ud which sustained
him; and on the lame almighty Being 1 place my reli-
ance for support ; and I hope you, my friends, will all
prav that I may receiTe that divitie assistance, mthout
which I cannot ancceed, bat with which aaccess is
certain. Again I trid yon all an afiectionate &rewell-"

A rumour was corrent some time before the Preudent-
elect left his home in IlUnoia, that he would never reach
the nationa] capital alive. An attempt was made (Fc1>-
mary 11} on the Toledo and Western Railroad to throw
fiwn the track the train on which he was : and afler-

19 found to

likewise heei. ._

through Baltimore on his way
Seward and General Scot^ having been informed of
that 6ct, arranged it that Lincoln should pass through
Baltimore several hours earlier than had at first been
proposed. The plans of the conspiratora were thn
nistrated, and the President-elect reached Washington
in safety on the monUng of the asd of Febmary.

Mr. Lincoln was inaagurated as Preudent of the
United States on Ihe 4th of Uarch. 1S61. In bis ad-
dress on that occauon be mildly bat distinctly and
Gnnly announced bis purpose to "take care that the
bwsof the Union be bith fully executed in all the States."
" I trust," be adds, " this will not be regarded as a
menace. . . . There need be no bloodshed or violence ;
and there shall be none, unless it be forced upon the
national authority. The power conSded to me will be

and imposts ; but, beyond what may be necessary for
Ibese objects, there will be no invasion, no using of force
against or among the people, anywhere. . . . llie mails,
unless repelled, will continue to be liimished in all paiia
of the Union. So 8ur as possible, Ihe people everjrwhere
■hall have that sense <rf perfect security which is most

bvourable to calm thought and reflection Physically

■peaking, we cannot separate. We cannot remove our
respective sections from each other, nor build an impass*
able wall between them. A husband and wife may be
divorced and go out of the presence and beyond the
reach of each Mhei ; but the diffident parts of our coun-
try cannot do this. They cannot but remain Cue to Gtce ;
and interconrae, either amicable or hostUo, must continiw
between them. la it possible, then, to make the inter-
couise more advantageous or more aatis&ctoiy after
separatioB than before } . . . THR CHtEr HAGlSTkATK
r rtatt thb pioplb ; and

)NK I/PON HIU TO FIX TCKMS

!«Statm. . . . HisDimris

TO ADMINiTTEB THK FRBSENT OOVKUtMENT AS IT CAIU

nrro his hands, and to tkaksuit it i;nimpaikbd by

HIK TO HIS SUCCESSOR.

"Hy coanlrymen, one and all, think calmly and well
upon this whole subject. Nolhins valuable can be lost
\i] taking time. If there be an object to hurry any of

ma io hot haste tc

step which you would never taks

fletiberately, that object will be frustrated b; taking
time j bnt no good object can be frostraled by it . . .

. You can have no conflict without being yourselves
E aggressors. You have no oath registered in heaven
destroy the government while I shall have the mcst
lemn one to ' preserve, protect, and defend' It" Hr.
Lincoln did not deny that the law* of the Federal gov-
itself might perbin

-, -pon some secHon* of the

country ; but he thought that all grievances of this kind

deny th

en the (

leooaily and hardly upon si

; out he thought that all gri

would De fiu more likely to be properly redressed through

bear

enough, however, for the slave-holding party
enied not merely the expediency bat the riffit
of any Slate or sectional combination of Slates to se-

cede. This was considered equivalent to a dcclaradon
of war ; and active preparations for the coming struggle
were at once commenced [hroueboai the seceded State*.
The moderate, reasonable, and condliatory lone of the
Inaugural had, it cannot be doubted, a most happy eSect,
not only In uniting and consolidating, so to speak, the
pnblic sentiment of the North, but also in enconranng
alt those in the border States who, whatever may &tb
been their views in relation to slavery, bad not yet east
off all Bitachmeut to the national Aag and the Federal
Union. Fort Sumter, in the hatboor of Charleston, was
occupied by a United States garrison, under the oom-
mand of Major Anderson. General Beaurenrd, on the
part of the Southern Confederacy, demanded its sur-
render. To this demand, which was made on the iilh
of April, Major Anderson at once replied that his''se

Major Anderson, after a gallant resistance of thirty-three
bonis, was at length obliged to evacuate the place, which
he did on Ihe morning of the 141b. The bombardment
of Fort Sumter was the first aegressive act committed
on either side. It produced a deep and intense excite
ment throughout the Northern States, breaking down
for a titne ail party distinctions, and uniting the whole
people in an earnest unfaltering purpoae to support the

to mut in extra seadon <ra the 4lh of July following,
and calling onl "the militia of the several States of the
Union, to the aggregate number of 75.000," for the pur-
pose of supporting the authority and enforcing the laws
of the Federal Union. 11 was not however, merely fiw
maintaining the authority of the government that troops
were needed, but for [he defence of the national capiul
itself. The President of the Southern Confederacy had
declared, more than a month before, that whenever war
should commence the North and not the South should
be the battle-Geld ; and Ihe recent attack on Fort Sumter
was a sufficient proof that no veneration Ibr Ihe national
flag nor any lurking scruples of any kind would be likely
to prevent Ihe carrying out of that threat if it were poo-
aible to accomplish It All the Northern States responded
to the demand of President lincolu with the almost
alacrity and seal. Massachusetts — be it said to her
— ortal honour— was the first in the field. The

day after the issue of the proclamation, her Sixth

regiment left Boston for the national capital Two
more regiments set out within forty-^ight noun. The
Sixth reelment was attacked (April 19) in BaltimoFe
by a mob carrying a secession flag, and severaJ of
the Boldiera were killed or severely wounded. Gov-
Hicks having united with Mayor Brown, of Balti-

• The viTT not day iFltT Ui)or AndenoD hwl ■ncnaud dHr
r Fort SuTntn, m lu^njEJourail of Nnr YoA fHK^Triban^

ud Ibrciblir abfcrvtd.

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LINCOLN 15

■ore, in niEinff, Ibi prudential rcMOiu, tbat no more
iToop* •ho<3d M brought tbrongh that du, it waa ar-
ni^ed tliat tliOM neednl for the derence of Waahinglon
lixmld in Aiture be aent tliither bjr war of Annapolia.
On Uie 19th of April Pretident Lincoln iMued a procla-
mation btodcadlna tlw port* of the acceded StatM. TtK
•adtement eaxaeS bf the bombardment of Fort Sumter,
wliich tended «o powerfallj to unite public sentiment at
the North, appeared to have produced a atill greater
dfect in the Soathem States, where the enthuaiaam
of the people waa inflamed almost to frenzy by what
■eemed the brilliant sncceu of the Confederates, in re-
dtidng so quickly a fortress which wai regarded a* one
of ^ ttroneest in the United States, though it was at
that ttme feebly garrisoned and supplied witli piovisiona
(or a few days only. Yielding to this whirlwind o( ex-
dtement, the legislature of Virginia, on the 17th of
April, (three daya after the taking of Fort Sumter,)
pused an ordinance of secession by a Tote of 8S lo 55.
HM lofw after, the State Convention of North Carolina,
elected dnrii^ the exdtement which followed (he cap-
ture ot Sumter, passed unanimouily an ordinance of

nadeon both sides

StUei more than a hundred thousand troops had been
raited, of which the larger portion had been marched
towards the Northern border. Thegreatneasof the force
trrayed against the government made an additional sup-
ply of troops necessary for the security of the national
c^taL A second proclamation was issoed on [he 3d
of May, calling into the United Stales service a large
Mmber of voTunteers, and greatly increasing the force
both (rfthe armT and navy. The difficulties surroonding
the new admiiustration were rendered still more ''
n^dable by the predpitale action of the French

Endtah EOTemmenls, which, as soon as information waa
received that hoMilitics had actually begun in America,
detenninedf in concert, to acknowledge the Southern
Confederacy as a belligerent power.

In accordance with the proclamation of the 15th of
April, Congreas met in extra session, July 4. 1801. In
Ike message which on tbat occasion tno Fresident ad-
dressed to the Senators aud representatives, after re-
viewing tbc condition of the country and explaining
the course of the government, he proceeds to say, —

" It is thus seen that the assault upon and redaction
of Fort Sumter was in no sense a matter of self-defence
■pon the part of the assailants. They well knew that
the ganiaon in the fort could by no possibility '*

It all wbi^ would on that
Dccaaioii be attempted, tmlets themselves, by resist'
•o moch, ^wmld provoke more. They knew that t
government deMred to keep tbe garrison in the fart, :
Id assail them, bat to maintain visible possession, i _
thus 10 preserve tbe Union &om actual and immediate

_ . . yt final adjustment ; and they assailed

and reduced tbe fort for precisely the reverse object, to
drive out the visible authority of the Federal Union and
thoa force it to immediate disaolution. ... In this act,
discarding all else, they have forced upon the country
the distinct iastie, 'immediate dissolution or blood.'

"And this issue embraces more than the &te of

tbeae United States. It presents to the whole family of
■an tl)e question whether a constitutional republi"
democracy — ■ government irf the people by the a
people — can or cannot maintain its territorial int^rity
•gamtt its own domestic foct. . . .

■"Iiwaa with tbe deepest regret that the Execntlve
Ibond the duty of employing the war-power in debnce
of the government forced upon him. He could but per-
Ibrm this duty or surrender the existence of the govem-
■enL ... As a private citizen, the Executive could not
have consented that these institutions should perish ;
moch less coald he, in betraval of so vast and to tacred
n trust as these &ee [>eople have confided to him. He

There were a few members in both Hontet who in-
sisted that any employment of the war-power against
the rebels waa unconstitutional ; but the general senti-
of Congress littly snstuned the President in tbe

le he had taken. On luly 15, Mr. McClemand, a
Democratic member from Illinois, oflered a resolution
pledging tbe House to vote any amount of money and
any number of men neccssair to suppress the rebellion
and restore the authority of the governmenL This reso-
lution was adopted with bnt five dissenting; voles. The
rited action of Congress seemed to inspire the people

^rywhere throuehout the North with renewed hope

and confidence. 'Hiwardsthe latter part of June, a large
rebel force had occupied a strong position on Bull Run
Creek, near Manassas. It was resolved on the part et
the Federal government to attack and drive back this

; and the belief was generally entertained that a
„ c dedded success on the part of the Union armies
would put an end to the war. The Federal forces, com-
manded by General McDowell, made an attack upon
the position of the rebels on the aisl of July; but they
met with a disastrous defeat, and were driven back in
great disorder towards Washington. Then, for the first
time, the Northern States realized the greatness of the
Mn^ct which was before them. They then understood
how great were tbe advantages possessed by the Con-
federates in consequence of tbeir having been for year*
preparing for war. No inconsiderable portion of their

IS had been thorough^ disdplined under excellent

irs, while manv of the Northern troops had scarcely

any discipline at alL Add to this that a lar^e proportion

of the best and most experienced officers m tlie regular

ly of the Umted States had resigned their commis-

18 and Mned the Confederate canse. All the prin-

dpal Confederate officers, with scarcely an exception,
had been educated at the national mihtary academy at
West toiat, and bad aftemrds held important positiora
in the regular army. It may suffice to ate the names of
Generals Joseph E. and Albert Sydney Johnston, Teller-
son Davia, tbe President of the Southern Confe<feracy,
and General Robert E. Lee, regarded, at the time of the
breaking out of the rebellion, at by fiir the ablest officer
Ln the United States army. General Scott having become
through age and intirmiues unequal to the duties of tbe

surprise was over, its effect was to rouse the courage and
determination of the people to the highest point. Vol-
unteers flocked by thousands to join the nattonal army.
" — 1 tbe time of Lincoln's inauguration, through all the
lot months of the spring and summer of 1861, Gene-
ral Scott had retained nis position st commander of the

— 'es of the United States, and had given the govern-
the benefit of his wisdom and experience and the

lappon of hJs great influence and unwavering loyal^.
*' ''«igth, on the 31st of October, in consequence of ill
h and advancing age, he applied to the secretary of

— lo be released from active service. He was accord-
ingly placed upon tbe list of retired officers of the army
ofthe United States, bat retaining his fiill pay, according
to a spedal provision passed by Congress m the summer
session. At the recommendation of General Scott, Gene-
ral McClellan, who had obtained marked distinction by
his success during the summer of 1861 in clearing
Western Virginia of rebel troops, waa called to Wash-
ington and appointed to the command of tbe Federa)
forces. He at once CMnmenoed a tboroiudi reorganiza-
tion of the amy, and before ntaiiy months brought it
into a stale of high and efficient disdpline. Unfortunately,
his sympathies were rather with the moderate sla<i«-
holders than with the staunch supporters of the govern-
ment, and, when it became necessary to sacrifice slaven
in order to save the republic, he could not nerve himsell
to the task. In a war of a difierent kind, requiring simply
vigilance, skill, and the spirit of condliation, he raigbt
have earned enduring laurete. But the Coofederales had
gone too Eu to be won back by conciliation. As nothing
could satisfy them short of breaking up the Union, so
nothing was left br the Federal govsmment, if it would
escape general ditruplioo and utter ruin, but to suppress
the rebellion by force of anna.

«Mi;faa/.-e4dr^,'gas/;o,ll,K,/W»>ra/,-N,nan>/;li,A-B»it/:iasi.'thaaini:*u. (|^See £xplaaalii>ns,p. 13.1

d by Google

LINCOLN

lite fortca wider tbe immediite commuul at Ueneral
HcCtellan hiving remained inacdTC dorine mMt of the
frinter of 1861-fia, Freaident Liocoln iuueS on th« aTtb
«r Januarjr, 1S63, an order that on the iid of Febriiar]r a
general movement aitaiDSC the insurgenti should be made
by the land and nav^ forces of the United States. Gene-
ral McClelUn at first objected, in a lener to the secre-
tary of war, 10 the plan of operations which he had been
directed to purBue. At length, on the 13th of March, a
conncil of war was held, in which it was dcddcd to ad-
vance against Richmond fi-om Fortreu Monroe. The
army was conveyed by water down the Potomac and
Chesapeake Bay 10 the mouth of James River. Soon
after the commencement of the campaign. General
HcClellan began to complain that he was not property
■upported by the Executive at Washington. Advandi^
into the heart of a hostile country, where his enemies,
by means of the railroads, which they could completely
control, might concentrate, at a very short notice, all their
available force at or near the point of threatened attack,
it behooved him, undoubtedly, to use great drcumspec-
tioik Unhappily, the extreme precautions which he took
•gainst a doubtnit or contingent peril had no other effect
than 10 surround him with teal dangeii of the most for-
midable character. Hie movements were so Blow and
hesitating that the Confederate* not only had time to
assemble their forces from distant points and erect ex-
tensive fortifications, but even to raise and disdpline
large reinrorcements of fresh troops. Had be early In
April advanced with his army gainst Yorktown, he
would have met with a feeble resistance, and might, in
all probability, have pushed on at once to the conquest
of Richmond. But he dcdded to approach it by a regular
■i^e i extensive earthworks were thrown up, and tbe
campaign was protracted into the hottest part of the
summer. His troops, compelled to encamp among the
•wampa adjacent totheChickahominy, perished in great
numMTS biim disease. At last, after a series of sanEni-
xarj but indecisive conflicts, the army was fotcca to
retreaL It was moved in August from James River by
water to Aoui'a Creek, on the Potomac, some forty miles
below Washington. About the same time the army of
General Pope, after several days of hard fighting Dear
Manassas and Centreville, was driven back with heavy
loss upon Washington. There was perhaps no darker
period during the whole war than that m which the
•ummer of 1S63 came to a close ; and we may safely say
that no one throughout the land felt more deepl]r the
reverses and suflenng* of his countrymen than President
Lincoln.

On the >d of September, General McClelliin took
command of all the available troops for the defence of
the capital. General Lee, having crossed the Potomac
(September c) into Maryland, was attacked and de-
feated by McClellan at Antietam on the i6th and 17th
of September. He retreated into Virginia, and was not
pursued. Early in October McClellan was ordered to
cross the Potomac and give battle to the enemy or drire
him southward ; but, having delayed his advance iat
about three weeks, he was removed from his command,
by an order dated November 5. General Bumslde, who
succeeded McClellan as commander of the army cif the
Potomac, attacked (December 13) General Lee, then
occupying a strongly-fortified position at Fredericks-
burg, and was repnlsed with severe loss. Again, on the
3d and 3d of May, 1863. General Hooker was wonted
by General Lee in a very hard-fought battle at Chancel-
lorsville. The great and repeated disastets experienced
by the Union armies from the beginning of the war, bat
mors particularly those of the summer of i363, appear
to have prepared the people of the Northern Slates for
the adoption of a more radical policy on the part of tbe
^vemment. At first it hid been the aim of the Execu-
tive to preserve the Union with all the pr"""'""- "' ''■-

nibiect of slavery at the ci
he had very strong reasoi
he had hitherto thought pi

it was only with the greatest dUBcolqr that Moiyland,
Kentucky, Tennessee, aitd Hissouti oonld be prevented
from following Virginia and North Carolina and joining
the rebellion. If, then, the Federal govemment, with
those States standbig nentnl or divided, was able to re-
establish its authority only after years of conflict and the
loss of hundreds of tlionsands oE lives, what might hava
been the issue had those four populous and warlike
States fixwi the very commencement of the war been
closely and firmly united with the Confederacy f Had
President Uncoln at once, on the breaking out of the
rebellion, attempted the overthrow of slavery, there la
n to believe that all the above-named States would
arrayed themselves against the government, and
the theatre of war, instead of being almost eiclosivelv
confined to the territory of the slave States, would, in all
probability, have been extended to the adjacent free
Slates,— to Pennsylvania and Ohio, if not still farther.
Nor would this have been the only misfortune ; such an
attempt would, it can scarcelv be doubted, have divided
the people in many of the free States, and prevented
them from f^ving the govemment that cordial and united
support so indispensable to the Union cause in SDch ■

The consdentiouE and anxious desire evinced by the
Piewdent to respect the constitutional rights of every
section of the country, if it produced noEavoorable influ-
ence upon the minds of the Confi^eraies, had at least
the effect of gaining over to his cause multitudes of hia
political opponents in the Northern as well as in the bor-
der States ; so that tens of thousands who had opposed
his election in i860 became, before the close of his firal
Presidential term, of the number of his most cordial
supporters. He considered it, indeed, to be not merely
expedient, but to be his imperative duty, to weigh care-
fully all the drcumstances by which he was surrounded.

truths, and then Isave the minds of men to embrace
them, as they may be prepared to do sa But he who,
being placed at tne head of a government, neglects to
consider the question whether nis measures are prac-
ticable, or whether they are or are not adapted to tbe
actual condition and wants of (be people, can have no
daim to the name of statesman, although he may poa-

bly merit that of a Eu'-seetng reformer or philanthropist.

To some, who were urging him to issue at once a
prodamation of emandpalion, intimating that they felt
assured it was th« will of God that he should do so,
Lincoln replied, " I hope it will not be irreverent for me
to say that, if it is probable that God would reveal hia
will to others on a point so connected with my duty, it
might be supposed he would reveal it directly to ine ;
for, unless I am more deceived in myself than I often
am. it is my earnest desire to know the will of Providence
in this matter ; and ifl can learn what it is, 1 will do it"
At another time he said, "There are 50/10O bayonets in
the Union anny fi^m the border slave Slates. It would
be a serious matter jl, in consequence of a prodamatiOD
such as you desire, they should go over to the rebels.
. . . Every day increases their Union feeling." He dili-
gently sought every opportunity of informing himself re-
specting the condition of public sentiment, especially in
regard to the question of emandpation. A great diangs
in the minds 01 the people had undoubtedly taken place
in this respect, not only in the North, but also in several
of the slave StUes. After mature deliberation, being at
length satisfied that the welbre of the country would be
promoted by such a meaaure, and that public senti-
ment would sustain it, he issued (September sa, 1861) a
proclamation of emandpation. In which it was dedared
that on the first day of Janiuui^ 1863, "all persons held
as slaves within any State, or designated part ttf a State,
the people whereof shall then be in rebeluon against the
United States, shall be then, thenceforward, and fbrever
free ; and the executive government of the United Slatea,

the protection of^that instrument, it might become
pedient or necessary to assail them on the side where
Ihey were confessedly weakest, — viz., through tbe institn-
tton of slavery. PteMdeot Lincoln bad Men censored
by some (or not taking a mote dedded position --■'--

i.e,I,a,fl.y.j;wy;l,i,A,s«iiie,lessprolonged;i,<.I,6,a,;,*i«f»;f,^,i,»«fanw»;flr.ttn.at;inh;n&iga6dim^

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

LINCOLN

J tbe miUtvjr and imv*I Milhoritj thereof will
RCognise and nuintaiii the Ireedoin of Midi peiMini,
■nd will do BO xct or acta to repiea* *i*cb percoDa, oi
any of tbein, m any efforts they may make for tbeii
actml freedom."

After the battle of ChancelloraTille the tide of aocceM
■ecmed to tarn in fi)vour of tbe Union cause. Ttds is
not the place to so into any detailed account of the
tnorements of the cuflerent aimtes. ItmayloSce briefly
to notice a tew of the principal battles which constituled,
•o to speak, turning-points in the history of the war, and
which bad an immediate and important influence in
bringing it to a close;

On fte 3d of July, 1863, the anny of the Potomac,
■nder General Heade, deftated the rebel forces, com-
manded by General Lee, in a Kteat battle (whidi had

tnre<J Vicksbure, afler a long and most obstinate defeni

: the s

The number of Confederate t

15,000 were fit ibr duty. "Ttiis," says Mr. Greeley,
" wa* the heaviest single blow ever given to the muscu-
lar resources of the rebellion 1 and no other campaign
bi the war equals in brilliancy of conception and general
•access in eiecation that which resulted in the capitula-
tion of Vicksburg." As Commander Farragnt, sa|: ported
tna land-army under General Butter, had already (April,
t86lj taken ponesuon of New Orleans, the conqnest
of VKluboTB gave to tlie Unionists the command of the
UianMippi tnroaehoiit iu entire length.
The courage, skill. Mid, above all, the nnconqncrable

y displayed by Geoeral Grant in the «ege and

re of Vicksburg, aeemed to pdnt biro oat to the

e of Hr. Greeley, "his fitness for the chief
id was decided, if not pre-eminent ; and that
Wat an atter disbelief in tbe emcacy of any rose-watei
treatment of the rebellion." On the ist of March, 1864,
fa compliance with a reeommendatian lA Ctmgrefs, the
Preiident q>paiated Geoeral Grant Iteutenant-general of
tbe annies tA the Utiiled States. When he pi«seMed
General 'Grant with Us CMnmittion, Hr. Lincoln ad-
dresKd him with these words : " The nation's appteda-
Umi of what yon have already done, and its reliance optm
yoa for what still remains to be done, in the existing
freat straggle, are now presented with this commission,
eooslhating yen Beotenant-general of the annies of the
United Slates. With this high honour devolves nptrn
TDB •boacatrespoading responsiUlity. As the coimtiy
■erefn irmts yo«, so^ nnder God, it will sustain yoo. 1

elected Pretident of tbe United States, General HcClel-
Ian being tbe opposing candidate. Lincoln received the
TMes of all the Northern Stales except New Jersey and
Delaware.

General Grants having taken IntraecHate command of
die army of tbe Potomac^ commenced early in Hay the
•ver-memorable campaign of 1864 gainst Richmond.
After many severe and bloody conSicts, and the display
«f oonsiuunale nilitai^ skiU on tbcrpart of the rival com-
manders, and an obstinate bravery 00 tbe part of their
tiocm, rardy paraltded in the history of wariare, Gen-
enl Xee was at length (April a, 1S65) forced to abandon
dte defence of Ricbmraid, which was evacuated tbe fol-
lowing night, and on tbe 9tb of April lis surrendered to
General Grant with all his army. On the 17th of the
Mune month, Genetal J. E. Johnston, commander of the
•ootbern division (rf tM Confederate army, then in North
Carolina, entered into terms of capitolation with Gen-
eral Shennan, according to which all the Confederate
tnopa still remaining in the fidd were to lay down their
arms and retom to tbeii respective States. Thns the
war oT tbe rebellion waa faroaght to a dose. But, before

««s*,- (asf a*ani;ta»j; a, a, XtpHOirai; M, Moial; r, fr

55 LINCOLN

the final arrangement between Sherman and Johnston
was completed, the aniversal joy of tbe Northern States
was changed into bitter mourning by the death of Presi-
dent Lincoln, who was cut off in the very hour of triumph
by the hand of an assassin. A desperate band of con-
spiratora, of whom John Wilkes Boolb, a native of
Maryland, was the ringleader, had for some time enter-
tained the design of seizing the President and making
him a prisoner. Finding no opportunity to carry tiu£
parpoSe into effect, they resolved at length to take his
lifi^ The great object of Lincoln's administration — the

April be sought at Ford's Theatre a l»ief relaxation from
the duties snd cares of his high office. Booth, bdng an
actor by profession, had free admittance to the theatre.
While the Pre^dent's attention was absorbed by the
scene before him, the assassin approached him from
behind, luipercdved. To make sure of his victim. Booth

ont uttering a sound ; and, although
breathe for several hours, he was evidently wholly un-
consdous from the time that he received the &tal woand
until his death, which occurred at half-past seven on the
morning of tbe 15th. Hr. Lincoln had often received
anonymous letters threatening him with death ; but his
thoughts were too much occupied with the aBairs of
the nation to permit him to feel anxiety for his personal
safety ; and, indeed, it was impossible for him, as be
intimated to some of his friends who urged him to be
more on his guard, to render his life secure without
adopting precautions alike repugnant to his own fed-
ifiM and to the universal usage of his country. We
believe it is no exaggeration to say that, since the dawn
of history, no more upright or consdenlioas ruler than
Abraham Uncoln ever presided over the destinies ol a
great nation ; nor has there been any more free friHll
every taint of selfish ambition or personal resentment
Among the many eminent men who, in their writings
public speeches, have attempted to portray the char-
acter and commemorate the virtnes of President Uncoln,
we know of none who has been more successful than
Mr. Emerson. Tbe admirable fitness of his remarks
must be oar apdogy, if any be needed, for giving the
following extracts E^om Ua discourse delivered at tbe
Mineral acrrices held in Concord, Massacbusetia, April

"A plain man of the people, an extraordinary for*
Itine attended him. Lord Bacon says, 'Manifest virtues
procure reputation; occult ones, fortune^' He oSered
no shining qualities at the &st eacounteri he did not
ofiend bysopeitotily. Ho had a &ce and manner wUcb
disarmed sutpidon, which insinred confidence, which
confirmed good will. He was a man without vices. He
had a strong sense of duty, which it was very easy fbi
him to obey. Then he had what £u'mers call a '1<h^
head i' was excellent in working out tbe sum for himself—
In ttpuag his case and convlndng you birly and firmly,
. . . He bad a vast good nature, which made him tderant
and accessible to all. . . . Then his broad good humour,
running easily into jocular talk, in which he delighted
and in which he eicdied, was a rich gift to this wise
man. It enabled him to Iteep his secret, to meet every
kind of man, and every rank in sodety, ... to maali
bis mm purpose and sound liis companion, and to catch
with true instinct the temper of every company he ad-
dressed, //it ecaipyittg t/u cJiair ef itaU was a trbunfik
of Iht good ttiue of mankind mid ef i/u^blii cfmdena.
This middle-dass country had got a middle-class Presi-
dent at last. Yes, in manners and sympathies, but not
powers; for bis powers were superior. This man
'ew according to the need ; his mind mastered tbe prob-
m of the day; and as the problem grew, so did his
comprehension of iL Rarely was a man so fitted to the
lL . . . It cannot be said that there is any exagger-
1 of his worth. If ever a man was fiirly lestedThe
There was no lack of resistance, nor of slander,
of ridicule. . . . Then what an occasion was the
whirlwind of the war 1 Here was place for no holiday
I as i; th as in etu. (IT See Explanations, p. SJ.)

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>5S«

LINDB

■lagistTale, no ^r-weather sailor : the new pilot wai
tinnied to the helm in a tomadot In ibnr yeara — (bui
fun or battle-dafs — his endurance, h<> fertility of re-
•ourcea, hi* magnanimitr, were lorel; tried and never
(band wanting. There, riy his coarage, hii justice, his
even temper, nil fertile counsel, his humanity, he stood
a heroic ^nre In the centre of^ a heroic epoch. He Is
the tme history of the American people in bis time — the
true representative of this continent — nther orhis country,
the pnlse of twenty millions throbUng in his heart, the
thoaehl of their minds articulated by his tongue."

I&ooln, (BstiJAUiH.) an American general, bom in
Hlngham, Massachusetts, in January, 1^33. He waa
originally a larmer. In 1^76 he was appointed a major,
general of militia, and joined the army of Washington
with reinforcements in February, 1777. In this year he
was appointed major-general by Congress, and was or-
dered to join the Northern army, commanded by General
Gates. In October, 1777, he received a wound which
disabled him for neatlv a year. He was appointed 10
the chief command of the Southern department aboat
September, 1T78, and defended Charleston against Gen-
eral Prevoet in the spring of 1779. In October of thai
year GcnenI Lincoln and Count D'Ettaing made an
nnsnccesiful assault on Savannah. He was besieged by
Sir Heniy Clinton in Charleston, which he was com-
pelled to surrender in May, 1780. He afterwards com-
manded a division at the sie^ of Yorktown, in October
1781. He had the reputation of an able and prudent
EeneraL In October, 1781, he became secretary of war.
He retired from this office about the end of 17S4, and
was elected Lieutenant-Governor of Massachusetts in
1787 by the Federalists. Died at Hingham in i8ia

Uncolo, link'gn, (Edward Clinton,) Eau. of, an
English admiral, born in ijta, was the only son of
Tbonaa Lord Clinton. He was appointed lord admiral

Und, (JAHE9,) an English phyndan, bom about 1716,
pHblisheaa valuable "Treatise on the Scurvy," (1753,)
and " Essay on the Diseases to which Enropeana are
exposed in Hot Climates," (176S,) which were oflen
reprinted. Died at Gosport tn ITM-

Llnd, (Jenny,) a celebrated Swedish vocalist, born
■t Stockholm in tSao, was the daughter of a teacher of
languages. She b^an to sing on the stace about the
age of^ten years, and performed in vaudevilles with
success. At the age of sixteen she became the prime
iavourite of the Stockholm Opera, where ahe made bee
dibut as Agatha in "Der Freischfltz." In 1841 she
became a pcpil of Garcia, the celebrated singing-master
in Paris, where ahe met Meyerbeer, who engaged ber
for the Opera of Betlm. She sang in Berlin in 1S44 uul
134;, exciting great and unabated entkosiasro. Afier
performing in several capitals of Germany, she visited
London, where she was greeted with the warmest ap-
plause, in 1S47 and the two ensuing years. Having
made an engagement with P. T. Bamum to sing in the
United States, she arrived at New York in September,
i8^a Her concerts in this country excited enthuu-
aatic admiration, and were repeated in the chief dties of
the Union until 1853, when she returned to Europe with
Otto Goldschmidt, a skilful pianist, to whom the had
been married in 1851. In private life she ever main-
tained an enviable reputation, and while in the United
States gave many thousand dollars for charitable pur-
poses. After her marriage she occasionally appeared
10 charitable concerts. Died November a, 1887.

S« N. P. WiujL " ycmcnnh of ihs Lift of Jeray lind :" J.
'M, Lind: Skitu ihm LcImiu,*' etc, ift47; "Mdnair
LondaD, 1S47: Hah9 CmtsTiAH Antnasnt, "Tnia
'" " tlw (uu notis is tha "liviiig Aja" '' No-

sf J. Lind," 1

of Elizabeth (15^) be was retained in the office of lord
admiral In tbe peaceful reign that fallowed be had
little opportunity to acquire renown. He was created
Earl of Lincoln in 1572. Died in 1^84.

Iilncoln, 0OSEFI1 Cxossv,) novelist, bom at Brew-
ster, Massachusetts, in 1870. His works deal with Cape
Cod Lfe and chorecters, and include "Csp'n Eri,"
"Cy Whittttker'B Place," "Keiiah Coffin," "M
Pratt," "Partners of tbe Tide, "etc.

Unooln, (JOHi* Laaun,) L,L.D., an American scholar
■nd critical writer, bom at Boston in 1817. He was
appointed in 1S44 profeasor of the Latin language and
hterature in Brown University. He edited Horace, Ijvy^
and Ovid for tbe use of schools. Died Oct. 17, 1891

Unooln, (Lkvi,) an American jurist and statesm.
bom in Hingham, Massachusetts, in 1 749, graduated at
Harvard College. He practised law at Worcester, and
became one of the most eminent lawyers in the State.
In 1799 he was elected a member of Congress. He was
a Democrat or Republican in party politics, and was
■Homey-general under Jefferson from iSoi to December,
J. In 1807-08 he was LJeotenant-Goveruor of >fa*-
s. Died at Worcester in t82a

Uncoln, (Lxvt,) a lawver, a son of tbe precedtno,
WM born at Worcester, Hassachnsctts, in 178a. Hi
was ebosen Governor of his native State in 1835, being
supported by both parties, and was a member of Con-
gress during three terms, (1S35-41.) Died in 1868.
Lincoln, (Robert Todd,) an Americao stales-
man, son of Abraham Lincoln, was boro at Spring-
6eld, Illinois, August I, 1843. He graduated at
Harvard in 1S64, served as a captain through the
final campaign of the dvil war, and was subsequently
engaged in law practice at Chicago. In tSSi he was
appointed secretary of war by President Garfield,
retaining this post under President Arthur, In 1S89
be was appointed minister of the United Stales to
Great Britain. He resumed the practice of his profes-
sion in 1893. After the death of George M. Pullman
be became acting president of the Pullman Palace Car
Compaoy.

theatre

s,„

Zdnda. See Lindanus.

Undanua, lin-dl'nus, or Linda, lin'di, (William
Damasus,) a Roman Catholic prelate, noted as a co>-
troversialisl, was born at Dort, Holland, in 1535. Ha
was remarluble (or the severity with which he per-
formed the office of Inquisitor of the Cuth, In 1561
he was appointed by Philip IL Bishop of Ruremond.
His most popular work wa* "Evaogelica] Panoplvi"
(" Panoplia Evangelica," 1563.) Died in 1568 or 15S8.

So A HAvmsnig^-'Vitaa LinJni," ■6ii».
Llndan, tin'ddw, (Paul,) a German critic and drama-
tist, bom at Magdeburg, June 3, 1839. He studied at
Halle, Leipsic, Berlin, and Paris. He published
numerous works, including biographies, essays, and
, but is best known for bis plays and novel*,
ost successful play was " Maria und Magda-
His comedies are notable for refinement of
In 1895 he was made director of the court
at Meiningen.
Llndborg, Hnd'bCaG, (Jacob CHRiffriAN,) a Danialt
1 theologian and numismatist, born at Ripen, Jutland, in
1707, fle published a "Treatise on Cuflc Cmna,"
(1830.) a "Hebrew-Danish Hand- Lexicon," (1835,) am)
able works on theology, etc Died December 10, 1857.
Llndblom, llnd'blom, (Jacob Azbl,) a Swedish prel-
ate, born in Ostrogotbia in 1747. He was professor ot
belles-lettres in the University of Upsal, and published
a " Latin-Swedish Dictionary" before he became Bishop
of Linkiiping, (17S9.) He was afterwards chosen Arch-
bishop or UpsaL Died in 1819.

Sh Hbdroih, "jtmliuidM-Til Mtw J. A. LindUom," iSi».

Undo, Ton, fon lin'd^h, (Justin Timothbits Bal-
THASAR,) a German 'jurist, bom in Westphalia in 1797,
published numerous legal treatises. Died in 187a

ijnde, von, fon lin'dfh, (Samuel Gottlob,] an emi-
nent Polish lexicographer, bom at Thorn In 1^71. Aboat
1S03 he became rector of the Lyceum and chief librarian
of the University in Warsaw. In 1807 he produced tba
first volume of his great " Dictionary of the Polish I.an-
guage," (6 vols.,) regarded as the best work of the kind.
From 1833 to 1838 he was director of the gymnasium
of Warsaw. He wrote a "Historical Outline of the
Literature of the Slavonic Races," (1835.) Died at War-
saw in 1847.

Sec SAiin^HAOKia Cakahv, "S. T. da Linde,- m;. >«».

i, E, t, £s ll> 7) J^'V'A ^ 1^ aame, less prolonged; i, i, ^ 5, ii, y,fiWA' fi f, fi ft ''Mwrv; Aft fUl, fit; mCl; nSti gilCd; nCaD;

db, Google

LINDEBLAD

S« Bavu, "HlMorial ■

UndKi,TMiclsr,Tfedfrlin'd;n, (David,) a Flemish ind a work on free-muonrj. Died ic
poet and antiqiuij, born at Ghent abont 1570; died Undner, (Wzlhelii BanNO,) a writer on theoliwy,
about 1635. * ^<'" °^ "^^ preceding, wa« bom at Leipsic in 1814. He

Idadra, vbh d«r, *tn df r lin'df n, (Jan Amtonidis.) waa appointed profesaor of theology at Lnpdc in 1846.
a learned Dutch physician, born at Enkbnysea in 1609 | Uia principal irork is a " Uaniial of the Histoiy of UM
He became professor of medicine at Leyden about 1650. 'Christian Church," (a vols., 184S-54.)
He published a "Medical Biblioffraphjr," <"De Scriptia Lindptdntner, llnt'plnl'nfr, (Fctik Joseph,) aGer-
Hedids," 1637,) " Physiological Medidne, (" Medidna . man compOMr, bom at Coblenix in 17^1. He prodnoed
Physiolofrica,") and a good edition of Mippocratea, in ! Bymphonlea, overtures, inatrument pieces, and operas
Gnek. Died in 1664. entitled "The Sidlian Vespers" and "The Vampyre."

Died in 185&

TilfidifiTi lin'n, (Aleumdbk Wiluau Ckaw-
FORD.) LoKD, a Brmsh mthor, Ibe ton of the Earl of
Crawford, was bam b Coinberland in 1812. After
nuking a lour in tbe East, he published in 1838 "Letters
on Enpt, Edom, and the Holy Land," which patsed
through several editiona. He increased his reputation
by an important and novel work, entitled " Sketches of
the History of Christian Art," <lS47,] which displays
much research and contains eloquent passages. In 1849
be published the "li*e« of the Lindsaya," a &mUy hi*-
~ in of much merit. Died in tSSo.

UudMiy, (Sir David,} a Scottish poet, bom about
1495. He became In 1513 a page 0

Undaoko, won, fon lio'deh-uftw', (Bkbniiard Air-
ODST,) a German astronomer, bom at AltenbuTE in 17S0.
Betwocn 1836 and i%»,\ he serred the King of Saxony
as ^^coandllor, minister of the interior, etc. Ini843

Im retired from political life — "* "■' " '

ighiap

trooomy. Amongni

"Tables ofVenus,'

Astronomy during the nrM Decade 01 the Nineteenth
Centary,"(i8tt.) Died in iSS4.

Sh Bbo^had^ " CcBTDiatioTu-I'nLoiL'

Undsnbiog, lin'dfn-bBoo', or Zilodenbniah, lin'-
dfn-bKd&K', (Lftt. Tiliobu/ga,] (Ekpold,) a German
hulorical writer, bom at Bremen in 1540. He wrote a
"Historjf of the Kinp of Denmark,'' and "Chronida
of the life and Actions of Charlemagne." He also
edited the " Historian* of Nortliem Germany." Died
b) l6t£.

St* WiucsHi, " Lttoa im bentlimtaB liadutirgciotuiB," ^■^i^,

I;Jin<ffTi«/>lttwH-, lin'dfn-shmit', (Wilmblu,) a Ger-
BMin historical painter, hom at Hentz in t8o& Among
his works are frescos painted for Prince Lndwig in
flie Hofearten, Hniuch, and in (he Pinakotbek. Died
fa 184S.

Lindat, llN'd4'. (Jban BAFn^rc Robht,) a French
Jacobin and financier, bom at Bemay, Momundy, to
1743. He was elected to the Convenlioa in 1793, and
■at a member of the committee of public aaiety after
ll* nomber was reduced and after it was invested with
■apreaw cxecntiTe power, (1793.) He was reputed one
of tlw host violent but most subtle chiefr of the domi-
•aat faction. He was miiuster of finances from June,
ITMk until Bonaparte became First Consul, in November
ofuot Tear. Died in 1835.

i^tSXvj. poHM,) LL.D., F.R.S., one of the moat
eminent botanists of the nineteenth century, wu bom
CattOD, near Norwich, England, in 1709. He was tl
ton of the proprietor of a nursery -garden. About 1811
he became a resident of London, uid was employed "
write the descriptions of Loudon's "Encvdopzdis
Plants," (1839.) In 1830 he published an "Introduction
Id the If Btutal Sy«tem of Botany." Of this system he
!i a lealon* advocate, and has contributed more than
an* other English botanist to render it popular. His
" Introdnction to Systematic and Physiological Botany"

BB32) is highly commended. In 1S36 he produced " '
atnral System of Botany," which was expanded ii
■The Vegetable Kingdom," (1846,) with engravings,—
probaUy the most excellent and comprehensive work
Okat baa ever appeared on ihai subject He adopted in
tiki* work an improved, or at least new, system of dasai-
Gcatiafi, and explained the nses of plants. In 1839 Dr.
LuuScy beome professor of botany in the University
Ctdlege, Lcmdon, where be was very successful as a lee
bwer. HI* " Flora Medica" (1838) describes the plants
toed in medical practice. Id his excellent work entitled
"Theory of Horticulture," (1S44,) be successfully ap-
plied sdence lo practical utility. Died Nov. ■ -°^'

Undner. Itnt'n^, (Fbiidrich Lomno,) a Germao
political writer, bom at Hitao, Coorland, in ly^t. In
1834 be publisbed "Secret Paper*," and in 1815 became
editor of the " Political Annals," al Munich. He also
wrote "Enropeand the Orient," (1S39,) and other works
Died in 1845.

Undnvr, (FXnDUCH Wilhelm,) a German tetcher
and iheologiait, bom at Wdda in 1779. He became

pnnce, (afterward* Jan

"The

„ Papingo," (L

_ , Satire on the Three EstatM,"

and "'thu Monar^e." He excelled in sarcasm, which
he directed with much efiect against the Romish Church.
He is supposed to have died after 1567.

IiindSBy, (David,) an Australian explorer, was
bom in South Australia in 1856. He entered the
government service as a surveyor, and in 1883 became
Uie leader of the Amheims Land-Exploring Expedition,
ich endured severe hardships. In l88j-S6 he
iducted an exploration al bis own expense, travers-
ing Auitialia from south to north through an almost
rainless country. He became a Fellow of the Royal
Geogiaphlcal Sodety of London, which published the
journals of bis explorations.

ZdndBBT, (John.) Earl of Crawford, an able Brilisli
general, bom in 1703. For his conduct at Fontenoy he
obtained Che rank of major-general He was renowned
lor generosity, talents, and other popular qualities. Died
in 1749.

IiindaBT, (William Schaw,) a British merchant, bom
in Ayrshire in 1816, became one of the largest ahip-ownen
in the kingdom. He was once a catun^^boy, and raised
himself to affluence by industry and pmdenc& He pub-
lished • valuable " Htatory of Merchant Shipping," In a
Tob. He was elected to ParHainent In i8S4- f>>™
Angmt bS, 1877-

Iilndier, (Benjamin B.,) judge, bom at Jac^soa,
Tennessee, in 1S69. Became judge of the County Court
and the Juvenile Court at Denver in 1901, and intro-
duced important reforms in the treatment of yoathliil
delinquents. Had a Uw passed holding adult* respon-
sible for proper care and training of children. Wrote
"The Beast and the Jungle," "Problems of the
Children," and " The Rule of Plutocracy in Colorado, "
UndMT, Eabl of. See Bbbtib, (Kobbbt.)
UndMT, lin'se, (Montaoub Bbrtib,) Eaal or
bom in 1608, was a son of Robert Bertie. (See DsBTiB-f
He fought br Charles L at Edgehitl and Nasebv, and,
when the king was imprisoned in the Isle of Wight
negotiated the treaty of Newport. Died in 1666.

Llndaey, (Tkeofhilus,) an Engliah Unitarian min
ister, bom in Cheshire in 1723. Having taken orders
in the Anglican Chnrcti, he obtained ip 1^63 the living
of Catteriu, Yorkshire. He became so dissatisfied witn
the Trinitarian creed that in 1773 be resigned his living
and published an " Apola|7" for his course, which is a
work of much research. He [hen removed to London,
where he was snccessfal in forming a Uniurian con^gre-
gation, and preached about twenty years. He puUisiied.

" Historical View of the State o(

« at A,- f *•>,- 1 liitn^; ft as/- o, u, K,fu»ira/; N, Riua/; K, iM/Zctf; i a* *; th as

nMit.

({^~See ExptanatioMipL bb,]

I LnOOi^Tc

UNEVITCH 15

the UniUriui Doctrine and Wonhip," <I783.> Died
iniSoS.

lainevitob, (Nicholas F.,) ■ Rouiui genend, yxsra
at Teheringoffi 111840. Entered Ihe army, took part in the
CrimeaD and Turkish wms, and led the Russian forces in
the Boxer outbreak. Id the war with Japan he comniaDded
the Gtst ManchuriaQ army and in March, 1905, xupeiseded
Knropalkin as commander-iu-chier. Died in 190S.

Udk (Pbhk Hbmue,} bom in SmUaad, In Sweden,
in 177S, ti Tenrded a* one of the founder* of modem
nmnoatic*. He lounded a gymnuticinatitute, and Intro-

duced " the movement a

He pnbikhed

le Tolumea of poetry. Died in 1839.
UngA ting's*, or Llpgam, llng'gfm, in the Hindoo
mythology, a phallic Bymbol, or type of the reproductiTo
power, whidb is regarded aa the especial attribnte of
Siva. (See Siva.)

S« Uotn," Hindu Puihun 1" Odnihudt, "RcH^ouiIiI'Ab-
dquit^" book i dHjx iL

Uocard, ling'gfrd, (John,) an eminent Engluh hitto-
rian, bom at Wincheater in 1771. He iMcame a Roman
Catholic priest, and settled al Hornby, Lancashire, aboat
tStt. He pabliahed in 1819 the first volume of lua
" Ilbtory of England Irom the Firal Invaaion by the
Romans to the Accession of William and Maiy in iSSS,"
of which the aiith edition, in 10 vols., appeared in
1855. This work is highly esteemed for its style, accu-
racy, and other merits. He also wrote " llie Antiquities
of the Anglo-Saxon Church," (tSofik) and other srorlu.
He viaited Rome in 1835, and, it is aaid, refosed the
offer of a cardinal's hat Died in i8si-

Saa " EiSnbuiih Rcrin" for Apn*;, iSij, i-nA. iHL.) ud Hirch.
.aji, (toL KiL ;) " MonihlT Rtrkw'' far Juij and Septcmbn, 181*
aAl StpUnibn', iSas ; " Honk Britith Knin" far Nimalar, i&tb

Iilngagna See LaiQi, (Andku dl)
Ungelbaoh, ling'tl-bSs', (Johamn,) sometimes writ-
ten Ucgleba^l, an eminent painter of genre and land-
scapes, was bom at Frankfort-on-the-Main in 161J. He
studied in Rome, and aettled in Holland about 1650.
He excelled in the treatment of markets, birs. and sea-
ports. His colour is eood, his tonch free and spirited,
and his works remarkable for variety. Hi* blue dis-
tances and lightlv-doDded skies produce an exhilaratins
ttfect Among his work* are a "Sea-Port in the Levant,*^
and " The Vegetable Market" Died at Amsterdam In
16S7.

S« C Bum^ "Lu Pcinm di (odW 1h tfoila;- NAOUn,
"AUfuiaUia KthwUv-Leakoo."

Ungandns, do^ d^h llM'zh&Hd', (Claud*,) a French
pulpil orator and Jeauit, bom at Moulins in 1591 ; died
in 1660.

IdncondM, de, (Jean,) a French poet bom at Mou-
lins about 1580^ composed stani^ odN, and other verse*.
Died in tfii6.

IdngondM, &% (JitAN,) ■ relative of the preceding,
was bom at Uoulins in I595> He became an eminent

Idi^e^ UtT'ei', (^MOEf Nicolas Hd
quent French advocate and polemical wri
^■-'-la in 1734 He pleaded with s-

Hew

the bar of

yean, ending in 178a. He publi^ted nnmeruns works,
which display learning and talent but are censured as
paradoxical. Among £em are a "History of the Age of
Alexander the Great" (tjrfia,) and "The Fanaticism of
Philosophers," (1764.) He fell a victim to the re%n of

11794.

5m Gauwz, " EhI Hit b Ti* m I
■Ml "Noanlk KonavbU 04irfiala.>*

■ Ou'mss da liicnat''

UngK li'^i (Hkuunn LuDWia Otto,) a German
poet bom at Lindau, January aa, iSia He graduated
at Miuich as doctor of medidne in 1843, and studied
later in Berlin and Prague. He published many dramas,
and some volumes of verse, Including "The Migration*
of the Peoples," an epic.

Unite*, de^ d^ le'ne-aiR', (Fkamcois Patot,) a
ftench satiric poet bom In Pan* in i6s8. was a gay
votary of pleasure. He conpoMd song* and epigram*

LINN^US

Unk or Unok, link, (Hkinkich Fuxduch,) >
German naturaliat and [^yudan, bom at Hildesheim
in 1767. He was appointed professor of botany and
chemistry at Breslau in iSii, and in t8i5 filled the
same chair at Berlin. He published nnmcrona woriu
on botany, of which we may naioe "The Amatony of
Plants," (1807,) and "Element* of Botanical Philo*
ophy," (1814.} Died in 1851.

S« Vmi MArnui; " DMknda ul H. r. Linck," 1S51 ; " B»
£nphw MMicdL**

Unley, (Thohai;) an excellent Enf^isb musical
composer, bom at Wells abont 1735, was a pu[Hl of Pa-
radies. In his early life he cooducted the concerta and
oratorios at Bath. He composed the imiuc for Sheii-
dan's " Dnenna," which had great soccess, in 1775. In
1776 he removed to Lioodon, and became one of the
proprieton <i Dnuv Lane Tbeatre, in partnership with
ni* *an-in-law, R. & SherideI^ the great orator. Mr.
Linley directed the muucal department and oompoaed
for it the "Camival of Venice," "The Camp," etc

Cowley,

" Ld m*. eiideis mA snihouijiifiil Ijiiis.
Har the loft winda ibme nw ^T^Hr"
Died in 1795.

S« BDamv, " HitUrr of Uiuic."

LtaUr, (Thouas,) a s«
at Bath about 1756^ and inherited n
talent He studied under the best masters of Italy, and
became vety intimate with Moeatt He composed seve-
ral admired airs for the theatre. He was drowned in
177S, while sailing in a pleasure-boat in Lincolnshire.

Uiil«7, (WiLUAu,) a brotiier of the preceding, wa*
bom about 176& In hia youth be went to India aa a
clerk, and nwe to the office of sob-treawicer at Fort Saint
Gem^ He returned to England in the prime of life,
and ttevoted himself to musk and literature. He com-
posed several gjees, songs, and other verses, and pub-
liihed the dramatic song* irfShakspeare. DiediniS35,

Idnn, (Jom Blair.) D.D., an American poet and
divine, bom at Shlroenabarg, Pennsyhanla, In 1777,
waa brotber-in-law iS the celebrated novelist Charles
Brockden Brown, and son of William LJnn, who waa
also a divine. He became asristant pastor tiX the First
Pretbyterian Church in Philadelphia in 1798. He
was the author of "The Power* of Genius," and other
poema, and a reply to Dr. Priestley^ "Compariaon
between Socrate* and Cbri*^ Died in 1S04.

Sm DnvcniKK, "CrdoiMiHa of Aauricu Lheruim.''

Unn, (Lewis Fntn^) U.D., a Senator trf'the United
States, wa* bom near Louisville, Kentucky, in l7Q5,and
removed to Misaouri about 1816. He was elected to the
Senate by the Democrats in 1833, and again about 1838.
Died In 1843.

S» " Lih of L F, LJnn." br K. A. LiMM and N. Sakcswt,

■«JT.

UmuBoa, lin-nce'ns, [Sw. VoN LiNNt, fon Itn-idl',]
(Chakles or Carl,) a celebrated Swedish botaniat,
and the most influential naturalist of the eighteenth
century, wa* bom at Rlshnlt in Smlland, on the a4th
of May, 1707. He was the son of Nicholu linnteas, a
vill^^ curate, who, it is said, so Gu' underrated his aon^
capacity that lie made him an apprentice to a shoemaker
after he had reached the age of seventeen without mak-
ing much progreas in bis studies. In 1717, however, he
was sent to the University of Lnnd to study medidne,
and his inclination for natural history was bvourcd by

Professor Stotnua. Although nearly destitute of pecn-

~ his studies at Upaal, (17SC8,}

patronized by Olaus Celsius, who relieved

niary resources, he pursued hi

him from his extreme poverty. About 1730 he conceived
the idea of a reform In botanical method and ncxnenda-
rare, and began the composition of several great work^
noticed below. At the expense of the Royal Acadenn
of Upaal, he made a botanical excursion on foot throurb
Lapland in 173a, the results of which appeared in Us

i CI, 0,0, 7, /in^-'lit, A, same, less prolonged; i, {,1,2,1, )F,#itarr,'f, ;, |, o^ tf^nw-'; Or, fUI,flt;mit;nAt:K8'xii moon*

db, Google

LINNMUS 13

home of George Clilbrt, a rich DaKh gentlemui livii^
between Lejden and Huilmi, vho emplarcd him to
■mnge Ua 6iie nrden and mnieiim. Linnxna baa
wrprr aar d hiagrat&ide to Ibia benefactor for the facilittea
be there enj^red for hii fanMurite poraaha, and baa
honoured hb nwmory by a arorit entitled "The Garden
of Cliflbrt," ("Hortna CliSbrtianaa.") He petcdved
Aat it waa neceaaai; to inTent nethoda (rf diatriba-
tkn capable of embracing alt creatniea, and founded on
danciera well defined; to inrent term* anffiden^
nanenaa to designate the prodigion* tariety of their
conformatioa, and define these term* with predaion:
finalljri to DuJie a general review of all beings deaoibed
Id former worka, or to be found b; the e^oration a<
nature. The firat sketch of this great enterprise ap-
peared in twoamall Tolnmea, entitlea " System of Nature,
or the Three Kingdoms of Nature exhibited nethodicall;
Ib Classes, Orders, Genera, and Spedes," (" Systema N>'

. .'T3''') Tliecharacten of genera
nrgeij aerelt^ed in bia*' Genera of Plant* according to
the Kumber, Figure, Podtion, etc. of the Parts vS Fnc*
tKcation," ("Genera Plantaran secandnm Nnmermn,

— ........ ir|.neiJ6taiioni* Partium," '

o Stodholm, where lie p

He removed fat 1;

of botany, <

Fructificallooi* Partium," 1737.1

red fat IT38 to Stodholm, where he practned

lectured on botany, and receiTcd tbe title of

the king. He married a dai^ter of Dr.

n 1739. In 1741 be obtained at Upaal tbe chair

ny, whkfa be ocoiDledthfa^r-aevenVean, witness-

fag the oontintMMS growtn of hi* Bme and inflnencc, and
melting Ua ■nabatcd actirity to improve hi* adentific
prodDcBons. Thnnberg, Kalm, Haaselqidst, Forskil, and
otber eminent natnraliata, who had been bis pupils, vi^ted
nuioos loreign countries and broaght bock willing tribnts
to enricAUa collection* and publication*. The botanical
pfaDoophT of Lhtntea* was reproduced in its tmtiiMt,
arraneed In Its paits, and enforced by eiamplcs in hi*
"Ffadosopfaia Botanica,'' (1751.) "This work," sava
Cavier, "which eahibita on eveiT psee prooft of tM
rarest ingennity (fauut ^ttfrUj and tbe most mr-
pilsiug profonndn^ of obaerration, ha* enioyed a an^i
oea* which waa previously unexampled. It nu becoms
•• it were a fundamental law, to which all botaniata con-
foam in their description* and in their uae of terms."
ffi* artifidal aexual system wa* far a long time nni-
vataally adopted, but tia* been inpencded in a great
Bwaaure br the nataral method of JnsrieiL In 1753 he
nndnced Ms "Specie* Plantaruni,''an important work,
h be adc^ed the happy idea of designating each
* ' a ringle epithet Mded to the name of the
[e also aK>lied Ua methods with aucccsa to tha
' an in aeveral enlarged editloD* of U*
"Fauna SMdca,"(_"Swediah

Saa PuL-ranT, " Life gf Ikomat," litt : AiuaDa, " Antiqiii.
Ma* liDUUM,'' ili6: A. I. A.ttt.'-Vta dt Umi," iSu;
MiB Baioimsu, ■' libtrUuuna :" Vu Hall, " EpiitoliB Lib-

iiwi " J TaiiiT^Tifnf liiiiaii."ijj| '-1 \. ''Ldu do

MiOm (1 TUB Uarf," inlL, 1741: Adaii An>uo^ "IgmUn-
Mm AfiiKkBiiar it C liiiima om n ^f," iSi) ■ Aimnno
CA'rTiuiBa"CMniiidlaTtlidiC Uiai," tM; "Hoonlla fUo-
^a^HaCiaiiatr " UomMj Rarkw" fat July. itSj.

limuana, (Unni.) von, (Chaklbs or Carl,) only
MM of the preceding, was bom at Fahlun in 1741. He
«ms dtosen demonstrator of botany at (he Royal Garden
of Vpsal at tbeageofdghteeii,uid succeeded hi a bther
M pnrfessor b the university of that place in 1 77S. He
pabtlsbed "Two Decades of Rare Plants of tbe Gar-
den of Upaal," "Hcthodua Mnscomin,'' ("Method of
Muaii s."l and a few other amall works. Hi* talent*
W«re moaente. He died in 1783, and the family then
became eninat.

UnnA. SeeLiMHXus.

Un'nall, (Jokn,) a aacoessfnt English portrait- and
landacwe-painter, bom in London in 179J. Among
hit well-known work* are "A Heath Scene," "The
Wndmfll," (1847,) "The Eve of the Deluge," {1S4S.)
-The Retnra of Ulysses," (1S49.) "Christ and the
Wemaa of Sainuis,"j:i8yij "The Forest Road," {1SS3J
" The L—ttaeam before th» Storm." "The Law Sleq>,"

tHed about 167S.
_ _ hooton or Unaohotaii, ran, (Jak Hugo.) a
Dutch v<qpager, bom at Haarlem In 1563. He went to
Goa in 15S3, and remained there sereial yean in the
service dt Archbishop Fonseca. After his return, ha
published in 1596 an " Accoont of bis Voyaee, with a
Description of the Portuguese East Indiu,'*^ which is
*Md to be reliable, and has often been reprinted. Died
inl633.

LlDS^all, (Mabv,) an English novelist, bom at
Whiiby in 1840. She wrote "Tales from the North
Riding," (1871,) "The Haven under tbe Hill,"
(1886,) and other works. Died in 1891^

Unt, van, vin lint, (Hbhdrik,) a skilfol Flemish
landscape-painter, lived probably about i6]0-5a He
worlced in R<nDe, where he obtained tbe (umaine of
Studio. Among his works ia " View* neat Rome."

lint van, (PiErsa,) a Flemish painter of history,
bom at Antwerp In 1609. He worked in Rome, and
afterwards at Antwerp, to arhich b« returned in 1^9,
sitd was patronised by Christian IV. of Denmark. He
— - good colorist, a correct designer, and p^ted
^ with equal sai f 1 m in large ta small ^ctures.
Died about 1668.

Woods and Forest," (187O "

"The Heath," (1878.} tM«nan__,

" ' — *■ — vfln lhi'sK5t^ (Admaan,) i

"Antnmn," (1877,) a
snnaryao, 1,""-

i8s8 she married W. I. Linton, the engraver. Among
ter worka are " Aaeth," (1S46,) " True History of Joshua
Davidson," (1873.) "Patrida Kemball,*' (1874,)

lone," (1881,) " The One 100 Many," (1894,) etc.

Iilnton, (Sir Jaubs Dkumoolb,) an English
, linter, bom at London in 1840. He became a
member of tbe Institute ol Watet-Colour Painters in
1867, it* preddent k 18S4, and again la 19091 and waa
knighted fai 1885. In oil he painted "The Marriage
of Sit Duke of Albany," (1SS5.)

Zaln'tfia, (WiLUAH,) an eminent Engliah landsc^pe-
paimer, bom at liverpool about 1790L He became a
resident of London in his youth, and afterwards travelled
extensively in the South of Europe. The subjects of his
beat work* are Italian and Gredan scenes, among which
are "The Bay of Naples," "Lake Lugano," "Ruina
of Paeatum,"" Athens,'" and "An Arcadian Landscape,"
His style is simple and rslher austere. Died in 1S74.

Unton, (WiLUAU Jaiiks,) an eminent wood-engraver
and author, bom in London, December 7, l8iz. He
loiA part (1844-^) b various ChartiBt and repnblican
naovemenls. He removed in 1867 to (he United States.
Among his works are a " History of Wood- Engraving,"
"Work* of Deceased British Ariists," (i860,) "Claribel,
and other Poems," (1S65,) " Ufe of Thomas Paine,"
'History of Wood- Engraving in America," (1881,)

Engraving," (1889,) " Life of Whittier," (1893,) and
" Memories," (1895.) Died in 1897.

U'niu, [Gr. Aiwt.] > faboloos personage, whom the
andents regarded as a son of Apollo or Mercutv, and as
one of the mventors of poetry. He is called bysome
anthoiB a personification of the dirge. Among the an-
cient Greeks elrenlated a plaintive song or dirge called
"LinM," wbich ia mentioned by Homer, (" Hiad, xviu.
$69.) Accordii^ to tradition, he was killed by Hercnlea,
who was UspnpiL

U'mUi (Fr. Lnt, UM,] Bishop of Rome, waa a nativa
of Volterra, in Tutcany. Accortfng to »ome accounts,
be bwame bishop in 66 ad., and wa* the immediate
of Saint Peter. Little is known of his history ;

Timothy, chap. ii

• **!.■ (•*»,- |i«nf: ias/.-o, «.x.fiairml; I

i.-Uia*in(ifa. (ir^eeE)ipl*natioa«.p.S3.)

d by Google

1560

LTPS

■ pTench Malesman and diplomatist, bom at Grenol
Id 161 1. He wM sent u embassador to Rome io 16(5.
He iitcceeded Maarin in 1661 as minitler of foreign
a^ra, whicb he directed witb great ability for ten yean.
Died in 1671

SuSaiht-Sihoh, "UltaairH;"SiiiiaHDi,"HuUiini]HFru-

ifOi."

Llounat See Ltohkbt.

Llotaid, le'o'tlt', (J ban finniNi,) a Swiss portrall-
uinter, aurnamed thk Turk, because he adopted the
Tarkish costume, was bom at Geneva in 1703. In 173$
he went to Paris, where he acquired reputation by hia
•Idll in crayon and enamel miniatures. He woclied fbni
jears in Constantinople, (I73S--41), painting Turkish CO)-
tnmes, etc. He afterwarda painted portraits of the rofal
bmiiies of Austria and France. Died in 1790.

S« NjioLEit. "AUtuuiiiM Kautlcf-Lenkoo."

Uotwd, (Jeak Hichel,) a twin-brother of the pre-
ceding, bom at Geneva in 1701, was an engraTCr, and
one of the beat pupils of BenofI Audran. He engraved
the great cartoons of C. Cigoani in Italy, and afterwards
worked in Paris. He returned to Gokeva, where he
died about 1760.

LlonTUlet le'oo'Til', (Joswii,) an able French mathe-
matician, bom at Saint'Omer in 1809. He became io
1S39 a member of (he Institute. He wrote several im-
portant treatises, and edited Ibr a long time a journal
ofpure mathematics called by his name. Died in iSSl.

Iiipaao, d«, dk ]e-pl'no, Countess, was the title
aaaumed tn Caroline, Queen of Naples, after the death
of Hurat, her husband. See Bonafasti, (CAiioUNt
Mamk.)

IdpftrlnLle-pl-Tee'iiee, (Luoovico,) an Itali
of history, bom at Bologna in iSoo ; died in 1S56.

Upamni, Ic-pl'ne-aa, (Haktin,) a teamed German

"Bibliotheca Juridica," (1679,) "Bibliotheca Realis, etc.
Philosophica,'' (1 vols., 16S1,) "Bibliotheca Realis The-
ologica," (a toIi., 16S5,) and other works. Died at
Lobeck in 1691.

S<( J. K. Ton Souk, "Vita U, Lipcnii." >£ud bf JamoBH^
■ 7];: KjciiDi^"UJo>ai>H,"

UpinakLle-pin'skee, (Charles,) acclebrated Polish
violinist, bom al Radiin in 1790, He received the title
of first violinist to (he Emperor of Russia. Died 1S61

Idppert, lip'plRt, (Philipp Daniel,) a German artii
uid glyplogtapher, was bom at Meissen in 1703. He
publialied " Dactyliotheca 1 or, A Collection of Two
Thousand Prints of Antique Gems." Died in 17SJ.

Zilpptt-Soliaiiinbiu t von, fon lip'pf h s hSwm'bonRO,
(Fkirdrich Wilhrui,) Co(;nt, a German general, born
In London in 1724. He served several campaigns in the
Austrian army, and afterwards travelled in Italy. He
obtained the chief command of the British troops sent
It) 1761 to aid Portugal, which he defended with succese
against the Spaidarda. Died in 1777.

So BaacjiHAin."CoaTtnat>gn*-Lc(Dua.''

UppL tip'pee, (Annibalk,) a Roman architect, wiw
lived in the sixteenth century.

LIppI, jFlUFFO,|oneofthemoat celebrated of the old
Italian painter* in oil and fresct^ bom at Florence in 1411,
wat • pupil of Masacdo. Before he wa* of age he was
captured by pirates and enslaved in Africa. Hia maater
was so pleased with a portrait of himsell| drawn with a
coal on the wall, that he gave (he artist his liberty.
Uppl then returned to Florence, and adomed the
churchM and convents of that city, and of Spoleto,
Prato, etc Among his master-pieces are a Madonna,
bi oil, "The Ufe ofSaint Stephen," "The Death of San
Bernardo," in oil, at Prato, (wo "Annunciations,'* and
*TheCoronationof the Virgin," in ftcsca He excelled
in invei^tian de^gn, and colonring, and b ranked among
the greatest punters before RaphaeL Died in ufit-

S« VuAiL " Ll« gf lb* PaiDMn;" L«m, " HiMMTcif Paiav
■■■ in Imlf 1" lUuianKci, "Nmbh:" TioDiai, "DtaieMito."

Itepl, (PlUPfo or FlurriNO,) m» of the preceding,
was bom at Florence in 1460, and became an eicellent

painter. He studied with Sandro Botticelli, and worked
chiefly in Florence and Rome. He was distinguished

for his good taste and correctness of design, and wa*
perhaps the first painter among ihe modems who treated
costumes and other accessoriea with propriety. Among
his master-pieces ate " Saint Peter and Saint Paul before
the Proconsul," the "Death of Lucretia," at the Pitti
palace in Florence, several Madonnaa, and frescos in
Santa Maria Novella, in the same dty. Died in 1505.

5a VASAai, " Lint of the Piintsi :" Lahil " HImoit of Pun-
ing h lUlyi-'-NcHinllt Blapapliic G^n^nlc."

IdppL IGlACOHO,) an Italian painter, bom near Bo-
Itwna m the sixteenth centary, was a pupil of L. Caracd,

Uppl, (LiPFO,) called Lifpo of Florencr, a Floren*
tine painter, born in 1354, was the lather of F^ippo
Lippi, (1411-69.) His works, which are praised oy
Vasari, are not now extanL Died in 1415.

Lippi, (Lorenzo,) a ancceasful Italian painter and
poet, bom at Florence in 1606, received lessons in art
from Roselli. He worked in Florence, and wa* reputed
one of the best drui^btsmen of his time. "The Martyr-
dom of Saint Sebastian" and " The Triumph of David"
are called hi* master-piece*. He wrote a facetiona poem
called "II Malmantile racquistalo," (1676,) which wa*
admired and recognised bV the Academy della Crnso
among itx tati dilingiia. Died in 1664.

SceMu.jAi»»H, "MemainorEirlrluluiiPuiiten/'LuiB,
"UiMOTTof PuDtiDgiD lulf ;" Baldhtucci, "Notiii*."

Up'pio-optt (Joshua B.,) an American publisher,
di*tingoi*bed ba his ability, energy, and enterprise,
was born in Burlington county. New Jersey, March iS,
1S13. About 1818 he came to Philadel{rfii^ and at an
early age commenced the publishing and bookselling
business, which be conducted successfully. In 1S50 he
purchased the business of Messrs. Grigg & Elliot, and
the firm of which he became the head soon took its place
among (he moat distinguished publishing bouses in the
United States. Died January 5, 18S6.

Ltpplnoott, (Sarah J.,) a popular American writer,
whoso original name was ClarKR, wa* bom at Pompey,
in Onondaga county, New York, about 183^ Her firat
productions appeared in the Ne* York " Mirror," oniler
the paeudonjon of Grace Greinwooix She alsc
contributed to the " National Era," Washitigton. Her
principal worki are "Greenwood Leaves, ( 1850-53^)
" Haps and Misbapi of a Tour in Europe," (1853,)

Forett Tragedy, and Other Tales," ( 1S56,) " Rec-
ords of Five Years," (1S67,) " New Life in New
Lands," (1S73,) and "Life of Queen Victoria,"
(■883.) She ws* married in 1853 to Leander K.
Llppincott, of Philadelphia, where she became editor
of a popular juvenile periodical called "The Little
Pilgrim," Died April 30, 1904.

laippman, (Gabbiel,) a French electrician, wa*
bom at Hallerich, Luxembourg, in 1845. He in-
'ented a highly delicate electrometet'and other inttm-
aents, and experimented in colour photf^rai^y. He
ras professor of mathematical physics at Paris in
1883, and of experimental physics in 1886. His
writing* are on electrical subjects.

Zdppo or Florence. See Lippi.

Uppomuil, Itp-po-ml'nee, (Ai.ot»o,) a teamed Ital-
,n prelate, bom at Venice about 150a He obtained
successively the bishoprics of Modon, Verona, and Ber-
gamo, and was one of three prelates selected to preside
the Council of Trent In 1556 he became secretary
jpe Julius IIL He wrote, beside* a few other work^
commentaries on Gene^ Exodus, and the Psalm*. tKed
'- '559-

Upraudl, le-pRln'dee, (Paul Pbtrovitch,) a Ro*-

ji general, bom in 1796, distinguished himself at the
^ding of Warsaw, in 1831, and in the Crimean war look
(18S4T the Turkish fortress al Kadikoi. Died in 1S64.

Llpe, lips, (JoHANH Heinkich,) a Swis* painter, de-

<,e, f, S, 0, f, Am^V ^ i> ^aame, let* pniki^U; i, C, I,iSk ii, y, jji<irt; i, t, i, ft <4«wra; Or, Oil, Ot, miti ntU^

d by Google

LIPSE

iS6i

X^M,(jDSTm.) Seeljpsnjt.

lAMtoa, lij/M-fti, (Jusrns,) tFr. J«»r« Un^ ibHn
Kps,) ft Flemoh •cbolor, ciitic, and philologlM oT hi^
reputation, wu bom il I»quc, between BnuaeU and
Lonvain, in IU7. He was educated at BraueU and
Louvain. Al flie age of nineteen he produced "Virioiu
Readinga," ("Vari« Lectioties,") which were received
with biToor. Ho wai professor of history in Jem

Teaia, ending in 1574, and occupied the

Leyden from 1J79 (o 1591. About thia tin . _ _ _

Rcvnao Cathohc, and wu afterwards prolcsaor of history

Leyden from 1^79 (o 1J91. About this time h«
Romao Catholic, and wu afterwards prolcsaor
■t LoQTain. lie wrote many works on history, . .._,
antiqnitica, etc, which were very popular in hia tim«l
His best work, according to ScaJiger, is a commentary
on TadtuB, (IS74.) whose history, it is said, he knew bj
heart. Hit admiration of Tacitus and Seneca spoiled
hia Latinity, which was aflectedly concise. His moral
character is said to have been good. Died in 1606.

Iilpaliu, (RjCKAKD Adrlbert,) a German theo-
logian, bora at Gera in 1830. He studied at Leipiig,
smd was snccessiTcly profeisor at Vienaa, KicJ, and
lena. He wrote tereral theological works, the latest
bring " PliiloaO[due tmd Religion," (1S85.) Died '

1, k'TdM', (JlAM.) a learned ^ench BMedicti

Bonk, born at Charttea In i6(k, lired in Paris arvd al
Haot. Among hia work* are '"The Amenitie* of Criti-
dam," (■ vols., 1717.) and a cnriotN book called " His-
tone and LJteraiy OdditiaB," (" SingulariU* hiitiirMjM*
Mlitt^talre«,''4voU., 1734^^40^) Cwdbi749.

UmU, le-ioo'tee, (Giovahni GiDsim,) an Italian
antiqiian, born in Frioli abont lyio ; died in 1780.

Ida, lb or lias, (Ckaru* AttGunx,) a Belgian o
powr, born at Antwerp in i^idiedin 1845.

Ub or X^ lisa, or Tan dei 1.7a, Tin der lias, (J>
a Dntdi punter, bom at OldeobtirK in 1570. He wa!

fa Ronw and Vetiice, IsUng far hi* Du>deU Titian .

IhnI VeroncM. Smne oitia find in U* works the good
eoloiiiiiw of the fbraier with the grace ti the latter.
AnMng luB prodnctiona are "Adam and Eve Mourning for
Abet-^and" The Prodigal Son." Died at Venice in i6>g.

Lfa or lov, van d«r, (Tan,) a Dutdi painter, bom
■t Breda aboat i&e. A pictore of " Diana Bathins" it
Oiled hit best work.

Uaboa, de, di tta-bo'i, (Habcos,) a Portnguese his-
torian and Frandtcan fiiar, bom at Lisbcm in i;it.
He wrote a "Chronicle of the Order of Friara of Saint
Fnmcit,"(3 Tola., 1556, 1570, t66cs) and is ranked among
Ibe dastic anthora cf Portogal. Died in 1591.

UaooT, lis^of, (Chkittiak Limwio,) tlie most ex-
cellent udriat and proee writer of Germany before Lea-
ims, was bom at Wittenberg in 1701. He Uved at
Lnoeck. Dresden, etc, and about 1741 became secretary
10 Bruhl, the Saxon minister. In 1745 he obtained the
title of JCruttreth, (conndllor of war,) but a lew years
later he waa removed from ofGce. He pubUahed In 1739
a "Ctrilectioa of Satirical and Serious Writings." His
•tjrle was remarkable for parity. His worka are per-
vaded bf a sound philosophical spirit, and have been
■Kue highly appreciated since bis death than before.
He was a complete master of the weapons of irony.
One of Us treatises is entitled "The Excellence koA
DlHtty of Bad Writera." DiediniTfa
_ S~ taicifc "Lhcm Lcbn," 1B49: Kakl OnrAv Baui4

Jjfanr, Loaix See Youno, (Sir John.)

Llala, in, (LsUly Alick,) was the widow of an Engliah
bwyer who took an active part against Charles L She
was condemned to death by Judge Jeffreys, and executed
101685.

8a Uacaotav. " HiMoiy at Ei^aul," ml L ctupk t.

Ucto, (Sb GiORO^} an English royalist officer, dis-
tingnkbed UmMlf at the batfle of Newbarv. HaviiH
beat taken prisoner at Cold— — •- "-" ■- •■ —

LlBIs-AdMn. SeeVtu

Idde^da. SeeDniiLx.

Uala, da^ df h lil, (Jun Baptutx Iioaui,) a prolific
PKnch writer, called also Dklixui db Salu, was born
It Lyons in 1743. He was condemned to exile for the

alleged immorality of his "Philosophy of Natnre,"
which consequently attracted attention; btil his sentence
was annulled or remitted. He wrote man* other works.
Died in 181&

', (Feancis,) a Sodniai
ime confessor ( ' "
Died about 15^.

lorian, bom at Corf^ became confessor to the Queen of
Poland about iu& Died about 15^.

Xifaola, do, dfh le'ioar, (FaANCois Paul,) Baron,
an able diplomatist, bom at Salins, France, in 1613. He
waa smxessirelj employed by the Emperor of Germany
as minister to England, (1743.I to Poland, and to Spain.
He wrote several successfal political treatises, one (j
which, called "Shield of the State and sX Jostice,"
(1667,) was directed against the amtntlon of Louis XIV.
Died about 1675.

Idat, list, rPRiEDRiCH,) a German political economist,
was bom at Rentllngen in 1789. In 1815 he emigrated
to Pennsylvania, where be was extensively engaged in
coal-mining, and published, in English, "Outlines of a
New System of Political Economy, " (Philadelphia, 18*7.)
Having been appointed United States consul at Leipaic,
he returned to Europe in 1831, and in several pnblia

tions effidentlv advocated the conttmction of railrirads
In Germany. He pnblisbed "A Nadonal System of Po-
litical Ecotiomy," (Slut^rt, 1841,)^ which he favours

:e published "A National System of Po-
,r (Stut^rt, 1841,) in which he favours
the protection of native industry. He committed suidde
In 1846. Since his death his merit has been more fhlly
recogniied tbrooghoiit Germany.

Uata 7 Aragon, Its'tl e 1-rl-gAn', (Don Alberto,)

1 eminent Spanish poet, critic, and matnematidan, bom
at Triana. a suburb of Seville, in IT75. Al the age ol
twenty be became professor of matbematica in [he nau-
tical college of Sevdle. He obtained the chair of rhetoric
and poetry in the universitv of that dlj; In 1807, but lost
'' inconsequence of the French invasion of iSoS. He

ised about lour yeara as an exile in France, from 1813
- iSiT. In 1810 be began to edit "The Censor," at
Hadrio. After various removals and adverse fortunes,
he became about 1S33 editor of the "Gaceta de Madrid,"
which in his hands was an able and successful political
journal In i8» he published a volume of poems, which
re greatly admired. His superior critical ability is dis-
ilaj^d ionii "Lectures on tlie Dramatic Literature of
Jpain," (1839.) He also published a "Treatise on Pure
and Mixed Mathematics," which is a standard work.
As a lyric poet he united the fervour and qilendid colour
of the old Spanish school with the purer taste and depth
of reflection of the modems^ His imitations of Horace,
'a bis "PhiloM^hic Poems," are admirable. DiediniS4S.

'■'"'tV- (JosBPH,) Lou), an eminent English
ihysidan, was bom at Upton, Essex, April 5, iSay.
3e graduated in medidne at London University iti
:8J2, and was successively lecturer on surgery at
Edinburgh, and prof essor at Glasgow, Edinburgh, and
King's College Hospital, London. His great achieve-
ment was the introduction, in i860 and alter, of Che
antiseptic system of treatment known as Lisleriim,
which has revolutionized surgery. He received nu-
honours, was president of the British Associa-
1S96, and was made a baronet in 1S83 and a
peer in 1897. Died February 11, 19I3.

Liater, (JosBFH Jackson,) fatherof the preceding,
attained distinction by his improvement of the micro-
scope, producing about iSaS a perfectly achromatic
combination of lenses, thus overcoming what had
been the chief defect in the microscope.

Iifatax.fMARTIH,) 1M.D., F.R.S., an Engliah naturalist,
born at RaddiSe (Bucks) about 1638. In 1670 he settled
at York, where he practised medidne. He removed lo
London in 1684, and published "Synopsis Conchvlio-
nun," (1685-93,) a valuable work on conchology, wiikft
was I^hly commended by Unnzus. In 1709 he became
phyilcun to Queen Anne. He wrote three eicelleni
treatiies 00 Engliah Spiders, Fluviatile Shells, and
llarine Sheila, (1678,) and other works. "lister may
be reckoned," says Hallam, "one of those who have
done moat to found the sdence of concbology." ("In-
Iroduction to the Literature of Europe.") I%dinI7iI.
of ibt R0T1I SodMr."

*mi;%mmt;%harJ; ^»i};si,H,^,pattirai: tt,naiai: t^triil*4;laaw: Wt^'aiikil.

<W Sue Kxplanatloai, p. IQ.)

Digitized by VjOOQIC

Xdatar, (Sir Hatthcw,) •» EngUtb physldan, bom
tn Yorkshire aboat 1565. He becuoc prMident of the
CoUoM of Physidaiu, Condon, and phvsician to Charlea
LKed Id 1657.

lintH, (Thomas Heniy,) an English author and

Entlcnian, bom about iSoo, was the son ol Thomai
Iter, Esq., oT Annlta^ Park. He obtained the office
of reKiatnr-generalof birth*. He published two novel*.
enlitred*'Granbv,"(i8z6,) and " Herbert La<7," and a
"lift of Lord Clarendon the Hiitorian." He married
Uie sister of the Earl of Clarendon, known aa the au-
Uiore** of "Sketches of the Contemporaries of Lord
Chancellot Clarendon." Died in 1843. In 1S44 hi*
widow became the wife of Sir George Cornewall Lewis.
He wa* a brother-in.law of Lord John Russell

Us'tfO, (John,) a popular English comedian, bom
in London in 17^6, appeared on the London utage about
1805. He excelled in low comedy, and acted manj*ean
*t the Hajmarket, Covent Garden, and Drar]> Lane
Tbeitres. Died in 1S46.

Ida't^n, (Robert,) F.R.S., an eminent Scottish phy-
~" n,boni in 1794. About 1S17 he began to practise

Sei?." He remored to London in 1834, practised
ancceas, and became professor of dinial •nrgcTf itt
Unirerdt; College. Died 10 1848.

Uaxliuki, le-shtn'skee, (Casihik,) * Polish phlloao-
pber, who wax lieheaded in 1689 on a false durge of
heresy or atheism.

ijazt, list, (Fkanz,) a Hnngarlao moddan, and the
most celebrated pianiM of recent time*, was bom at Rai-
ding in iSi I. He WM inxtmcted by Ctemj and Salieri
at ^enna, and afterwards repaired to Pana, where his
performance made a great sensation. About 181] h*
vMted EneIand,Bnd was received with equal enthntiaMtt.
Having, aRer his return to Pails, heard Fagaidni, be Te>
•(dvcd to obtain the same masterj over the pjano wfaidi
that great maucian had gained over the vkfin ; and h b
generallv allowed that he iucceeded. He vtsiled the
prlodpal dtiea of EoTOpe, and everywhere eidtcd the
warmeat admiration. Though he produced many com.
positions, he chiefly excelled as a performer. IJait
wu distinguished (or gencro«!ty, and nve largely to
charitable and oseFul institutions. In 1848 he wa* ap>
pointed leader of the orchestra in the imperial cb^^d
at Weimar, In 1S65 he became a cleric of the Roman
Catholic Church. Lisit had several natnral children,
one of whom (Coeinoa, whose mother was the CooDtesa
d'Agonlt] was married first to Von Biilow and then to
Richard W^pier. Another daughter married finiile
Ollirier. He was the author of a " life of Frederick
Chopin." Died July ti, 18S6.

Sh I> Kautab, " r. lloi: B« ,_. .

■kiiM,'* il^ii Gon-AV ScHiLUHo, "F. LiHt: — —

Wi[ijsB,"i!44rF. Kmi^'T. LiHt:"R<«AuiWAtanB,''A|A*.
riHbdM UanstnB," («e., ilpL

Uttt'sSw, (William,) a traveller, who Iraveised oo

At Malaga he was arrested a* a spy and heretic, and
tortured by the Inqttisition.

Idtliov, lit^oT, ? (GusTAVUs,) a Latia poet, bom tn
Sweden in 1691. In 1734 he published "Bermc-Htt-
cellaneous Poem*," (PoJimata heroico'misccllanea.'')
Hia "Panegyric on Charles XIL" (1730) produced a
great senuinoa. Died in 1753.

Uf oUC {HiNKV Ckaeles,) an English pianist and
composer, bom in I'OndoiH February GiiStS. Hu father,
an Alsatian, had aettled in London as a riolinitt. He
gave corvcerts in the prindpal European dties, and, after
many wandering*, firully settled in Pari*. Died in 1891.

Utta, Itt'tl, (Pouno.) Coutrr, an Italian hiatorical
writer, bom in Uilan in 1781. He entered (he Frendi
army In 1804, fought at Auslerlitz, (1S05,) and, having
obtamed the grade of thef-tU-iaiamim, left the aervice in
1S14. In 1819 he b^an to puUish at Milan his fiuaoos
Mid coatly work, « Celebrated Italian FanuUe*," vblcA
wa* continued antil hia death, and contain* accoont* of

LITTRE

It is conaiderad rsmaAaUe tat
:85a.

Idt'tte, (Jambs Stanlky,) a Brituh an writer,
bom at Heme Hill. He wa* secretary of the
Sodety of Authors 1888-90, and edited the " African
Review," 1895-97. He published a number of works
on political, «j1, and other subjects.

Xilf tl^ (William.) an English historiatt, called Nadi
BRiGEHsis, was bom at Bridlington, Yorkshire, in 113&
He became a monk of Newborou^ Abbey, and wrote •
"History of England from the Conquest to 1197," which

Idttln, (W. J. Knox) See KNOX-Lrmj.

Lif tlo-dSla, (RiCHAED FBKDUtiCK,) LL.D., sBritish
clergyman, bom at Dublin, September 14, 1S33. He
graduated at Trinity Collie, Dublin, in 1854, and ia

Hew

of the eitteme High.Church p
Died ^nuary
Nbwkirk,)'D.D., an American

was a lealous anti-Roman i

Idftl»-JUui,(Ai
bishop, born in Florida, New York, December _j, . ,_^
mduated at Union College in 1845, took orders in the
Episcopal Church, 1848, 1849. and was consecrated
Bishop (rf Long Island (the first of that title) fn 1869.
He made large and important contribntioos to cur-
rent religious literature. Died August 3, I901.

Uttl».t9n, (ADAH,) nt EnglWi dMie, emineni as
a phtlokwist and Orientalist, waa bom in Shropshire in
1627. He became Tii«ri«tn to Charles IL, rector of
Chelsea, and prebenduy of Weatminster. His Latin
Dictionary (1679) waaeateeBsed and <^eB reprinted He
published manyMTOons, and other wortcs. Died in 1694.

Littleton, (Edward,) Lord, lord keeper of the great
seal of England, bora at Hunslow, Shropahire, in 1589^
was a lined deacendant of the jurist Thomas Littleton.
After finishing his studies in die Inner Temple, be aoon
rose to the summit of his proCesdoa. In i6a6he entered
Farliameot, where he was at first a tealous adherent of
the popular party, bat afterwards went over to the court
with Wentworth and others. He wa* made chief justice
of the common pleas in 1640, and rdnctantly aiocepted
the great seal in Janaarr, 1641. He wa* then raised to
the peerage, as Lord litDeton. The vacillation whid
he dlsphifed hi the contest between Charles L and tha
Parliament is ascribed to lack of mcnl conragei but ho
was •n*pecled ^ perfidy bjr the rayaliet* and t^ Uie king.
In 1641 the Ung, then at York, ordered Falkland to de-
mand the great acal from the ** traitor." Uttleton aoon
Joined the court at York, and, throurii the interceadon
of Lord Clarendon, was retained in office until his death,
in 1645. " He was," says Lord Campbell, "a man of
excellent private character."

Sa* Loud Caktbu, " Llw of Ibt Lord OBDcdlon of Kmi
lud."iB46i Font -TlMjudcH of liquid."

IdtUeton, (Edward,) an En^ish poet He was
presented to the living of Maple Durham about 1717,
and was afterwards chaplain to the king. Hewasadthor
of Verse* on a Spider, and other poenM> Died in 1734.

Uta«ton, Lord. See Lyttlrton.

UtUvton or I^ttloton, (Thomas,) a celebrated
Engliah judge and jurist t>om probaUy about 1430, was
the aon of 'Hiomas Westcote, of Devonshire, and Etiia-
beth Littleton. He studied in the Inner Temple. In
1455 he was appdnted king's Serjeant, and rode tbn
northern drcuit a* judge of a**iie. Aiier the triumph
of the house of York, he received a pardon from Edwaid
rV., about 1461, and was retained in the office of king^a
He was appointed a judge of the court of

lord keeper Lyttleton and other eminent men de-
scended. His treatise on " Tenure," written in Norman
French, is regarded as the prindoal basis of the lawn
or property in Great Britain. Sir Edward Coke wrote *
celebrated commentary on Littleton.

Ut&'i, le'tai', (Haxiuilikn Paul £milm,} a French
philologiat, bom in Paria in iSoi. He was an editor of
the " National," a democratic journal, trom 1831 to iSji
and publiabed a translatian of Hippocrates, (8 vols.

■,S.I,4<Wy./<«v;i.*^4.*ame,lessprolongMl}l,i^I,&,fi,r,ii«f/t,Ktft«ls<wv;ar,ail,atimlt;nAtig<&di>

d by Google

1563

LIVINGSTON

lS}9-5a,) a truMtadoo of Stnon'* " life of Jmm,"
(1839-^40,) "HiMoiy (rf the French Lanrnwe," (186a,)
• ■ ■■ "Dictionary of the Frendi LMigiii(e,"

(1863-73,) "Medldnn and Medical Men," (1S73,) Mt
In 18^ he ettabbhed a new revie*. " La Fhiloaophie
PMBtiTe.'' In 1871 he became profcHoi of htitory and
leofraphjr in tbe Polytechnic School, and was elected a
uonber ai the French Acadcnf. Died June 1, 1S81.

Uttrow, Ih^of or lit'tao, (JosBPH Jorann,) an
eminent astnmomer, bocn In Bohemia in 1781. He was
appointed pnrfesscn' of attrooomr >t Cracow in 1807, and
■t Kaxan in iSia In l8ip he became director of the
Obaemtwy of Vtenna, whidi lie Ereat)7 fanprored, and
kcttired on aatroiKMnT with (ncceia in that dtf. He
p«Hlihr<1 many TalaaNe scientific works, amcnw iritidi
■le "Tbeomk and Practical AitTOnotny," jIltt>-aU
"Dioptrica,'' (1830^) and " The Wonder* ofUie Hewrcna,"
(1853.) The last is called one of the best popular booha
on Oat sabject Died io 184a

Uttrow, (Kakl Lddwio,) a ion of the piece^n^
WSB born at ICann in 1811. He incoeeded hi* btbei
as cUractor (rf the Obserratoiy of Vienna In 1843. Tha
Annal* of this obaerratoiy which hare appeared nnca
U* app<nntmenl are esteemed among tlie moat TalnaUe
aalruuomicai registers. In 1S47 liltrow and W. Strare
were employed to connect Austria and Ruaaia by nian-
Bolatioii. Littrow died at \lenna, November 16, 1S77.

Ut-f-ar'aM, (Gr. Lxn^awiA a son of hfidaa, King
of Fhrygia, was kQIed by Herciueii

Z^u^^rand. See LDirrRAitDi

Un^nndoa. See Ldtttkahd.

Uvana. See Lnmn.

Ur'fT-nMwa, (Abiel Abbott,) an American Unlta-
liHi diriiie, boni at Wiltoiv, New Hamp«hii«, In iStl.
became in \%ta pastor of a church at Cincinnati, and
from 1863 to 1890 was preiideni of Uead*ille, Pa., Theo-
Uwical School He published several commentaries and
other worlcB in prose attd verse. Died Nov. 38, 1891.

UrariBora, <ICut Asrtdn,) an AMerican writer,
born at Boston, Hassadnisetts, December 19, 1811.
Her maiden name was RlCK. Hei hnaband was D. P.
livermore, a Universalist preacker. Daring the war of
1S61-65 she was verv promiaeiit in the work of sanitary
tcHet both In the field and in the Northern dties. After
the war she edited the ** Woman's Journal," and became
distn^nubed as a public speaker. She was active in the
temperance and woman sofirage movements, and pub-
tithed several works, includiog " Ameiican Women."
Died May 33, 1905.

UWfr-pool. (CHAKLn jENKiNaoit,) brat E*aL oiv
• Brltirii statesman, bom & Oxfordshire in 1737, was
Oe aon of Cbariea Jenkinson. In 1761 be entered Par-
llaBaeiit,aad was apptiniedby Lord Bale trndet-secretaiy
of state. Alter dteredrement of Lord Bute, in I763,he
acqmred tlte bvour ti tlie Idiw, and incDrrad mndi
popolar o^nm a* tlie diief of tbe secrat eabincL Ha
became one of the lords of the treaaary in 1767, was
aeoetary of war ander Lord North from 1778 to lyS^
aiKl waa afterwarda preddent of tbe l)oard of trade in
Oe ministry of the roanRT Pitt He was created Lord
Rawkesbnn in 1786, and Earl t^liverpaal in ITOtL In
i75SbehadpBtdfsbeda''D(scoarscao tbeCondnciof
Gnat Britain irith respect to NenralNationa." Hsdied
hiSoS, tearing his tiUe to Us son, iriio Iiecamepremier.

Uvaipool, (Romr Banxs JbckdiionJ Eau. op,

dance aiul pfoapwhy, bom b 1770^ was dte son ofue
preoEdirw. Ha was edncated at OxfcnL U 1790 he
•Mered Parliament as apolitical (rlendof Pitt He dis-
~ tumself tn his candoor in debate^ liy aMlltisa
than brilusnt, and bjt bis perrislent hoatiUty

iiAesbary, sod martied a dai^jliMr of
iL He became fordgn secrelanp In the
nglon in Mardit tSot, and made peaoa

to iBDOvatfoii or TCbnn, AtKMit 179a
"Oeof Lcsd Hairi "^ '

• EarlofKbtoL

irithNqi

1804 ha accqited the office ofhome s<

rynndarnt^

M secratarymidar

JO power. Ttie mlaiatrT havii^ „

dfaa(JsedtiTlbadsalhofKtt,ini8o6,L<mlHartesbnry

le daSnad the taak. He tocdt offioe aa homa aecraiaiy

In the cabinet of the Dnke of Portland in 1807, and sa&
eeeded to Ids frttier's earldom in 1808. In June, i8ts,
be oiKadiwd the place of first lord of the tressory, or
prender, vacated by the death of Feidval, which he re-
tained imtil be was prostrated by a stroke of apoplen
In Febmaiy, 1S17. " He presided over the councils of
" ' ' ~ Brougham, "for a longer time than any

Watpole and PitL It happened to him
Oiat tite 7«at* during which the helm of the state, aa it
is called, were intrusted to hi* luuids, were thoae of the
greatest events, alike in negotiation, in war, in comaia«e^
and in finance, which ever happened to illostrate or to
chedcer the annals of Europe. . . . So long and so littl*
intermpted a coarse of (Mdal prosperity was nevai,
perhaps, en}oyed \tj any other etatesman." Bron^iam
also represents him as remarkable for discretion and
as a nMMd of safe medioeri^. He is censured for op-
slave-trade, and for tbe part
\ of Queen Canribie. Died

■ of tlH Vm of Omb* III.;"
Lard Inopaol," London.uRit.
UVIhb, [Ft. LiviE, le've',] or, more fiilly, IdTTf
Dru-aO^ a Roman empreaa, bom in 58 B.C. was
first married to Tiberius Nenk After tiecoming the
mother of Tiberius sad Dmsns Gennanicus, she was
married In 38 B.C. to the emperor Augustus, over whom
she acquired an ascendency wbkh she retsined until his
death. She persuaded him to adopt her son Tiberius as
bis saccessor. By hi* last will be appointed liria and
TitMriuB his heirs, and directed her to assume tlie name
of Jnlia Augusta. She was awoman of soperior talents.

TACiTvi - Aiuisla." L ud T. ; - MounUs BiOfiaplli. G<s«nk.>'
UT'fra Uv-fllf, a granddanriiter of the preceding
a* the «ster of GermaalcBS. She became the wife S

her Gonsin Dmso^ die son of Tiberias, and was sos-

■ ' ' ■ concert with Sejanns.

I>y order of Tilieriua,

aliout 30'A.a
LiTla. See Litia.
Uvlnolna. See Liktkni, (Jan.)
LiVInc^ton, (Bso^holst,) an American turist and
ildier, \>ata in New York in 1764, served with distinc-

of William Livingston, Governor of New
Jersey. Died in 18S3.

IdTinpton, (Edwabd^) an eminent American jurist
and statesman, bora in Clermont, Columtria county. New
York, on the afitb of Hay, 1764, was a son of Robert
livingstoD, a Jo^ie of tbe snpreme court t£ New York.
Hb mother was Hargarct Beekman. He graduated at
Princeton College, New Jersey, in 1781, stndied law,
and began to practise in the dty of New York about

conduct of oneof liis clerks. He made ai „

of tiis property, resigned his offices, and removed in
iSoi to Hew Orleans. Having tost his first wife, he
married a Creole, named Louise Horean de Ijssv, In
1805. He enjoyed great professional success in New
C^leans, and paid in Itilt the detit which he owed to
the government He waa invidved bi a long controversy
and litigation atraut the title to some Isnd, called tha
Battnre, which he purdiaaed in New Orleans. President

Kersoa was one of his adversariea in thia dispute ;
LMnnton gained his caasc. At the battle of New
Orleana, January 8. 1815, lift acted as aide-de<amp to
General Jadtson, wlio was hi* intimate Mend. In iSit
be waa aathoriied by the legislatnre of Louisiana ta
revise the system of criminal law. He acoaired cdebrily
tnr Ms " System (rf Penal Law or Crimbial Codes," f^
Mabed in 1833, in whkh he opposed capital puaishme^.

ul.-faaj.-Kian/,-£as/.-0,H,K,/>tt«nif;N,MaM/.-K.MW.-ias(;«haslnlUi; (|

P-^)

d by Google

LIVINGSTON

btive icheniN and suggestlona, duccrines and contri-
nmcra ; and iti indirect inBuence hu been immeDM."
11 Villemain declared the "System" to be "a WHrk
withont example from the hand of any one man. . . .
The lapse of time has deepened and strengthened the
foandition* of his fame."

He represented a district of Louisiana in ConffreM
from 1S13 to 1829, and was elected a Senator of the
United States by the legiilature of that State in the
latter year. In April or May, 1831, he was appointed
secretary of state by President Jackson. Having re-
signed this office in May, 1S33, he was immediately
appointed minister-plenipotentiary to Prance, where he
I* laid to have "hit the happy medium between firm-
ness and conciliation In diplomacy." He returned home
about the end of 1835, and died at Rbinebeck, New
Vorlc, in Uay, 1S361, He had several children.

Stc i"Ureof Edwaid Uvii^Ion/'byCHniLas HAvam Mdht,
with in Intradndioo by Gioxa BAifCaOTT, 1864; "Nuunal Per-
tnil-GcUnrof D.itii^ruidied Ameriani." vcJ. L : " Nonh AmcncaB
lUnn" for Odobtr, iSj*.

Zilv^g-atQD, (John,) a Scottish Presbyterian diving
bom in 1603. Having declined to take the oath of alle-
eiance in 1663, he was banished, and retired to RotHip
Sam, where he died in 167a.

SmCkahhu. " Biacnphial DicdDuriar Enin(al Scoubu j"
A. dam "Hamoin oirT. LiTiivUa." New York, tS>».

XilTlasaton. (Rev. John IT,) an American divine
of the Dutch Refonnea Church, bom at Fonghkeepue,
New York, in 1746. Havmg studied at Yale College
and in Holland, where he received the degree of D.D,,
he became, on his return, pastor of the Dutch Church
in New York, He was appointed professor of theology
at Queen's College, New Jersey, in 1807, and president
of Ihi ■ ' -" - •"■-'<- -°'-

Uv'lDg-atpiie or IdT'liig-at^ii, (David,) a Scottish
missionarv, distingnished ■* an explorer of Alrica, was
bom at Blantyre, near Glasgow, March 19, 1S13. He
worked in a cotton-factory in his ^outh. Having stndied
medicine and theology, with an intention to labonr as a
missionary, he was sent by the London Missionary So-
dely to South Africa in <849. He labonred and trav-
elled in the interior of Africa for sixteen years, and
made important discoveries for which [he Geographical
Society awarded him agold medal. He returned to Eng-
land in 1856, and published an interesting work entitled
"Missionary Travels and Researches in South Africa,"
etc, (1857.) In i8;8 he again went to Africa, as consul
at Quilimane or Killimane, with a view to explore the
rivet Zambesi, to promote the production of cotton, and
to open commercial intercourse with the natives of that
region. He returned to England in 1864, and about the
end of 1865 published a " I^rrative of an Expedition to
the Zarobeai, 1858-64." He set out again for AJrica in
1865, explored a portion of the continent westward from
Zanzibar, and, after endoring great lurdship, succumbed
to an attack of dnentery, and died on the south shore
of Lake Bangweolo, May 1, 1873. His "La«t Joumala"
were published in 1874.

1 i8ia Died m 1835.

IdTinntan, (Philip,) an American revolutionist, and

riener of the Declaration of Independence, born at Al-

171& He graduated at Yale College ii

and in 1759 was elected a member of the Genera] Assem-
bly of the colony from the city of New York. In 1770
be was one of the committee appointed to correspond
with the celebrated Edmund Burke, then agent for the
colony of New York. He was elected a member of the
Congress of 1774 and 1776. Died in 1778,

IilTliigatoii, (Robert,) the first possessor of the
Livingston Manor, New York, was bom in Scotland in
1654. He emigrated to New York about 1673, and ol>-
tained a grant of a large tract of land near the Hudson
River. lie was the ancestor of several eminent men named
livingston. He had three sons, PKILIF, Robert, and
G11.HERT, f>om the second of whom the statesmen Rot>ert
R. and Edward Livingston were descended.

IilTiagBton, (Robert R.,) an American statesman,
bom in New York in 174^, was a brother of Edward
Livingston, the great jurist. He graduated at King's
College, New York, in 1765. He was a descendant of
Robert, noticed aijove. As a member of the Congress
of 1776, he was appcrinted one of the committee to draw
np the Declaration of Independence. He became chan-
cellor of the State of New York in 1777, was secretary
for foreign affairs about two years, (1781-83,) and in
1801 was sent as minister to France, where he was very
bvourably received by Napoleon and assisted in the
negotiation for the purchase of Louisiana. He returned
home in 1S05, after which he uded Robert Fulton in
the introduction of steam-navigation, and promoted
Improvements in agriculture. Died in February, 1813.

Sm *^Nalloiial Partrait-GBlUrr of DiUinfuuhed Anwrku^"
vcLh.

UwbigBtoii, (William,) ai
of Philip, noticed above, was b
Having removed to New Jersey, he w
first Congress from that "" '
Governor of New '" "
for fourteen years.
which framed the Constitution, (1787.) He was ttie
author of a " Review of the Military OperatioDa in North
America boat 1753 to 1758;" also of several political

Uvln M«iiiw, lee'vin ui^nos, ? a skiUul Dutch
painter, bom at Amsterdam in 1630^ worked br many
years at Florence, where he died in i6gi.

Uvl(4ji(TrnT&) See Liw.

Uv^oa An-dro-id'aiu, a pcqmlai Roman dramatist
and actor, who began his career as an aathor about 340
B.C, The place of his birth is ufiknowD. He ii regarded
as the eaiiiest dramatic writer of Rome. He composed
both tragedies and conediea, of which only small frag-
ments now remain, and waa the sole performer of hit
own plays, which were used In schools in tbe dmc of
Horace. He was a writer of industry and learning
rather than original genius.

S« Paonaoa SaLuas, "Raau Foati of Iba SapabUc,"

UvonnUr*, de, dfb le'vo'n^lR', (Cuudk Poo-
qti«t — po'ki',) a French jurist, bora at Angers in 1651 ;
■"'-d in Paris in •"*

LItot, de, df h le'vwl', (Pire TluoTKiE,) a French
(riar and lHUmttHr, bom at Piddviei* in >7I5. He pub-
lished, in 1767, a "Dictionary of Frendk Sfnonyns.'*

Died m 1777.

JA-v'f, ILaL Liv'lus,] (Tmrs,) [II Ttto Livio^ tee'to
lee've-o ; Fr. Tm LiVR, tit liv,J a celelxated Roman
historian, was bom at Patavium (now Padua) in n B.C.
Ancient writers furnish us km particolars of hu life,
except that he was patronized by Augustus and became
~ person of consideration at court. He appears to have
assed the greater part of his lime in Rome. Niebuhr

1 , opinion that he was in early life a teacher of

HiB great history of Rome, from the origin of

of whidi thiity-fivc have come down to ns entire, — vi£,
the first, thirtl,and fonrth decades, and five books of the
fifth decade. We have also epitomes, by an unknown
hand, of one hundred and forty books. The first book
was probably published or written between ag and SS
B.C. His dialogues on philosophy and politics, which,
according to some writers, procured him the &voar of
Augustus, are not now extant

'Hie great popularity of his history must be Bscr!bed
(o the excellence and beauty of hia style and his wonder
fill powers of description. Tlie numerous orations 1^
which the history ii diversified are modela of eloquence.
"The painting of the narrative," says Hacaulay, in his
essay entitled "History," in the "Edinburgh Review,"
"is beyond description rivid and gracefiiL The abun-
dance of interesting sentiments and splendid imagery in
the speeches ia^moat miraculous. " But he was dcali-
ntial to a historian of the

i,«.I,«»,y./#H!f,l,t,4,a!

!, less prolonBe<l; >.<il|6.1i, )I.Mi»r,-^(, j,9,WI>r>nr;at,flll,at:mIt;n(it;gdediiMftai

Digitized by VjOOQIC

LJASALFAR

1565

LOB A a

to exalt the national glory and produce a picturesque
dfea than to eompoM a tnw hiitoiy. He made little
■te of public doctunenti^ and waa not bmiliar with the
anIiqiiiSea of hi* country. His work is also defideot
b Ibe explanatiaa of tM orielnal conitltation of the
•tate, tlie cooteata between tne ordeia, the ^rr^ress
<rf civilization, and other domestic aStlr*. Uvr was
narried, and had two or more cluldtett. Died at Padna
ini7A.ix

SmN. UiicBunLU."DiwmiK|m la prima D*ail* iK Tito
U^" ijufnanilaud uto Endiali bf E. DACan, i6j6 J D. W.
Houn.^'Dupoatio dnuUm Sa Tita LitIo,- liffi ; A. If. M»«-
lamii "Ylii <S 'ntBli<1a,"iS3s:a. F. ToHHAsm, " Vila Tlti
LhB."!*^: J.C.a»>ii>,"Of^ .-. ~ ~

I^BMlfar. See Elves.

LIuoa de Valdos, ll'n6« djk vli'dtth, (Don SUAt-
TiAN,) a Spanish painter, born at Granada about i6o3i
died aJtei 167a

Lluiover, Lokd. Sec Hall, {BiNJAMtit.)

UowoUTti or UywBlyii, loo-ll'in, I, Prince 01
Wales, beean to reign aboni 1 190, and married a daughter
of John, Ikingof England. The latter afterwards invaded
Wales and farced hic
war acainat Henry II!

the rebellion of his Toungcst , ._

nsit * treaty iritli Heniy, and purchased peace by
■dmowlednng himself the vassal d that king. He died
in 13401 and was succeeded by his son David.

was then invaded and conquered by Edward In 1177.
Llewellyn, having again revolted, was killed in battle M
1383.

Uorantat lo-iCn'ti, (BntMARDO Gmuano,) a Span-
id) painter, bom at Seville in 1685 ; died in 1757.

Uorwite, (Don Feux,) a Spaoith painter, bom al
Valencia In 1713, was successful in history, landac^MS,
and portraits. DiediniyS?.

ZJor«nt«, (Ddo Juan Antonio,) a learned Spaniik
Ustorian, born near Calahorra, in Aragon, in 17J&
Harina been ordained as a priest, he waa chosen vicar.
nneraJ of the see of CalahcHra in 1 781. Favoured by
Florida-Blanca or the king, he was appointed in 17S9
teovtary-general of the Inquisitioit, of which he became
a determined adversary. In 1794 the Grand Inquisitoi
directed Uorentc, whose opinions weit known to b<
liberal, to write an exposition of the abnses of the In-
quisition. In 1808 he embraced the party of the French
mvadeta, was admitted into the council of sUte by Kin;
Icaeph, and promoted the suppression of the Inquisition
m iSm. On tbe expulsion of the French ftom Spain, in
l8i4> bo went as an exile to Paris, where he published
ia 1817 hia "Critical History of the Spanish Inqnisi-
tko," which waa bis great work. Died in 1S23.

Uoyd, l(M, (CraUpBS,) an English banker, endnetd
M a Kholar and phQanthropist, Dom in Biimingham
in September, l^A waa a member of the Society of
Friends. He was conspicuous as an advocate 01 the
abc^itioo of the slave-trade, and was a man of preat in-
inence in tbe commonity. He was an unde of Thomas
F.Bnxton,andlatherofAnnaBraithwaite. Died

"The Stateamen and Favonritei of England shtct the
Befbrmation,'' (1665.) Died in 1691.

Uoyd, (Hehky,) a British officer, cBttingiiished as a

writer on tactics, was bom in Wales about 1725. He

served in the Seven Years' war, first in the Austrian

army and afterwards in that of Prussia. Abont 1770

he obtained the rank of major-general in the Russian

army, and wag emplcyed in a war against the Turks, bu*

was suspected of being a secret agent of the English

government Suddenly quitting the Russian service, he

went to Gibrsltar, and ^ave valuable counsel to General

Elliott respecting the siege of that fortress. He died at

Huyini783, leaving an "Introduction to the History of

the War between tlie King of Prussia and the Empress

Maria Theresa," (1781,) a " Memoir on the Invasion and

Defence of England," (1798,) and other works.

S« " Ha<n»l« BiccnvlH Ofa^nla"

Iiloyd, (Hbnrv Dbmarbst,) an American author,

bom at New York city in 1S47. He was admitted to

tbe New York bar in 1S69, and removed to Chicago

S72, becoming a journalist. He wrote " Wealth

Commonwealth," "Labor Copartnership," "A

Country without Strikes," (1900,) etc. Died in t903,

XJofd, (RoBS&T,) an English poet, born at West

inater in 1733. ^^^ became an oaher in tbe West-

ilnster SchoolTand a companion of Churchill, Colman,

c His health and fortune were injured by dissipated

habits. He composed an admired poem, "The Actor,"

(1760,] "The Capridous Lovers," a comic opera, and

iier works. Died in 1764.

lAajA, (William,) a pious and teamed English
bishop, born in Berkshire in 1637. He was appointed
Bishop of Saint Asaph in 1680, and was one of the
bishops imprisoned by James IL in 1688 for refusing to
publish in their churches the declaration of indulgence
to Catholics and dissenters. He became almoner to
William IIL, Bishop of Lichfield in 1691, Bishop of
Worcester in 1699 or t7oc^ and almonei to Queen Anne
a few years later. He furnished Burnet valuable mate-
rials fur hia history, and wrote several religious treatises.
Died in 1717,

Lloyd- a«oiEa, (David,) cabinet offidal, bom at
Manchester, England, in 1863. Became a solicitor in
18S4, was a member of Parliament for CamarvoQ aftec
1890 ; president of the Bowd of Trade 1905-08 ; Chan-
cellor of the Exchequer after 1908. Brought in a budget
taxing the unearned in crement of landed estates, and forced
its passage against tbe opposition of tbe House of Lords.
In a general election the country sustained his action.

Itoayaa, lo-l'sl, (Gakcias,) a Spanish cardinal and
eloquent preacher, bom at Talavera a'lo->t 148a Abont
{534 he became confessor to Charles V. He was alter-
warda Biahop of Seville, and president of the Royal
Council of the Indies. Died in 1546.

Iio'baaofl-Roatof'Bki. (Alexis,) Prince, a Rus-
sian statesman, bom in 1SZ4. He entered the public
service in 1843, and occupied various positions till
JB78, when he was made ambassador to Turkey, in
1879 to London, and in 1882 to Vienna, remaining
there until 1895. He was thence transferred lo Ber-
lin, and afterwards made minister of foreign affairs,
in which post he displayed great activity and ability.
Died August 30, 1896.

iKtban, de, dth lo'bS', (Georces Moaton— moo*-
tta',) Count, a French general, born in Phalsbourg in

a friend of Coleridge, Lamb, and Sonthey,
1796 he went to Bristol, and lived iti the same houae
with Coleridge. Lloy^ produced, besides other poems,
"Nogae Canorie," ("'Sounding Trifles," 1819.) "Desul-
tory Thooghta in London," (t83i,) and "The Duke
of Onnond," a tragedy, (t8a3.) He translated the
tragediw of AlGeri into English. Died in 1839.

Sm D* QvnCEV, " Utnry RuiuDHCcnaa," vat. IL ; " UonthM
■hhw" far liar. i>i<^ Jolr. >>-. "i J>^. itn.

Uoyd, (David,) a British biographer, bom in Merio-
nethshire m j63S- I** *"°^ orders, and auccessivelj
faeld several benefices. Among his orindpal work* -

1770.

entered the a

1792, became aide-de-

.„ ,_. were rewarded by the rank of

gener^ of division in 1807. He displayed great courage
at Ecimiihl, Aspem, and Lobau in 1809, and received
the title of Count de Lobau. In the invasion of Russia
(1811) he was aide-major-general of the imperial guard.
He fought at Lutzeo and Bautzen in 1813, and was taken
ptiaoner al Waterloo in 1815, after which he passed many
veara in retirement During the revolution of iSlo be
avoured the cause of Louis Philippe, who appointed him
commander of the national guard in December, 1830, and
gave iiim a marshal's bSton in 1831. Died in 18^

mk; f aai; iiard; gas^.-G, H,K,/KtfKn>// H,muaJ; s^triiUd: Sass; thasinUu, ()7~See ExplaiiationB,p.33.)

d by Google

LOSS

iSM

LOCK

Lobb^ (Thbofhilui^) an En^bh phydcUn, born la
London in 1678. He practised with lucceu in that dty,
and mote medical worka, unonK which are a "Treatue
on the Small-Poz," (t73i>) >nd "Medical Practice ia
CarinK Fe»era," (1735.) Died in 1763.

LoMi lo^h, (JoHANN Cbei^mn,] A German

tical compoMT, bora at Weimar in 1797. He prodnced
in 1833 "Tke Princeaa of Granada,'* an open. Hia

recent time*, wai bom „

He became professorof ancient literature andeloanencc

at Kiinigaberg in 1S14. He pabliahed valuable editiooi

of the "Ajai" o( Sophocles (1810,) and of Phi^icnt,

(iSm.) Among bii other most important worka is " Pa-

thologiM linguae Griccac Elementa," (1853.) Died in

i86a

Sea " NonelU Biocnphia QhiTtCiK.'

Iiobaln or Iiob«rn, da, di lo-t^-il, written alao

about 136a He wat kntghted bj King
John L of Portugal on the battle-field of Aljabairota in
1386, and died in 1403. Hewasthe anthorof the bmona
romance " AnuuUi de Gaul," which ia now seldom read.
The earliett edlthn now known wal printed in tji^ It
pntr il G>r the beat of the romance* of ehiTalry until the
Mtire a< Cerrantaa rendered them all onpopulaT.

Sm Tioonn'i "SpniWi Ulvum," nL L ^ap. b. p. ui

Lob«l or L'Obal, lol>ll', (Hathhu,) an eminent
botanitt, bom at lille, France, in ijlS. He practiaed
medidne at Antwerp, and became ph;>idan to the Prince
of Orange, after whoae death he went to Englaad, where
be pasted the moat of hb life. In 1570 Lobel and Pena
publbhed in London " Stirpium Advcraaria," which pre-
•enta the first iketch, though rude, of a natural meuiod
tA botany, with neat engraving of about two hundred
and seventy plant*. He published In 1581 a valuable
work entitled " Icone* Stirpium," which contains figures
of about two thousand plants, and b still, says Duvau,
often consulted. Lobel was also physidan to Tames L
Died near London in 1616. The genua LMia was
named in honoor of hinL

S« C F. A. Houn, " NMkcUtyiaphWM maU.i* L-Oiwl."
■Ijj: Klot, "Dictiomairatkk Midedn*.''

X^boU or Loeb^ ISHiql, ^ohakn Wiluklm,) a
German historian, bom ia Berim in 1786. He becaine
profeator of history at Btmn about 183a Died in 1S63.

I^nMnorLovbwi.lS'bfn, (Otto Heinrich,) Coinrr,
a German writerof Ae romantic school, bom at Dresden
in 1786, b known by the name of IsiDoaui Okiemtaui.
He wrote, besides numerous tales and poema, romances
entitled "Guido" fl8o8) and "Arcadion," (1811.) Died
hi8is.

Zoben, lo-Bi'rl, (Luis.) a Spanish physidan, bora
at Avila, in Old Castile. He was physidan to Chariet
v., and publbhed treatise* on anatomy and medidne,

IiOtnnaaii, lo'be'nS', (Gm Alkxis,) a learned French
monk, bom at Rennes in 1666. He wrote a continuatioQ
of the " Hbtory of Bretagne" (1707) by Legallois, and
another of FJlibien's " History of Paris," (5 vols., 1735.)
Died in 1737.

ZiObkowlts. See Carahuei.

LobkowltK See Hassenstkin.

Lobkowlts, lob'ko-Mtz', (Josef Franz Maximil-
ian,) Prince, an Austrian musidan, bom at Vienna io
177a. He b best known as the friend and patron of
Beethoven, who dedicated to him a number of nb works.
Died December 16, 1816.

liobkowlta, von, fon lot/ko-Wts', (GsoKO Cuais-
riAN.) Prince, an Austrian general, bom in 1701. He
took commaitd of the army of the empress Maria Theresa
in 1741, and g^ned advantage* over the French at Brau-
nau and Prague. Died in 17^3. Hb aon Toeeph, bom
in 1715, dblingabhed himself in the Seven Yean' war as
major-general. In the reign of Joseph II. he was made
a field-marahal. Died in iSoa.

Iiobo, lo'bo, (Fkancisco Rodriguez,) a celebrated
Forti^ese poet,bom at Leiila about 155a He wai '

byhh _ „ ^_ _ ___^ ^

wnere he was chosen provindal of hb order. He re-
tnnted to Uabon in 1656, and publbhed a valuable rela-
tion of hb travel* in Al^ssinia, entitled a " History of
Ethiopia," (1659,) which was translated into English by
Dr. Johnson. EHcd in 1678L

LooatelU, lo-kl-tellee, or LnoateUl, loo-kl-teKlec,
(Andrea.) an Italian painter of landscape* and genre,
bora at Rome. He adorned his landscape* with figure*
which are admired, and displaved good taste in familial
scene*. Hi* worka are praised by uniL Died in 1741.

Looat«lll, (LuiGt,) an Italian phywdan, bora at Ber-

anthor of aonn, pMtoral romances, sonnet*, and of a
prose work entitled "Court in the Country and Wiatei
Night*." He has been styled " the Portuguese Theool*
toa." "He«M,''say* Longfellow, "a schotar of great
erudition; and the •errloe* he rendered to the I^n-
guese langnage and style make an era in that literature."

S« Lomwauow** " PmU aad Pntrr of Xonipa.'
IiobOk 10*80, (Gerardo,) a Spanish poet,'bOTn in Old
Castile. He became a favourite at the court of Philip
IV., who sometimes required hb companions to talk
in verse to hioL Lobo had a remarkable &dlity for
improviaatloii, and, it b aald, could coa»erie all day
without descending to prose. His productions consirt
of ode*, *onnets, etc. Died in 166E.

Iiobo, (Jeronimo,) an enteiprising Portuguese mb-
•ionary and Jeauit, bora at Lisbon in K93. He was
*ent to labour in the miaaion of Goa in 16M. Id 163;,
with other missionaries, he undertook to evangelize
AI^Bsinia, whose sultan, S^ed, (Segued,} had become a
Roman Catholic or at least was friendly to that Church.
The sultan having died, the missiotkanes were expelled
K- ki. .__«~ y, i6j^ i„ jgjo !,( tnat again to Gtm

gamo, invented the "balm of LocateL" Died in 1637.

Iiooatalll or LnontatU, (PiETEO,) a hialorical painter
bom in the Roman State*. He was admitted into the
Academy of Saint Luke in 1690.

LooatoUi, (PiETto,) an Italian vlolinbt, bora atBfo

rian,bora in Hotstein about 1598. Queen Christina gave
him the title of hutoriographer of Sweden. He wrote,
in Latin, " Hbtory of Sweden," (1654,) and several worka
on law. Died in 1677.

Sh ILSinai, " Uflwina J. Loccnu," iftiS ; Olot A. Kmsfc .
"LtAwnM BMkriMn( 00 J. iLoeauDi,'' iSaiv

lAOb, (Henry BtorciiAU,) Baron, an English
offidal, was bom in 1817. He served in the navy
1840-43, in the army 1S44-S7, and wal subsequently
in the diplomatic service. Was Lieoleeant-govemor M
Isle of Man 1863-82, Govemor of Victoria 1884-89,
Governor of Cape Colony and High Commisiioner of
South Africa 1889-95. He was made a baron in 1895.

liOOh, lok or loK, (Jaurs,) a Scottbh lawrer, bom ia
178% He was employed as auditor by the iaz\ of Etlea-
mere and other noblemen, and was for many years B
liberal member of ParlUment. He poblishnl ft " Sta-
tistical and Historical Account of the County of Suther-
land." Died in 1855.

IiOOtier, loK'^r, (Jakob,) a German poet, bom In
Suabia in 1470, was surnamed PRILOUUSUS. He was
crowned poet-laureate by the Emperor of Germany,
Among his works (in Latin) are a poem on Lsuarua
andDives,and"Thc Judgment of Paris," (1501.) Died
in 1518.

Loclmer, lox'ntr, (Michael Friedrich,) a skDInl
German physidan and botanbt, bora near Nnrembets
in i66z ; died in 1710.

IioolioTe, 1Sk-Sr', (Robert,) a Sooiibh minor poet
born at Strathaven, July 7, 176a. He was a shoemaker,
and a friend of Bums. He publbhed " Tales in Rhyme,"
(1815.) Died April a^, 1851.

Look, (MAimRW,) an excellent Engliah composer,,
bora at Eieter about 16^;. Sora aiker the restoration
(1660) he received the title of com poser-in -ordinary l»
Charles II. He is called the first English composer for
'Jie stage. Some of his sacred composition* appeared ia
the " Harmonia Sacra." Hi* chief title to durable feme-
b the admirable " Music in Macbeth." Died in i^jj.

I, i, I, S, B, ;, /(>(^; 1, ft, ^ saoie, le** protoaged; i, J^ ^ ^ &, )t, «A«r«; t> ft i. « •'«)«>.' Or, au, at; mCti nAl; g«d; mClhi;:

d by Google

LOCKART

1567

inioM, Mid
- "moo

LooVuX JAUXAMDU.) • Scoltitli lawyer, boTD
neat EtUnbwgn to 1675. He wrote " Ifenuun of Scot-
kuid." Died in IT3S.

Looka^ lok, (Datid Ross,) an Americin banorou
writer, born ir Vestal, New York, September 10, 1SJ3.
lie became a ionnialUt of Ohio, and wrote nmch politi-
cal utin. nndeT tbe name of PrntOLiUM V.
[ U* book* «i« "Diren Viewi. Oihi
,_ed«a," -SwfngiB' IU>«id the cirWe," _
It Kentndkri" " HMila of Aboa ben Adhem," " A
Paper City," * Uoral Hiatoiy of Amcrica'a lile-Stnig-
^"etc Ued Febniarr 15, 1888.

lAokflb tok, [I^ Dxi'Kma.l (Jorm,) a oelebrated
K^jiah philaeopher and phUanutroinit, bora at Wrin^-
toi^ b SoneraMaUre, in 1631, waa the *on of Capttui
Lodu^ who aemd in the parliamentaiy amr during
Ihedvilwar. HeatndieditWeatminitef School.uidiQ
lG5> entered Chriat Church, Oxford, where be aoon dia>
tiMuiahed hlnuelf bj hia talenta and acquitemeDla. He
lefTOzfani with no veiy bvoorable trfewa of tlie tjpMem
of iDatmction there pwaued. He liad, indeed, l>eai 6u
sore indebted for hw mental culture to hia own efforla
dan to the akOI 01 labonr of hia tutors, and was *iiin«^if
an mmple of that aelf-teacliinff which In hia wiitinga
ha ao atronglr Tecommenda. In 1665 Locke accou-
p«nitd, n seoetaty. Sir Walter Vane, rtnral envoy to
the Elector of Brandenbutg. He returned to En^uid
in Februty, and toon after fiwned the acquaintance of
Lord Aablej, (afterwarda Shafteabuir,) who recored liim
into the Munoer of hia moat intimate and confidential
fiimda. In 1673^ Shafteabury being then lord chancellor.

freal seaL m 1675 Lodn visited the south oT France
on bocodM of hia bealth. He resided more than a year
at Ifontpcllier, and afterwards spent much time in I^uis.
He returned to bit own eounbj in 1679 ; but, Shaflea-
bmv having been compelled In hia enemiea to leave
"--'— d towards the cloee of IWI, Locke followed him

ipect with which he treated his opponent*,
versation, we are told, was a " happj union of wit and
good sense ;" so that his company was sought by many
of the most distinguiahed men of that period, — auch as
Hali&z, Buckingham, etc A* an evidence of the varietj
— J ._.„. of tuB attaintuenta, we may mention that the

Jt tlml convqped the PrincesaofOraoseto

England. Soon after hia arrival, he was offered by Lord
Mordannt the position of envoy to one of tlte Eoiopean
Gonrta ; bat he declined tbe oAce on acumnt trf his
feeble liealtb ; he accepted, however, the post of com-
missiiwer of appeals, which yielded him. It Is said,
two bndred pounds a year,— tio inconsidBrable sum for
that period. The asthmatic aftction under which h»

y yeaia havii^ become
aggrxvaled, be resigned, in inc^ his position and<
government, and retired to Oates^ In Essex. Here he
nent tlw remainder of Us days at the lionae of Sir
nanda MiT*""*. wfaoas accomidiahcd lady was the
dabbler of the celebrated Dr. CndwcKth. He died
October 38, 1704.

Locke was no less distinguished lor iiit ' '
-■-w than (or his — " '--"-—-> -

i^ds

_ * extraordinary intellectnal endowments.

. . writings mav be said to have had for their object
improvement of mankind in knowledge, liberty, and
ne. AlttKMigh tie was in bvonr of tfi> utmost free-
don of investigation in regard to religiou* aa well as
ether truths, be entertained for tbe Holy Soiptores the
profbandest veneratioiL To a friend inqoirmg the best
wiqr to attain a tnie knowle^e of the Cluistian relinon,
be answered, "Study the Holy Scriptures, eq>ediUy
die New Testament ; therein are contained tbe wonb
ef eternal life. It has God (or ita adthor, aalvatiaa for
ka end, and truth without any mixtnte of error ibr Ita
matter." A little before Us death, while acknowledging
Oat his lifc, on the wbtde, bad been a happy one, he
pronoonced all sublimarr enjoyments to be "vanity,"
and earnestly etborted nis friends to prepare for the
endiess life to come. He cztdled the goodness of God
in prmiding ibr tlie salvation of mankind through ^th
in Jesos Christ, and eipreased particular gratitude that
he had been led throngh divine goodness to Che know-
ledge of tbe Saviour. (See a letter by Coete, the French
translator of the " Essay on the Hunun Understanding,"
pablisbed Fet>rnary, 1705.) As a controversialist, LoAe

gave it aa bis opinion tliat "in gemus, penetration, and
accurate judgment be liad in that age few eqnals and
scarcely any auperior." From the diaracter of Locke
as given t^ Le Clerc, which he assures us " is an accu-
rate and by no means flattered description," we take the
following: "He was ■ profound philosopher, and a man
fit f^r tlw most important affaira. He had much know-
ledge of belles-lettres, and his manners were veiy polite
and particularly engagine. He knewsomethinEot almost
everything which can Se useful to mankind, and was
tboroughw master of all that be tiad studied; but he
showed his superiority by not appearing to value himself
in any way on account o[ his (treat attamments. "

HAcke's great work, entitled an " Essav on the Human
UndentanAng," was Givt published in 1690, (three years
after tlie appearance of Newton's " Prindpia,") although
the original copy, still preserved and in his own haiid>
writing, is dated 1671, — an evidence of his great caution
(evinced also in his other works) with respect to offering
ms view* to the public The leading position of hia
essay is that the human mind has no innate ideas, and
that all ideas, with their various comtnnations, are to be
referred to sensation and reflection. His other publica-
tions were, — three "Letters on Toleration," (1090-91,)
a "Treatise on Education," (iGoo^) one on the value of
money, (1691,) "The Reasonableness of Christianity,"
(1695,) a first and second Vindication of the last-nanied
work, (1696,) and three elaborate letter* in defence of
the "Esaay on the Human Understaoding" againsl
Stillingfleet, Bishop of Winchester, (1697-99') Locked
work on the "Conduct of the Human Understandins^"
and hia "Discourse om Mirades," and " Commentaries
on the E|»stles of Saint Paul," were published after his

S« "Ufcof Lock.,'

NoonUg BkifraphN

br Loan Kura; '

CaiToiflUe:" ■rtH.H mvm%<i aa %.«■

hCHvliii^"'igSDn''£diobi>nIi

British Quiurly R«in" Ibr Uiv, iM^t,

. . (John,) U.D., an American geologist, bora
at Fiyeburg, Haine, in 1791. He became professor
of chnnistry at Cincinnati in 1836L Ha was well versed
in geology and natural history. Died in Cindnoati
in 1856.

ZrfMka, gosKTE.) U.P., F.R.S., an eminent English
railway-engmeer.bomnearSheffieldiniSos. Helearned
the business of engineering with the celebated George
Stephenson. He f^uned a high reputation as engineer
of the Grand junction Railway, (of^ which Birmin|^kam
is one of the termini,) completed m iSjy. The London
and Southampton Railway, under bis direction, was
opened in 1S40L He was afterwards employed aa en-

Eieer of the railw^s connecting Paris and Rouen, and
avre and Rouen, in France. For several year* Ixfore
his death he was a member of Parliament, m which he
acted with the Liberal party. Died in i860.
Sh " Ufa af JoMfih Locfcn," br J. Dxnr. ■Ml
Looks, (WiLUAM John,) an English novelist, bom
in 1S63. Studied srctutecture, and was secretary of the
Royallnstiluteof British Architects 1897-1907. Hisworks
have a Btrikiog originality and the characters are unnsnat.
Among them are '*The Morals of Marcus Ordyne,"
"The Beloved Vagabond," "Septimus," "Simon flic
Jester," and "Pujol," also a number of dramas,

Iiook'fr, (Arthdr,) an Englisb aothor, (brother of
F. Lodur,) was born in Greenwich Hospital, July a,
iSiS. Me waa educated at the Charterhouse, and at
~ " ~ " - ■ ■ ■ :aduated in 1851.

I Folly," (18^)

■si; cas«.- JA.frf,-taa/CH.K./wfltora// n,mual; ^trUltd-.ta^i; »hasinrtM. (|»-See Explanations, p. aj.)

d by Google

LOCKER 15

"SwMt Seventeen," (tli66,f "Stephen Scudamois,
<i86S,) "On ■ Cotil Reet" (1869,) "TheVillife SDr>
geon," (1874,) ind minr other talea, baidca icrlew*,
poenii, etc. Fcom 1870 nnlJI abual 1S93 be wu editor
of the London "Graphic" Died in 1^3.

Look'er, (Fbbdbrick,) an English poet, wu bora
at Greenwich Hospital in i8ai, Uie lon of Edward
Uawke Locker, Ci777-'849.) author of " Lecturei on
the Bible," etc His principal poems were " London
LTrici," (i8s7,) and "Patchwork," (1879.) He
married the daagfatei of Sir Curtis Lampson and as-
sumed the name of Locker- Lampson. Died in tSoc.
IiOOkHart (John Gibson,] a distinguished Bntiib
author, poe^ and critic, was born at the roanse of Cam-
buinethati, in Lanarkshire, Scotland, in 1794. He was the
■on of a Presbyterian minister, who removed to Glasgow
while the subiect of this article was in bis infancy. Aa
a student in the Glasgow Univetsity he obtained a valua-
ble buraaiv, in virtue of which he entered Bali ol College,
Oxford. He studied law, and was called to the Scotch
bar in 1816, but preferred the profession of literature.
He was one of the chief contributors to "Blackwood's
Magazine" for about seven years after it was first estab'
K»hed, in 181T. He advocated Tory principles in politi-
cal articles wiuch displaved a great mastery of sarcasm
and invective. In iSao he mairied Sophia, daughter of
Sir Waller Scott He produced in i8ii "VJerius, a
Roman Story," which is much admired, and waa fol-
lowed by "Reginald Dalton, a Story of English Univer-
sity Life," (1813,) About this time he published elegant
translations of "Ancient Spanish Ballads." In 1825 or
■836 he removed to landon, and became editor of the
"Quarterly Review," which he conducted with success
until iSu, and for which he wrote many excellent criti-
cal and biognphical articles. In 1843 he was appointed
to the lucrative office of auditor of the duchy of Corn-
wall. His most important woik is his "Ule of Sir

IS received with favour, and Lives of Theodore
Hook and Napoleon L His manners were reserved
and even chilling. His last years were rendered un-
happy by the loss of his wife and two sons. He died in
1854, leaving a daughter, who was the only Butviving
descendant ^ Sir Walter Scott when she was manied
to Mr. Hope.

IiOOkhnrt, (Sir Wiluam,) of Lee, an able British
statesman, bom in l6zi. He fought for Charles IL,
and waa made prisoner at Preston, (1650.) In 1651 he
entered the civil service of Cromwell, and in l6<;5 was
sent at ambassador to Louis XIV. of France. He com-
manded the British at the siege of Dunkirk in 1658, and
then becatne governor of that place. At the restoration
of 1660 he was recalled. Died tn 1675. "He was,"
•ays Clarendon, "a man of great address In treaty."

Lookbart, (Sir Williau Alsxander,) an Eng-
lish general, bora in 1S41. He joined the Bengal
army in 1858, served in various campaigns, and wu
promoted llsutenant-general in 1894. He commanded
Ihe Punjab frontier force 1890-95, and was made
commander-in-chief for India iu 1897. Died March
18, 1900.

Loofcluut, (William Ewart,) a British painter,
bom in Dumfriesshire in 1846. One of his best-knowti
works is "Jubilee Celebration in Westminster Abbey,"
paiDled for the Queen, 1887-89.

Iiooklaa. See Locke, (John.)

Xiookman. See LokmXh.

Look'm^, (John,) an English writer on various
subjects, bom in 169S ; died in 1771.

Look'nty, (Edward Simon,) a French joumalist,
bom at Paris in 1840. He wrote for " Figaro" and

S8 LODGE

Look'ivood, (BiLVA Ann,) kb American ic-
tormer, was bom (Bennett) at Royalton, New Voik,
in 1830. She studied law and was admitted to (he bar
at Washington in 1873, and in 1879 secured passago
of a law admitting women to practise in the Supreme
Court. She was the candidate of the Equal Rights
Parly for President in 1884 and 1SS8, and was promi-
nent in the temperance, peace, and woinan suffrage

Lockirood, (Hrkry H.,) an American general,
bom in Kent county, Delaware, about 1814, gndttated
at West Point. He became a brigadier-general ol
United Slates volunteers in August, 1861, and served
through the war, afterwards becoming professor of
philosophy at the Naval Academy lill 1871, when he
was appointed to (he Naval Observatory at Washing-
Ion. Retired in 1876. Died December 7, 1899,

Look'yar, (Sir Josbph Noruan,) a distinguished
English astronomer and physicist, bom at Rngby, May
17, 1836. In 1857 he entered the war office, uid was
chiefly self-educated in science. He has made many
discoveries, largely in solar physics and spectroscopy,
and is the author of many papers and several books on
scientilic subjects. His most notable contribution to
Ecieoce is bis " Meteoric Hypothesis," (1S90,) in
which he advances the doctrine that the spheres are
resultants of the aggregation of meteorites. He was
Ihe leader of several solar eclipse expeditions, is di-
rector of the Solar Physics Observatory, South Ken-
sington, and editor of " Nature." He was knighled
in 1897.

Iioomfto. See LokmXh.

Loord de RoiMy, lo^xi' dfh Rwl'se', (Jean Guii^
LAUUE,) a jurist, born of a French bmtly at Leipsic In
■7^3, came to France in his youth. He published " TIm
Spirit of the Code Napoleon," (" Esprit dn Code Napo-
lion," etc, {5 vols., 1806,) and"The Civil, Commeraal,
and Criminal Legislation of France," (31 vols., 181&-32.)
Died in 1S40.

Iic/dfr, (Edwakd James,) an English musical com-
poser, born at Bath in 1813. His best-known works are

Died April 5, 1865.

Iiodor, lo'dfr, (Justus Chustias,) an anatoi
bcnn at Riga in 1753. In 1809 the Cur Alexander c
him to Moscow and chose him for hia first physidan.

itomiat,
r called

bcnn at Riga in 1753. In 1809 the Cur Alexander
him to Moscow and chose him for hia first phy
He published "Anatomical Plates," ("Tabulse Ana-
tomise," 1794,) with ei]>licalive text, a work of great
merit. Died in Moscow in 1831.

Sec UauKU "Cslduto DeuiKhlud."

Svola., 1791,) and "Portrait* of UltHlrioiis Personagea
Great Brittdn," (4 vols., 1831-34,} which is his prin-
dpal work. Died in 1S39.

Irfidga, (HsNRT Cabctt,) I

born in Boston, May is, 18 ja „

College in 1871, and at the Dane Law School in 1874, be-
came a prominent poliddan of Massachusetts, and edited
tbe "North American Review" from 1S73 to 1876, and
the " International Review" from 1879 to iSSi. Among
hisworksare^Land-Lawof Ihe Anglo-Saxons," (1S76,)
" Historyof the English Colonics in America," (1881,)
" Studiesin History," (1884,) a history of the Spanish-
Anerican war, (1^,) etc. He was elected to Con-
gress in 1887, and became a member of the Senate in
1893.

Lodge, (Olitbr Josbfh,) an Engiith sdentitt,
bom at Penkhnll in 1851. In 1880 he became pro-
fessor of physics at Che new University College, Liver-
pool, and wu elected a Fellow of the Roy^ Soden
in 1887. His chief studies were in electridty, in whic^
he made discoveries of importance. Among his works

a, e, I, S| tl, ^, /«^,A ^ d, same, less prolonged; i, ^ T, 0, ii, <F, rA>v«; 4, t, I, gi aAtnnv; fir, fflll, fit; met: nfit; giSSd; rodOn;

d by Google

M* "Modern Views o/ Electricity," (1889,) and
"Pioneers of Science," {1893.) He is a member of
the Society for Psyehicai Research and deeply inter-
tiled in its work.

IiOdM, (ThohaI;) an EnriUh dianutUand TCTutile
writer, born at Weit Ham about 1556, w»« educated «
Ttininr College, Oxford. He i> supposed to have been
to early life a aoldkr, and i* said to have practiied medi'
due in London. lie died of the plague in 1615, He
translated Jose|thii| and Seneca into English, and wi-""
successful dramas, novels, and other works. Among
principal productions are "The Wounds of Civil Wj
a tragedy, (l^M>) a " Looking-Glass for London i
England, "(a drama, of which R-Gieene was joint aulhoi,)
and "Kosalynde: Eophues' Golden Legaae," ('59o,)
novel which furnished the inddenta of Shaltspeare s "A
You Like Ic" Uallam calls him one of the best poets
of the age^ (" Introduction to the Literature of Europe.")
Sec Wood, "Athaia Outtien— ;" "Biographii Drauatica"
Irfjdgek (WlLLlAU,) an eminent Enslish engraver,
bMn at LcmIe in 1649, He travelled in Italy and in his
native country, and published engravings of places, eK.
which he had designed. H« translated into English
Barri's " Picturesque Toomev in Italy," (1679,) ana en-
fraved with lemarkable skill a series of pcntraits of
eminent persons. Died in 1689.
Iiodl. (Causto da.) See PtAUA, (CAUsra)
Iioab, (Jacques,) physiologist, bcnn in Germany in
Universities of Wuribniv and

69 LOGAN

Review" 1S74, and ot the "National Observer" 1894.
He wrote various works, historical and descriptive,
including "A History of London," (2 vols., 1883,)
"Westminster Abbey," (1890,) "Inns of Court,"
(1894,) etc.

Lof'ttiB, (AoGifsTtis,) LOKD, an English diplo-
matist, was bom in 1S17, son of the Marquis of Ely.
Entering th: diplomatic service, be was, alter serving
in minor posts, appointed minister to Austria in 1858,
to Prussia in i860, and to Bavaria in 1862. In 1S66
he was made ambassador to Prussia, in 1S68 to the
North German Confederation, and ID 1S71 to Russia.
He was Governor of New South Wales .1879-85, and
published " Dipkanalic Reminiscencea. " Died 1904. '

LoTtna, (Williak Kinnut,) an English archKolo-
gist, bom at Rye about 1830. He explored the aitea of
andent dtiei on the Euphrates arta Tigris, aod pub-
lished a valuable work entitled " Travels and Researdie*
in Chaldaa and Susiana," etc. (1857.) Died in i8<8.

Iio'eifii, a celebrated Indian chief, of the tribe of the
Cayugas, whose original name was TaL-gbh-jnto, was
boin about 173J. His bmily having been murdered
by a party of white men, he avenged binisdf by waging
a destructive war on the Western settlers, in which the
Indians were at length defeated. He was killed in tySo
in a skirmish with a party of Indians. Li^an'i regard
for the whites caused him to be called by his country-
men "the Friend of the White Man." A granite mono-
ment was erected to his memory at Fair Hill Cemetery,
near Anbum, in Cayuga county, New YorL

lA'gfli, (James,) a colonial statesman and author,
born at IJirgan, Ireland, In 1674, was a nnnber of the
Sodely f& Friends. He was master of the Greek, Latin,

I8S9- ifaugbt

Snajsburg, Biyn Mawr College, and University of Chi-
cago, being professorof physiology intfae latter 1903-la,
and member of Rockefeller Inslituto lor Medical Re-
search since 191a His researches on the origin of life . — — ,

and other subjects have been of much value and he has French, and German languages. In 1699 he accomi
written largely on physiological subjects. I William Fenn to America as his secretary- Under ma
LoebelL See LObku. I patronage of William Fenn he was much employed in
Xo«beiL See LfiSEM. I [Miblic a^rt. He wa* apDolntcd secretary of the pro-
Tj>»qfne See LOnjNG. rince in tyoi, aiier which be became diiei justice ud
Iioohr. See LOhk. i president of the council. He acted n Governor aboot
TiTftntirftt. See USniv.i.cn. \^o years after the death of Governor Gordon, in 1736.
IiO«mober. See LCschbk. ' Among his works is a Latin treatise on the ceneration
• - - '-' ' "^ ' a de Plantanin

loMwL SeeLOsu.

of plants, "

t«ev«-VelinuM, lo'lv' vl'mls' (pRANcota AnnT Generatione," {1739.) He produced a goo
FH^) BA^ONTT^nch fiwS^b^rn tn^^U in rto^^

„ , a French AiSe^ulnifr, bom lu

He published translations from tiie Gen
tiaues, a " History of Andent Literature
other works. Died in 1854.

loew, lo», (Franz Hkkmanh,) a German
gist, born at WeiMenfels, July 19, 1807. He
caled at Halle, and became eminent as a teacher. His
cntomologicai labours were of great importance, and
there is no higher authority on the Dipiera (his speciallyl
than his writings atford. Died at Halle, April 11, 1870

Loowen. See L6inN.

LoowroadahL See LSwkhdahi.

Loewenbanpt. See LowinKAUPT.

Iio»w«)ihlelin. See LbwENHiiLW.

I«w"a«ikl«n. See Lkuhclavius-

LMlng or I^efllng, lafling, (PtraR.) a Swediah
botanist, bom at Tollforatnuch in 1719. He was i
bvouritc pupil of Linnaeus, by whose mediation he was
appointed botanist to the King of Spain in 1751. H<
accompanied as naturalist an eipetfition sent by lh«
Spanish government to South America in 1754. Aftei
brief ez^lorationa of the districts of Cumana and Guiana,
he died in 1756. His " Excursion in Spain" ("Iter HU-

irf about 3000

{lSas,)and;''*_^'?S"r"

_ - , ..-IS published in 1758 by Linntuo.
Lob, loPn, or IioVii^ [from /«; "praise, _
" leave," " favour :" compare the German Let and Vtr-
*s»i,) in the Notae mythology, a goddess, who is eape-
oaliy favourable to loveri, by whom she is prindpally
worshipped. Power is given to her to unite those who
love each other, whatever obstadea may stand in the
way. From a root cognate with her name the Swedes
derive their farUfaa and the Germans their VerUitH,
Hgni lying to "betroth."

iKif'tia, (William J.,) i
Belfast in 1837. He was ass
Royal, Savoy, 1871-95, and <

British author, bom at

stant chaplain at Chapel

the staff of "Satu rday

ibrary and
searPhiia

me^
included in the Philadelphia
Library. Died near tliiladdphiB in October, 1751. — His
grandson, GeoKge, (1753-1821,) sought to prevent war
between France and the United States in 1798 and was
a senator from Fenosylvsnia 1801-07.

^^'E*n, (John,) a Scottish divine and poet, bora M
Soutra in 1748. He was appointed minister of LeWt la
1773. and became an eloquent and popuUr preadier.
He delivered m Edinburgh lectures " On the Philosopht
of Historr," which were pubtiahcd iniTSl. In this year
he published a volume of admired ^oems, diiefly lyrical,
among which is an "Ode to theCudcoo." Having given
offence to his church by writing " Runnimede," a tragedy,
(17S3,) he removed to London in 1785. There he wrote
a pamphlet entitled " Review of the Chareea against
Warren Hastings," advocating the cause of Hastings.
It led to the celebrated trial otStochdale, his publisher.
Died in 1788. His sermons were published in 1790, aiul
are highly esteemed,

Logan, (John A,,) an American general, bom in
Jackson county, Illinois, in February, 1826. He studied
practising it until elected to Congress in 1858 and
again in i860. He raised a regiment in 1861 and took
part in the civil war, becoming a major-general at the
end of l86«, and serving as corps commander from
October, 1863. In 1866 he was elected to Congress
as a Radical. He was one of seven members selected,
March a, 1868, to manage the impeachment of Presi-
dent Johnson, and was re-elected to Congress in 1868.
He was elected to the United States Senate in 1871,
-elected in 1877 and in 1885. Died December
(6. His son, of the same name, bom 1865,
the rank of major in the regular army, fought
■ '" -898, and was killed in battle in the Philip-

1 Cuba in

' '899-

«■• i; 5 as 4; g A»-rf/ 4 aa/V o, H, K,^«(ft,™// M, «<ua/; k, fti7/«r,- i as .,- th a

lin ttit. (|^^SeeE>planationi,p.3^)|

LOGAN r;

IiOgui, (Olivb,) an AineriuD author, bom at
EtmirH, New York, in 1839. She became a smxe»»ful
icttess, and was the author of several works on the-
atrical life, etc., also of the comedy " Surf, ot Life at
Long Branch." Died April 28, 1909.

Ix^au, (Sir Wn.i.iAU Edmond,) a diitinguished ged
pgiat, bom at Montreal, Canada, in 1708. Aboat \%tfl
he waa appointed to auperintend a geofogicat Surrey of
Canada. He received the gold medal of honour at the
Paris Induatrial Eibibition of if-' " ' — '
Wollaslon palladium medal. He ^ .

Loean. Ton. fon lo'gfiw, (Frihurich,) ,

man poet, bom in Silesia in 160^ He passed the latter
part of hia life in the senice ot (he Duke of Uegnttt,

and died in 1655, leaving a great number of -'

which were highly praised by Leaaing and
able for irony and pathoa.

Itogaa, doB, di loih, Madmo, a Proteitant French
lady, whose maiden name waa llAUa BKltNEAO, (bitt'>
n9^) was bom at Sei]an about 1584. Her house In Paris
was freanented by Uallierbe and other eminent witi,
Bttracteabylhecharaiof faerconveraation. I>iedini64i.

IiOg'rai, (David,) an eminent engraver and deugDer,
bom ai Dantiic aboot 1635. He became a resident of

u UICU41 Ul UUOVUr aL (DC

r tSss, and in i8j6 the
He died June ax. 1874
LiBDRiCK,) Baron, a Ger-

lowed my counsel," a^a Konaseau, "and has found Ite
advantage of iL Hia defence of M. de Portes is wortbf
of Demosthenes." Died in 1771.

5«K

lK)iMl, Iwi'Ul', (Antoine,) a French jurist, btwn al
Beauvais in 1536. He wrote, besides other legal works,
" Institutes coutnmitres," (1607,) a treatiae on commoB
law. VfaA in 1617.

IiolB«l«ar-Dealoiigohunpa, Iwtt^irK'dilAN'ah&N',
(AuGnsn Louii Akmand,) a French Orientaltot, bom
in Paris fn 1E05, gave spedal attention to the Sanscrit
Hia most important work ia "The Book of the Law* of
MantL''("Manava-Dhajma-Sastra," t83x) I>iediniS4a

IioiBalear-I>e«loiigeluuiip*, (Jkan Louis Ai;-
' otTSTM,) a French botanist, born at Dreiut in 1775, wm
the father of the preceding. He obtained a diploma as
phyaidan In iSoc. Among his works are a '■ Flora Gal-
Bca," (9 vols., 1806-7,) and"Le Nonveau Dahamel," or
'Trcadse on Trees and Shrubs cultivated In the Open

IS of those of Cambridge. After the restoration lA
1660, he engraved portrait* of Charles II., and of many
dukes, earls, prelates, etc of his time. Died in t6^

Sh Smin-r. " Dktiooarj rf Engmen."

Xiohala. Ibn, Tb'n lo-hl'f. or Ibn-Lahltk, (b'n ll-hee'f,
a Moslem doctor, born about 710 A.D. He was appoljited
Cadee of Egypt in 771, and died abont 790. TTie trm-
dltions tranimitCed uitough bim are of great authortty

among Egypli ana. Silvestre de Sacy attaches i

to the historical traditions derived from him.

Ziohetutein. Ton, fon lo'^-stln', (Daniel Caspak,)
a German writer, bom at Nimplsch, in Silesia, in 1635.
He founded a literary school which cormpted the na>
tional taate, and wrote tragedies and other poems. " He
was always tumid," says Hallam, " and striving at some-
thti^ elevated, so that the 'Lohenstein swell' became a
byword with later critics." (■< Introduction to the UtetS'
ture of Europe. T Died in 1683.

LSLer, von. Ion Ij^hfr, (Frani,) a German aathor,
bom at Faderbom, October 15, iSiS. He atndied in
several rniiversities, and travelled eitensivelT in America
and Europe, and aftervrards received a proteasorsbip at
Munich. He published "Princea and Towns of ths
Times of the Hohensuufena," (1846,) " History of the
Germans in America," (lS<|S,) "Naples and Sidly,"
(1864,) "A Reckoning^^wiih France," (1870,) ^"Nature

of Greece,

Canary Islands, Cypnia, etc 'Died

USbr or Iioelir, lilK, (Johann Andrbas Chustian,)
a German writer, born at Halberstadt in 1764, published
several popular worka for children. Died tn 1813.

Itohniftap, loOi^rkp', written also Itohnup,
[■erBian king, who was (according to the " Shih Nlmeh")
the father of Gushcisp. He is supposed to have reigned
about 5J0 B.C According to tlie Arabian chromdes,
his army took Jemsalem.

Iiolr, IwlK, (Nicolas Fierri,) a skilful French
painter, bom in Paris in 1614. After a visit to Rome,
he retumed in 1649^ was received as Academidan in
1663, and was patroniied by Louis XIV., who gave him
a penrion of four thousand francs. He worked with
facility, and was successful in history and landscape*.
The picture of " Cleobis and Biton dnwing the Chariot
of their Mother" is called hi* master-piece. He etched
about one hundred and fifty pieces of hi* own and of
other artists. Died in 1679.

Hi* brother Alexis, bom sbout 1640, bad a high
reputation as an engraver. He engraved several works
U Poussin, Lebrun, etc Died at Paria in 1713.

Iiolaoan de Maiil6on,lwI't5' df h mSli'dN', (Alkx-
ANDRB J&r6me,) an eloquent French advocate, bom in
Paris In 171S. He was a friend of Roosseau, who ad-
vised him to defend good causes eiclnsively. " He fbl-

. (Loots Hkhri,) a French general
of division, bom in Lcnraine about 17701 received the
grand cross of honour lot Us conduct at AosterUtz
(1805,) Diedlni8i6.
Iiojsalfair. See Elvbs.
Iiok or Eioke. See Lokl

Lokl, loTie, or lK>ke, loTt^h, written also Lok, [from
the old Norse iogi, (Ger. Z<xU,) "flame," allied to the
Latin hti-te, to "shine," and to the Scottish iug, "fire;"
probably so named because he united the subtlety and
untmstworthinesB (or treachery) of fire with its destroy-
ing properties,) in the Norse mythotc^, the god of evil
and deceit, corresponding in the main with the Ahriman
of the Zoroastriana. He is of J6tnn (giant) descent, but
waa received among the gods, and in Uie hsinning waa
a foster-brother of Odin. From his association with the
iGsir, he is often styled Asa-Loki or Asai^oke. He Is
called by various appellations ; among others, the Slan-
derer or Accuser, — epithets exactly corresponding to the
Greek SiUkAaf, (Lsiin Dial^olta.) He is Uw enemy and
mocker, a* welt as tempter, of gods and men. As proof
of his subtlety, he olten changed his sex, assuming on
diflorent occaaions the form of a maie, a cow, an old
wonian, etc, as well as that of the gods. The ^ir often
made use of his cunning and strength] but still more
frequently they bad cause to rue those very powers em<
ploved against themselves. ProfiMSor Petersen fumi^es
pertiaps the most philosophical and most satialactory
account of Lokl and his vaiioiu attributes that can any^
where be found. Among other things, be observes thai
"Asaloke forms an antagoniam (mediahAig) to all the
other gods. He is the [prindple of] evil ezertina itsdf

He mns in the veins of msnktndaa

s the destmctlTe [power] of nature in
air, in fire, and in water. In the b(»om ofthe earth [lia
shows himself) ss volcanic fire ; in the sea a* a devour-
ing serpent ; in the lower world (umUrvenltn) as pale
Death. He is not confined to any one part oiF nature,
bat, like Odin, pervades It all. . . , And all that he la
in [external] nature, the same is he in the mind of man i
shrewdness, but also cunning and &lsehood at the same
time ; spirit, bnt likewise craft, deceit, and malice. . . .
And in each of these forms he continually becomes worse
and worse ; according to the old proverb, that ' every-
thing grows worse as it grows older.'" ("Noidisk My-
thologi," pp. 355-6.)

Through the deceitful malice of Lokl, Balder, the
beautiful and good, was slain by ths hand of bis blind
brother Hiider. (See Balder.) By the female Jotuo
Angurboda, Loki was the &tber of the wolf Feniir, of
the World-Serpent, (or Midgard's Orror,) and of Hela.
the goddess of death. He is also bbled to have been (by
a change of sex) the dam of the horse Sieipnir. Tbe
Xxttt eissperaCed on account of the death of Balder,
determined at length to take vengeance on LokL He
had fled to the mountains, and there built himself a
house which was open on four »des, whence he oonld
see everything that happened throughout the world. By
day he often transformed himaelf into a salmon, and hid
*■' " ■- - waterfilL The gods, learning his hiding.

1. ^ I, B, 0, ;, &>«v; i i. & ume, less prolonged; i, «, 1, 6, ii, ;, i-iort; f, 4, i, 9, oAimn'; Or, Oil, Ot; mil; n&t;xMdt B

dbyGoogle

the zeaaoa, m are tdH, whr the ulmoD hu ao thin and
, . ■ . ., ^ , .. . — . L^ ^ j_

a Huk« WW then hung abore hu btaA,
the poiMHt might coniinaally cnip on hia (ace. But hia
UdiM wife Sim [•ig^)ttuidibrhfanaiidailcheith*
lalHng reoora In a cnp. When the cap It foil, while the
is emptjing it the poison bllaopon hit Eue, which mahei
him howl with aneaiah and writhe hb body »o that the
iriiole earth tremuea. LoU wiU break looae bom hi»
booda at RagnarOck,* (the " twilight or ertning of the
Kods,'^ when he will become the leading spirit among
ne enemica of the Aair. He is not only the leader i^

Ike doc Gann. Odin is deronred by the wolf Fenrir,
wMdi in tttn it killed by Vldar. Thor slaya the world-
■erpcnt, bat die* immediately afterwarda from the eflecla
of Its venom. Then Sort acattera fire over the earth,
and the wh^e world ia conanmed. (See FxNBtK.) We
' are told, however, th^ thia dettnittion is not to laat
forever. A new earth, forever green and beaatiFal, will
rite oat of the aea. Vail and Tidar (the slayer of Fen-
rJt) will survive the conflagratiDn, and will be joined by
Uodi and Uagni, the tons of Thai and Balder, and
Hdder will return from the realms of Heta. The sun
before her destmction bore a daughter more beaatiliil
than heraelt Assncceaaor tohermother,thewi1lpDrsae
her appointed path through the renovated world. A new
race a&aQ fill the earth, and all evil come to an end.

Saa Kanaa, "Retigioa of Iha Ncrthnwi," inutelid I? Pm-
Mocc, pp. m-iai ; TinrK "NoRbaD Unbolon," voL L: Mni^
i^T.^^nrttnn Aaliqaitw," nL fL. Pitls XTI.. tha XXX. u
XXXIIL indHiv* i Pnanaic " Noidiik HrtiulocL"

IiOknitn or loomtn, lok'nln', written also I>oq-
mMa, an andent Arabian sage, celebrated for bis wis-
dom, and nppoMd to be the anthor of a collection of
ponjar Oriental bblea. He ia mendoned in the Koran,
and it r^arded aa a contemporary of David and Solo-
mon. One Arabian writer tells oi that Lokmftn (who is
called "the cUtat tage*^ wat an Alwatinian slave be-
hn^ng; to an Itraelite in the time of King David, and
that he<' was a taOor by trada. Another wnter saya he
had read moi« than lOkOOO wiaa tayings and maxima, bat
aooe finer than tboae of Lokmln. It b related that
Ltrfonin, being asked whoice he had leaned his wisdoin,
replied, " From the blind, who do not let down their
feet mtil they know the place :" and when asked from
whom he had teamed pood manners, he said, "From
the iU-mannered, becante I avoid everything ofilsnsivB
in them." CtWident traditiont suggest the poaaible, if
not probable, identity of Tr^™*" and iGtop. "hlany
psss^ea of hit hiatory," saya Silveatre de San, "teem
evidently borrowed bixa the life of Xto'p." "Nothing
in his ablea ia characteristic of Arabiu genius ; and
theyhave received the name of Lokmin only becanae
he was renowned for wisdom." They were edited and
translated into Latin by Erpenint in 1615.

Sa* HAMua-PtnEOSTAUi, " liEaruviaAcfakhu Aa Anbar."

IiOla Montaa, lo^ mon'tls. (Masu Doioku Pok-
ki3 GilBxaT,) » (amoBt female adventnrer, wat bom
about i&c^ at limeridL At an eartv age ahe made her
tflfiW at Parit as a '^"'"ntfi and by her beauty and
genint attracted many admirera. About 1846 ihe went
to Munich, where ahe captivated the king, Louis, who
ga-ve ber the title of Countess of Lautfeld. After tevcral
ministen had been discarded by her influence, her
enemies prevailed in 1848^ and ahe retired from Bavaria.
She wat afterwards married twice, snd lived in England
and the United States, where she lectured with success
in various ddes. She published a volume of lectures,
and was the reputed author of a work called " The Arts

■d hlBtl "iDtK" IBd

3 K<;iCF, from Btfi

'*f™l th* nslmz ptmt

New Vorli in 1861.

ImU, ii/kie, (LoKKNZOi) an Italian painter and en-
eraver, bom at Bol<^na in 1611, was a pupil of Gnido
KenL Hit most admired worka are etchings, after Gnido,
Sirant, etc. Died in 1691.

XiolOfrd or IiollifTd, (Waltxk,) a person of whom
we have little infonnation, except that he was barmKl
to death as 1 heredc at Cologne in 1311. His followera
or fellow-believera, called " Lollards," "cre » numeroM
sect in England many years after his death. Their doc-
trines appear to have been similar to those of the Prol>
estants. The term Lollard was appUed to the disdplet
of Wickliffe by their opponents. In the reign of Hentr
V. (1414) the Lollards were persecnted, and revolted
withonC anccess. (See Cobhak, Lokd.)

IiolU, lollee, (Antonio,) an Italian vioUnlat, bom at
Bergamo in 1738; died in 1803.

Zjcdll-a Pan-li'na, a Roman emprett, vriiote bean^
captivated Calipila, She was married to bim in 38 a-d.,
but was soon discarded by the capricious emperor. Sbo
was put to death In 49 a-d^ by the order of Agrippina,
who was prompted to thia act bv jealousy.

Lol-B-k'Dnn, [AaUuivdr,] a Greek aophist and writei
on rhetoric, bora at Ephesna, lectured at Athens In lb*
—'— of Hadrian, (117-138 A.D.)

Iiolllo, lolle-oy (AuEKTO,) an Italian orator and
poet, bora at Florence in 1508. He published eWant
rations and letters, and several poems, among which it

Arethusa," a pastoral drama, (1563.) Died m t j6&

IioIII-hb, (H.,) a Roman general in the service of
Augustus. He was defeated in Gaul by the Germsns in
:6b.c Diedin3A.n

Iiolma. See Di LoLua.

Ifom'^ (John Taylob,) an American lawyer, bom
a Virginia in 17S1, was appointed in iSz6 professor of
aw in the University of Virginia, Died Oct. 10, 186a.

Iiomauso, lo-mSfso, (Giovanni Paolo,) au Italian
painter and able writer on art, was bom at Milan in
1538. He wsa appointed by Cosimo de' Hedid keeper
of hia vaat gallery of pictures in Florence. He was
versed In bclles-Iettret and variooa adencca, and ac-
quired a profound theoretical and practical knowledge
of (he fine arts. Having become blind in the prime of
life, be competed bit "Trattato della Pittura," (1^)
" the most complete treatise on painting," says the "Bio-
grapliie Untveiselle," "that has hitherto appeared." Hb
"raises were sung In the first Itslian poets of his time.
Ic also published " Idea (or Image) of the Temple of
Fainting," ("Idea del Tempio i£lla Fittnta," 1591.)
Died about 1600.

Sm Lakh, "HiMofy of Pilsliac la Italy!*' WmcaauunK,
'Nnwi ilMtT-LaJkooi" Tkdbi. Diikinariii."

Iiombard, lApfliiK', (Claudk Antoine,) a French
turgcon, bom at D(Je in 1741; died in iSii.

Mmbard, (Jean Louis,] a French artillerist, bMn

: Straaburg in 1733, was learned in languai^ etc He
pnblished a translation of Robint't " Piindples of Ar-
tillery," (1783,) and other esteemed works on gunnOy.
"ietf in 1794.

Iiombara, lom'baat, (Johann Wilkbui,) a Pmt-

-ivoured the French interest by promoting the neutrality
b which Prussia persisted until 1S06. Died in iSia.

Ziombard, IdN'blR', {Lat. Loubak'dvs,] (Lahbut,)
an ezcellent Flemish painter and architect, Doro at Liege
abont isoa He studied in Italy under Andrea del Sarto,
and returned to his native dty. In his school of design
were formed several eminent artists, among whom was
Frans Ploris. His style is Italian. Among his master-
pieces is an oil-painting of the "Last Supper." Died in
■565-

S«c Tasabi, " LiTH oT tbe PsiBlen ;" Domnicin LMifSOHIca
(nrLjiiinoM,)''Ijuiib(niI.(iaibardl ipoil Kbonniea Pidorii calitMK

lK>mtaTai (Petik.) See PBraa LoitBAttD,
Lombard, (THiaDOKB,) a French poe^ bom at An-
}nav in 1699; died about 177a

ai i; fMi; tiard; iBt/;G,H,K,fM«Hraf.- 1

, musf.' K,triatJ; lats; th at inHfaK. (H^See Explanationt, p.23.)

Digitized by VjOOQ I C

Lombard de ZiUigrM, t&NKR' dfh l&ngit, (Vis-
CSNT,) ■ Fiench Uttiratttir, bom *t LwDgrea aboat 1765.
He wrote " Neilie," ( 1 798,) and other poeiu, and "Me-
mojn of the French ReTOlatJon," (1 toU^ tSajO Died

LorabwdL lora-bftB'd«e, (Alfonso.) u Ittlkn soilp-
loT, wu bora at Ferrara tn \A^. He bad ut excellent
talent (or portraio. Among hii worki were portrait! of
Bembo, Arioito, and Charles V., and ■ noup in terra
cotta representing the "Death of the Virgin." Diet)

Lcnabardl, (Giovanni Dominico,) called L'Ounro^
tn Italian painter, bom at Lucca in 1683 ; died In 175s.

XiOIBbaidl, IGiROLAMO,] sui Italian sculptor, bom at
Ferrara, lived about 1550. He wM employedt under the
direction of Saniorino, on the church ot San Harco^

liombardl, (GmoLAKo,) an Italian philologist, bom
at Verona in 1707 ; died in (791.

Iiombaxdo, lom-baR'do, (FiiTfto,) a Venetian archi-
tect and icnlptor. He made the monument raised to
Dante at Ravenna in 1482, and designed the church of
Santa Maria de' Miracoli at Venice. Among his worka is
the toner for the dock on the Piazza San Marco. Died
abont isaa His aons Antonio and Tullio were aUe
•colpton and architects. The latter designed the charch
of San Salrator, Venice. His finest works as a sculptor
were two marble b»«-relieb in the Chapel del Santo at
Padua. Died in 1S59.

Iiombaxdo, (TOMMABO,) an Italian sculptor, bom at
Lugano, lived about 1510.
Combaxdiia. SeeXoMBAXD, (Lahbbkt.)
iKimbart, liNTitB'. (Pimre.) a French engraver,
bOTn In Paris in 161a. Among his works are twdve
portraits, after Van Dyck, a " NativitT,'' after Fotuain,
and a " Penitent Magdalene," after Titian. Died in t683
Lomb«rt IdKliaiK', (Piirsk,) a French translator,
bora in Paris, was an associate of the Port-Rinalista,
He produced French veraions of the works of Saint
Cyprian, {2 vols., 1672,) and of Saint Augustine's "Ci^
of God," (1 vols., 1675.) Died in 1710,

Lombio'so, (CiCSAR,) an Italian anthtopoli^st,
bom, of Jewish descent, at Venice in 1836. He studied
medicine, and held professorships successively at
Pavia, Fesaro, and the University of Turin. He be-
came a noted authority on Insanity and on crime in its
relation to the physical organization. Among his
many works maybe named "Genius and Insanity,"
(1S64,) "Microcephalism and Cretinism," (1873,)
"The Man of Genius," (1888,) and "The Female
Offender," (1895.) His greatest work, "L'Homme
Ctiminel," (1875,) unfolds his theory of congenital
tendency to crime. Ked October 19, 1909.

Lomeler, lo'mfVi written also Iiomair, (Jan,) a
Teamed Dutch philologist, bom at Zatphen in IM& He
became minister of the church in that town in loT^ and
professor of belles-lettres there in 16S& He published
a curious treatise " On libraries," (" De Bibllotbeds,"
16^) and a work on ancient hlstorr and philology, en*
titled "Dierum Genlalfmn." Died In 1699.

Sh Sax " Onomaticon,"

Lomtals, de^ dfh lo'mi'ne', (Hinbi Anaun%)
Count de Brienne, a French statesman, bom in Paris In
1(94, At the age of twenty he obtained the reversion
m the office of secretary of^state, which hi* father had
held. In 1624 he was sent to England to draw up the
articles of the marriage between Henrietta of France
and the Prince of Walea. He retired from office in i66t,
and died in 1666.

LoioAiile, d«, (Louis Henki.) Count de Brienne, the
ton of the preceding, was bom in 1635. About the age
oftwenty-si» he resigned the office of secretary of foreign
affair*, and became a priest of the Oratory. He wrote
poems, memirirs, and other works, which have some
literary meriL Me was expelled from the order of the
Oratory for eccentric or improper conduct, and ■"*
deranged many jrears. Died in 1698.

SM"MAiiolr«di "

1 LOMONOSOP

IiomAnla^ d«, (Louis LAonakd,) a French anthor,
horn in Hautc-Vienne in 1818. He bmn his titeran
career by a series of biographies, entiUed " Gallery M
[llustrious Contemporaries, oy a Han of no Account,"
(" Galerie des Contemporains tllustrea, par no Homma
de Rien," 10 vols., 1840-^7,) which procured for him an
honourable reputation for good taste, discretion, and
other merits. Many of these bic^raphies have been
published separately. Among his works ia " Beaumar-
chais and his Timet : Studies on French Sodety," (x
Tola., 185s.) Died April 2. 1878.

JjomMie d« Brleime, da. Of h lo'mVne' dfh bBe%i',
(£tisnne Charles,) a French cardinal and miniater <i
' Paris in 1727. He was appointed Arch-

Calonne a* tftttrSatr-ghtiral of finances, without aUIl-
ties adequate to the crisis. An exciting contest aroaa
between the court and the Parliament of Paris, whtdi
was e)dled from the capital and deprived of political
power. In 1788 he was invested with the title of prioM
minister and made Archbishop of Sens. In this year,
yielding to the importunate appeals of the people, then
in a state of great eidtement, he convoked the States-
General for May, 1789. Having been so unsuccessful aa
a financier that he was compelled to suspend paymenta,
he wt* dismissed on the 24th ofAagiist, 1788, and Nedcer
became premier. Hewasoneofthoseln thenewr^roe
who took the oath as a constttntlana] bishop. Died in
1794-

Set Diiai,"Hi«<iincIult)«PsdeLfHiuXVI;"">raiinilbBiv'
graphis Cin^rale."

Iioml, lo'mee, (Aktemisia,) an Italian painter, bom
at Pisa in 1590, was a daughter of Orario Lomi, and a
pupil of Guido. She had a high reputation as a portrah-
pamter, and painted some historical works, among whidi
IS " Jndllh and Hotofemea." She died in London or
Naples about 1644.

Iiomi, (AuRELio,) an Italian painter, bom at Pisa in
1556, is called one of the chieb of the schoiri of Ksa.
He painted frescos and (^.paintings in Rome, Genoa,
Florence, PUa, etc Among his admired works are a
Saint Jerome and "Adoration of the MagL" Died In l6tt.

S« Labih. " Hwinry of P^ntinf In Italf r" BAUHmco, "No-

Iioml, (Baccio,) an Italian painter, an mde of dM
preceding, bom at Pisa, lived about i(7o-i6oa> He
worked at I^sa with success, and foundeo a school.

IiOml, (Orazio,) an Italian painter, called Genti-
i.iSTHi, a brother of Aaretio, noticed above, was bom
at Psa about 1 563. He worked in Rome, where be waa
employed by Agoatino Tassi to paint ^res. About
1623 he removed to London, where he was patroniied
by Charles 1. Among his work* are a "Repose in
Egypt," and an " Assumption." Died in London in 1646.

Xomm, lom, [Lat Loh'mius,] (Jossa.) one of the
most skilful physicians of his time, was liorn at Buren,
in Holland, m 1500. He practised at Tonraai and at
Bmssels, whither be removed about I >;57. In his " Medi-
cinal Observations" (" Obsetvationes Hedicinalea," 1560)
many diseases are accurately described. Ho wrote other
woTKS, in Latin of ancommon purity. Died after 156a.

lAmmlos. See LoMU.

I«moiioao( LomonoaaoT, Iiomonoaov, or I«m-
onoaovr, Iom-o-no'so(^(MicHAai.VASi LiEnrcH,) a cele-
brated Russian poet, bom al or near Kolmogory, in the
government of Archangel, in 1711, is called the blher
of modem Russian literature. He was the son of asert
whom he assisted in the business of a fisherman antH
his thirst for knowledge led him to Moscow, and thence
to Saint Petersburg, in 1734. He became learned in an-
cient and modern Tangu^es and in abstract and natural
sciences. In 1746 he was appointed profesaor of chem-
istry, and in 1760 rector of the gymnasium and Uni-
versity of Saint Petersburg. He rendered the Russian
language more polished and more rich by his mnltitoious
productions, in prose and verse, on grammar, hiatoi^
chemistry, rhetoric, etc His poem entitled "Petriade"'
(an unfinished epic, of which Peter the Great ia the
hero) ti one of his roost popular works. He alao pn>

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

HENRV WADSWORTH LONGFELLOW.

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

'S73

LONGFELLOW

tawd two Tolnme* of odes, relieioiu and •ecnlar, and
in abridged "Hiitoryof RduU.'^ He wa* made council-
lor of state in 1764. Died in 1765. Polevoi has published
a work endiled " M. V. LomonossoT," (1836,5 which is
Mid lo be a biography blended wilh Gcdon.

S«. tlu, G. Gbtuh. " DiHotiilD d* Mnitii linnrili Lomo-
HHSTii,'' il>«i "NcuTcUsBIocnilibieGAiinlt;" ' Forrign Quu-
mlT Rinnr" far Jol», iIm

Hw «

(1817) hu been frequentlj translated. Died in

lAiid«. de lo, dfh II IftNd, (Fbancois Rcchakd,) ■
French poet, bom at Caen in 16S5 ; died in 1765.

Lond«ne«J, lon'dfr-si]', (Assuo,) a Dutch landscape-
p«inler and eneniTer, bom at Amsterdam in 15C0.

Iiondene^ tbh, vtn lon'dfr-sil', (Jan,) a incmiah
•agniTer, bom at Bruges about 1580.

IiOndoD, 0ACK,) novelist, bom at Son Francisco,
Caliibniia, in 1876; educated atUnlTeisityof Cklifo
He has travelled widely, and been sailor, tramp, m
war coirespondeDt, etc His worksdealtarEely wilhwild
lifi! and the passions of ancullivated man. They include
"The Son of the Wolf," "The Call of the Wild,'"
" White Fang," "Before Adam," and many others.

Lon'd^^.dar'ry, (Charles Wiluak Stswakt,)
third Marquis of, born in Dublin in 1778, was a son
of Robert the firat Marquis, and a half-brother of Lord
Castiereagh. Hia mother was a daughter of Lord Chan-
cellor Camden. He entered the army in 1793, became
colonel and aide-de-camp to the king in 1803, and dia-
tinguishcd himself in Portugal under Sir John Moore.
He served as adjutant-general under Sir Arthur Wel-
lesley for several year» in the Peninsula. In 1813 Sit
Charles was envoy-extraordinary lo the court of Berlin,
ind was officially attached to the head-quarters of Ber-
nadotte. Much importance is ascribed lo the efforts
and menaces by which he induced Bemadolle to co-
operate with the allies at Leipsic He was raised to ih^
peerage, as Lord Stewart, in 181^ and was one of
^enipotentiaries sent by England to the Ci

Hopkinton, New Hampshire, in 1784. About 1816 be
set out on a tour for exploring the western frontier from
Texas to the sources of the Mississippi, and published in
1824 his " Expedition to the Source of Saint Peiet'i
River, Lake o( the Woods," etc. Died Sept. 4, 1864.
Long. La. See Lblong.

Lon'gBid da LongEUde, (Dorbthka,) an Eng-
lish novelist, (bom Gerard,) in Lanarkshire, 1855,
She wrote several novels in conjunction wilh her sister
Emily (see Gbkahd, Emily.) and, after her marriage
m 1886, a considerable number independently, in-
cluding "A Queen of Curds and Cream," (1893,)
" A Forgotten Sin," (189S,) etc.

Loneepderra, d«. d^h IdNih'pe-ala', (HtLAiu BiK-
NARD DH Requelbvnh.) Baron, a French poet, bom at
Oijon in i6sa He was an excellent Greek acholar, and
produced poetical versions of Anacreon, Sappho, Bion,
and Moachoa. His tragedy of " Medea," says Voltaire,
although 100 full ofdeclatnatian. Is superfor to Conteille's
" Medea." Died in 1731.

Longet, liN'shi', (Francois Achilui,) 1 French
physician and physiologist, bom at Saint-Gemaln-cn-
Laye in 1811. He published " Ar.atony aid Physiolon
of the Nervous System," (1 vols., 1843-46,) and \ " Caati-
plete Treatise on Physiology," (1830-55.) He becaBw
conanltina physician of the emperor. Died in 1871

I<uie'f«t-18w. (Hknby Wadiworth.) an emioeM
American poet and scholar, bom at Portland (Maine)
the ayth of February, T807. He graduated at Bowdob
College in 1835, soon after which he wag appointed pro-
fessor of modern languages and literature in that Institn-
tion, with the undersUnding that he should have the
privilege of spending some time in Europe in order mora
ftilly 10 qualify himself for his new position. He left
home in 1836, and spent four years abroad, chiefly in
France. .'!niiin, Italy, and Germany. In 1835 ^^ •"=•
George Ticknor In the chair of mode">
d belles-lettres at Harvard. The samen

one of the '""P^B" ""I belles-lettres at Harvard. The same year

. . ., Jongress of be visited Europe the second time; and. aAer maUng

Vienna in 181^ Having mamed a daughter and heiress *" ""ww've tour through Denmark, Sweden, Germany,
of Sir Harry Vane Tempest In 1819, Tie assumed the pij^i "'.*'"'"'' "P°" ">* duties of his prof<»Borshtp In

ne of Vane. He succeeded his half-brother as Mar- '*38. In 1839 appeared his r
qois of Londonderry in 183a, and obtained the rank of ?P." " collection of his poems, entitled " Voices of tike
general in 1837. He was ' ' ' " ■ '«—'••"-'—'--'- -"

841 he pubiuhiid "Ballads, mJ otberPoW?' »
charming drama of "The Spanish Student" appeared
in 1843. This was followed by hit "Foets and Poetrr
of Europe," (184s,) "The Belfry of Brages, and oth^

* of ■* Hyperioa,"

na 01 I »r. L ■ „~ r.-?— -- — ,1 ■"■ — """-d "Voices of tlse

luthor of a " History of the "'S'"' "hich attracted great attention and raised htn
Peninsular War," (1813.) He died in 1854. at once to the first rank amoiif Aserkan poett. I>

Lcmdomo, lon-do'ne-o, (Fbancmco.) i. Italian ,'*" *" ""'>'■•''-' "o-.i-j. .... -...- .y^. ~ ..

England
" {1774.J

ngl
eniwratej in tyj; to Jam

a judge. Having returned

In 1769. he published a "History of Jamai
and several minor works. Died in 1813.

Look (Grorge,) an eminent Eng&h scJiolar and
editor, bom at Poulton. Lancashire, in 1800. Having
bem educated at Cambridge, he became professor of
ancient languages In the University of Virginia in i8m.
and professor of Greek in the London Univcraityin
18*6. Heeditedthc"PennyCyclopa:dia" 1833-43, con.
tribnted to Smith's"aassicalDictionaiy,"edited Cicero's
oratjoos, and wrote '■ France and its Revolutions," "The
Decline of the Roman Republic," etc Died in 1870.
- if ufl.y^?'? °'^"^!? ■" American Statesman, bom
^^^^^^,M>ant,a,li38. Studied law and practised
"o"^' '^ ' member of the Massachusetts legisUtur*
'875-78. (speaker 1876-78,) lieutenant-governor 1870
Eovemor 1880-82, member of Congress l8f3-89, andwil
appomtedsecretaiyofthenavyioMcKinley'scttbinetigg?.
■ o*i°*' y°'"*^'^«*''.)»>'tlior.bominPeoi«ylvania
^H ..)JT'°°S''"^*' " Philadelphia, and has
-titlen "Madame Butterfly," "Miss Cherry Blossom of
Tokyo," '■ The Pnnce trf Illusion," etc.

Poems,'' (18*6.) and "Evangeline," {i847,)'o„> «> mw
most admired of all his productions. It has been pro-
think Jus tty) "the most perfect aped-

mnced (and
men exU
hexameti

exUnt of the rhythm and melody 1

"' -■' - ^,id ^_.._

. ,--jj.. perhaps tL._
The Conrtship t/uUf

ody of the English
by "The Golden Legend."
■atha," (-■■—•

:'*"_p

wards obtained the rectory of Bradwell ,

" X'i^'"? ."" Astronomy," of which the first volume was

publBhedm 1742 and the second in 1764. Died ini 77a

Lonfc (Stwhrk H.,) an American engineer, bom al

m/.- N.wojo/; s,triatJ; iast;

. followed b)
. ,) "The Song of Hi
most popular of allhis wo _
Sundish," (1858.) "Flower de Loce,
England Tragedies," (\868,) "The Divine fragedv,"
11873,) 'Three Books of Song," (1873,) "Aftermath."
( 1874,) " The Hanging of the Aane" aSd " The Masque
ofPandora,''(i87S,)"Keramos,"(i878;)"UltiraaThnL-
(firstpart, 1881 jsccond part,—" In the Harbour, "—i8S«.)
A posthumous drama, " Michael Angelo," appeared in
1883. Of his proM! writings, besides " Hyperion," ai-
ready referred to, we may tnenHon " Ontre-Mer ! a Pil-
grimage beyond the Sea," {1835,) "Kavanagh," a novel,
(1H49,) and hia coatnbntions to the "North American
Review." He also published a careful and acholarl*
translation of Dante's "Divine Comedy," (3 vols., 1867-
70,) and edited a series of volomea entitled " Poems of
Places." Longfellow resigned his chair at Harvard In
1854, and was iacceeded by LowelL In 1868-69 he trav-
elled in Europe, and was everywhere received with
marked attention, the degree of D.C.L. being conferred
on him by the Universities of both Oxford and Cam-
bridge, England. He died at Cambridge, Masaachnsctk.
March t^, 18S3. ^

Aa a poe^ Longfellow is characteriied by tendemeaa
and depth of fcelmg, to the expression of which the ptc.
tnresque and graceful simplicity of his language oftni

(aj fl«e tjplaiiMioM^ ^

. I Xioot^lc

74 LONG PL JUS

inWtation of Zenobit, Qoee
ber ixmrt He taaght ber Gieek, a:
councillor ot prime minisier during her mr >giiiut Aa>
relian, Emperor of Rome. The latter, having ciptitred
Palmyra, put LonEiDut to death iu S73 A-D. Looginsi
mu the fint to wnom was applied the phrase, often re-
peated (ince, "a living libraiy," and is considered tht
greatest philosopher of his age^ He wrote many criticil
veA philosophical works, none of which have oomedowo
to us except his admirable " Treatise on the Sublime,"
(Ilrpt Tihwr,) which Boilean translated into French and
called a " master-piece of good sense, leamiiw, and elo

anence." Some wrilers,however,havedonbted— botwitk
ttle reason, it would seem — whether Lonrinns wm tbt
real aatkoi of this work. (See, on this sa^ect, the wti-
de " Longin" in the " Nouvelle Biographie G^rale.")
It has been truly said that to be a good ciitk one must
be something of a poet Thti qtuujficatioii LoagiDM
possessed in a pte-enuneol degree. Pope, •ddmang

"TWhold Leniinutl dl Itat >«« iaqilr*,
JUdUMstkatBibcwithai '

Ofl^nginui's " Treatise on the SubUme," tewnl good
French translations have been made,— one bj^ the oel«-
btatcd critic and poet Boileao, (1674.) It ha* also ben
translated into Gennao by Schlosser, and into En^iih

"Dtamaiin dt Vha M S

Long'lfiid orLutgn^nd, Joi

( D. Looafaio C
la TiBhTdiiSi

LONGFELLOW i;

fanparla an indeacribable chano. He seldoni or never
atteotpts to eidte admintion br far-sought conceit*, \rj
wild or lofhr flight* of ImagjnaUon, or by the eihibition
of dark and terrible patslon*. He relics chiefly for his
•occeaa on a simple and direct appeal to those sentiments
which are common to sll mankind, — to peraons of every
rank and of every clime.

It ia, in fact, to bis command over those feelings which
are nniversal ia the human heart, that we must ascribe
the extraordinary popularity of his Indian story of " Hia-
watha." It is, perhaps, not too much to say that he I*
not merely the first but the only writer who has suc-
ceeded in giving a deep and living interest to a Itoiy of
Indian life. Restricted as he necessarily was by the
nature of the subject, — bv the extreme simplicity, not to
say meagreness, of the character of our aborigine*, — he
has yet produced a poem which not only come* home to
the hearts of the masses of the people, but which must e>-
dte the admiration of the cntdvaled reader who irill take
into con^deration the inherent difficulties of the task,
and the limits and restrictions which the poet, in selectinc
such a subject, had necessarily to impose upon hlmaelt
The form of tbe veiae ia in admirable keeping with the
linplidtyof the story. " But, nnhappily for the poet," at
bat been obacrved, " this is the very measure to attract
the parodist," and, Immediately upoo the issue of the
poem, countless parodies were made upon iu ThoM^
liowever, who can appredaie the intrinsic merits of tme
poetry find much that b beaati&I and excellent in the
" Song of Hiawatha." Several difiereni translationa of
it have been made, — one by the distinguished Gcnnan
poet Freil^rath, — and it has been read and admired in
•vary part of Europe.

Sm AujiMa, "Diedooair (f ABthan ;" Oauoouit " Poati ad
PoaiTTof ADenca:"DwcKiiica, "C;dopnlii<tf AmarioaliMn.
Im. *oL iL ; " North AiiMnon KcTi«i''fbr Junur, iSn Jolr,
1%**, jnli. Aii, iBil Juniiv, iS^t : " Ynuf* Uicailiw'' far llud^
iStI ; " BritWE QnrMilr lUrinr" fat Juwy skl v^ril, >W4.

Long'fellow, (Samuei.,) an American Unitarian
clergyman, brother of the precUing, was bom at
Portland, Maine, in 1819, He graduated at Harvard
Divinity School in 1846, and was pastor successively
at Fall River. Brooklyn, and after 1S80 at German-
town, Philadelphia. He published " Hymns of the
Spirit." Died October 3, 1S92.

Longlivna. (Bald ass are,) an Italian ardiitect,
worked at Venice about 1640.
ZiODShL See LtWGRL

Longhl, lon'gee, (AutstlO or Alessakdio,] a Vene-
tian painter and engraver, bom in 1 716 1 died about 1 79a
Xionghl, (Gii;sipra,} a celelMated Italian engraver^
born at Honia, in Lombardy, in 1766. He was a pai^
of Vincenio VangelistL He worked mostly at Milan,
where he became professor in the Academy of Pine Arts.
Hit worka are admired Ibr the magical effect of the ckiaro-
tturv. He was an excellent draftsman. Among Kis
master-piece* are "The Marriage ot the Virgin," after
Raphad, " The Magdalene," aAer Correggio, a " Gala-
tea," after Albani, and "The Last Judgment," after Mi-
chael Angel 0. He published "La Calcographia," (183CJ
an able treatise on engraving, Died in 1S31.

t^nghl, lon^ee, or Lan|M loon'geei (Luca,| an
Italian painter, bom at Ravenna in 1507, alwaya resided
In that city. He excelled in portraits, and also painted
some subjects of sacred histo^ with success. Died in
1580. " His conceptions," savsLanii, "are tweet, varied,
and graceful, with a powerful union of colour*." His
danghter Bakbaka was also a painter.
LoT;tfn. See Longinus.
lAngino. See Loncinus.
Ziongliiiu. , See Dlucosz.

Inoa-ff-'aoM, |Gr. JLoyyivct; Fr. Lonoin, l&N'zhlN'; It
LONGlNO, lon-jee'no,] a celebrated Greek philosopher
and critic, waa bom probably in Syria, and flourished
in the third century. Some andeni writers call him
LoNGiNU* Caesius, Or DiONVSius Cassiu* LONGINm.
He was a pupil of bis unde Phronto of Emesa, and was
a Platonist in philoaophy. He opened at Athens a
school of philosophy and rhetoric, which became very
celebrated. The nmous Porphyry waa one of his pnf^l*.
Aftei passing many years at Athens, he accepted tbe

Digitized by VjOOQIC

1

■ K>cii>T.im-

_ , _ , , _ '.) an Engliih bdhopv

bom at Henley in 1473; He became coniessor to Henry
VIIL, and Bishop of Lincoln, in 1520. On the questian
of the divorce of Queen Catherine he gave the Ung
such counsel* a* were moot agreeable to the latter, Iu
tetmona were poUlthed. Died b 1547.

Id, MMOtaimaOa or Lander, (Wiluam,) aa
th poet, a native of Shropshire, wa* a eon-
temporaty of Chancer, and a ditdple of Wickl^ Hi
«•■ th* repated author of a celetKvted poem called At
"Vitiont of Piera Plowman," (1369.) It it a sstiia
directed against the vices of the dergy and other pro-

fessions, and displays considerable Euicy snd oiiginsU^.

Lotis'inui, (THOUAS NoKTON,) an English merdunl

and pnblisher, born about 1770, was bonouraUy and

widely known as the head of the great publithing-Gmi
of Longman ft Company, Paternoster Kow, Lmtdoa,
He published worka for Scott, Wordsworth, and Th wst

Moore. Died in 1843.

Longmnlr, long'mdr, (John,) LUD., a Scottish FKe
Church clergyman, bom near Stonehaven, November i^
1803. He graduated at Haritchal College, Aberdees,
in 1835. Besides many volnme* of prote and verse, ha
prepared several dictionaries, and was one of the editors
of " Jamieaon's Scottish Dictionary." Died May 7, l88j.

Jiongobardl, lon-go-baR'dee, (NiccoiA] ■ J«vt
bom in Sicily in 1565. He went to China as a mnaicii-
ary in 1596, and wrote a "Treatite on Confiidnt tnd hit
Doctrine," (" De Confudo duMiDe Doctritu Tiadatn*.")
Leibnitz published a new olUtion of this work, with not**.

ItongoUna, long-goOe-tls, goKANN Damibl,) s Oct-
man tdentiSc writer, bom at Heisteo in 1677 ; died in

Mugolliu, (Paul Danul,] a learned German niter,
bom near Dresden in 1 704. He wa* rector ol ■hejTt'*
nasium of Hof for forty-four years, and wa* one nf tht
editors of the " German Encyclopedia, or IJnivetMl
Lexicon," of Zcdier, (Leipsic, 1731-50.) He also pal^
lished editions of Pliny the Younget; and of Anlm
Gelhus. Died In 1779.

S« G. W. KiKKK, '■ Vkt PK^ramme tod P. D. L«i)pH LAm,"
T779-S1 ; " Utt of LoBKJha." prrfiied 10 hB " NoOtia amm-
donia BwdmaqiH fum Gatnai^" br Eaann, iT9>-

L ONGOMONTAN i s 75 L ONI

See LoMOOMOifTAinis. Iidbbmw, hMtofy, phUo«)phT, rta. uid wro« niMj

MOitTAH, WN'go'm6M't4N';] (CHKimAN.) a Danich li^ed ^^10 «, "Ew.jroti the Andqurtiet of ChJdM

Mttonomer, btiin in 1563 « Lannberg, (Jutland,) of "idEwpt," "pe»cnption of Ftwce, Anaent uid Mod-

whKhpIwe be awnmcn.eoaiJ^Latin'UinB It, accord- ««■ l'?!*) ^J*™* °f »»» Arwad«," (i73«,) «

bg to the cMtom of the time. He wm Ae «m of a «^' ^^"^ ..?i«| "" f T»

poor labourer, whose ftmilr name was Scvxkih. He

obtained the bvoni of T^cho Brahe, whom he lad^ed

In calcnlalioiu and ofaaervitjon* at Hnen, or Hoene,

from i<S9 to 1597. From 1605 to 164S he waa prifcasor

of matbematia m the Academy of Copenhagen. He

died in 1647. Among hia principal worka are "Fint

Part of a Mathematical Syatem," ("Syatematia Mathema-

lid PariL," l6ll,}"DaDi«h Astnniamj,''(''Aatronomia

Dviica," i6m,) "Pentaa FroUemalnm PbiloaophiK,"

(1633,) and "Invention of the Qoadntiue of tlie Cfirde."

Iiongpteler, de^ ct$h Iftir'pt't^', (Hsini Adukh
PkAvost.) a French antiqoarjr, b<nn in Paria in t8i<^
wrote treatiset on nnmismatica, etc Died in 1S81.

Iioug'atrast, (Ancusrga Baldwin,) aon of William,
noticed below, waa bom in Angnata, Georgia, in 179a
He became a miniiler of the Uethodiat E^aoopal
Cboich, and waa appointed preaident of the South Caro-
litui College in 18^7. He dwd September 9, 1870.

Itougatroot, (Jahbi,) an abia American generat, bMB
b South Carolina in i83i, graduated at Weat Point In
1841. He acrred b the Mexican war, (i846-47i1 and
was breveted major for his conduct at Molino del Key.
In 1852 he obtained (he rank of captain. He reaigned
his commission aboul June. iS6i, commanded abrwade
b the Conlederate army at Bull Ron, July ai, ana be-
came a major-general aoon after that date. He took
part b the batUea near Richmond in May and Tone,
t86a, and coauaanded the right wma of General Lee^

■my at Antieiam, September 17.

the rank of lietitenani'^;eneral, he commanded a corps
the battle of GMtyaboiK, July a-3, 1S63. In dw S«^
inber enaui^ be )obed the army of General Bnm^

ie commanded a Ibrce which

iiua,Sn>tc]
Gener^ Bi

; May % 186a, be waa MTOKlj
woanded, bat reaamed hi* command ooriag tbe ai^je of
Petersburg. At the doae of the war he unteaerredl*
accepted the sitnstian, and was tabBeqacnlty ainiointed
by Preaident Grant sarreyor of the port of New C&leani.
In l8So-8t he was minister to Turkey. A/ler serving
ma United States marshal for Georgia, he was made a
commiasioner of railroads. Died January a, 1904.

LongBtravt (William,) an American bTvitor, bom
In New Jersey, removed to Georgia. He obtained a
patent for an Imprcivamant In tbe mlliaitli> Diad In
1814.

XAngnedl, dot dfh lAd'gtrr or lAN'gob'jrv, [Lat Lom-
eo'utra,] (CntisroPHB,) an eminent Ftendi idiolar,
bom at Halinei m 1490. He practised law in Paria,
and was chosen emaHUr at faritmttnt. Afterward* be
nmoved to Padua, and devoted himaelf to literaturft
Hewasooeof tlietiatinacbolan whose futidious purity
Erasnma ridicnied b bb "Ciceronianna," and who
•Acted to DM no term* which were not found in Cicero'a
wotki. He was author of diacotirae* against Lather, of
"Letter* to Bembo and Sadolet," etc. Died in 1533.
_SMpotm, "Vita Loonliii" ttou) dovn "Xkna TInnB
BMnoBi" KiciTOK, "Mtmatmf Fornia, "BJb^MhMS Bd-

Longiul], de^ d«h Iftti'gDf , [LaL LoNot/UDS,] {Gn^
SBKT,) a Dutch philologist, bom at Utrecht in 1J07. He
tasttht achool at Deventer and Cologne, and practised
medicinft. He published a "Latin-Greek Lexicon,"
(IJU,) aitd notea en Ovid, Plautus, and Cicera Died
M^^ogne b 1543.

LongoeJl, &i, Joseph,) a French engraver, bom al
Givetm 1736; died in 1792.

I>oiigtt«mnT, do, dfb l^N^'mb', (ALPHONn lk
tovai,) a French geoli^t and antiquary, born at
Sabt-Dizier about 1800; died in tSSi.

LonfaernA, do, d^ tdNg'ril', (Louu Dufouk,}
ASB^ a French ecdesustic, eminent for learning, waa
bon at Cbarlerille b 165a. He waa deeply veraed in

Tdl* Knp^ihii Ofcbala."

Ifongnoral. lAitg'vtl', (jAcqtm,) a French Teaolt
bom near P^ronne In 1680. He taught rhetoric and
theology b various colleges, and was author of the first
eight volumes of a " History of the Gallican Church,'
(iT30-49i) which waa contboed by Fontenay and others.
Dmlb 1735.

IiOOgtWTlll*, lAitg'vd', (Edhk Paul Hakcilijm,) a
French Hellenist, bora in Pari* in 1785 ; died in 1855.

Ifongoovlll*, do, dfh liNg'vtl', (Anni GuiBTitvi
dfl Bourbon -Cond4 — d(h booa'bAN' kdir'di',)
DoCHass, a French laih, diatbguished for beanty, tart,
and talent, wa* bora at Vlncennes in 1619. She wa* a
sister of the Kreat Condi, and was married to the Due
de tAngueville, noticed below, b 1643. Tl>e enmity

■— ■ *•— psrliamenta and Uaxarin ^ave r"- '- '* -

os^nc

ably diversified by

ofgetiias. She e« _

of the Frmide, aitd had a liaiitn with La Rocbelbo'
caold, who was on« of Ott leaden of that party. When
her huaband and brotheta were Imprisoned by Ifaaarin
in t$50t she escaped to Stcnay, Ibe head-quarters of
Tnrenne, whom she bdnced to job the party of the
Fronde. With hia aid she efiected (he release of bet
tliree friends b ififi, and retnmed to I^rii In triumph.
Peace waa made belwean the Frondcnrs and tbe cotut
in 1659, after which ake ceaaed to meddle with polldci.
She became devout, and spent much time In her latlai
years at tha doiater of Port-RoyaL Cardinal Hasarin
once aaid, " Wa have three women b France who would
be competent to govem or ovettnm tliree great Idng-
doms, nanelr, th« Dncheai de Longoeville, tSa PiinoBM
P>lanne,andth«DiiclieMdeCbevrease." Died in 167^

8h Booaoaon as Tnasaoaa, " Vie da Miitmi it Tniiaaa
vill^->ina;T.Caosim"U JauMMd* Upw. OiLoariiSUr
iSu ; La RecnavoiiCAOUi, "lUnont 1" " NoanBt BiofiapUa

IiODgtieTlIIo, do, (Chakles Park D'OiiLiAHi,)
Due, a son of the preceding, bom b Paris in 164CL
inherited tbe brilliant qualides of his mother. He served
b tbe armr of his uncle the Prince of Cond^, and was
killed at the passage of the Rhine b 1673, wh«i the
Polish deputies were on their way to oSer him tlie aawn
of Poland.

^DgtiaTllUt d^ (Hnrx^) Dtrt^ a French general,
bora b 1 595, was the son of Henri d'OrWans, a — ' —
of the Uomf and was a nand-nephew of Henry I''
the reign of Looia XIlL be dwtbgniabed hitn*

I^"2

military expldt* to Italy, etc. He mwrried the aister <tf
the Prbce of Condi in 1641, and supported the party of
the latter b the time of the Fronde. IMed b 1063.

Lon'gns, [Mrr^i] a Greek aophist or author, of whom
little or nothing is known. He is supposed to have lived
in tbefonrthor fifth centuryof our era, and to have been
the anthor of an ingenioua proae romance entitled
npuintirf ra ntrd iifmn gtd iMpi, (" Pastorals relating
to Daphnis aitd Cbloe,") sometimes called "Loves o7
Daphnis arkd Chloe;" It is admired for a charming,
el^ant atyle, and other literary merita. In iSio Paul
Louis Courier found at Florence a manuscript of Longoa
which snpplied s hiatus of all the other manuscripti.
He puUisbed s complete edition of tbe ori^nal and a
corrected edition of Amyot's French versioiu

Set FAniciu^ "BHiliollKai Gnn;" Dvhlot, "Hiagty d
ricdoe 1" " MdutcUi Biognphia Uufailt,"

Long'woitb, (NICIIOI.AS,) an American cultivator,
bomat Newark, New Jersey, b 1783. Having removed
to Cincinnati, he devoted himself to the culture of native
grapea and the manubcture of wine, by which he acquired
an immense fbrtane. Died in 1863.

Zioni, lo'nec, (Alxssandbo,) an Italian painter, bon
at Florence m 1655, waa a pupil of Carlo Dolce. IMod

«aal; c*B'.-K''>n/;taa;;o,ii,K,xMMira/,- s.maai;

%.triaiJ;ln*; ibuiniUi. (ir*SeeE^)lanationa,pLt«.l

Digitized by VjOOQIC

LO NICER

; l</ii*i-sfr, [Lat LoNin'Ktra,] (Adam,) ■
n phjBidtn and niltiralist, bom at Hirbar^ in
I $38, WIS a ion of Johann, notice* below. He ofcttined
tn 1554 the place of pensioned physician of Frankfort,
which he occupied thirtj-two years. He published
several treatises on medidne, and a Latin work on Plants,
Animals, and Minerals, called " Naturalis HisCorin Opas
Novum," (1551-55,) wliich was often reprinted. Diec in
ISM-

His son, JoRAMN Adah, bom {niSS7,wuaphy«idan
of Frankfort. He published Latin poems, and a treatise
on Ihe chase, called " Venatns et Aucupium."

Loaloer, [LaL Lonice'ius,] (Johann,) a German
Kholar, born in Mansfeld in 1499. From 1537 until his
death he was professor of Greek and Hebrew at Har-
burg. He made good Latin translations of several Greek
sathors, among wiiom were Pindar, Isocrates, and De-
mosthenes. He was • Irieiid and corietpondent of
Melinchtbon. Died b 1569.

Iionlomiu. See Lonicbr.

Lonjnmaaa. See Gaillard di loHjiimAV.

LBnnrot or Zioenorot, liin'rot, (Elias,) a Flnnlib

Kilologist, bora in the district of Helsingfois in 180a.
) becune a lealons student of the national literature
of Finland. About 1835 he discovered and published
the lamouB Finnish poem of "Kalevala," which is said
to resemble the "Hiawatha" of Longfellow. He suc-
ceeded Gastrin as professor of Finnish at Heisingfort in
1S53, and pnblishnl several orilectiona i^ old legends,
proverbs, etc, with aview toretive theuse of Ihe Finn-
ish Isneuage. Died tn Harcfa, 1884.

iMjni'dala, (Hknry,) an English physidan and
writer, bom at Carlisle in 1816. He gained distinction
by his researches in the toxicology of pruasic add and
other subjects. Died July 23, 1870.

IionsdJtle, (William Lowthxk,) Eakl op, an Eng.
lish peer, born ill 1787. He was postmaster-general Irom
1841 to 1845, and was lord president of the coundl in
the cabinet of Lord Derby in 1853. Died March 4, 1S7S.

IiOO. See Vanloo.

Iioo'mls, (Chabijs Battell,] humorist, bom al
Brooklyn in 1S61. Became widely known as a humorous
writer and lecturer, and wrote, "Yankee Enchantments,"
"Cheerful Americans," "A Holiday Touch," etc. D1911,

Loo'mla, (Elias,) an American astronomFr and phy-
sidat, born in Tolland county, Connecticut, in 1811,
graduated at Yale College in 1830. He became pro-
fessor of naniral phUos^hy U the Western Reserve
Collie, Ohio, in 1837, in the New York University hi
1844, and in Yale College in 1S66. He made valuable
Mdtributions to the discussion of the subjects of mag-
netism, astronomy, and meteorology, and published sev-
— ■ --[i-books of msthematica, astronomy, and the
Died August 15, 1889.

ceiveda prize for his piano composition, "A Huagarisji
Rhapsody," and produced mu«c (or dramatic produc-
tions, pantomimes, the piano, etc

^oon. See Van Loon.

iMon, van, vin 16n, {THaoiMKK,) a Flemish painter,
oorn al Brussels about 1630. His design was correct,
and bis colouring excellent Afier working with Carlo
Maratta at Rome, he returned to Brussels, irtiere he con-
firmed his reputation by many historical paintings in the
manner of Maratta. Some of the churches of Rome and
Florence are adorned with his works. Died in 1678.

Loop, (Henry A.,) an American artist, born at Hllb-
■lale, New York, September 9, 18^. He studied art in
New York under H. F. Gray, in Paris under Couture,
and in Italy. He was chosen to the National Academy
In 1S61. He won distinction alike by his portraits and
ideal works. Among (he latter are " Undine," " Im-
prowisatrice," and " The Summer Moon."

Loop, (JennettkS. Harbison,) wife of the above,
l>om 1840, died 1909, was also a distinguished aiust, no
American having surpassed her in portrait painting.

Iioopolot Iioapolov, or Lupoloir, loo'po-lo^
(FiASCOViA,) a Russian heroine, bora in 1784, was a
daughter of an officer exiled to Siberia, She performed

I, J, 1. 48, y,^»V'" *. *i *. ""^ '«*• P'<^'»Bedi *, i. 1. 6, ii, J, »i<w<; I, ft I, ft «*«*»»; ttr, fill, at; laeti i^^

Digitized ay CjOOQ IC

form the subject of Madame Cotdn's " Elisabeth, c
Exiles of Siberia." Died in 1800.

IiooB, 16s, [LaL Calud'ius,] (Corkelis,) a Dutch
Catholic Iheoloeian, bora at Gouda about 154;. He
WIS persecuted tor opposing the prevalent superstidoos
notions respecting niagic in his book " De vert et ^Isl
Magil," (" On True and False Uagic,") and for con>
demning the practice of burning those called witches.
He wrote other works. Died in 159J.

Sea "CilHdiiia," ii Bjivli'i "Hisuxicil and Critial Diako-

ntitled"Jolm

Bronkhorst," (6 vols., 1806,) and a poem called "The
Last Campaign of De Ruytcr." Died in 1818.

Su '- Holds lu de Ni«cdiicblaiii no A. L(i>m|h," b* P. H.

PlxILlCAHr, C. DX KOHIHS, A. VAK UBl WlLUCXH, Slid H. HSIJl^

lK>ota, lots, (CoRNELlS,) a Dutch poet, bom at Ao>
sterdam in 1774 ; died about 185a

Stt iMHCrwujjw, " P«U ind Poetry of Europe."

Lope de Roeda, lo'pl di roo-l'Dl, a Spanish actor
and dramatic author, bom at Seville about ijoa He
WIS the l^er of the first troupe of strolling plsyers in
Spain, and was praised bv Cervantes as an actor and
writer. His plays were dudogues between a few shep-
herds. Died in IS64.

Xiope de Tega Caipio, lo'pi di va'gi kaR'w-o,
(Fblix,) a celebrated Spanish poet and dramatist, bom
at Madrid On the ajth of November, 1561, was a coa-
temporary of Cervantes and Shakspcare. His father
was s hidalgo, (gentleman,) but rather poor. Felix began
to write versea in early childhood, and composed dramaa
about the age of twelve. While a student at the Uni-
versity of Alcoli, he found s powerful patron in the
Duke of Alva, whose service he entered, and al whose
request he wrote his " Arcadia," a pastoral heroic poem,
which fint revealed his superior genius. It was first
printed in 1598, though finished many years earlier. He

Juitted the service of Alva, and married DoBa Isabel
e Urbino. Having in a duel wounded his intasonist,
he fled from Madrid, and passed a few years in Valenda.
His grief for the death of his wife is assigned as his
motive for becoming a soldier. In 15S8 he enlisted as
a private volunteer, and, with ardent zeal for what be
deemed a holy cause, took part in the expedition of the
Invindble Armada, daring which be wrote his admired
poem the " Beauty of Angelica," (" Hermosura de An-
gelica,") a continuation 01 Anosto's "Orlanda" Re-
no undng martial pursuits in 159a, he returned to Madrid,
where he began to write for the stage, and by his mar-
vellous fertility of invention rapidly acquired fame and
afhuence. He required only a single day to compose a
versified drama. This astonishing iadlity enabled him
to produce two thousand original dramas, consisting of
spiritual plays, historical comedies, and dramas of in-
trigue, called Dt Cafa y B^ada, ('■ Of the Cloak and
Sword,") which were performed with immenae applause.
There is scarcely an example on record of an equal
popularity. His name became a synonym for the super-
lative degree, and it was the &shion to say s Lone dia-
mond, s Lope dress, etc, to express the splendoar or
perfection of those articles He was hL/led the "Centre
of Fame," Ihe " Dariing of Fortune," the " Phceiix of
Ages," etc Among his dramas we may mention "The
Beautiful Delbrmed," ("La Hermosa fca,") "Tho
Prude," ("La Dama melindrosa,") "The Certain fat

of invention, vivadty of dialogue, and variety of idea*
he is perhaps unsurpassed by any dramatist. Fur the
sake of ttyuig the public taste, he published, withoal
his name, a poem entitled "Soliloquies on God," which
was received with much favour. After the death of hie
second wife he became a priest, (1609,) hut continued to
write for the stage. He also wrote epic poems, entitled
"Circe," "Andromeda," and "Jerusalem Delivered,"

LOPES i|

vhkti are conddered much inferior to hi* dramu. Died
bi635. (PorMtmeTenrintereiiiiis remarks on Lope de
** " " " itkalwIriD reference to tfie nurreUons fertilitt
in*. Me Prewott's " HiKeUaoie*," pp. t37-i39-)

TTAiTAK " Fm pouhDiiB ■ li Vidi J HoMta dd Lopt

it Tib CiipiOi" UidiuL 1636 ; LiMD HoLLAni, " Soma Accouat
•f IMUaM Lopedc Vcn C^rpio," iSit; Laiiahudi, " Plnlo
inetm cs li Munti da L. F. <)• Van Cuiia'* i6]9; TKKHm,
"KidarT iifSpuiih Liunim:" N. AirnHnA " Kbnnliaca Ui*-
nu Nan;" SaoAMO, "FanuM Bapiftol:" FAnuat. "Lop* da
Tap^"iR A« "Rivuadaa Don Uowla." Scrwabcr i, il)t,aiid
Sapimber 13. 1S43 i LoHOfBiun, " Po*<» nd PoaOr ac Europt ;"
Baa TCH oaa Boaa, " StnAaa Vam Lspa da Ta(i,''Tisuia. itn>

Lopea, lo'pta, (Fxsnando.) a PortugneM iiuiorian,
Inm alraut 13S0; died in 1449. His Chronicles are of

. lolid. Re practised medicine witli inch

Oat lie received the title of phjsidan to Ham of Cuttle,
dughter of Charles V. Hepabliahed iniS96 "Ancient
Ppctial PbiloMphj" (*■ Phi'MOphia antiqua poeHca.")

Ii^tts, lo^pet or lo'pCth, (Caklos Antokio,) a Paia-
eoapn n>ler, dw fiOhei of F. S. Lopei, noticed below.
He wai bom at Aanncion, Norember 4, 1790, and in
1840 sQcceeded Franda aa dictator, mling Che coantrr
with skiU and energ; till hia dealh, September le^ iS6a.

Lope>, (FKAMcnoo,) a Spaniab attiat, who became
punier to Philip III. about i6o>, and adorned the Prado
with (ireicos. He was living in t6ig.

Iiopaa, lo'pea or Vptlh, (Don Fkamciko Solano,)
an able South American general and political leader,
bom about 1S26. He was elected in Septemlwr, 1861,
Pieaident of Paraguay, as the successor of his father,
Don Carlos Lopez. He declared war againat Brazil in
1865, and commanded bis armjr in person with vaiiona
success. He was killed inbattleor retreat Bfarch i, 1S70.

Lopez, (Iago or Diego,} a Spanish painter, bora at
Toledo about 1465 ; died about 153a

Iiopes, (Don Joaquin Maeia.) an able and eloquent
Spanish staleunan, bom at Villena in 1801, — - - ™'-
_.._ _ J, — ent of the constitutional
inister of the interior un

„ n March, 1837, Ho waa prime miniater for 1

short time in 1843. I>ied in 1855.

Irfipe^ (Jo*^) a Spanish painter, bom at Seville
about 1650^ waa a pupil of Hunllo.

X>opal^ lo'pta or WpCth, (Nakcisso,) an American
Tevolationist or filiboster, bom in VenexueU in 1799.
He served aame time as an officer in the Spanish arajr,
and in iS49orgaidiedin the United States an expedition
ka the cotiquest of Cabl^ which biled. He renewed the
atterprise u AagMt, tSSIi «u captured, and gairotad
at Havana tlie same year.

Lopa% (Fioaoj • Spaniih painter, was a pupil of
Greco. His chief work ts the "Adoration of the Magi,"
(dated i6o3,) at Toledo, which is much admired.

IiOpM de TiWenH. lo'plth di U-rt'nl. (Don Pcdio,)
a Spanish financier, bom at Val de Moro in 1734. He
waa appointed in 17S5 s^cretaiy of stale for the finances,
•l)ich be managed with iDCcess until hta death, in 1791.

tioqniAn. See LoXHJtN.

Loras, Io'kI', (Uatthias,) D.D., a Uahop, bom at
L)«ns, France, in Jnljr, 17^ He became in early man-
hood a priest, and head ofthe theol(»ical school of Lar-
EuCiire. In 1839 he went to New Orleans, and thence to
ot»le in 1830. In 1837 he was consecrated Catholic
Bishop of Dubuque, the first of the title. Died at Du-
buque, Febroarj iS, 1858. Bishop Loras waa eminent
for leal, learning, atid cnaHty.

Loroh. loBK, written alio Loilah, (Hblchiok,) a
Danish painter and eminent engraver, bom in Sleswlck
b 1537. He visited manjr foreign countries, and died in
Rome in is8& Among hia works are engravings of
Luther, of Albert Dfirer, and of the Delnge.

IiOrd, (John,) LUD., an American lecturer, bom at
Porlimaatb, New Hampshire, December a;, 1810. He
padualed at Dartmouth College in 1843, and became a
CongreKationalist minister, and later won distinction aa
a popoiar lecturer on historical aubjects. He wrote 3
'Hiatocy of tiic United States," "Modern History,''
"Points of History," etc. Died Deceml>er 15, 1894.

77 LORENZINI

Lord, (Nathan,) D.D.. an Amerlcaik Congregational
divine, bom at Berwick, Maine, la 17^ He giidnated
at Bowdwn,and in tSaS became presKtentofDartmonth
College. Died in 1870.

Iiordon, loK'dftN', (PiBMlK JtaAm,) a French histori-
cal painter, bom in 1780, worked in Paris. Died in 183^

Lotadano, lo-ri^'no, (Giovanni FaANdsco^) ■
mediocre lulian poet and lUtiralmr, bom at Venice lit
1606. He becune a senator, and obtained other high
officM. About 1630 he Ibnnded the academy of the /«•
ttfir^ He wrote Bwueronswoffca in verse and proMk
■moni which are "The Agreeable Jests," ("Gli Schend
geniafi," 1631,} "L'lliade giocosa, a burlesque of th«
" niad," (1654.) and " Amorous Tales." Died in 1661.

Sh A. Lnrti, "Via di 0. F. LondaiKi," 16631 G. Biuhac^
"Vill di G, F, Lcnduio, Seuton Vtneto," i«ea.

Loiodano, (Leonarix),) was Doge of Venice froai
ISOi until t^ai,i>hen he died, at the age of ninctv. Hia
adminiatratioa was disturbed by the wars which were
consequent on the League of Cambray, and was a period
of disaster to the republic He waged war against a
powerful coalition conwating of France, Germamr, and
the pope. He was one of the greatest doges of Venice.

LoTonbt, lo'rints, (Johakn Fbieobich.) a Gemian
mathematician, bom at Halle in 1738 ; died in 1807.

Loraats or Lor«nx, lo'rON', (Joseph Adah,) a
French surgeon, bom in Alsace in 1734; died in 1801.

LoreoB. See Lorekzo and Lawrknce.

Lorens.Io'rCntsarlo'r&N', (Jeak Michel,) a French
historical writer, born at Strasburg in 1713, became pro-
fessor of history in his native d^, and of eloquence in
178^. He pubUahed, (in Ladn,) besides other works of
ment, a "Life of Sunt Paul," (" Annales Paulini," 1769,)
a "History of Ancient Gaul," and "Rudiments of Ger-
man History," [1776.) Died in 1801.

S« Mil. Haas, " La Frum {nteunle."

Lorsnsettl, lo-rln-set'lee, or Lorensetto, lo-rCn.
lefto, (AuBBoolo,) sometimes called Ahbrooio di
Lorenzo, an old Italian painter, bom at Sienna about
1160, was a pupil of his biher Lorenzo, and was a
brother of I^etro. His birth is variously dated about
1357, 1177, and 1300. Ambrogio and Fietro worked
together m Sienna, and were among the greatest arlists
of^their time. The works of Ambrogio are nearly all
destroyed; but some of his frescos are slill visible in
Sienna. Henas, says Vasari, universally admired. Died
in 1340, 134S, or 136a

S« Vasasi, "Livea of lh« Paimer^" etc.; Lahb, " Hiuoij of
Paioting id Italy:" Baujehucci, " Kcptuia."

Lotenaettl, (Pietro,) a brother of Ihe preceding,
woiked in Sienna, Florence, Rome, and I^a, and, ac-
cording to Vasari, surpassed Cimabue and Giotto. In
Ihe Campo Sanlo of I^sa is preserved his picture repre-
senting the " life of the Fathers in Ihe Desert," in fresco.
He painted several Madonnas, wliicb have been da-
stroyed. He is sometimes called Lauratl His laat
works are dated 1355.

See Vasaii, "Una of the FaiDlen," ale; Lami, "Himsyal
Pidodni in luilr."

Loronzetto. See Caufanaio.

Lorenzi, lo-rln'zee, (Bartolohmeo,) an Italian poet
and Jesuit, bom near Verona in 1711, had an ciceueal
talent for improvisation. Died in iSzz.

LoreDzi, (Battista,) an Italian sculptor and engraver,
bora in Tuscany in 1518 ; died in 1593.

Lorend, (Francrsco.) an Italian painter, bom at
Verona in 1719 ; died in 1783.

Lorenzi, (Stoldo di Gino, stol'do de jee'noj n
Italian sculptor, bom at Seltignano about 1540.

Lorensliil, lorln-iee'iiee, (Francisco Maria,) n
Italian poet, bom in Rome in 1680. He acquired a
high reputation as a poet, and was remarkable for the
energy of his style. In 1 73S be succeeded Cresdmbenl
as president of the Academy of Arcadea. He was the
author of satires, epigrams, dramaa, and other poema ia
Italian and Latin. Died in 1743

Saa Fabbdhi, " Vila Italorsra."

Loraniliil, (Giovanni Antonio,) an Italian engraver,
bom at Bologna in 1665. He engraved the worka of
Andrea del Sartoand other Italian masters. Died in 1740.

LoTanainl. (Lorenzo,) an Italian geometer, bom at

ui;^aat;\iard;^Mi;a,w,Tt,p4thtraJ: N,iHua/,' R,(rHtiW,' lass; thaiinetu. (|Q^See Explanations, p. 13.)

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

LORENZO

IS78

LORRAINE

Vtorence in 1659;, For soine poliUol ollence he
fanpriaoned at Vohena twentv year*, ending aboal 1700,
ind in this period wrote an aUe work on conic lectionE.
Died in 1731.

Loraiua See Lawkknc^ Saint,

Lorenzo ao" UsdloL See MiDid.

LOTOiuo tli» MagnlfloMit See Ukdici, (Lo-

Iiorot lo'rk', (Jmn,) a F^ndi Thymer, bom in
Bundj. He b^an to issue in 1650 a weekly newspaper,
ailed "Gaiettc en Venes borlesqaes," wUch wm
•occessluL From 1656 to i66« It was pnbliihed i
Oe title of "Muse bistoriqoe.''^ Died abont i66j.

Xicwm loub, (Jean Thomas Guiluiume,) a French
generaT, bom at Caen in 1767 ; died in 1836.

LorgM. See Dustobt, db, (Giri AutioNnt.)

XiOrgna.loin'yi, (Antonio Maeia,) an Italian m ...
Butidan, bom at Verona about 1 734. After obtaining
the rank oT colonel of engineers, he became protessoi
b the mitilaryKhool of Verona. He had the reputation
of being one d the best geometers of Italy. Died in
179& Among hi* works are treatises on Statics and
Mechanics, and " Essay* on Mathematlca and Physics."
("Oposcula Mathematlca et Pbysica," 177a)

Saa ~Noindla BgsnpluD G^nlnk."

LcuIb. OI. de lo're-i or Irtiailm. ISw're-l, (Rogek,}
an able Italian admiral, bom at Lotia, (or Lauria.) In
iiSa, as admiral of P«ter IL, Kiiw of Araeon and Sidly,
he deiiated the Beet of Charles L of Nafde* near Mes-
sina. He gained a naTal victory over the French near
Barcelona in laSj, and another over the Neapolitans
before Castellamare in 13S7. HsTing entered into the
•ervice of Jayme of Atagon, he defeated tbe Sicilian
fleet at Cape Orlando in 1199, and *^&a in t3oa Died
bi 1305. Sismondi considers him the greatest admiral
that loly has produced.

ZiOrieiiix, lo're-uh', (Auoustx Juukn Makib,] _
French ¥rriier and lawyer, bom at Croislc in 1797. He
wrote a " History of the Reign of Charles X.," and a
** Treatise on the Royal Prerogative in France and Eng-
land," (iS4a) Died In iS^a.

Lor'im«r, (Wiluau.) congressman, bora at Man-
chester, England, in 1S61 ; came to Chicago in 1870,
and grew to be a lai^e contractor. Was a member of
Congress ibr seven terms and was elected to the Senate
In 1909. Being charged with gaining this election
through bribery, the case was hesnl before a committee
of Congress and dismissed, but was brought up again in
1912 and his election declared void.

Lo'Tlng, (Gbokce Bailby,) an American agri-
enlturist, bom at North Andover, Massachusetts, in
1S17. He held various offices under the government,
was elected to Congress 1876 and 1S7S, was commis-
(toner of agiicnltQie 1881-85, and minister to Portugal
18S9-90, He made a scientific study of agriculture,
and published works on that and other subjects. Died

Lo'rfng, (William W.,) an American major-general,
bom in North Carolina about 1815. He took arms
against tbe Union in 1861, and was employed in the

waa made a pasha. Died in New York, Dec. 30,

IiOriiuAX, lo'rin-s«r, (ICasl Ignaz,) a German medi-
cal writer, bom in Bohemia in 1796) died in 1S53.

Iiorlot^ lo'reV, (ANTotXK Jowpk,) a French me-
chanidan, bom near Pontarlier in 1716. He gained a
wide repntation by his ingenious and useiFur inven-
tioDs, among which were a loom tor ribbona, machines
for working; mines, and a new mortar or water-proof
cement which bears his name. Died in 1781.

Xiorls-MalikoS, See Mslikoft.

Itoiltx. See Glarbanus.

IiOrms, d«. See Delorue.

Iioma. (John Gborge Edward HBnRV Douglas
SuTHBBLAHD Campbell,) Marquis of, and Dpkb
OF Aroyll, was bom at London, August 6, 1S45.
In 1871 hewasmarried to Louise, a daughter of Queen
Victoria. He was Governor- General of Canada 187S-

83. He has pnblished "A Trip lo the Tropics,"
(1867,) "GDido and Lita," (a poem, 1875,) "The
Psalms in Verse," (1877,) "Canadian Pictures,"
(1884,) etc. On tbe death of bis father, tbe eighth
Duke of Argyll, in 1900, he succeeded to the title.

Lorraiit, (Claude.) See Claude Lorraim,

Lorrain, Le, (Robert.) See Lelorrain.

Lorraine. See Charles II., Charles IIL, Fran-
cis I., Guise. Hahcourt, (Henri.) and Mavenkb,

IiOiTRliia, lor-rtn' or lo'rjn', (Antoinb,) Dtnui of,
the son of Renj IL, was bom at Bar-le-Doc lo 1489.
He sncceeded his fiither in 1508, and married Ren^ tls
Bourbon, a French lady. He maintained a nentrality in
the war between Charles V. and Francis L, and leigned
mostly in peace, except some bloody contests with tbe
German Protestants. He died in 1544, leaving the duchy
to his son, Francis IL

Lomdne, Cardinal. See Gotse, (Charles de.)

Lomdna, tt/rin', (Chaelks IV.,) Duke of, the soa
of Kran^^is, Comte de Vandemont, was bom in 1604, and
Mcceeded his unde Henry (whose daughter he had Dar-
ned) in 1614. I«nis Xlll. of France invaded Lorraine
in 1633, and took without much resistance Nancy (the
apilal) and several fbrtreasea. In the Thirty Years*
war, which began aboat 1630, Charles Anight for the
German empire, contributed to the viOmr over tbe
Swedea at Nordlii^en bi 1634, and aa an ally of Spain
fought against the French In several enaning "■"p^'gw
By the trea^ of the Pyrenees (1659) Lorraine was re-
stored to him, but France retained tbe dnchy of Bar, In
i66a he appointed Louis XIV. his heir, but soon look
artni against him, and became a general in the imperial
army. Died in 1675.

I«nalneh (Charlbs V.,) Duns or, an able geDcral
and statesman, bom at Vienna in 1643, was the nephew
of the preceding. He was the stm of Frands, (a brother
of Charles IV.) At the death of Charles IV. the doke-
dran was claimed by (he subject of this artide, and bj
the French king, who had possession ; but Charles waa
recof^niied as duke by the other powers of Eorope.
HaviDs entered the Austrian service, be was made a
general in \ifj% and distinguished himself at Senef in
1675. His reign over Lorraine was only nominaL Ha
was chosen generalissimo of the imperial army in 167&
In 167S he married a aister of the Austrian emperor, and
was restored by the trea^ of Nymwegen to his dochy,
with the condition of ceding Nancy to France ; bat he
refused to accent these tenns. He rendered signal
services to Austria in tbe war against the Tnrlu wbidt
began En 1683, and commanded a corps against the
French hi i6S^ He died in 1690, leaving bis Utle to hie
ton, Leopold L

ChiriM V," ■;«.

IjOnaina, (Hehri,) Dukb of, snrnamed toe Gooi\

bom at Nancv in itM, was the son of Charles IIL and

Claude, daughter M Henry IL of Fiance. He married

Catherine de Bourbon, a sister of King Henry IV., and

160S succeeded his &ther. He died in 1624, leaving

\ dnchy to his nephew, Charles IV.

totnuna, (Lxofold L,) Duke of, bom at Innspradk

16^ waa tbe son of Charles V. By the treaty of

Ryswick, in 1697, be recovered Lorraine, with the coa>

dition that he ^ould not repair the dismantled forta nor

keep an army. He married Elizabeth Charlotte, niectt

of Louis XIV. He showed himself a wise ruler, snd

improved theconditlonof his dominions, which had been

desolated by long wara. In reference to him, Voltaire

says, " One of the petty sovereigns of Europe has dooe

the most good to his people." He died in )7>9, and

was sncceeded by bis son Frands, who married Maria

Theresa of Austria, and eichanged Lorraine for Tuscany

He wsb the last Duke of Lorraine.

Lotralna, (Rsnt IL,) Duke of, bom in 1451, be-

une duke in 1473. His mother was a daughter of

eniof Anion, andlieiress of the duchy of Lorraine. His

iminioni having been invaded by Charles the Bold of

urgundy, Ren^ with his Swiss allies, defeated Charles

: Horat in ■47& The next year he gained another

<,E, I, lit fl, J, J(«V; i, (, A, same, lees prolongedi t, j, I, S, 11, y,(4«rt; t, C, j, A •li'n'ra; Or, fUl, at; rnCt; nOt; gKdi m6te;

d by Google

LORRAINE IS 79

buMM Tictoi7 Dcu NuGj, where Cluurlei wu kilUd ii.
battlch He fiumed an alluuice with Vanice, tmd in 1480
wu appointed optain-seneral of that repablic ; but on
the death of Lonu XL of Fiance he left the Berrice
0* Venice to oige bii claims to Anjou and Provence,
which be ^ed to obtain. He died in 1508, leaving two
•ODS, Antoioe, who waa hia heir, and Claude, the fint
Duke of Guise.

Sh DcM CALiuT,''Hi«gin da L(inwa«.>*

IioiTala«do,(CHAKi.BsL) SeeCHARUUDBFaANCs;
IiorraiDakda,(CHAEusIL) See Cha&lu IL, Duke
€f Lorraine.

In*, dek {CHAKua UL) Sea Chaslh m.,

xGbkat.

tii% d^ d«h lor-rin', (CtuaLBS,) an Austrian
KeDcral, called Pkimcs Chaklkc or Louainb, bom at
LanArille in 1711, waa the second son of Dnke Leopold
I^andabrotherofFraDda I. of Austria. He commanded
the Anstrians in the war between Maria Theresa and
Frederick the Great, by whom be was defeated at Cias-
hn b t^^^ In 1744 he forced Frederick to eracuite
Bohemia, manied a sister of Maria Theresa, and was
app^nted Goremor of the I,ow Countries. At the be-
ginning of the Seven Yeara' war he was commander of
the Auatrians, and gained a victorr over the Prnssiana
at Brealau in 1 757 ; bot, having been completelj defeated

LOTHAIRE

s bom m 1 534, and waa
After serving with distinction in naval war against the
Turks, he waa made general of the gallejs, and
nanded several expeditions. Died in 1563.

Iionla, da, d<fh lo'riss', (Guillaumi,] a medieval
French bard, bom ai I^orris, on the Lrrire. He was the
author of the "Romance of the Roae," ("Roman de la

Lonr, lo're', (Amni Charucs,) a French phyaidan,
bom at Croane in 1716. He practised in Paris, and
attained the higheat rank in his profeaaion. He became
iiaSa(r^4pmtfof the bcoltj, and attended Louis XV. in hi*
laslillDesa. He published a valoable treatiae "OnCnta-
DeoD* Diseases," (1777;) also an edition of the "Apho-
riama" of Hippocrates, and other worka. Died in 1783.

SjjiViQj-o'Ai¥B. "tioff, dc Lofir;" "NdowUb Bfc«niplui

IfOCt, (MiCHAEi,) an Enelish w
in 1735. He became proK
ihout 1759. Died in 1790

Iiortlo, loa'tik', (AndbA,) a French Protestant

iater and writer, bom at Saintonge, lived between i6jo
and 170a, Died in London.

LortslnK loat'sin^ (Auert August,) a Genau
ctmposcr, bom in Berlin in 18031 <l<ed in tSji.

TifwartB, lo-sl'id, (Diego,) a Spanish officer, who
comjoered the native tribes of Venezocla, and foiuded
Santngo de Leon. Died in 1569.

iMMtU, lo^l'nl, (Maiteo,) an Italian priest, bom
b Piedmont in 173S. He published useful treatises m>
raral ecmomj, insects, etc. Died in 1S33.

tflaohw or Lo«aoli«i, Id'shfi, (Valentin Eknst,)
a German theologian, bora at Sondershauaen in 167a.
He tanght theology at WiCtenbeig for many years, and
pobliabed there a monthly journal of theology and lite-
rature, (1701-30^) which badgreat success. Died in 1749.
iMchge, lo^i^h, [Fkikdricu Heinkich,) a Ger-
aian phyaidan and writer, bom at Anapach in 1755;
died in 184a

LBael or I^mmI, lo'ifl, (Johann,) a German bota-
nist, bom at Brandenburg in 1607. He became pro-
fessor of anatomy and botanj at Kiinigsberg, and died
b 1656, leaving in manuscript a " Flora Pmasica," — a
nere catalogue of planta, — which Gottached published
■>7=*

TiO«Mih-f% lo-s&i'ko, written alao LoHonko, (Ivan,)
IB tmiatsA Rossian painter, bom aboat 1730. He was

' director of the Imperial Academy of Fine Arts in SaiM
Petersburg. Among his works is " The Parting of H*»
tor and Andromache." Died in 1773.

IioakM. lo6-keel', (Gkokok Hehey,} a bishop, bom
in Courland, November 7, 1740. He became a Moravian
nuBSionary, and in iSoa was consecrated a bishop, after
which time he was also pastor at Bethlehem, Pennsyl-
vania. He pnbliahcd a " History of the Mission to the
Indiana of North Actierica," etc Died Febmarv at,
1S14. ' ■"

Los'aing, (Benson John,) an American historian and
engraver, bom in Dutchess county. New York, in 1813,
He pnblished numerous illustrated works, among the
most important of which are "The Pictorial Field-Book
of the RevolBtion." (a vols., 1850-51,) "The Life and
Times of Philip Schuyler," (a vols., i860,) a " Lift of
Washington," (3 vols., 1860,) a " Pictorial History of
the Cml War m the United States," {3 vols., i866-Aa )
" Pictorial Historv of the War of iSta," (1869,) " His-
tory o( New York City," (1884,) "The Empire Siste,"
(1887,) etc. Died June 3, 1891.

Lot [Heb. Mrtf ¥t. Loth, lot,] a Hebrew patriarch,
who lived about 1900 B.a, was the son of Haran, and
nephew of Abraham. He resided in Sodom un^ h«
wa* warned by angels of its impending destruction.

S« Gntu EL, IJL, Bii., lii. 1 IL pMar a. j.

Lotailo, See Lothairx L

Lotea, lo'tfn, (John or Jacob,) a Dutch landscape-

Smier, who eicelled in wild, rocky scenety, and storms.
: worked mostly in England, where he died in i68t.

Loth. See Lot.

Lotb, lot, or lioti, lo'tee, pn Italian, Lorn,) (JoHAiof
Kakl,) a German painter, bom at Munich in 163a. H«
acquired a high rank among the realists, whom the Ital-
lans call "Naturalisa" Among bis chief works an
" The Death of Abel," and a " Nativity." He received
the title of£rsi painter to the emperor Leopold L Died
at Venice in 1698I

Lothaliflh lo-thsir', (Fr. pmn. lo'tla'; Lat Lotra'-
Rius 1 Ger. LotnAR, lo-iSa' ; It Lor a»io, lo-tfre-o,) 1,
Emperor of the West or of Rome, bom aboo. W A-l*^
was the eldest son of Louis le D^bonnaire. Hia faxixx as-
sociated him with himself in theempirein8i7, andmada
him King of Italy in 8ai. Pepin and Louis, brothen of
Lothaire, received respectively Aouitaine and Germany.
At the death of his bUier, in 840, ne claimed supteman
as emperor ; but his brothers, Looia the Germsnic and
Charles the Bald, united to dispute his title, and defeated
him at the great battle of Fontanel, <now Fontenaille*,) In
841. By the treaty <rf Verdnn (843) Lothaire retained
Italy, with aome proriDcea of Francs. Hia caidtal wa*
Aiz-ta-Chapelle. He died in 8sSA.a, leaving three aon^
Louia, Charles, and Lothatr^ among whom the empire
— divided.

laraT FAvai'L, nmtnae
. NoonUa BiocnpUa Otelnk."
I«tb«lr« {Lat Lonu'uiH; Ger. Lotkak] H. or
nL, Emperor of Germany, aometimea called Lothaiu
OF Saxony, was bom in 1075. He was the son of Geb-
hard. Count of Amsberg. After the death of Heni^
V. he wa* elected emperor, In lus- Conrad, Duka
of Fiancooia, protested againat the election, and wa*
crowned at Milan byhis partisans. About 113a Lotb)u'r«
marched to Rome and restored Pope Innocent It,, who
had been expelled by his rival Anaclete. He wa*
crowned at Rome by Innocent, and performed acts 0*
homage to the pope which were afterwards dted as an
evidence that the empire was a fief of the Roman Se«.
He died in 1137, and Conrad IIL, above named, becanM
emperor. In the reign of Lothaire the Diet of the cmpii«
asserted ita exclusive right to impose taxes and roako

S«Oaa*«u,"Gudiidit« Datidluili antar KiinrHflBiiA

...J . _!.._ ,., M . Mascot, "Commmtirii da

Miaiia II.," 1751: It-rrt,
Its Lothir TOO Siduca,''

la Dtil

cceded hi* bther In 954. His reign was disturbed t^

«a*i,'(M«,-K.tan<,-kaa/;a^H,K,/MM«nif;M,MMsa/,-R,fti//i!i/;laaa/lhaslnMi>. (H^See Explanations, p. sj.)

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LOTH A IRE

1580

Capet, ind he

with powerfhl Tiaaali, unong whom wai Hi
nd he waged war with Otho IL of German;.
986, and was succeeded by his son, Lonia V.

Lotlialra, King of Itahr, was the son of Hugh of
Provence, who admitted him Id a share of the royal
power in 9i[i. He reigned alone a few jean, and died
m 95C^ leaving an only child, Emma, who was married '-
Lothaire of France. Hia successor was Berenger IL

Lothftlre, King of Lorraine, was the second ion <
the emperor Lothaire L In 855 he inherited the country
siioalca between the Rhine and the Meuse, which was
called Lolharingia, — Co/Af/ Lorraine. He weakened the
loyal power by yielding to the encroachments of the
clergy, and by other impolitic measures. Died in 869 A.D.

So " KouteIJo Biofnphis Otaifiit."

Iiothar. See Lothaire.

IiOtlULlltlB. See LOTHAIRS.

IiotbarinA, Cardinal. See Innocent IIL
Lo'Uirop, (Harriet Mdli^rd,) an American
author, bom (Stone) at New Haven, Connecticut;
married, iSSi, Daniel Loth lop, of the publiahing house
of D. Lotbrop & Co. She founded the National So-
delyol the Children of the American Revolution, and
aoder the name of Margaret Sidney wrote "Five
Little Peppers" and other juveniles of the " Peppers"
teiies, and a considerable number of other works.

ItOtl, (Pibrrs,) the pseudonym of Louis Marie
Viaud, was bom at Rochefort, France, in 1850. He
entered the navy, but fell into disgrace by bis
truthful letters in " Figaro" on the conduct o^
French soldiers at Hue in 1883. He afterwardi

where for netirly fortr years be Uvea a laborioai and
uneventful life. Died at Berlin, July i, 18S1. Amona
his works are •• Metaphysics," {1S41,] and " Logic," (1S43I)
and later works {1874 and 1879) with the same titlei,
forming parts of his uncompleted "System of Philof-
ophy," "General Pathology and Therapeutics as Me*
cbanical and Natural Science*," (1S43,) "General Phyli-
ologT of the Organic Ufe," (1851.) " Medical Psycholtwy,
or Physiology o7 the Soul," (1851,) " History of £sthetua
in Germany/' (1S6S,) etc But his greatest work it the
" Microcoamus," (3 vols., 1856-64.) Lotie i« one of the
ablest of the recent opponents of materialism. Sevaal
of his treatiaes have been translated into English. With-
out foanding a new school of thought, Lotze exerted,
and atill exerts, a wide and wholesome intellectual and
moral influence 1 but his usefulness as a teacher bat been
limited by the freqnent obscurity of hit diction.

I«nbtos,delSL,d;bltloo'baiR',(AKTOiNP.,| a French
geometer, born in Langoedoc in 1600. He taught va-
rious sciences in the colleges of the Jesuits, and pub-
lished several learned mathematical work*. Died in 1664.

LonMitt, de la. (Sihon.) a nephew of the preceding,
was bom at Toulouse in 164X He was sent as envoy
to Stam in i68y- After his return he published a work
"On the Kingdom of Siam," (1691,) which is praised for
fidelity and judidous observations. He was elected (o
the French Academy in 1693. Died in 1739.

Lonbet, loo'ba', (&mile,) a French statesman,

bom at Marsannein 1838. He adopted the profession

lisgrace oy nis too' ^f the law. and engaEed in public life as a member of

the conduct of the .^e municipal council of Montelimar. He was elected

the French Chamber in 1876, became a Senator in

came an active writer, producing vividly imaginative ,gg ,„j „„ ;„ „, p^^„„ ^^^- „ „, ,3^

pictures of nature, which possess an enduring charm. , ^^%^ ,^(„ president of the Senate, and on the deaSi
He was «lmit ed to the Ac^emy in 1891. Among , p,„id^„t ^ Febmary, 1899. was elected Presi-
his works are "Le Manage de Loti," (1880,) "Ma- j„, „, !.„„„_ ' " ^"

dameCrysanthfcme," (l8l7,)"LeDeiert,"(.894,)| , °'7'"""- , * , „ u

and " Ramuntcho." (a Basque story, 1897.) ' ^ ' f-o^^on. (Charlbs Joskph Emii-e,) a French
lioUoti, [LaL Ltmcii'itis,] (Petkr,J a ceiebrateo P*«"" """""'/"'^'"'"Iscapes.bomat Aix in 1809.
German poet, bom at Schluchtem, Hease-Caaael. in "iefl « Marseilles, March I, 1863.
1518. wa* called Sbcundus, to distingoish him from his Lonaon, (Gidbon Ernst.) See Laudon.
unde of the same name. He ibozht for the Protestuil Ziondon, (John Claudius,) an eminent Scottish
League of Schmalkalden, and afterwards entered the writer on horticulture and agriculture, was bom at
dvil service of the Elector- Palatine. He became pro-iCambuslang in 1783. Having learned the business of
feasor of medidne at Heidelberg in 1557, and died in]a landscape-gardener, he removed to London in 1803.
lS6a He owes his bme to Latin elegies and other A few years later be rented a brm, on which he tned
poems, (1551,) which were highly praised by eminentlnewmodetofcultivation with success, and soon acquired
critics. 'J^Lotich," says Hallam, "is a very elegant andian easy fortune. After visiting various countries of
dassical versifier, and perhaps equal in elegy to any Europe, he returned to London, and published "The
Cisalpine writer of the siiteenih century." ("Intro- Encydopsedia of Gardening," (iSai.) which had a very
doction to the Literature of Europe.") I large sale. He afterwards produced " Encydop«dia of

LotJohluM. See LotiCH, (PmtR.) 1 Agriculture," {1825,) and "Encydop^dia of Cottage,

Lotta. See Crabtrii, (Lotta.) Farm, and Villa Architecture," (1832.) The last wa*

I>ottwl,lot-ti'ree,(AKGBLoLuici,)anItalianmathe-espedalIy popular. He was editor of the "Gardener"*
matidan, bom in the Milanese in t76a Among hi* Magazine," commenced in 1826, and of the "Magazine
works is " The Prindples of the Diflerential and Integnd of Natural History," (1828-36.) His industry and ex-
calculus," (1788.) Died at Milan in 1839. , tensive learning were dUplayed in an expensive work on
LottL See Loth. i the trees and shrubs of Britain, entitled " Arboretum ei
Lottl, lot'tee, (Antonio,) an Italian composer, born Fruticetum Britannicura," (1838.) Died in 1843.
at Venice about 1665 ; died in 1740, I His wife, nh Jank Wbbb, bom in 1808, wrote a
Low, (CosiHO,) a Florentine painter and architect,! novel called "The Mummy." "The Ladies' Flower
was noted for mechanical ingenuity, and made several: Garden," "Botany for Ladies," and other popular
automata at Florence. About 1628 he was invited by works. Died in 1S58.

Philip IV. to Madrid, where be bmlt the theatre Buen iKjnet, loo'f, (GEoaGKa,) a French juriit, bom at
Retiro. Angers about 1540; died in t6o8.

lK>tto,lot'to,(LORRHZO,) an excellent Italian painter,! Loagh, IHf, (John Graham,) an English *culptt>r.
wa* bom at Venice about 149CL He worked chiefly at' born ai Greenhead, in North nmberl and. He produced

B^amo, and had the repntatjon of being one of the
beat painters of the Venetian school Among his master-
peces are several Madonnas at Bergamo. His 6rst
'-- -g dated about 151;, and his last about 156a

I«ti«, lot'sfh, (Rui»u>H Hbbuann,) an eminent
Geroun philosopher, born at Bautzen, Saxony, May 31,
1817. He waa educated at Zittau and Gottingcn, and in
183S graduated a* doctor of philosophy and of medicine.
He afterward* lectared on {^loaophy at Leipaic, and in
1844 waa made professor of philosophy at Cttttingen,

about 1827 an admirable statne of Milo for the Duke of
Wellington, and went to Italy in 1834. After his return
home, in 1 838, he exhibited " Ophelia," " Hebe banUhed,"
"The Roman Fmit-Girl," a statne of Victoria, (1845,)
and a statue of Prince Albert, (1847-) Among his
greatest works is a colossal marble n-oup of "Satan
subdued ^ the Archangel Michael." (1851.) Died 1876.

Longhboroti^ Lord. See Wbdderbubn.

LonlM, loo'iss.'llt. Luioi, loo-ee'jee,) L, King of Etrn-
ria, born at Parma in 1773, was the son of Ferdinand
Duke of Parma. In 179S he married Maria I^uita, a
daughter of Charles IV. of S| ' " — - — >-

>f Spain. By a treaty betweaa

t. i, I, a, fl, ;, Aq^; 1, t, 6, same, less prolonged; i, $, ), 6, Q, y, Morf; ^ f , j, 9, oAku nr; fir, fill, at; mit ; n&t; gOedi raRn :

dbyGoogle

LOUR IS

ttte Spanlili court and Napoleon in iSot, Lonia acquired
Tmcany in oxchange far Farina, and the name of the
former wu changM to Etnria. Me died in 1S03,
leaTing a son, Loau IL

Lo^B, loo^ [Fr. pron. looV ; Ger. Lddwio, 136d'-
*io; Lat. Lddovi'cus,] the name of mm; kings of
nrance. Loola I. •nroamed u DIbonhaibk and thb
Pioiw, [L«t LoDOVi'ctM Pi'us; Get. Lodwio on
Fkomhi,] Emperor of the West, and King of France,
■"■ "1 and inccesiOT of Chartemagne, waa bom -'

donuniooi of Charletoaf^e in 814 ; bnt
«a« too feeble to maintain the iategrity of the empire.
He bad three tona, Lothaire, Pepir, and Lonis, whom
about 830 he made hia colleagues in the government,
nring Ita]]r to the first, Aquitaine to the second, and
Bavaria to the third. Alter this division another son,
Charles the Bald, was born lo him. His sons LothaJT«
and Pepin revolted in 830, and deposed him. He waa
compelled to do paUic penance, and confined in a con-
vent By the eSort* of bu sons Lotus and Pepin, be waa
restored to tb« throne a short time before his deatl^
which occurred in 84a

See FuHTiH, "Laaa I* Pmdi eC bii Ktcis," ■ vol!.. itf>:
liuHCK, "Ladwif der FronoIO," iSjIi "Manrdlt Biogi^ihit

Lonla H, Bornamcd ut Btcus, Ifh t4& {*■*■ "the
Stammerer,") King of France, the son of Charles the
Bald, was bcni in 846 kjo. He succeeded his &ther in
877. He propitiated his tnrbulcnt nobles bjr granting to
them manf dochies, earldoms, and seignotie*. He £ed
in S79, leaving three sona, Loois, Carloman, and Charles
the Simple.

See UidtBLBT, " Hlitodn ds tTmicft"

Iionle nX, King of Prance, bom about 863, was the
eldest son of Louis It In S79 the kingdom waa divided
tviwcen Louis and Carloman, the fi^uer of whom re-
ceived for his share Nenacria. He gaiited a vicU>rj over
the Normans who invaded France, whcD he died, irith-
oat issae, in SSa A.D., aged about twentj, and Carloman
became sole Icing of France.

S« MicKKLTT, " Hiitaiie di Ytmx."

LooIs IV, sumamed D'OtrreiuiK (doota'tnaia')
because he had visited England in in&ncy, waa the son
of Charles the Simple. He waa bom hi 910 A.D., and
crowned king in 936. Among the events of bis reign
was a war between him and Hugh, the father of Hugh
CapeL He died in 954, and was succeeded b; his son,
Lothaire IL

See SisHCWDi, " Binnn dcs rmitili"

Iiotds V, King of France, snrnamed lk FAiifftANT,
fU "the Idle" or "Do-Nothing,") &e son of Lothaire
IL.was bora about 966. He Inherited the title of kmg fat
986, and died in 9S7, without issue, being the last Hug
of die Carlovin^an djnasty. Hngh Capet was elected
as hi* aaccessor.

Sa> If icnaLST, " Hluoin de Fruce."

IiOiUb TX of France, surnuned LS G&os, (Ifh eao,)
was the son of Philip L and of Bertha. He was Dom
in 1078, and became king in tloS. Before his

s reign manj sci-
gnenis aaaerted b; arms the sovereign power over their
De&. He waged war against Heniy L of England for
the poasesdon of Normandy, bnt was not successfnl.
He is repreaented a* a brave and generous princ^ and
i« honoured Ua the establishment of communes and
monidpsl governments, bf which he promoted the politi-
lal iivSuence of the third estate. He died in 1137, and
waa succeeded bj his son, Louis VIL

Sec SuvoKDi, " mucin dai rnii(aiai" UiotauT, "Hittoii*

Lonla VjX, King of France, tumamed U Jkunk,
("the Voong,"] bom iu iiao, was the son of Louis VL,
whom he sacceeded in 1137- He married Eleanor,
heiress of the Dnke of Aquitaine. Having been anathe-
■atiied bj the pope, he Decame penitent, and, in order
to expiate bta sins, he joined the second crisade to Pal-
rstlne in 1 147, and was followed by a large army of

■as:t.-(

81 LOUIS

n^ochitteii and other*. After many defeata and dun
ters, by which he lost nearly all his men, he returned ia
1149. His wile Eleanor, having been divorced in 1154.
married Henry U. of Englani^ who by this matriaga
acquired Guienne and Poitou. War ensued between
Lonis md Heniy, bnt no decisive advantage was gaiiud
by either. He died in iiSo^ and was succeeded 1^ Ua
son, Philip Augustus.

See UicHBLST, " Hittoin de Fnnce;" Michaud, "Waluaritt
Ae CniBid« ;" "Nouielle Biogrephie Ciiadiale."

id ascended the throne in 1213. His wife w
of Castile. He recovered by arms Poitou and levrra)
places which the English held in France. Instigated by
the pope, he led a ousade against the Albieenses, and
waged an nnjost war against the Count of Toulouse,
who was denounced as a nereCic At the end of tlie first
he died, in 1335, leaving the throne 10 his aon,

campaign he
LouuIX.

Sag RTii>a,"F<Kdeia," 1704!
du LmcBsdoc,'' j Tob,, 17JO-4].

JjotliB ZX, or Balnt ImoIb, Kii^ of France, was bom
m 1315, and succeeded hia father, Louis VIII., in 1136.
His mother, Blanche of Castile, was regent during hia
minority, snd defended his throne with wisdom against
Thibaut de Champagne and other barons who were
leagued with him. Louis married Margaret of Pro-
vence in 1134. In 1344 be recovered from a dangerous
illness, and made a vow to conduct a crusade against
the infidels. Having raised a large army, he departed
in 1348, and in the next year entered Egypt There his
army was ravaged by disease, and defeated at Mansourah
by the Saracens, who took Saint Louis prisoner. By
paying a ransom he obtained his liberty, and pursued
his course to Palestine, where he remained about three
vear*. He returned to France in 1354, and employed
himself in improving the condition of the people by wise
Iawa> His foreign policy was pacific towards European
nations, but his zeal against infidels urged hira to another
cmaadein ■37a He first directed his operations azainat
Timia, but before he had reached that place he die<C near
Carthage or Tunis, in Au^t, 1370. He was canoniied
in 119^. He wassueceeded byhissoD,Pbitippele Hardi
"Louis was," says Voltaire, "in all respects a model far
men. His i^iety, which was that of an anchorite, did not
deprive him of royal virtues. He made a profound policy
agree and concur with exact justice ; and perhaps be M
the only sovereign who merits this praise."

S«G. i>«NAmnB,"Vie de Samt-Loidei" Joihvilia "Tie de
SuDtLoob;" FiLLCae dcla Chaub, "Hiuete de Sunt-Loid^"
■ foU.. iMS : Bpiv, " Hieuire de Sadnt.Loui^" ittj.; tlKHua:!;
" Hielwe di Fnmce ;" UicHAinv "Uittotr of A* Crwdea i" Tiu
Lonim-BiiiSEinBir, " HiMoirs de Siini-Lonii, Ra de Fnoct."
i nil.. iB]6; " KnmUa Uognpliic OtnAvle."

ZfOtllB "X^ sumamed LB HuTlN, (l«h hil'tiN',) King of
France, the son of Philippe le Bel, was born in 1189^
and became king in 1314. He married Cl^mence, a
daughter of the King of Hungary. Among the chief
events of his short reign was his unfortunate ezpeditioo
against Flanders. He died, without male iasue, m 1316
and his brother, Philippe le Long, vtaa his successor

See SuHOHDi, " Hiitolie dee Fnnsili."

Iionla XL, King of France, bom at Bourges in 1433,
was the son of Charles VIL He married Charlotte, a
dMghter ^ the Duke of Savoy. Hie ambitious and un-
— npnloua character was early manifested by revolts
againat his father. He became king in 14G1, soon after
Mich the Dnke of Burgundy and other nobles formed
against him the '• League of the Public Good." Besieg^ed
in his capital by the army of this league in 1465, he in-
duced them to retire and disband tf the large conces-
sions of a treaty which he intended to violate at his own
convenience. By crafty policy, superior abilities, and
vigorous measures, he greatly increased the royal power
at the expense of the nobles, many of whom fell victims
to his cmelty. His inveterate enemy, Charles the Bold
of Bnt^ndy, having been killed in battle at Nancy In
1477, Louis availed himself of the occasion to seise his
large domains, but was resisted with partial success by

Maximilian of Austria in a war of several years. Louis
■ #,- 9 kard; i»MJ; Ot'HtKyguttivai: H, tuiai; t, tn'iiiJ; lass; thaainMt'x. (S^^See Explanations, p. ^t

db, Google

LOUIS

had made peace with Edmrd IV. of England in 1475.
He died in 1483, leaving the throne to hu ion, Chailes
Tin. The reign of Lonia XL ii lemarkable for the
multitude of important events, and (or the complete
rerolntion which the monarchy then passed through.
PoBl-oMces were first established by him in France.

S«e <J<Mms. " U^nicJiEt connaut lu Ch«a adieuu* di

ItlUcMdcLoDuXI," ijn: the (uneb Kofluk^DDCUM." Hi>-
loir*3g Looii XI," 174;; JKAH □■ Tiiovn. "Oinialqtu Kudi-
Uiue;" Mathibu, ■'fTuioire de LoniiXl," xbto; Ba»in, "D.
Rebui EWis CarDli VII. cl Ludovid XI ;" Michilzt. " HiHoin
4« Frince:" ■'Nouvelle Bioeniphit Giofa-I*."

IaoIb zn. of France, born at Blolsii . .
WD of Charles, Duke of Orleans, and Marie of Cleves.
At the accession of Charles VIIL (14S3) he was the
Brat prince of the blood. Before that date he had been
compelled to many Jeanne, the daughter of Louis XL
Id imJ he attended his consln, Charles VIIL, in his
expedition against Naples, and in 1498 became the sac-
oeuor of that king, who left no issue. He married Anne
de Bretagne, the widow of the late king, thus securing
the province of Bretagne for the crown. His army con-

Saered the duchy of Milan, and brought Dulce Frandi
forxa a captive to France in ijoa He resolved, also,
to prosecute the claims of his {unflylo Naples, then
ruled by Frederick of Aragcm. tn 1501 Louis and Fer-
dinand of Spain agreed to partition between themaelve*
the kingdom of Frederick, who, finding resistance im-
possible, retired to I^^nce and received a pe: ' ' m
Louis. The quarrel that ensued betweeo ! id

Ferdinand ended in 1503 by the expulsion oft ^

from Naples by Gonsatvo deC6rdova. The p as

II., having formed a league against Louis, tl ill

were defeated at Novara in 1513 and driven o y.

At the ue of fifty-three he married Mary, 1 yt

Heniy VHl. of England. He died on the ist of Jano-
■ry, IJ15, leaving two dai^hters, Claude and Renje.
He was succeeded by Frandi L Louis XIL gained the
ifiectiOD of his (nbjecis by reducing the taxes and pro-
moting justice, and received the surname of "Father of
the People."

S« Jaui D'AirroN, -Hiiudra de Louii XII," i6Tjr Cladh
Da Sn»u, "La Louuibh da ban Roi Laub XII," i«it; Jav,
"Hi«Kim<taLo<ii.Xll;'^BaAirrtna,"tZnif™;" A. V*aiLui^
"Hiuniri dc Lonii XII," iMt; SinuMDi, " Hiiuin dM fiaa-
fsi*:" P. I,GiireuMNi,''2lo|tdeLoauXII,"i7«>.

ImqIb VTTT of France, the son of Hanry IV. and of
Marie de M^dids, was bom at Fontaineblean on the
nth of September, 1601. He succeeded his bther
May 14, i6ic^ under the regency of his mother, was da-
dared of age in 1614, and married Anne of Austria, a
daughter of Philip IIL of Spain, in 1615. Soon after
that date Marie de Midicis was exiled from court, and
the Duke de Lnynea became the royal favourite. In
ifoo Loinis marched against his Protestant lubjects, who
had been provoked into a revolt During the progrew
of this war Ridielieu obtained the bvoiiT and confi-
dence of the king, who nade him prime mlniiter hi
1614. Aa LoDis waa very defident In political aUllty,
Richelieu was the master-spirit of the goveminent from
that time until fala death. Amoiw the memorable events
of this reign was the capture of Kochelle from the Prot-
eatants,(lfo8,)afterasjeeeof abontavear. The great
talcDt* and policy of Ridielieu were directed with «ac-
Gcaa to the subjection of the Huguenots, the establish-
ment of absolutum in France, and the abatement of the
overgrown power of Austria. During the Thirty Years'
war the French armies obtained frequent successes
uainst the Spaniard* snd Imperialist*, and extended
the boundaries of France by the amqnest of Roussillon,
Alaace, and the duchy of Bar. Louis died in May, 1643,
leaving the crown to his son, Louis XIV. Hi* character
was timid, and not adapted to win the favour or admira-
tion of the French. He i* said, however, to have given
proof of personal courage in severaj battles

SaUAUHCaa. "mnoiradaLooisXIM," >&«&: CiLBnHAaD,
"HiMom 4* L«di XIII," i«46i J. Hcrwau. "Lib of Lcwii
XIII.,"iW; LajA^o^ "]*'^^1!'''3^ ^ ^i, .?'"'"

Loula 3UV.,«umamed lb Grand, (If h giOii,) or " the
Great," often called even bv English spcakeia Louis
QuATORZE, (loo'e' kf toRi',) the eldest ion of Louis XHL

and AnneofAiiattia,wa* born on the 16th of September,
1638. Attheageof five he ascended the throne, in 164^
under the TNCnc^ of hi* mother, who was a daughter M
Philip IIL of Spain. During bii minority the government
was directed l^ Cardinal Hazabim, (which see,) a for-
eigner, whoM ministry wss very unpopular, and who was
involved u) a dvil war, against a Action called La Fronde,
from 1648 until 1653. Inie49LouisBndhismatherwera
driven out of the capital by the Frondeurs, of whom
Cond< wa* the chieC The Thirty Yean' war was ended
in 1648 by the peace of We*tphaha,oa terms bvonraUa
to France ; but Spain, refiising to unite in this treaty, con-
tinued the war against the French until the treuy of the
Pyrenees, [iGfO,) when Louis married Maf!a Ttiereaa,
daughter of Philip IV. of Spain,

At the death of Mazarin, in t66i, Lonis resolved to tw
hi* own prime minister, and was fortunate in obtaining
the MTvice* of 10 able a financier as Colbert. Frmce
wa* then without doubt the greatest and moat compact
power in Europe. To the arduous duties of his new
position the king brought imposing and popular penona"
qualities, and political talenta of a high order. Hit am

fiimiaiied him a pretext for the extenaion of his domin-
ion* toward* the Rhine. Id exchange for the dowry
prooiaed to hia queen, which the Spaniah court neglected
to pay, he daimed Flanders and Franche-Comttf, which
he mvaded with success in 1667. The emperor Leopold
and the Dutch aided the Spaniards aninil him until the
treaty of Nymwegen, (1678,) by which Loois retained
Franche-Comt^ and a large part of Flanders. In the
mean time the administration had been reformed and
cenlraliicd by Louia, and the taxes had been reduced
and the revenue increased by Colbert In 1670 Looia
made a aecret treaty with Charles IL of England, whose
alliance he purchased by a pension. Commerce, mann-
bctnres, srM, literstnre, etc were liberally encouraged in
his reign ; but the intolerant leal of the king beavfed
' 'm into one very unjust and impolitic nKasnre when,

16S5, he revoked the edict of Nantes, whidi had ae-
cored the religions liberty of Protestants. His Cath<jic
ECal, however, did not di^ei him firom a aerioua quarrel
with the pope, on the qneatioD of franchise*, in 16S7.
About thb time he secretly married Madame de Hain-
tenon, a lady of obacnre origin bat eminent merit (See
Maintknon.)

A second general war broke out in 16881 between Loni*

re James IL of England, and found a formidable

adversary in James'ssnccessor, William IIL After many
siege* and indecisive aOions in Flandera, the war was
SBspended by the treaty of Ryawick, (l6w.) By dw will
of Charles IL of Spain, (1700,] Philip, Duke of Anjoa,
a gruidson of Louis XIV., was appointed h^ to the
Spanish throne. Tbisoccauooed a great European coali-
tion againat the French king, and the long war of the
Spanish succession, in which he had to contend afnUnst
the Enf^ish and Austriana, under Marlborough and Eu-
who won great victories at Blenheim, MalplaqueL
ew. : bat the French prince Philip remained master of
Spam, and hosdlilies were ended by the treaty of Uttech^
in April, 1713. After a reign of sevraty-two years, be
died, on the ist of September, 1715, and was succeeded
by his great-grandson, Louis XV. The age of Louia
XIV. was the matt brilliant in the literary history of
France, and he was a very jadidoni as well a* a very
munificent patron of literary merit He preserved hn
equanimity m his successes and his reverses.

" No sovereign," says Macaalay, in his review of Du-

ont's "Recollections of Hirabeau," "haa ever repre-
sented the majesty of a great atate with more dignity
and grace. . . . He was not a great general ; he was not
~ great statesman ; but he was, in one sense of the worda,

great king. Never wa* there ao consummate a master

f what oor James L would have colled Idng-crafL
Though his internal administration was bad, though the

lilitary triumphs of his reign were not achieved by

i.«,I,fl,il,y,/*vi.*,4,«

1, less prolonged; i, j,I,6,il,]F,ii«r(;f,f,|,9,0biwpir;flr, fUl,at;mtt;nOt;gAd;iiidBD

Digitized by VjOOQIC

hinueU, Aovgh his later ^eart were crowded with de-
fun, ... he aacMeded m pming hinuelf off on his
people aa ■ being above hunuiit;."

XlVf-Uatnii

nda Fni__

' la xrv. ■

I^Rtp«it«L«iiiXIV,

\"J- "

■•Hi^

GouTerneMiit,"«tfc,6TT^n.iB3y; Sau

"lf<aoin*;"CJ.F-R.jAKa,"ThaLi&iiDd'nDcatifLcniiXIV.,'
iiek.. ilii 1 Loud BoUHOBlOKI, " Sital* polhiqu in Lou XIT,"
anb., ifn: " NonnUc BlofniAia OtnJiala."

IiohIb XT. of France, the great-grandaan of Loula
XIV^ waa bom at Fontainebleau the icch of Febniair,
17lCb Hia &Cher was the viituous Duke of Burgond^ ,
and hia mother was Muia Adelaide of Savoj. Louis
hecame king on the ist of September, I7i5,the Duke of
OrUana, a nephew of Lonia XIV., being then appointed
regenL The minorit)' of Louis was a period of scan-
daloos corruption in morals and politica. Among the
minotia errors of the regent's administiatioD was his
•doptiaa of the financial svstcm of the &mous projector
Law. (See Law, John.) In 1733 the king was declared
of age, the Duke of Orleans died, anifthe Dulce of
Boarbon became prime minister. In 1735 Louis married
Ifarie Leciiaska, daughter of Stanislas, the dethroned
king of Poland, and in the next jrear Bourbon was super-
•eded by the eminent statesman Cardinal Fleor;, who
bad been preceptor of (he jroung king and had merited
bis confidence. By his prudent and pacific administra-
tion Fleury restored some degree of order and prosperity
in tlie state, and arrested the downward prKresi of the
monarchy. A war which began between the French and
ADstriana In 1733 was wagM on the Rhine and in Italy
nntil 1735, when Lorraine waa ceded to France bjr the
treaty of Vienna. Afainat the advice of Flenry, Lonia
pined in 1741 the miauitous ooalitioa against Maria
Theiesa of Austria, and aent an army into Bohemia.
The English tlien declared war against France. In 1743
Carding Fleury died, and Louis resolved to dispense
with a prime minister. Among the principal events of
this war was the battle of Ponienoy, (1745,) where In
prcserice of Louis his army defeated the English under
the Duke of Cumberland. Hostilities were suspended
by the treaty of Aii-la.Chapelle in 174S. About this
period Louis ceased to take an active part in the govern-
neat, and abandoned himself to scandalous vices in the
karem called the " Pare aux Cerfs."

Rival claims of the French and English in Canada
Were the cause or preteit of a war which began in 1 75 J,
and the French court was at the same time involved in
the Seven Years' war as the ally of Maria Theresa. The
dinateia and diagrsces of this war increased the an-
popularinr of the king, who was stabbed bv a bnatic
named Damiens in 17(7, but only slightly hurt. The
fVench were defeated tn Frederidt the Great at Rosa-
bcch (17S7] and at Minden, (1759,) and in various naval
battles by the English. After losiiv Canada and other
colonies, the French court signed the treaty of Paris in
17^ and ended a war the odinm of which was thrown
on Hadamc dc Pompadour. Under the auspices of th«
Dttc de Choiseul, then chief minister, the order of the
Jettiits waa suppressed about 1762. Louis died in May,
1774, leaving Uu! kingdom impoverished, oppressed, and
4emora]ize<t He waa succeeded by his grandson, Lonia
XVL, whose £ithei, the dauphin, had died in 1765.

See LAcarTBua, " Hiitoiri it Vnneapsndut Ic d'li-baililiiM
Sitrit," ■ toIl, 1S119; Bauu, "LndirriE XV., KeD«

n Fnmk-

.,_ ,. ^uTMil^"HitnI^ dn^iW='il«'LoS« XV". __

Too^mTiLLS, "KuIdIm pfailouphiqiH du Rtgne 4* l^as XV,"
1IU7; MAoairis, "MfauiirB*"i79>: M-CAKFioua, "LmiXV
HlaSoci^i^diiXVIIItSitek!" CABLTi.(."rTendiRcToluliaD."
ZiOulB ZVX. the grandson of Louis XV., was born
at Versailles, August 33, 17S4. He was the second son
of Lonis, Dauphin of France, and Marie Josiphe of
Saaony, and received at his birth the title of Due de
Berry. In 1770 he married Marie Antoinette, a daughter
of Maria Theresa, Empress of Austria. He ascended
the throne in 1774, and appointed TureoC minister of the
anances, which were then in great diaorder. Turgot,
■ man of probity and ability, undertook wise and exten-
dre refbnns : but these were resisted by the nobility
aoa Clergy, and he was dismissed from office in 177*1
Maimer Uiea became amtrUtiir-gMral, or prime minister.

the independence of me United StaMs, ded_
against England, and sent a fleet and array to fi . .__
tKe new repubhc Peace waa restored between France
and England in 1783, and tlie Frendi soldiers returned

home enthusiasts for liberti

Necker having resigned . ,

pointed cetOrSlair-gftUnl. He not only failed to supply

Necker having resigned in 17S1, Calonne was a

the delicit in the revenue, but Increased the public
tress by his prodigality, and called an Assembly of Nota-
bles in 17S7. In this year Calonne was superceded by
LomMe de Brienne, who also was found incompetent
to gnMe the state through that great finandal and politl-
cai crisis, and advised Mie king to convoke the Stales-
General, which had not been assembled since 1614.
Louis recalled Necker to the place of prime minister
about September i, 1788, and convoked the Slates-Gene-
ral at Versailles in May, 17S9. This event was the signal
for the explosion of passions, amotions, and resentment*
which had accumulated and fermented during a long
period of misrule. The popular cause derived grciS
advantage fi'om Necker's ort^nance that the number of
the deputies of the Third Estate should be equal to the
sum of all the noblesse and clergy. After a contest
between the Third Estate and the other orders on the
question irtiether they should vote together or separately
Of orders, die Third Estate prevailed, and took the name
of the National Constituent Aasembly. Necker having
been dismissed in July, 1789, the popntace of Paris de-
stroyed the Bastille a few days later. Thenceforth the
prt^ess of revolution waa rapid and irresistible. The
Assembly made a great and sudden change in the po-
litical and sodal condition of France by the abolition of
tithes, dtles of notnlity, feudal nrivUegea, and inveterate
abuses. The landed estates of the Cnurcb, comprising
nearly one-third of France, were confiscated. The king,
who was disposed to make large concessions and lacked
firmness to resist popular aggressions, remained as a
hoatage of the old r^^me in the hands of the nadon.
The positioa of l.ouis became so irksome and perilous
that he attempted, in June, 1791, to escape with hia
bmily from nris, but waa arrested at Varennes and
compelled to return. He then accepted the new consti-
tution, iriiidi proclaimed liberty, eqoality, and nniveraal
snflrage. In March, 17^ a Girondist ministry was
formed, in which Dumouriei and Kcdand were the chief
minislera, and war was declared agaiitst Austria and
Pntssia. By the insurrection of Aiurnst 10, the Jacobins,
led by Danton and Robespierre, e&cted the total sub-
version of the monarchy and initiated the reign of terror.
Louis was confined in a prison called the Temple, after
being subjected to indignities and outr^^cs bom the mob
He was tried for treason by the National Convention,
wtiich met in September, 1793, defended by Desiie and
Troncbet, aivd condemned to deatli, the vote being 387
for death and 334 for banishment or detention. Ih was
eaecutcd January 11, 1793, and died with tranquil fbrti>
tudc He left a son, Louis, styled the Seventeenth, and
a daughter, Elizabeth. His virtues were better adl^)ted
to a private station than to a throne.

Sea GASttm. " Vie da Louii XVI." 1814 ; Dmimrr, " Hktein
de Loaii XVI, ■' 1317: I. Daoi. "HiitDin rh Rtfna de Laos
XVI.'^jtoIl. iS)^4>; FALunnt."Loqii XVl,"il#>; ramiwn_
"Louii XVI. un AdminiKntiDa." etc, 4 tola., 1&44; SoctAvm
"M^moim Ju Rtane dg Louii XVI,'' 6 nlk, VSn: Tmn,
"Hiitory of the rrendi Renriution ;'' LAHAimn, "Hlamr tt
Ihc GiionifiKi." 1S4T; CAaivLa, " Preneh ttgrolaiioa ;" "Lot
V(v> of Iha KeiEU ud Life of Louis XVL," by FaAiicu Hoc

IiOtds XVIL of France, the secoivd son of Louii

king in January, 1793, by the FVench royalists and several
foreign courts, but was closely confined by the Jacobina.
The cruel treatment which he received from his jailers
hastened his death, which occurred in prison in Jud^
"795-

5m A. DS UiAUCHBiia, "Lile, .
XVn,." tmulilod by W. Haiutt

Iionle ZnZL of France, bom at Versailles in No-
vember, 1755, waa the third son of the dauphin, and
younger brother of Louis XVL He received at his
birth the names of Louis Stanislas Xavier. and the title

t»A,c«<

; I kard; ^ as/,- O, B, K^gnOiiral: V, mual; K, Irilltd: 1

I s; til as \atUt, (IT'Sm Explanationa, p. S3.]

Digitized ay CjOOQ I C

LOUIS XI

at Count de Provence. He was alio styled Monsikui
during the reign of Look XVL In 1771 he married
Marie Josiphuie de Samr. He &TOUred the Revola-
Utni in it* nr*t atagea, and by hii inSuence detennined
that the Third Eitate ahoold tend to tbe States-General
a* many deputies as both of tbe other orders. He re-
mained in Paris until the flight of tbe king to Varennes,
in June, 1701, when he eacapedb]>another route. During
the repubhc and empire he resided at Verona, Mitau,
Warsaw, and Hanwell, England. In April, 18141 be
returned to France and ascended tbe tlu'one vacated
b; Bonaparte. He hastened to accept a constitutional
charter which his ministers presented. By the escape
^ Napoleon, hii daring march to Paris, and the defec-
tion ot the army, Louis was forced to fly on the 20th of
March, 1815, and retired to Ghent (See Bohapakts.}

He was again restored by the allied armies in July,
1815, at one of the meet duastrous epochs in French
history. " The king most have had," says Lamartine,
" great courage or a great thirst of power, to accept a
throne and a nation buried under so many ruins." Louis
dismissed Talleyrand, and selected for prime minister
the Due de Richelieu ; but M. Decaies, minister of
police, was his chief bvourite. Tbe majority of tbe
Cbamtier of Deputies were extreme royalists, and main-
tained an opposition to the ministry. Several Bona-
partists were executed, and others banished. On Sep-
tember 5, 1S16, ^e king dissolved the Ctiambcr, and by
this C9nf (T/Co/ gained much popularity. The next elec-
tions resulted in bvour of the moderate royalists. In
December, 1818, a new liberal ministry was lormed, and
Decaies became prime minister. (See DiCAZsa.) Tbe
nltra-royalisti, with ViUtle as premier, came into power
in February, iSao, and passed an electoral law less
bvourabla to the liberal party. In 1833 the French
court sent an anny into Spain, and supported the cause
^absolutism, as an ally of Ferdinand VIL Louis died
in September, 1834, without issue, and was succeeded bj
his brother, Charles X. ■* His aualicics," says Micbaui^
"were rather brilliant than solid." He bad respectable
literary attainments and an easy elocution. He is re-
puted tbe author of the aaying, " Punctuality (ixaitilMdi)
'• the politeness of lungs."

Sm AuHoma ni BiAuouHr, "Vic ir, Lniii XVIII," i«ii ;
Lacutillb, "Hiiuiin d* Fadce dtpDi* Is Rutautatiao," 4n>la,
iSao-tA; Lahaitenx, " Historr of the RmonliDD ;" "Mimpim
«t Louu XVIII," ^nanTmaiu,) Puis, iBu; CHit-n>nniAin>,
"llimoins d'Ontn-ToRiba;" ''Nounllc BMEnpUt Gtnlaitf
Eras EVAm Cxnn, " Miami^ of Lsmi XVIIL ind Ourlca X.,"
■ nU.,iBM: " ForHin QiunmlT Roiew" for JuuiT. 1831.

Loula, (Kings or princes of Germany.) See Lewis.

IiOlllB [It. LulGl, loo-ee'jeej IL, King and Emperor of
Italy, the son of Lothaire I., was bom about 811 a-D.
HeMcame the colleague of his father in 850, and at the
death of the latter, inSj;, Inherited the throne of Italy.
Among the events of ti^s reign were battles which he
fought with various soccesa uainst the Saracens who
invaded Italy. He died In 87s, leaving a daughter
Ermengarde, who was married to Boson, King of Arles^
They had a son, who was styled Louis III.

See MnaAToai. "AduU iI'IbUi;" "NoanUa BUcnpUi

Loula (Lnlgi] ttt, King or Emperor of Italy, ior-
named thb Bund, born about 879, was a grancbon of
the preceding. He was a ton irf Boson, King of Aries
■ Ermcngardfc In 900 be was invited to Italy by

Iionla |£idgl) OF TAkurruK, King of Naples, born
in 132a, wat a grandson of Cbarica the Lame. He was
a cousin of Queen Joan of Naples, who married Louis
in 1346, after she had strangled her hasbaiul Andrew.
Died in 1363.

Lonis (Lnlgi) H, King of Naples, Sidly, and Jerusa-
lem, bom in 1377, was aion of Louis L He was crowned
by tlie pope in 1389^ and obtained poaseation of Naples,
from which he was expelled by Ladislaus in 1399. Died

Lonla {Lnlgil ttt, of Naples, Duke of Anjon, bom
'~i 1403, was a ton of the precedii^. He Inherited his

bihet's title to the throne of Naples, which, however.
i.e,l,S,5.S,/w«-,li,4.i,BJ

wit occupied by Alfonso of Aragon. He invaded Ilah^
and conquered a la^e part of the kingdom, bat died in
1434, benue hit enterprise was flnithed,

Lonla [Pott Lins, loo-iss'] I, King of Pottngtl, bora
in 1S38, Degan to TCJgn at tiie death of his nrodier,
Pedro v., in November, l86t, before which he was the
Duke of Oporto. He married Maria Pia, a daughter of
Victor Emmanuel of Italy, in 1S63. Died Oct 19, 1889.

Loni* (Lnlgl) £, King of Sicily or of Naples, Coont
of Provence, Duke of Anjou, etc., bom in 13^9. was
a younger son of Jean IL of France. At tbe instigatjon
of Pope Clement VII., Queen Joan of Naples adopted
Louis as her tuccessor in 1380, but his title was disputed
by Charles of Duraszo, who afterwards became King of
Naples. Died near Bari in 1384.

Lonls [Sp. Lois, loo-iss'] of Akaook, King of Sidlj
bom in 1338, was the eldest son of Peter II., whom he
succeeded in 1343. Died in 1355.

Looia, Dauphin of France, the son of Lonit XIV.
and Maria Theresa, was born in 1661, and was called
MoNSEiGNBUR. His edncatjon wat directed by Bossnet,
who wrote for him hit "Discourse on Universal His-
tory." The danphin, however, had a great averuon to
study, and appears to have had only moderate atrflities.
He married Marie Christine of ^varia, and became
father of the Duke of Burgundy and of the Duke of
Anjou, who was afterwards Philip V. of Spain. In 16SS
Louis XIV. placed him at the head of the army of the
Rhine, under the direction of Vauban. Aa commander
of the army in Flanders in 1694, tbe dauphin received
credit for a march wliich protected Dunkirk. His ls*t
years were passed in compulaoryidleness. DiediniTit,

Lonla, DiQphin of France, the son of Louis XV,,

at l>om in I719. His virtues, talents, and attainment*

e highly commended by M. Michand, Jr. In 1747 he

marriul Marie Josiphe of Saxony, by whom he had

:e sons, who became kings, vii., Louit XVL, Looil

__ III., and Charles X. He wat excluded by his father

from all participation in the government Died in 1765.

Lonla, looV, (Antoine,) a celebrated French sur-
geon, bom at Mctz in 171^. He settled in Paris st sn
early age, and acquired a bigh reputation by his writings
on surgery. He wrote many able surgical articles kit
the " Encyc1opMi&" He was for many years the oracle
and counsel of tbe tribunals in questions of medical
jnritpmdence. Died in 1792.

S« ■■ Homlla BiocnpUi G«ii4nk."

Loula, (Louis Douiniqub,) Baron, a snccetsfol
French financier, better known at ABBt Louis, was bom
at Toul in 1735. He emigrated to England in 1792, and
returned about the end 011799. During the empire be
became administrator of the treasury, councillor of state,
and a baron. From April, 1814, nntil August, 1815, he
served Louis XVIII. as minister of finance^ He wa* re-
called to the tame office in 18 18 by Decaies, and reaigned

Sm "SoDnobi mt I* Bins Loiiik" I
EAiHT-CaiQ^ "Klon da Bina Loo^"
'i GtoSait"

I, iS^i CoHvm ■■

Lonla, [PiEKBB Charlu Alexandre,) a French
physician, bom at Ai (Mame) in 1787. Among hia
works is " Researches on Typhmd Fever," (a vols,
1838.) Died at Paris, August 24, 1872.

Lonla Napoleon. See Nafoi.bon HI.

Lonla PhUlppa, looV feltp', Duke of Orl fans, King
of the French, often called "the Citizen King," waa
bom in Paris on the 6th of October, 1773, and wat the
eldest son of Louis Philippe Joseph, Duke of OrUana,
iriio was styled Philippe Egalit^ His mother was Louise
Marie de Bourbon, a daughter of the Due de Pen-
thiivre. Hit early education was directed by Madame
de Genlis, who tauglit him liberal principles snd formed
him to babita of prudence and self-contioL During tlie
life of hia &ther, who was executed in 1793, he was styled
the Duke of Chartres. About 1790 lie entered the army
as colonel, and merited two dvic crowns by saving the
lives of two priests bi an ipuiUi. He bvoDied tbe
popular cause in the Revolution, and terved in the Gnt
campaign against the Anstrians in 1792. In Novembei

e. less prolonged; i, i. 1, 6, i, J, i-»«rt; »,(, i, ft <*«««.■ fir, ail, at ; mlt( nfitj ^f6ds mflltat

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

LOUIS IS

of that ftaz be commanded the centre at Jemnupea,
and waa, aajn Lnurtme, the laToorite Uentenant of
DmxMiTfe^ the gcneral-in'chicC Having been •urn*
MOoed to ^pear at the ttibonal of the committee of
poblk ufetf m Auil, 179^ he ewaped acroM the Bel-

rfrtrnder with Danounei, in whoae oonapiracjp with
Anatrius be wm implicated. He aAerwirds wan-
dered as an exile and in diagniM through varioui couo-
triei and atnuige vidMitDdea, and ww for some montha
(1794) profeMot in the College (A Relcbenao, under the
name of If. Chambaud In 1796 he came for greater
tafetf to the United States, where he travelled more Ihan
a year. From iSoo until 1808 the Duke of Oilcans re-
sided in England. He married Maria Amelia, daughter
<i Ferdinand, King of Naples, in 1S09. At the rettora-
tioa of the Bonrtion* (1S14) he returned to France, and
waa reinstated in hit hereditary honours and poaaeaaions.
When the eacape of Bonaparte &om Elba became known
11 Paria, Lonia XVIIL appointed the Doke of OrUana
ccmmander of the armjr of the North ; ImiI he soon re-
signed this place. He took little pact b public a&ira
■nta the lendatiiHi of Jutj, 1830, had dethroned Charlea
X., and a jmnrWooal goremmcnt waa forowd, under the
Orecdoo of La Fqctte, Lafitte, Gnizot, Thiers, and othen.

n turned hr La Fayette, (who did not
eoo^der FVanoe yet prepared for a republic,) and the
oown was offered to the Duke of Orleans by the Deputies
nd Feen, on the 9th of August, and accepted, with a
nmodelled conititution. The king called into his cabi-
Mt the Dnc de Broglie, Count Holif, M. Guizot, and
Lalltte. Hewassoonafterrecognizedbythegreatpoirers
sfEotope. In October, iS30,M.Lafltte became prei '

« c#t)ie Carliats and tepablicaiu, and several
ere made to aaaaswnate the king. In October,
1832,8 new minis^waa formed, of wbichMarahal Soull
«a* premier and Guiiot and Thiers were tnembers, the
majority being Dtdtinaira. Frequent changes of the
BiinistrT afterwards occorred, by which Count Hol^ the
Due de Broglie, Thiera, and Guicot were succeswrely
raised to tbe office of prime minister. In October, 183^
Looia Napoleon made at Strasbourg an abortive attempt
to dethrone Louis Philippe, for which he was banished to
Oe United States. Louis Fbilippefollowedapadflcpolicy,
SBd waged no wars gainst the great European powera ;
bM his army made important conquesta in Algeria. His

, however, though auccesafiil.

I not generally

■ec«k*tical.'> The peace which had been the dii
<f tliii rdgn was at last imperilled by the impolitic mar-
rtigeoftheking^son, theDakeofHontpensier, tothe
•Muliul heiress of tlw Spanish crown. Electoral reform

b 1847. The foraUe opposition of the ministry to this
s|Mn aeitatiaD at refoim banquets caused a collision be-
tween Uie troops and Ae Panaian populace on February
■4 1848. UnwiUing to anthoriie a great slaughti

tbe peoplb^^ the kinc then abdicated in &vour of
nandaon, Coont of Paris ; but the republic pror'~'
bj Lamartine, Arago, and otheis prevailed. Loi
itpeeso^)ediai?'— -'— — "--' -^ _i— .
iMdved. He d

i^pe esa^ed in dlsgaise to England,

IMdved. lie died at CUrem -'

iSjo^ leaving fonr ions, stylei

As Hoc de Montpensier, uie Prince de Joinville, and

Oe Ihic d'Anmale.

ipa,''it47; UG.Hkhaud,
PhilW,'- in Fmch, ilu ;
Lm; a N.Waioirr."rb.

,,-_ ,„i; Look Bujk, "Hktoin

Ji & Ana." {tij^M^ VwAt, 1B41: Aussd E. Douglal "US,

•sd TiaarfLoaB PfaLGpKa-Kmfaf ihg Fmeb," ■&48; Odisot,

"iMuioiM POST wrlr k rUamin d* boh Tubes:" "Noanlla

'■ ^■- SMnl*."

c de Nemours,

SeeLOUlsXIV.

Loid— <or LtilM) Angtuta WUhalmlna Abi»ii.i,
Qoeen of Pnusia, tbe daughter of (he Duke of Hecklen-
borg-Strelia, was bom at Hanover in 1776. She was
■■nisd in 1793 to the pnnce-roval, who in 1797 became

S5 LOUVEL

King Frederick William III. After becoming the moiha
of several children, she died in 1810. Her tieaaty and
accompliahmenta are highly praised.

SeaCiMaunTB Rkhaidmh. " If aHiin of tb* Prima Lift al
L«<ii^ Qii«a of Pibml" iS4t: J. P. ScanrK, ~ Low* Pit
MB* ScbaBfBM," iSij: "NouicUtlBiogrvUa GJnlnlb"

IiOtiiM ds Ztorralne^ loo'ti' dfh lo'rin'. Queen of
Prance, bom in 1554, was the daughter of Nicolas,
Count de VaudemonL In 1575 she waa married to
Henry IIL, who treated her with neglect Died in 1601.

IionlBA de Savoie, loo'iz' d«h sf vwt', Kegeni of
France, bom at Font d'Ain in 1476, was the daughter
of Philip, Duke of Savoy. She married Charles of Or*
l^ans, and had a son who became king as Francis L
On hb departure to Italy, in 1515, he appointed her
regent of the kingdom. She caused the loss of the
Milanese by appropriating to henelf the money destined
to pay the troops, and by her unjust treatment provoked
Constable Botubon to join the enemy. She obtained
the re^engf again in 15J14, and retained it dnrtng the
captivin of the king. In t J39 she negotiated with Har^
garet of Austria tbe treaty of Cambray betireen ^aodi
L and Charlea V. Died in 1 532.

Saa Uaiiluc^ "Via du CmDAabla da Baartn ;" " N«id*
Hiqfupbic G^naru^"

ZiOoise d'OrMa&s, loo'ti' dos'li'Sti', (Marii Tut-
Rtsi Caeounb ISABBLLB,) Queeu of Belgium, born al
Palermo in :8il, was a daughter of Louis Philippe oil
France. She waa married to Leopold, King of Belgian,
in 1833. Died in (850.

SaaT. ScHiujiicit,'-E« Engellndai Hamil of Laran n- "

U. Loiu« Mane," alt, 115a: Monu, "H*li«r '

de Lnua Maria. Rvnc daa Bclsea," lijo.

iMolse (or LttlBB) TTIrlke^ loo-ee'zfh S&l're-kfh,
Qneen of Sweden, bom at Berlin in 1714 was a siata
of Frederick (he Great of I^iia. She became ac-
quainted with Voltaire, who wrote verse* in praise tA
her agreeable qualities. In 1744 she was married to
Prince Adolphus Frederick, who became king in 1751.
She founded an Academy of Belles-Lettres al Slockhotm
in 1753. Died in 1781. Gustavus III. was her son.

IiOU]], loo, [Ijl Sirva'tus Lu'pua,! Abbrf of Fer.
riites, is regarded as the most polished writer that
Fiance produced in the ninth century. He was born in
(he diocese of Sens in 805. He was employed by Charles
(he Bald in important missions, and corresponded with
the most eminent men of his time, including several
kings. His letters are [>riied for the light they throw
on (he events of that period-
Sea "Gallia Chniliina;" "MoincUa Kgfnpbic G^nlnla."

IionpolOT, See LooPOLo*.

IionptUra, da la, dfb It loo't^ia', (Jun Charlbi
DE Rsloiigtio— -rfh-IoNB',) a French poet, born in Iha
diocese of Sens in 1737 ; died in 17S4.

Loiu'donel4too>'doo't'.(SopH[ETKSSZER.) a French
writer of fiction, bom In Paris in 1703. She married M.
Loordoueix, an editor of the "Giuette de France."
Among her works is "The Son of his Works," (" La
nis de ses CEnvres," a vols.. 1845.) Died in 1859.

I«Tirelro, de, di IC-ri^-ro, (Jolo,) a Portuguese bot-
anist, born about i7t5.'~'He practised medicine many
years in Cochin China and China, and returned to Por-
tugal afier an absence of (hirty-siz years. His " Flora
of Cochin China" {1790) described many new genera,
and was esteemed a valuable contribution to botanical
•dence. Died in 17961

iKiutliorbotiTK loo'tlR'booK', or Lnthorburft loo'*
tCR-bd6aG', ( Phi LiPPK Jacques,) a akiliul French land-

bom at Strasburg about 1735, was a pupil

After working some years in Paris, he
removed in 1771 to London, where he painted decora-
tions for the Opera. He excelled in landscapes, battle
pieces, and views on the sea^coaat His execution is
remarkable for bcility and vigour. He etched some of
his own designs. He died in London about 1811.

Saa NAQtaa, ~A%nD«lDei KtfaHllai^Lexikoa."

X<OnTBTd, loo'vtk', (Feah^is,) a French Jansenisl
and polemical writer, bom in Maine in 1661 ; died in [739.

IiOhtbI, Ido'vCI', (Pierre Louis,) a French assassin,
bom at Versailles in 1783, was a saddler tiy trade.
Prompted by party spirit and enmity to the Bourbons^

of Casa

caai,-fa

t; l»M^; t as/; o, h. K,/«M(ni/; », MuaJ; a, Iri/ieJ; S as .; (h as in Mi. (BJf-See Explanations, p. aj,)

Digitized .yCoOgle

LOUVERTURB

1586

LOVELACE

he auasainated the Due de Berry, Febntarr I3t itto.
This act caused great political excitement, and led to the
reiignation of the prime miniater Decaies. Louvel oaa
•secnted in Jnoe, iSaa

LouvAitiira. See TODasAitfT VOvmxivtx.

Louve^ loo'yi', (Pixbke,) a mediocre French histo-
rian, born at Beaavaia in 1617. He wiote histories of
Iiangnedoc, Aquitaine, and Provence. Died abont l6Sa

ZionvBt, (PiERBE.) a French antiquary, bom near
BeaoTais about 1570 ; died in 1646.

IionTftt da C^nvray, loo'vf dfh koo'vst', (|kan
Baptisti,) a French Girondist orator, bom in Paris in
1760. He was elected to the Convention in 1791, and
Decafne a prominent member of the Girondist party. In
October, iToa, he attacked Marat and Robespierre in a
bold and eflective speech. He was proscribed with the
Girondist chieb about June t, 1793, but escaped by flight
to Normandy. In April, 1794, he entered Paris, where
be concealed himself until the fall of Robespierre. In
1795 he resumed his seat in the Convention, from which
be passed into the Council of Five Hundred. He pro-
dnwd several successful romances, comedies, and polit-
ical tracts. Died in 1797. In reference to the above-
named speech, which n inserted in his " History of the
Girondists," Lamartine say^ "Louvct was one of those
men whose political dettinjris composed of a single day;
bat this da; conqnera futurity for them, because it asso-
^tea with their name the memoiy of a sublime talent
and a sublime conrage."

Sea t-AHAimn, "Hlatarrof Ibi Gfamilliu ;" Tnnai, "His-
■017 of Iba Fnueb Rnohitiai;" "Hixmila Bi(>t;i^'» CAifnlc"

Lonrlera, d«, djh 1oo've-i', <CHAKUts Jacqdis,) a
French writer, was appointed a member of the council
of state by Charles V. in 1376. He is supposed to be
the author of the bmons " Dream of the Orchardist,"
(" Songe du Vergier,*^ the aim of which is to prove that
the pope has no temporal power over princea. The book
is in the form of a <Ualogae.

IahvIUs, do, d«h loo'vtl', (Chau.ss Auoitstk d'Al-
lonvllle — dl'16N'»il',) Marquis, a Ftetich diplomatist,
born in 1668. In i-joi he was chosen gentleman of the
chamber to Philip V, of Spain, who afterwards emfdojed

o Paris and Rome.

Died in

'"L„

r, bom in the Chartrain
in 1671, was a brother of the preceding. He devoted
himself to astronomy, and erected an observatory near
OrMans. Having been admitted into the Academy of
Sciences, he contribnted to it " New Tables of the Sun,"
"Observations on the Obliquity of the Ecliptic," etc
Died in 173a,

S» FoHTuaua, - fllA(t ik M. Losrllk."

Iioovols, do, dfh Ioo'twI', (Camiiu Lktzllikc,)
AbbA, bom in Paris in 1675, was a son of the celebrated
minister of war. He was Included by B^let among the
"enCints calibres," and was elected to the French
Academy in 1706. He added 30,000 bocAs to the Royal
Library. Died in 1718.

IiouvolB, do, Chbvauu. See Esrsdu, i/, (Loi;u
CtSAK Lbtbllibk.)

iMUTola, de, (Fbanqois Mickbl Lbtbijjke,) Hak-
Quis, a powerful French minister of state, bom in Paris
in 1641, was a toa of Michel Letellier, chancellor of
Fiance:. In 1654 his father, who was then secretary of
war, obtained the reveraion of that office for Louvoi^
who, having qualified himself by diligent studies and
gained the bvour of the king, became sole minister of
war in 166& While Colbert managed the finances and
Increased the resource* of France, Lonvoia contribnted
greatly to the military snceesses of Louis XIV. He
supplanted Colbert in the fiivour of the Iring, and in-
stigated Louis to peraecute the Protestants. By the
counsels of this unscrupulous and haughty minister, who
was then extremely powerful, the edict of Nantes was
revoked in 16S;, and the Palatinate was wasted by fire
and sword in l6g9. The atrodty of the latter measure
exdted general horror. His insolence at last exhausted
the patience of the king. In 1691 Lonvois excited the
anger <A Louis by proposing to burn Treves, and would
have been dismissed if he had not died suddenly in the
same year. He is censured for having caused the

derangement of die finances, and for finiienting the u-
gresaive martial ambition of bia master. " He was Um
greatest adjutant-general, the greatest qnartermaates-
general, the greatest commissary-general," says Ua^M-
Uy, "that Europe had seen. He may, indeed, be said
to have made a revolution in the art of disciplining di*<
tribtiting, equipping, and provisioning armies." Hii
BOE, the Marquis of Barbesieux, was hts sacceaaov at
minister of war.

IxniTrflj:, da, d«h loo'vai', (MATurAS GtrtLLAim^l
a Belgian jurist and historian, bom at Liege in 16651
died in 1734.

Lonit^ liiv'ft, (Simon FrcuMr,) Lord^ a Scottish
JacoUte conspirator, bom near Inverness about 16761
At the death of Lord Lovat, who was chief of the Fraaer
dan, Simon Eraser made unsnccesaflil attempts to obtain
the title and estates. To evade the penalty of some
crime, he passed over to France about I70C^ and ttimed
a Roman Catholic Having entered the service of the
Pretender, he was sent to Scotland in 1703 to incite the
Highlanders to rebellion ; but he betrayed his trust, and
acted the part of informer againat the Jacobites^ Fas
this offence he was confined in the Bastille several year*.
In 171 j Fraserfougbt against the caose of the Stuarts al
Inverness, and was rewarded with the estates oif die
Frasers and the title of Lord Lovat In the rebellloB
of 174; he was detected in treasonable act* against King
George, for which he was executed in L<»idon in [747.

Lot*, (Alfrbd Hknhy,) an American reformer,
bom at Philadelphia in 1S30. He became a mcrchaiit
in that city, organized the American Literary Union
in 1845 and became its president, was vice-president
of the Pennsylvania Prison Society, and one of the
founders, in i366, of the Universal Peace Union, of
which he became and remained the president. He
edited in the interest of this socieff the " Voice of
Peace" and the "Peacemaker and Court of Arbitra-
tion." Died June 19, 1913.

XOTS, Ifiv, (Chkistofkbr,) a Presbyterian thedoKlB%
was bora at CardiS; Wales, in 161S. He b^an to
preach in London in 1644, after which he was a membet
of the Assembly of Divines. After the death of Charles
L, he entered Into a conspiracy called Love's Plot, du
devgn of which was to restore Charles IL For thi*
cause he was executtd in Aunut, t6;i. His Semon^
and other works, were published in three voloines.

Iiora, (Jaubs,) the assumed name of a dramatist and
actor, who was a son of Mr. Dance, a London architect.
A satire against Walpole having appeared Bnder Ibe
title "Are these Things so ?" be wrote an answer, en-
titled " Yes, they are : What then T for which Walp^
gave him a present He acted at DruryLane from 176a
until his death, and wrote " Pamela," and other come-
dies. Died in 1774-

IiovalnL See Lobbira.

Iiore'Joy, (l&v'joi,) (Elijah P.,) an American clergy-
man and opponent of slavery, bom at Albion, in Hain^
n iSol, graduated at Walerville in iSsCl He b^an ta
Hiit at Alton, Illinois, about 1836, an anti-alaTety 9»ftr,
called "The Alton Observer." Hi* press was twice d»>
jtroyed by a pro-slavery mobt While defending hia
premise* at Alton against a third attack, he was shot
and mortally wounded, in November, 1837.

I>OT(tJoT> (OwKN,) a brother of the preceding, waa
bom at Albion, Kennebec county, Maine, in 1811. H«
was employed as minister of a Congr^alioaal cborcb at
Princeton, lllincus, from 1S38 to 1854, and was elected •
member of Congress by the Republicans of the third
district of Illinois in 1856. He was re-elected in 1858,
i86cs and iS6s. He was a radical opponent of slavery.
Died at Brooklyn. New York, in March, 1864.

I^velaoA, (Richard,) an En^liah poet, bom bi Kent
in 1618. He fought for the king in the dvil war, ana
rose to llie rank S captaiiL Having spent his fortniw
in the royal cause, he entered the French service in
1646L On his return to England in i6a8, he waa impri*-
oned for political reasons. In 1649 he was released,
and published a volume of poems, consisting of ode%
sonnets, etc, addressed to " Lncasta." Some of these ar«
admired for grace and vigour. He died poor in i6f8.

a. >, I, 6^ S, ?,/•»%'; ^ ^A same, less prolonged; I, i, I, S, 0, f, /4<W; f, 4, i, 9, (iibniriff fir, fill, f&t; mtt; n&t; ga6di mOoj

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

1587

LOWELL

20, 1823, graduated at West Point in 1842. In the
dvil war he comiuanded the Confederale anny at New
Orleans before the capture of that city. Died in 1884.
Lo'Ten, (SVBN,) a Swedish naturalist, l>oni bi
Stockholn in 1809. He studied the marine fauna 0;
the coasts of the North and Baltic Seas, and was j

Crolessor in the Museum of Nalnral History at Stock-
olm. He published numerous scientific memoirs,
one of the latest being " Echinoconidaf , " (1888.)
Died September 4, 1895.

lK)Tor, lilT'^r, (Samukl.) an Irish noTe!i«t, poet, and
painter, born in Dublin in 1 797. He acquired in his youth
a good reputation as a nortrait-pabter, and afterwards
became a successful author. Besides numerous ballads
and dramas, he produced " Legends and Stories of Ire-
land," and a novel entitled " Handy Andy," (1842,) and
" Ro^ O'Moore," a song. Among his later publicatic
b " Metrical Tales, and other Poems," (i8s9.) Died
July, 1868. "^ \ Vii

^▼wlns, luv'cr.io^ (JosRPH,) bom in Charlestown,
Massachusetts, December 35, lSi3,Kradaated at Harvard
College in 1S33, and in itSjB was made professor of mathe-
matics and natural philosophy there. He published a
great number of sdenlific memoirs, etc. Died in 189a.
Ziov^bond, (Edwakd,) an English poet, was bom
in Middlesex, and inherited an easy fortune. He c"
tributed several essays to "The World," a popuisr
riodical, and was the author of Tarious poems, aTn<...B
which "The Tears of Old May-Day" (1754) is highly
praised. Died in 177S-
IiOvlnL See Luinl

Uhr, (Charlbs Ratheornb,; a British w:
bom at Dublin in 1837. His works deal largely with
military and naval history and biography.

Iiow, (Georgk,) aScottish naturalist, bom in For-
farshire in 1746. He wrote " Fauna Orcadensis,"
(181 3,) which treats of the animals of the Orkney
and Shetland Isles. Died in 1795.

IiO^, (Sbth,) an American reform politician,
bom at Brooklyn, New York, in 1850, was educated
at Columbia College, entered mercaatile business,
and was elected mayor of Brooklyn on a reform ticket
in 1881. He did much to puri^ municipal politics,
and in 1889 was elected president of Columbia Univer-
sity. Was defeated for mayor of New YoA in 1897,
bat was elected in 1901, and was mayor 1902-3. Is a
trustee of the Cam^e Institution at Washington and
member of various learned societies.

Low, (Will Hicok,] an American artist, bom at
Albany, New York, May 31, 1853, studied in Europe,
1873-77, under C. Duran and J. L. G^rfime. He became
a teacher of life and antique drawing in the National
Academy, New York. Among his pictures are "Rev-
erie," (1876,) a portrait of Emma Albani, (1877,) "Skip-
pr Ireson," (i88i,) "Arcades," (1882,) and " TeUina the
Bees," (1884.) He also attained distinction as a deco-
rator and illustrator.

ZiO'ir'df r, (Cuaxlis Fuoi,) an English clergyman,
born at Bath, June 31, 183a He was educated at King's
College, IjindoD, and at Exeter College, Oxford, grul-
sating in 1S43. He was ordained a pnest of the Estab-
lished Church in 1844. His principal work was that of
a missionary in the East of London, in which region he
accomplished much good. He was an extreme ritualist.
Died at Zell-am-See, Tyrol, September 9, 1S80.

LSire or Iioewe, Id'ftfh, the name of a German
family, distinguished in various departments of art
AoousT Ijopold LflwK, bom at Schwedt in 1767, was

bom in 1787, acqiured a high reputation as a tiagedji
Cted in 1833. His danshter Sophie, bom in 1815,
became one of the most celebrated vocalists in Germany.
She was married about 18^ to Prince Frederick of
Liechtenstein. Died November 19, iS6d Her brother,
Krahcis Louis Froimr, (born in 1S16, died in i3oa).

r snd a poet. JcUA

distinguished himself ai. .

LSwE, aunt of the preceding, bom ii

auccessliil as an actress at Vienna. She died about 185a

Zicma, IS, (Sir Hudson,) a British general, bom in
Ireland about 1770. He served many campaigns In
Egypt, Italy, Germany, etc, and obtained the rank ol
major-eeneral in 1814. In 1815 he was selected to be
the jailer of Bonaparte in Saint Helena. He was cei»
sured by many French and English writers for arbitrary
rude, and illiberal treatment of the captive, who in 1S16
refused to see him or have any fiirther interconrM with
him. Died in 1S44.

Iibire, (JoHAMN Kakl GonruiD,) a German com-
poser, boro near Halle in 1796. His works include
operas, sonatas, ballads, and oratorios : of the last we
may name "The Seven Sleeoers." Died in 1869.

LoTC'e, (Robert.) an English financier and eminent
orator, born at Bingham in 181 1. He graduated at Ox-
ford in 1833, and practised as a barrister in Australia
from 1843 to 1850. In 1853 he was returned to Parlia-
ment for Kidderminster, He was appointed vice-presi-
dent of the education board in 1S59, but was remtnred a
few years later. He was a leader of the Adnllaoiites,
(nominal Liberals, who opposed the Reform Bill of Rus-
sell and Gladstone in 1866,) and was one of the ablest
Host brilliant debaters in Parliament He supported
Gladstone's motion for the disestablishment of the An-
glican Church in Ireland, and held the office of chan-
cellor of the exchequer from 1868 to 1873, when he was
appointed to the Home OfGce. Was elected a member of
Parliament for the University of London, 1868. Inl88ohe
received the titleof Viscount Sherhrooke. D.July 27, 1893.

IiOvrell, (Abbott Lawrsnce,) educator, bom at
Boston in 1856; educated at Harvard University. He
practised law in Boston, became a lecturer and professor of
the science of government at Harvard, and in 1909 was
made president of Harvard University. Is also trustee
of the Lowell Institute, and since 1910 of the Cam^e
Foundation for Advancement of Teadiing. Is the author
of works on government, dvil service, etc.

LtSwell, (FsANai Cabot,) brother of John Lowell,
(the second of the nsme,) bom at Newburyport in 177J,
was one of the prindpal founders of the aty of LowelL
to which he gave his name. He was a merchant and
manu&cturer of cotton. Died in 1817.

IiOireU, (Jahbs Russell,) a distinguished AmeriOD
poet, critic, snd scholar, the son of the Rev. Charles
Lowell, noticed above, was bom February 33, 1819.
Having graduated at Harvard in 183S, he entered the
law school of that institution, where be remained two
years, and was admitted to the bar in 1841 ; but he soon
abandoned the profession, that be might devote himself
wholly to literature- He published in 1844 a volume
of poems containing a " Legend of Brittany," " Pro-
metheus," and a number of smaller pieces. In 1848
appeared a second collection of poems, snd in a small
volume (separately) "The Vision of Sir LaunfaL" la
the same year be also published the " Biglow Papers,"
a witty and humorous satire, written in the "Yankee"
dialect, on the events of the Mexican war, and a "Fable
for Critics," a charming r>« d'afrit, which, in the words
of Professor Bowen, Is ''avety witty review article done
into rhyme." It is not too mncb to say that the best
parts of this poem (which, by the way, is very unequal)
are scarcely surpassed either in wit or in (elidty ot ex-
pression by anything of a similar kind in the English lan-
guage. Inthesummerof i85iMr. Lowell visited Europe,
and returned home after an absence of somewhat more
than a year. In the winter of 1854-55 '>" delivered in
Boston a very popular course of lectures on the British
poets. Prolenor Longfellow having, in 1S54, resigned
the chair of the modem languages and belles-lettres at
Harvard, Mr. Lowell was appointed his successor in

finaaIy, 1S55. On the establishment of tiie "Atlantic
jnthly" in 1857, Professor Lowell became the editor, —
a position which he held about five years, — and under
his auspices this magaiine acquired a wide and deserved
popularity. Among his noteworthv poetical produc-
tions we may mention '■ Under the Willows, and other
Poems," (1S69,) and "The Cathedral," (1870.) BeaJdw

«a*ii,*fM/,'g^an/;^as//a,H,K,jMa!Kra/; v,natal; s,tnJUd;l2a*;that'ailAsi, (Q7~See£xp1anatians,ph33.)

db,Google

»nd "Mj Study windows," (1871.)

Among the poets of America, Lowell is disdnguished
t^ the great range, as well as b; Ihe venatility, of his
powere. He seems equally at home in the playful, Ihe
pathetic, or the medllalive realms of poetry. And we
always riae from the perusal of his productions with ttie
impression that he has not put forth all his strength, but
that something still higher would not have been twyond
the reach of bis genius. In 1877 he was appointed
United States minister to Spain, and from 1S79 until his
remorai by President Cleveland in 1885 he was minister
to England. In 1883 he was chosen lord rector of St
Andrew's University, and while in England he received
the dwee of LL.D. ftoia the Universiiie* of Oxford,
Cambndge, and Edinburgh. Died August is, 1891.

Sec AuJKini, "DicliDniirof Anlhon."

XtOir«ll, (John,) an American statesman, boir at
Newburypott, Massachusetts, in 1743. He began to
practise law in Boston about i777. As a member of the
convention which formed the Constitution of Mauacho-
setts in 1780, he efficiently promoted the liberation of
■laves held in thai State. He was elected a member
of Congress in 1781, and appointed a judse of the dis-
trict court of Massachusetts b 1789. He had three
tons, John, Frandi C, and Charles, Died at Roxbury
in 1S02.

Lowell, (touH,) an able lawyer and political writer,
born at Newburyport in October, 1769, was a son of the
preceding. He graduated at Harvard College In 1786,
practisea law at Boston, and acquired a high reputation.
About 1S03 he visited Europe^ He was a Federalist,
wrote much for the public journals, and exerted great
influence in New England, but declined to enter the
public service. He published twenty-five or more pam-
phlets, mostly polilicial, and was one of the founders of
the Boston AthenKum and the Massachusetts General
Hospital, He was distinguishedfor his colloquial powers.
Died at Boston in 1S40.

tiOireU, (John,) the founder of Lowell Institute, was
bom in Bostoti, Massachusetts, in 1 799, and was a son
of Francis Cabot Lowell, noticed above. Having lost
hiswife and children about 1831, he travelled extensively
hi Europe, Syria, and EsypL He died at Bombay in
March, 1S36, leaving by bis will about Jtiso/wo to main-
tain in Boston annul counea of gratuitotis lectures.

Lowell, (JoK".) LL.D., an American jurist, born in
Boston, October 18, 18J4, graduated at Harvard College
in 1843, was a United States district court judge, 1865-^
and a United Stales circuit court judge, 1878-84. He
published two volumes of United Stales Reports, and
wrote especially upon bankruptcy. Died May 14, 1897.

Lowell, (Makia Whiti,) an American poetess, the
wife of James Russell Lowell, noticed above, was bom
at Watcrtown, Massachusetts, in iSai, She was married
to Mr. Lowell in 1844. She died in 1853.

Lowell, fPERCivAL,) astronomer, bom at Boston in
1855. Lived in Japan 1883-93, and published several
works ou that country. Founded the Lowell Observa-
toiy al Flagstaff, Arizona, in 1894, undertook an eclipse
expedition to Tripoli in 1900, and sent astronomers to
the Andes in 1907 to photograph the planet Mars. He
claims thai indications prove that this planet is habitable,
and has written " Mars as the Abode of Life, " and other
works on sstronomical subjects.

Iiow-sU, (RoBEKT Traill Spence,) son of the Rev.
Charles Lowell, noticed above, was bom in Boston in
1816. He was ordained a clergyman of the Episcopal
Church in 1843, and subsequentlv became rector of
Christ Church, Duanesburg. New York. He ptiblished
■ novel entitled "The New Priest in Conception Bay,"
tmd a collection of poems. Died September 11, 1891.

Xifiwen or Iioeiren, 15'«?n, (Johakn Fbiedkich,}
a German poet and writer of fiction, bom at Klausthal
in itm; died in 1771.

tiBweiidalil or LoeirendalU, 16'ft^-dll', written
also Loevendahl, (Ulrick Frikdrich W
• celebrated general, bom at Hamburg in

I a great-grandson of Frederick IH. of Denmark. He
entered the service of Kntai a in the reignof Anne, about
1736, and as general of artillery gained victories over the
I Turks and Tartars. In 1743 he paMcd into the pKndi
service as lieutenant-general, and In 174J comnMnded
Ihe reserve coipa at Fontenoy. A* tecond in command
nnder Marshal Saxe, he took many towns in Fanden
in the same year. For the capture of Bergen-op-Zoook
in 1747, he wai rewarded with a marshal's biton. H«
died in 17;;.

Lfiweimanpt or LoeirenluLtipt^ lo'fttn-h&wpf,
(Adam Louis,) Coijnt, a skilful Swedish general, bora
in 16^9. He was appointed Governor of Riga in 1706
On his march to join the army of Charles XIL, who had
invaded Russia, he was attacked by the Ciar Peter al
LIcsna in 170S, and lost about 4000 men, but pursued
his course. He displayed great courage at Pultowa,
July, 1709, and when Charles fled to Turkey the command
of the Swedish army devolved on LOwenhaapt. who was
forced to capitulate in 1709. He was kept as a prisonei
in Russia until his death, in 1719^

Zi&irenhaupt or iKjewenhanp^ Ton, fon lb'4en-
hSwpi', (Carl Emil,) Count, a Swedish general, bom
in 169Z. War havine been declared against Russia, be
was chosen general- in -chief of an army sent to invade
Finland in 1743. His success was hiridered by dissen-
sions among the Swedish officers, and he surrendered
at Helsingfors, in September, 1742. The anti-war party
having become dominant, he was tried for that reverie,
and executed in 1743.

LOwenblelm or Lovwenhlalm, lo'wfn-he-Clm',
(Carl Gustaf,) Count oi", a Swedish statesman, was
the chief of the party of "Caps." His party having
gained the ascendency in 1763, he was then made min-
ister of foreign affairs. He wrote several memdis for
the Academy of Sciences. Died in 1768.

LBwenhlelm or Loewenhlelm, (Gustaf Cau.
Fredbbik,) Count of, a Swedish diplomatist, bom at
Stockholm in 1771. He served in the army, and obtained
the rank of generaL He represented Sweden at the
Congress of Vienna, (1814,) and was Swedish minister
at the court of Paris Itota 1818 until iSjG. He wrote
several military treatises, and a remarkable work on the
-ganization of government. Died in 1856.

Lfrwen^^o. See Leunclavius.
LfiwanthEa l(i'*fn-tll, (John Jacob,) a celebrated
Hungarian chess-player and writer on the game, born in
1810, at Buda-Pcsth. He went to London in 1851 to
partake in a chess toumament, and from that time perma-
nently resided in England. He published "Morphy't
Games," "Book of the Chess Congress," (1864.) and
"Transactions of the British Chess Association," <t867-
69.) Died July ao, 1876.

liowor, lOw'er, (Mark Antronv,) an English anti-
auarian writer, born at Chiddingly, Sussex, in 1S13 i
ilied March 13, 1876.

LOw'er, (RtCHARS,) F.R.S., an eminent English
anatomis^ born in Cornwall about 1630. He became a
fhend and coadjutor of Dr. Willis, whom he assisted in
his work on the "Anatomy of the BratiL" In 1661 he

^ confirmed the Harveian theory by experiments on the
transfusion of blood. He practised medicine in London

I many years, and wrote, besides other works, a " Treatise

i on the Heart, on the Motion of the Blood." etc Died
in 1691.

I Loirer, (Sir William,) an English dramatist, bom

' in Cornwall ; died in 166a.

Lowlts, lo'ftits, (Georo Moritz,) a German astrono-
mer, born near Nuremberg in 17x1. He became pro-
fessor of mathematics at Gotlingen about I7S5, and WW
afterwards director of the observatory at that place. In
1766 he removed to Saint Petersbur|;, and was admitted
intothe Academy of Sciences, by which he was employed
in astronomical observations. He was killed by some
rebels al Dmetrie&k in 1774. He had written several
tnemoiis on astronomy.

His son Tobias, bom at GOttingen in 1757, became
one of the most eminent members of the Imperial Acad*
emy of Saint Petersburg, and piofenor 01 chemutn:

Died in 1804.

t, e, 1, 5, Q, ;, ^ix^,- i, i, A, same, less prolonged; i, £, 1, 5, ii, <?, i^sn'; f, ^ J, 9, (iAnwrc; fir, Oil, Qt ; mCt; nOt; gOSdj mS&n:

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

LOWMAN IS

IiOiv'maii, (MosBi,) a learned Engliih divine, born
tn London in 1680. About 1710 he Mttled at Clapham,
where he preached many jein to a convreKalion of Dis-
■entert. He wrote a '' Rationale of toe Ritual of the
Hebrew .Wo'*hip," and other work*. Died in 1752.

Lowndes Hiwndi, (Rawuns.) bora in the British
West IndiM in \TX%, settled at Charleston, South Caro-
lina, where he roae to eminence ■■ a itateiman and law-
E:r. He wai elected preiidenl or Governor of Sonth
arolina in 177B. Died in 1800.

Loimda*, (WiujAM Jonbs,) an eminent American
Matesman, a aon of the preceding, was bom at Charlea-
Un, Scnth Carolina, on the Ttb of Febmary, 1 783. He
Mtidied law, and married a daughter of General Thomaa
Hnckney. In 1810 or 1811 he waa elected a ineaiberof
Congrev f<>r a diilrict of South Carolina. He wai an
•loqnent debater, and waa eminent for hi* wiadom and
logical acomen. He ia aald to have been modest and
anambjlioaa. He continued to serve in Confess about
eleven years, and was chairman of the committee of
ways and means from iSiS to 1831. It appears that be
was a general favourite, and waa reputed to ttand in the
Gnt rank of American statesmen. His health having
Uled, he sailed fcr Europe, but died on the vcqrage in
October, iBaa.'

IiOvnides, (William Tkouas,) an English bibliog-
rapher, lived in London. He published, about 1834,
" The Bibliographer's Manual," which is highly esteemed.
Died in 1843.

Uivr'iy, (Wilson,) a skilful English engraver, bom
at Whitehaven in 1761, became a resident of London.
He contributed to the perfection of bis art by several
important inventions, and acquired a high reputation,
eapeciatly as an engraver of architecture and mechanism,
in which he was unsurpassed. He engraved many Ggures
lot Rees's " Cyclopxdia." Died in 1824.

IrtiirthiUSwth, {RoesKT,) an English bishop and emi-
oenl writer, bom at Winchester in 1710, was the son at
William Lowth, noticed below. He was edncated at Ox-
ford, and became eminent as a biblical scholar. Having
been chosen professor of poetry at Oxford, (1741,) he
delivered ** Lectures on the Poetry of the Hebrews," (in
I^tin,) which were published in 1753, and often reprinted.
This work was highly esteemed by the most eminent
criticB. He was appointed Bishop of Saint David's In
1766, translated to the see of Oiford in the same year,
and to that at London in 1777- Among his most impor-
tant works is an excellent "Translation of the Prophet
Isaish," (1778.) Died in 1787.

SaP. HALi,"Li(>iirKihapL(nrlh," ilu : "Muuinaf th«
Ufe of Robert LiFwth," L(»<l(i!i, im- "HodIUt Ririn" for
FdnuT ud Utah, xyj^ ud April 1780.

Irtiirtli, (Simon,) an En^ish tbeolo^an, bom in
Northamptonshire sbout 1630- He waa vicar of Saints
Cosmasand Damian-on-the-Btean. He published "Let-
ters between Dr. G. Burnet and Simon Xowth," (16S4,)
and other writings. Died in ijao.

Jiowtb, (William,) a scholar and commentator, the
bther of Robert, noticed above, was bom in London in
1661. He was chaplain to the Bishop of Winchester,
and became rector of Buriton about 1700. He wrote
•evera) highly esteemed works, amouR which are "Di-
rections for the Profitable Reading of the Holy Scrip-
tures." (1708,) and a "Commentary on the Four Greater
Prophets," (4 vols., 1714-3&) Died in 1731.

Loirthet, (William.) See LoMSDALk, Eau. of.

Lo]rd,loid, (Lewis,) an English banker, bora in 1768.
He was a partner of the banking-house of Jones, Loyd
ft Co., London, and waa distinguished asafinander. He
tfied in 1858. His son, Samuel J. Loyd, received the
title of Lord Overstone^

Loyer, Z« l^h Iwl'yi', tPnosH,) a French lawyer,
born in Anjon m 1550, was learned in antiquities and
Oriental languagea. He wrote a curious work on de-
nonology, entitled "On Spectres, Angela, and Demons
diftinctlr manifesting themselves to Hen," ("Quatrcs
Livres des Spectres, Anns et Demons se montrant sen-
siblementaux Hommes,nandolherworka. J>iedini634.

Iioyola, loi'OHa, [Sp. pron. lo-yoOl,! (Ignatius,)
originally Don IfliGO LopEZ de Reotdda, (di r&kll'd^)

89 LVBBERT

oftencalledB«lntlKiuitliu,(ig-ni'sh;j]S;) [Pr. Saint
IcNACE, slH'tin'yti'; It. Saitt Ionazio, slnt in-jdt'-
Be-0,1 a celebrated Spanish reformer, and the founder
of the order of Jesuits, was bom of a noble bmily at
Loyola Castle, in Biscay, in 1491. He received from
nature an ardent, imaginative temperament, and in youth
was the very prototype of the hero of Cervantes, an
enthusiastic votary of chivalrous romance. After sinial-
iring his gallantry in several campaigns, he received
about 1J30, at the si^e of Pampeluna, a wound which
made him a cripple for life. During the tedious con-
finement which foiloned, bis attention was directed to

of grace, he dedicated himself t<
ligloas cnterprisM aiul to the service of the Blessed ^^
A. He became a popular preadier, and was renowuad
lor his penances and vigils. In 11^3 he performed a
pilgrimage to Jerusalem, from which be returned to
Spain in 1534. He passed several ensuing years at Al-
caU and Salamanca in the study of grammar, philosoph*,
etc., which he had neglected to learn in his youth. Id
im8 he became a student in the University of Paris,
where he found several congenial spirits, among whom
were Francis Xavier and James Lainez. With these be
formed in 1534 a religions sociew devoted to theednca-

tion of youth.

f the Catholic Church,

of the infidels.

gave it bis formal sanction
in 1540^ and Loyola was chosen superior or nneral
(with absolute power) of the order, which waa tt^ed the
Sodetjrof Jesns, Loyola thenceforth remained in Rome,
and witnessed the extraordinary success of his efforts.
"Under his rale," sa;* Macautay, "the order grew
rapidly to the full measure of its gigantic powers. With
what vehemence, with what policy, with what exact
discipline, with what dauntless courage, with what self
denial, with what unscrupulous laxity and versatility in
the choice of means, the Jesuits fought the battles of
their Church, is written in every page of the annals of
Europe during several generation*. In the Order of
Jesus was concentrated the quintessence of the Catholic
spirit; and the history of the Order of Jesus ia the
bistoijr of the great Catholic reaction. This order pos-
sessed itself at once of all the strongholds which com>
mand the public mind, — of the pulpit, of the press, of
the confessional, of the academies. . , . Nor was it less
their office to plot against the thrones snd lives of apos-
tate kings, to spread evil rumours, to ruse tumults, to
inflame dril wars, to arm the hand of the assassin."
(See Review of Ranke's "History of the Popes.") It
does not appear, however, that Loyola was responsible
for the corruptions referred to in the above quotation.
His chief work is "Spiritual Exerdses," ("Exercidos
espirituales," 1548,] in which he gives rales and counsels
for the guidance of believers. He died in 1556, and was
canonized as a saint by the pope in 1621.

S. IgBBW," IJ7»; u. r. miirnu,

A, "Vida dt \. tnaw," ijtv; G. P.

u Icnitii LdtiiIb^' 15*4: S'

BouHoua^ '<>ia de &mt-Ii

611; 1

ni,^'L ,

•6iti de Jfaia :" Gaarsaa.

IgnKe," 1679; BOM-

, "LHaetSuDt I(iu-

i£ I jnatiB Loyola ;" Ba«t<}U.

" Gaarsaa. " Aiulogia jm Via

in TOO Lojol^"

CiOTBeai), Iwl'iy, (Charlks,) a French jurist, bom
at Nogent-le-Rol in 1566; died In 1637.

tioysaL See LotSBi.

IiOTBOii, (Cbablm.) See HYAattTHX.

lATson, Iw4'i4[j', (Chamjcs,) a French poet, ban
in Mayenne in 1791, was mattrt da ieafhtHea in the
Normal School He published, in 1819, a — ' -'

. .. _.. andifjhriflinafirtwof sentiments." Diedin

I>n'(, (from hit, to "purge" or "purifr,"[ a Roman
^desa, who presided over things piuiued by lustra-
uns. By aonie she is identified with Ops 01 Rhea.
Iiubbert; liil/b^rt, orLuthbarC, lilt^Rt, (SiBKAHD,)
learned Dutch Calvinist, bom in Frieslsnd about 1555.
[e was for many years professor of dirinity at Franeker,
id waa deputed to the Synod of Dort about 161S. Ha

u i; ( as // 2 '^'^■' t » '•' o Vi.'S.tgKtttn;

(jy-SecEnpl!

Digitized by VjOOQ I

p.ij.1

LUBBOCK i;

wrote controvertiil work* igainM Sodnni, Ainuniiu,
•nd Grotina, Died In 1695.

Lub'book, (Sir John,) created Baron Avebury
in 1900, English scientist, son of Sir J. W. Lubbock,
was bom at London in 1S34. Became a partner with
bis father in tbe banking business, was elected a Liberal
member of Parliament in 1 870, and has held Tarious
posts of honour. Is known fen- his researcheson primitiTc
man and on the habits of bees and ants. Has written
works on these subjects, also "The Pleasures of Life,"
" Tbe Uie of Life," etc. Died London, Maj 18, 191 3.

Lubbook, (Sir John William.) Bait., an English
mathematician and astronomer, born in London in 1803,
was educated at Cambridge. About 1S30 he was elected
a FcUow of the Royal Society, which he served as treaa-
nret for many year*. He contributed to the " Philosophic
TranaactionB" trealiaM on the "Tidea," "On Meteor-
ology," " Reseaichei in Physical Astronomy," etc In
1833 he produced a work "On the Theory of the Moon
antfon the Ferturbations of the Planets." Died in 1S65.

Lnbwww, de^ dfh lii'beR'stk', (N.,] a French writer
and amateur of art, bom in Limousin in 1730; died
in 1804.

Ltibeit, da, deh liinMUK', Madkmoisblu, a Fretwh
romance -writer, bom in Pari* about 171a She com-

eoscd successfiil romances and blry-tales, one of which
entitled " Princess Rose-Colonr and Prince Celadon."
Voltaire complimented her with the title of "Mose et
GrSce." Died about 1780,

Labieniedna. See LusmniCEi.

LnbienleclEl, loo-be-en-e-Ctalcee, written alto Ln-
bieuotald or IiuUenletokl, (CHRintiFiBK,) a painter,
of Polish extraction, bom M Stettin in 1659. He settled
in Amsterdam, where he punted portrail* and Iiiit<»;.
Died in 1729.

Lnblenleokl or Iitibleiilvtakl, [Lxt LtranxiB'-
Ctus,] (Stanislas,) a Polish Sodnian and aatronomer,
was born at Cracow in 1633. He became mii^ter of ■
church in Lublin, and wrote a "History of the Polish
Reformation," (1685.) He was exiled from Lablin for
his opinions in tbeolon, and died at Hamborg in 167J.
Hi* reputation reat* chiefly on his "Theatmm Cometi-
cum," (1667,) which sives an ample account of four
hnadrea and fifteen comela which appeared from the
Deluge to his own tinie.

I>tibleiilecklorIinbi«iiet*lEl,(Tiixoi>o»,) apalntei
and engraver, bom at Cracow in 1653, was a brother ol
Christopher, noticed above. He became a resident of
Berlin, where he painted landscape* and historical pic-
tures. A Sodnian treati** which he wrote having been
burnt by the hannnan, he leaiened U* place, and re-
turned to Poland, m 1706. EKed in 17M.

LoUd, IttliiN', (AuansriH,) a French monk, bom in

Geography," <
Died in 1695.

, loo^n, lEiLHARD,) a German philologist,

bom in Oldenbui^ in 1565. He became in 1(05 pro-
fessor of belles-lettres at Rostock, where he died in 1631,
leaving, besides other works, a "Key to the Greek Lan-
gaage/' ("Clavis Linguae Griae," i6>3,) and note* on
Horace, Persius, and Juvenal.

Lubla, Wbiss', (E. P.,) a French political writer,
t>om in 1806, published a " History of the Restoration,"
(in French, 6 vols., 1836.) Died in Pari* in 1859.

Lftbk«, iiiVkth, (Wilhclm,) a German art-historian.

author, a

» " History oT Sculpture," ( 1863,) etc. 'Died in 1893.

Iiublink, IQbnink, gAK,) a Dntch writer, bom at
Amsterdam in 1735. He translated bto Dutch Thom-
son's "Seasons" and Yonng's "Night Thooghts," and
wrote other works. Died about 1815.

LabomlTBld, loo-bo-miK'ikee, (Stakislas Hera-
cum^) a noble Polish writer, bom abont 164a He

became grand marshal of Poland, and defended the
national independence with his pen and sword. One
of his works is a political treatise called " Consldtattanai
or. On the Vani^ of Counsels," (" ConsultatiotMa, siva
de Vanitate Consitiomm," 1700.) Died In 1703.

lino, the French for Luxe, which see.

Xiao, Saint. See Luke, Saint.

Lao, de. See Dbluc

Lao de Bmsea. See Locas Bbuqemsu.

Luce. See LiTKx.

Laca, loo'kS, (Giovanni Battista,) an Italian jnriH
and prelate, bom at Venosa in 1614. He published
" Theatre of Truth and Justic^" (" Theatmm Veritad*
ct Justitiz," 7 vols., 1697,) which treats on canon and
dvil law and was highly esteemed. Died in 16S;.

Laos or Looae, loo'tsi, (Samuel CratTiTtAR,) a
German anatomist, bora at Frankfort in 1787; died In

a, de, di loo^l, (Antokino Saveiio,) an Italiai

■ 831.

where he was a secretary, and an ei
acted as an ablegate, and a* censor 01 uie ncaoe
the Catholic Religion, He wa* also appointed ai
OTaiy prnfesaor in tba Roman Univeni^, a cofunlMr far
thePro -- -^'^-'-'

in i8S3 wa* appointed Archbishop of Tarsus' and n<
to Bavaria, and b 1S56 nundo to Anttria. In 1863 ha
was created a cardinal-priest, and in 187S a cardinal-
bishop, and Bishop of PsiKstrina. He was head of the
apostolic deaneiT, vice-chancellor of the Holy Romaa
Chnrch, etc. Died in 1884.

Loea, TOO, fon loo'kl, (Ighai,) a German historian
and political writer, bom In Vienna Ini746 ; died in mi^

LiUM Banto, looHJi ain'to, or Satat Luke, a Flor-
entine painter of the eleventh or twelfth centan. He i*
•apposed to have painted the Madonnaa whidi were
ascribed to Saint Lnkc the Evangelist

LnoRliL See Lucah.

La'ofU, (GiOKGE Charlu Bingham,) Eakl of, a
British general, a son of the Earl of Lncan, wa* bom in
London in iSoo. He sncceeded to the eiurldoiB about
1&40. In 1S54--55 he served in the Crimea in command
of a division of cavalry, and took part in the battle* of
the Alm^ Balaklava, and Inkerman. He became coloikd
4n the Lite-Guards in 1855, and wa* made lieutenant-
general in 1858, and general in 1865. Died hi 1S8S.

La'ofn, [LaL Luca'kus; Fr. Lucain, lii'klM'; It
LucAKO, loo-kl'no,] (Marcds Annaus,) a R(»nan epic
poet, bom at Corduco, (Cdrdova,) Spain, in 38 A.D., wa*
a nephew of the philosopher Seneca. He wa* educated
at Rome. His early poems procured him the favour of
Nero, who appointed nim ijuKstor and augur and con*
descended to appear aa his rival in a literary conttat
Lncan gained the priie, but at the same time lost the
bvour of the tyrant, whom he had formerly addressed
with gross adulation. Nero forbade him to read any more
poems in public. Lncan, with Piso and others, conspired
against the life of Neroj tlie plot was detected, and the
poet was put to death in 65 a.Di. His fame reals on a
poem entitled " Fharaalia," which treats of the dvil wai
between Cxaar and Pompey, and displays great beantie*
with great defects. Among the latter is an inflated,
dedamatoiT style. Comeille and Voltaire were warm
admirera of LucaiL " Hi* geniu*," *ays Villemain, re-
ferring to his early death, "had only time to [NwliKe
grandeur, without natoralneaa or trnth." Among his
merits are exalted imagination. Intense energy, and
impressive diction.

Sm Kabl U, Wusa, "^lU Lucul," iRu; jMoa PAuna
"ApnliKii pro LuoDO,*' (704: VOLTAIK^ "EiHi m la Jofria
Mqua;'' J. G. Mau^iL "biuBtuiaaa IL dc Ldcbw," i^tTI
Shith, " DidioDiiy sf Gmk udRoaaB Uopap^."

Lacano. 5m Lucax.

Lacanoa. See Lucan.

Laoai, (CvRiL.) See Cyril-Likme.

La'o^ (Chables,) an Iri*h physician, patriot, and
politidan, bom in 1713. He wa* a popnlar member of
the Irish Parliament, and an opponent of the ooort
Died in 1771.

\.l,\,h,\%lvng;l,*>,t>,mait,\tti^<ii<x^e>^\i,h,\,h,%%th9rt:%,^\,f^ettcHri;^,^^

dbyGoogle

Ltt'OfS, (Chablk^) ui Engllab mtuidui and com-
poKT, born at Siliibiiij, Jaly 38, 1808. He piodoMd
" The Reridde," (mo open,] tjmpliomes, Bnthema, tongs,
etc Died Hardi q, 1S69.

ituoam, \ffii.', (HiPPOLTTS JiruxN Joseph,) a Fttadi
pott and wriler of fiction, bom at Rennet in 1807. He

of the French Theatre." Died No*. 14, 187J
LnoM, QsAN AUDtct HKNRt,) a French mlneralo-
giM, bominParitin t78o;diedmiS35.

Loom, Jian Jacqdcs Gtienni,) a French naval
officer, bore at Harennea in 1764. In 1803 he olitained
command of the Redontable. At the battle of Tra^ar

biwo at Saint-Brieac in 1803. He wrote " On the Re-
form of Pritont," (3 volt., 183&-38,) and other works. He
wax admitted into the Institate in 1836. Died in
1SS9.

Lnoaa, (John Sbymour,) an English artist, bom
at London in 1849. He became a student of the
Rofal Academy in 1872, and exhibited " B; Hook or
Crook" at Burlington House in 1875. All his sab-
sequent work is of a high order of teclinical excel-
lence, which is specially noticeable in "The Gordon
Riots," (1879.) He became a member of the Insti-
tute of Water-Colour Painters in 1S77, and an associate
of the Royal Academy in 1S86.
Zinoa^ (MARCAUtr.) See Cavxndish, (IfAiOAKn'.)
iMtCtM, (Paul,) a French traTeller, born at Rooen in
1664, was in early life a dealer in jewels. He Tiaited
Upper Egypt, Syria, Per^ etc., and i>ubli«hed " Voyage
to the Lerant," (1704.) HaTing received a commiasion
from Lonit XIV. to collect medilt and otbet mona-
nents of antiqoitj.heagaiD explored the LevanL(i70S-
oSt) and pnbitshed a narrative of hia journey. In lyig
be produced his best work, entitled a " Joomey in Turkey,
Svna, Palestine, and E^ppt," (performed in 1715-1&)
llany of his ttoriea are exaggerated and abeord. Died

Iia'o^ (RiauKDt) a learned Britiah dhrine, bom
in RadDorahire in 164S. He settled in Loodon about
1684, and became prebendary of Wettmintter in 169&
Hepabliahedan"B ' '--"-■ .-^"^--

ticaf GhTittian|M," '
other work*. Died in 1715.

iMCmm, Saimt. See LuKS, Saint.

Lneaa, ISauubl,) an EngUsh joumallit and mlscel-
Uneoo* wnter, bom at Briatol in iSiS. He wet editor
of the " Prett" and of " Once a Week." He contributed
lotheT " - ■ _.-.--

Irti'o _ - .

briiih,] (Framqois,) a Flemish theologian and excellent
linguist, bom at Bruges la 1549. He published, besides
other works, " Concordances of the Vulgate Edition c^
the Sacred Books," ("Sacrorum Biblionun Vulgatie
Editionis CoDcordanti3e,''i6i7i and 5V0U., 1713.) Died

iMotm van hejim See Letdeh.

Zinoaa von danaoh. Sec Crahach.

Looatolli See Locatblll

Iioooa, look^ (Paulini,) an Anstrian operatic
ringer, bom at Vienna, of Jewish parents, in 1843. At
an early age ibe entered the chorus of the opera at
Vienna, and In iSw created a tensation by her manner
of leading the Brtaetmaidt' Chorus. In the tame vear
she made her (Ubut at Olmutx, in the character of ''El-
vira" in " Einanl,*' and at once establiahed hertelf as a
popular fiiTonrite, Attracting the attention of Heyer-
beer, the ccnnpaeeT, he teemed fin her an engagement fai
Berlia in 1861. Here the was appcnnted court lineer
for life, bat severed her connection In 1873. During Oat
period ehe alto tang iit Lottdon and Saint Petersbnrb

)i LVCIAN

and achieved a Continental reputation. In September,
1S73, she visited the United States, where she remained
for two yean. She then returned to Europe, and, after
mailing a tonr of all the principal dties in Germany
except Berlin, finally settled In Vienna. Lncca manied
Baron Rahden in 1865, but wts shortly afterwards
divorced from him. Died February z8, 190S.

Iiuooeiiu, luk-aee'us, (Ldcios,) a Roman orator and
friend of Cicero, fionrished abont 60 B.C.

XiuoohMlnl, look-ki-tee'nee, (Cesakx,) an Italian
philolf^t, bom at Lucca in 1756, was a brother of
the marquis, noticed below. He acquired a European
reputation ^ bit nameront works on philoloey, among
which is "iM Sourcet of Ancient and Modem Lan-

bom at Lucca in i66a He lived in Rome, and obtained
from Clement XIL the hiKh office of secretary of brie&.
He published an edition M Demoethencs' Orations, with
notes and a good Latin translation, and a " History of
Europe from 1678 to about I73J-" Died in 1744.

Lucchealnl, On, dl look-U-tee'nee, (Gikolahov)
Harquis, an able diplomatist, born at L«cca in 175&
He removed to Berlin in the Utter part of the reign of
Frederick the Great, who appointed him his litirarian
and reader. He was sent as minister of Prussia to Vi-
enna in 1791, and to Paris in 1803. After the baltie of
Jena (i8o6)he negotiated a tmce with the victor; but It
was not ratified by the Prusuan court. Soon after this
event he retumed to Lucca. He wrote a work called
"On the Causes and Effects of the Confederation of
the Rhine," (1819.) Died in tSaj.

Laos, the French of Li;cit;s, (Pope,) which see.

Lncs. (Stephbh Blbbckee,) an American sd>
miral, born at Albany, New York, in 1S37. He was
appointed midshipman in 1S41, became rear-admiral
in 188^, and retired in 18S9. He has been an associ-
ate editor of "Johnson's Universal Cyclopa:dia" and
naval editor of the " Standard Dictionary," and hat
published "Seamanship."

Lnoe de LanolTaX 10* dfh ISn'se'vIt', ^kak
Chaklzs Juuen,) a French lUUrattm; born in Picardy
in 1764. He ' - ' '-

si'nl, (Jolo,) a Portiwuese writeTi
111 1548. He was professor of pbl-
d author of an excellent "Life of

his best productions are a poem called "Achilles at
SCTTot," (1805,} and " Hector," a tragedy, (iSoQ,) which
Villemain pronounces "truly Homenc^" Died in 1810.

S« ViLmun, noda ta the "HioiiB EiicjietoiiMiqiw;" K.
GaKLucT. " Lm d* Ludiil i NcKkc biofrqdilqM, iSjT-

Laoens, de, dl loo-si'nl, (Jolo,) a
bom atTrancoso about i; "
losophy at Ev'ora, and ai
Francis Xavier," (1600,) often reprinted Died in iooa

LIIoene^ de, (Vasco Fskhandiz,) Count, a Portu-
guese historian and statesman, bom about 141a He
translated Quintua Curtins into French for Charles the
Bold of Burgundy. He received the titie of chancellor
of Portugal, Died sbont 1500.

La-oa'rl-tu, [" light-bringing"] a surname of JlTFl*
TKS, which see.

Lnohot, Itt'shI', (AtroDsn,) a French WUntmr and
democrat, bcvn In Paris in iSoCl He was sentenced !■
1843 to an imprisonment of two yeara for one of hia
works. He dini March a 1873.

Laoba^ de, df fa lii'sht', (Jean Piukk Louis,) Mas-
gtns, a prolific French anthor, bom at Salutes about
[740, was styled Marquis de la Roche du Maine. He
published many superficial worka. His " Uteran His-
tory of Voltaire" (1783) fumishea some curiotu details.
Died in 1793.

IinolMtto da Oanova. See Cambiam, (Lvca.)

of the most witty and original Greek writers, W
at Samoeata, (Someitat,) on the Euphrates, aboM iM
A-D. He practised law ■ thort time at Antloch, and
exchanged that profetdon for the more lucrative pursuit
of toputt and teacher of rhetmic, which be followed
with toccest in Gsnl untO he waa about forty yeart old
Again changing his profession, he returned to the Eaa^

<eai;fas»;Sianf;tas>;a^B,K,j>iM(n)/;ll,iK»ii/;B,A4J^;liss;thasinl4*(^ (0~See Explanado«,p. 33.)

d by Google

LUCIA N

■nd lived man; years at Athens, where he was tndmate
with Demonu and employed his time in litenu7 com-

Kwition. His principal works are dialoguei, written
pure and elejpnt Gieelc, on histore, mythology, phi-
losophy, and vanaui other subject!. Hit object appears
to have been to cuie men of their prejudices aitd BUper-
•tilionB and their foolish admiration of philosopbic char-
latans. His genius is eminenlly satirical, and bis works
are remarkably hamorous ; but some of them ate cen-
sured as oflensive to morality and religion. Among the
titles of his dialogues are "Timon the Misanthrope,"
"Cbaron," "Menippus," and "The Assembly of Gods."
English versions of his dialogues have been published by
T. Franklin (1780) and William Tooke, (iSjo.) Wieland
produced a good German translation. Good editionsof
the Greek text have been published by Dindorf (Paris,
1S40) and Bekker, (1853.)

Sk Kaii. Gioac Jmok, " CbancienBik Ludu'i

Hta,"iSu;TiuiANH, "Varmch abv LDdu'iioD Si _._

lOADphic,^* iSqc: Eduau) EyEtSrvcnn, "SpuDBU II. da Atata

•tViuLi>ciaoi,"i8j,-»i Pahow,"!-^ "■ -■-'-•—■•

>Bm: "NduveUe Biogniiiic OiBtni»',
Janoarr, Pebniny, Ajnl, Mar, and Jon^ i^n-

" FriMr'i Uiguma" I

LadBQ, JFr. Lvcien, lU'se'ln',^ Saikt, a Christian
tnartyr, bom at Samosata in the third century, was emi-
nent for piety and learning. He was ordained a priest
or presbyter at Antioch. He prepared a revised edition
of Che Scriptures, which, Jerome says, was more correct
than those of Hesycbius and Pamphilua. Diocletian
having issued an edict against the ChiistiaiiB, Ludan
•uflered martyrdom in 311 a.d.

Sk Saikt TiHM^ ■■ Di Tirii ilhunm;" EmHos, " Huuria

EcctCDuI^CL''^

Iindakno. See Piombo, (Skbastiano on.)

lauclanna. See Lucian.

Ziaden, the French of Luciui, which see.

Ziu'otffr, Bishop of Calaris, (now CaeliaiJ,) in Sar-
dinia, was noted (or his intolerance and zeal against
Arianism. About 355 A.D. he was banished by Constan-
tius, who favonred the Arlans. He wrote a "Defence
of Alhanasius," and other works. He refused to recog-
nite as orthodox those bishops who signed the formula
of Rimini, (359,) or to have fellowship with any who
recognized them, and finally became the author of a
•chism. He had many followers, who formed a distinct
sect, called Ludferians. Died about 370 A.D.

Lu-cUI-OB, (Caius,) a Roman satiric poet, bom at
Sue5saAurunca,(nowScssa,)in Italy, about 148 B.C., was
■ great-uncle of Pompey the Great. In early youth he
aerved under Scipio Africanus at the siege of Nnman-
tia, and became an intimate friend of that general. He
composed thirty satires and various other poems ; but
only fragments of his works have come down to Hi.
Horace asserts that he was the first writer of satire
among the Romans, (SaL, lib. 2, L 6a.) His satires
were much admired bymany andenC cridcs, including
Cicero, QuintiliaUiandFliny. " He was," says Professor
Sellar, "vehement in invective, because he — -■■--

oughly earnest in his purpose to expose vice

ness among the high and low with impartial severity.
Although probably few writer* of verse bne Itad kM
poetical Acuity, yet, by his ori^nalr^ and forM (tf Char*
acter, he became the &voaritc of his own time and ~
tryj and he alone among Roman writers hu introduced
a new and permanent form of poetry Into the world."
Died about too B.C.

SeaSiLuiM. "RomuPoeuef IbiRgpnbUc," dup.^: Pnot-
■AHH, "DiaKrtaliadgC. Ludlii Vila," liii: Shith, "Dktioaur
«f Greek and RotuftD Biograf^."

LaoU'lufl Ja'nlor, a Roman poet and naturalist,
lived in (he first century, and was a friend of Seneo.
He is supposed to be the author of a poem of six hun-
dred and forty hexameter verses, entitled " MXnt," which
presents some fine passages.

Ln-td'n^ [Fr. Lucine, lii'sin',] the name of (he god-
dess that brings to light and presides over the birth of
children, was used as a surname of Juno and of Diana,
both of whom were supposed to assist women in pa

e Bometunea called LuciNjS. The Greek

>a LUCRBTWS

Iitioliie. See LtJCiNx.

LaolitB. See Lfz.

IiDoliu, loo'ahe-us, [Fr. Luce, Itiss,) I, Bishop o(
Rome, succeeded Cornelius in October, 15a A.D., and
died in March, 353. Stephen I. was his successor.

IindtlB IL, a native o[ Bolwna, was elected pope in
Hatch, 1144, as successor to Celestinc II. He died in
1 145. after a pontificate of eleven months, and EugenliM
III. was chosen in his place.

Lucius m. (Cardinal UbaldoofLuoca) was elected
pope in 1 181, after the death of Alexander IIL Hit
election was the first that was decided by the cardinals,
'-'-' *— I theri"^"-

liged I

leave the dty, and he retired to Verona, He died bi
I1S5, and was succeeded by Urban IIL

landiia, (CX3AB,) a Roman prince, bom 17 B.C, was
a son of M. Agrippa and Julia, who was a daughter of
the emperor Augiistua. He and his brother Caius were

at Ntmes was a temple dedicated to Caius and Ludus.

Iinoina, lu'shg^a, [It Lucio, loc/cbo,! (GiovANin,)
a historian, bom at Trau, in Dalmatia. He published
to 1666 a " History of Dalmatia and Croatia." Died In
1684.

Iinoiiia VeniB. See Vnus.

Iifioke or Luecka, lilklcth, (Gottpkied Chbistian
Fbibdricu,) an eminent German theologian, was bom
at Egeln, near Magdeburg, in 1791. He studied at
Halle in iSto, and subsequently at Gottingen, where
he formed a friendship with Bunsen and Lachmann.
He became professor of theology at Bonn in iSiS, and
soon after published, conjointly with Schleiermacher and
De Weite, the "Theological Jonrnat." His "Commen-
tary on the Writings of Saint John the Evangelist" (4
Tola., iSao-ta) is esteemed one of the best woAs of its
Idnd. In 1S27 he succeeded Stiindlin in the chair of

he entered the service of Prussia, for which he fought
irith distinction in the Seven Years' war, (l756-*3.)
About 1763 he accepted the rank of lieutenant-general
in the French army, which for many subsequent y^ars
was not called into active tervicc. Having submitted

■^me, he was promoted to the rank of mar-
sbal in December, 1791. In tbe spring of 1792 he <
.., . . J J .c _. _ qC(1,p armies which defended

ob-

tained command tX or

frontier against the Anstrians, and a few weeks later
succeeded Rochambeau as general -in -chieC The domi-
nant party, distrusting both his fidelity and capacity, de-
prived him of the command in 179a. He was guillotined
in January, 1794.

5« THim, " HbtoiT of dia Frsncb RnroluliaD."

Iinootte, IS'kot', (Edub Aiui,] Coutrr, a French
general, bom fn Burgundy in IT7CL The Bourlxms con-
fided to him the defence of Fans in March, 1815. Died
to 1S15.

LnOTte& See LncaEru and Lmnsnus.

Lnoretla, loo-kree'she-a, [iL LircRiziA, loo-katf-
se-1 ; Fr. LuoiCE, lil'kBis'.j a Roman lady, disdn-
guiahed lot her beauty, virtue, and tragical destiny, waa
the wife of Collatinos, viho was related to Tarquin the
Proud, Kingof Rome. The outrage offered to her honour
by Seitus Tartjnin, and the voluntary sacrifice of her
li»i (5<>7 B.C.,) have furnished a favourite theme for poets
and painters, and, according to a doubtful legend, caused
the dethronement ofTarquin, and the conversion of th«
Roman state toto a republic, under the direction of
Junius Brutus,

Lnoretliw, lu-kree'shg^gs, [FV. LucxkcE, lii'kRbss' ;
It LtiCKEZio, loo-kaCt'sc-o ; Sp. Lucrbcio, loo-kRi'-
Me-o,] or, to give his fidl name, Tl'tas Lnore'tliia
Ca'tns, one of the greatest Latin poets, was born in
Italy in 9$ B.C., and was contemporary with Cicero^
The records of antiquity throw scarcely any tight on hi*
lifej which was probably passed in studious retirement.
It IS not known whetlier he ever visited Greece; but
it is evident from his writings that he had profouodlf
studied the language, philosophy, and manners of thai

«.«,(,iiu,y,/o«f.i.i.A

(s prolonged; },£. t. 6, u, f , Mer/; ^ f , ), 9, n^iii

'.- 13r. nill, at; mtl; nfitt gaM; aiSbat
,-J:,LiOO^^Ic

LUCULLUS
|«opIe. A doDbtibl tradition luertB that he ma *ab}ect

»595

LUDOLPHUS

. J h year IS gen-

•rallf (Tcdited. He left only one work, — a philosophic
■nd didactic poem, in six books, entitled "De Rerum
Natart," (" Od the Nature of Things, "| in which be ei-
potinda and illustrates the physical and ethical doclrinei
of Epicoms, of whom he was a disciple. From such
^Mtnise tpcculationi and intractable subjects he has
produced one of the most admirable poems in the lan-
euage. Although his lystein i* erroneous and incoherent,
Bis reisonins is remarkably clear and dote. Probably
DO other work so amply demonstrates the power of the
Latin lang;nage to atter the sublimeit conceptions with
a nistained majesly and harmony, "A great atheistic
poet," says Villemain, "is surely a surprising phenom-
enon. His genius finds sublime accents to attack all
die inspirations of genius. He renders even nothing-
ness poetic ; be insults glory ; he enjoys death. Out of
the abvss of skepticism he sometimes soars to a. height
of enthoaiism which is rivalled only by the sublimity of
Hornet." Ovid appears to be the only contemporary
writer who fully apprectated the genius of Lucretius.
IiD-cnlliu, (Lucivs LiCINiDs,) • celebrated Roman

Seneral, bom of a patrician fiimilj abonl no B.C. In
le year 87 he went to Asia as qusestor under Sulla,
who gave him many proofs of his confidence. After an
absence of several years, during which the civil war \x-
tween Marius and Sulla raged at Rome, he returned, and
was elected consul in 74 B.C. In this year he obtained
the chief command in the war against MithiidateB, whom
Ilyiicus in 73, and, afler other victories,
>I the kingdom of Fonlus. He afterwards
ocicaiea iigrancs of Armenia, whose capital he took
•boat 68 B.c The mutiny of his troops prevented his
final triumph over Mithridates, and he was superseded
by Pompcy in the year 66. Cicero expressed the opinion
that BO great a war was never conducted with more
prudence and courage. |" Pro Murxna.") Lucullus then
retired from public aflairs, and expended part of the im-
Boense fortune he had acquired in the E^t in bnlldina
BiagnificenI villas, giving sumptuous entertainments, snd
collecting expensive paintinra and statues. He was a
liberal patron of learning and the arts. Sulla had dedi-
cated to him his Commentaries. Plutarch, after com-
paling him with Cimott, aam it is bard to aaj to wUd
side Ae balance indine*. He was living in 59, bat «■■
not tiriiig in j6 B.&

Laomno. 3ee Tarquihius Priscus.
Ld'ojt, (Hrnkv W.,) an English journalist and
author, bom at Crosby in 1S45. He became a le
porter in 1864, joined the sUfi of "Pall Mall Gaielte'
ID 1870, and of "Daily News" in 1876, and editei
"Daily News" 18S6-S7. He continued for " Punch"
Ibe "Essence of Parliament" of Shirley Brooks and
Tom Taylor, bis contributions being entitled " The
Diary of Toby, M.P." He wrote a number of works
on parliameDtary procedure, history, etc., and several
novels, some of his later works being " Faces and
Places," (189SO "The Miller's Niece," (1896,) etc.
Ladan, toytlfn, (Heikkich,) a distingnislied Ger-
Man historical and political writer, bom va the dachv
ti Bremen in 1780. He became in tSio professor of
phlloaophy at Jena, where he also lectured on history.
His most important work is a " History of the German
Nation," ("IMe Geschichte des Deutschen Volkes," 11
Tirit, 183^37,) l>rought down to 1337. He also wrote
general histories of the nations of antiquity and of the
e ^es, a "Life of Hugo Grotius," (1806,) several
iphies, etc Died a( Jena in 1S47.
Iiadaro, (Giktav Carl,) composer, bom at Bremen,
Germany, l»S;cameto America, 1888. Author of comic
operasjinduding "The Burgomaster," "PrinceofKlsen,"
"The Grand Mogul," "Marcel," "The Old Town," etc.
Lodewlg. See Ludovici, (Karl Guntrbr.)
Lndewl^ too, fon loo'd(h-#iG', (Johann Piter,)
a learned German jurist and historian, born in Suabia
about 1670. He became professor of philosophy at
Halle in 1695, and of history in 1703. The King of

*t»k;imt;ltard;it»J;o,H.X,guairal:ti,naia::ti,l7iiUd:lai

Prussia made him a privv coundllor la 1709. Among
his works are "Germania Princcps," (1701,) treating
on the rights, privileges, etc. of uie house of Anstria
and of the Electors, "Writers of German History,"
("Scriptores Rernm Germanicarum," 1718,) and a "Ijb
of Justinian," (1730.) Died in 1743.

UldlBir, (Eduund,) an able English republican
general, bom in Wiltshire about i6zo. He fought against
the king at Edgehill in 1642, and led a regiment at ths
battle of Newlniry, Elected 10 Parliament in 1645, he
voted for the conversion of the kingdom into a republic,
and was one of the judges who condemned Charles L
in 1649. ^Q ^'^i* T'"' °' ""* cbosen a member of the
connol of state, in which he opposed the ambitious
designs of CromwelL In 1650 he went to Irelind as
lieutenant-generaL On the death of Ireton, November,
1651, the command of the army devolved on Ludlow.
* he refused to support the government of tbe Pro-

and obtained cotnmand of the army in Ireland in 1G59.
At the restoration (1660) he escaped Ihrongh France to
Vevay, where he resided mostly until his death, in 1693.
He left Memoirs of bis life, (» vols., 1698.) Macaulay
refers to him as "almost tbe only survivor, [in 1689,1
certainly the most illustrious survivor, of a mtghty race
of men, the judges of a king, the fonndecs of a repub-
lic. .. . There was but a single blemish on his fame,"—
U. the execution of Charles I.

Lud'Iflw, (FrrzRuCH,) an American author, bom at
Poughkeepaie, New York, in 1S37, the son of a Congre
gationalist miuiater. He graduated at Union College jn
1S5G. Among his works are "The Hasheesh -Eater,"
(l8S7,) " Uttle Brother," (1867,) " What Shall they Do to
be Saved ?" (1868.) and " The Heart of the Continent,"
(1870.) He died at Geneva, Switzerland, September 13,
1870, a victim of the opium-habit He wrote several
very popular student-songs.

Iindlcnr, (Jambs Mbekbr,) an American dernt*
man, bom at EliialKlh, New Jersey, in 1841. He
was ordained to the Presbyterian ministry, and be-
came pastor of several charches in New York and its
vidnity. He is the author of " My Saint John,"
"Captain of the Janizaries," "A King of Tyre,"
" History of the Crusades," etc.

Ludlow, (John Malcolm,) a British author, bom
at Nimacb, India, in iSat. He was a barrister at
Lincoln's Inn, conveyancer, etc., and wrote "British
India," (a vols., 1858,) "The United States from
Independence to Secession," (i86a,) " Popular Epics
of the Middle Ages," {a vols., 1865,) "The War of
American Independence," (1876,) etc.

West Point in t$64, served in the engineer corps
during the final year of th^ dvil war, and was after-
wards chief engineer in several Western expeditions
and in operations on tbe Atlantic coast. From 1883 to
1886 he served as chief engineer of the Philadelphia
water- works, subsequently resuming his engineering
duties under the government. He was president of
the Nicaragua Canal Commission in 1895, and suc-
cessively brigadier-general and major-general of
volunteers in the Spanish- American war of 1898. On
1S99. be was appointed military governor
of Havana. He wrote works descriptive of his ex-
plorations in the Black Hills and the Yellowstone

juntty, and numerous reports of engineering oper-

ions. Died August 30, 1901.

Imdelph or Sazokt, a nonk, who died at MenU
abont 137a He composed, in Latin, a" Ufe of Cbritt,"
which was popular and often reprinted.

Ludolpatu, loo-dol'f&s, written also Lndolph and

LndoU, originally LoutholC loifholf, (Job,) an emi-

— ' German Orientalist, bom at Ethirt in 1634. He

id to have acquired twentv-five languages, among

which was tbe Abyswnian. Tde Duke of Saxe-Gotha

uiofUr. (B^See ExplanuiODB, p. 33.)

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

LUDOVICI 15

«mpl<n«i] him to edncktn hi* iodi, and appcHDted him
•n aalic councillor. Lndolf pabUshed, In I^n, an
esteemed " Hiitoi7 of Abjsalnia," (16S1,) an Ethiopian
Grammar, and other worlia. Died in 1704.

Sm C Jracm, "Commailiriia di Tin I. LodoUL- it»:
ToataaDDT, " Mimofii J. Ludg)G nnmtt,"^ itc] ; N■cna•^
"Ufauina;" " Komclls BiatniihN G^nAilb''

ZiOdoriol. loo^o-Tceftee, or dndwlg, lood'WG,
(GOTTPUBO.) a German pfailologlil, born at Bam^ in
mtiia, in i6Ta He publbhed, betidea other work*,
% "Uroveraal Hittorr," (3 vols., 1716.) Died in 17a4>

LndcMol, (Kakl Guhthbr,) a leanwd German pro-
r, bom at Leipsic in 1707. He wrote a " Dictlonarj

of Commerce," (( vols., 1753-56,) and a
HlatoTT of the Philosophj of Leibnitt," (1737.)
1778. He spelled hU nunc Luskwic in his latt

"Plan of
;7.) Died in

-,, - latter jeara.

Ladovlala See Grxcorv XV.
Iiadw% See Lswis, Lovis, and Lnoonci.
IindiTig, (Kin^ of Germany.) See Lewis.
Iiiidwlg,lood'»iG, (Chkistian GoTTUBB,) a German
botinist, born at Brieg, Silesia, in 1709. About 1731 he
nude a botanical excursion to Africa. He was cliosen

are works "On the Scze* of Planta," "Definit
nants," (1737,) and " Botanical Aphorisms," (173&) J'
J. Rooaaean expressed the opbion that Lndwig — '-'—

Sm Hnacmwi, "HtaMfadvlitBWudiH Hudbucb;" "Nod-
Hfla BtoroU* Oifilnk.'*

Lodlrift (Danibl,) a German writer on materia
oiedlca, bom at Wdmar in 1635 ; died in 16S&

Lndvrig, (Jorann,) a self-taught German peasant,
bom near Dresden in 1715, became a profident in as-
tronomjr.

Ltid^ri& (Kabl Fubdbich Wilkblw,) b Geniuut
btologiat, bom at Wltienhiosen, Heaae, IJecember 39>
1816. He waa educated at MarborE and Eriangen, and
held professorships at Marburg, Zurich, Vienna, and
Leipsic Among his works it a valuable "Text-Book
of Phjsiology/' (1851-56.) Died in 18^5.

Lod'nigi (Otto,) a German novel isl and tragedy-
writer, bom at Eisfeld, Saae-Meiningen, February 11,
1813. His tragedies ("The Hereditary Forester,"" "Hie
Maccabees," "Agnes Bemauer") were generaJly sue-
eessful, and some 'of hit novels thoitj^ severely criti-
dsed, were well received by the pnUic Died at Dresden,
February »5, 1865.

Ln«ok». See X^xa.

LtiarB, UBS or lo'^ra, (Jouh Hbhbt,} D.D., a Ushop,
bom near Mttnster, Germany, September 39, iSig, of
bumble parentage. He aune to New York in iSjj,
atndied in the Luaritt Seminary of Saint Fnmci* Xavier
at S^t Hartia's, OhioL and became a Roman CBthollc
miest in 1846. In 1858 he was conaeoated Kshop of
Fort Wayne, the firat of that title. Died at Cleveland,
Ohio, June 39, 1871. He wa* a laborions pastor, ana
was distinguished a* xa advocate of total abatinence.

Loetsalbnrger. See LOtzixbukobb.

Ln«taoir. See LOwow.

Lnfft, Mfgi, (HAtn;) a German printer and bookseller,
bom in 1495, resided at Wittenberg, where he published
the first editioni of Lather's translation of the Bible.

LnSt'a office ; and he has been sumamed thb Biblb
Printer. Died in 1584.
Logaiuld. See Dahl, (Vladimib Ivanovttch.)
Itngo, d«, dl loyeo, (Juan,) a Spanish Jesoit, bom
Bt Madrid in 1583. He taught theology at Rome twenty
years, was made a cardinal in 1643, and wrote severd
Hieological works, which were often reprinted. Died in
i66a Hit brother Fkancisco (15S0-1653) wai also a
Jesuit, and author of several works on theology.

Iialg(,dl.de loo-ee'jee, (ANDBBA,)an Italian painter,
Bumamed l'Tnobcno, (Itn-JCn'yo,) and sometime* called
Ahdrba ni Aasisi, was bom at A«»i«i about 1470. He
aaaisted Perugino in adorning the Cambio at Perugia,
and worked mostly at hia native place. He painted a

ooBt of arms iea the town-hall of Assi^ It ^>pcMn
that nothing It known certainly trf hia other woru.
Sh Vasui, "!««■ «f tfw FiiBlKi,'* Me.

volume tA poetss.

Iiolnl, loo-ee'nee, (AiniELio,) an Italian painter, a
son of Bernardino, noticed below, wa* bora about 1530^
He wcHrked at Milan, and painted scriptural *nb}ect%
among which is "The Adoration of the Hagi." Ha
died, according to L«nB, in 1593; bat aome data bis
death many year* earlier.

6h Luizi, " Hinar of Vtixiiat in I■ll^'
Lalnl, ^nTlnI, loo>vee'nee, or Lorliil, lo-vee'nea,
(Bbbnabdimo,) an eminent Italian painter, wa* bom at
Luino, on Lake Maggiore. He i* called the most ex-
cellent imitator and pupQ of Leonardo da Vind. Lo>
mjuto *ajs be wa* already ■ diatinguiahed painter in
1500. Loini worked both m fresco and oil, and painted

at Milan several worka which are still in good p:

''-- " Few paintera," BHB Lanii, "deserve tc '

._!.-_» • <ri -pieee* in

^Saint][ohnwitha
hi ooloaring^ cUe~
, . _ ... ... oe grace. He d

after ■53a His sons, Aubbuo and Etangbusta, w
skilful painters-
Sac Tasabi, " lirts i£ dw Pilann." «c. ; Lahxi, " HiMscy ct
piintiBt b lour."

Inliil, (Etamgblistj^) a decorative painter of Milan,
vat a son of the proceding. Died after 1584.

Zinliil, (Tomuso,) an Italian painter, barn at Robm
about i«97. He waa called Cakavacgimch becatue ha
imitated Carang^ Died abont 1633.

Lolno, loo-ee^o, or Lidiil, IooWmo, (FBAHcaaco,)
an Italian geonketer, bom at Milan In 1740^ He waa
piofcatof of mathemttk* succestively in a adles* et
HOan and in the Univertity tA Pavia. He pnblished ■
treatisaon "Progrearions and Series," ("Snfle Progrea-
sionie anile Sene." 1767,) " Pliiloeophic HeditaOOD*'
«nd a few other works. Died in 1793.
Lnit, the Spanish lor LouiSi which see^
LnlB de OTBiutdM. See Gbanada, (Lots mt)
Lnlslnl, IioiBliio, or Iinlalntu. See LovKmn,
(Francxboo.)

Loithold vou SBvana, lojt^olt fan st'v^-afh, or
Llltolt von Bftvan, ItPtolt fbn st'vfn, a German minn^
singer of the latter part of the twelfth century.
LoHdVLUiw, " Potls and Pofltry of £iin|iL"

debrand.

Sm UuBAnai, " Aamli d'halta."

Luitprand or Iilatproad, [Lat LtjrrPBAM'DU^] •
historital writer, was one of Uie moat learned mea tk
the ag& He wa* tent at ambatsador to Con*lautiM)(da
in 9^ by Bereiiger, Marqnia of Ivrea. Having been
chosen Bishop ofCremona, he attended in 963 a conndl
(at Rome) which deposed Pope John. In 968 the em-
peror Otho L sent him on a miasion to Coikstantino;^
where he waa maltreated by the emperor. He wa* au-
thor of an esteemed " History of Europe frvtn S63 to g£4."

Sh KiKnca,''D*VitaMScrMkLdiiniKli,"iS4Ji''NDimllt
Biocnphic G^ntnla."

LukaasewltBob, loo-kl'tbC-ftitch, (Josbph,) a Palish
writer, bom at Krompkowo, November 30, 1797, put^
lished woriia on ecdesiaatical history, induding a ** Hia>
torr of the Churches of the Helvetic Contession la
Littiuania," (1843.) Died February 13, 1873.

Iiuka, [Gr. ioHOt; Lat LD'CAS^'Fr. Luc, IHk; IL
LuCA, ItM/kl,] Saiitt, one of the Four Evangelists, wa* ■
companion of the Apostle Paul in hia mission to the Gen*
tiles, between 50 and 66 A.D. The time and place of fa^
birth are unknown. That he was liberally educated It
made evident by the classical s^le of hit writingt and
by the learned details which he give* on hI*torkal atid

i, <• 1, 9, {■,f,i^iV-'^&6, same, less prolonged; i,i,1,6,ii,]f,j)(0r<','t,f.i,9,<Afn»v,-flr, flll.QUiiitlt;nCligd6d;mdBnt

db, Google

LVXIN 15

geographical lubjectt. His Gotpel contains i>a]iub1e
■ccounls which are not found in the others. He slso
iiTata*'The Acts of the Apostles," which, u well m his
Goapel, is b the Greek Ungoage. Traditioo indicates
that Saint Lake h the same as the phjsidan Loke
menti(»ied bj Sdnt Paul in Colossiaits ir. 14, and the
same as Lnos Dsned in Philemon 14. {See IL "nni'
othr iv. tl.)
tvT •- -

•«34.

Loll See Lulu, (RATxoNa)

Ltilll or LoUo, loollee, [Ft. LuiXK, Hil,] (Antonio,)
■ grammarian, born in Majorca. He corresponded with
Eiasmns, and wrote a treatise on rhetoric, called "De
Oratione." Died in 1583.

Lnlll or IinUy, lule', (J ran Baftistk,) a celebrated
Italian composer, called "the bther of French dramatic
mnaic" was born at Florence in 161J. About the age
of fcnrteen he went to Paris, where ne became a ■Idltul
performer on tbe violin, and was patronized by Louis
XIV. In the /fta wluch were often repeated at court,
he fooad occasion to trr his talents for operadc music
In 167a the king gars nim ^^trkiiUgi or dlrectioo of
the Royal Academy of Music, from which time dates
the foundation of tbe Grand Opera in France. Co-ope-
rating with Qoinault tbe i>oet, LulU compoeed in fifteen
rears nineteen operas, which were very succesafiil. He
finally became one of the secretaries M the long. Died
bi6i7.

See Fins, "EKusriphle Unrnnene dee IlBtidene:" Ds u
BcsuK, "EioiniT ia Miaique." T;8a ; " HonTclla Biecnphie Gfa^
lak;" LiFi[tvc8TD-Eim.''LuI1iUaiicteii."

Iinlli or Lolly, 0ean Bafhsti.) a son of the pre-
ceding, bom in 1665. With his brother Louis he com-
posetfan opera called " Orphje," (iGoo.) Died in 170I.

Itnlll, (Jean Louis,) bom b 1667, socceeded hta
bther, Jean BapCiste, as composer to the Uii{^ Died

tUNGHl

ItnUl, (Louis,) a mnucian, brother of the , _

was bom in Pans in 1664. He became composer to the
Ung in i68a Died about 1736.

T.Titu written also Irnlly, Lnll«, and Loll, [LaL
LtJi/LUS or Lvi-'iJUS,] (Raymond,) a philosopher,
snmamed the Enughtinbd Doctor, was bom at
lUma, m Majorca, about 1335. He professed to beliere
that be was called to convert the Moslems, and he pre-
pared himself for the task by learning Arabic In order
to prove that the mysteries of faith were not opposed
to reason, he composed a treatise, or method, colled
"Ar» Lnlli," or "Ara Magna Lulli," ("The Great Art
of Lnlli,*^ designed also to systematize knowledge and
facilitate the process of reasoning on alt questions.
His method obtained great celebrity; bat, according
to Hallam, it was an "idle and fraadalent attempt to
•nbstitnte trick for science." "He was one of those
bnovatora In philosophy who, by moch boastbs of tbeii
original discoveries in the secrets of tmlh^ gun credit
for systems of science which those who believe in them
seldom trouble themselves to examine." ("Introduction
to the IJterature of Europe.") But Hallam's judgment
is much too severe. Lnlli was bll of quixotic and £ui-
tastical projects, of which his "Great Art" was one, bnt
he was honest snd generous, and in many wa^ lar in
advance of his times. He wrote many treatises and
tractates m Latin and in the Catalan toneae. He made
several attempts to convert the Moors in Northern Africa,
and was violently persecuted by them. He died in con-
seqneace of injaries received from the Moslems in 1315.

See TAODnia, "Via ik IL Lolle 1" Sbgdi, "1% da R. Lulle/'
tfof : CollttW' Tie de B. Lulle," 1N6 : Loiv, " De Vita K. L^
SpecBDeo." 183a: PsaBDqi7ST,''VieelHwtTn^ R. LoUs." iM;;
BsLFVuuCH. "RijBODd Lull," Berlin, iSjS ; " Nouvelle Bucn-
(bie Gte6ik."

Zmllln de ChAteaaviaox, liilln' dfh shi'tCvg^',
(Jacob FaiDltKiC,) a Swiss agriculturist and wilcer.
Com at Geneva in 177a ; died in 1S40.

linUlii da Chftteanvleii^ (Michkl,) a Swiss writer
ud experimenter on agriculture, born at Geneva in
1605; died in 1781.

Iitilly. See Liruj.

LuloC Xma, (Tan,) a Ds
Zntpben in 1711. He wrote se'
Died in 1768.

Iinmsna van Maiok, lii'm^-n;h (^ vin maRk, [Lat
Lumin.b'us,] (Jacques Cornbillr,) a Flemish acbolar
and -Benedictine monk, bom at Ghent about 1570, He
ptodoced many Latin poems. Died in 1G29.

ZinmliMBtiM, See LuMRNa van Makck.

ZiDin'mla, (Ckarlrs Flbtckhr,) an author and
explorer, bom at Lynn, Massachusetts, in 1S59. He
graduated at Harvard in 1881, and became a jour-
nalist snd explorer, traversing much of the Wc9t,
Mexico, and South America, and dwelling for live
years in the Indian pueblo of Isleta, New Mexico,
where he studied the Indian languages and cusloms.
He wrote a number of books descriptive of his
travels snd observations, on the folk-lore of the
Indians, etc.

Lomplda, (WiLSOK,) an American statesman, bom
in Pittsylvania coonty, Virginia, in 1783, He was twice
elected Governor of Georgia, and became a United
States Senator in 183S. Died December aS, 1870.

LtlmI'dfn, (Matthew,) a distinguished Scottish
Orientalist, b^ in Aberdeenshire in 1^77. He was
chosen professor of Persian and Arabic id the College
of Calcutta in 1S05. In 1810 he pablisbed an excellent
"Grammar of the Persian Language," and in iSn an
" Arabic GranmiaT." About t£o he returned to &eat
BritaiiL Died m London in 1835.

Iiti'na, [Fr. Lunb, ltin,l the Moon, s goddess wor-
shipped'by Che Greeks and Romans.

Lana, ioo'nl, (Fabrhio,) an Italian lexicographer,
bom at Naples, is said to have been the compiler 01
the first Italian dictionary, called " Vocabulary M Flv«
ThniiunH Tiiimn WnrrU." /" Vofaholariodi dnaoe Dula

and poet, who became the chief &vonr. _ . .
r of John IL of Castile. In 1413 he was made Con-
stable of Castile. Through the enmity of the grandees,
he was exiled b \ia,% and again b !«(). In 1445 he
was recalled, and obtained command oT the army, with
which he defeated the molcMitents. Havii^ lost the
&VOIU of the king, he wss executed In 1453.

Lnod, loond, (Carl,) a Swedish writer on bw, bora
at Jonkfiping in 11^, published, beudes anther works,
a "History of the uiv ■■"-— j-- « t^-.-a -—

Land, (Daniel,) a
bom in 1666 ; died in 1747.

Lttn'dla or Iinn'den, (Sir Alan,) an ambitious Scot-
tish politician, was bom in Forfivshire. He married a
natural daughter of Alexander II., and in 1343 WU
chosen lord justidar of Scotland. Having opposed tha
coronation of the minor son of the late king, he was
dismissed from office about ia5o. He was afterwards

Brdoned, and held the same office for several years.
ied in 1375.

Lfin'djP, (Benjamin,) an American philanthropist
bom in Sussex county, New Jersey, b 1789. He founded
in 1S15 an anti-slavery association, call^ the "Union
Humane Society," and subsequently became editor ol
the "Genius of Universal Eioanapation," originally

Sublished at Mount Pleasant. Ohio, but removed to
alllmore in 1834. He was also active m promoting
lectures on slavery and in advocating abstbence from
the products of slave-labonr. Died in 18391

See the "Lift, Tnvdi, tic of Benjimm Lundj," tijrTHOius
Eakui; Gusliv, "Americui Congict.'' toI. L pp. 111-11 j.

Lnnsan de BolaJemiEdn, lii'nC' dfh bwl'ihte'-
mlN', (Pierre Joseph FRANgois,) a mediocre Frend
writer, bom at bsoudun in 173a. He became a scbool>
teacher in Paris, and published several educational works
on history and languages. He also edited the works of
Radne, (176S.) Died in iSoi.
Itimghl, (LucA.) See Lonohi.
Lttnghl, loon^ee, (Martino,) an Italian architect,
bom b the Milanese. He «ras employed m Rome \n
Pope Gregory XIIL, erected the Campanile of the Cap&
tol. and ^It the elegant palace of Prince Borgheae,

aaait; (ssf; %hard; iaaj;ii,H,K,giiaiirai; ti.maial; t^triiled; iass,- shasinMu. (Ji^^See Explanations, p.13.)

db,Google

LUNG HI

HI* Iwt wcirluweK baEIt about iGoa Hia gmtdcon,
Uaktimo, wm an architect, and worked in Kone,
Naple*. and Milan. Died in 1657.

S« Quxnuiii Di Qdihcv. " Dicdoiuiun d'ArchlMcliin,''

■kd "V)Hdn ArchitfiCta cti^bm^"

Lmtglii, written alio Longhi and Lonso, (SnXA
GlACOMO,) an Italian acalptoT, bom at Vigiii, in the
Milanese; died about 161J.

IiWiBO, del, del loong'o, {IsiDOKOk) an Italian criU^
bom at Monievirchi, Eiecember 30, 1841. He atudiea
at Coitona, Florence, Sienna, and Ptia, and held profel-
■orships in Faenza, Casale, Sienna, and Floicnce. He
published "Veiii," (1858,) "Dino Compagoi e la ana
Cronica," (1878-&),) "DeU' Esilio di Dante,"
(1881,) etc.

Lnn'gren, (Fbknand Harvey,) an aitist, bom
In Maryland in 1859- He becajne a figure- and lind-
tcape-palnter and illustrator, worldng after 1S91 among
the Indiani of the Southwest. He made a special
study of their ceremonies and folk-lore, and became a
member of the Moquig tribe and a priest of the
Snake-Antelope fraternity for this purpOM.

Lnnlg, loo'nlo, (Johann CtiRinTAN,) a German com-

Eller and publicist, bom in 166a. He published valua-
le work* entitled " Archives of the German Empire,"
!»4 vol*., 1713-33,) "Diplomatic Code of Italy," ("Codex
tali«Diplomaticus,''4 vols., [725-35,) and " Diplomatic
Code of Germinr," (" Codex GemuiniB Diplomaticns,"
a vols., 1733.) Died in 174a

lAn^ (GnDRGE,) an American lawyer and miscella-
neous writer, bom it Newburyport, Massachusetts. He

two novels, besides nurka on social and political subjects.
He wai born in 1803 1 died Ma; 17, 1^5.

Ltuit, (William Fabions,) an American poet and
miscellancou* writer, bom at Newburyport, Mastai^u-
letta, in 1805. He officiated as a Unitarian minister in
New York, and afterwards in Quincy, Massicbssett*.
Died March 30, 1857.

LtqwroallH. See Pan.

IinpcroL See Pam.

Lll-3Mr'on>, an ancient deity, who waa worshipped
\f] the Italian shepherds as the snardian of their flocka
against wolves, and sometimes identified with Pan.

ItnpL loo'pee, (Antonio HAKtA,} a learned Italian
Jesuit and antiquary, bora at Florence in 1695 ; died in

Xinpi (Mario.) an Italian historian, bom at B^gamo
b 1710; died in 1789.

Zmpiu, von, fan loo-peen', (FRtEDRtCH.) Baron, a
German writer and mineralogist, bora at Memmingen in
1771 ; died in 1844-

SmIiu Auidbicniiplix, {"S*lb«liiogi»plii«,")i«U., iIm-it.

^UD'aet, (Thomas,) an English scholar, bom in Lon-
don about 1496. He obtained the chair of rhetoric at
Oxford, and corresponded with Erasmus and Sir Thomas
More. He published a "Treatise on Charity," and other
religious works, and translated piria of the writings trf
Cyprian and Chrvsoatom. DieO in 153a.

^nqne,de,dkloo'kJi, {Hernando.) a Spanii^ bishop
of Pern. He was a priest of Panami when, in 1535, he
•Modated himself with Piiarro and Almagro in an ex-
pedition for the conquest of Peru. De Luque ftimiahed
(he money for this enterprise. Died in 1533.

See HRRn>, " UiiloHi lenenl di 1» VLa)H en 1u IdiBh Ocq-
denuJei;" Pmiscott, " Hillary of the Coiqiiai of Peru," toL j.

Lnilna, lU'rin', (Louis,) a French writer of fiction,
satire, etc, bom in 1S16. He contributed mam articles
to the public jonmals. Died November 30, l36o.

IiUBOliiliM, 136s-see'ne-aa, (Othmar,) a litliratrttr,
whose proper name was ITBObtigall, (niK'te-gU,) was
bom at Straaburg about 148a He removed from Augs-
burg to BSIe in 1536, and afterwards lodged with Eras-
tons at Freyburg. He edited some works of Ladan and
Martial, and published various other works. Died abow

^596

LUTHER

'535-

1, (Sir Robert,] an English legal n

Shaftesbtiry, October 35, 1807. Hla best-known work
was " The Practice of the Superior Courts of Law at
Westminster," (184a) He was appointed one of thi
judges of the Queen's Bench in 1S65, and In 1875 became
a judge of the High Court of Justice Died DMembef

was educated at Oxford, and called to the bar in 1S06.
Between 1807 and 1841 he represented Yarmouth, 11-
chester, the Tower Hamlets, and other places, in Par<

greatly to the abolition of slavery. He was one of the
counsel for the defence in the trial of Queen Caroline,
(iSai.) In 1S3S he was appointed a judge of the admi-
ralty, and privy councillor. Died January 30, 1873.

Lnalgnun, (Girv de.) See Gtrv dr Lustgnan.

Lnsigtiaii, do, d^h lU'zin'ySN' or loo-tbij4n', (Stb-
fano,) a descendant of the royal family of Cjiprus, was
bom in that island in 1537. He became a pries^ and
emigrated to Italy in 1571. He wrote a "History of
Cyprus from the Time of Noah until 1571," and other
works. Died about 159a

tsamaxa, de, dfh IU'sBn', (MARGUERrrx,) a French
novelist, bom in Paris in i6iSi. In 1730 she published
the " Story of the Countess de Gondes, which was sac-
cessflil. She siso vrrote " The Life of the Brave Crillon,"
(1757,) and several historical romances. Died in 175&

Lntatias Catolas. See Catulus.

La'thuidt, (Chkjstoph Ernst,) a Gemian theo-
logian, bom in 1833. He became professor at Mar-
burg in 1854, and at Leipsic in 1856, and wrote an

iportant commenlaiy on the Gospel of St. John, and

other theological n

ed..

"0

; also "Reminiscences," (3d

Lntbbait. See Lubbert, (SisRAiia)

La'thar, (Martin,) IGer. pron. nuut'iin loo'tfr ; LjiL
Marti'nus LuTHK'Etis; It Martino Lutero, maR-
tee'no loo-ti'roj Sp. Martik Lotkrc^ maR-tiii' loo-
a'ro,) the great leader of the Refonnadon in Germany,
was bom at Eisleben, the loth of November, 14S3. He
was the son of Hans Luther, a miner. His mother's
maiden name was Maigarethe Liodemann. At the a«
of fifteen he was sent to the L^tin school at Eisenaoi,
then under the direction of Trebonius. In 1501 he en-
tered the universitvat Erfurt While here, he found
in the univeraily library a rare and predous book,—*
Latin Bible,--which became an object of eitraordinarr
interest to hinx About this time a severe attack of ill-
ness, and, soon after, the sudden death of one of his
intimate friends, (caused, as some historians state, \xj a
stroke of lightning,) produced such an impression on
the mind of young Luther, that he made a solemn vow
to become a monk, and in July, 1505, he entered the
Augustine convent at Erfiirt. In iw? he was ordained

1,) he was appointed professor of philosophy
in the University of Wittenberg. Luther's visit to Rome,
made in 151a, in ftilGlment of a previous vow, opened to
him new views of the character and condition of the
Romish Church. In tjta he was nude licentiate and
doctor of divinity, and began about this time to dedare

openly hia views of scriptural theol<»y, which he e
plained according to the system of Saint Augustine,
resting the doctrine of justification solely on faith in tha
sacrifice of the Saviour. In 1517, Tctiel, a Domtnicao
monk, received from the pope, (Leo X.,) through the
Archbishop of Magdeburg, a Commission for the sale of
indulgences. With a view to increase the demand for
hia merchandise, Tetiel asserted, what few or none of
the other Catholics appear to have ever claimed, that
the indulgences not only released the purchasers from
the necessity of penance, but absolved them from all the
consequences of sin both here and hereafter. Indignant
at what he regarded as an insult to reason and reli^ioi^
Luther drew up hia celebrated ninety-Sve propositions,
in which he act forth in the strongest language the theo-

i, e, 1, 8, D, ^, iivy/ It, t. A, same, less ptolongedi 1, i, ^ a, 0, y, /Ai»t; t, f, 1, 9, <4Awnr; Or, fUl, fit ; mtti n(lt; gd6di m^an;

d by Google

MARTIN LUTHER.

Digitized by VjOOQIC

!di„Google

LUTHER

lo^cal DnsmmdiieM u well u the penidooa eSecti of
Tetxel'i doctrine of indulgence*. Thia publication in-
volved Luther in violent controrerdes. Amons the
most conspicuoDi of hi* oppoDenis ns Dr. Eck, (in
Latin, Eikaa at Bccua,) proteMor of divinitv at Ingoi-
■ladt. But the cause of the Refonner •teadil; gained
ground, and among the nmnber of hia bvourers was
Frederick the Wise, the Elector of Saxon]', — one of the
moat powerrnl princes of Gennany. Leo having tom-
moncd Luther to plead his caoie at Rome, the Elector
interposed, and it was arranged that the examination or
trial should take plMC at Augsburg, before Cardinal
Cajeian, (Caietano.) the legate of the po^ The car-
dinal having refused to enter into any discuuion trith
Lather, at the same time insisting that the litter should
•ubmit himself unreservedly to the authority of the
papal see, Luther, fearing — perhaps with too much
reason — the fate of John Hnsa, secretly withdrew from
Augsburg, leaving an "appeal to the pope when he
shonld be better informed. Soon after Leo issued a
bull in support of the doctrine of indulgences ; where-
npon Lather appealed from the pope to a geuenU council
(rf the Church.

With a view to restore tranqnllllly to the Church, Leo
sent his chamberlain Miltiti— a Saxon by birth, and -

■un of gi

:t and intell^nce — •* ntmdo ir

>Ger.

3 the authority of the pope and diacontinue the con-
troversy respecting indulgences, on condition that his
adversaries should also preserve silence on the sul^ect
Dr. Eck, however, woala not permit the controversy to
•lumber. He soon after challenged Carlstadt, one of
Luther's disciples, to a public dispute at Leipsic ; so that
Luther himself was again almost unaToidably involved

in tbe c

The resott was a conGrmation of his

tate Babvic , , ,

tivjtjr of the Church.") Leo had, a short time previous!]
to this publication, issued a hull condemning fbrty-one
propositions which had been selected from the works of
Lather, and directing the bishops to search diligently
lor the writings in which those errors were contaiitec^
and to have them publicly burned. Luther resolved to
anticipate the blow, and at the same time to render the
breach between himself and Rome forever impassable.
Attended by a crovrd of doctors, professors, and students,
be proceeded to a spot fixed on for the purpose, urilhout
the walls of Wittenberg, near the east gate, and there
bomcd before the assembled multitude the bull, with
tbe accompanying decretals and canons relating to the
pope's supreme authority.

always exerdsed a controlling influence upon hts mind ;
for, although he denounced in the boldest manner the
abuses of the ecclesiastical power, he had ever mani-
fested a profound respect for the sovereign pontiS him-
■elC But now he broke through all restraint, and not
only denied the authority of the pope, but he assailed
*^~- with all the fierce invective and vituperation which

ntha

age.

After this additional pro'
pected that the thunders of the Church should slumber.
Hot content with merely excommuiucating Luttier and
tayine every place which should harbour him under an
bitcrdict, Leo urged the newly-elected emperor, Charles
v., to come forward as the champion of Catholicism
Mid inflict upon the arch-heretic and his adherents the
pnntshment due to their Apostasy. But the Elector of
Saaony, to whom Charles had been Indebted for his new
dignit}', interposed a second lime, and so ixc prev»Ied
diat it was determined the cause of Luther snould be
tried before the Diet of the empire. The Diet sssera-
bled at Worms early in the year 1521. It was the wish
and intention of the legate Aleander and the other
advocates of the papal cause that Luther should not be
present at his own trial. But the majority of the Diet,
whether influenced by friendship for the Reformer or by

J7 LUTHER

the desire to preserve the appearance of justice in (heb
proceedings, insisted that Luther shonld not be con-
demned unheard. The emperor was prevailed upon to
grant him a safe-conduct, (dated March 6, 1531.) Tbe
greater number of Luther's friends earnestly dissuaded
him from going to Worms. Even Spalatin, the secretary
and conSdential adviser of the Elector Frederick, sent
him a pressing message exhorting him on no account to
enter thai city. Lather replied, "Were there as many
devils in Worms as tiles upon the rao& of the houses,
still would I enter," (" Wenn so viel Teufel zu Worms
wiren als Ziegel auf den Diichern, doch wollt* idt
hinein.") He arrived in the city on the l6th of April,
and appeared before the Diet the following day. WneD
asked if he was the anthor of the works prodaced agaiitst
him, containing the passages which had been condemned,
he replied in the affirmative. On being a^n asked
whether he was prepared to retract the objectionable
doctrines contained in them, he answered that, as this
question concerned the word of God, the Christian faith,
and the salvation of lonls, it was of great importance
that he should not speak rashly, lest be should offend
against the word of Ciod : he therefore desired that time
might be allowed him for consideration. The next dn
he was again brought before the Diet. While he ad*
mitted that in some instances he might have written
with less humility and more violence than became his
ecclesiastical character, he refused to retract anything
that be had said, unless it could be shown to be con.
trary to the Scriptures; at the same time, he boldly
repeated and defended several of his poeitiona which
hajj been objected to. Hereupon Charles and the other
bvourers of the Catholic cause refused to hear him any
fiirther. He was commanded to leave Worms. He

rdingly returned to Saxony. As he was joumeyiiw
jn ihe borders of the Thurinzian Forest, he was snf
lenly seised by a number of warriors in masks, and
linmed off to the solitary castle of Wartbarg, where

his ecdesiasticsl habit was exchanged for the dress
and sword of a knight This whole proceeding was a
stratagem of Frederick to protect the Reformer against

that he scarcely knew himself in his strange disguise.

Immediately after the dcpartare of Luther, Aleander,
the Papal legate, prevailed on Charles to give the edict
against him the sanction of the imperial signature and
seal. It was declared, in the name of the emperor, that,
as soon as the term of his safe-conduct had expired.
Lather should be seized and held in durance until ihey
should be informed how to deal with him.

Lather remained in the castle of Wartbui^ about ten
months. He left it in March, 1533, and retnmed to Wit-
tenberg in order to rebuke Ihe excesses into which some
ofhislormer disdples had fallen. In 1534 he laid aside
the monastic dress ; and in 1525 he married Catharina
von Bora, who had once been a nun. Luther completed
his German version of the Old Testament in 15x4 ; his
translation of the New Testament had appeared m 1331.
These translations, by their extensive circulation, as well
as by tbe force and beauty of the language, have exerted
a most important influence upon German literature,
which may almost be said to date Its origin from thetr

Frederick the Wise, Luther's bithful friend and pro-
tector, died in 15x5, and was succeeded bv his nephew
John, who was an open and devoted adherent of the

Cat Reformer. During the latter portion of his life,
ther was held in the highest consideration by most
of the princes of Germany, where his doctrines continued
to spread, and finally, even during his lifetime, extended
10 Moravia, Bohemia, Denmark, and Sweden. He died
at Eisleben, the iSlh of February, 1546, in the sixty-third
vear of his age. Among Luther's voluminous works,
his translation of the Bible, already mentioned, is the

Talk," (" Tiachreden,") which is, says Carlvle, "the
most interesting now of all the books proceeolng from
him." consists of sayings and anecdote* collected by
Lutlier's friends after his death.

« M i; f Mf .- 1 <iar^; 2 asy; o, H, K, jwnini/,- N, nun/; K, ft^ilAf; I as s; th as in /:tu;

) Explanations, p. ^)

Digitized by CjOOQ I C

1.UTHER 15

AlthooRh the character ot Luther wai eapedally dii-
tbiguiahed bj ardent zeal and anconqnersble courage,
fet on Important occajrioni he could exerdie the greatest
moderatlcni aa well as diicretion. The intrepldi^ with
which be hxxA the danger* that threatened him at Worm*
i* not more deierving of our praise than the admirable

firodence and tact which he displayed in hia defence on
hat memorableoccasion. The fierce invective and coarse
Titnpeiatlon for which hia controversial writings have
been censured, are palliated by the consideration that
loch was the almost universal custom of that age. If
hi* opposition was violent, it was not malignant or un-
forgiving. When his bitterest enemy, Tetiel, — (he man
who had exdted Luther^ Gerceat iodignation, — wa* la
misfbrlune and disgrace, forsaken by all his friend*, be
received from his generons adversai7 a letter of coa-
dtdence and conaolation. As a reformer, Luther sousht
to introduce sndl changes only as he deemed to be im-
peratively demanded ; and to the last he clang to some
of the doctrines o/ his early fiuth which were rejected
by all or nearly all the other Protestant*. He was alwaya
an advocate ot peace where peace could be bad without
the sacrifice of anv great principle : and, *o long as he
Uved, he steadfastly opposed^ both by hia coonael* and
"tej hb inflaence, those religion* contests which after his
death desolated Germany.

"Jnstiiication by Faith" Ibrmed the great central doc-
trine In Luther** system of theology, as unconditional
election and reprobation was the central idea of that of
Calvin. The great aim of the latter vrould seem to hare
been to prove the utter and absolute helpleasnesi of
man ; and, in the march of hia inexorable logic, he some-
times appears equally regardless of the hope* of man-
kind and of the justice of God. Luther, while ascriUitf
everything in the aa of conversion to the grace of Goo,
seems not so completely to close the door to human
aspirations, — taking Ibr his motto." If thou canst believ*
— 4II things are possible to him that believeth."

Luther is described as a man of low stature but band-
some person, with a lively complexion and falcon eye*.
His v<nce was clear and of ^at power. On behold-
hw hi* picture, Melancbthon is said to have exclaimed,
"Eachoneof thy words was a thunderbolt 1" ("Pulnuna
eiant singula verba tua.") Carlyie savs of him, "No
more valiant man ever lived in that Teutonic kindred
whose character is valour 1 the thing he will quail before
cmstsnotonthisearthorunderit" ** He was," observes
Heine, "not only the greatest, but the most German,
man of our history. In his character all the faults and all
the virtues of the Germans are combined on the largest
scale. He had qualities which are very seldom found
nnited, which we are accustomed to regard as irrecon-
cilable anUgonisma. ... He wa* not only the tongue,
but the sword, of his time. Sometimes he was wild
as the storm that uproots the oak, and again he was
as gentle as the lephyr which dallies with the violet."
In a not dissimilar strain, Carlyie contrasts the wild,
unconquerable energy with the aSectionate tendemea*
of Lutlier's character: "A most gentle heart withal,
fiill of pity and love, as, indeed, the truly valiant heart
ever is." Alluding to Luther's fondness for music, be
adds, " Death-defiance on the one hand, and such love
of music on the other,— between these two, all great
things had room."

Those who may dewre to see a leas lavonrable view of
the great Reformer's character and influence, are referred
to the article "Luther" in the "Nouvelle Btc^aphie
Gjniirale," from the pen of the editor, Dr. Hoefer.

S« D'Auiisxl. "HiilOTT of Iha Rdnniiitliiii :" MicmuT,
~M«noiRa de Lutbv," 1 ml*., iBjji HaLAHCHTHoii, " Lift o(
Laths/- r'Vits Lotherii") Johaxh M«Tii«iUi, ■■MiUona na
Dr. H. LuIher'aAnbnc Lehr. L«btm"«c., .j6j i iHMAHViLVasA,
" D« M. Lntherl Vita rt Miraeulb," i5» ; M. buou " H«toiui
M.Lalbarl"in8,-T. Haths, "Lifc uul Dtath of Martin Lathejv"
i6ii:C Jimcxs^ "Vita Lnitieri." ale, 1690; CM. Sumi, "Si-
iMulicbn LfbnDl. U. Lulhcr'i," i;t*i J. CoLnin, " Luthinu
RcdirlTUi," 171S; J. CocHi.Aiiis,''ConinwDtiTiad(ActiictSeiHpti(
M. Lolheri." iM9:N, TAimirtaD," Hitloire dell Vie deM. Lo-
ltier,"iS7jj Guxmnis, " Himotii noo der Lth™, Lebtn, ott Dr. M.
LutheiV' iitt: J. D. Hiaiii9iloiiiii>T, "Vita Dr. M. Lulheri,"
elt. iMiiCJ. WAenmiu"L.beoKtidiiehieDr, M. LuIherX"
il»i; TaCKD, " Leben, Thalm und MeinniaeB Dr. M. Luiher't,"
ffi-i: F. G. ZimfRHAHH, "Memorii Dr. M. Lulheri." iSuS: A.
gam."LifaofDr.H. Lutbv," laTiiUuiT." Dr. U.LDiber'i

Lnther, (Pavl,) a chemist, son of the preceding, m*
bom at Wittenberg in 153J. Ho became physiaan to
Augustus, Elector of Saxony, and to his aucceasor, Cliri*-
tian. Diedat Leipsicin 1593.

Iintber, (Kakl Thbodob RoanT.) a German —•
tronomcr, bom April 16, l8aa. He discovered twenty
small planets or asteroids between i8;a and iSts-

LnUwrtmrg. See LourmRBOUKC

Lntl. loytee, or Lnttd, loot'tee, (BnnDnro,) ut
excellent Italian painter o[ history, bom at Florence in
ifififi, was a pnpil of G^UanL He worked chieSy in
Rome, and wa* patroniied by Clement XI. According
to Land, mairy connofaaetnr* dedgnated him the laat
master of the Florentine school. Among his merits are
forms delicate and graceful, and a skDful distribution of
colours and shadows. He painted in oil, in fresco, and
in pasteL Among his maater-fMeces are an "Annun-
dation," "San RanieH taking the Habit," and "Tlt«
Prophet Isaiah," in the Lateran. IMed in lyt^

BhtBn td PiiadiH b Italr;" Ticom. " DUiIii*-
(Axm "^ Hoa iWsr-Lcnkna."

Latke, loot^h, {FaoDox PEnovncH,) a Rnadan
navigator and explorer, botn at Saint Petersburg in 1797.
In iBii he was commissioned to explore Kamschatk^
in l83l->4 he made several voyages In the Arctic re-
gions, and in 1836-^ he commanded an exploring ex-
pedition round the world, in which he was accompanied
by a scientific sta£ He was made an admiral in 1856^
and a count in 1866. Died in Angnst, 18S3.

Luton, lii'tAN', (Loir is,) a French chemist and palniat
on glass, bom in Puis in 1757 ; died in 1852.

Lnttrell, Colohki. See Wilkis, (John.)

ImfUfU, (HmKY,) an English poet, wit, and man of

a of Lord Caru

1770. He is said l(
. _ ariumplon. He published " Advice to

{alia, a I.etter in Rhyme," (1830,) and "Crockfbrd
louse," (iSa;,) but was best known u a brilliant talker
' London aodety. Died in 1S51.
IinftrfU. (Nakcksus,) an English political writer.

quotes and calls a valuable manuscript. Died about
173Z. His diary was pnbUshed in 1857.

See " North Brittita Review" for November, tSfj.

Jivtm, loots, (WiLHBLJi Mevkr,) a German musidaa
and composer, born at Mannerstadt, Kissinf^n, in iSa^
In 1848 be went to England, where he has since resided
He has produced many operas and operettas, chiel
among which are "Faust and Marguerite," (1S55J
"Zaida," (1868,) "Legend of the Lys," (1873,) etc.

Ltttselbnrgex or Ltutmalborger, lIIt'sfl-b^Ra'fi;
sometimes erroneously writteDlientKelbarger,{HANSj
also called Hans Fkakk, a Swiss wood-engraver, of
whom very Utile Is known, lived about 1530-40. Among
the moat important work* atCribated to bim i> the
" Dance ot Death," (usually ascribed to HolbeinJ " Illu»-
tratioos of the Old Testament," a portrait of Erasmus,
and "The Sale of Indulgences."

Sh Naolu. "Allgcmeinei KHniUer-Leiikan."

LQtsow or Lnetson, liit'so, (Ludwig Adolf Wil-
HKLU,) a Prussian general, born in 1783. In 1813 he
oommanded a free corps of "black chasseurs" against
the French. Died at Berlin, December 6, 1834.

1, 4 1, 6, 0, y, /i>iV,- i. 1 4, saine, less prolonged; 4, «, 1, 5, at, y, i4**t; », ?, (, ft siwwr*; llr, ail, at ; mit; nftl; g<)6d ; m««i

dbyGoogle

LUTZOW 15

Utsow, Ton, fan IBfto, (TitUiaA VOH Srson,}
Uadahx, ■ German antfaorcu, born at Stnltgan In
1804. Sho wrote Mreral itoroU and booki of travel.
DiediD JaniniSsa.

Lavigliil, 1oo-T»'jec'iMe, *—'-'"<. loo-e-tee'nee, or
Inlfllno, loo-«4ee'n». {Lot Lvisi'nds,] (Frahcksco,)
■D Italian fcbotor, born at Udine in 1531 He wu pr«-
ceptu- of the Mm of Ottavlo Farneae, Dnke of Fanna.
Amoiw hJBvoriu U a "Latin Comtnentory on Horace's
Art orPoetTTr," (1554.) HU poetical talent is pnuied
far Moiet and Giral^ Died in 1568.

Zmrigliil or iMlainOk (LviGi,) a brother of the pre-
ceding, bomatUdineiWaaapbyaicianat Venice. Among
liiairorluiiaTeraianofthe**Aphoiiama*'ofHippo(Tatea,
b latin beianieteiB, (1553.)

Ltut, laUu, (Adam,) a German republican, bom at
Hentiaboat 1770. He was sent to Pan* In March, 1793,
to sdidt the annexation of his coantty to France. He
witneiaed with aTmpolhj and admiration the conduct of
Charlotte Cordafat her eceoition. A few days later he
pnbliahed an apologj for diat heroine. For this and
oAer offncea he wa* executed in Norember, 179^

Iioxdoil mka'doxf, [Boixz Willuu,) a Dani

. & Ifik'sftirbooa', (CiairnAM Louis _ _

HoNTHOKKHCi,) Prince de Tui^ a Ptencb general,
*»~ =n Paris in 1675, was the ibiiTth son oTthe great Mar-

d at Ettlingen in 1734, and
marshal v/t France in the same pear. From that time he
■■■called HakshaldbMontiiokihcl Died in 1746.
Sw PmAaOb "ChnmliifU ■■ilinin.''
LnxambotirB, d«, dfh HIk'seN'booK', (Cbarlu
Fkakj^dis FutntMC di Monthobknci.) Haiuual,
don in iTCEt, was a grandson of the Gut Marshal Uu-
mbooig; He wa* aide-de-camp of Louis XV. in (he
, u ,._^ >^.. j,_.. -i- =nGer.

Laxemboon do; written also LuxambnrB (Pkan-
Cois HBNRt Di HoNTMORENCi,) Duc, a Celebrated mar-
shal of Fionoe, bom in Paris in 1638, wai a son of the
Coont de Uontmorend-BouleTille, and a cousin-german
of the great Prince de Condrf. For his condact at Lena
b t&4S he was made mor^hal-de-camp. Froni devotion
to the Prince of Cond^ he served several campaigns
— -:— d* ip..-.^.. 1 I k^«. .-J *i*^ j»-j„^ — .Cf^L

, .-incinta

heiress of utehoose of LnxemBonrg,

nune. In 1673 he obl^ned command of on armj which
faroded Holland and to<A several towns. His skilfhl
Rtreat from Utredit to Charleroi b November, 1673,
raised him to the rank of the fint captains of that sge.
la 1674 he commanded the right wing of Cond^'i anny
St Sene( and in 1675 received a marahal's bltiHi. He
gained victoriea over the olliea In Flanders in the cam-
paign of 1677, which was followed tr/ a long peace,
naviiw^ incurred the enmltjof Louvois, he was confined
in the Bastille fourteen months on a cbaive of sorcery.
In 1690, Lodis XIV., against whom Austna, Spain, and
England hod Ibrmed a coalition, gave the chief com-
mand of his army to Marshal Luiembonrg, who, since
the death of Turenne and Cond^, was Uie ablest of his
generals- He defeated the alliea at Fleurus in 1690.
In the campaign of 1691 he defeated William IIL of
Eni^aodattbegrealbatlleof Steenkcrke. Hewasvicto-
riow orer the same enemy and leader at Neerwinden,

the admirers of William IIL," says Macaulay, "were
fcrted to own that hi the field he was not a match for
Ltnembonrg," whose " jndnnent was clearest and sorest
when responsibility pressed heaviest on him and when
dlAcalties gathered thickest aroand him." " He gained
hnmense renown at William's expense ; bat he hod not
ttK art of improving a victory, while William, of all gen-

Sh BoAnAiH, " HiMdir* mililairt da Doc de Liixusb«iilb

K)£; " Mamoin of Hanbil Lnxembui," miita bv bioMlt iMl.
}LTAn>,"Sitdade Loiiii XIV:" Saiht-Shkw, ■' Udmoini'
DnoamAUK, '■HiRoindaUHiiMDdeHaBtB«Tei>d,"val».lv. nd
T. ; L. AitTDiwL " L* MarAcbal dt Laxanboors," f&sa: "Hoovolla
BiognpUa GArfnU*."

Iioxambonrg or Lnxemboig, de, (Louis,) Comte
dc Saint-Pol, an ambidous French general, born in t4.t&
He fought against Louis XL at Montlhjri about 1464,
but was soon after won over by the high oSce of Con-
stable of France, and married the ^aeen's sister, Marie
Am c- ^. «. — called the pivot of the principal

de Savde. He «

enemy. He was beheaded in 1475.

Sh COHINsfc " Ufaioim :" Suhohdi. " Bbtmn d« Fnincwi i"
"Kamtt(K(i|iviii*G«ii<nlE."

Zinxambonrg, de, (MADELtKi AHciuqux de Neof
*lUe-TUlerol— dfh nufvtl' vil'awi',) MAatcHALK-
Ddcmssi, bom in 1707, was ananddaQirhter of Marshal
VUlerot- She was married to Marshal C. F. de Luxem-
bonrg in 1750. About 1758 this couple gave Roossean
an asylnm at MontmorencL Ronssein has commemo-
rated in his "Confessions" her charming conversation
and liberality. Her rank and talents gave her great
social influence in Paria. Died in 1787.

Loxembonrg-UgDl, d«, dfh liik'sfiN'booK' Itn'ye'.
(Walkran,) Comte de Saint-Pol, was born in 13^^, of
of the most jllustrions families of Europe^

fighting for the French king, he was taken prisoner bt
the English in 1374. He married Matilda, a sister A
Richard IL of England, Having been chosen Con-
stable of France in 1413, he defeated the Armagnacs
in battle. Died in 1417.

Loxembnrg. Sec Luxeubourc.

IiT)7keii or Laycken, loi'k^n, (Jan,) a Dutch en-
graver, bom in 1649, lived in Amsterdam. He etched,
after bis own designs, many admired woika, which di>>
play a fertile invention. The "Death of Coligny" Is
called his best production. Died in 1712.

IrtiyuM or Iinliia*, de, d; h lii-in', (Charlki d'Al-
BiRT,) Due, the fevourite of Louis XHL of France,
was bom in Langnedoc in 1578. As the companion
of Louis in youth, he acquired an ascendency over him,
and about 1616 he became his most powerftl mimster.
His capidity and ambition excited many enemies, among
whom was the king's mother ; but through his influence
_i ....._ ^[g_ jn igji he^sij appointed Con

noticed in this woric

Sai Badh, "Hiiioin de Lou'w XIII:" BAaoHm— _,

msim;" SuMDinii, "HiiUHn del Frucu:" "Konella Bi
phie GiDJnle."

LnyiiM, da, (HonorA ThAodoric Paul Josiph
d'Algbrt,) Due, a French antiquary, born in Ruis In

lEoz.was a liberal patron of arts and sciences. He was

ties and medals. Died at Rome, December 14, 1867.

LiiTbs, loits, Han,) a Dutch philosopher ana astrono-
mer, bom at Hom about 1660, became professor of
physio at Utrecht. He was an opponent of the Cartesian
philosophy. Died In 1731.

Liis, liii, f [Lat Lt/CTUS,! (Louis,) a Swiss Protest-
ant theologian, bom at BUe in 1577. He wrote a " His-
tory of the Jesnita," (1616,) and otiier worlu- Died hi

Xiosao, M'llk', (EuAS,) a Dutch philosopher and
jnrist, bom near Leyden in 1733. He published in 1756
" Researches into the Principles of Human Knowledge^"
His "Riches of Holland," (1778,) a hiEtoij of Dutch
commerce, is highly esteemed. Died in 179&

Lnsac^ (JaiO a philologist and publicist of great
merit, bom at Leyden in 1746, He practised law in his
native place. In 1775 he became chief editor of the
"Gazette de Leyde."* From 1785 nntil 1796 he was
profeasor of Greek in Leyden University. He corre-

M *.- C as * ■ B iofrff » as>; a, H, I, /»rilBi*»/;

I; ii,MaJaI;ti,thatdi lass; IhsslniSU; (|y5eaExplanationa,ii.9t.l

D,g,t,7ed::yC00^le

LUZAC \t

■ponded with Waahiogton and Jefferson, the former ai
riioin wrote, "America U under great obligationi to the
writings and actions of such men aa Tou." Among bis
iTorlu are " Socrale* asaCitiMn," ("De Socrate Give,"}
dedicated to John Adams, of Massachusetts, and "Attic
Readings," ("Lectiones Attiae," i8o9-) He wa* lolled
by an explosion of gnnpowder at Leyden in 1807.

tiiukO, (Stsvxk,) the ancle of the precedii^, was bora
at Leyden in 1706. He became in 173S proprieli

. ...^ . . .. d possessed much

historical va'.ue. Died in 1787.

LTisBn. loO'thSn', (Don Ionacio,) a Spanish critic,
poet, and literary reformer, born at Saragoosa in 1703.
About 17J0 he was appomled director of the mint, ■
conndlior of state, and minister of commerce. To coun-
teract the vicious poetical style of Gongore, he wrote
bis celebrated "Art of Poetry," ("I-a Poedca, o Reglas
de la Poesia en general," 1737,) which is *ud to have
been efiectual in rectiMng the national taste. He pro-
duced several admired poems, one of which is " The
Judgment of Paris," Died in 1754.

Sea TfCKrfoa, *' HiilotT of Spaalih iJuralnre ;" LoHORLunr,
"Pbeaiind Pomrc'Eunilie;" " Nonnlle Biognqibi* G4ii4nle.**

LnsvcbM, de, dfh lu'slush', (Robbrt,) a French
architect, designed the magnificent cathedral of Amietu,
which was commenced in uao and finished in 1160,

Lai«TiiB, de la. d(h If lii'iiRn', (Annk CisAR,)
Chevalier, a French diplomatist, born in Paris in 1741.
In 1779 he was sent as minister to the United States,
where he had much influence, and performed with credit
the duties of a position which the absence of instructions
made more responsible. He left the United Sutes in
17S3. He was ambassador from France to London firom
17S8 until his death. In September, 1791.

Lnaeme, de Is, (CtsAtt GuitXAVHE.) a teamed prel-
ate, born in Paris in 1738, was a brother of the pre-
ceding. He became Bishop of Langres in I77e^and was
elected to the States -General in 1789. He emigrated in
1791, returned in 1814, and was made a cardinal in 1S17.
Among his numerous works is " Considerations on
Divera Points of Christian Morality," (5 vols., 1795.)
Died in 1811.

Liiasatto,loot-slfto,(pHiU>XSNa,)aJ'ewish lingutst,
a son of S. D. Luizatio, was born at Triest, July 10,
1839; He mastered twelve or more languages, and pnb-

B treatise*, chiefly on Sanscrit, Assyrian,

lished
and other

Lnzstttto, (Sauhel David,) a'jewisli scholar,' bom
al Triest, in Austria, Ausnsl aa, 1800. In early life he
wrote ;^inst the CabbaTisIs and published some vol-
uniM otHebrew verve. In 1S19 he was made professor
of biblical lileiature in ihc Rabbinical College of Padua.
He wrote various theological treatises, commentaries,
etc, and left a nearly complele Italian version of the Old
Testament. Died at Padua, September 30, 1S65.

Ii7Wlia, ll-ee'us, |Gr. Atoloc from %f>u, to " free" or
"loosen,"] a surname given to Bacchus, because he (wine)
frees the mind from care ; though some say it is because
he loosens the limbs of his votaries, rendering them un<
able to walk. (See Bacchus.)

Iijr'all, (Sir Alfred Comvhs,) K.C.B., an English
writer, iiom at Coulslon, Surrey, in 1835. He was edu-
cated at Eton, and ac Haileybury College, was appointed
home secietaJT in India in 1873, foreign secietaiy in
1878, Lieutenant- Governor of the North-West Prov-
inces in 1882, and a member of the Council of India
in t8SS. He published "Asiatic Studies," (18S1,)
" Rise of the British Dominion in India," (1893,) etc.,
and is a singularly able and original writei in prose

Ly'tUl, (Edna,) the pen-name of Ada Ellen Bay-
ley, a novelist, bom in 1863 at Brighton, England.
Among her worlts are "Donovan," (1882,) "We
Two," (1884,) " Knight-Errant," {1887,) "To Right
the Wrong," (1893,) etc. Died February 9, 1903.
Iif ownboB. See ARCHiLOCinis.
ly-^'on, JGr. Aiwiuv.J a fabulons king of Arcadia,
and a son of Pelasgus. He and his ni

that Jupiter in disguise once visited LycaoiL,whoof
him human flesh to eat, fbr which offence hewasdianged
into a wol£

Xiyclua, lish'g^, [A&uor,] a Greek sculptor, bora b
Bceotia, lived about 415 B.& According to Pliny, he wm
a pupil of Myron.

Iiycombde. See Lvcouedk&

Lyoomide, ic'ko'mid', the assumed name of GlU-
■apPE Maria Akrichi, (li-ree'gee,) a Corsican writer,
bom in 1768. He published, in Italian, a "Historical
Essay on the Civil and Political Revolutions of the

Kingdom of Naples," (3 vols., iSt3.] Died in 1834.

li^o-o-ma'del, [Gr. Kvna^fiiKi Fr. LvcoukDE, 1^'
ko'mid',1 a king of Scyros and of the Dolopians, w

the btther of Deidamia, who became the mother of
Pyrrhus by Achilles. The poeta relate that young
Achilles was committed to his care by Tlietis to prevent
him from going to the Trojan war. Lvcomedes is said
to have murdered Theseus, who soagtit refuge at hb

Ziycomedes, [Gr. Aunw^ilqf,] an Arcadian general,
was one of the founders o[ Megalopolis, (370 b.C) He
defeated the SparUns in 369, and took Peflene. He wm
murdered about 366 B.C.

Lf oon, [ACun>,] an Athenian oratoi, who acquired
notoriety at one of the accusers of Socrates. He wm
banished with Anvtns for (his offence.

layoon, a Greek philosopher, bom at Laodicea, lived
about 300 B.C. He was the successor of Stnti^ and ioi
about forty years was the head of the Peripatetic school
of Athens. He had a high reputation for eloquence.

S« Rii-m:, "Hliurraf Phflotophy."

LJfo'o-pljroii, [Amiifpui',) a Greek poet and gram-
manan, bom at Cbalcis, in Euboea. He lived at tba
court of Ptolemy Philadelphus, in Alexanl ■», from 380
to 350 B.C He was one of the seven poets who wen
styled the " Pleiades." The numerous tragedies whidi
he wrote have all been lost, but his lyric poem called
"Cassandra," or "Alexandra," has come down to oa. It
la very obscure and enigmatical, but is admired at a
prodigy of learning and valued aa a. treasury of beta
and traditions.

SnOWAHiiRit, " Bemerituniiten lu Lnoplmn." 1816 : FAinan
Biblrolhm Graoi;" VaLKaic, "De LfcoiJuDaii CiHudra,''
ba: "NmiielleBMtniAieO^n^nle."

Iriend of PhiloptBmen. He was sent as ambassador to
Rome in 189 B.C. Died after 16S b.c

Lyooathanea, le-koe'tlk-nft, (Conrad,) the Greek
name of Cokkad Wolfthart, a scholar, bom in Alsao*
In 1518. He became minister of a church in BUe in
iw, and published a curious work on "Prodigies,'
("nodigiomm Chronicon,") a new edition of Gesner'a
" Bibliotheca," and other works. Died in 1561.

Ly-onr'Kiis, [Gr. Awmfipyof; Fr. Lycurgue, le'kUBs',)
In classic mythology, a king ofThrace, whois said to luite
been a persecutor of Bacchus, and to have been punished
nth madneaa. According to another tradition, Jupitci
deprived him of sight.

Lycnrgtia, [Gr. AiwoCijyof; Fr. LvcuRcua, leTtiii^f
Ger. Lykursus, 1e.k36R'gd6s,] a famous Spartan law-
giver, who belongs to the period anterior to authentic
history. Plutarch begins his biography with the remark
that nothing certain can be said conccrnmg him. Accord-
ing to Aristotle, he lived more than 850 years B.C. He i»
supposed to have been tbesonofKing Eunomus, who was
succeeded by another son, Polydectes. Al the death of
the latter, Lycurgus refused the crown, and defended the
right of CharilauB, a posthumous son of Polydectes. He
visited many foreign countries, whose Institutions he
atodied, and, after a long absence, returned to Sparta,
where he made social and political changes of the moat
radical kind. His constitution was ctmaldered by the
Greeks as the model of a perfect aristocracy, but con-
tained a strong democratic element The ejiecutive
power was divided between two persons called kings. A
remarkable feature in his system was the equal division
or community of property, which existed to an extent
Dnequalled in any other country In ancient as modcni

»- *. 1,6. 6. P, /•»¥; *.*.*. »»me, lest prolonged; i, *, 1, 6, ii, J,

thert; f. ^ ), 9, titcure; fir, fill, f&t;miti ndt; g<l6di m4RW>
, hXnOO^IC

dme*. TbelnleriifenceDrilteitate wtthfloniMtki&Iis
mdreladODBwaicvTiedtoaKreuexceu. HUlawiwere
bMed on the Idea that men are made for the gorennneDt,
t the govcratneitt for ineiv. HeUuidtohsTe
the nte of gold and aitver moner, and abol-
Moea «u profeaaiofia amonB the Sputani except that of
tisa, HBgning all nwchaoical and menial emptoynent
to tbe aUvee, (HUtti,) who appear to have been treated
with creat aeTeiity. llaTing bnpiMed on tbe people an
cath iW the; would not alter hia lam daring hia ab-
Mnce,be went Into voluntary exDe, from whidifce never
ictnnied. Tradilion infonna «• that be vamabed »;•!•-
riooily from the eartK The Spartan* erected ■ temple

kfen^L he ordered faia uhc* to be cast Into the *ea after
bit dMth, fcaring that if hit body were conveyed to
Spana llte Spirtani m^ht think tbemaelTc* atiaolved
mwt tbelr oath.

Sm Tun-AKH. -Uh at hftanm:" Omar^ 'HiHaij it
CntttT >iiL n. chip, n.; Pum, ~De l^bod" K. O. Uflun,
"MtDmiet;" AjusrortA "Pglitia;" Thiilwali, "Hiacont*

laocTite*. For aboot fifteen yeara
public revenne with a high repMatioD for intepitj and
fioandal abaity. In tbe conteat with Philip <d ilacedon
be anpported the demofntic party. He wat one ot the
oratert whom Alexander reqoired Athena to deliver va
to bin in 335 ■■C Tbit demand wat firmly icfiMeo.
Fifteen of bit orationt were eitani in the time of Pln-
Mrch, and only otte (that i^nit Leocratet) hat Cmm
down to oa. Hit atyte ia noble rather than elegant
D(ed in 3S3 B.C;

Lyd'dakM, (Richard,) an English naturalist,
bom in 1 849. He graduated at Cambridge, and was
on the «Uff of Ibe Geological Survey of India 1874-Sa,
during wtiich he made a special sludy of the vertebrate
fossiU of the Siwalik Hills. He wrote numerous works
on natural history and geology, and wat editor and
ctiief author o( the "Royal Natural History." Among
his works are "Horses and Hoofs," "The Deer of
All Lands," " Phases oi Animal Life," etc.

IJTda. See TovMBX, (Wuxlul)

JJfA't^Xn, (Jont,) an dd EnEliah poet, bom abont
137s, bname a moi^ of the atmy of Bury Saint Ed-
Miiiin He wat ordained a prietl In 1397, after which
ha travelled od tbe coMlneat. On hit return, he opned
at the abbey above naMed a tcboot. In which be taoeht
lannagei, tbetoric, and venificirtion. He acqaired a
h^ repatalion at apoet Among Ua nomeroM worka
are "Tne Story of TBebea,"" Tbe Fall of Princet," and
the "Hiatory, ^egc, umI Deatractiao of Troy." Died
abont i4fio.

Sh W«nt«. " IThwit of EivWi Pbmt-"

UFd'Wt (Thmuu,) an Eogllab chroaohigeT and
mnthT.p.tu;i.p, wie bora at OkertoB in tm Ho be-
CMW rector of Okerton aboat 1613. Dnriiw the dvil
war be taflered peraecatioa for Ut kmhy toChark* L,

le vertet of Dr. Johnaoa t

AsMMtg hit workt <in Latin) are a Cenanre of Scaliier'a
Cfanmology, {"Emendatia Tempontm contra Soilige-
ram," 1609,) "The Period of tbe Son and Hoon," mkI
"Tba IfcaRrcBieni of ibe Solar Year."

Xif'diH, a aon of Atyi and CalUthea, wat Ibe aop-
poaed aaoettot of the ancient Lydiant.

lOrdtM, [Gr. Aadic,} the tnmame of Joannkb Iau-
■nrrttn^ ylubunK AmnrfTiq:.] a Greek hutorical writer,
born at Philadelphia, in Lydia, aboot mo a.il He waa
emplned many yeart in vationi official (imctiona in the
impenal palace at Conatuitinaple. He reaigned his
cAcca aboBt 550, and afterwarda wrote many works,
aoBcofwUdiareUM. Anlmportant tTeatlie,'*On tbe
Ma^tttatea of tbe Rowan Rapnbli^" ia atJU extant

01 LYMAN

Lya. It, (Edwakd,) an Engllih pbilologirt and cUt0.
man, born at Totneaa in 17(0. Soon after he left coUq*
he obtained tbe living of Houghton Parva, and in 1*50
became vicar of Yardley HaaSngt. He acquired w-
tinction by hia researchea bto the Saxon langaage and
literatnre. In 1743 he poblbbed tbe "Etvmidagicoa
An^icanam," which Prandt Janint had left in nann-
Bcnpt. Hia chief wOTk ii hit "Ar^o-Saaco and Gothic
Dictionary," (1771.) Died in 1767,

I^oU. (Sir CHARLn.) an eminent Britith geokwltt,
Kinnordy, in Foriar-
^raduated at Oxford in
. ._ .. relinqaidied the prac-
tice of that pTolemon In order to devote bit time to
geology. About iBs6 he bnan to cmtribate to tbe
''Trantactioiw of the Geohmcal Sodety" a teriee of
papcra wbicb diaplay Bnpenor powert (rf o
and compariton, and in 1830 potulahed the fii

of hia important work. ^ Pttndplea of Ge

volt., 1830-3%) whidi wat very bvotirably received It
reached tbe uih edition ia 1S37. He afterwarda divided
the work Into two partt, one of wUch waa pobllahed
~ the title of-Hementiot Geology," (1838.) Ua
inent edIliMt the name wat chaneiBd to " Hamul
of Elementary Geolt^Qr." It it geDerally admitted that
hia work contriboted mocb to place geology on a pbtlo-
tophical baiis as an indoctlve idence. Having naited
the United State* in 1841, be lectured on geolo^ at Boa-
t<»i, and after hia relom pnbliihed "Travels m North
America, with Geological Observations on tbe United
Statea, Canada, and Nova Scotia," (3 vola., 1845.) H«

to tbe i;„

whkh waa a "Second Vltlt to the United State*," (a
volt., 1849.) Both of tbete book* of travd contain mnefa
to intereal tba general reader. Hr. I^ell waa knighted
b 184& He wat elected pte^deni of the Getdoineal
Society in i8]6< and again in i8s& He publltbed In
1863 "The Geological Evideacet of the Antjqaiiy of
Han. with Remarka on Tbeoriea of the Origin of ^pedet
by Variation.'* He wat Ibnnerly prominent amona the
opponent* of Ae "devdopmenr' 01 _
but later in lih be changed bit view* ii
Died Febnary u, iSyc.

Xtykorgoa, le-koor'goai (Looonnm,) a modem
Greek iHMot, bom in the island of Samoa in 177^
Soon alter the breaking out of tbe war of independenca
in Greece, (l8ai,) ha wat dioacn commander-in-chief of
Ae army In SamiM. He waa alto appointed dvil and
military governor of tbe laland, which office he held till
iSafi. He afterwarda became a aenator under the new
monarchy of Greece. Died In 1850.

I^knxgna or LjknrgtM. See Lrcinunn.
Lf U, (THOiut,) a ScotHsb poet, bom at Palaley In
r^a. He ia remembered Ibr the tong " Kelvin Grov^"
hich is still popolar. Died ia iSjg-
Ljly. (John.) See Lilly, (John.)
L^'man, (BaNJAMiN Smith,) an American geolo-
gist and mining engineer, was bom at Northampton,
Massachusetts, in 183S- He became an assistant on
the Iowa State Geological Sarvev in 1S58, was mining
engineer for the government of India in 1870, chief
geologist and mining engineer for the government of
Japan 1873-79, sod assistant on the Pennsylvania
Geological Survey 1887-95. For many years he hat
resided in Philadelpbia as consulting mining engi-
neer. He has written numerous papers and report!,
chiefly on his explorations.

Lf'nifii, (PHttiKAS,) an American officer, bon tt
Durham, in Connecticut, in ITI6. He served with <Hi-
tlnction against the French In Canada nnder General
Johnwm, Abercrombie, and othera, and attained the
rank of major-generaL IHed In 1775.

Imui^ (TmoDOuM *^ American nataralltt, boia
h waltbaa, Uattachaaetta, Angnat 13, 1833. Uegrad-
MtediBart*stHarvardCoUagaini8S5andlBtha id-

«aai;(Bai;|iW;t**/''^ii>^/"'"«^'>'iM»';a.»*fiby';>a*a,-thatinfUi; (g Sea Riplaiiallnn>ip.ij.l

Digitized ay CjOOQ IC

Ic Kbool in 1S5S, w

a lieuleiunt-coloiMl md lide

' Report!' ol the MawacbluettB Fishery Commiuion,
1865-81, "The Ophinroidea of the Challenger Expe-
dilion," (4(0, iSSl,) and nnmeroua papers, chiefly on
the lower order* of marine loolocra. In 1SS3 he wa*
elected to Congreu aa an Independent Died in 1807.
I^nuui, (Thkodork BiMEDiCTTi) D.D., an American
bfahop, bom at Brighton, Masaachoaetta, November 27,
181S. He grsdoiled at Hamilton College, Clinton, New
*'ork,in-'' J — .L_^. _ ..^■. , ■ , ., -

1870, being Ibnnder and _^ ^_

church in Rome, waa consecrated AsgiatanI Bishop of

imbent of an Episcopal

North Carolina in 1873, and sacceeded Dr. Atkinson as
diocesan in 18S1. Died December 13, 1893,

Iiynn. See Hun.

liyaaoM. See Linacre.

lijxua. Ton, fon lee'nait, (Fribdrich,) Count,
Q«(nian •tatesman and scholar, born in Lower Lasatb
in 170& He held aereral high offices in DenmaA
bcMen 1740 and 1749. He wrote political ^---' -
"TiBYela in Germanf," etc. Died in 1781.

ItTQote. See Lyncbui.

Lfn'9«fla, [Gr. AtTacdc/ Ft. LvMctR, llM'si',] a
king of Argos, was a son itf ^gjrptns, and marned
HTpermnestra, one of the Danaide*. She saved his lifc
when her forty-nine sisters killed their husband*. (See
Danaidis.)

Lrnoeas, one of the Areonauia, was a aon of Apha-
KDS, and celebrated for his keenness of sight. He was
killed trj Pollox.

tifaob, (John,) a learned Irish priest
boro at Galway about itioo. He took refuge in France
in iGja, and retumed to Ireland after the restoratioi^
(i£fo.) He wrote a historical work In Latin, entitlea
" Cambrensts Eversos," (iMs,) and other work*. Died
{■1674.

Lfnoh, (Patrick Nikson,) D.D., an American
lNshop,bomatCheraw, South Caroling March 10, 1S17.
He studied in tlieCathfJic seminary at Charleston. South
Carolina, was trained in theology (1834-^) at the Propa-
ganda in Rome, bpcame a priest and a divinity- professor
of Charleston, and wu made vicar-general under lishop
Reynolds in 1850. In 1S58 he was consecrated Bishc^
ot Charleston. Died February »6, 188a.

Zijtaoh, (Thomas.) one of the signers of the Declara-
tion of AJnerican Independence, was bom in Prince
George's Parish, South Carolina, in 1749. He gradu-
ated at Cambridge, England, and soon after his retom
was appointed to Che command of a company in the fiiat
South Carolina regiment of provincial regular!. He
was elected to the Congress of 1776. While on a voyage
lot hi* health, he was lost at sea in 1779.

Tiynob, (Wiluai€ F.,) an American naval officer,
bom in Virginia about tSoj. He set out in 1S47 on
an expedition 10 explore the shores of the Dead Sea,
of which he published an interesting account, entitled
" Narrative of the United States Eipedition to the River
Jordan and the Dead Sea," (1849-) l>ied in 1865.

XiTiicker, von, fon llnk'^r. (Nikoiahs ChristophJ
• German J niist, born at Marburg In 1643. He was a
member of the anlJc council at Vienna, and wrote many
kni works. Died in 1736.

£7nde.lTnd,(Sir Humphry,) an English author, bom
in Dorsetshire in 1579. He was a member of Parliament
for several years. He published "Andent Characters
of the Viable Chnrch,*" and "Via^Tuta, or the Safe

eminent English statesman, bom at Boston, Massachn-
■etta, in 1771, was the son of the distinguished painter

ehn S. Copley, who took him to England about 1775,
e was educated at Cambridge, and chose the profes-
sion of law. Having eradually risen to be the leader
of the Midland circuit, he was elected to Parliuoent as
■ Tory in 1818, and appointed solicitor-general in 1819,

when ne was also knighted. Sir John became attorney-

Kneral in tSu, and «ras returned to Parliament by the
uveiutyofCambridge{ni836. After opposing tlie bill

fer Catholic emandpation, he accepted the office of lord
chancellor in the Liberal ministry of Caiminc in Apiil,
1837, and was raised to the peerage, as Baron LyndburM.
Having been retained in his office by the Dnlte of Wel-
lington, he voted in concurrence with hi* cotleagaes for
Ca^lic emandpation in i3i9- I" November, 1830^ the
Liberal party, under Earl Grey, came into power, and
Lord L]mdhurst was deprived of die great seal ; bat
in 1831 ne was appointed chief baron olthe exchequer.
He made an able tpeech agwnst the Reform Ull in i8^s.
In the court of exchequer ne displayed eminent judicial
qualification*. He was again lord chancellor during the
brief ministry of Sir Robert Peel in 1834. I" August,
1841, Sir Robert became premier, and Lord Lyndhurst
lord chancellor, of a new Conservative ministrv, which
was deprived of power by the triumph of :he Whigi in
1846. After that date, until near his death, he was one
of the most prominent orators of his party in the House
of Lord*. He advocated the prosecution of the Rus^an
*ar(i8S4-s6)inscveraleloquentBpeeches. Diediai863.
S«c Loui CAHraiLL, " lift of Lord Lrndhuit," 1864: Tom,
"The Suigtt of Ei^snd." vol a.; " Bk«nphical SuKho &ob
4w Now- Book of TUw Kiponw,'' by W. H. Bammr. Loodoa

'OSCTH LnCBSm,) an English clergyman,

--■'— " "-— — "°"7, beat known j"

at Trinity Colleg

born in London, November 33, 1837, best known a
Fathrr laNATlus. HewasedacatedatTrinityColleg^
Glen^mond, and in i860 was ordained in the EstablisMa

Church, and occupied various curades. After 1863 he
assumed the name of " Ignatius of Jesus," and founded
Llanthon^ Abbey (Anglican) in Wales, adopting a
Benedictine rule for the monks and nun* of his com-
munity. He published hjmins, poems, "Tales of
Llaothony," " Brother PI acidus," " Leonard Morris,"
"Tales of the Monastery," etc., and in 1893 became
avigoroua opponent of the " HigherCritics" and other
assailants of orthodoxy within the Church of England.

ZiTnedoob, Hn'dQE, (Thouas Giahah,) Baron, a
British general, bom In Perthshire in t70X Havhig
obtained the rank of general, he served under Sir John
Moore in Portugal in 1808-9. He gained a victory at
Barossa In 181 1, and conunanded the left wing at the
battle of Viloria, in 1S13. Ho was rused to the peet^a
bi 1814- Died in 1843-

LJta'wood, Lfnd'wood, or Un'wood, (WUr
uak,) an English caiwniat, and Bishop of Saint David^L
Died in 144&

lifpn, (Gboksi Frahcis,) an English navigaUv,
bom in Sussex in 1795, entered the navy in his youth.
In 181S-19 he was the companion of J. Ritchie in an
expedition into the Interior ot Africa, a wliicfa he pub-
lished an account in i8ai. Captain Lyon commanded
one of the ships in Parry's voyage to the Northern
Ocean, (1821-33,) and kept a journal, which was pub-
lished. Bothof the works above named areconunended.
Died in 1833.

Iiy'911, (Mary,) a meritorious teacher, bom at Buck-
land, Massachusetts, in 1797, was the founder of fh«
Mount Holyoke Female Seminary in that Sute. It was
opened in 1S37, and soon acquired a very high repnta-
tion and extensive patronage. " She presided for yeari
over an admirable school,'' say* Allen. Died at South
Hadley in 1S49.

IiTon, (Mattkrw,) born in Wicklowcoimty, Ireland
1746, emigrated to America, where he served in the
Revolutionary war and distinguished liimself as • poli-
tidan of the Democratic party. Died in 1S33.

Lyon, (Nathahiel,) an able American pneral, bora
_: Aahford, Windham county, Connecbcut, m July, 1819,
graduated at West Point in 1841. He served in the
Mexican war, (1846-47,) and became a captain in 1851.
Early in 1861 he was placed in command of the United
Slates Arsenal at Saint Louis, where he rendered im-
portant services to the cause of the Union. He captured

large band of secessionists at Camp Tackson, Missouri,
1 Hay, and was appointed commander of llie depart-
_ient of Missouri in June, 1S61. He defeated the insnr-
«nts at Bonneville, June IT, after which he marched to
Springfield. He commanded an army of about 6000

i, e, 1, 9, Q,f,/snf,' Li, A, same, leas prolonged; i,i, I, &,Ii,]f, />(««,■ f,^i, 9, (iirf«rv,'tir, fill, AttiDCttnOtiV06dtmdte

<-J:.,LnOOl^lc

•bere he wu killed, Aagnat tc^ tS6i.

deeply lamented u ■ niti<Hud disaster. He left bj wUl

■bout thirty thoosuid dollin to the public treaaury.

Sh TBmn, "UWiut HiMarof tba Rtballian:" "LiM Pa-
llia] Wiidoci, MC 0/ Nitluaiil Lfim." N« Vork. lUt. '

Ljoon*^ le'o'nf, {Pikkkk,} i skilful uiaiomist, nato-
nliM,and engrsTer, of French oiigip, ma barn at Maes-
tricht in 1707. He Btudied law, and was employed at
the Hacoe a« Mcretary and traiulalor foi LMm and
Fiench tij the government Aboal 1760 he publiihed
an "AnatonucalTreMiae on the Caterpillar which eats
the Willow," which, wya Cavier, "isamon^ the nustet-
pieces of human industry." The engraTin^ are ex-
qnisitelj neat and delicate. Died in 1789.

So P. H. Uau«, "Ndtica bio
im^ JoDHDait, in tba " Biotnipliit
rjk Biosraphie Gfejnle."

Lyonnst; (Robert,) a French phyatcian, born ai
"- - n-Velay. H* became physician to Louis XIIL,
^„_... -■ e flagne, (1639.)

published a treatiae or

Mdpul

Iiro"*! (Edudhd,) Lord, a Siitish vliiiiral, bora
•ear Christchurch. Hants, in 179a He entered the
BBry about 1801. In 181 1 he perKmaed a daring eiploit
when he captured by storm the Dutch fort Hairack in
td of Java. He became a post-captain in 1S14,

to uie court m Adiena, where he remained until 1849.
At the beginning of the war leainst Russia, (i8S3,) Sir
Edmund was appointed second in command in theBlack
Sea. Hi* ship, the Agamemnon, was engaged with the
enemy on the shnre at the battle of Alma, in September,
1S54. He planned a tuccessfnl expedition against the
fcns on the Sea of Aiot, and beoune commander-in-
chtefof the fleet in June, 1855. He wat raised to the
peerage, as Baron Lyoni of Christchorch, in 1S5& Died

L701W, (Israel,) a Polish Jew, taashi Hebtew in the
University of Cambridge, and pnbushed a Hebrew
Grammar. Died in 1770.

Itjona, (Israel,) an English botai^ and mathema-
Adao, born at Cambridge m 1719, was the son of the
prtwdii^ He published a "Treatise on Fluxions,"
and a work on the plants growing near Cambridge. At
the inTitadon of Sir Joseph Banks, he went to Oxford
about 176a, and lectured there on botany. The bunaa
of loantiide selected him to accompanv Captain Fhipps
toward tbc North Pole in 1773. Died in 1775.

lijtatm, (Richard Bickerton Pbmbll,} Lord, a
son of Edmund, noticed above, was born in 1817, and
bherited the title of baron in iSjS. He wa* ambassador
b the United States from 1859 to 1865, and to Con-
stantinople b-om 1865 to 1867, when he waa sent to
Pari* in the same capacity. He was made a ritconnt in
■8S1. Died December 5, 1887.

Lynt, de, dfh le'rf , (Nicolas,) a French monk and
negeCitial writer of high reputation, bom at Lyre in
the thirteenth century. He waa a good Hebrew and
Greek scholar. He wrote a commentary on the Hble,
■Postilla PerpetuiB," which was esteemed and often
reprinted. The lirst edition appeared at Rome in 1471,
(5 fola.) Died in Paris in 134a.

Zm See Lis.

LT-MUl'd^r, [Gr, Aioavdpo;; Ft. LvsaNDrE, le'-
sBtidR' ; G«r. Ltsandhos, le-iln'dRos,] one of the ablest
genera)* and statesmen of andent Sparta, makes his
Brat ap[>earance in history near the close of the Pelopon-
iwsian war. In ^ B.tl he was chosen commander of
die Oeet, with whicn he gained a victory over the Athe-
Hans at Notium In that year. He made himself lery
popntar with the Persian alHes of Sparta, and he de-
feated the Athenian fleet in a decisive battle at Mgoa-
potami in 405. In404 he captured Athens, and changed
Its democracy Into an oligarchy ruled l:^ thirty archons,
(anally called the Thirty Tyrants.) He was then the
MOM powerful man m Greece, but soon found an able
rtvai in Agesilaus, who became King of Sparta in 39S
t.c and thwarted his ambitious designs. Lysander
■eiBtated a revolutloD tn .'Sparta by the abolition of

hereditary ruralty. Before his design was a

waa appointed commander of an army sent agalnM tha

" ■*■■- '- >95

Thebans, and was killed In battle at Ilaliartui it

S«Xn«>nHni,
ri:" W.VuCHn.

sirfArwlau:" Tmi

ith the Roman Sull

Hctlcniaj-|^^nijim Naiw, "Viu LnSB-
Hiitocy of OncCB."

ZiTBandre. See Lysandrr-

Ziyanndro*, the German of Lvsandir, which tee.

ZifROhnndaror Ljacnadoi, lit-ktn'dfr, (Claudidi
CuHiSTOPHDRsxN,) a Danish dironicler, bom in tjjy.
He wrole a "Chronicle of Greenland," in Danish vers^
(1608,) and flattered the national vanity in a bbalow
work on the genealogy of the Danish kings, . entided
"Synopsis of Danish History," ("Synopsis HistOTlK
Danicc," 1611.) Died in ifiai

IiyaeT, lee'i^r, originallv Tieonhardt H'on-haRt*.
(Caroline,) a German authoress, bom at Dresden In
1817. Among her works are fngiUve poems, " Sketches
of Character for German Matrons and Maids," (1S38,)
and "Albert Diirer," a drama, (184a)

IijMT, (Michael,) a German anatomist, bom a
Leipaic about i6<io. He published a good manual of
anatomy, entitled "Culter Anatomicns," (1653.) He
shares with Bartholin the honour of the discovery of
the lymphatic vessels.

IijMr or Lyssnia, (Polycaep.) See Leysir.

I«7«dM;, lish'^s. [ADofor,] one of the ten Athenian
orators, was born at Athens in 45S B.C., and waa the son
of Cephsloa, in whose house Plato placed the scene of
his bmous dialogue " On the Republic" From 443 until
4t I he lived at Thorium, in Italy, from which he wat
expelled by the victoriont Spartans at the latter date.
He then returned to Athens, where his property waa
confiscated b]| the Thirty Tyrants, who would have put
him to death if he had not escaped, 404 b.c Soon aner
that date he united with Thrasybolus in the ezpnltion
of the Thirty, and opened a school of rhetoric bi Athena.
Hia OTatkNis, amounting to more than two hundred,
were mostly composed aJter his reium to Athens, (411.)
Thitty.fbur of these have come down to us. Lysfaw
died at Athens about 378 a.c, leaving a high repaUdoM
■■ * writer of oradona, only one of which, it b said, waa

spoken by him. His diction is eminently graceful, pora,
and perspicuous. " He resembles," says Quin^laiL
" rather a pure fountain than a great river, (" puro baa

"l^r

magno flumini propior.")

St Pldtakh, "TiOt Dcetm Onrana ;" FlAn^ "
it Ljna Onun Aillai," Qs Cntk,) iStS; Suidu,
L. HiHLicHiit, "DiiKTUdD ix Ljtim Viu « DictioDt,'' _

Iif •aio'rf-cei, i/kveinp&nK,] an Athenian, who lived
about 33s B.C., and whose name has been preserved by
means of a beautiful choragic monument buill for him at
Athens. It has been commonly called "the l.antera of
Demosthenes," from a tradition that he uaed it as a
]dace of study.

Ly-alm'f-alitia, JGr. AKn/iaxot; Fr. Lvsihaque,
le'ie'mlk',] King of^ Thrace, waa bom in Macedonia
about 3JS >.& In his youth he was so distingnisbed
for courage and strength that Alexander the Great
ehoae him as one of his body-guards. In the division of
provinces at the death of Alexander, (313.) Lysimachus
obtained Thrace and some adjacent districts. In 51S
lie joined Seleucus, Cassander, and Ptolemy in a ctoll*
don against Antigonus, Lysimachu* marched into Asia
Minor, formed a junction with Seleucus, and fought a
battle at Ipsus in 301 B.C, where Antigonus waa debated
and killed. By this victory he acquired the northwest-
em part of Asia Minor. Demetrius of Macedon having
been deieated and dethroned by the allied armies of
I^imacbus, Pynhus. and Seleucus, the first annexed
Uacedon to his dominions in 186. He waa soon after
volved in a war with Seleucus, and was killed in battle

Coropcdion in aSi B.C.

S« AiiiAK, "Anibua;" Trnmr, "HiitorT,"booki nS., xv.«
id TmL : DiooontPI SlcULtn, books iriU.. lii.. ud n.

Lyainutqna. See LvsiHACKua.

Arcadia, flourished about 434 B.C.

eat i; ;asj; giard; ^mj; a, H, K.ftMMrai; s,inual; \,trillid; last; ths

in/iUr. (H^See Explanations, p^ ^)

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

t6o4

MAAS

l^ftipfnM, [Gr. Ainnnt: Fr. Ltstpfk, le'i^.] ■
Greek ttataar^r of great celebrity, «aa bom at Simm,
and flouriihed m the reign of Alexander the Great, about

3^ B.C. He formed hit ityle by the imiution of nalnre,
withoat macfa reipect to the coDventionalitie* of tha
■choola. Hie itatuea and gioops, according to the bett
aatboritiei, were aome fifteen hundred in number, all or
nearly all of which were of bronie. None of hi* work*
are known to be exunt, though aeveral wcU-aathentiGated
cofita are to be aeen. Among hia maater-ptecea, de<
acribed by Pliny, P>,aaaniaa, and olbeia, were coloatai
atoluei of Zeus and Hercale^ a Btatoe of Time or Oppor-
tnnitj, (JLaipic,) and tereral image* of Alexander the
Great, who ia said to liave iwned an edict that no one
ahonld malK Ida iiatoe but Lyaippna.

Se* PLmr, " Naninl Hiitoir," bcxA nnr. : PADunu i, B.,
tL, and in.: SiLUG, "CttilocDi:" NdUSLm, '* AJlniminc* KOnit-
- - - ai'"Maanll*Biocni>*wO<°*n>*-"

received lesaona fiom Pythagorai. Having been driven
fr<nii luly by penecntion, he lettled at Thebea, and be-
Ome ihe teacher of Epaminondal.

5a* KiTTiii, " HktaiT el PhikiHipliT >" SuxnNn Labtiiib.

LvBlatTBte. See Lysiitxatus.

Ly-ais'tn.-ta*,[Fr. LvsinxATi, le'te'itxtf,] a Greek
■tatnary of Sicyon, waa a brother of Ly«ppn*, tad floor-
iahed anout 435 B.a He U awd to bare been the Gral
who used gypsam mould* in the formation of wax
fignrea.

ItfsftlM, (Daniil,) an English phyaidan, practised
at Bath, wliere he died in iSoo. He bad pabtiahedseraral

lOraon*. (ReT. Damtkl,) an English topographical
writer, bom at Rodmarton in 1760, wa* a nefihew of the
preceding. He publiahed a valuable work entitled " The
Envtrons of London," (1793-96,) and became rector of
Kodnuuton. In partnership with his brother Samuel,
he published another excellent topographical work,
"Great Britain," ("Magna Britannia," iSo6-aa.) IHed
tai«J4.

thep „. . ,

-js one of the director* of the Society of Antiqi
About 1S04 he was chosen keeper of the records of
the Tower of London. His principal work is " Great
Brit^" ("Magna Britannia^ iSd6-3a,} in which he
was aided by his brother Daniel. Died in 1819.

Itfto, (Henkv.) an English botanist, bom in Somer-
*et*hire in 1539. He poblisbed, in 157S, an English
version of Dodoen's "History of Plants," with many

^totaTlHinaY Fkahcis.) a Britiah hymn-writer, bora
at »lnain, Scotland, Jnne i, 1793. He was edocsted at
Trinity College, Dublin, entererf the Anglican Chnrch,
and held cnradea in Ireland, and at Brixham, in England.
Hi* health wa* nerer robuat He died at Nice, Nonm-
ber»0,l847. Among hi* works are "Talea in Vet*e,"
(1816,) "Poem*, chiefly ReUgions," (1833,) "The Spint
of the Psalms," (1834.) and a fine biography of Henty

Vanghan, the Silurist He U chiefly ' •* " *■-

aathor of aeveral popular hymn*.

LrtU, U'tf I, (WiLUAM Haines,) an American gene-
ral, bom m Cbidnnati, Ohio, in t83& He aerred ai
colonel in Westem Virginia in 1861, and wa* wounded
at Penyville, Kentucky, in October, 1861. He wa* killed
at the battle of Chickamanga, September 30, 1863.

Lff tla-t^n or Lff tfl-tfm, (Cuakus,) an &iribh
aotiqtiaiy, bom at Hagley in 1714, wa* a brother of Lord
GeoTM. noticed below. He became Biahop of Carlisle
ini7& Diedlni76S.

I^ttlaton or LyUalton, (Gkoigk,) Lokd, an Eng-
liah author and ttateaman, bom in 1709, was the eldM
SOD of % Thoma* LvtUelon, of Hagley, in Worcester
(hire, and a descendant ni the gTMt jorlit Littleton.
About 1730 he entered I^rlianent, where be became a
incce*s(ur speaker and acted with the opponent* of
Walpole. He wa* afterwards aecretary to Fredetidt,
Prince of Wales, and in 1744 was appomted a lord of
the treasury. In 1747 he published "Obaervadons on
the Conversion and Apottleship of Saint Panl," a work
of superior merit He was chaoceltor of the exchequer
for several months in 1756, and rengned that office (for
which he was not well qualified) when Pitt became prrme
In 1759 he was created Baron Lyttleton. He
was author of a popular work entitled "Dialogoea
of the Dead," (1760,) of a valuable " History of Henry
IL," and of several poema, "which," aay* Dr. Johnson,
nothing to be deapiaed, and little to be adadrcd."
Died In 1773.

5« JOKmOH, " Lira of th« Poau;" PHTUjiiaita."UIWorLori
LT^]•Ul^" i&is; "QuiirtBly Rniaw" far Jhh, iM: "MoMUr
Ririaw" bw A^ ud Mtj, int, tai Dccanbv, in«-

Lrtttoten, (TuoKAa.) See Ltttliton.

JOrttlSton, (Thomas,) Lokov a son of Lord George,
notkxd above, was bom abaM 1744- The day of bis
death is said to have been annowced to him three daya
before It occurred, by mean* of a dream or viMoa. Died
in 1779.

Lff t^n, (Edwabd RDiaftT BalwwXTttoii,) Earl

r, an English poet, oidy son of Edward Buiwer, Baron
Lytlon, the celebrated novdisL He was bom November
8, 1831, and waa edncated at Harrow and Bonn. He
entered the diplomatic service lit 1849^ and did doty at
Washington, norence, V*n», the Hagne, Conatan dottle,
Vienna, Belgrade, Copenhagen, Athena, Lisboa, aitd
Madrid. While secretatyof emba*syat PaijilniSjshe
uicceeded to the title* of hia ftthcr, and toon after wM
made minister plenipotenliaty at the Frendt capitaL In
1874 he was made minister ai Lisbon, in l88o Viceroy
of India, and in 1S87 ambassador to Paris. He put-
lished, undei the pseudonym of Owen Meredith, sev-
eral volumes of verse, including " Lucite," (i860,)
"Orval," (1869,) " Fables in Song," (1874,) etc. He
also published "The Rine of Amasis," (a romance,

863,) " Life and Letters'* of his father, ( 1883,) etc

M.

a of Toon in 1A14&
Maartena, (Maahtkn,) the pen-name of J. M. M.
van der Poerlen Schwan, a Dutch novelist, bom at
Amsterdam in 1858. He spent part of his boyhood in
England, and writes in English, some of his best-known
works being "The Sin of Joost Avelingh," (1889,)
"A Question of Taste," (iSga,) "God's Fool,"
(1893,) and " My Lady Nobody," (1895.)

Maan, (Arnoult van Aakt,) a Dutch painter and
engraver, bom at Gouda about 1630, was a pupil of
D. Teniera. Died after 1G50.

Kmm or tSmta, mb, CboM. or DnraiBj • Dntc^
- Berg.

painter, bom at Haarlem in 1656^ waa a poiril of Berg-
hem and HuchtenboTKb. He excelled b battle-r'

a. Died In 1715.

Hua or Hkm, nH (Godfrui^) a tUUbl Flemiab
painter of history, bom at Antwerp m i660t wa* a papB
ofhitfttbar. He was choaen a director of the Acaoeaay
ia 1^3, and acquired a &ir reputatloa a* an artist. H*
<Ued in 1733, or, aocordlng to tome anthoiitiea, aboM
i7ta

Ifasa or BIm«,(Nicolaai,) an eminent Dutdi painter

1, i, I, S, 0, f, M^ i, i, Ak taine, lest prolonged; i, i, 1, 6, t, ]f, fAtfrf; (, f, j, 9, aJAwv; fir, fill, fit; mttj itAt; kBU; n»0<lnt

fed :^:, Cookie

U gam and portTuts, bora al Dort in 1631, m* a papit
of Rembnndt. In hia yoath ha imicatect th« manDer
of that matter with •occut. He afterward* adopted i
diftrent atjlc Aboal 1678 he temored to Amaterdam,
where he applied binaeU cbieflT to portrailB and became
a &thionaUe aitiit Died in 1693.

in 1766. Me became professor of phitoaophv at HaUe

pnUiihed, Besides other works, **£»»¥• od

." ( iTWt) the " Paamors," ( i8os-«7,( and

SiUidpnUi

-- ta," (tSii.) Died in iSa^

Ma'bl*, (Hamilton Wkight,) an American au-
thor, bom at Cold Spring, New York, in 1845. He
paduated at Williams College and Columbia Univer-
dty, and became an associate editor oi " The Out-
look." His works include several volumes of essays,
"Under the Trees and Elsewhere," "Short Studies in
LJteratDre," " Norse Stories Retold from the Eddas,"
etc.

MkbD or UnbUIe, ml-beel' or ndTbU', (Pikku
Lovis,) a learned writer, of Italian extraction, was boro
fat Paris In 1752. He made a good translation of Livj
Into Italian, and published "MaNliania,"*' The Influence
of Poctrj' on the Cnatoms of Nations," (1S04,) and otbet
works. Died iu 1S3GL

MnblUoB, talfbe'jdv', IjMMt,) a Terjr learned Freitch
anthoT, bom in the dioceae of Rbeias in I$3S, becante a
Benedictine monk. In i68j; be visited Italf, b; order of
■he king, to collect mannacnpts and historical docmnenta,
and on hi* retorn pnblishM hi* " Mnseam Ilalicnm,"
(l687-89.> His " TreatiBeoD Monastic Stndica"(l^l>
was received mth &Toiir. Among hi* aaoM importanl
works is a treatise oaKplMnatic*, (1681.) IMediiiiTO?.

OS MACAULAV

Dabltn in 1869, of anatomy in 1873, and of anatomy
at Cambridge in 1S83. Fablilhnl " Morphology of
Vertebrate Animals," (1S78,) "Some Morphological
Lessons Taught by Human Variation," (1894,) etc. — His
son, RoBULT Alsxandbr, born in 1S70, wu directorof
eicantioos for the Palestine Excavation Fund 1900-09,
and has written largely on Celtic arclueolc^, etc.

Mac-Al'iBt«r. (Jaubs,) an American educator,
bom at Glasgow, Scotland, in 1840. He was super-
intendeat ot public schools at Milwaukee 1S74-81, at
Philadelphia 1883-91, and president of the Drexel
Institute, Philadelphia, after 1891.

Blao-Ai'dell, (J AMES,) an excellent English engraver
in mezzotinto, bom about 17101 He engraved portraits
of manj eminent contemporaries, and inbjecta after Rem-
brandt, Van Dyck, Hnnllo, and other master*. Among
hia works are " Moaei on the mie," after Van Dyck, and
an ■* Assumption ," after Mnrilla IMed in 1765. Of
MacArdell Basan ohaerves that he "wa* one of tEie beat
engravers in meziotinto that England ever prodnced."

Maoaral, mllcfrii', (Louis Antoini,] a French
jarist, bom at Orleans in ■ 700. He pnbliahed, beaidcs
other works, " Elements of Administrative Jnrispni-
dence," 11818.) Died in 1851.

Hf-M'iI-iu, [Gr. Hoi^Hor; Fr. Macaikb, mtltka',]
an eminent ascetic or hermit of ^ypt, bom about 30c
A.Dk, ha* been canonized a* a saint by the CadioUc
Chntcb. Fifty extant Greek homilie* arc aacribed to
him. IHed about joo A.tx

a teothN of £tienna' Bonnot de Con^lUc He
became a rendcnt of Paris in his vonth, and prodnced
bi 1740 liii "Parallel between the Romans and French
in Respect to Government," which was very snccessfiii.
In 1 743 he negotiated a secret treatv with Prnsaia against
Attstria. Amcmg hi* nmneroos works are " Observation*

Mabonl, mfbool', (TaoquUi) a French pnlpit orator,
BitlM>pofAJet,baniinParis about 1650; died in 1733.

MabitM, mtlniz', or lUtubsnge, mSliuih', (Jan,]
a fomooi Flemish painter, whose family name was Grs-
UBT or Gassaxit, was hom at Manbeoge in 1499. He
is said to have studied In Italy. He woriced in Middel-
borg and bi London, where be painted portraits of the
roy^ family in the reign of Henry VIIL, and historical
pictnrea, wnich are ttill admired. Among his master-
pieces wa* a "Descent from the Ctost," which wa* de-
stroyed bv lightning at Middetburg, and "The Wiae
Hen's Omring," now owned by the Earl of Carlisle.
Hii habits were very intemperate and prodigal Died
about 1561.

■Cao-ad'fin, (John Loudon,) a Scottish surve]
noted for hi* improvement iu roads, bom September
1756. He lived m America, 17^0-83, takingan active part
against the colonies, and makinic and losing a fortune in
the war. He coDslrncled the fiiit macadamized roads,
■ear Bristol, abcnt 181^, and explained bis system in his
"Essay on the Scientific Repair and Preservation of
Public Roads," (1819.) In 1837 he was made general
tarveyor of the metropolitan roada, and afterwards re-
ceived agraat of ;£ 10,000 for hbservices. Died bii836.

MoAdoo, (William Gibbs,) lawyer, bom near
Marietta, Georgia, in 1863. Was admitl^ to the Georgia
bar in 1^5, removed to New York in 1 893 and practised
law there. Undertook to build the first tunnel under
the Hudson River, and completed it in March, 1904,
also ccDstructed other tunnels, and is president of the
HodaoD and Manhattan R. R. Co. operating these tunnels.
Wssappointedsecretary ofwar in 1913.

Mao-al'latat, (Alexander,) anatomist, bom at
Dublin, Ireland, in 1844. Was professor of zoology at

Another Saint Hacariui, called Tnnio, lived s
*ria in the Ibartb centnry, and was noted (b
ic ptety. He i* snppascd to be the author of a

Alexandria in the Ibartb centni

his ascetic piety. He i* suppose

work called the " Rule of Saint Hacarius."

Mso-Ar'tlliir. (AsTHUa,) an American general,
bom in Massachusetts, and served in the dvil war,
advancing from first lieutenant to brevet colonel. After
the war he entered the regular army as first lieutenant,
reaching the rank of lieutenant-colonel in May, 1S96.
Took part in the conquest of the Riilippines in 1S98,
was made brigadier-general in 190a, major-general in
1901, and lieutenant-general in 1906.

Mac-ar'thtii, (Duncan,) an American soldier and
statesman, bom in Dutchess county, New York, in 1773.
Served in the war of 1813, and rose to the tank of briga-
dier-general. Was elected governor of Ohio in 1830,
Died in 1840.

Mao-Ar'ttaDi, (John,) architect, bom at BUdenoch,
Scotland, in 18S3. Came to Philadelphia at ten years
of age, became an architect, and built there various im-
poitant buildings, chief among them being the imposing
City Hall. Died January 8, 189a

Mao-aifuay, (Georcx,]J Eakl of, a statesman, of
Scotuah descent, born neat fielbst, Ireland, in 173T. Hs
was elected to Parliament tn 1768, and appointed chief
secretary for Ireland in 1769. In 1775 he was chosen
Governor of the island of Granada, which the French
captured from him in 1779. From December, 1780, to
17S6, he was Governor of Madras. He was appointed
Governor-General of India, a* successor to Warren
Ifastings, but declined on account of ill health. His
most remarkable public service was hi* embassy to
China, where he arrived in August, 1793, being the first
English ambaasador to that court.' He refiised to proe-
trate himself before the emperor, according to Chlneae
etiquette. Thongb he failed to obtain a commercial
treaty, he maintained hi* repalalion as an able negotiator.
He was raised to the peerage a* a baron in 1776, and
was made Earl of Macartney m 1794. He died in 1S06,
after which appeared a "Journal of the Embassy (o China

bom in Kent in 1733. She was married to Dr. George
Macaulay, of London, abont 1760^ and published a
" History of England from the Accession of Jamea L to
the Elevation of^the House of Hanover," (1763,) which
is favourable to republicanism. In 178s she visited
Washington at Mount Vcmon. She wrote several p^
litical tieatisea. " Her history," says T. B. Vimaumtf,

*m»;$aaiHi4^</;it»j;a,ii,x,g>tairai;n,miMi;R,triiM;lat;thiainau. (|

^See Eaplanatlon*, Pl 33.)

D,o,i,..ed3,'GoO'^lc

MA CAUL AY

*b more diattngniihed by (Ml than either bj candow
tm •UIL" I>ie<rin 1791.

S« WiucB, '• Ufe ud L«t« :" " lI«tUr lUrim" fcr Utnli
■f6j, Uar. 1764, ud AacaM, 1771.

BlaoanlaT, (Thomas Babinotoh,) Bakoh, an emi-
nent English Mholar, critic, and historian, wu bom at
Rothlev Temple, in LeicMtershire, October a$, i8oa
His Either, Zachary Macaniay, was a native of Scotland,
of Highland descent ; his mniher, Selina Hills
dauehter of a bookseller of Briitol, wai of a Ql_„
lamily. His home education was religious and somewhat
Bnatere. Mrs. Hannah More, who was intimate with
hla parents, hu given, in her letters many intereiting
partlcnlars of the future historian. Prom hit earliest
childhood he was passionately fond of poetry, — somach
•o that he could hardly be prevailed on to read proM.
Later, however, we find him deeply interested in hiatorji,
and warmly discussing with a (nend of his own age the
respective merits of Marlborough and other eminent
commanders. {See " Letters of Hannah More to Zach-
ary Macaulay, containing Notices of Lord Hacaulay'i
Youth," i86a)

When about twelve TC'r* of age, he was placed under
the instruction of Hr. rretton, with whom he laid the
foundations of hia acquaintance with the classics. At
eighteen he entered 'ninitv College, Cambridge, where
he greatly distinguished himself^ navlng twice won the
chancellor's medal (or English rerse, — the first time for
a poen on "PoinpeiI,"in 1819, the second for one on
''Bvenii^,"{n i8ia He graduated as B.A. in iSax, and
soon after was chosen a Fellow of his colI»e. He
studied law at Lincoln's Inn, and waa admitted to the
bar in t8a6. "The Battle of Ivty," one of the
oniveraally admired of his shorter poems, was publi
)n "Kn^ht's Quarterly Magazine" in ifb4. In tS: ^
contributed to the " Edinlrargh Review" an artide on
Hilton, which at once placed him in the forenKat rank
of the most distinguished essayists of the age. Thia
was the commencement of that splendid and fascinating
series of review-articles, the publication of which maybe
said to form an era in ihe history of literature, when lot
the first time the critical or historic essay threatened to
bear away the palm of popularity from the moat brilliant
works of fiction.

Macaulay entered Parliament In 1830, as a representa-
tive of Ihe borough of Calne. While at Cambridge he
had dislinEuished himself as an orator, and he now more
than Justified the high expectations which his friends
had formed of his parliamentary career. Hts speecl
on the Reform bill (in tSjo-sa) established iiis fame
an able and eloquent speaker. It is said, however, that,
owing to his rapid and somewhat monotonous delivery,
his speeches were more effective and convincing when
they appeared in print than when spoken in the House
of Commons. One of his most remarkable efforu was

MACAULAY

... , __. ._ soon alter
made a member of the supreme council of India, and
placed at the head of the law commission to prepare a
new code kit the government of that conDlry. Altnough
it was found Impossible to cany into immediate e^ct
many of the tefonns which he sought to introduce, his
eflbrts in this cause have not been without important
results. Since the government of India waa transferred
to Ihe imperial crown, his code has been made the basis
of the legal system of the coantrr. His sojourn in India
(from 1S3S to 1838) had made btm acquainted with its
history and with the character of its various peoples ;
and to the knowledge thus acquired in a field hilherto
untrodden by him, we are indebted for two of his most
effective and most brilliant essays, — those on Clive and
Warren Hastings,

Having returned to England in 133S, he again entered
Parliament, as a reprcicnutive of the dty ofEdinbutgh,
and soon after received Ihe appointment of secretary
at war in the Melbouiiie minislry. On the Wl of the
Whigs in 184 :, he went into the opposition. When they
Ktnmed to power in iS^, he waa made paymaster-gene-
laL He had been r^ularly re-elected from Edinburgh
until 1847, when, owing to an unusual combination of
diflerent party elements, he was defeated. The nor-

reaolved to devote tt
retirement. He seems to have felt, indeed, that his
proper vocMlon was Ihe pursuit of literature, apart from
the exdtementa of the political arena. One of the im-
portant teaulis of his withdrawal from public life was hit
being able to apply bimtfclf withont interruption to Ihe
compositian vS hit great work, the '^'History of Eng-
land," the first two volume* of which made their appear-
ance near the dose of 1S4S. Never before in the annals
of literature was any work of hiatory welcomed by the
public with such enthusiastic admiration. His work was
read by tens of thousands with as much eagerness and
delight as a fresh novd by Scott or Bulwer would have
been. In iSu Macaulav was chosen lord rector of the
University of Gla:^ow. Not long alter, in a speech whidi
he made m that aty, he took a formal leave of polidol
life, erolaining at the same time the prindples by which
he had sought to guide bis course while he was con-
nected with the government Among other things, he
said on that occasion, " I cannot accuse myself of having
ever been untrue either to the cause of civil or religioua
liberty, or to the cause of property and law. ' I reflect
with pleasure thai I bore a part in some of those reforms
which corrected greal abuses and removed just discon-
tents. I reflect with equal pleasure that I never stooped
to the part of a demagogue, and never feared to confront
what seemed to me to be an unreasonable damour." In
1853 the people of Edinburgh, as some atonement for
the injustice which they felt had been done him five yeara
before, again returned Macaulay to Parliament, without
bis having so much as offered himself as a candidate or
having made Ihe smallest effort to procure his re-elec>
tiou. Although he took bis seat in the House of Com*
mons, his declining health did not permit him to laka
any active part in the debates. During the whole time
that he waa in the House he spoke but twice 1 on both
s he was listened 10 with the most respecUnl
sr attention. An imperfect and extremely in-
. collection of his speeches having been printed
whhout his sanction, a correct edition was by nit au-
Ihoriiy issued in 1854. In 1856, on account of ill health,
he resigned his seal in Parliament. In 1855 the third
and fourth volumes of his History made their appearance.
They were welcomed as warmly and read as eagerly at
the two former had been. It was his original purpose
to bring hia History from the accession of James IL
down to a time within the memory of persons sdll living.
But in Ihe last volume be had only reached the peace
of RytwJck, in 1697. After his decease another frag-
mentary volume was published, induding an acootml
of the death of William IIL

In 1S57 Macaulay was raised to the peerage, with the
title of Baron Macaulay of Rothley. Although hit
health continued to decline, he still applied himself to
his literary labours until very near the time of hit death.
Hia disease was an affection of the heart of which he
died suddenly on the aSlh of December, 1859.

Betides tlie various productioni of his pen already
referred Ut, be contributed a seric* of valuable tricfja
phies to the "Enqpdopvdia Britannica." Not content
with his acknowlnlged maste^ in the different depart-
menlt of prose, he became again in 1S43 a candidate fcr
poetic burels, and ^ve to the world his " Lays of Aodent
Rome," of which it is scarcely too much to say that,
li>r a combination of picturesqueness, simplidir, and
power, there is nothmg of Ihe kind superior to then in
the English langu^e.

It is, however, as a writer on history that the name
cd' Macaulay is destined to take its most distinguithed
place and descend to Ihe remotest posterity. Already,
m hi* ettayi, he had proved hia mastery in thit depart*
ment of composition. A perfect history, according to
his ideal,* would not be content with merely recordiiw
wars and revolutions, the lives of kings and tieroca, but
would indnde literature and the arts, manner* and
ntages, Ihe progress of dviliiation, — in short, ^e whole
life of the nation ; not of the aristocrscr only, but of the
people in every rank aad conditioD Refemng t« Uac*

i. e, I, ^ C, r, leng; i, *, t, same, let* prolongwi; i, 4, 1, «, Di, JF, ik»rt; », ?, j. ft tUtiBt; fir. Oil, Otj mlti aU; ^BbA-, mtfte

MACAULAY

1607

MACCABEES

ulif*! h Utoric «M)ij«, Dean IlUnuui veil obMTTw, *■ TtM
nrietj of topics fi almoM m aotliing to the nnetj of
bfotmatiM) on even topic." Of the itjle he remarki,
"It wa* emioentlj nk own. ... It* characteriitics were
figour, animatian, copionmeis, deuDeu,— Above all,
wand Engliah, now a rare excellence. . . . His English
was pure Soth in idiom and in words 1 pore to Butidious-
■en ; not that he diacaided or did not tnake &ce ma
■f the plainest and' moat homely teraw, ... but every
word most be pitin Endiih, — notbing dtat approached
fcal Tolguit;, nolhm^ that bad not the atamp of popn-
hr use or the anthontr of aound Englith writera."

That Macanlajr poMeaaed in a pre-eminent degree
■um; of the higbeat attribute* of a peat hiitoiian, none
will deny. In dut powei <rf imagmadoa by which he
waa enabled to doth* the dead paat with all the activity
and hdneat of H^ he waa acarcely, if at all, inferior to the
moat gifted writera of fiction. In the eiteot and raiie^
of hia knowledge, in the qnickneas and atreiwth of hi«
intellect, by which he wa* able to gratp with ndlity the
noat difficult political and moral ptoblema, in hia thor-
ough acquaintance with ail the sjiringi of human action,
in the viTidnen of hia description*, in the animatioa
and *n*tained interest of hia nairative, in the deanieat,
force, and biilliancj of hia ityle, in hit command, in
■hoTtiOTer eveiT specie* (rf eloquence, whether deciaina-
lory, argumentatiraj or poedcal, he has, even among the
greatest maaten of historical composition, tew, if any,
•aperioT*. He it, however, it must be confessed wiui
regret, deficient in one important or rather essential
qualificaticm, — impartiality. Hii feelings were so intense,
hi* attachmenta and aversions to strong, that, wliere
these chanced to enter into the subject to be weighed,
the balance was too seldom held with an equal hand.

Macaulay's great work has been compared to a vast
painting, in which the diSerent Ggure* correspond to
prominent historic character*. It may be said that as
m hia atyle he too often sacrifices simplidty to his love
of antithesis, so in hia history he i* too spt to easKef-
. ate, for the sake of efiect, the lights and shsdows m'^Us
portraits.

In relatim to his converssdonal powers. Dean Hilman
observe*, ** In the quiet intercourse with the tingle
friend, no great talker waa more free, easy, and genial
Aan Hacaolay. There was the most equable interc£atwe
of thought ; he listened with as much courtesy 13 be
spoke with gentle and pleasant pertuawveness. In a
iBTger drde, tnch is he delighied to meet and aMemble
around him to the dose of his life, a few chosen in-
tiroatea, some accomplished ladies, foreigners of the
highest distinction who were eager to make his acquaint-
ance, hia tnanners were frank and open. In conversaticm
in such a drde, a commanding voice, high animal spirita,
unrivalled quiduiess of apprehension, a flow of language
ai rapid as ineihamitible, gave him, perhaps, a larger
■bare, but a share which few were not delighted to yield
Dp CO him. His thoughts were like lightning, and dotbed
themselves at once in words. . . . And the stores which
his memory had at instantaneous command I . . . With
these came arwcdotes, touches of charader, drollery, fun,
excellent tloriet ezcdlently told."

"Lord Macanlsjr," observes the tame writer, 'was
never manried; Ut attong d<nnestic affections were
chiefly oeotrad in hi* •i*teT — happily married tt '
friend Sir Charles Trevel;[an— and her family.
childTen were to him a* his own, and dierithed with
almost parental tertdenw**. A* a friend he waa sii^.
larly stead£>*L He wa* impatient of anting dit|Mr-

cnepay i he aecnred the ui

htlcai friend*, to whnn be had been

All MacaalaVs work* have been reprinted . ^ .

Hia " HiMory" his been tranalated mto French, the fir*t

:tachment of hi* po-

Tinglytrue."

o volume* by M. Jules de Peyronnet, the second and
Oird by M. KmkAkt Picbot

S« a •■ M«iir of Leid If aoaUv," wiittcs fet lbs Ron] Secjay
k Dbam Uiuuii: Ih* aedl«ii> mkl* is Aiuacan't "thcdesHv
M Aalbm 1" " Nenrdl* BJicrnliie Ofu^nli :" " BiofncUal
IkMchH," bv HAaaiBT llAminAD, iHo; Wmn ' ^'^
•Dd Rnieio.*'! nil., iSji: " Kdndnu^ furi«r" 1
Octcber.itjt.JuiaiT.iaj7.u'0cuiliB,itet: '

^S.Sfc»

v Hire^ il4i, ApriL itM, ud April, iSW; " BUdwood'i U w
inc" fai ApriL i<4g, AiinM uul Sipwmbar, Atb, Jnlv ud Agaim,
Bu; -NoithBriluliRnini-lbrMay, itAu^Hovoiiba. lUol
' FruB'sUvuin*" for Fibrurv, iStJ ; J. rAOKT, **Nn Kniua ;"
Tuvhtah. °Li/* ef Idd llMuln^"

MacanlBT, (Zachasy,) F.K.S., an Engliah philan-
thropist, of Scottith descent, bom aboat 1768, wal the
father of Lord Macanlay, the historian. He wa* a
icalous coadinlor of Wilbeifbrce in the abolition of
the slave-lraoe, in which cauae be laboured many years.
Died in 183S. His father, John Macanlay, minister al
Inverary, it mentioned in Dr. Johnson's " Tour to the
Hebrides."

Mao-Anley, (CATHUtHi E.,) an Irish lady, eminent
for benevolence and piety, born in the counn (A Dublin
in 1787. She was educated a Catholic Having lost
her parents in early life, she was ado|ited bv Mr. Cal-
lahan, a wealthy gentleman, who at his death, in 1822,
lefl her hi* entire Ibrtune. She founded in 1817, in
Baggot Street, Dublin, an insdtuiion designed ai a

Institute of Our Blessed Lady of Mercy, having for its
object the care of the sick. She became in 1831 superior
of the Older of the Sisters of Mercy. This order hat
been btrodnced into Great Britain, the United States,
Australia, and South America. Died in 1841.

S« " LifE i>r CiibcriH UioAnW." tiT > Mmbv U the Ordw
Vi Merer, New Yorli, 186&.

Mao-bCth' or MaobMn, mak-bi'thf, a king of
Scotland, who, according to die ctmunon tradition, was
a cousin of King Duncan, and originally Thane of Gla-
mis. About 1040 Macbeth assassinated Duncan and
usurped the throne. Malcolm, the lawfiil hdr, fled to
England, and, having returned with an army, defeated
Macbeth, who was lulled in 1056 or 1057.

The ttoTj of Macbeth's usurpation wonld teem ts
possess scarcely any positive historic basis. "However
be may have gained hii power," aays Barton, " he exer-
died It with good repute, sccording to the reports nearest
to his time. It is among the most curious of the an-
tuonisms that sometimes separate the popular opinion
oipeople of mark from anything positively kn6wn about
them, that this man, in a manner sacred to splendid in-
flany,ii the first whose name appean in the ecdenastical
record* both at a king of ScotlaiK] and a benefiu:tor of
the Church. ... He had a wider dominion than any
previous ruler, hiving CMnmand over all the country
now known as Scotland, eicept the isles and a portion
of the western highland!. " {" Hiatory of Scotland," voL
L chap. X.) The legend of Macbeth forms the subject
of one of Shakspeare's meet celebrated tragedies.

Sk HoumHiD, "Cbranldcs of Ec^uid*, Scotluda," Me>I
BuCHAHAH, "Hiitorla Scotka."

Mac-Bilde', (David,) an eminent surgeon, bom in
the county of Antrim, Ireland, in 1736, settled in Dublin
in 1749. Besides other works, he published an "Intro-
duction to the Theory and Practice of Medidne," (1773,)
which is much esteemed. Died ii. 1778.
^ Maooab»iia,JIuDAS.) See Jddas.

Mao-Olb*', (EbwARD^t an Irish cardinal, bom at
Dublin, February 14, 1816, was bred at Uaynooth, and
made a priest in 1839. In 1877 he became iHshop and
atsittani to Cardinal Cnllen, to whom he had for several
vear* been a vicar-general, to 1879 he became Arch-
Ushop of Dublin, and in 1883 he WM created a cardinal-
priest. Died at Kingstown, Ireland, February ic^ 1SS5.

MkoCnbe, (William ButNAU>,) an Irish jomWitt,
bom in Dnblin, November aj, 1801. For many year*
he was connected with the pre** of Dublin and London,
and was (1847-51) Uruguayan consul at London. Be-
sides various books translated from the Italian and Ger-
man, he publiihed a " Catholic History of England,"
(1848-54,) novel* entitled "Bertha," (1851,) " Florine,"
"Aiines Arnold," (iS60il "Adelaide," etc, and other
works. Died December 14, 1891.

KsCof-bMl, IGr. MoireBiaiW; Pr. HacCABtn, mT-
ktlA',1 a celebrated Jewish iumly, which attained th*
royal dignity in Judea. The tumame Maccasxits, firom
the Hetaew MaUudi, a " hammer," was first given to
Judat for his vtdorie* over the King of Syria, about 1A5
B.C Hi* bmily and descendants were also called Mac-

easi; ^Ktt;\hard; t^f:<KK,t.,ciiamral: f.muai; M,MlUd: iasi; thaainJlUi. (ly-Sae EiplanattOM, p. 93.)

d by Google

i6oS

MACCLELLAN

cibecs or AuBonzani. Jndai, who wu the Hm of
MitUlhiai, had three brothers, John, Simon, and Jona-
than, noticed In thii work.

Sh ApooTphii Book of HaccibHi; jDnniD^ 'Anliquitita

He took command of a division or corps called the Penn-
tjlvania ReKrves, aboat Mar, lS6l, and commanded the
wme at Hechanicarille and Gainei'B Mill, Tone 36-37,
1863. He was taken priaoncr Jane 30 ot that year.
Died in Pebniair, 1868.

BC^O-Car'tliy, (Dkhis Flokinci,) an Irith author,
born at Cork in 1S20. He waa appointed profeaaor of
poeli7 in the Catholic Univeraitj' of Dablin, and in 1871
mu made the recipient of a literary pension of one hun-
dred poand* pet annum. Among hia worka are tiaiM-
latioika from Calderon's dramas, (1S53,)" Ballads, Poema,
and Ima^ (1850,) " Undet-Glimpaes," (1857,) "The
Bell-Founder, and other Poems,'' |iSs7,) "Sheller'a
Early Life," (1871.) etc He also edited a "Book of
Irish Ballads," (1846.) Died April 7, iSSa.

MaoCuthf, (JVSTIN,) an Iriah author, born at Cork
November aa, 183b He received a good education, and
became a joumijist of Liverpool (1853) and London,

il86o.) He passed aeveral years in the United Slates.
n 1879 he was retarned to Parliament as a Home-Rutcr,
repreunting the county of Longford, and in 1880 wa4
re-elected with no oppotiiion. Among hia work* art
" A History of Our Own Timea," " History of the Foui
Georges," and a number of novels, including "My
Enemy's Daughter," " Lady Judith, " "A Fait Saion,"
"The Riddle Ring," etc Died April 24, 19H.

SSacCoTtb;, tJusTiNHtnn'LY,)sonoftheprecedmg,
bom 1863. Was a Nationalist member of Fatliunent
1884-9Z, and iheauthorof " England under Gladstone,"
(1884,) "IrelandsincetheUnion," (1889,) "The French
Revolution," (1890^ "ALondon Legend, "(189S,) etc,
McCheiney, (Dora Greehwell,) oovelist, bora
at Chicago in 1871. She made a special study of the
English civil war, and has written vanous novels relating
to this period. They include "Miriam Cromwell,
Rtq'alist," "Rupert, by the Grace of God," "Comet
StroDg of Ireton's Hoise," etc.

UaoChayiie, m^-shin', [Roibkt Murray,) a Scot-
tish divine, born at Edinburgh in 1813. He studied
theology nnder Dr. Chalmers in the university of
native ci^, and in 1836 was ordained minister of Saint
Peter's, Dundee. His earnest and faithful labours were
Instrumental in converting great numbers during the
memorable revival of 1S39. He died in 1843, leaving -
aiiinber of hymns of great beauty.

BSBOChl, tnlk'kee, (Maiteo.) an Italian poUtlcal
writer, born at Milan in 1S15. He waa a moderate Lib-
era] in politics. Died in 1S80.

MaoobiaTeUl or MachlaveUl. de, di ml-ke-1- - . .
lee, often Anglicized as Machlavel, mak'e-v-vll, ILaL
Hachiavkl'lus ; Fr. Machiavkl, mjfshe'i'vd',! (N"
COl6 DI Bbrhardo, ) a lamoua Italian stalesm;
diplomatist, and writer, whose character abounds
enigmas and paradoxes, and from whose name has been
derived a synonym of perfidious policy, (Matkiavfllism.)
He was bom at Florence on the 3d of May, 1469. In
1499 he was appointed i^iecretaiy of the Ten who managed
the diplomatic aSain ai the republic- He retained this
office about fourteen years, during which
ployed in many foreign missions to France, etc., and
aci)aitted himself with great dexterity. In 1510^ for the
third time, he was sent to France, and negotiated a
alliance with LonisXIL Hezealouslyexertedhistalenl.
and infltience 10 maintain the independence of Florence,
but without success. In 1513 the Medida obuined sore-
reigo power in Florence by the aid of the pope and the
emperor, and Macchiavelli was banished from the city,
but forbidden to leave the coantrr. He passed several
•ustdng yean in retirement, and during this period com-
posed a treatise on the "Art of War," and his important
worii entitled "The Prince," ("Del Prindpe," or "De
Prindpstlbas,") whidi has entailed a large portion of
conventtonal Infamy on hia name. It was written far tha

private Dae of Lorenao <k' Medld, and not designed lot
publication. " Few books," says Hallam, " have be«n
more misrepresented. His cnme, in the eyca trf' the
world, was to have cast away the veil of hypoaisy.*
("Introduction to the Literature of Earope.'') Aboot
1510 he was recalled into public service by Leo X., and
was employed on several missions, the last of which waa
to the armyoftbeleanie against Charles v., (iu&) He
died at Florence in June, 1537. His last work was an
excellent, luminous, and picturesque histonr of Florence,
(" Storie Florentine," 1535,) the stvle of which is greatly
admired. He was also author of several comedies of
some merit, and of valuable "Discourses on Livy."
"The character of Macchiavelli," says Macaulav, "was
halefiil to the new masters of Ital;. Hi* works were
misrepresented by the learned, misconstrued bv the
ignorant, censured by the Church, abuaed with all the
rancour of simalated virtue by the minions of a base
despotism and the priests of a baser superstition. .

The n

leof a

!,«. I, flm. y, /HV.- ».*.• •ii'<^ less protonged; i. «, 1, 8, d, ?./:*«*,■». T. i, <^

tiie dark places of polin, and to whose patriotic wisdom
an oppressed people had owed their last diance of
emancipation, paased into a proverbofinhmy. . . . The
term* in which he is commonly described would seem
to import that he was the tempter, the evil principle, the
discovererof ambition and revenge, the original inventor
of perjury," etc " His History of Florence," says Hal-
lam, " is enough to immortaliie the name of MachiaveL
Seldom has a more giant stride been made in any de-
partment of literature than by this judicious, clear, and
degant history." (*> Introduction to the Literature at
Enrope,")

%m Oiu-Tt. "Xk« « Mknifr HaikindB." ivn: Bai^
iHu."Elogio d^Nieeolb HKhimlli." i«4; PDitt, ''Hmoin
M V. UwA,m\," Tki; AiTAOB Ds Komar. "Huhiiinl. urn
OMeetHi Gm<in,"iS<3:U<iCAULAv-i "EMiy^" uiidc "M»-
ehisraUii" T. Muhdt, ■'MwchiavtlN bdi] dn Guig der Enrs-
ttiKhen Polidk." t>]i: OaasBWKt, "HiHoin de la Lin^tnr*
iHliennef Ciinmn, " Hinoncbe SchiJAai" P. W. EuLIM,
"H. i\ Bcmardo do U>cchi»(IH'i politiKlia Srneni." ttc. iSjs;
"Nouiellc BiofTuplue GAi^nlc :" "Edinbuixti Xcvim''l<irS«ilHD-
bv, ili6, p. », (bj St> JAHBS HACKtHToiH ;) " Edbiboigb Re
Ti(w" Ibr Much. 1B171 " Ncnh Ansticin Rrriew" fbtjul;, tS]j.

Maochlet±t, mik-ke-eflee, (Girolaho,) an Italian
painter, sumamed del CROCirissAjo.(kiio-che-f%s-sl'yo,)
(because, as we are told, hia master painted ciacifiies,)
wasbomat Florenceabout 1540. He worked at Florence
and Rome, and painted history and portraits with great
success. Among his master-pieces was a picture of the
" Adoration of the Magi"

S« Vasahi. " Ltni of ihe Prinie™,"

Mfo-Clel'^ii, (Georgr,) M.D., an eminent American
surgeon, bom at Woodstocic, Windham countr, Con-
necticut, in 17^ He graduated at Vale College in
■815, and studied medidne in the University of Penn-
sylvania, where he took the degree of M.D. in 1819.
He founded about 1826 the Je^rson Medical College
in Philadelphia, in which he became professor of surgery
and a very popular lecturer. He was one of the first in
the United States to introduce the ayatem of clinical
instruction into the medical schools. He was particu-
larly distinguished as a bold and successfiil surreal
operator. Died in 1847.

S«S.D.GiiiHa, "AmecicsiiUedicia Bioenphr " ilSt 1 Sunn.
G. MoiTDN, - Bifsnphicil NoticeofUr. G«itaUcasUui,"iS«:
W. Dmvacm, " Memmr of Dr. Gmige McCleU»n," 1B4}.

MooClellan, ( Grorcb Brinton, ) a distinguished
American seneral, the son of the preceding, waa born in
Philadelphia, December 3, 1836. He entered the Military
Academy at West Point in 1843, and graduated there in
the summer of 1846, standing second in general rank in
a large class. He served in the Mexican war as lieutenant
of engineer* in 1847, and was breveted capttbi for his
services at the capture of MezicoL In the s[>ring of 1855
the government sent to the seat of war in Ibc Crimea *
military commission to examine the military systems of
the European powers, etc Captain McCIellan was on*
of the three officers selected for this miasion. He re-
turned home in April, 1S56, and gave tba results of bin
observations in a valuable report to the war department.

id of tbe Union fbtcen

<rt; Or. fill, Ht; mHi n&t; |[Md; mOtin;

Digitized by VjOOQIC

MACCLERtfAND \t

la Woteni VhwinU, which defeaMcl the enanr at Ridi
nd Cheat River In Julv. A few ixn after
... jj^jj ^^

oTlheai

le was, at th* n

ited commandf

Jngton. He reoreanized that aniij

_. . . ahigh iUte of diidptine. When

Gencnl Scott retired from actiTo aerrice, November i,
iSSt, McChllan wu appointed to the command of the
annies of the Uoited Staiea. About Ihe end of Janaary ,
iSfct, th« Preaident ordered that a general movement
•bouldbemadebyall the armies on thoaad of Febrnar;.
Having been relieved from the command of all the de-
partments except that of the Potomac HcClellan began
to move towards Kichmond abont the loth of Hami.
He convemd his armv bj water down the Polomoc and
Chesapeake Bay to the mouth of Tames River. Sooa
■fter the opening of this campiifin he began to complain
that he was not properly supported by the President
He commenced active operatjons about the 5th of April,
by Ihe uege of Yorkiown, which the insurgents evacaated
(M the id ot 4ih of Mav. On the next €a be fought an
Indedaive battle at Wifliamsbarg, from which be slowly
followed the retiring enemr to the Chickahorainy.

According to bis iHographer and admirer, Mr. Hillard,
"the mind of McClcllan was constantly burdened with
a conviction that his troops were not namerous enough."
He had about 9SiOao men at Yorktown. The Union
annf wm attacked at Fair Oaks on the 31st of May by
General J. E. Johnston, who was repulsed with heavy
loaa. According to Hillar^ McClcllan was conlined to
bed by illness (bring this battle. His army remuned
nearly inactive in the swamps of the Chickahominy for
about three weeks, during which he lost great numbera
by aicknesB. Active hostilities were renewed by the
enemv on the 36tb of June, and then began the Seven
Dan' battles, at Mechanicsville, Savage's Station,
White Oak Swamp, Gaines's Mill, and Malvern Hill,
0uly I, 1S61,) the result of which was that the Union
Mmj was compelled to retreat and abandon the can>

Jncst of Richmond. He wrote to Secretary Stanton,
one aS, " If I save this srmy now, I tell yon plainly
that J owe no thanks to yon or to an; other persona in
Washington. You have done your best to sacrifice Ihta
army." In July, i86>, he wrote Ihe President a letter
M) the policy which ought. In his view, to be adniled
in the condoct of Ihe war, "MUituy power," he
wrote, "should not be allowed to interfere with the rela-
tions of servitude. ... A declaration of radical viewa,
especially upon slavery, will rapidly disintegrate our
present armies."

In August his army left Ihe peninsula, and was
moved by water from Ihe James lUver to Aqui'a Creek
AboDt tbe 3d of September be was appointed genetal-ln-
dtief of Ihe army which had been commanded bv Pope
and had been driven back to Washington. General
Lee, having crossed the Potomac into Maryland, was
pursued by McClellan, who gained a victory at Antietam
Creek on Ihe l6th and iTCh of September, 1S63. The
Union anny lost in this battle 11,416 in kilted and
womded, and was unprepared or unable to pursue Lee,
wbo retired to Virgiiua on the tSth of September. On
Ihe tith of October McClellan was ordered to cross the
r drive him

.. _s removed from command by an order dated the

5th of November and received on the 7th. In August,
186^ be was nominated as Democratic candidate for the
Presidency by the Convention at Chicago. He received
at Ae election only twenty-one electfwal voles, cast by
tha Statoa of Kentncl^, Delaware, and New Jera^.
Resigned from the army in November, 1S64, after 1S6S
was superintendent of docks and piers in New York, and
in 1877 waselectedgovemorotNew Jersey. DiedOct.
39, 1885. — His son, of tame name, bom in 1865, wasa
nembei of Congress 1895-1903 and mayor of New
Ycrk 1903-09.

BCfO-Clai'ilfiia. (JOUM AJ) an Anerkan general,
born in Breckinridge coonly, Kentucky, in iSia. He
lOBtfved to lUinois. and served as a member of Congreas
from that State from 1S43 to 1S61. He commanded a

Genera] Sherman as commander of an army in Ulasia-

a corna at the liege

„ . . . _jiy. He was removed tron thia com-
mand before Ihe end of thai siege. Died in 1900.

Uacolwfield, Eaki. of. See Fauch.

Uao-dlnf pok, (Sir Fsancis Liopold,) a ancecsafiil
Arctic explorer, born at Dundalk, Ireland, in 1819. He
entered tne navy about 1831, and obtained the rank of
lieutenant in 1S45. In 1848 and 1849 he served under
Sir James Roas in hia expedition in search of Sir Joha
Franklin. He distinguished bimaelf by his enterprise,
skill, and energy in several suhaeqnent expeditiona for
the same purpose, and performed remarkable feats ia
sledge -travelling. In 1S57 Captsin HcClintock received
command of the " Fox" screw-stesmer, fitted out by Lady
Franklin for a final efibrt to obtain tiding* of the lost
navigator. In Ihe winter of 1858-59 he and his officera
performed exteoiive slcdge-ioumeys, and in May found
at Point Victory, on King William's Island, the record
of Franklin's (feath and the remains of the last sur-
of his parnr. (See FftAHKUtt, Sir John.) Soon
after his return, September, 1S59, he was knighted, and
received various honours and rewards. He published a
" Narrative of the Discovery of the Fate <rf Sir John
Franklin," (i36a) He became vice-admiral in 1S77.

MfO-CIlnf 90k, (JoHM,) D.D., an eminent American
scholar and Meibodisl divine, bora in Pbiladelphia ii

College at Carlisle, became editor of the "Methoditt
Quarterly Review" in i S48, and conducted the sane with
great atnlily for eight years. In 1S57 he was appointed
pastor of Saint Paul's Church, in the dty of New York,
where be acquired distinction as a pulpit orator. He
accepted in i860 the charge of the American Chapel

and hia home in Paris became a rallying centre for pa-
triotic Americans. Having returned home about Iwj,
be resumed his literary labour^ and w

Strong, is a "Theolwical and Biblical Cyclopsdia," l_
10 vola., of which only three volumes were published
before his death, which occurred March 4, 1870.

iCao-C10B'kB7, (John,) D.D.,an American cardinal.
born in Brooklyn, New York, March ac^ iSia He was
trained in the college and seminary at Emmitlsburg,
Maryland, was ordained a priest in 1S34, and studied
two years at Rome. In 1S44 he was consecrated Bishop
of Aiiere and made coadjutor of the Bishop of New
York. In 1847 he wat installed Bishop of Albany, where
his sdministration was brilllanlly successful. In 1864
he was promoted to be Archbishop of New York, and
in 1875 was created a cardinal-priest. Died in 1SS5.

HkoCloakay, (Wiluau GEOKaa,) D.D., an Ameri-
can bishop, bom In Brooklyn, New York, November lO^
1833. He graduated at the college in Emmittsburg,
Maryland, in 1S47, and became a professor in Saint
Marv'l Theological Seminary, (Roman Catholic,] wat
in l8S9 appointed president of the American College iti

a cooaccrated Bishop of Louis-

ana,) a navigator, waa bom al Wexford, Ireland, in
180T. After.aervinf many yean in the navv, he accom-
panied Sir Jamea Roaa in search of Sir John Franklin
In 1848. On hia return, in 1849, he was raised to tbe
raidc of captain. In 1850, as captain of tbe Investigator,
he was directed to renew the enterprise by advandng
eaatwsrd b'om Behring's Strait. He entered a strati
which he named the I^nce of Wale* Strait, and, after
bis ship was frocen last, he pureoed the exploration by
sledges nntil he reached Melville or Barrow's Strait, in
Ihe winter of 1850-51. This {■ called the first discovery
of the Northwest Pusage. In the next season he dis-
covered a second passage, on the north side of Baring

Island. In 1853 he was extricated from a pertlc "-

..i.T_ v.iu* _i.A ._;_j .• Helvilli

atlon by Captain Kelle^ who arrived at Melville bland

(.-tAdnf;t;as/:a.H,K,;waMraiVN,iMMi^ ^tniitd;ltt

: AiaiDttii. (|ir~Sce Explanstiona, p 33.)

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

MACCLURG

ftMB the eiM t bnt be ma fiirced to mbandon the Invc*-
tintOT. On bii retarn home be receiT«d > lemrd of
JC5000 for hi* ditcoveriea. Died October 17, 1873.

Bbo-olnrf', (f amo^) u Americu phyucUn, born
at Hampton, Virsinia, in 1747, ma tbe antliot of
trealiM "On the Human Bile," which waa tranalate
into teveral laiuniagea. Ked in 1815.

Mf e-CoU', (HaIoolm,) a Briti^ aDlhor.bont at Glee
fiium, cooatf m Invemeaa, Scotland, Much 37, 183S.
He waa edncaWcl at Edinburgh, Trinity College, Glenal-
mond, and the Univerainr «f Naples, and became a der-
nman of the English CnarclL He wrote " Science and
fTarer,"''The Reformation in EM;land,'"'Lawles3neB*,
SaceTd(>tali*in,andRJtaa]iBm,'"''I^e£aateniQaestian,"
and a number of book* on poUlica] aabjecia.

M»o-Cook',(AL«XAND»R McDowell, ) an Amei
iean general, bom in Columbiana county, Ohia, i:
1831, graduated at Weit Paint in 1851. He served
through the citiI war, and wai bieretled brigadi
general and major-general of volunleera March
1865. He was made colonel in iSSo, reached the
rank of major-general ia 1894, and died June 1 1, 1903.

MaoCook, {Hknrv CHRirroPHU.) D.D., an Ameii-
can naturaliit, born at New Lisbon, Ohio, Jul; 3, 1S37.
He graduated at JcBeraon College, CanoiubDrg, Pcnn-
aylrania, in 1S59, and ilodied at the Allegheny Theo-
logical Seminary, entered the Preabyttrian minialry, and
In 1869 became pastor of a church in Philadelphia. His
feligioti* biMk* include " Object and Outline Teaching,"
(1871,) a -Teacher'* Commentaty," (3 voli., 1871-71,)
"The Tercentenary Book," (1873,) etc Hi* (dentific
work* include " Uound-Uaking Ant*," (1877,) "Agri-
cultural Ant* of Texas," (i88cC) " Honey and Ocd<knt
Ant*," (1883,) "The Tenants of an Old Farm," (1884,)
"American Spiders," etc. He ha* al»o written "The
Latimera," an Ikistoiical novel. Dr. MacCook it the
Ughetl aathority on the ants and spiders of the New
World. Med October 31, 1911.

BBKoOcwd, (GloiQK HuiBKBT,} an American painter,
b«vn in New York dty, August t, 1S48. Among his
., „ . — J „^j

etc In 18S3 lie waa elected an assodate of the Nati<
Academy.

MfO-Cor'iniak, (Cvkui Hau,) an American in-
ventor, bom at Walnut Grove, in Rockbridge raunty,
Virginia, February II, 1S09. He won great &me and
we^dth by his improved reaping-machinea, the Grat of
which was patented in 1834. In 1S47 he tiecame a rem-
dent of ChKago, where be died in 1S84. He founded a
fcwbjFtorian uedopcal aeminary in that city in 185^

MoConnlok, (Robbrt S.,) diplomatist, bom in
Rockbridge Co., Virginia, ia 1849, waa U. S. secretary
of legation at London 1889-92 ^ minister to Austria-
Hungary 1901-03; ambassador JulytoDecember, 1902;
ambass^lor to Russia 1903-05, to France 1905-07.

Mao-CoBli', (Jakes,) D.D., LL-D., an emineni
Scottish theologian and metaphysidan, was bora in Ayr-
shire, April I, iSiI. Became a minister of the Free
Church of Scotland, and professor of kvie at Belfast,
Ireland. Was present of Princeton College, New Jer-
*ey, 1868-8S, and died in 1904. Was the author of
numerous works on philosophical, psychological, reli-
gious, and other subject*.

UaaoOTlBS- See Makowski.

Mao-C5irD', (John Pobtkr,) an officer, bom in
Tennessee, served in the Mexican war in 1847, and
became a brigadier-general in the Confederate army
ini86i.

Mao -Coy, (Sir Frbd BRICK K.,) a British geologist,
bom at Dublin in 1833. He became actively engaged
on the geological survey of Ireland, studying the fos-
sils, on which he published several illustrated works.
He was one of tbe first professors in the Queen's Uni-
versity, Ireland, and for more than thirty years was
Cfessor of natural sdence in the University of Mel-
rae. He wrote laieely aa loolasy and paleon-

MACCULLOCS

tology, was elected a F.R.S. in 1880,
many other marks of honour.

Mac-Cra'ry, (Gborgk Washincton,) an Ameri-
can cabinet officer, was bom near Evansville, Indiana,
in 183s. He was elected to the Wisconsin legislature
in 1857, to the State senate in 1861, and was in Con-
gress from 1S6S to 1876, when he entered tbe Hayes
cabinet as secretary of war. He was judge of the
Eighth Judidal District 1879-84. Died June 33, 1890.

HcCrea, mak-krl', (James,) railroad preudent, bom
at Philadelphia in 1848. Engaging in railroad wwk in
1865, he entered the service of the Pennsylvania Rail-
road in 187 1, and ascended tlirough various grade* from
general manager in 18S3 to president in 1907. He was
president also of several associated roads. D. 1913.

BCnoCraa, mfk-kri', (Jane,) a daughter of a Scottish
dergyman in New Jersey, was murdered in 1777 brthe In-
cUan allies of Burgoyne, near Fort Edward, oo the Htidton.

UaoCHo, m^k-kree', (Thoh as,) an ^oqueot Scottlah
Presbyterian writer, bom at Dunse, in BerwickaUre, la
1773. He belonged to " the most straiteat sect" of U*
religion, snled "Anti-Bargbers,'*a part of the Seceadoa
Church. About 1795 he was ordained minister ofa con-
gregation in Edinburgh. In iSti or i8ia he ptiblUbed
a " Life of John Knoi," which obtained great popolarity.
Hls"LifeofAndiew Melville" (i8t9) display*, with warm
aectarian partiality, much learning and ability. He after-
ward* produced, besides other works, an interesting
" History of the Progresa and Suppression of the Re-
formation in Italy," (1837.) Died in 1835. In relerenca
to hi* " Lilit of Knox," Lord Jeffrey saya, " We do not
heutaie to prononnce it by fiu- the beat piece of lu*tory
which haa appeared since the commencemenl of our
critical career. It i* extremely accurate, learned, and
!— jQij ^ (|jg same lime very fiill of spirit and

Sh " Ediiibiitth RcT]nt"far July, ilii: Chahhbi, "BH(ra-
pMcal DktionVT of Endant ScoOBiai," (Supphnwnt)

MaoCila, (Thowas,) D.D., LL.D^a Scotttah divine,
a son of the foregoing, was bom at Edinburgh in 17^
He became a professor of theology in the E^bytenan
College in London. Among hia works are " SItelchea
of Scottish Church History,^ (1841,) a new trxnsladon
c^ Pascal's " Provindal Letters," a "Lib of Thomas
McCrie," (his fiuher,) etc. Died in 187$.

MaoCnllaBli, m^-klillfH, (Jahis,) a distinguished
matbematidan and natural philoaopher, bora b the
county of Tyrone, Iteland, in 1809, wa* educated in
Trinity College, Dublin. He was dioaen a Fellow of
that coUege in 1833, and professor of natural philosophy
in 1843. He gained diatinction by his researches in tlie
wave theory of light, and other subjects, on which he
wrote several treatises. In 1S46 he received (he Copley
medal of the Royal Sodety for his contribution* to tha
sdence oflight He died, by snidde, in 1847.

IdaoCnUooh.mfk-kul'Igh, (Benjamin,) an American

Gnerat, bom in Rntherfbrd county, Tennessee, in 1S14.
e served in the Mexican war, (t&fJS-^y.) and took arms
)n*l the Union in 1S61. He commanded at the battle

oTwi

killed at the batUe of Pea Ridge, March, 1863.

SMTnnm, "UiliiaiTHi(toiT(jf thcRBbdlioB,' iK{.

KaoCnUoch, mfk-kull^h or mfk-kullgE, (Hora>
no,) a ■kilful Scottiah landscape-painter, bom in Glaa-
gow in iSoi^ worked in Edinburgh. Died June tj,
1867.

MaoCaUooh, mfk-knllgli, (Huok,) an American
banker and statesman^ born at Kennebunk, Mail

Fort Wayne, Indiana,

bank-ptesidenL From 186310 1865 he was United State*
comptrollEr of the currency. He was secretary of the
treasury from 1365-69, and again in 18S4-S5. In 1870 he
became a banker in London. He published 'Hen and
Measures of Haifa Century," (1888,) and became LL.O;
of Bowdoin College in 1889. Died May 34, 1S95.

MaoCnUooh, mtk-kun^h, (John,) F.R.S., a Brit-
i*h geologist and naturalist, born in Guernsey in 177^
He Btndied mcdidne, which be practiaed for a shot!
1,^ I, A, 0, y./.^; 1, t,4kaame,le**(«olongw];i,Jti,Ji,tk,]F,/A»rf;^^(,,,««»w,;ar,ail,at;niet;n&t;g«d;mani

d by Google

MACCULLOCH

tfauc Aboat i8il be began to nuke a scientific aanei
ind exploration of Scotland in the eerrice of the gorem-
ment, and while thin employed he examined the ceolon
apd mineralogy of that r^on. He became wetr versed
in many natural sciences and in seTeral an*. In 1831
he published a "Geological Classification of Rocks."
etc, and in 1S24 "The Highlands and Western Iiles di
Scotland, in a Series of Letters to Sir W. Scott." Foi
many years, ending in 183a, he was employed in the
geological and minetalogical anrrey of Scctland. He
afterwards published the results of tbia survey in
txcelleni mineralofpcal map. Iiied in 1835.

M&oCnUooli, John Ramsay,) an eminent Scottish
writer on political economy and commerce, was bom in
Wktcmshire about 1789. He edited the "Scotsman"
in Edinburgh for a few years, and contributed many
•Ttidea to the "Edinbureh Review." About 1S2S he
t«moTed to London and became professor of political
•eooomy in the new aniTeisity. He wrote many works,
which are highly esteemed. Among these are "The
Principles of Political Economy," (1815,) a valuable
"Dictionary of Commerce and Commercial Naviga-
tion,'' <iS3a,) and a "Dictionary, Geographical, StaUs-
tical, and Historical," etc. About 183S he became
comptroller of the stationery office, London. Died in
1864.

Mao-Cann, (Hamish,) a Scotch composer, bom
at Greenock in 1S68. His works are largely Scottish
in subject and sentiment, and comprise overtures,
choral works, songs, the opera "Jeanie Deans,"
(1894,) etc.

MoCatobeon flSioKas Barr,) novelist, bom b
Tippecanoe Co., Indiana, in 1 866. Was successively
teporter, editor, and author, and wrote "Granstark,"
"Brewster's Millions," "The Rosein the Ring," etc—
His brother, JohnTinnht McCutchbon, bom in 1870,
b a skilliil cartoonist, and has been on tbe " Chicago
Tribnne" since 1903. He has travelled widely in search
of subjects, and published collections of cartoons, etc

Mao-doii'ald,(ALBXAiiDEK,)a Scottish Jacobite poet,
bonl at Dalilea,iQ Moidait, in 1701. Was aschooUnas-
ter, bat served as an officer in the Young Pretender's
aimy. Among his works are a Gaelic vocabulary. (1741,)
a volnine of Gaelic poems, and several collections of
verse in English. Died at Santug about 1780.

Moodonald, [Fr. proiL mlk'do'ntl',] (Stiknki
Jacques Joseph,) Dnke of Tarenlum, an able French
marshal, was born of a Scottish bmily at Sancerre in
176c Pot hn^condoct at JcmmBpcB(l793)he was made
acMoneL In 1^3, at general orbilEijle, he served under
ncbegni in Flandera. He was made ageneral of division
in 1795 or 1796, and joined the army of Italy in 1797. In
Felwnary, 1799, he succeeded Championnel in the chief
' it Rome, where hi

led a

In November, 1800, he

nii^ says Alison, " wu perhaps the most
fnl achievement of modern war," ("Hislorv of
larope.") He was sent as ambassador to Denmark in
tSoa, and returned in 1804. After this he passed about
five yean withont employment, having, it is supposed,
oAnded Bonaparte by his public expressions in &vour
of Horeau. Having received command of a division in
1S09, he displayed great skill and connge at Wagram,
Uily, tSo9.) where Bonaparte gave him a marshal's
Etton on the field of battle. Soon after Ihii event he
was created Duke of Tarentum. In the Russian Cam-
paign of i8[i. Marshal Macdonald commanded the tenth
KfTf*. He contributed to the victories of Lutsen and
Baatien, (>3l3,| and served the emperor with fidelity to
dw la«t m the campaign of 1814. When Napoleon was
■boat to abdicate, he ezpreased his grateful sense of
Uacdonald's MTvkes, and presented la him a Turkish
Mbrei. Having declared his adhesion to Louis XVIIL,
he rcfbsed to serve his former master during the Hun-
dred Days, and in 1S16 was appointed grand chancellor
wl (be legion of honour, and

k1 grand chanccll
uider of a milita

«aBi; f aa«,- %hardi tatj; a, k, iL,giatimUi », naiali %,trilUd! las

ti MACDONOVGH

dtvirion. He died m i84C^ leaving his title of dnke to

5» Thios. "Hiitsfav dn CoBMht <i d* I'Eaiiin;'' iemmt,
"Pt^ch it* Op^nlioM militum ;" TmajtuDuu, "Hiilaii* ds

Nipolion :-' ■- fl»i.Fn< Kosni^c QtainW

Macdoaftld.f Flora,) a Scottish heroine, bom in one
oftheHebridesint720. Ini746, aflerthebattleof Cul-
loden, she boldly rescued Charles Edward Stuart, the
"Pretender," from his pursuers, taking him, disguised as
her servant, to the IsleofSkye. She was arrested andim-
prisoned a few months forth is oflence. She died in 1790.

UacDoDald, (Giorce,) a disiin^ished Scottish nov-
elist, born at Huntly, in Aberdeenshire, in 1814. He was
educated at the Univetsity of Aberdeen and In the
college at Highbury, London, and was for a time a min-
ister of the Independents, but afterwards Joined the
English (Episcopal) Church as a layman. He has pub-
lished some volumes of poems, and many stories, in-
eluding " David Elginbrod," (1863.) " Robert Falconer,"
(1S68,) "The Princess and the Goblin," (1871 J "The Mar-
quis of Lossie," (1877,) "Castle Warlock," (i88»,)
"What's Mine's Mine," (l836,) " Lililh," (1895,)

Salted with Fire," (1897,) etc. Some of hi* works
re for children, and all are written with some religious
r didactic purpose. He died September 18, 1905.

Macdonald, (Hbctor Archibald.) a British
army officer, who entered tbe service in 1880 and took
urt in the Boer war of 1S81, tbe Nile expedition of
.885, the capture of Tokar 1891. the Dongoia expedi-
tion of 1S96, and commanded a Soudanese brigade at
Omderman 1898. After the death of General Wau-
chope, in the South African war of 1900, he took com-
mand of the Highland brigade.

MmodoiMld, (Hugh.) a Scottish anlhor, bom ai
Glasgow in 1817. He was a block-printer, but became
a Journalist. He wrote "Rambles about Glasgow,"
" Days at the Coast," and a votome of genial " Foenu,"
'-"^i) Died March 16. t86a

UoDonald, (Jamis Wilson Alkxamder,) scnlp-

, bom at Steubenville, Ohio, in 1824. Studied the
_- . of sculptore under Waugh, und grew famous for bis
statues- Among them is that of Fiu-Greene Halleck in
Central Park, N . Y. , WashinEton Irving in Prospect Park,
and General Custer at West Point. D. Aug. 14, 1908.

Mnodonald, (JoRn,) F.R.S., a Scottish officer and
writer, was the »on of Flora, above noticed, and was born
at Kingsbur^h in 1759. He passed many years in the
military service of the East India Company, and became
a captain in the corps of engineers. About iSoo he re-
turned to England. He published a valuable " Treatise
on Telegraphic Communications," (1S08.) and wrote
many articles on magnetism and other sciences, some of
which were inserted in the "Gentleman's Magasine."
He translated fi-om the French several works on military
tactics. Died in 1831.

Msodonald, (Sir J|aHH Alrxandbk,) a statesman,
bom in Sutherlandahire, Scotland, January 11, 1815.
He went in childhood to Canada, and'^ in 1S35 became a
lawyer of Kingston. He at once became a recognized
leader among the Canadian Conservatives. He held
many important public offices, and in 1878 was made
minister of the interior and premier of the DomiiuoiL
He was knighted (K.C.B.) in 1867. Died in 1891.

MaoDonald. (John Blake,} a British painter,
bom in Morayshire in 1829. His "Prince Charlie
leaving Scotland," exhibited in 1S63, was much ad-
mired, and was followed by numerous paintings of
Scottish subjects. He was elected to tbe Royal Scot-
tish Academy in 1877.

Macdonald, (Laurenci,] a Scottish sculptor, bom
in 1793, passed the greater part of his mature life at
Rmne. His subjects are mostly taken from the &eek
and Roman mythology, and are treated in the pme
-'iBsical style. Died March 4, 1S7S.

Haodanald, (William Bill,) a Scottish •chular,
im in 1807. He was educated at the University of
Glasgow, wrote a " Coptic Grammar," and made a iraiw-
Istion of " Faust" Died at Glasgow in t86s:

Haodonongb, tn»k^lon'oh, (Thomas,) an American
lodore, born in New Castle county, Delaware, in

(C3

"See Explanation*, pt 33.)
■igilizedb, Google

MACDOUGAL li

1784> Ai coounanikr of the Ameiican fleet on L>ka
CbunpUin, be nined ■. iplendid ard deduTe victoty
o*«t the Britiefa w September, 1814, in u action of little
more than t«« houa. For thia service he waa promoted
to the rank of captain. Died {d 1815.

MMdongiJ, n^k-doo'gfl, (Aleukdbr,) an AmcT'
ion officer.boni about i73o,diitinguished himielf in the
war of the Rerolution, loie (o be major -general, and
coDunandcd at the battle of White Plains, (1776.) He
naielectedtoIheContincDtalCongress, 17S1. D. 17S6,

MoDow'ell, (Edwab-d Alexander,) piuiiic and
composer bom at New York in 1861. Studied piano
music and plajing in Paris and Germany, taught in vaii'
ous European cities, and returned to America in 1888,
settling at Boston. Grew fanums both aa a player and
composer, his published worlis numbering 63 and com-
prisingoverjoosepaiBtepieces. Died Januaryaj, 1908.

MACFARLANE

Point in 1S3S. He terted in the Mexican war, (1846-
47,) and became a captain in 1S47. In Hay, 1861, he
waa appointed a brigadier-general of the regular army.
He commanded (he Union force* at the battle of Bull
Rim, July 31, 1861. In April, 1863, he look command of
the department of the Rappalunnock. He commanded
■ OMpa of the army of General Pope, and took part in
MTeral battles near Manassai in August, 1S61. In 1S64-
65 he was commander of the department of the Pacific.
Become major-geueiitl in 1872. Died in 1885.

UuDowaU. (Mrs. Kathuunx S.,) bom in lUaeU-
uppi in iS$3. Sbe was married about 1S69, and in 1871
removed to Boston, Hassachuteits, to enter upon a titer-
'ler principal •» ' " . - - -

ales'') attained
cess. Her'Suwanee Rii
Died at Holly Sprinn, Miisissipoi, July S3, 18S3.

Mfo-Dfiw'eO, (Patbick,) a skilful sculptor, bom at
Belfast, in Ireland, in 1799. After he had serred seT-
eral years aa an apprentice to a coachroaker of London,
he became a self-taught sculptor. His marble statue
of a "Girl Reading" <i83S) was greatly admired, and
procured for him liberal patronage. In 1S44 be pro-
dnccd a marble group called " Love Triumphant" He
was elected a Royal Academician in 1846. Among his
uaster-oieces are "Pavche." "Eve." "Eailv Sorrow."

- '■ {John R.,) D-D., a Scottish clergyman,

it Boobard, in Perthshire, in 1S18. He was eda-

ctted at the Edinburgh High School and Univeralty. Id

iftij h« became a mmiscer of the Church of Scotland,

184) h

Mountains," "Memories of Bethany," and "The Galea
of Praise," the last a collection of poems. Died in 1895.

M|0-DiiFfla, (GiOKCi,) an American lawyer and
p<ditkiani bom in Colombia county, Geoi|^a, abont
■788. He was a member of Congress from iSit to
IB3S>*ippo^^ Jackson for the Presidency in iSlS, and
«»B elected Governor of South Carolina in 1834. He
gained distinction as a public speaker, and took an
active part in the debates of Congress, in which Ite
advocated State rights and the polin of J. C. Calhono.
In 1843 he was elected > Senator of the United Sute*
by the l^tshtture of Sooth Carolina. He reaped hit
•eat in 1846. on account of ill health. Died in 1S51.

Hioek t^ltANO) LAtiOiTTOH,) an American poetess,
boio at Orooo, Maine, in 1836. She has contributed to
the leading magaiinea, and one of her poems, " Only
Waiting," pnUiahed anonymously in 1SJ4, baa adiievcd
a wide popalarity.

Mao4, mfsi', (FkANQOii,) a Frendi ecclesiastic and
biblical writer, bom in Pans about 164a He wrote
"La Scienoe de PBciitnre sainte," (1708,) and othci
worka. Died in lyii.

Maak, (lUMj a French author, bom In Paris,
April », 181$. He waa bred at the CoU^ Stanitlas,
(tla5-J5.) but becaaae a private iddier. Besida barf-
talaa olinBdi OMril, lie wrote mncli for the popnlaiiia-
IIm air sdenoe, aitd laboured tar the eataUishinent of
•cboola aJMl libtarlsa for the people- Many of hit books

treat of popular education, of phvakilagy and bealih, eta
In 1880 he became a member of the L^on of Hcnavr,
and in 1883 life aenator. Died December it, 1804.

Mum, mi*, (Thoka^) an EnfUah mnaidan, bon !■
1613, published a book called "Untied Uoottmeat,"

"TO*

Macedo, de, (Frj
prolific writer, born
Padua in 1681.

Uacedo, Ox. (Joaquin Manoai.,) a Braiilian

Eoet, bom in 1820, He was made professor of national
isloiy in the College of Rio Janeiro in 1S50, and was
several times elected deputy by the city of Rio Janeiro.
He is highly esteemed by the Brazilians as their best
lyric poet. He also wrote novels and composed several
dramas, which met with much success. Died in 1883.
Bfacado, do, (JozA Aoostinho,) a distinguished
Portugnese poet and critic, bom at Ev'ora about 177a
lie Moptea the profeaaion of a priest, and became a
popnlar preacher in Liabon. He edited the official
Guette of Lisbon, and wrote several polidcal tracta.
About 1811 he produced an ejnc poem called "Gama."
A revited edition appeared wjih the title "The Orient,"
("O Orientc") He waa also author of poem* entitled
"Meditation" ("MeditacSo") and "Newton." Died in

1831.

Ma^'ft^on, IMwrdwi',] aaid to have been a ton of
Jupiter and Thyia, and a brother lA Munes- From hi*
name that of Macedonia it snppoaed to be derived.

Uncedon'iciu, a surname of Q- CiWnuus MXTBL-
Li;s. See Mbtellvs.

Ma$-e-do'iiI-na, IGr. Ifoudnwir,] the founder of a
heretii^ sect called Hacedoiuan*. He was a leader of
the Semi-Aritns, and wa* chosen Patriarch of Constan*
tinople by the Ariana abont 341 a.d. ; but the Catholics
refiised to recognize him. In 360 he was depoaed. He
alterwarda denied the divini^ or personality of the Holy
^drit, and fbond (ollowcra.who composed a separate *ect

MaoEoery, (Samuel Douclas,) senator, bora at
Monroe, Louisiana, in 1837. Served in the Confederate
army in the dvil war, afterwards practised law, and was
lieutenant governor of Lomsiana I S79 ; governor 1 88 1 ,
18S4; justice of the State Supreme Court lS8S-^;
United Slates senator 1S97-1909.

MaoThttea, mak'^n-tec, (Jketu.) an American land-
sc^ie-painter, bom at Rondoot, New York, Jnly 14,
1838. His pictures are very freqtiently autumn scene*
of great but melancholy beauty. He also painted the
figure with success. He wa* a member of the National
Academy. Died January 27, 1S91.

Maoeo, (Antonio,) a Cuban patriot, bora at San-
tiago de Cuba in 1848. He look an active part in the
war for independence of 1S68-78, becoming a general,
refused to lay down his arms when peace was made,
and was a leader in the war of 189;, making a brilliant
invasion of Pinar del Rio. He was shot from ambush
in 1896. His brother Josfc fought with him in both the
wars named and was killed in battle in the same year.

Mao«f. See Caltvi, (C Ijcntitn Kacbl)

Ui'ofr, (£milius,| a Roman poet of Vcrooa, waa
contemporary with Virgil. He wrote a poem or poema
on Birds, Snakes, and Medictnal Plants. Hit worka are
not extant Died in it %.Z.

Haoer, (fMiLttra;) a Roman jntlat, who lived in Ae

ne of Alexander Senras. He wrote aeveral legal

works, of which extracts are jriven in the "Dirat."

Amoiia the titles of these are " De Appellationibns" and

" De Re HilitarL"

r, (C Licnf IDI,) a Roman historian, tracn abont
. was the father of C. Lidnins Calvns, and a
leader of the democratic party. He became nrmoc
' ' " ~ Mr 7a Hi* hiatoiy of Rome, entitled "An-
Rerom Romanoram libri," i* referred to by
Livy with reepect Harbig been impeached 1^ Cicero,
and convicted under the law " De Repetundk," in tt
■.C he committed anidde.

MaolarUiM, mfk-fartfa, (CKAmLBa,) a Briiitb a»
titor, who pnblithed, beaidet other worka, "Onr Indiaa

i, e, I, <^ fl, ^ Jlnrv K t. ^ ■««•• l«w pn>l«<>gedi i, i, 1, 0, fi, <r, «i«rf ; t, C. 1 9, •'wnwv; Or, ill], at; mtti ^

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MACFARLANE i6

bPFiTb" (a tolt., 1844.) "TlM tmoA ReTolntbHi," U
■«« iB^S.) tnd, in conjnnctiMi with GcoTge !• Crdk,
-Ike Plctarial Hwtor; of Eadtnd," (8 vol*., 1849.)
AkfthhMitjertenDaL Di^ in 1858.

Ifaeteun*. (Rosbkt,) x ScoHUh writer, bom In
Ijt^ HcpnblUiiedk''Hitlot7oftlieIUignofGeor^
IlL/* edited tbe "Mornins Chronide," London, *nd i>
nid to h>Te udned llKpkcnon in Um prepiratian of
Oniuk, Med In 1804.

Hw-tb'rfii. (GioBOB AucxAHDU,) an embent
Englisb mnticil conpoMT, bom in London in 1813. He
became a profeaaoi in Ibe Rojal Academy of Moai^ and
^odnoed miDjr ancccwfnl opena, aongt, dneta, etc.
Among hia principal worka are "The Devil's Opera,"
(1838,) "Don Qiuaote," (!846,) "King Charlea 11.."
(i84«,i - Robin Hood," {i860,) and " Jeaaie Lea." (1863.)

m:

L%-. .

__, y, (Thomas O'AmcT,) a Canadian jonmallat,

bom in CarNngfbrd, Ireland, April 13, iSsj. H« waa
'a Catholic paper in Botton, Haaaachusetta, 184a

-liCapoliticianandjonmaliat of Dublin. ta45-48>and _..
e£lac of Iriab-American papcra in New Yorli, 1848-57.
In 1857 he removed to Montreal, where l>e became a
jownaJiat and member of Parilament, filling aeveral poai-
tioiia in tlw Colonial miniatr]'. Among hia worlu are a

-Catholic Hiatorj of North America," (185O

of Iteland,"(i863,)and''Poenia,"(ig70.J He
dered b; a Fenian at Ottawa, April 7, 1S6S.

1 geologic survey of Northeast Iowa 1877-81
and afterwards made eitensive explorations in con-
nection with the United States Geological Survey.
In 1893 he became ethnologist in charge of the
Burean of Ameiican Ethnology. He wrote several
geological and ethnological works. D, Sept 3, 191a.

MB<)a«oli«gaii, (Jambs,) an Irish priest, bom
near Mullingar in 1698. He is chiefly remembered
(or bis "History of Ireland," {1758,) written
originally in French. Died in 1764.

MaoOif'fen, (Phiuj Norton.) an American naval
officer, bom in Pennsylvania in 1863. He graduated
at the Naval Academy in 18S2, was sentto the Chinese
station, and there entered the service of China. In
the battle of the Yalu River, 1894, he was second in
command of the Chen Yuen, and on the death of
hia superior officer became commander of the fleet.
He suffered so severely during the conflict as partly to
lose sight and iiearing. His mind being aflected by
his injuries, be committed suicide in a New York
hospital, February Ii, 1897.

J^o4Q1I-TniT.(ALXXANDaK,) bom in Coosa connty,
Alabama, aboat 1740, became chicifof the Creek Indian*
on the breaking out of the Revolutionary war, in wtuch
he sided with Oe British. Died in 179-..

l^O-gfl'n-VTaT, (William,) a Scottiah naturalist,
bom b the Isle of Harris in 1796. He became con-
MTvator of the Hosenm of the Royal Collie of Sargeona
h Edinburgh, and BabManenllT profi»aor of dvU and
natval history b Matischal College, Aberdeen. He
««B diatbnialied ai a eoologiat, and alto cnltivaled
botain udjceoliwy. Hia prindpa] work ia a "History
of Billiak Birda," (t Tola.,) two volomea of which were
pisbliabed after hia death. Among his other wtwki Is a
^Hlttorr of British Qndraiieda.^ DiediniSsa.

MaoOlyoD. (Edward.) a Roman Catholic clergy-
man, bom at New York in 1S37. In tS66 he was
made pastor of St. Stephen's Church, New York, but
was removed for opposing the establishment of
parochial schools and advocating the single-tax doc-
trine of Henry George. He refused to obey a sum-
mons to the Vatican, and was excommunicated. He
waa restored to the priesthood in 1893, and resumed
his pastoral labours. He helped to fbnnd and was presi-
dent of tiie Anti-Poverty Sodely. Died in 1900.

MoGoar'an, (Auca.) novelist, bom at Penysburg,
Ohio, in 1858. She traversed the Black Mouolain re-
gioo of North Carolina in search of literary material, and

MA CHIN

bat pablitbed "Jndith of the Cnmbetlands," "The
Swoid in die Monntaint." and other tales.

MoOrath, (Hakold,) author, bom at Syracuie,
New York, in 1S71. He has been engaged in joonal-
ism since 1890, and is the author of " The Man cm the
Box." "The Lure of the Madt " "A Splendid Haz-
ard^" " The Carpet from Bagdad," etc.

KfO-srSg'vr, (John.) a British atalistidan and
•COQomiat, born at Stomoway, coButy of Roaa, in 1797.
Ha pabliahed a work entitled ■* Mtish Antetkh" (1 83%)
and became aanttant secretary of the board of Ind* li
t&4C^ and a member of Parliatnent abont 1S47, Amoni
hia worka ia "The Progresa of America from the Dia>
coveiT of Colnmbos to the Year 1846," (a <rola_ 1847.)
Died In 1857.

BfacOrigM, (John.) a Britiah anthor, bora at Grwaa-
end, Jannanp 34, t8a$. He waa edocaled at Trintt*
Ctdlege, DnUin, and at Trinity College, Cambridge, and
waa called to the bar at the Inner Temple in i8<i. He
publubed ■ A Tbooaand Mile* b the Rob Roy Canoe,"
(1866.) "The Rob Roy b the Baltic" "A Voyaae Alone
b the Yawl Rob R07," "The Rob Roy on the Jordan,"
etc. Died Jnly 16, 1891.

lIto4}nrfmr, (William Holmb.) an AmeriCM
Preabyteriui aergyman, bom in Waahlngton coaD>y,
Penn^lrania, September at, iSoa He gradoaled at
Waahlngton College, Pennsylvania, in i8i6,l)eld variont
profeaaoraUpainMiamiUniveraitv, Ohio, and waa choaen
preaident of CIndnnati College m 1836. and of Miami
University in 1839^ He waa professor of moral pbiloa-
opbv b the UniveiaitT of Virginia. 1845-73. Hi* school-
boob are itili extensively nacd. Died at CharlotteavOb,
Virpnia, May 4. 187J,

Mftohado. See BAKBoaA-MACUADO.

Mfo-Hale', QoHN.) D.D., an Iriah arckfakbop, ben
at Tubbemavine, county of Mayo. March 6, 1791.
He became a Roman Catholic priest in 1S14. was
made Bishop of Killala in 1834, and io the same year
Archbishop of Tuam. He was the author of several
works in the Irish language. Died in 18S1.

Mf -^lianl-au, a tyrant of Sparta, «a* killed br
Philopcemen in aoy B.C.

Mf-Abl'on, [Ibqnaii*,] a celebrated Greek phyticiaiw
a son of iGscnlapins. He Is said to have served m
■ureeon at the aiese of Troy, and, according to aome
authors, waa one 01 the Greek heroes indosed in the
wooden borte.

Sm ViMiL-s "ManiA." bMk fi^ L i«j.

Maobanltv do, d^h mf shy. (GoiLLAinfi,] a French
poet, bora abirat 1384. of a noble ftmily of Champune.
lie waa a coart officer to Philip the Fair, to King John
of Bohemia, and to other princea. He left a vast Dum-
ber of ballades, a long poem oiled " Voir dlt," (written
in 1361.) and " La Priie d' Alexandria," a rhymed chrao-
ide. Died about 1377,

Mnobnnlt de, d^h mf tfalf, 0acqi;bi,) a French
Jesuit, bora in Paris in iSocl He wrote "The Hialon
of Japan." ("De Kebn* Japonida," 1646^) and a wort
on the Indian and Persian Miaaiooa. Died in 168&

BbohaiUt d'Anonwaie, mTattfi' db'noD'vti',
(Jbak Bafhsix) an able French financier and atatetma^
bom in 1701. He was app<unted ttntriiaof-i^niral of
the finances in 1745. and received b addittoa the office
of keeper of the seals in 1750. In order to divide the

1 finally firom office in 1757. ,

BSnoIiebeuf,mish'bur, (Joseph Pi{ojDm]s,)Roman

rusJR<

Calholicbifhop. bom at RionT, France, in 1813. 'Wasor

dained priest io l8t6, came tothe United States in 1S39,

and was appointed vicar apostolic of Colorado in 1S6S.

BfnoUnwvL See HAixraAVXLU.

Mnohiti, mak'in, P (John,) F.ILS., a Britiah n

' ohMSor ofaatronomyin Great . __
1713. He wrote ^On the Lawa of Jha Moon*!

tidan, waa made ptohaisor of aatronomy in Greabam Col-
lege in 1713. He wrote "On the Lawa of the Moon*!
Motion*." a " Solution of Kepler^ Problem," and a treat-
ise "On the Curve of QnkkestDeacent." Diedbi75i,

9m ■maa. "Unsrf *• trsfcMOW af Q

«aai,-(aa/;|'Unf;ftat>,-a.K,K,^ii>mmi/; v,wual;n,trUkd;\

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Digitized by VjOOQIC

MACHON i6

Ba'«Iion. llUxov,! ■ GT«ek comic poet, bora ai
Corinth or Sicjron, lived at Alexindria between 300 ind
>6o I.e. Accordine to Athencoa, he wa* one of the
beat poet* of the " Pleiad." Hia worlo «re loat, ezoept
■mall fragments.

Haohjr, do, d(h nTBhe', (Piikri Antoiki,) ■ French
painter and engrater, bom in Pans In 1733; <Uedln 1807.

M-n<«», mf-Ctce'la, one of the most admired Span>
ith poeti of hit age, lived in the fifteenth century, and
was snnuuned kl Enamorado, ("the Enamored,") in
reference to an unhapp; pasaion which inspired his best

Ktical effnaions. He bad manjr imitatori among
itiith poets. He wai aaaasainated by a man whose
BMtive was jealousf.

Maolejowakl, m&t-K-i-rov'Bicee, (Wixcuutus
A1.HUNDKB,) a Poiiah historian and jurist, born in 1T91.
He published an excellent work entitled " History* Fra-
wodawatw Slowianskich," (4 vols., tSSj), which treat* of
the political and dvil initilutiona of the Slavonic Datiooa.
Died Febroarr 10, 1883.

UacBvBliia, mak-if-iAn', (Chaklbs PrrTtT,) D.D.,
LL.D., an eminent American divine and writer, bom al
Burlington, New Jersey, in 179R. He wm appointed
profesur WT ethics and chaplain in the Military Academy
at West Fcunt in 1825. In 1S33 he was consecrated
Bishop of the Protestant Episcopal Church in Ohio.
Hi* lectorea on "The Evidence* of Chiiatianily," deliv-
ered in New York in 1831, and published in 1833, have
had an eitraotdinary succeaa, and have been r«puUiahed
in London and Edinburgh. He died March 11, 1873.

MkcJlTaliM, [Joshua Hall,) D.D., an Amena
Preabyterian divine, bom at Lewca, Delaware, Harch 4,
1815. Heg>adnatediniS37atPriocetonC<dlege,wher«
be also studied divinitr. He was profiMOf of bellet-
lettres at Princeton, 1860-70. His books are " The Tree
of Knowledge," " Wisdom of Holy Scripture," " Wig.
dom of the Apocalypse," etc. Died January 30, 1897.

Mkolntoan or MaoldiitOBli, (Lacklan,) Sorn near
Inverness, Scotland, in 1737, emigrated to Georgia,
where be ro*e to the rank of brigadier-geiKral in ttie
American army. He was elected to Congress in 1784.
Died in 1S06.

MkOlDtoah, (Maeia J.,) an American

bom al Sanbary, Geo^a, in 1S05. She has published
"Jessie Graham," "Praise and Principle," C184S,)
"Charms and CouDtet-Charma," (1S4S,) etc. Died
Februarr 35, 1878.

Msolntoali, (William Cakmichabl,) a Scotch
physicisn and naluialiat, bom at St. Andrews in 183S.
He was physician in Perth asylums 1860-93, >°<'
protestor of natural history at the University of St. An'
drews in 1883. Among his works are " Monograph of
the British Annelida," (1873,) "Development and
Life-Histories of Bntiih Food- Fishes,^' (1889,)
" Food-Fishes of Britain," (1897,) etc.

KfO'lii-tyre, (Duncan,) called Donacha Ban, (^
" Fair Onncan,") a Scottish (Gaelic) poet, bom at Draim'
Ua^art, in Argyll, March 30, 1734. Much against hi*
win, be served in the royal army al the battle of Falkirk,
0745-} Hia excellent poems were first published in
1700. Died at Edinburgh in May, iSia.

Ifaok TOn I^buloh. mUc fon irbfh-tlK', (Kail,)
Bakon, an Austrian general, noted for hi* ill anccess,
waa bom at NeusUngen in 1 753. He served

ten the operations of the srar. The conrt of Naples
having in 1798 requested that of Atuiria to seed a geni
ral to command the army againat the French, Mack wi
•tlcctciL He was qniiddy defeaUd by Championnet,
and sought lefiige fi-om the rage of the Neapolitans in
the French camp, (1799.) In 1805 he obtained com-
mand of the Atutrian artny, which wat invested by Na-
poleon in person at Ulm. On the 30th of October he
ignominioualy aurrendered his army of 30,000 men aa
prisonera. Mack was tried by court-martial, and pun-
ished by imprisonment for several yean. Died in 1S38.
S«( Tunas. " HUioin da Coondai M da rEmein;" Alhh,
■Hinotyaf Enniiai" "Noovdl* Bup^iU* GfaAnk."

" til'. <WlliJAM W„) an American general.

14 MACKENZIE

bom b tbo District of Coltoubia sbont 181S, eerved with
dildncdon In the Mexican war of 1846-47, and became
in 1S61 a bigadier^enenl in the Confeoenile umy.

Maoluti, mtlte', (AnOB Rurt AiHAND,) a French
admiral, bom in Pari* in vfSL He was minister of the
marine from July, 1843, to May, iSay. Died in 1855.

M^o-kay', (Chaxlis,) a Scottish poet and writer of
songs, waa born at Perth in 1814, He published "The
Salamandrine," a poem, (1S41.) "I.egends of the Isles."
(1845,) "Voices from the Crowd," (1846,) inctnding a
popular song called "The Good Time Comiog," and
other poetical and prose works. Died in 1889.

His son, Gborgb Eric, bom in 1851, has pub-
lished several volumes of verse, the most popular
being "The Love-Letters of a Violinist," (t886.)
Died in 1S98. Marie CorelH, the novelist, is hi*
slep-danghter.

Macka;, m«-k]', (Roikbt.) oftener called Rob Donn,
iU., " Black Robert.") and RobbbtCaldbr, a Highland
bard, bom at Durness in 1714. He was a herdsman and
drover, afterwards s steward to Lord Reay, and in 1759
enlisted In the army, but, from his high reputation, was
not permitted to do military 6utj. Died in 178S. Hia
poems are among the best in Gaelic literatnre.

Maak'nya, (Jaurs Steklb.) an American actor,
and playwright, bom at BuSalo, New York, in 1S43.
He wrote numerous plays, the most famous being
" Haicl Kirke," produced at the Madison Square
Theatre, New York, In iSSo. He built the Lyceum
Theatre in iSSj, and in 1S87 produced " Anarchy,"
afterwards named " Paul Kanvar," which had a long
run in New York. Died October 34, 1894 His son

J4MK3, bom In 1873, is author of " The Economy of
[appioeis" and "The Politics of Utility." — A younger
son, Percy, bom in 187s, is a well-known playwright,
who bu pniduced many dramatic works.

. CfROMAl,) an American patriot and

of the Dedaration of Independence, bom in
uoesier county, Pennsylvania, in 1734. In 176s he rep-
resented the counties of Newcastle, Kent, and Sussex,
in Delaware, in the so-called Stamp-Act Congress. He
was elected to the Congress of lj^4 from Delaware, in
which poet he continued till 1 783. He had been appointed
In 1777 president of the State of Debware, and chief
justice of Pennsylvania. He was Governor of the latter
State from 1799 to 1808. Died in 1817. He was a
pc^tical friend of Jefleraon.

Mackaldey, mUcntfl-dT, (Fbxdinand,) a Gemaan
Juriat, born at Brunswick in 1 7S4. He became first pro-
fessor of law at Bonn in 1S18, and published a " Manual
of the Institnte* of Rooun Law of the Present Time "
(1814.) IMed in 1834.

and removed to Philadelphia in 1833, where eventually
he became head of the eilensive type-founding firm tu
MacKellar, Smiths & Jordan. He published several
volumes of poems. Died in 1S99.

MoKaana, ( Jamis,) jurist, bom at Philadelphia In
1843, Removed to California, where he wss admitted
to the bar in 1865. Was a member of the House ttom
the 49th to the 53d Congress ; U. S. circuit judge 1892--
97 ; attomey general of the United Stales i%7i i>4
was appointed associate justice of the U. S. Supreme
Court in l8gS.

Mao-kaD'xla, (Sir Alkxahdbb,) an enterprMUiK
Scotchman, bom at Inverness about 1755. In hia youth
be emigrated to Canada, and became a cterk in the
serrice of the Northwest Fnr Company. From 1781 to
i^ he spent eight year* in trading with the Indiiui* at
Lake Athabasca, and in the latter year diaoovered tbo
river which bears his name, and traced it from it* sourcs
into the Arctic Ocean, where he arrived

iSol, he publiahed his "Voyage* from HontiMl to tfaa

^1,^1, iStfl>J<J^.''>>^^**ne<le«pTol(»sed;]^i, I, «,ii,f,M«r«;t,^l,9t «''<><'»; '>r,ail,atini&;Dh;gS&d;indaat

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MACKENZIE tf>

tnaen ud Pkd6c OcMtM," which, Mja Cbtteiubriuid,
"» a wdtk of great merit" DicdiniSao.

5n CWlTSJiuvuii^ "yafum n AmArtont:" Ckaiihu
- Beniihia] IMcbuBDr ti KohBt SoUBa ;" ''UoBtUj Rmn^
iir JdIi (ud AivDN, itB,

MaokenEto^ (Auoundkb,) a •UCesman, born tX
Logierait, Perthshire, Scotland, janiui^ aS, iSiz. He
be^me ■ biuiiieu-aian and Joarnaliat m Cuiadi Weit,
and held promineot office* i& Ontario. In 1867 he en-
tered the ruli»ment ol the Dooiinion, and »m premiei
and miniiler of public iroik*, (1873-78,) Died in
189a.

Maokenala, (Sir Albxakdbr Camfbbu.,) «
Scotch composer, bom at Edinburgh in 1S47. Of
hi« (creral operas, " ColcMnba" is the best known.
Some of hjs best work is in bis oratorio, " The Rose
of Sharon."

KfO-Itai'ida^ (Aleuicdkk Slidbll,) an American
3aTal oOcer and miMellaDeoiM writer, boiii in New York
b 1803. Having vitited Europe in 1835, he pabliahed,
toon after hi* rctom, his " Year in Spain," which wa«
received irith great ft.yota,
Tojrue to Eorope, the resnll
entitled *■ The American tn
risited." He died in 1848.
works, be wrote a " life of Paul Jones," in Sparlu's
" American IKi^^phy, ' '

Uaokansle, (Ckaklbs Fkazbr,) a Scottish mission-
nj, bom in ^bieshire in 1825. He went to Southern
Atiica in i860, and b^an to labour near the Zambesi
River. He died in Africa m January, 1861.

Maokongde, (Coupton,) English aoTelisI and play-
wright, \xaa at West Hartlepool, Englaod, Jaouary 17,
1883. Educated at SL Paul's School and Magdalen
College, OsfonJ. "The Youlb's Encounter," 1913,
and " iunisler Street," 1913, most celebrated novels.

MmekOTirttt (Gbobok.) itarl cfCroniany, a Scoitiata
politician and writer, bom in 1630. He was appointed
natice-genera] in 167&, and a lord of session m 16S1.
In 1685 he «B> created Viacoiint Tarbat, and in 1703
Earl of Cromarty. He was secretary of state (or Scot,
land from 1701 10 1704. He wrote, beudes other worka,
"Synopais Apo^yptica,'' (1708,) and an "Acconnt of
the Cooe^iacy of the Earl of Gowrie i^aintt James
VL,"(I713.) Diedini7i4.

Sea WALrota. "Ran] aod Nsble AottHm;" CHMi*a*i. "BW-

I, (Sir GaOKOB.) a Scottiih lawyer and
..... It Dundee in 1636. He attained eminence

In Ua (Mofeation, and about 1661 wa« appointed juttice-
depute, or judge. He published ** Religio Laid," a treat-
fa* on reUgion and morality, (1663,) "Moral (^lantry,"
<l667,) - iMtitiitioiia of the Lnra of Scotland." (i^)
and other works. From 1674 to 168$ he was employed
as king's advocate, and in this period had some agency
k the pervecution of die Covenanteia, who deaignated
him " the btoodthiraty advocate." Died in 1691.

MACKINTOSH

Frederick III. Died in 1891.

MaokeDda, (Robbbt Skxltoit,) D.C.L., a writer
and journalist of much alnlity, bom in limerick connty,
Ireland, in 1809. He waa editor aacccaaivdy of the
" liverpool Journal" and various other Britiah period!-
okls, and in 1853 settled In America, where he becam*
literary and foreign editor of the Philadelphia "Pre**."
He pabtiahed "Lan of Palestine," (iSiS,) "Ufe of
Curtan," (1855.) "Tresulian, or the Story-Tel lers,"
(1857,) a "Life of Charles Dickens." (1870,) and many
other worka. Died November ai, iSSi.

Iflaakeulat(WnxUM LroN,} a Canadian joamali*!
and polilktMl, bom at Dundee, ScotlaiKl, in 1794. Ha
emigrated to Canada in early life, and became ub edltoi
of a paper. He was the leader of a party which to^
arms against Ibe government in DecemMr, iSST, and
was quickly diapened. He tocft i«fiun In New York,
Died. n 1861.

nUiahed " Uvea and Characters of the Ha*t Eminent
Wiitera of the Scottish Nation," (3 vols., iToS-aa.)
Died in 17*6.

Maokenzis, (Hihky,) an eminent Scottish noveliat
and easayist, bom in Edinburgh in 1745. In U* yonth
keobtained the office of atlotnejiTi the Scottiah court of
exchequer. In 1771 he published, anonymonaly, "Th*
Man of Feeling," a novel, which ia his principal work,
and wa* generally admired. He edited " The Mirror,"
a period!^ resembling the "Spectator," which was first
iMDcd in (779, and was discontinued the next year.
More than one-third of the articles in this popular work
were written by him. He afterwards produced "The
Han of the Wwld," a novel, acreral political treatises
fcvooraUe to the Tory partv. "The Prince of Touis,"
nd other drama*. He contriWed many essays to " The
Longer," a luccaasfbl periodical, of which he was editor
h 17^-86. In 1804 he obtabied the lucrative office of
comptroller of taxes for Scotland. Died in 1831.

■Caokvnde, (Sir Mokbll,) an English physidan,
bocn si Lcytcmstone in 1S37. He became famous as

"A Sketch of a New Theory of Ma&" DiediniSit.

MacKinloy. (Wiia.iAM,) statesman and soldier, the
twentvfourth president of the United States, was bom
at Niles, Ohio, January 19, 1S43. After distinguished
service in the dvil war he settled in Canton, Ohio, was
representative of his district in Congress for several
terms, and in i8go, as chairman of the Committee of
Ways and Means, he originated the high tariff bill
knovrnasthe " McKinley Tariff," He was Govemor
of Ohio from 1890 to 1S94, and in 1S96 was elected
Preaident of the United States as the candidate of the
Republican party, William J, Bryan being the Demo-
cratic and Populist nominee. His admimslration waa
signalized by the Spanish- American war and the
Philippine insurrection. He received the Republican
party nomination in 1900, with Bryan again as his
opponent, and was re-elected. He was shot by an
anarchist assassin Sept. 6, 1901, and died Sept. 14.

MaokUmon, (Hbkry.] a Britiah general, bom bmt
Winchester in 177^ He served many campaign* agafaMt
tte French. He distinguished himself insevoal actim*
In Spain, obtained command of a brigade in 1809, and
was killed at Ciudad Rodrigo In 181a.

Maok'in-tosti, (Sir James,) an iUnMrioa Brfdab
anthor, orator, and statesman, wa* bom at Aldoorie,
near Invernesa, on the 24(h of October, 1T65. He waa
the aon of Captain John Macklnloah, oi the army, and
Marjory Macgillivray. At King'a College, Aberdeen,
whidi he entered in 1 780, he profited by the congenial
«odety of Robert Hall, who wa* hi* lellow-atodent and
intimate friend. He stodied medidn* u Edinburgh,
and, bavins obtained bi* diploma, in 1788 rmnovedto
London, where he married Catherine Stnart in 1789. Hi*
flnenl olocation, admirable temper, and refined manaen
procured hia admiaaion into the beU society. He had a
" boundless iitarary ambition," and a moat capadooa and
accurate memory. In defence, or ralber ardent eidagv,
of the first reform* of the French Revolubon, heptodtwed,
in answer to Burke's bmons " Reflectiona," hia " Vindi-

CalHoe," {l79r,) which r

xity and caiued him to be
Sheridan, and other chleb sA
this time be renounced medic
of law. He wa* adlod to the bar in ins> gave apodal
attention to pnbUc law, and practiaed wiui mcoe** la tba
home circuit In 1799 he delivered a aerie* of lecrarw
" On the Law of Nature and of NatioDS," which were
highly applanded by the moat eminent jodgca ol bU
parties as a n<^e monument of intellectual power and

1803 he gained a higli tepmaiion fcw forettnc eloquence
by bis defence of H. Peltier, a French emigrant who
wa* tried for a libel on Bonaparte, and waa aoqoitlod.
This speech waa translated into Ftendi by Madam* dt
StaiiL He accepted the office of recorder of Bombay,
where he arrived in 1804, and waa ^ipointed jndgt M
the admiralty cout io itofi. Sir Jair * "

«a*i,'(aa<,* tiar-J/taa^VOiHiKi/MAvru/,- V,Katal; K,lriiltd;iM

inMw; oy~See Explanation*^ ;^^)

Digitized by CjOOQ I C

MAC KLIN i(

EnglatHl in iSia, and «•• etedcd to PirHuneM bjr tka
Whig* in 1813. He wa« utd iMiniaincd a higb jriaca
wnong puliam«ntuy (pealcen. From iSiS to 1834 b*
wu ptofeiooi of law ud politics in the college at Hu-
lejrbory. He conCribated to the "Edinburgh Reriew,"
•nd wrote an imponanl " Dii»enattan on the Piogreu
tt Ethiad Philoaophj," which appeared ihkhii^ the pre-
Umbary cauj* of tt« " Eac7clop«Bdi« BiitannKa." In
1830 b« accepted office ai commiaaioner for the affitiia
of India under the niniatiT of Earl Graj, He made a
powerful and luminon* apccch in the Houae on the Re-
Ibrtn bill in 1831. He wrote a *■ Hist(»T of Eu^and," a
work of peat merit, whidi waa pabliabed in " ^rdner'a
CjrdopKdU," (1831.) He died In H«^, 183a, leaiine
nnfiniahed a "Hutory of the Rerolabon in England
in 1688," which was paUIabed in 1839. " We have 00
hesitation," aays Hacanlaj, "in pronoondng this (lag-
ment deddedij the best biatoty now extant ra the reign
of James IL . . . The inteHectnal and moral quititiet
which are most important in a hiMoriaii,he possessed in
a Tery high degree. He was aingolarl; mild, calm, and
impaitial in bit Jadgneats of men and of parties." The
same critic ado, " He diatingaialied himaelf bigUr in
farliament But nevertbelea* Parliament wa* not ei-
•Ctlr the sphere for liim. Tlieefiectofhis moslsucceaa-
lU speeches was small, when compared with the auantit;
of aoilitr and learning which waa expended on them."

Mfo-klln', (Ckablbs.) a popoUr Irish actor and
dramatiat, (whose bmilv name wa* llcl«agh!in,) waa
born at Wesimeath in 1M0> He appeared on the Lon-
don stage In 1735, and did not retire until 1784. He
aicellea in the rtU> of "Shylock," and wrote, beside*
•ereral other plan, a successful comedjr called "The

" '-■-- "'orli" Died in 1797, U the age of 107.

-[■DangfCkMlHllBdai,''imiWi[,
CHKklia,~iaa«: "IfootUrKnin-

MocKnlslit mfk-nlt', (Gbobck,) H.D., an American
poet, born at Sterling New York, in 1840^ He haa
published "Llie and Faith," a collection of religious
aonnett, of a higb Mder of merit, MStS.)

Mangnlght m^k-nie", (Jambs,) an eminent ScottUb
" — ' — ""~ — "*"~~e,born at Irrine in 1731. He became

taturc of Delaware. He served as minister to England
about two years, (1819-31,) and wa* appcnnted secretary
of the treasury by President Jackson in April or May,
1S31 ; but, not spprovin^ it ts said, of the lemoral of ih*
deposits from the United Stale* Bank, he was bi 1833
removed from the treasury and made tecrciary of atate,
which pocition he resigned in June, 1834. In 1845 he
went to England as ambauador. After the queaiion of
the boundaiy of Oregon waa aetlled, he returned borne.
Died bi October, 1857.

miniater at Haybole in 1753, and pubjiahed hia " Hu-
nwiy of the Gospels," (175^) which is esteemed an ci-
ccllent standard workBiMllias been often reprinted. In

1763 he produced " The Truth of the Gospel History,'
which was received with favour. From 1771 until 1778
he preached in Lady Yester"* parish in Edinburgh, and
dnnng the remainder of hi* life he was miniater of the
Old Qiurch of that dtr. In 1795 he published a " Lite-
ral Translation of all the Apostolic Epistles," a work of
Ugh reputation. Died In tttoo.

S« "Lib of J. MiduBibt," b^ Ui •ob: Caujtmn. "Bio-
paphkal Dictknu? of BudnBii SinwiMii."

UaolAOtilaLii, mfk-IlKl^n, ( Alsxahiwi,) a Scottiab>
Canadian poet, born at Johnstone, in Renbewidiire, Au-
guit 11, tSiS. He removed in 1841 to Canada. Among
his work* are " Poems, chieBy in the Scottiah Dialect,"
(iSsSi) "Lyrics," (1^) "The Emigrant," etc, (i86i,|

>9,i8a:

dictionary, an
and Greek.

MacLaoUan, (Robbrt,) an English entomolo-
gist, bom at London in 1S37. His attention was
first directed la botany and afterwards to entomology,
on which he wrote abundantly, contributing the article
" Insects" to the ninth edition of the " Encyclopaedia
Brilannica," and writing a large and valuable work
on the Neuroplera.

Maoiitw^ in«k-Uii'. (ABCRtiAUik) an Irish denymaii,
born St Honaghan abont 1732. He preached for the
Anglican Church of the Hague about bfty year*, ending
in 1796. He published a ^ume of •enuons, and trans-
lated Hoaheim** "History irf the Church," (176s.)
Died in 1804.

""" " k-lin', (Loots,) an Amerlcao statea-

nLL

MacZiaaa, (Robert Millican,) an American
diplomatist, bom at Wilmington, Delaware, in 1815.
He graduated at West Point, served in the aimy tOl
1843, and lubsequently was thrice elected to Congress.
In 1S53 he was appointed United States commissioner
to China, and in 1SS9 minister to Mexico, where he
negotiated a treaty for the protection of American cili-
lens. He was afterwards in law practice, was again
elected to Congress in 1S78 and 18S0, became Gov-
ernor of Maryland in 1SS3, and was minister to France
18S5-S9. Died April 16, 1898.

■CfC-Ui'fti, (Ckailbs,) a Scottish buinallst and
geologist, born alxnit 17S3. He was chbd" editor of the
" Scotsman" (a leadiikc political kwmal of Edinburgh)
from i8ao to 1847. He published, beude* other worit^
"TbeGetdogytrfFUeand theLotUan*,"(t839k) Died
in September, 1S66.

Maclaten, (1am.) See Watson, (Rev. Johk.)

HfO-Lir'aii, (Wiluah EmrABD^) D.D.,an American
Uahop, bom m Geneva, New York, December 13, 1831,
graduated in 1851 from the college at Washlnglon, PeoD-
ivlvania, wa* a joomaliat, t85i-S7, studied theology in
tne Presbyterisn Seminsry at Pittsburg, and became a
Presbyterian dergyman. In 1873 he took order* in the
Episcopal Church, and in 1S7S he was made Biahop of
Illinois. Died Ffbnisry 19, 1905. '

Mao-Ian'tlii. (Colin,) an emhwnt Scottish mathe-
matician, bom at Kilmooan in 1698. He obtained the
chair of matbemalic* in Mariichal College, Aberdeen,
In 1717. In 1 710 he published" Geometria Oivanica aire
DMCriptio Linearum Curvamm univertalis," a treatlaa
on curve linea, which is ssid to have ezdted the admira-
tion oif Newton, In I7aj he was appdnted aasittant of
ProfeuoT Greg<xy in the univertity of Edinburgh, when
be remained about twenty year*. While be wa* em-
ptoyed in Ibrti^ing Edlnbut^ a^n*t the Pretender**
army, in 1745, he contracted a diseaae wbldi hastened
hk death. He shared with D. BemoolU and Enter tha

and profbuitd worlia, anou which are a "Treatlae on
nuKMU," (1743,) and a ""neatlae on Algebra," (174S.)
Died in 1746.

M^c-IriiWl', (LAFAVnTB,) an American general, bOTn
in Georeia in t83i. He commanded a dlniion of Gen
etal Lee's army. Died July 14. 1897.

llfO-Inr'.(ABCHiBAiA) D.D., a Bqitltt OviMt bora
hi Scotland in 1778, emigrated to America in 1805, and
became pastor of a church in New Voric He waa
thirteen yeais general urent <£ the American and Foreiea
Bible Sodety. Died in 1S60.

Maolay, (Edgak Stanton,) an American author,
bom at Foo Chow, China, in 1S63. He became a
jounialist in New York, and after 1896 devoted him-
self to historical work, writing " The History of the
United States Navy," " Reminiscences of the Old
Navy," " The Histoiy of American Privateers," etc,

Maolay, (MicxLtrcBo.) See Uic:xLIKaio-l(ACL&T.

MnoLaan or Maolaan, m»k-li»', Qowif ,) mi Ameri-
can statesmsn and Jpriat, bora fai Harris coanty. New
Jersey, in March, \-fl^ He reowved with U* father tv
Ohio about 1798, wa* »■!— itt^i tp die bar in 1807, and

ii, c, 1, a, 0, y,;«(f; ^ i. ^«ame, less prolonged; I, i, 1, 8, ii J. jisrt; fc (, j, 9, «i«>w; Or, fill, % mb; n6ti gdM

d by Google

btfwi to pnctlM at Labmoo. bi iSis Im wu riecMd

a iDeinbeT of Congreait In whkh ho acted with the
DcDocrsta, and inppoited tbe war against England-
He wu again eletted by a unanimous vote in 1S14,
waa a jndn of the anprenMi court of Ohio from 18:6 to
1832, and became poMmaater-Keneral in iSi]. lie filled
thia office with great credit and aUJity until March, 1819,
dtuiog whidt period lie Introdoced many improvementi

and brought ihr -" ' '— -' ■■■- '---'—

eScieacy. He 1 , .

d«nt Jadnon, and waa appointed a jndgo of the aupreme
COBTt of the United State* in 1819. He diaaented from
tbededaionof tbeooDTt in the Dred Scott case, a* ghm
by Chief- Justice Taney in iSyj, and oppoaed the exten-
Hon of slavery. At the Republican National ConTention
of 1S56 be received one hundred and tunttj-tix voiea h
* candidate for the Presidency of the United Stataa.
Died in Cindnaati in AprU, 1861.

Mocleao, (Mrs. L. E.) See Landon, (I.. E-)
Maclean, (Sarah Fkatt,) an American auihor,
bom at Simsbury, Connecticut, in 1858. While
teaching on the Massachusetts coast she made obser-
vations which led to her novel " Cape Cod Folks," so
strikingly realistic that some of the people brought
-■it against her foi

She also

MnnTi»hn«« ndk'lv-hOt*, (AoNnJ a friend and oor-
rcspondeot of Bwna, was born in 1759. Her maldea
aane waa CSAia During a long teparatioD from her
baohwtd, abe carried on (between 1787 and 1791) a very
aentifl>ental CMtetpondence with Buina. Her letlen,
oAcn reprinted, are «gned " Clatinda." Died at Edin<
borgh, October U, lS«t.

B^b-IidlfD, (Isaac) an American poet, bomat Fort-
land, Maine, aboat iSia Among hi* worka we may
mention "The Fall of tbe Indian, (iSjo,) and "Tlw
Year, and other Poema," (1833.) Died in 1S99.

Sm GaiswMj."Pa«»mi Poitiy of A»wta;" CiMnuma,
"Coif ffli— rf Aawrie— Uwwfa."

l(f»Xan'i>fii, (Joint Fbuhuon,) a Scotdab aodat
pbiloaopber, bom at Invameaa, Octobar 14, 1S37. He
was educat*d at Kii^'a College, Aberdeen, and at Cam-
bridge, and in 1857 *** P>**™ *■ §" advocate at Edin-
bargta. His principal wi '
(18*5.) a -Life o'-

Maolnod, (Fiona,) pen-name of William Sharp,
q. V. Under this name he wrote numeroos romances,
including " Pharais," (1894.) "The Mountain Lovers, "
(1S95,) "Green Fire," (1896,) three volumes of Celtic
tales, (1897,) etc

M»oXi«od, ofk-lSwd', (Huitv DtrNHWO,) a Scottish
poKiioal economist, bom in Edinburgh in 1831. He
studied at Eton,EdinbiiTgl^andCainMidge,and in 1849
became a 'barrister of I^don. Among nia works are
"Theory and Practice of Banking," (1856,) " Element*
of P^iical Eooframy," (18581) and a "Dictionary of
Political Ecoooay."

***"""T. mfk-leeaa', (Danikl,) a pcxnilar historical
painter, born at Cork, Ireland, In 180& He went to
London in 181^ and became a student in the Royal
Academy, where he quickly won several priie medals.
He gained a bigh reputation by his " Vow of tbe Ladies
and tbe Peacock," (1835,) and " Merry Chrittma* In the
Baron's Hall," (1838.) In 1840 he was elected an
Aodemician. Antong bis admired productions are
"The Sleeping Beauty," I1S41,) "The Play Scene In
Hamlet," (184a,} "Noalt's Sacrifice," (1847.) and "Shak-
' "even Age*," (1848.) He Is regarded a* one
It ocirinal of Engliih painters S tbe preatU
nme. ui«d in April, 187a

Maolnra. See Haoclukz.

I^O^tuV, (WiLLIAH,) an eminent naturalist, and
flooeer of Ammcan geology, born at Ayr, -'■-■■

Sd!e

17 MACMULLEN

fn 1763. Having made an eitentlve adentific tour U
Europe, he removed to the United States, and about
1S06 entered upon a gedogical survey of that Obuntry.
In the accomplishment of this taak, be viailcd nearlf
every State and Territory in the Union, and crossed ana
rccroesed tbe Alleghanies 6ny times. An account of his
tola' was published in the " Transactions of tbe Ameri-
can Philoaophleal Society," (1809.) In i8i3 Mr. Maclure
became one of the first membera of the Academy of
Natural Sdencee jnat fbnnded at Philadelphia, and waa
elected president of that institution in 1817. He ctm-
liiiued to BU this post lor twenty-two yeara, and the "Jour-
nal" of die Academy was t^un under his auspices.
Donated numerous valuable works to the Academy and
}io,ooo to its building (iind. Died in 1S40.

MaoHahon, mik'mf &H', (Masib Edmr Patiics
Maukice,) Due de Maeenta, a French marshal, of Irish
extraction, burn in lS>^ was a son of a peer of Francs.
He served in Algeria from 1830 lo 1850. In 1851 he
became a general of diviuon. In the siege of Sevauopol
be commanded the division which took the MalakoCf by
asNult on tbe 8th of September, 18^5.
the second corpe-d'armee in tbe Italian a
■nd look a prondnent part In the battle* o^Hagen'ti
This tervka waa rewarded by the rank of marsbl ol
France and tbe title of Due de Magenta. He also oon-
tribated to the victory of Solferino, June 14, i8<9. Inthe
wsr with Prussia be waa defeated at WSrth (Auguat «t
1870) artd at Sedan, (September t,) where be was severely
wounded. He supprosed the Commune in tSyt, and
he was Prealdent of mnce, 1873-79. Died Oct. 17, 1S93.

MaoMBnns, (SainiAs,) author, bom in Donegal,
Ireland ; became a schoolmaster ■ visited and lectured in
the United States since 1899, and has written many stories
of Irish life and romance for the American magazines,
"Through the TurfSmoke," "Donegal Fairy Talel,"etc.

lIfO-Maa't«r,(Ginr Ht;iirBBns,>an American poet,
bom at Clyde, New York, Tanuaryji, 1839. He gradu-
ated at Hamilton Collie in 1847, and became a lawyer.
He wag county judge of Steuben county, New York,
from 1864 to 1S71, and from 1878 to 1S84. tn 1884 he
was made aarrogate of the same county, lie wrote
"Carmen BelllGoanm," etc Diect September n. 1RS7.

MnoMnfr, Udhn Bach,) an American author, bom
in Brooklyik, New York, June 39> 1851. He graduated
at the College of the City of New York in 1S73. and
studied dvil engineering. He was an instmctor first in
his aima mimUr and then In Princetim College, and in
rSSi was chosen professor of history in the Univerailv
of Penosylvania. He is tlie author of a " History of
the People of the United Sutes," (6 vols., 1883 rt aq.)

MaoMlobBBl, m^-mTlcfl, (MotTON.) an able Ameri-
can editor and orator, bom in Burlington county, New
Jersey, in 1S07, was sheriff of the county of Philadelphia
from 1843 to 1S4GL In 1S4J he became proprietor and
diief editor of tbe " North American and United Statea
Gaxette." He waa mayor of Philadelphia from 1865 W
1868. Died January 6, 1879.

""" -'"Toluwl, tntk-ndnccl,

. bom in 1784. He pi .

foscow to CoMtantinople,'' (1819.) Died in 1839.

■^(MnUlfa, (Hugh,) D.D., Ll.D.,a Scottish divine,
1 Aberfeldy, September 17,1833. He was educated

many other popular religious books.
SaaoMon'nloB,
ilplor, bom

studied a

American
at Brooklyn, New York, in 1863. He
Europe, and exhibited bis first figure,
the Paris Salon of 1S89. He received
the decoration of the Leg;ion of Honour from the
French government in 1896. Chief among his notabte
works was tbe fountain oi the World's Columbian
Exposition of 1S93. Others are the " Bacchante,"
for the Boston Public Libtaiy, the bronie doort and
Shakspeare statue for the Library of Congress, etc-

l^o-MBiavn, noHN.) D.D., a bishop, bon at BaUy-
nahinch, Irdand, Ibrch 8, 1833. He waa takes ia 1837

r;tlti>rd;^t»J;o,U,K,giithirBi; ti,«atai; %,triUtdi iass/ thaain£iM. m^See£j(planation8,p.a3.)

db, Google

to Cuiada, uid in 1843 to Cbicago, graduated it Sain
Harr'i College in 1853, studied at Rome, and wai arduDcd
in tBjS to the Catholic tmeithood. He became preii-
dent of Saint Hary'i UDiveraityi and in 1881 waa made
Bishop of DaTcnport, Iowa. Died [ulr 4, tSSj.

Mao-Nmb', {Sir Aluh,) an officer in the Bntish •«■
Tice, bom in Canada in 1798. He studied law, and was
elected to the Icgislitore ol Canada We*t During the
inaurrcction of 1S37 he canuniaded near Niagara, and
•cnt orer the ialla the ateamboat Caroline, which had
beeit captured from the inanrgents. He was (he prin-
cipal minister dtiiing part of the period in which Lord
Elgin gorerned Canada, (1846-54.) He wai kniehted
tor his aervicec in the rebellion abore mentioned. Died
In Canada in August, iS6a.

MkoNaghtan, m* k-naw'ttn, (Sir William,} a Britiih
(Acer in the civil aerrice of the East India Company,
was sent as envoy to Shah Soojah aboDl 1S40, and was
asaassinated at Cabool by Akbar Khan in 1S41.

M»o-Ifnl1f, (Lbonaiii>,) an Irish barrister and dram-
■tiit, bom in Dublin in 1753. He wrote "Fashionable
Leiitica," a succesaAii comedy, and aereral operu and
ftucet, ii»o " The Rules of Evidence." Died in iSaa

MfO-aoe', (Sir Dahibl,) a Scoltisb portrait-painter,
bom at Finiry in 1806, He was of bumble oriiin, and
waa in the main ael (-educated. He was knighted in
187& Died at Edinburgh, Janoaiy 18, 1883;

t^O-nUl', (HuTTOK,) a Scottiih poe^ bora new
Rotlin in t74& He pasaed many of bla early yean in
the West Iitdies, probablv as oveneer, and returned
It 1788. He pi ~ "

Scotland about 17^ He published "The Harp," <I789,)
"Scotland's Skaith." {17^5,) which wm madi adndred,
and other poems. Died in 1818.

8«« CmMjm. " BioBnffhit^ DktiimMr tt Iwtowt geonnntt."

MoITell, (HnvAH Atkins,) sculptor, bom aiChel-
fea,MasBBcbnsetls, in 1S66. Studied in Paris. Taught
ait at Cccndl and in Chio^o, and has dealt specially
Willi Indian subjects in bis noric, produdng " "Hie Sun
Vow," "The Moqui Snake Dance," etc — His wife,
Carol Bkooks McNeil, is also a scidptor.

Mao-nlil', (John,) an American general, born in
New Hampshire in 17S4, served vrilti diatinction at the
battle of Chippewa in 1814. Died in iSja

BfaoiMll*, mfk-neel', (Rev. Huch,) D.D., an Irish
Proloitant clergyman, bom in the countjtcif Antriin about
1794. He preached several T*"* '" London, and be-
came the incumbent of Saint Faul's, near Liverpool, In
■848. He published "The Church and the Chordiee
of ChrUt," (1847,) and other worka. Died in 1879.

MaoNelU, nuk-neel', (Sir John,) a British diplo-
matist, bora at Colonsay iu 1795. Joined the ainiy of
the Eastlndia Company, was ambassador to PeisiaiS35-
44, and a commissioner to the Crimea. Became a mem-
ber of the Privy Council in 1857. Died in 1S80.

MfO-ner'lii, (WiLLtAU Jauks,) bum in Galway
county, in Ireluid, in 1763, jmned the United Irishmen
in the rebellion oi 179I1 and subsequently entered tbe
Frcndi army. In t%a$ he removea to America, and
waa appointed professor of chemttlry in the Hediod
College, New York. He was the aothot of " Rambles
in Switzerland," and several scientific worka. Died in
1841.

Mfo-nloli', (RoBBKT,) H.D., a Scottish author, bom
at Gla^ow In 1803; He became one of the editors of
"Ftaser's Huazine" in 1831. Among his works is "The
Philoaophy olSleep," ((830.) Died at Glasgow in 1837.

S*e D. Moil. "Lift of R. Mmirti," infiudto ■ coHeaion al
M "Tulv. Emit*, ud Skitdio." iSjf uid 1844; Chahhid,
"Biop^phLoJ DictioDiry of Emiiunt Scotgiwn," (SupplemoiE ;)
" Fruo'* Magube" lai Dsamber. lia, («ih ■ pomaiL)

Maoomb, mf-koom' or mf-k5m', (ALEXANDEt,) a
distinguished American general, born at Detroit in 1783.
-le served in the war of 1813, and, aa brigadier-general.
In 1814, gained the victory of Flattsburg over the British
at the same time that Commodore Macdonough signally
defeated them on the lake. General Hacomb was ap-
pointed in 1835 commander-in-chief of the United Slate*
vmy. Died in 1841.

Maoomb, (Wiluau H.,} an American commodoie,
a son of General Alexander Macomb, was born in Mich-

1 8 MACPHERSON

l«an In xfaa. He entered the navy in 1834, served wM
diattnction through the war of 1861-65 wiih the rank of
commander, and «m made a commodore in i87Ch Died
at Philadelphia, Angoat ii, 187&

Ul'ofit, (Nathakiu,) an American statesman, born
in Warren county. North Carolina, in l^•^^. He served
as a private in the army from 1778 to 17b, and omrased
the adoption of the Constitation of the United States,
(1788.) In lygi he was elected a member of Congress

constractionisL He wa« Speaker of the National Hoiwt
of Representatives Ibi three terms, (1801-06,) and be-
came a Senator of the United Sutes in 1S16. His
meches were short, but eflective. He served in the
Senate until 1816, having then been a member of Con-
gress far thirty-seven consecutive years. Be died in
Warren county. North Carolina, in June, 1837. John
Randolph called him " tbe beat and wisest man tnal I
ever knew."

MfO-Oe'o^, (WlLUAH,) a Scottish minor poet, bora
at Lochwinnoch, May 7, 1S06. He was a schoolmaster,
and lived many year* in London. Died at lUlbarchan,
Janoaryii, 1877. His » Poetical Works" were publiahed
in 187&

MfO-Phfi'Bpii, (Edwaxd,) LL.D., an American
author, wa* bora at Gettysburg, Fennsvlvania, Inly 31,
iSja He graduated at Pennsylvania Collie in 184S,
and became a jouraalisL He waa in Congress from 1859
to 1863, and was clerk of the lower house of Congress,
i863-e9. He published a "Political History of the
United States," (1S64,) a " Political Hannal," and other
works. Died December 14, 1895.

MfS-phfi'B^ii, (Jambs,) a Scottish poet, celebrated
■a the translatar or author of " Osaian," was bom in In-

Hlghlander," • poem, which was not successfuL In 1760
he surprised the literary world by the publication of
" Fragments of Ancient Poetry collected in the High-
lands of Scotland, and translated &om the Gaelic or E^
Language." These were admired by the poet Gray and
others, and a subscription was raised to aid Macpheison
in exploring the Highlands for other similar treaaure*.
The ostensible result of thissearch appeared in"Fingal,
an Epic Poem," (1761,) and "Temora, u Epk Poem,"
(17631) which ^purported to be the work of Ostian, a
poet of the third century. These poems finwd many
enthusiastic admirer* throughout Europe. An animated
controvern ensued about their authenticity, which was
defended by Dr. Blair and other eminent critics. Dr.
Johnson, on the other hand, confidently maintained that
they were forgeries. Many others adopt the theory thai
he caught the spirit of ttie Ossianic poetry from the
tales oT the old Celtic bards, bat supplied from his own

About 177a he settled in London, and produced a prose
version 01 the " Iliad," which was a bilure, a " Hntory
of Great Britain," and other works. He was a member
of Parliament from 17S0 to 179a E>ied in 179&

See Bull, "CriiicaJ DiiKttukn oe Iht PaanofOniaii,"!?*!:
H. Mackhite. -' Stport of th> CommiltH aTtbe HiiUud Sum
•f SecHlind." «c: J. Sihclau. "Od thi ADIhtotialT of Owna'i
PoBM," iBoSi "NounlljBiofiipliwGi' ' " "

rfi"

, ■il«rf.wgf"C_ .

itUr tUriiw" tat Jaanan' and Fibtaur, vfia.
Mfo-Ptlvr's^),(jAltBt BlKDSRB,) an eminent Amer-
ican general, born in Sandusky county, Obio, in Novem-
ber, iSaS. He entered the Military Academy of Weal
Point in 1849, and graduated at the head of bts class in
1853. Having been assigned to tbecorps of engineer^
he wa* emplOTcd as engineer at New York, Fort Del-
aware, and Alcatraz Island, California. He obtained
the rank of first lieutenant in 1858, and that of captain
in August, 1S61. In November ensuing he becaaie
aide-de-camp to General Halleck, with the rank of lieu-
tenanl-ooloneL He served a* chief engineer on General
Grant's Staff at the capture of Fort Dtmelson, and at the
battle of Shiloh, April 6 and 7, 186a. In May tt that
year he waa appointed a colonel in tbe reanlar armv.
and brigadier-feDeral of volonteera.

I. ( I. flk &, ;, ;«V>' *^ ^ ^ •>i>°^ less prolonged; i, i. I, ^ Ji, ]r, M«rr; f, f, ), 9, «»AWF«,- fir, 1111, at; mttj n«li g«U

Digitized by VjOOQIC

MACPHERSON i<

tfrUoB which broke tbrongh the linei of General Price,
IbcD inraatin^ Corinth, ana marched in to the relief of
the garriaon in October, For thia aervice he was pro-
moted to the rank of major-general on the 8lh of OctO'
ber, 186a. Having obtained command of the seventeeillh
army corpe in December, he served under General Grant
in the campaign against Vickaborg. Hia corps gained a
Tictoiv at Itaymond on the iith of Mar, 1863, and, with
th« aid of General Sherman'a corpa, defeated General
joaepl) K Johnston at Jackaon on the ixtti. General
HcPheraon contributed to the victory of Champion's
Hills, and tooli part in two unsacceaaful aaaaulta on
the works of Vickaburg in May. For bis services in this
campaign he was promoted to be a brigadier-general in
the regular army, to date from the capture of Vicklburg,
and was appointed commander of the district of Vicks-
l»rg, July, 1S63. He served under Sherman in the
eipeditian to Meridian in February, 1864. In the next
month. General Grant, who had just been nominated
genera] -in-chief of all the Union armies, wrote a letter
to Sherman, in which he expreaied his thanka to Sher-
man and McPheraou aa the men to whom he waa moat
indebted for his succeaa. On the laih of March, McPher-
•on was appointed commander of the department and
army of the Tennessee.

As commander of the army of the Teimessee, he
maintained his high reputation in the campaign which
Sherman conducted in Georgia. His army fought with
Bocccss against the rebels at Dallaa on the sSth of Hay.
On tb* 37th of June, Generals Thomas and McPheraca
asaanlted the foitihed lines of Kenesaw Mountain, bat
were repulsed with severe loaa. By a flank movement
of the armyofMcPherson, Genera] Johnston waa induced
to abandon his strong position at Kenesaw about July 3,
and to retreat to Atlanta. After the Union armies had
advanced to the vidnily of Atlanta, the 1
a bolder pcdicy, and maile several attadu,

HcPheraon was killed, July 33, 1S64. "About .

of this day," savs General Grant, " the brave, accom-
plished, and noble-hearted McPherson waa killed." (Re-
port, dated July aa, 1865.)

Sea Tmmsir. " MiUurr Huuht of th* lUbdlkm."

■faopharaem. (Sir JoHti,) bom In Skye, Scotland,
about 1767. became a member of the sapreme coimdl
flf Bengal in 1781. He acted as Governor-General of
India alter the retirement of Warren Haatinga, (Feb-
Tnarj, 1785,) until July, 1786. Died in 1831.

mkoqaaiie, nit-kw6r're, (LAOiLAtt,) a British gene-
ral, born in the island of Mull in 1763. He served many
years in India, and fought against the French in Egypt in
1801. From igo<)toiMi he waa Governor of New Sooth
Wale*. About i3t4 he obtained the rank of general.
Died in 1824-

Mkoqtuur^ mtlUft', (Lonis Chahlu Huihi,)

Itionarj of
1800.) Died in iflo8.

Uaoqner, mt^iR', (PJOUPrt,) a French litUratetiT
and advocate, bom in Paris in 17K). He was author
of a "Chronological Abridgment of Ecclesiastical His-

ly adopted

B^«

n French,) which were received with favour,
n 1770.
S**Qd*babi^"Li FniKs Lintahi."

BCBOqncr, (PiBSkB JonPH,) a meriiorioas French
chemist and phyaidaik, bom in Paris in 1718, was a
brather of the preceding. He discovered new propettiea
in many chemical substances, and is said to have been
tiie first who proved that the diamond ia combustible,
O771.) He pnblithed "Hementa of Theoretical Chem>
MT,"(i74l,)an<lRvaliuble "Dictionary of Cbemistiy,"

[e sticceeded Bourdelin as professor of
, It the Jardin dn Roi, and edited the scientiGc
department of the "Journal dea Savanti" from 176S to
177& Died in I7S4.

Iffao-qnold'.l'KATHAttiNxS,,) an English authoress,
t>om in Kentish Town, London, Jan. 36, 1834. Among

9 MACROBIVS

ler works are many novels (" A Bad Beginning,'' (tM*>}
Hester Kirlon," "Patty," {l87l,) "Doris Baiogh,"
(t878,) "Beside the River," "Fifina," etc.,) and some
'"ooks of travel, such as "Throi^h Normandy,"
Through Brittany," " In the Ardennes," etc Some of
er works have been illostraled liy ber hoaband, Mr.
Thomaa R. Macquoid.
MacreadT, m»-kree'de, ( WiLUAH CMAai.ES, ) a

Eapular English tragic actor, bom in London in 1793.
le made a successful dAut at Birmingham in 1 8to, and
appeared on the London atage in igi6, when he per-
formed " Orestes" at Covent Garden with great applause.
His reputation waa increased by his performance of tiie
"Virginius" of Sheridan Knowles, and of "Richard IlL"
- d other leading characters of Shakspeare. From 1837
1839 he waa lessee and manager of Covent Garden
Theatre. About 1843 he atsomed the management of
Drary Lane; but, as be failed to make it profitable, he
kept It only two or three seasons. He performed with
great success in the principal cities of the United Slates
m 1S48 and 1840. While he waa in this country, a
quarrel between him and Edwin Forrest resulted in a
serious riot in New York. He retired from the stage
In 1851. Died April 37, 1S73.

Maorat^ mtnc&i', (Chaklu Fkan^is Adrikn,) a
French engraver, born at Abbeville in 1750; died In
1783-

]2a»-rI-Jl'&tu, [Fr. Macrixh, mtliM:^,] (Mabcue
FuLVius,) a Roman emperor, bom in E^pL He rose
from the lowest to the highest rank in the army. The
emperor Valerian having been taken prisoner by the
Persians, a part of the army, in 361 a.i>., chose for bit
successor Hacrianua, who was then an old man. In
161 he waa defeated in Illyricum, and put to death, by
Domilian, a general of Galiienna.

Maoilan. See Mackianui.

UaoiiD. See Macrinus, and Salmon, (jiun-)

BOaoiliio d'Alba, ml-ksee'no dU'bi, an Italian

painter, born at Alba, near Turin, about 14S0L He was

smone (he most skilful artists of his time, and one of tbe

adopt the modem style. Many of his work* are

led at Turin and Alba. Died about 153a

S<a Lum, " Hiilori of Pumlini n Italy."

UaorintiB, mfkKe'niiss', (Charlu Salmok,) *
French writer, was a brother of Jean the poet, and pre-
ceptor to Catherine of Navarre. He waa a victim ottbe
Massacre of Saint Bartholomew, (157a.)

parents in Mauritania in 164 A-d. He obtained the high
office of pref^ of the pnetoriana under Caracalla. In
April, 317 a.i>., be iustigated the assassination of Cara-
cula, and was proclaimed emperor by the army, whoae
choice was confirmed by the senate. In tbe same year
he was defeated by the Parthians at Nisibis. He was
defeated near Aniioch in June, 318, by the partisana of
Elagabalns, and put to death.

MaoRifohle, (David,) a Scotch folk-lorist, bom
at Edinburgh in 1S51. He became a student of
ethnology and folk-lore, and wrote " Ancient and
Modem Britons," (1884,) "Testimony of Tradition,"
(1890,) " Fiani, Fairies, and Picta," (1893,) etc.

Hi'oro, [Ft. Hackon, mno6t)',] (N^viua Skkto-
Rius,) a profligate Roman courtier, who enjoyed the
favour of the emperor Tiberiua and waa tbe prindpa.
agent in the arrest of Sejanua. After tbe death of
Sejanns, he became prefect of the prKtorian gtiard. He
waa put to death by Caligula in 38 A.D.

BXiaorobs. See Macrobius.

Ma-ci'o'bI-ua.[Fr. Macrobk, mnRob',l(AMBiios[u»
AuRELlus Theoikisius,) a grammarian and writer, who
IS supposed to have lived at Rome in the fifth century
It ia not known whether he was a Christian or a pagan, a
Greek or a Roman. He was the author of three Latin
works which have come down to us, a " Treatise on the
Latin and Greek Verb," a "Commentary on the Dream
of Scipio," and a '

Mil; (asf,- gitan/.' t[as/,'a,i>>K,/M»(nsf,'N,MaM/,- \,triU4d;\ta%; (haainelM. (I^^See Eaplanationt, {x 33)

db, Google

MACTYEIRB

Kmotyalni mfk-te-aiK, 7 (Holland Niumons.)
D.D., a Methodist dtTJae, bom in South Carolina in
iSu, became editor of the "Christian Advocate," at
KaahWlie, and was chosen a biahop of the Soathern
Ifethodiat Church in 1866. Died Feljroary IJ, 1SS9.

MoVeagh (Franklin,) brother of Wavnk, law-

?T, bom in Chester County, Fenosylvttnia, graduated at
ale College in l862aiidbecamealawyermNew York.
. Pngaged in the giocery business in Chicago in 1866, ran
on the Demociattc ticket far U. S. Seoate in 1S94, but
was defeated. Became a Repablican, and in 1909 was
appointed Secretary of th« Treasury by President Taft.
MkoTeasb, ro«c-vi', (Wavni,) LL.D., an American
lawyer, bom at Phajnixrille, Pennsylvania, April 19, 1833,

Baduated at Yale College in 1853, became a lawver, was
nited Sutei minister to Turk^ from 187a to 1S73, and
in t88i wa* appointed attomey-Reneral of the United
Slates. He was cbairman of the Civil Service
Association of Philadelphia and of the Indian Rights
Association, aod was ambassador to Italy 1S93-97.

Mao-vlolE'^, (John,) U.D., an American Episcopal
divine, bom in 'JKwiVDrk b 1787. He was apptunted
bi 1817 prcrfesaor of moral philosophy and rhetoric in
Columbia College. He pabtUhed " OutUnea of Pi>litiad
Economy," etc. Died October 29, 1868.

Mac-Vlolt'«r,(WiLLiAMNBii.50N,)D.D,, an Amer-
ican clergyman, bom in New York city, OclobM 19, 1 843.
Graduated at Columbia College in 1S65, was rector of
Holy Trinity Church, New York, 1868-75, ""d became
rector of the Church of the Holy Trioityj Philadelphia,
in 1875. Id 1898 he was appointed coadjutor bishop ol
Rhode Island. Died June 39, 1910.

MaO'Whlr'ter, (J'^"''') <> Scottish painter, bom at
Slateford, Midlothian, in 1839. He esUblisbed himself
in London in 1864. Among hisworksaie " LochCom-
isk/' (1867,) "The Lady of the Woods," (1876,)
" The Lord of Ihe Glen." (i88o,) "Highland Harvest,"
(1883,) etc. Several of his pictures are veiy popular as
engravings. Died January 28, 1911.

Mndai, Ton, von m5d'oy, (David Samubl,) a Hun-
nrian numismatist, bom at Sdiemniti in 1709. He pub-
lished a work entitled "A Complete Cabinet of Medals,"
(1765-74.) Diedini7BcL

lua'aii, (Martin,) an English clergyman, bom neat
Hertford in 1736. He became a popular preacher at the
Lock Hospital, and published, besides other works,
" Thelyphlbora," in which he advocated polygamy. Died
in 1790.

tfaflati. '(~Rcv. SfbncbiC) a son of Margin, nc . _
above, was bom in 1759. He was an eloquent preacher,
and obtained the living of Ibstock and the prebend of
Peterborough. For about thirty years he vras chaplaii
to the king. Died in 1S36.

Mkd'dfo, (Sir Fredbkick,) an eminent EnglisI
antiquary, bom at Portsmouth in 1801, was appointed
Iteeper of the manuscripts in the British Muaeum in
1837. He was a valuable contributor to British historv,
and edited many works, among which are "Havelock
the Dane," (1828.) and "Lavamon'a Bmt, or Chroniije

of Britain," (1847.} Died March 8, 1871
"' "" "■ LKD RoBKRT,) an Irish physi
s subjects, was bom in^ubli

Uad'dfn, (Richard Robkrt,) an Irish phvs

1798. Among his numerous works are "Travt

Turkey, Egyp^ "d Palestine." (I vols,, 18*9.) "The
Lives and Times of the United Irishmen," (7 volt.,)
and " Memoirs and Correspondence of the Counlesa <il
Blessington." (3 vols., 1855.) Died in 1SE6.

Madden. (Samuel,) an Irish clenyman and writer,
whoa Dr. Johnson said Ireland ought to honour, was
born in 16S7. He was noted for public spirit, and founded
at Dublin a sodely for the promotion of the arts by pre*
miums. He wrote " Memoirs of the Twentieth Cen-
'"Tt" (1732.) and the ** Monument of Boulter," a poem-
Died in 1765.

Moddvnte^ mld'dfr-stlo', (Micrabl,) a Dutch
painter of marine views, etc., bom at Antsterdam in
1659, worked in Berlin. Died in 1709.

Mad'dm (Isaac,) bom in London in 1697, became
Bishop of Worcettcr in 1743. He wrote a " Review of
Neal'a Hiitoty of the Puritans." Died in 1759.

Madalein& See Hagdaleio.
Mai -

He composed elegant Latin oJes. Died in 1661.

Mader. ml'd^r, (Joachih Johanh,) a German philol-
ogist, born at Hanover in i6z6. He published editions
of some Latin and Greek Patheia, and wrote " De Coro-
uis sacris el profanis," (1663.) Died in 16S0.

Maderno, ml-d^R'no, (Carlo,) an eiainent Italian
architect, bom inLombaidyin 1556. His reputationas

I architect led to his t>eiDg chosen by the Pope tocom-

elcthe anterior part of St. Peter's Church. His changes

jm the original plan were not satisfactory. D. in 1619.

Mademo. (Stepano,) an Italian sculptor, bom near

>mo in 157G. Adorned some churches at Rome with
bas-reliefs and statues. Died in 1636.

Made'ro, (FranciscaI,,) Mexican president, bom
in Coahuila in 1873. Inheriting wealth, he became
prominent in politics and a leader of the part^ opposed
to President Diaz. Imprisoned for his opposition dur-
ing the election of 1910, he organized a revolt after his
' ifeated the forees of Diaz, and compelled him
a May, 1911. Madero was elected president
October i. 191 1. Deposed by an insurrection and shot
February 33, 1913.

Madawels, mi'dfh-Ms', (FRiiDRiCH,')aleamedGer-
man writer, boin at Sammentin in 1648; died in 1705.

Madler de MonQan. mrde-Ji' dfh m6N'zb&', (Pad-
LIN,) a French advocate and judge, bom at Boutg-Saint-
And^ol in 1785, He showed firmness and sacaciiy inthe
repression of the excesses committed by the royatista
about igi6-3a Died May 10. 1865.

Mad1-B9ii,(jAMKs,)D.D..anAmerican prelate, bom
in Rockingham county. Virginia, in 1749, became Episco-
pal Bishop of Virginia in 179a He had been previously
elected president of William and Mary College. Die4
in 1811.

Mvdlaon, (James.) an eminent American statesman,
the fourth {Resident of the United States, bom in King
George county, Virginia, on the t6th of March, 1751,
was a son of Colonel James Madison and Eleanor or
Nelly Conway. He entered Princ«on College, New
Jersey, in 1769. and graduated in 1771, after which he
studied law. In 1776 he was elected a member of the
Assembly or Convention of Virginia. He was defeated
in the election of 1777 because he refbsed to "treat" the
voters ; but he was elected a member of the Gcneial
Congress by the Assembly of Virginia in 1779. Fion
this period he was one of the most prominent men in
the political history of the republic He was re-elected
in 1786, and was a member of the National Convention
which met at Philadelphia in 1787 to form the Constitn*
lion of the United Slates. He took a prominent part
in the debates on the Constitution, and advocated the
adoption of the same by a series of able essays, (brmlng
part of "The Federaliat," which is the joint production
of Hamilton. Madison, and Jay. Madiaon was s mem-
ber of the Viipnia Convention which, after a spirited
contest, adopted the Federal Constitution by a small
majority in June, 17S8. He became a member of Con*
gress in 1789. and united with the Republicans ts %
moderate opponent of the administration of WasbingtOD
and the financial measures of Hamilton. He was dia-
posed to be a mediator rather than a partisan in the
dissensions which arose among the founders of the TC-

EDblic In 1794 he married Dorothy Todd, originally
lorothy Paine, a woman eminent for her virtues ana
accomplishments. He declined the office of secretaiy
of sUte vacated bj Jefierson in December, 1793, ai^t
continued to serve in Congress until 1 797. He oppoaed"
the alien and sedition laws of 179S, and was the auAo*
f a series of resolutions adopud by the Assemblv <A
'irginia and known as the Resolutions of 1798, which

' pinst all attempts to increai - ■*■ '

I government by forced const
eral dansca of the Constitution. He was amiointed
secretary of state by President Jeffinson in Uai^ iSoi,
and filled that office for eight year* in mcfa a manner ■»
to actjaire the confidence and approbation of the peopkk
Having been nominated for the Fre^dcocy by a ca«CH
of Repablican membeta of Cocigrcas, be wa* elMtad iu

I. E, I. <^ Q, B, /My; t, (, 6, same, less proloogedi I, «. 1, 5, ii, ^ x.i«rf; f, t, 1 9, oiuwf*; flr, fill, Oti iBiti nSt) (BSdj m«^

,.J:,C00^^|C

UADLER i<

lioS, receJTfng one hundred and twenn-two electoral
volei oat of one handred and acTenty'tive, which waf
the whole noinber. Charlea C. Pincknej', the Federal
andidate, received fortv-seTcn votes. On entering upon
be office of Preaident, Much 4, 1 S09, he found the United
States involved in difficnlties atid disputes with the Biititb
(ovemtnent, which had offended the Americans bv im-
pre»ing seamen and by searching American vessels for
oeserten, and bad injured (heir commerce by orders
in counciL His cabinet at first conaisted ol Robert
Smith, wcretaiT of state, Albert GaJli
tiK treasury, WiUiam Eustis, secretaiy
Hamilton, secretary of the navy.

In Hay, iSio, Congress passed a Don-tntereouite act
The President sent to Congress a special message on
the sabject of British a^^essions about the tst of /une,
\%\i, aod war was declared on the i8th of the same
month. A few days later the British ministry repealed
their orders in council in relation to the rights of neu-
trals, but they refused to satis^ the Americans in relation
to the impressment of seamen. In the autumn of 1811
Hr. Iladison was re-eiecied to the Presidency by one
hundred and twenty-eight electoral votes. His com-
petitor was De Witt Clmton, who received eighty-nine
votes. The stave States, with Pennsylvania, Uhio, and
Vermont, voted for Madison. A strong party in the
United States waa opposed to the war ol iSii, which
was waged with various success on land and sea. Com-
ntodore Perry gained a naval victory on Lake Erie in
September. 1813. About the 3d of July, [814, a small
American army invaded Canada, gained a victory at
Chippewa, and fought a severe battle at Lund/a Lane,
or Niagara, (July 15.) in which the Americans lost 743
killed and wounded and the British lost 878. In August
of that year a small British force ascended the Chesa-
peake, took Washington by a sudden movement, and
burned the CapitoL A treaty of peace was si^ed at
Ghent, December 24, 1814; but, before the lidinn of
tbis event had reached the United State*, General Jack-
■on gained a signal victory over the British at New
Orleans, January 8, tSt;. In 1S16 Madison approved a
bill which Congress had passed to charter the Bank of
the United Slates for twenty years. On the 4th of Match,
1817, he retired from public life. He passed the re-
mainder of his days oa his brm at Montpelier, Orange
county, Virginia. He was a member ol the Virginia
Convention called b 1819 to revise the Constitution oF
the Sutc. Died at Montpelier, June aS, 1836.

"_ This great statesman and philosopher," says R. W.
Grisvrold, "was the confidential, personal, and political
friend of JeBerson 1 but in almost every respect their
characters were essentially differenL Mr. Madison's in-
tellect was of a Ear higher order, and its ascendency over
hi* passions was neaily perfect. His triumphs were
those of pure reason. His public and private life were
above reproach. . . . His writinBS on the Constitution
and other subjects were second only to those of Hamilton
in ability and influence; and his extensive information,
sound judgment, skill as a logician, and unvarying cour-
tesy, secured him the highest consideration in the Con-
grosem of which he was a member." {" Prose Writers
trf America.") He left in manuscript " Reports of the
Debates In the National Convention of 1733," which
were ^rchased hr Congress after his death, and pub-
lished in 3 volt^ (iS4a) Thisisa work of great value to
stodents M political philosophy.

" Nutiooiil Poitrul-GaOBy

..-^ — —^ , M , .fawAmeiiOtfCycJapziiia;'

"QuannlT Rtricw" lot Scpcimbo'. iSii.

aWdJer or IfMdler, m&llfr, (Johann Heinkich,)
AGerauu) astioiMmer, bom in Berlin in 1794. In con-
JDnction with Beer, he produced an excellent lunar chart,
—"MappaSelenographica,'' (1834-36.) In 1840 be was
anointed prnfcior of aatronomv and director of the
ObMmton of Dorpat He published, besides other
woks, "Tbe Enatence of a Central Sun," (1S46,) and
"Researches into the System of Ftied Stars," wbidi is
highly commended. Died March 14, 1874.

Sn BB.OIUBI. "C—vMliBw Ladkaa."

MMCENAS

.. _ . the second son of Owen Owy-

..-^^ Prince of Wales, lived in the twelfth century.
Some wiiteis bvour the hypotberis that he discovered
America about 1170, at which period he was compelled
to leave Wales by a auccesstiil rebellion gainst his
dynasty. Tradition informs us diat he sailed from Wales
on a second expedition to the newly-discovered shorn,
and was never heard (rom after. Hi* histoiv furnisbM
the sul^ect of Southey's poem entitled "Hadoc."

Madog. See Madoc

Madon, mFdoo', (Jean BArrin-c.) a Belgian painiet
and engraver, born in Brussels in 1796 ; died April 3,
1S77.

tS»Aox, (Isaac) See Maddox.

MBd'» (Thoiias,) an eminent English antiquary^
was an inmate of the Middle Temple, London, and
was called to the b«r about 1704. He was a dilipeni
collector of old legal and historical records, and obtained
the title of royal historiographer. His principal work
is "The History and Antiquities of the Exchequer of
the Kings of England from the Norman Conquest to
the End of the Reign of Edward II.," [1711.I He also
published "Firma Burgi \ or, A Historical Essay con-
cerning the Citieit, Towns, and Boroogh* of England,"
{1736.) Died about 1735.

S« Nichols wid Bowvxi, "liitmr AmcdoKm."

Mado>, ml-d6th', (Pascual,) a Spanish author and
liberal statesman, was bom at Pampetuna in 1S06. He
chose the profession of the law, and was appointed s

J'udge at Barcelona in 1815. He edited a "Universal
ieoaraphical Dictionary," (1811-34,) — a work of de-
cided merit Having been elected a deputy to the
Cortes, he removed to Madrid, where he devoted much
time to an arduous and successfiil enterprise, as editor
of a voluminous " Geographical - Historical Dictionary
of Spain," (184S,) which is, perhaps, the most com-

elete and excellent work of the kind ever published,
'ados became a leader of the par^ called Progre-

Mttdroxo, de, d& ml-DiUl'tho, (Don Fedk*tco,) a
Spanish painter, a son of the following, was bom at
Rome in 1815. He painted portraits with aucceaa, and
became court painter at Madrid. He gained a BMdal of
the first class in 1S5;. Died lune to, 1S94.

Madrazo 7 Agado, de, dli ml-Dii3'tho e 1-goo'po,

tDon Jusi, ) a Spanish painter of history and portraits,
om at Santander in 1781. He became court painter to
Ferdinand VII., and (hrector of the Academy of Madtiu.
Died in 1859.

Madrid, de, di mSo-rti/, (_Josi Fernandez,) born
at Carthagena. South America, in 17S9. He was chosen
president of the republic of New Granada in 1816, but
in the same year was made prisoner by the Spaniards.
After an imprisonment of nine years in Havana, he
escaped in 1815, ifter which he was employed by Bolivar
as secret agent in Paris. He wrote " Atala," a tragedy.
Died in 183a.

MadioQe, mfdnol', (Antoink,) a French writer on
religion and politics, l>om at Saint-Seine in 1791. He
published numerous works, in which he advocated oltra-
montane doctrines. Died in i36i.

Madvift mld'vig, {Johann or Jens Nikolai.) *
Danish philologist, bom in the isle ofBoraholm in iScut.
He was appointed minister of public instruction in 1848.
Among his works ate "Opuscula Academica," i vols.,
(1S34-42,) a noted" Latin Grammar," (l84l,}and editioni
of Latin authors. Died in 1S86.

MeBoenaa, mi-see'nfs, [II Mecbnatk, ml-chk-nFti,
orMecKNATo; Fr. MftciNE,mi'Bin',) (CaioiCilhius,)
a celebrated patron of literature at Rome, was born prob-
ablv about 70 G.a He was descended from an andeni
and royal Etrtiscan family, and bclotu^ to the eques-
trian order. (Horace, Cairo. I. i-ia) He was the Aend
of Octavius before his accession as tbe emperor Aunts-
tns. His fidelity and talents having been approved In
many imporunt negotiation*, Octavius intrtHlcd to him
the administration of Rome during bis absence in 36 B.C
^len be went to war against Sextns Pompdus. After
tha betlle of Actium (31 a.d.) bad rendered Octavius

Mi; « a* j; I Aori/; t as/'; a. N. K,/aiaiHni*r.' M, Maaf; B. MOM; I as

: th as inMu. ()y~See Ex[ lanations, p. ix'i

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

MjECIANUS i<

■arttr oi Rome, he it said to hare followed the coiuimI
af HaoenH in loDnding an empire inttead of rettoring
the repnblic Agrippa and MKceim were the tiTOiirltet
■nd chier miniatera of Augoitus for manj nara. The
politioU career of the Utter ended about I6 B.C. Uc-
cenai vu versed in Gieek and Roman litetature, and
Tendered hii name memorable bj his liberal patronage
of Horace, Viigit, and other poets, who were his intimate
friends. His name had become proverbial as a nitron
of tettera as eailjr as the time of Martial. It is said that
Virgil's ■* Georgics" was written at the request of Mtt-
cenas. In the councils of state he advocated mild and
libera] measures and the ftee expression of opinions.
He wrote several mediocre works, of which only small
fragments are exutiL Died in S B.C.

S« A. Rivwus, " Diuenaiigiit* II, da UiKcniU." i(«4-ji
Hnii RicHii, "Vie dt Mte^Du" 17^: R. ScHOHma, ''Liii
of Ubmiiu," Loadoii, 17M; C Cansau, "Viu A tfoccnatV
■6u; S.Viou.-'SUHUi&C.CHeauIo/'ilitjFaAHiiuK. --C
C Mmmsu." Mc, iBi]: Msisomius, " Dc C C Hmmm V^tm''
■tu; BSLUMii, ''VlmaaaM Ulaatonin Pitnmiu." Upul. 171J)'
TwiTvi, " AuiiibiL" bonk* i, iii., ti, and ot, ; Dion Casum.

M»Olinn», m£-ae4'nas, (LuciDi Volusius,) s
Roman jurist of the second century. He was a legal
adviser of Antoninus Fiixs, and a preceptor of Marcus
Auielius, He wrote "De Fideicommissis," and other
works, of which extracts are found in the ' Digest"

Moader, (Frbderick Gsoxca,) an American
actor and playwright, bom at New York in 1840. He
played in many parti, dramatized a number of novels,
and vrrote several plsyi. The best known of these
are "Help," " Sham us O'Brien," "The Runaway
Wife," and "The Canuck." Died in 1S91.

Uaedlar. See MJIdlbr.

MaelseL See MXlzxu

Mwmdea. m(n')-dti, [from /iaivof4at, to " rave,"] a
name of the priestesses of Bacchus, (which aee.)

Maerlund or Uaatlan^ van, vln mii'llnt, (Jacob,)
an earljr Flemish poei, born about 1135, is called "this
blher of Flemish poetry." He was a person of uncocn-
inoQ information and learning for that age. Among Us
works are "Sentences from Aristotle,'^ ■■ The War of
Troy," and "Wapen Martyn." Died In 130a

Maa>. See Maas.

Mbbb, mis, (Andxkas,) a Belgian Orientaliit, botn
in Brabant in 1515 or 1516; died in ijyj.

Moo*, mis, (Camillus Paul,) D.D., a tdahop, born
at Courtrai, Belgium, March 13, 1S46. He graduated
in 1863 at the College of Coartrai, studied dSvinity at
Bruges and Louvain, was ordained a Roman Catholic
priest in 186S, came to America in 1860, was stationed
chiefly in Detroit, and in 1884 waa appointed Bishop of
Covington.

MaesUlB. See MAstlik.

Mae'taiUnok, (Mauricb.) a Belgian dramatist,
bom at Ghent in 1S64. He has been called the
"Belgian Shakspeare," and became well known by
" La Princesse Maleine," (1890,) which was followed
by various other plays, essays, etc.

UsBTliu, mee'vg-tjs, an ohacnre Roman poetaster of
the Augustan age, acquired notoriety by his envious
attacks on the beat poeU of his time. His name has
been saved from oblivion by the ridicule of Virgil, who
mentions bhn fat his Third Eclogue. The name of
Gi&brd's satiric poem " The Hteviad" Is derived from
HKvius.

MaSai, mlf-ll'ee, (Andrka,) an Italian poet, bom st
Kiva di Trento in iSoa. He published several volumes
of original verse, but is chiefly known for his excellent
translations from Other literatures, msunly English and
GcrnuuL Died in 1885.

Mnffrf. (Frahcesco,) an Italian painter, bom st
Vicenca. He iinilaled [^ul Veronese in colouring. His
style is grand, but rather exaggerated. Died about 1660.

Maflsl, (Frahcbsco Scifconb,) Marquis, a cele-
brated Italian scholar and author, bom at Vetona in
tone, 1675. He made a campaign in the aervice of
Bavaria, and distinguished himself at Donanwerth in

, (RaWaxllo,) also calli

nuo, ri/-fl-el1o vol-tSr-ri'no, an
Volterra in 1451

» MAGALOTTI

1704, but soon renounced the militsiy profession and
devoted himself to literature. In tTi3 he produced
"* Heropc," a tragedy, which waa highly applauded, and
an through seventy editions in forty years. His pria>
ipal work, "Verona Illustrato," (a vols. foL, 173I1)
treats of the origin, history, and literary history ot
Verona. It is aomirable for profound research, soond
criticism, and elegant style. He also wrote ** Introduc-
tion to the Science of Diplomatics," ("Istoria diplo-
matica che serve d'Introdiuione all' Arte critics in tal
Materia,") and other works. He was a member of lbs
Royal Societies of London and of Berlin. Died in I7S5>
MaSal. [Lat. Mapf.c'ids or MaphVus,] (Giovaxni
PlETRO,) an excellent Italian writer, bom at Bergamo
'" 1535- ^° went to Rome and entered the or<kr of
Jesuits in 1565, after which be lectured on eloquence for
six years at the Roman College with great success. His
most celebrated work is " Hisloriz Indiae," (" History
of India," 15SS,) of which the style is the chief merit.
" Maffei," says Hallam, " threw all the graces of a pare
Latin s^le over his description of the East" He wrote
a " Life of Loyola," (1585,) and other works. Died in 1603.
Sh Tiiakschi, "Sioria dtUi Uiunnn lubini-" NicdaoH,

UaSsi, (Paolo Alessandro,) an Italian antiqnary,
bom at Volterra in 1653. He published a " Collection
of AndenI and Modern Statues, with Critical Observa-
tions," and another esteemed work, illustrative of ancient
gems, ("Gemme antiche figurate," 1707.) Died in lyii

.._-., ,,. , .v._„ii.j Haffaello Vo]tar>

talian scholar, bora
runt work is"Com-
Urbani, which treats of^geography, biography,
sciences, etc It was reprinted at Paris m 1536. Died
at Rome in 1521.

Uaffeo (or Maflal) Vaxlo, mlf-tt'o vl'jo,
Mapra'us Vk'gids,] (Hie of the most eminent
poets of the fifteenth century, in* born at Lodi In 140&,
He became a resident of Rome, and was appointed
secretary of brieEi and datary by Eugene IV. Besidaa
several religiooi works in prose, he composed Latio

Cms, endued " The Golden Fleece," (" Astyanax Vel-
Aureuin,") and "jGneidos Sn^plementnm," (1471,)
a continuation of Virgil's great epic The last vras the
most admired of his works. He was highly praised by
Scaliger. Died in 1458.

Sh Tiiakmchi, "Surii dilli Lsltennm IllHua;" Batl^
"HiuDncil ndCntieal Dicdonirr:" KiclaoH, "If Quoins."

MaPfltt, (John Nkwland,) a noted Methodist
preacher, born at Dublin, Ireland, in 17U. Having
emigrated to the United States in 1819, ne becama
in 1833 associate editor of the "Westem Methodist,'*
published at Nashville, Tennessee. He was electea
prolessor of elocution at La Grange College, Alabama,
In 1837. Died m 1850,

Mofoma. See MoHAUuet).

Mnptlhaena. See Maoellan.

MagalliBoiiB, mi-gll-yl'Ens, (Gabriil,) a Porta*
niese missionary, born near Coimbra in 1609, laboured
in the Jesuit missions in China Irom 1640 until bis death,
in 1677, and wrote a " Description of China," (16SS.)

MagWUtaena da Qandavo, da, di mt-gil-yi'ENa
dt gSn-dl'vo, (Pedro,) a Portuguese historian, bom at
Braga about ijjo. He passed some years in Brasil, and
published at Lisbon in 1576 a "History of Brazil," a
work of some merit

Uagalon, mrgtn&N', (Jean Denis,) a French write.
andJoumalist,bornatBaEno1esinl794; died about 1840.

Uagalotti, mi-gS-lot'tce, (Loreneo.) Count, an
Italian philosopher, bom at Rome in 1637, was versed
in ancient and modem languages. He beoime a resident
of Florence, the grand duke of which employed him od
diplomatic missions to Vienna and Mantua. Among hia
works are a treatise sgainst atheism, called " Familiar

Latin

creontic Songs," (1733.) "The Letters of Magaloltl
and of Redi," says tullsm, "seem to do more credit

I. E, I, S, &. f, /«v-' ^ t> Ak ssme. leas prolonged; i, !, t, &, fi, ]F, ihtrl; h «, j, 9, tticurt; fir, fill, At; mil; n&t; gdod; a

d by Google

MAGANZA

*, ml-gln'dl, (AUHUNDKO,) an Italian Ui-
torical painUr, bom at Vlcenia in 1556. He imitated
Rnil Veronese with moderate aoccets. Died in 1630.
AkMandro bad three lona, who were prooUaing utiitt ;
mt tbej died pnnaiureJj bdorc tbetr btber.

, SMA.M.UnnaiULU,*<lli«ia«A.Utpoa."tS4g;LAni,

a volume of pocma, (" Rime,"}
pabliahed in 1570^ Died In 1589.

SMLuin,*'Hittairo''P*i»ti^ ■■ tl>lr:" Baldihdcci, " t)^

MsyanM. (GtoTAHMt BATmTA,) a painter <A the
Venetian acbool, bom at l^cenca in im, waa aaonand
popil of Ateasaodro, noticed abom. Died in 1617.

Mi'ns, |Gr. Horvr.) a king of Crrene, and a atep-
■on of Ptolemr Soter. Died in ajS b.C

Mumtl, ml-gl'lee. or Mnenttl, ml-glfiee, [LU.

lACa^!.! "" ' ' ■"--" '--' --=---

Haca^S,] (Cbsare,)
ban at Scandiano in Ijn-
catione Vnloemm," (16ID.)

llWttaa- See Maqati.

M*c'da-leiM or U
HadklInk, nldlin',!

Julian lurgical writer,
He wrote " De tara Hedi-
Died in 1647.

I Magdala. in Galilee. Sbe

. . bllowera of Christ, br whom

die waa "healed of evil apitiu and infiimiliea. ' (See
Lake niL a.) Nothing appeara to be known of her bis-
tocj in addition to the beta narrated b; (he lour E*an-

felnta. (See Matthew zzriL and xzviii., Mark xvi, and
ohn six. 35 and xz. t-iS.) The learned differ on the
qnevtion of her identitf with Mary the sister of laiama
of Kethanj. The prevalent notion that her morals were
ictT deprived bdbte bei conversion appeara to have no
real foundation.

1M^-%atf, (WiujAM.) Archbishop of DuUin, waa
bom in Ireland in 1^5. He opposed UDitarianltm in
■Discourses on the Scr'---' *■ - " ■■ -' '-

He became Bishop of Raphoe in 1819, and
Aichbiahop of Dublin in iSaa. Died in 1831.

Bfag«« (WiLUAM Connor,) D.D., a prelate, a
crandson of tlie preceding, was bom at Cork, Decem-
ber 17, iSai. He was educated at Kilkenny College,
and at Trinity College, Dublin. In 1S64 be wa* made
Dean of Cork, and *oun after dean of the Chapel
Royal, DnUin. In 1868 be was consecrated Bishop of
PeierlMirongh, (Anglican.) and in 1891 became Arch-
biahop of Yoik. Died May 5,

Wagwilait. ml-Jel'l^n, [Sp pron. ml-hCI-yliL'; Port

AINS, ml-gll-yl'tN».l (FiRNANDO,) a Portu.

iTigator, dialinguished for his skill, enterprise,

Uagalhains, d

and important discoveries, was bora about 1470.' ___
■erred several years in the East Indies under Albo-
qoerqtie, and took part in the capture of Malacca in

veaels and 130 men. With these he sailed, September,
1519, with a view to find a western roote to the East
Inmes. He passed the winter of ijao (from May to
S^tember) in the Bay of Saint Julian, about 49° south
latitude, irtwre a serious mutiny or conspiracy was sup-
presaed by the execution of two captain* of vessels. In
October, luc^ be discovered and passed through the
strait which b^n his name. Pnisuinghisconiae through
the gr^ ocean of which he was the first navigator,
and which he named the Pacific, he discovered tl^ La-
droaca about the 6th of March, 1531. He proceeded
tbeocc to the Philippine Isles, and was amicably received
^~ the Prince of Zebu or Cebn. Having become an ally
tbit prince in a war against another small island of
the same froop, MageJlan waa killed in butle in April,
Icai. One of bi« snips, the Vittoria, comimanded by
Sebasdan del Cano, retnroed to Spain, and was ib« Erst
thai drctntuuvigaled the glob& An Italian named H-
pfetta accompanied Magellan in this last voyage, and
kept a joama], whidi waa published. (See PiOAmTA.)

*m»; f — t; ikarJ; ia»j;a,K.K,fiaiira/; ii,Kiual; ^MUed; t»tt: \kt»inliu. ()^~See Eaplan

5

M«E*Uan or Magalhaena, (JoXa jAdirro,) wai
born at Lisbon in 1733. He emigrated to England
about 1764, cnttivated natntal philosophy with aucceis,
and was diosen a Fellow of the Royal Society, (1774.)

BCageni

„.indlB, mfihftN'de', (Francis,) an eminent
French pbjrsiologist and physician, was bom at Bor-
deaux on the 15th of October, 17S3, aod was educated
In Paris. He iKcame demonstrator of anatomy in the
Faculty of Mcdidne, Paris, about 1805. In 1816 be

Srodnced a manual of physiology, "Pr&is ^Mmentaire
E Pbysiotoeie," which was translated into German and
English. He was admitted into the Academy c>r Sci-
ences about 1811, and became professor of anatomy or
medicine in the College of France in 1831. His experi-
ments contributed greatly to tbe progress of physiology.
Among his important services was tbe discovery or
demonstration of the (unctions of the spinal nerves. The
honour of this discovery, however, is shared by Charles
Bell. Magendie discovered that in the circulation of
the blood, the arteries act not by irritability, but byelaa-
ticity, and proved Uiat the veins are organs of absorption.
He experimented on living animals more than any of his
predecessors. Among bis principal works are " Lectures
on the Physical Phenomena of U(e," (" Lefon* sur lea
Ph^omines physiques de ta Vie," 4 vols., 1836-42,)
and " Lecture* on the Functions and Disease* of the
Nervous System," {a vols., 1839.) He founded in iSsi
the "Journal of Experimental Physiology," which he
continued to edit until iStt. He was appointed presi-
dent of the board of public health (camiti aumUtal^
d'hygiiiu puiUqme) in 1S4S. Died in October, 185S-

Sec KiouauH, "CI0M hUtonqucilg 7. Manodii," itjH: Dv-
sou d^Ahlshi, "KlDfA da MAfcbdia:'* *'NDuTell* BiographH

BlagBiitB. Due D

See MacMahon,

_.. Italian poet, bran at Milan in 163a, He became a
member of the Academy Delia C'-usca, and professor
of Greek in Milan. His works consist oi Gredc, Latin.
and Italian poems, of Letters, etc "Maggi bore an
honourable part," says Hallam, "in the restoration of
poetry." Died in 1699.

S«L. A. Uuaiiw.-'VltidiaM. Hic|ci,UU*UH,"i}sa;
TduaoscHi, " Suafa dslls LMiiniiim laliiuT'

^g'gC', (GlOVAMNI,) an Italian painter and etcher,
bom in Rome about iJ66i died afler 1618.

Mafgi, (GiaOLAMO,) a lawyer and writer, bom at
Anghiari, in Tuscanv. About 1360 he settled in Venice,
where he published several works, among which were
"The War of Flanders," a poem, and "Variae Lee-
lionea." Having been made prisoner by the Turks in
Cyprus, he attempted to escape, was recaptured, and
strangled in Constantinople in 1572.

»*"(;ei, (Luciuo FiLALTEo,) a learned Italian physi-
cian, was bom at Bresda about i5ta He obtained ths
chair of medidne in the University of Pavia about 1553.
He wrote "Familiar Letters'* ("Epistolx Familiares'^
on the literary history of Italy. Died about 1570.

Maggio, mid'jo, or Miic^o, ml'jo, {Framcxsco
Maria,) a monk, bom at Palermo in 1612, became
skilled in Oriental languages. He was employed as a
missionary in Sjrria, Georgia, etc, and wrote a "Gram-
mar of the Georgian Language." Died in 1686.

MX'fel, a religious sect or priestly caste of ancient
Persia, which had exclusive possession of sdeniific
knowledge. They worshipped fire and the sun, and
were reformed bj Zoroaster. In the Gospel certain
members of this caate are mentioned as " wise men of
the East." ( See Matthew iL l.) In procesa of time
tlie term M^^ became aynonymoos with philosophers,
learned men, astronomers, and soothsayers, or dealera
in magic arts.

l^-CUl', (Edward H.,) LI,D., rb American cdncator
and scholar, waa born in Bucks county, Pennsylvania,

ib,Google

MAGim i<

Idence High School, whkh pMidon he held tUl iSj^
when he wat appoinied iub-m>sler of the BoMon Latin
School HarJDg in 1867 raigned his pUce Id the Latin
School, he apentsome lime in foreign travel. From 1S71
to 1890 he was president of SwarthmorE College, and
■ntMcqiienily prirfesaor of French there. The high de-
gree of prosperitj which that institution enjoj^s is dae in no
small measure both to hia rare skill as an instructor and to
hiswise andedidentgoTeiiiinenl. Dr. Magill was a leal-
ous advocate of the co-education oftbe sexes, and the
complete and signal success of this sjritem at Swarthmore
fiimishea a practical at^ument in its Ibtoui not easy to re-
futenrresist DuringbiscoDoectionwiththeBoslODLBtin
School, Mr. Magill published a French Grammar and a
series of Frencb Readers which have been widely nsed in
the schools and colleges of our coontiy. D. Dec. 5, 1907,
d, ml-jee'nee, (GioTANHI AntomiOi) u) Italian
ler, boin at PMoa ia 1555- He ma proliMMr
■ ""' '--MI588 to i6i7.ai>d wrote

of mathematics at Bologna from t <

le Celeatial Orba," ('■ None CtBlca-
Hum Orlnum Theoric," 1589.) Died in 1617.

1^-Ciim', (WiLLlAH,) a wittT and *eraatfle writer,
bom at Cork, in Ireland, abont 1793. He removed to
London about 1804, and adopted literature as a prolea-
•ion. About this time be was a frequent contribntor to
"Blackwood's Magazine," in which he appears as the
"Morgan CDoherly" of the "Noctea AmfarosiaMe."
About iS>8 he became Bub-editor of "The Standard,? a
Torr paper, and began to write able and caustic artides
icir '' Fraser's Magazine." He also wrote a novel called
-WbiMhalL" I^ in 1843.

Sea *" AntobiocnphT of WiDum jBrdjiD,'* vot £. c^ajx viL;
*■ mier>i UigHiH^ fcr Jannut, ■«]■. (inth ■ portni^) ind £>r
FdmuT, Hanh, and A[nl, iSjl

MaglTiia,ml-gee'rto,(ToBtAS,)aGermanphilotopheT,
bwn at Angermiinde in 15S6, taught logic and phjsica
at Frankfort-on-the-Oder. Died in 1651.

Blagistiia, do, d«h ml-jts'ttiss, (Giacihto,) an Ital-
ian missionaiv, born in the diocese of Cremona in 160J ;
died at Goa, India, in 1666.

MaglstilB, de, (SluONii,) an Italian priest, noted for
Usmastervofancient langaages, was bom in Corsica in
I7zlt ; died at Rome in tSoi.

MasU>^t>*00hl, mll-jri-bek'kee, (ANTONtO,) tn Italian
bibliomaniac and librarian, noted for hia prodigious
memory and learning, was bom at Florence in 1633. He
deronred a great number of books with avidity, oecame
versed in languages and antiquities, and was regarded
an oracle by the learned. His habits weie very eccentr
He wa* for many years librarian of Coaimo III., Grand
Dake of Tuscany, and of his saccessors. At his deatli,
in 171^ be left hi* rich library to the dty of Florence,
by which it is kept open to the public

^f»ipi»» mtn'yfiH', (Biknakd Pikrrk,) a French
|enera^bom in Paris in 1791. Reserved as captain at
Waterloo, (iBiJ,) and obtained the rank of colonel about
1S17, after wbidi he waa emplond in Algeria. He
became a Itenteaant-feneral in 184^ and commanded
the army of tbc Alps in 184ft tn July, 1851, he was
appointed commander-in-chief of the army of Paris, and
in December, i8u, he was raised to the raidi of marshal
of France. Ked in 1865.

S«J. ' ■n'TT-. "NatioHtrk (Mnln] Uasnu," iSji.

B, (DOHIMIQD^) a French antiquary and monk.

(17fr(,1 and at

^'I'g"'"*. mln-71'nee, (CaiSTOVOEO,) an able Italian
painter, bom at Pizzighettone before 1550^ was a papil
of Bernardino CampL

Migaasoo, mln-yls'ko, (Alkssandko,) called Lis.
■ANDUNOh an Italian painter, bom at Genoa in 1681.
His &Toiurite mbjecH were processions, etc. Died hi

MaituaoOi (STKFAliak) a painter, bom about 1630,
was the father of the preceding. Died in tHs-

>4 MAGNUS

Hacne, mtA, (Pibkrl) a French advocate and min-
ister of atate, b(»n at Perigueui in iSoCl He waa ap-
pranted miniater of pnblic works In January, 1851, and
minister of finance in Febroary, 1855. He retired from
this office about 1861. Died in 1879.

Macnenoe. See MAONumtrs.

UaeaentiiM, mlg-nCn'she-us, (Fr. Masnsncb, mtn'-
yfiNsa',] (FLAVto^ a Roman gMcral, btnn In German*
"■""""' 300 A.D. While commanding ai • -^ /

k German*
y in Gant

his orders. MagnentiDt maoe himself master of the dty
of Rmne. A war enaned between turn and Constantius,
who defiiated the usurper on the river Dnve in iti.
He retreated to Ganl, was again defeated, and kiUM
himself in Augost, 353 A.tx

Mkg'nSI, \)UtrmA an Athenian poet of tbe <rfd
comedy, was born in Icaria, and lived abont 450 b.c.

Mogul, (JoHAN.) See MAtnnn.

'*'*^. mlg'nce, written also Mac<Mh [from Magn,
" strength,"] a son of Thor, who, with his brother Modi,
will iorvive the conflagration of the world at RagnarOck.
(See HoDL)

T>*°c"'i mlg'nee, or MngPtiB, mlg'nfts, (Jobak or
Jonas,] a Swt^h bishop, bom at WexiS in 1 $83, wrote
*■ Synopsis Historiae universalis,** (163a,) and other work*.
Died in 1651.

BOagDl, mln'yee, [Lat HAo'irai;] (Valesiano,) an
Italian writer and Capnchin friar, bom at Milan aboot
1586. He wrote against the Jesuits. " This ^frv,** says
Pascal, in a letter to the Jesuits, " has bond the secret
of stopping yoni month. Amow hb works is "Or-
ganum thetdogicnrn," (1643.) Died in 1661.

Set Pascai, " LMtna Previariiln."

Uagnier, {Edmond.) a French journalist and
statesman, bom at Boulogne. sar-Mer in 1S41. In
1871 he founded the journal " £vi cement," which
proved very successful. He became a deputy in
1S95 was tried and
.ilway frauds. His
"" "" ^ " Dante and

1876, a senator in 1891, and i:
convicted of complicity in ri
" History of a French Commut
the Middle Ages" ate works of much value.

Blngnier, intn'ye-a',(LAUitBNT,) called also MANiteK,
a French sculptor, bom in Paris in 1618 1 died in 1700.

Mapiiii, mtn'yin', (Chaklbs,) a French critic bom
in Pans in 1793. He acquired reputation as a critic of
dramatic literature. Among hia vrorks are a series of
"Lectures on the Drama," (1838,) a
Meditations historiques et litt«aires
Died in 1860.

" (I vols., 1S43.)

101, min'yoi', (nntRi;) a rrencn iMKanisi ana
n, bom at Hontpeltier in 1638. He became
It of botany in his native dty in 1694, before
e had pntJuhed " Introduction to the General

ferrat," and other tragedies. Dtedin _,__

Blagool, min'yol', (Pinits,) a French botanist and
physidan, bom s* a'"~>~-ni~ i~ ■*•<! "- k—™
professor a' * '
which he h

History of Plants," ("Prodromus Historic generalia
Planlamm," 16S9.) He had some sound Ideal on
botanical philosophy, and share* with other botanist* ~
of hia time the merit of brouring the Mogrcaa of the
natural method. He wrote several minor works on
botany. The genua Afagmtlia was named in hb hoDoar.
Died in 1715.
Sm • -

and dramatbt, bom at f onmns. He l«ft nnfinbhed «
poem entitled "La Science oniverselle," (1663.) He
waa aasasainated at Parb in 166s,

Mftg'nu* L, King of Norway, sumamed TRI Gooi\
was the son of Saint Olafls. He became king in 1034,
and at the death of Canute IL, in 104a, obuined Um
throne of Denmark. He died in 1047, leaving Norway
to Harold, and Denmark to Sweyn, a nephew ofCanntw
the Great.

Sb Touimn. " Hiiiaris RmB Nenapanaa."

~ LADtiLOS, King of Swedeiw harm

i.<,i.ekt,f,/Mv;k,t, At same, less prolongedi i,l,(%a,y,*brt,'«,f,i,Q,«fanin,-ar,flU,At|iitCiinet;gd6d;m

d by Google

MAGNUS

i6«S

MAHAN

ta 1940, WM the KCond uaa of Birger. He depoMd hit
om brotber, Waldemar, and reigned muiy veart. "~
died in 1*98, ntd ww suMeeded bf hie Mm, Krger.

Macnns, •ttraamed Shek, King of Sweden, bom in
1316^ wu the ion of Duke Eric, and nicceeded Rirget
tn 131a HU actual reign began in 1337. He wm placed
rnider interdict bf the pope, and deposed b; hit noble*
«bo«t 13^, when Albeit of Ueckifenbnrg became king.
Haanat died in 1374.

■bg'niia, a Creek pbyiddan, Uvcd aboat 100 a.d.
Ha wa» one of the Pneumatic aect

I, (Albbbtul) See Albcxtus MAOitus.

de^kn. D

• ezedlent in colour and
EHcd AogMt 9t 1873.

^na, (HiiHKiCH GtiVTAT,) a German phy^d*^

bom at Berlin, Uay 1, 1S03. In 1834 he waa made ei-
traotdinaij profcMor irf phyalct there, and in 184s full
profeaaor. Hia main rqniiatian came from hii experi-
ments and papera respecting heat, on the phjisic
gasea, and on capiUaritr. He alio made
diwwvefiea. Med Apnl 4, iSTa

148S. He

the ReformalioD in Sweden wilhoot

mlg'nta, or Magnl, mlg'nee, (Tohan or

ItohopofUr ' —^-- -' -

R

._ Rome, where he died in 15^

He wa* author of ■ "Hiitoi^ of Sweden," in Latu^
("Hlaioria Gothomm Saerorumqiie," 1554.)

Magniu, (Olads or Otwr.) a Swedish prelate, brother
of the prece<fing,was bom at LinkSpingabout i4ga He

1 by Pope PanI IlL to the Council of Tienl in

He wrote (in Latin) a " History of the Northern
Nations," (1555.) which was translated inlo Enpliah,
Dntcli, German, and Italian. Died in Rome in 1568.

BltiS'iiiia, (Thomas,) an Eiwlish emlssaiv, sent by
Cardinal Wolsey to Scotland (n ija4, in the twofold
capacity of ambassador and spy. He sent to the Eng-
Ikh court some curious details (preserred in the stale
papers of Henry VTII.) relating to the young King of
ScTitland and the customs of those limes.

. mig'nto-fn, or Mngpu— on, mlg'nOS'
. n, (Finn.) an Icelandic historian and antiquary, born
at Skalholt in 1781. He pnblished, among other works,
a "Translation and Explanation of the Elder Edda,'
(1831.) Died in 1847.

BCngntiMCm. See Abni-Maonussom.

M^jr. d* deh mln-yf, (Ouvim,J a French poet,
bom at Cahora about 1534. He was a lorer of Louise
Labi, and a follower of the PlhaJt. His "Odea,"
" AmoDia," " Soapiia," " Gayet^" eta, evince much
talent. Died in 156a

m'go, [Gr. WrfiiB; Fr. Hacon, mfgAif',! a Cartha-
ginian admiral, who gained s victory over the fleet of

Syracuse abool 391' -" * '--

feated by Dionyaiw

and was elected chief magistrate. Having led anotlTer

'—- ' ' — Sidly, he was killed, and his army was

bala tiy Dionysius, abou

, , --^Ceeded to the command 1

prosecnted the

Mbsol a Carduginian writer of uncert^n period, was
caned "the faAer of agricnltnre" by Columella. He
wrote an extensive work on agriculture, which was trans-
lated into Latin by the order of the Roman senate after
the destruction of Carthage.

BfagOh a brother of the famous Hannibal, followed
liim in the invasion of Italv, and held a high command
at the battle of Cami«, 3t6 B.a He carried the newa
ofthia victory to Carthage, and solicited reinforcement
bat was ordered to Spain, where be and Hasdmbal com>
manded for several years against the Scipios with vari-
ous success. After gaining some advantage* in Liguria,
_ where he was aeverely wounded, be was ordered to
'hasten to the defence of Carthage, bot he died during
tbc vorage, in aot B.a

BCacML SeeMAOOL

Macon d« CIoK-Dot^ mrg&it' dfh klo'do'rl',
ICuARLKi RcmI,) a French rear-admiral, bom in Paris
k 1 763. He wa* hilled at the battle of Tra&lgar, In 1805.

M%-gooo', (EUAS L.) D.I)., an American BaplisI

divine, bom at Lebanon, New Hampshire, in iSic^
pnbliriied " Proverb* for the People," "Oratora of the
American Revolution," and other works. Died in 1S8&
MsLgil, ml'gBee, (Domknico,) an Italian writer, bora
in Malta In 1604. He ptiblished a " Lencon of Ec-
clesiastic Terms and Rites," ("Nolitta de' Vocaboli
ecclesiastidL") Died in 167a.

/der, (JoHM B.,)

1 aboDt iBiQ. nac

1 the Mexican
war, (1846^7.} With the rank tA major-general, he
fought against the Union at While Oak Swamp and
Ualvem HilL July i, 186a. He commanded the army
in Texas in 1S63 and 1864. Died in 1871.

Magmd«r, (Julia,) an American author, bom at
Charlottesville, Virginia, in 1854. She bat published
a number of novels, including "Across the Chasm,"
" A Magnificent Plebeian," etc. Died June 9, 1907.

"Rome and its Rulers," (1857,) etc. Died in 1873.

MAHA, Rtf -ht', [from the adjective wUhH, •• great,"] a
Sanscrit prefix fnining a portion of many Indian names,
as MahXdeva, "great god," UAHit-pKALYA,tbe "great
destruction," etc See these name* in their alphabetical

''iKUU-Bali See Ball

SJUrSa, a descendant of Bhiiiti, a £imons Hindoo
prince,) the name of the great ecdc poem of the HindooB,
so called because it treats of the war waged among the
descendants of Bharata. It is said to contain 100^000
lines, or 100,000 double verses. Tradition ascribes it

the Christian era. It 1
of such knowledge as '
Kshatriyas, or warrior caaie.

BAXUdAvB, m«-hl'di'vh or MaU-Deo, mf -hi' dl'o,
(fc/. the " great god,") the name bjt which Siva is com-
monly known in many parts of India. (See Sita.)

Mf-baT^, (John Pentland,) an eminent scholar and
critic, bom at Chaponnaire. near Vevay, Switzerland,
Febmary »6, 183* He graduated at Trinity Collide,
Dublin, ID 1856. He was appointed professor of andent
history in that institution in 1871, and became distin-
guished for his versatility and wide attainments. He
took orders In the Anglican Church. Among his book*
are " Twelve Lecture* on PrimLiive Civiliiaiion," (1868,)
"Prolegomena to Ancient Historv," (1871,) "Kant's
Critical Philosophy for English Readers," (1871,) " Greek
Social Ufe, from Homer to Meiiander," (1874,) "Gicek
Antiquities,'' (1876,) " Ramble* and Siudie* in Greece,"
(1876,) "History of Classical Greek Literature," (iSSo,)
"Greek Lite and Thought," (1887,) "The Greek
World under Roman Sway," (1890,) "Problem* in
Greek History," (1892,) etc.

Maht-KAIL See KXlI

Malik-BUyl, mt<hl' inl'yl, the name of tlw mother
of Booddha. See Gautama.

Maban, (Alfred T.,) an American naval captain
and author, was bom al West Point, New York, in
1840. He graduated al the Naval Academy in 1859,
served through ihe dvil war and until 1896, when he
retired with the rank of captain. He was a member
of the Navai Advisory Board in 1S98 during the war
with Spain. He became widely known as an author
through bis notable work, "The Influence of Sea-
Power upon History," (1892-96.) and wrolc lives of
Fanagut and Nelson, and other works. Died December
I, 1914.

Uf-han'', (AiA,) D.D., an American divine, bom at
Vernon, New York, in 17991 He graduated al Hamilton
College in 1834. and at Andover Seminary in 1837. In
1839 be was ordained to the Presbyterian ministry, and
be held various paatoiate* In that and the Congregation-

*mi; (a*/; gAan/; f^aaj; a, H,iL,giiaiiral: ti,taial; ^IrilUdiin

s; thasia£(i>, (|^^SeeExplBnaiioaa,p.33.)

Digitized ay CjOOQ I C

aliit denomination. He was chown preMdent of Ober-
Un College in 1835, >nd of Cleveland UniT«rait]r in 185a
H« was also (1861^1) preiident of Adrian College.
Among bis worki are "Science of Intellectoal Philoa-
opby,''^ (1845,) -Doctrine of the Will," {1846.) "The
Trae Belie*er." {1847.) " Science of Moral Plulo«>phT,"
(1856,) "Science of Li^ic," {1857,) and a wort entitled
"Doctrine of Christian Perfection," — a doctrine which
he earnestly maintained. Died April 4, 18S9.

Mahan, (Dennis Hakt,) LL.D., an American soldier
and engineer, bom in New York. April 3, 1801. He
graduated at West Point with higbeit honours in 1814,
and was an assistant professor there, 1S14-36, and pro-
fessor of engineering, 1838-71. Among his works are
treatises on " Field Portificatians," (1S36.} "Civil Engi-
neering," (1837; mostly rewritten, 1868,) "On Indus-
trial Drawing," (1853,) "Descriptive Geometry," (1864,)
and "Military Engmecring," (part i., 1865; part ii.,
1867.) He committed suicide 1^ drowning, near Stony
Point, New York, September 16, 1871.

Utiluu), (MiLO,) D.D., an American theologian,
brother of the preceding, was bom at Suflblk, Virginia,
May 24, 1819. He studied at Saint Paul's Coflege,
Flushing, New York, and in 1845 entered the Episcopa-
lian ministry. He was professor of churcti history in
the General Theological Seminary, New York dty, from
l36l to 1864. He published "The Eierdse of Faith,"
(1851,) " History of the Chnrch," (i860 ; enlarged, 187*,)
and other worlu, which gave him a high place among
the theologians of his church. Died in Baltimore. Sep-
tember 3, 137a (See his " Collected Works and Life,"
■ by r^H, Hopkins, 3 vols., i87a-7S.l

MUha' Pril'Tf, [ modern Hindoo pron. mf-hl'
priil'jf?,] (ift the "great end" or "great destmctian,") a
term applied to the final consummation of all things,
which. It is supposed, will take place after a hundred
tears of Brahma have elapsed, in which each day (with
its night) is reckoned as S640 millions of our years. At
the time referred to, all the goda, including Brahma, aa
well as all creatures, will be annihilated ; Brahm, the
eternal, self-existent Spirit, will alone remain.

S« Moan. " Hindoo Punham."

UaharbkL See Mahhbai.

Maba-Rndra, a name of Siva. See Rudia.

Mahdee, Mahdy, or Mabdt Al, II mlh'dee, (Mo-
HAUUED, mo-Hlm'mid,) the third Abbasside caliph of
Bagdid, SDCceeded his father, Al-Mansoor, in 775 a.Dl
He waged war against the Greeks with such succeM that
the empress Irene sued for peace. He died in 785, and
was succeeded by his son Hidee, {or Hady.)

So Will, "Gachidiu it Chslifak" vol E chai>. VL

Mahdl, El, II m&'dee, (Arabic for " the well-directed,")
the title of a prophet and deliverer of Islam foretold
by Mohammed; also the assumed title of Mohammed
Ahmed, known to Earoprans as "The False Prophet
of the Soudan," who was bom near Dongola, Nubia, in
1843. He worked in his youth as a boat-builder at
Khartoom, and engaged in the traffic in wild animals (or
European menageries. He learned to read and write
after becoming an adult, tiaght school at Khartoom, and
•Dbeequently established himself at Tamaniat at an in-
terpreter of the Koran. Afterwarda he went with some
diaciples to reside on the island of Aba, in the White
Nile, where, by strict seclusion and austerity for six
years, he acquired great fiune as a holy man and was
visited by piigrims. In tSSt he announced himself by
proclamation as the expected Mahdi, claiming to have
all the physical signs prophesied of that persotiage. On
the overthrow of Arabi Pasha in i88z he acquired great
ascendency in the Soudan, took possession of Senr

Kordo&n, and Darfut, raised

army commanded _, „ '-j

extended to the Red Sea, he wased war with the British
at Soakim and vicinity, blockaded General Gordon at
Khartoom, rejecting the title of "Sultan of Kordo&n"
oBiired him by Gordon, and forced En^and to send
an expedition under Lord Wolseley to Khartoom for
ihe relief of Gordon. Khartoom fell and Gordon was
killed Jannaiy 36, iSSj. El Mahdi died June 33, 1S85.

j6 MAHMOOD

Mall* d« la BooTdoimala, mfy d«h II booa'd^-
■a\', (BiKNARD FsAHgois,) a distinguished French naval
officer, bom at Saint-Halo in 1699. About 1718 be
entered the service of the French East India Company.
He was appcnnted Governor-General of the Isles of
France and Bourbon in 1 734, and received command of
a squadron in 1741. War having begun between Fiance
and England, he repulsed an Englisn fleet near Madras,
and captured that place, io 174a He qnairelled with
Dupleix, governoi of Ihe French poaseasiona in Hin-
doatan, who refosed to give np Madras, which La Bobt-
donnais by treaty had agreed to restore to the English.
Having been recalled to France, where be arrived in
1748, he was confined in the Bastille three yeara, veA
then tried and acquitted. His talents and vntnea an
praised In Saint-Herre bi Ihe prefiice to "Paul and
Vitgima. Died In 1754 or 1755.

S« Ctaitai), " Vin do plu mastrva Uuini rTanfaU," il>t 1
Uiu, " Hiiun of BrilUi rBdia." 1S16.

BIa-Ii«D'drf, called also BCahln'do, a son of Asokj^
introduced Booddhism into Ceylon about 100 B.C.

ISl-heinj^l or Ma-har^bfl, (Gr. Ha<4>«acl a Car-
lb aginian general, who followed Hannibal into Italy,
fought at "nirasymene, and commanded the right wing al
the battle of Cannae, in 316B.C. Henrged Hannibal to
advance on Ihe Roman capital, and, when the latter
rejected this counsel, said to him, " You know bow to
gain victories, but not bow to improve them."

Se* LiTV, " HisuiT of Rdih," booki ni-ndiL

Mih»i>i, m»-ha'st, or Mihtahi, mf-ha'shf, and
HShtawSri, mt-hSs'wf-r^ naraea of Siva, which sec.

Mahlndo. See Mahknora.

MnhlTnnnn, mll'mln, (SiBCiVlKD Ai;GUST,) a Ger-
man poet, born at Leipsic in 1771. Some of hisproduo-
tions were very popular. Died in tSafi.

Uabmed. See Mohauiikix.

Malimood, Uahmond, or Malunfld, mtH-mOOd',
Z., Suttan of Turkey, bom in 1696, was the son <rf
Mustafa IL He succeeded his uncle. Ahmed (Achmet)
IIL, in 1730. In 1^34 he began a war against the Rua-
siana, who were assisted by tne Anstriana. The latter
made peace and gave up Belgrade to Turkey in 17^
Soon alter that date he made a treaty of peace with
Russia. Mahmood left the direction of a&iia to hia
ministers. Died in December, 1754.

5« Viw " - - - _ . . ..

Uahmood, Ualunond, or Uahmfld n., Sultaa
of Tnrker, a younger son of Sultan Abdool Hlmid,
was born July 30^ 1^5. His youth waa passed in^sedn-
■ *'terary p

. , captive, :

in thoee projects of reform which he himself bad tiled
to effect In loly, 1808, Mustafa was deposed by the
military, and iMahmood was proclaimed Sultan at one of

themselves nearly independent of the Sultan, and the
disaffection of the Janissaries threatened a revolution in
the capital He began the work of reform in the army,
which he ordered to be organized after the European
system. In November, l3% the Janissaries rebelled,
attacked the Sultan's palace, and proclaimed Mustafa.
Mahmood suppressed this dangerous revolt by the exe-
cution of Mustafa and his heirs, afler which he remained
the only surviving [itince of his race.

A war with Russia, in which the Turks had been de-
feated, was terminated by a treaty of peace in May, 1812.
He pursued his projects of reform with courage and
energy, amidst the violent opposition of his tubjecta-
About 1S33 began a general insurrection of the Greeks,
who, after a war of several years, were liberated from
the Turkish yoke. During this war be continued bis
bold innovations against the old customs and tradition* ;
he dressed himself in the European fashion, and finally
accomplished his moat important measure, — the destTiic>
tion of the Janissaiiea, who had instigated a ftmnidable
insurrection in the capital. The next day (June 15) the
standard of the prophet was unfurled, and all good

1, ^T. 6, B,f,/i»^.'li,t. 6, same, less prolonged: i,l,I,8,(l,)F,fA0rf;f,(,|,9,sfaniri(;fIr, All,ftt:iDlt;nAiigAd;m

db, Google

MAHMOOD ■<

Unimliiiani were summoaed to inns. Tbe Jinltsiriei
woe oatnumbered and ipeedily orerpowercd, uid man)'
tbouund* of ttwm were killed. On tbe i6th an edict
ms iuoed for tbe abolition of their organization.

On tbe aoth of Oetobtr, 1837, Mahmood'i fleet was
defeated and atl-but annihiUled a( Navarino \ff the allEed
French, Englisb, and Ruaaiaiui, who foaght there for the
tibertj of Greece. Mahmood ia ceniured for rashness
in renewing the war with Russia in iSlE. Tbe Russian
general Diebilsch defeated the Turks at Shumla, crossed
the Balkan, and took Adrianople in 1810. The existence
of the Turkish empire was in peril ; but, ihiongh the
mediadon of England and other powera, the Sultan ob-
tained peace (September, 1S19) by tKlTing a large (om
of money and resigning the sovereignty of Moldavia,
Wallachia, and Servia. In 1S32 he was involved in war
with Mehcmet AU of Egypt, whose army, commanded
by hia aon IbrUieem, (Ibrahim,) gained a decisive vic-
lorj at Konieh, (December, 1833.) Russia interposed
Id protect Mahmood against his rebellious vassal. The
Ottoman empire was apparently on the verge of disao-
hition, when the Sultan died, m June, 1839, and was
succeeded by his son, AbddSl-Mejeed.

Sh V(niM()HCH."MiihnvdII., •dDLcben,"eic., iSuiPouQin-
viiLa. " HiilsJTt it li RMB^iukn de la Grtec" ind wtid*
' llihnxiul" in the " Meontla Bigfnplna Gfainle."

Malimood, Uahmond, or Mahmtld, mlH'mJSd',
(Abool-Eaaim-TenMeD-Ml-DowImb, or Abttl-
(Aboul-) K^tm-TemlD-cd-Danlah, I'bOi kl'tim
yih-mcen' ed-dSw'lfh,) one (tfthe mom celebrated of all
the Mohammedan cooquerora, tbe founder of the Game-
Tide dynasty, and the fint who established a permanent
Moslem empire in India, wh bom at Gaina (or Ghiznee)
In 967 A.IX He was the son of Sabiktween, whom he
mcceeded as governor of the province ofXandahar, (or
Gama.) At an earl* age he dtstinRaishcd himself while
fighting under hia father against Uie enemies of Nooh,
for Notib,) the Samanide sovereign of Persia, from whom
he reeeived the title of Seif-cd-Dowtih, (" Sword of the
State.'^ Bat afterwards, having been ill treated by
Uanaoor, a snccenor to ^ooh, he overthrew the throne
of tbe Samanides, and established his empire over s
vast territory, including what is now called Affghanistan,
bcaidea an extensive rc^on in the northeastern part of
Persia. But, still unsatisfied, he resolved on the aubjn-
gation of Ifae countries beyond the Indus. During a reign
of rather more than thirty years, he made no fewer tlian
twelve expeditions into India, boides carrying on several
important wan in Central Asia. He extended his con-
quests not only over the whole of the Ptinjftbk but pene-
trated as &r as Bundetcnnd on the cast and Guietat on
the soatlL Moore, in his beautiliil poem of " Paradise
and the Peri," |jves a striking picture of Mahmood's
sangoinaiT and desolating oueer through Hindostani
ApoetTophiting India, he says,

"IjbA of lb* HB I shit fe« in

TSCttS

Of BH* ■ nsaa aod
yadan withmThrir pnx »~>°^
Piiens in the vor &■• be •laugbtoi.
And chokas nf iHlh lb* |liltcrin| *rc1c*
Of faUai ihruH lbs mnd wiierv."

It is teUted br Ferishta, a celebrated Moslem his-
torian, that, having heard of the immense riches de-
posited in the temple of Somnith, famous throughout
an India for its sanctity, Mahmood determined to take
possession of that place. The priests of Somnlth had
tiaaated that, if he dared approach their holy shrine, be
would receive from the avenging gods the just reward
of hit temerity. The temple stood on the extremity
of a point of land in Guserat, and was sarrounded 00
three udes by the sea. It was defended by the Hindoos
with all the courage of religious enthusiasm and all the
obstinacy of despair. But nothing could vrithatand the
valour a the fierce invaders. Mahmood, having entered
the temple, was about to demolish a gigantic image, the
_!.,._._».■._ ij_i_. "--p of the "" ' " "" "

object (H the idolatrous worship o

c Hindoos. Tbe

MAHMOOD

Brahmant, in great trepidation,
sum of gold if he would spare their idoL Some of his
officers advised him to accept the raiuom ; but his zeal
as a true Moslem forbade such a compromise. He
smote the image and broke it to pieces. It proved to
be hollow, and a countless treasure of diamonds, rubies,
and pearls was poured from its cavity upon the ground,
thus richly rewarding the incorruptible leal of the con-
queror, and at the same time explaining the pious libe-
rality of the Brahmans. In the extensive wars which
Mahmood carried on in Central Asia, after his first ex-
pedition into India, he appears to have been mainly
indebted for his success to the elephants used in his
army. It is related that on one occasion lUj (or Elich)
Khln, a Turkish prince, invaded Khorassln with a large
army. Mahmood hastily assembled an inferior force,
which was accompanied, however, by five hundred ele-
phants. The hosOle armies met near Bi^lkh, (or BalkU
in the vicinity of the river Amoo, or Oxus. Mahmood
was mounted on a snperb elephant, which, during the heal
of die battle, mshed forward, and, seizing with his trunk
the chief standard-bearer of the Turks, liutled him into
the air. The other elephants followed the example of
their great leader : with their trunks they lifted the horse-
men from their saddles and dashed them on the ground,
so ttiat the Turkish army was soon broken and put to a
total rout Later, the milituy establishment of Mah-
mood is said to have compriacd no fewer than thirteen
hundred elephants and more than fifty thousand horse.
Along with great military talents and a fierce, uncon-
querable energy and courage, Mahmood possessed some
virtues of a more exalted kind A woman from a dis-
tant province, it is said, complained one day to the Saltan
thai her son had been killed and her property carried
off by robbers. He replied that it was impossible for
him to prevent all disordeis in a region so remote.
" Why, then," said the woman, " do you conquer king-
doms which yoo cannot protec^ and for which you inll
have to answer at tlie day of judgment^' Far from
resenting the freedom of this rebuke, he immediately
took effective measures for establishing order in that dis-
tant part of his dominions. After his Indian conquests
he not only greatly embellished Gaxna, which still con-
tinued to be the capital of his empire, so that it rivalled,
it is said, the most splendid cities of the East, but he
showed himself a j>atron of science and literature, espe-

cially of poetry. It was during his reign thst Flrdousee,

■ ") the greatest oTall the poets of Moham-

loarished. (See FiumnssE.) Seven other

ally of poeb
r FirdausL)
edanism, fli

the poets of Moham-

■onsKE.) Seven other

distinguished poets, according to Von Hammer, lived al

the Persian language in ofSdal documents. Died in 163a

Sac FnuKTA, ~ Hamy sf the IUh of A> Mabontdu Paws

iBln^"hnDuliudbrG«inniii.'' .\t~w ..n^

R Hahmi

"J^J

Infia."

I Penieni
H Hamuix,

Hjilolres dwiia
' G^^iIhJdcual KiMct MoU'endKbcT^cnd

SCalimood (Mahtnond or Uahmfld) H.. sumamed
NJIsik-ood-Dekn, (NXsib-oub-DIn,} nl'sir SSd-deen',
{U. " Defender of the Failh,") an eccentric though able
Sultan of Delhi, who ascended the throne in 1246. After
the death of his bitber, Altmish, (llt'mish,) be was im-
prisoned by his step-mother, and remained in confine-
ment several years. During this period he voluntarily
earned his bread by copying manuscripts. Even after
he was raised to the throne he continued, it is said, to
earn his subsistence by his pen. As a king he was dis-
tinguished (br his ability, justice, and liberality ; he was
a patron of learning, the protector of his people, and a
friend of the poor. He was a snccessfiil general, and
speedily reduced several insurrections which broke out
during bis reign. Contrary to the custom of Moslem
princes, Mahmood had but one wife, whom he required
to be as industrious as himself^ and to perform alt the
homely duties of housewiferif like the meanest of her
subjects. Her majesty, having one day burned her
fingers while cooking, begged Mahmood to let her have

'-'to assist her : but he refused, savine he was but a

it with

__uud toai. _. _ ,

trustee of the stale and had n

« as #; C as i; % Kard; ft as/: O. H, Vi,gultunUi N, nasal; a, triUtd; I as i; »h as in tAit. ( t^-See Explanations, p. ■},)

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

MAHMOOD i<

■eedkts expenses. He wed to ujr, "Thoie who irill
not work for ibeii bread do not deserve iL" Mahniood
Nlsir-ood-Deen was ■ half-brother of the dutinguUhed
Sultuu Roieea Begum. (See Ruuu Begum.) He
died after a reign of tweDt;r years.

(Baiccs'i tnislwionj yoL L ; " Hbtarr
*■ Huper'i Fimilf Ubnry."

Mahmood (Malunoud or Mahmlld) SIi&li, |ET&<
•tr-«d-D«eii CI -BddTii, nl'sji ed-decn',) Emperor of
Hindostan, was the son of Mohiimmed III. Heucended
the throne of Delhi in 1394. and was a feeble ruler. His
reign was a disastrous period of intestine wars and an-
archy. Timur (TamerUne) invaded India, defeated the
army of Mahmood in 1 399, and tootc DelbL A few years
later, Mahmood relumed to Delhi, but he obtained but
little power. He died in 1413, being the last of his

he Torka were defeated at Sunt Gothard on the Raab Is
[66jiand the war wasBaspendedbratTeaty. Inthal]wat
ICfiprili died, and his son Ahmed (Achmet) became grand
vizier. He look the capital of Candia in 1669,
long sicKe. In 1683 a Turkish army of about a
men nnder Cara MustaEi inraded Aoitria and be

MnJamoc

mood, (Sultan of Syria and Egypt.) See Nook-

U>-DlEN.)

Mahmond. See Mahhoodl

Mahnind. See Mahuooix

Mahoms^ (the Prophet) See Mohahmid.

Ma-hom'ct* ( Ft, pron. rof o'roi'] or Molia
(mo-him'n)*d) I, Emperor or Sultan of the Ottomans,
bom in 1374, was a younger son of Bayaieed (Bajazet) '
who was defeated by Tamerlane at Ancyra in 1401. ,
this time he was governor of Amasia, of which the vicl
left him in possession. Mahomet and his brother Moosa
(Mousa) having appealed to arms for a decision of thi
ctaimstotbe throne, the latterwaa killed in battle in 1413.
Mahomet restored the Ottoman empire to its Ibrnier sta-
tnlity, subjected the Bosnians and Servians, and was the
first Sultan that disputed with the Venetisns the empire
of the sea. He died in 1421, and waa aocceeded bf hit
•on, Amurath It.

See VoH Haiiii», "GwUcbtt d« Onwucha RadiL'

Mahomet or Mobamiuod n, styled thk Geeat, the
•on of Amurath I L, was bom In 1430, and succeeded his
bther in 1451. Having raited anarroyofaboat 300,000
men, he attacked Constantinople, defended bv the Greek
emperor Constantine PalKoIogos. After a siege of fif^-
five days, the city was taken by storm on the a9Ui csS May,
1453, and Constantine was killed fighting in the breach.
Great numbers of the Greek dtiient were massacred In
theordersorpermission of the victor, whoin I456retiimed
to Adrianople, his former capital. In that year he was
defeated at Belgrade by the Hungarian chief Huniades.
H« conquered Trebizond from David Coranenus in 1461,
and afterwards acquired by his arms Bosnia, and seve-
ral islands in the Archipelago. In 1465 he was Jelealed
by Scandeibeg in Albania. He waged successful wars
against the Venetians and the Persians, (1470-78,) and
invaded Italy in 148a Death arrested iiis progress to
further coni^uest in 1481, and delivered Christian nations
from a formidable adversary. He left the throne to his
•on, Bayazeed (Bajaiel) IL

See Gun-UT di Saiht-Gioick. " Misloin do Rtgne it U>-
hwnM," i6gi; VoH Hakhis, "Gadnchte dee Mmmuchen
ReLetu;" Gibbii, "Decline ud fiLU nf tba SonaB Efflpn;"
"NouTcUa fijognphie G^n^nle."

Mahomet or Mahamm«d Ht, Salun of Turkey,
was born about 1568, and succeeded hit father, Amuraih
III., in 1^95. He pal hts brothers to death in the first
days of hu reign. He was a feeble ruler, and preferred the
pursuit of pleasure to his duties as a monarch. Among
the chief events of his reign was a war with the emperoi
Rudolph in Hungary, where the Turks lost several
towns. He died in 1603, and was succeeded by his son,
Ahmed (Achmet) L

Seg VoH Hahhu. "GtKhichudeiOnniDHciieBReUia."

Mahomet or Mohammed IV, the son and sncces-
•or of Ibrlheem I., was seven years old when hi* &ther
was killed by the janissaries in 1649. Having a ruling

Cssion for the chase, he permitted the grand vizier,
ahomet Koprili, to direct the affairs of the empire.
That able minister took Lemnos and Mitjrlene from the
Venetians in 166a, and abont the same time wa^d war
■gainsttheAustriantinBangary. After several nctorie*,

u pnaitbeiatldii ef Ab ■■

Vienna, from which the emperor Leopold fled without
oflering battle. After a siege of nearlr two months, John
Soliieski marched to the relief of Ibe dty, and put the
Turk* to a total rout In conseijtience of tbb and other
later rereraes, Mahomet was deposed in t68v, and wa^
succeeded by his brother, Solyman IL Manontet was •
imprisoned until his death, in 1691.

Mahomet T,, Sultan of Turkey, bom in 1844. As
an heir to the throne he was held a palace prisoner by
his brother, Abdul Hamid, for over thirty years. He
aueceededafler the deposition of Abdul, April 27, 1909
Mahon, LoRDb See Stanhope, Eakl of.
BCahon, mf Alt', (Paul AncusTiN OuviBB,)a French
physician, bora at Chartres in 1752. He wrott "M&le-
sne Mgale," (3 vols., i3o3.) Died in iSoi.

Ma-n8ne',(WtLlJAM,) an American Senator, was bora
I ear Monroe, Southampton county, Virginia, December
f, i3i6. He graduated at the Virginia Military Institnte
n 1847, and became a civil engineer and railroad-preai-
dent He entered the Confi^dcTa[e army as colonel in
lS6l,and rose lobe major-general, winning great distinc-
tion as a fighting corps-commander. After the war he
resumed the railway-presidency. Entering the field of
politics, he combined the Republican and Readjoater
patties of Virginia, and from 1881 to 1887 occupied a
"at in the United States Senate. Died Oct. B, 1895.

Mf-ho'njF, (FEAnas,) an Irish writer and wit, bore
abont i8of, vrrote under the assumed name of "Father
Prout" He contributed many able articles to "Fraser's
Magazine," which were published separately in 186a.
He also wrote as coriespondent for several daily jour-
nals of London. Died in 186&

Mahtidel, mfil'dil', (Nicoijts,) a French anticiuary,
born at Langres in 1673. He practised medidne in
"- - ' - " " - » the

ny of Inscriptions, Died in 1747.

MahuL mriil', (Auhosse Jacques,] a French po-
litical writer, born at Carcassone in 1795, He pablished
a valuable work entitled "Annuaire ntoologique, ou
Supplement annuel et Continuation de toutea les Bio-
graphies," (6 vols., 1821-^.) Died August 35, 1S71.

Mat mS'ee or ml, (Anoelo,) Cardinal, a celebrated
Italian critic and philologist, bom at Schilpario, in the
province of Bergamo, on the ylh of March, 178*. He
became an eicelknl classical tcholsr, and about 1808
was admitted as an assodate in the Ambiosian Libruy
of Milan, which was rich in andent manuscripts. He
applied himself to the task of deciphering 'palimpsests,
and discovered portions cA Cicero's orations and other
classic works which had never been printed. In 1819
he was appointed chief librarian of the Vatican at Rome.
The discovery which made the greatest sensation was
that of sia books of Cicero, " De Repnblica," which he
published, with able critical notes, in 181a. These
bookt, which had l>een lost since the twelfth century,
— 'ound by him in the Vatican, Among the monn-
of his critical sagadty and patient research are
three collections, entitled " A New Collection of Andent
Authors, produced from the LJbtaiy of the Vatican,"
(" Scriptorum Vetcrum nova Collectio e Vaticanis Codi-
dbus edits," 10 vols. 410, 1815-38,) "Classic Writers
published from the Manuscripts of the Vatican," ("Clas-
lid Scriptores ex Codidbus Vaticanis editi," 10 vols^
J818-38,) and "New Library of (he Fathers," ("Nova
Biblioiheca Fatrum," 6 vols., 1845-53) He was raised

the ditcnily of cardinal in 1838, was chosen a foreign
... lodate of the French Institute in 1841, and llhrariaa
of the Roman Church in 1853. Died in September, 1S54.

MSIf, [lloia or Uoi^,] in Greek mythology, i* repre-
sented at the daughter of Atlas and Fleione, (whence
she was called Atlantis and Pleias,) and the eldest <rf the
Pleiades, She was the mmhei of Hermea, (Hercary.)

L I. L 0, B. ?,;««; Jl, (. A, same, less prolonged; i, 2, 1, S, 0, y, M«r«; (,«. i. 9^ «<

i; Or. fill, ati mit ; i»At; gaUt 1

d by Google

MAtANO

Another Maia, aiiai Majbsta, wu a goddeu of the
Romaiu, who named raie of the months id honour
of her.

Malano or Majano, da, dS mS-yS'no, (Bensdbtto,)
■n eminent Iialiu aculptor >nd architect, wu bom in
Tutcanf, pnhape in FloTcnce, in 1424, or, according to
other autboritiei, ia 1441. He acquired fune firal hj
his onriTalled skill in inliid work, and afterwards de-
TMed himself to sculpture in marble. He worked in
Flomtce and Naples. Among hta best productions are
a bust of Giotto, and a marble palpit of Santa Croce,
' (in Florence,) in which ba TepTcsented the liie of Saint
Ftands, Died in 1498.

S« ViiAit. "Lim is the Pnhitan," etci QuATUHku ■>■
QviHCT, " Vk* dai Aidiiucio tfl^n."

Maiano or Majano, da, (Giuliano,) an excellent
Italian architect, bom in Naples. His birth is variously
*!>''<' I3T7> iJ^Tt and I433- He designed at Naples the
royal palace of Po^o Reale and the triuoiphal arch of
CasleAo Nuova HaTing been invited to Rome by Paul
IL, he built between 14&4 and 1471 one of the courU of
Ibe Vatican and the palace and church of San Uarco.
Died about 149%

Se«VuA>i,"IiT»iiftlia PiBMn,"elc;Tiociti% "Dmoaario."

MaiohaL ml'Xj^ (Danisl,) a German philolt^t,
bom at Stot^:art in 1693, became proliMSor of philoso-
[ih]r at Tubingen in 1714. He published an " Introduc-
tion to Literary History," in which he descriliei the
great libraries of Paris. Died in 1751.

Blaldalohlnl-Painflll See MALDACHiNi-PAUnu.

Halennei See Uayknnk.

llal«r. See Maykk.

BCalar, ml'fr, (Hicmabl,) a famous German alchemist,
bom in Holsteio b 1568. He became physician to the
enperor Rudolph, bnt left hia serrice, and wasted his
timeandmoney in theTesearcbesof alchemy. Hewrote,
besides other work*, "Jocus Severus," ''Atalanta fa-
giens," (1618,) and " Tripos Anreus," (" Golden Tripod,")
which are priied by amateurs. Died in 1613.

Sm Havn. " Ufatain il* k CUnif

*jnigna.i mtn'yflH', [LaL Maiqna'nus,](Euanubl.)
■ French monk, eminent as a geometer and philosopher,
was bom at Touloose in t6oi. He became wolessor
of mathematia in Rome in 1636. He wrote " Perspec-
liTaHoraTia,"an able " Treatise on Catoptrics," (1648,}
and a few other work*. Died in 1676.

Ste SASmu, ."Di Vin^ Uaiba, ate. S. Ud(B■■^" 1697

See Haionan.

to lyoGk and wrote " De Sinica Religlone," (unpaldisbed.)
Died at Rome in 173a

8« Uailu, *■ Hktoin cAi^nla da h ChiH."

BCalkot IblkoT, VbSkxO, or BCallcowr, mi-kor,
(Vaiil iTANOVrrCB.) a Russian soldier snd poet, bom
at Yaroslaf in 1735. He obtained some reputation for
hnmoar and conuc power by his " Yelisei, or Bacchus
Enraged," a borlesqtw poem. He also wrote several
dramas and bbles. Died in 1778.

HaiUth or BiRjUth, mrllt, (JAhos Nbfomuk.)
CODNT, an eminent Hungarian poet and historian, wss
bmn at Pesth in rySfL He wu employ«d many years
b the dTQ service of Austria. In the aSJr* of Hnn-
gaiT he was Identified with the conserratlve*, or adver-
•anes of Kossnth. He published, in Gemuo, two
Important works, a " Hbtory of the Hi^yan," (1818-

Kand a "Historyof the Austrian Empire," (18^-50.)
revolntion of 1848 deprived him of his oEEcial em-
ployment as Judex furim at Pesth, and reduced him to
— * ~~Mpovern. He and hlsdanghter Henrietta drowned
-'--% in take Stamberg, in Bavaria, in 1855. He
'il poema and tramlatioas. He was Ushly

M aeveral poema ■

■Mrtrumw"

u3 U

Lhcruun id dw

Uin«n"ii
, iBdOelatw

mil, (JCAM BAmsTx,) a French revolution-

19 MAILLY

the people ; hut he was counted among those who voted
for death conditionally. Died in 1834.

HalUa, Halllat, mT yf. or MaUbo, d«. df h tnT ylk',
(Joseph Anns HabwdeMoymia,) a French JeMitand
missionary, bom near Nantua in 1679. He was tent to
China in 1701, resided at cotirt, and received the title of
mandariik He translated into French a *■ General His-
tory of China," (t3 vols., l777-«3.) " This work," says
Weiss, "with the Memoirs published by Batteuz, Bre-
qnignv, etc, (1775-1S16,] (arms the most eilensive snd
valnaSle collection that lua yet appeared on China." He
died in Pckin in 1748.

Malllaa See Mailu.

Matllane. See Dukand de Maii.ijU(1.

BlBlUard, mfylti', (Oliviek.) a celebrated Fiench
pulpit orator, born in Breiagne. He preached in Paois
in 1494, and gave much oflence by his boldness. Louis
XL having threatened to ihrow him into the river, Mail-
lard said to the person who conveyed the menace, "Go
tell the king that I shall arrive at heaven by water sooner
than he can by post-horses." Died about 1505.

Sm NicfiHiH. "UffDoira;" "Nouttlla Biosnphiii Glnjnla

Mai Hard, (Skbastian,) a scientific Austrian general,
born at Lun^ville in 1746. He wrote "The Mechanics
of Arches," and other work*. Died in 1S13.

MalUard da ChambOTe, mfyts' dfh shAxliUK',
(Chakles Hifpolvtk,) a French antiquary, bom at
Semur in 1772; died in 1S41.

UalUat See Mailla.

Mallloboia, de, d«h mll'bwS' or mt>«-bwy, 0eah
Baftiste Francis Daamareta — di-mrii',)HAiiQvu,
a famous French general, boin in Paris in 16S3, was a son
of Nicolas Desmarets,rstifrA(w-/Ai/ira/, and a grandson
of the great Colbert After many services, he was made
lieutenant-general in 1^31, commanded adivisitHi in Italv
in 1 733, and took Corsica in 1719, He obtained the rank
of marshal in 1741, defeated the Anatriant on the Po in
September, 1745, and was forced to retreat at the battle
of Piaccnza, in June, 174& Died in 1761,

SmV. - " "

1 laiii,'

MaUU-Bras«, de, dfh mf yi' b>fh-il', (Umain,) a
French general, who obtained command of the French
army in Germany In 1634, and defeated the Spaniards
at Avesnes in 163$. Having gained several advantages
in Flanders between 1643 and 1650, he was made a
marshal of France. His wife was Nicole, a sister of
Cardinal Richelieu. He died in 165a.

Hi* son, Aruand^ bom in 1619, became Due de
Fronsac and de Caumont. As admiral of France, he
defeated the Spaniards off Cadis in 164a, and was lulled
al Ortntello in t64&

Sh Gaimr, " HiUcHrc de Looii XIII."

MaOU de Breed, de, dfh mryl' dfh bRfh-d',
(Snnui,) ft French prelate, bom in 1515. He became
Archbishop of Toors in 1554, and was a member of the
Conndl of Trent Died in 1597.

BCalUet, mfyt', (Jacques LtoHAkD,) a French
sculptor, bom in Psns in 1813. He gained the first
prise in 18+7. Died February 14, 1894.

Maillot, de, dfh mfyt', (BenoTt,) a French writer,
bom at Saint-Mihiel in 1656. He was consul-general of
France in Egypt about ten T«ars, ending in 1701, and
published a " Description of £8)l)t," (1735,) which ha*

mology, en titled
Diedln 1738.

Malllet-Dnolalron, mfyi' diitdi'rAN', (Antoine,)
a French author, born near Mlcon in 1731. He cor-
responded with Voltaire and Turgo^ and wrote several
works, among which is "Cromwell," a tragedy, 07^)
Died in 1S09.

MeUlr.mrye', (Jean BAPnsTE,)a respectable FremA
historian, bom at Dijon in 1744. He lectured on his-
tory at Godran College in Dijon, and published "* Spirit
of the Fronde," {" L'Esprit de la Fronde," 177*,) and
" Spirit of the Crusade*," (" L'Esprit det CrtHMdes," 4
vols., t78a) Died in 1794.

UalUy d'Hantootirt, de, deh mTye' dOltooE', (Jo-
seph Auou.'n'iN,) Coi;in', a French general, bom in

•M 4; f a* i; t 'tor)'/ ft a*/; O, R, K, jMMwwf; N, iHMf; I. AiOlbtf; I as

rtiiasiniAu. (ty See Rsplanation*, p. <3.)

D,g,t,7ed::yC00t^le

MAIMBOURG ifi

■70& ARei the peace of 1763 he wu commandant-in-
cnief of Rouuilton. He obumed Ihe rank of manhal
in 178}. He mu beheaded aa a royaljat in 1794.

M^nbonrs, mln'booK', (Louis,) a Frendi Jemit
and biitoiiin, Doni at Nancy in ifrta He acquired
lepoCalion by his historical works, which, however, are
neither acconte nor itopartiaL Having written a treitiK
in defence of the libertiei of the Gallican Church, and
dioa oflended the pope, he wai expelled from the order
of Jeanita. Among his works are (in French) a "Hia-
tory of the Iconodasia," (1674,) a "History of the
Crusades," ([675,) a "Historj' of Arianism," (16S1,) a
" History of Calvinjara," (1683,) and a " History of th«
Pontificate of Saint Loo," (1687.) His style is sgre«-
able. Voltaireexpressed the opinion that he was "over-
rated at firat, and too much neglected afterwards. " Died

Sag Dunn, " Blbliathlqo* acd Jiiutk|iM f BiiiUi, " Hbioriial
aad &itia] DicdoDirr."
Malinoii. See Maiuonidis.
MaimOD, mt'mon, (Solomon,] a Jewish rabU and

C' ilosopher, bom in Lithuania in 1753. He had a talent
netaphyiical speculations, and a skeptical spriL
Among his best works are " Critical Researches on the
Human Mind," (" Kritische Untersachungen iiber den
menschlichen Geist," 1 797,) and memoirs of his own lite,
entitled " Lebentgeschichte," (1 vols., 1793.) Died in
1800.
' Ualmonlde. See Uaihomidu.

Malmoiild«a, ml-mon'e-da, |Fr. MaImonidi, mt'e'-
mo'ntd', I or Mo'Baa-Ban-BiAiinoii, (bCn-niI'mon,)
called by the Arabs Moosa-Ibn-Maiiiiooii, (Mfia«-
rbn-MaimAu or -Malmonn,) moo's! Tb'n ml'mOSn', a
Jewish rabbi and philosopher <k great celebrity, was born
at C&rdo«a,in Spain, Bboiilii35. Heatudied philosophy
and medicine under (he famous AverroJis, with whom he
fonned a lasting friendship, and was also versed in mathe-
matics and several langua^^ Having removed to Egypt
about 1165, be became chief physiaan to Ihe Sultan
Saladin and hi* auccessor. He acquired a great repn-
iBtion for talent* and learning. Among bis numerous
works are "The Strons HaiKl," 1 digest of Hebrew
laws, and " More Neb<»him ; or, Teacher of the Per-
plexed," (in Arabic,) which explains difficult and obscure
portions of the Old Testament. Died in 1109.

i-fa-

aniilHj" iSi] : SniM,'"

, m of the Life.

" Ho>nlU BbcnpUt Gto^nla."

Ualnsrdi, ml-nai'dee, (Andnka,) an Italian painter,
bom at Cremona about 1550. He was sometimes called
Chiavbghino, (ke-l-vi-fee'no.) Died after 1613.

Mttlnaidl, (Bastuno.) a painter of the Florentine
school, bom in Tuscany, lived sbout 1500.

MalnBjdl, (Lattamzio,) an Italian painter, born at
Bolt^na, lived about 1590. He was employed by the
Dope Sixtus V. to adorn with frescos the church of Santa
Maria Mag^ore, and the Vatican. Died at the age of
twenty -seven.

MalDdroo, mlN'dsAN', (St»nni Hippolyti,} b
French statuary, bom In the department of Maine-et-
Loire in tSoi ; died in Paris, March 31, 1SS4.

Malno, m&n, (Sir Hbkry James Sumner,) LI.D., an
English jurist, born in l8». He graduated with high
honours at Pembroke College, Catnoridge, in 1844, snd
was appointed a tutor of Trinity Hall. He was regius
professor of civil law at Cambridge from 1847 to iSu,
was called to the bar in 1S50, was Uw-member of the
government of India from xilia to 1869, and in that time

of Trinity Hall. Cambridge. Among his works are
" Roman Law and Legal Education," (1856,) " Ancient
law : in Connection with Ihe Early History of Society,"
(1861,) " Village Communities," (1871,1 -Lectures on the
Early History of Institutions," (1875,! "DisserUtions on
Early Law and Custom," (1SS3,) etc Died in 1SS8.

Matna, (Lacroix du.) See Lacroix du Maini.

Mains da Bfmn, min d^h be'rAN'. (Marh Fran-
gois PiBRRK GoNTHiKR,) sii eminent French metaphy

£,^ 1, 5, 1, ;, /«v/ ^ ^ ^ **°>^ ''■■ P^°'°"S<^> '■ "^i '• ''i i^ ITi ''t<^; f> t< ip V. •''»*»; tlr, fill, At; mSt; n&t; gA6di mOM

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

s-Bnfva, "CauicTiei dg Lundi;'*

rra pfailoKiiibiqua de Hiinc 'It

Nmralk Biopaphit Qiaiiaia :" " Brltiih Quutul*

JO MAINTENON

sidan, bom near Bernrac in 1766. After ttppodnfftfa*
excesses of Ihe Revolution, he was depnted from Dor.
dogtie to the Conndl of Five Hundred in 1797. FroDS
1809 ID 1S14 he was a member of the legislative body.
After the restoration of 1S16 he was a modeiate royalist
member of the Chamber of Deputies. He gained in
1803 a prize of the Institute for his essay " On the Infln-
ence of Habit on the Faculty of Thoucht," ("De I'Infla-
ence de I'Habitude sur la Faculty de Penset.") He also
wrote Ihe metaphysical part of the article "Leibniti" in
the "Biographie Univeraelle," a "Memoir on the De-
composition of Thought," (" Sur la Decomposition de la '
Pens^" 1805.) and several other works. M. V. Cousin
estimated him as the greatest metaphysidan of Franc*
since Malebranche. Died in 1834.

SHEunrrNAViLU, " Mum de Biru. •• Vlt et •» Pcn^u."
.8j,:D- — ■— ■ ■ ■ ■ "■■■ ^-

CouHic, Preliee
Biiun." 1841 : "N
RiYien" for October.

Uaine, dD,dii min, (Louis Augusts de Bourgon,)
Duke, the son of Louis XIV. and Madame de Monies-
pan, was born in 1670, and legitimated in 1673. He was
appointed general of the galleys in 1688, and gnnd
master of the artillery in 1694. The king recognized
him as a prince of the blood and capable of succeeding
to the throne. The duke appears to have displared a

gntle and liberal spirit, with moderate literary talenli.
led in 1736.

See SAiHT-SiKoit, "Ufmoiree!" Lannrrai, "Hietoba ia Is
lUKtnCEi" UADAuam SfvioH<, "Lenru."

Malnfrot See Manfred.

Malno, ml'no, (Giaso.ie,) an Italian jurist, bom al
P^saro in 143$. He was professor of law at Pavfa from
1467 10 i486. After an absence he relumed to Pavfa in
1491, and lectured to large classes of Italian, French,
and German students. He published commentaries mi
the Digest, three I^tin orstjons, and " Consilia tiT*
Responsa." Died in 1519.

£« Fauhhi, "Vila lulonim daetHnaaCElliiiliiiEB.**

Maintenon, de, d(h miNt'nftN', (FRAH9ais o'Au-
BiONl,) Marquise, a French lady, whose life was
marked by Tomantic adventures and sumrising ridsai-
tudes, was bom in 163$, in the prison of^ Niort, (where
her father. Constant d^obignj, was detained.) She was
a granddaughter of the eminent author T. A. d'Autrignd
Having become a poor orphan, she was constrained
by her guardians to abjure Calvinisiru To escape the
DtiMries of dependence on her unltind godmother, sha
married in i65« Scarron the burlesque poet and wit, who
was infirm and deformed in person. His house was a
bshionable resort of the most brilliant wits and noblesse
of Paris. He died in 166a, leaving her again deslllate
of resources except her rare beauty and talents. Het

described as dark, intensely spiritual, and inei-

; lustrous. She received a pension of looo livres
the queen-mother for several years preceding lb*
death of the latter, in 1666.

About 1670 Madame Scarron was selected at govern-
ess of the Due du Maine, a son of Louis XH^. and
Madame de Montespsn. The king presented to her the
estate of Maintenon in 1674, after which she was called
Madame de Maintenon. She gradually gained a com-

Elete ascendant Over Louis, and was secretly married to
im in 168$. The marriage was never formally avowed
by him. " It would be hard to name any womai^" say*
Hacanlay, "who, with so little rtnoaoce in her temper,
has had so much in her life. ... A just anderstanding ;
an inexhaustible yet never redundant flow of rational,
sprightly conversation ; a temper of wfaidl the aerenity
was never for a moment ruffled j a tact which surpassed
the tact of her sex as much aa the tact of her sex sur-
passes the tact of ours : such were the qoalities whidi
made the widow of a buffoon first the confidential ftieiul
and then Ihe spouse of the proudest and moat powerftit
of European kings." Madame de St^vign^ describea her
sodety as " truly delicious."

She laboured assiduously to convert the king to vital
religion. Louis transacted business with his n '

pressibly lu
from the q

MAJNVJBLLB

TOUT Sollditj think aboat it V) Me w
br her from th« amel purpose o( bmninK me air oi
Treves. As the king giew old and fretfbl, her tuk of
enlerUinine him becuDC very arduooB. " I hare kcd
her," *■]« Mile. d'Annude, " diTerl the hjar by a tbon-
*aiid Inveniioni for four hour* toeether, wiuont repeti-
tion, Tawnini^ or slander." She loanded a good school
for girls at Saint-Cfr. She died in 1719. Her letters
and other works have been published oj M. LavsU^ in
tOTols., \\i^ttttq.\ This edition includes "Soovenits
de Mme. de Caylus," and "MJmoires de Mile. d'Au-

• exectited with

Malnvlall^ mlit've'a', or BCidnvUle, mlN'vtl'
(FlKKRK,) a member of the French Convention of 17^,

was bom at Avignon in 1765. He — .-j —.1.

Ibe (^rondists in October, 1793.

Sh LAUArriH^ " Hkioin da GiroDdhM."

MalnMT, mint'sfr, (Josim,) a Gennsn ..
writer on muaic, bom at Treves in iSoi ; died in 1S51.

Hftlo or Bfajo, d«, dl ml'yo, (Fkancuco or Cic-
CIO,) an cicellcnt Italian composer of operas and sacred
Dodc, bom at Naples in 174S, (some >av about 1740.)
Among his operas are "Montezuma,'' (1765,) and
"Ipermnestra," (177a) Died at Rome in 1774.

S« rtra, " BiomphM Unnndk im Uiwciui."

MaioU or Uajoll, ml-yoOee, (Cuaxi,) an Italian
naturalist, bom at Forll in 174& He obuined a chair
of philocophrat Rome in 1781. He wrote man; works
on botanj and loolog;, the most of wblch remain in
mannscripL Died in 1813.

S« Fauhi, ■■ Uanwrii v/pn ti ^u <kl M^i," it>4.

IfaloU or MaJoU, (SiMOtti,) an Italian canonist,
bom at Asti in 1510 ; died about 1597.

MaloTuilo or BCajoraglo, ml-jro-rl'jo, [Lat. Ma-
joka'gius,] (Makcahtohio,) an eloquent and learned
Italian writer, whose proper nsme was Antonio Makia
CONTI, was bora in the Milanese in 1514. At the age
of twentr-sli he obtained the chair 01 eloqnence at
HQan. He wrote a "Commentary on the Works of
Cicero," poems, harangues, and yarious other works.
Died in 1555.

Mxiqiicm, nJ-klth', (Isidoro.) a popalar Spanish
comedian, bom at Carlhagena about i7b6. He intro-
duced at Madrid a more simple and natural style of
action, and was reputed the most excellent comedian
that Spain had produced. Died in iSao.

Hair, (John.) See Major. John.)

Ml*"", de, d«b mi'rBN'. (JtAN Jacques Dortous.)
a distinciiished French sarant and litth-atttr, bom at
B^ers ui 1678. About 171S he removed to Paris, and
wss dected to the Academy of Sciences, for which he
wrote many memoirs on geometry, phywcs, and other
tdcocet. He published a " Dissertation on Ice," (" IMa-
lertation but la Glace,") " Letter* on China," and other
works. In 1740 he sncceeded Fonlenelle as secretary
to the Academy of Sciences, and in 1743 was elected to
the French Academy. He was intimate with Voltaire.
Died in 1771.

Txm, " Elnci da Ifufia,"

\ta; Gaumj
la EUo(npfai«

GaUtDJKAH H

. __^. . _. .... « Foocxr, *■ Kim

".Haiinlla^lotniiliic Oininle."
IblranH; do, dfh mfrC, (Adrisn Maurick,) a
French critic, bom in Paris in 170&. He aided Desfon-
tainea in bis critical worlis. Died in 1746.
Maire, lie. See Lbuairr.

Hnlnt, mfry, Qran,) a French drstnatlc poet, bom
It Braancoo in 1604. In i6s9he produced his principal
work, " Sophotdsbo," a tragedy, which was very snc-

II MAISTRE

cessful, and Ibrtned an epoch h the annals of the Freodi
theatre, bdns the first In which the rale of unities was
observed. He wrote many other tragedies and come-
dies. Died in 16S&

Sh La Hair, "Cvmda laUtUnlnn:" Gouor, "CgrMilU
M MS TnFa;" FofmmLLa, "\na4aConuiIla."

Uolrobert, do, dfh mfn/baiit', (Mathiiu Fran-
cis PiDANSAT,) a French writer, bom in Champagne in
1707. Among his works is the "Observateur Anclals,''
(4 vols., I77£} reprinted under the title of "Kapion
Anglais," ("£ngliati Spy.") Died in 1779.

Mjilroiii da Ponta, ml-io'nee dl pon'ti, (Gio-
TAKNI.) an Italian naturalist and writer, bom at Ber-
gamo in 1748; died in 1S33.

Maiaean^ D«a. See Deshaiseadx

Maiaon, mi'iAN', (Nicolas Joseph,) Count, a mar-
shal of France, was bom at fipmay, near Paris, in 1771,
He distinguished himself at Jemmapes in 179a. In 179J
be became adjutant-general or chief of the staff in the
army of Bemadotle. For his services at Ansletliti, in
iSos, he was made a general of brigade. He took part
in the Russian campaign of 1S13, during which be ob-
tained the rank of general of division. In 1814 he
received from Louis XVIIL the title of peer and the
command of the army of Paris. He refused to recog-
nlM Bonaparte on his return from Elba. He commanded
the expedition against the Turks of the Morea in 1S18,
and on his return received a marshal's btton. He was
sent as ambassador to Vienna in 1830^ and became min-
ister of war in 1835. Died in 184a,

Sea Tniau, "Uialoin da li Upubliqua, do Conaolil at da
rinipira :" Uaihoht. " Mtmoiraa ;" Yictvi di Biooua, '■ C«
hiMonqoc du HwMid Hnua, " 1B41 1 " NouicUa BiofiBphia GM-

Molaonlbrt, de la, dfh II ml'i^N'fbK', (Louis Du-
bois Descours,) Marquis, a French biographer, bom
in Berry in 1763, was a royalist He published a bio-
paphical Dictionary of those who figured in the French
Rerolution, (3 vols., 1800.) Died iii 1817.

Malaonnetiva, mi'sA'nuv', (Jules Germain Fran-
cis,) a French surgeon, born at Nantes in 1810. He
took his degree of doctor at Paris in 183;, and acquired
an extended fame by the boldness and brilliancy of his
surgical operations. He published many papers and
minor woilis on surgery and its methods.

MalaonnetiTe, de, d^h mfu/nuv', (Louis Jkai«
Baptistr,) a French dramatic poet, born at Saint-Cloud
about 174J- His tragedy of " Rozelane eC Mustapha"
(1785) had a prodigious success. He produced, also,
" Odmai and Zulma," (1788.) Died in 1819.

Malaalat, mi'se'l', (Michel,) a French topographical
engineer, bom at Nantua in 177a He published several
professional works. Died in iSls.

Malatral, mi'tRtl', (Esprit Tranqutlli,) ■ French
naval officer, bom at Quimpcr in 1763 ; died in 1815.

Maiatre. See Sacv.

Malatre, (IsAAa) See LEMAtsTRi.

Maiatre, dc, deh mliR, (Iosbpk Marie,) Count, sn

''■"»?

I politick «

1 philosopher, was bom a

ultramontane school of theology. In 1796 be published
" Considerations on France," which obtained great suc-
cess. He was appointed by the King of Sardinia grand
chancellor in 1799. From 1803 to 1816 he was ambas-
sador to Saint Peieisburg, and, on his return to Turin
in 1E17, became minister of state. His most important
work is entitled " On the Pope," (" Dn Pape," 1819,) an
ailment for the cause of popery and absolutism. Died
in 1821. He was distinguished as an original thinker.

Saa Rathord, " £(i(« du Comu J. If . de Maiitre." iSn; Vlt'
UHAiH, " Couri da Ultfntgra FnneiiK id cUx-huillima Sitcla ;"
Viiuniovs-AsilAT, "Slsn da Comla J. dE Uaiinz." ilj);
RAfHTv-TlnTn. **Caaiarita au Lundi," aad "Pormici caatampfr
Biofnj^ik Gdn^nli;" "SdiDbnrBh Raviaw'

lor October, iSji 1

'a Ui^sDa" be April, iStv-

Maiatre, da, (Xavixr,) a popular and witn author,

I brothnr of the preceding, was bom at Chamtxiry

1764. He entered the Russian seTvice about iBml

IbtKbt'againat the Persians, and obtained the nnk of
in«]or-generaL In 1794 he produced (in French) his in-
genious and hnmorons " Joamey around my Chamber,"

M i; %*»';% hard; | as>; o, h. e, gtMmral; n, naial; r, trilUd; i as

(iar~Sea ExplanaHooa. p. a^)

:, Cookie

MAITANI

("Voyage aaCoor de ma Chunbrc'O He nudatidncd
U* repuutioD u an eleguit writer by tilei entitled
"Prisoner* of the Cancanu," and "PraacoTie, od la
iewie SiWricnne." After 1S17 be lired alternately '
FniKe and Saint Pcterabm^. Died in iSja.

1. ml-tl'nee, (LostNa),) an Italian vdiltec^

bom at Sienna about IJ40; died after 131DL

JUSltn^nd, {Sir Fkkdekick Lewis,) a Bntiab unl
officer, binti in Scotland in 1779. Aa captain, be aenod
with distinction against the Frencb on the coaat of Egjpt
tai 1801. In 181J he was ordered to keep watch on the
coast of France in order to prevent the escape of Na-
poleon, who surrendered himself to Captain Maitland '
Taiy and was conTcjied by him in the Bellerophon
England. He obtained the rank of rear-admiraL Died

In 1839.
Maltlft

altland, (Jaucs.) See Laitdikdalk, Earl or.

■Caltland, noHM.) See Laudkrdalb, Duki of.

Haltlwid, (JOHN,) of Thiriestane, first Lord M^t-
land, an eminent Scottish statesman, bom about lUO^
was the second son of Sir Richard Maitland, noticed
betow, ind grandbther or the Duke of Laaderdale. He
was appointed keeper of the privy seal in 1567. For his
loyalty to Qneen Maty he was proscribed by the di
nant party about 1570 and imprisoned several years. In
1584 he waa made secretary of state, and became in fact
the chief minister of James VL He was appointed r"- ~
cellor of Scotland in 15S6 or 1^87, and created E
Maitland in t590L He is praiseafor his moderation and
integrity as well aa for his talents. Several of hii Latin
cptgrams have been poblished. Died in 1595.

S« llACKBimB, "Seudi Writm;" Lonoa, "LimgrBi

Maitland, (Sir Richaki),) of Lethington, a Scoltisti
writer and jadge, bom ini49fit was the father of Sir Wil-
liam Haitian^ noticed below, and of John, firat Lord
Uaitland. He studied law in France, and held several
high offices. About ifso hewaschosen a lord of session,
and in 1561 lord privy seal. He acquired distinction
aa a poet and collector of Scottish poetry. One of his
poems is entitled " Creation and Paradise Lost." Died
In 1586.

S« lMni^*'Linaaf1haS«KtubP<ita;" Hackskiib. " Scotch
Wriun ;" Chaksbui " Biofrapluul tMctioDHy of Emintnl SeoO-

Maltlaitd, (Rev. Samokl Romnr,) D.D., F.R.S., an
able Englishessayist and writer on ecclesiastical history,
etc, waa bom in London in 1791. He was librarian to
the Archbishop of Canterbury (rom 1837 to i34& He

ts author of nnmerous essays on theology, morals, etc

mong hit prindpal and most popular works
lark Age* : beins^a Series of Essays intended
trate the State of Religion and Literature in the Ninth.

Tentlw Eleventh, and Twelfth Cenlories," (1844-t He
aims to prove that those ages were not so dark aa they
are commonly represented. Died in 1866.

MaltlMia, (Sir WiLUAU,] of Lethingtoit, Lllhlngton,
ot IJifington, an able Scottish minister of state, was
the eldest son of Sir Richard, noticed above. In 1558
he became principal secrelary to Mary of Guise, qiuen-
regent ; but in 15J9 be joined the Protestant chie& who
had taken arms against her. He was restored to the
office of secretary of state by Mary Queen of Scots in
1561. Though not a Catholic, he enjoyed the favour and
confidence ofthe gueen, who sent him on several em-
bassies to Queen Eliiabeth. After Mary waa imprisoned,
(1567,) he adhered to her cause, and united with the
bake of Norfolk In an effort to Save her. Having fiutod
in an attempt to mediate between the two hostile paitiei.

have hung him if Maitland had not died soon after,
some suppose, by his own hand, in 1573. "All the con-
lemporajy writers," says Robertson, " mention him with
an sidmtrstian which nothing could have excited but the
greatest superiority of penetration and at^iries." " Hi*
name," lajn Burton, "was a bv-word lor subtlety and
state-craft. Yet, . . . if wc look at hb lift and doings,
we do not find he was one of those iriio have left Ih*

mark of their Infloenee upon their age. . . . He h»d
great siHlitiea, but they were rather those of the wit and
rhetorician than of the practical man." ("Historr of

'the flower of the wit* of Scotland."
S« ruwDB, "Ran of Ellnbetb," faiim, bat jMrticrfarlr
! i — <a . fiun^ "HiKsiTsl P-gi-ui ;" Vjummcm.

"flbmy'orsm

chosen a Fellow of the Royal Sodety.
published a " History of London," (1739,) and a "His-
tory of Edinburgh." Died in 17J7.

Se« CnAusni, " Biofnphjeiil rTiilimiiij unriiiimiiil "iiHii—ii
Malttaiie, mi'tla', (Michkl,) an emicent scholar
and Inbliographer, born in France in 1668; w

the edict of Nantes 1

Dked, (1685.) He «

important productions are " IMalecta of the
Greek Language," (1706,) and "Typographic Annals
from the Invention of Printing to 1557," ("Annales Ty-
pographici ab Artis InventK Origine ad Annum ISS7."
g vols., 1719-41,) a work of great researcti, and aupenoi
to any that had appeared on that subject Died in 1747.

S« DiBPiH, " BibHomuis ;" P. Chauss, " DiHertuiiia ■■ Ibt
Lift ud Worlu of M Milluiic," London, 1S19.

Malts deQoimpj, dii.diimttsd;hgwli('pe',(FaAN.
gots Louis Edmb Gabrikl,) Count, a French astrono.
mcr and naval officer, born in Beaoce in 1719 ; died after

Usins. See Hat.

tSmiMaof, d«, df h mts'rwl', (Paul GiDtOR }oLY,>
a French officer and eminent tactician, wa* born at Mett
in 1719. He served (everal campaigns, ending at the
peace of 1763, and became lieutenant-coloneL He wrote
nnmerous works on tactics and military scieno^ which
had a transient socces*, but are now obsolete; IHed in
17S0.

MaUteM, da, df h mi'ie-ui', (Phiuppb.) a French
writer, bom in the diocese of Amiens in 1311. He inati-
gaied the Kinp tit France attd of Cyprus to conduct s
crnsade against the Saracens of ^rpt in 1365. He
wrote an allegory, "Le Songe dtt neil FAerii^" etc.
Died in 1405.

Majuno. See HAiAN<k

BlajUth. See Mailath.

Majo. See MAia

Majoll. See Maioli.

Ma'j6T, (CuARLES,) author, bom at Indianapolis,
Indiana, 1856. Engaged in l^al pnclice and under
the pseudonym of "Edwin Caskoden" wrote *'When
Knighthoodwaain Flower," "Dorothy Veroon of Haddon
Hall," "The little King," etc Died Feb. 13, 1913.

ICujor, ml'yoi, or M«ier, mTfr, (Gboko,) a German
Lutheran theologian, bom at Naremberg In I (OS. Hs
studied under Luther and Helanchthoo at Wittenberg
where he was afterwards professor of theology for many
years. He paUished commeDtaries <m the New Testa-
ment, and many theological works. Died in 1574.

Major, (Isaac,) a German painter and engraver,
bom at Frank fort-on-the-Main in iyj6. He engiavad

number of large landscapes representing scene* in

e mountains of Bohemia. EKed in 1630.

Major, (JOKANH Daniil,) ■ German physician and
antiquary, bora at Breslan in 1634. He practised with
soccea^ at Hamburg. In 1665 he obtained the chair of
medidne St Kiel, where he planted a botanic gardeiL
He wrote, in Latin, many learned proTessional treatko.
Died in 1693.

M>'j9r, Uom,) written tUo Kalr, a Scottish hia-
irian and theolcwian, tiom near North Berwick aboot
147a He passed a number of rears in Paris as a stu-
dent and then as a professor of scholastic phfloaophy.
In 1519 he returned to Scotland, and some years later
became profesMr of theologv at Saint Andrew's, where
George Buchanan and JohoKnox were his pupils. He
n/mt>a " Hiitoiy of Scotland," etc. Died about ifJOL

^lk^ik^^/>v;^^^M>>>^l«Mproloagedti,i,I,SkI,K4*«rv;t.f.i,ft<4w«»v;ar,flll,binttinBt;g^

Digitized by VjOOQIC

geographical exploration, and wrote a " Life of Prince
H«nr7 the Navigator," (i363.1 Died June 1$, 1891.

Me^ot, (Tkouas,) a skilFul English engraver, born
about 171;. He engraved landicapei after Uerghcm,
Tcniera, Claade Lonain, etc Amonr hie most ad-
mired irorka are twentj-four Tiews of iha Ruins of
P««ivm, after J. B. Borra, published at l^ondon, (1763.}
Died Id 177a

Majonclcx See Maiomoto.

Majonigliu. See MAiOBAOia

Majorano, (Gactako.) See Gappareixt.

U^-Jo'rl-an, [Lat Hajoria'nus ; Fr. Majorten,
lnt'iho'r(^N',l (juuus Valerius,^ a Roman general,
who succeeded A vitui as Emperor of the West in 457
jLD, He defeated Theodoric the Visigoth in Gaul in 4S9>
and aflernrards waged \Tar agunat Genseric. He was
deposed and put to death by Hicimer in 461.

lUaJoilan. See Majorian.

MaJOA.mi'yOs, (Heikrich,) a German natural philos-
opher, born at Cassel in 163Z ; died in 1696.

Mijnai (JoKAKH BUBKHARD,) a German historian,
born at Fioriheim in 1632. He wrote "De Rebus
Badensibus," (1678,) and other works. Died in 1726.

Mi^na or MaiuJi, (Jouann IIeinrich,) an Onental-
kt, brotfaerof the preceding, was bom in 165^ lie wrote
on theolivy and Hebrew antiquities. Died in 1719.

DIakaroS, (Stxphen O.,) admiral, bom at Kiev,
Russia, in 184S. Entered the navy at sixteen, took part
in the Turkish and Turkestan wars, and afterwards made
important hydiographic studies. In i S98 he designed the
powerful ice-breaking steamer "Verkmak." He was
chief in command of the Russian navy at Port Arthur,
in 1904, and perished in the destruction of bis flagship
" Petropavlovsk" by a bomb, April la

Hakart, mS'fcaRt', (Hans,) a celebrated Austrian
painter, bom at Salzburg. May aS, 1S40. Begsn to learn
engraving in his youth, but, turning bis attention to paint-
ing, became a pupil of Piloty, at Munich. His picture en-
tilled "Modem Flirtations" established his fame. Olher
works were " Leda and the Swan," " The Plague of
Florence," "The Seven Capital Sins," etc. Died 18S4.

Uakeblydo, ml'kfh-btTdfh, (Lovis.) a Flemish
religiou* writer, bom at Poperingae in 1564; died in
1630.

Uakkaroe, Makkut or Makkaiy, Al, 81 mlk'-
U-ree,(AHUEl>-lHN-MoKAMMEl^lH'medIb'niiiL^h±m'-
■nCd,) an Arabian biatorian, born at Tlcmcen about
158^ He became a resident of Cairo about 1620, and
trrole numerous historical and theological works, the
most important of which is a valuable "Ilistory of Spain
during the Doroination of the Moors." Died in 1631.

Hako, mSk'ico, (Pani,) a learned Ilangarian Jesuit,
bom in 17J1. He wrote on geometry, physical adence,
ttc Died !n 1793. "^ ' *^ '

MakonakL SeeMAKOwSKi.

Makowakl, mi-kov'skee, written also Makonskl,
TLU. IdACCO'vius,) [JoHNj a Polish Protestant divine,
born at Loluenick in ijSB. He wot noted for dispuli,
tioiMnew and londneM for ichoUstic subtletiei^ Died
fa 1644-

IbkiaMes or Mnkllat AI, tl ml-kRee'zee, sur-
named Taxyah-ed-Deen or Takv-ed-Deen, (or Tak>
U>DtN,) tlk'yfd-deen', (/.r. the " Support of Religion,") a
celebrated Arabiewriter, born at Cairo about 1360. He
bcid aeveral dvil and religious offices in his native city.
He wrote many htstotical works, which attest the variety
■nd extent of his knowledge, Ilis'UIistoricalandTopo,
(raphical Deacription of Egypt" gives an ample account
tt the event* which occurred after the conquest of the
&racena, and oif the customs and antlqniliea of that
country. He also wrote a "History ol Saladin and
hb Snccesaora," and a treatise on Moslem Coins. I'he
above-naned work* have been translated into French
by Silvcatre de Sacy. At Hakreezee has the reputa*
tion of being, on the whole, ail impartial, trustworthy,
■nd eminently jodidons writer. Died in 1442,

Sh 5».n*m DB Sact. "Clif twaitii Anbe.**

MALAJV

Uakrtml. See Makreezbe.

Malaba'ii, (Behramji Merwaugi,) a Hindoo

poet and reformer, bom at Baroda in 1853. His
poems are in the native and the English tongues, and
are highly esteemed. He has also written largely on
political and moral questions, and is the leading social
reformer in India. He has made an earnest crusade
against infant marriages and enforced widowhood in
Hindostan.

MtdabroDca, mI.|3-bRlu'kl, (Latino,) an Italian
Dominican, called also Frangipaiil, was a nephew of
Pope Nicholas IH. He was made Itlshop of Ostia and
Velletrl in 1178. His diplomatic talents were employed
and approved by several successive popes. Died about
1194- The celebrated hyirin " Dies Ine" is attributed
to him by many writers.

Malacame, mili-kaR'ni, {Michele Vikcekzo,) an
Italian surgeon, born at Saluuo in 1744. He contributed
by his works to the progress of science in Italy. He was
professor of surgery at Padua from 1794 until his death,
in 1S16. Among his works is a treatise on Enccpha-
lotomy. ,

Msa'f-«hl IHeb. 'SStSD,] the last of the minor He.
brew prophets, Is supposed to have prophesied about
420 B.C. Nothing is positively known of his history.
The name signifies "angel," or "measenzer of the Lord."
The book of Matachi is the last book of the Old Testa-
ment, in the order of time aa well as of position.

Halaobowakl, :ni-IS-Kov'sttee, (Casihir.) a Polish
general, born in 1765. He had the chief command at
Warsaw when that place was taken by the Rutsiani in
■811. Died in 184$.

Idalacby {mal'f -kl] U, or MaalasohlaIim,a king of
Ireland, the last of the Hui Neill dynasty who was un-
disputed over-king of the whole island. He gained the
throne in 9S0, and soon afier won a great battle at Tara
over the Danes of Dublin, Man, and tlie Isles. In 9S9 he
took Dublin, He had, in later years, continual warfare
with Danes and Irish vassals alike, and in looi submitted
to Brian Boroihme.

Xdalacby, SAiirr, (in Irish, Maelmakdog .Ua Mor.
GAIR,) also called Xmar Iffalacb;, an Irish archbishop,
bom at Armagh about 1095, of a noble race. lie
became about 1127 Bishop of. Connor and Dromore,
where he did much to intriKluce the Roman obedience.
In 1129 he was promoted to be Archbishop of Armagh,
but actually held that see only from 1134 to I137,
when he took the bishopric of Down. While at Rome
In 1139 he was made papal legate a £ii!rr¥, with authority
to visit and reform the Irish Church. In 114S he con-
vened a national coundl at Inis Phadri^, a ' ' '
year went to meet the pope al Clairvi
died, in the arms of Saint Bernard, November : .
The celebrated " Prophecy of Saint Malachy regarding
the Lives of Future Pontitrs" was not written by him.

MalagildB, ml-U-gRee'dl, (Gauriele,) an Italian
Jesuit, born in the Milanese in 1689. He removed to
Portugal, became a popular preacher, and wrote several
works. He was suspected of complicity in the attempt
to assassinate the King of Portugal, (175S,) and waa
convicted of heresy, for which he* was burned in 1761,

MalaEQtl, ml-11-goo'tee, (Francois.) a distinguished
chemist, bom at Bologna in iSoa. Having settled in
France, he studied in the laboratory of Gay-Lussac, and
became in 1S50 professor of chemistry at Rennes. Ha
published several valuable works, among which is " Les-
sons of Agricultural Chemistry." Died April 1;, 1878.

Malaine, wX\i,r\', (Joseph Laurent,) a French
painter of flowers, bom at Toumal in 1745; died in
Paris in 1809.

Mal'a-la, Slal'e-lf, or Mal'^-laa, [Gr. VLayHXa or
MoWXn,] called also JoKN OE Antioch, was the author
of a Creek chronicle which extenils from the creatinn
to the year 566 a.Dl It was first printed by Chilmead.
at Oxford, in 1601. The time and place of his birth and
death are not known. He was, perhaps, the same aa
John of Antioch the Scholastic

S« Ca™, " Hiiioria Literuii.''

Malan, (SOLOUON CVESAR,) D.D., a Swlss-Englbli
clergyman and linguist, born at Geneva in 1S12, was

:, where he

4mMi fmt; $iar/; i»t/;G,a,K,giit/iirvli n.mitai; li,trilled;it»i; tita\atiii. (37-SeeExplanatioM,p.33.t

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

MALAFSRT i<

educated in Eoglsjid, graduating at St. Edmund Hall,
Oxford, in 1837, He went to Calcutta and beoune a
proreasor in Bishop'a Colleee, but returned to Oxfoid,
look piiest'a orden in Ihc Engtiih Cburch, and attained

^ . ... I. Japaiies

often of works of much rnterest in conuecti
gical and doctrinal questions. He was als
' ' n, and naturalist. He is said

anked

as the greatest living pulyglot scholar, but was subse-
quently rivalled by Leilner in this regard. Died in 1894.
Malapert mnrpalR', (Chahus,) a Flemtoh poet
and geometer, born at Mons in 1581. He became a

iesuit, and a professor of tnathematics In various col-
eges. He published Latin poetns, and several works
on eeoir.etry. Died in Spain about 163a

Malarme, de, d;h ml'l JRcn', (CiiAaLOTTE.) Count-
ess, a novelist, born at McIe, France^ in 17^3, was a
sister of Count de Bournun, the mineralogist She
wrote " Niratba," (iSoo,) and other novels. Died about
1830.

Malaaplna, mlll-spee'nl, (Ricordano,) the earliest
historian of Florence, was born in thai city in the thir-
teenth century. He wrote a "History of Florence fiom
iU Origin to the Vear.iaBi."

Ste TinAaoscHi, ''SiDiiiddli Leitwatun luliina."

Ualaaptna di Saniiaiaro, mJ.ll.spcc'nl de s3n-
nld-i3'ro, (LiJici,) Marquis, an Italian writer and politi-
cal economist, born al Pavia in 1754- He founded a
school of fine arts in his native city. Died in 1834-

Blalnteata, ml'li-tCs'il, a noble Italian family, which
acquired the lordship of Rimini in the thirteenth cen-
tury, and furnished several leaders of the Guelph party.
Malatesta H. and Galeotto Malatesti, sons of
Pandolfc I., began to reignovcr Rimini in 1135. _ The^
had a great military reputation, and next to the Visconti
were perhaps Ihe most powerful princes of Italy. The
former died in 1364, and Galeotto in 1385, leavmg two
sons, Carlo and Pandolfo HI. These tivo became
able generals, and commanded the army of Visconti,
Dulie of Milan, from 1^93 to 1408. Carlo, who was
Lord of Rimini, died without issue in 1439. The de-
•cendants of Pandolfo III, possessed Rimini until 1518,
when it was added to the papal dominions.

Ualatesta, (Rattista,] an Italian lady of eminent
talents, was married in 1405 to Galeotto Malatesta,
Seigneur of P^saro. She taught philosophy in public,
made Latin orations belore Che emperor and pope, and
e admired verses.

;an(;ois,) a French n

:came blind in infancy.

He published, besides

mystical character, •• " ' ■

painter, bom al Newport, Rhode Island, ... _,,,. ___
tisited Europe In iSot in company with Washington
Allston, but returned the same year to America, where
he soon acquired a high reputation in his art. Died
In 1S07.

S« DuKUP, " Hiiiorr of the Ar» of Dni^ Id America,** nl
E chap. iL ; TuatanUAH. " Book of the Aniiu."

Ual'cbtis (Cr. MUjor] or Pi it la Delphi a, called
the' Sophist, a Byiantine historian, lived about teo
A.D. yragments ofhis works are extant.
S« Cav«. ■■ Hiitoria Litcnrii."

Ualchtw, von, fon mll'KAs, (Karl August,) Baron,
■ German writer, born at M.innheim in 1774 was ap-
pointed minister of the interior in the kingdom of West-
phalia in 1S13. He published several woiks on political
economy. Died in 184a

Ualoolm (mli'kgm) I, Kin^ of Scots, the son of
Donald IV., succeeded his cousin, Constantine III., in
033 A.n. He was killed by some of his own subjects who
had revullcd ; but the d.ite of this event is not known.

Ualcolm H, King of Scotland, was the son of Ken-
Kth HI. He began to reign in 1003, and resisted seve-

jfALCZEWSKT

ral hostile tncnrsiona of the Danei with succen. He
died in 1033, leaving two daughters, one of whom waa
the mother of Duncan I.

Uoloolm HI, surnamed Canmork ("Great Head,*^
was the son of King Duncan, whose virtues and tragical
fate are commemorated in Shakspearc's "Macbeth."
When Duncan was killed, in 1040, Malcolm escaped la
England. (See Macbeth.) He returned with an army,
delealed Macbeth, and ascended the throne in 1057.
About 1090 a war commenced between William 11. of
England and Malcolm, who was killed in battle at Aln-
wick Castle in 1093. His sons Alelcander and David
became kings.

See BvaTOii. " HiiieT^ of Sceilud," voL L chap. xl.
'Malcolm IV, King of Scotland, was born about
1140, and succeeded his grandfather, David I., in tl^J.
He made peace with Henry II. of England by ceding
to him Northumberland, lie died in 1165, and was
succeeded by his brother William.

See Bdhtdh. " Hiitmy of ScotUnd," vol iL cliapi. dn., df. ;
BiiCHAHAH, " Rnum Scoiicuom Ruiorli."

Malcolin, tnSl'k^m, (James Teller.) an engraver
and antiquary, born in Philadelphia about 1768. He
visited Europe In his youth, and became a student in
the Royal Academy ol London. >Ie published " Lon>
dinum Redivivum ; or, The Ancient History and Modern
Description of London," (lSoi-05,) "Seventy Views
taken within the Compass of Twelve Miles round Lon>
don," (1811,) and other works. Died in 1815.

Malcolm, milTiom. (Sir John,) G.C.B., a BrltisU
general and eminent historian, bom in Dumfriesshire,
Scotland, in 1769. In his youth he went to India as a
cadet in the army of the Company, Aller performing
an knportant political mission to Persia, (1799,) he was
appointed to the presidency of Mysore in 1803. He
WAS minister- plenipotentiary to the court of Persia in
1809 and 1810. Ilaving collected information respect*
ing Persia, he went to England !n 1813, and published
a valuable "History of Persia" (1815) from the earliest
limes to the date of publication. He returned to India

of Mehidpoor, where Hoik

ir was defeated. For several

isuing years he governed Malwa and the adjacent
rovinces in a manner which is highly commended. He
;iurned to England in 1821, witli the rank of major-
general, was appointed Governor of Uombay in 1837,
and resigned that post about the endoriS3o. Sir John

fubllshcd, besides other works, a " Political History of
ndia," (from 1784 to 1823,) and le(i a "Life of Lord
Clive," which appeared in 1S36. He was a brother of
Admiral Sir Pulleney Malcolm. Died in 1833.

See J. W. Kavi, " Ule and Corrapoixleiici ef Sir John Mid-
™lin," ■ "olt. iSs&: "QuwiiTly Revie-" tor April, iSt& ind July.
tSij: '■EdinlKii.h Review" foi Jgiv, t!i>. and April. x»i7: "Nou-
nllc Bionniihie G(n«nle;" Chahhu, " Ukifraiihiea] DIctHHUiv
of tminenl Scuuintn."

Mnlcolm, (Sir PirLTP-NEV,)G.C.B., a British admiral,
bom near Langholm, Scotland, in 17^ was a brother of
tlie preceding. He entered the navy in IT78, fought
against the French in the West Indies, and was made
a post-captain in 1794. He escorted the army of Sir
Arthur Welleslcy to Portugal in iSoS, and obtained the
rank of rear-admiral in 1S13. In 1816 and 1817 he wae
commander-in-chief of the Saint Helena station, where
his duty called him into intercourse with Bonaparte, who
expressed himself much pleased with his Inanners and
conduct. He was promoted to the rank of full admiral
in 1837. Died in 1S38.

SnCHAUMai, " DiOGnphial Dictidnirrof Enunenl Scoumen,**
(Sspplemenl.)

MU'c^m, (Howard,) D.D., a Baptist divine, bom
in Philadelphia in I7<»9, was one of the founders of the
American Traa Society and of the American Sunday-
School Union. In 183; he visited India and China, and
on his return published" Travels in Sou)h-Eastern Asia,"
(1839.) He published a "Dictionary of Ihe Bible,"
which had an extensive circulation, and other religious
works. Died March 15. 1879-

MalcsBWalri, mll-cfalv'skee, written also Mat-
C£eski,(ANTONi,) an excellent Polish poet, born in Vol-

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

MALDACHINT

><>3S

MALET

bjnia kboat 1793, wts a toa of a general in tbe Rnwian
KTvke. He received a French educalion, suid entered
Ae arnn in l8tt. lEaving qoined the arm; in 1816, he
travelled for tome years, aiM it laid to have been lb«
Gnt Pole thai ascended Mont Blanc His reputation

Mpnlar

K. UnlonAt," Mb. An-

Ualdachlol-Pamfill. mSI-dl-liee'nee plm-ree^ee,
(Donna OuuPtA,) an Italian woman, noted for her am*
billon, vices, and political influence, was bom at Viterbo
In 1 594. She was married to a man whose brother, J. B.
Famuli, was elected po^ in 1644 and assumed the title
of Innocent X. Died m i6j6.

BSU'den, (>Iene<v,) an English writer, bom about
1S04 gradoated at Cambridge in tSal. He became
prolenoT of Gieeli in Universitj College, London, about
l8w. Died July 4, 1876.

Maldonado, mil-do-nS'oo, (Lopez,) a Spanish poet
of the alateenth century, was contemporary with Cer-
vantes, who metitions htm with eulogy.

Sa LowGRLLOv, " PoeM Ind Poetry <A EDropa."

Haldonado, (Lorenzo FBRttEB,) a navigator, who

was born probably in Spain. He wrote a narrative of a
voyage which he made, or pretended to have made, from
the Atlantic to the Pacific through Dehring Strait in 15SS.
The majority of geographers have discredited his ttoiy.
S« F. MNATA(KETS,''HbiorUd«laKiiiiici."

in 1534. Having entered the order of Jesuits, he went

person of great talents, learning, and piety, and to bj.. _
written Latin with much purity. He wrote, besides
other works, "Commentaries on the Four Evangelists,"
(1596,} whidi, savs Hallam, "have been highly praised
Dy theologians of the Protestant ^de." Died in 1583.

Sec ?BAT, "Ualdonal a. rUnivenii^ di Puin." iBv; Bavu,
" Hinnkil ssd CiiiicU DiaionUTi" NicIhoh, "Mjinoire*."

UaldooatOB. See Maldohat.

Bffalabranobe, mil'bR6Nsh',[lIat. M ALEDKA.i'oniir!^

taphysical philosopher of great
aris on the 6ih of August, 1638.
'etired and studious. He became

(Nicolas,) a French
eminence, was bom in Paris

Hi* habits in youth were retired :

• priest of the Oratory in 1660, and was a zealous Carte.
•ianiDphilosophy, which was his favourite study. In 1674
he produced the jiisE volume of his admirable and original
"Search lor Truth," (" Recherche de la Viriti,") wTiich
•as qnickW and highly appreciated. New and enlarged
editions of It rapidly followed. The general design of
this work is to demonstrate the harmony of the Caitcsfan
philosophy with revealed religion. His style is eminently

'He wa^" says Hallam, "1 warm and almost enlhusi-
•itic admirer of Descartes, but his mind was independent.
Marching, and fond of its own inventions ; he acknow-
ledged no master, and in some points dissents from the
Cartesian school. . , , The fame of Halebranche, and,
(till more, the populaiinin modem timet of bis' Search
for Truth,' have been aflccted by that peculiar hypothe-
■is, so mystically expressed, the seeing all things in God,
which has been more remembered than any other part
of that treatise." "He bears a striking resemblance,"
adds the same critic, "to his great contemporary Pascal.
Both of ardent minds, endoived with strong imagination
«nd lively wit, sarcastic, severe, fearless, disdainful of
popular opinion and accredited reputations. . . . Ilut
In Halebranche there is a less overpowering sense of
retitnon ; his eye roams unblenched in the light before
which that of Pascal had been veiled in anre. He has
less energy, but more copiotisness and variety." (" Intro-
duction to tbe Literature of Europe.") "This ingenious
philosopher and beantiful writer,'' says Mackintosh, " Is

which he api^ied M* prindplea to the particulars of
human duty is CECellent. He b perhaps the first phi-
losopher who has precisely laid down, and rigidly ad-
hered to, the peat principle that vrnw tvtuitU in ftat
intaOiem Old Ji^atiliaa ef mind, without which actions,
however conformable to mles, are not truly moral." Ha
was involved in a long and intemperate controversy with
Amauld on tbe theory of ideas and on the doctrine of

BTKfc

In 1687 he combined all the parts of his system, and
developed them more fully, in " Conversations on Meta*
physics and Religion," (" Enlretiens sur la M^iaphysiqna
et la Religion.") He was author of other religious and
mystical works, among which are " Christian and Meta*
physical Mcditation^" (1683,) and a " Treatise on Mo.
rahty," ("Trait* de Morale," 1684.) He gave proof of
his profound attainments as a ^ometer Iw a "Treatiso
on t^e Communication of Motion." Died at Paria la
October, 1715.

Su FoHTWKUB, "Ctwt da HitebniKhe:" Mackihtos^
"View of ih< Prnptx of Eihiol PhlloKphr;" J. E. Eauuin^
"Milebnnchc, Spinoii und die Sccplikec uiid MvHikcr im iitb>
Khniin Jilirhimderu," iBjS; KAIL RsuTAa '"DiMenui* d«
Milcb'siKhio FhilHopho," i%if,: Nicinoii, "Mfmoirai" "Nou-
vdJc BiDgnphlc CMninUt.'-

Malobranehltia. See MALEnBANime.

Malegtixxi-VBlori, ml-li-goof sec vi-la'ree, (Vno
KiCA.) CouHTESS, one of the most learned and gifted
women of Italy, was bom at Reggio, Lombardy, In i6lflk
She wrote a drama called "Innocence Recognised."
Died in 1690.

Milek-Ibn-Aiias, mliek Ib'n Sn't9> >t)e chief or
founder of one of the four Moslem sects which are ac<
counted ortliodox, was bom at Medina in 714 A.D. Mil
doctrines, of which he published an explanation, were
generally adopted by the Mussulmans of Spain, Egyp^
and Barbary. Died about 79J.

5a Hakiiiii-Purcstall, " LiicraliiiceMhklil* dor Anfaar;"
" Nouyellt Bic«nphie G^DJnlc"

Ualek-Bhah. See Mauk-Sham.

Malela. See Malala.

Maleimi, mS-ien'mee, or Ualorbl, ml-ltRHjee, {NlC-
COiA,) an Italian translator, bom in Venice in 1482. Ha
produced (1471) the first Italian version of the Bibto
that was ever printed.

Idaleaherbe*, de. d;h mll'zlRb', (ChkAtien Guii^
LAUME DE Lamoignon — Ifmwin'yiN',) a meriioriout
French judpe and jihilanlhropist, liom In Paris in 17)1,
was a son of Chancellor de Lamoignon. At the age of
twenty-four he was chosen a counsellor in the Parliament^
and in 1750 became president of the CauT dfi Aidts. H«
was dirtcttur de la librtdrit, or censor of books, from
1750 to 1763, and was praised for his liberality or indtU*
eence by Rousaeau, Voltaire, and the Encyclopaidist^
He acquired great popularity by bis defence of the Parlia-
ment against the ministry about 1771. In 177;, having
been indicated by the public voice, he was appointed x
colle^;ue of Turgot in the new ministry, as minister of
the king's household and of the police, but he resigned
in 1776, when Turgot was dismissed. He was elected
to the French Academy in 1775, though he had not pro-
duced any purely literary work, tie was anthor of
treatises cm rural economy and finances, and of a " Me*
moir on the Liberty of the Press." When Louis XVL
was arraigned 1^ the Convention in 1792, Malesherbes
generously offered to him his services as counsel, which
were accepted. This act of fidelity having rendered him
suspected by the terrorists, he was executed in Apri^

794. His virtues are warmly eulogized by both royal-

elprtvjl

■3 and republic:

c Milccherba," iSoiTCaillau^ "Vis ou Elufi tuiiorique da
Iiltslierlm." iBsi; /. B. DuKiii, " Notice >ur L^mniEiion-Milet-

. „_ ._ JcMile*-

.II, i3ig : a P. DupLissi'V " £l«( dc MilohcrUk,'*
[ Aini, "Elogc de lamoignon- Maluheiba," xt^ty
:)AiNTK-Diuva. " Ma}esherbc3," ip "Cuiacriadu Lundi.'' tome iL
Ualet, ae,dsh mili', (Claude Francois,) a French
general and conspirator, born at Dole in 1754, Abont
i3o6 he was dismissed from the service, and went to
Paris, where he plotted against Bonaparte, and was im-
prisoned from iSoS to IBIX. Having formed another
conspiracy, he announced at the barracks, in Paris, on

%Mki^Mi;%kard;%ttj;Q,V,^giitttiniilli,mual!'t,triUtd;\i»*i\\iVK

ll^See Eapltoaiions, p. 13.)

Digitized by CjOOQ I C

•hoi General Hullin. A( thii critit hii audatity
baffled by Laborde, who made him prisoner. Malet and
fail accomplices were ahot, after a aumnaiy proces*, in
October, iSia.

Sn Latoh, " HiMtrin dt U Conpintton du CJBJnl Miltl,"
tli4; DovaiUA " Hlaoin d> k Coiupii*dm d* Uitn." 18^

Mml'e-TlU orMel'vm, {GKOFFxrr ,) a Scottish states-
man, beatne lord juicidary of Scotland in 1171. IJeb
•aid to have been the first who held that office.

Maleville, ds, deh mll'vil', (Jacques,) Mahquis, a
French iurlit, born in Pirigord in 1741. He aided Por-
tal ia and others in rramins the Civil Code, about tSoo.
and wrote an "Analysis of the Discussion of the Civil
Code," (4 vols., 1805.) Died in 1814.

Malevllle, da^ {LtoTi,) a French advocate and poli'
Kdan, born at Montauban In 1803. lie was minister of
the interior for a short time in December, 1848, He
was a moderate royalist, and a devoted friend of Thiers.
pied March 19, 1S79.

CoixjNEL DE Malbville, a brother of the preceding,
born at Domme in 1S13. was killed at Solferino in 1S59.

Holeziott, de, dfh mll'z^h', (Nicolas,) a French
scholar, bom in Paris in 1650. He was a friend of F^ne-
ion and Bossuet, whose influence procured for him the
place of preceptor of the Due da Maine, He afler-
waids taught mathematics to the Duke of Bui^ndy,
was elected to the French Academy in 1701, and pub-
lished "Elements of. Geometry for the Duke of Sut>
eundy," (171S.} Died in i7zgL

UamUttTs or Maimiatx«, de, dfh mSi'felilR',

gACQUES Chari.u Louis,) a French poet, bom at
»en in 1^33, He composed a poem jin tlie "Transla-
tion of Elijah to Heaven," and another oJlod "Narcissus
In the Island of Venus," (1769,) which is said to possess
great beauties. Died in 1767.

See Da Baudhs, "DacDun nir la Vis, Etc. da UiUlltn," iSaj ,
La HitiiF^ "Cotin it Ltiitnture."

Ualgal^e, mSl'gill', (Joseph Fuk^is,) a French
medical writer and surgeon, bom in Paris about 180&
He published, besides other works, a "Treatise on Sur*
Eical Anatomy and Ezperiroental Surgery," (a voli.,
1838.) Died in 1865.

Malherbe, do, dfh mtninb', (Francois,) s dis-
tinguished French lyric poet, bom at Caen about 1555.
He served several campaigns in the civil wars of the
I.eague, and married Madeleine de Carriolis in 15S1.
In i587heconiposedhisfirst work, "The Tears of Saint
Peter." An "Ode to the Queen Marie de Medicis" (1600)
WIS the foundation of his lame. He came to Paris a fevr
jrears later, and enjoyed the patronage of Henry IV.
during the life of that prince. Malherbe was called the
poet of princes and the prince of poe la. He died in 1G18.
"He was," says La Harpe," the first [French] model of
the noble style, and -the creator of lyric poetry. lie has
Itsenthusiasm.its movements, and its Avmum." "Mai*
nerbe," says Hallam, "gave a polish and a grace to the
lyric poetry of France, which has rendered his name cele-
brated in her erilicism. In general, we lind in his poems
neither imagery nor sentiments that yield a* delight."
Com|>aring bim with Horace, ihe same critic remarks,
* He is far from deficient in that calm philosophy which

forms the charm of the Raman

to the Literature of Europe."]

SeeKoux- " ------

' ("Introduction

" R«heTcha n

MiDwr^MBFiinini,"
-- - ■ „ . - "„'^ **-_?■ .?'?'"**•

BiafnphK Ctn^nlb''

Matbonet. See Malohet.

Mallbran, mtne^nS.s', (Maria F^icrrl.) a cele-
brated singer and actress, bom in Paris in iSoS, was the
daughter ufManuel Garcia, a Spanish tenor singer. She
made her JSiil in London in 1S35, and in 1826 visiied
New Voric, where she married M. Malibran, a banker.
After he had become a bankrupt, she separated from him
and went to Paris, where she performed with complete
success in i8z8. In Italy, England, and Germany the
also obtained triumphs almost nnexamplcd in the his-

3« MALLEOLUS

tory of artistes. Her vtrice was a meuo-soprano of great
volume. She was very successful as an actress. She
died in England in 1S36, soon after a seoond marriage
with M. de Brfriof, x violinist.

S« Firim " Hnitniphic Urivtncll* del Muiicicia;'* "Meoi^rs
of Uadimc Mitibnn." by the Couhtbi or Miilih.

Malletoa Laapepa, King of Samoa, succeeded to
the throne in 1S80, A rival, Tajnasese, was favoured
by Ihe Germans, who seized and exiled Malietoa and
sought to establish a protectorate. The exile was
brougbl back in response to the protests of Great
Britain and the United States, and restored to tbe
throne November 9, 18S9. Died August 13, 1898.

llKllk (mll'ik) or MeUk, mll'ik, El Adel, H VAiL
X, (Self-fid-Deen Aboobeker Uobammed, or Bail-
Eddyn Aboubekr Mobammed, sif ed-deen' 3'b^
bf k';r mo-h.lm'med,) SuUan of Egypt and Damascus,
bom at Baalbec in 1139, was a brolher of the famous
Saladin. He gained victories over the crusaders in 1174
and 11S7. In izoi he became Sullan of Egypt, He
extended his dominions by conquest in Syria. Died
in 1218.

Sec Whl, "GadilchU dtr ChiUftn," veL CL

MaUk-^bSb, mll'ik shih, written also Maiek
(Malec- or Meiek-) Shdh, a famous Seljookide sove*
reign, the son of Alp-ArslSn, whom he succeeded in 1071.
Under Malik-ShSh the Seljookian empire reached ill
highest point of power and glory. His character, like
that of his &iher, spnears 10 have been singularly noble.
His succession to the throne had been disputed by hit
brother Toortoosh, (Tourtousch.) Before giving battle
to his rival, he asked his minister, Niz3m-d61-MSulk, as
they came out of the mosque together, what he had
prayed for. "I have prayed," answered the minister,
" that God would give you the victory over your brother."
"And I," said Malik-Shlh, " that God would take away
my life and crown, if my brother is worthier to reign than
I. Perhaps the only stain upon the character of this
great prince is his having, at the instigation of his Sul-
tana, Ihe Khitoon Ttt^rkSn, removed from office his
minister, the illustrious NiiSm-351-M561k," to whose
wise administration the empire was chiefly indebted for
iu lonc-con tinned prosperity. Niz^m-dul-MSOIk died
soon alter by the dagger of an assassin. Malik-Shlh
•nrvived his minister only a few months. He died in loQZ.

AlaUiiche or Malintzln. See Marina.

Malingre, mfliNgti', (Claude,) a French histo-
rian of little merit, bom at Sens about i5Sa He wrote
tevcial works on French history, which were not stic-
Cessful. Died about 1653.

Mallalieu, mal-Ia-lul (Wii.u^RD Francis,) D,D-, an
American Methodist bishop, Irarn at Sutton, Massachu-
setts, Decem1>er II, tSiS. He graduated at the Wes-
leyan University in 1857, became a preacher !n the sama
year, and for some time was presiding cider at Bostoib
In 1884 he WHS chosen a bishop.

Uallarmtf, mal-lar-me', (St^fkanb,) a French
poet, born at Paris in 184Z. He became first known
through a translation of Poe's " Raven." Hia
"Divagations" appeared in 1896. He is a repre-
sentative of the " decadent" school, employing odd
words and constructions, and ignoring the laws of
prosody. Died in 1S9S.

Mollf-Tf, (Charles,) a Baptist minister, bom In
Pouliney, Vermont, In 1801, removed to Georgia, lie
was one oflhe founders of Mercer Theological Seminary,
at Penfield, Georgia. Died July 31, 1S64.

Mallary, (Roultn Caklqs,) a lawyer, a brother tA
the preceding, was bom in Cheshire, Cupnectiuit, in
■ 784. He was a member of Congress from 1819 until
his death, in 1831..

MaUemaiisdeMeaBaneeB,mll'm&:<'dfhmi'sONx)i',
(CLAi;l)K,)a French savant, bom at Beaune in 1653. He
was professor of philosophy for Ihirty-four years at Ihe
College du riessis, Paris. He published ''A rh>-slcal
Treatise on the World," and other worlta. Diedini;!^

MalleoIuB, See Hammerlkik.

(, ^ t, \a,;, Anij; i, (, {^ same, less prolonged; i, {, i, 9, ii,y, /:fiirt'; }, t, j, ft (lAxcwrY; Or, Oil, fit; mtt; nSt; gSOdi m

d by Google

MALLERY i6

Mal1aiT> (Oarkick,) an Americui elhaoli^st,
bom at Wilkesbarre, PennsylTania, in 1S31. He
etadualeii at Yale College in 1850, was in the army
in the civil war, was executive officer of the Sig-
nal Service Bureau 1S70-76, and subsequently on the
sqrvey ol [he Roclty Mountain region. He retired
from (he army in 1879, when he became chief of Ihe
Bureau of Ethnology. He wrote various works and
papers on the ethnology of the North American
Indians. Died in 1894.

MtOlel; miiy, (Ckakles At/cunE,) a French nhU
loaophcr, bom at Lille in iSo;. Ife published, besides
other works, " £tu(te* phiiosophlquei," (( vols., i8j7-
3II,) which gained a ^riu of the French Academy. He
wrote numerous ariides in'the "Nuuvelle fiiographie
Ci-ninSe." DIsd March 28,1376.

Mallet or Ualloch, mal'loK, (David,) a Scottish
|)oet and dramatist, bom at CriefT, in Perthshire, about
169S, was the son of Jame* Malloch. He removed to
Lcmdon about 1714, and changed his name loMalleL In
1 718 he produced "The Eiicu[sion,"apoem,andin 17JI
* Eurydiee," a tragedy. He became intimate with Po])e,
vho procured him a situation as travelling tutor. His
tragedy " Mostapha" (1739) ''^ performed a'ith ap-
plause. About 1740 he Has appointed under-secreiary
to Frederick, Prince of Wales. Among his other woria
•re " Amyntot and Theodora," and a " Life of Bacon."
He i* censured for acting ai the venal agent of Holing-
broke in an attempt to blast the memory of Pope, (1749.)
Died in 1765.

Mallet, (Edhf,) a French litltraUur, bom at Melnn
In 1713. Ue published an "Essay on Ihe Study of
Belles-Let ires, and translated into French Davila'i
" History." Died in I7SS-

MaUet, mUlet, {Fredrick,) a Swedish writer

between 17 w and 1774, and co-operated nilh Bergman
In a general deicription of the earth. Of this work
Uallet wrote Ihe astronomical part. Died in 1797.

Mallet, mt^i', (Jacxjues ANDni.) called MaUetr
Favre, a Swiss astronomer, bom at Geneva in 1740, was
a favourite pupil of Daniel Bernoulli He became pro-
fiosor of astronomy at Geneva about 1770^ and bulli an
observatory there. He wrote memoirs on astronomy,
mechanics, etc lor the Academy of Paris and (he Koval
Sodety of London, of which he was a member. Died
Iai79a

Mallet (Paul Henki,) a Swiss historian, bom
Geneva in 1730L He taught French to the Frince-Kc;
of Denmark, (Christian VIL,) and returned 10 Gene
in 1760. He was appointed professor of history in Ihe
Academy of that diy. Among his works (in French)
are "MonDtnenls oT^the Mythology and Foelry of the
Celts," (1756.) "Memoirs on Ihe Literature of the
North," (6 vols., IJ'60,) and a " History of Denmark,"
(3 vola., 1777,) which is highly esteemed and has been
tianslaled mlo English, German, etc Died in 1E07.

His "Introduction ft I'Hiatoire de Danemaik" v_
translated into English, under the title of " Northern An-
tiquities," which u one of the most valuable works on
Northern mythology.

SmSuhwdi, "DtlaVie el la Ecriudt P. H. Bfil]n."iSsr:
Hiuo, "La FnsM erotaBiiMf :" "Nouvclk Uioirniilii* Civt
nk;-- "HoatUyit*nnr»lnMuc(i, ITT).

Hallft, (Robert,) a British engineer and seismol<

f'st, bom at Dublin, |une 3, iSio. He graduated i
rinity College, Dublin, in 1830. Ills numerous reports,
papers, and catalc^es on earthquakes (prepared by him
with Ihe aid of ha son. Dr. J. W. Mallet) are of high
importance. He invented several seismometers. iTis
largest independent work is " First Principles of Obser-
vational Seismology," (i vqls., 1S62.) Died in London,
November 5, 18S1.
MaUet-Dniwn, mSIl' da'pflu', (Ja(?3Ues,) a distin-

fnished publicist and editor, born at Geneva In 1749.
le became a resident of Paris in 17S3, and editor of a
jpumat called " Mercure historique et politique," which
was very successful. In the Revolution he defended the
royalist cause, and in 1792 was compelled to suspend

MA LONE

the publication of the " Mercure," of which he had
written the political editorials. He then became an
~ ite, and in 1799 began to issue, in London, the "Mer<

re liiitannique," which was ranked aiaoiig the ablest
political journals of (hat time. Died in England in iSoo,

See "Ufmism cl CenwpondniM de M»n«l.Dui«in," Pitii,
.8si.

Mallet-Pr^voet mfiy pK&'vS', (Hekri,) a sdentifie
Swiss writer, bom at Geneva in 1737. He published r
valuable "Metrologic Kfanual, or Kepertoryof Weighta,
Measures, and Coins of Various Nations," (iSoi,) and a
"Description of Geneva," {1807.) Died in 1811. He
was a brother of Paul Ifenri Mallet, noticed above.

MallevUle. de, d«h mllVK, (Claude,) a French
minor poet, bom in Paris in 1597, was one of the first
members of the Academic Francaise. " He seldom
produced a finished piece," says Hallam, "though not
deficient In spirit and delicacy." His poems are son*
nets, one of which is called "The Fair Early- Riser,*-
{" La belle Matineuse."} Died in 1647.

Mallinhrot, von, Ton mSllIn-knot', [Bernard,) a
German philolt^st, was dean of the chapter ofMiinster.
lie wrote, besides other works, a treatise " On the Riss
and Progress of the Art of Printing," Died in 1664,

MalUo, mll1e-o, (MiCHELE,) an Italian writer of versa
and fiction, bom at Sant' Elpidioin 1756; died in i83t

Malloch. See Mallet, (David.)

Mal'ipck, (WiLUAM IIUKRELL,) an English author,

nephew of the his(orian Froude, was born in Devon>
. lire in 1349. He gradua(ed wi(h high honoursat Ualliol
College, UiJbrd. Among his ptindi)al works are " EveiT
Man his Own Poet,"(l373,) "The I^ew Republic," (1876^
satirical work which for a lime attracted great atlention,^
The New Paul and Virginia," {1877.) "la Life Wonh
.iving?" (1879,) "Labour and the Popular Wel-
fare," (1893,) "Classes and Masses," {1896,)
"Aristocracy and Evolution," (189S,) and several
novels and volumes of poems.

Mallp-ijF, (Stephen R.,] an American Democratic
politician, born about 1810. He was elected a Senator of

navy of the Confederate States from March, t86i, to

-36j. Died at Pensacola, November 9, 1873.

MalmesbitTT, Earl or. See Harris, (James.)

MolmeabtuT, m&ms'bfr-e, (Jaues Howard Hak*

lis,) third Earl or, a British Tory statesman, a i^rati.i*

son uf (he first Earl of Malmesbury, was bom in 1807.

He succeeded to the earldom at Ihe death of bis £ather,

in 1841, before which he was slvled Lord FiTIMARitii.

tn Februatv, 1853, he was appointed secretanr of foreign

affairs in the EJcrby ministry, which was dissolved in

Decemberof that year. lie asatn became foreign secre<

under Lord Derby in 1S5S, and on the lormation

„. LMlliUT, (WiLUAM OP,) an old English Msto*

rian, who is anppcaed to have been bom in Somerset-
shire about 1095. He became a monk in the monastery
of Malmesbury, where he held the office of librariaiL
His prindpal works are a "History of England froi»

..,..T^-^ ;- ".rniin AnoloruiYi?'! " Uecent

ffi,

listoly," I
of which he was an eye-witneae, and a " History of the
English Prelates," (" De Geslis Pontificom." ) These are
hignty prized for accuracy, veradly, and aitical judg*
ment. He died in or alter 1143.

Malmatr&in or Ualmatroem, mSlm'stRfim, (Elis,)
a Swedish poer.bomin iSil!. He published a collection
of elegies entitled "Angelica," (iS^) and an epic poem
of " Ariadne." Died at Stockholm in Tune, 1865.

Malombra, m3-lom'bRl(PiEno,)aVenetian painter,
bom in 1556. He was successful in portraits and in
historical pictures. Died in ifitS.

M^-lSne', (Edmund,) an Irish critte, chiefly distin-
gubhed as an editor and commentator of Shakspeare,
was bom ill Dublin in r74'- Having inherited an eaay
fortune, be removed to London and devoted himself ta

« aa i; ( a> i; g 4<ir</; g as/; c;, H, X, fWVimi/j- N, mua/; ■, frrV/Ai'; i a

\; (ItasinOw: (I^Scc EaplanalMni,p.S3.||
r jl,,ed:^:,C00^le

MAZosr

1«3S

JIteratnre. He usodated with' Dr. Johnton, BaHie, and
other eminent suthon. In 1790 he pabliihed hU edition
of 'Shakapean, with commentaries. He excelled Stce-
veM, a rival conmxiUtor, In undoor and love of troth ;
»," »ay» Haltam, "to have had a fiill

-. -ire'i gerios." Malonr -'-'*-'- --■

__ 1 Reynolds's works, ....

_.lrof bit life, (1707,). and other works. He died in
iSiz, leaving vnfinisDed an improved edition of Sbak-
■peare, since pnUithed, (iSai.)

Sc* Jahi* BoamLU " B>(icn{itik>l Mtmnt of Eilraand Ma-
hM;"Sn jAim Paioa, "bfe of EdmBsd Milooc," ilta;
'Moadilj Rtn»".f<i( Swanbtr, 179}.

Mal'9-rt. (Srr Thomas,) a WeUh or Englbb knight,
born about 143a He is noted as the compiler and trana-
btor (from the French) of the English "Horte Darthar,"
begnn about 14G) and finished about 147OL He was
probablv a priest His book was printed by Caxton in
1485. 11 i* a nobte prose epic, and its appearance marks
an epoch in the history of English lileralure.

Malot, (Hector. Hbnki,) a French novelist, bom
neat Rouen in 1S30. He resided in London sb a
newspaper corresponileni, and published ■ long series
of novels, including his aatobiographicai " Le Roman
d< mes Romans," (1896.) Died Julj 18, 1907.

Maloo. mf loo*, (Juuus.) a Belgian tutesnun and
leader of the Catholic party, born at Ypres in iSio; died
In |S3& He became minister of finance in 1S4J.

MBlotiotoTMaUioiiet,mrioo'i', (Pikrrs Vtcro*,)
A French ttatesmatt, bont at Riom in 1740. In (7S9 he
«w elected to the States-General, where he became

e 'eminent as ■ liberal I'oyaliat and co-operated with
Icrmont-Tonnerre. He took refuge in England in
IH3, returned about iSoi, and was oiosen a vonttcillDt
Of state In 1810. Died to 1814.

Ualcntln, mtloo-iii', {Vavi. Jacqdxs,) a French
chemist and physldan, born at Caen in ini. He be-
Cfoie professor of chcmiatrv in the Jardin du Roi, Faris,
in 174S1 wrote many aitidea on that science for the
" Ennclopt^die," and published an esteemed work on
"Mei^cal Chemistry," (i7ja) He was a member of the
Academy of Sciences. Died In 177S.

5h CoHanCKT, " £loge d« P. J. Miloub f " BiofniiUs VUr.

Malplglil, mll-pee^ee, (Marollo,) [L»t Marcil'-
vas Malpig'hius,^ a celebrated Italian anatonust and
naturalist, born near Bologna in 161S. Having gradu-
ated as a phjrslcian In 1653, he became professor at Pisa
h 1656, and at Messina about 1664. lie pnblished, be-
tween 1661 and 166;, treatises' "On the LJinga," ("De
Palmonlbus,") "On the Tongne," ("De UngBa,'^.and
*'0n the Brain" ("De Cercbro.") Malpighl was the
first who used flie microscope in the study of Uiatomy.
Id 1670 he returned to Bologna, and wrote an important

Halpighi. He made discoveries in the structure of the
skin and glands. In 1691 he was chosen chief phyafdan >
to Fope Innocent XII. He died in Rome in 1694.
' Malplghlna. See Malpicki.

HalaboTiL mlla'bd&RG, (Ernst FaiEDttTcn Gkorg
Otto,) BaroH, a German litth-aUirr, bom at Hanau in
1786, translated Calderon's dramas into German, and
Jmbtiahed a number of religious poems. Died in 1814.

MaifbjF, (Edward,) an English (heotmian, born ai
Norwich in 1770. He became Bishop MTDurham in
1836, and published several volumes of sermons,. Died
In 1E59.

S« [h> " Uofllhlr Rivkw" for Uirch, iSm.

Ma]te-Bnui,maultn]riin'orm)rtfh-bi^',(CDKRAI>,)
(Danish author and geographer of great merit and celeb-
rity, was born atThister, Tuiland, in 1775. His original
name, Malthb Conrad Bruun, (bxoon,) was changed
\ff the French into Malie-linin, Iiy which he is now
universally known. He had a great &ciMcy for learning
languages, and wrote French with an ease and elepi

,, .., e political articles,

jbiwhich be was banished in 1796. He composed several
admired odea; that on the death of Count Bemstorf

Is esteemed ontt of the finest In the Danish kngnagt,
Induced partlji by admiration of Napoleon, he bccaiM
an adopted atlien of France about iSoOl In 1806 be
was engaged as one of the editors of the " Journal des
D^bats of Faris, for which he wrote, during manyyear^
ablearticles on foreign politics, historv,languiges,saence,
etc. Malle-Brun and Eyriis edited in 180S the "An.
nals of Voyages of Geogra]>hy and of History," ("Annales
des Voyages de la Geographte et de I'flistoire.") Be-
fore this period he had devoted his attention chiefly to
the science of geography, in which he surpassed all his

Eredecessors t^ his happy union of philosophy with a
ighly poetic imagination. In 1S10 ne pubiisned the
first volume of his gteai work, "A System of Universal
Geography," (" Precis de la Giographie universclle,'^
the p!an of which was too vast for one man to execuMi
The sixth volume was finished in 1S25. Exhausted with
excessive labour and study, he died in December, iSzflk
leaving his. task unfinished. The language of this work
is eraphic, picturesque, and at times highly poetical. In
order to complete the plan, two more volumes were suly
sequently added by M. Huot. There is a good Enffli^
version of Malte -Bran's Geography, by J. G. Perdva( tbo
American poet and savant

Sa Boar ns Saimt-Vihouit, "Koiica I4o(npliiqne iw IL
Mi11«-Biuii,"iSi7iQu<RARD. "La Fnna Uiijraln ;" Easua^
•"Forfatter-Leileon;" ""Nogvelk Biupiphii Ctoiak.''

Malto-Bnm, (Victor. Adolpue,) a geographer, a
son of the prece^s, was born in Paris m 1S16. Ila
became professor oT history at Famiert in i8j3. lit
If his father's Geograiihy, (S

publishei

vols., 1853-55.) Died
" -'ttna. (T

1889.

libl'uiiu, (Thomas Robert,) an English political
economist, distinguished as the author of the Majihuiian
theory, was bom near Dorbin|b Surrey, in 1766. H*
graduated as H.A. at Cambridge in 1797, took orders,
and settled In * parish near his native place. In 1798
he controverted the theories of Godwin and others oa
the' progress and perfectibili^ of human nature, in his
" Essay on the Principle of Popnlation as it afiects the
Future Improvement of Sodety." Much attention was
exceed by his fundamental principle, that popnlation
tends to locrease in geometrical progression,' and that
the supply of food and Other necessaries of life can only
be increaaed In an iuithmetical progression. After ex*
ploring several countries of Europe in search of lacts to
confirm bis system, he publishea In 1803 an enlarged
edition of his essay. Hu ptiociplea were approved by
many statesmen and political ^con<nnists. rrom 1S05
until his death he was professor of ihodem history and
political economy in the college at Haileybury. He wat
author of an ** Inqnlry into the Nature and rnwress of
Rent," (1815.) " Pnnciples of Politica) Economy," (iSac^t
and other works. Died in 1834.

Sea Onaa, "Hmoir of Hulthu*;" "KootcU* BkaniMe
G^ft^nlei" "£<linbaisli R»ln" Ibr Juurv iS}/: "UinAlj
Revien" for Doonibci, iSoj. Juuuy. 1804. txAlttj, itiL

Mtdtltx, mll'tiis, (Franz Friedrich,) Barok, ■
Russian statesman, of German extraction, bom In 1794,
was appointed minister- pi enipoienliary of Russia at the
Kague. He was the author of poems and dramaa, ^in
German,) and wrote a continuation of Schiller's " DeoM-

Mnltl^ mUtits, [ApOUONTHS,) tliO/nuatrmd diplo-
matist, of German extraction, bwn in 1795, was ambas-
sador fii>m the Russian court to Lisbon. He wrote
tales, plays, epigrams, and poems. Died March a, 1870^

M'''^"'"! miPtits, (G01THILP AuGun',) fiAROtt, a
German writer, bom at Konigsberg In 1794, published
several dramas, and a political satire entitled " Pepper-
Corns," (" PfefferkSmer,") Died in 1837-

MlLl't9n, (Thouas,) an English geometer and artist^
bom between 1735 and tjvi, lived in London. H«
published about 1776 a "Complete Treatise on Per>
speclive," which is highly commended. He also pul^
lished various engravmgs, designed by himself, among
which were " Views of London." Di«J abont 1802.

Maltsan, von. fon mllt'idn, [Heinrich Karl CcK-
HARET Hu.l-UU'1'H,) Baron von Wartenburg- Penal in,
a German traveller and ethnologist, born near Dres-
den, September 6, i8zG. He studied law in Jena. Ha
travelled largely in North Africa, Arabia, etc, and pub-

^^^Cta,;,Anv>A^^f*>o>'i'<^t'°'""8*d'''i'A^AJ>'^'^;t>&l>Q><'*''>'^>'^i'^'^'iii>^it>'^>K^<^ii^^

Digitized by VjOOQ I C

MALX7S

1839

MANA&A

Bshed "Three Ymis in the North- West of Africa,"

ii863,) « Meine WaUfabn luch Mecu," (1365.) " Reiie
1 Tunis und Tripnlii," (1S70,) "Kei*e in AraUcn,"
(■87^-) '■^^ other works, containing mucli va1iuU1« lin-
guistic and Bcienti6c nulerial. Died by suidde at Fi^
February a*. 1874.

Malum, mfliis', (ETrENNE Louis,} an eminent French
optician and militaryengineer, was born in Paris in 1775.
Kc beome a student of the Polytechnic School about
1794, and, aided by the tuition of Monge, made great
piogTESS in nialhemalics. "Of all the pupils who then
attended that school," savs Biot, "he showed himself
the first in application and taJenta." In 179B he accom-
panied as engineer the army to EgjTt, and was employed
at the siecM of TaSa, Cairo, etcL He returned to France
)n iSoi, uevoied his leisure to analytic optics, and pub-
lished an excellent "Traill d'Oplique." In l3o8 the
Institute proposed a prize for a memoir on the double
refraction of crystals. Malus won this priie, after a mul-
tiiude of experiments, in which he happened to make
one of the most important discovenea of physical
•dence,— viz., the property or phenomenon which he
named the "polariiation of li^bt." He was elected to
the Institute, and in iSii received the Riimfurd medal
Jrom the Royal Society of London for the discovery just
named. He was chosen examiner for physics and geome-
try at the Polytechnic School. "While thus surrounded."
>s Biot observes, "with numerous friends who appre-
ciated his genius, honoured with eminent positions to
nhich his talents, services, and probity had raised him,
already celebrated for great discoveries," etc, he died
prematurely, in February, iSiz.

S« Arucix "Notioi bioenphiquo," tqL iH; "NoanJle Bio-

Malvaaia, mil-vl-tee'l. (Carlo Cesare.) a learned
Italian antiquary, bom at Itologna In ifiifi. was verted
In law, medicine, and theology, lie became profe«»ot
of law in the Univenity of Bologna, and publiihcd, be-
side* numerous other works, one on the Botc^ese
enters, " Felsina Piltrice, Vite e Ritratti de' Pittori
lognesi," (167B.) Died in 1693.

Sm Cuan. " Viu di C C Miln^"

Malvenda, mll-vCn'dl, (Tomas,) b learned Snnish
Bominiean, bom at Xattva in 1566, was a good Hebrew
scholar. He lived at Rome and Valencia. He wrote

the Spanish army, and
land by Philip Iv. of Spain, He wrote, betides other
bittorical and political works, "A Life of Romulus," and
«"Lire of Tarqain the Proud." Died in 1654.

Malvoialne. See MAWMOtslNE.

UJU*el or MaolBel. mlil'sf i, (Juhank NEFOMinc,] a
Cerman mechanician, noted for ingenuity, wai born at
Ratisbon in 1773. Hi mad* an autumalon, called the
Panhannonieon, which could play many instruments at
once, and in*ented a metronome, which is useful to muti-
ciani. He afterwards ll*ed in the United Scatca. Died
«t tea, July II, 1S3&

Mamschi, ml'mi-kee, (Tommaso Mama,) a nionk,
lorn in the isle of Scio in 1713. He went to Rome in
1740, and became ptofetsor in the Collen of the Fropa-
canda. He wrote "On the Grades or the Heathen,"
(1738,) and"ChriitlanAntiquitie»,"("Originetet Anti-
iurtatesChristiansc," 4 vols., 1749-55.) Died in 1792.

MunbelU, mSm-bellee, (MARCAm-ONio,) an Italian
grammarian, bom at Forli in 1582 ; died in 1644.

Mambnin. m&K^RijN', (Fierite,) a French critic
and Latin poet, born at Clermont-Ferrand in i6ock lie
became a Jesuit, and taught philosophy at Caen and
thedogr at La Fliche with a high reputation. Taking
Virgil for his model, be compiMcd Latin eclogues, an
epic poem called " Const anti nut," (1658,) and an " Esaay
on Epic Poetry." His epic obtained a tranalcat lavour
with the public Died in lUi.

Mame", oil-ma'lee, (Goftkbdo,) an accomplished
poet, called "the Italian KUrner," was bom at Genoa in
l8s&, and was killed at Rome in 1649 while fighting the

French. The patriotic song "Fratclli dllalia" it U(
most celebrated piece.

Ma-mpi'cus {Gr. M^uputc] was tyrant of Catana
when Timoleon invaded Sicily m U4 B.C. He formed
an alliance with Hicetas and the Carthaginians against
Timoleon, by whom he was defeated and executed about
338 B.C

Matulani, mSmeS'nce, {Terenzio Della Rovere.)
Coi;nt, an Italian philosopher and poet, born at Pifsaro
about tSoa. He produced "Nuove Poesie,"(iS36,)snd
"Dial(»hi di Scienu prima," (i346l) He was minister
of the mterior and president of the ministry at Koine
from May to July, 1S4B. In politics he was a moderato
Liberal, and opposed to the temporal power of the pop^
on which he published an able work, "Del I'apato,"
(1S51.) lie became minister of public instruction under
Victor Emmanuel in tB6o, was ambassador to Greece in
lS6i. and minister to Switzerland in 1865. Died in iSSj.

Mammna, mam-mee'^ or Manuoa, mj-mee't, (Ju-
lia,) a Roman lady or princess, bom at Emeaa, was the
daughter of Julia MiEsa, and the aunt of Elagabalus. She
became the wife of Gessius Marcianus and the mothei
of Alexander Severus, whose moral education she guarded
with watchful diligence. Severus having been chosen
emperor in 23a A.D., she acted as regent during hi*
minority. She and her son were assassinated by the
partisans of Maximin in 235 A.D.

Sh DioH Caseius, -' UitiWT of Romo."

Uamoon, Mamoun, or Mamttn, Al, U-ml'moOn',
(Abool- {or Abtil-) Abbaa-Abdallah, I'bC&l' JbT)!**
ib-dll11h,) the scvenih Abbasside caliph, was born at
Bagdld in 7E6 A.D., and was the son of Ilaroun-al.
Raschid. After defeating his brother Alameen in battle,
he ascended the throne m 813. His reign was disturbed
by rebellion* excited by princes of the race of Alee and
others. He enforced by persecution the dogma that the
Koran was created and not eternal, which was considered
heretical by many of the Moslem doctors. While be
was prosecuting a war against the Greek emperor The-
ophilus in Cilicia, he died, in 833, leaving his extensive
empire to his brdlher Motassem. Mamoon was cele-
brated as a patron of science and literature, and waa
praised by Eastern writers for his talents and liberality.
lie founded colleges, collected Greek and Hindoo manu-
scripts, which were translated at his expense, and invited
the scholars and savants of all nations to his capita),
(BagdSd,) then the great centre of learning and science
ID the world.

Sea Hahhu-Puiiqitall, " Lilti M uiKt»(hk>m i*t Anbcr^
AwoLnoA, "Annaln Mi^mki;" Elhacih, "HiiuruSin-
(xiKwm:" t^oHEE, "Miworii At la Domiiudon dc lot Anbtt;**
Will, " Gochichieitcr ChililcB," roL iL chap. viL j CauR], ~ BiUii>>
iheca Anbico-HispwuL"

MsmOQn. See Mauoon.

UBmun. See Mamoon,

Iffa-ma'if-ua Ve-tu'rl-tis, a worker in bras* at
Rome in the time of Numa, was employed to make
other shields exactly like the one which was said 10
have lallen from heaven. He asked no other reward
but that his name might be sung at the feast of the An.
cilia, (shields.)

Ma-mnr'ra, a Roman knight, was the comtnattdei
of the engineers in Julius Ctesar's army in GauL He
amassed a large fortune.

Man or Maan, mSn, (CORNELis.) a Dutch portrait.
painter, bom at Delft in 1611. Having studied and
worked in Rome and Venice some years, he settled at
Delft. He was a good colorist, and his style Is sard to
have resembled that of Titian. His portraits of inreeons
and physicians in the Surgeons' Halt of Detfi are highly
praised. Died in 1706.

Sr DacAHn, "Vici dct Pcinln* Fluiundi, HoniDdib," etb

Manal^o, ml-nl'go, (.Silvestro,) a historical painter,
born in Venice about i63ol

Manara, ml-nrrS, (Prospero,) Marquis, an Italian
writer, bom at Taro, near Parma, in 1714. He becama
a councillor of state, and afierwardi prime minister of
the Prince of Parma. He translated into Italian verM
Virgil's " Ccorgid" and " Eclogue^ and wrote sonnet*.
eclogue*, and other short poems. Died in tSoci

- - "ajifl.-EJojiinliP. M«>uir»,"ilo..

«Mi;fMi;E*<tn/;4«»/V(HH,it,pMWrw';N,»«af,-«,/rifM-la*i;»ba»in/a«. (i|^SeeExplanation*.p.a3.>

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

ilcijin and
IS36.

iSanaaMi. See Manasseh.

Bb-nu'Mli or Ua-nu'sel, [Hek n0])3 ; Fr. Ma>
NASSB, mfai'iii',] a Utbitw. patriarch, born in Egypt
■bout 1711 B.C;, iru the son of jowph and Aaenalh.
(SeeGeneua xYi. 51.} Hi> desc«n(U,nt« farmed two half-
tribe* among iKe Iribea of Israel, one on the east, the
Other to the west, -of -the river Jordan.

Manaaaeb, [Heb. nvin,] King of Judah, the son of
Ilezekiab, wu twelve years of age when he succeeded
his lather, in 697 B.a Having fOTuken the true worship
ind become an open idolater, he was taken captive l^
the King of. Assyria, and detained at Babylon some
years. He repented, and was restored to his kingdom.
After a rei^n of fjftjr-five jears, he died, and wa* luc-
creded by his son Amon.

S«II. KinfuxLlndll. CbmuclaxBrBt.

Ma-nas'sil, (Con^'antine,) a Greek writer of the
twelfth century, wrote a general chronicle, in verse, from
the creation to the year 1081 a.d. It is of some value
for the history of the Byianiine empire,

aia-nu'iel Bon-Jo'sepli-Beii-ZB'rae^ a learned
fewisn tabbi, born in Spain about 1604. He resided
mostly al Amsterdam. He wrote, besides other works,
"On the Harmony of the Scriptures," ("De Convenien-
tia I.ocorum Sanctx Scripturx," etc.,] and "The Hope
«fIsrael,"("Spes Israelis.") Died In 1659^

Man'bjF, (Captain Ceorcb W11.LUM,) a British
ofhcer, bom in Norfolk in 1765. Having entered the
■rm^, be obtained (he rank of captain. About iSoS
be invented a mode of saving life by shooting from a
mortar a rope to mariners shipwrecked near, iRe coa<it.
Several crews having been rescued bv ibis means, the
government provided moitars and other apparatus at
numeroaa stations, and presented to Captain Manby
•everal.sums, amounting to ;£700C^ Died m 1854,

See " Edisbvth RnicV <« Utj. iSij.

Man'oh^s-tf r, (Sir Edward Moktacu,] Earl of,
•n English general, borA in l603, was the son of Henry,
first Earl of Manchester. He was styled Lord Kimbolton
before his father's death, (1643.) Having joined the
opposition to the court about 1640^ he acquired great
popotarily. In 1G41 he was impeached for treason, with
Ilampdcn and four other members of Parliament, whom
die king attempted to seize in the House. He was
appointed a general of the army of Parliament in i(>43,
and co-operated with Fairfax at the victory of Marsion
Moor, (1644.) Manchester and Essex were charged by

Sorizing and with being ai
e popular party, and the command
was taken froiq them h^ the "Self-denying Ordinance,"
(1644.) At the restoration (1660) he was appointed lord
chamberlain bjCharlet II. Died in 1671. "He was
distinguished." says Hunu, "by hiuuaniij, generosity,
■nd every amiable virtue."

Sh CuasiiDOH, " HUiorr of tlw lUbtlliaii" Looat, " Pac
train d lUuurioui FenooageL"

aCanob«at«T, (Henry MotrTACU,} first Earlop, an
Ens'>*h statesman, father of the preceding, was born in

Northamptonshire about 156a. He became lord chief
justice about 1617, and Itntl treasurer of England in
■610. He was created £arl of Manchester Id 1636.

Pied in 1643.
MMicboo or Muioha Klun. See Mak<:oo.
MuioinelU, mln-che-nel'lee, (Antonio,) an Italian

Ktt bom at Velletrl in 1451. He taught grammar at
oe, Venice, etc, and wrote several works on gram-
mar. He was author of "Tbe Mirror of Morality,"
("Speculum de Moribus,"] "Carmen de Vita sua," (a
poem oa bis own Ifie,) and Other poems. Died about
1506.

Stt Ratl^ " Rbtorlol aod Oidal DktkiauT ;" NiciaoN
"U^dditcl"

Muiolni inln-chee'nee, (Pkahcesco.) an Italian

40 MANDEL

Italian lady of remarkable beauty, born at Rome ia
1646, wu a niece of Cardinal Mazarin, who refused to
give her In marriage to Charles II. of England, then an
exile. She made in 1661 an ill-assorted marriage with
the French Due de la Meilleraie, who then received the
title of the Due de Mautin. She soon separated from
him, and lived many years in London, where her house
was the resort of men of wit and pleasure. Died in
1699. According to Macaulay, she was one of the sul-
tanas of Charles H. in the lait years of his reign.
5« A. Rsnb, " Ltt Nitcu de lluuin."

Monctnl, (Louis Jules ) See Niternais.

Uanclui, (Maria,) Princess of Colonna, a sister of
Hoitensia, noticed above, was born in Rome in 1640,
and was a daughter of Cardinal Maiarin's sister. Louis
XIV. was so well pleased with her in his early youtli
that he was inclined to marry her; but Maiaiin sent
her to a convent. In 1661 she was married to Prince
Colonna. She ran away from him in 1671, obtained a
divorce, am) became anun. Died about 1715.

See Saikt-Sihdh, "Uiiroira:" A Ruifx, "Le* Niiccs da
Munirin."

UaDCiul, (Maria Anna,] Duchess of Bouillon; aniece
of Maiarin, was bom in Rome in 1649. She was mar-
ried in 1661 to the Duke of Bouillon, and became the
mother of the Prince de Turenne. She was the first
person who patroniied La Fontaine the fabulist, who hu
praised her in bis letters.' She died in I7I4>

S«VoLT*ias,''SiicledtU>(diXtVi'' A Rstiii, "LetNUoa
de Muaria."

Manclnl, (OLYMriA,) Countess de Sobsons, another
sister of the preceding, born about 1642, was married to
Eugene Maurice of Savoy, Count de Soissons. She was
Ihc mother of the celebrated Prince Eugene, commander-
in-chief of the Austrian armies.

Manoiul, (rA0i.o,) the founder of the Academy of
Umeritti, was bom at Rome. He was the grandfather
of Ilorlensia tiA Maria Mandni, noticed alMve. Died
tti 1635.

SceTiusoscHi. "Storiidella Leturatiifslti]inia.''|

Mati'coCa-pfic'(ormlngO[0 kl-plkO was, according
to tradition, the first Inca of Peru. He instituted the
worship of the sun, of which he pretended to be the
oBspring, founded the city of Cuzco, and gave laws to
the natives of that region, whom he found in a savage
stale. He is supposed to have flourished about icoo
A.D. (See Inca.)

ManooCapao, Inca of Peru, was the son oniuayna
Capac He became heir to the throne after Alahualpa
was killed by Pizarro, in 1533. He made a treaty with
Pizarro, but, finding himselt treated as a captive, bo
escaped in 1535, raised a native army, and besie^d
Cuzco. The approach of Almagn) forced him to retire.
He was assassinated Ijy a Spaniard about 1544.

Sea FiBcoTT, " Hiiisn of ihg Conqnest of Pen." vol B. diapk
iiLi G.IHVHM,"Hiu«iifeDenldel>tni."

Uandojoi*, d«,'dfh nt&N'df«hoK', (Jean Pierke
DES Ours,) a French hlsloticai writer, bom at Alai* iti
1679. He published * "Critical History of Gallia Nar-
bonensis," (1731.) Died in II47-

Maii'da>n«,|Gr. MovduHf,) a daughter of Astyages,
King of Media, and mother a\ Cyrus the GreaL

Maadar, mBn'dQr, the same as Mandara, which see.

Malid«',m&N'dlR',(Mi(3iELpiiiLiFrE,) better known
as THiopKiLB Maniiar, a French political writer and
revolutionist, bom at Marines in 17^9. He took an active

Eart in several insurrections in Paris from 17S9 to 1793.
t IS said that in the councils of his party he attempted
to arrest the massacre of September, 1791, and proposed
a dictatorship for that purpose He wrote " The Geniua
of Ages," and other poenui, and several political works.
Died in 1833.

M&n'dK-rf, [modem Hindoopron.mlln'd9-Tf,]ln the
Hindoo mytho)<lgy, a famous mountain used bjlhegods

churning the ocean. (See KOrUa.)
Uuido^ mlr/dfl, (Eduard,) a Germto engrav
bom at Berlin in iSio. His portrait of Charles I., af

Van Dyck, is esteemed a master-piece He obtained a
medal of the first class at the Exposition of Paris in 1855.
Died October *6, iSSa.

l,^l,iV<l,y,/«7;Jt,t,d,sanM^le«* prolonged; i, j,i;d,)i,},M0rt/),(,(,g,0£riwiv;flr,llll,illl;iDet;BOt;gnd;Md9N,

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MANDELOT \i

Uandelot de, d^h m&Nd'lo', (Francois,) > French
fanatic and general, bom in Paris in IJ19. lie was
cammandant at Lvons, and co-operated with the king in
the mauaoe of the Protestants in xvjt. Died in 1588.

Uaader, von, vln mln'd^r, (Carel,) an eminent
Flemish painter, poet, and biographer, born at Meule-
1>eke, near Courtrai,in 154& He received lessons in art
irom Lucas de lleere of Ghent, and about I J74

In IS83 he teuled at lUarkm, where he _

twenty years and founded an academy or painline.
Among nis master-pieces are"Adaroand Eve inEden^'
and "The Adoration of the Magi." He translated the
"Iliad," and Virgil's " Bucolics and "Georgics." He
was author of "Dina," a dranu, and of other poems.
His best literary work is " Lives of Flemish and Italian
Painters," (1604,) which b highly esteemed. Died in
i6oGl

SccDDCAiin, "ViaitnPnnln* Flunn^ HolUndn." Mt ;
Cbslacht, "Via dc Card Tin Hfndn'/' prdiicd to bit works;

Mulder, van, (CAnn,} a painter, a aon of the pre-
ceding, wax bom it E>eift in ijSo. He worked at the
court of Denmark. Died abouf t66ic.

tie became a resident of London, where he practised
medidnebeforeheappearedasan author. In 1714 he pub.
lisbed a poetical satire called "The Grumbling Hive, or
Kna*et Tamed H«iest" This having been censured ta
immoral by William Law and other wntertihepublished,
irilh Dates, a new edition, urith the title of "The Fable
of the Bees, or Private Vices Public Benelits,'' (1713.)
It was denounced by the grand jury of Middlesex as a
pemidous book. (For an anal^^Ei of this retnirkable
-work, tee the "NonvcUe Biographic Gfn^rale," article
'Mandeville, B. de."} He also wrote "Free Thoughts
«n Religion, the Church, and Natiotul Happiness."
Died in 1733.

Sm Binv, "Lift ef Iteraard it Hudanlki" "Bupapliia

the army of the Sultan of Egypt, and afterwards travelled
in various countries of Asia. lie spent about three years
in Cambalu, (Peking,) and returned home in 1360, In
point of fact, he probably never went farther east than
Jerusatem. He wrote an account of his travels, which
obtained a vride reputation. His book abounds in mar-
vellous and extravagant stories, partly borrowed from
Pliny and from mcdixval romances, and largely made up
from the writings of Odoric, Carpini, Boldensele, and
other travellers. Mandevitle's famous story Is in fact a
Boax. It is said that he died in 1371 ; bot there is realty
nothing known as to this date. Mandeville is absurdly
called "the first English prose writer;" but he wrote in
French. The Latin versions, the delightfully ouaint (hat
very inaccurate) old English version, and the Italian
translation are by unknown hands.

S« DisKAsu, ••Ancnitin of Liu

' SrtDCii. "Ce-

vkw," voL ulTCiIii.)

Mandoalo, mln-do'te.o, (Pkospero,) • mediocre
Italian writer, born at Rome. He compiled a work
called ** Ilibliothcca Romana," consisting of biographies
«f about five hundred Roman writers, ancient and
Miodeni, (2 vols., t683-92.) Died about 170a.

Manm. See Lakes.

KI'iiS^ Mi'nl, or UanlchiKita, man-e-kee'us, the
ibunder of the heretical sect of Manichaeans, was prob-
sibly bom in Persia in the early part of the third cen-
turv. He corrupted the Christian religion by mixing
with it some doctrines of the Magi, teaching that the
world is made or ruled by two eiemal and opposing

?indples of light and darkness. He reiecied the Old
estamentjprofcssedthathewasthe Comforter promised
fa John xvi., held the doctrine of metempsychosis, and
published a book whicli he pretended contained a revela-

tion from heaven. Manes obtained proselytes in Persia,

E^pt, and other countries. Saint Augustine was a zealot

lissect in his youth. The Oriental accounts ofManes,

in Suslana, was an adept in painting and olhci
produced a "gorgeous picture -book?' which was re-
ceived as sacred by his disciples, and was put to death
by Varanes, King of Persia, about 371 A.D. The Latin
and Creek writers say that his original name was CuBRI>
CUS, that he derived his doctrines from an impostor
named Terebinthus, and was punished with death Ibr
his heresy, in 377 A.D.

So BiAunna, " Hiitoirt da Hlnieh^tunc :" Bajmact, " Hif
Icfini fic* EeJUBA Hform^ci:" Saimt AucUBTma. *'Dt liforilHis
Mwiclie ■■"' '■'

Bavl^ " Hiiinrial ud Criiici] IKaisury," 1

Mansmu, mf niss', (DENIS Joseph,) a French natn*
ralixt, bom atLandrecies in 1743; died in 182a

UuiMaaa-Malle^ mfn^'s^N' ma-ll', (Alain,) a
French geometer and military engineer, born in Paris in
1630. He published a "Description of the World,"
(" Description derUnivers,"5 vols., 16S3.) Diedin t70&

MuVtbo. [Or. MaMiM and llovrA^; Fr. ManA-
THON, mfnii'tftN',] a celebrated Egyptian writer and
priest, was a native of Sebennytus, or, according to some
accounts, of Diospolls, and flourished in the reigns of
Ptolemy Soter and Ptolemy Phtladelphus, between 300
and2S0B.& He was reputed to have attained the highest
possible degree of wisdom. He was keeper of the sacred
archives at Heliopolis, and author of several important
—..-1.. ^»_w ».L.^..u ...... . M r7......i. u:.,.._ ^1 c ..4 H

It E^rptian who
ion, nistoty. an(

Greek
of the religion,^istory, and ch'onology of
Egypt A poem, in Greek, on the influence of the stars,
entitled "Apotelesmatica." (which has come down to ti»
entire,) is sometimes ascribed to Manetho, but was proba-
biy written by a later author,

6« BuKWK, " Ecnmni SwOi In dar WclteeachkhM ;" noam,
" Uanelho und die HundiHcmimiode," 1(4]: rtaaiciDS, "Biblio-
thtca Giwca :" KauiH. " Diutrtiiin hularka de Mantllioaa," itirl
"Nouvetla Uiosnirfiie Cfnjnle;" Shitm, "IHciioiiini a(Ci<eb
lad Ronun Bicfn^ihy," lie

MiLU^tbon. See Manetko,

Maaetti, mi-nel'tee, [Lat. Mahet'tus,] (Gian-
Kozzo,) an Italian statesman and author, born at F1ot>
cnce in 1396, was one of those who contributed to the
revival of learning in Italy. He was versed in Latin,
Greek, and Hebrew, and was reputed one of the most
learned men of his time. After holding other high offices
in Florence, he was elected to the Council of Ten, and
was secretary to Pope Nicholas V. Among his work*
are a "Lifeoif Petrarch," and a "Spedmen of the Lite-
rary History of Florence during the Thirteenth and
Fourteenth Centuries," in Latin, (1747.) Died in 1459.

Sm TrsAKBCHi, "SlorU delli Leilenlura IliHira;" I. B.
RitQuiia. " Vit de t. Mmeoi. S^nileut de Florena," 1761 : Ki>J>«
Naldi, "ViuMiDtii^" ia UusAToai's " SoipWRi Kenin luli-

Uaasttl, (RtTTiLio,) an Italian painter, botn at Sienn*
in ijyi, was a pupil of Francesco VannL His design
and style are comriKnded as correct and nobl& lie
painted both in oil and fresco with equal success. Died
la 1639.

,5ee Lakh, "HiatoryeCP^tliic in Italy/

the botanic garden of that city, and corresponded with
the most emment savants of' Europe. He published,
among other Works, a "Treatise on Different Species of
Grain and Dread," (1765.) and a splendid work on th«
"Natural History of Birds," with coloured plates, (1767,)
Died in 1785.
Manetttia. See Manetti, (GiANNOZza)
Kan'fred, (It Manfkedi, mSn-fra'dee ; Lat Han*
fre'duS; Fr. Maisfroi, mJN'fawi',] King of Naple^
born about 1334, was a natural son of the emperor Frede-
rick n., from whom he seems to have inherited noble or
at least popular qualities. B7 the will of Frederick, who

%a»ki \»Jn;^hari; f^iaj; OtYifVLigatlural; v,naiaI;9^rrHltJi lass; th as in Mm (j}7~See Explanations, p. 1^

Digitized ay CjOOQ I C

MANFREDI

son, Conraiin or Corradino, and Nfimfred apllin became
regent. A rumour of Conradin's death having obuincd
credence, ManTred was proclaimed king in 1258, and he
refused to relinquish ihe roval power when that report
was proved to be false. He became an ally of the Chibe-
lines of Northetn IiaJy against Ihe Guetphs. Urban IV.,
who became pope in 1261, »nd who hatl long been »n
enemy to the house of Suabia, excommunicated Manfred,
knd offered Ibe kingdom oF the Two Siciliet lo Charles
of Anjou, a brother of Louis IX. of France. Charles
accepted it a* a fief of the see of Rome, marched an
•rmy into Naples, and gained a victory, in which Man-
fred was killed, in 136&

Manftedl See Manfred.

Manfredl, mln-fta'dee, {Uartolomheo.) an Italian

ednter, bom at Mantua about 1580. Me was a pnpil of
iravaBEio, whom he imiuied so well that good judces
mistook his works for those of his master. Among his
productions is "A Party of Men drinking,'' Died in
Rome In 161 7.

Sluifradl, (EusTACHio,) an eminent Italian geometer
wid astronomer, born at Bologna in 1674. He was ap-

Einted professor of mathematics in tlie University of
ilcigna in 1698, and astronomer to the Institute of that
titv in 1711. He published Ephemerides from 1715 to
■ 750, "Elements of Chronology," (1744.) "Institutes of
Astronomy," (" Instituzioni Bstronomiche,") and other
work*. Manfredi also wrote admired sonnets and can-
sonL He was a foreign assodale of Ihe Academy of
Sciences of Paris, and a Fellow of the Royal Sode^ of
l/mdoit. Died in 1739.

Set FoirrasiLi*. " Eloje d. Mitifred ;" G. P. Z*«itti, "Vita
ik E. Minfrcdi," ■;<;: FiMom. "Vits lulonui doccrbia enal-
snliuiB!" Faktitui, "Scrioori BologDai."

Muifredl, (Gabriele,) bom at Bologna in 1681, be-
came professor of mathematics in Bologna in 1730, He
•Dcceeded his brother Eustachio in 1739 as luperin-
lendeni of the waters. He wrote an able treatise "On
Equations of the First Degree," and several Hemoirs
for the Institute of Bologna. Died in 1761.

See MoHTUCLA, " Hiitoire dte Malh^matiquei.''

MOnfredlnl, min-fitl-dee'nee, (F£DBRICI>,J Hajl-
Qiris, an Italian minister of stale, born at Riovigo in
1743. He became prime minister of the arcbduke Fer.
dinand of Tuscany in 179a His prudent measures pre-
served Tuscany from invasion by Ihe French until 1799,
when Ferdinand and bis minister were forced to retire
Into exile. Died in 1829.

ManfreduB. See Manfked.

Uui'efii, (Jauks ClARBNCi,} an Irish poet, born in
Dublin in 1803. He became a solidlor's clerk. Over-
Kork and misery drove him to drink and opium. Having
found employment in Ihe library of Dublin University,
he acquired great learning. Died at Dublin, of intem-
perate habits, June zo, 1S49. Among his works U "An-
thologia Ceimanica," (a vols., 1S45.) John Mitchell in
|8j9 published a volume of his poems, ballads, and
truilatiojis.

BSangaMr'Iaii, (Mangasar M.,} author, bom at
Mashgard, Turkey, in 1859, Graduated at Princeton
Theological Seminary, became a Congregational miaisler,
bos leclnred independently on ethical subjects, and is the
author of " Religion of the Future," " Morality with-
out God," "The Bible Unveiled," "Is Life Worth
Living without Immortality 7" etc.

Mangeaxt, m&N'ihSK% [Thomal) a French
Diismatlst and monk, born at Metz in 1695, wroti
"Introduction to the Knowledge of Metuls," (1763.)
Died in 176*.

Mangenot, mflmh'no'. (Louis,) AbbA, a French poet
and priest, born in Paris in 1694. He wrote an admired
«clonie called "The Rendetvous." t

Muieet, mao'ihi'. (Jean Jacob.) ; , ^

and writer, born at Geneva in 1651. He practised in
that city, and published many scientific works, among
which are "Anaiomicil Library," (" Bibliotheca Ana
tomica," 1685,) and "Curious Chemical Library," ("Hi
bliotheca chcmica curiosa," 1703.) In 1699 he recetve<

i2 MANIUUS

the title of first physician to the Elector of Brandenbnrg,
Died at Gerveva in 1743.

See Squint, "Hixoua lillfniRdiCcniva.''

Man'ge7, (Thomas,) an English theological writer,
bom at Leeds in 16S4. He obtained the first stall of
Durham in 1733. Died in 175$.

See HirrCKinoii. ''UkiaiT of Duihim."

Mnyg"'. mln-jce^ee, (Giusetpe.) an Italian nata-
ralisl and physician, boro at Caprinoin 1767; died in
1839. He wrote several scientific treatises.

yif^g*", mas'ihiH', (Charles,) a French architect
bom near Meaux in 1711, designed several important
edilicea in Paris, among which were the Halle au BU

Srain-Market) and the Church duGroa-Caillon. Died

. 1807.

Maugln, (Jean Hsnri Claude,) a French advocate,
bom at Met! in 1786, He wrote several legal worlta.
Died in 1835.

MaMglard, mSN'glSR', (ADRtEN,) a French painter
of landscapes and marine view*, was bom at Lyons In
695 ; died at Rome in 1760,

Mangles, mang'g'li, (Captain James,) a British ttav
eller, who obuined the rank of commander in Ihe navy
in 1815. In 1S16, accompanied by Captain liby, he be-
Ran an extensive journey, in which they explored the
Upper Nile, the ruined dty of Pctn, and the Dead
Sea. They returned to Enpland in i8Kk See Irby,
(Charles L.) Dieil November 18, 1867.

xilan'gao' (or Mangon) Khan, written also Meng-
bo and Moengke, Emperor or Grand Khan of the
Mongols, was the son of Toolee, (Touli,) and grandson of
Jen g IS Khan. He ascended the throne about I3}0l His
empire included Tartary, India, a part of China, and
Persia. One of his armies, under >u8 brother Kooblai
Khan, sulKtued Thibet ; and anolher army at the same
time (1256) conquered in Persia the Ismaeelian dynasty.
Two veirs Uter he took Bagdtd and made himself mas-
ter of the caliph's dominions. While pursuing his con-
quests in China, he was killed in battle, in 1259. He waa
succeeded by his brother, Kooblai Khan.

Sea Vm Hahku, "Hisuiira ds Ukaasi" "KoBvtUi Bi»-
a7«ph>t Odn^nia."

Lg'gam,(WtixiiPBRK>i',t an American
I, bom in Orange county, North Carolina, in
1793: He was elected a Senator of the United Stale*
by the legisTature of North Carolina In iSJl, and acted
with the Whigs until that party wa* dissolved. H«
also represented North Carolina In Ihe Senate for two
terms, (1841-S^,) and was president of that body during
the administration of Tyler. Died in 1S61.

Manli^, mfnii', (Charles A.^TOISB,) a French
general, born at Aurillac in 1777. Ileentered the service
of Murat in 1S09, and suppressed brigandage In Calabti*.
niih extreme severity. Died in 1854.

ManL See Manes.

UanlobsBOB. See Makes.

Manlgnnlt, man'o-go". ?(GABRtEl,) a wealthy Amer-
ican merchant and patriot of Ihe Revolution, bom at
Charleston, South Carolina, in 1704 ; died in I78t.

Uf-nlll-f OOQs. the name of a plebeian Roman
fnir, which was not numerous and consequently wa<
not divided into families. Marcus Manilius, who be-
came consul in 149 B.C., was the first member of ibis
gau that figures in history.

Uf-nlll-oa, (Caius,) a Roman tribune, and partisan
of Pompey. He was tribune of Ihe people in 66 B.C
He proposed a bill called " Lex Manilla, " granting to
Pompey the command of the war against Mithridates in
place of Lucullus. On this occasion Cicero uttered his.
celebrated oration "Pro Lege Manilia."

HoolUiu, (Marci;s or Caius,) a Latin poet, known
as the author of an astrologicai poem called "Astro-

His n

first discovered

much learning, and contain* 1

faulty in style.

See ScAucn. " Pralt(«neH {

nMAl

e fine passages, bat I*

I, ^i, j^ 0, y, leng; &, i, A, same, Ics* protongedi i, E, I, C, ii, 'J.thtrti }, f , 1, 9, eiuurci fir, Oil, Rtt; mlli vXA; g^Odi nOBa}

d by Google

MANIN

1643

MANN

Mtuln, ml-neen', (Daniele,) an eminent Italia.,
patriot and statesman, bom in Venice in MaVi 18134, wat
educated for the proresaion of advocate. He wa« a re-
publican, and promoted the liberation of Venetia bf legal
means rather than bf arms. In March, 1848, he pro-
claimed a republic at Venice, and became president of
the provisional government. Having vainljr opposed
the annexation of Venetia to Piedmont, he resigned in
Jnljp, 1S43. He wM soon recalled, and governed Venice
as dictator during tbo siege, which lasted a year, and
ended, alter a heroic stru^le, in Aagust, 1S49. He
went into exile, and died in Paris in 1S57. His remains
were honoured with a magnificeDt public funeral, bjr
Older of the Italian Parliament, in the metropolitan
church of Venice, in March, 1S6S.

Sn HSHKI MAmH. "Lifc oT Duiid Hmin," lijg; G V.
KoVAHi, "Mcmurii sorici di D. Minin." Tuiin, iSje; H. Cai-
TiLU, "Munin;" Chassih, "Mum c( riulie," lEjg: Edhohd
Fuc& "Venict ifag City of lheS»," Nn. Yoik, iSg^ : " Fmsr-i
Mttxitaa" Jbr Hannibcr, 1857 1 " Wsunmiter Revinr" fa April,

Mntiln or Manial, m!-nee'nee, (Lotx>viC0k) the last
I>(weof Venice, vas bom about 1717. He wis elected in
1788, a period nhen the republic manifested evident signs
of approaching ruin. He refused to itun Austria in a
coalition against the French in I792,and remained neutral
In the war that ensued. Venice was invaded by the
French in 1797, the form of the government was changed,
ftnd Manini retired to private life,

Se« Darv, " Hbtoin de VmiH,"

Manlnl. mi-nee'nee, (GtuscPPB,) an Italian writer on
tbeolog; and histoij, was bom at Ferrara in 1 750 ; died
1111834.

Manlnl, (LoDonco.) See Makin.

Uanley, (James R.,} an American phjrMdan, bom
In the latter part of the eichteenlh century, became

Cofessor in the Medical College of New Voric Died
iSji.

IUI1I07, (John,) CAPTAtK, an American naval ofScer
of the Revolution, bom in 1734. He perfortoed several
Important services. Died in Boston in 1793.

Man'ley, (Mary t» la Rivieke,) a popular English
aathoress, born In Guernsey about 1673, was the daughter
of Sir Rnger Manley. To procure a tnbcistence, she
wrote "The Koyal Mischief," (1696,) a tragedy, which
was iucceasfuL Her next work was a romance called

ber to be prosecuted and imprisoned for libel. She
wrote political articles for the Tory ministrjr between
1710 and 1714, and edited the "Examiner" with ability
■fter Dean Swift bad retired from the direction of that
paper. She also left an antobiogtaphjr, and some novels
and plays remarkable for their gross indelicacy as well
M for their literary power. Died in 1714.

Ses Cisaia, " Lira of ihs PmU."

Uanll-a Ooiu, one of the most ancient and cele-
brated of the patrician gtnUi or tribes of Rome^ The
bmily names of the Manlii were Cincinnalus, Acidinus,
Capitolinus, Torquatus, and Vulso. Among the emi-
nent peisons of this fm/ was

Hanll-iu Cap-lt-o-U'nttB, (Marcus,) who was
elected corml in 391 B.C. In 399 the Cauls under Bren-
nus captured Rome and besieged tiie Capitol, wiiich
Manlius and others defended. According to tradition, an
attempt of the Gauls to surprise this fortress by night was
defeated by Maniius, who was awakened by tne clamour
of a flock of geese. For this service he received the
■umane of Capitolinus. He became a champion of
the popular party, or plebeians, in 385, spent his for-
tune freely for the relief of those who were oppressed
by debt, and was accused of aspiring to royalty. His
enemy Camillus was appointed dictator, and Manlius,
having been tried for treason and condemned to death
by the patricians, was thrown froin the Tatpeian rock in

I B.C
S«Li

" Hbtoryof Rem* ;" Cicnt^ "D« RtpubBes .■" t

toii,"I}b Vmailiiul
Manll-ns Tor-qnS'tiU, or, more fullr, n'tnn Man'.
Sob Capitoll'iitu Torqaa'tus^ a popular Roman hero,
was the son of L. Manlius I mperios us, who was dictator

e as i; £ u /; t i^n/; t asy; t;, u, K, juEMnt/.- Ml (M Mf; K. /ru'faf; 3 ai

In 36* or 363 B,Ci He signaliied'his filial affection bf
extorting from Pomp-inius an oath that be would desist
from the prosecution of his father. In 359 he was elected
a military tribune. He killed in battle^ Gaul of gigantic
stature and despoiled him of a chain, CftroiMv,/ front
which he derived the surname Torquatus. He was ap-

E Dinted dictator in 153, and again in 349 B.C. Having
ten elected consul for the third time in 340, he defeated
the Latins, and punished with death his own son, who
had violated orders by fighting a single combat with
one of the enemy.

^. i":S ", ^,'""T "^ R™^;" books -fi.. WR. : Aunuin Vie-
TM,"rnVtriii1]uiml>ui:"P. Eicaa>iAii,"Di«»erntiod» T.Man*
lio 1 tinjujm" 1^67.

ManlliM Torqttatosi (Titds,) a Roman general, of
the same family as the preceding, was consul in 135 B.a
Sardinia having been subjected by him in that year, the
temple of Janus was shut, for the second time in the his-
tory of Rome, because tlie Romans enjoyed a universal
peace. He was re-elected consul in 234, and made a
speech against the motion to ransom the prisoners taken
hy Hannibal at Cannx, (1:6.) In ais B.C. he gained a
decisive victory over the Carthaginians in Sardinia. He
was appointed dictator in 30S, anddied in lOi B.a

SccLiw, ''HniiitTorRoRie,"b«luiiIL, uilL, nv-.tic

Man'UnBTal'8a,(CKEiii3,| a Roman general, elected
consul about 190 B.C. He conquered the Gauls of Ga-
latia, and received the honour 01 a triumph in 186 B.C.

" "an'lff, (Basil,) a Bantisi minister, bom in Chatham
ity, North Carolina, in 1798. He became president
of the University of Alabama in 1837. Died in 1868.

Mann, (Horace.) LL.D., an eminent American edu-
...tionist, bom in Franklin, Norfolk county, Massachu-
setts, May 4, 1796. His father was a farmer in limited
circumstances, so that Horace was obliged to procure by
his own exertions the means of obtaimng an educatioiv
The books to which he had access in early life, as he
informs us, "were lew, and their contents meagre and
miserable." "My teachers," he adds, "were very good

Cple, but they were very poor teachers." There was,
rever, no lack of bard work, and in summer his
labours often encroached upon the hours which should
have been devoted (o sleep ; yet, with all these disad-
vantages, his mind gave early proof.of uncommon power
and intense activity. He had earned his school-boaks,
when a child, bjr braiding straw; and his severe and
frugal life gave him the habit of depending solely upon
himself for the gratiGcation of all his wants. When
about the age of twenty, he commenced the study of
Latin, and in six months prepared himself to enter the
sophomore class in Brown University, at Providence,
Rhode Island, where he graduated with the highest
*'""""'• i" l8ta The subject of his discourse on that
s"The Progressive Character of the Human
Race." This was always a favourite theme with him,
and his first oration may be said to have foreshadowed
his subsequent career as philanthropist and statesman.
White at Providence he became acquainted with the
young lady whom he afterwards mamed. She was the
daughter of Dr. Messer, president of the university, tn
1S21 he entered the law school at Litchfield, and in iSaj
was admitted to the bar. He commenced the practice
-{ law at Dedham. He was elected in 18x7 to the State
;gistature, and during his connection with that body was
distinguished for the zeal with which he devoted himself
to the interests of education and temperance. In the
practice of hia proFrssion he had adopted the principle
never to take the unjust side of anv cause : it is said that
he gained four out of five of all the contested cases in
which he was engaged. The extraordinary influence
which he exerted over the minds of (he juries was owing
'■ — . great measure to the confidence which all felt in
honesty of purpose. In 1833 he removed from
E)edham to Boston, and soon after was elected to the
State Senate. In 1836, and again En 1837, he was choseit
president of the Senate. About this time he became
acquainted »rith Dr. W. E. Channing and Di. S. G. Howe,
for whom he ever afterwards cherished the sincerest
respect and affection,
"^ '' enlightened philanthropy and untiring efforta

To his enlightened philanthropy and untiring efforta
IS due the establishment of the State Lunatic Hospital

ill lAit. (SV^See Explanations, p. 33.)

Digitized by CjOOQ I C

MANN 1 6

■I WorcMler, In 1837 he wm elecleil secietaiTf of ihe
Massachuaeiu lioard of Education, (then recently organ-
JMd,) and wu unanimously re-elected to the same posi-
tion for eleven successive years. From the moment that
he entered upon his new duties, he devoted himself to
them with undivided attention and unremitting zeal. Ity
his lectures and uritings he awakened an inieiest In tbe
cause of education that had never been felt before.
Through his influence, important changes were made in
the school laws of Massachusetts, and a thorough reform
was effected in the educational E)^iem of the State.

In May, 1841, Mr, Mann married as Ills second wife
Miss Mary Pcabody, daughter of Dr. Nathaniel Peabody
•nd sister-in-law of Mr. Hawthorne ; and immediately
tlierwards he sailed for Europe, chiefly for the purpose
nf visiting European schools, particularly those of Ger-
many. He returned to his native country ia the autumn
of thesameyear-
In the spring of 1B48, Mr. Klann was elected to Con-
Eress, as successor to J. Quin» Adams, who bad died
1 February of that year. His first speech in the House
of Representatives was in advocacy of the right and duty
of Congress to exclude slavery from the territories. He
■ays, in a letter dated December, 1848, "I think the
country is to experience senoua times. Interference
with stavenr will eidle dvU commotion at the South.
Still, It Is beat to interfere. Now is the time to see
whether the Union is a rope of sand or a band of sleeL"
In another letter, dated January, 1850, be says, "Dark
clouds overhang the future ; and that is not all : they are
lull of lightning." Again, " I really think if we insist
upon passing the Witmol Proviso for the territories that
the South — a part of them — will rebeL But / would
pass it, rebellion or not I cermitriu ruS u great ai thai
*r lit txUtitim ef tlavtTjr." On the 7lh of March, 1850,
Webster delivered his great speech against the Wilmol
Proviso. This led to an open rupture between him and
Hsnn. Through the influence of Webster's friends, in
the following November Mann failed by a single vole to
obtain a re-nomination in the Whig convention. He,
however, appealed to the people as an independent can-
didate, and was triumphantly re-elected.

In September, 1852, Mr. Mann was chosen president of
Antioch College, »t Vellovr Springs, Ohio. On the same
dayhe was nominated for Governor of Massachusetts by
■ convention of the Free Democracy (otherwise called
the Free-Soil party) assembled at Lowell. Although not
elected Governor, his popularity was shown by his vole
running far ahead of that of the other Free-Soil candi-
dates. He accepted tbe presidency of Antioch College,
which under his able management attained a large
measure of success. But the labours and anxieties of
that responsible position proved at length too much for
bis health, never strong, and now undermined by a life ;
of the most intense and unremitting activity. He died
August 3, 1859.

Mtum, min, (TiiBodorb AucusnN,) Aniii, a Flem-
ish writer and antiquary, born about 174e^ resided at
Brussels. He published a "Tableau of the Coins,
Weights, and Measures of Diflerent Nations," (1779.) a
•■Description of Brussels," (1785,) and other works.
Died at Prague In 1S09.

Uuin, (Tom,) a Btitish labour leader, bom in
Warwickshire in 1856. He worked in a mine as a
boy, became an engineer, and went to London in
■871. Id 1881 be becanie closely connected with the
Trade Union movement, joined the Socialists in 18S5,
and took a leading pari in managing the dock strike
of 1S90. He became president ot several trade
associations, and is the author o( several works on
Socialism, Trade Unionism, elc-
Matmera. See Rutland, DtiKE of,
Uanaera, (John.) See Grahbv, MARQt;is DP.
Man'nera, (John Umes Kobekt,) Lord, a second
■on of the Duke of Kutland, was born in 181S. He
entered the House of Conimons in 1S41, and identified
himself with the Tory party, I le was first commissioner
of the board of works for a short time in 1858-^9, and
obtained the same position in the Derby cabinet in July,

%A MANNYNG

1866. He resigned in December, |368. He was post-
master-general from 1S74 to i8Sa

ManneTB, (Rooert.) L-ord, a younger son of John,
Marquis of Granby, was a brottier of the fourth Duke
of Rutland- lie died of wounds received at a battle in
the West Indies in August, 1782, where he commanded
the ship Resolution.

Mannero, [Robert William,) Loiti^ an English
general, born w 1781. He entered the army in 1798,
served Wellington as aide-de-camp in the Peninsulai
war from 1808 to \%i%, and was wounded at Waterloo^
(1815.) In 1830 he obtained the rank of major-general.
He was frequently elected to Parliament. Died m 1835.

Mannert, mln'nfRt', (Konrad,) a German writer.

bom at Altdorf in 1756, was the author of a "Hist
of the Vandals," (1785.) "
and other works. Died in 1834.

of the Vandals," (1785.), " History of Bavaria," \\%ala^

Mf"*!?! mln'nee, (Domenico Maria,) a distingukhed
Italian antiquary and printer, bom at Florence in i6aa
He published new editions of early Italian works, whfcb
he enriched with prefaces, notes, etc., and wrote valuabia
dissertations on the history of Florence. His " Historic
Observations on the Seals of the Middle Ages" (30 voli.
■739-86) U a work of meriL Died in 17S&

S«ToutTAMo,"E1<ig?odiD. U.MaBBl,"i7S9.

Maunl, (GiANNicoLA,) an Italian painter, born at
Perugia aliout 147S, was a pupil of Perugino. Died in

Man'nlnK (Hbnry Ei>ward,) ■ Roman Catholic

f relate, bom in London in 1S09, graduated at Oxford,
[e took orders in the Anglican Church, and becams
Archdeacon of Chichester in iS4eL In 1851 he entered
the priesthood of the Catholic Church. He was ap-

E'nted Archbishop of Westminster in 1865. Among
works are "The Unity of the Church," (1843,) and
"The Temporal Sovereignty of tbe Popes," (i86ol) He
took part in the CEcumenical CouikII which held its ae9>
sions in Rome from December, 1869, to May, iSm and
he maintained the dtwma of papal infallibilily. He wa*
created cardinal in 1875. Died January 14, 189a.

Maii'nln^ (James,) D.D., an American Baptist di-
vine, bom at Eliiabethtown, New Jersey, in 1738. waa
the first president of Brown University, Rhode Island.
Died in 1791.

MaimlDg, (OwEM,) an English antiquary, bom in
Northamptonshire in 1711. He becameVicar of Godal-
ming and rector of Feppcrharrow, (1769,) He wrote the
*■ i-imtnTv xnA Aiitintiilie* of flurrev." and comnleted

IK (Thomas,) an English lingnis^ bom la
Norfolk in 1774. He resided for a lon^ ume in Thibet.
■nd accompanied Lord Amherst to China in 1816. Died
bi 1840L

Mamiiiii,inIn-nee'nee,JjAcoro Anton tOh).an Italian
painter, bom at Bologna m 1646 ; died in 173s.

UauBllahar. von. (Ferdinand Ritteb,) a Get-
man inventor, bom at Mayence in 1S48. After the
use of the needle-gun at Sadowa in 1866 he began to
experiment with rifles. *Dd in 1S85 produced a maga-
sine rifle, which waa adopted for the Austrian army.

Uanno, mln'no, (Francesco,) an Italian painter,
bom at Palermo in 1154; died in 1E31.

Maiuioi7, mt'no re', (Louis,) a French advocate,
born in Paris in 169& He published " Voltairiana,"
(1748,) and " Plaidoyen et Uemoiiea," (18 vols^ 1759,)
Died in 1777.

Mannou^ mln-nofsee, (Giovanki,) Rn cxcenent
Italian fresco- painter, born at San Giovanni, near Flor-
ence, in 159a, was sometimes called Giovanni da Sam
GiovANNL He was a pupit of Rosselli, In 1611 he
went to Rome, where he painted, in rivalry with Guido'a
" Aurora," a picture of " Night in a CharioL" Havine
returned to Florence, he painted "The Judgment 01
Paris," "Aurora and Tithonua," etc The picture of
"The Patronage of the Arts and Sciences l^ Lorcroa
de* Medici" is called bis master- piece. Died in i63fiL

S«( Baldimuixi, "Niidi4>;" TiCDHi, " DUioiiaite /"' fiianll
DiocnphiB OtnJnle."

WpTi^fiyng or MffU^ntnij (RobirtJ en p^g>-f7i
^ ^I, 6, Q, y, JiMf; 1, i, A, same, less prolonged; i, i, I, d, il, ;, Merf; f, t, f , 9, diAvrv; 13r, fill, at; mit; nOt; gdSd; in65n;

Digitized ay CjOOQ I C

MANOEL i«

nonk, was aUo called Robert t>i Brunne. He lived
in the reign of Edward I. and Edward II., and was a
canon In the monastery of Biunne or Bourne. He trans-
lated into English rhymbg chronicles from tbe"lirut
d'Anglelerre" and "Roman le Rou."

tdanoifl. See Makuel.

Hanoel of Portugal. See Euuanueu

MoDonootirt. See Sonmini.

MsuiTlque, mln-ree'ki, (Jorge,) a Spatiish poet,
born about I4Za His reputation il founded on his
moral poems, which sre highly commended. Died
about 1485.

S« TicKHoa,''Hittorr«/ SfuUh lilentun;" LoHcrsLLOw,
"Putuind PoeUTof Europa."

Mansard or Uansut, diCn'sSr', (Francois,] an
excellent French architect, bom in Paris in 159^ He
nsrored the Hfttel Toulouse, and erected the chJteaus
of llemy and of Choisy-sur-Seine, and several churches

In lisrliL Th» rhSlMii

ed in 1666,

Sn ParmiAV, "DictiOBBiin da ArlinM.*'

Mansarcl or Uatuar^ (Jin.zs Hardouin,) a cele-
brated architect, bom In Paris In 1645, was a son of
Jules llardouin, s painter. His mother was a sister of
'. Mansaid, noticed above. He studied the art with
this Bnde, and assumed his name. Having obtained
the £tvour of Louis XIV^ he designed the most im-
portant architectural works of hii reigiL He had a rare
Opportunity to display his genius in the chlteau or royal
]ralace of Versailles, which, though imposing in dimen-
sions and rich in ornaments, fails to satisfy ine require-
ments of good taste. He built the Hfitel ^es Invalides,
—^n the grand dome of which he attempted to rival Sir
ChriMopher Wren,— the ChSieau de Marly, the Place
Vend&me, uid other public works. In 1609 he was
chosen superintendent of buildings, arts, and manufac-
Inres. Died in 170S.

8m QvATiiDitu u QuiHCT, "VIs da plot cAtbnt Anfai-
Mtu*:"ToiitUAV,"t1<ctronn>inidciAniUHi"JiAMUuaiuHi,
•• Mutkt tur U VSt cl 1h Oum£U dt J. H. Uiduti," iSej.

Manaait See Mansarix

Han's^l, (Rev. Henry Loncuevtllc,) a prominent
English writer on metaphysics and theology, logic, etc,
was bom at Cosgrove, in Northamptotishire, m iSao.
lie became professor of moral and metaphysical philos-
ophy at Oxford about i8s9. and reglus professor of
ecclesiastical history in 1867. Among his worlcs is
"The Limits of Religious Thought Examined," (1S5S,)
which has attracted much attention and no little criti-
cism and has passed through a numlwr of editions. In
Ihis treatise he takes as the basis of his argument Sir
Vfilliam Hamilton's position that "the unconditioned it

the Hamiltonian philosophy to questions of religion.
He edited Sir W. Hamilton's works on logic and meta-
physics. He also contributed to the "Encyclopedia
Bnlannica," a valuable treatise on meta|^hysics, after-
wards published separately. He was appointed Dean of
Saint Paul's, London, in lS63. Died July 30, 1871.

Mansfeld, von, fon mlns'ffllt, (Ernst,) Covnt, one
of the greatest generals of his time, born in 1585, was
the natural son of Peter Ernst, noticed below. After
Gghtins; for the King of Spain and the Emperor of Ger-
many, he left their service about 1610, aind became an
enemy of the house of Austria. He avowed himself a
Convert to the Reformed faith, and in 1618 was chosen
gencral-In -chief of the Bohemian insurgents. In the
service of Frederick, wham those insurgents had elected

pulsed the Spaniards at Fleurus. 1 (aving raised inolher
army to attack Austria, he was defeated by ^VaIIcnstein
In 1616, and died near Zara in the same year. He was
one of those generals who are as formidable after defeat

S«"A<«Minife1dici,"i£u; Nisii;
fcn •« MwislUd," iSm l^Nouven* Biq

Uansfeld, von, (Peter Ernst,) Count, an able
German general, born In 1517. In-his youth he entered

MANSOOR

the army of the emperor Charles V. After serving In
several campaigns, he commanded an army against the
French in tJ5Z, and in 1(69 led another army to aid
Charles IX, against the Huguenots. He distinguished
himself at the oaltle of Monconlour. ' He succeeded iha
Duke of Parma as Governor-General of the Low Coun-

ies in 1591. Died in 1604.

Mana'fleld, (Edward D.,) LL.D., an American anthor,
born at New H.iven, Connecticut, August 17, iSoi. Htt
Graduated at West Point in 1S19, and at Princeton CoU
lege in 18:2. Removing to Cincinnati, he practised law,

ititutional Law," "Life of General Scott," a "History
of the Mexican War," and various educational and legal
works. Died October 37, iSSo.

Mana'fleld, (Jareo,) an American mathematiciart,
bom at Hew Haven, Connecticut, He l>ecame pro*
feasor of natural philosophy in the Military Academy at
West Point He published several scientific works.
Died in 1830.

Mansfield, (Josefh Kino Fenno,] an America*
general, bom at New Haven, Connecticut, in 180^,
^aduated at West Point in 1821. He served as captain
— the Mexican war, (1846-47,) and became a colonel in

53. He commanded the department of Washington

June and July, 1&61, and directed a corps at the

battle of Antietam, where he was killed, September 171

1S62. He was a brigadier-general in the regular army, '

Mansfield, Lord. See Murray, (William.)

Mansfield, (Richard,) an actor, bom at Heligo-
land in 1857, He studied art in England, but adopted
the theatrical profession, his career being mainly in
the United Slates, and his range ol characters reach-
ing from the Mikado to Richard HI. He appeared

" irano de Bergerac in 1899. Died Aug. 30, 1907.

__Einsl, mln'see, (Giovanni Domenico,) a learned
Italian prelate, bom at Lucca in 1692. He translated
Into Latin Calmet'a "Dictionary of the Bible" and the
" Commentary" of the same author, and edited aeveral
works of theology. One of the most important of his
works was an edition of the "Collection of Councils,"
(" SacroTum Conciliorum nova et amplissima CoUoctio,"
1757 rf«ff.,) in which •>« "" "i^ed byN. Coleti. He
was appointed Archbishop of Lucca in 1 765. Died in
1769.

IiIanBo,mSn'so,orManzo, mln'zo, (Giovanni Bat-
TISTA.) Marquis de Villa, an Italian author, eminent as
■ patron of literature, was bom In Naples about 1560.
He expended part of hia fortune in founding in Naples
the Academy degfi 0«*<w' He was intimate with the
poet Tasso, who commemorated their friendship in his
dialogue entitled "II Manso." Milton, who had been
his guest in Naples, addressed to him in complimentary
terms a beautiful LJtin poem or eclogue entitled " Man-
Bus." Manso wrotelhe " Life of Torquato Tasso," (1619,)
and several poems. Died in 1645.

S« TiaAKXCKi, HStoiii dclla L«iuruun Iiallau."

Manso, min'so, (Johann Kaspar Friedrich,) a
German scholar and historian, bom in the duchy of
Gotha in 1759. He published a "Life of Coiistantine
the Great,'' (1817,) and a number of poems and an-

tiquarian treatises. Died in 1826.

Man'aon, (Georre,) a Scottish water-colour painter,
born at Edinburah, December 3, 1850. He worked with
success as a designer and wood-engraver, but after 1871
gave his attention entirely to painting. Died at Lymp-
stone, in Devon, February ^^, 1876,

Mansoor, [Aboo-Amli-Motaammed.) See Al*
Mansoor.

Mansoor, Manaonr, Uan^onr, or Manaur, Al,
11 mSnsooR', [Atoo-Jaafar- (or Djafar-) Abdallah,
I'boo jl'fsr IWil'lah, the second Abbassiile caliph of
the Arabian empire, succeeded his brother As-Sefiah (ot
Al-SafTSh) in 7S4 A.D. About 765 he founded ll.igdad.
which thenceforth was the capital of the empire fur five
centuries. He waged war with success against the
Turcomans and the Greeks of Asia Minor, but lost
Spain, which was taken possession of by the Omeyyads.
lie is said to have united superior talents with great

«asi'9a**;B4«rtf;Jaay;0,B,K.fwfl'»(ni/;N,<w«;,E,i*iW;ia»i;»hasinrttfc (j^^eeExplanation^p.a3.>

, hXiOO^IC

St* Wut, "OochichU der Chllifcn," nil 0. chip. iL

Maoiteln, von, ton mSn'sHn, (Christoph Her-
MAMM,) an able general and historical writer, born in
Saint Petersburg in 171 1. In 1745 he entered the ser-
vice of Prussia, and a few yean later became a major-
general. Ife was emjiloyetl by Frederich the Great in
importuit political aSiirs, and took pari in the battle of
Pragiifc, (1757.) He was killed in a skinnish the Mme
year. He left "Historical, Political, and Military Me-
moirs of Russia," (in French, a vols., 177*-) This work
has been translated Into English.

Sm Huns, "Vie de Muuieis," prefixed is hie " M^molni."

Mftnstietl, mln-sDO-l'tee, (Giovanni,) an Italian
painter, born in Venice about 1450 ; died after 1500.

Man t, .(Richard,) an English bishop and commen-
tator, born at Southampton in 1776. In conjunction
With D'Oyly, he prepared an edition of the Bible, with
notes, {1817.) He became Bishop of Down and Connor
•bout 1823. He wrote, besides other work*, a " History
of the Church in Ireland." Died in 1848.

ManteeaxBa, ( Paolo,) an Italian physiologist and
author, bom at Moma in 1831. He studied and prac-
tised medicine, became professor of physiology at Pavia
in 18&0, and of anthropology at Florence in 1S70.
His works are numerous and varied, embracing such
subjects as the physiology of pleasure, pain, and love,
spontaneous geoeration, physiognomy, fiction, and
travel. Died in 1910.

Mantegna, mIn-tCn'yl, (Andria,) an eminent Italian
tiisloncal painter and engraver, bom at Padua about
1430, was a pupil of F. Squarcione, who adopted hin
as a aon. ARer he had worked at Padua and Verona,
he went to Milan, where he painted the "Triumph of
Julius Cxsar," wblch Vasari esteemed his master-piece,
and which was purchased by Charles I. of England. It
h now at Hampton Court He painted several frescos
In the Vatican at Rome, and worked some years in Man-
tua, where he was patronized by the Marquis de Gon-
nca. Amonz his most admired oil-paintings U the
"Delia Vittoria," (149O (a picture of the Marquis of
Mantua rendering thanks to the Virgin for his victory
at Fornovo,) which itill retains its beautj. He was
probably the liral engraver of his lime. Died in 1506.

Mantegna, (Francesco,) an able Italian painter, son
of Andrea, noticed above. He was a pupil of his father,
and completed several works which (he latter left un-
finished at Mantna. It Is stated (hat he was the first
master ofCorrecgio. Died after 1S14. '

Mantagiia, del, dll min-ttn'yl, (Carlo,) an Italian
painter, was a relative and pupil of Andrea Mantesna,
noticed above. In IS14 he wai master of a school of

See Vmari, "Liru tlibt HnUn."

Mao'tell, (Gideon Alcernok,} an eminent English
eeologtst and palaeontologist, bom at Liwes, in Sussen,
In 1790. He adopted the medical profession, which be
practised many years at Lewes. A mine near that place
oflered him a rich field for observations In geology, to
which his attention was early directed. He collected
from the Wealden formation and the chalk a museum of
specimens ofexiinctreptiles,lishes,andplants, which war
afterwards bought by the trustees of the Ilritish Museum
for iCyxa. About 1S25 he discovered the Iguanodon,
an extmcl reptile about sixty feet long, and in that year
was elected to the Royal Society. He also discovered
three other genera of the colossal Dinosaurian reptiles.'
In 1813 he published "The Fossils of the South Downs."
He removed to Clapham In 1839, and a few years later
to London. He not only enriched the science by his
discoveries, but was unsurpassed by any English geolo-
gist of his time as a lecturer and a popular expounder
of geological facts. His most important works "" ""

Rn<f "The iLtedalk of Creation," (1S44.) Died in 1852.
Blantell, (Robert Bruce,) actor, bora at Irvine,

»6 MANTUANO

with his own company, and has appeared in all Ae lead-
ing Shakspearian tragic characters, also in "Richelieu,"
"Lady of Lyons," etc

ManteaSel, mln'loif'fel, (Otto Theodor,)Baron,
a Prussian statesoiaD, t>om at Lubl>en in 1805. He was
appointed director in the ministry of the interior in 1846,
and minister of the interior about November, 1848.
Many of the notes and diplomatic circulars of 1848 and
1849 were written by him. He was president of the
coundl of ministers from December, 1830, 10 December.
TS5S. Died November 26, 18S2.

See G. Hisuiii. "a T. MinieufCel: ein Frcuwuchn Ltb«i*>
bikL" It J I.

Mantenffel, von, fon mln'toif-lfl, (Edwik Hah)
Karl,) Baron, a German general, burn at Magdeburg,
February 24, 1S09V He entered the Prussian armv in
1817, He attained the rank of major-general in 1858,
and in 1S61 was made adjutant -general and lieutenant-
nneral. He commanded a large force of German troops
m the Danish war of 1864, a contest which he ia believed
to have stirred up IntentiQnally. During the Austrian
of 1866 he was actively and Bucceasfuily employed In
lover. Saxony, and Eranconiai and in the Franco-
German war of 1870-71 he was one of the most brilliant
corps-commanders. In 1879 he was named imperial
lieutenant (or governor) of Alsace-Lorraine, ranking as
field-marshal general and adjutant -general of the German
irmy, and as principal aide-de-camp general of tha
imperial stafl Died June 17, 1S85.

Uantlca, mln-tee'kl, (Francesco,) an Italian prel-
ate and jurist, born at Pordenone In 1534, published
"Dedsiones Romanx," (iGiS.) Died in 1614.

Mao'to, [Gr. Movru,] a prophetess, daughter ofTtre-

sias, was taken prisoner by the Argives al Thebes, and

~ dedicated to Apollo, under whose auspices she is

to have- uttered oracles at Delphi. She was some-

I called Daphne, She became the wife of Rhakius

or Rhacius, and the mother of Mopsus.

Mau't^n, (Thomas,) an English divine, bom In
Somersetshire in i6ia He obtained the living of Stoke
Newington In 164], and al^emards preached at Covcnt
Garden in London. He was eminent for eloquence and
learning, and was appointed chaplain to Cromwell in
1653. in 1660 he became a chaplain to Charles IL,
but was ejected from hi* church in London for non-
conformity in t66i. Several volumes of his iennon%
lectures, etc; were published. Died in 1677.

Mantonui, La. See Mantuano.

MantoTuio. See Mantuano.

Mantoan, ni3n'loo-3n',or Mantuano, mln-too-l'no,
(Battista,) or BattiatK BpagnnoU, (spin-yoo-o'lee,)
a Latin poet, once of great celebrity, was born al Mantua
in 1448. He had great facility as a vcrsilier, but was de-
ficient in taste, and his works, consisting of eclogues.
lihia, etc, are now entirely neelected. " He was, anil
long continued to be," says liallam, "the poet of
school .rooms. Erasmus says that he would be placed
by posterity not much below Virgil." Diedin 1516.

Mantuano, mSn-'too-3'no, (Adamo Ghtsi,) an abl«
engraver, bom at Mantua about 1530, was a son of
Giovanni Battista, noticed below. He engraved aftei
Michael Angelo, Giulio Romano, and other masters.

Maotnaoo, (Giorgio Ghisi,) born at Mantua about
1532, was a skilful engraver and painter. He worked
many years in Rome, and engraved the finest works of
Michael Angelo. Raphael, and other masters. Among
them are "The Last Judgment," after Angelo, and the
" Holy Family" and " School of Athens," after Raphael.
He was living in 1578.

His sister, Diana MANTtlAKA, a skilful artist, en>
graved several works of Raphael about i57o-8a

Mantuano, |Pr. Ls Mantouak, Ifh mAN'too'6M',l
(Giovanni Battista Bertano,) an Italian painter,
sculptor, encraver, and architect, the father of the pre-
ceding, was Dorn at Mantua about 15CO. lie was the
head of a family which produced several artists, and
whose proper name was Ghisi. He was the pupil o(
Giulio Romanc His engraving of the "Itnming of
Troy" is highly praised.

S« Vasaii, "UtesoT the Pilnten."

Mantuano, (Teodoro.) See Ciiist.

,hJ::, Cookie

MANU

Bfflnu, [modern Hindoo pron. mSn'dA,! nritten also
Menu, [lion) the Sanscrit KJta, to " know,"] a celcbnied
Hindoo nge, the son of Brahma, and the reveiier of the
code of Tauts Known as the " Institutes of Manu."

Sm WiuoH, " SmucHi DKt!onir)F ;" Mooa, " Hindu Pintheoo."

Hanuce, (Alde.) See MANimua, (Aldus.)
Man'a-«1 L Com-tie'naa, [Gr. Mowv^^ ' %oprtpihi,
Tr. Manuel CouNfiKE, mfnti'il' kom'nin',] a Greek
emperor, bom about iiio,was a Tounger son of John
Comnenus,wliodesignatedhimforhissucees5or. Manuel
brsan to reign at Constantinople in 1143. He was am-
bitioo*, biave, and ticentioos. He is accused of perfidj
towards the crusaders Conrad of Germany and Loui-
VIL, King of France, who passed, with their armies.
Ihrough his dominions in 1147, and with whom he had
made a treat; of alliance. He arterwards waged war
uainit Roger, King of Sicily, the Hungarians, and the
^irks, over whom he gained several victories. Peace
was made between him and Roger in ii;;. In 1176 he
was defeated disastrously by Ai-ed-Deen, the Turkish
Sultan, near Myriocephalus. where Manuel fought in
person. The Turks were defeated In turn by his army
io Lydia, in 1 177, when the war vras ended by treaty.
Died in 1 1 So, and was succeeded by Aleiis II.

Manuel n. PalnoIOEtis, [pa1-e-ol'o-gus,) |Gr. Hit'
Mm^lAIlaWiiloTaf.-Fr. Manuel PALtoLOCUE.mi'nii'll'
ptii'olog',] Emperor of Constantinople, was the second
son of John VI., who admitted him as his associate
the empire about 1373. At the death of his lather, .
139T, Manuel was held as a hostage by Sultan Bayaued
I. He escaped from Nicafa, and fled to his own capital,
In the same year. The enraged Saltan marched antnst
him, and iesieged Constantinople. The Fjencft and
German chivalry came to hii assistance with a large
army, hnd forced Dayazecd to raise the siege ; but he de-
feated those allies at Nicopolis (Nicnpol) In 139^ The
Sultan prosecuted the siege for several years, until the

MANWOOD

Di Dayazcea, in 1403, Pianuei rci

In 142;, aged seventy-seven, ai

•on,John VIL Palseotogus.

idanael II., King of Poiti

>f Portugal,

S9. Ascended the throne Febmsry II, I908, afteTthe
assassination of his father, King Charles, and his elder
brother. His mie gave dissatisfscdon and he was ex-
pelled as the result of a revolution, October 3, 1910, a
republic being founded.

Uaanel, mA-noo-EI', or UanoSl, ml-no-il', (Fran-
cisco,) sn eminent Portugneie poet, bom at Lisbon in
1734. He wrote admired odes, sonnets, and epistles,
and attained the reputation of the most excellent modem
hric poet of PorlugaL Among his poems is an ode to
Washington. The liberalitj olhis principles subjected
him Io a charge of heresy, (or which he was summoned
before the Inquisition. He escaped, and retired to Paris
In 17S8. He made admirable Portuguese versions of La
Fontaine's " Fables," ChSteaubriand's "Martyrs," and
Wieland's "Obcron." His poems were published, tinder
the nameofFilintoEtysio." Died in Paris in 1B19.

ManaeL mfnii'il', (Jacjues At^roitJE,) a French
orator and republican, born at Barcelonnette (Low Alps)
in 1775. In the profession of advocate he attained
eminence at Aix. He was a member of the Charnber of
Deputies during the Hundred Days, (i3l5,) when he
Vpoke against the pretensions of Bonaparte and of the
ifouibo.na. In 1818 he was elected to the Chamber of
Deputies by the liberals, and was ranked among the
ablest debaters of that assembly. "Of all the revolu-
tionary orators," says Lamartine, "he was the most
feareaand bated by the majority." After a speech in
reply to Chlleaubnand, he was expelled from the Cham-
ber in 1833. Died In 1827. " He had no one to con-
•ole him," says Lamartine, "but B^ranger, whose heart
loved in Manuel the antiqne stamp of the premature
but intrepid, moderate, and upright republican. . . . He
was more remarkable for character than eloquence; be
preferred action to speech," etc.

S« pA0*viLL^''Muu1JiiriHrieiAetlaiii,'* 1S14; Rahohd
M LA Cmmscttw, "U. HaniM.'' iSu: Fauirr«iiiSB. "Skctdt
Ummi," iSffi "NfMnB* Wographic Cfeiftk."

H«

_..„. . of Castile during part of the minctlty of
Alfonso XL, and distinguished himself in battle against
the Moors. He wrote many works, in prose and verse.
His political and moral treatise called "The Count of
Lucanor" ("El Conde de Lucanor") was esteemed by
Bouterwek as the Enest monument of Spanish literature
in the fourteenth centary. Died about 1350.

S(« LoHcmiow, "P«N and Poeuy of Earopt ;** TiODiM
"Mistory ai Spuith LilentDrc"

MuiaBl. (Louis FIerre,) a French revolutionist,
bom at Montargis in 1751. According to Beeutieu, he
took a prominent part in the riot of the lolh of August,
1792, and was a partisan of Danlon. Soon after this
date he conducted the ri^l captives to the prison of the
Temple. He rescued Madame de Stael and Beaumar-
chais from the massacre of September. As a member
of the Convention, he voted against the death of Louis
XVr, For this he was proscribed and executed In 1793.

See PRUDMOMMa, " Let Rtvoluiion* de Purii ;" Louri Glarcv
"Huulndelii R^nluiicn:" " NouTclla Dingnphie CMn^nle."

Maonel, mfnli'cl', (Nicolas,) a Swiss artist, author,
and Reformer, bom at Berne In 14S4, was sometimes
called DEtrrscH, in Italian Tedesco, (i>. the "German.")
About 1(10 he went to Venice and became a pupil of
Titian, He returned to Berne, and painted "The Dance
of Death," in fresco. He wrote satirical poems and

Kublic olfices, and was an active promoter of the Swisi
.eformation. Died in 1530^

Manntiiu, ma-nn'sht-4s, (AL'Din,) JlL ALDO Ma-
NUsio, U'do mS-noofse-o; Fr. Au)« Manucb, tld
mfnutt',] a celebrated Italian printer and scholar, born
at BasaianO, in the Papal States, in 1447. With tb«
patronage of Pico de Mirandola and Alberto Pio^ ho
established a printing-press at Venice about 1490. Hs
invented the form of type called Ilalit, procured manu<
scripts from various countries, and published editions of
classics which surpassed all others In correctness. Aboat
1500 he formed at Venice a literaryassodatioD called the
Aldine Academy, the design of which was to promote
literature by perfecting the copies of the models of an<
tisuity. He compiled a Greek-and-Latin Lexicon, (1497.)
Died in 1513.

See Uhcu, " De Al« Pii Minutii Viti Ueri
M. Manni "Viu di Aide V\a Miimii "
"Anrulei de r[n>priineTic de» A)de:*' ..-~^.„^^ _........- v-»-,

anicle hi th» " Nosvelie bioeniphM G«n<nle."

Blanntliui, (Alt>i;s,) or Uannalo^ (Aldo,) THK
YouNCRK, born at Venice in tj47, was a son of Paolo,

SfrJi'

noticed below. At the

:e m 1547, w
ige of fourtei

I he published a

lie, besides antiquarian treatises, "The Life of

SeeA.RaK

ndeiAlde."

Mannzlo. (Paolo,) ik
ic, born at Venice in ifia-
As the successor ol'^hi!

ManntduB, (Paulus,)
Italian printer, author, and

was ason of Aldus Senic ... . _

lather in the printing-establishment, he published excel-
lent editions of Latin classics in Venice. About K6a
he removed his press to Rome, whence he retumea to
Venice in 1570, He acquired a high reputation as a
critic and as a writer of elegant Latin. Among his prin-
cipal works are "On the Roman Senate," (" De Senatn
Romano,") "On the Roman State," ("De Civitate Ro-
mani,") " Roman Antiquities," and a volume of Latin
Epistles. "The letters of Manulius," says Ilallam, "pall
on the reader by their monotonous elegance. . . . Sciop>
pius thinks him consummate in delicacy and grace."
(" Introduction to the Literature of Europe.") Died ia
1574-

Scc A. RnnHrAID. "Anuiei de rimpriineriedes Aide." iBmi
J. C. KaiuiE, "Appaniu. ad P, Miniiiii Vium." i6bg : Amiaisa
FiiHiH DiDOT, HiKle In iht " Nounlla Bieciaphit G<n<n]e."

MEumzIo. See MANtrrti/S.

Man'wood, (John,) an English Jurist, flourished
about 1600; and wrote a " Treatise on the Law* of tho
Potest"

*mk:%m»*:'%kard;i,tmJ;^a,'t,pMtnt;v.na*al!%,trmtd;%»t»:i^vt\9,M*. (B9~See ExpluiaUoncp, sj.t

d by Google

MANZI II

niaiizl, mln'zee, (Gulielmo,) an Italian linimleitr,
born at Ctviu Vecchia in 1784- lie made a ^ood Italian
venion of Lucian, (iSig,) and wrote a "Diacourae on
the Spectacles, Festivals, and Luxury of the Italian* of
the Sixteenth Century," {1818.) Died in tSai.

Vecchia in 1785, was a brother cf the preceding. He
p'jblished " The Conquest of Mexlct^" (iSi?.) and other
«orki. Died ini839.

Manza See Man SO.

MaiizoUi,m3n-io1'lce,orM«nzoII.mln-Eo1ee, (Fie-
TRO or PrBR Ancelo.) b Latin poet, born at Slellata, on
the Po, in Italy, floutished about 1510-40. He was bet-
ter known by hii assumed name, rALiNCENIo or PaliN'

entitled "ZodiacofLifc,"("Zodi»co«Vit»,"Bale, 1537,)
the boohs of which are named from the signs of the
xodiac. " It is not very poetical," says Hallara, " but
by no means without strong passages of sense and
spirit, in a lax Horatian metre. The author has said
more than enough to incur the suspicion of Lutheran^
Ism." (" Introduction to the Literature of Europe.")

Manzoni, mln-n/nee, (ALESSAKimo.) a celebrated
Italian novelist and poet, was bom at Milan, March 8,
17E4. His lather bore the title ofconn^and his mother
was a daughter of the Marquis Beccarta, the cminei
jurist and writer. About iSoj he made a long tis
to Paris, where he formed an mtimate friendship) wil..
Fauriel and produced a poem on the death of Carlo
Imbonati, (1S06.) He married Henrjetle Louise Blondel,
of Genera, in iSoS, and became a lealons member of
the Roman Catholic Church. Soon afier this erent he
produced several hyuiTi* on the Nativity, the Passion,
the Resurrection, etc, which have much literary merit.
His next work was a tragedr. called " II Conte di Car-
magnola," (iSzo,) In which the three unities are not ob-
served. This drama was warmly applauded bv Goethe.
He published another tragedy, entitled " Adelchi," and
an admirable ode on the death of Napoleon, " II cinque
Maeglo." His capital work b the blstorieal novel of
" I promessi Sposi," (3 vols., 1827.) an Erelish version
of which has appeared under the title of " The Betrothed
Lovers." It presents a vivid picture of Italian society
of the seventeenth century. The style is natural, elo-
quent, apd beautiful. Manzoni became a senator of tin
kingdom of Sardinia in i860. Died May 32, 1873.

Manzoni, (Francesca,) an Italian poetess, bom in
the Milanese in 1710, was versed in the Greek and Latin

G inter, born near Florence in 1536, was also called
Aso DA San Fria.so. He adorned several churches :
of Florence. His masier-piece is the "Visitation," which
li preserved In the gallery of the Vatican. Died in 157J.

Uapaa, (Victor,) playwright, bora at New York in
1870. Becaoie the stage manager of Lyceum Theatre,
New York, in 1897, was connected with other theatres,
dramatic critic of the New York "World," and has
written ' ' FartDera Three," a novel, and vaiioDs comedies.

Mapea, map,? or Map, (WALfKtt,) an old English
author, bom in the Welsh marches about tija \l*
became a&vouriteof Henry 11., who sent him on amis-
aion to the King of France and gave him several bene<
Gees. In 1196 he was appointed Archdeacon of Oxford.
He wrote satirical Leonine Latin poems, among which
is an ode which begins "Meumcsl propositum in tabema
■nori." In Latin prose he wrote a curious and interesting
work called "De Nugis Curialium." He was the re-

Kled aalhorof severiu romances in French or Anglo-
irman, among them the "Quest du Saint Graal,"
and certain other Round Table legends, whicb give him
a very high rank in medtgeval liictainre.
Mapbans. See Maffei and Maffeo.
Mapleaon, (Laura Schirmkr,) an American
singer, bom (Schirmer) at New York in 1E62, married
Colonel Henry Mapleson in 1891. She first appeared

48 MARANA

in grand opera in 1879, and within two weeks of her
death sang in "The Fencing- Master" at New YoA.
Died January 24, 1894.

Ma'ple-apn. (Marie,) better known by her maldnt
name of Maris Roze. a French singer, bom in Paris in
iSja She was educated at the Conservatoire of Paris,
and early went upon the operatic stage, where her fine
abilities as a singer and her versatility as an actress won
her great apiilause. She married Mr. J. H. Mapleson, &
distingnishea English manager of the opera.

Mapleton^ ma'pf t-toll, (John,) an English phydeiaiL
bom in Huntingdonshire in 1631. He was appointee
professor of medicine in Gresham College, London, !■
1675. About 1680 he took holy orders. He translated
into Latin Sydenham's "Observations," at the request
of the author, and wrote "The Principles and Duiiea
of the Christian Religion." Died in 1721.

Mapp, mlp, [Lat, Map'pus,] (Marc,) a French bot-
anisi and physician, born at Slrasburg in 1631: He wrotv
amediocre "Descripliottofthe Plants of Alsace." Died
in 1701.

Mapptuk See Mapp.

Maijuet^ tnl^', (AUGOSTE,) a French noreliat, bora
in Pans in 1813. He was author in part of "Monte-
Cristo," and of other works which were published under
the name of Alexandre Dumas. Died January 9, 18S&

Mar, Earl op. See Erskink, (John.)

MSrS, ml'r^ a famous dSva of the Hindoo mytholt^K
mentioned in the history of Gautama, (which see.)

Mara, mi'ri, originally named SchmnlUng, (EUZA*
BETH,] a celebrated German singer, was born al Catsel
in 1749. She was a pupit of Parodisi, and became tha
wife ofj. Mara, a violoncellist of Berlin. Between 1784
and 17S7 she appeared four times as first vocalist at tha
Handel Commemoration, and was greatly admired. Shn
alterwards performed vrith appbuse in Paris and Bertio.
Sbe sang in four languages. Died in 1833.

Mara, de, d«h mfri', (Guiuauui,) a priest and
Latin poet, bom in the diocese of Codtances, France
about 1470; died about isjOk

MaracoL See Marracci.

Maraccl, mS-rJt'chee, or Marracci, mlr-rlt'chee^
fGlOVANNi,) an Italinn historical painter, bom at Lucca
In 1637, was a punil of Fietro da Cortona. Died In 1704.

MaralB, mfri', (Marin,) a French musical composar,
was bom in Paris in 1656. Among his works is an opera
entitled "Alcyone," (1706.) Died in 1718.

BlaTBta, (SlATHiKu,) a French jurist and writer, bora
tn Paris in 1664. He wrote some articles for Bayle'a
"Historical and Critical Dictionary," and a "life of
La Fontaine," (1811.) Died in 1737.

MaraLs, des. See Regnikr-Desuarais.

Moraldl, ml.rli'dce, (jACQtJES P111UII71.) an as*
tronomer, t)om at Perinaldo, in the county of Nice, tn
166;, was a nephew of Giovanni Domenico Casslnl,
under whom he studied astronomy in Paris. About
1700 he was elected to the French Academy of Sciences^
lie spent many years in astronomical observations, and
in forming a Catalogue of the fixed stars, which he left
in manuscript when he died, in 1739.

» — .=. ,Y "^uiNiQue,) a nef . .

Perinaldo in 1709. He I
t the Paris Observatory, and maito
many observations, which were inserted In the collection
of the Academy of Sciences. Died in 1788.

Mnran, mi'r&N', {LaL Mara'kus,] [Dom PRtmnrrJ
a learned French Benedictine monk, bom at S^tanne in
16S3. He wrote a "Dissertation on the Semi-Arians,"
and edited the works of Saint Cyprian. Died in 1763.

Marana, ml-rl'nl.(GiovANFi1 PAOUOor GiahpaOlo,)
an Italian writer, born al Genoa about 164^ He waa
imprisoned four years (1670-74) for a political reason.
About i63a he removed to Paris, and obtained a pen-
sion from the king. In 1684 be published.in French, tba
first volume of " The Turkish Spy," I" L'Espion Ture,")
which was very successful. "The Turkish Spy." saja
Hallam, "is no ordinary production, but contains aa
many proofs of a thoughtful, if not very profound, mint^
as any we Can find. II suggested ihe Persian Letterft
to Montesquieu." He poblisbed a second volume la
1686. Died in 1693.

Digitized by VjQOQ I C

MARANGONI

1649

MARCA

Maran^onl, ml-rJn-go'nee, (Giovanni,) an Italian
anljq^uary, bom at Vicenza in 1673. He wrote a learned
treatise on the Flavian Arnphitbeatre, and "Thesaunit
Parochorom." Diedin-iyej

MaranHJo. mf rON'siN', (TeAN Pikrrb,) Baroh, a
Piench general, bom at Lourdea in 1770 ; died in' 1818.

Maiaata, mi-[in'Li,(BARTCiLX>Hi(Eo,) an Italian bot-
knitl and physician, lived at Venosa, in the kingdom of
Naples. Me assisted Ferrante Imperato in writing his
"Natural History," and wrote an esteemed elementary
work on botany, entitled "Methodus CognoscendoruT~
Mcdicameniorum simplidum," (1559.) "The author,
aays I-lallam, " is independent, though learned, extremely
acute in disciimiiialing plants known to the ancients, and
has discovered many himselC" (" Introduction to the
Uterature of Europe.") Died about 1554.
SnTiiuimcHi, " Slot)* deUi Leltentnia luliani,'

Uoraniw. See Makan.

Maiat, mfri', (Jeam Paul,) a leader in the French
Revolution, was the son of an Italian named Mara, and
was bom near NeurchJtel, in Switzerland, in 1743. He
t>racti*ei) medicine in Paris before the Revolution with
great ince^ becoming in IT77 a court-physidan, but ir
I786he resigned his place. He published many treatisei
on electricity, optics, etc. In 1789 lie aroused the popu'
lace by his journal "The Fiiend of the People," (" L'Ami
da Peupte."} He was as a consequence for a long tim<
compelled to live in sewers and cellars to escape the
officer* of Ibe Ian. Among the Jacobin leaders ne ap-
pean to have been the most determined and ferodoui
cnemj; alike of the royalists and Girondists, whose
sincerity he denounced and for whose haltmeasuies
cipressed great contempt. In 179Z he was elected to the
Convention, and, uniting with Danton and Robespierre,
formed the timous triumvirate of the reign of terror. He
became a self.constimied public accuser before the com.
■nnne and the Convention. In May, 1793, the majority
of the Convention ordered his arrest for alleged outrages
committed against that assembly. He was tried, bul
was acquitted by the tribunal and brought back to the
Convention in triumph. "The hesitation of Danton,"
laj« Lamartine, "and the temporizing of Robespierre,
raised Marat at this moment to the apogee of his popu-
larity and power. He shrugged his shoulders at the
names of Danton and Robespierre, expressing his doubts
of Ibefr capacity to guide the Revolution. He wa«
•susslnated by Charlotte Corday in his own house
July, 1793. {See Cordav, Charlotte.) Perhaps _..
man in all history has been more unanimously condemned
than Marat. The perfect agreement in regard '* ""'"
character among his contemporaries of the most c.
and even opposite opinions on other subjects, furnishes
the strongist probability that that condemnation was
entirely just. That he preferred the gratification of his
malignant passions to the pursuit of wealth or of ordinaiy
pleasures is no proof of any very exalted disinterested-
ness. History furnishes many examples of men who,
dominated by one supreme passion, have been indifferent
to every other consideration. We End very little force
or reason in the recent attempts to rehabilitate the repu-
tation of Marat. The only charitable view of his char-
acter that can rationally be maintained is to suppose that
his mind, more especially his moral nature, was deeply
diseased- For the credit of humanity, we may hope thai
be was not (n)ly responsible for his conduct.

Maratta, mi-tlt'tl, or aiarattl,ml-r3f tee, (Carlo,)
'n Italian painter, bom at Camurano, in the March of

Harstta or Harattl, (Maria,) a daughter of th«
preceding, was a painter and a poetess. She was mar>
ried to G. Zapp^, the poet.

MaiattL See Maratta.

Mara-T^JIa, mi-rj.vil'yl, (Giusepfs Maria,) an
Italian philosopher and moralist, bom at Milan. His
Latin name was Mikabiija, Died in 16S4.

Marazzolt, mi-r!lt-so'1ee, (Marco,) an Italian com-
poser of operas and oratorios, born at Parma; died in
1662.

Marbacb. maRTiSK, pOMAim,) a German Protestant
theologian, bom at Lincau in ijsi. Amonghis works
is " The Faith of Jesus and of the Jesuits," ("Fides Jesut
etjesuitamm.") Died in 1581.

Maxbean, mlR'bd', (Jean Baphstk Fran^IIS,) a
French writer on social economy, bom at Drives in 1798.
He founded in 1844 charitable instiiutionscalledfVji:^,
for infants whose mothers serve as labourers out of their
own houses. Died October 10, 1875.

MarT>oclt. 0OHN,) an English composer of cathedral
music, was organist of Windsor in the reign of Henry
VIIL He composed the notes to the Pratt and Re-
sponses used in the English cathedrals. Having iden-
tified himself with the Protestant cause, he was con-
demned to be burned for heresy about 1545, but was
pardoned, — perhaps on account oF hi* musical skill. Ho
published a "Book of Common Prayer Noted," (1550^)
and a "Concordance." Died ta 1585.

Marbenf or Marbceot miRliar, (Lovis Charles
RENfi,) Marquis, a French general, born near Renne*
in 1713. He commanded in Corsica against Paoli, bj
whom he was defeated in 1768. Died in 1786.

Marbola, mlElnrt', (Fiia(ii?>is da BarbA— d;h
biR'bi',) Marquis, called also Marquis db Marbois,
a French statesman and writer, born at Meti in 1745.
About 1780 he was cbargi -d'affaires and consul-general
to the United Slates. In 179J Louis XVI., whoesteemed
him for his probity, sent him on an embassy to Vienna.
He was elected in 1795 to the Council of Elders, in which
he spoke often and with ability. In September, 1797, he
was, with others, deported to Guiana by the Directory,
Bonaparte appointed.him director of the treasury, ormin*
iMer of finance, in iSoi. Marbois was dismissed ir. 1805,
but in 180S became first president of the Cour des
Comptes, (Chamber of Accounts, or exchequer.) He held
this office about thirty years. He was keeper of the seal*
and minister of justice in i8i( and i8i£^ and received
the title of marquis in 1817. lie wrote numerous moral,
political, and historical works, among which are "Ths
Conjspiracy of Arnold against the United States,"
(1816,) and a " History of Lonisiaiia,'' (i8z8.) IKed in
1837.

S« Amonn PkSiT. " Noitce mr Ic Marquis dtBuW-Uuhob^
iSjg ; " NouKlle KoKiaphie G&rfnle."

Marbot^ mlR'bo', (Aktoink At»LPHB Marcellik,)
a French general, bom at Altillac in 1781 ; died in 1844.

Marbot, (Jea« Baftiste Antoine.) a general, born
at Altillac in 1782, was a brother of the preceding. Na-

Eileonleft him a legacy of one himdred thousand frkocs,
led in 1854.

Maro, (he French for Mark, wMch see.

Marc, mJRk, (Charles CHRtriEK Hcvrt,) a physt-
dan, born at Amsterdam in T771, settled in Paris in i79gL
About i8i3 he became physician lo the Duke of Orleans,
who, on his accession as Louis Philipi>e, in 1830, gav«
him the title of first physician 10 the king. He wrote,
besides other works, a ''Treatise on Insanity," (" De la
Folic," etc., 1 vols., 1840,) and published several able
medical treatises. Died in 1841.

Sm Pxiisrr, "eioct d« Ch. Ch. H. Marc," 1(41; lUvuuui-
Paxisse, "Nadce nir C. C H. Man," 1S41.

BAarc, Saint. See Mark, Saint, and Marcos.
Maro Antoino, the French for Mark Antony. Seo
Antosius, (Marcus.)
Maxo Antonio. See Raimosdi.
Marc Auxel, the German for MARCtis Avreliui,
Mara AurMo. See Auremus, (Marcus.)
Marca, de, dfh m3R'kl', (Pierre,) an amMtious and
leamed French prelate, bom in BJarn ia 1594. At the
request of Cardinal Richelieu, he wrote his famous

%»»k;^m;%hard;%»l>j:a,»,X,piUural:»,Kaial;t,trmtd;ijAx;\'t^n'\athu. (gjfSee ExplanatkMiS, p. 13.)

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

a pbpil of Andrea Sacchi and a devout student of Ra-
phael's works, and chose Rome as his permanent resi-
dence. He was employed by Clement IX, and b^ four
other snccessive popes, and received the title of painler-
ordinarr to Louis XIV., for whom he ijainted a picture
irf' Daphne. His Madonnas are admired for modest
ll^ity and amiable expression. He preferred to paint
pictures for galleries and altars, rather than large works.
Maratta also excelled in the art of etching. He was the
last great painter of the Roman schooL Diedini7i3.
%t» BniDiii, "TTu dd Cinlier Hiniti," rn^

MARCEAU

treatise on the libertj' of the Galilean Church, enritlei]
"De Concordia Sacerdotii el Imperii," (1641,) which
OfTended the court of Rome. He was made Bishop of
Toulouse in iGjl. minister of state about 165S, and
Archlnshop of Paris fa 1661. Among his wo^ is a
"History of Biam." Died in 166a.

S« Dr Pacit, " Vi« de Piecn ia Hula ;" BoMrxiT, " floft
di Min," 1671.

Marcean, mlR'sV, (Francois SAvekin Descka-
ViERS,) a French general, born at Chartres in 1769. lie
entered the anny in 1786, and became a general of
brigade at the age of twen^-two. In 1793 he obtained
the chief command of the army sent agamst the Ven-
deans, whom he defeated at Mans. In 179S and 1796 he
commanded a division on the Rhine and in the Palali'
nate, where he gained advantages over the Anstrians.
He was killed in battle near Altenkirchen in 1796.
Kljber, who was his friend, said, " I have never known
any general so capable as Marceau to change the plan
of battle on the spot with sang-froid and judgmenL

Sh Cliudb Desprit. " K»b« t\ Marcnu." iBst : LavallI,
"Ktpire historique du C<n*ial MJtrnau," i;^; Siicbht-Maif
CIAI). '■ Nolica lui It OtiAxA Marceau," iSin.

MarceL See Marckij.us I., Bishop of Rome.

Marcel, mSR'cJl', (Etibnnx,) a French partisan chief
and agitator of reform, was provost of (he merchants of
Paris when King John was defeated and made prisoner
at Poitiers, in 13S& He became the leader of the pi^ular
party in its contest with the dauphin Charles, who acted
as regenL Marcel was predominant in Paris, and con-
trolled B majority in the States-General, which refused
to vote luppliea for the war unless their grievances
should be redressed. A revolution was effected which
rendered the government almost republican. Having

S'ven the command of Paris to Charles the Bad, of
avarre, he was betrayed by him, and was assassinated

ID t.15&

S« N«[iDBT,"C<injunliond'£tinincMarct\"ttei; Fmuuit.
** Chroautiu ;" SlEilOHD^ " Hiiloirt do FrasciA"

Maroel, (Guillauwk,) a French chronoTogist, bom
at Toulouse in 1647. He negotiated a treaty with the
Dey of Algiers in 1077. He published valuable " Chro-
nological Tablets," and a " History of the Origin and
Progress of the French Monarchy," (16S6,) which it
commended for accuracy in dates. Died in 170&

Marcel, (Guillaume,) a French writer and priest,
born about 1611. He wrote Latin and French verse,
etc Died in 170a.

Maxcsl, (Jean Joseph.) an eminent French Orien-
talist and historian, born in Paris in November, 1776.
" went to Egypt in 1798 as a memlser of the scientific

tion of Egypt." He was director of the national printing
department (imprimerit) from 1S02 to t3l4. Among
his numerous works are " Mtilanges Orientaux," {1833,)
a " History of Egypt from the Arabian Conquest to the
French Eiipcdition," (id edition, 1S44,) and a "Scien-
tific and Military Historr of the French Expedition
in Egypt," (with Louis Reybaud.) (10 vols., 1830-36L)
Died in 1854.

Sm Bsun. "Nolk* nir J. J. Mireel." la lb«''J«aful KA-
•llque." ils4i " Nmnjle Diofnphlc Cntrale."

Marcelj maRt'sfl, (N.,) a German painter of flowers,
fhiits, etc, born at Frankfort in i623i died in 1683.

Mar-calla, a Roman lady, was a daughter of C.
Marcel 1 us and Octavia, who was a sister of tne emperor
Augustus. She was married first to M. V. Agrippa,
divorced in 31 B.C., and married again to a son of Mark
Antony the triumvir.

Marcellin. See Marcei.LIMUS.

Max-cel-li'nua, |Fr. MarceluI4, m5R's4^lN',]
Saint, a native of Rome, succeeded Cai us as Bishop of
Rome, or pope, in 295 A.D. During his tenure of that
office the Church was persecuted by Diocletian, He
died in 304 or 305, and was succeeded by Marcellus L

5h Aitaud d> Usmoi, "Hiiioir* dea louKfiiu PoHilia

MaTcelUntui Ammlaniu. See Ammianue.
UaroellU, mar-sel'lis, (Otho,) a Dutch painter of
flowers and animals, was bom in 1613. He worked

50 MARCELLUS

with success in Paris, Rome, and Amsterdam. Died
in 1673.
Marcello, maR-che)'lo, (Benedetto,) a celebrated

Italian composer and poet, bom of a paitidan family at
Venice tn 16S6, was a pupil of Gaspatini. He studied
law, and was for fourteen years a member of the Council
of Forty. He gained distinction as a poet by a number
of sonneja and caiuoni. His capital work is a collection
of psalms, entitled "Estro poctico-armonico Parafrasi
sopra i ;o primi Salmi," (1724.) These were received
with universal enthusiasm throughout Europe, and mer-
ited for the author the appellation of the Pindar and
Michael Angelo of mnsicians. Died in 1739.

SeeBuiiKsT. "Gnural Hittopf of Muiie:" F*Trt, "Hii)itripM»
UKivirKlk! do MuHirieni:" F. Fohtama. "Vita di H. MinreUo,"
17SB; F. CArri, "DtUa V!u t del Compom di B. UarecUo," iSjo;
"Nounllc EiogiaiiK GtotrUt"

Marcello, (PiiTRO,) an Italian biographer, lived at
Venice about 1500, and wrote "DeViu Principum et
GesrisVenetorura,"(i554.)

Mar-cellus [Fr. Marcel, mtft'sll'; It Marcello^
maR-chei'Io] "L, Bishop of Rome, was a Roman by birth,
and was elected in 308 A.D. Ilii efforts to maintain
strict discipline are said to have caused a schism and
sedition among the.believen. He died in 309 or 319,
and was succeeded by Eusebius.

MaicelltiB U, Pope, born at Fano in 1501, was
named Marcellus Ckrvius. He was elected pope in
April, 1555, after the death of Julius III. About three
weeks after his election he died, and was succeeded by
Paul IV.

S« A. Bo«u, "Hiitsnsf the Pupa:" Artaudbc Uoim^
"Hiitoire del lOUTEnuH Pnuifet Ronuni."

Mar-celitu, (Caius Claudius,] a Rontan consul,
who married Octavia, the sister of Octavius Cxsar.
He became consul in 50 B.C., before which he bad at-
tached himself to the party of Pompey. White in this
office he made a motion in the senate to deprive Caesar
of his command, but did not succeed. He remained in
Italy during the civil war, and shared the clemency of

Marcelltu, (Marcus Claudius,) a Roman general,
celebrated as the conqueror of Syracuse, born about 366
B.C., was the greatest member of a consular plebeian
b.m\iy which produced several eminent men. In 113

Punic war. Marcellus was chosen prxtor Ic
B.C., in which the battle of Cannz was fought. 'He wax
not present at this battle. The commaniTof the force*
which escaped from that defeat having devolved on him^
he repulsed the attack of Hannibal on Nota. and was the
fiistthat checked his victorious progress. Ilewaselected
for Ibe third time consul for the year 314, with the great
Fabius Maximus as his colleague. His most famous
exploit was the conquest of Svracuse, which, ihoagh
defended by the genius of Archimedes, he took, afler a
siege of two years and some nionths,in all B.c He
again obtained the consulship in aio B.C., with the com-
mand of the armv in Italy, and fought an indecisive baN
tie with Hannibal aiNumistro. Marcellusand Hannibal
commanded the respective armies at Canusium, (109,)
where the Romans claimed the victory. Marcellus was
elected consul for the lifth time in 308 B.C. Hairing
advanced to reconnoitre near Venusia, he fell into
an ambuscade, and was killed in the skirmish with the
advanced posts of Hannibal, in that year. Plutarch
has drawn a parallel between Marcellus and Pelopida^
"whos" he says, "were both menof heroic strength, ana
were eoual in courage and magnanimity." Folytnos
denies inat Marcellus ever defeated Hannioal.

Sr Plutahcii"" "Lirei:" AuBnuui VtcroB, "De V™ mm.
tiibuii" LivY. "KiiIcKr of Rome,"booki i«ii-iarvu.i PoLvaitr^
"HUtDTv:" "NwnUtBiiiEnphieG^ntnle."

Maicellns, (Marcus Claudius,) a Roman general,
was a son of the preceding. He was wounded in the
skirmish in which his father was lulled. He was elected

i. «. t. ^ il, ;. /twf ; i, i, ^ sanM, leis prolonged; i, 2, 1, IS, 0,3^, rJir/; t, t, i, 9, «to»rf; fjr, f3Ul, 111; mit; ti&l; gaod; inAoj

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

MARCSLLVS \t

ptsior <n t^ it.C, and consul In 196, when b« con-
nur.ded In Ci«alpine Gaul and defeated Ihe Insubrians.
In 189 he WM censor. Died in 1 77 B.C.

HarecDiu, (Marcus Claudius,) a son of the pre-
ceding, obtaineid the consuUbip in 166 B.C. He wai
choien consul uain in 155, and gained a victory over
the Lignriant. In 15a he obtained a third consulship,
with command of the army in Spain, where he lubdaed
the Celtibcrtans and founded Corduba, (Cordova.) He
perished tnr shipwreck in 14S B.C.

MarooUtu, (Marcus Claudius,) the friend of Cicero,
and Ihe subject of the admirable oration " Pro M. Mar-
cello," was a descendant of the great Marcelltis. He
bad a high repntatioa as an orator. Elected consul in

gBjC,hen>ved the senate to extretne measures against
esar. In the civil war he was an adherent of Fompe^
and the senate. He fled from Rome in 49, and joined
tiie army in Eplrus. Alter the ruin of his cause at Phat-
ulia, he exiled himself to Mitylene^ Overcome bjr the
warm intercstsioD ot the senators, Cxsar granted him a
pardon ia a? B-C On this occasion Cicero expressed his
thanks to the dictator.and his high estimate of the merit
of MarcelluB, in the oration which bean his name.
Harcellua was on his homeward ioumey when he was
assassinated, near Athens, bj P. Magius, om of his at-
tendants, about 46 B.C.

S« Cicsiw, "Pro M. Mincllo;" Sitnumi, "OadDCfaa
RonB ;" OnLU, " Ononuuicon TulUuima.''

Maroelltu, (Marcus Claudius,) was the son of C.
Claodios Marcellus, noticed above, and Octavia. About
Qie year 15 b.C be was adapted by his uncle, the empe-
ror Aognstos, who gave him his daughter Julia in mai-
riage. He was a jrouth of promising talents, and was a
general favourite. He died in his twentieth year, in the
autumn of 13 b.c His memory was embalmed by Vir-
Eil in a beantibl passage of bis epic poem, (book vt., v.
873, etc,) which was redted by the poet in the presence
«f Octavia and Augustus. (See Octavia.)

S« pLtrr Aaai, " Mwttlliii ;" T*aTUS, " AnMlet."

Mar-calltw Bm-plll-ciu, a Latin writer, born at
Burdieala, (Bordeaux] He was magiitcr effitiomw in
the reign of Theodosius the Great, (379-391 *-^) He
was author of a phaimaceutical worl^ " De Hedica-
uentis Emplrids, Physids," etc.

ISar-cel'Iiu Sl-de'tSI. a native of Side, In Pam-
phyUa, lived yboot 140 a.I>. He vrrote a long Greek
n^ical poem, of which fragments are extant

Mar-cellna Ul'pT-iia, a Roman jurist, who flourished
about 150 A.D., and was a legal adviser of the emperor
Antoninus IHns- He was author of thirty-one books of
"Digesta," six books on the "Leges Julia et Papia,"
and one book of " Responsa." About one hundred and
fifty excerpts from lus works are found in the " DigesL"
He is often quoted as high authority by Ulpian, Paulns,
and other jurists.

5« H.TvnHAii. TtUarolE Viu," otsi J. T. S*Gn.*UI-
1^ Muccllu," iTtS.

Maroellna, de, d«h miR'siliiss', (Makib Loms
Jean AndrA Charles Dsmutlii do Tlra(>— dfh-
mlR'ilN' dii te'ribt',) Comtr, a French writer, critic,
and diplomatist, bom in Guiennc in 1795. during a mis-
lion to the Levant, in 1S20, he brought away the statue
of Venus of Milo. He published "Souvenirs of the
Levant," (1S39,) "Popular Songs of Greece," (1851,) and
" Chiteaubriand." (1859.) Died in 1865.

Marost, mar'sSt' or mtR'si', (Alrxandrs.) P.R.S.,
a skil^l Swiss phyudan and chemist, bom at Geneva in
177CL IIavin)( been exited for political reason*, he settled
k London about 1797, and acquired a high reputation as
■ practitioner and a lecturer on chemistry. In 1815 he
returned to Geneva, where he was elected to the supreme
council. Hisprindpal work is an " Essay on the Chem-
kal History and Treatment of Calculous Disorders,"
(1817, in English.) Died in 183a.

Uaro«t, (Jank Haldihand,) a popular writer on
•dence, wife of the preceding, was bom at Geneva in
17SJ. She published "Conversation* on Chemistry,"
(in English,) which passed through many editions, and
"Conversations on Political Economy," (181&) "Every
pil," say* Macanlay, "wLa has read Mrs. Marcel's dia-
logue* on political economy could teach Montague or

MARCHAND

Walpole many lesson* oo finance." Died tune a8i
185&

S« ■ »da ef Mn. Marect, bv PnoRMoa Da tA Riva, bi th«
BiblioiMqua Uninnall*." new Hrie*. iStl. vol. ilL: UAaain
[aitihuu, "BiDgnptiial SliEicliei," Landaa, 1S69.
Marcgrat maRk'gRlf, or Marggiw^ uuRo'gRlT,
(Georc,) a Gerinan naturalist, bom at Uebstadt in iGtot
author of a "Natural History of Braiil," (in Latin,)
' ' " " ' ■ ■ -' » "The dcscripiions M
. . good, and enable us to

identify the animals. They correct the imperfect notion*
of Gesner, and add several spedes which do not appear
I his work." Died in Guinea in 1644.
Marcli, maRch, (Ausias or Osias,) a Spanish poe^
bom at Valenda. He imitated Petrarch with success,
Ld wrote many short poems on love, morals, etc-, whiob
:re printed in 1543. Died in 1460,
S« Ticiti™ " HiaUTT of Spuiih UiManir«."
March, (Daniel,) D.D., an American divine, bom at
Millbury, Massachusetts, July zi, tSifi. He graduated
-- Vale College in 1840^ was ordained in 1845, and held

.-.^^.T, — I z j^ regalional pastorali

. „ . __.. . . the Bible," " Walk* and
Hours of Jesus," "Home Ufe in the Bible," "From
Dark to Dawn," "Our Father's Houses" etc.
March, Earl of. See I^rtimer.
Maicb, (Francis Andrew,) LL.D., an eminent phi-
lologist, born at Millbury. Massachusetts, October 35,
iSiS- He graduated at Amherst College in 1845, became
a lawyer in 1S50, and in 1858 was appointed ptufessor of
English and 01 comparative philology in Lafayette Col

,___ ,.. , "AMethodofP

- -, -- - - - guage," (186. : ' .

GtanimaroflheAn^lo<Saion Language," (1870,] "Anglo-

hpnos. He remained president of the Spelling Reform
Assodation from its first oiganizelion in 1S76. The
thorough manner in which philological studies (espe-
ciktly tliose connected with the development of the Eng-
lish language) were pursued at Lafayette College, under
Professor March's direction, elidted high connneDdatioii
frton distinguished scholars both in ^gland atid Ger-
many. Died September 9, 1911.

Martsli, (MlGDCt,] a Spanish painter of religtou
subjects, bom at Valenda in 1633 j died in 16™.

Marob de les Batallaa, maRch di lis bl-tai'yis,
(EsTEBAN,) a Spanish painter, father of the preceding,

a* bom at Valenda. He acquired a great reputation
I a painter of battles. He died at Valenda in i66a

Marchala, dea, di mlR'sh^', (Rsnaud,) a French
traveller, wrote a description of western Africa, whit*
waspublishedby Labat,in4vols.,(i73i.) Died about
1738.

Maichal,mlR'sh31',(FRAN^i3josePM Ferdinand,)
a Belgian writer, born at Brussels in 1780. His chief
work » a " History of the Reign ofCbarle* V.," (tS57.>
Died in 1858.

MardiBUd, miR'sh&H', (Etienke.) a French navf.
gator, bom in the island of Grenada in 1755. He made
a voyage round the world in 1790--9J, and discovered
several small islands in the Northern Pacific Ocean. A
narrative of the voyage wis published. Died in 1793.

Marcband, (Jean Gabii[el,) Comte, a French
general, bom near Saint-Marcetlin in 1765. He served
as general of division at the tiattles of Jena (1806) and
Friedland, (1807,) When Napoleon relumed from Elb^
(rSiS,) Marcband adhered to Louis XVIIL Died Id

Marohand, (Jiak Henri,) a witty French w
prose and verse. Among his works are "Men
an Elephant," (1771,) and " PollUcal Testament of U
de v.," (Voltaire.) Died about 1785.

S« Baimi*. "Dinwniaiiv ds AnooTiHt.''

Maroband, (Louis,) a French ornnist, bom at
Lyons in 1669. He became organist of the rt^ chape)
at Versailles. Died in 1731.

Maicband, (Prosper,) b learned French biUiogiw

fber. born In Picardy about 1675. Having became •
rotestani, be removed to Amsterdam in 1711. H«

«a*i;(a*f,;gAar4-£as/,-<I,H,s,/WAfmii!;N,m(a/;X,/nZi^;ia*s;tba*in/A>A ( ggf See Explanations, p^ »)

Digitized by CjOOQ I C

MARCHAND

1651

MARCION

dotes, «nawroie a -msioncai uiciioniry, w ■-imi.-i
and Literary Memoirs," (i7S8.) » worlt of considerable
interest (See Allamahd.) He was one of tiie editors
of the "Journal Uttiraire," an able periodical published
at the Hague, (1713-37.) and author of a " History (€
Ibe Art of Priming." Died in 1756.

Muoband, (Thomas,) a French explorer, bom
in the department of Saflne-et- Loire in 1863. He
entered Ihe army in 1883, was sent to French Congo
in 1896, and gained fame by his difficult and daring
ioumey from Braziaville to the upper Nile. In July,
1898, he reached Fashoda, which Lord Kitchener
claimed as Englisb territory. After an international
debate, Marchand withdrew. He was received as a
hero on his return to France in 1899.

IIjiTOtiuiET, d«, dfh mlit'sh&N'ihe', (I^Uis An-
ToiNS FBANgois,) a French author and advocate, born
■t CUmecy in 1 781. He published, besides other works,
"The Historyof France, considered in its Relations with
Poetry, Eloquence, and the Fine Arts," ("La Gaule
poitique," etc., 1813.) Died in iB26l

Marohant, mlR'shSs', (NtcOLAS,) a French botanist,
was one of the founders of the Academy of Sciences,
(1666.) Died at Paris in 1678.

Marcbo, de la, d?h 13 mSwh, (Oltvier,) a poet ana
chronicler, bom in Iturgondyin 1426, Tic served Charles
the Bold as captain of his guards, and was made prisoner
at the battle of Nancy, (1477.) He was afterwards
maitre-d'hiul (steward) of Maty of Burgundy and het
•on Philip. He wrote, in French, " Historical Memoirs,"
(of events which occurred from 143; to 149Z.) which are
considered valuable and candid, lie also wrote several
poems, one of which is called " Le Chevalier dilibir*,
ou la Vie de Charles le T*miraire," Died in 1501.

Marchena, max-chi'nl, (Jost.) a Spanish titUnUmr,
born in Andalusia in 1768, went to France about 179a,
Veins an expert linguist, he was employed as secretary
by General Moreau, {1798-1804.) He translated into
Spanish Moliire's " Tartuffe," Rousseau's " Entile," and
Other works. Died in i3ii.

MarchMl, man-kS'tee, or ZaganDlIL (Franczsco,)
an Italian painter, bom at Cotignola, lie lived about
152a and worked at Ravenna.

Jkbrcbesi, (GruOLAMO.) a painter, was bom about
148a He painted portraits and history a[ Rome and
Naples. Vasari dales his death about IJ50.

Harchesl, (Podpeo.) an able Italian sculptor, bom
In 1790, was a pupil of Canova. Among his works are
a marble statue ol Goethe at Frankfort, and a Saint Am-
brose at Milan. Died at Milan in 1S5S,

Marchetti, maR-ket'tee, (Alessandro,) an eminent
Italian poet and professor, was bom at Pontormo, in
Tuscany, in 1633. He was professor of philosophy at
Fisa Irom 1659 to 1679. In the latter year he obtained
the chair of mathematics at Pisa. He published an able
treatise " On the Resistance ofSoIids," and other works
on physics and mathematics. His reputation rcstschteKy
on his Italian versions of Anacreon and Lucretius. The
versionof Lucretius, in .tfio/A', or blank verse, is generally
admired for fidelity and elegance He wrote, also, short
ori|inal poems. Died in 1714.

Marchetti, (Filippo,) composer, bom at Bologna,
Italy, in 183 1. Became president of a music college at
Rome in 1881. Wrote "Romeo e Giuliella," " Ruy
Bias," " Don Giovanni d' Austria," etc. Died in 1901.

Marohettl, (Giovanni,) an Italian ecclesiastical
writer, bom at Empoli iu 1753. Among his numerous
works is a "Critique on Fleury's History of the Chaich,"
(3 vols., 17S1.) Diedin 1829.

Harohettl, (Marco,) called Marco da Faekza, a
tkilful Italian painter, born at Faenza ; died in 1 5SS.

MaichetUB,dl,deemaR-ket't£ss,(PierKO,) an Italian
writer on surgery, bom at Padua in 1593. He published
*'SyllogBObservationumMedico-Chirurgicarum,"(l664.
often reprinted.) Died in 1673. His son Domenico
(bom in [636, died In 16SS) wa* a noted anatomist.

Marcbi,aB;d3maR'kee,(FKANCE5CO,)adistinguished
Italian engineer, bornat Bologna about 1506. lie served

the King of Spain as military engineer in Ftandert tfar
thirty years, and made inventions in fortiRcatioTk. Hi*
reputation was founded on a work entitled "On Forli-
ficalion," (Delia Archilettura miCtare," 1599.} Died
about 1599.

S« Maiihi,
at la Lltitiiture

MucUn, de, dfh mln'shiH', (Ferdtnahd,) Count,
sometimes written TWaftn, a French general, bom in
1656. He was sent on an embassy lo the King of Spaiit
in 1701. >Ie returned to France in 1703, and was raised
to the rank of marshal. At the battle of Blenheim (1704)
he was second in command, and, after Tallart was tiiade
prisoner, conducted the retreat In good order. He coni<
manded under the Duke of Orleans at the ereat battle
of Turin, (1706,) where the French were defeated bj
Prince Eugene and Marchin was killed.

S« SAnrr-SiUDN, """ ^ — -

ure du G«iifa*<u Van

Maroblnl, mas-kee'nee, (GioTANMt VtJMCtsay,) ai

alian ecclesiastic, bom at Vercel" ' " " ""

thed a "Treatise on the Divinity 1
and other works. Died in 1774.

Uarcblone {maic-ke-o'ni) op Arezzo, a medixval
Italian sculptor and architect, flourished about iiocl
One ofhis works, the churcb of Santa Maria della Piev^

S« Vaiaii, " LJTo cl th< Fdnten," (te.

Marchmont, Earl or. See Hum, (Sir PAntiact
and HuKE, (HucH Caupbeu.)
Marcta or MarUa (mar'she-f) Oeni^ a Roman

^u, orif^inally patridan, claimed to be descended froia
Ancus Mardus. The tunfly of Coriolanus belonged to

Marclan, mar'she-an, [Lat MARaA'tnJS ; Gr. KapKt-
avoc; Fr, Marccen, mlR'se-lN',] Emperor of the Eaa^
was bom of obscure parents in Thrace about 390 A.D.
He had risen by his merit to a high rank in the army
when Theodosius the Younger died, in 450. He then
accepted from Pulcherio, a sister of Theodosius, the
offer of her band, and became emperor. His reign
was wise and peaceful He refused lo pay Ihe tribute
demanded by Atlila, King of the Huns, saying, *■[
have gold for my friends, and iron for my enemies.**
He died, without issue, in 457 A.O,, and was succeeded
by Leo L

5h CinoH, "Declint md Fall ef ih* Roaiu En^rai" Im
Ba.iu, "Hiiloin du Bu-Emisre."

X^dantiB. See Marciak.

Martdaniu, mar-she -i'n us, (£uus,) a Roman }uris%
who wrote in the reigns of Septimius Severus and Cara-
cjilla. He survived the latter, who died in 117 A.D. The
Digest contains many encerpts from his " Institutioncb*
his " Poblica Judida," and other works.

Sm OeuucHS, "De Vita^lii Hardani," 17J4.

MaTClaBUB OF IIeracleia, (in Pontus,] (Fr. Maig
CIEN D'HfiAACLdE, miR'se-lN' d^'ri^il^',) a Creek
geographer, who is supposed to have lived in the fourth
century. He wrote a " Periplus of the External Sea,
both Eastem and Western," of which fragments h«»«
come down to us and are esteemed valuable.

Sea Ui:bit, " Ceopaphii da GriecbCB imd RbMr.

Maiden. See MARaxN,

Marcile. See Marcilius.

Marcillua, mar-see'ie-us, (Fr. Marcilk, m9R'atl'',|
(Theodorus,) a Dutch philologist, born at Amhem in
luS. He was professor of rhetoric in several college*
of Paris from 1578 to 1617. He published notes on
Persius, Horace, Ludan, and other dasucs, and «io:«
"Lusus de Nemine," (1586.) a poem, and a "Histoqr
of New-Year's Gilto," ("lUitoria Strenanim," IS9».>
Diedin 1617.

Uardon, mar'sbe-on, JGr, Hopefuv,] a celebrated.
hcresiarch of the second century, was bom at Sinupe, In
Pontus. Having been excommunicated for some youlbfal
fault, he went to Rome about 140 A.Ik He devised a
new creed or sy;5lem, which was accepted by numerom
disdptes (Marcionlies) and was opposed by TertulliarL
Origen, and other Fatberi. Ha taught the existence of
two original prind plea,— the anthore of good and evil,—

i, e, i, 0, Q, J, tm^; i, (, 6, same, less prolonged; Ji, i, 1, 6, ii, j^, ^iart; f, f ■ t, 9> fifirr; Bt, All, tti; wit; nbt; gAd; m<ltnt.

db, Google

I6S3

MARESCOT

tnd aKTJbed the Mosaic law to the e*i1 principle. Uc
■1*0 rejected a Iirge part of the New Testimcnt.

SWT11.UIM0KT, "KHmwrci tnWiiuliquo;" LA»Dm», "Kie-
torr of HiHiics :" ScHKiiiNO, " DiHHlilio d« Miieione." i»J.

Blarck, da U. d?h II mank, (Gutllaume.) a Flemiih
chief, bom in 1446, was noted for his ferocity, and wi"
■amamed the Wild Boar of Ardennes. He va»i
sinated the Bishop of Uegc, and ravaged Brabant, but
was defeated by the archduke Maximiliao. He then
made an alliance with Ren< of Lorraine in order to re-
new the war. Maximilian captured him, and put him to
death in I48t William de la Marck is a conspicuous
diaracter in Seott'a romance of " Qucntin Dutward."

March, ds \k, (Robert,) Count, was master of the
duchy of Bouillon and of Sedan. He was an alljr of
France in the war against the Austrians. He was driven
out of his dominions by the atmiea of Charles V., but
was restored by the treaty of Madrid, (1J16.) Died in
IS3S. Kls son Robert became maiihal o[ France. (See
FLiUKANCes.)

Muco Calabm«, mae'ko kI-11-bRi'U, an Itahan
painter of the Neapolitan school, flourished from 1508
to 1541. His proper name was Carsisccl

Sm Vasaii, " Lim of tha Painicr*."

Uvco da Faenzft. See Mafchetti, (UAKca)

Maroo da FotlL See Pauieciani.

Marco Polo. See Poia

Maroo'nl, (GitcueUiio,) an Italian electrical engi-
neer, bom at Marxabotta, near Bologna, in 1S75. He
became notable through the system of wireleaileiegiaphy
which be iavenled, ^A wbidi attracted the attention <^
the world through its aimpiicity and success. From a few
miles, bis system was extended until hecould send mes-
sages across the Atlantic, and to much greater distances.
It IS DOW highly useful in signaJling to and from vessels
at sea.

Mai'ooti. (JuLBS,) geologist, bom at Salins,
France, in 1814. He did geological work in the Jura
9, went to the United States in 1847, aided
I in the ex[doratioQ of the Lake Superior
, and performed much other geological work.
He became connected with the Museum of Compara-
tive Zoology at Cambridge in 1S61, and was in the
service of the government from 1875 till near his
d^h, April 17, 189S. He published a number of
important works on North American geol<%y, etc.

Marcnlfft, marOcuIT, a French monk, who is supposed
to have lived about 650 A.D. He formed a collection of
fbrmalas of contracts, deeds, and public acts which were
osed and approved in his timb This collection is valued
as a monument of French history and jurisprudence.

Mai'cQE, IFr. Marc, mtak,] a native of Rome, ' _
elected Pope or Bishop of Rome, in place of Sylvester,
in336A.ix He died about nine months after bis elec-
tion, and was succeeded by Julius I.

Maxciu Aureliua. See Aurelius Antoniniis.

Mar'ctu Orae'ctia (gree'kus) passes fur the author
ota Latin work on the art of destroying enemies by fire,
("Liber I^ium ad Comburendos Hosles,") a manuscript
of which IS said to be found in the Royal Library of
hris. No ancient writer mentions him, and nothing is
Iniowit of his history. G. Foumier (of (he "Biographie
tinivcrselle") conjectures that he wrote near the close
of the thirteenth century, and thinks the " Uber Ignium"
il a rather bad version of a Greek original. "It is a
tissue of errors," he adds, "and a collection of recipes,
one or two of which give ^most exactly the composition
•fjcunpowder."

Mar'of , (OLim.) LL.D., an American instructor,
eorn in Coteraine, Massachusetts, February it, tSzo.
He graduated at Wesleyan University in 1S46. in iS6a
be became profistsor of natural history in the University
at Evanslon, Illintns, and acted as its president from
1876 to iSSt. He was for totne time a ceolcwist in the
United Stales teriitorial ■nrreya. Died in 1899.

Mar'cJF, (RAtiDOI.PH K,) an Ameriean general, bom
fa Masaachnseua aboot 1812. eraduated at West Point
bi 1S32. He became a caplsin in 1846. and colonel in
t86l. He icrred a* chief of staff of the army of the

Agaa

Potomac in 1S61, under General McClellan, was brevetted
brigadier -general and major-general in l£65, and became
insiiector -general in 1S7& Died November 22, 1SS7.

Maroy, (William L.,) a distinguished American
ilaiesman of the DemocrMic party, born at Southbridg^
Massachusetts, in 17S6. Having graduated at Brown
University iiv 1808, he studied law at Troy, New York.
He entered the army as lieutenant on the breaking out
of the war of iSil, and distinguished himself in several
engagements in Canada. About 1810 he became editor
of the "Troy Budget," a Democratic journal, and in iSaj
waa elected comptroller of thJe State. He became a
United States Senator in 1831, and was chosen Govemof
of New York in 1832, 1834, and 1836. He was a candi-
date in 1838, but was defeated by Mr. Seward. He waa
appointed by President Polk secretary of war in March,
1845, and displayed much ability in Ibis position during
the Mexican war. Herelired from ofnce in March,
1S49, and was afterwards secretary of state in the cabi*
net of President Pierce. Died July 4, 1857.

Mar'den, (Okison SwErr.) author, bom at Thorn-
ton, New Hampshire, about 1S50. He founded and
edited the "Success" magazine, and has written much on
the methods of attaining success. He edited the "Con-
solidated EJicydopedia Library," {10 vols., 1901.)

Mar-do'nl-ns, [Gr. Hapdonoc,] an able Persian gei»>
eral, was a son-in-law of Darius Hystaspcs. In 491 B.d
he commanded a large armament sent by Darius against
the Grecian states. Having lost a great part of his fleet
in a storm, he returned without success. In 481 ba
held a high command In the expedition which Xerxea
led i^nst the Greeks. After the Feraians had been
defeated at Salamis, {480 b.c:.,) Xerxes returned hornet
leaving 300,000 men under Mardoniot, who captured
Athens without much resistance. He waa defeated and
killed at Platxa in 479 b.c by the army of Pausaniai.

Mardak, a great deity of the old Babylonians, iden>
lified by the Greeks wiih Zeus, but in many rcspecta
resembling Mercury. Tile planet Mercnrv wu alto
called Marduk. ' '

Mara, d« la, deh 13 rata, (NicOLU,) a French rnagil*
Irate, bom near Paris in 1639. Ha wrote a "Treatisa
on the Police," ("Trait^de la Police," 4 vols., 1707-3S.)
Died in 1723.

Mare, de la, (Philibert.) a French historical writer,
bom at Dijon in 1615. He wrote "De BelloBurgundico,
(1641,) and other works. Died in 16S7.

Marshal, mrrl'shU', (Geovces,) a French surgeon.
bom at Calais in l6jS. He was appointed in 1703 flrtt
surgeon to Louis XIV. He wrote several valuable treat-
ises on surgery. Died in 1736.

MaxAcbal, (Laurent Charles,) a French painter
onglass,l>ornat Meti in iSoi, adorned many of the grand
churches of France wiih painted windows. Died in iSSy.

Mar6chal, (Pierre Svlvaik,) a French IMralmr,
bom in Paris in 1754 ia said to have been an atheist.
He published a "Dictionary of Aiheiits," {1800,) and
many other works. His chief production is " Travels of
Pythagoras in Egypt, Chaldea, India," etc., ("Voyagea
de Pythagore en Egypte," etc, 6 vols., 1799,) which dis-
plays much learning and research. Died in 1803.

Mareoco, mi-r^'ko, (Vincenzo,) an Italian poet>
born near Mondovl in 1752. lie wrote "Oairis, sive Da
Legum Origine," (1797,) and other poems. Died in 1813,

MareiUM), m|.ren'Ee.o, (Luca.) an eminent Italias
composer, bom at Brescia about 155a His worka art
principally madrigals, which are esteemed models itftci^
demess and harmony. Died in IJ99.

Mareacalclii, ml-res-kJU'kee, (FERDtXANDoJ an
Italian diplomatist, born at Bologna in 1764. He waa
employed in 1803 to negotiate a treaty between tha
Italian republic and the court of Rome. Died in 1S1&

Mareacalco, miriakil'ko, (Pimto,) sometimea
called La Sfai>a, a painter of the Venetian school, born
-'. Feltre, lived about 1500^

Mareacot, de, d;h mfrtsncy, (Aruano Sakuxi,)
Count, a skilfiil French military engineer, bom at
Tours in 1758. He waa appointed Mst inspector-general
by Bonaparte b iSoc^ and waa made a count in 18C4
Died in 183L

t»*i%9*':Hard:itMJ;Q,V,lli,guaiirai;tt,nMal:t^triUoli%nt!\^niatktt. (BySee ExplanaUOM, p^ ^)

d by Google

MARESIUS V

Mareslna. See Dumarets, (Samuei.)

MarsBtler, mfrb'tej', (Jean ])Ai^trrE,) an ab1«
French enginesr and navnl irchilecr, born at Sainl-Ser-
vail abouL 1730. He constructed the first steamboat
used by the tnjlilary marine Tor the service of seaports.
He published a "Treatise on the Steamboats of the
United State*," etc., (i8z4') Died in iSlJ-

DJaret^ ml'ri', (HuouES,)a learned French physidan
and writer, b.orn at Dijon in 1736. Ilowas a corre-
sponding member of the Academjr of Sciences, Paris,
and a friend of the celebrated chemist Ouyton de Mor-
veau. One of his sons was the Uuke of Bassano,
noticed below. Died in 1786.

Maret, (Hugues Bernard,) Dulce of Bassano, \
able French statesman and diplomatist, born at Dijon
1763. He Btudkd law in Paris, and in 1780 reported
the debates of (he National Assembl j in a daily " Bul-
letin." This was soon united with the "Moniteur,"
which owed its success to the reports of Maret. Under
the new regime he was rapidly advanced in the depart-
ment of foreign affairs, -'" — — " "~ — '--- — —

was arrested by the Austrians,

geoR about two years. From tSoo to iSll, as secretary-

Seneral, or secretary of slate, he directed the home
epartment with great credit, had a large share of Bona-
parte's confidence, and accompanied him in his cam.
pai^s. In lEii he was appointed minister of forei);n
affairs, and received the title of Duke of Bassano. On the
return of Bonaparte from Elba, Maret became again his
secretary. He was restored to the rank of a peer of
France in 1S31, and in 1834 was minister of the interior
for a short lime. He had IJeen admitted into the Institute
(Acid^mie Franfaise) in 1803. Died in 1839.

Sh " Nouvttle UioEriphit Ctirfnls 1" Las Casis, *■ ManorU
Maret, (Jean Philtbert,] a French surgeon, bom

Maretaek. (Max,) an operatic manager, bom at
BrUnn, Austria, in l8zi. He produced an original
opera on "Hamlet" at eighteen, and at twenty-two
WHS a successful orchestral conductor. He made vari-
ous tours on the Continent, sought the United Stales
in 1S4S, and opened the Academy of Music in New
York with Grisi and Mario in 1854. He continued in
the operatic field in the United Slates till 1878, and
died on Staten Island in 1897.

Ma'rey. (feTiBNNB Julbs,) a French physiologist,
bom at Beaune, March S, 1830. He studied medi-
cine, experimented in physiology, was made professor
ol natural history in the College of France in 1869,
and was elected to the Academy of Sciences in 187S.
He invented many instruments for physiological re-
search and for studying the Sight of birds and insects,
and recorded his results in several published volumes.

Marozoll. ml'rit-sol', (Gt;srAV LirDwlC Theoiwr,)
a German jurist, born at Giittingen in 1794. He was
the author of several legal works. Died in 1873.

Mar'ea-ret of A.ijoi;. IFr. Marousriti d'Anjou,
mlR'gRel dflN'ihoo',] ■ daughter of Rene! of Anjou,
Duke of Lorraine, was bom in Lorraine in 1429. She
was married in 1445 to Henry VI., King of England,
and, in consequence of hfs imbecility, had the princinal
(hate in the government. In the ensuing contest be-
tween the houses of York and Lancaster, her troops
were several limes victorious over the former ; but they
suffered a fatal defeat at Towion in 1461. After several
unsuccessful efforts to repair her fortunes, Margaret was
a^in defeated and made a prisoner at Tewksbury hy
Edward IV. in 1471. She was ransomed by the French
king, Louis XI., and passed the remainder of her life in
France, where she died in 1481.

Margaret or Austrfa, |Cer. MAHr.ARETTiE von
Oejtbeich, maR-gl-ri't?h fon ijst'rrK, I daughter of Max-
imilian, Emperor of Germany, and Mary of Burgundy,
was born at Ghent in 14S0. She was betrothed when a
child to Charles VIIL of France. Hut he refused la
keep the engagement, and married in 1491 Anne, the
heiress of firiitany. Margaret was married in 1497 to

34 MARGARET

Don Juan, Infant of Spaiii, son of Ferdinand and Isa-
bella, who survived but a few months. She was again
married in 1501 to Philibcrt the Handsome, Duke of
Savoy, who died in 1505. In 1517 Margaret was ap-
pointed by her father ruler of the NetheHands, in which
post she displayed signal ability. She had a part in the
League of Cambray, formed in 1508 l>y the principal
European powers against Venice. She died in 1530,
leaving a number of works in prose and verse, includmg
her "Correspondence," which was published in 1839,
(2 vols.)

Margatet of Austria, Duchess of Parma, bom at
Brussels in 1512, was a natural daughter of Charles
v., Emperor of Germany. She was married in 1533 to
Alessandro de' Medici, Duke of Florence, and after his
death to Ottavio Famese, Duke of Parma. In 1599 she
was appointed Governor of the Netherlands by Philip
U. of Spain. This difficult post she occupied till 1567,
when she resigned it to the Duke of Alva. The cele-
brated Alexander Farnese, afterward* Duke of Parma,
was her son and only child. '

Uaigaret, [Danish, MarCarcthe, maRgi-i^'t^,,
daughter of Waldemar HI., King of Denmark, born al
Copenhagen in 13J3, was married in 1363 to Haquin,
King of Norway. In 1376 she was appomied Regent of
Denmark during the minority of her son Olaus, then but
five years old. On the death of Ilaquin, In 13S0, she be-
came Queen of Norway, and, her son dying in 1387, the
Danes also acknowledged her as their sovereign. Soon
after this, Margaret engaged in a war with Albert, King
of Sweden, against whom his subjects had rebelleiL I ler
army defeated the Swedes and captured Albert, (ijSS,)
who obtained his liberty only by renouncing the crown
of Sweden. At an assembly of the estates of the three
kingdoms, held at Calmar in 1397, the famous treaty
called " the Calmar Union" was formed. By this it waa
agreed that Sweden, Denmark, and Norway should in
future be united under one sovereign, and Eric VII.,
nephew of Margaret, was appointed her successor. Died
In 1411.

1572 the was married to Henry of Navarre ; but lovo
ipparentty had no part in this fatal alliance. During
the festivities that fallowed the marriage, the perfidious
court of Charles IX. ordered the Massacre of Saint
Bartholomew. She had lived siparateTy from her hus-
band some years before he became Henry IV. of France
and their union was formally dissolved about the year
l6oa Died in iGiJ.

Sm Mohcec, " KiiioiiT it la RcIm MirfKiit* in Va1^^" wc,
vjTi: IIiiAHTf>Mi."Viada IbininiUuiiro.",

MaTBaret, Queen of Navarre, originally Uargaret
of AtigouI6iiia, jFr. Marcuerite d'AncoulEmf.
mjR'gRit' diN'EOo'ilm',1 daughter of Charle% Count of
AngoulEme, and Louise of Savoy, and sisier of Francis
I., was born in 1492. She was married in 1S09 to
Chartes,Dukeof Alencon, whodiedin 15:5, and in 1517
she became the wife of llenryd'Albret, King of Navarre.
She was distinguished for her beauty, talents, and supe-
■cised great influence in the govern-
■" ' *" whom she was war '
eration she displayed
towards the Protestants, and particularly ner protection
of Calvin, brought upon her the imputation of heresy
from the Catholic party. She was the author of nume-
rous works in prose and verse, among which may be
named the "Heptameron,"a collection of tales in the
style of Boccaccio's " Decamerone," and a devotional
treatise emliled " Mirror of the Sinful Soul," She died
in 1549, leaving a daughter, Jeanne d'Albrel, afterwards
the mother of Henry Iv, of France,

" e B»ant6.ii, "VIm dei r»mM illinn**;" Siskohsi. " Hia-
del Frintili:" Miu F>«■^ "Life of Miisyeriic. QiiHn ef

m," iS}]; VicToa DuiAHD,"Hirjuarita de Val«i<i la CM*

do Fran^ni J," ■ vola,. tStSj

Margaret of Provence. See Marcuerits.
Margaret, Saint, |Lat Sahc'ta Marcari'ta; Pr.
Saikte-M ARGUE rite, slitt mtR'gRit',) a virgin of Aiw

t, ^i, ^ il, 7, fwif^l, ^ ^aamejess prolonged; i, i, I, iS, ii, jF, M(V«; t, f, j, 9, (4!(nvn; Or, Oil, lit; initi nh; gaU; aiAa;

d by Google

iarearet

MARGARET i6

och, supposed to have mffered mulyrdoiti In %f^ A.D.
According to tradition, she was solicited in marriage by
Olibrios, governor of Antioch, and on her rcrusal was
tortured and put to death \tj his order. This legend has
farmed the subject o\ Milman's "Martyr of Antioch,"
ud of numerous works of art

Sh Bailut "Via da Siintti" Uh. Jahdom, "SKrcd mA
LtCCnliiy Art"

Margaret, Saimt, daughter of Edward, % Saxoi)

Srince, and sister of Edgar Alheling, was born in 1046.
he was married about 1070 to Malcolm III., King of
Scotland, and died a few days after (he death of her
husband and son, who fell in battle in 109}.

Sm.Saiitt AuuD, "Vila Sincia Minnriia;" Dailut, "Viei

rot OF Scotland, daughter of James I., was
n 1436 to the Dauphin of France, afterwaida
Louis XI. Died !n I44S-

5ceSiuiaHi>i,"HUtoire dt» Francaii;" Ducios, "HLilotrB d«
Louli XI."

Mnrgailt, man-El-ril', or Margnerit, do, di maR-
gi-ril', (Tost,) Marquis d'Aguilar, a Spanish soldier,
bom In Catalonia in iGoa, was a prominent leader in
the insurrection of that province against the Spanish
government in 1640. He was afterwards appointed
Governor of Calalonia by Louis XIII. Died in 1685.

Matgailt or Maiguwit, do, Quan.) a Spanish car-
dinal, bom at Glrnna about I415. rose 10 be chancellor
of Aragon. He wrote a histoy of Spain, entitled " Para-
lipomenon Hispanii." Died in 1434-

Margartt, (Pedro,) was educated at the court of
Ferdinand V. Hcsailed with Christopher Columbus in
1491, and discovered the archipelago to which he gave
the name of Marguerite Isles.

Mugarltono, maR-ga-relo'ni, an Italian painter,
(culptor, and architect, born at Areiio about IJ36. His
picture* were executed in fresco on wood and on copper,
and he sculptured in wood as well aa marble. His
monument to Pope Gregory X., in the cathedral of
Areuo, ii ranked among his best works. Died about

Set Vaiasi, "liva of th< PainlR^ Scutptm^" ttc; Lj
" Hbtorr of Palnilni in Iul»."

Moiiiaret, mlitih'rt', (jACims,) a French officer,
bom in Burgundy. He entered the Russian senice,
which he exchanged about 1610 fnr that of Poland. He
wrote an "Account of the Russian Empire, etc from
1590-1606," (in French, 1607,) which was translated i
Russian.

MaregraC mang'gal^ (Andreas SitnsMtTND,)
eminent German chemist, born in Berlin in 1^09.
was d)osen a member of the Academy of Sciences in
I738,and director ofthe class ofphysics about 1762. He
was an ingenious and sagacious ea peri m en ter,_and wrote
many able treatises or memoirs, which were inserted in
the records of the Academy of Berlin. He made the
toportant discovery that sugar can be prooited from
thebeeL Died in i7Sa

St* F. Hoan. " Miu^Tt it h Chimle j" " NouteE* Biopa-

MarrKraC (Gioko.) See Marcgbaf, „ . . ,.

MargoUonth, maR^i;-oot, (Muses,) a British
divine, bom in London, of Jewish parents, December 3,
l8». He was educated at Trinity College, Dublin, and
in 1S44 was oidaintd a priest of the Anglican Church.
He published a " Histiwy of the Jews," " Principles of
Modem Judaism," "Rabbinical Herroeneutics."
Died March i, 1S81. _

Blargon, do, d? h maR'g6n', (Guiliaumk plastavit
SB lA Pausb,) A»Bt a French satirUt. bom near IW"«rs
about 1685. He wrote several controversial works, djs-
tinenished for their virulence and bitter personalities,
and directed alternately against the Jesuitt and the Jan-
•enist*. Died in 1760. , ^ 1.

Marsuerio, miRg're'. (Jeah Jacqoes,) a French
matlieiQatician and writer, born near Caen in 1742. _ tie
served as lieutenant in the navy afiamst the Bntisb
in 1778-79, and was killed near Grenada in 1779.

Hargnorlt See Makgarit.

Maxnierito. See Mabgarbt. , , _, . -

ICargtierito do PrOTonca^ miR'gRtt' ilth pRtf-

MARIA

vaNSs', daughter of Rapiond Berenger, Comte de Pro-
vence, born in izai, was married in 1134 (o Louis IX.,
King of France, commonly called Saint Louis. Sho
accompanied him in his expedition to Egypt, and whila
' Daraietta gave birth to a son. She died in a convent

"9S-

-Vie*

See joiHTiLLe, " Udmoiret ;" CutujkUHa m Nam

MarBuotitteB,mlR'gRit',{jEAKANTOiNE Teissier,)

French dramatist and royalist, born at NImes in 1744,
as a deputy to the Constituent Assembly. He was
executed by the terrorists in 1794.

MargnninB, maR.goo'ne-fls, or Margtrnto^ maR.
gjo'ne-o, (Maximus,) a modern Greek prelate and
scholar, bom In the island of Candia about 152;. He
founded a printing-office at Venice, where he published
numerous editions of the Greek classics, remarkable for
their accuracy. In 15B5 he was appointed Bishop of
Cerlgo. He wrote "Anacreontic Hymns," and several
ecclesiastical works. Died in i6o».

Marhelneko, maR-hi'n;h-kfh, {Philifp Kdkrad.)

German Protestant theologian of high reputation, born
_: Hildesheim in 17B0, became successively professor ol
theology at Eriangen, Heidelberg, and Berlin. He pub-
lished a "History of the Reformation in Germany," (4
vols., 1816,) " Christian Symbolics," and several philo-
sophical works, in which he favours the system of Hegel
Died in 1346.

Maria, the Latin ofMARV and Marie, which see.

M^-rl'f OF Austria, a daughter of the archduke
Philip the Handsome and Joanna of Aragon, was l»irn
at Brussels in 1503. She was married in 1511 to Louis
II., King of Hungary and Bohemia, and alter his death
was appointed by her brother, Charles V., ruler over the
Netherlands. Soon after the abdication ofthe empeVor
she resigned her office and retired to Spain, where she
died in 1558.

Sen

AHi, " CorrBpondni* lUri* T.

BxAin«u^ "ViM ih

IWaria, mi-res'!, JL, (DA CtjORIA, d3 glo're-l,) daugh-
ter of Don Pedro, Emperor of Brazil, and Leopoldine,
Archdttchess of Austria, was bom at Rio Janeiro in 1819.
Her blher succeeded to the throne of Portugal in March,
1E26, but renounced his right in favour of Dona Maria.
Her uncle Don Miguel usurped the throne about Ma;^,
1828, and was supported by the absolutist party. A dvil
war ensued, Don Miguel was defeated, and Dona Maria
became queen about September, 1833. She married
Duke Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg-Kohary In April, 1836.
Her reign was disturbed by imeutea and insurrections.
She died in November, 18(3, and was succeeded by her
son, Pedro V.

Maria, mJ-reel, (Giovamni.) an Italian painter and
architect, surnamed FALCONrrri, born at Verona in I458.
He formed a lasting friendship with the celebrated Louii
Cornaro, in whose household he lived for twenty-two
years. Died in 1534.

Maria, dl, de ml-ree^ (FitANCESCo,) a Neapolitan
painter, bom in 1623, was a pupil of Domenichino. Died
in 1690.

Ua-Tl'a El-«-o-no'ra or Rrandenrdro, daughter
of JoHn Sigismund, Elector of Brandenburg. She was
married In 1620 to Gustavus Adolphus, King of Sweden,
whom she accompanied in his campaigns in Germany.
Died in 1655.

Sm Giijm, " HtitoiT of Swedea," (inniliud bj Tmnx.)

Maria LesECsyiuka, ml-ree'l tfeh-chins'skl,
daughter of Stanislas Lesiciynski, King of Poland, was
burn in 1703, and was married in 1725 to I.ouis XV.
of France. Died in 17^.

Maria IiOuiu, mf-ri'g loo-ee'z?, IFr. Martb Louisk,
mfre' loo'ii',] daughter of the emperor Francis I.
of Austria and Maria Theresa of Naples, was bom a
Vienna in 1791. She was married in 1810 to Napo-
leon L, Emperor of France, to whom she bore a son
in March, iSti. Un the abdication of Napoleon, in
1814, she retired to Vienna, and in 1816 the allied
powers gave her the duchy of Parma. She was pri-
vately married to Count Neipperg, her chamberlain.
Died in 1847.

S« " NouMlle Biofnplii* G<nfn!e."

C asi; s a«i; \hard; % asj; c, M, K,£iMiral; N. natai; ». trUled.- 1 as 1; th as In iSis. (SySee Explanations, p. 23.

d by Google

MARFA

i65«

MARICHI

Maila Louisa Angnsta, (Catherine,) Empress of
GermanT, was a daughter of Charles Fiederick, Grand-
Duke of Saxe-Weimir, *nd grand-daughiet of Paul I.,
Cwr of Russia. ■ She was born September 30, iSi 1, and
Id her youth was associated with Goethe at Weimar, In
18x9 she married William, the future king of Prussia,
and the first emperor of Germany in the new regime.
The empress Augusta was noted for benevolence, and
for her love of art and letters. Died Jaimaiy 7, 189a

Maria Theresa, ml-ree'4 t&i&'il, I Fr. Marik ThA<
KlsE, mi're' li'rii',) daughter of PhiOp IV. of Spain,
was married in 1660 to Loui* XIV. of France. (See
Louis XIV.)

Maria Tliereaa. m»-rt'» te-ree'sl, [Fr. Maris ThS-
Btsi, Dirre' ti'rli' ; It Maria TERestA, mi-tee'i ti-
rt'4e-i,l dauchler of Charles VI., Emperor of Germany,
and Elizabeth Christina of Bmnsirick-WolfenbUtiel, was

pointed her heir to his hereditary thrones, In accordance
with the act called the Pragmatic Sanction, but her
daiml were disputed by the Electors of Saxony and
Ilavariaaiid by the Kings of Prussia, Spain, and Sardinia,
each of whom claimed uome portion in the name of the
Austrian princesses with whom thej were connected.
Hatia Theresa immediately repaired to Vienna, where
>he received the homage of the Austrian slates, and
thence proceeding to Presbur^ was crowned Queen of
Hungary in 1^41. She received offer* of assistance
firom Frederick II. of Prussia on condition of her ceding
to liim Lower Silesia, bat she firmly re'.used. Her
capital beinff soon alter threatened with a siege by the
Klcctor of Bavaria and bis French allies, the queen
convoked the Hungarian Diet at Presburg, where, with
her infant children, she s^d 10 the deputies that, " being
assailed by enemies on every side, she had no hopes
except in tlieir loyalty, and she had come 10 place under
their proteciion the daughter and son of their kings."
Th« Hungarian noble* tesponded with enthusiasm to
tliit appe^ and drew their swords, exclaiming, " We
will die for our king;, Maria Theresa 1" (" Moriamur pro
rege nosiro, Maria rberesia 1") The French and Dava-
rian* were soon.driven out of her hereditary stateii by
the forces under General Kevenhulter and Prince Charles
«r Lorraine. In 1741 a treaty of peace was concloded
between Maria Theresa and the Kins of Prussia, by
which the latteroblained Silesia. Ths Elector of Bavaria,
iriio had been previoori* chosen Emperor of Germany
ander the name of Charlea V[I., having died in 1745,
Francis, the husband of Maria Theresa, was elected to
that dignity. In 1746 the Imperialists gained ImporUnt
victories in Italy, and defeated the French and Spaniards
at Piacenia. The peace of AIx-la-Chap«l1e, in 1748,
put an end to the war of llie Austrian succession, leaving
the empress in possession of all her hereditary estates
except Silesia. The Seven Years' war, carried on by
Prussia against France, Russia, and Austria, terminated
tn 1763, leaving the boundaries of Austria and Prussia
the same as before. The emperor Francis having died
In 1 765, his son Joseph was elected Emperor of Germany
but Maria Theresa still retained the principal shire ii
the government'of her hereditary dominion*. She is said
to have refused to take any part In the partition of Po-
land (1771) until prevailed iJ^n bf the representations
of Joseph Ii and Prince Kauniti. Among the important
reform* of her reign was the abolition of the torture

ii776) and of feudal service. She also abolished the
nquisition at Milan, and suppressed the order of Jesuits;.
She died in November, 17S0, and was succeeded by her
•on, Joseph XL, a* King of Hungary.

Sm Paou Fiiu, "Elocia & Msrii Terolii,'' ■iCai SASATim
n CAmu, "Abrt^ da la Vic da Msrle IliJrtw,^' 1771: ~

ima, "Lcbcn*. und Stuucuchichia Mviai Thcrtdc, ] .

■r4j: Dm,!.*!, "Maria Tbirwi ind ihn Z(it,"iSii; RAimn-
vnuucH, " Biornphia <br KaiKrin Maria Thnwii," itVi Ru-
ana, "Muia Thnvia and Fricdrldi dtt Cnoa," iSjil WoLr,
■Ontruch onltr Uuia Thertiia," iSu: ** NbihiU* tticcnptait
Cindiak."

Mulalvs, ml-re-II'vl, (Dom JoJto Coutlnlio—
kiV-t(n'yo,) Count, a Portuguese crftioer, fought nhdcr
Alphonso V, against the Moors in Africa, and was kilFed
whUe assisting in the capture of Ariilla. in 1471.

Marfalva 7 Menesea, ml're-U'vI e ma-ni'tti^
tNTOMO Lull,) Count de Castanhede, an able Porta*
lese general and statesman, born about 1627, In 1659
: gained a signal victory over the Castilians at Elvas,
id soon after became principal minister nf state, Marquia
of Marialva, and lieutenant-general of the armies of the
kingdom. Died about 166S.

See LACLtrE, "HIslfHic d« PortotiL"
Ma-rl-am'ne, [Gr. M^x^pq;,) a beautiful Jewess, %
granddaughter of the high-priest Ijyrcanus IL, became
in 3S B.C. the wife of Ilerod the Great, who, when ha
departed fr6m bis capital to meet Octavlan, gave secret .
:rs that she should be put to death in case he did
return in safely. This secret having been revealed
to her, she received him coldly on hts return, and excited
his jealousy, which was increased by the intrigues of
Herod's sinter Salome, who suborned the royal cup-
beater to testify that Mariamne designed to poison the
king. She was put to death in 19 B.C. This story is the
subject of one of Voltaire's tragedies.

See JosirHui, "Hljian of the Jeiir*t~ Smra, "WctionuTat
Greek ud Roman Biocnphir."

Mariana, do, dl ml-re-i'nl, (JUAN,) an eminent
Spanish historian, born atTalavera tn 1536. He studied
at Alcali, and, having entered the order of Jesuits, was
appoinledprofesBoroI theology in their college at Rome,
(1560.) He returned to Spain in 1574, where he passed
the remainder of his life in retirement, devoted to btcrary
pursnitK He published in 1(99 his "Treatise on Roy-
alty," ("De Rege et Regis Institutione,") in which ha
maintanis that it i* lairfur in certain cases to put a king
death. This work caused a great sensation, particu-
-lyinFrance, where it was denounced by the Sorbonne,
d soon after the assassination of Heury IV. i| was

Eublidy burned by order of the Parliamei-.t. In 1(99 be
rought out his great work entitled " Historia de Rebua
Hispanic," ("Historv of Spain,") which was received
with great favour and was soon after translated by him
into Spanish. His Latin sivia is cbsractcriied by great
elegance and animation, and has been compared to that
of Livy ; while his Spanish history is generally esteemed
the most admirable work of the kind in the language.
"Noble, pure, and rich without difTuseness, it unites
with rare felicity," says 3 French critic, " the picturesque
vivacity of the dironiders with the dignii* of history ;"
and Ticknor, tn his " History of Spanish Uterstnfe,'*
observes, "lis admirably idiomatic stvic, so lull yet so
unencumbered, so pure and yet so rich, render* it, if
not the most trustworthy of annals, at least the roo«t
remarkable union of picturesque chronicling with sober
history that 'the worid has ever seen." Mariana also

K'jlishcd a treatise "On Weights and Measures," "On
ath and Immortality," antf other learned works, ii\
Latin, and an essay entitled " De las Enlermedades de
la Compaflia y de sua Remedios," {"On the Disorder*'
of the Society [of Jesuitsl and their Remedies," 1635.)
in which he boldly exposes and condemns the error* of
the Jesuit*. Died In 1613.

S« TiCKKOK. Hiiioiv el SpanUh LItHitw*.-" Tahap <ar
Tamavo) i» V*Ki*m "Via* del>: Juui Hariuu;" N. Aittokio.
"UiblioifieM HltpuH Nora;" AcosTA,"Vi^ da Mirim;" F.
BuCHMoLi, "J. di Mariana, adcr EntwiclHkinKMCKtHdw iIih*
Jeisilni," iBofi BoumtwBK, "HSaioirt d* >t^ii«niiir* Bma-
fnol*:" aitd L. Jovsbst's ucdlaai anidt is Ih* "Nouidl* Bir
gnphie GlnjrBla."

Mfrip"', mS-re-S'nee, {Camillo,} an Italian tmlptai
and painter, born at Vicenia in 1565 ; dred in 161 1.

MarlanC (Giovanni Maxia,) an Italian painter, bom
at Ascoti about i6«a. Among his masler-piecea b «
" Baptism of Saint James," at Rome.

Bla-rl-K'nna Bco'tna, a Scottish chronleter, Dotn In
imS, is said by Matthew of Westminster to ba»e been
a relative of the Venerable Bede. His principal work ia
a " Universal Chronicle from the Creation to the Yew
1083," (in Latin.) Died in 1086.

See VoHius, "Da Hiiinneia Liiinli."

MSrichl, mt-ree'chi, a celebrated Hindoo aage or
demi-god, was, according to one account, the Mm of
Brahma, — according to another, the son of Bhrign. He
was the father of Kasyapa. By some be is coiuldefed
as the god of "light," wliich appear* to be llw etjrm*
logical signification of his name.

<•£, f, a^ u, J,/»4f ,- 1, i, ^ sain^e, less prdonged) 1, £, 1, 5, ii, ;,Mfrf; h 1. 1 ft 'A'"'''; ar> >V1| <^1 ■)>'>; B^i g^l^i "■

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MARIE

|<S7

MARIGNOLLT

IStula, the French for Makv, which mc
M«l«, mfre', ^Ai.EXANDaB Thouas,) a French ad-
AtQCate' and republican, bom at Auxerre in 1797. He
wu tnintstet of public works from February to June,
1&48, and minister of iuitice from July to December of
that year. >Ie was elected to tbc Corps UgisiatU io
1363- DiediniSja

Harts Ad^laldS dtt SatoIo, inf re' fdiirid' dfh
*f vwV, diaghter of Victor Amadeus, Duke of Savi^,
bom at Turin in 1665, was nurried in 1697 to the Duke
of Burgundy, grandson of l«uis XIV. of Fiance, tihe
died in 1712, leaving one son, afterwards Louis XV.

Sea SAiMT>St>roN. "MtoMim d* Lmii XIV," Kci Mae

Mui« Amtils da BooiboD, mt're' fmjile' dfh
booK'biN', Queen of France, born near Naples In 17S1,
was a daughter of Ferdinand 1., King of the T«ro Sici-
lies. She was married in 1S09 to the Duke of OrMans,
afterwards King Louis Pbitippe. After his death she
retired to England, where sne resided at Claremont,
Dear London. Died in 1866.

Mart* Anne ChrtsUiw Tlctolra de BstUts
mf re* In knts'ttn'vtk'twiit'dfh bi'v^[x',datighler of
Ferdinand, Elector of UaTaria, was born at Munich in
166a In 16S0 she was married \o Louis, the Dauphin
of Prance, son of Louis XIV. She died in 1690, leaving
three sons.

Bfmrts Antotiistta Joabplie T»aiiB« d'Antriclis.
mf re' ta'twi'ntt' iho'ilP ihin dfi'tBtsh', {commonly
called simply Mails Antotnatta,) born at Vienna in
1755, was the daughter of Maria Theresa and the em-
peror Francis L of Germany. She was married In
I7yo to the Dauphin of France, afterwards Louis XVL
1 1 igh -spirited and energetic, she strove during the
revoluluinaTy troubles to inspire the king with her own
conrage; but her conntels often led him Into greater
^fficiDties. It was her misfortune and the misfortune of
France that she resisted all those reforms which might
have prevented or moderated the violence of the Revo-
lution. Possessing extraordinanr personal charms and
great vWacity of disposition, the freedom of her manners
was often nisconslrued by her enemies; but their accc-
satians are generally believed to have been groundless.
Daring the terrible scenes which followed the captivity
of the royal familj, she displayed the greatest firmness
and digrnqr, showing on all occasions more concern for
het husband and children than for herselC After the
fall of the Girondists, Klarie Antoinette was condemned

Om <^roa£sti 1" Wuut, " Hfanoun <
■ta.

Mm1« Clotilda Adrilalds Xavlira de FrasoB,
nTrc' klo'iNd' f diircd' il've-aiK' dfh fafiNSs, sister
of Louis XVL, bom at Veraailles in 1759, was married
In 1775 to the Prince of Piedmont, afterwards Charles
Emmanuel, King of Sardinia. Died in iSoz.

Mart* da Bonrgoene. See Uakv of Bqsgdndt.

Maiie d« rraice, mf aee' deh fk&Hss, a poetess
who probably lived in France in the first half of the
thirteenth century, and who wrote "Lais," (lays,) of
which fourteen are extant, also a collection of^fibles
called "Ysopet," and a description of Saint Patrick's

Kirgatory in verse- Uer style is good, and her dialect
orman, vrith a few English words.
Maii« da Otilao. See Masv of Guise.
Maris de IlncainatloD, mfre' d;h UiiUit'nl'-
m-An', a French missionary, whose oiieinal name was
GUYA an, bom at Touts in 1599, visited Canada in 1639,
where she made many converts among the Indians, and
Iwnded a convent ofner order. Died in 1671.

Set *■ Vis ds la Ub« Uark dt rincarauioB," br P CaiBLi

Marie de I«iTaln& See Mary of Gtiuc-
Marie Bladeleine. See Macdaleke.
Marie de M4dlcla, mrre' dfh mit'de'stss', or Maiia
do' Mediol. mi-ree'l dl m«d'e-chee, the daughter of
Francis, Grand Duke of TusCsny, and the ar^duchesi

JoanofAtwtrla, was bom at Florence in 1573. She wae
married in i6ao to Henry IV, of France. She had
moderate abilities, but exorbilani ambition ; and her ob-
stinacy and violent temper were the source oi constant
dissension between her and her husband. On the deilh
of Henry she became regent, for which office she proved
herself utterly IncompetenL Having given offence 10 her
subjects by her partiality for unworthy favourites, she
was deposed and imprisoned, bur, effecting her escape,
a^in look part in the government She introduced
iQcheliea intd the administration, who soon possessed
himself of the highest power, and induced her son.

Sea Mus PuDiK, "lifcof Uarw lie' MMiei:" RiCHSUIQ,
" Htmoim ;" Suhonn, " Hluoindu Fnnciu;" Kuau, " Tablcaa
d* U Biswca de Marie de UMicii." 161 j.

Maile d'OrlAana, mjfre' do&'li'6N', (Marie Chris-
tine Caroline AdAlai'dk FnANCoisB-LfopoLDiNE de
Valois, mi're' kats'tin'kfro'itn' I'di'll'id' fRiN'swiU'
liVpoI'dtn' d?h vll'wi',) Duchess of WUrtembetg,
born at Palermo in 1813, was the youngest daughter of
Louis Philippe, King of France. Having early mani-
fested a love tor the arts, she studied sculpture and de*
sign under Ary SchefTer. Among her works the statue
of Joan of Arc is the most' generally admired. She wa»
married in 1837 to Duke Alexander of Wiirtemberg.
Died in 1839."

Marie Tb^tee. See Mabia Theresa.

Maiiette, mfre'it', (Auguste Edouard,) a cele-
brated French archxalogisl, bom at Itouto^ne in i8ii.
Having acq aired a knowledge of Egyptian hieroglyphics
ho was charged in 1S50 with a scientific miiusion to
Egypt, where he discovered the site of the city of Mem-
phis and disinterred the temple of Serapis and a ne-
cropolis of vast exlenL In thiswere found llie griiite
sarcophagi of the bulla of Apis, hewn out of a single
stone, fifteen feet long, nine in width, and the same in

' ;hL He also removed the (and from the colossal
from a rock. He published

eight

"The Serapeum at Memphis,-" illustrated, ('iS57'66.y
"Researches in E^pt, Nubia, and the Soudan," (iS67,>
" The Egypti.-tn I'a|>yruses in the Museum at Iluulac," <x
vols., 1871-73,) "I*eir-el'Bahari; Topographical, His-
torical, and kihnographical Documents gleaned in that
Temple," (1877.) He died January 19, iSSi.

Mariette, (Pierre Jean,) a fVench palmer, born
in Paris in 1694, was one of the most dislinguislied ama-
teurs of bis time, and became director of the Imperial
Gallery at Vienna. He was a member of the Academy
of Pamting in Paris, and of the Academy of Design at
Florence. He published, among other works, a " 1 reat-
ise on the Engraved (}ems of the Royal Cabinet." Died
ini774.

Sae DmnsKiL, " Hittstn det ehn cAlfansABamiii Fnnnii,*-
it5« I " NoiiveUe Bisenphic G^n^ala."

Marlgneno, ml-rin-yi'no, written also Melepiaao^
[Fr. Makichan, mt'rin'y&K',! (Glah Giacomo,) Mar-
quis de Medichino, a celebrated Italian soldier, born at
Milan in 1497. He entered the service of the emperor
Charles V., who sent him In 1540 to reduce the city of
Ghent, of which he was afterwards appointed governor.

de' Medid V) suppress the revolt In the republii
Sienna, where he ravaged the country and was guilty 01
great barbarity towards the inhablianu, Died m ISJJ.

Se* Da Thou, "Kiuarii mi Tsiupon;" OaairraHa; "Vita
dn Kisnd* C>)^uiii«*;" SuMoHDI, " Hiunirc de* R6publiques
''TlieniKsi" MimcUA, "Vila del Minhete di Muiiuno," ites;

DuinoH, " Hiuory of Chsriti V.," tmk li.

Mailgnl^ t», dth ml'rtn'yj^', (Jean Ctiennc
Fran^iI) a French litUratiiir, born in Languedoc about
*";, was one of the most lealous defenders of Loui*
. I, in the National Convention. 1 le publiKhed a num>
ber of dramas and political treatises. Died about i8iOk

MarienolU. de, di mS lin-yillee, (Glovanm,)
known also as John of Florence, a Franciscan monk
of Italy, born about laSS. In 133S he was one uf four
clerics sent from Avignon by Pope Beiieitict XII. to the.
Khan of Cathay, (China.) In 1341 they arrived at Pekin,
'■• -348 went to Malabar, in India, and in 1333 Marignolli

«aii;(ae*,-|Aan';taay,-o,ii,K,^MIA(rd/; N,fM«/; t.,lrUltd; lass; thai

Q liu, (fiV See Explanations, p. !»

Digitized by VjOOQIC

wu again at the papal courL He wia afterwards made
Bishop of Bisignano, and ihereaFier waa a chaplain to
the emperor Charlei IV., who cauacd him to write
" Monument! Hiitorica Bohemi*," in which he curiously

interpolated stoiiea of hii adventurei in the East The
passages of this description were put together and trans-
fated by IL Vule, (iSOS.)

Marieny. ae,d(h mrrtn'ye', (Abu, Frakipjw PoU-
BOn— pnl's^H*,) MARQUtS, a French architect, born in
Paris in 1717, was a brother o( Madame dc Putnpadour,
through whose influence he was appointed in 1751 di-
rect or-cencral of the toyal buildings. Died in 17S1.

nlaiigny, de, [ENGt/ERkASU.) a French statesman,
filled several high offices nndcr rhilippe le Bel, and
attained the ranh of prime minister. Soon after the ac-
cession of Louis X.> he was cundemncd to death on the
false accusationsof his enemies, and eieculed about IJI5.
Marlgnjr, de, (Francois Aucier,) a French Onen.
talist and liistorian, bom about 169a lie produced a
•History of the Twelfth Century," (5 vols., 1750,) and a
"History of the Arabs under the Government of the
Caiiphs,'" (4 vols., 1750.) Died in Paris in 1761.

.. . .. ,„ -■■— NARD,)

of the

MariEny.da, (GAsrAst) Auci;sTtN RenA
a French officer, born at Lufon in I7;4, was
royalist chiefs in the Vendean war. He was condemi

at Lufon in I7;4.
endean war, tie
parly for alleged neglect of duty,

to death by his

«nd executed in 1794.

Maitgny. do, (Jacq(;es Carpewtier,)
priest, noted for his wit, born near Nevers,

several poems, and Letters, (1678,) Died in 1670.

^5

:, and conducted suc'
otiations in Germany and

__. . It the headoFa small number of French

bishops known by their tendency to a philosophic spiriL
Uied in 1560,

Muillao, d^ <Loins,) a nephew of the preceding,
was bom in Auvergne in l^jx He served with distinc-
tion in the armlet of Henry IV., and waa made a mar-
•hal of France In 1639. Bein^ afterwards suspected of
conspiring against Cardinal Richelieu, he wo* executed,
on a charge of peculation, in 1631.

5«"PnK^ du Uutcbildt MariUK,*'elc, 163): RKnuiD,
••JmimaL"

Marlllao, de, (MrCHEL,) a French statesman, brothei
«f the preceding, was bom in Paris in 1563. He was
apj>oinled by Cardinal Kichetieu keeper of the seals.
(1016.) Having subsequently incurred the enmity of
the cardinal, he was imprisoned at Chiteaudun in 163^
where he died in 1631.

DJarin. See Marinuj OF TVRE.

Marin, mf rlK', a French mechanician, and a tiatlve
of Lisieux, invented the air-gun, which he exhiUted In
the presence of Henry of NaTorre.

Marin, (Francois Louis Claude,) a French liu^-
tfur, born In Provence in 1711. Among his principal
works is a " History of Saladin, Sultan of Egypt," etc.
Died In iSog.

Marin, {Michel Anre.) a French ecclesioslic and
devotional vrriter. born at Marseilles in 1697. lie pub-
lished " Lives of the Hermits of Ihe East,^' (3 vols, 4to,
1761,) and numerous other works. Died in 1767.

Molina, ml-ree'nl, Malincbe, ml-ltn'chji, «
also MaUntxtn. the daughter of a Mexican chief, born
about 1505, was sold as a slave, and subsequentlT fell
Into the hands of Cortet, whom she accompanied in all
his expeditions. She possessed rare beauty and talents,
and, from her knowledge of the Spanish as well as
Mexican languages, was of great service as an inter-

B'eier. After the death of Cortex, she was married to
on Juan de Xamarillo, a Spanish officer. Marina has
been celebr.-iteil by the Spanish poet Moratin in bf
"Novesde Cortes."

S« ttnnioi. DiAi, "K>«orii d* ti Conguiiu <M Msicoi
FanoTT. " Hiilory of ihe Conquut of Meiico," book ii.

Marina, ml-ree'nl, (Don Francisco Martinez,) .
Spanish political writer of the liberal party, bom about
1757. lie published the "Theoryof the Cortes," [l82t,)
" Discourse on the Oricin of the Spanish Monarchy,"
etc, and other works. Died in 1833.

1 MARIO

Marlnall, tnl-re-nllee, (Orazio,) an Italian sculptor
born at Baasano in 1643 ; died in i7aa

Marinaii, mi-re-ni'ree, (Onorio,) a Florentine
punter, born about 166a, was a pupil and imitator of
Carlo Dolce. Died in 1715.

Marina% de laa, di lis ml-ree'nb, [Ensiohrz,) a
Spanish painter, born at Cadiz in 1610^ was celebrated
for the excellence of his marine views, from which he
derived his surname. Died in iGSa

Marlnella, mJi-re-nel'll, or Marinelll, ml-re-netlee,
(LtiCREZiA.) an Italian poetesi, born at Venice in 1571.
She wrote, besides other works, " Liie of Ihe Virgin
Mary," (" Vita di Maria Vergine," 1617.) Died in 1653.

Marlneo, mi-re-na'o, (Lucio,) a Sicilian scholar and
historian, bom at Bidino about 146a He became chap*
lun and historiographer to Ferdinand V. of Spain, and
was also distinguished by the favour of Ihe emperor
Charles V. He wrote several works on Spanish history,
(in Latin.) Died about 153$.

Marinl, ml-ree'nee, (DeneoeTtc^) an Italian painter,
born at Urbino, lived about 1615.

Mailnl, (Gaetano Luici,] an Italian antiquary, bom

San Arcangelo In 1740. He wrote several valuable

works, one of which is entitled "Acta and Mona-

ments of the Rural Brother*," etc, (a vols., 1795.) Died

■ 1815.

Marlul or Marino, ml-ree'no, [Giambattista,) an
Italian poet, bom at Naples In 1569, was a friend of
Tasso, He produced *'Adonis,"and many other poems,
which were greatly admired by his contemporaries, but
are marred by affected conceits and extravagant meta-
phors. He passed several years in Paris, and received

■ pcnMon from Queen Marie de Mjdicii. Died in 1615.
Sr ClIACCA, "Viii dtl Cinlitr Mirlns," i6i<: P. Chiahh

Viti d<1 Canim Wariuo," itit.: LoaiDAHO, "Viu del Qinlicr
Mirina," t6]i: Cauoljl. "Viu di C. B. Hinai," i6i>; Porta,
"Viuj. B. Murini." im: LoHenLum. '■ Pata tri eottrj 3
uiope:" "LiTHo(ilitluIIuFoei^"t7ihgRai>. HiHivSTCft-
KG. London, i3>t.

Marinl, (Giovanni Amdrorio,) an Italian writer,
bom at Genoa about t;94. He wrote two popular
romances, entitled " II Caloandro fedele" and " Quarrels
of Ihe Desperadoes," (" Le Gare de' DesperatL") Died
about 1650;

Marinl, (Giovanni Antonio,) a Piedmontese phyt-

sician and writer, bom in 1726; died in i3o6.

Maiini, (Giovanni Filifpo,) an Italian Jesuit and

issionaty, born near Genoa in 160S. He resided four'

en years at Tonquin, and published a valuable work

Hilled "A New and Curious Account of the Kingdoms

of Tonquin and Laos," (1666.] Died in 1677.

Marino. See Marini, (Giamdattista.)

Marlnonl, ml-re-no'iiee, (Giovanni Giacomo,) an

Italian maibemaiician, born at Udioe in 1676. He was

appointed court mathemalician bv the emperor Leopold -

I., and drew a plan of Vienna and its environs. He was

one of the founders of the Academy of Military Sdenco

at Vienna in 1717, and subsequently built at his own

expense an obMrvalory, which is esteemed one of the

best in Europe. He published several sdentifie work*.

Died in 1755. __ _

teacher in 485 a.I>. Hisonly work extant is a "Ufa
of Proclas."

See VowiDs, "D* Hiitoricii CtBdi."

Mf-ri'nna, Saint, [It. San Marino, sin mS-ree'no,
Fr. Saint-Marih. tis tni'rin'^ an ecclesiastic of the
fourth century, was a native of Oalmatia, and lived as a
hermit near Rimini, in Italy. The miracles said to have
been wrought at his tomb drew thither many pilcrims.
■ .- " ■ c u .-_. —1..^ cZl

Marinas op Tvre, (Fr. Marin DI Tvrb, mfrlx
d^h tin,] a Greek get^rapher, who lived abont 150 a.d
His works were highly esteemed by bis contemporaries
tKit none of them are extant.

Sm Ukiit, "Ceosraphii der Griechen and XSaKr.**
Maiio, m^'reS, (Giusiffi.) Harchese di Candia.
an Italian operatic singer, bom at Cagliari, Sardinia. i»

a,4 1, ^ 0. ;,/<wx,- i, i, 6, same, less prolougedi i, C, I, ^ (i, J, (A<»-/; I. c, j, 9, <4m<»,' Or, fUl, 11(1 mtt} uAtigaU; mRn^

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iSo8i of a noMe bat frnpoTcrlihed ttmSj. In i8]0 he
accepted a commiision in ihe Sirdininn armjF, but len-
dered his resignation in 1836, and, when it wu not ac-
cepted, he escaped lu Paris. His exquisite tenor voice
gained bim a greu repnlation in aniatcar circles, and he
wai reluclanlljr induced to accept the munificent offers
of the diieclor of the Paris Opera, Under the assumed
name of Mario, he made his tiru public appearance Ue-
cember i, iS^S, in the riSt of " Kobeit le Uiabie." I lis
aacccs) *as immediate. In 1839, white still attached to
Ihe Paris Opera, be sang tor a brief period in London,
and was greeted with favoar, la 1S40 he passed over (o
the Italian Opera, and for several yaars he sang each
season in boll! Paris and London. In 1S49 he went to
Saint Petersburg. In iSu-SS be accompanied Grisi on
• tour through tlie United Statei. lie had been living
with Crisi for some years, and on the dissolution of her
first marriage was legallv united to her. On June 18,
1871, he took his farewell of the operatic stage at Co^
vent Garden, London. In 1S71 he again visited the
United States on a coacett tour. Died at Rooia, Decem-
ber II, 1S83.

Mario Naud. See FiORi, DB', (Mario.)

M&rn-9n, (Frakcis.) a celebrated American general
of the Revolution, was bom in South Carolina in 1731.
Soon after the breaking out of the war he entered the
army, and assisted in the defence of Sullivan's Island
•gainst the British in 1776L .The enemy having taken
possession of Georgia and besieged Charleston, Marion
raised a brigade u soldiers, at the head of whom he
carried on for more than three years a guerilla warfare,
often attended with brilliant successes, and bafHing all
the attempts of the Brittsb generals to effect hit capture.
Died in 1793.

Marios Delorma. See Delormr.

Marion -Dafreane, mftt'in' dii'frin', (Nicolas
Thomas,) a French navigator, bom at Saini-Malo in
1719. sailed on a voyage of discovery to the Soulh Sea
in 1771. Soon after landing at New Zealand, Marion
was treacherously murdered by the natives, together
with the greater part of his men, (i77».)

Marion du Mersan, mfre'^N' dii miR'sAit', (ThAo-
miLE.) a French antiquary and dramatist, born in 1780,
published a great number of popular comedies and prose
essays on various subjects. Died in 1849.

Maiiotte, mfte'oi', (Edmb,) an eminent French
mathematician and physicist, was a resident of Di'
He was one of tlie earliest experimental philosopher
France, and discovered the law of elastic fluids called
by his name^ Among his principal works
course on the Nature of Air," (1676.) "Ti
Movement of Waters," (1690.) "Experiii
Colours and Congelation of W^ter," and an " H^sav on
Logic," which is highly commended by Condorcei. Died
{01684.

itatnlt.'

BSar'lwMJ, (Ionacio,) a Mexican statesman, bom
at Oajaca in 1819. He studied law, and was a judge
of the Eupreme court 1S61-63 and 1868. He occupied
a nuinber ol posts under the goremment, was secretary
of legation at Washington 1863-68, and minister there
1869-71 and 1871-77. After a miniatiy to Great
Britain 1883-84, President Diaz appointed him secre-
tary of foreign affairs, a post he had filled several
times before.

Maritl, ml-ree'tee. (GtOVANNI,) an Italian traveller
and writer, bora at Florence in 1736, visited the isle of
Cypms, Syria, v>d Palestine, and published in 1769 an '
account of'^his journey, which was translated into French, 1
Cernun, and Swedish. Died in 1S0&

Mailtx, mi'rits or mrrits', (Jean,) a Swiss mecha-
nician, born at Berne In 1711, invented a machine for
boring and turning cannon. For this service he was
ennobled by the French government. Died in 1790a

Maiiuccla. See Mardzia.

lained the prztorship in Its, though strongly opposed
by the patrician partj^ and abont the same time married
Julia, an sunt of Julms Ctesar. Having accompanied

Melellus as legate and »
(109 B.C.,) he won such po
that l>e was elected con
with the command of the Jugurthine war, lie defeated

tugurtha, who was made prisoner in 106. In 104 B.C.
larius was again chosen consul, as being the only one
capable of defending the state from the threatened in-
vasion of the Teutones and CimbH. He defeated th«
barbarians at Aix, (Aquz Sextiz,) in Caul, in 101 v.c
Having been elected consul the next year, for Ihe fifth
time, Marius, in conjunction with Catulus, gained a sig*
nal and overwhelming victory over the Cimbri in the
plain of VercellE, (Vercelli.) By the aid of the tribune
Satuminus, Marios became consul for 100 v.c, in spite
of the determined hostility of the patricians. During
this consulate an agrarian law was passed, and Meieltuf
Numidicus was exiled for refusing to conform to it. On
the expiration of his term of otBce, Marius went to Asia,
under the pretext of sacrificing to Cybele, but really in
order to excite Miihiidates to a war with Rome, that h«
might again distinguish himself In his congenial element.
In 90 B.C. both Marius and Suit* entered the service
of the consuls Octavitis and Cinna in the Maisian or
Social war; but, jealous of the reputation of his rival,
the former soon reaigned, Sulla, having become consul
in S3 B.C, otxaiivea the command in the Mithridalic
war, upon which Marius, assisted by his friends, caused
a law to be passed transferring it to him. He was soon
driven from the dly by Sulla and his adherents, and
forced to take refuge in Africa. When Sexiilius, Gov-
ernor of Ijbya, sent him orders to leave the country, on
pain of being treated as an enemy, Marius replied to the
messenger, "Go tell him that you have seen the exile
Marius silting on the ruins of Carthage." The next
year, while Sulla was absent in Greece, Marius, joined
ty the consul Cinna, entered Rome and ordered a
general massacre of the opposite party. Among the

Eatricians who perished was M. Antonlus, Ihe orator so
ighly praised t^ Cicero. Marius and Cinna became
consuls, (86 n.c,) but the former was attacked by a fever,
of which he died the same year.

S« Plutauch, "Ule of M»riu. ;"^Cioiioa Lono, "Life of
Miriuj," Loidcn. iS(4: MinmtM. "Eiudn iut rMiiloIn Ro-
mwne,"«K. ! SfLLLUsT. " Juiunh.:" F. Wsiiako, "C Mini up
rit> Uoniulb Viu,"BcrKii, iSij: P. EKHHii>i."DiuauiiadcC
Mario Kpiici Coniulc," 1741; Skith, " D'lCiicmary of Cr«k iml
RomaD Biognphr:" "Nouvellt Biognpliie Ctninlc"

Marius, (Caius.) nephew and adopted son of the pre-
ceding, took refuge, after the proscription of his uncle,
with Hiempsat, King of Numidia. He was made consul
in 82 B.C., and signalized himself by many acts of in-
justice and cruelty. Having been defeated by Sulla, h«
caused, himself to be killed by one of his officers.

Marios, (Marcus Aurei.ius,) one of the Thirty
Tyrants of Gau1, was, on the death of Victorrnus li.e
Vounger, chosen emperor by the army. He was assas-
sinated about 168 A.D., after a reign of a few months.

Marivanx, da, *(h mTre'vff, (Pierrr Carlct ni
Chamulain,) a French novelist and dramatic writer
bom in Paris in 16S8. His principal works are his ro-
mances entitled "Marianne" and "Le Payaan parvenu."
which enjoyed great popularity at the time, and were
among the lirst novels which delineated real life and
manners. He also wrote a number of comedies. The
affected style and false sentiment of these productions
have given rise to the term marraaudagt. "Never,"
says La Ilarpe, "did any one turn common thoughts in
so many ways, each more affected than the last ;" and
Vott;^rc, admitting that Marivaux knew "the paths to
theheart,"n»lntainsihat "he was ignorant of the high-
road." Hewas elected to the French Academy in 1743,
having Voltaire for a competitor. Died in 1763.

MartTsta, de, dfh mfre'v}', (Cttekne CLiWEtrrJ
B;tRON, a French savant, born at Langres in 1728, pub-
lished several treatises on physics, etc He was eiccutet^
by order of the Revolutionary Tribunal, in 1793.

«Mi; {asf,- g*iMrJ; ^*aJ;a,H,K,guttiiraI; H,iia«/; y.,lrHltd: lasi; thasin/fu: ()^See EiplanationB,p.a3.)

Digitized ay CjOOQ I C

1 660

MARLBOROUGH

Mabc . _ ___

companion of Saint Peter in his travels, (see I. Peter-v.
i3,)aadis*upposedlohave)danted theCnurcli at Alex-
indria. The catty Christian writer* believed tliat he was
the inteq>reter of Saint Peter, and that he wrote hfs
Gospel in Grecit, under the direetionandwith the appro-
bation oT that apostte. Saint Augustine thought it was
an abridgment of the Gospel ofMatthcw. According to
tradition, he suffered martyrdom In Egypt in 68 A.n.
By many critics he is identified with John surnamed
Mark, who ^ras a conipanion of Paul and Barnabas in
their mtsston to the Gentiles about 4; a.d., (Acts xii.
12, K, xiii. 13, XV. 37,} uul who was in Rome with
Paul m 6] >La

Maik'luun. (Sir Clement Robekts,) F.R.S., an
English author, was bom at Stillingfleel, Yorkshire,
July zo, 1830. He was a naval officer from 184410 1851,
entered the dvil service in 185$, and afterwards was
employed in the India OfGc«. He visited the Arctic
regions in 1S50-S1, travelled exlenaively in Peru, (iS5>,)
and introduced successfully the culture of dnchona-trees
Into India; (iS6o-6t,> carrying the plants from South
America. He was attached to the British army in Abys-
smia, 1867-68. He wrote a " Quichua Grammar and
Dictionary," (1863,) "Memoir of fhe Countess of
Chinchon," (1875,) "Peruvian Birk," (1880,)
" Life of Columbus," (1S93,) etc. He was knighlcd
in 1896. His brother, ALBBRT Hastings Markham,
bom in 1841, was an Arctic voyager and writer on
polar research, and was made a rear-admiral in 1892,

Markham, (Edwin,) an American poet, was bom
at Oregon City, Oregon, in 1851- He lived as a boy
on a Cslifomia farm, graduated from the State Norm^
School in San Francisco, and became a teacher. He
grew suddenly famous through his poem "The Man
with the Hoe," (1899,) based on Millet's picture of
that title. It was treated as indicating tbe oppression
of the labourer, and had an extraordinary success. He
■absequenlly devoted himself to literary work.

Markfiam, mark'fm, [GnvASC,) an English soldier
tnd miscellaneous writer, bom In Nottinghamshire
■bout 1570, served in the royalist anny in the dVil war.
lie was the author of a tragedy entitled "Herod and
Antlpater," "The Poem of Poems, or Sion'sMose," etc,
and other works. Died aboot 1655.

Maxklatid, Qrrkmiah,) an eminent English acholar
and critic, Dorn in Lancashire in 1693. He pnbllshed
editions of the "Sylvs" of StaUua (1728) and the
*'Supplices''of Euripides, which-are esteemed master-

Rieces of acute criticism. He also assisted Dr. Taylor
I preparing his editions of Demosthenes and Lysias,
ana published " Remarks on the Epistles of Cicero to
Brutus," etc, in which he atteropti to prove them spn-
rioDl. Died in 1776.

S« NiCHau and Bowvn, " Lluraiy AMcdstM."

MarkoC maRncof, UaikoT, or Maikow, (Arcadi
Itanovttcil) Count, a Rosuan dipIomatisL On the
acceMion of Alexander L he was appointed ininiitrrf-
plenipotentlary to France, (iSoa)

Uarlboroogli, mll'bur-Gh, (popularly called in
French Malbi^ouk, mll'brook'; Sp. Mambku, mlm-
brtx/,) DuXK OF, originally John Cliurclilll, an English
Seneral, whose military genius and triumphs have been
equalled by those of few men of modem limes, was bom
•t Ashe, in Devonshire, June 14, 1650. He was the son
ot Sir Winston Churchill and o( tUiiibetli Drake. His
education was ralher defective. He received from nature
an eminently handsome person, a bland temper, and ali
the qualities essential to a successful general and cour-
tier. In 1671, with the rankof captain, be teived in the
army which fought in alliance with France against the
Dutch. His bravery in this and the ensuing campaigns
attracted the favourable notice of Turcnne and Louis
XIV. At the peace of 167S he returned to England
ai)d married Sarah Jennings, whose talents and impe-.
1, e, 1, 0) Q, y, /«iff/ )l, i, 6, same, less prolonged; i, C, 1, C li, f, riorf; t, f, t f, sAfivrv; far, fUl, at ; mh; nSt; gd6dj mS&n;

Digitized ay CjOOQ I C

rioiH tenper enabled her toeiert aii important Influence
over his political conduct.

He was the favourite attendant and confidential agent
of the Duke of York before his accession as James
II., in 1685 i and soon alter that event he was raised t»
the peerage, as Baron Churchill of Sandridge. Having
contributed to the defeat of Monmouth at Sedge*

favourite of the king's daugliler, PrinccM Anne, ovet
whom she had a complete ascendency. In the combi*
nations and intrigues which preceded the revolution tA
16SS, Lord Churchill acted with deep duplidty. After
secretly committing himself to the cause of William
of Orange, he professed his devotion to James in Noveto-
her, 1688, and, a few days later, deserted to the stronger
party. He was created Earl of Marlboroogh on Iha
accession of William IIL, (1689,) and made a lord of
the bedchamber.

He commanded the English forces emploved agonal
the French in the Low Countries In 1689, and led a suc-
cessful expedition against Cork and Kinsale in Septem-
ber, 169a While he was thus trusted by William and
hated as an arch-traitor by the Jacobites, he opened a
treasonable correspondence with the dethroned king,
who was at Saint Germain's. According to Macaulay,
he undertook to i^irmpt the army, with which his bril-
liant successes and winning manners rendered him «
bvourite hi spite <A his sordid avarice. The country
being apprised of this plot, he was deprived of his ofScea
in January, 1692, and committed to the Tower a few
months later. Though he was quickly admitted to bail,
he passed the next (our years in disgrace. About tho
end of 1696 he was restored to his military rank and
command, and admitted to the privy council. (Respecting
Macautay's charges agaiiiit Marlborough, see J. Pagetv
"New ^men,'* 1861, and the "Quarterly Review" for
April, i86a)

In 1701, William took Marlborongh to Holland, gave
him command of his army, and Invested him with ampla
power! to negotiate with the allies in relation to the im*

Sending war of the Spanish succession. He disjilayed
ere the opacity and address of a oonsumniate diplo-
matist The accession of Queen Aime, in March, 1703,
opened to him a brilliant career of glorf abroad and
power at hom& He became commander-in-cliief of tho

promoted the success of the allies. Among theii f

celebrated achievements was the decisive victory at Blen-
heim over the French marshal Tallard, August 13, 1704.
Marlborongh gained a great victory at Ramillies m 1706^
and shared with Eugene the triumph at Oudenarde in
1708. The allies also claimed the victory over Mar-
sha] Villarv at Malplaqnet, (1709,) althotigh their loaa
amounted, it is said, to >5,000 men.

During these foreign tTansactIo«is, GodolpUn, tbo
dnhe'sjxrsonal and political friend, had been the head
of the English Tory ministry. The Tories, who had the
warm sympathy ot the queen, wished to discontinue tho
war, and fomented IntriEne* against Marlborough. Hia
duchess, a lealona Whig, with much importunity pre-
vailed on him to coaleace with the Whigs, who Insisted
on prolonging the war- The fondness of the queen for
(he Duchras of Marlborough was at length turned Into
violent aversion- The Tories obtained a complete as-

On the accession of George L (1714) he was restored to
favour, and again became captain-general and master of
the ordnance; He died In 1732, leaving his titles and
estate to the male beira of bia daughter, who was nuu*
ried to Charles Spencer, Earl of Sunderland,

Mailborongh, (Sarah JxmciNos,) DtitniESs ok tha
wife of the preceding, bom in 1660, was celebrated fef;
her beauty, ambition, and political influence. She was
brought up from childhood with the princess Anne, who
regarded her with romantic fondness, combined vrith tbo
deference which the weak feel for superior minds. Im-
patient of the restraints of etiquette, Anne, in converaa-

MARLITT \i

Hon and cotmpondcDce with ber bvonrite, as*nined the '
tume of Mn. HotI«t, and addressed ber Tnend ai Mrs.
Freeman, In 1678 Miu Jennings was married 10 Colo-
Mi Churchill, in whom she found an uxorious husband.
** History," says Macaulay, " exhibits to us few specta-
dea more lenuukable than that of a great and wise man
who could canv into effect vast and profound schemes
of poliqr only oy inducing one foolish woman, who was
often onmanageable^ to niaDace another woman who was
more loolish slilL , , . Xo 'be last hour of her hus-
band's life, she enjoyed the pleasure and distinction of
being (he one haman being who wa* able to mislead
that br-sigh led and sure>(boted judgment, who was fer-
vently toved by that cold heart and servilely feared
by (hat intrepid srarit" Having been supirianted in
IM rojral ftvour by Mrs. Misbam, she was dismissed from
court m lyiO) and became an imetente misanthrope^
Died in 1744.

Marlltt, (E.,) the pseudonym of Ihe German nov-
elist Eugenie John, was bom at Amatadt, Thuringia,
in 1819, She was for a time on the operatic stage,
but ailer 1863 wrote a long series of romances and
novels, many of which were translated into English.
Died in 1887.

Marlowo, mai^o, (Chustophkb,) an English drama-
tist, bom at Canterbury in 1564. He studied at Corpus
Chritd College, Cambridge, where he took his degree
in 1537. He afterwards devoted himself to dramatic
vrritini^ and, according to some authorities, became
actor. He was addicted to low vices, and was killed ii
quarrel with a footman in 1593. The principal dran .
known to be his are "The Jew of Malta,'' "Edward
the Second," and "The Tragical History, etc. of Dr.
Faustus:" (he last-narned was the original of Goethe's
celebrated " Faust." Marlowe is characterized by the
French critic Villemain as a genius, whose nide dramas,
disorderly as his life, contain splendid beauties and a
gloomy audadty, the influence of which has not been
lost upon Shakspeare. His " Faust" is less elecanl and
leu ironical than (hat of Goethe, but every thing that
the pathos of such a subject can effect — the lever of
doubt in a superstitious imagination, the boldness of
Impiety in a despairing heart — Mamps this work ~'~''

the impresBofextraordinatv power. His "Edward

was Rreatly admired by Charles Lamb, who says that
one of its scenes moves pity and terror beyond any
•cene, ancient or modem.

Marlowe, (Julia,) an American actress, bom
Caldbeck, England, in 1870, and taken to the Unit
Slates at five years of age. Her theatrical care
began with child parts in light opera and drama, h
first mature part being Parthenia, in " Ingomar,"
lSS3. Since that date she has been a favourite
Shakspearean and other leading parts, Marri-
Robert Taber, leading man (or several seasons in h
company-

Maimler, mta'm^', (Xavtkr,) a French littfivittir
and traveller, was born at Pontarlier in 1809L He pub-
lished, among other works, "Studies on Goethe," "Poetic
Sketches," and " History of Literature in Denmark and
Sweden," (1839,) and made numerous translations from
the English and German, Died October tt, 1892.

MarinI-911, (SiiAKEitLy,) an English dramatist, bom
in Northamptonshire in 1603. His principal works are
the comedies of *• Holland's Leaguer," " A Fine Com-

61 MARMONTEL

Mu-mcMit, Ab, d(h mta'mAN', (Auguste FadDAmc
Louis Viesse,) Duke of Ragusa, a celebrated French
marshal, bom at ChStillon-sur-Seine In 1774, received
his military education at the artillery scho<d of Chiloni,
He accompanied Bonaparte as aide-de-camp in the ItaU
- lofdc

lampaign of 1794, and, as general of brigade. 1
in the invasion of Egypt in 1798. He fought

ith

paniwv" and "The Antiquary."
, Sc* BAicsa, "Biofnphia Dnmuh

^■%hHI>0

Biofnijiia Dnmulca:' Wooot

Uannitta, maK-mit'tl, (Ludovico.) an Italian gem-
engraver, bom at rarnu. Among his master-pie<:sa is
a cameo repretentmg a head of Socrates, lie lived
about 1500.

U&rmol, flo, dl mas-mSt', (Luis CaratjUal,) a
Spanish writer, bom at Granada about 1530, accom-

Enicd Ihe emperor Charles V. in his African campaigns.
; wrote a "(Jeneral Description of Africa," (1599,)
and a " History of the Rebellion, etc. of llie Moora of
Granada," (1600.)

"Hxonr rf Pliife II.." *d. B. book t.

distinguished bravery at the battle of Marengo, (i8oo,l
obtained command of a divisbn, and was appointed
inspector-general of artillery about iSoa, Having as-
sisted at the capture of Ulm, in 1805, Marmont becamo
in l3o6 general -in-chief of the army in Dalmatia, and
gained a signal victory over a superior force of Russians
and Montenegrins at Castetnuovo. In 1807 he carried
out a system of public works, the most important of
which was a line of road-way (wo hundred and ten milea
in length \ and for this service he was created Duke oC
Ragusa. Soon after (he battle of Wagram (1809) he
was made a marshal of France, and appointed Governor-
General ef the Illvrian provinces. As commander of
■'■- -■ ;cond corps, in 1" ' '

utzen, Dresden, : ,--, -

, „ of 1814 by his engagement near Paris with the
allied army of Russia, Prussia, and Austria, (March 30.)
Though contending against a greatly superior force,

*' •■ and Mortier refased to capitulate u ''

■Ir ' ■-

lenberg for the withdrawal of th'e French troops ir...
Normandv, entered the service of the allies. He subse-
quently tilled several high oflices under the Bourbons,
Being called upon to suppress the revolt of July, 1830^
he brought great opprobrium upon himself by his failure
In this dilEcult task ; his name was stmck off the army
list, and he was exiled. He died at Venice in iSjj,
leaving " Mimoires du Doc de Raguse," (8 vols., ig5lS.)
Sm THnas, " HUioTy of iha Coniuliic and of llis EmjnRi"
Vaulabslli, ''Hiiuirs do At-ax Rettagiations :" lioumtiaHNs,
"U^mdirsi" LAHAiiTiHE,"IliiIorVQrtlie Rcitontion;" Mau-
DUiT, "Deinitn jourj du U Brando Armie;" L. de LomShii,
"M. le Uai^char Mirmont, pir un HDnirae da RIcn," isJl
Sainte-Riuv^ ■'Cauuriu du I.andL" tona vL : "NouvtUe UiD-
graphit Wninfc ;"■■ Quiiml/ Review'" lor JdM, ia4S ;" Ediabureh
Rem*"(i>rjuiy. iEj7.

Limousin in 1723. His family was poor, and he was
educated in the Jesuits' College at Mauriac, but he did
not enter their order. Aj an early age he acquired the
friendship and patronage of Voltaire, en whose recom. -
mendalion he visited Paris in 1746, and published the
same year a translation of Pope's " Rape of the Lock."
He brought out ii) 1743 his "Dionysius the Tyrant."
("Denys ie Tyran,") which was soon followed by "Aria*
Comine" and "Cl^opltre," three tragedies, which had
considerable success at (he time. Ilis "Moral Talcs"
("Contes moraux," 1761) were received with extraor-
dinary &VOUT, and were translated into the principal
languages of Europe, including Danish and Hungarian.
They are written with great elegance and animation ;
though their morality is often questionable. About this
lime Marmontel was imprisoned for a short time in
the Bastille, on a false accusation of having satirized a
person of rank. He published in 1763 his "Poiiliquo
Francaise," and in 1767 his political romance of " Beli
saire, which obtained great popularity and has taken
ils place among the classics of the language. The
empress Catherine IL ordered a translation of it into
Russian, and versions of it appeared in nearly all the
European languages. Some parages in [he book, how-
ever, which favoured toleration, were denounced by the
Sorbonne, and the work was condemned by the Arch-
bbhop of Paris, as containing impious and heretical
propositions. In the exciting con trovers v which followed,
Voltaire look an active part, and published several witty
and caustic pamphlets in defence of his prot^j. Mar-
montel was soon after appointed historiographer of
France, Among the most important of his other wotka
we may name " Lea Incas," a romance, dedicated to
Gustavui IIL of Sweden, the comic operas of "Le Ka-
ron," "Sylvain," and"«mire et A*or,"and the tragedy
of " Lea lUradides," which is highly commended by La

•»»k!^»t':tkard; iini;o,u.%.piaitra:iK,Mataii%lriiUd;\nxHhn\aMi. (lySee Explanations, p. aj.)

d by Google

MARMORA

i" of his life. He had
married aljout 1778 the niece of AbM Morellet.

Set VoLTtin. " CarTa|)Mid>na 1" SAiirrSuRm, " HMioa

ManmiMcl," iSt^: La HiturB. "Ijn^i" Chihh, "Cotk^i

diBCt lill^nirt,'" Vit4,iMAV^ "Nolke lurk* Ouvnget d« Mu-
mould," iSh: SaIkti-IIiwb, "Oouriei du Lundl?' lome ir.;
MoiHLLrr, "£!«!* •!• MinnoaUl," iSo;: "Nwiitlle BiotnpMg
C«n<ral*:" "Ed^biuGh Rcriew" for J1BIU17, ils6! "Umilitr
Ktf !(•" Ub NoHmber uul December. (Bo}.

XSaimorai, della, del'li mait'ino-rl, (ALBERTO ITer-
Tero — ffir-i^'to,} Count, a Sardinian general andtavant,
born in itSq. He entered the French army, and rose
to be military commander in the island of Sardinia in
1S49. He published "TraveU in Sardinia; or, Slalis-
lical, Physical, and Political Descriplion of that Uland."

Maimorai, della, {Alessandro Fersero,) brother
of the preceding, born in 1799, (ought in tlie war foi
Italian mdependence in 1848, and became a major-gene-

Eeneral and statesman, brother of the preceding,
om in Tarin in i3i>4. He was appointed miuiste ..
war by the King of Sardinia in November, 1849, resigned
in February, iSsj/and the same year took command of
the Sardinian forces in the Crimean war, afier which he
again served as minister of war. He was president of
the Council of Ministers from Jul;;, 1859, (o July, 1S60.
In September, 1S64, he became minister of foreign aflain
■nd presidenlofthe Council of Ministers in the Kingdom
of Italy. He was succeeded by Ricasoli in June, i366,
took command of the army, and was defeated by the
archduke Albert of Austria, al Custoiza, in July of the
same year. Died at Florence, January S, 1S78.

MarmDra,della, (Carlo Ferrero,) Marquis, Prince
of Masserano, eldest brother of (he preceding, was born
In 17193. H.-iving been made lieutenant-general and sen-
ator of the kingdom of Sardinia, he accompanied Charles
Albert as lirsl aide-de-camp in the campaigns of 184S
and 1S49. Died in 1854.

Mame, de, d?h mlcn, (Jeah Baptiste,) a Flemish
Jesuit and historian, born at Douai in 1699, wrote a
" History of the County of Namur," which has ■ high
reputation. Died in 1756.

Hame, de, or Demarne, (Jean Louis,) a painter,
bom at Brussels in 1744. He was reduced to the neces-
sity of working al tlK porcelain -manufactory of Sevres,
and fell into a mannerism called the maniirt percilami.
His early style was much more f^aceful. Died in 1829.

Mamer, maR'n;r, (Konrad,) a German minnesinger,
flourished about 1250-70^

Maraesia or Marnezla. See Lezay-Maknesia.

Marnix de Saint-Aldegaade, van, vln mSr'nCks'
dfh slN'lJl'dfh-gANd', (PHiLlpre,) an eminent Flemish
writer and Proti:stant Reformer, was born at Brussels in
i;^S. He studied at Geneva, where he acquired the
friendship of Calvin and adopted his fiiih. In 1^66
he drew up the celebrated formulary of the Flemish
noble* against the Iniiuisition. As burgomaster of Ant-
werp, be defended that city in 1534 against Alexander,
Duke of Parma; but he was forced to capitulate in 1585.
He was the author of a " Picture of the Difference be-
tween the Christian Religion and Popery," and "The
Romish Bee-Hive." He also translated the Psalms'into
Dutch verse, and was encaged on a Flemish version of
the Scriptures when he died, in 159S. " He was," says
Motley, "a man of most rare and versatile genius.
Scholar, theologian, diplomatist, swordsman, orator,
poet, pamphleteer, he had genius for all things, and was
eminent in all."

JA.""De „ . ,_

.. lan Man>u,"i7Bi: Dnestir.Huis, "F _ , __

Honi Saint- Aldnonde," iSi>: WiLLiH Buoiu," F. nn Mainii,
Hetr vID Sainl-Aldeiaiide.'^ etc. i volt., A^^

Blaro. the cognomen of PtiBUUS VutciLtUS VUiMO.

(See VlROlL)
Maro, (John.) See Mahon, Saint.

Si MAROT

Haraohettd, ml-ro-ket'tee, (Charlbi,) Bakon, %
celebrated Sardinian sculptor, bom at Turin about iSoc
AAer executing several works in Paris, among which
was an equestrian statue of Emmanuel Phtlibert, Duke
of Savoy, he went to London in 1848- Under the patroit-
age of the court and the nobility, he produced a colossal
equestrian statue of Richard C<eur-de<LJon, (1851,) a
bust of Prince Albert, an equestrian statue of Queen
Victoria at Glasgow, (1854,) a sutue of l.ord Clyde,
(1367.) and sever^ ^'^P* of statuary. He was elected a
Royal Academician in 1866. Died in December, 1867.

Hartwhettl, (Vincbhzio,) an Italian- scholar, father
of the preceding, was born in Piedmont about 1768L
He was appointed advocate to the court of cassation In
Paris. Died in 1810.

MaxoU, ml'ro-lee, (Domehico,) a Sicilian painter,
born at Messina in 1612. He was killed in the revoln*
tion of Naples, (1676.)

MaroUea. de, dfh mf'roK, (Michel,) ■ French UlU-
ratiur, born in Touraine in 1600, was Abbe de Villeloin.
He made translations from Juvenal, Statins, and other
classics, which were much esteemed at the time. He
made a valuable collection of prints, which were added
to the royal cabinet Died in 1681.

See NictiKm. "Htndra;" M. Da UakoUJ:^ "lUBwiRt,"
i656.(indLiijtoli., .7SS.I

Ma'roQ, Saint, written also Marotin, an anchorite
of the fourth century, resided in Asia Minor. He ta
supposed by some writers to have been the founder of
the Maronites, while others ascribe the origin of that
sect to another of the same name, living in the seventh
century.

MaxonceUl, ml-ron-chellee, (Piero,) an Italian pa-
triot, musician, and poet, bom at Forll in 1795. He
published in 1S19 a hymn, for which he was imprisoned
a short time. He was again arrested in 1810, and con-
demned to twenty years ' imprisonment in the fortress
of Spielberg, where his Intimate friend Silvio Pellico
as conlined at the same lime. They were al first sepa-
Lied, but at the end of three years were permitteti to
ijoy each other's society. They were released in 1836^
Maroncelli having previously auSered the amputation of
-- ie of his legs, in consequence of a disease contracted
the prison. Died in New York in tS4&
S« Silvio Pau-ico, "Mr Priuuisi" "Nouvells Knpii^iia

Marone, mS-ro'ni, (Andrea,) an Italian improvisa-
tore, born in the Fiiuli in 1474, was celebrated for his
skill in improvising Latin verse on any given subject.

MaroDl, da. dl mi.ro'nee, or Maroa, m3-r3n',
'HERESA,) a sister of the celebrated Raphael Menjgs,
as distinguished as a painter of miniatures. Having
accompanied her brother to Rome, she was there mar-
ried to the Chevalier da Maronl, an artisL Died

■ 1806.

Uaroof- (or Slaronf-) el-EarkhL ml-rdsr k\ kax'-
(e, one of the founders of the Soofees, (Soufis,) or
Mussulman mystics, bom near Bagdld about 750J
died about 815.

See HAHun-PmrcsTAil. "Lileratarcachicliteder Anbcr.**

Maroof- (or Marouf-} Mahannnad-ben-Abdel-

Khalik, ml-rdQf mo-hlm'mid bfn W&W Kllik, an

Arab lexicoctapher of the ninth century. His principal

work is an Arabic Lexicon, in which words are explained

■ Persian.

Marot, mf ro', (ClSmbnt,) a French poet, born at
ahors in 149;, was a son of Jean, noticea below. He
was paironiicd al the court or Francis I., and became a

'Iiis sister, Margaret of Valois. He was impris-

:Sl6 on a charge of heresy, and during his con-
finement composed his " Enfer," (" Hell,'^ an allegorical
1 1 tire, and prepared a new edition of the "Roman da
Rose." AAer his release he visited Geneva, where he
professed Calvinism ; but he was subsequently obliged
to leave the place, on account of some misdemea-
nour, Bntl, having renounced his new faith, accompanied
Francis t. in his Italian campaign of 1535. He was the
author of numerous lyric poems, epigrams, etc, which

the tiyU Ahtrstiqut has been imitated by Lr Fontaine

I, ^ I, «t Ui ;. le^; ^ t, ^ same, less protongedi \,i,%h,%,% thtrt; h t. j, 9, vbiatrt; IJr, QUI, at ; mjt; oOt; gMJ; ttt^unt

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SmAvgok **¥!■ dc UnTot." prtCud loin edilkmofhiiwwfcih
■ ivlLt lSa3: Batu^ "Huloriou icid CrittaJ DictiotuirT:^' Jah
BmT. "Lemi to Bedriif nn C Mudl" i6](: SAtxTs-Biuvi,

MaiO^ (Danul,) ton of the architect Jein Mirot
noticed below, wm bom in Parii aboat t66o. He be-
cune udiilect to Willlun, Prince of Oringe, whom he
•ccompnded to Eiq^tnd in idSS.

kluot, <P>AM^IS,} a French painter, born in Pari*
faii667; diedini7i9.

BIbto^ (Jkan,) a French poet, born twai Caen In

XIL in hi* expedition to Venice and Genoa, of which he
wrote an account Died in 1513.

Sm SAtVTS-Bnm, "U PoM* FmciiM u a^btt Site)*."

Marat(jKAN,)a Frendi architect andengrarer.bom
In Pari* about l6ta He furnished the design for the
prindpol &fade 01 Uie Louvre. AUhough a Protestant,
Be waa applied royal architect Died in 1679.

MnretOi mi-ro'to, (Don Rafael,] a Spanish Carlist
general, born at Conca in 1/85. On the death of Zu-
■nala-Carregu]', he was appointed to the chief command
b Biscay, andaoon after defeated Espartcro at Arrigoria.
In 1839 be concluded with the queen'a part; the ttealjr
«f Bergara. Died in 1B47.

Matonn. See Makon.

Haroutha. See MAKirrHA.

lOarQata, ml-rot'ie-l, or Uatliiooia, mg-re-oot'chi,
a Roman lady, oelebraled for her beauty and profligacy,
wal the daughter of the famous Theodora. She was
aaccts^vely married to Duke Albcric of Tuscany, Guido,
Marqnia of Tuscany, and Hogo, King of luly and Aries.
In 938 she caused Pope John X. to be murdered, and
afterwards raised three othen to the tiara, among whom
was her sooby Pope SergiusIIL HersonAlbcric hav-
ing rerolted against her, ihe was Iraprisoned for the
lemainder of her life.

Uar-pea'aa, {Gr. Vipx^aa ; Fr. Makpksse, mSa'-
fbt',] a dangtiter of Evenus^ beloved by Apollou

Stc HOHoe* "IBad.- book 'a.

MarpnrK tnait'pdSRC, (Friedmch WrutsLM,) an
eminent writer on music, born at Seehausen, in Prussian
Saxony, In 171S. Amonghisprincipal works are "Treat-
ises on Fn^e," "Critical Introduction to the History
of Music" (I7S4.) and " Rudiment* of Theoretic Music,"
(iTfe) Died in 1795-

Sn PinK 'Bicfri^Ua Vndvindla da UB^dcML**

afarqaarO. See Fkehcr, (Makquard.)

Uarqae^ mlalcy, (FaANi;ois Nicolas,) a French
botanist, and physidan to I.eopold, Duke of Lorraine,
wa* bom at Nancy in tSSy. He wrote several medico
and botanical worics. Died in 1759.

Maiqnette.nlK'kil', (Jacques,) a celebrated French
missionary and discoverer, was bom in Picardy, He
travelled and laboured several years in Canada and other
TCgiona. The first Europeans who are certainly known
to have discovered and explored the Mississippi River
were Father Marquette and M. loliet.who in 1673 con-
ducted a smalt exploring parly from Quebec. Entering
the great rivet at the mouth of the Wisconsin, they de-
scended in canoes nearly to the mouth of the Arkansas,
or to btitude 34', which they reached in July, 1 673. They
were deterred from pursuing the voyage by reports that
Ihe river below was infestedby armed savages, and they
returned in canoes to the mouth of the Illinois, which
they ascended. Marquette wrote a narrative of this
cxpcditiofi, which wa* published in Pari* in 16S1. " He
wnte*." aay* Professor Sparks, *■ as a scholar and a* a
nan of careful observation and practical sense. In every
point of view, this tract is one of the most interesting
among those that illustrate the early history of America."
Having resmned his missionary labours among the
Uiamia on Lake Michigan, he died there in 1675-

S«CKAauvora,*'HJm««<bl> Nonilk Frwict^' Moafai.
"DioiaBigra Hi"™(i~t;" Snuxi, "AiunaB fiusniihr," nL

BCarqnla, mtalce', (Auxahiik Locis,} a French

botanist, born at Etrenx In 1777. He published " Fra^
ments of Botanic Philosophy," and oUier works. Dirt
in iSaS.

oar-rSt'chee, (Luioi,) an Italian priest
Oriental scholar, was bom at Lucca in
1613. He became professor of Arabic in the College della
Sapieiua, Rome. Hi* principal work is an excellent
edition of the Koran in Arauc, with a latin verdont
(1698.) "This," says Hallam, "is still esteemed tbs
best" (" Introdnction to the Literature of Europe.")
Died in 1700.

S« HidBH, " Hfradra."

Maxraat, mfrls', (ARMAim,) a French repuUican
Journalist and political writer, bom in Haute-Garonne
in 1801. Soon after the revolution of 1830 he became
associate editor of the " Tribune," the organ of the nltra*
Liberal party. He was imprisoned in 1834 on a charge
of being implicated In the " Conspiracy of April," bat
he soon effected his escape, and repaired to England,
where be married Lady Fiti-Clarence. On bis retnm
to France he succeeded Arm and Carrel (1836) a* prin-
cipal editor of " Lc National," a popular daily journal,
which he conducted with great ability for nearly twelve
rears. After the abdication of Louis Philippe, (1848,)
Marrast became successively secretary of the provisional
government mayor of Paris, and pre^dent of the Con-
stituent Assembly. He made valuable contribution* to
the " Paria Rfvoliuionnaire" and other worlts. Died la
1851;

Sea RaOMAULT, "Amnd Mom^" In "La SiUa," ilni

"Nemlla BiOEnpU* CtalnU."

Maire, van, vln max, (Jan,) a Dutch poet, born at
Amsterdam in 16^ Hi* principal works are tragediea
entitled "JacqueUne of Bavaria" and " Marcus Ctirtiiu.'*
Died in 1763,

UaiTler, mfrj^J', (Maritn,) a learned French Bene-
dictine monk, boin in Paris in 1573. He published
"Bibliotheca Cluniacerwis," (1614.} Died in 1644.

Marriott, (Charles,) novelist, bom at Bristol,
England, in 1869. Amoog his many works are "The
House OQ the Sandi," "The Kiss of Helen," "The
Happy Medium," " When a Woman Woos," etc

Matron, ral'r^N', (Marie Annr Carrelet,) Ba-
ronne de Mdllonaz, a French artist and dramatic writer,
bom at Dijon in 1725. She was a friend and corre-
spondent of Voltaire. Died in 1778.

Marron, mS'rAK', (PAin.HENFi,) a Protestant diving
of French extraction, bom at Leyden in 1754- He be-
came pastor of a church in Paris in 1788, and favoured
the Revolution. He contributed numerous valuable
articles to the " Biographie Univeraelle," and published
other works, on various subject*. He died in 183a,
leaving a large collection of engraved portraits, whicb
were purchased by Louis Philippe.

Mairyat, (Florincb ; See Ross-Church.

Mar'rjF-at; (Frederick,) a popular English novelist
and naval officer, born in London in 179a. He entered
the service as midshipman under Lord Cochrane in
1806, and distinguished himself during the three follow-
ing years in numerous engagements in the Mediterra-
nean and off the French coasts. He wa* made a captain
In 1815, and in 1821 commanded the Kosario, which
brought to the English government the news of the
death of Napoleon. He assisted in the attack on Ran-
goon in 1813, and in the eipedition against the Malay*
in 1814. He published, besides other novels, " Peier
Simple," (1834,1 "Jacob Faithful," (1834,) "Japhet in
Search of hi* Father," (1836,) "Mr. Midshipman Easy,"
(1836,) and "Masterman Ready." DiedinTS48.

Uais, (Gr. 'Apw, [Ara;) It Mart*, mai'ti,] th«
name of the Roman god of war, was a contraction of
Mavors. He was supposed to be a son of Jupiter and
Juno, and wa* idendhed with Ihe Ares of Greek my-
thology. According to Ovid, he was a son of Juno, but
had no father. He was worshipped with extraordinary
honours by the Romans, of wbom be was one of Ihe
tutelary deities. Homer and other poets relate that
Mil* fought for the Trojan* at the siege of Troy and
was wounded by Diomede. He wa* called Gradivua,

tati; ^aai:i»a^; ^Mj; a,U,K,eiimira/; n.muai; K,liiiltJ; tMt; tiiMiaiAu. (|;^SeeEipIanations,p.3^)

Digitized ay CjOOQ IC

MARS i6

Qdrinn^ UtTwa, SalbaMna, Bluncn. Enjalos, *na
&miilus. Tb« •mmn of HiVt and Venn* ue tcit
celebnted. He mt Mid to be the father of Romulus,
Kemtt^CniM,HinnonU,»ndMeleager. Art* wu one
t( aie twelve great OlTmpian god* of the Greek*. »nd
WW MpecUllT wontupped In Thnce. According to
tndilioii, be fled to Egypt during the contest betvreen
Tjrphon «nd tbe godi, «nd changed himself ir.to a fish.
l&Ting killed » son of Neptune, he wa» prosecuted
before the Areopagns (Man Hill) at Athens, and was
kCQuitted. Mai» was believed to love war for ita cwn
«3e, and to delight in carnaeci He » nsoally tepre-
•ented as a gritn soldier in full anaoor,— •omeumei as

driving fimonslv in a war-chariot.

Mnrft man or mlna, (Anmb Fiuini^isk HlPPOLTnt
Bontvt MonTd— boo'ti' mftii'vd',) Madbmoiskjj,
• celebrated French actreaa, bom in Pan* m 1779- ™
was the daughter of Monvel, « popular artor at the
Th«tre Franpia, and an aetrw* named Mai^ and
was early trained for the stage. She excelled m genteel
waiedy, in which she was considered imnvalled among
tfae actors of her time. She retired from tb« Btage m

Idusuicl, mas-tjnd', (AntonicO aa Itabaa Uttlra-
*>r, bom at Venice in 1765. He pobliahed an excellent
edition of Petrarch's poens, with a meot^, and several
original work* on TaHoos subjects. Med in 1843. _

Ktmcball VOB BtolMntela,ma&'shll fan beetifr.
•tin', (FWEDMCM,) FMJftKWt, a German botanist^ born ]
In 17156, removed to Russia, where he became a council-
lor of states He published " Flora Tanrico-Cancawa,"
(i8o»-i9.) DiedlniSaC

Manahner, maub'nfr, (HECtKiCB,) a German com-
tioser and mosidan, bom at Ettau in 1 79S. was appdnted
-^apel-master at Hanover, Among his most popnlar

otks arc the operas of " The Vampyie," " The Templar
"and "Bans Heiling." DiediaiS6i.

_rc the operas of " The Vampyie," " The Templar

_d the Jewess," and "Bans Heiling." DiediaiS6i.

Uara'd^B, (WiluajO an eminent Orientalist, of

English extracUon,bom at Dublin in 1754. Having _
tered the service of the East India Company, he sailed
in 1771 to Bcncoolen, Sumatra, where he was appMnted
prinopal secretaiy to the government and devoted him-
self to the study of the BJalay language. He returned
in 1779 to England, and was soon after elected a Fellow
of the Royal Sodety. He pnbliahed in 178* his " His-
tory of Sumatra," which was very fiivourably received
and was translated bto French and German. He waa
sobseqaently appointed dtief secretary to the board of
admiralty, with the war salary of £4000 per annum.
Having reiigned this post in 1807, he brought oat in
l8ia Us "Grammar" and "Dictionary" of tiie Malay
language, which are esteemed standard work& He also
made an excellent translation of the " Travels of Marco
Polo," with a commentary, and wrote a descrijjtion of
Eastern coins, entitled "Nuniismata OrientaLa lllus-
trata," (tSiJ-j He gave np his pension to the gov-
ernment in 1831, and soon after presented Ills valuable
collection of coins and medals to the British Museum,
»nd his library to King's College. Died in 183&

llBTSh, (Anna Caldwkll,) Mrs., an English au-
thoress, born in StaSordshife about 179& Among her
most popular works are "Talcs of the Woods and
Fields," (1836.) '•Ravensdiffe,'"*Mount Sorel,"(tS43,)
•nd''EmitiaWyndham,"(tEU6.} Died October ;, t874.

Marab, (Cathuine,) an ^gtish writer, bom at Col-
chetter about 1815. Among her works are " Memorials
of Captain Hedley Vicara,"^" English Hearts and Eng-
lish Hands," and " Light for the Line, or the Story of
Thomas Ward," which have gained extensive populariiv.

Marsb, (Dexter,) an American geologist, born in
1806, made a large and choice collection of specimens
of fossil footprints, obtained chiefly in the Connecticut
valley. Died in 1S53.

Marsh, (George Perkins.) LL.D., an American phi-
lologist, born at Woodstock, Vermont. March \c„ 1801.
He was appointed minister to Turkey in 1849, in 1851
was sent on an embassy to Greece, and in t86t was ap-
pointed minister to Italy. His chief published works
are a "Compendioos Grammar of the Old Northern or

MARSHALL

. , ., Englis

Language," (1861,) "The Origin and History of the
English Langiu^e," <iS63,) " Man and Nature,'' (1864.)
enlarged and re-written, and issued in 1874 under the
titleof "The Earth as Modified by Human Action." He
died July 34, iSSi. His wife, Caroline C. Marsh, has
published a number of poems and made tranalationi
from the Gerxan.

TWarah, (Herbest,) a Icamed Engllsli theolorian,
born in London in 1757, He became professor or di-
vinity at Cambridge in tSoy, and rose to be Bishop of
Peterborough in 1S19. He published several religious
and contrbversia) treatises, and translated Michaelia'i
" Introductioa to the New Testament" bto English.
TMed in 1834

Bbrsbf (Jaus,) an English chemist, bom In 1789,
was the mventor at an apparatos, called by his name,
which detects the presence of arsenic in liquids, how-
ever minute the quantity. Its utility and certainty wero
verified by Orfila and ouer toxicolo^ts. Died in 18461

Marab, (Jamss,) D.D., a distinguished American
scholar and divine, bora at Hartford, Vermont, in 1794.
He waa appointed professor of classics at Hampdeu-
Sidney Collece, Virginia, and in iSa6 preudent of the
Univenl^ of Vermont Me translated from the German
Herder's "Spirit of Hebrew Poetry," and contributed
religion* and philosophical essays to the ^'Christian
Spectator" and other journals. Died July 3, 1842.

March, (Narcissus,) a learned prelate, bom at Wili-

irein 1638, became successively Archbishop of Dublin
and of Armagh. He wrote an " Essay on an Introduc-
tion to Ihe Theory of Sounds." Died in 17I3,

Maisb, (Othniel Charles,} on eminent American
paleontologist, bom at Lockport, New York, October
29, 1831. He graduated at Yale in i860, studied (iS6»-
65) at Berlin, Breslau, and Heidelberg, and m 1 866 was ap-
pointed professor oi palreonlology in Yale College. Pro-
fessor Marsh was distinguished for the astonishing num-
ber and great importance o( his discoveries of new
species of extinct vertebrate animals, very largely from
the Rocky Mountain region. He was author of
"Odontornithes," (1880,) " Dinocerata," (1S84,)
" Sauropoda," (1888,) etc., with a large number of
scientific papers. Died March 18, 1899.

Mar'sball. (Alfred,) an English economist, was
bom at London in 1842, and became professor of
political economy at Cambridge in 18E5. His best-
known worli is " Principles of Economics," (1S90.)

Matahall, (Edward,) author, bom at Enfield Cen-
ter, NewYork, in 1869. HebecameSundayeditorand
correspondent of various newspapers, and wmte " Story
of the Rough Riders," " Liiette," '• By Wireless,"
" The Writing on the Wall," etc

' Mai'alifU,(Eiau,fU^MartlZL,)anEngli8hnovelIat^
bom near Cromer about 1833. Of her very nnmerotia
talcs, "Mrs. Mainwaring's Journal" (1874) and "lifo^
Aftermath" (1876) are among the best-known.

MarahaU, [HuHntHEV,] an American soldier and
lawyer, born in Frankfort, Kentucky, January 13, 1S12,
He CTRduated at West Point in tSu, but left the armj
>n 1833, and became a prominenf lawyer and politician,
being twice sent to Congress. He was a colonel of vol-
unteer cavalry in the Mexican war, and a major-general
in the Confederate service, 1861-65. Died at Louisville,
.March 2^ 1872. He waa a grandson of Humphry Mar-
(ball, noticed below.

Marsball, (HUHnnv,) an American botanist, waa
a resident of Pennsylvania. He published tn 1785 bis
" Arbustum American um," or catalogue of the trees and
shrubs of America, which was translated into French.
He was born in I7», and died in i8o[.

Marsliall, (John,) an eminent American jurtst and
statesman, boni at Germantown, Fauquier county, Vir-
ginia, on the i4th of September, 17J5. He was tha
eldest ion of Colonel Thomas Marshalland Mary Keith,
who had fifteen children. He never attended a college,
but he was well educated under the care of bis father.
He enlisted in the army in 1776^ became a captain Im

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BS.

MARSHALt

ViXf, 17J7, mnd »erved at the bsttlc* ot , ,

SepbiQilwT, 1777, Geimintown, uid Honmooth, June,
177S. Having reiipwd hia commiiwoii in 1781, he be-
~ to [»actiM law, and wu choieii a member of the
ise of Delegate* in 1783. In 1783 ho manied Uarv
WiUtt Ambler, of York, Virginia, uid became a resi-
ient of Richmond. A« a member of the Convention
of Virginia, In 1788, be advocated the adoption of the

Federal Constitnf "^ ... .. „

contributed more
faj Virginia than .
became identified with the Fed*eial paity. and cori^lj
■npporled the administration of Washjngtor
reputation was widely extended by a speech
Assembly of Virginia in &vour of the treaty negotiated
by John Jiy with Great Britain in 1794. In 1797 he
was associated with General Pinckney and Mr. Gerry in
a spedal mission to the French Directory. His incli-
nation or interest induced him to decline several high
offices, bat, at the special request of General Washing-
ton, he became a candidate for Congress, and was elected,
f" ■799' He made a great speech in Coneress, derend-
to|! Pre»dent Aduns lor his surrender of Thomas Nash,
alias Roblrins, who was claimed by the British govern-
ment as a fugitive from justice. This speech seltled
forever the question whether auch caaes should be
decided by the executive or the judiciary. " Thai argu-
," says R. W, Griswold, ''^deserves to be ranked

, ._ ^ __ plomatic ability in
his correspondt ' " '

land. On the
chief jostjce of tKe supreme court of the United Slater
He performed the functions of this high office for thirty-
four years, and rendered impottajil services by the just
and liberal principles according Co which he construed
tbe Consdiution. His ptolbund learning and wisdom,
his moral courage, and hia high-toned virtue secured for
bim nniversal respect and confidence. His services as
an expounder of constitutional law are commended \yj
Judge Story in the following terms; "If all others of
tbe chief justice's judicial arguments bad perished, his
luminous jud^ents on these occasions would have
given an enviaUe immortality to his name." In 1804
he published a " Life of George Washington," (5 vols.,)
which is highly esteemed. He died in Hiiladelphia in
July, 1835. "To one whocannot follow his great judg-
ments," says R. W. Griswold, " in which at tbe same
time the depths of legal wisdom are disclcaed and the
limits of human reason measured, the langusge of just
enlt^ must wear an appearance of extravagance."

S«Gi>tswou>,"Pn>KWriiiii of America /'JuiiciJoSBFH
Stoev, ddI>« of ]oha Muibill, in thc'NuioDi! Fonnit-Gil.

"^B^ey on IhtLjIt Bad CtB™'Vo7john'M«nhiLUi" ■•North
Americui Review" for JiLDU«ry,,iS3S.ud Juiuiy.iBjt.

Uarahall, (Robert,) playwright, bom at Edin-
burgh in 1863, He served in the army till 1S98, then
engaged in dramatic work. Among bii many successful
plays are " A Royal Family," "The Second in Com-
mand," and *'The Duke of KJIliecrankie." Died
Jnly I, 1910.

Mar'aluUl or MarOBChal, {Thohas,) an English
scholar, born in Leicestershire about 1621. He became
mccesslvely rector of Lincoln CoUese, Oxford, chaplain-
in ordinary to the king, and Dean of Gloucester, (l63i.)
He was distinguished for his knowledge of the Oriental
tongues and of the Anglo-Saxon, and published "Ob-
■erratioDa on Two Andent Versions of the Gospeb, —
Ibe Gothic and the Anglo-Saxon," (in Ladn, t66;,) alto
a • lif: of ArchUtbop Usber." Died in 1685.

Manhall, (Thomas Fhancis,] an American lawyer,
a nephew of Chief-Justice John Marshall He was Mm
at Frankfort, Kentucky, June 7, iSol, and became ■
highly successful lawyer of Louisville^ He was also a
judge and a member of Congress. As a political orator
and wit he had great bme. Died at Versailles, Ken-
tncky, September 33, 1864.

is MARSOLLIBR

College, Cambritke, and took orders in the Anglican
Church. In lS4i( he became a Roman Catholic, and in
his "Comedy of Convocation" and " My Clerical Friends
and their Relations to Modern Thought" (1873) be
showed himself a vigorous satirist of his former re-
ligioBS associates. Among his other works are " Chris-
tian Missions, their Agents, their Methods, and thtdr Re.
suits," (1861,] "Catholic Missions in Southern India,"
(1865,) and "Protestant Journalism," (1S74.) Died at
Snrtnton, Surrey, December 14, 1877.

Uarahall, (Williau Cauiu,) a Scottish sculptor,
bom in Edinburgh in i Si 3, was a pupil of Chantrer.
He visited Rome about 1836, and settled in London is
1839. Among his chief works are "Sabrina," "Una
and the Uon," the " Dancing- Girl Reposing," (1846^}
which gained a prize of five hundred pounds, and a
9tatue of Sir Robert Peel. Died June iG, 1894.

Mataball, (William Humfhuv,) an English bota-
nist and agricultural writer, born in 1745. He published
s number of works which contributed greatly to the im-
provement of agriculture in England. He also wrota
"The American Grove; or, Catalcwue of Ibe Trees, etc.
of the United States." Died in 1818.

MarsliaU, (William Raihev,) an American gen-
eral, born in Missouri in 1825. He was s member of
[he legislature of Wisconsin in 1848 and of Minnesota
in 1S49, took part in the civil war, and was made
brigadier- general by brevet. He was elected Gov-
ernor of Minnesota in 1S65 and 1S67. Died in 1895.

MaiBh'fin, (Sir John,) an English chronologist, born
in London in 1603. He embraced the cause of the
royalists in the dyil war. He was the author of a work
entitled " Chronologicus Canon ^gjptiacus, Ebra'cus,"
etc, (1673,) in which he attempts to reconcile Egyptian
chronology with the Hebrew Scriptures, by supposing
four collateral dynasties of Egyptian kings reigning al
the same time. This theory has been adopted 1^ several
eminent scholars. Died in 1685.

Uarab'mBii, (Joshua,) an eminent English divin*
and Orientalist, born in Wiltshire in 1767. Being sent
by the B^^itist Missionary Society to India in 1799,
he became a profident in the Chinese, Sanscrit, and
Bengalee Un^a^s. He translated the four Gospels
into Chinese, and assisted Dr. Carey In preparing a
Sanscrit Grammar and a BcngaleB-and-English Diction-
ary. He also translated the woAs of ConfbdtM, and
wrote a "Defence of the Deity and Atonement of j^esna
Christ, in Reply to Rammohnn Roy," (i8aa-) Died in
t837.

MaisfaU, maH-stl'yee, (Luici Fbrdinando,) a du-
tinguisheoltalbn naturalist and mathematician, bom
at Bologna in 1658. He served in the Austrian army
against the Turks in 1683 and in several aucceedii^
campaigns, and was made a colonel in 16S9. He was
one of the founders of the Society of Sciences and Arts
at Bologna. (1711,) to which he gave a very valuable
scientific collection. He afterwards visited England,
where he acquired the friendship of Newton and Hallcy
and was chosen a Fellow of the Ron] Society. He was
the author of "Phy^cal History ol the Sea," (173;,) a
description of the diores of the Danube, entitled " Danu*
bins Pannonico-MysictH," etc, (iTafit 7 vols. foL, finely
iltustrated,) "The Military State of the Ottoman Em-
pire," (I733>) and other works. He had been elected
m 1795 a membo' of the Academy of Sciencea, Pane.
Died in 1730,

M°«t»" (ma>-seeOe-o) [Lat Mamil'ius] op Fadita.
an Italian jurist, sometimes called Menandrino, bom
at Padna. He was patroniied by tbe emperor Louis of
Bavaria, in whose favour he wrote his "Defensor Fads,"
an attack on tbe papacy, for which he was c
cated in 1317. Died in 1338.

Musfuna. See Maksiuo.

ManlUna Flotniu. See Ficma

Maraln. See Makchin.

Mano, tna
savant, said t<
commentary on the " Fastj" of Ovid, pnUisbcd in 1485,
and several Latin poems.

ManolUsr, mtR'sols-i'. (jACqvis>)a Fnnch writar.

» k; (Mf,- 2 1"^; t My; ^ Hi 't^giUtiral; V, ivual; K, trUUJ; I

I*; tbasiDriiii (||^^S«e£ii9lanatioiis,p.23.i

D,g,i,..ed=yG00'^le

MARSOZtlEJi i6

born in Paiv Id 1647, wu aathor oT k " HUtoij of the
Inqnitition and It* Origin," [1693,} and scTeral other
worka. Died In 1714.

S« KicliiM.-lItooInk."

IfanoUter dM TlTeUirM, mlR'soIji' dft rir'-
U4ill', IBuiotT JosKPB,} a French dianutitt, born io
^^ 'n 1750, produced numerooi comic operas, which

the

hadfi

1 ^KlUh dramatist,
■alhor of 'truedies entitled "Antonio and Uellida,'
■■ Sophoniaba," and "Antonio'* Re*enge," and aeteral
comedies ; he wa« alao auodated with Ben Jomon and
Chapman in writin|F ■' Eaitward, Ho t" His comedy of
■■ The Halecontent" it esteemed hia best work : hat he
■ said to have borrowed a great part of it from Webster.
Died in 1634-

Mu'at^ [pHiur BouBKi,)
of Westland Harston, was bon. . _
He earlT lost his sight, finally becoming totally blind.
In youth he became the devoted friend of SwiDbnme
snd O. G. Rossetti, and later was Intimate with Oliver
MadoK Brown, a precoctoaa artiiL His principal works
are "Song Tide," (1871,) "All In All," (1874.) and
" Wind Vrices," (1883.) Died in 1887.

Manton, (Wkstlano,) an English poet and drama-
tist, bom in tincolnshite in 1819. He wrote "The
Patridui's Danghter," "The Heart and the World."
and several other popolsr dramas. Died Jan. 5, lS9a

Mantnnd, miK'itrtnd, (Wilhklu Nikolas.) a
Danish painter, bom at Copenhagen, December 34, 1810.
H« became a professor and director in the Copenhagen
Art Academy, and was noted as a historical and genre
painter. Died llarch m, 1873.

Haraafdna. See MAMVPPiNt.

Maiauppliil. nuK-eoop-pee'neB, [Lat MAMO'prot,)
(Caklo,) an Italian tcholar, sometimes called A>K-
riMO, bom at Aresso about 1399. He was appcdnted
profiHsor of rhetoric at Florence in 1434, and secretsry
of the Florentine republic in 1444. He translated into
Latin hexameter veise Homer's "fiatrachom^omachia,"
__ J a number of Latin poems. Died m 1453.

S<* TllASOKMI

■Cai/ana, (DoMmui,) a Roman poet under the reign
of AngnBtus,wasaftleQa<xrVirgilandTibullaB. Anone
his eitant works I* a poem entitled " Cicuta," juid

Ibnr, mts'se', IGaspabd and Balthasai,) brothers
and distinguished French sculptors, born at Caabra^,
the former In 1635 and the latter in 1618. Among their
Dsiter-pieccs ore the figures of the Bath* of Apotlo,
representing the "Tritons showering the Horses of
the Snn." and the group of " Latona and her Children."
Both brother* were members of the Academy of Paintiiw
and Scnlptnre. Balthasar died in 1674, and Oaspard
ini68i.

n LsMon. "MitU im If o«Bi«n Fru>«^'

Manr< ^*r ^ mlR'se', (Fkan^is Hakh,) a French
litHratatr, bom In Paris In 1714. He published, among
other works, a " History of Mary Stuart," and a LMin

poem entitled " Painting," (" Kctora,") which waa much
admired. Died in 1763.

Sea La HARn, "Cmndt Uutntim."

Mm'bjF-U, [Gr. Map<»i«c] a personage of the Greek
mytholo^i was called by some authors a Satyr, and a
son of Olympus. According to tradition, he (bond a
Bute which Minerva had thrown away, (because her
bee was distorted by playing on It,) and challenged
Apollo to a trial of skill in music, on the condioon
that the Tictor might do what he pleased with the van*

Suished. Apollo gained the victoiy, and flayed Haisyas
nc This story waa a bvonrite subject of ancient
poets and artists.

MartalitTUIo, mlR'tlH'vil', (Alphonsk Louis Dibu-
i>OHNt,] a JjieAfrwincr and journalist, of French extraction,
bom at Cadiz in 177G. He became assodste editor of
several political journals of Paris. He wrote a number
td bold and witty satires on the Jacobins, and Mveral
popular comedies. Died in Ayy.

L i, t. fi, B, y, /<»«■; i, ^ A, same, less prolonged; 1, ii, !, fi, ii, y, 1^; h f, i, g. tifanv*; Or, Oil, At; miti BOt; (Ad; mOI

D,g,t,7ed::yC00t^lc

i'. (N. ]

TJ I

French general and writer, born a( BMUce in lysj^
served In the Austrian army in the Seven Year*' war.
He wrote several poem* and tale*. Died in 180&

Maital, (CHAmLB):) See Ckakus UARm.

Martol, mlB'tll', (FnANCOtt,) a ^ench surgeon, bora
St P^riguenxin 154% He became first mrgeon to Henry
IV. Died about l6ia

Martel, maa-tCl'', (Guoniho,) a Spanish Ustoriaa,
wrote a valuable work entitled "Forma de oelebnl
CtHtes." He became royal Uatoriographer in 1597.

Mattel, (Louis Jossph.) a French statesman, bom
atSaint-Omer in 1813. He was ■ Republican under the
monarchy, look his seat in the Assembly of 1849. ''ut
retired i^ter the tonp d'ital, returning to the legisla-
ture in 1863. In 1871 he was a supporter of Thiers,
was elected vice-president of the Assembly, and vras
made a life Senator on the formation of the Senate,
of which be became vice-president.* He was minister
of public vrorship and justice in 1876, president of the
Senate in 1879, and retired in iSSo. Died in 1893.
hra, de la, df h 1

celebrated French lawyer, _

the sixteenth century. He published a number of
pleas, one of which, in Gtvonr of the University of Paris
against the Jesuit*, wa* very much admirML Died
in 1631.

MartelU. mas-tellee, (Ludovico.) an Italian poet,
tiom at Florence in 1499. He wrote lyric poems, and
"Tnllia," a traged/. Died in 1537.

Sh GiHGimi^ " Hktcrin littfnln d'ltatu."

MaitelIlorlfarteUo,maR-terio,(PiEr«oGiACOMOt)
SB Italian UtUraUta; bom at Bol(q:na in 1665. He wrote
poems and dramas, whldi were popular \X the tiaM
Died la 1737.

S« Fabbohi, "Yita Italonun docDiu enctleBtlini,'' "Tita*
HindU." (wriuu b; hiD«l{) ia Caukmli'i " Raulia." «L E

MaitallT, de, d«h mla'^le', (HoNOKt FtAticois
RlcHAKD,) a Frendi actor and dramatist, bom at Aix la
I7SI, published a comedv entitled "The Two Flgama,"
and other works. Died iu 1817.

MartAne, mtK'tix', (Dom Edmond,) a learned French
ecclesiastic, of the order of Benedictines, bom in the
diocese of Dijon in 1654. In 1708 he visited the abfaev*
and cathedrals of France, in order to procure material*
lor a new edition of the " Gallia Christiana." He also
paUisbed a "Collection of Old Anthors and Historical
Honnmenta," (1700,) In latin, and, conjointly with his
friend Dnrand, " Literary Travels tii Tini Benedicttnea
of Saint-Maur," (1717.) Died in 1739.

Sh TAsna, " Kudn lininire d> 11 Coo(r<ptiiiB d> Saiat-

Martana, nus't^s. written also Msitena, ILat
MAKTi'tfUS,] (Thikkby,) a Flemish printer, bom at Aloat
about I45c^ 1* said to have Introduced (he art of printing
Into the NeUierlandB. He exsrcised hi* pro<es*ion at
bis native town, and subseqnentlv at Louvidn and Ant-
werp. He printed In Roman charaden, hitherto un-
known, and his editions of the classics were highlv prised.
Martens was an Intimate friend of Erasmns, who com-
posed a Latin epitaph npon him. Died in 1534.

Martens, von, fon maB't^nt, (Gboro Friidric^)
a German Jurist, bom In Hamburg in 1756. Among his
works, which are chiefly written in French, we may name
his "Collection of Treaties," (1791,) and "Sommary of
Modern European Law," (iSll.) Died in l83l.

MattaiiB, Ton, (Karl,) a nephew of the preceding
was bom about 1 mo He waa employed as a diplomatist
\!j the King of Prussia. He published, besioee other
works in French, "Causes calibres da Droit de Gens,"
(1817,) and "Guide diplomatiane," (183*.) Died in 1861.

Martenaen. maa'ttn-sfn, (Hans Lamer,) a DanUn
theologian, bom at Flensborg in 1808. He became
Bishop of Seeland in 1843. and court preacher at Copen-
hagen in 184J. His principal works are "Christian
Baptism," " A Flan for a System of Moral Philosophy,"
'leon Christian Doctrine. Died Feb. 4, 1S84.

MARTHA i6

llar'tha, (Benjamin CoNSTAN-r,) & French hit-
tMiui, boni at Strasburg in iSso. He studied in the
£o)le Noimde, and beome a professor in 1865 at the
Sorbonne, Paris. His chief works, " Lea Moralistei
■ous I'Empire Romain" and " Lc Po^tne de Lucrice,"
were crowned bv the Academ;. Died in 1895.

Mutlia, rotttt, (Anhi Blgat-be'ibi',) a French
■vn, called Sisrca Maxtka, bom at Betuifon in 1749,
deroted hervelf dorit^the Revolullon to the relief or the
rick and wounded, aiM of prisoners of all nalioai. Died
in 1814.

ICwtl, roaK'tee, [Lat Makti'nu*,] (Manuki,)

Siniuah acholar and poet, bom near Valencia in 161 _

Ha published a coUecuoo of poem*, entitled " Amalthea

1663.

Ge<^raphica,*' and laade MT«nl translations from the
Latin. IHed in 1737.

Maittot mar'shssl, [Fr. Haktial, mts'iiell' ; Lat,
Martia'lii ; It. Harziale, maRt-se-lli,] or, more full*,
Mu'Olu Talo'rlna Martlalla, a femons Latin epk
grammalic poet, bom at Bilbilis. in Spain, abont 40 a.d.,
went to Rome at the age of twenty-two, and resided there
thirtj-fi»e yeara. The eTent» of^his life are Tory imper-
fcctljr known ; bnt it appean that he devoted hu atten
tion chiefly to poetrr. Some epigrami which he wrote
on the occasion of the public spectacles given by Titus
about the yearSc^ procured him the favour of that prince.
He wa* also patroniied by Domitian, who made him a
tribune and a Roman knlf;bt. He was intimate wilb
Jnrenal, Qaintilian, and Pliny the Younger. Aboat 98
A.D. he tetamed to hii native place, where he died a lew
yean later. Fourteen books of his " Epigrams" are still
«xUuit, and are much adndred br some eminent critics,
•ach M Scalinr, Lipaina, and Malte-Bmn. The litter
Ofaika his wrnlngs are among the most interesting monu-
^wnti of Roman Uterature, uioagh many of them oflend
agaioM good tatte andpare tBoruity. Probably no pa«t
. — .J 1.:. -f^^ „(,(, ja,^ tl,„ he (Ud in the

rS0«.>MtM(I.M«<llM

S«>CnMm,-UbariliRitl,"L-

witi Iwii»i,"VwMsdin8dwil>«a:" A PiitCAun " £«« »-.
llitdiL" iliAi Jkwtieaa, "BibIlMl» Utiui-' "M. V. Hu-

•iJ:sv)SiC&

Martial d'AttrorgiM; See Auvbroni, i>', (Mar-
tial.)

a*.^.ii. SeeHAHTiAu

Martfaoar, mts'seYni', (Dom Jkan,] a French
Benedictine monk and theological writer, bom in 1647 ;
died in 1717.

If arUgiTo, <1«, d^h mtn'ttn'ytk', (Stibnnk Auiat,)
a French UairaUur, bom at Sri ves-la. Gall larda about
i6aa He pnUiahed " Uemoira of Gaston, Duke of
Orljana," and made traiulationi from Horace, Juvenal,
and other daulca. Died in 169E.

Mattlgnaa, de, (Iean Baptistk SvlvIrx Gayi,)
Vicoicn, an ^e and eloquent French statesman under
Charles X., was born at Bordeana in 1776L He was
elected to the Chamber of Deputies In iSai. As the
btad of the ministry that came into power tn January,
1818, he held the office of minister or the interior, and
•ought to unite conflicting parties for the support of the
throne ; but, unable (o eflcct this object, and forsaken by
the king and the court, he resigned bla place in Angnst,
1839, and was succeeded by Polignac On the triid of
die latter, Haitignac tiecame his eloquent defender
in the Chamber of Peers. He died in 183a, leaving a
"Historical Easay on the Spanish Revolution," and

pnblished a celebrated "Dictionnaire dei Antiquiti*
chrftieua." (i86Si enlarged, 1877.) Died in 1880.

BbltlBllB*. mtR'ttg', (SIBASTISN de LUXEHBOttRO,)

VISCOUMT, a brave I^ench officer, who assisted at the
riege of Uetx. (iJS^) """l ■" ^^^ capture of Calais by
the Duke of Guise, (1558.) He wa* killed in 1569.
Martdn [Lat. Marti'mos] 1 succeeded Theodore as

Epe in 649 A.D. Having condemned the Honothelites,
was banished by the emperor Constana IL, who

favoured that sect, to the ThradanCbersonesn, where
he died in 655 a.d.
Blattin n, or Harimia L, succeeded John Till, as
In 883 A.Dk Died in S84, and was succeeded by

srj

III.

m, or Marintia H, bom at Rome, mc-

Stephen VIH. in 943, and died in 94^ lOt
as Agspetu* 11.

IT, (Cardinal Simom de Brlon— d^

bxe'AN', (or Brie— bRe,)) a native of Touralne, in France^
succeeded Nicholas III. in ti8i.- He adhered to the
cause of Charles of Anjou, and when, after the Sidliao
Vespers, that sovereign lost his power in Sicily, Martin
excommunicated Peter of Ara^on, who had been choaen
king of tliat country. He died in 13S5, and was suc-
ceeded by Honorins IV.

Uaitui V. (Cardinal Onto Colomia — ko-Ion'nl)
was elected pope in 1417, In the place of John XXIIL,
deposed by the Council of Constance. In 1431 b«
called a council at BUe, in Siritierland, for the purpoaa
of effecting a reform in the Church, and sent Cardinal
Julian Ceiarini as hit legate. He died soon after.

Martin, son of Martin, King of Aragon, ascended
the throne of Sidlj in 1399. He married in 1401, as his
second wife, Blanche, daughter of the King of Navarre.
He died In 1409, and the kingdom of Sidly was united
to that of Aragon by his Either, who survived him.

MafUn, sumamed Gallus, a French ecdeaiastic of
the thirteenth century, was a missionarir to Poland, and
wrote a history of that country, (" Chronica Polonorum,")
a Taloable work, and the earliest one written on that

Mu/tin, (AutXANDIR,) bom in New Jersey about
t74Ci, served aa a cidociel in the war of the Revolution,
and was dwaen Governor of North Carolina In itSi.
Died In 1807.

Martin, mta'ttN', (AilDRi,) a French eccleaiaatlQ
bom In Poltoa in i6jt. He was one of the carlktt
advocate* of the Cartesian philosophy, and wrote
"Chrlatlaii Moral PhUoaophy,'^ ('■ Philoat^hia Honlls
CfaristianB.'') Died in 1695.

Martin, (Arthur Patchrll,) an English author,
bom at Woolwich in 1851. He went early in life to
Australia and resided at Melbourne till 1883. His
writings consist of Action, poems, history, etc.
' Mar'tin,(BEi(]AMiM,) an English mathematidan, bora
in Surrey in 1 704. He was the author of " The Philo-
sophical Gtammar," (1735.) "New System of Optics,"
(1740,) and other scientiGc works. Died in 1783,

MattlQ, (Brnjamin Nichous,] D.D., LLD,, aa
American sdiolar, born at Mount Holly, New Jersey,
October w, 1816. He graduated at Yale College m
1837 and at Yale Divinity School in 1840, held various
Congregational and Presbrterian pastorates, and was
professor of philosophy and logic in the University of
the City of New York, iSsa-83. He made large con-
tributionB to current periodiciJ and review literature.
Died in New York, December 36, 1883.

Martin, (Bon Louis Henri,) an eminent Frend
historian, bom at Saint-Quentin in iSicl He Iiaa pub-
lished a " History of France from the Earliest Time* to
1789," (18 vol*., 1838-53; revised edition, 1855-60,)
"Monarchy in the Seventeenth Century," (1848,) a
" Life of Daniel Maniu," (1859,) " Russia and Europe,"
(iS66,1 "Studies in Celtic ArchKology," (1871,) "The
Napoleons and the Frontiers of France," (1874,) etc.
He was dected Senator in 1871, and in 1878 became a
member of the Academy. Died December 14, 1SS3.

Martin. (CtiRtSTiAK Rrinholo Dibtrich,) a Ger-
man jnrist, bom near G&ttinRen in 1773, was the author
of several le^ works. Died in l8i;7.

Martin, (Claddi,) a French soldier, bom at Lyons la
1733. He accompanied General Lally to India, and sub-
sequently entered the English service. Haring amassed
a large fortune, he built a magnificent palace near Luck-
now. He died in 1800, leaving numerous bequesli for
charitable purposes.

Martin, (David,) a French Protestant theologiaik
bom at Revd in 1639. He published a "History of

«a*i; (asj; %iard: taaJ;a,H,K,guaiirBl; ti,mual; ^MUtd; la**; *hi

■ in£Ufc (B^^See Ejtplanations, p, 33.)
Digitized ayCjOOQiC

Religion," and other worlu, which enjoy a high repaU-
lion. Died in 1731.

MbiUh, (Francois Xavibk,] LL.D., bom at Mir-
■eillei, France, in 1764, emigrated about 1785 to North
Carolina, and subseqaently settled in Louisiana. He
attained a high reputation as a jurist, and published His-
tories of Loniaiana and North Carolina. Died in 1846.

Martin, (Gkegorv,) an English Catholic theoiagian,
was a native of Stisaei. He became professor of Hebrew
at Douai, and subsequentiy at RhEims. Hia principal
work ia an English translation of the Bible, which
appeared in l6ia. Died in 1583.

Uartin. (Hambr Dodgk,) an American artist,
bom at Albany, New York, in 1836. He was self-
taught in paintine, and bad a picture exhibited at the
Academy of Design when twenty years of a£e. He
had a studio in New York for many years, and after-
wards lived long abroad, winning a high reputation
for the poetic feeling and richness and mellowness
of color in his landscapes, which generally dealt with
the more sombre aspects of nature. Died in 1S97.

MaitiB, (Lady Hkleh,) an English actress, the wife
of Sir Theodore Martin, was born in tSlS, and is best
known, under her maiden name, as Hslen Fai;cit. She
went upon the stage in 1836, and very soon look high
rank as an actress of great power and versatility. She
published charming studies " On Some of Shakspeare's
Female Characters" in 1S85. Died in 1898.

Maitln, (Helen R.,) novelist, bom at Lancaster,
Pemuylvsnia, in 186S. Her works deal with " Pemi-
sylvsnia Dutch" life and character, and include " Tillie,
a Mennooite Maid," "Revolt of Anne Royle," "The
Crossways," "The Fighting Doctor," etc.

Martin. (Hbnkv Newell,) a distinguished biolo-
gist, bom at Newry, Ireland, July I, 1848. He studied
at University College, London, and Christ College,
Cambridge, io 1876 became professor of bioli^y in
the Johns Hopkins University at Baltimore, and in
1883 delivered the Croonian Lecture before the Royal
Society of London. He assisted in ptepariog Huxley's
"Elementaiy Biolt^," (1876,) and pablished ""The
Human Bod)>," (1&81.) Died October 37, 1896.

Martin, (Jean Baptists,) a French painter, sar-
named dbs Bataillbs, ("of battles,") born at Paris
in 1659. On the death of Van der Meulen, in 1690^
he was appointed by Louis XIV. to paint his battles.
Died in 1735.

Martin, (John,) an English painter, bom In North-
omberland in 17S9. He studied nnder Bonifacio Musso,
■nd In i3i5 obtained the prlie at the British Inbtitntion
lot hit picture of " Joshua commanding the Snn to stand
atni." This was followed by "The Fall of Babylon,"
0818,) " Belahaiiar's Feast." {1811,) "The Deluae,"
f 1826,) etc. In 1828 be published apian to supply Lon-
don and Manchester with pure water. Died in 1854.

Uartin, (Louis Ami,) a French UttirtiteuT, bom at
Lyons in 1781, became professor of ilieloric, history,
Mc In the Polytechnic School, Paris, about 1815. He wai
an Intimate friend of Bemardin de Saint-Rerre, whose
«Fidow he married. Among his principal works are hisi
"Letters to Sophia on Physics, Chemistry," etc, (1810,)!
'Collection of Tales, etc in Verse and Prose," (1813,),
■nd an *' Essay on the life and Works of Bernardin de
8alnt-nerre,''(i8ia) Died In 1847. j

Hartin, (LimiES,] an American lawyer, bom about |
1745. He was a delegate from Maryland to the conven- 1
tion which in 17S7 formed the Constitution of the United
States. In this body he advocated the sovereignty and
•qoality of the States, contending (hat a amiul State
should send as many members to Congress as a large
State. Died in 1S36.

Martin, (Nicolas,) a French poet, bnn at Bonn, In
Prussia, in 1814. His mother was a sistBi of Karl Sun-
rock the poet Among his works U "La Pr««byttr«,
Epop^ domestique," (1S56.) Died in 1877.

Hsrtln, (PlUEE,) an admiral, of French eitractiaa,
bora in Canada in 175a. In i79< he maintained a
prolongjed fisht with a superior English fleet mider

68 MARTINEAU

Hotham, and was soon after made nce-adminl. Died
in i&M
Martin, (Robert MoNTGOuxKy,) an English writer,

bom inTyroneconnty, Ireland, about 1803. Hepublished,
besides other works, "The Colonies of the British Em-
pire," (i834r3S,) and "The Indian Empire ; its History,
Topography,'' etc, (1858-61.) Died in 1870.

MaitiD, [Lat. Martj'hos,] Saint, an eminent eccle-.
liaslic of the fourth century, was a native of Parmonia.

r Loire, and be

the abbey of Matmontier, r.___ . __

also established a monasteij at Lieag^, near Poitiers,
said to be the oldest institution of the Idnd in France.

Died about 396.

S« GiavAin, "Via da Siint-Hirtin." 1699: Hn. jAHISMt,
"Sacred ind Lefendvy Art ;" A. Durvr, ''HiMiiin ii Saiil
Minin," iSji.

Mutln, Saint, bom in Hnngary, became Archbishop
of Braga, in Portugal, and founded a number of nionaa-
teriea \a Galicia. He waa the author of several theo-
Icwical works, in Latin. Died in 580 A.D.

Uartin, (Sarah,) an English philanlhropisi, bom neai
Yarmouth in 1791, was distinguished for her laboyia m
the cause of prison-reform. Died in 1843.

Martin, (Tkeodore,) a British writer, bom in Edin-
burgh in 1816. He became a resident of London about
1846. In conjunction with Professor Aytoun, he pro-
duced a version of Goethe's poems and ballads, (185S,)
and a book of humorous verse entitled " The Bon Gaul-
tier Ballads." He also Iraoslatcd various works and
wrote several biographies. Died la 1909.

Martlti, (Thomas,) an English antiquary, bom hi
Suffolk in 1697. He waa the author of a "History of
Thetford," published after his death by Googb, (i779()
and waa a contributor to Le Neve's " Honiimen^ AngU-
cana." Died in 1771.

Martin, (Thomas Hbnei,) a French philosopher,
born at Bellesme, in Ome, in 1813. His "Studies on

of (he Phyaical Sciences in Antiquity," (a vols., lS49-t
Died at Rennes in 1SS4.

Martin, (Victoeia Claflin Woodhull,) aa
American reformer, bom at Homer, Ohio, in 1838.
She married twice, her last husband being John R.
Martin, of Overbury Court, England. Her career
was a varied one, she being successively a banker in
New York, an editor, a lecturer on woman suffrage
and other reform movements, candidate of the Equal
Rights party for President of the United States, and
editor of the "Humanitarian Magazine," London.

Maitln, (William A. P., ) educator, bom at livonia,
Indiana, in 1827. He went as missionary to China in
1850, and has dwelt there since ; holding the positions of
president and professor of international law in Imperial
College, Peking, 1867-92 ; ap^inted president M Im-
perial University in '899; of Viceroy's University,
Wuchang, in 1902. He published works on physics
and philosophy in Chinese, and "The Awakening of
China," and other works in. English.

Martin, de. d;h mSa'tlN', (Jacques,) a French wnter,
born in the diocese of Mirepoii in 16S4. He published,
among other works, a " History of the GauIS and of
their CoDqaesta," etc., and " The Religion of the GatUs."
Died in 1 75 1.

Mar'Un-dale, (John Henkv,) an American general,
born at Sandy HiTl, New York, about 1815, graduated
at West Point in 1835. He was a lawyer before the
civil war. He commanded a brigade at the battles of
Gaines's Hill, June 37, and Malvern Hill, July I, 186&
fie commanded a division of General Grant's army m
the summer of 1864. In November, iS66,he was elected
attorney-general of Mew York. Died Dec 13, iSSi.

Mar'tma, (Geoegb,) a Scottish physician, born fat
1702, accompanied Lord Catbcart to America, where
he died in 1 74} He published " Commentaries on tte
Anatomical Tables of Enstachioa," (in Latin,) and other

MajtinMLn, mar't«-nS, (HAKKirr,) an EngUsh mle-

1,^1, <^ fl, ;, ^»tr; i, ^ ^same, less ptolongedi i, J, I, e, ii, ;, riorr; f, f, ), 9, (4Miira; fbr, tail, fit; mCt; nAt; gdSd; m<^

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

MARTINEAU

; bom at Norwich In i8o>, wai dc'
; IfromaF ■ ■■ ' ■■ - ■ ■ - ■

devoted hen«lf to lileratore u a meana of support, and
published, in 1833, "Devotional Ezardaei foe the Use
of Voang People," which waa aocoeeded bf a number
of popular talei, among which we rnxj name " Christmaa
E»T,*''The Rioiera,"(iS3e,) "Mary Campbell," {1837,)
"The Tnm-Ont," and "My Servant Rachel," (l8a8.}
Her "Tradhiona of Paleitine" came oat in 1831, and
were aoon followed t^ a aerica of tales illuttrating po-
litical economy, which were received with great favour
and were translated into French and German. In 1S35
*he virited the United Slates, where she spent about
two yean, and puUlsfaed, after her return, "Sodety in
America," (1837,) and " Retrospect of Western Travel,"
(1838.) Her novel of *' IJeerbroolc" appeared in 1839,
and in 1S40 the romance of "The Hour and the Hatk"

AUdnaon," eta, (1857,) and " Bio^phical Skctcbee,"
(London, 1869.) 5hewaaalsoacDDlributorto(he"Wesl-
mimtet Review" and other literary journals. Died June
17, l87€^ Her Autobiography was publiahed poslho-
moBsly in the &1] of the same year, having been written
principally in the early part of 1855.

philoeophy in Manchester New College, London, in 1853,
and in 1858 atsodaie pastor of the tfnitarian Chapel Ci
little Portland Street Among his principal works are
"Rationale of Itelirions Inquiry," (1839,) "Endeavours
■Aer Ihe Christian Life," (1843,) and " Studies of Chris-
tianity," (1858.) Mr. Martmeau occupied a promi-
nent position both as theologian and philosopher,
being the repretentalive oo the one hand of Unita-
rianism as opposed to Trinitarian orthodoxy, and on
the other of Theism and Spiritualism as opposed lo
lerialistie tendencies of the age. His latest
rere "The Seal of Authority in Religion,"
and " Studies, Reviews, and Addresses,"
Died January 13, 1900.
InelU, maR-le-nellee, (DoHWtitx),) an Italian
architect and painter, bom at Locca b 1650. Among
hia beat works it the palace of Prince Lichteutein at
Vienna. Died in 171&

MartlniiilH, (Tommaso,) an Italian cardinal, bom at
Lucca, FebTuaiJF 3, 1827. In 1873 he was created a
cardiiul -priest and made prefect of the Congregation
of the Index. Died March 30, 1888.

Kaitliiaiigt^ maK-te-nCn'go, (Girolamo Silvio,}
Count, an Italian poet, born at Venice in 1753, pnb-
Eshed a translation of Uiltoo's "Paradise Lost" ("II
^raiSso Perdulo") into Italian verse. Died in 1S34.

Marttneogo, (Tito Pkospiko.) a learned Italian
ecclesiastic, born >t Brescia, publbhed a noniber ol

(Giovanni Ettorb,) an Italian officer and diplomatiat,
bom at Bresda in 1754, entered the French service.
Died about 183a

Maitine^ tnlR'te'nt', a French officer, who lived
about 1660-80 and introduced great unprovementa into
liilitBjy tactics and the organization of the amy.

ttartlntit, intR'le'nf , (Jan Floun*,) a Dntch divine
and writer, bora about 1735, was pastor of the Ueo-
nooite choTch at Zntphen, Died in 179&

Hartinat, (Louis Achillk,) a French engraver, bom
in Pari* in 1806^ gained the grand price in 18m He
fsgraved aeveral works of Raphael and otlier old
■tastera. Died December 9, 1877.

Maitinra, mar-tee'neth, (Doiunso,) a Spanish
painter, bora at Seville in 1690 ; died In 1750,

Hartiiiflx, (Grkcorio.) a Spanish landscape-painter,

11683.

t, (Sebastian,) a
I 1603. On the death a
first painter to King Philip IV. Among his master-
pieces are a ** Nativity" and a " Saint Jerome." Died
ini667.

UutlneB, (ToHAS,) a Spanish painter, was a naDve
of Seville. He imitated socceasfully the style of Uo-
rillo. His "Mater Dolorosa" i* esteemed a mastes-

ko, (BlUtNAKDD,) a Spanish painter, bom at Cuesia in
1738; died in 179'-
MarttoM d« la Plaaa, maR-tee'ntth dt II pll'thi.

£.uis,) a Spanish poet, born at Anieqnera in 1585 ; died
1635.

UartSnM d« U Rom, maR-tee'nCth di U ro'sl,
(FaANCisco,) a celebrated Spanish poet, orator, and
statesman, bom at Granada in 1789. On the breaking
out of the war of iSot^ he ably defended the cause of
the patriots both by his tongue and pen. About 1811
he was sent on a mission to London, where he published
his first poem, entitled " Zaiagoia." After hii return to
Spain he wrote hia tragedy "The Widow of Padilla,"
("La Viuda de Padilla,") and the comedy of "The
Consequences of Holding Office," (" Lo que pnede un
Empleo,") which were brought out on the stage at Cadii
while that city was besieged by the French, and were
received with enthnsiasm. In i8t3 he was chosen a
deputy lo the Cortes. On the restoration of Ferdinand.
In 1814, he was imprrsoned di years in the fortress of
Gomeia, on the African coast In iSsi he obtained an
office in the ministry] ba^ being accused of want of seal
party, he retired to Paris. Having re-

,— -, he became prime minialer in 1834, and

drew np the " Estatuto Real," granting a new constitu-
tion. He was oblif^ to resign his post in 1836, and
resided for a time m Pari* and t.onaon. In 1851 he
was choeen president of the Chamber of Pecra. Among
Itis most popular productions are the dramas entitled
"The Conspiracy of Venice" and "CEdipus," "The
Girl at Home and the Mothrr at the Masquerade," •
comedy, and "El Arte poetlca," a didactic poem. He
also published a historical work, called " El Espiritu del
Siglo," ("The Spirit of the Age,"] in 10 vols., snd the

Jice of "baoel de Soils." Martinei held the post

stpetna! secretary at the Spanish Academy. Died

of perpetual ■
in February, t

sai; (as/;|^anf,- 2as/;e,H.lCf>(m(ra/,- N.awW,' R.frtfi^; Issi; thasin/4u.

Sh Jml_

LoMCRlxcpw, " Poet! and Fottrj of Eurc,... . ^-

dtt Cootemponini ;" " Fortign QuarWrlT RcTiew" for April, iSjK.

Martin], maR-tee'nee, (Antonio,) an Italian pieiate,
bora at Pr^o in 1710, was created Archbi8hoi> M Flor
encein 1781. He published an Italian tranalatlon of the
Old and New Testaments, and several original works.
Died in 1809.

Martlnt maR-tee'nee, (Cornbus,) a Belgian writer
on l(^c and metaphysics, bom at Antwerp about 15671
died in i6zi.

Marttnl, maR-tee'nee, (Fkrimnand Hkinrich Wil-
HELH,) a German natnralist, bom in Ihe duchy of Gotha
in 1719. Among his works are the first three voliunes
of a "SyatemaUc Cabinet of Shells," ("Concbylien-
CaUnet,'' 10 vols., 176S-S8.) IHed in 1778.

Mattliil, (Gborq Hunrjch,) a German archaeologist,
bora in Misnia in 1733. He wrote on Greek and Roman
antiquities. Died in 1794.

Martliii. (GiAMBA-msTA.) an eminent Italian muu-
dan and composer, sometime* called Padre Martini,
bora at Bologna in 1706. His compositions are chietly
ofa religions character, and possess great merit ) but his
reputation rests principally on his " Hiscori^ of Music"
(3 vols,, 1757-81) and "Essay on Counterpoint," (1775. 1
He has been styled "the mcM profound harmonist, and
the beat acquainted with the art and adence of music, in
Italy." Died ini 784-

(3^~Sce Eaplanatioaa, p. a^A

Ifaitlnl, rGtunpn.) u JtaHui sraridMi, a udra

UBrtliil.(]

i, (Jkan Paul Egidius,) often called Haktini
ilTkdbsco, ("tbe Geinan,") a Gcmiui miuidan and
composer, who«e origin*! name was SCHWAKTZEHtiORF,
born at FreitUdt in 1741. In 1767 he weni to Parir
where he wai palroniied by the Duke of Choisenl an
the Prince orCondf. He tirooght out in 1771 his opei_
of " The Lover of Fifteen," (" L'Amoureax de qninze
Ant,") which had a brilliant luccesa; it wu followed
bjr "Henri IV," "Sapho," "Annette et Lnbin," and
other worki of the kind, wUch had great popularity.
Martini was also distingidshed for hit intprovemenls in
military muiic. Died in Parii in 1S1&

Sh Fins, " raocnpliii Uidrmdh d« Uiuicjnr " HondU

Maitliil, (Martino,) a Jeauil miralonary, bom at
Trent in 1614, visited China, and published after hit
return a " History of the Tartar War In China," (" De
Bello Tartarico in Sinis,") which was translated into
the principal European languages ; also an excellent
map of China, ("Atlas Sinensis,") and a "Histoi
Chma pTtiioos to the Christian En," (in Latin.)
In t66i.

Ibitiiil, (Hatthias,) a German philologist, bom
In Waldcck in 1572, published a good "Lexicon Phllo-
lo^cum" (1613) of the Latin langnue. Died in 1630.

Hartdnl, (Vincinzo,) a celebrated Spanish compoaer,
born at Valencia in 1 754. He visited Itidy and Germany,
where hit operas were Teccived with great favour, and ui
t7S8took up bit residence at Saint Petsisburg. He was
appointed (Urector of the Italian Opera in that dty by the
emperor Paul L Among his best work* we mm name
" Ipermnestn," " L'accorta Cameriera," (" The Prudent
diambermaid,") and "La Coaa rara," from which Ho-
urt borrowed a portion of bis " Don Giovanni." Died
fa) iSia

S« F*Tn, '■ BiccmiU* UninnUa ia MiBldcu"

Mutlnl, dl, de mar-tee'nee, or Martino, mar-tee'no,
•n Italian painter, tometimes called Simoni di Mbk-
MI, and Simon of StmNA, wat bom in Stenna about
1380. Hews* a pupilof Giotta,anda(riendof Petr
for whom he punted a portrait of Laura. AmonL
matler-pieces are the ffescot in the chnrch of Santa
Maria Norella at Florence. Petrarch dedicated
tonnett to Martini, who was esteemed one of the greatest
painlert of hi* time. Died in 1344.

Sta Vamki, " Lina of lb* FliDten,"Me,

at Dieppe about 16S0, was appointed first geographc
to Philip v.. King of Spain. His works are numerous
and valuable. Among the moat important we may name
"The Historical, Geographical, and Critical Dictionary,"
(10 vols., 1736,) and a "Life of Motiire." Died at the
Hague ibottt 1748.

Marttnlkr*, de la, (Pierrs Hartih,) a French phy-
•Idan and traveller, bom at Rouen, accompanied the
eifiedition tent by the King of Denmark to the Arctic
regions in 1653, and published, after hiareltmi, hit "New
Vmge to the North," etc, (1671.)

Haitliio. See Harttni, (di.)

Uartluot, mh'te'no', {Hkhri,) a Frendi mecha-
nician, born in Paris In 16461 wa* patronised by Louk
XIV., who employed him to make the docks for Ver-
sailles and the Tnanon. Died in ITSJ.

Blartiiia, mb'tiN', {Chabu* FniDttnc,) a FVench
botanist, born in Pans in 1806^ became professor of
botany at Hontpellier in 1847. He publithed teveral
tcienbfie woilts, among which we may name his treatise
" On VegetaUe Teratdogr," and " Botanical Toumct In
Norway,^ (1841.) Died Hatch 7, 1889.

Marttima. See Martcmi and Hartl

Btar-tt'ntia Po-lo'ima or BoJte'iiHia, a Polish
chrmuder and ecdesisstic, bom st Troppan, In SUetia.
He became chaplain and confessor to Pope Clement IV.

ArchUthop of Gnesen. He wrote a valoable work,
entitled "Chronicon de Snmmis Ponti&dbos," (" Chron-
icle of the Popes.") Died in 1178.
5« VadmtM, "MtaoirH."

Mutlrano, man-te-rl'no, (CoRiouutix) an Italian
(ittiralmr, bom at Cotenss, was Bithop of San Marco,
in Calabria. He wrote a number of dramas. Died la

BbutUe, (PirrnOL) See I^trb MARmt.

Uaxtliu, TOn, Ton nuRfse-Os, (Karl PutORtCB
PuiLlPl>,) an eminent German botaiust,bom stErlsiuen
in 1794. He stodied medidne in his native dty, and in
iSi7jotned the sdentific expedition sent by the Austrian
and Bavarian government* to Brazil. After his retnm
he published, in 1814, hit "Braiiliin Travels," a worii
verji attractive In Itt style, and full of valuable Infor-
mation concerning the natural history of that oonntry.
In 1833 he brongnt out his "Nova Genera et Spedet
Plantarum," (3 vols., with coloured plate*,) snd in 184;
his superb "Genera et Spede* I^manmi," being a
complete description of the palms, (3 vds., with S19
coloured plate*.) Betide* the above, we may name the
" Flora Bratillenttt," and " The Rantt and Animals of
Tropical America," (1831.) Von Martin* wt* appointed
director of the botanic garden at Mttnidt, ana choten
a Fellow of the Royal Sodeljr of London, and other
inatiiutions of the kind. Died in December, 1868.

S« the " Timsa QnutnlT iUnnr" far t^jramj, iSja

MaitoreUl, maR-to-rellee, (Giacomo,) an Italian
antiquary, born at Naples in 1699. He pubiiihed a treat-
ise " On the Andent Colonies of Naples," and oAer
works. Died in 1777.

Martoa, mar'to^ (Ivam PBTROTtTCHj a Rns^an
sculptor, bom In Little Rnttia about 1760. Among hit
best workt are the mausoleum uf the emperor Alexander
at Taganrog the colossal gronp in bronie of the patriol*
Minin and roiharaky at Moscow, and the monument of
Potemkin at Cherson, abo the baa-relief on the moao-
ment of the grand duches* Hdena Paolovna. Marto*
was director of the Academy of Fine Arts at Saint P«t»fS>
burg. Died in 1S35.

lUi'tf , (Martin,) D.D., a bishop, bom at Schwy^
Switterland, JanuaiY la, 183^ He was educated at
Schwyi^ Fribnrg, and Knsieddn, became a Benedictine
Blonk in 1855, and a protestor in the Colleee of Bntie-
dein, remorcd to Indiana in i86c^and was Abbot of Saint
Mdnrad, Indiana, 1870-79. In 18S0 h« was consecrated
Bishop of Tiberias and insde Vicar- Apostolic of Dakota,
where his chief work has been among the Indians. He
i* author of a " History of the Benedictine Order," in

(Hrhry,) a

cellent sdiolar, known as a contribute to the "Specta-
tor." His name appear* In No. 555 of the " Spectator"
at the head of a list of contributors given by Steele, wIm
says, " He can hardly be mentioned in a list wherein he
would not deserve the precedence." He was appointed
inspector-general of Import* and exports, to r«ward him
for the tervice he rendered the government by the
publication of "The British Merchant, or Commerce
Preterved," (about 1713.) Died in 1731.

Mai^^ (Hrnrv,) an eminent English missionary
and Orientalist, bom at Truro, in Commll, in 1781. He
studied at Saint John's College, Cambridge, where he
distinguished himself by his attainments in the classic*,
snd was chosen a Fellow of the college in 180a. Having
become acquainted with the Rev. Charles Simeon about
this time, and experienced deep teligious convictions, he
embarked in iSoj as a missionary tor India. He made
rapid progre** in acquiring the language of the country,
and wa* soon able to translate the New Testament into
Hindoetanee, and subaetiuentiy into PeTs:an. He also
made a Perwan translation of the Paalms. His health
at length gave way under his devoted laboois, and ht
died at Tokat, in Asia Minor, while on his way to Sns-
' nd, in tSl3.

Sea Rut. I. Sa««ht, - Ha»u of (ha Rn. Hannr Uaatrn."
11; t. W. lUvK"UM<i(lHt>u 0>c«,">S»r: "QobWIi
evin- br JuIt, ■(»■

I, t, 1, a, B, f, /mV,A ^ ^ same, less prolonged; i, t, I, &, ii, f, Mvrr,- f, f, i, 9, tffKwn; flr, till, llti uiti aAt; gttd; uAo;

ngii.edaGoO^k

Sod«t7ia 1737, ■od in 1733 became profeMor of botut;
at Cambric^ His "HhIott of Rue Plant*," (b Latin,
1718,) illmtrated Ij Van Hajmim, was tlw bett work
of tM kuid then puUished, and was tnikslated into
German. MartTo also made an eioellent translation
of VtrgiTs " BucoUcs" and " Geotgic*," and was a con-
tributor to the "Gmb Street JoonuL" The genoa
MartTiiIa wai named in his honour. Died in 1768.
_ Ste GoiiHAM, " Hemoln of John Bd Tbonu* ItHlTn," iBjo.

Cbelaea' ,

af botany it'GmhMgt ia 1761. He wrote several bo^
lanicalirarlu and miscellaneow treatises. IMed in 1895.

Mntrm (WnxiAM.) an English wHter, bom at
Exeter in 103. WM the author of the ** Histotj and Lives
of the Kings of ^igland from William the Conqaeror
totheEndoftheReignofHent^ Vm." Diedini6i7.

MaitTT. See JtrsTiN MABTnu

Martrr, (ftna.) See Pxtbk Haktviu

Martyr, fPKna.) See ANORnwA.

Hantodll, ml-roo^heKlee, (Fbancucx>,) an Italian
tdiolar and i^uUMhtoiriat, born at Florence In 1635,
was a liberal patron of teamed men. Died in 1713.

Mamoalll, (Giovanni Stkpano,] an Italian painter
and architect, botn at Umbria in 15S6 ; died in 1646.

MamUo, mj-roollo, {MiofBLE Taroagnota — tiR-
Un-To'tl,) (LaL MAKUL'LUsTARCHAMio'Tta,] t modem
GreMt sdiolar and poet, bom at Constan^nople. He
was the author of numerous Latin hTmns and epigrams
of great elegance^ Died in 150a

S« Cnreinirf, " Hiwoin d* la LitMnlnr* ItiHwim"

Hamtliia. See Makullo.

Ma^nlliU, (Marcus.) a I^tin satiric poet in the time
^ Harcns Anrelins. His style is commended hj Saint
Jerome There ts only a fragment of hia works extant

Uariim or Marwm, van, vtn mfroom, (Haktin,1
a Dutch electrician and natural philoaopber, bom at Delft,
March 3C^ I7<|a He was educated at Gronlngen, and

' le a pb jsidsn, and professor of physics at Hsarlen.

ig his work* are " EHsaertatia oe Mota Flof ~

Among hi

a Fldidornm

In Flantia," (1773,) *^ ■ aotd " Treatise on Electridtr,
(177&) Died December 16, 1837.
lOint [Hindoo pron. mfir'Mt] or Mtnit mI'rSGt,

a Sanscrit word, signilying "wtnd," and applied
Hindoo mytbologr to the genii (or rods) presiding over
the winds. In Uie Vedas the t^ruts are often ad-
dreased a* the attendants and alliea of Indra, and are
called the sons of Prisnl, (or Prifni.) or the Earth ; (hev
aie ako called Rndraa, or the sons of Rndra. (rJHd'rf.)
5a tba ImwdiiaioiH ts llw Hnral toIiiiiw* af Paonuoa Wil-
son's tfSMlUloa of dM -RifVsds ;■• Hoon. " Hktda PuiliDn."

Mf4n'l3if orMaToiit3ia,ma-roo'tht,SAiitT.aS7nan
DFelate, became Bisbop of Martyropolis. He wss a
fiiend of S^nt Chipostom, aitd wrote a " History of
the Conndl of Nice," and other works. Died about 430.

Bbz'vfll, (Andkiw.) an eminent English patriot and
satirical writer, bom at Kii^t*'i>'<~i'P<™'H°'' >■> '^^^
Having travelled through Prance, Spain, Italy, and Hoi-

to MiltOD, then Latin secretary to Cromwell, (l6j7.] He
was first elected to Parliament in 1660, and in this office
gave Bucb entire satU&ction to his constituents that be
continued to represent them till bis death. Marvetl's
wit and distinguished abilities rendered him formidable
to the cotmpt administration of Charles II., and attempts
were made to win him over by the olfer of a lar^e sum
of money, which he promptly refused, thus provrng his
intenitr to be equal to his talents. As a writer he is
chidly xnown by tiis " Rehearsal Transposed," written
h answer to Dr. I^ker, afterwarda Bishop of Oxford, a
fanatical defender of abaolute power. Died in 1678L

Sta tba"Iifa eT Aodrsw Hbt^" t* JOHH Dova; HAHTLn
COtaanoK "Liw of DfatiBfulitatd NoRbtnui" CAnrnu.
' Spedum* of iha Dritbh P«u ;" DnaAKU, " Qnirelt of Au-
Otat:" "KtmmpteS-n Rnrin." mis. a. nd xL, (iSu iSij-)
"EiEBbmh Henew" be Janarj. lUt: "WmnimRw Riricw'*
ftrjusay, iS».

Marrllle, de, (VtaitnL.) See Akooim^ tf.

71 MAHY

Mu/vla, (^Ehocb M.,} D.D., an American Methodist
bisbop^ born in Warren county, Miasouri, June 11, 1B33.
He entered the ministry in i^i, and was chosen a
bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church South in
1866. He puUisbed " TransobManliation," "Christ's
.^"LJfeofV" " "

November 16, 1877

Atonement,'

1^ Way of the West." _ _.

Mu-wAiL Sec MbbwIn.

Mai^ maRks, (Adolfh Bbixhard,) a (>erman con-
pooerandwriter on music, bom at Halle ini7M, became
^Dfessor of music in tbe Univeiaity of Berlin in 183a
Amoi^ his works are "The Theory ofMosicalCompo.
ritioa,"(i837,) and " General Theory of Music," (" Allge-
meine Mosiklehre," 1839.) Died at Berlin, May 17, 1S66.

Mat^ (Karl,) a German socialist and agitator, born
at Treves in 181& Educated at Bonn and Berlin, he
became an editor at Cologne in 1S41, bat in 1843 was
a^Mlled from Germany. He retired to Paris and en-
gaged in literary work, but in 1846 was sent out of tbe
country. In 1S48 he was driven oat of Belgium. He,
however, was activelv engaged in the German revolu-
tionary movements of 184S-49, when he was again ban-
ished. From that time be lived mostly in London, where
he became one of the leading spirits of the Internationa]
Association. Among his works are " Misire de la Phl-
losophie," (1847,) "Zur Kriiik der politischen Oekono-
mie,'' (1859,) "Das Kapital,*' (1859,) etc. Died March

BCi'rj^, daoriiter of Henry VtL of England, was bom
in 1497. She^iecame In 1514 the third wife of Louis
XIL of France, who died In the following year. A (ew
months after she was married to Charles Brandon, Duke
of SnfibllL She left one daughter, named Frances, who
—as the mother of Lady Jane Grey. Died in 1(34.

Mair, commimly called Bloody Quien MARr, on
account of her cmel persecution of the Protestants,
daughter of Henry VIII. tiy his first wife, Catherine
oTAtagon, was bom at Greenwich in 15161 During her
childhood several negotiations were entered Into lor ber
marriage, none of which, however, were carried into
effect After the divorce of Catherine, the title of
Princess of Wales was transferred from Mary to the
princess Elizabeth. In 1536, on the execution of Queen
Anne, Mary was Induced to acknowledge Henry's eccle-
siastical supremacy and the nullity of his mamage wiUi
her mother. Haling, by her outward compliance with
her father's whims, in some degree gained his favour,
the inheritance was secured to her, after ber brother
Edward and his heirs, in the act of succession of 1U4.
When Edward succeeded to the throne, Mary resisted all
his entreaties, and those of bis imnistera, to change her
religious views, upon whidk, by the adnce of Noranm-
berland, he made over the crown to Lady Jane Grev,
(See Gret, Lady Jake.) Mary's first act wlien estab.
iished on the throne was to restore to their sees Bonner,
Gardiner, and other Ushops who had been deposed during
the late reign ; and shortly aAerward* Cranmer and Lati.
mer were committed to the Tower. These measures gave
rise to an insurrection of the Protestants, headed 1^ Sir
Thomas Wyatt, in 1554, which, being soon quelled, was
followed bv the execution of Lady Jane Grey, her hus-
band and father, and of Wyatt himselC In Jnly, 1554,
Mary was married to the ton of Charles V., afterwards
Phihp IL of Spaia In the November following. Par-
liament passed acts restoring the aaihority of the pope
and reviving the former statutes against heresy. From
this time began a fierce persecution of the Protestants,
and it Is estimated that two hundred and eighty victims
died at the stake between the years 155; snd t55&
Among the most eminent of these martyrs were Bishop*
Latimer of Worcester and Ridley of London, and Cran*
mer, Archbishop of Canterbury, In 1557 Mary was
Induced to assist Philip in his war against Prance, and
the united forces of England and Spain ohtiined a victory
over the French at Saint-Quentin. But the following
year Calais was Hken by the Duke of Guise. 1'hu
was a severe blow to Mary, and probably hastened her
death, which took place in November, 1558. She wa*
succeeded by her half-sister Elizabeth.

Without defending the cmelties with which Mot's
reign has been reproached, the candid historian will find

« a* 4,- f as f ; t Aon^: t *• /,- G, H, K,fwEIWra;,- N, hm/,- a, friUc^; I

d by Google

MAHY i(

man* palliatians for her conduct In the spjrit <if that «^e,
vrhhA favoured penecution, in the injostice with which
■he had been treated by her father, and in the itate of
her health during that part of her reign when the per-
lecutioni were at their height, which made it impossible
for her to know the tru« state of affairs. Froude, who

and, in many reapects, a noble life ; and few men or
women have lived lew capable of doing knowingly a
wrong thing." He add* that ber triiU and disappoint-
ments, "it can hirdly_ be doubted, affected her sanity."
And he endi with lapng the chief blame of the peisem-
tioni of her reign first on Gardiner, and secondly, and
more especially, on Cardinal Pole.

Sfb Fftoiriw. ^^HiiLorr of En^ind." toL w. chip- nriiL. mi
the vbo1« of vol ti; Sthicklahd, "Quaeu of Zogland;*' tlao,
Hctke's and Lincakd'5 " HistDTT of Eiigluid-"

MaiT H, Queen of England, the eldest daughter of
fames II. by Anne Hyde, his first wife. She was bom in
London, April 30, 1662, was bred a Protestant, and in
1677 married her cousin, the Prince of Orange, with
whom aa William III. the reigned conjoinilv as sover-
eign of Great Britain, being proclaimed February 13,
1689. Died of smallpox, December 18, 1694, (O.S.)

BlaiT. [Gr.Mopfo; LatMARl'A; Fr. Marie, mfre';
It. Maria, mS-ree'i,] Saint, a Hebrew woman, cele-
brated as the mother of the Lord Jesus Christ, and stvled
bj the Roman Catholica the Bleised Virgin Mary,
(Beau Virgo Maria,) also the Mother of God and Queen
of Heaven.

Sh Uuihew L : Luka L ; labn L - '
Hauiahni. "Via A, li uiDU Viagc-

Jnil£^U JlfA[iB."«C,, ' ^

. 1827.

iIu;Cabu
>: OuiHi, ":

' t««4 : F.V

: Hiiloire dt la

Mu7 of BurnmclT, [ Fr. Makie db Bouri;ogne.
nfre' dfh booR'gon',] daughter of Charles the bold
and Isabella de Bourbon, was bom at Brussels in 1457.
On the death of her &ther, in 1477, she became hciresi
of Burgundy, and was married Uie same year to the
archduke Maximilian, son of the Emperor of Germany.
She died in 1432, in coniequence of a ull from her hotx.
She left two children, PhUip, the father of Cbaiie* V.,
and Margaret, Duchess of Savoy.

See BARAHTm. *'Hiatoire del Duct da BoarMme;'* Qaiuj^bd.
"Hiiti^E dc Muig Ae BourcBci" UBmch, ''Uiria nn Biu-
Cond." tB^a.

Mary of Onlae, (gweea,) [Fr. Marie dk Guise,
_.»,__, i_i. ..._.i II JSiaiy of Lorraine, [Fr. Marib
-" - '-'^-;r of Claude,

following year. In 1J1S she was married
of Scotland, and after hi* death became, for a tbart time,
regent of the kingdom. She i* described by (he histo-
rian De Thoa a* naturally inclined to justice and tolera-
tion, but she was inSuenced by the court of France and
her brothers, the Duke and Cardinal of Guise. She
died in ij6c^ leaving a daughter Mary, afterwards the
celebrated Queen ofScota.

Sn BiniTOM, " HiBory of Sc«li ■ " - -' -■- — - . .

Mary Stn'ort, Queen of Scots, born at Linlithgow
about the 7lh ot December, 1541, was the only surviving
child of James V, and Mary of Guise, (or Lorraine,) who
wa* a daughter of the French Duke of Guiae. James
V. died a few days after the birth of Mary, who was
crowned in September, 1543, by Cardinal Beatoun. This
ambitious and nnscruputous prelate, who was the head
of the Koman Catholic party, usurped the office of le-
genL A treaty having been negotiated for the marriage
of Mai^ with the Dauphin of France, she was sent to
France in the summer of 1 548 to complete ber education.
Before the year just mentioned, Scotland had been in-
Totved in a war against Henry VIIL of England, who
wished to obtain the hand of Mary for his ton and thus
•nite the two countries under one crown.

Educated at the polite and voluptuoua court of Paris,
llacy excelled in various accomplitbinent*, and at an

i. <,I,^<i.^/«V-.- 1,^6, saB>^ teas prolonged; K,«,f,5,Ii.r.

languages. About the ^e of fourteen she composed
and pronounced before Henry IL a Latin oration, is
which she maintained that it is becoming for women ta
team literature and liberal arts. Her rare and radiant
personal beauty, her intellectual graces, and her fasci-
nating manners rendered her a general ^vonritc and the
chief ornament of the French court "Graceful alike in
person and intellect," says Froude, "she posseaacd that
peculiar beauty in which the form is lost in the expres-
sion, and which every painter, therefore, has represented
differently. Rarely, perhaps, has any woman combined
so many nodceable qualities as Mary Stuart : with a
feminine insight into men and things and human life,
she had cultivated herself to that high perfection in
which accomplishments were no longer adventitious
ornaments, but were wrought into her organic constitu-
tion. . . . She had vigour, energy, tenaaty of purpose,
with perf^t and never-failing seli-possession. and, as the
one indispensable foundation for the effective use of all
other qu;dities, she bad indomitable courage." (" History
of England," toL vii. chap, iv.)

In April, 155S, she was married to the dauphin, who
on the death of his father, Henry IL, ascended the
throne of France, as Francis II., in 1559, On the death
of the English queen Mary, Francis and Mary assumed
the titles of Kine and Queen of England, lefusing to
reco^iie the right of Elizabeth to the throne. The
brilliant prospects of Mary were suddenly clouded by
the death of Frands, who died, without issue, In De-
cember, 1560. One great obstacle to her prosperity
was her lealous attachment to (he Roman Catholic re-

ligion, which was rejected or abhorred by a majority of
her subjectt. The Scottish Estates sent Lord James
Stuart, Mary's half-brother, to invite her to Scotland

ing

resolved to return to her native land, she requested
through England on ber way thither ;

offer her the free exercise of her religion. Having

but Eliiabeth'would not grant this &vour t
claimant of her crown. Mary was thus reduced to the
alternative of a voyage by sea, with the risk of being
captured by the English fleet She embarked in August
1561, and parted with regret from la itiit Pnmi, at
which, with eyes bathed in tears, she continued to gaie
until it was hidden by the darkness. After a passage of
four days, she arrived safely at Leilh, and chose for her
chief advisers Lord James Stuart and William Maitland,
of Lelhington, both Protestants. She made friends even
among the Protestants, but failed to propitiate John
Knox, with whom she had an interview. According to
Randolph, he made her weep on this occasion.

Soon nfter her arrival in Scotland, Mary sent Secretary
Bbdtland to London aa ambassador. He made overtures
of peace and friendship, requiring, however, as an indis-
pensable condition, that Eltiabclh and the English Par-
liament should recognize Mary as her successor in case
the former should die without issue. On this condition
Mary promised she would not claim the English crown
during the life of Eliiabeih. " Elizabeth," says Froude,
"refused positively to name Mary Stuart her successor,
knowing that she would be signing her own death-
warrant" These words suggest the probable assassina-
tion of Elizabeth by the pardsans of her rival. Mary
attempted to open the chapel royal for public Catholic
service, but the Protestant mob drove away the priest

a broken head, and tbe q
'ar will by ordering tn
i privately. In 1562 Mary wrote a letter ti

the popular

performed [ , , ^

Elizabeth, and expressed a great desire to have an in
view with ber. Several courteously- worded letters were
exchanged by them, and their correspondence grew man
and more cordial ; but a serious ditleronce arose on the
choice of a husband for Marv. Elizabeth objected to
her proposed marriage with Don Carlos of Spain, and
suggested Lord Robert Dudley, her own bivouritc; but
Mary preferred her cousin Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley,
{a son of the Earl of Lennox,) whom she married on
the aglh of July, 1565. By this act she provoked tbe
violent hostility of'^the EDeiish queen, and estranged
from her support her half-brother, James Stuari, EmI
of MuiTRT, tlM ablest Scottish sutesmaD of hia time.

lisrv,- h (, j, 9, aAmm; fir, fill, Qt; mCti n6l;g(Kd; sidBn

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

MARY

i<73

MASCAGNI

'Hot gentle administration," uyi Robertson, "had
MCBred the heaits of her labjectt, who were impatient
far her matriage and wished the crown to descend
b) a right line from their ancient monarchs. She
benelf wa* the most amiable woman of her age. . . .
No event in that age excited stronger jwlitical fears and
jealousies, none interested more deeply the passions
of sereral princes, than the marrian of the Scottish
qneeo." (" History of Scotland.") Marv made an un-
wise chfHce at last; for the character of Darnley was at
once weak, capricious, and obstinate. She gave him
the title of Idng, bj a stretch of her prerogative which,
stcording to Hobertson, was a strong proof of the vio-
lence of her love or the weakness of her counsels. In-
stigated by Queen Elizabeth, the Scottish malcontents,

England. Elizabeth disclaimed all responsibility for
condoct, and expressed her abhorrence of their treason.

In 1566 Mary Stuart joined the King of France, the
pope, and others, in a Catholic league for the e^itlrpation
of hcrety, ti>d began to attempt the restoration of popery
in Scotland. "To this fatal resolution," says Robertson,
"maybe impatedall the subsequent calamities of Mary's
life.''^ She took into her confidence and favour David
Rizzio, (or Ritiio,) an Italian musician, who became her
French secretary and itueparable companion, even in
flie coandl-room. " He had the control,' says Froude.
"of all the business of the state." Mary soon repented
of hcT anion with the insolent and dissolute Lord Dam-
ley, who treated her with rudeness and neglect and
became jealous of Riiiio, whom he resolved to remove
bj' violence. Riuio was dragged £rom the queen's pres-
ence by the accomplices of Darnley, and killed, in March,
156& This act was the result of a plot in which the
£arl of Morton, Rothven, Maitland, and other Protestant*
tmited for political reasons. Deserted and betrayed by
Darnley, theyfiuled to recover power, and fled 10 Eng-
land. Although Mary deeply resented the conduct of her
husband, she plied him with caresses and gained him over
to her interesL About this time a new bvourite acquired
•n ascendant over her heart and began to influence her
connscls. This was James Hepburn, Earl of Bothwell,
■ man of tome ability, but unscrupotous and reckless to
tiie last degree. In June, 1566, occurred an event which
apparently tended to confirm the power and promote
the interest of Queen Mary, — the birth of her sod James.
In January, 1567, Darnley was attacked with a severe
fllncM at Glasgow, where Maty visited him. and. having
emfdoyed her artifices to gun his confidence, persuaded
Um to be removed to the vicinity of Edinburgh. He
was lodged in a detached house at Kirk-a-Fic1d, very
near the capital. Mary attended her husband assidu-
ously, and slept two nights in the house at Kirk-a- Field,
which she left on the 9th of February at 1 1 p.u. About
three hoars later the hoose was blown up trf gunpowder,
and Darnley was found dead in the garden. Suspicion
Ml on Bothwell as the chief perpetrator of this criice,
and on Mary as an accessary. She outraged public sen-
timent so br that ahe not only screened Bothwell from a
fair trial, but married him in May, 1567. Robertson and
Fronde agree in the opinion that Auuy was responsible
lor the death of Darnley.

Impelled by a just and bamlng Indignation, the Scottish
tarda and people, both Protestant and Catholic, rose in
anna against Hary and Bothwell, who, in June, 1567,
OMt them at Cubeny Hill with a small army. The
troop* of tin queen, however, refused to fight, and she
wai oonpelled to snrrender herself to her adversaries,
whacoanaedher onalittleislandin LochLeven. Queen
Elisabeth dow interpoaed in favour of Mary, thinking
tiw treamenl she received a dineerou* example, and de-
manded ber release. — without eShct The captive queen
abdicBt«<l in Bivour of her son, and the Earl of Murra*
became legent, (July, 1567.) Letters which Maiy had
written to Bothwell were produced in the Scottish Par-
Bamen^ by which she waa declared to be accessory to
the mm'der of the king. By the aid of George DonglM,
a ymth of eighteen, she escaped from prison in May,

1568, and was quickly jrinedby an army of si:

men, which Regent Morray routed at Langside on the
13th of May, Hary fled to England, and rashly threw
herself on the generosity of her rival, who refused to
admit ber Into her presence because she was not yet
cleared from the charge of murder. Treated as a pris-
oner, Maiy was confined at Bolton Castle, Coventrr, and
Fotheringay. She bad many adherents in England, who
made several attempts against the power and life of
Eticabeth. In 1586 she was accused of complidn In
Babington't conspiracy, for which she was tried by t
commission, and condemned without proof She waslje-
headed at Fotheringay Castle on the 8tnof Fetniiary,i537.
" All contemporary authors," says Robertson, '' agree
in ascribing to Mary the utmost beauty of countenanc*
and elennce of shape of which the human form is ca-
paUe. Her hair was black, her eyes were a dark gray,
her complexion was exquisitely fine, and her hands and
arms remarkably delicate both as to shape and colour.
Her stature was of a height that rose to the majestic."
HiiioTT af ScoUind :" FaaiiDS, " Hinorr <3I
■■"- -,f SiwUnd:" Tvruu. " k».

Scfldinil:" Himi. "

Mmj Sliui

Drr at Enalnid/' SA¥ini. !■»
..vii.ir''Lii. of fcUrv, (}iiH
m jKoin. laia; m^ DHHiiaR. ' IMt of Miry, Queen OT ScDti,''
1813; BsLi, "Lift oCMlTT Stuirt." 1831 ; BDQtiHf™*!!, "Lift of
Hut, Quhb of Scots," 1S44: Da U*ht, " Vie dt Mirie Snisrt,"
1 nJm., 1M1: CBtn "Huie StDut'i L«twi." iTaai SdnraiK
'• Irfben Hirie Siun'i," iSni Miomr " Hiitiictdt Marie Svart?
*«!■., iSjt; Dahcadd, " Rbunrt dg Maria Sliun," 1 vole., rSjsi
SnicKLnHD, " Lim af (be Quaana of Seoilaod.'' S vols., 1SJ4;
LASAHorr, "KaeneildeaLatoM daUarii Stum." 7 vola.. 1S44.

Mamxi-PauoBtl. mt>d-itr«e pln-U'tee, (Giv-
SEPPK.) CotiMT, an Italian mineralo^t, bom at Vicenta
'n I777i discovered iti tSio the mine of fossil moI at
Borgo di Valsugna. He invented an instrument for
measuring angles, called " Tachigonimetro." Died in

lbl'stKla,(T>lBOl'HlL>,) an English song-writer, bom
inBrassela,DecembeTii,i8so. His father «ras a French
fCMCon) Protestant pastor, and his mother was Enelish.
He wa* edncBted in Belgium, Switaerland, and England.
In 1870 he obtained employment in the British Mosenm.
He baa published "The Gallery of Pigeons, and other
Poems," (1873,) and many songs, ballads, rondeani. eta
He has also composed music for many songs and ballads,
sad is a successful vocalist.

Haaaoolo Onldl da Ban QloTaiuil, mi-Ut'cho
|oo-ee'dee dl sSn jo-vln'nee, (TouuASo.) an eminent
Italian painter of the Florentine school, born near
FltH'ence in 1401 ranks first among the artists of the
second or middle age of modem painting. His works
were studied by Raphael, Michael Angelo, and Leoaardo
da VincL His figures are characteriied by great anitna-
tion and fidelity to nature and graceful arranfjement of
the draperies. He also excelled in perspective, which
he learned nnder BranelleschL " Maaacdo," says Fuaeti,
" was a genius, and the head of an epoch in the art. He
may be considered as the precursor of Raphael, who
imitated his principles and sometimes tTanscrib«l his
figures." Among his most admired worka are the frescos
01 San Pietro del Carmine at Florence, and the picture
of " Christ Curing the Demoniacs." Masacdo died in
1443, and IS generally supposed to have been poisoned.

Saa Vauhi. "LiTaor Ihe IVstira," atb 1 Mas. Jahbok. "Ha-
moin bI Eirb iBliu Piintara."

aiaaanlallo, ml-U-ne-ello, or ToUMASO Aalella^
born at Amairi, in Italy, in 1623, was the son of a fisher-
man, and in 1647 became leader of a revolt against the
Dukeof Arco*,Spanbfa Viceroy of Naples. At the head
of 5C^aoo insurgents, he compelled the duke to abolish
a tax which he had imposed, and also to give up th*
charter of exemption granted to Naples by Charles V.
The intoxication prodaced by this suddtn chan{[e of
(brtune teems to have affected the reaaon of Hasaniello,
and, having by his condoct alienated his friends, h*
was soon after astasnnated by the adherenta of the

See " HiitofT of iha Riaa end Fall of Maunialla," by Fsahos
HlDOTf. Lflodoa, 1739; A GisArro. " Rivotoifooi di XipoU.'* 1647 r
Mnwns. "HwoTilJoi hi>tiiciicl» BnidiitBck," itSj: "No*
•cDe Biofnplua C4ijnle:" "Foreifi, Qunariy Rtnew" for Aa-
jput. iSa^

mla-kan'yee, (DoxATO.) an Italian monk

■si.' (as/; ^kard; itaj: a, h, K,gtiliural; n, itaial: t^trUUd; tas

(Sy-Sse Explanatt ma, fk. »y\

Digitized ::yC00t^le

•nd paiDter, called Fka AmMO, bom at Ftorence in
1579; died in 1636.

MaMMgnl, (Paolo,) id ICaliin anatomiit, bom near
Sienna in IT51. tie became profesior of anatomy In
the UniTcnity of Sienna in 1774. He wrote an admi-
nble work entitled " Hiatory and Iconography of the
Lnaphadc VeweU of the Haman Body," an ontline
M wnich bad prenotuly obtained the prize offered
1^ tbe AcadeiOT of Sdences in Pari*. In iSoi he wai
appointed proKawr of anatomr, cbemittrjr, and phyii-
Mogy at tbe bocpital of Santa Maria Nnova at Forenc^
Among liit works is "Anatonua aniversa." Died in

Manoagnl, (Pibtko,) an Italian composer, wai
bora at Leghorn in 1S63. He achieved in 1S90 a
brilliant saccesE with bis one-act opera "Cavalleria
Rusticana." Later operas were " L'Amico Friti,"
*' Nerooe," " Zanetto," etc. He became director of
the CoDsetvatorium at Pesaro in 1896.

Maaoardl, mia-klB'dee,(AGOSTiNO,]an Italian writer,
bom at Sariana in 1591. He was appointed by Fok
Urban VIIL profi»w>r of rhetoHc tn tbe Colkfe deila

SapienuatR ■-'-»• •• L.;-i— • .>-

WOTki^ "Pre
Died in 164a

S« TlHAKW

Mwouon, mialiftAN', (Jolbs,) an emuient French
prelate and pnlpit oratOTi bom at Abe in 1634. He
acqtiired a high rMotatioa bf Ue (bneral oration on
Aime of Anstria, (1066,) and waa loon after appointed

g:eacheT-ln-ordinar7 to Lo^ XIV. He wat created
lahop of Tnlle b 1671, and of Agen in 1679. He U

tald to bne oonrerted m

Hed

1 in 1703, leBTing
a hii Tirtnct had

pr«>ert; to tb* poor, to whom

endeared him. A volume of hi* " Funeral Oratloni'
wai published tn 1704. That on Marabal Torenne it
enli^ed I7 La Harpe as a master-piece.

Buwoh, inlah, (Andkkai Gottubi,) a German
writer and theologian, bom fai Mecklenburg In iTa4.
He published, bMide* other wotkt, "Contribntioni
towards the History of Remarkable Books," (1769,) and
an excellent edition of Lelong's " Bibliotheca Sacra."
Died in 1807.

Maaohoronl, mls-ki-n/nee, (Loumzo,) an Italian
mathemaiidan, bom near Bergamo in 175a He became
prolessor of Greek at Pavia, and snbseaaenllj of geom-
etry at Bergamo. On the inva^on of Ital;^ by the French,
he was elected a member of the legislative body in the
Cisalpine Republic. Ha published " Researche* on the
Eqnihbriam of Vaalta," (I/S5,) and other mathematical
trutiaes of ■ high character, also a carious work called
" The Geometry of the Compass," (1797,} and a number
of poems. Died in Parts in iSca

Uuole^ mtslcier, (FSANCOia,) a French Orientalist,
born at Amiena in l66t. He published a "Hebrew
Grammar," ("Giammatica Hebraica,"] in which he op-
poses the use of vowel'points. It is regarded as one of
tbe beat works of the kind. Died in 1738.

S« QatKAtB, " La Fimca lin^nln.''

MaiooT, mla'ko^ (Gotitkibd,) a German JuriiL
bom at Dantdc in 1698. He lectured at GSttingcn, and
published sereral works. Died in 176a

Ubboot, [Lat Hasco'vius,] (johakh Jacob,) a
German jarist and historian, bom at Dantac in 1689,
wai a brother of the preceding. He became professor
of law a( Leipsic in 1719, and was the author of a
tnatiae " On the Origin and Frt^esa of Public Law,"
and other legal works, In latin. He also wrote s
"Histoiy of Germany to the Commencement erf' the
Franconian Monarchy," (unfinished.) Died in 1761.

Sm " HMMri* J. J. UimotH," LD-poe, tr<i.

Ma«ooviiu. See Hak»t.

Maaoiiar, Le, l^h mtalcit^', (JsAif Bafhstb,) a
Frendi Httirataar, bom at Caen in 1697. He assisted
hi tbe translation of De Thou's "Uoiveraal History,"
and published several original works. Died tn 1760.

74 MASINJSSA

Sbaden, mk'dC-oo, (Juam FiuNcttco,) a Spaniab
Jesuit and historian, wai bom at Barcelona in 174a Ha
wrote a "Critical History of Spain and of Spanish Ctil*
ture in every Department," (ao volt., 1783-1800^) wbidi
has a high reputation for leaning and aecuiacy. Died
in 1817.

Masen. See MASEHtnt,

Mnswnltw, ml-si'ne-ui, or Muan, ml'sf n, {Tamks,!
a Flemish writer, bom in the duchy of Juliei* id itoL
He became professor of eloquence in the college of
Cologne, and was the author of a Ladn poem enttiled
"Sarcotis," or "Saicothea," which, it is pretended by
Lander, suggested to Milton the idea of " Paradise
Lost" Died in 1681.

Ma^^TM or UuAiBE, mf laia', (FKAHas,) Bakon,
a diatingnished mathematician, of French extraction,
bom in London b 1731. He was for a time attorney-
pneral for Canada, and in 1773 was appointed curtiior-
baron of the exchequer. He was the author of a "Dis-
sertation on the Use of the Negative Sign in Algebra,"
and other aimilar works, and reprinted at his own ex-
pense a collection of the writings of Kepler and other
mathematicians, also one containing the optical works
of Descartes, Huyshens, Gregory, and Halley. The
latter was completed tiy Hr. Babt»ge. He was recorder
of the dty of London Ibr about forty years. Died in
1814.

Sea "G«i11einwi*t UiciDDe," 1814.

2Xaa«r> da LMtnOe^ mfxalR' dfh iftiia', (Hihki,)
was bom in Languedoc tn 1715. Having given oflenee
to Madame de Fompadour. be was by her orders im-
prisoned in the Baitille. Alier remaining captive nearly
three jeari, he effected his escape, (1756,) with the assist-
ance of a fellow-priioner and I>y means of tbe moat
persevering toil. He was soon arrested, with his com*
panion, D'Al^e, and, after lufiering an imprisonment
of thirty years, was at length released, by the efibtts
of Madame Legroa, who mierested Cardinal Rohan,
Madame Necker, and others, b his belwl£ His "Ue>
moiri" were published by M. Tlueny. Died b 1805.

SmThibuv,"' - ■ •

Maab'fin, (Abicaii. Hill,) bom b London about
1670, was a consb of the celebrated Duchess of Marlbo-
rough, upon whose recommendatlan she became waiting-
maid to the princesa, afterward* Queen Anne. She
continued in this poat after Anne ascended the throne,
and l>y her arti supplanted the Ducheai of Marlborough
in the royal bvour. She wat married b 1707 to Mr.
Masham, who was made a peer in 1711. It appears
that her influence raised Harley and the Tories to power
"7ic^ deprived the Dulu of Marlborough of the o

mand of tbe army, (1711,) and made important clungea

in tbe politica of Europe. In allusion to ber intrignea,

Macaolay lays, " The great party which had long swayed

destinies of Europe was undermined by bedchamber-

.. (Lady Damams,) tlie dauAler of Dr.
Ralph Cudworth, bom at Cambridge, England, in 1658;
waa married to Sir Frandi Masham, of EMex. She was
distinguished for her pie^ and for her attainment* in
histoiy, philosophy, and divinity. She was a friend and
pupil of the celebrated Locke, who died at her honse,
naving resided tliere for tame time. Lady Masbam
wrote several religious treatises. Died in 170S.

Sn Loss Kma "lift of L«ck»"

Ma«-I-ala'Bf, jGr, MaaaavAoaiK',] Kmg of Nimudia,
the sonof Gula, who reigned in Massylia, was boraabtnit
ajo B.C In the secono Punic war he fought at first for
the Carthannians b Spain, but, having been generonil*
treated bv Scipio AJHcanut, he became a sealons and
Eiithfiil ally of the Ronunt. He waged war with Syphax,
a Nnmidian prbce, and wat defeated by him twice. The
Romans under Scii»o came to his assistance, and in 003
the allies gained a decisive victory. Among tbe captives
was the charming Sophonlsba, a Carthaginian lady,
whom Masinitaa mamed. Bebg sternly reproved vj
Sdpio for this impolitic act, he sent tier a cup of pols«^

l,i,I,(^fi,;,/jiy;Jl,*,d,same,l«s*proloii«ed|I,ttI,0,i^V,i<tMr^;t,t,{,9>«*KMfv;(lr,f3UI,ai;mei;nat)gd6dii)>«0(H

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m dnn^ it b tiad, with heroic tfirit He con-

Modi to ciTiliie hU mbjecti. He died aboot the ue of
Hinetj-aeven, leanne the Idcgdoto, ander the giurdian-
•hip of Sdpio AinQianiu, to hii three loiu, Hlcdpia,

Sec Uams, (AKOUU&t
uImU, (WtuiAU,) M EiuEhsh author, bont in
Bath in 18IJ. He graduated in 1S36 at Univenitr Col-
tegc Oxford, wu (1837-50) an Anglican dergjiiuD, bnt
on account of the bnuum Gorham controrerey became
in 1850 a Romui Catholic laTman. He pablithed a
namber of theological worlu, alio " ^cient and
Medieval Ivories," (1872,) clc. Died April

Maa'k^lTBOt (Nrvu,) an Eoglub aatronomer of

Seat ment, iMTii in London in in». He wai aent to
lint Helena in [761 to obacrre the tranalt of Venna,
in whidi enterpriae he Ulcd becaoae the lao vu ob-
acDned by clonda. In 1765 he aoccceded Mr. Bliii aa
aatronomer rojal. He or^nated the " Kantical Ali
nack," (1767,} and anpcrlntended itf publication till

'■ '—-"a high reputation in Europe, and wa»

Epbenwria that
jimn Haakelyne
' Greenwich, and
!0faiara,(i790.)
to atcertain the

..,--.. - -, -„ feet of the Rioun-

n ScbehallienupontlieplDaib-line. He wai the author
w aereral aatrononicsl treatiaea In the " Philoaophical
Transactiona," and waa a Fellow of the Royal Society.
He wa* alao a foreign aaaodate of the Academy of Sd-
•ncca fai Faria. Died in 1 811.

Sm t>njMtmm,-«etit» nt li VU di N. MbUjim." itiij
In. "CTdnadh:" DmLuntM, -BiUan it I'Atw-'- --
««-fcillilmSik««r 'Utmt^ittitirhtUmitk.ijH.

M— J*tri» d% dfh mlirtKe', (Jaoquu Uaub
JosirH Lotm.) a FMnch ardueologbt and blatoiical

death. It acqniicd a high reputation in Europe, and
•t^ed by Lalande "tlie moat perfect Epbenwria
had ever been nMde," For Ibrtyeeven yean Haalu
■ide exact cAaervationa of the aky at T
WM the Gret to^Tcaatandard catalogtie
In 1773 be Tiaited Scotland, in order t<

*W-t (>837>> "Hlitorj of the lafe of Cypnw under the
Rnle of die Princes of the Honie (tf Lnaignan," (1853,)
and " ChronicUi of Emonlt and Bernard the Treaaarer,"
(l87«,) etc. Died Januarj 5, 1897.
Mmo dn Ban Rlnno. See MAitztrou,
■■l'>9tl, (Albxandbr Macoub,) an American
loldier, bom at Washington dty In 1^1. He joined
the luvy, fought on the Confederate side in the dvil
war, afterwards served as a soldier in Chili, China,
and Cuba, and in 1870 went to Egypt, where be be-
came a iavoarite of the Khedive. He surveyed
Lake Albert Nyania, was made governor of equatorial
Africa, served with General Gordon at Khartum in
1S78, and in 1884 was appointed Governor of MasM>-
wah and high comnuMiooet of the Soudan. Died in
1897.

rn'sw, IChaelis,) an English attronomer, who
JMiaied Dr. Bradky in the Royal Obaervaloiy at Green-
widL He pablithed an improved edition of Uayer'a
" Lnnar Tauet," and, in companv with Mr. Dixon, ma
KDt to America to delcrnune the limita of Maryland and
ftnns^vanla. They mcaanred a degree of the meridian,
ttd in 1 768 Dr. Maskelyne published an account of tbdr

" a in the " Philoaophical Tranaactiona" for that

ied in 1787.

D, {Fkancu;] D.D., a learned Baptist divineand
^•siMtaiT, bom at Vorh, England, in 1799. Havu^
tmigratea to America, he atodied theology at Newton,

" ""isetta, and sailed for India in 1830^ He pub-

"" - >r of Mrs. Helen U. Maaon," (1847.)
Iple and Natural Productions,'' (18(1,)
" Ufa of Kotba-byu, the Karen Apostle," a trnwlstion
of tb* Bible into the Karen language, (1853,) and other
■arks. He was also editor of a Kaien Joi^nal, entitled
"TbeMoraiigStar." He died March 3, 1874,

, (Guui^) CouMm, an Ei^iah atataaHH
and aoldlsr tinder the reigns of Charles L and Chariac
" — i~ '-J •- America about 1654, and settled in

168G.

. (Gw»a>,) an American stateaman, a da-
sceadant of the preceding was bora in Stafford county,
now Pairbx coontr, Virginia, in 1736. He wrote the
Declaration of Rights and the Constitntion of Virginia,
(i77<^) after which he aerved in the legislature. In 1777
he was elected to the Continental Congress. He was
reputed one of ttie ablest debatera that Virginia ersr
produced. He wm a member of the national convention
which framed the Constitution of the United States bat
he refused to sign that Constitution, and vehemently
opposed its adoption In Ae Virfinia Assembly, for tha
allejred resaon that it (ended to monarchy. He was
highly eoki^sed by feRerson, Died in 179s.

MBaoil,jG>ORaK,) an Ei^lish fiflSfruAwr, who wrote
a " Life of Lord Howe," an "Answer to Thomaa Paine,"
and an "EsHR on Designs in Gardening." DisdinlSa6-

Uwson, (GiOKCK HumiNa,) an &iKlish artist, bora
at Whitley, in Staffordshire, in tSiS. He atndied medi-
cine, bat abandoned that proletaion for art, wotUnf
mostly at Rome. His pictures are reatisttc presentations
of homely and onambitioas scenes, but, notwlllistanding

— . (Jamss,) a distinguished English engraver,
bom about 1710^ executed a number of landscapes alter
Claude Lorraln, G. Pouasin, Hobbema, and other artirts.
Died aboBt ijrSa

Hamoa, (Jamm UomtAT,) an American Denocratie
politidan, born In Faitfui county, Virginia, about 179&
He became a member of Congress m 1837, snd was
elected a Senator of the United Statea hj the l^lsla-
tute of Vl^jlnia In 1847- He coniinaed to be a member
of the Senate for fourteen years, and was the author of
the fugitive-slave law of 1S50. He was sent with J.
Slldell on a mission to En^and by JeBetson Davis fa
i86t. During the passage in the steamer Trent they
were aelied l» Captain Wiikes, of the Federal navy, ia
November, t86i. Thev were claimed by the Bntist
government, and were liberated in January, 1S61, after
wUch Mr. Mason passed several years in Entlan^
remaining abroad during the dvil war. Died in 1871.

** (JuEMiAH,) an American a'

law many years at FortsmouUi, New Hampshire, to
which he removed tn 1797. He was a Federalist, arid
a fiiend of Daniel Webster, who expressed a very high
ophtlon of him. He represenied New Hampshire in the
Senate of the United States from 1813 to 1S17. In 1831
he removed to Boston, where be died in October, 1848.
"te was considered in the earty part of (he present cen-
irv to be the foremost lawyer in New England.
Mbboo, (Sir JOUN,) an English statesman, bom at
Atnngdon in 1500. He was privy councillor in the relgna
of Henry VIIL, Edward VL, Mary, and Elizabeth. Died

MMon, (John,) a native of England, bora In 1600,
emigrated to America, where he became Deputy Gov.
emor of Connecticut. He was the author of a " History
of the Pequot War." Died In 1677.

3n O. K. Xua, "Ufml Jtta Uttam," b SrAiKs's "Anw-
ku Uocnphy," lA fiL, atinl.

Maaoti, (JOHK,] an English divine and religious writer,
bom In EsB^ In 1706, was the author of a popular work,
endlled "Self-Knowledge," (1745,) which was translated

:-. ' '-^guaee». Died in 1763. '

HN MrrcHBU,) a c^ebrated American
pulpit orator, bom in New York in 1770,
He graduated at Columbia College in 17S9, and suMe-

Juently finished his theological studies in Edinburgh.
a 1793 he succeeded his fitthet as pastor of the Relbrmcd
Preat^erian Church In Cedar Street, New York, wiiere
he attracted great numbers bj his eloquence. He was
tlie founder of the first theological semiury in the United
States, of which he was appointed profinsor. He be-
E editor of the " Christian's Magadne" In 1807. and
elected in 1811 provost of Colnmbna College, and

>**;tmt;t»MrJ;tt»J;a.H,K,rMm<Ki!H,iiattJ;m,l<iiUJ;iaat;*baamMt. (IX'See Explanation, pu 93.)

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of DicUMon CollegB. Peanijlvanii.
Among h(t rooat admired wrltlnn ir hi* " Oration on
Iha Death of Alexander Hamilton^' who waa hi* Intimate
Mend. Dr. Masoo died in 1819. His work* (in 4 toU.
were edited by hi* ton, the Rer. Ebenewr Haaon.

1 «f J. U, Muai," bj J. Vin Tacirnn. ig]« ;

, (John Thomson,) an American Iftwyer and

■tatetman, aon of Thomson Maaon, noticed below, waa
iKim in Stafford county, Virginia, in 1764. He waa a
peraonal friend of Jefferaon, wlio appointed him to acTe-
ral high offices. Died in 1834.

■Caaon, (John Y.,) bom in Snascz connty, ^^r^nia,
aboDt 179(, waa secretary of the navy ander Preaideni
Tyler, and attorney-general and secretary of the navy
(1846^) under President Pollt. He wu afterward*
appointed minister to France by President Pierce. Died
in Paris in 1S59.

lCBBOii,tLowBi.i.,) an American composer and teacher
of muaic, bom at Medfield, Massachusetts, in 1 792. He
received the degree of doctor in mosic froin the New
York University in 185$. He waa a contriDntor to Hie
" Musical Review." and pulitished numerou* work* on
music, both original and compiled. Died August 11,
1872.

Mason, (Otis Tt;pTON,) an American ethnologist,
bom at Eaatport, Maine, in 1838. He graduated ai
Columbian University in lS6t, and became curator of
ethnology in the National Museum in 1SS4. He
wrote "Woman's Share in Primitive CuUure."
" Oiieln of Inventions," "Primitive Transportation, "
etc Died 1908.

Mavon, (RlCHAKD B.,) grandaon of George Mason,
noticed alMive, served with distinction in the Mexican
war of 1S48, and became civil and military Governor of
California. Died in i8;cl

Maaon, (Stkvbhs Thomson,) a nephew of Geoii
Maaon, wa* bora in Virginia in 1760. He served in tl
war of the Revolution, and wi« elected to the United
States Senate in 1794. Died in 1803.

Maapwo, ndb'pl'K6', (Guton CamiujcCoaeix*,)

1S74 became professor o( Egyptian archa-
ology and philosophy in the College de Prance. He haa
pnUisbed translations of various papyri, and many me-
moirs on aicbxological questions, beside* " De Carche-
mis Situ el Hisloria," (1873,) " Histoire andenne dea
Peuples de I'Orient," (1875,) and other woriti. His
monumental work is " History of the Ancient Peoples
of the Classic East," (1894-1900.)

Maaqne de Far, mtsk dfh flK, ^■'Bomiis n,

lom C,) (the "Man with the Iron Mask,") an unknown

Srson, who )n 1663 was imprisoned in the chltean of
gnerol, afterward* conveyed to the isle of Sainte-Mar-

Maaoti, (Stevens Tnousoir,) grandson of the pie-
ceding, waa bom in Loudoun county, Virginia, in 181 1.
He was elected in 1835 first Governor ottl

e State of

Michigan. Died January 4, 1S43.

« ™ ,) vonngerTjt „

Li bom m 1730. He ditlingaisbed

'brother of George Ma-

Haaon, (Thomson,)
•on, noticed above, was

himself as a jurist and a patriot, and was the author of
several able political essays. Died in 1 7S5.

Maaon, (Wiluam,) an English poet, bom at Hull in
172$. He was chosen a Fellow of Pembroke Collie in
1747, and, after taking orders, became chaplain to the
king. Mason is chiefly remembered a* (he friend and
Uographer of the poet Gray. His principal worlcs ate
two tragedies, entitled "Elfrida" and " Caractacus,"
•everal odes, and "The English Garden," a deacriptive
poem. He waa also distinguished for his skill in jHunt-
Ing'and music Died in 1797.

Haaoodea AleA-Abool-Haasaii, Maafldl AU-
Abiil-Haa*an, or MBBOody All-Abottl-HaaBan,
ml-BOo'dee I'lee' I'hSbl' hls'sfn, often called Al>Ma<
aoodas, (or AI-Maa'Adl;) an eminent Arabian historian
bom at BagdAd in the ninth century. His profound and
varioua attainments in almost every department of know-
ledge have obtained for him the admiration of Europeans
M welt as of his own countrymen. He travelled over a
great part of Asia, and as far west a* Morocco and Spain
AoMng his most important works are his " liistory of
the Time*," and his " Meadows of Gold and Mines of
Gem*," the latter of which com^ises the history, poli-
tic^ religion, and geography of Eastern and European
Datnwa. Haaoodee is sapposed to have died at Cairc^
In 956 A-tt

BbtaotU. mi.tot'tee, (Domknicx),) a distinguished
Italian surgeon, bom at Faeiua in 169S, was appointed

cipal work, entitled " Uthotomy for Women Ferfecled."
Died in 1779.
MaaondL See HAsoomx.

mysterious prisoner, who was evidently a peraon of high
rank and refined taste*. Some irriters have supposed
him to have been a twin brother of Louis XTV. ; others,
that he wu the Count of Veimandois, the Duke of
Beaufort, or Count Mattioli.

5« G. J, V. A, Elui, (Loud Dma.) "Hiatorvef the SuiM
PiiKnHEilkd The Iron Uuk,"igi&;PAtri.t.ACK>rx, "L'H<M^
au Uuqua it Ftr." liij: L. LcTODRHma, " Ul>wir> do I- HaniaH
iiiMuqiuid<iF>r."iB49; VO[.T(iu,"Sitel((la LouiaXIV."

BCaaqtteUar, mtakl^', (Louis Josuh,) a Frendi
engraver, born near lille in 1741. In iSos he obtained
from (he gallery of Florence a gold medal for hi* en-
gravings. Died in iSll.

Maaao, mls'st, (NiccolA,) an Italian physician and
medical writer, born at Venice ; died about 1563.

Maaaard, mfsli', (Jean,) a French engraver, bora
at Belltme in 1740. He became a member of the Acad
emy of Painting in the reign of LonaXVL, and, on the
reatorationof (he Bourbons, was made, in 1 81 4, engraver
to (he king. His mos( admired worka are " The Family
of Charles I.." after Van Dyck, and "The Death of
Socrates," after David. Died in iSaa.

Maaaard, (J ban Baptistk Raphael Urbain,] a skD-
fiil French engraver, son of the preceding, waa bom In
Paris in 1775. He engraved some works of Raphael
Giulio Romano, and David. Died in 1S49.

Blaaaarado. See Mazabkedo t Salazar.

Maaaarl, mis-si'ree, (Lucio,) an Italian painter, ban
at Bologna in 1569, was a pupil of Lndovico Caned.
He was intimate with Albano, and took pan in tome of
his labours. Among his master-pieces are the " Mar-
riage of Saint Catherine," and a "Noli me Tangere."
" Some of his worlcs," says E. Breton, " are so gracefol
that they defy the severest criticism." Died in 1633.

Sec Lahu, " HniDrr ef P>iiiiiii| bi Hnlr;" Balddricci, "Na-
diic;" Malvjiiia, "Ftlnnpltaia."

Blasaatia, mla-sl-ree'l, (Alessahdko,) a learned
Italian physician, born at Vicenia about i5to. He
studied under Pracantianus and Fallopius, and in 15S7
succeeded Mercuriate as professor of medicine in the
University of Padua. He was the author (^ a " Treatise
on the Plague" and a "Treatise on Bleeding," which are
highly esteemed. Died in (5981

Sev toKtAu " HiSDin da I'Auinnia.''

Maa'Bf-aait. an Indian chief of (he Womponoags,
born in Massachuseits. In t6it he formed a league with
the colonists at Plymouth, which wa* never violated. He
was the father of the celebrated warrior Kinji ntlip.
Died in 1661.

MaaaA, mfsi', (Jean Baptiete,) a French artiat^
bom in Paris in 1687, engraved the pictures which Le-
brun had executed for the gallery of Versailles. Mass<
became painter to Louis XV. Died in 1767.

MaaaA, mfsi', (Victor,) a French musical composer,
born at Lorient, March 7, iSaa. He was educated at
the Paris Conservatory, taking the frix Jt RamM in
1844. His first work for the stage, the operetta of " La
ChanUuee voilfe," (1853,) was at once successful, and
he followed it tip with a large number <rf pieces for the
stage. The best-known of these are "Galatea," "The
Seasons," and " Paul and Virginia." The laat ia the
only one of his opera* well known in this country. Died
JuW 6. 1884.

Waaa^na. mrsl'nf , [It Massena, mls.tl'Bl,] (Alf>

i,^ 1, 4 S, y, /i>v; ^ ^ ^sane, lea* prtdongedt 1, <, I, «, e, )F, lAsrf ; f,f, j, 9, Wwwtv; fir. Oil, At; mltj nSti gMdi n

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MASSENSACB

DKt.l Prinn of Essling, Duke of Hivoll, and on* of |
Ac moat duting:ai*hed mushaii of Napoleon L, ww
born of Jewish parentage at Nice in 175& He enlisted
in 1775 13 > private of the loiral Italian regiment, from
which be retired it the expiration of fourteen yean,
having attained no higher rank than that of a sergeant.
At the beginning of the French Revolution be again en-
tered the armj, and b a short time was iucceuively pro-
■oted to the rank of colonel, general of brigade, and
(cneral of dividon. In 1 794 he gained a victon over thi
Auatrians near Tanaro, took Ormea, and reitdercd eS-
doni teirice at the battle of Saorgio, The following year,
whDe Krvins under General Schjier, he drove the Ans-
triaiM from their position at Vado and gained over them
the dediive victory of Loano. In 1796 he acquired
prat distinction at the engagements of Montenotte, Mil-
lesinM, Castiglione, and Areola. His gallant conduct at
the battle of Rjvoli, in 1797, subseqoenily procured for
him the title of Duke of Rivoli. The neit year he was
appmnted to the command of the army in the Papal
States \ bat his rapacity and avarice excited so great
hoMiti^ both in his soldiers and in the inhabitants that
he mt toon after compelled to resign. In 1 799, as com-
naander-in-chief of the armies of Switzerland and the
Danube, he eahilnted the highest (Kxler of military talent,
csfwaally at Zurich, where he gained a '
bnlliant victory over the Russian*. '.
created a marshal of France. The neit
to Italv, to command against the Arctiduke Charles,
whom be finally lacceeded in drinntr back into Gennsny.
In 1806 he reduced the inni^^t Calabrians to subjec-
tion, took the fortress of Gieta, and enabled Joseph
Bonaparte to seal himself firmly upon the Neapolitan
throne. He reaped further laurels in 1S09, at the battles
OL Laadshot and Eckmiifal aad by the capture of the
fortreM of EbcrsdorC The tame year he was created
Prince of Easling, for hii distinguished services at the
battle of that idace- Massina was appointed in 1810
smeral<in-chief of thearmy in Portugal, where, although
tie e:dii)nted his usual courage and military skill, he wai
ultimately obliged to yield to the superior genius of Sii
Arthur Welles^. He has, however, received the highest
commendation from English as well as French historians
for the strategic skit) with which be conducted bis
treat into Spain. In iSii Haimoni was appointed

_ . He acknowledged the authority

when he relumed from ^ba, but took no pan n
affair* of government during the Hundred Days. ___
was lubBeqnently appointed commander-in-chief of the
National Guard in Paris, and also received several mark*
of distinction from Louis XVIII. He died in Paris,
April 4i >8<7-

S« GnuAL Koca, " Uriiwini de M u
■RIstavT of lb* PoiBBDlv War 1" Uaioi-Gi
"BiiiniilH tf E^nssl SoUisn «f -^- '

■^: ?«;*■"-= -■^'--

UorariritCi

MaMrabftcdt, TOD, fon mls's^-blE', [Ci
• Prussian officer, bom at Schmalkalden in 1768. He
pnUished several historical works. Died in 1S27.

Mawttnat, mls'sth'nf, (JuiJS Emile FsiDiitic) a
French composer, born at Montaud, May )3, 1842- He
was educated at the Paris Conservatoire, where he be-
came professor of composition. Among his operas are
" Poime d'Avril," " Seines hongroises," " Maiie-Made-
leine," " Eve," a mystery, " Le Roi de Lahore," ■* La
lUrodiade," "Hanon Lescaut," etc. D. Aug. 13, tgll.

Mm'mjt, (GiKAi.t>,) an English poet, bora hi Hert-
fordshire in tSzS. The child of indigent parents, he
was obliged at an early age to work in a factory, and re-
ceived no other instruction than that of a peruiy school.
He poblisbed in 1847 "Poems and Chansons," which
were followed in 1853 by "The Ballad of Babe Chris-
tabel, with other Lyneal Poems," "A Tale of Eternity,
and other Poem*," (1870,) etc He also won some dis-
tinction as a lectnrer. Died October 39, 1907.

Mualao, do, d^h mt'selk', (Gabmkl,) a French
officer and historical vrriter, bom at Narbonne in 1657.
He wrote ■■ Memoirs of the Most Important Event* of
Ae War from 1688 to t69S.'' Died fn 1717.

MASSINGBR

mTse'lt', (Ni(X]L*a,)AuoN,a PKMkiMV-

ratria', born at Villeneuve d'Agen in 1764. Among U*
philosophical works it an "^tay on InttiDCt, latell)-
gence, and Life," (4 vols., 1812,) Died iu 1848.

MsLtale, mas'ie, (Nathaniel,) an American stridier
and pioneer, bom in Goochland county, Virginia, fai 1763,
settled in Ohio, where he became one of the largest land-
owners in the State. He foimded in 1796 the town of
Chilicothe. Died in 1813.

Mnsalen, mfs^b', (GniLiAtrM^) a French Ut-
t/ratair, bom at Caen in 1665. He was apptdnted fai
1710 professor of Greek in the College of France; He
translated the Ode* of Hndar, and wrote a "His-
tory of French Foetiy," brought down to the r^n of
Francis L Died ir

inlj»».

XVL in the

National Convention. Died in 1818.

MaBaUloo, mrs*l'y4»' or mrse'yitJ', (Jean Ba?-
Tl&TE,) a French pulpit orator of great celebrity, bom
at Hiires, in Provence, in 1663. He was educated in
the college of that town, and became a priest of the
Oratory. After professing belles-lettres and theology at
MontbriSMi and Vienne, and pronouncing some funeral
orations, be was called to Paris in 1696 to direct the
Seminary of Saint-Magloire. His talent was gradually
developed by the ecclesiastic conferences which he com-
posed at this period. He admired the austere eloquence
of Bonrdaloae, but chose Cot himself a different shrle,
characterized by profound pathos and an insight into
the most secret motives of the human heart. In 1699
he preached at Paris the Lent sermon, which was warmly
applauded. The same jrear he was chosen lo preach the
AiiotiU at court, on which occasion Louis XlV. said to
him, "I have heard many great orators and been pleased
with them ; but after bearing yon I am displeased with
myself" The death of BMsuet and Bourdaloue, in
1704, left him at the head of French pulpit orators. In
this year he again preached before Lonis XIV., who**
funeral oration he pronounced in 171s. He was ap-
pointed Bishop of Clermont in 171 7, and preached before
the young king the Lent sermon called " Pelil-Carfme,"
which is esteemed his master- piece. Mis diction is noble,
simple, and unaflWled. Voltaire kept a volume of hi*
sermons constantly on his desk, as a model of eloquence.
Massillon wat admitted into the French Academy m
l^v^ In thegovernmentofhis diocese he wasmoderate,
charitable, and conciliatory. He died in 174s. His pnb-
•'-'^-' }rks consist of Sermons, Ecclesiastical Con-
. Paraphrases of certain Psalms, letter*, etc
Vol taire thought him " the preacher who best understood
the world, — whose eloquence savoured of the coorder,
the academician, the wit, and the philosopher."

Sa L* Hniirs, "Coun de Ult6i>ure:" Mausv. "AoftiUBa
1* Quir«;" F. Tmaaiim, " D*Di»ili=n(i. nnd MudUon,'' .«4« ;

_.. Lundi ;" TAunrr, "Klof
Bioinphie G^ndnJe."

Ma— ImlllMio. See Maximilian.

Mniuiliwa See Maximus.

Maa'sln-tfT, (Philip,) an eminent English dramatic
poet, was bom at Salisbury in 1584. In his eighteenth
year he entered Saint Alban's Hal!, Oxford, supported
ty the Earl of Pembroke. Here, according lo Anthony
Wood, "he spent his time in reading poetry and ro-
mances instead of logic and philosophy, which he ought
to have done, as he was patronised to that end." He
became a resident of London aboat 1606, and assisted
Fletcher in the composition of several dramas. The
first production of Massinger was the "Virgin Martyr,"
(1611.) Eighteen of his dramas are extant, mostly
tragedies and trsgi-comedies. Among the meat admired
- "The City Madam," "The Maid of Honour,"
lew Way to Pay Old Debts," and "The Fatal

r." The latter has given to Rowe the outline of

the "Fair Penitent" Mttsinger's dramas are remark
ably free from profiuiin ; and the coarseness which dis-
figures some of them is probably to be attributed lo Us
coadjutor*. He b said to have Deen Ae only dnunatkt

Kloft i» HiHilloB,"

«Mi;Ca*«;|4dn^,-ias/;a,ii,K,/wM(ni/;N,«*jv/;R,ft«'j:(i^,-iaBs;thMinliu. ({

X.oog

P-«*)

MASSMANIf T(

of Ifaitdmr who rejected the doctrinaix'lludiTJiier^Iit
of IcJDgi. Died in 1640.

S« Datu, "Sobh Anmi of du Uft ud Wi4iiii(i of P.
Hraiuw," 1789; "Lim of Iht Biitkh Dnuutliu," Iv Caht-
nu, IJtKM Hinrr, <tc

Mamnami, mli'mln, (Hans Pehdinand,) i Ger-
man scholar, born at Berlin in 1797. He pnblished an
edition of the "Explanation of the Gospel of Saint
John" in Gothic. Died August 3, 1874.

MaaaoUnc^ da, dl mls-so-lee'no, (Panicalx, pl-ne-
kill,) an Italian painter, born near Florence b 137&
His maater-piecea are the picture* In the chapel of San
PietTO at Carmine, representing leading inddenta in the
life of Saint Peter. He nnmbered among his pupils the
celebrated Masacdo. Died in 1415.

Sai Vauii, " Lim of Ihc PiinUi*," cle.

Maaaon. See Latomus.

MaaaoD, mfs^N', (Ani-oihk,) s French engraver,
bom near Orleans in 1636. He excelled particularly in
representine colour and the different textures of objects.
His print of the "Disdples at Emmaus," after Titian, is
esteemed one of bis masler-pieccs, though not free from
a bntastic »ty\t of executing the hair, peculiar to himteIC
Hasson was also a painter, and his engravings from his
own portruts, as well as from those of other artists,
are greatlj admired, many af them representing the
most distinguished men of that time. He was engrsTer-
in-otdinary to the Idng. Died in 1701.

His daughter, MADKLtHB Masson, bom in 1GG6, was
a tklliul imitator of her father's style, snd executed tha
portraits of Maria Theresa, the Duchess d'Alenfon, and
several others.

S« DnoHii, "I* Pdnm-Grownr Fnutik.'*

Maaaon, (Auodstx Hichkl Butatr Gaudicbot,) a
French novelist, bom in Paris in iSoo ; died In 1S83.

1, (Ckaklbs Fbaiaxiu Philibkrt,) a Frendt

UttirttUitr, bom in Franche-Comt^ in 176a. He was «
member of the Institute of Ftanee. He vrrote " Me-
moirs of Russia," (3 vols., iSoxn,) snd a poem entitled
"The Helvetians.''^ Died in 1S07.

5« "Nounlla BioRnpliic CMatnh."

Maa'aon, (Datid,) a Scottish critic and UtUrataa',
bora at Aberdeen in i8m, becameacl>nt^ibutorto"F^a-
ser's Hagaiine" and the " North British" and " Quarterl)'
Reviews" and other publications. In 1S59 he becauM
editor of " Maanillan's MagauDe," and in 1S65 was ap-
pointed professor of rhetonc and English literature in
the Uuversitj of Edinburgh. Hewrote "The Life and
'Times of Milton," " British Novelists and their Styles,"
snd other works. Died October ^, 1907.

ICaaaoD, (Francis^] adistinguished Scottish botanist,
bom at Aberdeen in 1141. About 1771 he visited the
Cape of Good Hope, where he ipade a valuable collec-
tion of plants for the Kcw GardeiiB. He died in Canada
in tSoj. He left an admirable work entitled "Stapelia
novK," m folio, with 41 coloured plates,

Maaaon, (Fkan^ois,) a French sculptor, bom In Nor-
mandy in 1745. Among his master-pieces are several
groups in the garden of the Tuileries, the bas-relicft of
the Pantheon, the sculptures on the tomb of Vauban,
and an exquisite figure of Flora. Died in 1S07.

Maaaon, (JkanJ a French littlratrur and Protestant
divine, bom about 1680, wrote the Uvesof Horace and
Ovid, and several antiquarian treatises. Died in 17JO.
- — ' - " •-■• [T-t Papir'ius

, (JBAN Papito— pTpiR',) (Lat Papir'

Masso'nus,] a French writer, born at Saint-Germain-
Laval in 1544- He became an advocate of Parliament in
1576. He was the author of" Annals of France," (1577,)
a " Description of the Rivers of France," (1618,) and a
collection of Inographies of eminent persons, entitled
"Elogia." Masson was a friend of the historian De
rhou, who has written bis Life. Ued in i6tt.

Maaaon, fTnoUAS L.,) "Tom Masson," author,
bom at Essei, Connecticut, in 1866. He has been liter-
ary editor of "Life" wnce 1893, and has written much
humorous material, including "Yankee Navy," "The
Van Blumer%" "A Bachelor's Baby," elc, also edited
■' Humorous Masterpieces of American literature," etc.

Maaaon de Pesay. See Pezav.

I, B, I, &, it, T, if>Vi *>> ^ ^ "^*' '*" prolonged; i, i, I, «, 0, jT, Uorf ; 1. 1, L 9k ttuurt; fir, fUl, Qtj mlt; n&ti gdUj naMai

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

MATELIEF

Maaaona, mls'sOVf, written also M»-
ana snd Maaoo, a celebrated Arabian savant, who was
physician to the caliph Haronn-al-Raschid.

UaaanBt^ mf sii'i', (Pierre,) a leamed Frendi phy-
sidan, born near Sedan in 1698, studied under tb«
celebrated Boerfaaave. He wrote several historical
treatises. Died in 1776.

Bdaaana^ (RsnA,) a teamed French ecclesiastic, bora
in Normandy in 1666. On the death of HaUlton and
Ruinart, he wrote a continuation of the "Annals of the
Benedictine Order." He also pablished an excellent
edition of the works trf SsinI Iremeus. Died in 1716.

Blaatelletta. See Dohducci.

Uaa't^ra, (Robert,) an English divine and indqusry,
bom in iTi^, published s "History of the College of
Corpus Cbnsti," (1753,) and other works. Ho was s
Fellow of tbeSodety of Antiquaries. Died in 1798.

MaaterH, (Tkohas,) an English poet, born in Glou-
cestershire about i6oa He was a friend xA Lord Her-
bert of Cherbur^, whom be is said to have asdated in
some of his wribngs. He wrote s Greek poem on tha
" PsssioD of Christ," and other works. Died in t6u-

■""■*■"" or Maeatlln, mist-leen', (Mickakl.) s Ger-
man astronomer, bom in Wiirtemberg about 1550^ He
passed aportion of bis early life in Italy, where he asso-
daled with Galileo. Having returned home, he wsa
appointed professor of mathematics at Tiibingen, where
be wss the tutor and generous friend of Kepler. He
accepted the Copemican theory. He ms author of
"Thesis de Edipsibus,"" Epitome Astronomiie," (1597,)
and other works. Hallam designates him as "the uIbs-
Irions master of Kepler." IMed in 1590 or 1631.

Maatropetro, mla-tso-pI'tROk (Orio,) wa* elected
Doge of Venice in 1179^ He abdicated in 1191, and
retired to a monastery, and was succeeded by the cele-
brated Daodolo.

Maatiool, ml-soofcbee, <AGomNO,) an Italiaa

B inter, bora at Rome In itei, wss a pupil of Carlo
uratta. Among his master-pieces is a "Holy Family."
Died in 1758.

Mastiooio, ml-Boofcho, L, an Italian architect and
sculptor, bom at Naples in ti3a He built the diurch
of San Domenico Maggiore, and completed that of Santa
MariadelNoova, begun byGiovanniPisano. Diediniios.

MaanooioIZ, (ToMUAso ex' Stefani.) a pupil of tha
preceding, wss bom in 1191. Among his works are tha
castle of Saint Ermo, and the church of Saa Lorenso
at Naples. He also executed sculptured monuments dl
great merit Died in 1338.

Sh CicocaiAiA. -Siorii diUi Senhm."

Maaodl or Al-BfaaodL See Masoodrx.

Mat, or Ma-t, in the old Egyptian mythology, the
wiie of Thoih, and dau^htei: of the sun. In her hall tha
dead are jndeed. She is the goddess of truth.

MfttAUml'tt-n,ln the Hii>doo mytholc^, the chariot-
eer of Indra.

See W ILL! Awl's mnililuni of " Sakoontill,'' ActvL

Matanl. ml-tl'nee, (Antonio,) s learned Italian phy-
sidan, born at I^toia in 173a. He was a corresponding
member of the Royal Sodety of London. He publishM
a treatise " On the Figure of the Earth," and scmral
medical works. Died In 1779.

S« TirxLDO. " Biognfii degl laTiiai iOiuari."

Matob'fm, (George,) on English traveller, bora In
1755, published a "jDomey from Aleppo to BagdU
across the Arabian Desert" Died in 1S33.

Mat^ko, mi-tiV^o, (Jan Alovsius,) a Polish artist,
bom at Cracow, July 30, 1838. He studied painting with
the best masters in Cracow, Munich, and Vienna. His
most noted pictures illustrate scenes In Polish histin-
He pablished an extensive collection representing Polish
costnmes from laoo to lyoj. Died in 1893.

Matalla^ ml't^h-leef, (Cornelia) a Dutch navigator,
bora about 1470^ was sent in 1605 as commander of a
squadron to the East Indies, for the purpoae of oppoains
the Portosuese and of opening relations with China and
Japan. He died about 1618, and an account of hia to^
age was published at Amsterdam, (1705.)

MA TEX If A

, ml-ilR'nl, (Amaui,) (known •• Trau
Frisdrich Matrrna,) b Gertnan irocalUt, bom at
Sankt G«orgcn. Styria, in 1847. AAer » few jtan *peat
in operetta ai the minor tbeaUea, the made ut dAiut in
Vienna as " Selika" in th« open of " L'Afiicaine,"
(1S69,) and at once esCablUhed ber positioD ■■ oiw of
the leading Gennan toprano-tinger^

ISatamtia. See Firmicui.

M.frh^wi^ ml'tlin, (Jacob,) a Datdi engriTer, ban
•t Haarlem in 1S7I> *■■ ' pupil of Henry Goltdna,
IKed In 1631.

M«Hi»m, (TmoDORVs;) SOD of the preceding, bom
at Haarlem in 15S9, engraTcd a number orportraiU,«iMl
WTcial hiatoricM piece* of (mat merit Died in 167T.

Matti'vr, (Cotton,) D.D., a celebrated AmericaD
theologian and writer, bom at Bocton in 1663, was a son
of Increase Mather, noticed below. He was ordained
w a minister in 16S4, and preached in Boaton. Among
his principal works are "The WoiMiera of the Invisibln
World," (1693,) "Magnalia Christi Americana, ot
The Eixtesiasu^ History of New England," (170s,)
"Essay* to do Good," (1710,) "Psaltenum Ameriea-
nDm,''(t7l^) "ThcChiistian PhiloaopheT," (171I1) and
" ninitralioa* of the Sacred Scriptnret," (in manuscript)
His chaiacter exhibit* a remarkaUe CMuponnd of ardent
piety, (which, however, was not withoat a tincture of
■elf^nceitj uncommon activity, and force of intellect
jcnned M a credulity which, even in that age, had
fcarcely any paiallel among educated men. From the
fint he waa eager to bring to trial and punishment those
■uppoaed to be guiltr of witchcraft, and, when otheii
b^pn clearly to see the follr and injustice of theae cruel
persecntions, he earnestly, though Tainly, strove to atem
the reaction in the popular mind. Died in 173&

Mkthor, (INCKEASR,) ton of Richard Mather, a non-
conformist divine who removed from Lancashire to New
England, was bom at Dorchetler, Hassachoaetts, in 1IS35,
He waa sent aboat 1685 to England a* agent of Um
province for the redrest of grievance*. He pnblithed,
among other work*, an " Eiway «n Remarkable Provi-
dence*." Died in 1713.

Mathor, (Maecarbt,) actress, bora near Toronto,
Canada, in 1859. She made her first appearance on
tbe stage at Cordelia in " King Lear** in 1878, and
engaged in a starring tonr in 1881. Her final en-
gagement was as Imfwen in "Cjwibeline" at Wal-
Uck't Theatre, New York, in tiyj- Died April 7,
1898.

Mother, (MosBS,) D.D., a relative of Increase
Mather, bom at Lyme, Connecticut, in I7I9< He
was the author of a " Systematic View of Divinity,"
and other works. Died in 1806.

Mathw, (Richard Hrnry,) D.D., an American
•cholar, bora at Binghamton, New York, February 13,
1835. He graduated at Amhertt College in 1855, ttudied
at Berlin UniverMty, and in 1864 becinie professor of
Greek at AmbertL Beside* a " Manual of Sculpture,"
be published several Greek text*. Died April 10, iSga

Mtittiers, (HausN B.) See Rutrs.

afatbeaon. See MATTHEaoN.

BCatb'e-aon, (Gtoeci,) D.D.,a Scottish divine, bora
at Glasgow, March xj, 1843. Though blind, be grad-
•atcd widi high honours at Glasgow University, and in
1866 became a minister of the Scottish national kirk.
He published " Aids to the Sittdy of German TheolMy,"
(1874,) "Growth of the Spirit of Christianity," (1877,)
" My AipiratiODt," and other religious works.

BCath'mr, (Rev. Throbald,] tb? celebrated Apostle
of Temperance, a Catholic prieat, bora in the county
(rf Upperary, Ireland, in 1790. He was appointed after
bia ormnation to a missioiuiy charge at Cork, where hs
•ItaUiihed a charitable astodalion on the model of that
OfSiifA Vboent de Paul Abovt 1838 he became presl-
dant of a temperance aodety, and in a few months adnin-
itterad the ple^ to lu^ooo penoft* in Cork alone.
He aftcrmtrOB nsited dilKrent [Mrttof Ireland, the dtie*
of Loodoo, HsmdMtter, and liverpciol, and the United
Slate* of America, bcfaig eveiywhcn received with en-
Ihw^aam. For theae eminent servicaa in tb» cattae of

religion and morality, Qneen Vicloria bestowed epoa
FaSer Mathew an annnity of jf 500. Died in 185&
Siu "Tmth.r Mathcif. iBi(icnpbr,"bf I. F. Ujumaa; P.M.
w «f the Ijb otTiMiala HtUuw." N*w Ymk,
-. " Ufa of FMbB MillMw," KnYivk, ■■«»:
."brIUauR HiiaTWBAU. iKgi "Fiw

. mrj,!**!.

Uath'nrl, (Charles,) a celebrated Enelitb come-
dian,borainLoiidonin 1776. Havin);vi«iie<f the United
States in lE^ be brought out on his reCtira hit enter-
tainment entitled "A Trip to America," which obtained
great popularity. He was distinguished for his extraor-
dinary talent for imitation, in the eierdse of which he
was seldom if ever ill-natured or ofiensive. He died in
1836, leaving "Memoirs" of his life, which were finislted
by hit widow, (4 vols., 1839.)

Ss*~pTUB'iUi«uiii<" for Uanfa, 1816; ■' Btatfanod*! Ib^.

BGitheww, (CHARI.R* Jamis,) an Englitb comedian,
a ton of the breceding, was bora in 1803. He mar-
ried Madame Vestrit in 1838, and, after her death, la
1857, another actress, Mrs. Davenport. He produced
several drama*, among which i* "My Wife's Mother.'*
(1833.) Died June 34, 1878.

MUOt'swl, (CoRMRUti&) a distingnithed Ameiican
UtUrattHr and jonrnaltst, bora at Port Chester, New
York, In 1817. Having previously contribnted numerottt
articl** in pro*e and verse to the "American Monthly
Magaaine,'' "New York Revfew," and "Knickerbocker
Manaine," bapnblisbed, in 1839, " Behemoth, aLegead
of tne Hound-Builder*. " Among hi* other worka mi^
be named "The Politician*," a comedy, (1840,) "Poemn
on Han In the Republic," (l843>) " Witcbcnft," a tragedy,
(1846,) "Uoney-penny, or the Heart of the World/
(1850^) and a comedy entitled " False Pretence*," (18^6.)
Mr. Mathews waa a zealous advocate >A international
copyrighL Died March 35, 1889.

Matbeiwa, (Groroe,) an American jurist, bora near
Staunton, Vii^nia, in 17^4, removed to Looisiana, whei«
he was appointed presiding justice of the snpreme conrt.
Died In r^

Uatliews, (WiixiAM,) LL.D., an American author,
bom at Waterville, Maine, July 18, iStS. He graduated
in 183$ at Waterville College, and in 1S39 at the Har-
' Law School He wa* professor of^ rhetoric and

Englith literature in the Univer^ty of Chicago from
t86> to 1875. Hit principal book* are "Getting on in
the World," (187*,) "The Great Convettera," (1874,)

and &M>ks," (1877,) " Oratory and Orator*," (1879,) and
"Literary Style," etc, (iSSi.) His works have had a
large tale both in Europe and in America. Died 1909.
WatiJna, ml-thl'as, (Thoua* Jamks,) an English Ut-
ttratitir, born about i757,wrote a poem entitled " Furtuita
of Literatttre," (1794,) " Runic CMea," and other Englith
works ; alto a namber of poems in Italian, He died at
Naples in 1S35. Ho translated Miltmi't " Lyddat" into

MatUaii, nftt-nh', ( Adolfhb Chablr* Ghislain,)
a Belgian poet and jontnalltt, bom at Mon* in 1804, ptib-
lishcd numerous work*. Died June 13. 1876.

Mathlvti, mf t^-Dh', (Ansrijir,) a French (Proven-
fal) poet of the dasa %tj\tAfi!ikm, wat bora at Chltean-
nenl-du-Pape about iSja He ttudied law at Aix. His
prindpal work is " ParandotUo." Died in 1S9;.

Ukthian, mft^h', (CuitrDX Louis,) a French
mathematidan and aatronomer, bom at MIcon in 178^
He wa* elected to the Acadeny of Science* b 1817.
He wa* a brotber-in-law of Frand* Arago. Died 1875-

Mktlilaii da la Bodorte, mftg^V dsh It ifh-doRt',
(David MAtraiCB lonpiU Coun; m nench general,
bora at Saint-Aftlqne in 1768. Ha became general
of dIvUon bt 1709, and peer of France in 1819. He
married MademoEielle Clery, a *i*tBr of Joaeph Bona-
parte's wife. Died in 1833.

Mathlan da Dotabaala, mf t^h' dfh dAirldl',
(CuRUToniB JotRPH Alrxaniwr,) a Fr«ich agricul-
tural writer, bora at Nancy in 1777 ; died In 1843.

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MATH IE U i«

n-BOrmmpal, mftg^h' »e'r6i*'pill', (Jkaii

Battictt CfURLKS,) bom uCompiigne, in France,
kl 1764, was a depot; to the National Convention in
l7g2,aiidToied(br thedeithoftheking. Died In 1833.

Mathild«. See Matiij>a.

Uathon d« U Conr, mf (Ah' d$h II ko<n, (Chaxlei
TosKPH,) a French lUiiratmr, ion of Jaeqnet, noticed

' iw, born at Lyons in 1738. He
■ " ' '■ '^ k«ho(

s guillotined at Lyi
in 1793.

Mntbon d« 1» Covr, 0ACqirE5,) a French mathe-
matician, bom M Ljons in 1711. He ptiblished leTeral
•dentilic trealijet. Died about 177a

BSftthuulMii. See Mrthusiuh.

Matlgnon, nfiin'rAn', {Chaujs avcdstb de
Ooyon — dfh ^wi'ydH',) Comte de Gac^, a French
marshal, bom tn 1647, accompanied James II. of Eng-
land in his Irish campaign. He afterwards distinguished
Oimsetf at Fleurus, Mons. and Namur, and was created
k marshal in 170S. Died in 1719.

Hatlgnon, de, d;b mfttn'ydN', (Jacqitu db Goyon,)
Comte, b French marshal, bom in NormandT m 1525.
He terTed in the wan of Henry IL and Henrr III.
igainat the Protettants. He wu made a marshal in
1579. Died in 1S97-

S« Biuht6u(, " ViH Aa (nnib dpiuinea rrucuj" Cal-
utua, " Hiuoin du HurteJial da Mulgnoa," 1661.

Ha-tU'df, Mand, or Uamda, [FT. Hathilde, mf.
lild',] Empress of Germanj and Queen of England, bom
about iioi, was a daughter of Henry I. of England. She
was married in 11 lo to Henry V. of Germany, who died
in 1125. About 11Z7 she became the wife of Geoffrey
Plantagenet, Count of Anjou, and was recogniied by
her father as his successor. On the death of Henry
I1135) her title was disputed by Stephen of Blois, and a
long civil war ensued between them. Matilda prevmled
in 1141, and was crowned in London. She was the
mother of Henry II. Died in 1 167.

MatUda, daughter of Boniface III., Marqnii of Tus-
cany, was bom abouliQ46. She was first mairied to God-
frey le Bossn, ton of the Duke ot Lorraine. He died in
■076^ and. her mother having died the same year, Madlda
tame into possession of her vast estates, including the
greater pait of Northern Italy. In the contest for su-
premacy between Pope Gregory VII. and the Emperor
of Gecmany, she espoused with great zeal the cause of
the former; and it was at her casttc of Canoasa that
Henry IV, nnderwent the humiliating penance imposed
by the pope. Id 1077 she made a reversionarv grant
of all her dominion* to the Church of Rome. She was
married in 1089 to Guelph, Duke of Bavaria, from whom
the was divorced in 1095. Died '

laCuiLa

«<*llaBiif

Cafitxhi. " Sulli Cojlw
(nptiia Gtoinib"

Matilda, (Caroline.) See Cakounb Uatiuu.

MatiTiB. See Calveka.

Matins, mi'Hhc-us, written alsoMattltu, (Cneids,)
a Roman poet in the time of Julius Cataar, whose friend*
ship and patronage he enjoyed. He waa the author of
epic and dramatic poems, and mimiambi. Of the last-
named there are fragments extant, which are greatly
admired. He also translated tho "Iliad" into Latin
verse He is supposed by some to be the same as Cal-
VBNA, (which see.)

Maton da la Varonne, mftAK' d«h It vrrCn', (P.
A. L.,) a French litUraOur, bom in Pari! about 1760;
died in 1813.

Matooaii-(or Matonan-) Iln, ml-too-ln' tin, averj^
learned Chineie writer, born in the proritice of Kiang-si
about 1350. He was the author of a historical work.
•ndtled " Wen-hian-tboon-khio," which displays im-
e eradition and embrace* a great variety of sub-

Cts. Abel R^oaat saya of tbii prodnction, " It is
If worth a library, aw' '""■ "' '-

«r, it would m w

order to rMd h."

Matoa, da^ di ml'tds^ (JoXo Xaviex,] a Portt^aeae
poet of the latter pan of the eighteenth centun, was the
author of sonnet*, odes, etc., and of a tragedy entitled

Matoa FniEOaa, ml'tda fitl-go'ao, (Juah,) a dratnatic
writer, born at Elvai, in Porti^al, about 1630, waa the
author of numerous popular comedies, (in Spaniah.)
Died in 1691.

Uatsko, mfitsbOco, <Jokk Matthias,) a Hungarian
astronomer, bom at Presbmg in 1731 ; died in IT^

Mitv'yX, [modem Hindoo pron. mQu'y^] a Sanscrit
word signilying a "fish," and forming the name, in the
Hindoo mythology, of the first avatar of Vislinu. On
that occasion the preserving deity is said to have as-
sumed the form of ■ great fish shining like gold, and,
according to one account, " extendii^g a million leagoes,"
that he might protect tlie ark which contained Satyavrata
and the seven Rishis with their wives, all the rcat o(Vbe
human race having been destroyed by the deluge-
Sea If ooi, "Hiiida PaihKB."

Mataya, mit-sis', (Cosnbus,) a Dutch or Flemish
engraver, bom abont 1500 ; died in 1560^

fllatara, (Jan,) a relatire of Quentin, noticed below.
His pictures are few in number, but of great merit, and
painted in the style of Quentin Matsys. Died abont
156a

Matajo, mlt-ris', or Metaya, mil-sis', written alao
Maaala, (Quentin,) a celebrated Flemish painter, bom
at Antweip abont 1450. He was originally a blacksmith,
and is aaid to have changed his vocation in order to
obtain the hand of a lady he loved, who was the daughter
ofanartist. Among his master-pieces are "The Descent
from the Cross," in the Museum at Antwerp, "The
Misers," in the Gallery at Windsor, and the " Portrait
of a Jeweller," in the impoial coUecrion at Vienna. Died
inisag.

Saa DtKxnrt, "Tica dea Palntm FluBU^- me.; B. tab
Es», '* Netia tootr^ihiqiig nr Q. Huaji," il^

Mat-ta-tbl'aa, a Jewish priest, appointed to offldate
in the Temple, was the founder of the bmily of the
Maccabees, and the father of the celebrated warrior

edas MaccabKua. During the persecudon of the Jews
Antiochus Epiphanes, be was conspicuous for his
xeal in the defence of his religion, and, with a band of
his followers, marched auitiit the idolaters and over-
threw their altars. Died in 166 B.C.

Matte, mtt, (Nicolas Auoustin,) a French sculptor,
bom in Paris in 1781. Among his works we may name
busts of Radne and Corneille. Died about 1840.

Mattoanl, mit-ti-S'nee, (As'CSLO,) an Italian ji
' mathematician, bom at Marostica in 1535, H<
i professor of law at Padua in 15S9. Died in 1600^

MattAl, mSt-tft'ee, (Alessandko,) an Italian cardinal,
bom at Rome in 1744. In 1777 he became Archbishop
of Ferrara, and in 17^7 he was sent to negotiate witn
Bonaparte, then marclung tuwards Rome. Died in i8to

Mattel, (LoKETTO,) an Italian poet, bom at Rieti in
iSaa. He was the author of " II Salmtsta Toscano," a
paraphrase, in verse, of the Psalms. Died in 1705.

Bbtt«l,(SATBSio,) an Italian littA-attur, born in Cala-
bria in 174a. He became in 1767 professor of Orieotal
languages at Naples. His translation of the Book of
Psalms was very popular. Died in 1795.

Mattel, (Stanislacs) an Italian compoaer, bora at
Bologna in 1750; died in tSas.

Mat'tttl, (Tito,) an Italian [uanisl and composer,
bom near Naples in 1S41. He was professor in the
Santa Cecilia Academy at Rome at eleven yean of
age, and afterwards travelled widely, giving concert*.
Settled in London in 1863. He wrote hundred* of
songs and pianofcAe pieces and several operas. Died
at LondOD, March 30, 1914.

Mattaia, mlt-ti'ts*, or Mattel, mit-ii'ee, (Paolo,)
Italian painter and engraver, bom near Naples in 166a.

I.& I, «,«, J,/mV,-1. i, A. aam^ less prolonged; 1, e, I, S, ii, y, a^f; ». 4. i. 9. •^wsmr; Or, nil, fit; mit; nAt; gMdt n

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MATTE

lb.tt«-I«faTaiiT, mh irrTiUK', (StBAvnu..
PrcDch cbemiat, wrote a work entitled " Practice of
Cbemiitry." Died about 1684.

Mattoo da Bl«Da, mlt-a'o tU te-i'nl, or Matteo
dl OioTUUil, mit-ta'o de io-vln'nce, an Italian painier,
trnrn at Sienna in 1430. He adorned the cMhedral of
that dt7 with his works. Died in 1495.

Mattar, mf tafR', (Jacquis,) a French bistorim aitd
philowipba', born near Saverne in 1791. He published,
beaides other worka,a"CTitica] History of Gnoatidero,"
etc, |9 Tda., 1838,) a " General History of the Christiui
Chnrcb," (4 toIs., iSaS-iC.) and "The Philosophy of
Ral^ion," (1857,) all in French. He became in 1845
iBapector-general of libraries. Died in 1864.

Sm " NgnnOa Biofnphit GiBiait,"

MattoBOol, mat-loo'chee, (It. |>ron. mOt-tFooi'^hee,]
(Caua,) an Italian writer, distin^uisbed for hialreseardic*
in electro-physiology, was bom m tSti. He published,
besides other valuable works, " Lectures on the Physico-
chemical Phenomena of Living Bodies," (1844,) for wbidt
he received the prize of the French Academy of Sdencet
•nd the Copley Hedal of the Royal Sodety^of London.
He became minister of public instiuciion. Died at Flor-
ence in 186S. (For two of bis works, see " Smithsonian
Reporta" for 1865 and 1E67.)

MatthU or Matthaol, mlt-U'ee, {CniSTiAti Fbiid-
KICH,) a German scholar, born in Tburingiain 1744, waa
appointed professor of Greek at Wittenberg, and aubse-
^Mnttr td dassic literature at Moscow. He published
a ninnber of critical treatises and editions of various
Greek classics. Died in 1811.

MataUU or BSattbeeLfFRiEDRicii,) aGemian painter
of history and portraita, bom at Meissen in 1777. He
wM a pupil of Casanova, and snbseqnently of Fiiger,
at Vienna, and waa appointed in 1SC9 professor in the
Academy of Painting at Drctden. Died in 1833. His
brother, Ernst Gottueb, born In 1779, was a sculptor
of great meri^ and was apnnnted honorary proleuor In
dte nniversity at Rome. Died in 1843.

HatthoBlna, mlt-d'ae-as, (Johahh,) a German Prot-
ectant minister, bom at Rochfiti in 1504. He became
fini preacher at Toachimsthal about 154]. He vrrote a
" History at Luther's Doctrine, Life, and Death," (In
Geiman, 1565.) Died in 1568-

MatthoBon, mlt'tth-ion, (Johann,) a German mo-
•idan and composer, born at Hamburg in 1681. His
works are very nnmeroua, compriung operas, church
moaic, sonatas, etc. He also published levenl treat-
iaea on music, whii^ are hirtly esteemed. He waa an
intimate friend of HandeL Died in iT^t.

Matthew, math'il, (Gr. KmfaJot; Fr. Maithieu,
mftgi^h'; IL Matt*o, mlt-ti'o,] Saint, the Evam-
SEurr, a native of Galilee, is generally believed to have
been die sane person as Levi, the son of Alpheus, men*
ticned in Hark (ii. 14) and Lake, (v. 37.) His employ-
ment was that M a publican, or collector of customs,
under the Romans, and while engaged in thisifunetion
be was called bv Christ to be one <^ the apostles. The
histoiy cuF Matthew after the ascension of Christ is not
known, some writers asserting that he suffered death
al Naddabar, in Ethiopia, and others that he was one
ef the apostles who escaped martyrdom.

BfatUiew of Ckacow, (Lat Matthi'as Cracovi-
■n'sis,) a German bishop and Reformer, bom in Pome-
lania. He became Bishop of Worms in 1405, and wrote
againat the corrupt practices of the Church. Amoi^ his
work* is a Ireatise " On the Foliations of the Romish
Court.'' Died m 141a

Mattheir or Wistmihttkr, an English monk and
Uttorkal writer of the fourteenth century, was the anthor
nt "Flowers of History," ("Flore* Historiarum,") ex-
lending from the creation to the death of Edward L It
is hu[nly valued for ita accnracy,

Ibttlunr, math'u, (Tobias,) an English prelate, bom
in Bristol in 154^ In 1573 he was chosen president of
Saint John's College, Oxford, and one of the queen's
(bplalDa-in-ordinaiy. In im% he was created Bishop
^ barfaam. and in 1606 Archbishop <rf York. The
of Afchbiahop Matthew have been

a^ and pietv o
I7 eologjaed Dy

lop Malt
Died in

MATTHIAS

. (tiiBiA%) •on ol the preceding, botn al

Oxford in 1578, became a Roman Catholic He wa«
emplaned by James L in 1631 to negotiate the marrian
of the Prince of Wales with the In£uita of Spain. H«
was knighted in 1633. Among his work* are a "Lil«
of Saint Theresa," and a " Collection of Letters indud-
inga Character of Lucy, Countest(rf'Carlisl&" Diedin

S« VooD, "AtlinB OaonitmM."

Mfttthew Paris, math's ptrOsa, a celebrated English
chronider, enjoyed the patrona^^ of Henry IIL, irom
whom be obtained important privileges for the Univer-
sity of Oxford He was the author of " Hiatoria Uajot
Anglix," and " Historia Minor Angliae." Tiie former
extends from the time of William me Conqueror to the
reign of Henry IIL Died in 1359.

Hattbewa, math'Qz, (Brandbr.) (originally named
Jaues Brander Matthews,) an American author, born
at New Orleans, Louisiana, February 31, 1853. He grad-
uated at Columbia College, New York, m 1871, and
studied law. He edited " Comedies for Amateur Act-
ing," (18791) and other works, and wrote "Theatres of
Paris,'' (t88o,) >' French Dramatists of the Nineteenth
Century," (iSSi,) " Margery's Lovers," (a comedy, 1883,)
"The Home Library," (l883^)elc. He is professor of
dramatic literature at Columbia University.

Mattliewa, math'Dz, (GBoacE,) an American officer
of the Revolution, bora in Augusta county, Virginia, in
■739. He was elected Governor of Georgia in lySOiatid
again in 1794. Died in 1811:

Mattbetva, (Stanley,) LL.D., an American jurist,
born in Cindnnati, July 31, 1834, He graduated at
Kenyon College in 1840, became a judge of the common
pleas at Cindnnati in iSJl, was a State Senator, 1855-54^
was appointed United States district attorney in l%i%,
enter»j the United States volunteer service in 1861, waa
appointed a judge of the Superior Court at CtndniuUj
in 1863, became a United States Senator in 1877, and
in iSSi was appointed a justice of the United State*
Supreme CourL Among his writings ia a " Manual of
the Law of Partnership," (1864.) Died March 33, 1889.

Uatthewa, (Thoha^) a Bntiah naval officer, bora

Wales in 1681, distinguished himself in the engage-

ment at Cape Paasaro under Admiral Byng, (1718,) and
in other campaigns of the war of the Spanish •■
He obtained the rank of admiral of toe blue^

•7SI.

S« Vah TnAc; " HiMare ;< nteila dt 1i UnriiiB."

aiattlilA or Matthlae, mlt-tee^', (Adoust Hkih-
rich,) a German philologist, bom at Gottingen in 1769.
He published "Elements of Greek and Roman litera-
ture," a " Complete Greek Grammar," which was trans-
lated into French, an excellent edition of the Tragedies
of Euripides, and other works. Died in 1S35.

MattMII, (JoHAH,) a Swedish prelate, bom in Ostro-
gothia in 1593, became court preacher and almoner to
Gustavus Adojphus. He was afterwards appointed pre-
ceptor to Christina, the daughter of that monarch, and
was created Bishop of Strengnila in 1643. He wrote
several moral and theological works. Died in 167a

Uattbiao. See MatthiX.

MatthlBE, n4-thl'9sa, [Ger. pron. mlt-tee'Isa; It
Hattia, m!t-tee'l,[ Emperor of Germany, bom in 1557,
was the aon of Maximilian IL tnd Mary, datighter of
Charlea V. He waa invited in 157S; by the OUhoUe*
of the Netherlands, to aaanme the govemment of thai
country, which office he soon tc^pied. He was ap-
pointed Stsdtholder of Aoslria in 1595, and in ifiit waa
mvited by the Bohemian* to become their ruler. On
the death of hi* brother RndolC Emperor of Germany,
in t6i3, Matthias succeeded to the tnrMie. In the en-
suing contest between the Protestaot and Catholic isc-
tions he pursued a vadtlating policy, and while striving
to direct made himself distmsted by both. He con-
duded a disadvantageous treaty with the Turka, then in
session of Hungary, I1615,) and soon after cauaed
cousin Ferdinand to be proclaimed King of Bi '

bis cousin

Thirty Years' war.

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d by Google

MATTHIAS

1683

MAUBREVIL

Usttmaa, mf-thl'us, an Americaii Euutlc and linpoi-
(or, 01)^0117 named Robbbt Hatthkws, bom in Wub-
ington coDntr, New Voik, about tTOO, became a itreet-
preacbet in Albanjr, and propheued the deattaction of
Ihatdtr.

Sh "UltffiH *Dd hb lBpsMm>,"tT Vx- !• Stdh^ Naw
Y«k, ilu : " Notth *-—"—■ Xcriew'' ftr October, iljj.

UftttUaa or Jakow, (ft'nov,) a German priest and
Reformer, preiched in Ptagoe. He wrote againat popelj,
and published " The Abomination of Canul Priests and
Uonks." Died in 1394.

S« HoDoaoK, " Ri^mnart and ^A»itjt%^^ Fhilidalphia, 1867.

UKtthlu CorrinnB. See Corvinus.

■btthlen, the French for Matthew, which aec

Matthlen, mVc^h', (Piekrc,) a French poet and
historical writer, botn in Franche-Comlj in 1563. He
became bistonographer of France under Henr7 IV.,
wrote a tra^j entitled " La Guiaiade," of which the
Duke of Guise is the hero ; also a " History of Henry
IIL and Henry IV." Died in 1611.

Sh Poiuoa, "UUtoin Aa Uto* d« Haoil ITi" Niciain

Uatthlen da VendAma^ mf t^h' dch v&N'dSm', •
French stateaman and ecclesiastic, bom about laao, was
appointed regent of the kingdom by Louis IX. on his
departure for Palestine. After the accession of Philip
be w«* made prime minister in xrjo. Died in tiS&

■^tthlvn t» VcDddmek a French scholar and Latin
poet, lived about 1180-lloa

BSatthlolna. See Mattioli.

Matthl»Bon, TOD, von mlt'le-son', (Friidrich,) an
eminent German lyric poet, bom near Magdcbnrg in
1761. He studied at Halle, and In 1794 accompanied
the Princes* of AnhaJt-Desaan on her tour through
Switsertand, Italy, and the Tyrol In 1811 the King
of Wilrtemberg appointed him his chief librarian and
conferred upon him a title of nobility. His poems are
duncteriied by great tenderness of feeling, graceful
veraiflcUioa, and ^Ihliil delineationa of nature. He
alM pnbliabed an interesting work entitled *'Remi

•cconnt of penoni and places be bad visited.
1831.

Sh DOania, " UuihtBsn'* L^n," ilu : LoHCnLunr, " Poa
■ad FoMr^ of Eimii* ;" F. nw llATniimH, " Selbubao^pliis,

IS , lUUAM ..

', bom in Gelderland l
pablisbed a nnmber of commenlariea im Aristotle, and
other critical works. Died in 1574.

Mattbym, mlt'tiss, (jAKOB,f > Swiss polTClot lin-
Buist, born at Wolfensctuesien in 1S03. He became s
Catholic parish priest, living chiefly in remote mi
districts. He learned many language^ though
very little money and bui a seamy library. Died at
Pans, November i, 1873.

Mntti, mit'tee, (Euamdrl,) ■ Spaniih eccleiiaitw
■nd Latin poet, boni at Oropesa in 1663, wat appdnted
Dean of Alicante. Died in 1737.

•Aer the Caracci. He waa also diitinguished as
painter. Died about 1745.

Sm G. Attt, " Via di I. Mitiioli," i83&
HattloU, ILat Matthi'olvi,] (Pieteo Andrra,)
in eminent Italian physician and botanist, bom at Sieniu
" ■ ■ ■ ' " —^ F*i^

dinutd, he was made anlic councillor, and tubsequentlt
qipointedfint pbyaidan to Uazimilian IL He pnbliabed
•* Commentarlea on the Hataria Kediot of Dioscoridea,"
nn Latin, 1554,) wtucb are highly esteemed and have
been translated bito aeveral languages t also a nnmber
of medical and botanical treatises. Tbe well-known
fenni Uatthiola (Stock-gilliflower) was named in honour
of this botanisL Died in 1577.

S« CuvBB, "HlMara da Scioia* aati)n!I«;" Hau^
"Bra&otbasBoainci;" VAHiaaLiNDni, ' - - --

Mat'tl-a^n, (HiRAM,) D.D., an American preach<
bom in Norway, New York, February ti, tSii.
183s he became a preacher of tbe Methodiat Episcopal

Cfaurcb, tboogb for some time (1861-65) )>' belonged to
an Independent Methodist organiiation. He published
"The Trinity and Modem Arianism," (1843.) "Tracts
for the Times," [184;^,} " Elementary Astronomy," (1846,)
and other works, chiefly on religions and sdenti&c sub-
jects. He was distinguished for his hostility to Roman*
ism and to slavery. Died at Jersey City in tS6SL

MattiTW. See Mattur

Mat'tt-rin, (Charlrs Robrrt,) adistingidibod poet,
novelist, and pulpit orator, bom at Dublin in 178a, was
descended from a French Protestant bmily. He studied
Trinity College, and was subsequently appointed
^.ate of Saint Peter's, Dublin. He publislied m 1807
'The FabU Revenue, or the Family of M^nlorio," which

^lie Hilesian Chii '

__ , Melmoth the Wanderer," and othei

romances oftheRaddifle school His tragedy of " Ber-
tram," brought out at the Drary-Lane Theatre in 1816,
met with brilliant success. It has been translated into
French, as well as several of hi* romances. In 18x4 he
published " ConlTovenial Sermons," directed against the
cormptioo* of the Roman Church, which obtained great
poptilarity. Died in 1834.

S« Ihe " Edinburgli BeTie*"fiir Jiu. iSrt ; " QiBrterir Renew"
lor Dswnbs. ii.8. aad JuUT. »!'i; "Monthly Renn" tor

A0IUM.l8lg,*<Jif.

Matoilii, (EtnrARD S.,) a aoa of the preceding, waa
bom at Dublin in iBia, waa educated at Trinity College,
Dublin. In 1833 he came to the United States, and 6e>
camealawyer. For many v«ara be waa a teacher in South
Carolina and in New York. Antong bla booka, mostly
novels, are " Sejanus," " Benjamin, the Jew of Granada,
"Eva," " Monteiuma," "Uelmoath the Wanderer,"
"Lyrics of Spain and Erin," and "Bianca, a Tale."
Died in New York, May 35, iSSi.

Matmliio dl Flronsai, mft-too-ree'no de fc-rCn'tt,
an Italian painter, bom at Florence about 1490^ was a
pupil of Raphael, and a friend of Polidoro Caravag^o,
m conjunction with whom be executed a nnmber of
frescos at Rome. These works are preserved in the
engravings of Cherutuno, Alberti, Goltiius, and other
artisla. Died about 1538.

in 1750 the " joumal Britannique," - ..».i~j ,~...~»—
of great merit, which was highly commendedin Gibboo.
He was elected in 1758 a Fellow of the Royal Sode^,
of which be became perpetual secretair in 1765. In
17T1 he succeeded Dr. Knight as chief Uorarian of tbe
Bntisb Museum. He published an " Essay on tbe
Character of the Great Physldan, or a Critical Eult^
on Boerhaave," (in French, 1747,) "Authentic Hemoira
of Richard Mead," (1755,) and " Memmn of Lord Ches-
terfield." Diedini77«r

Ifea Nkhdu, "LiMnirj Aoccdoto;" Ciuois "Uoun."

MatT, (Paul Hrnky,) a son of the preceding, waa
bom in London in 1745, He became one of the secre-
tariea of the Royal Society in 1778. He published a
translation, from the Genuan, of Rieabeck's "Travels,"
(Irtrj Died in 1787.

MitRiiei.mCta'nar, (Edoard Adou Fbrdihand,) x.
German philologist, born at Rostock, Mav 95, 1805. He
studied at Rostock, Grei&walde, and Heioelberg, and be-
came distinRuIshed as a teacher. Besides some Greek
texts, he published several wotlcs on the old French lan-
guage, also an important "English Grammar," (iSS!)-
$5 1 In Enslish, by C. J. Grece, 1S74,) an " Old English
dictionary, (1S7Z it itq.,) and other works on English
etymology. Died ai Berlin, July 14, iSga.

Manbert dq OonTsat, mifbala' d«h goo'Tf, (Jran
Hrnri,) a Frent^ litt/ratmr, bora at Rouen in tysi,
wrote a work entitled " Political Hl*U>ry of the Age,"
which vras commended by Lord Bollngbroke. Died in

'IS.

inbenBA. See Mabvsr.

MRTtbrenil, de, d^h mBl>Ri^ or m(rbRiih'y«, (M*-
:r Arhand GvEkRi,} Harquii, a French political

I, ^ I, ^ 0. f, /<>V' L ^ ^ ■>™'> '>" P^°'°"S*<li ^ '• ^> '^ '^ '''*'"''*'*• f- ^ '*''"^' '*''• ^'' '^i "**':''''*! B^*^* "

d by Google

MAUBURNE 16

tdrentBrer, born In Bretma In 1783. He lervedin the
•rmj M cmptaiii. According to hit own statenient, h«
wtt tiDthonied knd bribed by certain memberB of the
pToriiional government in 1814 to utasainkte Napoleon
uid to rob tbe Qneen of Wetiphslia of her diamonda.
He performed tbe IgAter part of hi* mismoc, and waa
cast into pritoo for that ofieuce. Died in 185s.

Maabime, mCbilKn', or Mombtdr, mAtr'bwlK',
(Jkah,) ■ Flemish ecdeaiaatic and derodonal writer,
born at BriUMts abotit 1460, waa a friend and corre-
■pondent of Eraimna. Died in 1 502.

ManoombUk mSUubl', (Jkan Fkan^ois Diid-
DONN<,) a French writer, bom at Meti in 1735, pnb-
liabed a "Hiatotv of the Antfqohiea of the Citr of
Nlnus," (1767.) Died in 1768.

Maoorcrix, da^ dfh mO^wC', (FkAttQOi^) a Preach
i^olar, bom at No^ in 1619. He matfe (ranslatlona
from tbe''Fhilip^ca"of DemoulMnei^ the "Homilks"
of S^t ChnrHaiou^ and other Greek daaricfc He wai
an intimate viend of Boilean, Radne, and La Fontaine,
and ptiblhhed conjoin^ with the iMt-tuuned a collection
of work* in proM and ver«& Died in 1708.

Mktid or HKitdaL See Matilda.

Uoodalay or MandaUy, nawdi^ (HuiKy,) an
Engliah artiaaQ, bom at Woolwich in 1771, wat an em-
ployi of Joseph Branah. He made serera] valuable
■»— >""''^' inTCntiona. Died in 1831.

took hia degree at the Uni*emtj

" '" e time ajM^esaor in hit college.

■lir

, liologY of Mind," (1867,.
Pathology of Hind," (1867,) " Body and Mind," (1870,)

^indpal worka :

I "Phyalolofflr of Mind,"^ (1867,)

" Body and Will," (1883,) and " Natural Causes .
Supernatural Seemingi," C18S6.)

Ktrndntt; mfi'dilH)', (Antoins Rxh«.> * French
mUhemaUcian, bom in Pari* in 1731. He pnbliahed,
amoi^ other works, " Elementa of Conic Sections De-
nonatrated," whkb ii highly comnteadcd t^ Lalande,
Died in i8i<.

Kandnti mB'dwe', (Iskakl,) an English writer, of
French extraction, bom at Bermondscy b 1708, waa
appointed agent fw tlie prorince of MaMacbnscna. He
publiihed a " Short View of the History of the New
Englaitd Colonies," (1769,) snd several other works.
Died in 1787.

Uaodtilt (Hicuix,) > French theologian, Ixm at
Vire, in Normandy, in 1614. He was the anthor trf an
"Analnia of the Gospel, according to the Historic
Order,'' etc, a " Treatise on Religion," and other works.
Died in 1709.

BSandtilt do Flaaals, mO'dU-e' dS pli'se', (Thomas
Ahtoini,) a Ftench officer, bom at Hennebon in 1753,
•erved in tbe American war, where tiia coniage and
in for bim tbe particniar regard of Washington.

to snppren a mutiny among his soldiers in Hajti, Id

lCBt]vra% mS'gtft', (Jbam llAPnsTi,] a French phl-
kwopher and writer, bwn near Boorbonne-les-Bains in
■T&a ; died ui iSta

MkochIii, mC'riN', (Fkan^is,) an eloqaent French
advocate, bom at Dijon in 1785. He took a prominent
part in the revolution of 1830, and sat in the Chambet
of Deputies imtil 1848. Died in 1S54.

Sa M. DS CauiaMnL " L* Lim ib> Onum :" L. tmXjatitam,
"U. HufBiD, pv u Hauu da Rioi," li^n

Mania, (Fox.) See Panmuki, Lokd.

Bfonlinoii^ mfiI'mAN', or UAlmont, da^ d^ mftl''
mAx', (Jean,) a I^ench scholar and theolopan, was an
iatimate friend of J. C. Scaliger.

Hanltrot, mS'tao', (Gabkibl Nioolu,) a French
jurist, bom bi Paris in 1714, published namcroaa treat-
toes on canon law. DiediniSoj.

Mran'd^, (Saitobl,) an English compfler, bom
about 179a He published, besides other works, a
" Treasitrv of Uaefal Kncnrledge," and a " Biographical
rary," (6th edHiaa, 1847.) Died in 1849.

%l MAVREILLAN

URondsvllla. See Uaxdkvilu, (% Jorn.)
Maon'drfU, (Hntiv,] an En^ish traveller, bora
about 1650^ visited Palestine in 1^, and pnbll^wd in
169S his "Journey firan Aleppo to Jerusalem," etc^ which
was translated into French. Died about tyto.

Mattnoir, mfl'nwtB.', (Julixn,) a learned French ec-
detiaatic, bom in 1606, wrote several theological treat-

, da^ dqh mlfpt', (Chaklks Caochom,) s
Ftanch scddier, bom at Rheinu in is66, was appointed
councillor of stste by Henry IV., and was sabsequently
ambassador to the court of England. Died in 1619.

Maapaa da Tour, da, deb roS'pt' dil too*, (Hairu
CAncHOH,) a French writer, bom near Rhdms in i6oa
rose to be Bishop of Evrenx in 1661. He wrote a " Lile or
Saint Frands de Sales," and other woiks. Died in 1680.

Haapaaaan^ da^ dfh mlfpfsftN', (Hemki RaifA
Albkrt Gut,) a FVencb poet, bom at the chltean Hi-
romeinil, Aogiitt 5. 185a. He wrote ** Des Vers," (lUa)
" Mademolselle Flfi," (1883,) " Une Vie," (i 883,) " Clair
de lune," (1883.) "An Soleil," (1884,) "Yvette," (iSSO
"La Petite Roque," (1886,) "Pierre et Jean," {1888;)
" Sur I'eau," (1S8S,) " La Main Gaucbe," ( 1 889,) " L'inu-
tile Beauty," (iSoo,) etc Died at Paris, July 6, 1891.

Manpaao, da, d^ mS'poo', (RknI Chaklbs,) a
French statesman, bom in Paris in t68S. He was snc-
cessively first president of (be Parliament of Paris, keeper
o( seals, and vice-chancellor, (1763.) Died in 177$.

MaopMiii, da, (RiNt Nicolas Chablbs Anous-
nx,) a son of the preceding, bom in 1TT4, rose through
various high offices to be chancellor of France in 1768.
[n this post he directed all hia effotti towards the over-
throw of the parliament, which, by bis intrigues, waa
accomplished in [771. The president Lamoignon and
several distinguished members were exiled ; but on ttie
accession of Louis XVL (1774) thn were recalled, and
the formersyatem waa re-establisbecL Haupeou was ban-
ished to his estate, near Les Andelys, where be died
in 1791, having bequeathed to the italion the stun of
Soc^ooo livrea. He was the last cbaocellor of tbe

Uaapoitaia, da, d^h mS'pCu'tll-e', (Pikkki Lovis
MoKlAU,) an eminent French mathematician, bom at
Saint-Malo in 1698. He finished iiis studies in Paris,
was elected to the Academy of Sciences in 1711, and in
1737 became a Fellow of the Royal Society, London.
In 1736 he waa the chief of a party of aavanti, in-
cluding Clairaut and I-emonnier, who were sent to
Lapland by the Academy in order to measure a degree
<^ the mendian. The result of this experiment, wnidi
is bis chief title to celebrity, exposed the error which
had been made by Dominic and Casslni in their measure-
ment in France, and tended to confirm Newton's theory
of the oblate form of the earth. On the invitation or
Frederick IL of Prussia, Hsupcrtuia repaired in 1740 to
Berlin, where he was apptnntcd president of the Acad-
emy of Stdencea, He was the anthor of an " Essayon
Moral Philosophy," "The Balistic Arithmetic," "The
Measure of tl>e Northern Degre^" " Discourse on the
Fgura of the Stars," and several able treatises on geom-
etry. Died in 1759.

ShI. A.DBU BaiuiiaLi^ "Tfa da UaBp«iiui,"iRj«; Dam

MaaqvMt de la Motta, mSlcV d«h It mot, (Guii^
lAUMB,) a French surgeon, bom at Valognea in 16^5,
wrote a "Treatiao on Surgery," (3 vols., I7«.) Die<t
b> 1737-

BCatir. See Rabax-Maul

Mannod or Ibanm, mO'r6M', (Piburb,) the first
leader wT die AlUgenses, was bom at Toulouse. It is
•aid diat, nndcT the pretsnre of severe penecntlon, ha
■biored hia doctrine*. Died in 1199.

Ibnnlllan, roCrVyAH', (Casimik Pomrat,) Vi.
ooimt, a French general, bom at HontpelUer in 1773,
succeeded the Dolw of Ragnsa as Governor of Dalinstla
in 1S06. Dfad in 1819-

-casi.'taa

,-titarrf/ta«/,-«,il,K,iMUHW;ir,isaM;;a.MEW.-la«a;tkasbt«U^ (jySee EiplMiarinai, pi. 83, )

Digitized by VjOOQIC

MAUREPAS

A d*. dfh nOK'l^'.iTuN FkIdIric PU>

lyiwwnf* ftlr'piy.) Comt^ * nench tUteaouB, bom
M Veruillis in ijot, was a grandson of Chancellor Poat-
Avtnin. He succeeded his bther, Jerfime dc Fontchat-
(nin, u secretary of stale In 1^15, axiA \a 1715 became
Mbuster of marine. Tboogh frivoions in hit characier
andiaperfidal in his attainments, he was aliberil patii
of learned men, and promoled the ii
of Maopertni* and lut companions

d promoled the identific expedition

. hit companions to Lapland and a

D South America. Haviog oBended '

by an epigram, he was banished from
coQit ; but aRer twent;{-Kve jeaia he was recalled. The
prindpal measure of hit snbaequeiit adminislratioD wa«
Ibtt lestoratioQ of the parliaments. Died in 17S1.

Sh CoHUWOT^'Clon a* U. de Maanpu," ijSii VoLTAin,
"Sldtda L(intiXV7=Du>i."HlMoiT«il> L«u> XVI;" Hab.
■M«TmL,"M<iiMlrM;" "Naonllc Bicp^iliH Gfodnle."

M«tir«r, mSw'rfr, (Chkistoph,) a Swiss painter and
engraver, son of Josias, noticed below, was bom at Zurich
in 1558. He was a papil of ToUas Slimmer. Died in
1614.

laaxcve, mdw'rfr, (Gboro Lddwio,) a German jnrist,
born near Diiikheim, in Bavaria, in 1790, became min-
nlerof foreign aflatra and of justice in 1S47. He published
a number of legal treatises. Died May 9, 1873.

Maorer or "iSxatx, moo'rf r, ^OSias,) a SwUa artist
and littintaa; bom at Zurich in 1(30, excelled as an
engraver and painter on glass. Died in ijSa

■Samloa, Empekor of the East. See MACBicnrt.

Manrioa, the French for Maukiciu^ which see.

Bfanrloeh mCrtss', (AmxirNt,) a French Protestant
Iheologian and Orientalist, bom in Provence in 1677.
He became profeuor of history. Oriental languages, and
theology at Geneva. Died in 17(6.

Uatuloa, (Antoine,) a theolagical writer, a son of
the preceding, bom at Geneva in 1716, succeeded his
&ther in the chair of theology in that citf, (1756.) Died

'"J25.

tatitloe, (FUIdAric Guillaumb,) Baroh, a Swiss
wnrtr, son of Anioine, (the second of the name,) born
at Geneva in 1750, was one of the founders of the "Bi-
bliothique Britannique," ([796,] and published several
agricultural works. Died in 1S36.

Manrica, maa'riss, (John Frederick Drhison,)
an English divine and prominent leader of the "Broad
Church" party, bom in 1805. He studied at Trinity Col-
lege, Cambridge, and subsequently became editol of the
London "Alhenasum." Among his principal wotks are
his "Theological Essays," " Prophets and Kings of the
Old Testament." " Unity of (he New Testament." " The
Kingdom of Christ,"JiS4i,J "Religions of the World,"
"Philosophy of the Fust Su Centuries," "Doctrine of
Sacrifice deduced from the Scriptures," "Lectures on
National Education," " Philosophy of the Middle Ages,"
"Claims of the BiUe and of Science," (1862,} and "The
Conflict of Good and Evil in our Day," (1S65.) He was
appointed professor of moral philosophy at Cambridge
iniS6GL Died April i, 1S73.

SM"FnHr'*llaguiu"lbr Aiiil. iSm; " New AdmHoui Cr

Matulea, {Re*. Thomas,] an English divine and
scholar, born m HcrtTord in 1755, became vicar of Cud'
ham, in Kent He was the — — <■ .. •--n--- . .• <

ties," (7 vols., "

1799,1 and "J ...

1S04.) He also translated into verse the "CEdipnt
Tyrannns" of Sophocles, and pubUsbed several poems
and dramas. Died in 1S14.

5« "Mcmoin of Rn. Tliaiiiu Uurica," iSi« bj UsHlf;
''Gntlonu'i UifniiiB." iBa*.

MatuliM OF Nassao. See Nassau.

Matulae, man'riss, [Ger. Mt/uiz ; LaL Maum^tius,]
Elector of Saaony, a celebrated general and champion
of the Protestant cause, was bon at FreiberK March
SI, 1531. He succeeded hit fiuber, Henry. Dake of
Saxony, in 1541, and married Agnet, adaaghter of ntOipt
Ijndgrave of Hesse. In 1546 he formed a McrctsUiance
with the emperor Charles V. against the Protestant

nt He was (he author of "Indian Antlqoi-
Is-i 1797,) "History of Hindostan," {3 vol^
"Modern History of Hindostan," (3 vidi..

League of Schmalkalden, with a iniKn Ki mpplant John
™ .1 -.,... ^ Saxony. Aom ■■ — '"' — '^-
The dtle of eleo

FVedericK

ferred to him bv Charles V. In conaequcnce of bit iib>
expected hostihty to the Protestanta, the Imperial arm;
gained a decisive victory at Milhlberg b April, t w, tuid
the Protestant cause was apparently nimed. Having
changed his policy, and formed, in lUi, a secret treatf
with Henry IL of Franoe, Maurice, aided by several Ger-
man princes, in the tpring of 1551 took arms fer the
assertion of leligioos liberty, and marched agi^nst Charles
v., who was at Inntpmdc Surprised l:^ this tuddea
movement, Charlct was compelled to retreat, the ConncQ
ofTrenl was dispersed in confiision, and hostilities wen
terminated by the memorable treaty of Patiau, August
33, tSS^ which secured religious libeity to the Protest-
ants fu Germany. Maurice was killed in a battle againat
Albert of Brandenburg, at Sieveithausen. in July, 1553.

S» J. CAuaAuin, "Vm Ml

Gioao AuiDLD, "Vin Muiriiu." 1719: F. A.
" UoriiiHcnogimd Chucfilnt "- -'- " '

1841 : ScHu

■xxT, "HociD uinmni too o»eii«ii. 4TOU., i7«S-i8ai>: "noB-
nil* BiB(n|]hic OJnJnla."

Bfanrtoe, man'riss, [Fr. pron. mS'riss',] Saint, a
Christian martyr, was commander of the Theban Leg^OD,
which was compoeed entirely of Christians. Being or-
dered by the eoiperor Maiimian to make a sacrifice to
Uie gods for the success of the Roman arms, he refiised
to complv, and was put to death, together with the greater
part of^ the legion he commanded, (386 a.i)l)

S« J. H LiiLm " IMbna d« la VfriU da Uucyn dt Is L^W
Thjb^nc," 1737.

MaiiriceAn, mS're'to', (Francis,) a French jAn^
sician, bom in Paris, published a "Treatise on the D&
eases of Pregnancy." which was trantlated into several
languages. Died in 1709.

HatuloUnns, mau-nsh-I^'nnt, (lUNlut,) a Roman
jurist nnder the reign of Antoninut Plut.

Uanrlciua or Uaniltitu, mau-rishl-nt, [Gr. Ua*-
auHOf,- Pi. Maurice, mo'iiss' ; IL Madeisio. mdw-
ree'ie.o,] (Flavius Tiberii;*,) Emperor of the Eatt,
bom in Cappadocia in 539 a.ix Having been appointed
by the emperor Tiberius commander of his armiea
against the Persians, he gained several important victo-
ries, and was, on his return, rewarded by Tiberius with
his daughter's hand. After carrying on war for some
time with the Abaret, a barbarous trtbe on the Danube
a mutiny broke out among his soldiers, who chose for
Oieir leader a centurion named Phocat. Mauritius waa
pnt to death, having previously witnessed the exccutiDa
of five of his tons. (fio3.)

Sh Giisoh, "DBlina md Fill of tha Raua Empirs;" La
Bud. "HiitnrB dn Bu-Bmiani" "N«vdk Ki«Ta[Ua Otni-
^lanrltio, mSw'ree'te-o, (Gbrardo,} an Italian jurist
and historian, bom at Vicenia, lived about laoo-iz^Ob
He served nnder the Ghibeline commander Enelino
da Romano, and subsequently wrote a history of hi*

achievements, which emoyi a high repatation.
"' '" — - Mauf"^ ' " *

Clua.

Mwuitina.

[aurick of Saxony, and Mauki>

near Venice. His prindpal work is an excellent map
of the world, executed about 145&. Several oipiet of
it have been made ; one of the best of these is in tht-
Britith Museum.

Stt PLACiDoZinu. "11 Uipfumadsdi FialfHim," iSoA.

Manrooanns. See MoRotim.

ManrooordBta See Mavrdcordatoi.

UanroUoo, mSw-ro'le-ko, (Francesco,) a celebnIeA
Sicilian geometer, b(»n at Messina in 1494, was for main
years professor ik mathematics in his native dty. He
was the author of a " Treatise on Conic Sections, " Op-
tical Theorem," and other valoable vorki io Latin, and
made translations from Euclid, ApoUooins^ and Anto-
lycna. Died in 1575.

S« F. UAcaouCOi "^H M Abbut Fnacsm IfaonliBB,"'
i»i]; D. Scu(l,"Kkifiedir.HuBaliiim"itot.

Man'na Tanatbt'iuu, (te-rCn-ebe^'nus.) a
writer, supposed to have been a native of Cartha
the authorof a poem on the mlet of Latin ven'
entitled " De Literia, SyHabit, Pedlbna," etc

Maniy, utfre', (Jean SmuiN,) a celebrated French-
prelate and {Mlpit otater, boni in Oe Venaissin in 174&.

l.^t,a.l,f,/»ry;t.t.^ta»e.kwpr(Joi^edii,i,I,J>,a,y,<tof<;fc^tft«*«<wt;flr,ail,atiinh|ii8t;gaM;mJBnf.

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

MAURY ifi

He repaired lo Pvb eboat 1766^ and aoon icqaind a
Ugh reputation bj hit " Funeral Oniti<ni on the DMipUn,"
and hU "Ealogfof Finclon." He pobllalied in 1777
Ilia "Treatiae on Pulpit Eloqaencc," and in 1778 w«« ap>
painted to preadi the Carfoie (Lent) sermon before tbe
m^ Hii " Panegyric on Saint Vincent de Plot," whidi
ia caieemed hia tnaster-piece, appealed In 1 785, and be
was aoon after choaen a member of tlie French Academy.
In 1789I1C waaa depohr of ibe clergy of P^ronne to the
Statea-Generai, where ne wm conapicnotu a* the elo-
quent advocate of tlw Church and of the royalist party
Uid tlie moat poarerfot opponent of Hirabean. On the
diaaolntion of the Constituent Assembly he waa obliged
lo leave the coanttii, and at the invitation of Pim VL
be took np his residence at Rome, where lie waa mad*
a cardinal in 179^ In 1S04 he wrote a letter of con-
giatnlation to the emperor Napoleon, and henceforth
attached himself n> the intereata of the new soverelni.
He wai saccessively created by him a meiid>er of un
Inslitlite, first almoner of Jerome Bonaparte, and Arch*
biihop of Paris, (iSio.) After the restoration of the
Boorbotia, Cardinal Maory was deprived of his place,
and retired to Rome, where he died in 1817. Maury was
noted for hia brilliant repartee, of which the following
inttances may be given. Being asked by Napoleon how
he stood with regud to the Boiirbona, he replied, "Sire,
my reapect for them it imalteraUe ; but I have lost &ith
and hope, and there remaina to me only charity." Once,
in the Anembly, some ladiea of rank, known for their
lepabUcan opimctM, attempted by their land coovena*
lioa to drown lua voice, when, tomiog to the president,
he aaid, " I pray yon silence those Sana-nlotlea."

Sh " ^Tic da CuiSnal MasTT," i^.by hh leplm i PoeiovuT,
-L.C*nli>>alM>ny.HVit>iw<«ni»."iBu: "NoinUtUB-
nnhia G&ijnia ;" " Moaihlr lUnew," voL loL, iSi>, (Appan-

Msiiuy, mSw.ree', (Joan Makia,) a Spanish poet
and critic, born at Malaga, published in 1S36 a collection
of Spanish lyrics, endtled "Poetical Spain," ("E^pagne
pojtique,") whidi were translated into elegant French
verse and accompanied with critical and biographical
notices. Died in 1845.

Mainy, (Louis Ferdinand Alfbid,) a French anti-
tjoarian writer, bom at Meaux in 1817. He became a
member of the Academy of Sciences in 1857. He pnb-
lisbed a number of works, the most valaable of Which
Is bla "History of the Religions of Ancient Greece,"
(3 vols., 1857) Died at Paris, February 11, 189a.

Man'ij^, (Matthbw FotrTAiNK.) LL.D., an American
hydrographer and naval officer, born in Spottsylvania
county, Viipnia, In 1806. About 1836 he sailed in the
Vincennes on a voyage around the world, and after his
return was made a lieutenant in 1836. He published a
"Treatise on Navigation," (about 1835,) "Letters on the
Amazon and the Atlantic Slopes of'^ South America,"
"Relation between Magnetism and the Circulation of
the Atmosphere," " Astronomical Observations," ( 1853.)
•nd " Physical Geography of the Sea," |t8«5 ; sixth edi-
tion, 1856,) a work which has been highly praised by
competent judges, Died February I, 1873.

S«tli*~N<irt)iBritiibR«i»-'f9rM>T. iSjS.

Man-solna, [Gr. HafarbAof ,- Fr. Mausolk, miJ'zol',]
son of Hecaiomnus, became King of Caria, in Asia
Minor, iboat 377 B.C., being, however, nominally a satrap
(A the Persian empire. He made considerable conquests
in Persia and in different parts of Greece, and waa, ac-
cording to Demosthenes, one of the instigators of the
Social war. From his name is derived the word "mau-
Boleam." The colossal statue of Mausolns, now in the
British Mnsenm, ia one of the finest extant relica oj
aadent art. (See Aitsmisia.)

See Cmr™., " F«d Hdlnid."

Hanaaao, de, Atja mfi'slk', [LaL MAUSSA'ctn,]
ITBtLtF Jacques,) an eminent French critic and ichalat,
bo.11 near Bidders about 1590. He became first president
of the Chambre des Comptes at Monlpellier in 1647.
He published the "Greek Lexicon" of Harpocration,
with notes, (1614,) an edition of Aristotle's " History of
Animals," and of Psenna"On the Virtues of Minerals."
Mtntmr was one of the first Greek scholars of his time,
■Dd waa an intimale friend of Salinaaioa. Died in 165a

MA VROUICHAUS

onvell* BidgrapU*

Mirabeau, w

S« Haao, "\m Fiu

Mftasliiho Qnavedo de CsitaUo Bronoo, m8w-
lin'yo kl-4'do dl kls-tello bRln'kD, a Poitt^neoe
poet, wrote a poem entitled "Alphonso the African,"
commemorating the achievements of King Alphonso V.

Ml'v^r, (WiLUAM FoKDVCE,) a Scottish writer, bora
near Aberdeen in 1T5S, became tutor to the children
of the Duke of Marlborough- He published a number
of useful compiUtiotw, among wMch we may name a
"Historical Account of the Most Celebrated Voyages,"
" Elements of Natural History," and " The Britbh Cor
nelins Nepos." Died In 1S37.

Uavon. See Maks.

MaTTOOordatoa, miv-ro-kor-dl'tos, or MaTTooor-
dato, mlv-ro-kor-dl'to, (Alsxandsr.) a modern Greek
physician, statesman, and scholar, born about 1636. He
sttidied at Rome and Padua, and took his medical degree
at Bologna. Having settled at Constantinople, his pro-

MininrnM. See Mauimc.

Mautouy, d«t dfh mO'tooa', (Phiubbst Bkbnakb
HoitKAD,) a French antiqnary, bora at Beanne in 1654
Among his works is a " Dissertation <m the History of
the Amaaons." Died in 1737.

Mktival*, mS'vi', (FIlix Victor,) a French aatron>
omer, bora at Maiche, in Doobs, in 1S091 died in iSC^

MtLnTUlon, mS'vi'yAN', (ELtAZAR,) a French btth
raitur, bora in Provence in 1719, became secretary M
Frederick Augustus, King of Poland. He poblEshed a
"History of Prince Eugene of Savoy," (5 vols., ij^a,)
• "History of Peter the Great," (1741,) "History ci

Cassel in 1771. He wrote a " Historical Essay 01
Art of War," etc, (in French, 17S4,) and other works
'n French and German, also " The Prussian Monarchy,"
"La Monarchie Prnssienne,") in coniunction with
bGrabeau, who waa his intimate friend. Died in 1794.

found lutowledge of both Oriental and European lan<
cured for him the post of grand dragoman to
in Porte, (1673.) He was afterwards employed

in important embassies to Vienna, and negotiated the
treaty of Carlowiti, (169S.) His services to Austria on
this occasion were rewarded by the emperor Leopold
with the title of count of the empire, while he was ap-
pointed secretary of state by the Sultan, and obtained
other distinctions. He was the author of a medical
work entitled " Pneumaiicum Instrumenlum," etc, which
was translated into French, German, and Spanish, a
"Modera Greek Grammar," and a collection of letters.
Died in 1709.

Sn Von HAUHaa. "Cochlcbu des OBisDiichui Rtichi:"
" HuuTElte Biotraptua C^fnla."

Matnoooidatoa, (Alexander,) a Greek statesman!
born at Constantinople in 1791. He look arms against
the Turks in 1811, and was appointed president of the
executive committee in January, 1833, soon after which
he took command of the army. Having been rendered
almost powerless by the dissensions among the Greeks
and by the enmity of Colocotronis and Vpsiland, he re-
signed or refused the office of president in 1833. In 1833
he was appointed a member of the cabinet by King Otho.
whom be served as ambassador to Munich, Berlin, and
London between iS^ and 1840. He was prime minis-
ter for a short time in 1841, and president of the couodl
in 1844. About May, 1854, he waa reatored to power,
which he resigned a (ew months later. Died in 1865.

Sh Tik

JrakJl T^

LoiiiHia, '* Gdeiift det CoDUmporaju.

MaTTOOordatoo, (CoNn'ANTiNE,) waa appointed
Hospodar of Wallicbia in 1735. He abolished serfiloi*.
and introduced great improvements in the agricullnie
of the country. Died in 176$.

MavtooordatoB, (Nicholas,) son of Alexander,
(the first of the name,) was appointed successively
dragoman to the Sultan, Hospodar of Moldavia (170^
and of Wallachia, (1711.) Died in r^3a

MavronUohaJi*, mav-ro-me-KlOia, known also as

\ t; t kard; i; as/V G, M, x,guaural; H, mom/: l trUUJ; I as s, th as in Mt. (|9~See Explanstlona, p. S3.)

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

.i*.(.

MAW£

Pmo Brr, k nio<lem Qreek patriot, born in the II
abont 177^ He foiuht againit tha Toik* in the ran^
iDtlon which began m iSii, and becaoie a mcmbi
the pro*i*ional garemmenL Died in 1S42.

tta^n, maw, (Josbph,) an Enelbh natnTalfat, born In
DerbnUrein 1764, pubUihed'Travelaln the Interior of
BTaxiI,"e'c, (1811,) "Trealiaeon Diamondiand Predow
StoDU," (i3i3,) "Hineialogj of DerbTahire," and other
fdentiSc treitisea. Died in 1839.

MawmoUlne, maw'moi-iiii, or MalTOUlne^ d«^
d^ mU'TD-an, (William,) a prelate, auppoaed to have
been a nathc oT Franco. Having vititMl Scotland, he
was made Biahop of Saint Andreira in laos. He eitab-
liahed many tnonasterie* in that conntiy, and wa« actire
m protaoiing a cnuade to the H0I7 Land

MavTBOn, (Sir Douglas,) bom at BradTord, Yoric-
ahiie, 1883, Studied geol<:^ at Sydney Univenity,
AosDalia. Eiptored the Antarcdc continent upon an
expedition, of which be was leader, lasling thirty months.
Publi»hed " The Homeof the Blizzard,'* 1915.

Hajceatliia, makt'bi'ih^-^, [Bt. Maxbnc^ mtlc'-
i&Hu',) (Mabcui Aueeuue Valeeius,) I Roman em-
peror, «a* the ion of Maximlan, who abdicated in 305
A.Ii> He married the daughter of the emperor Galeriui.
He thought hinuelf alighted by the promotioD of Con-
ttontine to the rank of Caiai in 306, and udted a
revolt among the Prmtorian gnaidi^ Ao podaiiDed him
emperor at Rome in the aame year. Galeriai, who wai
ilien in a diatant province, aent againat him an arroT
wider Sevenit, who waa dneated and killed by the ua
of Maxlraiaa. Maxentioi and hit father reigned together
for a abort time, and made an alliance with Constanline,
who married Fauata. a titter of Mazentiua.

Max'oT, (Sauubl Bku,) an American Senator, bom
at Tompkinsville, Kentucky, March to, iit$. He grad-
oaled at Weit Point in 1846, lerved fn the Mexican war,
and afterwardi waa a lawyer in Texaa. He terved in
the Confederate army, and «u made a major-general.
He waa aent to the United Sutea Senate in 1875, and
was re-elected. Died in 1S95.

MBx'lm, (Hiram Stevens,) an American in-
ventor, bom at San|;erville, Maine, in 1840. He
worked as a coach-builder and an engineer, and after
1867 took out patents for variout inventions, the bett
known of which is the Maxim machine-gun, which
nses the power of the recoil for reloading. He alio
invented cordite, a smokeless powder, and io 1894 a
flying machine. He resided in England after 18S1.

Maxtan, (HtmsON,) Inventor, bom at Omeville,
Maine, in 1853. He was the first to make smokeless
powder in the United States, produced the powerful ei-
ploaves "Muimite" and "Sti^illile," a torpedo ram,elc.

Mnxime. See Maxihusj, _

Mb Time da Tvt. See Maxiuus Tybius,

M4uc-im1-an, [Fr. Maximum, mlk'se'm^M'; LaL
Maximia'nus, ] or, more fully, Mar'otiB Tala'riiu
Ma admla'nms, a Roman emperor, bom in Pannonia,

theai

of a peasant. He hid obtuned high rank in
hen Diocletian, in 386 A.D., adopted him as

hia colleague in the empire. In the division of the cm.
pire, Italy and Africa were assigned to Madmian. In
305 Diociedan and Muimian formally abdicated tn
mvonr of Galeriua and Congijuidut Chlorna. The nest
year he joined hia son Maientius in an effort t
power, and was proclaimed emperor. In the
entued between him and Constantine he wat taken
prisoner, and executed in 310^ (See Maxemtidi.)

a*n«^w^^.■^lu 5«e Maximiak.

Ii4'«»4m)mi See Maxim UN.

M«z-I-inil1-ui [Ger. pron. mlk'te-meele-in i Fr.
Maxihilien, mlk'se'mele'lK'; Lat Uaxiniua'mvsi
It. Massimiuano, mls-ie-me-Ie-3'no] I., Emperor of
Germany, bom at Neustadt in 1459, wat the son ol
Frederick IIL and Leonora of PortogaL He married,
in 1477, Mary of Butgmidy, danghler and heiress of
Cbarlei the B<dd, who died in 1483, leaving two children,
Philip and Margaret In accordance with the atlpulalions
irf the peace ot Arras, (1482,} he betrothed hb dangbtei
Margaret to the Dauphin, (afterwards Charles VIIL of
France,) with Burgundy, Anois, and Flandet* for hM

S6 MAXIMIUAN

portion. For B«*wal j«aia fdlowi^ he waslnvolved la
a contest with France, and with his tnbjecta in the NeA*
erlanda, Incited to revolt In Louis XI. About 1491 h*
prei^red to make war on Cbarlet VIIL, who not only
remied to keep hb engagement with Maximilian's daugh-
ter, but bad oepHrad turn of his intended bride, Aim^
the wealthy heireaa of Brittany. By the mediation 01

Letfae of Csmbraj, formed between Pope Julint IL,
Permnand ti Spain, and Louis XII. of France, against
the Veoetiana; bitf, that republic having soon sficf
become recondlcd to the pope, Uammilian joined the
toolled Holy League between En^and. Spam, Venice,
■od the pope, in oppoution to the French, who were
signally aemated by the forces of Heniy VIIL and the
emperec. In the " battle of the apart," near Gninegale^
'1513.) Ftands I., having succeeded to the throne of
' captured Milan, and compelled Maximilian to

King of Hungary and Bohetnia.
garet wat married to the Spanitb prince Don Juan, a
son of Ferdinand and Isabella. Among the impmtatil
acts of his reign were the estabHahment of the Imperial
Chamber and Antic Council, and the abolition of tha
Secret Tribunal ofWestphalia; he alao created a stand-
big army and introduced military discipline. Ha wat a
Ubera! patron of leaned men, and waa the author of
•everal works In prose and verse. He died In January,
1519, and wat succeeded 1^ Us grandson, Charles V.
S«a Coxa, "Hinafv of dia VLamt of Anuria;" Hnmnioc
''—^•-^- JB KwnuiiUidBafcu* I.," irl>: Kael Haitao^
4m iSuHn Mui^liu^" iSfa: Tah d« Voon

MaaJinWUn II. bom In IW, waa the eon of Fer-
dinand L, whom he succeeded In 156A aa Empem at
Germany. He waa soon after engaged in a war with the
Turks, who had established theiaselvet in Hongary.
After the death of Solyman IL a truce of eight years
was concluded between his successor and the emperot;
Maximilian was bvourably bicUned towards the Protett-
anti, ^om he allowed to fill important officet ; bat the
influence of the pope, tlte King of Spain, and the Catho-
lic prince* of Geiinany prevented him from formally
-nbradng their dociriiws. He died In 1576, and waa
icoeeded by hit eldeU aon, Rudolph.

S« Con, "HiMsn of Iha HooHsrAtMiUi" DaTxaw, " Hb-
na ni Topofai" ''Hoavdl* Ble^mUa G<D4fil&"

MwTliiitllaii I., Elector of Bavaria, bom in 1573,
On the formation by the ProtettanU of the confederacy
called the Union, f >6oS,l Maximilian put himaetf at the
head of the opposing Catholic fiicdon of the Lea^e.
In conjunction with the emperor Ferdinand IL, he fought
in the Thirty Yeara' wat against the Palatine Frederick v.,
and ccHiquered the Upper and Lower Palatinate. Ini6it
he obtained the electoral dignity of the Palatinate ana
the hereditaiy domains of Frederick V. Maximilian waa
an able ruler, and founded a number of colleges and other
uscftU institutions. Died in 1651.

S« Kail Uama vdh Auth^ "OwlikhM da Kerun and
Karitimoi Huimillu I.," i«4i.

MsYlmlllan U, (Joskph,} King of Bavaria, the
eldest son of King Lewis, was born in i8ii. He mu-
ried in 1841 a daughter of Prince Frederick William of
"- ssia. In March, 1848, he succeeded his father, who
icited the throne. He opposed the profect to nnite
German peoples Into one nation or confederacy of
which the King of PmsMa should bttbe head. He died
in March, 1S64, and was succeeded by hit son Lewis.

" ~" ■" (FntDiNAifD JosEFH,) Emperor of

I.e, 1, 4 a. y, /n^.- i. *. 4 «™e. le" P™l<™Bedi 4 «. ^ 5. a. f . '*«rt; », c, j, 9, i^ow; (Sr, (111, flit ; m*t; n«ti ^I8d; mfl»ni

d by Google

MAXIMILIAN

_ .__. __ ^ „ JoWplL

named Carlolta, or Charlotte, a daughter of Leopold,
King of Belgiom, aboat 1858. Id 1S59 t>e mi appointed
an admiral and commandeT-in-diief df the Aiutnan navy.
In 1863 he WM tempted br Napoleon IIL to act the part
of emperor in Mexico, then partly conquered by ^e
French and partly governed by the republican Preaident

SiaTei. He arrived at (he Mencan capital in June, 1S&4.
e iuued a decree that ill who adhered to the republic
or rcaiated hit authority should be ihoL Muiypriioneta,

I — i-ji — r' 1 1-1.. i,accorilingly»ufreTeddeath by

he New York " Evening Foet,'

■ lidnlM, but w ilifi>m

'se-nto,]^ (BdAOMD* CLUiKiia,^ a nsuiper of Uie
Roman empire, wai a native of Spain. Hanng for aer*
end year* commanded the Roman army In Brftain n' '

aocceaa, be revested againat Gratian abont 381 A.[k,
and waa proclaimed emperor by hit toldien. He then
invaded Gaul to ofier battle to Gratian, who vat deleatei^

ig General Orteaga,accordinglv*ufrcTed death by
lut order. Accordiiu to the New York "Evening FoM,"
Ivly I, 1867, he ordered the emlavement of the whole

_ „ »kniedto3„

doaiua and Valcntiniaa recosniied him aa Emperor of
lul, Spain, and Britain. Attempti» to obtain Italv
alto oy conqueat, he waa defeated by Thee

anring popolalion of Mexico. The United State*
TClnwd to tecogniie him at emperor, and required Na-
poleco to withdraw hit army. Maximilian waa nncli
•mbamated by the want of money, and oSended the
clerical party (which had Etvoored him) by refiitiiw to
restore the property of the Chatch, which had been
coD&acated by the Xiberala. The French tzoopa de-
parted abont the end of 1866^ after which the republicans
■ained aeveral victorica and the empire qnickly collapaed.
Maximilian waa captured at Qtitetaro \a May, and thot
en the I9lh of Jane, 1867.

S» Ilia "RnUacddu vt m, Uk." j mb., iMt: F. ILui.
-Life of MauBBQUn." iU>.

IfaTlmnUn. (Auxahdii Phili?f,) Frince of Nen-
wied, a German natnraliat and traveller, bom at Nsn-
vied in 1783. In 1815 he Ml ont on a jountey tiirotigb
Braiil, where he spent two years and made a rkh col-
lection of spedmcns. On hla return he poUltbed Ut
•■ Travels bi Braair and a "Description of the Natural
History of BtaaiL" In 1833 he visited the western part
of the United States. Iflt "Joumey throiuh North
America," a nagnificeitl work, illnttrated with eighty-
(me engravingi^ cane out in 1843, and b «aid to be
■ipcrioT to anything of the Mnd that had hitherto
i^pearcd In Germany. Died in 1S67.

M»»lintHm JOMpb, " Duke in Bavaria," a German
prince and aothor, the head of the ducal line of the Ba-
varian loral bnily, wai bora at Bamberg, December 4,
180S, ana became a general of cavalry in the Bavarian
army. He pablisbeif " Wandetvng nach Orient," '* No-
veHen," "Sxiuenbucfa," etc, and commled • collection
of Bavarian popnlar songs and melodiea. One of hia
danshten became Empresa of Austris. Died in 188S.

■laxtaM — ■ —

bom in 1661, ._
he married Maria . „

Leopcdd I., and was appointed in 1691 Governor of the
Netnerlands. Having taken part with the French in
tte war of the Spanish sncoewioa, he delivered np to
theu ibe Spanish Netherlandt. Alter fait deleat at the
battle td ScbellenberK, he was obliged by the emperor
to ghw dp bit possessions, which, however, were restored
at tbe peace of Baden in 171^ Died in [716.

D, [Lat MAXiuritn ; Fr. Haximin, mtk'-
i',) ot, more folly, Cal'na Julias To'ma Max-
1% * native of Thrace, born in 173 a.d., terved
to d>e Roman amy under Septimins Sevems. Having
fcUowed Alexander Severoa In hit German campaign,
be caneed him to be assaasinated, A.D. 935, and was
proclwMed emperor in hia atead. In consequence of hit
oveltiea, the pronnce of AMca soon after revested, and
Gordianm wm made emperor by tbe senate of Rome,
4.1h 137. Maximinns, having defeated and tlain Gor-
ilHiiit. laid siege to Aquileia, during which he waa killed
in m nnliny of nia soldieia, together with his son, in 938
tJt. If we naytmsl the oonrarrenl tettimony of ancient

lites, and wrote many works on theology, which n . . .
highly esteemed in the middle ages. Died in G6a A.O.

lEul-miia Tm Gkkkc, a native of Albania, was
invited to Rnsria by the grand duke Vastili Ivanovitch,
in order to examine numerona Greek manttscHpta re-
cently discovered. He made translstions of the prind-
pal ones into Latin, which were rendered by others into
Slavonian. At the reqtiest of the Ciar, he undertook
to revise the early traotlatlont of the hooka cA the
Greek Church ; bat the nsmeroat correctloDa wliich be
Ba*s great ofienoe, and he was eicommunioted

tJOBSd,

hMthKJ

and of such ttrei^ith that he ci

! eight feet high, well proper.

.^.x that he couTd easily draw a

hmded wuon, and with a kick Weak the leg of a horse.
He b saiiT to have used hit wife't bracelet for a finger>

ba Tiuraorr, - HlMain dM Bivnan. -

IMmxiVaHfuv* Dt'Sf, an Illyrlan peasant, a relative
of Galerioa, was raiaed by him to the dignity of Cesar,
UD. y>i. He ruled over Syria and Efnpt, and perso-
cated tbe ChristianB. On thodeath of Galerint, in3ii,
MaximinM took poesession of all the Asiatic provinces

'odaimed emperor by hit toldieis.
ul toofier battle tc"-" '
fled without fighting, and

-'- -. and Valcntinian recou—

Spain, and Britain. Attemi
y conquest, he was defeated
pritoner, and executed in 388 A.D.

._ See Fabius.

Haxl-tnun P«-tto'nI-tia, an ambitiona Roman coot-
tier, bom in 395 a.ti. He waa twice choeen consul.
In 455 be procured the sssssaination of Valentlnian
IIL, was proclsimed emperor, and married FiiilT>wiai the
widow of Valcntinian. Genseric tlie Vandal, invited In
Endoxia, marched an army towards Rome, when If azi.
mns attempted to escape t^ flkht, but was killed by hit
■oldlert, or by the officers of Endoxia, in 455 ild.

Kax^mtw Rtt-till-na, a Roman juritt, auppoted to
kave lived under Sevetus and Caratalla. He was the
author of " Ad Legem Falddiam," 01 Commentary on
the Lex Falddia.

KaxntmnaT"

•bn'dfhttK,] at. .__ , ,--,

Tyre hi tbe second ceatn^, lived at Athens and Room
In the reigns o( tbe Anioiunes and of Commodna. He
wrote, in Greek, numerous philosophical dissertations,
tbe style snd tentidMntt of which are commended. Two
e( these an entitled "On tha Dcmoniom of Socratet,"
and "On Plato's Opinioa respecting the Deity."

Mu-Miillar. See MOllbr, (Max.)

Max'wall, (Sir Hbkbbbt Eustace,) a British
author, bom at Edinburgh in 1845, and educated at
Eton and Oxford. Hia publications since 1887 have
been numerous, including novels, historical works, etc.

Max'vrall, (Tamu Clbrk,) an eminent British phys>
idat, born at Edinbunh, June 13, 1S31. He studied at
tbe Universities of £linbargh and Cambridge, gndn-
acing with highest honour* in iSu. He was professor of
natural phUoaophy In Haritchal Colleee, Alierdeen,
1856-60, professor of phytic* In King's College, London,
1S60-68, and professor of experimental physics in the
UniTcrsitv of Cambrid{[e, 1871-79. His life waa full of
fruitflil labouta in tbe fold of experimental physics and
applied mathematict. Among tils works are an adml'
■■ Theory of Heat," (1871,) " Matter aiid Motion,"
Ilectridty and Magnetism," (1S73,) the latter a
: of the highest value to sdence. Died at Cam-
bridge, November 5, 1879.

Blax'wall, (Sir Mdrkav,) a Scottish naval oScer,
bom near Fertb in 1766, served with dutinct'on in sev-
eral campaign* against the French and Spaniards, and
in 1815 accompanied Lord Amherat on his embauy to
China. He was made a knight in 1S18. Died in 1831.

Maaewsll, (Robikt,) one of the Scottish lords of the
regency dorii^ the abaence of James V. in France, had
a tbare In tM mutiny at Solway Moss. In the f-isi

Mi; cat/; |i<vi/; j:aty;o, H.K,/MM»r)if; It,»«wf; %,lrUUd; lat*; thatinOu (|^-Seo ExplanatkNis,p.n.«

d by Google

MAXWELL

t of Haiy Qoeen of Scoti, (1543,) he faiiro-
daced a bill to illow tbe reading of the Scriptare* in tb«
vulgar tonene, wluch waa puaed in i[Hte of tlie oppo-
aition of tfie lord chancellor, tlie Ualiop* and prieata.
Died in 1546.

ICaxw^ (William Hamilton.) a writer, bom in
Ireland in 179$. He pabtUhed, betides aeveral novela,
a " Lile ai Wel!in«on," and contributed to " Bentler'a
Miacellany." Died in 1850.

KaxwaU, (William Stikuho.) See SmLwa

Mk7, (Carolihb,) an American writer, and resident
of New Yorlc, hat pnbliabed several poems and pra«e
works, and prepared an edition of the "AJnerican Female
Poea," with notea.

May. (Edith.) See Drinku.

May, [Edwakd Collett.) an English musician, bom
at Greenwich, October z% 1806. He began life as an
organist, but subseijuently devoted himself with great
success to the leaching of vocal music. Died in l§37.

Majr, (Edwarii H.,) an American painter, of English
aztractioa, bom in iSaS. He resided in New York and
in Paris. He studied under Couture, in Paris, and pro-

. . "Francis L al Prayer aifer hearing of the Death
of his Sod," and a " Scene from Waverlev." Died 1887.

Sea Tdckuuah, " %aA of tha AnntL"

May, (Samuel Joseph,) an American Unitarian min-
isler, bi»n in Boston, Massacliusetts, September 13, 1797.
He graduated at Harvard College in 1S17, and became
distinguished as an anti-alavery writer and speaker and
as an advocate of popular education. Died at Syracuse,
New York, July i. 1871.

May, (THoHAf,) an English writer, bom in Susses
abont IS9S, was appointed by Cromwell secretary and
historiocrrapb! ■ — ■■ ... .... --.1

r to the Parliament He was (he author

also tbe tragedies of " Antigone" and "Agrippina,"
comedy entitled "The Heir," and other works, n
likewise translated Lacan's " Pharsalia," and wrote
continuation of it, in Latin and English. It is eulogized
by Dr. Johnson and other critica. Died in 1650.

May, (Thomas Erskike,) an English historian and
writer on law, born in 1815. He published, besides
other works, " A Constitutional History of England from
ITiSo to i860," (1861-63,) and "Democracy in Europe;
B History," (iSt?-) He was made Companion of the
Bath In t86o. Died May 13, iSS6l

May do Romaln-Motiar, mfc dffa ro'mlN' mo't^'.

Died it

1799;,

MftyA, roS'yi, a Sanscrit word, aipiifjinR " Illiiiion,"
and applied iir the Hindoos in a philosopflcal or mys-
tical sense to that Power whicit caused ot created the
visible phenomena of the universe, it being assumed that
ertemaJ objects have no absolute existence, bat that
they are mere impressions on the mind, according to
the theory held by Berkeley and some other European
nhi1n«nnh^i-i. The Mljl of the Hindoo mythology is,
_ _.i_i.._ gj,ddj5a_ regarded as the

fS^'

MAYER

•nder Charles DC and Henry IIL His brother tleofj
and he organised tbe Catholic League in 1577. (S«e
Gnis^ DI,HniRY, DinuL) On the death of his brother
Henry, in 1588. the Duke of Mayenne became com-
mander-in-cbief of the army of the l>eague. He occupied
Paris in February, 1589, and opposed the succession of
Henry IV., who defeated Mayenne at Ivry in March,
159a The duke retained possession of Paris until 1593
and concluded a treaty of peace with Henry IV. in 1596
Died in 161 1.

Sec Knyiia, " Hilton dc la Viedu Due dt Uh«ii»," 161B1
SUHOHDI, " Hiitoin do* Fnnpiu 1" Daviu, " Hiiurr of lb*
Civil Wui of Franeai" H. Haittih. " Hituin da TnDa.''

Mayenoe, ds, (Henri db Lorraine,) Dttc, a aon
of the preceding, bom in 1578. He acted a prominent
part in the tumults and violent feuds which prevailed
during the minority of Louis XIII. In 1631 he waa
kilted at Mcmtauban, where he Ibnght againal the Prot-

Mly'fT, (Alfred Marshall,) an aUe American

;icntiBt, born in Baltimore, November 13, 1836, a nephew
of Brantz Mayer. He was educated at Saint Mary's
College in Baltimore, and in the Universinr of Paris, and
held (1856-71) proCessorshipi of science m varions col-
leges, becoming a professor of phytrics in the Stevens
Institute of Technology, at Hoboaen, New Jersey, in

1871. Electricity, magnetism, and a -— ■"■*

snbjects to which he gave especial a

he author of many scientific papers, a '

Sound," etc Died July 13, 1897.

Mayor, nd'^, (Andreas,) a German ■
bom at Angabiirg in 1716; died in 1782.

MSy'flr, (Branti,) an American lawyer and writer,
born at Baltimore in 1809. He published " Henoo
—Altec, Spanish, and Republican," (1851.) "Observa-
tions on Mexican History and Archseology," etc, and
" Mexican Antiquitiea," (1858.) Died in 1879.

Mayer, mf yi', (Cuaklks Joseph,) a French novel-

t and historical writer, bom at Toulon in 1751 ; died
about 1835.

Mayor, (Constant,) a French-American painter,
bom at Besanpm, in France, October 4, 183*, He was
educated at the ficole des Beaux-Arts, Paris, and in 1S57
became a resident of New York. He has made many
lifc-stie genre pictures and portraits, and in 1869 waa
created a chevalier of the legion of honour. Among
his best works are " Consolation," " Recognition,^
"Good Words," "Love's Melancholy," "The Sewing-
School," "Tlie Song of the Shirt," etc

Mayer, (Johann Cbristoph Andreas,) a Germsn
anatomist, bom at Greifawalde in 1747, became phjsidaa
to the King of Prussia in 1789. Died in iSoi.

Mayer, (Johann Friedrich,) a German divine and
polemist, born at Leipsic in 165a. He held professor-
ships of divinity at Wittenberg, Kiel, and Grcieswalde.
He published over three hundred and seventy books and
pamphlets, and was noted for his extreme hostility to
Spenet and the Pietists. His works are nearly forgolteo.
Died at Stettin in 171a.

Mayor, (Julius Kohert,) a German physicist, bom
at Heilbronn, November 35, 1S14. He was educated at
Tubingen, Munich, and Paris, and became a surgeon at
Heilbronn. He was distinguished as an able theorist on
thermodynamics. His principal work is " Die Mechanik
der WiLrme," (1S67.) Died March 30, 1878.

Mayor, mi'fr, ILat. Maye'rus.J (Tohahn TobiaU
an eminent German mathematician and astronomer, Untl
at Marbach in 1723. At an earty age he devoted him-
self to the study of the exact sdenoes, and in 175a
became professor of mathematics in the University ol
Giittingen, and the next year director of the obserratocy
in tint place. In 1755 he published his "Lunar Tables,"
a work of the greatest accuracv and which at once
gained him a hig^ reputation. Among his many able
productions we may name the " Zodiacal Catalogue," a
treatise" On the Libration of the Moon," " Solar Tables,"
and "Terrestrial Refractions." Mayer also discovered
the principle of the repeating circle, since developed by
Borda.and employed by him to measure the arc of the
meridian. After Mayer's death, iiriiich took place {n
176a, the British Parliament, at the suggestion of Sis

Mayana y Blsoar, mT-Sns' e s(s<kaR', [Lat Maian'-
■IU3,| (Grbgorio,) a Spanish jurist and scholar, bom
at Oliva in 1699. He pnblishea a "Life of Miguel Cer-
vantes," (1738,) and a number of legal and critical works
of a high character. Died In 1781.

Sh Ticknoi, " HiMoiT of Spuiih Liunnm ;" Si
■ail>I«»iiV>B,"i7)6.

Maydleo, mi'd^h', (Jkan,) a Ftendi
who waa born at Troyes, and lived about 1760-180& He
wrote aeveral works of fiction. He was a pries^ and
was banished at the Revolution.

Mayonno or Maionna, do, d; h mfyln', (Charles
DE LoRKAiHa,) Due, an able French general, bom in
tS54, was the second son of Francis, Duke of Guises
He fought against the Huguenots In the dvU

1. e. I. & fl, ;, f«v; ll- ^ ^ "n^ >«■■ prolo'igcd; t, i, 1, 0, ft, f .d*)^,- «, f, ), 9, sAmtrra,- Or, rill, ftt i mh; nSt; gMd; mdOa:

d by Google

MAYER

bawd of loDgitode, paid to his widow the biiid of £ 3000,
being the prize tiered for the " LDmu- Tables."

Mayer or ISxjt, idIk, (Simon,) a celebrated German
composer, bom at Mendor( in Bavaria, in 17G1. He
studied under Leiui and Bertonl in Italy, and in l8o>
became chipel-master at B^amo. He composed *
(Teat nombei of operas, amonK the most popular of
which are his ** Hedea," " Lodoi^a," and " Hiwc-Had,"
(-QFanaticoHrlaHiisica."} Died iniS^S.

Mayeina-Torquet, de, ^THtoDORS^ bom, cf
French parentage, at Geneva in 1573, became physi-
dan-in-ordinaijtoHenrylV.of FrsDce. In 161 1 be was
apjxtoted fint phnidan to James I. of England, and
held the tame oAce ooder Ctuurle* L 1^ was the
■■thor of Mvenl nlnable medical works in Latin. Died
to 165s.

Mft7«ms. See Mayik, (Johanm Tobia&)

Mayetir do Salnt-Panl, mfyuR' dfh slt('p6l',
(Fbancois Maxu,) a French actor and dramatist, bom
in Paris in 1758, published s nnmber of comedies,
romances, and poems. Died in 1818.

MftT^ttw, (Augustus Skitimus,) an English auth
a brother of Henrj Mayhew, noticed beloir, and aut'
of eeveral books, among them "Kitty Lamere," (1858,)
"Paved with Gold," (1866,) and "Blow Hot and Blow
Cold," (1869.) He also assisted Henry and Horace
Majhew in prododnff the " Brotben Mayhew'
hmnoTous talcs. Died December 15, 1875. Edward
Uatmiw, (bom in London in l8tl,) s brother of Ihe
above, was a theatrical manager, and the author ofsom
brces, and of a series of illustrated and humoiouslv-
written books on veterinary practice. These had a wide
•ale in America and England. Horace, another brother,
wa* assodaled in the aathonihip of Ihe "Brothers May-
hew" teiies, and wrote several comic books of his own.
He was bom in London in iSiq, and died April 30,
1871. Tboma^ the eldest of the five brothers, was bom
in 1810, and poUished the " Penny National Library,"
todnding a "Penny Dictionary," "Penny Grammar,'
•tc. He wa* also editor of a radical paper.

mrOierw, (HsMRY,) an English liiUrateur and Joni
nalist, bom in London in iSix. He was one of the found
crs of the periodical entitled " Figaro in London," and
in 1841 became the first editor of " Punch." He sub-
sequently edited the "Comic Almanac" Among his
work* mar be named "What to Teach, and How to
Teach it," (1843O "London Laboar and the London
Poor," (1851,) "TheWonderaofSdence," "The Greatest
Plague of Life," " Whom to Many and How to get Mar-
ried." " Magic of Kindness." etc Died July at, 1887.

Mfir^erw, (ToNATHAtt,) D.D., sn American divine,
bom in Martha^ Vineyard in 1730, was distinguished as
a preacher and controversialist, and poblished a number
of^ theological works. Among these we may name
" Obaetvations on the Charter and Conduct of the So-
dety for Propagating the Gospel in Foreign Parla," and
"Christian Sobriety." Died in 1766.

BIi7''Dfird, (Charles Johnson,) an American
naturalist, bom at West Newton, Massachusetts, in
1845. He made spedal studies in ornithology and
on the land shells of the West Indies, and wrote
various works 00 the birds of the United States and
Amenon bntterSies, also " Naturalist '1 Guide,"
" Contribniions to Science," " Nature Studies," etc.

Miy'ntrd, (Edward,) an American inventor,
born at Madison, New Jersey, in 1S13. He becape
a dental surgeon, and invented msny dental instru-
ments. He was appoinlcd court dentist by Nicholas
L of Russia, and for many years was professor in the
Baltimore College of Dental Surgery. His later in-
ventions were in fireairos and anununition, and in-
duded the tape system of primers, a breech-loading
rifle, etc. The Maynard rifle was adopted by Ihe
United Slates and by several Earopean govemtnenta.
Died In 1S91.

IbTiiard, mints', (FKANgon,) a Frendi poet, bom
It Toulouse in 15S1, was an intimate friend of Malherbe.
He was the author of odes, epigrams, and other poems.
irtud are characteriied by La Hatpe as possessing greal

eloquence of dictioD, but are deficient in warmth. Died
ioi64£.

MK7'llBrd,(HoBACB,>LL.D.,an American statesman,
born at Weatborongh, Hasaachuselts, Auguit 30, 1814.
He graduated at Amherst College in 1S38. He removed
to Knonille, Tennessee, where he was (1838-41) pro-
fessor of mathematics in Ihe Universitv of East Ten-
He became alawyer, was a member of Congress,

"a^.

,i»7£-

[y'n^d, (Sir John,) a

In 1653, and, sAer the n
wider Charles IL He was active in promoting the Revo-
InllOD of 1688, and was appointed in 1689 one of the
tiM^ commissioners of the great teal of England. Died

Mayne, min, (jAsnui,) an English divine and poet,
bom fn Devonshire in 1604. He obtained several office*
under Charles 1, of which he was deprived after Croat-
well'a usurpation. On the restoration he was appointed
chaplain-in-ordinaiy to Charles 1 1., and Ardideacon of
Chichester. He was the author of a comedy entitled
"The City Hatch," and a Iragi-comedy called "The
AmorooB Warre." Died in iGya.

MaTiio, ml'&o, (Juan Bautista,] a Spanish painter,
bom at Toledo about 1590, was drawing-master to Philip
IV. Among his best productions are "The Nativity
and "The ResurrecticxL'* Died in 16J4.

MaynWBiiiiK mAnVring, (Akthuk,) an English
talirist and political writer, bom in Shropshire in 1668.
He was for a time attached to the cause of James IL,
and satirized the government of William IIL, to which,
however, he was afterwards reconciled. Alter the peace
of Ryswick he visited Paris, where he made the ac-
quaintance of Boileau. He was a member of Parliament
lor Freaton in 1705. Haynwaring's productions, both in
prose and verse, were much esteemed, and Sir Richard
Steele dedicated to him the first volume of the " Tatler.'*
Died in 1712.

S» OuauxOH, "lift lad PaMbnaKH* Walu at A. Uf^

IA170, mi'o, [Amort Dwicirr,] an American divine,
bom at Warwick, Maasachnsetta, in 1821, became pastor
of the First Congregational Unitarian Church In Albany.
He published "Graces and Powers of Ihe Christian
Life,'' ( 1 851,) " Symbols of the Capital," and other war ks.
Bis wife, S. C. Edcakton Mayo, was the author of a
number of poems of great beauty, chiefly on religious
su^ects. She died about iSja

Uayo, (Frank,) an American actor, bom at
Boston in 1S39. He began bis theatrical career at
sixteen, became a star aclor in Shaksperian and olber
prominent parts in 1869, and produced "Davy Crock-
ett" in iSyi, in whidi he appeared more than two
thousand limes. Died June 8, 1896-

Mayo, (Hbkbbrt,) bq English physician, became
professor of anatomy and physiology at King's Col-
lege, London, and acquired distinction as a lecturer.
He was the author of "Ontlinesof Human Physiology,"
(1817,) "Outlines of Human Patbolt^y," ^1836,)
"The Nervous System and its Functions," (1841,)
etc. Died nesr Mentz in 1851.

Mayo, (Mrs. Isabella,) an English author, was
bom at London, December 10, 1843.' 'She was the
author of a number ol novels, induding " Gold and
Droas," (1871.) Died May 13, 1914.

tSM-fo, (William Starbuck,) an American physidan
and writer, bom at Ogdensburg, New York, in iSia. He
published, in ia49,"Kaloolah,"afictitioustaleof African
adventure, which was followed by " The Berber, or the
Mountaineer of the Atlas," (1850.) and "Romance-Dust
from Ihe Historic Placer." Died in 1895.

Mayoir. mf 6, 1 (John,) an EngHih physidan, bom
In Cornwall in 164}, was the author of a valuable work
" On Nitre and Nitro-Aerial Spirit," in which he ori|i>

^mi; ft; tiant; tuj;a,it,K,gtiatira{; i>,tiatai; R, rriZ/fl'.' I ss t; *h ss in Ou. <)^5eeEiplanaiioM,p,s^)

d by Google

MAYS

1690

Bktod tome of the moat Important modern diacovenei
In pneumatic chemUtry. Died In 1679.

Kbtt, vod, ton miK, (Jouank IIami Eck,) a Ger-
man Ecneral, bom in Vienna in 1716, fbught for Frede-
rick the Great in the Seven Year*' max. Died in 1759.

MaTBodor, mrifb-dcr, (Joskth,) a German TicJiniat
■nd compoaei, bom at Vienna in 17S9. Died in 1863.

Mamsda, d«, d«b mfild', {Loou Chauju Jum
RoBEKT,) a French author, bom at Caatel-Sarraxin.
March 19, i&Mx He became a jonrnatiit at Paris, and
published "Odea," (1841,1 ''L'Espagnemodeme,''(t85S,)
"L'llalie moderne," (i860,) " Llmartine," (1871,) and
other work*, chieBy on public quMtions. Died in 1S43.

** ' ' — Ml', [Ft. OTon. nfjf iIn' ; It. Ha-

Mawln, mai't-reen', [Ft. pron. nf jf tIn' ; It. HJi
UBINI, mld-il-ree'nee i Lat MAZari'hus,] (Giulioo

SULB9,) CaUiinal, a celebrated courtier and prime mil
Iter of FTanoe, was Ixim in It;^ in 1601. He wa* edi.
cated in a collMe of leiuita at Rome, (where hit father,
PietTo Uanrini, resided,) and adopted the profession oif
law. He bad act^nu-cd the repotation of an adroit nego-
tiate in the aervice of the pope, when, in 1630, he mat
Cardinal Richelieu, wbo secured his attachment to the
btereal of France. When the French and Spanish w
about to engage at Caul, h« preienied a battle, and
gotiaied the trean of Cberiaco 1111611. Hew*anniL__
•nraordinary to France in 1634, and gained the byom
aS the French king, who aeni him as ambassador '

year be waa admitted into the supre
death of Richelieu (in 1643) and of Louis XIIL (in 1643)
opened a wider sphere to the ambition of Mazarin, whom
Richelieu recommended at bis succeuor. Bj the will
of the late king he wa« declared sole adiiser of the
^n-regent, Anne of Austria, in respect to ecclesiastic

naed hJa power at first with moderation, and courted
poptilaritj bj gradous and a&ble manners. He proee-
csted the war against Spain which began under his pre-
decestor, and in which Cond^ and Turenne maintained
the honour of the French arms. A dispute which aroM
between the court and the Parliament of Paris was fo
mcnted b; Cardinal de Retiinto the reroliofthe Pari«>

The queen, with her (on, Loui* XIV., and Macarin, were
driven out of Paris in 16491^ the Frondeurt, ThiadvU
war was more remarkable for the levitr of the people than
far their milittij exploits. Ladies directed the several
factions, and cabals were made or broken by
■ ;he midst of these d ' ' "

o fortunate 01

but about two yean later h« reiamed to the capiul in
triumph, and the end of the rebellion, b i6S4. restored
him to his former power. He made in 1655 a treaty of
alliance with Cromwell, who, being aatidtea as an ally
by the Frendi and the Spanish courts, preferred (he
former. He acquired the aame influence over the king,
who had attained his majority, as be had exerted over
the queen. It is said that Louis XIV. wished to many
Mane Hancini, a niece of his Htiuister, but the latter
diacouraged the match, and in 1659 n^otiated a marriage
with a Spanish princess. Mazann once said *■ Louis con-
tained the material for four kings and one honest marL"
He died at Vincennes in March, 1661. His person was
remarkablT handsome, and his manners nsctnat

"MasMlD, says Mignet, "had a &r-seeiagMid

lie mind, a character rather supple than feeble. His

derice was 'Le Temps et moL Much diverdty of

opinion ejdsts respecting his merit

It mav tal*\j be affirmed that he w

and, tboogh avaridons, he was not a cruel

Minister.

Sm Amnn, " Hinsir* da Car«aal tluari^" 1751 ; Uhmwt,
"Utaoina rdulfc Sb SuecaHian d'Eipuu: SAon^AiTLAtaK
" Bimin di bi Pravl* ;" Baok " Hiu4<n d( PnoM Mu U Mi-

Fm M Cai^J Ms^uM," .Wt. Jaw

Tntm't llmdii," fcf Kareainr, iS3i,udAf^, iSji

Moiulnl See Mazamm.

Muulniu. See Mazabin.

MaaaiTodo y Salasar, ml-thlr-ri'Do e st-tl-
thas', (Jod Uaua,) a Spanish admiral, bom at Bilbao
in 1714, distbvnished himself by his defence of Cadis
igaiiiattheEn^ishini797. Hewasappoinledby Joseph
Bonaparte miuster of the marine in 1808. Died in i8t&

UudJSk.ndi'dfk.orBIu'dfk.aret ' '
who waa bora about 470 a.ix, pri^esaed tc

langes in the social order.
Abxdelc See Mazdak.

Mom, (Hippolytb,) a French hislorian and states-
an, bom ai Arras in 1S39. He held professorships
history at Douaj and Versailles, was elected to the
Chamber in 1879, and became a Senator in 1886,
interesting himself in co-operative provident assoda-
tions. He wrote histories of the United Stales and
France, " La Lutte contre la Miaire," etc. Died in

Mual, mf stl', (Abkaham,) one of the leaders of
the Camisards in France, bom at Saint- Jean^u-Gatd.
After the insurrection of the C^vennes, in 1701, he was
imprisoned, but, having escaped, be «K>>m attempted to
~ le the people to revolt, and was killed in askitTuish

Uiit in 1710.
HaMlliw, ndslfai', (PtutRX,) ■

bom at Rouen ii

I French sculptor.

li^-Mp'Pf, (Ivan SriFANOvrrcu,) a celebrated Po-
lish adventurer, born in the government of Kief in 1644,
was educated at the court of John Ctsimir, King of
Poland. Havingbeendetectedinanintriguewilh the wife
of a nobleman, he wu bound bv his orders to one of the
wild horses of the Ukraitkc snd carried to the country
of the CoMacka. He waa kindly received by them,
and TOM to be hetman, or commander-in-chief of their
armies, about 1687. When Peter the Great attempted
to talM poaseaston of the Ukraine, Maieppa strongly
oppoaed the measure, bat, finding rcnatance vain, en-
tered bto a negotiation with Charles XIL of Sweden
for the independence of his country. The plan bei^
disoovared, and Maieppa deserted by his troops, he
joined the Swedish army, and after Ibe battle of ndtava
look refoge In Turkey, where he died in IT09. The ad-
ventures of Maieppa have formed the aubjea of one of
Byron's poema.

ICauHMB, mfswf, (Chaklbi TtJMtym^ a Frenefa
architect and antiqnan, bom at Lorient in 1783, was
employed by Murat, King of Naples, to restore the
Portia palace, and other edificea. He afterwards in-
vestigated the antiquities of Pompeii. He published in
tSll his prindpal work, "The Ruins of Pompeii," the
last two volumes of which appeared after his death.

E

BAirnsTA,) a Spanish painter, bom at Madrid
1630, waa a pupil and son-in-law of Velasquei,

whom he succeeded in 1661 as painter to Philip fv. His

portraits and landscapes are highly esteemed. Died in

168^.

^ mfifiH', (F. A. J.,) a French journalist and
. bom in Paris in 1776, wrote a " History of

the English Revolution of 1KI8," and a " life of Vol-

-'-- " Died in iSiS.

la, mlt'al, (Amdua,) an Italian phOoloRia^
Parma In 1714. He published "Select Cbp-

tars ofChurch History," (in Latin, 1757.) Died in 1797.
*' — -m, (Ahouxi,) an Italiao poet, bom at Parma la
came professor of Greek in bis native dqr, (176S.I
the author of an ode entitled "Aura Armmiica,"
imber of lyrica, which obtained for him a high

reputation. Died in 1817.

Sm TIMI.M, " Bigcnia difU Itslfad Blutii"
Mamia, (Giusippi,] an Italian sculptor, bom at Bi^
logna in 1653 j died in 1741.

l e, 1, 4 «. J,/«(r; i t, 4. "me. less protonged; i, «, 1, B, 0. y, j**rt; », t, i, 9, *4«w»; ar, lln, ftt j B* ( nftt; g8Mi tnooni

Digitized by CjOOQ I C

MAZZINGHI

1691

MAZZUCHELLI

Mamalagiii. nill-ito'{ee i (Joibph,) in Eii(lkb m«-
ridui and compOMT, bun In London fai 1768, wu
patronized by George IIL and Georgs IV. Amou hit
BUMt popular operas «e may name " The Blind Girl,"
■The Exile," and " Paul and Virginia." Died at Bath
In 1844.

GenoTcse" ud other jonmala, and «aa an adherent of
the romantic achool. He devoted himielf at an earlj
age to the Uberadon and unity of Italy, which waa then
degraded anJd opprewed by Anatria and bj raiiooa petty

deepol*. In 1830 he '"---■ ■"- '■--■— -' "--'

wluch he propoied to reionn. Having tieen buuatied
ir prMvibed, be retired in 18^1 to Uaraeillea, where he

craaniied a
(LaGitaim

\iyi he Joined ibe Sociely of Carbonan.

poied to reform. Having been buiiabea

__ be retired In 1831 to Uaraeillea, where h'

_. a political awodation called " Young Italy,

(La Giteitu IlaUa,} whoie watchword waa " God and
Oe Pei^e," and wnoee fundamental idea waa that the
Uierty of the lOliant can only be secured by the union
al the Kveral alatea or kingdoms into one nation. He
pn^Mgated Us prindplet by writings, anil, during a
long jtcriod of caile aiid adversity, porsaed his purpose
whh mTindUe oooa^ncj.

Abotil 1843 he became a resident of London, and
began (o oontrilmte political and scientific articles to
variovs jonmala, among which was the " Westminster
Review." His letters were opened in the poM-offioe bi
1844 by the British secretary for the home department,
Sr James Graham. The revfdntlonary movements of
1S48 restored him to his native country. He issued a
journal called "Italia del Popolo," and, although he
mfetred a republic, waa disposed to co-operate with
Kii^ Charles Albert in rcdstance lo Austrian domina-
tion, and he enlisted under the atandird of Garibaldi
In February, 1S49, he went to Rome, in which a republic
had recently been organiied after the flighi of the pope.
He was qui^y recogniied as the leader and maater-
•pirit of the republicans, and in March of that year
HaniDi, ShIB, and Armellini were appointed triumvirs.
They defended Rome resolutely against the French
army, by which that dty waa at length captured in July,
1849. ffaunu then went into exile, and chose London
m the base of his operations. He sasodsted himself
whh Kessnth and Lraru-Rollin to form an international

revolutionary

•boat tSji.

. .. the project which

Napoleon IIL formed for a confederation of Italian
slates. In 1S61 he republished, with additions, an es-
ssy ■■ On the Unity of Italy," lo which he says, " I know
Ibst the idea of a confedeivtion is both the counsel and
dea^ of one whom many Italians still regard at the
friend and protector of Italy ; but I know, too, that be la
treadkeroBS, a foretgner, and a despot That be should
icek to weaken in order to dominate na is easily nnder-
stoodi but the mere fatx that the tuggeadon sprinos
from swdi a aonrce ought to be one of the most poweitu]
warnings againat it."

Soon of his predidiont have been verified by recent
events in Italy, which have tended to raise his reputstion
for sagacity uid piactica] wiadom. He Is the author of
a wol entitled " The Dutiea of Man," (i8;8; Enslith
vcrsian, 1861,) wMch enjoy* neat popularly In Ualy,
and of many other works. The " Lifo and Writings of

Joseph :
fi86*-70
buried in

The diaracter of Haxani ia weU described by Thomas
Cari^ in a letter to the London " Timeu," Jane, 1844,
rnwinted in the "Wcatmintter Review" for September
« that year. He says, " I have had Ute honour to know
H. Haiidnl for a tene* of year* ; and I can, with great

freedom, testify to all men that he, if I bavu ever

UM* such, is amanof genius and virtne,a man of slw._..,
vsfndly, humanity, and nobleness of inind,'-ooe of those
tsie msn, numerabK unfortunately; but as nnin in this
wor)4 lAe are wortl^ l« be called uMttyr-eoalt ; who

in dlence pionaly in dieir daily lifo onderttMid aad

pnctise what la meant by that."

Sh hii "Aaufaiacnphr" « vdi., iMt; Julb ne BaarAi,

"Uuidni^c'piirlBi-aiHD^ iBUi " Jihrtiiirh fiiinwiiliiiin

Mnuooohl, mlt-Bok'kee, or Mnmaoooolo, mlt-sok'-
ko-lo, (ALissto SiMMACHO,) AD Italian antiquary, bom
at Santa Maria di Capua in 16S4. He became professor
of Greek and Hebrew at Naples, and waa a member of
the Academy of Inscriptiona of Paris. He wrote nuny
valu^le treatises in Latin and Itslian. Died in i;;i.
SeeUASBOCCRL
mlt.so^ (GlKOLAHO BnxiLo,) an Italian
painter, sometimea called MAZIOUKOt bom near Parma
In 1503, was the moat distinguithed pupil of Farmigiano.
He excelled as a colorist and in perapective. Among
his best productions are a " Madonna with Saint Cathe-
rine," and "Mirade of the Multiplication of Loaves."
Died aboat 159a

Mnnoln, MusaOIn, mat^oo-oHl, or MuumoU,
mlt-soo-o^ee, (Gikolamo FkANcasca Mama,} an emi-
nent Italian painter, sumamed IL PAKMiaiANO, ("the
Panne*an,"J bom at Parma In 1503. He viaited Rome
hi 1533, and was employed by Oement VIL to execute
a number of works lo that dty. His style, formed
on that of Corteggio and Raphael, it charaeteriied by
exceeding graoe and delican of form and softness of
colouriiw, and It was tald vt his admirers that "the
spirit of Rspbsel hsd passed Into him." Among his
master-pieces are the "Madonna della Roaa," in th*
gallery of Dresden, an " Annnndarion," in the prindpal
church of Viadana, the " Madonna with Saint Margaret,
Saint Jerome," etc, in the Museum at Bologna, the
"Madonna deilo Lnngo Collo," at Florence, and tbe
"Vision of Saint Jerome," in the National Gallery, Lon-
don. Maixola was the first Italian artist who engraved
with aquafortit. Died In ■54a

5h Vasabi, " Una M Ih* Piuonn.' Me. : Arrq, "Via A t-
UtntU," itM: Um». janm, "HuHiin tl Eariy Icaliaa
PiiBMn:" F. Bauim, "Ctaai bumw allaVin ti alli Opvc di
F. Huula," itMi MonVAaa, "Uaaoria dalla Vila di r. Uu-

Latin tcholar, bom at F^aaro in lyit. He published
poems, oratiooa, critical eaaaya, commentaries, etc Died
U11786.

S« UorraaAai. " Bls(r«h A O. H. Uuulari," ilji.

*ff»«Mll SeeMAZiOLA.

Mnxxolino, mlt-so-lee'no, (LuDovtCo.) a celelnated
Italian painter, sumamed 11. Fkkrakksr, wu born at
Ferrara in 14S1. His "Adoration of '
" Christ in the Midst of the Scribet," a
his nusler>pieoes. Died about 153a

8m Vasaxi, " Livw of Ibi PabiUn" Ms.

SfusaoiU, mtl-so'nce, (Giacomo,) an Italian writer,
bom at Cesens in 1548. He produced several critical
and i>hilosophical worka, the most important of which
b bit "Defence of Dante," j" Defcaa cB Dante," IS73-)
He was an intimate friend of TaasoL Died in 1598.

S« Sauuei. " Vha di a UiBiiBi," ifga: OooOBii, " Hlnain
ds la litl^iatBia '•-■'——"

MwHOoIidU, mlt-eoo-keFlee, (GiOTAitHi Masia,)
Count, an Italian biographer, bom at Brestia in 1707.
He was the author of "Hlatorical and Critical Notices
of the IJvea and Writings of Learned Itallana," (" Soil-
tori d'ltalia, do6 Notice storiche e criticbe faitomo alle
Viteedull Scrittideletterati ItaUanl,")* woritofgreat
merit, which he did not live to complete. He published

"Life
of Hotro Aretinov' <i74i') ^«<I in 'T^S-

- - 'CMt*O.Uaincbd1i."iTM;FA*a«q,

''BicfnAad^

1, (PiBKO FRAHOnco,) an Italian painter,

MoKAZzoNi, waa bom at the village of that
" ludied ■ "

_.JooL Amonshisprir .

Flagellation," and " Saint Michael Triumphant"

ilished aachooL Among his pi

sr; t*»*rfft»s/.-0.il.K,jf»»ru/; M.wa/a/; ■.frgferf; lss«; thaabillUf. (irSeeEaphuiations,p.S3 |

d by Google

MAZZUOLA

169a

MECKEL

. . See Hasxila.

Mouaoli, mlt-too-onee, or MazsoU, mtt'io-U,
(FiLiPiv or GiusKppi,) an Italian painter, sni named n.
Bastaruolo, bom at Ferrara about 1530; died in 1589.

McElnley, (William.) See MacRinley.

Mead. (Lakkin Goldsmitk,) an American acalptor,
*as born at CheateiGeld, New Hampiliire, January \,
1835, and became a dtizen or VennonL He became In
185a a pupil of H. K. Brown. Among his works are
'The Recording Angot," (1855,) "Vermont," (1857.)
Btatues of Ethan Allen, (1S61, 1874,) "The Returned
Soldier," (1866,) and a neat part of the Lincoln monu-
nwnt at Springfield, IMinoii, besides many Btatnettc*,
pwlrait-busli, etc Died October 15, 1910.

mad, (Matthkw,) an Eoglitb nonconformist drnne,
bora in Buckinghamshire in 1699. He «raa the anihoi
of "The Young Man's Remembrancer," and " Sermons
on Eiekiel's Wheels." Died in 1699.

Meed, (Richard,) a celebrated English pbysidan,
•on of the preceding, was bom at Stepney in 1673. He
studied ai Leyden, and subsequently visited Italy, where
be took his medical decree at Padua. He was after-
wards elected a Fellow oT the Royal Society and of the
College of Physidans, and on the acce*sion of George
II. {1737) became his physician -in-ordinarr- He wa«
the author of a "Mechanical Accoant of Poisons,"
(1701,) " A Short Discourse concerning Pestilential Con-
tagion," (17ZO,) iriiich was translated into French and
I^tin, "Medidna Sacra," (1749,) or an account of dis-
eases meutioned in tbe Bible, and other medical works

general, was born December 3 1, 1815. atCadii, in Spain,
where his lather, R. W. Meade, was United Stale* con-
sul. He graduated at West Point io 1835, serxed in the
Mexican war, (1S46-47,) and became a captain in l8j6.
He was appointed a brigadier-general of volunteers in
August, 1S61, and served in the battle of Gaines's Hill,

June »7, 1861. At Malvern Hill he received two wounds,
uly I, He commanded a division at Antietam, Sep-
tember 17, 1S63. Having beeo raised to the rank of
major-general, he direcleoa corps at the battle of Fred-
ericksburg, December 13, i86z, and at that of Chancet-
lorsville, May 1-3, 1863. On the iSth of Tune ensuing,
he was appointed commander-in-chief of^tbe army OF
the Potomac. Just before the date last named, Gen-
eral Lee had Invaded Pennsylvania with a large army,
which the Union army encountered at Gettysburg on
the 1st of July. General Meade, who«e forces occu-
pied a good position on a range of hills, acted mostly on
the delensive at this battle, which lasted three days and
contributed largely to (he triumph of the Union cause.
(See Lm, R. E.) General Meade reported that he took
at Gettysburg 13.611 prisoners, some of whom were
probably wounded, and be lost 16,643 killed and wounded.
He was promoted to be a brigadier-general of the regu.
lar army tnt a commission dated July 3, 1863. Abont
the lEtb of July he moved his army across the Potomac
Into Virginia, where he had several skirmishes with the
•□emy in October and November, 1863. He was second
Id command of the army of the Potomac in ft* operationi
■g^nst Richmond iniS64. "1 trtedaabraspoMfble,''
Mf« General Grant, "to leave General Heide in inde-
pendent command of the army of the Potomac. Hy
mstructiont lor that army were all throngh him, ana
were general in their nature, leaving all the details and the
execution to him. The cimpai^B that followed proved
him Io be the right man in the right place." In August,
1864, he was appointed a major-general of the regular
army. The army of which he had the ' """'

M0ad0, (Richard Worsaw.) an American ad-
miral, bom at New Votk city in 1837. He entered
Ihe navy in 1850, served through the civil war, and
continued in active service, becoming captain in 18S0,
commodore in 1S9Z, and rear-admiral io 1S94. He
was naval commissioner to the Columbian Exposition
in 1893. In 1895, in consequence of a remark offen-
sive to President Cleveland, he was rebuked, and re-
tired from the service. Died in 1897.

Maada, (Williau,) D.D., son of Richard Kidder
Meade, bom in Clarke count;, Virginia, in 1789.
He graduated at Princeton College in rSoE, and in
1841 succeeded Bishop Moore as bishop of the Prot-
estant Episcopal Church in Virginia, He published
several theological works. Died in 1863.

Meadoirooart, mtd'o-kSrt, (Richard,) an English
critic, born in Staffordshire in 1697, published Notes on
Milton's " Paradise Regained." Died in 1769.

BSeadoww, mCd'Si, (Alfrkq,) M.D., an English
physician, bom at Ipswich, June 1, 1833. He sladied
at King's College, London, and at Paris, and graduated
as M.U. at the University of London in 1S58. Among
his works are " A Manual of Midwifery." Died 1887.

Meadowa, (KsNt^v,) an Engli^ artist, bom in 17S7.
He achieved some celebrity at an illustrator of books
"■ ' ■ It 84, 1874.

r, nA'YUfi or mi'vr, (Thomas Francis) a

condemned in 1S4S to banishment or penal servitude
for life. He escaped from Tasmania in 1853, and took
refuge in the United States. He raised in l36l an Irish
brigade, which he commanded at Gaines's Mill, June
37, at Antietam. September 17, and at Fredericksburg,
December 13, l86». Died in 1867.

AUan, do, d; h nU'&N'. (Chaslbs,) Baron, a Belgian
jurist, bom at Liege in 1604; died in 1674-

MSaul, (Alexahdik,) a Methodist minister, bom
in North Carolina in iSoi. He became proteases of
natural science in Emory College in 183S, uid professor
of chemistry in a modical college at AUanta, Geor^
in 1855. Died Jw» 5,1883.

Meanme, inOai, (Eimdaei),) a French jurist and
arcbEologist. bom at Rouen in 1812. Among his works
-- a " Ufe of Jacques Callot," (i860.) Diedin iSS&

Meoenate. See ML«Cbnas.

M^cAna, the French of Hacinas, (wbich see.)

M^fthiilii, mL'shin', (Pibkui Francis ANDRt,] an
eminent French astronomer, born at Laon in 1744.
Having visited Paris, be acquired the Inendship and
patronage of Lalande. He was elected a member of ths
Academy of Sciences about 1783, and in itSJ succeeded
Jeaurat as editor of the "Connaissancesdes Temps." In
1791 he was appointed, conjointly with DelamWe, to
measure the arc of the meridian between Dunkirk and
Barcelona. Dissatisfied with Ihe result of his calctUa-
tlons, he was preparing to prolong the measarement to
tbe Balearic Isles, when he was attacked with fever, and
died on tbe journey, (iSoj.)

S« - .......

vania Coutt-House, and Cold Harbour, and 1

Sloyed many months in the siege of Petersburg. (See
IRAKT, U. S.] General Meade was appointed com-

mik'^ (Christian,) a Swiss engraver, bom
•I BUc in 1737; died in 1S17.

Maobela. mtK'tln, or Mookenen. tru, vtn mlk'-
k^h-ufn', (Israrl,) a celebrated German painter and
engraver, said to have been bom near Bocholt. in tbe
bishopric of Mtinster. It is, however, supposed b^ many
that there were two artists of the name. The principal
works attributed to Meister Israel, as he was called, are
In the linakothek at Munidi. They possess great excel-
lence, and entitle him to rank with Van Eyc^ Memling,
and other eminent painten of Ihe Flemish schooL Died
in 1503.
Ueohailatx See Biccatuml
SlaaMtaT. See Mrkhitar.

Uaokal, mUi'kf], (Johann Frixdkich,) an eminenl
i, (Richard Kiddbx,) an Anerican soloer of German anatomist, bom at Welilar in 1714. He becamu

Ihe Revolution, bom io Nansemond county, Virginia, surgeon to tite King of Pruteia. He n-- '- ■" ' —

about 1750, was one of General Washington's aides, in anatolnv, and wrote nv "— '

Died in 1805. worka. Died in 1774.

fcM^8|KftAi^P*X^»^en~proi«gedrM^Z^K^

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

medical and

MECKEL

1693

MookeL (JoKANH FiiEDKiCH,) a Gennui wiatoiidit,
binn at Halle in 1781, was a grandson of the preceding.
He became professor of surgeiv and anaiomy at Halle
bi iSoCk He poblished " Contribotioiis to ComparatiTe
Anatomy," and transtated CDvier't " Comparative Anat-
omr." to wUcb he added valuable notes. Died Id 1833.

Aeckaiian. See Meckeui.

Udda, mi'dl', or Merda, mEK'dl', (Charlbs An-
out,) a French general, born in 1775, served in th« prin-
cipal wars of Ihc Resolution, and attained the rank of
general of brigade, (iSoS.) He was mortally wounded at
the battle of Moskwa, (tSll.)

Mode, meed, (Joseph,) an eminent English scholu
and divine, bom in Essex in 15B6. He Btndied at Christ
College, Cambridge, where he afterwards became pro-
fessor of Greek. His *' Claris Apocalyptica," published
in 1637, is esteemed a standard work. Died in 1638.

S«« "I^ of Joteph Mfrde," pnfiied lohumrki. i6fx

Me-ds'B,[Gr. H^diHi,- Fr.UCD>B.mi'di',] alamoua
MTCeress, daughter of ^etes, King of Colchis. Having
milted jason to obtain the golden fleece, she became
hi* wile and accompanied him to Greece. Being after-
ward* deserted by him, it|e destroyed their two sons.
"Hie story of Medea has formed the subject of tragedies
\fj Euripides and Sophocles among the andents, and
Cotneilte among the moderns. Those written by Soph-
ocles, iGichylus, and Ovid are lost

■XMAa. See Uedsa.

M«der«T, ma'd^h-rfr, (Johann Nbpomuk,) a Ger-
dun littirattttr, born in 1734, published several works on
German history. Died in 180S.

MSd'hUrBt, (Waltsk Hinky,) an English misuoti.
vy and Chinese scholar, bom in London in 1 796. Hav-
ing spent many Tear* b China, Java, and Malacca, and
become tborougnl; versed iu the language* of those
coimtries, he publiahed a " Chinese- and-English Dic-
ttonary," (1S43,) "Chiaese Dialogues," (1844,) " English-
snd-Japanese Vocabulary," and other works, Died in

Medlol, (Alkssandro db'.) See Lso XL

Medld, de', di mU'e-chee or mi'de-chee, (Alessan-
OBO,) the Bubverter of the liberties of Florence, born in
■51O1 it supposed by some 10 have been a natural son of
Lorento, Duke of tlrbino, and by others, of the cardi-
ttal Giolio de' Medici, afterwards Clement VII. After
Ote lackiiig of Rome, in 1537, the latter made a treaty
with the emperor Charles V. in 1519, by which it was
■greed that the Hedid should lie restored to their
farmer rank at Florence, with Alexander as chief of the
repoblic A marriage was also arranged between '
and MaiTaret of Austria, a natural daughter of the
peror. In 1530 Florence was taken bf the Imperial
troops under Ferdinand de Goniaga, and soon after the
pope obtained from the emperor a diploma which
to dedde the constitution of Florence, fir this article
Alexander was declared head of the repnblic, but the
Florentines were left in postession of the same privileEe*
they had enjoyed under the former Medio. At length, by
the tuited mtngues of Clement VIL and Alexander, the
latter was declared duke of the republic )i
old fiirm of gorernmeni waa abolished. ^

nalixed himself by every species of cruelty and opprea-
)ion. In 1535, Cardinal Ippolito de' Medici, whom br
liad long feared as a rival, was poisoned by his order* .
sod he is believed to have caused the death of his own
mother in the same manner. In t;37, Loreniino de'
Medici, a distant relative of the duke, desiring '- -"

lus country of such a tyrant, procured his

Alexander left aton, named Giuliana

Sv SUMOHDI, " HtMolrc da lUpnbliaui luUe
AlxABT, " KMaira d« 1* lUpohliqiu d( Flmm."

Msdloi, da', (CosiMO or Cosuo,) sumamed thk
Euna, a celebrated statesman of the Florentine repub-
lic was bom in 1389. He wa* a liberal patron of learning
■ad the arts, and inade a munificent use of the immense
fcrtone he had accumulated by commerce, in adorning
U* native dty with public ediflces and founding inatjtu-
timMfbreducationalandcharitable purposes. Amongtbe
moat important of these was an academy at Florence for

ledion of Latin, Greek, and Oriental manoacripts, wMch
he bestowed on the Lanrentian Libraiy. These benefit^
and the urbanity and moderation of bit character, woo
for himgreat personal popularity and the tide of" Fathet
of hi* Countiy." To give a detailed account of hi* ter-
vice* to literature and art would be to write the biatoty
of the Renaissance In the first half of the fifteenth cen-
tury. In the word* of Ginguen^ " One saw Bt Florence
Maaaccio and Uppi adorn churches and palaces with
the production* of their peikdl, DonatcUi give life and
expression to marble, and Brunellescbi, architect, sculp-
tor, and poet, raise the magnificent cupola of Santa
Maria del Fiore ; while the Greek refugees, in return
for the noble asylum he had given them, spread abroad
the treasures of their beautifur language and the master-
piece* of their orators, philosophers, and poets." Cosimo
"ed in 1464, leavine a ton, named Hera
M»dici, ds', (Cosmo,) called the Great, [Lat.
os'mus Medice'us Mag'nus,] son of the general
Giovanni de' Medici, was bom in 1519. On the death ot
Alexander he was declared hia successor in 1537, through
the influence of Cardinal Cibo, which choice wa* con

tratetof all authority, was invested with absolute power.
In IS54 the Marquis de Marignano, one of his generals,
defeated the French army under Marshal Stroui, at
Siannagalto, and soon after Philip IL, having succeeded
''' ~ mperor, conferred upon the Duke of Florence the

of Sienna, vrith the exception of the ports. In 1561

Giovanni de' Medici, a son of Cosimo, died tuddenlj,
as is lupposed, by the hand ot bis brother Don Gardaa.
A short time after, the latter also died, and his lather
was charged with his death. Eleonora of Toledo, wife
of the grand duke, soon followed her aons, and her death
was likewise attributed to Cosimo. These hXaH event*
form the subject of Alfieti's tragedy of " Don Garcia*."
In 1564 Cosimo made his son Francesco bit associate in
the government, and in i^fia he wa* declared Grand
Duke of Tuscany by a boll of Pin* V. He died in 157*.
leaving three legitimate son*, Francesco, Ferdinand, and
Kero.

Sh Baloihi, " VIn di Conn V Utdd I." inS ; Fabwwi.
" Muni CdhiI U*diul Via 1" Aldo llAinoa, " n» di Cuinr
de' MKKcL" ijBAi SlmOMDI, "Hhtoir* da RtpobliquH luli-

Medld, de', (Cosmo IL,) Grind Duke of Tuscany,
bom in 159a, was a too of Ferdinand L He began to
reign in 1609, and ruled with moderatkm and clemency.
Died in ifiai.

BledlGd, de', {Cosmo IIL,) a son of Ferdinand IL,
IS bom in 1643, and became grand duke in 167a He
married Margnerite d'Orl^ana, (a daughter of Gaston de
France,) who regarded Cosimo with extreme dislike and
caused him no^ trouble He died In 1723, and his
femily then became extinct.

S« BoTTA, "Stnlad' Italia."

Medlol, de", (Fkanosco,) Grand Duke of Tuscany,
was a son of Co«iino the Great, and was bom March 15,
1541. He began to reign on his own account in 1574,
and proved a soipidous, fiilte, and despotic tyrant Love
of tdence, art, and letters was his onlv virtue. In 1578
he married his mistress, the beautiful Bianca Capellix
Died at Po^o a Caiano, October 18, 1587.

Medlol, %', (GioVAMKi.) See LeoX.

Medlol, de', (Giovanki,) an Italian statesman, bom
Id 1360, wat the EiAer of Coelmo the Elder, noticed
above. He amassed a large faitune by commerce, and
rose throngh various office* to be gonfiuoniere of justice
in 1431. Died in 1438.

Medld. de', (Giovanni,) sn Italian general, of the
same lamily as the preceding, was bom in 1498. He
dittingaiBhed himself both by hit cooram and Ut
ferodty in the dvil war* of his conatiy, and afterward*
entered the French terrice. He wat mortally woonded
in battle in 1536.

« atil; ^m;%karJ: ^taj;a,a.^pMtral; K,iia3ai;t,triiUd; las

; th at in/Uf. (|y~See Explanatimis, p. %y.\

Digitized by VjOOQIC

MEDICI IB

Modlol, da*, {GnnjANO,) fonngcit ton of Lorenio
Ibe Magnificent, wai bom in 1478. He nuuried In 1515
Pbiliberta «f Savoy, aunt of Frandi L, bj whom he
vaa created Dake of Nemooc*. Ked in 1516.
Sea SUHcana, "HltlaindMMpBbfiqBH luHmBa."
MedUd. de-, (Gnruo.) See Cumbnt VIL
MttOlol. da', (IproUTO,) an Italian cardinal, bom at
Uriiino in 1511, wat a natural too of Giallano, noticed
above. He potaeated immense wealth, and waa noted
tot Ilia acoompllilimenta and hti ptoOisacT. He died
in IS35> from tbe effecta of p<Haon admintatered, it ia
HppiNed, by order of Ateiaandro de' Medici, DoIh
^Flortnce.

Msdlol, da", (LoRSHzo L,) (umamed rta. UAainn>
CSNT, [Ft. Lausbnt l> MAONinQtn, Iff'rAH' l(li mtn'-
je'ffik'j Lat LAoam'Tros Mii/icw or MsDICt'ul:
IL LoKcmo II, Macnifico, lo-r&n'io tl min-yiPe-ko,]
Prince of Florence, was bom in 144& He waa the ton
of Piero L, and grandson of Coairoo the Elder, and,
bavini earij entered public life, sncceeded to the influ-
ence and popnlaritj m hit ptede^cetMia. He wat are-
fnlljr edacated by the beat mattert of the time, bein*
inatmcled in the Platonic pbiloeophj by the celebrated
HariiUo Fidna In 147S lie narrowljp etcaped fidllna
a victim to a conipintcjr formed bjr the Paxa GunittM
Florence in conjunction with the Archbitbop of Pita
and Pope Sixtua IV. Hit brother Ginliano wat aitat-
■inated, and he received a siisht wonnd. The Arch-
bishop of Piia wat hanged for thia offence, and Loreuo
wu excommunicated % Pope Siztot IV. In 1484 the
latter died, and was tucteeoed bj Innocent VIII., who
became a friend an(r ally of Loiento. Florence enjoyed
great proaperitjr under the government of Lorento, who
acquired the lavoar of the people by hii munificen"
pmdence, and clemency. He waa highly diitingniah
as a patron of literature and art, (bunded at Florence
academy for the ilndy of the antiqae, and expended large
tnrot in the erection of public edifices and m the collec-
tionof librarict. He alto attained considerable emineno-
•t a poet Died In April, 1493.

S« lto«»^ ■■ Lift ef Ijonnn »t\ HaAdl

ICodlol, da*, {LouHto II.,) eldest son of Piero IL,
bom at Florence in 1493, wai placed, through the bt-
Bnence of hit uncle, \jbo X., at the head of the republic.
He married in 1518 Madeleine de La Tom-, danghter irf

Ean, Count d'Auveigne, and died in 1519, leaving an
&nl daughter, Catherine de MMIdt, afferwards Queen
of France^

Madid, de", (LUDOVico,) Duke of Sarto, called alsa
the Chxvauik Db Mkdici, a Neapolitan ttuetman, bom
In 1760. He was appointed minister of finance in iSio,
and in 1815 was tent as amltatsador to Vienna. Died

Medlol, de'. (PiKRO L,) eldest ton of Coiiroo the
Elder, bom in 141^ succeeded his bther at chief of (he
Florentine republic. He had powerful rivals in the
Pitii family and other nobles of Florence, whose atlempl
to assassinate him was defeated by the pmdence of his
Km Lorenio. Died in 1469.

See SituoHDi, " Hitutn dem Rjpobliqiua Itallmiti."
Medlol. deT, (Piuo II.,) eldest ton of Lorenzo the
MagnificenC, wasbomatFlorencein 1471. Hesucceeded
to the rank and Influence of hit father in the republic ;
but hit arroganizc and rathnets toon deprived him of the
popularity hitherto enjoved by his bmily. On the in-
vasion of Italy by Charles VIII., in 1494, Kero made
ovenores to the French king, into whote handi he tnr-
rendered several important placet. Having snbtequently
entered the French army, be thared in iti defeat at the
Garigliano b]p Gontalvo de Cordova in 1503, and waa
droimed in attempting to croat tlie river.

S« SUMOHM. " Hiran Am lUpubti

Hadlcd, da", (Salvotso,) a Florentine sUtesman,
belonged to the Ghibeline tution, and was one of the

the province ofNew Brunswick, Apnl 6, 1813. In i8]a

hew

principal rivtls of the AlUid family. He was maae

fonlalonlere tA Jnttlce b 13781 twt, tbe Ooelph party
aving again come bto power, be was banttbed in 13E1.

S« Ntwu, - Hmin ef Ik* Hnm of HtAcL"

Mddlola. See Cathkkinx di tUmcit.

Medloiu, mi'de-kAs, (Fribdrick Casimir,) a Ger-
man botaoitt. bom at Gmmbach in 1736. He published
several able botanical and medical works. Died in iSotL
', CJosRFK,) an American journalist, born ii
» of New Brunswick, Apnl 6,1813. '" '""

.,_ taken 10 Ohio, where he became a Ij ^

Free-Soil Whig editor. He edited papers at Coihocton
and Cleveland, and in 1854 removed to Chicago, where
he became principal owner and editor of the " Tribune."
He was mayor of Chicago in 1872-73. Died in 1899,

BffedlnR, mk-dee'ni, (Sir John Baptist,) a Flemish
painter, of Spanlth extraaion, bom at Brustelt in 1630,
resided the greater pan of hia life in Great Britain. He
wat * popil of Rubent, and enjoyed a high reputation.
Died in 171 1.

»j«j<l»a, mi-Dce'ni, (Pkoko,) a Spanish wrller, bom
at Seville about i5io,was the author of several hiitorical
and mathematical works, and a treatise on navigation,
entitled "Arte de Navegar," ( 1 54 J,) which was trans-
lated into several Unguagea.

Madlna, de, di mi-Dce'ni (Salvador Jacihto
Polo,) a Spanish poet, bom at Murcia, wrote the "Fable
of Apollo and Daphoe," and a number of epigrams,
lyrics, etc. Died atout 1660,

H«dlna de MedlnUU, da, di mi-Dce'ni di mi-De-
nd'yi, (PsDRO,) a Spanish poet, anppoied to have been
a native of Seville. He wrote an edogue on the death
of Isabella, wife of Lope de Vega, Ut IntimBte friend.

Madlna- SldonlR, da, di mi-cee'hl tc-do'ne-l,
(Alonzo da Otmaan-^li gooth-mln',) Dukk, a Span-
iah grandee, who wat governor of Uilan and Captain-
General of Andalusia, and wat appointed admiral of the
great Armada or fleet tent in IjSS to attack England.
Almost entirely ignorant of naval a&irs, the duke waa lU
,...1 J _,.,. 1.1. .L —IS of that un-

(See Elizabith.) Medina -Sidonia retumed to Spain
with scarcely a third of his BeeL

Hadlna- Sidonia, da^ di mi-oee'nt •e-do'ne.l,
(Caspar Alonzo Paraa da Onxman—pl'reth di
gootb-mln',) Dukr, a Spanish grandee, who lived about
164D, was a nephew of the prime minister Olivarei. Ha
formed a project to make himself King of Andalusia ;
but his design was discovered before he began to exe-
cute it.

Madlng, mi'd)ng, (Oskar,) a German noveliat, bom
at Kdnigsberg, April ll, iSsg. He was educated at
Heidelberg and Berlin, and in 1851 became a lawyer.
He was a close personal adherent of tbe fortunes of ths
King of Hanover, but in 1S70 became a Prussian snb>
ject. Most of bis numerous novels were published un>
der the name of Greixib Samarow. He wrote " For
Sceptre and Ctowo," (1872,) " Mines and Counter-Minea
of Europe," (1873,) "Two Imperial Clowns," {i87S>>
• Sword," (1875.) "Heights and Depths,"

'Cross and !

i>ciBl r

o,) ■■Mem

g of

History," (iSSl,) "Gippel und Ab-
;,) "Der Weisse Adier," {1891,) etc.
, mi-De-nil'yl, (Baltkasar Elisio,) a
Spanish poet, bom at Toledo in 1585, wat a friend and
disciple of Lope de Vega, who wrote an elegy on hi»
early death.

Sied-I-trl'na, a Roman goddess of medicine, in whose
honour the festival of Meditrinalia was celebrUed in the
month of October,

MBd'Swl, (Sir Wiluam,) an English general, bont
in 1738L He served in America, and was wounded \a
tbe battle of Brandywine, {1777.) He was made lien-
tenani-geneial in 1791, and in 1801 succeeded Lord
Comwallis aa Viceroy of Ireland. Died in 1813.

Medrauo, da, di mi-DRi'no, (Francisco,) a SpamsD.
lyric poet of the aeventeenth century, whose works ara
highly praised. Little It known ttf bit life.

lC»4n'af, [Gr. HMbuoo; Fr. Utout^ mi'dUi',] od»

1.8.1,8,0, y.^wvA^A"

e, less prolonged; l,C,I,S,ii,<F,i^irf;f,ft{,«.(4«Krv/fti,n]lflt;mit;nStig06d;iDdBDL

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

wba captWated Neirtniie ind oSended Hinem hj ra-
ceJTJn^bUembraccmiDlicrtenpIa, TbegoddeMduuged
her ham into teipeiiU, after which Peraeiia cat off her
bead and nit It to Uueiya, who placed It Id the centre
of her Hw. (See Goigom.)

HaaHuui, (Thomas,) an anlhot and botanist, bora at
Poller's B«i, nor Bamet, Herta, England, Maieh ai,
183& He grew to manhood in the I^e of Wight, and
ttuilied botany at the Kew Gardeni. In 1S48 he temored
to Philadelphia, where he became a landscape-gar-
dcner, and aftciwardi established a very successful
nursery. His principal works are a " Hand-Book of
Ornamental Trees," (1853,) and "Native Flowers
and Ferns," of which the first part appeared in 1878.
He was for many years botanist to the State Board of
Agricnltore, editor of the " Gardener's Monthly" for
thirty years after 1S59, and afterwards of " Meehan's
HonlUy." For years he was vice-president of the
Academy of Natural Sciences of Fhiladelphta, and con-
tribnted largely to its " Proceedings." Died in 1901.

Mtalt, (Aleundu BsAvroST,) an American lawyer
■■d writer, born at ColumI»a, South Carolina, in 1S14-
Aa a member of the le^lature of Alabama, he procured
the adiwtiaa of a (yUem of free schools aboat 1S53.
Aaoog Ua works ii aTolnroeof "Songs and Poems of
Oe Smth," (1857.) He died November 30, r865.

M*Bk, (FilLDING Brahpobi^) an American palcon-
tologiit, born at Madison, Indiana, December ic^ 1817.
He WM engaged, 1S4S-5S. on various Sute and United
State* geological surveys, and after that lived in Wash-
ington, where he was occupied in palcontological work
far tlie government Hii reports are numerous and bn-
poTtant, especially the great "Report on Invertebrate
Cretaceona and Tertiary Fossils," (1876.) Died at
Washington, D.C., December 18, 1876.

MmC SeeMin.

Moar, wan der, via d«r mix, (Jam,) an emtoent
D«tch punier, born at Sdioenhoven in 1617. His fa-

Maw, Tan Smt, (Jan,) a Dutch iandscape-psinter,
bom at Haarlem about 1665, was a pupil of Nicholas
Ber^iem. Died in 17014.

ll0ttrb«ook,TMi,vtnmiR'Uk,(ADKIAM,)aFIemiah
wiher, born at Antwerp in i (63. wa« the author of several
hiatorical works b Latin and Flemish. Died about 163a

fiffBornutn, mlR'mln, (Geraabt,) a learned Datch
jnrist, bom at Leyden in 1733, was appointed pensionary
it Rotterdam. He published a valuable work on dvH
law, entitled "Novus Thesaurus Juris Civilis," etc, (7
vols., 1751,) and "Origines TypoKTiphioE," (176^) a
ticanse on the origin ofprinting. Died in 1771.

Heemian, (Jan,) son of the preceding, was bom at
dw Hagoe in 1753. H« studied at Gdttingen, and took
fail dtf^tt of doctor of law at Leyden. He was made s
ieutor and coant at the empire by Napoleon, (iSti,)
and becatne minister of public instruction nnder Louis
Bonaparte. He wrote » supplement to hii lather'a
"Thesaurus," and published several works In French.
Re died fai 1815.

ShCsas. " KlosiBa J<iiiuiiii( Ucannan," 1817.

A or Mtnia, meei'ia, (Sauuil,) a Persian his-
torian, born near Ispahan about IMO, was a son of Sbah
Ismail, fbnnder of the dynasty of^SoGs. He wrote a
"History of Poets." Died afterissp.

■fansft- (or Ifllna-) lataundar-fcaaMn-BeR mee k'-
A is-kln'der Idfttm-btg, (Mohuu'med Al'ee,) a
Feisian philologist, bom in the province of Ghilan In
1803. Having settled in Russia, he was converted to
Christianity in 1822, and subsequently became professor
of the Peraiaa languaae and literature at the University
of Saint Petenbtu'g. He published an " Essay on Arabic
Literature," (in Persian,) and other works in Russian and
Persian, and wrote a " Concordance to the Koran," (in
Arabic,) and a " General History of the Totks," (in
Rns^an.) Died December 8, 1870.

See MnKMiK^ (ADOLrava.)

iee Mbgabtzoi;

_^ ^ -_, or BCeK-f-bl'ma, FGi

Ugr&Sali>c; Pr. MiGAsnE, mL'gt'bti% or MteABud^
mi'^'Hi',] a Persian nobleman, and one of the seven
who conspired against Smerdis the Magian in 511 B.C
He afterwards ciHiuaanded an army of Darius I, in

S« HnoDOTOS, books iiL and «£.

ICegcBTH. SeeFtnuaa.

Meg'f-rf, [Gr. IMpa; Fr. HtOAU, mi'gfa'.J a
daughter of Creon, King of Thebes, was a wife of Her-
cules, who, after he had in a paroxysm of insanity killed
her cbildnm, nve her to lolaa.

M Agar*. See Mbsaka.

BUgaaUiine. See HBOASmuns.

H*-«a'tll»4iGit [Gr. UrreMimt ; Fr. MiGAmilMK
mi'gls'tin',] a Greek geographer under the reign of
Seleucot Nicator, King of Syria, whom he served as
secretary about 300 b,g He was the author of a woA
entitled " Indica," extracts from which are contained in
the writings ofStrabo, Alian, and Arrian.

See Abkaram a Sancta Claka.
SeeELWis.

' — ' lardar. See Tsok.
. , ., a celebrated sootfaaayer, a
native a! Acamsnia, 'felt witft Leonidaa at ThermopylK,

M«|^ <U, del mEI'yo, (Jaoopo Coppi,) an Itdian

'~ of die Florentine acbooj, bom in 1533, assbled

MaggoL See Elwhs.
MeSogJfird or Masingjar
Ma-Cii;%«>, (UtyieriatA a

painter of Oie Florentine acbool, bom in 1533, assbled
Vasari in painting the pictures in the Palaoo Vecdiio.
Died bi 1591.

Hff^h^gMl, m&'i'gfiN', (GUILUUMK AUEXANDKE,) S

French litt/rottur, born at La Salle in 1731. He became

History from the Fall of the Western Empire to the

BIo-hnm'mad-Al'aa, Vicerov of Egypt, was bom at
Kavala in 1769. Having lost his parents at an eaily age,
' IB protected by the Turkish governor of the town.

i;>tinf*ni>lu^ •'K:ii>j*a anrl AnATM SOOtt WOH fOt him

m 1709 to iBsist the
ixpelling (he French fiwn r "

His diatuignisbed abiliti<

high reputation, and he
iiitish in expelling the French fr^nn Egjpt.
applied in 1804 Pasha of Cairo, for ^ m

dejending that dty bom the oppression of the Msme-
Inkes, and in 1806 was made G<>vemor of Upper Egypt
by the Sultan. After a protracted contest with tlie Hame-
Inkes, who had (or centuries been the scou^ of the
country, Mehemet Alee invited them to a bstival at
Cairo, and, having enclosed them in the dtadel, ordered
a general massacre, in which four hundred and seventy
perished, (1811.) This sanenlnary act «rss followed tf
the destruction of the Mamelukes in other parts of Egypt
In 1830 he invaded Syria, which he soon subdued, and
which, after the interference of the sovereigns of Europe,
wss ceded to him by the Sultan, on conditionof his being
a vassal of the Porte, (1833.) The Saltan, becoming
jealous of his powerful rival, made a treaty, in conjnnc-
tion with several European powers, in 1841, by which Me-
hemet was obliged to relinquish Syris, bat his Eiinil^ was
permitted to retain the pashalic of Egypt. He died in
iSa9, having the prevkma year resigned the government
to lua son, lorihaam Pasha. Aa a mlet, Menemet Ale*
Asplaved taletUa of a venr B^h tnder, and few prince*
have Kranded more beneficent institutions or shown a
more just and liberal apirit He established schot^ and
college*, created an army and navy, and introduced the
■aanoltctare* of Europe. He protected hi* Christian
mbjects, and aided by his liberality the researches of
Chsmpolliou, I^paius, and other eminent savants.

S«* F. UmciM, ''HtRinn de I'IcrpU kk» Io Goortniqiml ii
liIohMmiilAE,"iBj9; A. D«VAiiL*s«Lix."HiuoirtiJerE|jpt(!."

Mabamet-Aloa, (Paaha,) mf h'hfh-mit lice pl'shl',
an Ottoman minister of state, tmm at Trebizohd about
1807. He became a general of division in 1840, and mar-
ried a daughter of Sultan Mahmood in 1844. He was
grand vixier of Turkey from October, 1853,10 May, 1853.
Died in 1S65.

lUlitil,mi'iil',(ETiXNNiHu<Ri,)acelebiated French
, bora in the department of Ardeiues in 1763.

1: 8 Aard; i aj; a, H, iL,gtMtiral: N, mm/; >, irUltd; I a* s; tb a* in jlUr. ((^S«* Explanationa, p. as.)

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

1696

MEJNICKE

1 ofganUt, he repiircd In 1778 to Paiii,

wilhbrUli

to the finetl prodoctkin*
which 4re more thin forty in nmnber,
■StTatonicn,'"'I<»eph in Ggrpt," Mid "The Blind Ua
of Toledo." Hti " Song ofVictoTT" and other pmralt..
melodiet of the kind are ilso gieilly admired. M^hDl
wu one ol the inapecton of the Conservatorr ^ Marie,
and ■ men^IxT of the French Institate. Died in 1817.

S« QirATmHtn is Qdikt. "Nolicc nir U«biJ :" Hri^

-BiocnphwUniimiU. JaMiui' - ■■" '■"--'

lUhol, B Via tt H> <Eum>," iSj
nia."

*«^.>in» n^'iii', (Livio.) a Flemish painter, bom at
Oudeoarde in \i%i>, atudied in Italy under Pietro da
Coctona, and diea at Florence in 1691.

Mobiu, ma'oos, (LauHZO,) an Italian tcbolar,
native of Florence, lived aboat I73C>'50.

UBibom. mI1>om, [Lat Mubo'hius,! (Hkihkich,)
a Germao hiatorian and pbiloli^t, bom at Lemgo
in isss- He devoted himself chiefly to the hiatoty -'
Gcnnany in the middle agea. Died in 1635.

Ifalboin, (JofUHN Hunkich.) a German pbjrucL
and littiraUur, bom at Helnutedt in 1590, waa a aon
the preceding. He wrote a number of medicat treatiaea,
and also a "life of Hccenaa." E>ied in 165J. His son,
Heinuck Mkiboii, bom at Lab«ck in i^S, becamt
professor of mcdidne at Helmstedt in 1661, and of his-
(on and poctiy in 1678. He was th« author of several
ijde medical worka and a " History of Germany," (in
Latin.) Died in 170a

M^bom, (Makkus,) a German philolo^sl, bom at
TiinningeD in 163a, He wu a profound daasica] scholar,
and published a work entitled "Soren Greek Writers
on Miiiifr'' (3 volt., 1651.) which be dedicated 10 Chris-
tina of Sweden. He oecame profeaaor of biatoty U
Amsterdam, where he died in 1711.

Melbomliia, See Hbibom.

Melsr. See Majoi, (Gboko.)

Melei, miVi (Eknst Heinkich,) a learned German
Biblical scholar and philologist, waa born at Rusbendt,
in Schaumburg-Lippe, May 17, 1813, and in 1S4S took
a proteaaorahip of Semitic language* at TUl»ngcn. He
wrote Scripture commentariea and works on Semitic
and Sanscrit suMects, Swabian folk-lore, etc, and a
Toiume of original poema. Died March a, 1S6&

Meier, (Giota FaiEDRiCH,) a German critic and
philoaopher, bom near Halle in 171S, waa appointed
probaaor of philosophy at Berlin in 1746. He was the
author of a "Critique on the Poetry of Gottiched,"
"Thoaght* on Spectre*," (1748.) etc Died in 1777.

M«lar, (MoBraz Hkbmahn Eduaui,) a German an-
tiqoary and philolcfiat, born at Glogau in 1 796, became
professor of eloquence at Halle, {184S.) He wrote "On
the Life and Orationa of Lycurgus." Died in 1855.

Uoiwotta^ nd'vh-rot'to, (Johann Hbinrich \xsa-
wiD,) a German scholar, bom at Stargard in 174a, be-
came profssaot in Berlin, (177a,) and wrote "On the Man-
ners and Custom* of the Romans," etc Died in iSoOi.
\ {HwfKV,) an American contractor
" ' ' " ■ " ring with

It to California in 1S4S, and acquired
n 1S54. From 1858 to 1877 he carried
. . . ray enterprisee in Cliili and Peru, ac-

quiring incredible wealth, and paying off hia California
debta, ao that the Sute repealed the act by which he had
been outlawed. Died in Pern, September 19, 1S77.
VedgB, mlgz, (Jambs ArnuN,) M.D., a diatingui
American phpictan and naturalist, bom at Philadelphia
In 18*9. He became in 1856 librarian of the Acaifen^
of Natural Sciences, and in 1859 prolessorof the inatl-
'- '^-Itej^ Ini868be
tea of medicitie tn
to Dr. Dongliaon.

M«lgB, (Motnoomrr C,) an American general, ban
in Georgia about 1816. He graduated at West Pohil
in 1S36, served several years as an engineer, and was
appointed about 1851 to superintend the extension of
the Capitol at Washington. In May, 1861, he became
qnartermaiter-general of the Union army, the dude* of
which office he performed with distinguished seal and
ability till the end of the civil war. Died Jan. % 1801.

MaigB, (RcrmtN Johathait,) an American ofi^,
bom at Middlelown, Connecticut, in 1740, served wttt
dlMinction in the Revolutionary war. Died in >8s3.

His son, of the aame name, became Governor of Ohio
in 1810, and in 1814 was appointed postmaiter-generaL
Died in 183;.

Meiklo, mik'f 1, } (Jakes,) a Scottish surgeon and
writer, bom at Camwath in 173a He wrote, besides
otlier works, ' MetaphyaicaiMaiims," (1797,) and "Snii-
tude Sweeteiied," (iStn.) Died in 1799.

Melkla^ (William J.) See Micklk.

Mail, mil, (Johakn Heihrich,) a skilful German
designer and engraver, bom at Gotha in 1719, furnished
illustration* for Gellert'* and La Fontaine's Fables and
Biirger'a poems. Died in 1S03,

Mali, (JOHANN WiLHELM.) brother of the preceding
was bom at Altenbnrg in 173Z. He became director ^
the Academy of Fine Arta at Berlin. His prints and
vignettes are highly esteemed. Died in 1805.

Mellbao, m^'lk', (Henri,) a French dramatist, bom
in Paris in 1833. In early youth he began dramatic com-
position. In a la^e part of his pieces he had the co-
operation of Ludovic Halivy, with whom his name ia
generally associated. His best-known work is " Frou-
Frou." He was elected to the Academy in 1888.
Died July 6, 1897.

Uoillercte, do la, dfh It m&I'rV or mVjK-tV,
(Chakias da la Forte — d^h It poRt.) Due, a French
genera], was consln^geiman )o Cardinal Richelieu. He
served in several campaigns, and in 1639 was created
marshal of France, He was regarded as the most akit-
ful general of his time in conducting sieges. He died
En 1664, leaving an only son, who married Hortens*
Mandni, niece of Cardinal Maaarin.

Ueiiieke, ml'nfh-kfli, (Johann Albricht Friid-

— . . ijf^jn scholar, born a' " '

ellent editions of Men
a number of critical t

Poets," (" Fragmenta Comicotum Grxcomm," J vols.,
1839-43,) preceded by biographical notices of the same,
Ts highly esteemed. Died at Berlin, December 13, 1870.

Meiner, ml'n^r, (Johann Werner,) a German pU-
lol(«ist, born in Frinconii in 17J3 j died in 1789.

HelDars. ml'n^rs, (Christoph,) a leameJ German
writer and antiquary, bom near Ottemdor^ in Hanover,
in 1747. He obtained a chair of philoaophy at Gdttingen
about 1774, and published namerona and various wcnlcs,
among which are a " History of the Origin, Progresa,
and Decline of the Sciencea in Greece and Kome," (3
vols., 1783,) and " Biographies of the Eminent Men of
the Time of the Renaiasance," (" Lebensbeachreibunf
beriihmter Miinner au* den Zdten det Wiederheratelv*
etc, 3 vols., 1796-99.) Died tn i8ia

Mainliold, mlnTioIl. (Johann Wilhblm,) a German
writer and divine, born in the island of Ulcdom. He was
the author of various poems, and a novel entitled "The;
Amber Witch," ("Die Bernstein Heie," 1843.) which
made a great sensation and was for some time regarded
aa a true narrative. It was transited into Engliah, and
ia characterized by a writer in the " Quarterly Review"
as a tale worthy of^De Fo& HealBopublished''Sidonia
the Sorceress,^ etc, ("Sidonia von Borck die Klostef
Hcae," New York, i8sa) Died in 1851.

Set ih» "gMrtarlr awww' fc» Jon*. 1I44: "Biiliifc QuarURr
Rcriew" fm filBBarT. it4« ; " Fruv'a If h^iih" br October. iS^S.

Melaloke, mI'nTk-kfh, (Kari. Eduard,) a German
gecwrapher, born in Brandenburg in 18^ Among hie
woek* we may name a " History of the European Colc>.
nice in the We*t IndisB," (1S31,) and "The Conttuenl
of Anatralia," (iS37-> I>ie<l August 36, i87fi>

■.<, I, B,^;,J>rv;t,t, A, same, less prolonged; l,i,I,&,ii,<f,rA*rr,-t,f,i,9>'^'*'«r;llr,ail,flt;nEi;nAt;gd6diin

d by Google

MEIR

M«lr ban Todroa, v»t Un tc/dKte, a leaned
^uidali rabbi, wrote Mreral able treatiaea on the Tal-
md and the Mosaic Htea. Died in 1x44.

Haianai, mb'nti, (Balthasak,) a German Lutheran
tteoloRian, bom in 1587 ; died in iSsf

HelMal, (CoNRAix) See Cslth.

MaiaMiar, mls'nfr, (Alfud,) a German poet, bom
•I Topliu in itjsa, pubtiihetl, among other work*,
"^ka," an epic poem, "The Son of Atta Tioll," and
■■ Recollectiona of Heinrich Heine." Died in iSSs.

TGorn.tn,)acelebtated German

ii eileeined tbe bcM. He owea hi* reputation prind-
palljr to hi* ** Sketchea," (" Skiuen,*^ ccmaiating of nar-
ratives, anecdotea, ftblea^ et&, which obtained exteniive
popvlaritjr atid have had manjp imitatora. Died in 1807.

Among hit moat admired worica are " The Little Mea-
te^er,'"'The Fainter in hia Studio," and " The Cheu-
ViKjtitJ' Hit pictnrcaareof amal] siiebutof exquiaite

1 French aftiat, bom
. inling, acnlpture,
aichiiecture. He excelled particulailjr in ortuuni
Kold-work,' and became eoloimith to the king, I
XV. Died in iTja

Mciatoi, mls'tfr, (jACQtns Hknu,) a Swiaa wi
bom at Zurich in 1744, was an intimate friend of Necker,
IMderot, and Grimm. He wrote "Letter* on Imagioa-
ttoo." (I794<> "Studiea on Man," (1805,) and other
works. Died in iSa&.

MalBtai, (Lbonhakd,) a Swiaa litttntmr, bom near
Zarich in 1741, wrote aevoal historical worim. Died
h 181 1.

HaiBt«r, mls'lfr, (Simon,) a German painter, bom
at Coblenti in iSoj, studied nnder Horace Vemet, and
acqaiicd great skill in painting battles and horsea. Died

lUlIuiBai do, dfh mi'xhtn', (Jsan BAPnm llAmu
de Plqtittt— df h pe'kt',) Hakquu, a French nobleman,
bom ai Aries in 1 799, wa* the owner of a library of more
than seventy-five thousand votnme*, which at M* deatli,
k 1736, he bequeathed to the citv of Al*.

Hejla. SeeUuuA.

H^ia, mfc-Hee% (lOHAao,} a Mexican aokUer, bom

the dvil war* of hi* country, taking for the moat part
the Uberal aide. He fbnght Tomas Mejla and the
Ftencb, and in 1865 waa made war-minister, tetaining
1 place lor many years, and ddng mna lor hi*

I, mi-Hee'l, (ToMAS,) a Mexican

cooolry^i

"King of the Monntaina." He fot^ht againat the United
States, 184^8, and was (he head of many insurrections.
He acted with great hononr, bravery, and moderation,
■nd waa devoted to the canse of the Conaervative or
Church party. Later, he attached himself with warmth
and leal to the empire under Maximilian, with whom he
was taken prisoner at Qner^taro, at which place he was
condemned and executed, June 19, 1867.
Mskhitur or MeoUtor, mlK'e-tarf, (Prm,) an

and popular preacher, and Ibonded, In 1740, an Amienian
Ti'matttry at Venice. He also eltabiished there a print-
tag-booM lor the Armenian language. Among the works
iasned from this preas were an Armenian Grammar and
Lexicon. Died April 39, 1749-

Mskbltar Koali, thb Biasdlcss, a learned Anne-
Bian cccksiastic, born about 1140, founded a monasterv
hdte valley of Dandtood, in Eastern AnnQiia, of which
*■ becaate tbe first abbot. Died in 1113.

Ma^ (PoMromm,) an eminent Roman geographer.

)7 MBLANCHTHON

boni in Spain, flourished probably about 50 A.Dt He
wrote a vaf nable work entitled " On the Sltoatlan of the
Earth," {" Ds Sita Orbis.") A good edition of it was
poUished by Tischncke, Leipaic, (7 v(d*., 1807 H wy.)
Sat HALta-Bnm, uM* «■ " M^" b tba " BtocnpUi Ui^tci-

lUUmps. See MiLAXPUt.

Me-Um'pna, (Gr. HaVnw/ Fr. MftuMra, ar-
l&Hp',] a mythical peraonage of Anos, famoaa as a
soothsayer, waa a son of Amytham. He was considered
as the first mortal that poaMtsed prophetic power, and
the firflt that pr""*'-*^ Bn*.i!*i«*

e Grat (hat practbwd nwdidne.
Mo-liii«b'th^ |Ger. pron. mi-11nE'ton) o
n'thon, (Philip,) an eminent German Reformer ana
scholar, whose oririna) name was Schwakzeks oe
SCHWAiziuiT, (shwUts'lkt :£/.•• Black Earth,") which,
according to the ntag* of the time, he changed into Greek,
was bom at Bretten, in the Palatinate, Febraary 16, 1407
His father was a BkUlul and prospero "

entered in 1507 the Academy of Pfonheim, where heen-
joved the patronage of Reochlin, who was hiagreat-und&
About the age of twelve he passed to the Univeraity ol
Heidclbei^, where he took the degree of bachelor of
arts, and went in 1513 to finish hi* studies in the Uni-
versity of Tubingen. He learned the Greek language,
mathematics, jurispmdence, etc, and remained m tnii
nniveraity a number of years, during which he gave
public iMtutea on the dassics and other subjects. In
1518 he was appointed professCH- of Greek in the Vni<
veruty of Wittenberg, then recentlv founded, and there
became Ae colleagae and iriend of Luther, whose doc-
trines be adopted. The renown of his learning and
eloquence soon attracted multitudea of students from
alt parts of Germany. In 1519 Luther and Meianchthon
held a public disputadon at Leipsic with Eckina, one
of the ablest champions of tbe Roman Catholic Cbnrcb.
Helanchthon married in icao Katharina Krapp, daugh-
ter of a burgomaster of Wittenberg. It appears thai
he wss never ordained as a minister of the goapeL Ha
gave much attention to biblical exegesis, and became a
prominent advocate of the Reformed religion by hia
writings. Compared with the other Refonneis, he waa
distinguished for moderation and gentleness, which
tended to restrain the impecnosity ai Luther. In 1531
he published an able defence of the Reformed doctrinea,
in a systematic treatise on theology, entitied " Lod com*

s Remm theologicarum," which enjoyed great pops-
rity. It was commended by Luther as being ''
« HoIt Scriplurea the most excellent work 0

ing " next to

- -- jrk on (heol-

_ He aided Luther in his German translation o(
the Bible, on which he expended much time, (1513-34.)
In i^ he attended the Diet of 5pir& Having hieen
appointed by the leading Refotmere to compose a formal

. _ . . Latin vet«ion of this Con-

fession was published under the title of " Confessio Fidd
cxhibita innctisaimo ImperaloriCarolo V.," etc., (1C31.)
He alao wrote, in re|^ to certain Catholic theologiana,
an "Apology of the Conlesaion,'' (" Apologie der A^-
bn»isGhen Confession.") Hewasinvitedby Henry VnL
of £igland and Prands L of France to visit their courts]
but he deduied both invitationa, and remained at Wit-
tenberg. He wax one of the theologians that disputed
with the Roman Catholics at the Conference of Worm*

Reibrmer* rejected. Alter the death- of Lulhcr, in 1546,
Helanchthon was recognized as the leader of the Relor-
in in Germany. His conduct was conformed to the
n "In necessariis unitas, in dubiis libertas, in om-
nibos caritas," ("In essentials unity, in doabtfol pointi
liberty, in all things charity,") which subjected bim t<i
violent dennndatioat from tome Protestant lealot*. In
\%\ be waa tent as a delegate to tbe Coundl of Tren^
which, however, was dispersed by the hostile movements
of Maurice of Saxony before Helanchthon arrived at

tmi; ^—t; ttard; i»*j; a,H,T,fiiaural; li.naial; K, Iri/lai; iu tH^i u'inlAis.

^See Explanations, p. 33.)

Digitized ay CjOOQ IC

MKinding m
Died in i8i

MELANDER n

mthe 19th of April,
„ ine children. He wu a man

of tmall •more. Among hu numeTou* itorki wece
"ElemenU of Logic and Ethics," a Greek Grammar,
CommentaricB on the Scriptures, editions of leveral
claaatc authors, witb notes, and an extcnaive corre-
spondence with his eminent contemporaries. An edi-
tion of his irorks was published at Wittentierg by his
■on-in-taw, Peucer, in 1563-64.

So C:Mi»Aiiin, ■' V!u P. UiluichDuxiii." 1566; F. A. Cox,
"Lifcsf P. Mdudilbom"iSti; A. H. Niuinn, "P. Hdudi-
Oon ill PnECciitni Gcnnlniz,''^iiiT : C, HiTTKU, " p. Mcllndl-
riioD, KinLchcn UDd WiAcn,'' 184' ;M. Facius, 'P. Melanchihon'i
Letu,'' iSji J F. Galli, " Vnmudi rinir CWicieriilili Mtlitieh-

InMBm und uiutTn L«b«i dirgnleUt," 1A47; D- NiiAVD, "ElLudd
fo- li RtuiHun :" D'AuHiCHf, " Hiitorr of the Relbrnuilon."

Melnnder, mi-lln'd$r, oi Meiandarhjelm, mi-lio'
dfr-he-ilm', (Danibl,) an eminent Swedisli astronomer,
born at Stockholm in 1736. He succeeded Stromer
■s professor of astronomy at Upsal in 1761, and sub-
sequently became perpetual secretary to the Academy
of Sciences. He was also ennobled by Gustavus HI.,
(iSoi.) He wrote a "Synopsis of Astronomical Lessons,"
and other treatises, (in LatiiL) Melander was ■ corrc-
'ng member of the Academy of Sciences in Paris.
n 1810.

S« Lalahdi, " BiUiccnphie utraaDulBMi" Xnuu, " An-
nlDneorMi X>. tJclMDiler^lcliD." iBn.

lUIauie. See Melania.

MAlanipplde. See Melanippides.

Uel-an-Ip'pI-dSI, [Gr. liOjaacvtAiK; Fr. M^la-
NIPPIDE, nii'lt'nc'ptd',) a Greek poet, bom in the
Island of Melua, lived in the time of Perdiccas, King of
Macedonia, (about 450 B.C.,) at whose court be died. He
b styled by Xenophon one of the Kreatest dithyrambic
^ts of Greece ; and he also eiccUed in music His
only writings extant are to be found ia Betgk'a " FoetK
I^ci Grzci."

Sh PuiTAKH, "D* Murics;" XsMomoH, "Ml
Fasricius, " BibliodiKi Grcca ;" Scuiiu, "Daici
Unipoidt" .848.

Milan tbe. See Melanthius.

Ue-lan'tbl-uB or UB-lan'thaa, [Gr, H(Ut4toc or
lle>av«uf ; Fr. MAlantke, milSNi',] an eminent Greek
painter, was contemporary with Apelles, with whom he
Studied under Pamphilus. He ranked among the first
aitista of the time, and his pictures commanded very
high prices.

Molantblaa, IMtUvftor,] a Greek tragic poet of
Athens, flouiishea alwut 400 S.C, and was noted for his
wit. He was satirized by Aristophanes and other comic
poets. His works are losL

MelKnthoB. See Meijuithius.

Uelas, mi'ils, {Michael,] Baron, an Austrian gen-
eral, born in Moravia in 1730. He served under Mar-
shal Daun in the Seven Years' war and in several aulisc-
qnent campaigns against the French, and in 1796 became
commander-in-chief of the Austrian forces in Italy. He
was signally defeated by the French army at Marengo,
(1800,1 and was obliged to sign a capitulation. Died in

BCel'ba, (Nellie,) a prima-donna, bom In Aus-
tralia in i86S- She appeared at Brussels in 1887, and
subsequently in grand opera in Europe and the United
Slates.

Melbooma, mCllriim, (Wiixiau Lamr,) Viscount,
a popular English statesman, son of Sir Penislon Lamb,
afterwards Lord Melbourne, was born in 1779. He
entered the House of Commons in 1S05, and advocated
a moderate Whig policy. His father dying in iSzS, he
Inherited his title, entered the House of^ Lords, and, on
the formation of Earl Grey's ministry, in 1B30, became
secretary of state. He was appointed first lord of the
treasury in 1S34; but the Tones, under Peel and Wel-
lington, soon gaining the ascendant, he was compelled
to resign. In 1835 he succeeded in forming a Whig
ninistry, which lasted six years. He was distinguished
lor his tact and popular qualities and accomplishments.
Died in 1848. Lord Melbourne was the author of a
comedy emiiled " The Fashionable Friends." H s wife
*as known as an authoress, (See Lamb, Cakolim.)

I98 MELENDEZ

M«Iohtlud, TOO, Ion mClK'tll, (Arnold,) a S«te
patriot, became, in concert with his friends Furst and
Suuffachcr, one of the fonnders of Swiss liberty, b
■307, in conjunction with thirty of their countrymen,
tlicy formed a confederacy for the defence of Switier-
land against Austrian oppression. In the cotuae of tlw
ibilowing vest the advenlore of William Tell with Gwi-
ler brought aflairs to ■ crisis. (See Tell.)

Meloamb«, Lord. See Dodington.

M«rd«t. (Gerakd.) a Dutch u
bora St Amsterdam in 1693 ; died In

Meldo'la, (Kapharl,) an English chemist, bom
at London in 1849. He became associated with Nor>
man Locltyer in his researches in spectrum analysis,
and in 1S85 was mode professor of chemistry in the
Finsbury Technical College. His chemical discoveries
were of importance, and be published several scientific
books and many papers.

Moldollo, mll-dolll, (Andua.) an Italian palntar
and engraver, bom in Didnutia sboot I51C^ was a pnpD
of Mazzuoli, (Paimlglana) Ha ti supposed b]> soma
writers to have been the samo as Andrea Scluavono.
Died in 1583.

5« La Bum; "Manuel 6t rAuitEor d'Euampw."

Mo-la-fi'lfr, [Gr. yiOtlrfm: Fr. HAlIaoke, mill'-
tgR',] a famous hero of classic mythology, was a son of
^neus and Altbasa, or, as others say, a son of Hars.
According to tradition, when he was seven dty* old the
Moirae (or Fates) warned his mother that he wonld
die as soon aa the billet which was burning on her
hearth should be consumed. Althaea then extin^ished
the fatal brand and hid it in a chest He signalized hi*
valour in the Argonautic expedition and the Calydcmtan
hunt He fought with the Calydonians against the
Curetes, and oBended his mother In killing her brothen.
She therefore cast the above-mentioned brand into Um
fire, and Meleaeer speedily died.

MeloBgai, jGr. kdnTpic) a Macedonian Mneral,
who served under Alexander the Great, and, after the
death of that monarch, attempted to raise Arniidteiu to
the throne in opposition to Perdiccas. His pan'
were defeated, and he waa put to death, 313 B.a

S« Dmvuii. " Gochidita Alcxndcn dem (jtcmhii.''

Bdeleager, a Greek poet, sup[>osed to have lived in
the firat century before the Christian era, is said to have
been the first who made a collection of fugitive poems
and epigrams called an '* Anthology," (" Anthologia.")

Sci Gkuhck, " Auleca," «L L

BUl^CLgra. See Melbager.

BliUoa. See Meletius.

Melak Bholi, (a SetjookJde Sultan.) See Mauk

MeloudOE- ValdeB. mii-ien'deth vU'dtlh, or Vnldo^
vll'dis, (Juan Antonio,) an eminent Spanish poet, bom
in EdCremadura in 1754. He studied law at Salamanca,
where he became intimate with the poet Cadalso, and
distinguished himself by his attainments in English
literature, of which he was a warm admirer. His
idyl "Batilo" (1780) won the prize at the Spanish
Academy, and another waa given to his " Hndaric Oda
on the Fine Arts" by the Academy of San Fernando.
He published in 178; a collection of lyric and pastoral
poems, which established his reputation as the first Span>
ish poet of his time. He had been appointed in 1781,
through the Influence of his friend Jovellanos, fn-ofessof
of humanities at Salamanca. In 1791 he obtained an
important office in the chancery of Valladolid, and in
179S became fiscal of the supreme court of Madrid. Ha
published in 1797 another collection of poems, dedicated
to Godoy, who soon after appointed him to a high office
at court. On the fall of the minister Jovellanos, Melen<
dez was exiled from Madrid, to which he was not per-
mitted to return until the fiill of Godoy, [iSoS-l Having
subsequently joined the French party in Spain, he was
created councillor of state and minister of public in-
uclion by Joseph Bonaparte. He died in France in
[7. Of Melendez, Ticknor observes, "There can b«
doubt that he was better fitted to form a new school

i, i. I, S, il,y, /«^; ^ t, 0, same, less prolonged; 1, e, I, &, ill, f, /4«/<; f> t, i. 9> <'A»»n'; Of. fill. At; inCti n^i S^^i m^^r

Digitized by VjQOQ I C

■Bd gm ■ gnidiDK inpalae to the natioml pMtn, than
■07 writer that ud ^ipeared in Spain tax aMve a

Se* Tiatma, "Hkioij of SpuMi Uttratnn;'" "
"Modmi PoiU mJ " .0— ^-.m ¥

BiopaphK G

Holstlit*, me-lee'»lI53^ [Gt. UMnoc,] Bishop of
I^c«polia, WM founder of a sect called b; hia name,
mnng been deposed In the Bishop of Alexandria,
•bout 301 A.D., he fonned a schism, and united wilh the

Hcletiw, [Ft. MiLkce, mills',] Saint, called thb
Gkkat, bom in Little Armenia, was appointed Bishop
of Sebaite in 357 a-D., and in 360 Patriarch of Antioch,
Hirough the mauence of the Arians, be was thrice de-
posed fnm his office and exiled, being finalljr restored
m 378. He ore^ed over the first General Council at
ConatantiDOple, (381,) and died the same jtai, baring
previonaly confirmed the nomination of Saint Gregory
Naziannn as Patriarch of Antioch. Hi* funeral oration
was delivered bj Saint Gregorf of Njaaa.

See TiLLXHOHT, " UAaoirc*^" Mb 1 BuLUrr, " niada SidsU ;■■
Uaihdvbc. " HiiUin de I'Ananiaw."

Maletlna, a Greek prelate and geographer, bom at
Janina in 1661. He wrote an " Ecctesiattical Hiatoiy,"
(3 r<^ 1798.) Died in 1714.

Mo-le'tuB, [tUtfrmf,] written less correctly SCe-U'tiu,
a Greek tragic poet, is chiefly known as one of the three
principal accusers of Socrates. He wal a licentious
writer, and a man of profligate habits. He was put to
death bf the Atheiuana wMn they repented of their
treatment of Socratea.

If •I'fftt, (John DstnniOND,) Dukb of, was prime
minister to King Jamea IL of England, whom be ac-
companied in his exile to France. Being accosed of
nlanning a secood invasion of England, he was banished
ty Loom XIV. to Angers, where be died in 17M!.

Malgarejo, mel-gl-iii'HO, (Mariano,) a Bolivian
pre^dent, born about iSic^ entered the iriny it an early
age, distinguished himself in many rerolutlDns, acquired
hnmense popularity, and was often wounded, taken pris-
oner, or exiled. In December, 1S64, he issued a/rviniK-
aomiaUo at Cochabamba against his brother -in -law.
President Acha, whom he overthrew. He maintained
himself in power as dictator against many insurrections
until Ianuu7,iS7o, when he was overthrown by Morales.
He then went to Lima, where he was killed in a quarrel
bj his son-in-law, November 13, 1S70.

Mail, milee, (Giovanni,) an eminent Sicilian poet,
born at Palermo about 1740. His works, consisting
chiefly of eclogues, odes, and sonnets, are written in the
SicOtan dialect, to which be gave a grace and refinement
hitherto unknown. His pastoral poems are exquisite
spedmens of their kind, eepedally the " Ecloghe Pesca-
torie," or fishermen's dialogues, distinguishea for their
humour and the graceful sioiplicity of their Isnniage.
ICeli also wrote satires and fablesj and a mock-berofe
poem entitled "Don Quixote." Died In 1815.

Sh Lohuido, " Sloiii dells Leltentura Italium ;" " Foreigii
Qsmatf Reridw" (m XoTimbei, iSifi A. Gallo, " Cwinlbiogis-
CidiGL Meli," iSjA.

Mal-I-oai'ta or Mel-I-oer'tSI. [Or. UAuUpm; Fr.

MiucBMX mfcle'slRt',] ^^■^-

The t ■ " ' "--

Intotli

Helicerta then received the name of Palsmon.

HUUoert*. See Hbucuta.

Mall-kofl, (Mikhail Tarielovitcu Tolnow,)
Count LoriS'Melikofr, a Kussian general, born at Lorl, in
Transcaucasia, January i, i8z6, the son of an Armenian
merchant named Melian, of princely origin, whose sut-
name was Rosuanized to Melikoff. He was colonel of
Ugfal cavalry. He took part in (he siege of Kara, and in
■he capture of Schamyl, {1S59.} In 1865 he was made
lieutenant-general and ataman of the Terek Cossacks.
In 1S77 he captured Atdaban and Kars from Mukbiar
Pasha and was made a count and full general In 1873
be was named Governor of Astrakhan, and in 1879
Gov<^nor.Ge»eral of KharkhoC In 1880 he became

n of^Athamas and Ino.

president of a commiasitm for the regulation of (he em-
pire, and was afterwards a member of the plenum in
the grand council of the empire. An attempt to aasas-
sinate him in 1S80 failed. Died in iSSS.

M«Un«. ma-leen', (FfiLix Jules,) a French stales-
man, bom at Remiremont, Vosges, in 1S38. He
studied law, entered the French Chamber in 1S73, was
appointed undersecretary of state for justice in 1S76,
became minister of ac;riculture in 18S3, and president
oi the Chamber in 18S8. He afterwards became chair-
man of the tariff commission, and formed a "Con-
ciliation Cabinet" in 1S96, which held office (ill 1S98.
In 1899 he was an unsuccessful candidate for the
Presidency.

MeUntt, mt'leen', (Jakxs F.,] an American Catholie
writer, was bom at Sackelt's Harbor, New York, in tStl.
He was educated in the college at &nmitttburg, and be-
came a lawyer, held several United Statea consulships,
and served m the war of 1861-6J, attaining the rank of
colonel He pnbliahed" Two Thousand Hues on Horse-
back," " Mary, Queen of Scots," a " LUe of Sistoa V.,"
and other works. Died at Broc^yn, New York, Angvst
14. 1873-

Melioratl See Innocent VII.

fed the infant Jupiter with the milk <» goats.

lifeUsaa, in dasaic mythology, a nymph who fint dis-
covered theuseof honey, or the method of procuring It;
whence bees (In Greek HOiooai) are said to have denved
their aana.

Mtilase. See Meussa.

Ks-IIb'biu, [lU^limiv,] a Greek- ^Uosopher, bom at
Samoa, floorisbed about 440 b.c He was alM distin-
guished aa a naval commander, and gained an important
vicbHT over the Athenians. He was a diadple of Par-
menidea, and was the author of philosophical worka of
which only fragments are extant

MgllwHM, ml-lia'sus, (Paul,) aGerman, distinKuishcd
aa a Latin poet, born in Franconia in 1539; died m ■'~'

MBll-ton 01 Men-to, |Gr. UMtvfA s

n iteL

tu 01 OKtu i-bu, [\ij, nEA4ivF,| an cLucsian.
of the second centuiy A.D., became Bishop
of Sardis in the reign of Marcus Aurelius. His works
were highlv esteemed by his contemporaries, but the}
have been lost, wilh (he exception of a few fragments.

Malitus or Uelltoo. See MELrnts.

Me'lI-uB or Maeltna, meel^-^ (SrORini,) a Roman
knight, who gained the favour of the people by the
liberal or profuse use of his large fortune. He was ac-
cused by L. Minncius Augurinua of a desi^ to make
himself king, and was summoned before Cindnnatn^
who was appointed dictator for this occasion. Refosing
to submit, lie was killed by Serrilius Ahalain 439 B.C.

See LiVT. " HiKorr of Rome :" Nmnifa, " HisliXT ef Roas."

M«ll, (Patrick Hubs,) D.D., LL.D., an American
Baptist dergyman, bom at Walthourville, Geoigia, July
19, 1814, waa educated at Amherst College. He became
professor of andent langaaces in Mercer University in
1S43, and in the XJniversit; 01 Georgia in 1S57. In i860 he
was called to the duur of ethics and metaphysics in the
same institution, and in 1S7S was appointed its chan-
cellor. He published several works on theological
Eubjecls. Died in 1S8S.

SfoUan, milbti', (Claudi,) an eminent French en-
graver and painter, born at Abbeville in 1598, studied
under Villamena and Vonet at Rome. He ori^nated a
new method of engravin?, which conuated In produdng
light and shade by vuyfiig the thicknets of the single
lines instead of cros«ng one set by another. Amon^
his master-piecea are "Saint Peter Nolascus borne bj
Two Angels," the *' Face of Christ," " Rebecca st the
Well," and a portrait of Pope Urban VIIL Died in

ican poet, boi
ion of^Chief-fi

Mellen, LL.D., of (hat State. Among his prindpaf worka
we may name " Our Chronicle of Twenty-Six," (t^,)
"Glad Tales and Sad Tales," (in prose, 1839.) "llie

€tMi; f*»t;Hartl;i»M/;a,ii,ii,jyiaHrai; n.iiua/; R,A-i:anf; Issi; thasin

(g^^Sec Explanations, p. a}.)

db,Google

UutjPT's Triumph," aai "Boiled Vslkr, uxl other
Poeow," (1834-) Died in 1841.

S« GKttwou^ "fotlM ud PeitiT if Aamca;" Cunuim,

MvUin, ntei-leen', (GosFAr Hkhsk.) oneof theuost
popnlv Swedish Doreliats »nA hwtoriiuia, born in Fin-
wikI in 1813. Among hiiTOnuoceiiWliidi are ffenenll;
Ibanded an Swedish hiltoij, we mav nunc " nickoma
I Aakennnd," (1833,) "Helen* Wrede," (1S34.) and
" Johanne* Fjaliman." His " Den Slundinaviika Nor-
dena Hittoria" (1850) and " Faderlandeti Historia"
(1851) arc hiehtjr esteemed b; hia coaaliymen. The
Ereatet pait <rf his lomancet have been translated into
German. Died August a, 187&

If Allin de Baln&OslaU, millti' df h bAh iheh-I|', a
French poet, bom in 1491, was the author of ballads,
•onncts, elegies, etc. Died in 1558.

Sa> LoHcnLUni, " Poet* iwd Pcwttj ef Eoropa."

Mailing, melling, (Antoh Iokaz,) a German painter,
bom al Cailirube in 1763 ; died in Paris in 1831.

MsUlnl, mtl-lee'nee, (GmsKpn Zama,) an Italian
writer on religion, born at Bologna in 1788; died In
1838.

M«Uo, da, di mello, or Melo, mllo, (Fkancisco
Makobl,) ■ Portognese writer, bom at Luibon in 161 1,
wrote (in Spanish) a <r«1aable histor; oT the Catalo-
nian revolntion,enti(led "Historia de loa HoviTnientos j
Separadon, etc. de CatalnBa," (1645-) He also wrote
a number of drama* and poema, among which we may
name "The Three Moses of Melodino," ("La* trea
Huaas de Melodino^") Died in 1665.

Sh BA**a(*-U*ciu

MoUonl. mCl-lo'nee, (HACKDOmo,) an Italian savant,
bom at Parma hi 1801. He wm appointed in 1839 di-
rector of the Conaerrator; of Arts and Trade* at Naples.
He wrote sereral adeniific woik*, one of which was
entitled "L« Termocrasi," etc., explaining hii theoi7
concerning the radlalian of heat and the coloration of
Hght He oriRinated valuable discoveries on these sob-
jecta, for which the Royal Sodety of London bestowed
«pon him the Ramford medaL Died in 1854.

Sea " Nourdli Biognphie C&ijnl*."

HSl'm^th, (W1U.IAII,) an English lawrer, bom In
1666, was the author of a work entitled "GieM Impor>
tance of a ReligioDS Ufe," which was ascribed by Walpole
to the first url of Egmont One hondred thousand
copies of thia work were printed after the aathor*! death.
Died in 1743.

Set WiCHOU, " Uuttrj AattMrnir " Mwaoin of a Lata Kml-

Helmoth, (WiLUAM,] an Englbh ISUnOtir, a aon
of the preceding, was bom in 171a He published in
1747 a translation of the "Letters of Pliny," which b
esteemed one of the best versions of ■ Latin author in
the English language, and is mentioned bj Warlon as
"one of the few that are better than the original." He
also Ininslated the " Letters of Cicero to Several of hia
Friends," and the treatises "On Friendship^ (' De
Amidti*") and '■ On Old Age" (" De Senectute^ of the
•ame author. Died in 1799.

MelnlkoT, mel'ne-lcov, (Pawu. Itanowitch,) a
Russian author, bom at Nizh nee-Novgorod, October 12,
1819. He studied (lS^-37) at Kaian University, and
in (846 entered the dvil lerrice. Besides histone* of
the Russian schisniatical sects, he published notewoiihy
novels, among ihem "Old Times" and "Beyond the
Volga." Died in 1883.

KtalOL See Mbllo.

M«loQ, mth-16N', (Jian Fkak^is,) a French IS-
Uraitur, resided at Bordeani, and, m conjunction with
the Duke de la Force, founded the Academy of that dty
in 1713. He aAerwatds became secretaiylo the regent
OrUana. He wrote " Mahmoud the Gunevide," an alle-

forical history of the regency, and a " Political Essay on
lommerce." The latter work wa* highly commended
by Voltaire. Died in 1 738.

MELVILLE

:my of Inscriptions, to which he contriboted MVCral
able treatises. In 1741 be wa* apptnnted royal librarian.
He wrote a "Dissertation on the Capture of Romo
by the Gauls," and other antiquarian wm-ka. Died is
'759.

MelazEO da Fotll, mi-lot'so di foK-lee', (Fkan-
CKSCO,) an lutian painter, bom at Forll in 1438, invented
the leae in su, and discovered the rules of vertical per-
spective. Among his finest extant frescos is "Siitu* IV.
giving to Platina charge of the Vatican Library," now in
the Vatican. HisworkaatehighlycomniendedbyVaaaiL
He excelled in foreshortening. Died in 1493.

UeI-pom'9-iiS, |Gr. Uulmyili^; Fr. MsLPOMftR^
mEl'po'mftn',1 one of the nine Muses, presided ovm
tragedy, and was represented a* holding in her hand a
tragic mask. She wa* *ud to be the mother of Um
Sirens. (See Mu&x.)

Ueliiii,da, dfh m^-lfiH', (Charlbs,) a Ftench (tates-
man under Louis XL, wa* appointed in 1465 nud
master of France^ Having anhaequently incuned the
displeasure of the king, he was condenuied to death and
executed, (1468.)

MalvlL See Milvilli, aad Malkviu.

UalvUI Tin CunM^ mU'vil «ln fcam'bi, (Pm-
TBR,) Baron, a geographer and naval officer, bora at

■ -Chagelle iniSifi.

" ("Zeeman's Gid,"

>IalTUI% mCI'vil, (Andirw,) a

He produced the " Hatfaier^

Aix-la-Chapelle in if

Guide," J^'Zeeoian's Gid," 1843.) Died in 1*54

" , " "ril, (Andirw,) an eminent ScotUA
Reformer and scholar, bom in For&rshire in 1545. H«
studied in Paris, and subsequently became professor of
humanities at Geneva. After his retnm to Scotland he
was appointed prindpal of Glasgow Coll«e, where he
introduced great improvements in the disdpline and
was eminently successful as a teacher. He was acdvd*
engaged in the religious controversies of the time, and
was chieSy instrumental in the abolition of episcopacy
in Scotland. He became in 15S0 prindpal of Saint
Mary's College, Sainl Andrew's, where lie aJso filled the
chair of theology and the Oriental tongues. Having
given offence to King James by hi* bcM opposition to
the measure* of the court, be was imprisoned five yean,
and subsequently retired to France, and was appointed
professor of theoli^ at Sedan. Died in t6ss.

Melville, (Gboegb Wallace,) an American naval
engineer, bom al New York, January 10, 1841. He
was appointed to the navy as assistant engineer in
1S61, served through the civil war, and in 1809 sailed
on the Jesnnettc Polar Expedition. He headed the
boat's crew which survived the Arctic rigors and the
expedition which afterwards recovered the remains of
De Long and his comrades in the Lena delta. He
was specially rewarded by Congress for hia courage,
was appointed engineer- in -chief of the navy in 1SS7,
and given the rank of rear-admiral in 1S99. He made
three Arctic voyages in all. Died March 17, tgia.

MelvUIa, (GKaRGB Whytk.) an English norelia^
bom about iSao. Ue was a captain in the Coldstream
Guards. He produced many novels, the best-known
of which are "Digby Grand," (1853,) "Tilbury Nogo,"
('853,1 "General Bounce." (1854,) "Kate Coventry,"
(1856,) "Holmby House," |i8&,) "The Gladiators,"
(1863,) and " Katerfelto," (1875.) Died December S, 18^

ICalvllIe, (Hrrman,) an American novelist and trav-
eller, born in New York in 1819. Having made a voy.
age to the Padfic in 1S41, he spent several months on
one of the Marquesas Islands, and subsequently visited
the Sandwich and Sodety Islands. He poblished, after
his return, a narrative of his adventoree, entitled
" TVpee," (1846,) which was received wiA great fiivonr,
both in the United State* and England. Among hit
other prindpal work* are " Omoo, a Narrative ofAd-
venture* in the South Seas," "White Jacket, or the
World m a Man-of-War," (1850,) and "The Piaiza
Tales." Died in New York, September iS, 1891.

S« DfVCiciKCic, " CydopKdii of Ameiiiaq Litcntsn," nL ■.

MtivUl* or Melvll, (Sir Jakes,) a Scottiah •(
Fifeshire ii

man and historian, bom i^

1530. Havinf

l,t,l,i,t,y,letfg:k,i,\mae,i«»MpNi<mgfid; i,<l,I,<S,li,r,MOT<,-f,f,;,9,ofM»rv/flr,flll,flt;mit;n6t;ga6d;m«Bni

d by Google

ber mMence

return to Scotland, ind wu made her priry coondlli

■nd employed in seTcral importanl negotiaiioni. He

died in 1606, leaving in " " '" ""'' " " '

t£8t,aDdei the "■'- '

of Hallull," etc, which are hishlT

efhia time. Fronde apeaki of HelTilIe la "a man who,

without the binteit pretenaion* to •taletmaiubip, wu

u akilled an intrignet a* Europe could boMt" {" Hit-

eaving in manuacnpl a work pubUahed in
le title of " Memoira of Sir famet UelTil
tc, which are hiahlT Talnable at records

akilled an intriKnet a* Europe ci
■J of Ei^and, ToL TiiL chap. Ti

i-)
SmCi

MelTflle, Loux See Dundas, (Hinit.)
Melville, (RoBUtT,) a Scottiih officer, bom in Fite-
ihire in 1713, terred againat the French in the West
Indiea in 1761, and was appointed governor of the poa-
leadon* conquered from France. He was a Fellow of
die Rojral Societj and of the Societjr of Antiquaries.

d, mS'iee, (Gaktamo,) Codmt, an Italian HU/ra-

Uedii

tmr, bom at Milan in 1783, publfahed a " Bionaphf of
Italian Romance! and Poema of ChinlTj,** (tSlS,) and
" DictionaiT of PiettdonTDB and Anonjmona Work* of
Italian Wrtteta," " " " "

a Romance! and Poema of ChiTalrT," (tSlS,) and
T of PiettdonTDB and Anonrmona Worka ( '
., (1S4S,) both (rf which enjoj
high reputation. He was the owner of a tibraiy of
Boie than thirty thooaand Tolnmea, consiating dueflf
of rare and TBioable works. Died in 1S52.

HelKl d'Bril, uAViee dk-rtV, (Francesco,) an Ital-
ian statesman, born al Hilaa in 1753. On the Invaiion
of Iialj by the French he had a prominent part in the
establishment of the Cisalpine repobtic, of which he
«as made vice-iireBident In 1803. Re was afterwards
oeated by Napolaon high-chancellor of Italy, and Duke
ol Lodi, (1S09.) He wai a grandee of Spain. Died
hi tSi6.

Sm THTKBh ■■ HlMon of tlu CoBnUla ud of tbi Kajin ;'
'NovnUe BiocnphH Otatnit,"

MamllDg, mimling, Hemline himling, or Uun-
mellnok, mtm'mfh-luik', (Hans or Hausse,) an emi-
nent Flemish painter, the dale and place of whose birth
are unknown. He Booritked abotit 1450-85. Among
hia maMer-]decei are the " Harriaoe of Saint Catherine,''
anda^B^tlainof Chritt" Died at Bruges in 1495.

Sm p. BtDOom, ' HuBnc Ctoda nt •■ Vk at •■ Onmn^'
du : - Uxa c< the Eirii riaWi I^m"

lffimt»(i See Mastini, (Simohc di.)
Memialnnr, tnCin'min-jtr, ? (Chablu GnnAws,)
« native of wlrtemberg, Germany, bom in 1803, settled
at Charleaton, Sooth Carolina, where he Iiecame distin-
nMiedaaalawyerand politician. He zealontly opposed
me Stale Rtehta party, which he satiriied in his " Book
of Nollific^^," {1S31.) He was appointed secretary of
dw treaanry in the cafiinet of Jeflerson Davis in Febmary,
1861, and reined In Jane, 1S64. Died March 7. 1S88L
IffMii'n^iia, (Caivi,) a Roman tribone, waa a strena-
OD* opponent of the aiiatocrats. He became tribone
of the people in iii B.C, and exposed the venality and
cormpoon of the ariauxntlc leaders in their manage*
^ent of the Tunrthlne war. While a candidate for tn«
B killed by Hm mob led by Satominna

, (CAtirs GtHnLn,) a Roman orator,

poet, and politician, was a tribune of the people b 66
a.C, and prctor hi ;8. He was a son-in-law of Sulla,
and friend of Lacretms, who dedicated to him his poem
•■ De Remm Natori." He is also frequently mentioned
by Cicero. Having been accosed of Ireibery, (amiihu,)
be went into exfle aboni 54 B.C.

Mem'iwii, JGr. Hjfcvwi'.la mytUcal personage, snp-
poaed to have beenatonof llthonns and Eo«,|Aarora,)
and a king of Ethiopia or Egypt. Aeoording to tradltton,
be fought for the iVi^ans at the dege of Troy, slew An-
tilochua, and was killed by Achilles, The poets feigned
that the dew-drop* which appear in the morning are the
leara which Aurora ahed for the death of Mernnon. Many
writera idend^ Memnon with Amenophis IL of Egypt,
in whoae honour was erected the celebrated colossal
Matue near Thebes. This statue, which is still extant
and is about fifty feet high, was commonly believed by
the andenta to emit a sound when it was first touched
bj the beams of the morning sun. Some writers, in-

cluding Sir Gardner WUUnaon, believe that the phe<
iiomenon waa the result of imposture.

Sh Sn J. Gauimbb WiuunoH, "Tufoffifky ef Thtbci."
PP- 11-17-

Mem'noi^ a Greek general in the service of Da
ffos, King of Persia, attained the rank of high admiral,
and Governor of Western Asia. He had great milibra
talents. Died in 333 n.C

So CuimH, " Fud HcUhhI"

Memnon, a Greek historian, supposed to have lived
under the reign of Augustus or the Antoninea. He
wrote a history of Heraclea, of which only fragmenit
we extant

S» VoBim, "Da Hkturidi CtHH."

Meoo, de, dl mX'nl, (Piupi Giu) a Sraniah por-
trait-painter of great merit, bom at Valladolid in loooi
died in 1674.

Mena, de, (Juan,) a Spanish poet, bom at Cdrdova
about t4ioi. He«aButroniiedbyJohnIL,King(^Caadle,
who made him his Latin secretary and historiographer.
HIaprindpal work is an allegoricu poem, entitled "The
Labyrinth," (" £1 LabtrintiH'7 which enjoyed a high repu-
tation in his time. He was an intimate fHend of Henry
de Villena, the Marquis de Santlllana, and other eminent
writers of that age. Died in 145&

8«a TlQCHoa. ** HlttDrv i>f SpuiBh Utcntur* ;" Paiauuir,
"Hkarjof FodfauDdand iMbtlb," n^ i. pp^ it, lA »! Le«»
wmuxM, " Foea ud Pottri of Euniia."

Menabre^ mi-nl-bai'l, (Uok Camilu.) a lMr»
Imr, bom near Chamb^ry in iScm. He wrote several
works on medieval anliqnhie*, and left unfinished an
important work entitled " Lea Alpes historiques." Died
in 1857.

Meiwbrea,roJl-nl-bBJl'l, (Lutct F.,) Couirr, an Ital-
ian general and statesman, bom about 1809, He was

council d' ministets of £c kingdom <^ Italy b i967
and in l86g.

Menseohmne, mC-nCk'mDi, IMfyaqyia(,j a Greek
sculptor, bom at Nanpactua, lived about 480 B-G Hii
^Indpal work waa a statue, in gold and silver, at
Diana taphyra at Calydon, in wluch he was assisted
by Soidaa.

Minj^e, mt'nizh', (Giu^^) a celebrated ^endi
oltic and scholar, born at Angera in 1613- He studied
law, and practised for atime in Paris, where he became
an advocate to the ParliamenL He suhaeqnently de-
voted himself entbrelv to literary pursuits, and hit house
became the reeort ot tlie distingoisbed win and writer!
of the tiroe, induding Balnc^ Sarrasin, and Madame
Rambooillet. He was ratronised by Pan! de Gondi,
afterwards Cardinal de Keli^ whose &«aar he subae-
anenlly loat, owing to hia arrogance and strong prmen-
nty fin satire. He waa alao mvolved in a literary fcnd
with Boilean, who has aeverely aatiriied him in one of
bib poeins, and with Malice, who introduced him into
his '•Femmea aavantea," in the character of Vadtua.
His reputation reata prindpally<m bia "EtnooIoKical
Didiaaary of the Frendi langnge," (tfijo,) which is
atill a DSMul work. He also puUSlted poems in LatiiL
Frendi, and Italian, and his fiiends made a collection of
his witticisms, et&, entitled " Mtfnagiana," (16^3,) which
ranks among the t)eat prodnctiooa of the lund. His
*'ReqveetortheDictionaiiea,''B satire on the Dictionary
of tiie French Academy, la believed to have been the
cauM of bia exclusion fimn that lnatinitic»i. Died in
Paria, July 93, 169*.

Sm AirraiHa CAUAnt "tUatStaa," itgi; BAvia, "His-
■ocinl and CHticillMclialun;" " HeiainiM pour KTrir 1 In Via da
Hdawh" n^iad lo Iba " IMumDa," 1715 ; Moadu, " Dlcium-
•ua^Uriqsa Noovdls bS^^ Giadcala."

Mdnageot, mi'nfcho^, (Fkam^is Guillaitme,) a

K'nter, M French extraction, bora in London in 1744.
Btudied In Paris under Vlen and Boqcher, and wai
appointed director of the French Academy at Rome in
- ' ■■ ■ ■ '"Time arrested

Died in 1S16.

T .jL- -1 Gadi, having

slain Shailum, King of Samaria, usurped hia throne
and reigned ten years over that country.
Sac II. Kind »■ I4-

appomted director 01 ttie rrencti Academy .

17S7. Among his worka may Iw named "Tii

m Study," and " Diana leeking Adonis." D

MenVhein,JLHeb. oniS.f the son of G

t»Ik:^m;ikard;iia»/:a,a,^gtMural; u.fuual; k,MlltJ; lasM; I]

lOO^Ie

MENANDER 17

M»>iuui'a«r, IGr. Ufoav^; Fr. MInamdkb, ml'-
RfiN<I>'; Ger. Hbhandkos, mt-nln'dKiM,] > Greek
dnmatic poet, born >t Atbeni in 341 B.C., » called the
caiginator of the new comedy, giving reptesentahoiK of
actual life and manners. He enjojal the highest repu-
tation among his contempoiaiiea, and ii euJogixed tn
jnlin* Cztar, Plutarch, and other eminent tnen of antl-
qnitr. His dramas were very nameron*, but thoj have
been lost, with the exception of the Cragmenia preserved
[n the world of several Greek writers.

See CuHTaH, ■' Fuli UeUtmd;" K. O. Hei.«». "Hitlorr
of Gretk Literature;" H^orncAim, "De Ueiijuulio ilqiie iUivt
Cado^b," 174J! G. GuiEOT, "li^naDdrfl; fitgdv hutoriqu^"
■Bii itis: "flouTiUa Biugnphia G^ninla."

Slanander, a Macedoniui general, was appointed
Governor of Lydia by Alexander the Great in 331 B.C.
He became a partisan of Andgontis, for whom be (boghl
■gainst Eumenes in 330 B.C.

Menandar, a Roman jniiat under the reign* of
Sevenis and Caracal la.

Me-flan'dor Pro-too'tor, a Greek historian of the
dxtb century, was one of the body-guard of the emperor
at Constantinople. He was the author of a "History
of the Eastern Empire &om 559 to 58s a.Di.," of whicn
only fragments are extant

SnVosslu*. " D* Hiilorkii GrMit"

SlAnaadie. See Menandsk.

Menandiliio, ml-nln-d&ee'no, (Mabsilio,) an Italian
jurist, sometimes called MaksiUUS of PaCua. He waa
counsellor to Lonis of Bavaria, for whom he wrote ■
treatise entitled "Defender of the Peace," in support of
the authority <A the emperor over Che pope. For this
he waa excommunicated by John XXIL Died in 1338.

sienandioo. See Menander.

Minard, ml'nlft', (Claudi,) a French writer, bom
■t Saiunur about 1574, was the author of a " History tA
Anjou," which is commended by Manage. He also edited
Joinville's " History of Saint Louts," and other work*.
Died in 1651.

Mdnard, (J ban,) a French eodcMasticand writer, bom
at NImes in 1637, was an intimate (Heod of FUchier.
Died in 171a

MAnard, (LCoN,) a Frendk jurist and antiquary, bom
It Tarascon in 1706. He wrote a "HiaCoir of (he City
of NImes," a treatise "On the Manners and Customs of

the Greeks," and other works. He was a membct of the
Academy of Inscriptions. Died in 1767.

Sw La Buu. "2lac* d* H^nud," ia iba " Ujnmna" of tb*
AoduBj of iucripdou.

BUnard, (Nicolas Hugubs,) a French theologian
and pulpit orator, bom in Paris in 1585, wrote several
religioua and ecclesiastical works. Died in 1644.

Ha'iiaa, [Gr. HiTvof,) a freedman of Pompey the
Great and of^his son, Sextns Fompey. He commanded
a Beet sent agairut Octavius, afterwards deserted Pom>
pey for the serrice of Octavius, and was alain (B.C. 35)
at the siege of Stsda.

ManaoMh Boa IsraeL See Hanassbs Ben Joseph
Bin Israei.

Menolua, mEn'she^qs, the Latiniied form ol ISeng-
^e, ming'tsfh', or Steng-Tlsflti, ming'tsuh', (named
also MeuK-Blho, in his youth,) was, after Conliicius, the
most celebrated of all the Chinese philosophers. H«
was bom in the little state of Tsow, (or Tsou.) which
was subsequently included in the kingdom of Loo, and
tn the modern province of Shan-Toong, (or Shan-Tung,)
^ut 370 years before Christ : he was, therefore, a con-
temporary of Plato and Aristotle. He lost his father In
his early childhood. To his mother, who appears (o have
been a woman of rare intelligence and worth, he was
Indebted, in a great measure, not merely for his inclina-
tion towards learning and philosophy, but also for that
Sure and lofty virtue for which he was so distinguished.
I is related that after the death of her husband she re-
sided for a short time near a butcher's shop, but, fearing
that the frequent sight of scenes of blood might harden
and deprave the heart of her son, she removed to another
abode. This happened to be near a cemetery, and yotu^
Mendua amused himself with acting the various scenes
which he witnessed at the tombs. "This," said his
mother to herself, "is no place for my son." She again

I) MBNCIUS

changed her dwelling and took a house in the BMrket-
place. But here he soon began to play tlie part of a
salesman, vaunting his wares and clufiering with cos-
tomers. The watchful and anzioos mother was not yet
satisfied At last she foond a boose dose by a schotd.
Her son's attentiob was attracted bv the various studies
andezerdseswhichhesawpnTsnetlii) the school, and*
desire for learning was awakened in his mind. Soon
after she sent him to the school i and he is said to ban
distinguished himself by the ' quickness of his intellect
and subseguenlly by tiis earnest application to study.

The following story may serve to ah — "■■- —*■' — '

acientious watchfulness in regard t(

(as it appears,) "It is to fiimish you with food." Her
consdence at once reproved her for saying what was not
strictly true, and, anxious not to set him an example of
antrathFulness, she went and bought some pork in order
Co make good her words. One day when he returned
home firom school, she looked up ^om the web which
she happened to be weaving, and asked him bow he was
getting on. He answered, carelesaly, that be was doing
well enough, whereupon she took a knife and cut throuf^
her web. Alarmed, he inquired what she meant. Sho
then showed him that she had only done what be waa
doing : ahe had lost her labour and thrown away the time
ahe had spent in weaving the web, he also was throwing

a, and did n

The lesson waa n
be repeated.

Some writers re^esent Mencius as having atodicd
Onder Tsen-sse, (or Tsse-sie,) the grandson of Confndua,
But this is scarcely possible, since Tseu-sse, had he been
living would have been more than a hundred yeara old
when Mencius was bom. It la, however, certain that ho
diligently studied the writings of Confucius, to Che neglect
cd' whose precepts he attributed the miserable state of
things which he saw everywhere around him, Guch and
justice being disregarded, the bonds of sodenr tweaking
asunder, and Che whole empire hastening to decay. He
resolved to devote his life to correcdng these evils and
restoring, so far as it lay in his power, the virtue* of tho
primitive ages.

Although Mendus considered himself a follower of
ConHidus, yet in his mode of instruction, and espedally
in his behaviour towards those rulers who sought hii
counsel, he differed materially from his master. In Us
reasoning, if less grave than Confucius, he displayed
more art and more acuteness. His method, indeed, waa
not unlike Che dialectic of Socrates j he pushed his ad-
versary from one admission to another, until he obliged
him either to confess his defeat or else Co mainCain the
most olivious and palpable absurdities. In his inter-
course with kings be was more bold and severe than
Confudus, both in eiposing folly and denoundng injus-
tice and oppression. Mendus appears Co have been
held in great respect by most of the Chinese princes to
whom his fame had penetrated. It is not known at what
time in his life he first began to teach publicly ; but we are
told that when he felt that he was suffidentiy conversant
with the doctrines and precepts of the great teachers
of Chinese philosophy, he commenced his travels for th*
purpose of oSering his counsels to Che different petty
sovereigns who ruled in the states adjacent or neighbour-
ing to Lao. But, although he seems to have enjoyed
more consideration than Conftidus had done, he was
scarcely more successful in carrying into practice his
ideal plans of government His theory of morals waa
(00 hi^h and diflicull for human nature in its ordinary
condition. He appears not to havesucceeded in a single
bslance in prevailing on any of the princes to erabrMO
and consistently carry out hisprindples; and accordingly
he bad little inducement to contluue at any of the courts
longer than was necessary in order to make a fait trial
of what his influence coiud effect He is said to have
passed the last twenty years of his life in the more coa-

Eial society of his oisdples, and in writing those worb
vhich he has perhaps exerted a greater inSuence oa
r-agcs than he did upon that in which he lived. He
is supposed to have died al an advanced age about 99a

I, e, [, d, 0, f , lungi !,£,&, same, less prolonged; 3, i, 1, 5, u, J*, short; ^ f , j, 9, etuun; llr, (111, Ol; mtt; n6t; g06di nn

njii.edaGoOl^lc

MENCIVS

■•C According
gther BnthoTitia, however, .
manj -jttn MTlier. The detcendamtt of Menciu, like
thoM of CoalbdM, conttilnte at the preteitt day • '
■ * *■ noblu,— UM

of what mxf be lenned heredilaiy r
bmdltan nobllit; in China.

Om of the chief doctrinea of Mendna waa that man la
natvallj good, although he admitted that bf Eu the
greater part of mankind had, through un&vouiable di-
cnmatancea or inflaencea, become perverted. He aiya
the waj in which a man loaes his natural goodneaa ia
tike the way in which treea are deprived by the wood-
man of their branchea and foliage. And if thej atill
•end forth aome buds and (proDls, then come the cattle
and goata and browse upon (hem. A* in the tree all
appearance of life and beauty is deatroyed, to in man,
•iter a lou expoaare to evil infiuencea, all •—■ — ->'
native gooaoeaa " '

• aeem to be obliterated. Bnt he n

race, and that all men maj, if they wul, become like
Yao and Sbni^ two of the eaily aaget and fcingi^ who
were pre-eminent for their virtue. A distingniahed
Chineae tcholar *aya the great object of Mendoa, in hia
writinga, ii to reOiiy men'* hearta. "Jf a man once
(ectifr bit bean," lajrt Menciua, "little else will remain
for faimtodo." In another place he tart, "The great or
•uperior man it he who does not loae his child's neart,"
an expretuon which nvidly recalls thoae beantiftil lines
of tbe great German poet, —

- WoU dm dv frd KB Sdinld Bud Fahl*
Brnhit liia knOldi nine Sade."*
It is evident, however, that, owing to hia aangnine and
ardent nature, or to aome other cause, Mendua did not
rerr IbTly realize the exceeding difficulty of " rectilVing
ones heart." Yet Confudot, who wat regarded b^
llendnt aa the moat perfect of human beings, recognized
dite great bnt melancholy tmth, when he said it waa
only at the age of seventy that " he could follow what
Ui heart desired without traosgreaaing what was right."
(•■ADalecla,"bookiL)

Conlodu bad always iiu^nlcated the redprocal obli-
gation between kings and nbjects. Mencfut, without
3enyiiig the general oblation of obedience on the part

oftubjectt, tanght nc
elements in a ttate ■■ the people are the moat important
element, and the aovereign the least important ;" and
he did not hesitate to draw the legitimaM inference from
toch a position thai a bad sovereign ought to be de-
throned, and even slain, if his life should endanger or in
anyway interfere with the public good.

The distingiuBhed Orientalitt R^moaat, in drairing a
comparison between Confudua and Mendua, says the
fuimer "it always grave, and even austere; he exalu
men of virtue of^whom he presenti an ideal portrait;
he speaks of bad men only with a cool indignation.
Mendns, with the same love of virtue, seems to feel
l<H vice rather contempt than abhorrence. He aasails
It with the force of argument \ he does not disdain to
even employ against it the weapons of ridicule." Men-
dua comtnned a certain modesty with a jost and manly
wpredation of himselt He seemed greatly surprised
wnen one of lus disdples waa disposed to rank him a* a
tage ; vet he said on another occasion. " When aagea
shall rlae up again, they will not change my words." He
believed lliat he waa appointed by Heaven to uphold or
restore the doctrines <A the andent sages, such as Yao,
Shun, and Confndus. Han-Yu, a celebrated Chinese
critic, says, "If we wish to study the doctrines of the
sages, we matt begin with Mendus. ... It is owing to
Ut words that learnera nowadays still know to revere
Confhdna, to honour benevolence and righteousneaa, to
esteem the true aovereign, and to despise the mere
pretender." We have already noticed tome of the lead-
ing opiniont of Uendns. The following are a few of his
most characteristic sayings: "I love life; I also love
righteonuiess. If I cannot keep both, I will let life go,
and diooae righteotuoess." (The Works of Mendus,
bwA tL chap. »,> "There ia a nobility of Heaven, and

*S krmmkkf Jti Itiaaa,

MENDELSSOHN

there It a noUll^ of man. Benevolence, righteontiMi^
aelf-conaecradon, and fidelity, with unwearied joyin thete
virtnea,— these constitatetlienolality of Heaven." (Book
vL chap, zvi) " Benevolence snbdnes ita oppoaite, joM
at water tul>diiet fire. Thoae, however, who practiar
Itenevolence nowadays do it aa if with one cup of water
they could save a whole wagon-load of fuel on fire, and,
when the Bamet are not extingniahed, should say that
water cannot subdue fire. This conduct, moreover, greatlj
encourages those who are not benevolent" (Book vi.
chap, xviii.) "There ia no greater delight than to be
conadona of tincerity on aelf examination." (Book viL
chap, iv.] Kung-Snn-Chow aaid to Mendus that bit
prindples were admirable, but they were too difficult
and lofty for ordinary minds, and asked him why he did
not adapt his teachings to tbe capadty of the learners
He repUed, " A great artificer does not, for the sake of a
atnpid worlunan, alter or do away with the marking-line."
(Book viL chap. Ml)

5h tfa( uEcIlnl MIka of Uocin* rcibwd W tba vorin sf (Inl
pUloaopbcr, la th« Himid volaaia of Da. laooi't " Chinwt da*-
■ki," HoB|-K(nK iWi: alK PAimun'* "Quae," pp. iSr-iaii
"Konttll* Bi<«n|iBa CfaM^" anicta " litrova!'' '^Ltam
RiiBni"La quair* LIvna d* Fhiloaaphk, Uonia at PaliDoat di
I* CtdBb" uuuUIad I9 O. PAirTKiaa, Parii, iSji ; lb* CfdaaM
CbaaktlWaika, UanaUud br Itaa late Rn. David CoLua, Uilacca
Miatita Pnai, dig ; Stahiilaiu Juuiw'b tnmlitioii (mlo Latb)
of Iha Worta of UaDciu, Puii, i8u; " Conibdiu and iha CUnaaa
Cluua," (tiaok ir.,) b|> Kav. A. W. Loohib. San Fnudaa, 1S61.

HWlOke, (JOHAHN BuRKHAXt),) bom at Leipsic in
167s, became in 1708 historit^apher to Frederick
Augustus, King of Poland. He published, in Latin,
" Two Orations on the Charlatanry of the Learned,"
(171O and a work entitled "Writen of German Hia-
lory,'' {3 vols,, I733-30l) The former caused a great
sensation, and was translated into several foreign lan-
guages. Mencke also wrote a number of poems, and,
alter the death of hia father, conducted the "Acta &ii>
ditorum. Died in 1731. His son, Fkibdrich Otto
Mbnckb, (1708-1754,) was professor of history at
Leipsic, and Ihe author of various works.

Hetuike, (Otto,) a learned German, the father of
the preceding, born at Oldenburg in 1644. He became

Sirofeaaor of moral philosophy at Leipsic In i6Sa he
Dunded the first literary and adenlific Journal published
in Germany. It was entitled "Acta £rudilorum," and
numbered among in contribolors Leibnitt and other
eminent aavants. Died in 1707.

See SauoiiAinL "LaJdiaopfadJflaBfO. ManckaB," 170;! Nic^

da N«yra, min-din'yl dl ni'e-rl, (AL-
VARO,) a Spuiish navigator, bom in 1541, ujted on a
voyage to the PadGc in 1567, and discovered between
7° and 11° south latitude the islands of Saint Chris-
topher, Isabella, and Guadalcanar. He discovered in
'595 the Isles since called by Admiral Byron Ihe Dan-
eroDs Islands, and the large island of Santa Crni, to
fhich Carteret gave the name of ^mont in 1767. He
also eslablisheda colony at Bahia Gradota. The pot-
bon of Polynesia which indudcs the Marquesas has been
aamed Ihe Mendafla Archipelago. Died in 1595.

Petersburg in 1866. 01 his many discoveries It
notable is his periodic law of atomic weights, one of
Ihe leading chemical theories of the century. D. 1907.
Mandalaaolui, mCn'dtls-*On', (Moses,) an eminent
philosopher, bom at Dettan, in Germany, in 1719, wat
the son of a Jewish ichoolnuater. In consequence of
the limited meant of hit faiiul;r, he owed hit early educa-
tion chiefly to his own eiertiona. In 1745 he repaired
to Berlin, where he ippUed himself to the study of
mathematics and the phfloaophy of Wolf and Lei^itx.
In 1754 be formed an iotim^e biendship with Leasing,
in conjunction wiih whom he afterwards wrote the treat-
ise entitled " Pope a Metuihysidan." He next pub-
lished his " Letters on the Sensadons," and in 1767 hit
"Pluedo, a Dlali^ue on the Immortality of Ihe SooL"
The latter work was received with great ^vour, and waa

nk;^*n;XM«ni;iMj:a,H,tUgiaimvl;v,juuat;t^tritUJ;lMt;*Yi»t\nthu. (SJ^See Explanations, p. 13.)

Digitized ay CjOOQ IC

MBNDSLSSOffJf

into the priDdpal langoagea of Eorope. Men-
na one of the moM profoand Ihinkm of hii
highlT emteemed br hi* cootttnponrica far

die «aoeilencc othia chu-acter,
•ndowmeDta. IHed in 1736.

Sh Uimrau. "Sot U. UtoL.
ttUotm UwWHDhD." ht M. Saui
H. UudclMolin." inS; Hr

I weU u fait intellcctaal
>tc^i7l7;*'llaain

" H. HcnildMaha," :

. kCineiala.'

Mandelaaohn-BartlioldT, iiiCn'df]a->5n' bam-tol'-
dee, (Pcux,) an eminent Gennan compoBcr, bom at
Hanbarg in iSo9,wasagrandsoD ofthe preceding. At
•n early ^e he manireitcd exiraordinarr muicai talent,
which received the most elaborate culture under Zelter
and Lndmg Bergcr. He performed with brilliant *uc-
MM in Berlin and Paris before he had competed bis
tenth year, and in iSi; he brou^jht out at Berlin his
"Orertare to the Midanmmer Night's Dream" and his
<^raof "The Weddin^o/Camacho." He labseqoently
Tuited London and Pans, where the " Overture above
named was received with enthusiaam. After his return
to Germany, he was appointed, in 1835, directoi of the
Gewandhans concerts at Leipsic In 1836 he brought
out hia oratorio of "Saint Paul," at Dusseldorf and
Leipsic, and the following year at Binninehaio, Eng-
land. His " Elijah," an oratorio, performed at the Bir-
mingham Festival in 1846, caused ■ greater sentadon
In the musical world than had been known in England
^ce the days of HandeL Subsequently, HendelMohn's
health, which had been some tttne declining, fidled
npidly, and be died soon after his retotn to Gentunf,
Id November, 1847. Amoi^ the more important of his
other compositions, we may name the overtures of
"Ki^'s Cave," "A Calm Sea and Hraiy Voyage,"
C H eeresstille nnd glUcUiche Fahrt,") and ■■ The Beaa>
tifiil Melusina," ("Die schiSne Melusine,") beaidei a
great number of cantatas and instrumental piece*. Hia
"Songs without Words" are particularly admired. Asa
uuiictan and composer, he is esteemed second odIt to

1 American

d composer,
Handel and Uourt

Men'denliall, (Thomas Corwin,)
educator, bom at Hanoverton, Ohio, in 11141. Me
was professor of physics in the Imperial University of
Japan 187S-81, president Rose Polytechnic Institute
1886-89, superintendent United States Coast and Geo-
detic Survey 1SS9-94, and became president of Ihe
Worcester Polytechnic Institute in 1894. In addition,
he served the government in several capacities.

Maadti, (Catullb,) a French poet, bom at Bor-
deaux in :S40. His lyrical drama " Le Roman d'une
Nuit" (i860) caused his imprisonment. Among his
best wotlta are " Hesperus," (1869, a fine poem with
a Swedenborgian tone,) and " Le Soleil de Minuit,"
• dramatic poem. In 1S66 he married JuDlTH Gau-
TIBB, (q.v.). He wrote several navels and ptays, (he
latter including "Le Capitaine Fracasse," {1870,) "Le
ChSliment," {1887,) and died February 8, 1909.

BCandM LmI, mfai'dCs 11-il', Qos* da BUva.) •
Portuguese poet, bom in Liabon, October ai, iSw. He
held positions in the public service, and in 1874 was sent
to France as minister plenipotentiary. His very^pular
" Poems" (1858) were followed by many plays and some
ramances. Died in 188&

Mende> Pinto. See Pinto.

HuttTADO,)

dered great 1

Seas (rf piratea and thus protecting the PortugueM

tablishmenli in the East Indies. Died about 1606,

MendoMi, de, dl mSn-do'thl, (AtrroHio Huktado,)
■ Spanish writer, bom about 1590, was appointed private
secretary to Philip IV. He wrote a nnmber of popular
dramas, also lyric poems and prose works. Died u 1644.

Sh "tvoMOt, " Hiitoty of Spuiik Utannn.**

MendOBa, da^ (Antonio SARunirTO,) a Spanish
writer, a native ofBnrgoe, lived about 1630. He trans-
lated Tasao's "Jerusalem Delivered" into Spanish.

Mendoia, de, (Don Bernardiko,) a Spanish hit*
toriaD and diplomatist, was employed t:^ Philip II. in

H UBNDOZA

aeveral missions to France and Enslano. He had a
prominent share, while in France, in the formation of the
Catholic Le^ue. He was the author of a " History of
the Netherlands from 1567 to 1577," and a treatise " On
the Theory and Practice of War."

Sm HoTLay, ■' Hiiiorj of Ae VrHnA K«li«lukdi,"nl- L dup
H.: CAnFniira,"HiuiiindeliRil'oRiHMlaIiiu(,"

Blendosa, de, (Diego Hurtado,) a celebrated Span-
ish writer, soldier, and diplomatist, bom at Granada In
1503, was a grandson of the Marqais de Santillana,
noticed below. He studied at Salamanca, and distin-
guished himself by bis attainments in the classics.
theolo^, and civil and canon law. He was
patronued by Charles V., who sent him in 153S 01. _
embatsy to Venice. While in this post, he devoted him-
self to the collection of Greek and Latin manuscripts, of
which he acquired a great nnmber, comprising works of
Saint Basil, Gregory Nazianien, and Archimedes. Thn
were subsequently ceded to the Ubraty of the EscnriaL
He was soon after appointed by the emperor ambatsadot
at Rome and govemor of Sienna. Having returned la
Spain in t;c4, he incurred the disf^casure of Philip IL,
who banished him from court. He devoted himself
IhenceCorth to literary pursuits, and published in 1610
his " History of the Wars against the Moors," (" Guerra
de Granada contra los Moriscoi.") This work, which
has taken its place among Spanish classics, is charac-
terized by great accuracy and imliartiality, and is esteemed
the best imitation of the Latin historians in modem lite-
rature. He was also the author of a number of poems,
and the celebrated comic romance of "Laxanllo de
Tormes," (1554,) in which he originated the so-called
Picaresqae school of fiction, afterwards followed by Le
Sage in his "Gil Bias." " Hendoia," says Prescott, "by
the brilliant success which he achieved at a statesman,
a diptomatiat, a novelist, a poet, and a historian, baa
established a reputation for versalilitv of Renins tecond
to noTte in the literature of Spain." Died in 1575.

S« TlcEHOi, " Hiiury of Spuniih Lilcntnn ;" ~
"HiMsin da lUpabliqua lallcnncii" Piascim "
Philip II. f* LoHCFaLLOw, " Poflta and Povtrr ol
AnTtmio, "BibliothKa Hiiiiana Man;" BouTaa*M>, nman
d> la Lillinlura Bq;*ciiDl(:" "NountUe Blocnphi* G^Dinla;"
NotiMof "Laarillo daTonDea" b tba "RnmpeciiTa Ranew,"
nt.iL,iln

Mondoan, da^ (Iftioo Lofez.) See Mokdkiar, Hak-
Mendosa, de, (IRIGO Lopk,] Marquis de Santillana,

one of the most brilliant writers of the court of John II
He is said to have introduced the sonnet Into Spanish
poetry. Amoi^ his best works U an " Elegy on tha
Marqub de Villena." Mendoia was alto a disiinguitbed
soldier, and was created a marquis at a reward for Ua
services at the battle of Olmedo, (1445.) Died tn 1458.

S« Ticuoa, " Hiiuify of SptnUi Utontnra ;" Boumwne,
" Gochidila dsr SpiuKba Pomk nd Bcnduarnksli ;" LoHsnir
un>, "PesuandPoMiTef Europ*-"

MandOBB, da, (Juan Gon£AI.iz,) a Spanish mtttloo-
ary, l>om at Toledo about 1 540. He nsited China in
t;Bo, and subsequently South America and Mexico.
He died as Bishop of Popayan in New Granada, (1617.)
He was the author of a "History of the Great Kingdom
of China," [15S6,) which enjoys a high reputation and
has been translated into French.

BCendosa, de, (Don Prdro,] a wealthy SiMnlanj^
bom at Cadli about 1487. He offered his iervic«t, in
1519, to Ihe emperor Charles V,, to complete, at bis ow»
expense, the exploration of the rivers La Plata and Para-
guay. Having been created by the emperor militarr
chief of the country adjacent lo those rivers, he set sisU
in 1534, and founded the dty of Buenos Ayres in 153^
He died soon after, white st sea on his return to Spain.

MendOBB, de, [Pedro Gonulez,) a Spanish prelate
sndstatesman, called thr Grand Cardinal, bora ht
1438. He enjoyed the £ivour of John IL and Heni^
Iv., and waa created successively Bishop of Sigueni^
Chsncellor of Castile and Leon, and cardinal, (t473.>
Under Ferdinand and Isabella he became Archbishop
of Toledo^ He also dltiinguished himself in the Hoorwa
*ar, in which he held a command. He founded the

i, j, 1, 5, fi, J. ItHg; &, i, Ah tame, lets prolongedj t, i, I, fi, C, '},tMor1; f , f, i, 9, etrntrt; Ox, Jill, HX; oAt; n6l; gSSdi mA

r.,i,ed=iGoOl^lc

B^Tiificent College o( SidU Ct<u at VKlladoUd, and
bMpiul at Toledo. Died in 1495.

KendoBB, do, (Putio di Sai.azar,) a Spanlsli Ub-
iMical writer, bom at Toledo about lS5c^ pnbliahed ~
" Chronicle irf the Home of Ponce de Leon,'' (i6m.)ui
a "Chronicle of tlie Giand Cardinal of Spain, Pedi
Gonialei de Hendoza," (1635.) Died in 1639.

Mo-neo'ra-tSI, [Gr. IbvocpfaiK,] a phjndan wl:
made faimadt^ridicolout bycalUeg himMlf lupiter. H_
vanitj was rebuked bj Philip of Haceaon, who in-

Tlled him to a banqnet and offered him onl; '

and libation a.

Uan-A-de'miia, [Or. UtvUt/aci Tt. HtNlDbn,
m&'ni'dini',] a Greek philoiopher, born at Eretria in die
fourth centncy B.C. He wax the founder of thcachool of
Eretria, and was a disciple of Plato and Stilpo. Died
about 177 B.c

>WnAlw. See Mbnuj^ds.

Mon-v-lS'iu, [Gr. fitvBiaof, Un>£Uur, or UtvOaf ; Fr.
HAnAi.a^ m^ninli',] a Gredan hero and king of Sparta,
wax a son of Aireua. lie and bis brother A^memnon
were called Atridie. He maiiied the beantifiil Helen,
who preferred him to all of her numeroos auitort, bat
afterwards eloped with Paris. At the liege of Ttof,
which was the consequence of the abduction of Helen,
Menelaus behaved with great spirit and courage, and
fought a single combat with Pans, whom he was about
to vanquish, when Venus interposed and rescued him.
He was one of the daring band that entered Tro; in
the wooden horse. On the capture of Troy he recov*
ered Helen, was reconciled to ner, and, after a devious
voyage of several years, retnmed to Sparta. A temple
was erected in bis hononr at Therapne.

Maoalnm, a celebrated mathematician and astrono-
mer of Alexandria, resided in Rome under the reign ol
Trajan. His only extant work >* a treatise on aplierical
geometry, which was translated into Latin.

Men'elik II., King of Abyssinia, was bom in
lS43> Md EBCceeded to (be crown in 18S9, on the
death of John II. In the same year be concluded a
treaty which placed his kingdom under an Italian pro-
tectorate. Disputes concerning the leit of the treaty
arising, hoslililies broke out, which ended in the com-
plete defeat of the Italians and the freeing of the
kingdom from foreign influence. Menelik retired in
1910. Lidj Jeassu succeeded. Died Febniaiy 3,
1913-

He-iM'iiI-iu A-crtp'pf, snmamed Lana'iv^ a
Roman patridan and senator, was chosen conaul in
(03 t.C He obtained a aignal victory over the Sa-
fuSet, ka which a trinmph was decreed him. Throngb
his mediation the contest between the patriciana and
tlie plebeians was appeased in 49}. On this occasion
he related the fiible of the belly and the members to
the plebeiana.

Ma-UBp'th«b H, a king of Egypt, of the nineteenth
dynasty, was the son and successor of Rameses IL He
gained a great victory over the Greeks and Libyans, prob-
■blv in what is now called Bates, and reigned thirty years
wkli great dignity. His son, Henepthah III., is said to
bavelieeo at fit« a Ticerovnf Ethiopia under the usurp.
ing Sipthab, or paendo-Henepthah, whom be deposed
Alter this be reigned for many years at Thebes. He was
the last king of hi* djmaaty.

Uo'nH |Gr. Hfv^r. or 1I«M[] was the first king ot
^ypt, accoi^g to the traditions of that country. He
Issaid to have fbonded Memphis, and to have introduced
the worship ctf the god*. He lived probably zooo B.C,

li'sts, (Aluxo,) a For-
— „-.*e prelate^ bom at Liaboo in 1559, became Arch-
bishop of Goo, and m 1607 mcceeded Alphonso de
Castro as Viceroy of the Indies. He was appointed
bv Philip IIL of Spun Viceroy of Portugal in 1614.
Died in 1617.

Kananea Oaorlo, mt-id'sis O4o're-o, (PuNCiaco,)
a Spanish painter, bom at Seville in 1630, was one at
the most disUngoished pamls of Unrillo. Among his
master-pieces sre "Saint Philip de Neri adoring the
Virgin,'' and " Saint Catherine.^ Died hi 1705.

monarch. He commanded the Athenian* b the TrtJH

MaaMttMoa, [Hn-raM^] an able Adtenian geneni,
was a aon of Iphicratea. He was appointed commander
in the Sodal war, 356 B-c; He alao commanded a naval

learned French ecdeuaatic and antiquary, bom at Lyons

!«, 1^ m(h-nta'tKg^', (Claddi,) a

French antiquary, whose principal work is endUed
"Statne of the Symbolical Ephesian Diana Explained."
Died in 1639.

Meneatrlw, Le, Qsah Baptittb,) a French anti-
quarv, born at Dijon in 1564, was the author of a work
entitled " Medals, Coins, and Antiaue Monuments of the

BAKON,aFrenciihistoriaii,bominPari*ini77S. During
the empire he served Napoleon a* aecretarv, (t^^airt
^ftrUfadUt.) He wrote "NapoMon et Hane Louise^

niSsa

Souvenirs historiques," (3 vols., 1843-^45.) Died in

Haneaaa. See Mbnesu.
See Ericbika.
joU, mln'go-lee, (Piktko,) sn Italian gi
bom at Bologna in 1635 ; died in i6S6k

Man^ mCngs, (Anton Rafabl,) a celebrated Ger-
man painter, bom at Aussig, in Bohemia, in 171S. He
was instructed by his ^tber, with whom he resided several
years at Rome. On hi* return to Germany be was ap-
pointed court punter at Dresden, in 1744. While on a
second visit to Rome, he painted a " Holy Family," which
won for him a high reputation. The Madonna in this

_■ ^i ...... .f . i. . ..!.■ , --jjjn(,eir|j„]iom

Catholic
1754 director of the Acad-
emy of Palndng at Rome, and m 17^7 he executed hi*
celebrated fresco of "Apollo and the Muses" in the villa
of Cardinal Albani. On the inritalion of Charles IIL
of Spain, he repaired to Madrid, where he was appointed
first painter to the king, with a large salary. Here he
produced several of hi* master-pieces, amoi^ which we
may name hi* "Temple of Glory" and "Triumph of
Trajan" in the royal palace. He died at Rome in 1^79.
Mengs is ranked among the best painters of hi* time,
his works being disdngnished by great accuracy of de-
sign and neatness of execution, but they are censured
by critics as deficient in warmth and animation.

S« GuiBAi, "E!d« hiiianqut d> Uehei," itSi; I. I. Ma-
tiKm. "AbecediiHo;^ BiAHCnin, "Elegio uorico & IL itann"
i;9a; If Acui, "AUicnidiia KUutlcr-Lndbn."

Meng-Taa or Meng-^aiL See Mbncius.

UdnU-Onrand, de, dfh mi'nil' dii'rSN', (FKANgoif
Jban dx Gntlndorga d'OrgevlIla — galN'doRih'
doKzh'v^l',) Baron, a French officer, bom at Lisiena
in 1739, published a number of works on military tactics.
Died in 1799.

Menioskl, mfh-nlN'ske', (Francois dbMksgkien,)
a French Orientalist, whose original name was MsNiH,
born in Lorraine in 1&13, Having accompanied the
Polish ambassador to Constantinople, he became inter-

eeter to the embassy, and subsequently amtiassador,
e wa* appointed in 1671 first interpreter of Oriental
languages at the court of Vienna. His principal work
is a " Dictionary of Oriental Languages,'' ("Thesaurus
linguamm Orient alium," 3 vols., 16S0,) which is highly
esteemed. Died in 169S.

S» "NoaTtOa Biopnidue Gjalnla."

BUnlppe. See Hxnipfu*.

He-nip^pna, fGr. Xhmmt; Fr. MtNtpn, mJi'ntp',)

Cynic philosopher and poet, was a native of Phcenida,

id lived probably about 60 B.C Having amai

large fortune by usury, he destroyed hinuelf ii

i; 8 iartl; j; as/; o, h, x,giithtral; N, natal; k, trilUd; i aa*,- *h a* in Urn. (I^See Explanations, p. a\Ji.

Digitized ay CjOOQ I C

MENIFPUS 17

•eqcence of havine been robbed of Ub treuurcs. He
was the author of nnmetoa* aatirea. none of which are
txtant. Vano ii aaid to hare imitated the atfle of Henip-
poB. He is ako mentioned b; Lodan id hia * Dialognea."

S» Vabiki, "Sitln HanlMMSi" J. F. L«. "IMmmtiii d>
nn 3a<pti«i(W Mnipia Qrnici," iSo

MoD^jpiw, a Creek nographer (uder Uie reign of
ADgoanis, wat a native 01 Fergamna, in Asia Minor,

S« "Ifminn dw Oncnpli mm Potamon," we., iSti. br
GaoTBmfD uii Uluchk

Man^ipua or Stkatonicb, an eminent Greelc rheto-
rician, renowned throDghont Alia for his eloqnencft He
b IurMj eocmnended ^ Cicero In hit "Brutus."

-— o»in-nin'd?r, (Cau. Fbedeik,) a

_ , (fiDOUAKD,) a PiCRch Ititl-

fttttur, born at Nante* in \79\- He produced ode^
dramas, and " Le PIntarque Francais," a collection o*
lives of eminent Frenchmen, (8 vols.) Died in 1845.

■ffamiM, menz, (Sir John,) an English poet and
iDvalist, bom in Kent in tjQl ; died in 1671.

ManDO, nwn'no, (Ft. Mbnnon, mi'n6N',] [SiHOHi\)
the rounder of the sect of Mennonites, was bom in Frie»-
land in 1406. His doctrine* resembled in some poinia
those of the Anabaptists, but were free from the abcnrd-
hies and eiceues of the laller. The Mennonite* were
Included in the pio«criptive edicts of tlie emperor Charles
V, in 1540, and a price vai act on the head of their
founder. Menno died in 1561. His followers aettled in
England, Holland, and North America, and are every*
wncre bvonrably Icnown for their virtnea and bidoitrj.

S« HDllo, "OnArii Umtxt."

MsnaoiL See If bnno.

MmiooUo, mi-no^e-o, [Lat Huto'cinns,] (Gn>>
TAHNI Stefano,) a learned Italian Jetoit and theolc^ian,
bom at Pavla In 1576. He became rectorof the colleges
of Ilia order al Rome and Miidena. His principal work
to a commentary on the Scriptures, entitled " Brevii Ez-

Ksitio Scnius litcralia totins ScriptuT«," (> vols., 1630.)
ed in 16(5.

MenooUo, (jACoro,) an Italian jurist, father of the
preceding, was bomat^vla in itia. He was appointed
a president of the Conndl of Milan b; Philip IL of
Spain. He wrote leveral valuable legal treatises, in
Latin. Died io 1607.
Hanoohlna. See HKNOCHia

Actor, and lather of Pitri
Bautic expedition.

MB'non, [Gr. Utvun,] a Thessalian general, who
served in the Lamian war against the Macedonians. He
and Antiphilus were deieated by Antipater at Cranon in
333 B.C. He was killed in battle in 331 B.C.

Hanoii do TnrblllT, d«, d«h mfh-nftit' dfh tila'-
Wye', (Louis Francois Henki,) Marquis, a French
asncultaral writer, bom near La Fliche in 1711, wrote a
'Treatise on Clearing Land." Died in 1776.

Menot^ mfh'n^', (Michel,) an eminent French Fran-
dscan preacher, born in 1440; died in 151S.

Uenon, do, dfh mfh-noo', Uacqi;ss FKAN901S,)
Baron, a French general, bom m Touraine in 175a,
He served In the republican army in the Vendcan cam-
paign of 1703, and in 179s commanded the National
Guard wliicb suppressed the insurrection in the Fau-
bourg Saint-Antoine. As general of division, he accom-
panied Napoleon to Egypt in 1798, and on the death of
Kl^ber was invested with the chief command. In 1801
he was besieged in Alexandria by Sir Ralph Abererom-
bie, to whom he was obliged to capitulate. After his
retnm to France, in 1S03, ne was appointed by Napo-
leon Govemor of Piedmont, and subsequently of Venice.
Died in iSia

" HiMiif7 of (fas Couabte ud of th* Brnpirt^* D*
DIollcniiak* dM Gfoiim rnncaiii" '^NoukO*

)6 MENU

BIBaf ohl-kof', written also Mentsoblkow, Uant
■oblkoi; and M«tiolilko( (Ai:.EXAKliBa Danulo-
VTTCH,) Prince, a celebrated Russian staleeman and
general, bom at Moscow about 1670, was the son of a
pattiy-cook. His talents procured for him at an early
age the notice and favour of Peter the Great, and, having
served with great distinction in several campaigns against
the Swedes, he was created a field-marshal after the battle
of PulCava, [1709.) He was also made a prince of tbn
empire, and governor -general of Saint Petersburg, and
obuined from the King of Prussia the decoration of the
Black Eagle. On the death of Peter (1735) Uentchikof
caused the empress-dowager to be proclaimed emj^eaa,
under the title of Catherine L, and appointed a coundl
of reeency for the son of Alexis, afterwards Peter IL
The utter, becoming weary of the insolence of Mentdii-
kof, caused him to be arrested for his abuse irf power,
and exiled to Siberia, where he died in two years, (1719.)

Sm M. RAHrr. " Lcbu du bcriUicntBi FflrMen HnlKhilcow,''
1774: " Lebvi undTodt da FOralen UcniiluA" 1730; VoLTAia^
■'Hulan de Runie xnu Piecn le Ciud;" "Anccduls wKrUm
U 1» CouT du Cur," 1780.

Hantohikot (Alexander Serguvitch,) a Rus^'an

admiral, great-grandson of the preceding, bom in 1789.
Soon after the accession of the emperor Nicholas, hig
was sent as ambaasador-extraordinary to Persia. He
was appointed Govemor-General of Finland in 1831,
and was subsequently created an admiral and minister
of the marine. In the Crimean war he was cliarged with
the defence of Sevastopol, and was defeated at the Alma
by the allies in September, 1854. Died in May, iS6»

See DasGsirn. "Ponnlu do Homnie* da la Gwm ^
lYhMDl;" '■Kouinlle Buigni^ia Giatttit."

Mantel, m&N'ttl', (Jacques,) a French physician,
bom at ChAteau-Thieni in 1597, wrote a Latin work in
which he claims the invention of printing for John Hen-
tel of Strasburg. Died in 1671.

Hental, mln'tfl, or Mentelln, mCn'ifh-leen', (Jo>
HANH,) the first printer of Straaburg, bom at Schelesladt
aboDt 1410, is said to have been instrticted in his art by
GntenberK. He printed in 1473 the "Specula" of Vin-
cent de BeauvaJs, (10 vols. foL) Mentel was ennobled
by the emperor Frederick HI. Died in 1478.

Sh LAK«Da, "IMbuU dc I'lmprimerie k StmboiiK" tUfn
Jacqubs MiKTaL, " Dfl fen Typographic Ongiue," 16^

Mentellflh m&N'tSI', (Edue,) bom !n Paris in lyjc^
was the author of a "Selection of Geographical and
Historical Lectures," (6 vols., 1781,) and other similar
works. He was a member of the French Institute.
Died in 1S15.

Seg QvtoAUD, "La Ftuce Uiiinire;" Salu-Dvck. "Notiea
nr li Vie de HenleUe," iSjf'

wise and fdthfiil friend ol

..j_..,__ „ OjOnhis departure to tba

Jege of Troy, intrusted to him the care of his home.
Minerva is said to have assumed the form of Mentor,
and to have accompanied Telemachus in his travels^
{See "Odyssey," booka il., iii., and iv.) Minerva, a*
Mentor, performs a conspicuous part in F^nelon's cele-
brated romance of " T^lAnaque,"

Mentor, a Greek artist 01 the time of Pericles, waa
celebrated for his exquisite chased work in gold and
silver. His productions are eulogised in the highest
terms by Pliny, Cicero, and Martial, and Crassua is saiid
to have paid 100,000 sesterces for one of his goblets.

Mantor, a Greek general, and a brother of Memnon.
He entered the service of the Persian king Artaxerses
OchuB about 350 B.C., and led a successful expeditioB
against the Egyptians. By treachery he obtained pos-
session of Hermias, (a fnend of Aristotle,) whcmt be
delivered to King Artaierxes.

Mantti, in the ancient mytholo^ of the Egyptians,
the god of the rising sun, corresponding with Atmu, (q. v.)
Like Atmu, Mentn is simply a phase, or form, of Ra, the
sun-god.

Mantael, mEnt'sfl, (Christian,) a German natnralisi
and philologist, bom at Furstenwald in 1633. He pub-
lishnl "Kurie Chincsischen Cbrontriogie," ("ChiDese
Chronology Ai)ridged," 1696,) and several botanical
wtn-ks. Died in 17QI.

Menu. See Manu.

Mann da Chomoroean, mfb-nH' dfh sho'moK'ai)',

ConoiuA "DIoik
Btdcnplu* Otofnta.'

i, e, I, fit S, ;, long; L t, A, same, less prolonged; I, <l, I, S, ii, ]F, ikcrt; », «, i, q, oittun; fir, fflll, at; mCt; nAt; gdfid; nMSgcij

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

MENZEL 17

(Jean Etienhb,) a French liuhataa; bom in 17*4,
wrote a heroic poem entitled " Renaud," m iailbitioii of
Tuso. Died in iSox.

lleiiz«l, mlnt'scl, (Adolfh.) a German piinter, bom
>t Breslau in 1815. Among hi» principal works may be
■amed "Frederick the Great at Sans-Souci." D. 1905.
Mensol, (Friedrich Wiluelm,) a German, bom
about 17*6, was priTate secretary at the coart of Saxony.
Having revealed Co the Russian amhassadoc the secret
eoriMpondence between Russia, Saxony, and Austria,
he was imprisoned al Konigstcin, where be died, after a
captivity of thirty-three years, in 1796.

Uenzel, (Kail Adolpm.) a German historian, bom
■I Griinberg in 1784, was the author of a " History of
Germany till the Reformation," (rSiS,) and a "Modern
Hiitoiy of German; from the Reformation to ihe Act
of Confederation,'' (14 vols., 1848,) both of which are
oiehly esteemed. Died in 1855.

M«nz«l, ( Wolfgang,) a German critic and litUnUnir,
00m at Waidenborg, in Silesia, in 179S. He became a
retidenl of Stuttgart about 1835, and edited the " Litera-
totblatt" for many years. Among his numerooi works
are histories of Germany, Europe, etc., an historical
romance called "Furore," "German Literature,"
" History of Nature in a Christian Point of View,"
etc. Died in 1873.

MetudM. ming^z, (Archibald,) a Scottish botanist,
botn in Perthshire about 1754. He served as assisianl
surgeon in Ihe navy. Died m 1842. i

Men»ini, min-iee'nee, (BeNEtmro,) an Italian poet,
l»m al Florence in 1G4G. He visited Rome in 1685,
and obtained the patrona!ge of Christina of Sweden, then
residing in that city. His poems are chieflj sonnets,
hymns, and satires, which have a high reputation. His
"Arte Poedca" especially ranks among the classics of
the language. Died in 1704.
MeiuoochL See Minzocchl '

Mteat,mi'ri',(FKAN90is Victor,) a French medical'
writer and botanist, bom in Paris in 1780; died in 1851.1
Meroadante, m!R-ka-dIn'tJ^ (Savirio,) an Italian
composer, bom at Altamura in 1798, produced a mim-l
ber of popular operas, among which we may name I
" Elisa « Claudio," " Mdone," and "The Two Illustrious
Rivals. " He was appointed in 1839 director of the Con- 1
lervatory of Mu»c at Naples. Died in 1870. '

MaroaU, mlR-kS'tee, or Mercado, mla-kl'do, (Ml-'
CHILE,) an Italian naturalist, born in Tuscany in 1541,
became physician to Pope Clement VIII. He formed a
valuable collection of minerals, which was placed in the
Museum of the Vatican, and of which he wrote a de-
scription entitled " Metallotheca," etc, (1717.) Died in
"593-

S« Nialin»i. "MJirwFo;" Hacilu, "Vio & Hercall," pn-
£iq| ta hit ■' MEUllDifaea."

Maroator. See Isidore Herc:ator.

Hfi-oS'tfir, [Dotcb pron. otR-ki'tor,] (Gerard,) ■
celebrated nogivher and mathematician, Iwm at Rnpel-
monde,in East Flanders, in 1511, was originally named
KAUmiAitN, ("Merchant," Lat. Mfrtattr.) Through
Ae influence <ri Cardinal GranTelle, he was introduced
to the notice of Ihe emperor Charles V., to whom he pre-
sented two globes, saperior to anything of the kind thai
had tben apiwued. He is chiefly known from the method
of geoKr^tucal projection called bjt his name. He |>ab-
liahed in 1569 the first hydrographic map of that land.
He was the author of a Latin treatise " On the Use of
the Astronomical Ring," and other works. He also
•lecated nnmerons maps and charts. Died in 1594.

Saa Adam, "Vits PtailoBphonm."

Maroator, roCR-U'lor, (Nicholas,) a Danish mathe-
matician, whose original name was Kauffuann, bom in
Holstein at>oat 163a He was the inventor of a new
Bethod of constructing l<warithnis, which he described
in a work entitled " Logaritlimotechnia," I166S.) Having
*bit«d En^and abonl 1660, he was elected a Fellow of
the Royal Society. Died in 1687.

MM-'oer. (Hbnrv Chapman,) an American archse-
ologist, bom at Doyicstown, Pennsylvania, in 1S56.
He became curator of archteology at the University
of Pennsylvania, and made a special study of the re-

mains of man and extinct animals in caves- He pub-
lished " Hill-Caves of Yucatan."

Mer'o^r, (Huch,) a distinguished ^neral in the
American Revolutionary war, was a native of Scotland.
He fought asainst the French and Indians, and served
jnder Braddock m the campaien of 1755. He was
severely wounded at Fort Du Qnesne, alter which he
travelled on foot to Fort Cumberland, a distance of
more than one hundred miles. He afterwards took part
" the engagements of Trenton and Princeton, and w

""""" 1 . - .1 . .^pj Dlace. lan'iarv. l«,. ..

Hill, Philadelphia

Mercer, (John,]
served in the war of the Revolution, and w
of Ihe convention which framed the United Sutes Con-
■titutioD. He was elected Governor of Maryland in
1801. DiediQiSai.

BlaroBnu. See Mircibr, (Jean.)

Meroey, de, dfh mEK'st' or mlR'si", [YKtuisM.
Boi;kORols,) a French UtUratrvr artd landscape-painter,
bom in Pans in 1 808. He wrote works on art, and was
placed at the head of the Direction des Beaux-Arts in
1853. Died September 5, 1S60.

MeioU, (Makius Jean Antoinb,) a French sculp-
tor, bom at Toulouse in 1845. He won the Institute
priie of twenty thousand francs in 1887, and was
elected to Ihe Academy of Fine Arts in 1891.

Meraler, (Auoustb,) a French general, bom at
Arras in 1833- He entered the army in 1854, look
part in the Franco- Prussian war, and rose to the rank
of general of division in 1SS9. He was minister of
war in the Dupuy cabinet 1893-95, and gained noto-
riety by his determination to convict Dreyfus, and by
his persistent belief in his guilt on his second trial.
He was made a grand ofticer of the Legion of Honour
in 1895.

bupplei

ing, and several bibliographical works. Died in -,^,-

Meroier or La Meroler, Ifh mER'se-t', [Lat Mbr-
ce'rus,] 0EAN,) a French Orientalist, born at Uiis,
succeeded Vatable as professor of Hebrew in the Royal
College in IJ4& He made a number of translations
from the Chaldee and Svtiac, and published commenta-
ries on various books of^the Scriptures. Died in ijTa

Meroler, (Josias,) Sieur dcs Bordea et de Gngny,
a French scholar, born al Uiis, was a son of the pre-
ceding. He was made a councillor of state by Henry
IV. He published "Annotations" on Tadtns and other
classics. Mercier was father-in-law of the celebrated
Salmasiua. Died in 1616.

Marder, (Louis SAbastien,) an eccentric French
writer, bom in Paris in 1740, became professor of rhet-
oric in Ihe College of Burdeauz. He was the author
of "The Year 2440," etc, (1770,) a caustic satire on
Parisian society, entitled " Picture of Paris," ("Tableau
de Paris," 1781,) and a number of dramas, romances,
and miscellaneous treatises. In bis "E^say on Ihe Dra*
malic Art" he denounces the dramas of Racine and
Comeille and proposes tliat his own should take their
place on the French stage. Among the most successfol
of his plays were "The Deserter," and "The Wheel-
barrow of the Vinegar-Dealer," (" La Brouette da
Vinaigrier.") Mercier was chosen in 1793 a deputy to
the National Convention, where he acted with Ihe
Girondists, voted for the imprisonment of Ihe king, aitd
was proscribed t^ the Jacobins. He was afterwards a
member of the Council of Five Hundred, and of the
Institute of France. Died in 1814.

Meiotar, (Philip,) a painter, of French extraction,
born at Berlin in 1689, resided principall;f in England,
where he was patroniied by Fredericlt, Pnnee of Wales.
His works are commended by Walpole. Died in 1760.

Uetoler de la RlTiire, mtn's^' d(h It re'Tg^lE',
a Frencb writer on political economy, bom about 173a
Ilis principal work is "The Natural and Essential
Order of Political Societies," (1767.) Died about 1794.

Merck, miKk, (Johann Hetnrick,) a German Ja>

«■*>; 9as/;BA«ry;|;as/,-o,H,S,jMnvn>^; v,na3al; K,trii/eJ; I aa *; Aaain liit. (^^*See £lxplanattoiia, p. 33.)

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

mi I 111 I. bom at Dumitadt in 1741, vw an faHiiiute
Hend of Goethe. He tmuUted Addkoo'a " Cato," and
other Engliih works, Mid contributed to I^Tater's
" Phjti(«noniy." He ^»o wrote for the "DeDtachen
Hetcnr, and othet Utenuy jonniala. He died, bj mi-
dde, in 1791.

Sh Adolh Stank. "I. H. UtrA: )ln DMbul," li^:
" FotofD Quitlrir Rcriew" far Jolf, ■!)&.

Msioklln, inlKk-leeii',(GBoaG Abkaram,) aGerman
pfayttcian and writer, born at Weitsenibarg in 1644;
died In 1701.

HerccBor, mCElcDk', (£usa,) a Fiench poetess, born
at Nantes in 1809, was patromied by Coiteanbriand,
Lamaitine, and other cdebnted writeia of the time.
Died in 1835.

UaiocBiiT, de, dfA mCi'kDR', (Fmupn Euhanukl
Oe TiHTTnInn rlrh lo'rin',) Due, a French CalhuUc
leader, bom in 1$$$, wai appointed Governor of Bre-
tagne in 1581. He revolted uainst Henry IIL in 158^
and afterwards defied the anthority of Henry IV, nnUl
IS9S, when he snbmitted, and receiTed a large sum of
iDCHiey bom tlu king. Died in ifios.

Sm Baiia< DB UotmuiKCHAMP. "ni <k P. E. d* Lann^"
>«•»; -HoimlkffiivaiiUaGfofaib."

Merour* or Haroni. See Hb>cukt.

Meroiul, mCK-koo'ree, (Paolo,) an Italian engraver,
bom at Rome, April ics 1S04. He worked with succch
in Paris from 1831 Co 1847. Died in 1884.

Bbronriale, oiEK-koo-re-Ill, or Meromltdl, mlK-
koo-re-llce, [Latin, Mcscuria'us,] (Gisolamo,) an
Italian physician, born at Fori! in lyc^ succeeded Fra-
cantiani as professor o( medicine at ndaa, {1^69.) On
the invitation of Maximilian IL, he Tinted Vienna, and
was made a chevalier and coant palatine by the emperor.
He edited the works of Hippocrates, and published,
among other works, a treatise "On the Gymnastic Art,"
(In Latin.) Died in 1606.

S«a TiRikKscKi, "Storli dtlli Lutsatm IliGaiia;" F. Bca»
■SB. " Diueititio it Via H. Mwmidi^" l7Ji.

MoronilaUa. See MxRCUBtAt.K

Ueronrlo. See Mercurv.

MercmiuB. See Mercury.

Mei'tm-rf, [Lat. MsRCu'tius ; Ft. MtSCVRB, mb'*
kliK'; Ii. MsRCURio, m!R-koo'r«-o ; Ger. Hercur,
mCR-kooa',] in the Roman mylhdlogy, a god of com-
merce and gain, tfrom the Latin rntrx, plural nurea,
"merchandise,") was regarded ai the messenger -'

later ages with the Greek Herme». and was said to be
a son of Jupiter and Maia. The poets feigned that it
was bis office to conduct the souls of the dead to the
infernal regions, — that he stole from Neptune his trident,
fi-om Venus her girdle, from Mars hi* sword, and (rom
Japiter his sceptre, — that he could assume whatever
shape he pleased, and render himself invisible. Havinc
Invented the lyre and given it to Apollo, he received
from that god a golden wand, called eadiKtvt. The
invention of the alphabet, of numbers, of astronomy, of
music, and other things, was ascribed to Mercury, who
was also interested in alliances and treaties. He was
represented with a winged cap (fttaiui) and winged
sandals, (talaria.) "" ' — ''

bearer,") Argeiphontes, (the "slayer of Aiftm,"] and
many other names.

Sh J. D. GuiamAITT, " CcmBmniliii ta 'Ef*ur ■«■ HiRniii
Mjtbglocis" i»M.

BleroT, mCR'ae*, (Ciaijik Florimomd,) a distin-
guished military commander, bom in Lorraine In 1666,
was a grandson of Franfcns, noticed below. Having
entered the Austrian service, he Ibughl against the
French in the principal campaigna fnnn 1701 to ti^
and attained the rank of field-marshal and general-in-
diief of the Imperial forces in Italy. He waa killed at
the battle of Parma, (1734.)

MttfOT, (FEANgoH,) a celebrated eeneral, bom in
Lorraine about 1595. He aerved with distinction in the
Anstrian army during the Thirty Years* war, and gained

« MERIAN

a dedded advantage over Tnrenne at Uariecthal, Ii
1645. He was mortally wounded in an action with the
Diuce of Enghicn, near Nordlingen, die same year.

tSxstvj d ArBaatean, de, dth mCR'ae' dlR'ihftN'tQ'
(Francois,) Coirn, was Anstrian ambassador fro«
tte court of Vienna to Faria In 1791. He advised the
flight of the royal fiunily. Died in 1794.

M«r'»-dltli, {GKOHGE,)anEngiishnovelisi,bomin
Hampshire about l8z8. Among his works are '* The
Ordeal of Richard Feverel," {1859,) *' Rhoda Flem-
'--" (1865,) "Beauchamp's Career," (1875,)
e Egoist," (1879,) "Diana of the Crossways,"

S1881,) "One of our Conquerors," (1891,) "Lord
rmont and his Aminla," (1894,) etc. He is often
involved and obscure in style, but manv critics regard
him as the foremost novelist of his penod. E^ed 1909.

Moredlth, (Lodisa A, iWlrTlnimlej,) an English
authoress, born at Birmingham in 1813. She married
Mr, C. Meredith in 1S39, and went to reside in Tas-
mapia, where he was a magistrate. Among her rather
numerous works are "Poems," (1835,) "The Romance
of Nature," (1839, poems, with original illustrations,)
" ' tumn Ramblea on the Wye," " Notes and Sketches
;w South Wale^" (1S44,) " Mv Home in Tasmania,"
(185X-53, an entertaining and well -written book,] "Over
the Straits," (1856,} "Loved and Lost," (iSlki, in verse,
with her own illustrations,) etc Mrs. Meredith's style
is remarkably correct and pleasing. Died in 189$.

Usredlth, (Owen.) See LTrrroK.

Ultr'V-dltii, (WiLLtAU Morris,) an eminent Amer-
ican lawyer, bom in Philadelphia, Tone S, I799,gradiialed
with distinction at the University of Pennsylvania in
181J. He commenced the practice of law about 183O-
From 1834 to iSsS he represented his native dty in die
Pennsylvania bouse of representatives, and from 1834
>□ 1849 was president of the select council of Phila-
delphia. In 1837 he was chosen a member of the Con-
vention for amending the Constitution of the State. On
the inauguration of President Taylor, in March, 1S49,
Mr. Meredith was appointed secretary of the treasuiv,
which position be hela till the death of the President, In
July, i8;a In 1861 he became attomej-general of the
State of Pennsylvania, and filled this office until 1867.

A* a lawyer, Mr. Meredith for many year* stood in
the foremost rank in bis native State, and was constantly
engaged in important cases both in the supreme court of
Pennsylvania and that of the United States. As an abla
and ready legal debater, he had few equals and scarcely
any superior in our country. Died August 17, 1873.

Merge nthaler. mer'gen-la-ler, (OTTUAit,) in-
ventor, was bora at WHrtemberg, Germany, in 1854,
He emigtated to the United States in boyhood, ioA
experimented for years on the invention of a type-
setting machine. In 1886 he completed the linotype
machine, now so widely used. Died October 28, 1S99.

Mfc'I-^in, (Eben,) an American meteorologist Ixhd
at Concord. Massachusetts, in 1794. He was a diligent
collector of statistics, and originated a theory of crcles
of atmospherical phenomena. Died at Brooklyn, New
York, in 1864.

BUtian, mt're'fiN', (Jban Bernard,) a Swiss AU*»
ttur, bom near Btle in 1713. He was the author of a
number of philosophical essays of great merit, and trans-
lated into French some of the "Essays" of Hmne,
Died in 1807.

MArlan, mi're-ln, (Maria Sibylla,) a celebrated
flower-painter and naturalist, bom at F^ankfort-on-tha
Main in 1647, was a pupil of Mignon. She was married
<n 1665 to John Andrew Graff, an artist, whnae iiaiDe,
however, she did not issomc. Having nude a scientific
tour ui South America in 169S, she published, after her
return, a magnificent irork " On the Metamorphoses of
Surinam Insecta," (1705, in Dutch and Latin ;) also a
treatise " On the Origin of Caterpillars, their Nourish-
ment and Changes." These works are illustrated by
dengns from nature and painted with exquisite skill and
accnracT, Sbe died in 1717, leaving two daughtera,
Jane Uarla Helena and Dorothea Maria Henrietta,
who were distingtiisbed in the same department of art

a.e.t,9kBiTi'''V>^^>^*a''>'<''**P''°'o'>B*''; i,i.l,6.i^F,'<t«*;a.f.j,9.<^n<nt;ar,lill,flLlimttin0t;pAd(ma

db, Google

lf*ri«ii. (IfATTHran.) in eminent Sw(h nignver,
die bther of the precxding, iru born at Bile in 1 593,
ud recided mt Fran1cfort-on-the Main. Hia print* are
*en nmneroiu, and are liiglilyeiteeined. Died in 1651.

BUilan, (Matthibd,) bom at BUe in 1631, was a ton
of the precedii^. He atudied under Sandnrt and Carlo
If aialta, and painted portraits of great excellence In the
•trie of Van Djck. Among his maiter-piecctia aneqnes-

. . . ., ..I French general,

bom at.Meti in 1717, Krred under Marshal Saze, and
va> killed in an enKUcmenl near Malines in 1T47.

M^rllhou, mi're^oi/, (Josbfh,) a French iawjer,
bom at Montignac in 1^88. He eained distinction as an
advocate in political trials. In 1830 he became minister

n^i83 .
made a peer. He published a " Historical Essav
life and Works olMirabean," (1837.) Died in I
MteUIe. mi'rir or ml-re'y«, {Edmond.) a Fr'ench

1S56.

r, born at Troyei in 1579 ; died
MAilinte, mi're'mi', (Jean F«ani;uis LAnori,]
French painter, born in 1705; died in Paris in 1S36.

1/tAtiini^ (rioSFEB,) a distinguished novetui and
Ustoriaik, a son of the preceding, was born in Pari* in
1803. He produced in 183J, as translations iiom the

».^__._i , J , nnder the title of -ThHtrede

in led inspectoC'
t novel of " Co-
.jroba" (1841) was verf successliil. He was elected a
member of the French Academy in 1844, and became a
•ettator in 1853. Among his numerous work* are "Tbe
Doable Uiatake," ("La donble M^priae,") a mcaal tal&
(t833>l "Notes of a Journey in the South of Fraace,"
(183J,) " Notes of a Journey in the West of France,"
(1836,) "Studies in Roman History," "The Couspiracj
of Catiline," etc, (3 toIs., 1S44,) a " History of Don
Pedro L, King of Castile," (iS^) "Lea hnx Diai-
trios i Episode de I'Hislolre de Rnssie," {1853,] and
"Hjlaneet historiques et litl^raireB," (1855.) He had
ceHent talent lor narratioiL Died in 187a

about 177a distiDgniahed himself In the principal
agdnst "■- " ■- ^ — -0-0— -=-- ■•

-itiniBja.
lIa-ri'5>-iiM,[&.ltqfMJvw; Fr. MitiOHK, ml're'an'^,1

. . . o iSii. HariDc

le of Don Carlos, he lufiered
a total defeat m 18^8, and fled to France Died in 1847.

a Cretan hero, a suitor of Helen, and a friend of Idoi
Bens, whom he served in the Trojan war.

lOr^Tale, (Chaklks,) an English divine, a son of
John Herman Merivale, bom in 1S08, graduated at Cam-
bridge in iSjo. and became dean of Ely tn 1869. He
wrote a " Hisioiy of the Romans under the Einplre,"
(7 vols,, l8jo-6z,) " Boyle Lecturea," (T864-65,) ■ Trans-
lalioa of Homer's Iliad, (1869,) "General Histoir of
Rome from the FoundatJon of the City to the Fall of
Angnstulns," {1875,) etc. I>ied in 1S93.

Mntnim, (Hkkhan,) an Engliah writer, a brother
of the preoedinE, was bora about 1805. He became
pTcAssoT of poUdcal economy at Oxford about 1837.
Among Us works are "Lectures on Colonization and
the Crfonies," (3 vah., 1841.) He completed the " Me-
noiiB of the Ufc of Sir Philip Francis," which had been
aNnmenced by Joseph Parkea. Died in 1S74.

Martwal*, {HnuAN Chaklu,) an EnglUh dramatist,
a son ot the preoedinc, was bom in London in 1839.
He was educated at Harrow, and at Balliol College,
Oxford. In 1864 he was called to the bar. Among his
pUvs are " Alone," " All for Her," "The White Pilgnm,"
and " Forge t-me-Not," He also wrote " A Laiy Jr"
Bcy," a sketch of travel Died January 15, 1906.

1 Id 1897 a "Letter on Ae Chancery Com-
* In 1S31 he was made a coaunisBioner of
, 7. He translated the minw poems of Schiller,
■nd Tartou* other work* from tbe Ocrman, Greek, and
■^" - '•-'--4.

DAViDk) an American soldier, bom

>9 MERODACH

in Virginia in i75S,servedin tbe war of the RevolaliaK
He was chosen to represent a district of Georgia ii
Congress 1S02-07. Died in tSaj.

Mar'lvretber, (Lbb,) an American author, bom
at Columbus, Mississippi, in t86i. He made a
walking trip through Europe to study the condition of
workingmen, publishing his observations in " A
Tramp Trip : How to see Enrope on Fifty Cents a
Day." He prepared a report for the United States
Bureau of Labour on the " Condition of European
Labour," and subsequently made similar studies of
labour in the United States.

BCsrle, mCal, (Jkan Toussaint,) a French dramatist,
bom at Monlpellier in 17S5, Among his most popular
works are " The Youth of Henry IVT" and "Tbe New-
Market Races." Died in 1853.

Merle, (Maithieu,) a French officer, bom at Viia,

tinguished by the hvonr of Henry IV. Died abovl

M«rla, TWi. See Miainji, (Paui.)

Merlo-d'AnblgnA See D'AubignI.

Merler. See HoasTiua, (Tacobus.)

Msrle7, mCRlf, fLovi^ a French engraver of
Bedals, bom at Saint-Etienne In 181S1 died m 1&S3.

Merliauz, aita1e-i;h ', ( Louis Parpatt,) a French
sculptor, born in Piiris in 1796L He was employed by
Cuvier in 1833 10 reproduce the forma of extinct animals
His master-piece is a statue of "Capaneus struck with
Thunder," (1837.) Died September 8, 1855.

BSAT'Un or Merdmn, mer'din, [LaL MERiyNDi
Ambko'sius,] b celebrated prophet and magician, is
supposed to have lived in Britain about 450 A.I1. Ha
is allnded to t^ Spenser b lus "Fserie Qoeene," and
Ibrma the an^ect of the metrical rontance M " Merlin."

Another Meslin, called " the Caledonian," is said to
have lived in the latter part of the aiith century. He ia
fteonently mentioned in the works of Sir Walter Scott;
and his gnve, near the Tweei^ la still pointed out. The
" Prophecies" of Merlin have been attributed to both
writers of the name.

Bbrlln, mia'l&M', (Antoinb Fkamcoii Euctint,)
Count, a French general, son of Merlin de Douai, was
born at Douu in 1T7S. Having accompanied Bonaparte
to Egypt as his aide-de-camp in 1798. he was present at
the battle of Aboukir. He afterwards served with dis-

about I J35< had much influence in the Church. He pub-
lished several religions works. Died in 1603.

Uarlln Oe Doonl, mlRliN' d;h doo'K {Philippb
Antoini,] Count, a French statesman and jurist, bora
at Arleux in 1754. Elected to the Constituent Assembly
tn 1789, he at nrst Eivoured moderate measures, but antv
seqnenilj identified himself with the republican party,
and, as a member of the National Convention in 179a,
voted for tbe death of the king. In 1793 he presented
to tbe Convention the in&mous decree calleo tbe law
of the suspected, (lU Jti ttapeett.) He was appointed
minister ot justice in 179;, and was sabseqiiently created
by Napoleon a councillor of state, count of the empire^
and grand officer of the le^on of honour. He was chosen
member of the French Iiutitate soon after its Ibonda-
on. He died in 1838. leaving several legal treatises.

Seg MATHnu. "£|d« hilUiriqne da Cmnti UiHid," itia:
C.PADUiin."U«liii,"^iSM: - NounUt Bucimphit Otefnii.^

Mnrlln de TblonvUle, mCRllN' dfb te'Aii'vtl',
INTOINE Ckrutofhe,) bom at Thionville in 1763, waa
brother of Christopbe Antoine, noticed above. He
as elected in 1793 to the National Convention, where
he supported for a time the measure* of the Jacobins,
whom he afterwards opposed. He was a member of the

several campaign* in Italy and Sfniin. Died in 1837.

Msrodaoh-Boladan, me-ro'dak bil>-dan, the He-
bnw form of the name of ICamdak-^dl-Iddlii^ a

ij,fA«nf;ia*/;a,H,K,f«itfimi/;M.«iOT;,B.iwa«;,iaBs,»hasinJi(«. (|y-S«e Explanations, p. ai)

MERODE 1

Ung of Ihe Cha]d«>nt. He i> edled MAkDOKiH'
FADns bj Ptolem)|. In ^ii b.c. be conqDered Babylon
He Knt to Hezekiah, King of Judali, proposing an al
lUncc in 711. In 710 he was dethroneilbySargon. He
•gain became king, bat wai eipelled from B^lon by
Sennacherib, who in 700 B.C. drove him also out of
CbaldKa proper, (lying south of Bat^Ionia.) He died
soon after. There was a king of Babylon of this name
who about 815 B.C. was haroUed by Samii-Vul IV.,
King of Assyria, who compelled him to cede much tern-

Herode, mi'ro-dfh or mt'rod', (Charles Ghcslaih,)
a Belgian diplomatist, bom st Brussels in 1763. Having
been made a senator by Napoleon in 1S09, he detendeo
the cause of Pope Hns VIL Died in 1S30.

Horode^ (Jean Phiupph EuGiNE,) Rhrquis of V
terloo, born at Brussels in 1674, entered the Ausli
Mrrice, And was created a field-marshal and count of
the empire. He died in 1712, leaving a volume of " Me-
moin,'' reprinted at Mons in 1840.

classic my&ology, was a daughter of Atlas, and one of the
Pleiades. She was mamed to Sisyphus. It was labled
that she appears less luminous than the other Pleiads,
because she was ashamed of her marriage with a mortal.

MeTonan. See MerwXn.

lUrovde, mi'ro'vi', [LaL Mbrova'us; Ger. Muo-
viG, mS'To-vic,] the son of Clodion, bom about 411, is
supposed to have been the third king of France, and was
the founder of the Merovingian dynasty. In conjunc-
tion with the Roman general Aeti us, be defeated Attila,
King of lb* Hun*, in 451 A.a Died in 457 or 458.

MArovAe or Mer'o-'vlK a son of Chilpcric I., King
of Neustria. He married in 576 A. D. Brunehaut, Queen
of Anstrasia, who was his aunt. By this act he lost Che
bvouT of his &ther. He was persecuted by Queen
Frcdegunda, his step-mother, who employed assassins
to lull him. After he had fled for refi^ to various
dties, be was killed in 577 a.ix

Mer'ret, (Christofhbk,) an English physician and
naturalist, born in Gloucestershire in 1614, was a Fellow '
of the Royal Society and of the College of Physicians.
He published an "Account of the Animal, Vegetable,
and Mineral Productions of Great Britun," and several
medical treatises. Died in 1695.

Mei^iiam. (Clinton Hart,) an American biolo-
gist, bom at New York in 1855. He entered the
government service in 1872, and was made chief of the
Biological Survey in 1885. He wrote many works
and papers on biological subjects.

Meniam, ( Hbnrv C.,) an American general, bom
in Maine in 1837- He served through the civil wit,
was promoted colonel in 1S85, brigadier- general in
1S97, and major-general in May, 1S98.

Mer'ilok, (Jauis,) an excellent English divine and
uoet, born in 1734 published, at the age of fourteen
"The Messiah, a Divine Essay." In 1739 be translated
the poem of Tryphiodoma on the " Capture of Troy.' |
He became a Fellow of Trinity College, Oxford, in 1744- '
He also wrote a " Dissertation on Proverbs," and a
translation of the Psalm* into English verse, regarded as
one of the best in the language. Died in 1769. I

Mor'iill, (Stephbn m!,) D.D., a Methodist bishop, I
bom al Mount Pleasant, Ohio, September 16, 1835. He
became a preacher in 1845, and in 187s was chosen a
bishop of Uie Methodist Episcopal Church. Died ipoS-

10 MERY

regular service, was superintendent of West Point
18S2-87, afterwards commander of the department of
the Atlantic, and in 1898 military governor of the
Philippines, He was retired 00 age limit in June,
1900. Died December 3, 1910.

Mer'rjF, (Robbbt,) an EnglMt poet and dramatist,
uorn in London in 17SS, was the author of "Lorenzo," a
tragedy, and a drama entitled "Ambitious Vengeance."
Died at Battimoie, in the United States, in 1798. Merry
was the founder of Che short-lived " Delia Crusca School"
of English literature.

Mersoh, 7an der, vtn dfr mlnsh, (Jean AndrK,)
a Belgian general, bom at Menin in 1734, headed the
revolt of Eis countrymen against the Austrian emperor
Joseph II. in 1^89. Having been deprived of bis com-
mand and Imprisoned through the intrigues (rf his rivab,
he was released when Ihe Austrians regained their power
in Belgium. Died in 1792.

Mersetma, mta'sCn', jLat MERSKN'Nirs,] (Makin,)
a learned French philosopher, mathematician, and theo
togian, bom in Maine in 15S8. He studied at Che Col-
lege de la Fliche, where he Ibtmed an intimate ind
lasting friendship with Descartes, He lubsequently
entered the religious order of Minims. Among his moat
important works are a commentary on Genesis, entitlect

?ux5tionei celebernmx in Genesim," (1613,) and a
realise on Universal Harmony," (1617.] Died in 164&

Mortol, miR'lel', (Thbodolfho,) an Italian cardinal,
bom aC Allumiere, February 9, 1806, was created a car-
dinal-deacon in 1858. He became head of the secre-
tariate of apostolic btieb and the grand chancellery of
orders, and was a palatine -cardinal under Leo XIIL

Mftra. mi'rd6, or Menu, mi'r<t6s, [Gr. Hqpi[,l a
l>ord of doubtful etymology, forming, in the Hindoo
mythology, the name of a celebrated mountain, said to
be situated in the centre of the seven continents. Its
height is supposed Co be 84,000 yojanas,' of which 16,00a
are below the sur^ce of Ihe earth. The sacred rivet
Ganges (Ganga) falls from heaven on its sumroll, and
flows to Ihe surrounding worlds in four streams, ol
which the soutbemmosi is the Ganges of India. Bralmuv
:attended by Kishis (sages) and celestial minstnla, !■
supposed to reside on Mount Ml rn, on one of Che htgheat
summits of which, Kailisa, dwells also Siva, with h[B
consort, Pitvatl

MeriilB, mi'roo-ll or mtft'ira-ll, (Giorqio,) an Italian
scholar, bom at Alessandria della Paglia in 1414. He
brought out in 1470 an edition of Martial's Epigrams,
said to be the first ever published, and wrote comment-
aries on Cicero, Pliny, and other classics. He was the
aathor of a " History of the Viscond, Prince* of MOwv"

bom at Dort in 1558, was ori^nally named Van Mbbl^
In 1593 he succeeded Justus Xipsius as professor of his-
tory at Leyden. He wrote a " Life of Erasmus," and a

number of l^al and hlslorical works, (in Latin.)
Manila^ mt-tooHo, (ClaudioJ an Italian orgaai*^

Future," (1889,) "With Edged Tools," ("894,)
"The Sowers," {1896,) etc. Died Nov. 19, 1903.

Mer-rltt. (Anna Lea,) an American artist, bom at
Philadelphia in 1844. Of her pictures the best known
is " Eve Overcome by Remorse." In later years she
devoted herself to etching.

Menltt. (Wbslbv,) an American soldier, bom at
New York in i83fi. He graduated in 1S60 al West
Point, and served from 1861 to 1865 with great dis-
tinction, chiefly as a cavalry officer, attaining the
tank of major-general of volunteers. He continued
in the army, reached the rank of major-general in the

Venice, and won a high reputation. Died at Parma,
May 4. 1604.

Herwftn or Heronau (mfr'wln') L, sntnamed IM-
Takid, caliph of the dynasty of the Omcyyada, bocM
at Mecca about 633. Having gaiited a victory over IJi
rival, Abdallah ben Zobeir, Merwta wh proclaimed
caliph in 684. He was assassinaCed by cme of his wive*
in ^s A.D.

Merwfin or Meronaa II.,(A,boo- {Abn- or AboiH
Abdalmelek, I'bA Abd-el-mU'ek,) one of Ihe Omer*
^ul caliphs, grandson of the preceding, was bom at
Damascus in 638 A.D. He was victorious OTcr BeTetal
rivals, but wai at last defeated by Abool-Abbli, aos
of Ibrihlm, in 749 A.11, He was anbaeqaenlly Ulkd by
the ChrisCiaiiB, wliom he had cmelly penccnted.

Mtey, ml're', (Jkan.) a Franch inrgeca and anain-
mist, bom at Vatan in 1645, p

• A TV]l°i (called re^Bn b the e
aDy reduned ■( i6|«a J^udi, or ab

iaUxXoritidMfaMB

i, ^ 1, 5, 0, 7, £mf ; i, i, A, same, less proloiigedi i, j^ I, <}, 11, ]r,.FAiirf; 9, t, 1, 4v <^n'»> ^> All) &^ inilf l>B4 gJfB^i toAn;

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MERY

I?" MESSAPVS

"New Sjatem of the CircoUtiMi of the Blood," [1700,)
and other nediol treatiseB. He wu firat lurgeon of
(be HStel-Dieu, in Firia, and a meinber of the Academy
of Sciences. Died in 1722.

Sec FoHmnua, "Cofn dn AadAndna," >tc

BUry, (JosiPH,) a French Utttrattur^ bom near Har-
•eillea m 1798, mote Damerous poenu, Tonutncea, and
dnmaa. Died at Paiia, June 17, 1S66.

XUnron, mi'Re'&H', (Charles,) an eminent French
etcher, bom in Patis in iSll. His father wu an English
physician, his mother a datutiai. Having served some
time in the navy, he tried to become a painlec, but, being
colour-blind, he finally devoted himself to etching. He
was veiy poor, and died in a mad-houae in 1S68. Un-
appreciated in his lifetime, M^rjon's etchings aie now
regarded as among the most masterly ever produced.
The twenty-two "Eaux-fortea sur Paru" (tSSO'S^) arc
the most lamoua. He is said to have made only ninety-
four etchings in alL (See Wbduore, "Mjryon and
Meryon'8 Paris.")

M«is, mtRts, (Jacob,) a Swiai palnler and engraver,
born in the canton of Zurich in 1703; died in 1807.

Metsllakof 01 MersUakor, m&i-le^lcof , (Alsxis
Feodorovitch,) a Russian critic andpoet, bom in
1778, became professor of eloquence and poetry M
Moscow. Among his principal world is a " Diiconrse
on the Poetry of the Ancients," etc. His lyric poems
•re highly esteemed by liis countrymen. He also trans-
lated into Russian Tasso's "Gerusalemme Liberata,"
and various works in Latin, Greek, and French. Died
b 1827.

Masa, mt'sA, (Custobal,) a Spanish poet, bom hi
Estremadura aboat 1540. Daring a residence of five
years at Some, he became an intimate friend of Tasso.
He was the author of several heroic poems, which, how-

irgil's "li
about 1620.

5« TiCKHOn. " Hi*t«iT af Spinbh Uttntnra.**

Mdoenga; or M^MiiKiil, mt-a&N^', (Fkam^U
Philippe,) a French ecclesiastic, bom at Beainaia in
1677, was an adherent of Jansenism, and published sev-
eral treatises against the constitution Unigenitos. He
also wrote an "Abridgment of die History of the Old
and New Testament,'"(i737,) which is commended by
Rollin- Died in 1793.

Sea Liqroux, " Wmm, mr la Via, ate da I'AbM Ute^oi,''
1163.

Meslhi, mfs'e-hee, a celebrated Turkish poet, flour-
isbed in the reign of Solyman I. He ia one of the seven
whose names, written in golden letters, are suspended
in the temple of Mecca, and wbo have been stned by
Oicir countrymen "the IHeiades." One of bis layli has
been translated by Sir William Jones, in his " Commen-
taries on Asiatic Poetry,"

SeaToH Kahkbi, " GeKhichta der Onuiuichn Dichtiiiii."

MeaU, mini', (Jean,) a French advocate In the Par-
liament of Paris, wrote a valuable "Treatise on Minori-
ties," (1714.) Died in 1756.

Mesmer, mGs'm^r, (Friedrich Anton,) founder of
Uie doctrine of Mesmerism, or animal magnetism, was
born at Meersbui^ in Suabia, in 1733. Having made
varions eiperimenls with the mineral magnet, lie was
led to the discovery of the power since called Mesmer-
ism. This he made public in 177s, in his "Letter to
a Foreign Phyiidan on Magnetism." He soon aAer
cataUished a hospital at Vienna for the perfection and
promulgation of hia discovery, and repaired in 177S to
Faria, where he devoted himself to the core of diseases
■nd made many prosetytea. He aubseqoently refiised a
la^ sum of money o&r«d him by the French govvn-
nent ka his secret. A number oT bis adherents having
praented him with 340,000 livres, on condition of being
mstructed in his doctrine, he received the money, bat
did Dot perform his promise. He died in Germany in
181S, leaving several treatises, one of which was entitled
"iMmoire de Mesmer sur ses D^convcrtes," (1799.)

Saa Thcvht, " RacbRchei at DouM* hu \x UagntduH ani-
■•1." .j!4: loiwiK, -Snt 1. Uigu^tiuna aniimV^iBu; Da.
Bomaa, niide in tha "KoutfHc Biognpliic G^ntrale"

d& See AVAUX.
. de, dfb mSm, (Hatiu,) a French atate»
man, b(wn in Paris in 1531, was a son of Jean Jacques,
noticed below. Me became chancellor of the kingdom
of Navarre, Died in 1S96.

Blasmea, de, (Jean Jacques,) a French diplomatist,
bom in 1490, was patronized by Catherine of Navarre
and Frands I., and was appointed master of requests
in 1544. Died in i;69.

HMmou, da, d; h mts'mdK', (Germain Htacinthb
de Homanoe— -dfh ro'm&Nss',) Marquis, a French
journalist, born in Paris in 1745. He edited succes-

to Saint Petersburg, where he became editor of the
"Journal du NBid." Died in 1831-

UeanaMT, !■», Ifh m^nf ihi', (Nicolas le Bailuf J
a French diplomaiiBt, bom at Rouen in 1658. He was
sent aa a secret agent to London in 1711, to negoCiats
the preliminaries of peace, and he was one oi the French
diplomatisli that signed the treaty of Utrecht, (1713.)
Died in 1714.

Meenard, mJ'ntR', (Jacques AndbA,) a French
lawyer and senator, bom at Rochefbrt in 1791. He
became a counsellor in the court of cassation in tSai,
and a senator in 1S53. He translated into French tne
" Divina Commedia" of Dante, (3 vols., 185&) Died In
1858.

MasnardUra or MenardlAra, da la, dfh 11 mi'-
ntR'de-aiR', (Hipfolvte Jules Pilet,) a French poet,
bom at Londnn about i6ic^ was patronized bv Cardinal
Richelieu. In 1655 he was elected a member of the
French Academy, a distinction which be owed chiefly
to his brilliant conversational powers. Died in 1663.

Bfeanll, Dil See Dumesnil.

BCeanll, dn, dU mi'ntl', (Jean BApTin-s,) a French
lawyer, bom in Paris in i J17, was appointed in 1556

royal advocate. Died
StakO-me'da, [G
floerisbed under the emperor

me'dSi, [Gr. HtnfirihKj a lyri_c^poet, who

Three of bis
poems are preserved in tlie Greek Anthology.

Meaonero 7 Romanoa, de, dl mi-ao-na'ro e ro-
ml'nte, (Ramon,) a popular Spaniah writer, bom at
Madrid in 1803. His principal works are a "Manual
of Madrid, Description of the Court and the Ci^," and
"Panorama of Madrid," (" Panorama MatritenBe,''i83j,)
which are admired for their fiuthliil delineationa of lib
and manners and the elegance of their style.

Mea^IOa (or MaMiSlf ) Cor-vl'nna, (Marcus Va-
LZRius,) a celebrated Roman orator and general, born 59
B.C., at first opposed the party of Antony, and commanded
a division of the army ot Brutus at the battle of PhilippL
AAer the death of Bruto* he became geaeral-b-cbiet
He was subsequently reconciled to Angnstua, who made
blm consul, 3> B.C., and, five years after, prefect of Rome;
Among his other Important military services, he reduced
Aquitania to subieclion, forwhich he obtained a triumph,
(a7B.a) Died abontiiA.D. OTthe writing of Messala
only fruments remain ) but his eloquence is spoken of
in the highest terms by Quintilian, Senec^ and the two
Plmys. He was intimate with Horace, Ovid, and Pollio,
and was a liberal patron of leaming.

Sea M. C VAN Hau, " It V. M«la CornDiB," ale, i tola.,
iBii ; L. Wim, " Diiaertalio da McutlB Cor^oA Vila at Snidua,''
i8»9; TAanra, "Ann»k»," boolu iv. ud ri. ; Ktntv, " Ballum

Has-Of-li'iif. {Fr. Messaunb, mVaVlia',] a Roman
empress, notorious (or her crimes, was a daughter of M.
Valerius Messata Barbalus. She was married to Clau-
dius, who afterwards became emperor. She caused a
number of eminent Romans to be pat to death. She
was executed, by order of Claudius, in 48 a.d.

Blea-a^-U'Cf Btf-tUI-9, granddaughter of Statilias
Taurus, became the third wife of the emperor Nero, in
66A.a

MeBBalla. See Mcssala.

Meaaape. See Hessapds.

Mesaapna, [Gr. Mftniomf; Fr. Mmsape, mfatp',]
' mythology, a son of Neptune, and a king of
He fought for Tumus against MacM, ana was

aaai.fa

t: tAanl: iaai;Q,s,K,guaurai; ti,ntuai; t^triil^; iaat; thastnAtw. (8^SeeEzpUnatiDns,p. ^t

Digitized ay CjOOQ I C

•ftemrdi oiled, bom her, HoKnia. A temple wu
erected to her honour.

M«s-«e'iil-tta, [Sw. pron. mb-air'ne-fta,] (Arnold^)
son of Jditui Messenim, noticed below, waa made his-
toriofrapber to Christina of Sweden, and obtained a
title of nobilitr. HiTtng been concerned with hU son
in writing a libel on the royal ^milr, they were both
condemned to death and ewcnted, (ioi|3.)

Stt " Anolaua <k SuUa," TIh Hfot, ijA

Mewenlna, (Johan,) a Swedish historian, bom in
Ostrogothia in 1584, was professor of law in the Uni-
versity of UpnL Being accosed of a treaionaUe cor-
leqKindence with the King of Poland and the Jesuits, be
wss imprisoned in 161& During hi* coniinement of
near^ twenty yean he wrote seTeral historkal works,
of which tlie most important la entitled "Scandia Hloa-
tnbed," (in Latin.) Died in 1637.

lUAl-Lmeaa MVv DSOBknurin S*aAa lbs :"
D* Tia M Hvitk Htm

BlM'sfT, {Asa,) D.D., LL.D., an American diTine and
acholar, born at Hethuen, Masaachnsetta, in 1769. He
graduated at Brown Univernty, where he became sdc-
CcatiTely professor of the learned languages, (1796,) of
mathematics and natural philosophy, (1799,) and presi-
dent of theinstitution, (l8o».) Died in 1836.

Haaalar, mt'se-a', (Ckables,) a French astronomer,
bom at BadonTillerTin Lorraine, in 1730, HBTing Tisitcd
Tvii* in 1751, be was employed by De Lisle in hit ob-
•erratoiT, and distingoiahed himself by the accuracy of his
MlTontHnkal ofaserratians. He i* said to have -'— — '
: comets, ot wUch he disconred

He was a member of the Acadeinv of Sciences of
and of atmilar instltudons at St PetersbarB, Berlii
other ddea. He died in 1817, learii^ " Mimoi

Udning his observations. Lalande named in honour
of this astronomer a constellation sitnated between Ce-
phena, Cauiopna, and the Camelopard.

Moaatna, dn. See Antonkixo da If mniA.

BlM'Bin-B«r, (Robiit Hinoclcy,) sz American

Eet, iKim in Boston, HassadHMett*, in 181 1. He pab-
hed a number ot anonymooi poams, amou tbem the
well-known " Give me the Old.'* Died in 1874.
Meaaia. See Matsys, (QvDTTnf.)
MBs'tpn, {William,) a Scottish poet, bora in AbeT>
deenshice about 16SS, was the anthOT of ■• Mother Grim's
Tales," in verse, and a poem entitled "The Knight"
Died in 1745.

HMtrewit, mb'tRfh-if ,0MN,) a Protestant theolo-
gian and pulpit orator, bom at Geneva in IJ9S, became
Gislor of the church at Charenton, and diatliunusbed
mself t^ his bold and eloquent defence of the Prom^
ants igainst the Roman detgy. He WM the aotkot
of theological treadaea and aermoiu, which are nigbly
esteemed. Died in 1657.

Set Sunun, " Hlitiiin litt^rtli* d* Ototn."

BSmim or MeMWL See MXsaooA.

MAaaAioa, mi'ai-rosh, {Lazar,) a Hungarian general
and sutesman, bom in the connly of Bica In t79& In
1848 he was appointed minister of war in (he Ilungsrian
eaUnet of BalUiyinfi, but on the breaking out of the
war jdned the rcvofndonarr party. After sharing with
DemUnski the defeat of Temetvar, he took refuge in
Turkey, and aAerwarda visited England and America.
Died in 1858.

lUtaatoae. See MrrATTASta

lC«taata>10k mi-tls-ti'»e-o, [ft. MtTASTASl, mi'tts'-
tf,] (PiETEO BoNATBNTURA,) an eminent Italian poet,
bom at Rome in 169S, was originally named Trapassl
He manifested at an eaiW age extraordinary talents
lor improvisation on any suDJecL Having attracted (he
notice of the celebrated jurist Gravtna, he was adopted
by him, and his name was changed to Metattaslo, (a
"changing,*^ in allusion to his adoption. His benelactor
died in 1718, leavinz his property to Metastasio, who
now devoteo himseU prindpally to literary pursuits,
and brought out in 1711 his lyric drama entitled "The
Gardeoe of the Hesperides,"^ ("Gli Ord EaperidL",'
rhis piece was received with great favour, one of the
prindpal parts in it being performed by Signora Bulga-

fin^ (La Rouanfaia,) etteemed the Srtt vDCalirt of her
time. At the requett of thia lady, he relinqitbhed tha
legal profestioii, which he had pnuctiaed far a time^ and
gave hit attention exclusively to poetry. Hia opera of
" Didone AUnndonata" wat performed with great ap-
plause at Nai>les in 1734, and wa* f<^lowed by his " Ca>
tone," "Semiramide. "Artaserse." and other anetai.

the empe

Semiramide," "Artaserse," and ottier opera*,
blished his reputation. On the invitation of
or Charles VL, he repaired to Vienna, and
Apostolo Zeno as imperia] lanreate. In 1734
he lost his "inestimable counsellor and friend," Signora
Bulgarini, who bequeathed to him, after the death of
her hnslxuid, her property, amounting to twenty-6ve
thousand crowns. This, with characteristic delicacy, be
refosed to accept He brought out during his residoice
at Vienna two of hit most admired operas, the " Olim-
piade" and "La Clemenia di Uto," which the music
of Hotail hat contributed to render immortaL Besides
the work* atwve named, he composed a number of ora-
torios, cantatas, sonneto, etc. He died at Vienna in
tySa. The genius of Metastatio is eulogiieil by Vol-
taire and La Harpe, the former of whom compares soma
of his scenes to the most sublime of the Griiek poeta.
Rousseau, in his " Nouvelle Hiloise," pronoonce* him
" the only poet of the heart, the only ^niut. who can
move by the charm of poetic and musical harmony t"
and Schlegel observes thai his purity of diclion, grac^
and delicacy have rendered him In the eyes of liis coun-
trymen a dasttc author, — the Radne of Italy.

Sh BDun, "MoKiini/ UMiUiwi.'' jralk, inti Tokia.
"SUmoiii JMmte.iStata^" tjit: HiuMa^"Ocbv P. Hv
(Btaiw md HM Werka," 1186; Lommxow, "Foetund Paxil*
0(Eanp>rALTAiaBr''VitidiP.llMHi>Bii,"iTS7; "Noanlb
BiOfnuhk OtainJt;- "Unacif Un Italia Pan*,'' br ilu Rav.
Hnav SnuiMn LoDdon. 1S31.

BCetoalf, mlt'klf, fVicroa Howard,) bora at
Utica, New York, in 1S63. Graduated at Yale, and
ws* admitted to the bar in 1S76. Removed to Califet^
aia in 1S79, ""^ '"'^ * member of Congress 1899-1904,
secretary of onnmerce and labour 1904-06, and secretary
of the navy December, 1906, to December, 190S.

Mtttoalf, (WiLLARD Lkkov,) artist, bom at Lowell,
Mattschusetta, in 1858. He tiu received medals from
many exhibitions and is represented by works in msny
of the public art galleries of (he United Sutes.

Metoalfo mJI'klf, (Csakles Thbophilus,)
Bakon, an able English statesman, bom in Calcutta in
1785, was educated at Eton, Entered the service of the
East India Company as a writer, and became a memt>er
of tile Supreme Couodl of India in 1827. He wat
appointed Governor of Jamaica in 1839 and Govenwr-
General of Canada in 1843. Died in |S46.

Mstoalfe, (Frbdbrick.) an English author, boiniB
tSlT. Graduated at Camtnidge and in 1848 became
headmaster of Btighton College. He wrote a " History
M Gcnaan Uterature," edited Becker's "Gallos " and
" Charkles," and published accounts of hit travels in
Scandinavu. Died in 1SS5.

Mef culfe, (Thouas,) an American Whig stateaman,
born in Fauquier county, Virginia, in 1780, removed at
an early age to Kentucky. He worked at (he trade of
stiiiie-mason in hia youth. He became Governor of
Kenlucky in 1S2S, and filled that office four rears. In
i&^ he succeeded Mr. Crittenden in the United Sutes
Senate. His term expired in March, 1S49. Died in 1855.

Metoii'iilkoff, (Elias,) a Russian zoologist, wat
bom in the government of Kharkofi in 1845, and be-
came a professor at Odessa in 1870. He advanced
3 theory that old age is due to the destruction of the
vital cells of the body by the white blood-corpusdet,
and suggested the use of a serum prepared from young
animals to give new vitality to the body.

M«-tel1tia, (ODitrrtrs CMctuvt,) called MACED</in>
cus. an eminent Roman general, of a noble &mily, waa
chosen pnctor in 148 B.C. He gained a victory over tha
Macedonians in that year, and took their leader, Aa-
driscus, prisoner, for which a triumph was decreed him.
In 146 he defeated the AchKans near ThermopylK. He
was made consul In 143, and was sent to SiMln to op-
pose Viriathut. It was during the censorship of Uetellns

I, e, I, e, 9, ;, ;*vA ^ ^ uune, less prolonged; i, I, I, fi, <i, y, rA«n'; », (, j, 0, «i«rHra; fir, f&ll, Ot; mil; utk; gd&dj mODiv

r jl,,ed:^:,C00^le

nmpeiDs
gallRo

MMTELLUS i\

KIDS (131 B.G) th«t the decree wm passed
U Roman dtueni to nuurf. He opposed the
unccni. Died in 115 B.C

SaaTACnv^ "Aimitai;'' Litv, "Kiiiteiiia."

HvtellTW, (Qdintui C^ecilius Numidicv),) an aUe
Roman general, a nephew of tlie preceding, was a leader
of the atittocrallc partr. Having been chosen consol
for 109 B.c, he obtained as his prOTince Nnnddia, then
the seat of war with Jngurtha, who had hitherto snc-
ceeded in oaigeneralling or outwittiM all the Roman
commanders senl against him. Metelhis was more MC-
cessfbl, and finallr gained a great Tictory over the African
prince at the river Muthal, towards the dose of that
year. Before the end of Ibis war the command was
transferred to Manns ; but Meiellns was hononred with
a triomph on hia return to Rome in 107, and recetred the
nmame of Numi/icus. He became censor in loa, and
was banished abont 100 B.C, through (he influence of
Uario* and Satuminna, but he waa recalled the next nar.
He wi* distin^niahed as an orator, and waa reputed one
of the mon Tirtuous men of his time.

S« Saluist, " BiltBB jBgunhiniui :" PLDT*arH, " Huriot."

MAtaUnB, (QuiNTDS CificiLius Pins,) a Roman
general, a «on of the preceding, became pnetor in 89
■.c In the dvil war between Marius and Sulla he
fought for the latter, and gained a dedsive victor; over
Caibo and Norbano*, near Favenlia, in 81 B.C. He was
chosen consul with Sulla in the year So^ after which he
commanded in Spain and spent several years in un-
successful efforts to conquer Seriorius. fie became
ponllfei maximus. Died about 63 B.C.

Ms-tellTifl Cfta^r, (Q. CxciLius,) a Roman sUles-
Ituui, and leader of the arislocralic party. He became
prKtor in 63 B.C., acted with Cicero against Catiline,
•ad was diosen consul for the year Go. During his
ooDsnlship he resolutely opposed the law* which his
colleague Afranius desired to enact for the benefit of
Poinpey. Died in u B.C.

Ma-Ulliu H«^>o«, (QuiNTUS,) a brother of the
prccedit^ became tribune of the people in 63 B.C., and
was a partisan of Pompey. As tribune, he oppoaed
Cicero with *ome violence. He became prztor m tio,
and consul in 57 B.C Died about 55 B.C.

Metoran, two, vtn mS'tfh-r;n, (Euanukl,) a Flem-
iah Protestant historian, born at Antwerp in 1535, was
' " History of the Netherlands from the
-■ !■:_.. _.L r- i^ Q,^ Time,"

the authtM' of a

Early Part of the Sixteenth Century to hU Owi
(in Latin and Flemish.) It is valued tor its a
IMt the hiatOTian is accused by some writeia of
toward* the Catholica. Died in 1611.
^ SkS. Rmrrwot, " Bimptw is Vaa Mitfic," pwtud 1

in"S

(Pmidi

Bbterard, mit'ylrd, (Euza,) an English writer, born
In Liverpool, June ai, iSaa. Her pseudonym was
"SUverpeo." Among her works are "Struggles for
Fame,"(ano»el,i845,y"The Doctor's Little Daughter,"
(I85CS) " Lilian'i Golden Hooia," (1856.) " Life of Wedg-
wood,** (1865-4^) "A Group of Englishmen," (1871,)
and " Indostrial and Household Talcs," (■871.) Died
at South Lambeth, April 4, 1879.

afataasBH, mch'tcfa'iS', (Clshbht,) a French archi-
tect, bom at Dreuz, craistnicted the great dyke of La
Rochelte, which, sonested by Cardinal Rictielieii, was
the prindpal means^ reducing that dty in 163& Dit^
■boat 1650.

Mothod or lUtboda. See Mbthodii;s.

Mo-tho'dl-iu, [Fr. MtTHODi, mi'tod',] Saint, one
of the early Christian martyia, sumamed Fatasinsis
o« account of his having been Bishop of Patara. He
w«* also Biaht^ of Olvmpn^ m Ijda, and *
tA ^Vrc. His pietT ana leamlns are highly ci
byEpsphaniD* and Jerome. He wrote a woi
^Tbe Banquet of Ten Virgiaa," of which a

pspbamD*
e Banqne
ttanL Hi
about 31a,

sufiered maityidom

iModet

■ [G(. UiMbc] THi CoNFissoK, bom at
Syracuse, was appobted Patriarch of Constantinople in
ba A.Dt He ¥ras a zealous advocate of the worship
of images, and wa* the author of several learned worka.
Dieding46.

t aa 4, 9 ••« 8 *an<; |aa>; o, H, K,^«oa»™/; N, JMM/; «, I

13 METRODORVS

Uotliodlna, [Fr. HAtrodx, mi'tod'; Ger. HmtOIV
mi'tod,) a native of Thessalonica, was sent, with his
brother Cyrillus, by the Greek emperor Htchael IIL, to
convert the Saracens on the Euptaraiea, and about 863
went on a mlasion to the Slavonians. They invented
the Stavoman alphabet, and translated the Psalter and
GospeU into Slavonic.

Metlitian, (Paul Sanford,) Baron, an English
general, bom in 1845. He entered the army in 1S64,
was made major-general in 1S90, and led the forces
for the reliel of Kirobeiley in 1899, in which attempt
he was defeated by the Boeis on Orange. River.

He-tha'sf-Ifb, (Heb. n'JIffiro ; Fr. Mathusalrm,*
mftU'iTlSN', or Mathusala. mrtU'ini'.l a Hebrew

etriarch, noted for his longevity, was a son of Enoch.
: is supposed to have died about six years before ibe
deluge, aged nine hundred and sixty-nine year*.

Ms'tla, [Or. Uttic ; Fr. Mtrts, mi'tias',] in dassk
mythology, the personification of pmdencc, was the
daughter of Oceanus, and the first wile of Zeus or Jupiter,

Mntliu, mi'te-us, (Adsiaan,) a Dutch mathematidan,
born at Alkmaar in 1571. He studied under Tycho
Brahe in Denmark, and after his return to Holland was
appointed, in tjoS, professor of mathematics in the Uni-
versity of Franeker. Among his worka is a Latin easay
" On the Institutes of Astronomy." Died in 163;.

MeUtn, (Jakob,) brother of the preceding, is regarded
by Descartes and some other savant* a* the inventor of
the refracting telescope.

Sk Bablow, "HiKoiT «<Optiai' BeBBi,"Da wa T«l»
KBvA InTHiIe™.*'

Matk«rkei,TMi, vfa mtt^CRl^h, or BfMtknrok^
mil'kEs'kf b, (Adolfhits,) a distinguisIiBd Flemish phi-
lologist, born at Briun* in ijaS. He waa a Protestant,
and was sent by the United Frovinoe* on an embaasy to
Queen Eliiabeth of Englatid. He translated Theocritus
into Latin verse, and published an edition of Dion and
Moschus. Metkerke waa president of the Coundl ol
Flanders. Died in 1591.

SecMoTLZV, "UiiIlrfN«lb*riiDih"TnLlcliiqi.iU.

Metoohlta, mIt-o-Kee'tl, F (Thiodorr,) a modem
Greek historian, was the author of a "Compendium of
Roman History (torn Julius Cssar to Conatantine th*
Great," and a " Paraphrase of the Physica of Aristotle,"
Died in 133a.

BCe'ton, [U^tm-,] a Greek astronomer, flourished in
43a B.C. He obaovcd Ibe solstice at Athens, and d{*>
covered the lunar cyde of nineteen years, designed to
make the solar and lunar nar* begin at the same tinw.
This invention i* called the Hetonic cyde, and is stiU
employed by the Western Cfanrchea In their computatloa
of Easter.

Sh SuiDAi, " Hstsa r " Ninvdia Biefnpki* CUnftak."

Udtrodore. See HrrsoDORUt,

Met-ro-do'ma (Gr. klfTpddupac,- Fr. MtntODOKI,

i'tBo'doH'l OK Chios, a Greek philosopher, who lived

about 400 B.C., and wrote a "Treatise on Nature," which

was very celebrated. He 1* said to have been the it
ter of Anaxarchu*.

Sh Bavli, " Hbtoriail Bod CritknJ DicdoniUT ;" FAsaiaes
"Bihlioiheca Cfcca."

Mebrodonu of Lamfsacus, a Greek pMIosopberi
born in 330 B.C., waa a disdple and intimate friend of
Epicurus. He sensualised and debased the doctrine*
which he had received from his master, and contributed
not a tittle to bring the Epicurean philosophy into con-
tempt with the wise and virtuous. He wrote numeron*
works, the titles of which have been preserved by Dio-

MetrodOTii% [Gr. HfTpi&iper,] acelebrated Athenian,
bom about 100 B.C, After the defeat i£ Perseus by
Panlua EnuUus, In 16S B.C., the latter commanded the
Athenians to send their best artist to paint his triumph
and their greatest philosopher to educate his sons. Me-

1; thaslnMii; (t^~See Explanations, p. sv)

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

METSU 1714

trodoms, bdng ettMmed bjr hb countrymen w Grit in
bolh department*, wu sent accoidinglj, and gava entire
tatiabciion to the Roman generaL

MBtsu, (Gabkiii.) See Mbtzd.

Mettenlelter, met'tfn-ll'tfr, (Johahm Hichau,) m
German engraver, bora in 1765, execnted a namber of
mezzolinU and lithographs of great merit Died in 1845.

ICettemioh, von. Ion mct'ttr-niK', (Clemens Wen-

UL,) Prince, an eminent Aoitriin statcaman and diplo-

' I, botn at Coblenti in 1773, wa» a »on of Ci

died i

niLch, 1

It Vienr

SiS. He «u Knt at minister 10 Dresden
A to Berlin in 1803. In 1806 he became aniba*-
) Paris, where he remained until the renewa] of
in 1809. After the capture of Vienna and Ihe
m of peace, he was appointed chancellor and
mmuier of foreini aSura, October, 1S09. For more
than ttiirlv years front that date he had the chief direc-
tion of aflaira in Austria. He represented his ROTem-
■nenl at the Congreu of Vienna, (1S14,) after which he
bad great influence in European politics. "No diploma-
tist,'"says Alison, " even in that age of intellectual giants,
excelled, perhaps hardly any equalled, Mettemich in the
sagacious survey which he look of existing events, and
Ihe admirable tact with which he contrived to render
them conducive to the interests of his country." (" His-
tory of Europe,") In politics he was extremely conser-
vative. He was driven from power and into exile by
the revolution of March, 1S4S. He relumed 10 Vienna
tn 1S51. Died in i8ja " He always comprehended hi*
poaitiOD," says Ihe "Edinburgh Review" lor July, 1858,
" and never lost an opportunity. He acted with equal jus-
lice and calculation, and never made a retrograde step.
Hi* conduct was always politic, and never precipitate."
" The Memoir* of Prince Mettemich," edited by his son,
appeared in 1S79.

MMternlob, won, {Richard Cleubht Joskph Her-
mann,] Fkikce, an Austrian diplomatist, a aoa of the
preceding, was bom June 7, iSig. He became secretaiy
of legation at Paris in 18J4. In igjg, before the Italian
war broke out, he was intrusted with a special missim
to Paris, and from the close of the war until 1S71 he wa*
ambassador at Ihe French court. He was named hered-
itary coundllor of the Austrian empire in 1S61, and
councillor in 1S64. Died March i, 1895.

Mettrle, de la, d; h It mi'tae', (Juubn Offhay,) a
French physician and atheistic writer, bom at Saint-
Halo in 1709, published an infamous work entitled " The
Man Machine, which he had the impertinence to dedi-
cate 10 llaller. Died in 1751.

KetsyB. See Matsvs.

Met% mils, (KoNKAD Maktim,] a German engraver,
bom at Bonn in 1755, executed a number of prints after
Michael Angelo and Caravaggio. Died in 1837.

Metcgei, mSts'gfr, (Edvard.J a German architect,
Dom at Pappcnheim in 1807, visited Greece tn 1831.
He wrote several works on architecture,

Metzger, (Johakn Daniel,) a medical writer, bom
at Slrasburg, in Alsace, in 1739 ; died in 1S05. He was
a professor at Strasburg. and was promoted to be chief
professor of medicine there.

BCotau, mlt'iii, (Gabriel,) an eminent Dutch painter,
oom at Leyden in 1615. Among hit master-pieces we
may name the "Vegetable-Market at Amsterdam,"
"Interior of a Kitchen," "Chemist Reading near a Win-
dow," and a "Young Girl Looking at a Butterfly."
Metzu is stried tn Descamps one of the greatest artists
of his nation. Died in 1658.

Sec DiscAun, " Vin dca Fdntni HoUudaU." lie. 1 Ouaua
BuHc, " HiKdn do PeJnm,"

Meulan, de, (PAttLiNB.) See GtitZOT, (EuSABrrH

ISBulemeester, d«. See DBMBUixiiBBam.

Ueulen, von dar, vin dfr muhlfn or miilfn, (An-
TOON Frans,) a celebrated Flemish baltte-painler, born
at Brussels in 1634, was a pupil of Snayers. Having
visited Paris about 1666, he was patronized by Colbert,
■nd employed bv Louis XIV. to represent his principal
He married the niece of Le Brun, and

MBYBNDORFF

assined thai artist in his works at the castle of Vet'
aaille*. In 1673 he was chosen a member of the Academy
of Painting. As a painter of battles. Van der MeolcB
had perhaps no superior, and bis landscapes alto pottew
great merit Died in 1690.

Sea DascAiip*, "Viti Am PoatrH rUnundi," Mei CiuaLn
Blanc; " HiMain da FbdItcl"

England in 1670, and was pMronized by King Wll<

part of die " Romance of the Rote," one of the earliest
poema in the language, which was begun t^ Guillauma
de Lorris. The best edition was publitbed in Paris in
1S14, (4 volt. 8*a)

S« Fadchst. "Orirotds !■ PaUa ;" H ASaaa, "Uisnin it
la Po^ie FrufUH."

Bffeniloe, muh'riss', (FaANgois Paul,) a French
dramatic writer, bom in Paris in 1820, became a brother-
in-law of Victor Hugo. He produced successful dratUM
called '■ Hamlel, Pnnce of Denmark," and " Benvenuto
Cellini." Died December it, 1905.

Meim, d«, dfh muRs, [I^t Meur'sius,] (Jan,) a
Dutch scholar and historian, born near the Hague in
1579. He was appointed professor of Greek at Leyden
in 1611, and soon after historiographer to the States of
Holland. He subsequently became royal historiographer
to Ihe King of Denmark. He pubbshed a number of
treatises on Greek and Roman antiquities, and a " Ilia-
tory of Denmark," (in Latin.) Dieo in 1639,

Sec SwuiT, "Alhcnz Belgloe;" Niciaox, "llteoira;'
Moniiii, "Dlcrionuin UiaioriqH:" Schiamh, " DimTtitia ^
Vila CI ScHpIii J. Mennii," i;!].

UeuTBiiu. See Meurs, de.

MenMbaoh, moi'i^h-biK', (Karl Hartwio Gu-
GOR,) a German lUliralatr, bom neai Artem in 1781,
published a number of critical estaya. He nombered
among his friends Tieck and Goethe. Died in 1847.

Mensttl, mol'ifl, (Johann Gkoxg.) a German hi»
torian and bibliograpner, bora near Bamberg in 174)1
He became profi»»or of history at Erfurt in 1769, and
at Erianeen in 1779. He published, besides other works,
"Biblioiheca Historica." (M vols., i78?-84,) which con-
tains notices of ancient and modem historians, a valnabt*
collection of biographies of German scholars, entitled
"Gelehrtet Dentschland," (is vols., 1796-1S11,) to which
Ersch and lindner added seven volumes, and a " Di»

»nd li . . ,
esteemed. Died in 1830.

IcnkcD J. G. I
1" "Monlhly

Mc, iSid: "Kouvdie BioEnptui G^iaJc"
liaatlHg., (Appfndii.)

MeuflsL See MuscuLUS.

MetualBi, muh'ne^', (Jran Baptistb Haki^) a
French general and savant, bom In Paris in 1754, in-
vented several machines and apparatits. He was killad
in battle, near Mentt, in June, 1793.

Metuntei, (Philippe,) a French painter, born in
Paris in 1656, was a favourite at the court of Louit XIV.,
and became treasurer of the Academy of Painting. He
excelled in architectural views and perspective. Died

Mejla. mi-Kee'i, (Pedro,) a Spanish his-
torian, bom at Seville about 1496, published a compila-
tion entitled " Silva de vaiia Lecdon," and a " History
of the Roman Emperorsfrom Julius Cssar to MaximiUaB
of Austria." He was patronised by Charles V., who
appointed him historiographer. Died in 1552.

VLtymuAottt, Ton, ion mi'fn-doKf, (Prtei,) a Rua-
sian diplomatist, born in 1796. He was sent a* ambas-
sador to Berlin in 1839, and represented Russia at Vienna
'— -850 to 1854. Died March 19, 1863.

I, ^ 1, 0, 0, J, /iwy; k, t, A, same, leu prolonged; i,i,I,S,il,y,fA<irf,-»,(,i,Q,ef^n>r;;;flr,fUl,flLtimbin0tifa6di

-yCoot^le

MEYER I?

M«7«T, mI'fT> (COKRAD,) ■ Swua p^ter >nd en-
Kraver, born «t Zurich in 161& He U said to hav« been
Iw Grst engraver who ued toft initead of hard Tamiih.
DicdiolUg.

Ueyer, (Conrad Fbrdinand,) a Swiss poet and
novelist, was tram at Zurich in 1S25. There have
been many ediliong of his historical novels, "Jc

Meyer, (Felix,) an eminent Swiss landscapi
painter, bom at Winienhurin 1653. His delineations
of the mountain-scenery of Swilierland are esteemed
misler- pieces of the kind. Died In 1713.

Meyer, mi'er, (Frikdrich Johann Lokknz,) a
German liittraftur, bom at Hamburg in 1760 [ died
in 1844.

Meyer, (George von Lrhgerkr,) cabinet ofBcial,
tx>m at Boston in 1E5S ; gndoated at Harvard in 1S79.
He engaged in manufaclurii^ and Enandel interests, was
a member of the Massachusetts House 1893-97, 01 the
Republican National Committee 1898-1904, ambassador
to Italy 1901-05, to Russia 1905-07. He was postmas-
ter-general in the Rooierelt cabinet I907-O9, and secre-
tary of the navy in the Taft cabinet.

Meyer, ml'fr, [LaL Meyr'rus,] (Jacob,) a Flemish
histonan, sometimes called Baliola'nvs, born near Bail
kul in 1491, wai the author of a " History of Flanders,'
•nd other works, (in Latin.) He was an intimate triend
of Erasmus. Died in 1552.

Meyer, (Jan Lodewyck,] a Dntch painter of
views, born in Amsterdam about 1809. He painted
landscapes in his youth, and afterwards distinguished
himself as a marine painter at the Hafue, Died in 186&.

Meyer, (Johann Groro,) a distinguished Geiman
painter, called Meyer von Brrhen, born in 1S13. Hiaj
beat works arc delineations of domestic life, particularly;
those representing the actions and sports of children.'
Among these maybe named " The Game of Blind-Man's
BDlf,"and "The Youngest Brother." Died In l836. '

Meyer, (Johanh Hunrich,) a Swiss artist and
amateur, bom at StiUa, on Lake Zurich, in 1759. While
on a visit to Itatv, in 1784, he formed an intimate Griend-
thip with Goethe and Herder. In 1807 he

Greeks," (1824,) and was a contributor to the

pyliler" and other works of Goethe. Died in 1833.

Mftyer, 0onas Daniel.) a Dutch jurist, born at Arn-
hem in 178a He published, in French, "The Spirit,
Origin, and Progress of the Judicial Institutions of the
Principal Nations of Europe," (j vols., 1818-33.) ^'"1
in 1834.

Meyer, mi'fr. (LRO,] a German scholar, born at Ble-
deln, in Hanover, July 3, 1830. He studied at Galtiusen
and Berlin, was a professor m the Gottingen University,
1856-65, and was then called to Dorpat as professor uf
' e philoli^y. He has published many works

Edu.

. __j t^nartes, ne became in 1876 a

professor of languages in the College dc France. He
has published a great number of medi-eral and post-
classical manuscripts, manv of them discovered by him-
self in British and other libraries, and is author of many
instructiTe papers, chiefly on early French literature.

M«yer, von, fon ml'er, (Hrruaiin,) a (iermau geol-
ogist and naturalist, born at Frank fort-on-the-Main in
iSol, published several works. Died April 2, 1869.

Meyerbeer, mi'tr-biU', (Giacouo,) an eminent Ger-
man composer, of Jewish cilraction, bom at Berlin in
1794, was originally named Jacob Ueyei Beer. He
stndied under Clementi and Vogler, and at the age of
Dine years was regarded as one of the best pianists in
Berlin. His first ooeras, entitled "Jepbthah's Daughter"
ind "AtHmelech, or the Two Caliphs," were coldly

MEZZOFANTI

duced his "RomiTda e Costania," (lB'°i) " Scmiramide
Riconosduta," (1819,) and "Emma di Rcsl:)urgo,'' (l83C^}
which met with enthusiastic ap)ilauBe, To these suc-
ceeded, in 1^4, his " Crociato in Egitto," which wa*
performed with brilliant success in all the princip^
dties of Europe. His " Robert le Diable," brought out
in Paris in 1831, raised his reputation to the highest
point, and is ranked among the master-pieces of musical
art. He afUrwards produced operas entitled " The
Huguenots," (1836,) and "Le Prophite," (1849,) both
ol which were greatly admired. About iSfS he was aj>-
pointed director -general of music by the King of Pmasia.
Among his later works are "L'Etoile du Nord," (1854,)
and " Le Pardon de Ploermel," (1859.) Died in 1864.

Meyerheim, mf'er-him', (Fbiedrick Eduard,) a
German painter of great merit, bom at Dantcic about
i8ia He studied at Beriin, andin i8^S became a mem-
ber of the Academy of Arts in that ctly. Hia hvonrite
subjects are rural and domestic scenes, which he repre-
sents with extiuisite skill and Gdelity. Among his matter-
pieces are "The Blind Beggar," "The ViUage School,"
and an " Old Woman Tea^ng her Granddaughter to
Knit." Died in 1S79. His brother Wilhelm lias dis-
tinguished himself as a painter of animals, battles, etc.

Ueyerlng, mlV->ng> (Albert,) a D.iich paintei
bom at Amsterdam in 1645 ; died in 1714.

Meyeni, mi'lRn, (WitHRUi Fribdrioh,) a Ger-
man novelist, bom near Anspach in 1763. He wrote
a political romance, entitled " Dya-na-Sore, or the
Wanderers," (1787.) Died in 1839.

Meyenia. See Meyer, (Jacob.)

Meygret or Molgret, mi'gnj', (Louis,) a French
grammarian, born at Lyons about 1510, produced in IJ50
a " Treatise on French Grammar,'' said to be the &nt
which ever appeared. He atlempled to introduce a new
orthography conformed to the sound. Died after 156(1

Meynell. ma'nel, (Alice.) a meritorious English poet-
ess, born about 1848, a sister of Mrs. Elizabeth S.Butler,
the artisL Her maiden name was Thompson. She
married in 1877. She wrote "Preludes" (1875) in verse,
besides art-criticisms and other writings m prose. Mra.
Maynell owed much to the friendship and praise of Mr.

Meyr, mlr, (Mrlchior,) a German poet and prose-
writer, bom near Niirdlingen, June 18, 1810. Among
his works are "Erriihlungen aus dem Ries," (1856-60,)
"Gotl und sein Reich," (i860,) " Emilie," {1863,) "Ge-
sprache mit einem Grobian," (1866,) " Duel! und Ehre,"
and (1870,) "Gedanken liber Kunst, Religion und Phil-
oBophie," (1874.) Diedat Munich, April 11, 1871.

Meyrlok. mSr'ik, (Frederick,) an English clergy-
man, bom in 1836, graduated at Oxford in 1847. He
published "The Oulcsst and Poor of London,"
(1858,) '-'Is Dogma a Necessity?" (1883,) "Justin
Martyr," (1896,) and other works. Died 1905.

Meyilok, mCr'ik, written also Myrlok, (Sir SAlltnL
Rt;sH,) an English antiquary, bom in 1783. His prin-
cipal work is a "Critical Inquiry into Ancient Armour,
with Special Reference to Engiand from the Norman
Conquest to the Time of Chafes II.," (18141) which is
highly esteemed. He was knighted in 1833. Died in
1848.

M^Eeray, de, deh mii'Ri', [FnANgois E odes.) a
French historian, bom in Lower Normandy in 1610, was

Eitroniied by Cardinal Richelieu. His principal work
, a " History of France," (3 vols., 1651,) which_ enjoyed
eitraordinary popularity at the time, owing in great
part to the engraved portraits it contained. He SUC'
ceeded Voiture as a mendjer of the French Academy in
1649, and became perpetual secretary of that institution
in 1675. He was also historiographer of France. Died
in 1683.

MezlilBO, de, deh meh-re're'Sk', (Claxjdk Caspar
Sachet,) a French scholar and mathematician, born at

" Epistles

^m»; taMj; iltarj; ^atJ;o,ii,ft,pM,ni; lt,mutti; t,triilid; iaat; *ta\atiu. {(jy See Explanations, p. 33.)

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

cclebnied Italian tingnist, bora at Bologna in ifj^. He
•tutUed at the episcopal seminaiy of hii native d^, and
wai ordained a prieat in 1797. In 1S04 he became pro
fesani or Greek and the Oriental langiu^es at Bologna,
and In iSij waa appointed chief Ummuo of the oni-
vemlf. Diatinguished foreigners wbo viaited Bologna
at this time praised hii extraordinary attainments and
Q the accnracf with which he spoke their

respective languages. On the invitation of Pope Gregon
XVI., he repaired in 183 1 to Rome, where he succeeded
Aneelo Mai as keeper of the Vatican Librarjr, and in
tSjS was made a cardinal. A German scholar says ai
him at this period, " He la ^miliar not only with the
principal European languages, but with the Irish, Welsb,
and even Lappish." He i» said to have spoken D|)w«rda
of ACtj languages, and WM thoroughly versed in (be
idioms and provindalism* peculiar to each : he coold

■hire dialect, and ni* French or German visitors with the

in the times of the tower of Babel, to serve a« a univeraal
Interpreter. Died in 1849.

Sta WiLUAH Rnsub " Ufa ef CirdiniL Mmohnii.-- •«.
tisji Hahatit, '* Eiqida* hBtoriqDa mr le CirdifuU Mbfofut^**
tH< : " KiSobaiih Rarinr" far iSjJ.

BCfll, (Edwakd,) an English dlsMnlcr, bom at
Portsmoatbini8o9. He founded "The Nonconformisl,"
in London, and wrote several works against the nnion of
Church and State. In iSm he was elected a Liberal
member of Parliament for Rochdale. He was returned
to Parliament for Bradford in 1S69. Died In iSSi

mifflH«1fa A. Iktfl.AnUa .%.-X...fi:- /Aut^bwxb V

and gained a lignal victory over the Turks at Patras.
In 1835 he burat the Turkish fleet in the harbour of
Modon. He was created high admiral in 183a. On

died in 183s, and was barled near the monument of
Tbemlilodea.

S« " ttiraa dn Dmb Usadn." iSn ! " Moonlla Bioinphi*

aCaMt, me-lt'see, (Giovanni,) an Italian architect,
born at Bergamo in 1699. Among his most admired
works are tbe theatre at Treviso and the Spineda
palace at Venegaiza. Died about i7Sa

m'oall, [Heb. H^'Q ; Fr. MiCHtK, me'shi',) one of
the minor Hebrew prophets, was contemporary with
Isaiah and Uosea, and flourished nnder the reigns of
Jotham, Ahai, and Hezekiah, I'rnm759 10699 ^■'^ "His
■tyle," says Bishop Lowth, "is in many parts animated
and sublime, and in general truly poetical."

lUctd, me'ktl', (N,) an ingenious French mecha-
nician, bora about 1730, constructed several admirable
automatons, among which were two speaking head*,
presented b; him to the Academy of Science* in 1783.
Died about 179a

Mlo^ me-kilee, (Giusbffr,) an Italian historian
and antiquary, born at Leghorn about 1780, His prin-
cipal work is entitled ** Italy before the Dominion of the
Romans," (4 vols., 1810.} Died in 1S44.

mentioned in the Old Testament, wa* regarded
espedal protector of the Jewish nation. A fi^tival was
institntta in his honour, a* a defender of the Church,
by the Chriatians of the ninth centnrj, which la still
celebrated on theajth of September, (Michaelmaa Day.)

MI'«bK-fl [Or. VixtdiX; Fr. Michel, me'ahil'; It.
UlCKKLii, toe-ldli] L, Emperor of the Bast, surnamed
Rhanoabi, {i Tmiya^,) sticceeded, in 8ti a.ix, Stau-
ndns, whose uster Procopia he had married. Being
unsuccessful in his war against the Bnlgariant, he abdi-
cated his crown in 813 and retired to a convent Died
about 845.

S« La Bead. "Hiuania Bu-EmFors."

[« MlCHAEt

Mioluwt U, THE Staumskbk, also called HiCHAn
THE pKRVCtAN, succeeded Leo the Armenian, whom be
had caused to be assassinated, at Emperor of Constanti-
nople, in 830 A.I>. He died after a reign of nine yean,
leaving the empire to his son Theophilus.

ICSia«I IIL, Emperor of the East, a son of The-
ophilus, ascended the throne in S43 a.d., when he was
about three years old. He was assassinated by Basil
the Macedonian in 867. His character was very d*-

S«e CiBBOH, "Dcclint ind Fall of du Ronu Empire."

Utohaol rV, surnamed the Paphlaconian, [Gr.
VU^X h Ila^la^J became emperor in 1034, having
previously married Zoe, widow uf Romanus III., whom
she had put to death. He died in 1041, and waa suc-
ceeded by his nephew, Michael Calaphales.

SQobael V, suraamed Calafhates, [Gr, b Ko^
funTf,] was made Emperor of the East in 1041, but he
was deposed by his subjects in 1043.

MIcns«l VX, Emperor of the Eas*; surnamed Stea
tiot'icuSi began to reign in 1056. He was deposed hi
1057, and was succeeded by Isaac Comncnus^

Mlohael vii-, auraamed Parafina'ces, a son ot
ConstanCine XL, succeeded Romanus III. in 1071. He
was feeble and incompetent to reign, and he abdicated
in 1078.

HIoImbI Vm. PaliBOl'oriE. |Gr. Hii(n)X l> WAm-
oAoyoc,- Fr. Michel Pal&)logub, me'sh!l'plni'otog',|
Emperor of the East, and a son of Androni'cus Palsfj-
oeus, was born in 1124. He usurped in lz6o the throne
of John Lascaris, the infant heir of the lale Emperot
of Nicxa. In 1261 his army took Constantinople from
the Latin ruler, Baldwin II. He was excommunicated
by the Patriarch Arsenlu* for his cruel treatment of John
Lascaria, whombedeprivedofsighL Under hia auspice*
the Eastern and Western Churches made a trea^ i£
union in l%^^\ but this attempt to restore the union
proved abortive. In taSi be defeated the army which
Charles (^Anjou and the pope sent to invade the Eastern
empire. He died in 11S3, and was succeeded by his son,
Androni'cus II.

Saa Ciamii," Decline and Fill of ihaRonan Empire ;" OsoaoB
Pachykxiues. " HiiiQiii Remm * Hidiult Falaolcwi nanTam,"
i«66; Li Bsau, "Hiiuse du Baa-Eniue;" " Nounlle Bicsraphia
»i>Jnle."

MI'«IiE-fl An'g^Io [Fr. Michel-Anc^ me'shlF
6Nzb; IL Michelangelo, me-kSl-ln'ji-io ; Lat. Mi-
chael An'oelus] Bnonaiotd (boo-o-ol-rot'tee) or
BuoiMiTOtl, a celebrated Italian painter, sculptor,
and architect, was born in the castle of Caprese, in Tus-
cany, on the 6th of March, 1474. He was descended
from the noble bmily of Canossa. At the time of hia
birth, his bther, Lodovico Buonarotti Simone, was
podesta or governor of Chiuu and Caprese. His
mother's name was Francesca del Sera. He attended ■
grammar-school in Florence, and became in 148S a pupU
of Domenico Ghirlandaio. Soon after that date ne
began to study sculpture in an academy, or garden, which
Lorenzo the Magnificent had furnished with antique
statues and bas-relieb, in Florence. He gained the
favour of Lorenzo, wbo about 1490 invited him to be-
come an inmate of bis palace and treated him with much
respect and kindness. Here he enjoyed the aodety of
eminent literary men, one of whom, Angelo Poliziano,
(Politian,) became his intimate friend. Among hia ear>
liest works was a marble bas-relie(| the aubject of
which was " The Battle of Hercules with the Centaurs."
This work, which was approved by his own mature judg-
ment, is preserved in Florence^ His patron, Lorento
de' Media, died in 1493, and was succeeded bv his de-
generate son Piero, by whose order Michael Angelo
made a colossal statue uf snow. In 1494 he went ta
Bologna, where he worked about a year. Having re-
turned to Florence, he executed a statue of a " Sleeping
Cupid," which some person passed off as an anttqne
and sold for a high price to Cardinal San Giorgio. About
1497 he produced an admirable marble group, called a
" Pieti, representing "The Virgin weeping over the
Dead Body of her Son." " In none of his works," says
Ernest Breton, "has he displayed more perfect know-
ledge of design and anatomy, or more profound truth of
arpresaion." ("Nouvelle Kogr>phie Gdn^rale.") This

1, i, t, 6, C jP./orvV I, (, A, same, less prolonged; I, i, T, <S, ij, J, short; *, «, j, 9, ebieurt; fir, fill, St; mtt; nAt; gd6d; mOBat

Digitized by VjOOQIC

MICHAEL I J

groap now kdonis a cbapd In the dinrdi of Saint Petei
at Rome. He fotind another patron in I^etro Soderini,
tb« goobloDJere (chief ruler) of Florence, who employei]
Uro in sculplore and punting. He executed & gigantic
marble itatoe of the psalmist David, which stands in
front of the Palauo Vecchio, in Florence. He received
ibnr hundred dacati for thia work, on which he spent
aboni eighteen months and which he finished in 150^
Having oeen commissioned by Soderini to paint in
fresco a historical picture In the hall of the duoU palace,
he chose ibr his subject an event in the war between the
Florentines and the people of Pisa. He displayed in the
cartoon of this compoMtioa a grandeur of style and a
knowledge of anatomy which had noc been equalled by
any modem painter, "Such was the excellence of this
work," says Vaaari, " that some (bought it absolute [>er-
iKtion." This cartoon has perishe(^and the painting
itself was never begun. Amonz his early paintings is
an oil-pictnre of the "Holy Family," (about 1504.) He
was invited to Rome by Julius II. soon after the acces-
sion of that pondfll who employed him to build his
monument or mansoleum. He formed a magnificent
design for this worlt, which design was approved l>y
Ibe pope and has been described tiy Vasan, but was
sever completely executed. While they were consulting
about a suitable place for the monnment, the srchitect,
San Gallo, somested that a new chapel oivht to be
birilt exprcsshr for so soperb s mausoleum. The pope
concurred in his opinion, and determined to rebidld the
thuTch of Saint Peter, llins Michad Angelo's design
b said to have been the cause of the eT«ctlon of the
most magnificent church In tlie world. In 1506 be was
offended at the pope because be was not admitted to
his presence when he went to the palace oo business.
He therefore abruptly quitted hii servloe, and retired to
Florence. Jullns IL sent meatenger* tobring himbac^
iwt he refused to return, until the pope had nrged him
by several letters and mandates. Micluel Angel 0 wished
to finish the monnment which he had tiegun, hut Julius
had dianged Eiit mind, and ordered the great artist to
decorate with frescos the ceiling and walls of the Sistine
Chapel in the Vatican. He painted in the Sistine Chapel
numeiona sceoes from the book of Genesis, and coloMal
tfgnre* of prophet* and sibyls. " From the commence-
ment," aaya Dnppa, " to the conduaion of this stupen-
dous monimient of hnman genius, twenty months onl*
were employed. So short a time for the completion of
so vast a work could hardly be credited, if it were not
more difficult to refuse the testimony on which it is
supported." It was finished in 1513. Michael Angelo
and Raphael worked in the Vatican at the same time.

Jnlios JL died in iji^ and was succeeded W Leo X.,
who is censored for his illiberal conduct towards Michael
Angela Leo ordered bim to build the &fade of the
church of San Lorenzo at Florence, and compelled hira
against his will to spend several years in procnring
marble ibr that purpose. " It is a mortifying reflection,
sajs Duppa, "that the talents of this great man should
have been buried and his time consumed, daring the
whole reign of Leo X, in little else than in raising stone
ont of a quarry and making a road to convey it to the
tea." ["Life of M. Angelo.") Under the patronage
of Clement VII,, who was elected pope in 1533, he
began to build the library and chape! of San Lorenzo, at
Florence. He erected fortifications at Florence in 1518
or 1519, and aided in the defence of that dtv against the
papaltroops. After the accession of Pope Fan! IIL, in
■534, Micnael Angelo was permitted to resume the
monument of Jnliui II., which he completed on a smaller
scale than that which he first designed. It consists of
seven statues, one of wliich represents Hoses, and was
placed in the church of San Pietro In Vinculo. This
statue of Moses Is called one of his master-pieces.

Anitmg his greatest prodnctions is a picture, in fresco,
of "The Last Judgment," in the Sistine Chapel, Rome,
This work, which occu[^ed him sbont eight T^ars and
comprises nearly three hundred figures, was finished in
■Ui. It presents a coofiised mass of naked bodies in
the most Solent attitudes and mo«t admired disorder,
and excels ehieflv in energy of expression. "In the
'Last Judgment, says E. Breton, "onewiU seek in vain

MICHAELIS

_ _ (of Raphael.)

In 1546 lie was appmnted arcliilect of Saint Peter's
Church, which Julius IL began to build about 1506.
Michael Angelo accepted this appointment on the con-
ditions that lie should receive no salary, and that he
should deviate fi'om the design of San Gallo, the (onner
architect of the churcli. He adopted a more ainiple
design, formed a model for the dome, and devoted the
remainder of his life ctiiefly to that grand ^bric, bat did
not live to see it completed. He finished the Fameas
palace, which is greatly admired, and is one of the most
imposing edifices of modem Rome, In his laller years
he adorned the Capitoline Hill with several fine buildings,
among which is the senatorial palace. He was the au-
thor of numerous sonnets and other poems, which ars
distinguished for elegance and purity of style. These
were published in IJ3S, and often reprinted. He never
married. He died in Rome in Febmary, 1563, or, ac-
cording to some authorities, in 1564. His moral character
is represented as good.

" He was the Imght luminary," says Sir Joshua Rey-
nolds, " from whom painting has borrowed a new lusti^
under whose hands it aisnmed a new appearance and
became another and superior art, and from whom all
his oDntemporaries and successors have derived wfatf*
ever they have possessed of the dignified and majestic."
("Disconrses <« Pwnlina," vcd. li.) Comparing him
with Raphael, Qoalremire de Quincy remarks, "If
Michael Angelo is the greatest of draughtsmen, Raifaella
is the first of painters." ("Life of Raffaello.") "In
painting," says Duppa, "thegreat work on which Michael
Angelo^l ^me depends, and, taking it for all in all, the
greatest work of his whole life, is the ceiling of the Sis-
tine ChapeL . . . His Sibyls and prophets exhibit wltk
variety and energy the colossal powers of his mind. . . .
In his great works, his superior abilities are shown ia
the sublimily of liis conceptions and the power and
fiuslity with which they are executed." It is douhtfiil
whether any oil-painting by this artiat is now extanL

S« Vahii, " LIth of Punln Had SeoMon ;" CoHDin, " Vfcs
di Hichalaonls Buenutoti," ijj) 1 Lahsi, ^' Stnii della nuura ;"
RiCHABD DuFTA, " Lift ofHlclid Aufdo/' Loiiilai,i8s6 : Viohau,

'Viu di MidHJuKdn" 1
lofti" QuATauEax DI

Boriei~ LuniAD-ItotLkMn, " Michd-Angt Poeu;"
voan, "Lib ti Hkhad Anieio," i8s6; Hahii H

and ■ld^wrilleB accouni of llidud Annlo:) Houunf
'Uidisd Aanlo'i Lrim," ud Ei«ll^ Ttwoa of th*
idgn, * tcIl, 1S6J.

MtohMlAiifalodellaBattulie. SeeCnQuozzi.

W'ohasl Fsodc/roTltoIi, (no.do'ro-Titch.) Ciar
of Russia, bom in t Wfi. was a son of Feodor Rraianof
He began to reign in 1613. His rule is said to have
been beneficial to Rnssia. He had two sons and three
daughters. Died in 1645.

S« BaccH, "Rtirn of Michul Faodmritd^" <jn KsiuB,)
iB]i 1 UvaiqiTE, " Huunrs de Ruoia."

MIobaslvr, me-Kfi'eh-lf r, (Kakl Joseph,) a German
historian and scholar, oorn at Innspruck in 1735 ; died
iniSo4.

MlotaMUi, me-KUOis, (Johann Bbhjamin,) a Gor-
man poet, born at Zittau in 174& He was ttie anthot
of lyric poems, fables, and satires : the last-named are
particularly esteemed. He was Intimate with Jacoln and
Gldm, and redded with the latter at the time of his
death, (177X)

Sm Scum, ** Labn |. B. lUdualta," \m.

■nohsells, (TOHANN Davtd,) an eminent German
theologian and Orientalist, bom at Halie in 1717. He
stuped in the university <^ hia native dty, and acquired
s profound knowledge of the Hebrew, Syriac, and Clial-
dM langnagea and Mblical exegesis. He sulneqiiently
vidled HoUand and England, and was appointed after
bis return professor of pnilosophy at GWingen, (1745.)
In conjunction with Haller, be founded the Soaety of
Sdences in that dty, of which he afterwards became
director. He waa editor of the " Gelehrte Anioigen,"
at GSttingen, from 1753 to 177CS and about the same time
held the oflice of librarian at the university. He was ths

<as k: f as r; e hard; % as/; O, K, Vi,giMtiraI; N, mual; It, tri/Ud; I as ■; »h as in Mt. (|^See Explanations, p. 93.)

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

MICHAELIS 1718 MICHELET

■nthoT of " Introduction to the New Testament," (" Etc- : Americana," 1 vols., 1S03,) wtilch for many nu* wai
Jeitang in die Gottlichen Schriften des Nenen Bundes," the most complete that had appeared. Both ofbit work*
STols., 1750,) "Commentaries on the Laws of Moses," 'ire adorned with ezcdlent engravings by Redonti.
(''Da3Mos»iBcheRecht,"6vols., 1770,) and other works, | £« Cumfaias, "Notice inrF. A. Miduia," .807: "Edinbwi*
which entitle him to rank among the most learned men Review" for October. 180;; "UDoihl7ScTiew"brN0T«aibB,iM
ofhistime. Healsopublishedgrammarsofthe Hebrew, "fonli Aineiit«iiRe™w"lbr April, iBja.
Syrlac, and Chaldee languages, and teveral valuable Mlcbanx, (FKAK9013 ANDRt,) a noted French bot-
treatises on chronology and gec^aphj. Hichaelis was mist, a son of Andrj Michaux, already noticed. He
■ Fellow of the Royal Society of London, member of was born at Versaiites in 177a Like his bther, be
the Academy of Inscriptions, Paris, and priry coundlloi travelled extensively in North America, collecting tree*
of Hanover, Died in 1791. I and seeds for the French government. His principal

Sa J.D.HiCHAin.is."LcbeiubcKhnflHii<nwihmKlbiiiibee- work is " Hisloiie des Arbres foreatiers de I'AniMquB
SS"-" 'l?^l-^ *l."!l™?',",?'^uiii J. B. Miduelii," iTH'Mseptentrionale," (4 vols., 1810-13.} Died at VaureaL
■•No««flefi.njn.ph»Gto<™]e." October 13. 1855.

MfehaoU.. (JoHANN HBiNWCit) aG«man Oriental. ■ Miohie, the French for Micah. which see.
bt and theo^gtan, bom at Klettenber^ Saxony, m >66& Mirfi^lhe French for Miciuil, which tee.
Heiaught Hebrew Greek, and Chaiaee at lialle. and. MIohS me'shW', (Claude Etibnne.) a French
tewmeprofeMor of theology at that piace about lyog-j-eneral of division, born at Pointre in I77i. He was
He wrote works on philology, eta Died m 17JS. Ciiied at Waterloo Tune t8i?

Mi<d«ltovl<^ aUhjllowlU. or MlJ^oylt* "^-T MiobeMC^c "Q'E,)aknchantiq.ari.n,born
hi'lo-vits, (Joseph,) a Croatian catdmal, born at Thorda, „ , „^„, 'i,^ , „,„(i„or ,. n^-j.,.., ,«., .B,n

'T"^«r.^*iisv;.£r;Sf °' °' *'^"' , «' -■"'■^^^^^^^^

and in t577 was created a cardinal-pnest- , ... . . ,.*,,. . . . ^ >« .- 1!

MiohatfowikL See MiRHAiwFSKi. J"^ ^wltr^ . i «s n .^"^f, '^""'1"1'' '

MiohaUon, me'shrWN', (ACHiujiETNA,)aFrenchly?47.) Histoire des HBtellenes, ("854.) A
painter, born in Paris in 1796. He gained the first prire <-""<:=' Inquiry 'n'o the Scollish Language. (iSSa.)
u 1817. and went to Rome with a pension. Died in 1833. ''^'

MtcballoD, (Claude.) a French sculptor, the tthe. ICcbeL (Francisqub Xavier,) a French archaeoln-
of the preceding, was bom at Lyons about 1751 He jgist, born at Lyons in 1809. He published editions of
studied at Rome. Died in 1799. 'ihCRomanceof the Violet." (1834,) "Song of Roland,"

Miobauel.mc'BhS', <Claude Iqnace Francois,) an (1837,) "Anglo-Norman Chronicle," and other work*
able French general, bom near the Jura Mountains in '. of the middle ages. Died May ai, 1S87.
■7S3- He became general of division in 179^. and in ' Miohal, (Jean.) a French physician and dramatic
1794 succeeded Fichegru as commander-in-chief of the | poet He enioyed a high reputation in his time, and
wmr of the Rhine- In the same year he gained victories 'was appointed orst physician to the king, Charles VIIL
at Kaiserslantern, Mannheim, and other places. From Died about 1493.

1806 to 1813 he wia Governor of the Hanse towns. Michel, (Jeak Baptiste,) a French engraver, bora
Died in 1835. in P"'!* in 174S, resided many years in London, when

Mlcbaad, (Joseph Francois,) a distinguished French be enjoyed a high reputation. Died in 1804.
writer and journalist, bom in Savoy in 1767. Soon afto' MUchBi, (Louise.) a female communist, bom it
Ae breaking out of the French RevpUition he repaired chitteau-Broncourt, France, m 1830. She very early
to Pans, where he was ^ww"* 'ditor for many years |^ („ ^lish verses full of forci. During tlie out-
tjf the ro);alist journals the " Gawtte F.an9aLse''^ and ^^\^^ ^ X-^^ Commune of Paris she was a very active
■LaQuolLdienne." In 181 1 he began, in conjunction |„^^^^, i„ ^^^ „dj^, ^^^^^ Ini??: she was sentenced
with his brother, the publication of the celebrated "Bio- ' j^ deportation for life, and was transported to Nonmia,
graphie Umverselle,'' (completed in 1840. 85 vols. Svo.) |i„ -^^^ Caledonia, but returned to Piris in 1880, at the
whid> numbered among ita contributors the mMt em.- \^^^ „f ^^ ^^^^ amnesty, and became editor of " La
neni literary and aaenttfic men of France. Michaud I Re',o]u,io„1ociale."- She was imprisoned in 1883
was the author of an excellent " History of the Crtaades, , ^„^ ^^^ ,„ ,885 („ b„ anarchical publications, and
gy,'''i''?4'/'uT""""'"'^, I?' ^5"ili^^' 2 "I subsequently resided in London. She published
fexile," which had great populan^. and otIerwirks.n..„H?, _ Microbes of So-

prose and verse, besides a number of contributions to . , „ ^J. . t.„„„„ „ ,' ,
&.e » Biographie Universelle." He was for many years "<='y- ^'"^ J"""^ 9- '^^S

a prominent bookseller and pnbliaber in Paris. Died ! , Michel, (Robert,) a French sculptor, bom at Pay
In igiQ. in 17ZO. worked mostly in Spain. Died at Madrid is

BUctaaad, (Louis Gabriel,) a French AOAvftwr, bora 17^5-
•t Boarg-en-Bresse in 1771. He was a brother of the Michel-Ango. See Michael Ahgelo.
preceding, in conjunction with whom he established a ; Michelangelo or Mtchelagnolo. See Michael
printing-house in Paris, from which issued the principal Angelo.

royalist publications of the time. He was the author 1 Mlobelet miah'lj', (Jules,) an eminent French his-
of a "Historical Picture of the First Wars of Napoleon Itorian, bom in Paris in 1798. He was chosen chief of
Bonaparte." "History of Saint-Sitoonism," etc. andl'he historical department of the archives of France in
made numerous contributions to the "Biographie Uni-jiSso, before which he had published several hisiorieal
rerselle." Died in 185& works for schools. About 1833 he was appointed the

Miohaolt, me'shS'. (Jean Beenakd.) a French phi- 1 substitute or successor of Guiiot as professor of history
lologist and bibliographer, born at Dijon in 1707; died »t the Sorbonne. He published in 1831 a "Roman

MlohniLi^ me'shC. (AndrA,) a distinguished French
botanist and traveller, bom at Versailles in 174& After
having traversed Persia and other countries, be was sent
by the goTernment to North America in 1785 for the

History: the Republic," and in 1833 the first voIde
of his "History of France." In 1S3S he obtained the
chair of histoty and moral science in the College of
France, and was elected a member of the Academy of
Moral and Political Sciences. He distinguished himself

purposeof collecting trees and plants. For about eleven jas an adversaryofthejesuitsand of Romanism. After the
years he Ihorouehty explored the botanical productions Xcnup-d'ltat of December. 1851, refusing to take the oath,
of the United States. Canada, etd. with a courage and 'he lost his place in the archives, and his chair in tbe
energy which no danger or difficulty coold overcome. ICsUege of France. His principal works arc a "Hi^
In 1796 he returned to France with his collections, and 'tory of the French Revolution," {7 vols., IS47-S3') '
preparedhis"Descriptionof theOaksof North-Amer-;"Hislory of France," (14 vols., 1S33-63,) "Lovcl"
lea." (iSoi.) He aa;ompanied Baudin's sdentific ex- IC'L'Amour," 1858,) and "Woman," {"La Fenane,"
pedition to Australia in iSoo, and. whiSe pursuing bit 1859.) These have been translated into English and
researches in Madagascar, he died of fever in 1801. lollen reprinted. His histories present a proftuion of
He left a " Rora of North America," I" FInra Boreal!- j poetical images, with a brilliant style and ingeniaat
i,i,I,J)tll,J,/mtf,'i,i,&,same,]essproliHiged; £,£,1,6,0, jf,iJ0r<,'hf,j,9t''>'™'V;Q(iflU>l3t'>mtt;nOt;gi]6dim0Sn;

db, Google

MICHELET 17

Eneraliiations. He also wrote "A Sketch (Pridi) of
odem Hittory," (1833,) "The Se»,"("La Mer," 1861,)
-The Bible of Hnmanit]r," ("La Bible de I'Hunianit^,"
1S64,) and two posthnmoui works, " The Soldien of the
RcTolution," (187B,) and "The Banqnet," (1879.) Died
at the Ilea d'Hyirea, Febmarr 10, 1874.
laiQhdvt D>teh'fh-iy, (Kau. Ludwig.) a diadn-

Eished GermaD phitoaopber of the Bchool of Hese), was
m at Berlin io iSoi. He was appinnted in IMS pro-
fessor of philoBophj and philolo^ in the French pjm-
Dasiuin at Berlin, and in iSm obtained the cbaiT of
philosop'hv in the university. He published "The Ethics
of Aristotle in their Relation to the System of Morality,"

gty,) "Critical Examinadoa of Anstotle'i Metipliy»-
" (in French, 1836,) which was crowned by the Acad-
emy of Uonl Science* of Paris, " History of the last
Sjateow >A FhllMophy In Gennany, from Kant to Hegel,"
(1^7,) ud other works of high repate. Died in 1S93.

UlohftU, me-kllee, (ANnnaA,) an Italian painter,
calledANIttXAVicumNO,bornatViceniaini539. He
waaagood colorist, but luJted invention. Died in 1614.

Mt^Ti^ill, (DoMKNico,) a Venetian stMetmui, became
Doge of Veidce in 1117. He conducted ■ fleet in acru-
tade to Falettiiie b 1133, and took Tjm in 1114. Died

l^haU, me-kilee, or IDohlell, me-ke-nee, {Lit
HiCHx'uus,] (Pmo Antonio,) an eminent lulian
botanist, bom at Florence bi 167a, was appanted by
Coeinto dc' Hedid tnperintcndent of his botanical garden.
He gave particolar attention to the classification of the
mo«se^ fiuigi, and lichena. His principal work, pub-
lished in 17391 is entitled " Nova Plantarum Genera," in

this botanist Died

5«< CoeCH^ "Bloiio di P. A Uicheli," i7n; Cuvin. "Hii-
loirc d» ScicBCH mturcUa:" a Mxauu, "Di P. A. Uick^
luCinico iJBigne," 1S4J ; FABHoin, "Vita luUDnun,'* ate

MiabelL (Vitals,) a Venetian commander, elected
Doge of Venice in 1096, sent a large fleet to co-operate
with the leaders of the flrst crusade. Died ia i loa:

5a Daid, "HiiunndaVsuH."

MiabeU dn &«st, mtthle' dU kR4, (Jacquu Bak-
THiLEHy,) a Swiss mathematician and astronotnei. bom
at Geneva in 1690, published, among other works, a
"Description of a Universal Thermometer," of which
he was the inventor. Died in 1766.

MlcbeliB, mi-Kilis, (Fbibdrich,) a German Old-
Catholic theologian, born at MUnster, July 37, 1815.
He became a priest, was professor of history and phi-
lolo» in the seminary of Paderbom from 1849 to 1854,
and later was prolessor of philosophy in the Lyceum al
Brunswick. He supported Ddllinger and followed him
in the Old-Catholic movement He published a " His-
tory of Philosophy," (1867,) "Nature and Revelation,"
and many other works, philosophical, theological, and
controvcraial. Died in 1B86.

Miohelliu. See Michsli.

Mioh'sll, John,) an English scientist, born about
1735. He was educated at Queen's College, Cambridge,
where he became professor of geology. He was after-
wards rector of Tbornhill, Yorkshire. He is remem-
bered as the inventor of the Torsion Balance, and the
author of a "Treatise of ArtiQcial Magnets," (1750,) and
other works of value. Died in 1793.

Miobelot^ mahiy, (FiBKiti Maui Josrph,) a
French actor, bom in Parti in 1785 ; died in 1856.

Mlolieloul, me<k&-Ioc'see, or Mlobeloaso, me-ki-
lot'so, a Florentine sculptor and architect, was a pupil
of Bmnelleschi. He fiimished the design for the Ric-
eatdi palace and for the chapel of the Annunciation at
Florence Died in 1470L

See Vasaki. *• Li>u of the P^nlen, Arrfiiltct*," etc. i Quatu-
■ias DC QuiRCV, "Via di* ArchiuetH iUuliei^

Mtobelaen, me'icel-sfn, (Andreas Lutiwio Jakob,]
a German jurist and historian, bom in Sleswick in 1801,
became professor of law at Jena in 1S43. Died in iSSl.

Mlobelsoii, mce'Kfl-son, (Ivan,) a bmous Russian
cencra^ born in Livonia in 1735 ; died in 1807.

'ke-V, (Giustina Rbniik,) a learned

tg MICON

Italian lady, bom at Venice in 1755. She translate)]
"Macbeth'* and "Othello" into Italian, and pubiisheJ
" Feste Venetiane," (S vols., 1817-37.) Died in 1833.

Mlchioa SeeMicHMX

MIcMbIj^ me'she-tl', (Ioskph Alprkd XaviuJ a
French litUratair, bom at Rome in 1813. He published
a " History of Flemish and Dutch Fainting," " History
of the Franco- Prussian War," etc Died in 1S93.

MI-«tp'af, [Gr. Uwi^,] Kin^ of Numidia, was a
ion of^Masmissa, at whose death, in 148 B.c, the king-
dom was divided between Micipsa and his brothers,
Gulussa and Mastanabal. After the death of these twu,
who survived tlieir btber but a short time, he was king
of all Numidia. He was an ally of the Romans. Died
in 118 B.a

Miokiewloa, mlts-ke-t'vltch, (Adah,) a celebrated
Polish poet, bom in Lithuania in 179S. He studied at
the University of Wilna, where he became intimate with
several distinguished patriots and joined the sectet
societies opposed to the Russian govemment He pub-
lished in 1^3 a collection of poems, which at once es-
tablished his reputation as the greatest poet his country
had produced. He was banished in 18^ to the interioi
of Russia, on a charge of conspiring against the eovem-
ment, and while reading at Odessa wrote his " Crimean
Sonnets," Having been permitted to leave Russia, in
1838 he visited Germany and Rome, and in 1S34 took
up his residence in Pans. He was appointed in 1840
professor of the Slavonic language and literature ir
the College of France, where he lectured for a tinu

_..t _ ... „■ ■ -onwitbthi

worship of
Bonaparte, deprived him of his popularity
IS ordered to quit Paris by the govemment
... ^ent by Louis Napoleon on a mission to
Constantinople in 1855, and died soon after his arrival.
His principal works are his " Grajina," a historic pic-
ture of Lithuania in early times, "Konrad Wallenrod,"
(1830,) the "Ancestors," ("Diiady," i833,)^n the fiiat
part of which he eives tlie story of his unfortunate M-
tachment to the sister of a fel tow-student, and in tht
latter describes his imprisonment at Wilna, — and " Paa
TadeuBi," (1833.)

Sea I. n LoHiHn, "Gakrb do Contanponiiu;" Gvmat
Sahd, "Evii tiir I* Drums bmattique ;" "NouTcUt Bkienphia
"■^n^nJai" "A UKkievia: dm Uc^nplilidM S1uiu,''^>ij71
FcrrElin Qiunerlj Renew" lot October. iSj^

Mloklo or Meikle, mik'fl. (WitxiAu Juuu^) a
....... ..... I .... !^ Dumfriess-shire in

1763, he published
several poems, which obtained for him the patronage of
X.otd Lyttleton, and in 1775 brought out his translation
of the "Lnuad"of Camoens. I- '---'

In England, and procured for h . .._

— '—'— to the Royal Academy of Lisbon. This work,

. _ . , ia &r ftoro being a faithful version of the origi-
nal [ and Hallam observes that Mickle's " infidelities in
translation exceed all liijcrties ever taken in this way.'
He also published several popular ballads, one of which,

ntitled " Cumnor Hall," sugeested to Sir Walter Scott
lis romance of " KenilwortV' Died in 1788.

Sea Caiv, " Un of Knglkh p«u bam Johuoo to Kiik*
While:" Chakbuu, "BioEnphictl DkiIodut of Eminenl Seotr

ax" "Uoulily KcTJew" Ibr SipUBibei. i;ri, lud April, Unf,

A July. IT?*.

Mloklaoho-MaolB7, mik.too'Ko-ma-kli', (Nrx-
OLAS,) a Russian traveller, born in 1S46, was the son nf a
nobleman. He studied al the University of Saint Peters.
In 1866 he went with Haeckel to Madeira, in 1867
Canaries, and in 1869 to Morocco. After visiiing
South America, Tahiti, and Samoa, be in 1871-73 made
the first of his celebrated journeys in Papua. He also
travelled in Indo-China and in other little-known regions.

making important geographical
MI'coii, [Gr. MJiun-,] an en

discoveries

Died 1S88.

rys.c. He was chosen by his countrymen to paint

the walls of the temple of Theseus at Athens. His
pictures representing the battles of the Amaions and
Centaurs were espeoallv admired for the skill displayed
the delineation of the horses. There were seveia
other Greek artists named Micon.

east,'fasj,-gAifrf;tas/;a,R,K,fMAW'.i;;H,fMr<i/;H,iHU(d';iass;thsslEi«((>. (|V-See Explanations, p. a^V

d by Google

10 MIDGARDS

Mlddloton, (Edward,) *n Engliio ^tlenukn, bora
kt Twickenbam, settled in South Cuolina, and wi* thi
Ibander of ■ bmily which produced *everal diatingnuhed
■tateBmeo.

Mlddlaton, (EusutJS,) an Engliih writer, poUlihed
a "DictioTiary oT Artt and Sdencea," and a collection
of lives of eminent Protestant thedogians, entitled
" Bitwraphia EvangBllca." Died in iSoc.

Mlaaietaa, (HEHay,) son of Arthur Middleton,
Governor of South Caioltna, was president of Congreu

Mlddlaton, (Sir Hknky,) an English navigator, bom
tbout IJTO, entered the service of the Es«t l^la Com-
panj. In 1610 ha conducted an ezpedlljon to Mocba,
Surat, and Bantam. Died in 1615.

Middleton, (Hutftv,) an American eiatetman under
the administration of F^sideni Monioc, was elected
Governor of South Carolina, and in [Sao was minister

Russia. Died in 1K46. Hia son HeNRV.born in Paiit

', has published several political treatises.

Idleton, (Sit Hltgh,) a weal thv citizen of Loi

bom about [56J, is chieflj known n-om the important

"JSii

n of London,

MJCRELIUS

HloroUna or MlomUns, me-kUle-Aa, (Johak
• German historical writer, bom at Cdslin in 1597.
tanght philosophy at Stettin, and published, beii
other works, "Ilexicon Fhilosophicum," (l6ji,) and
"Roj'al Politiol Sdence," ("Regia Politica Soentia"
1654.) Died in 165a

MI'daa, [Gr. Munfil ■ Phrygian king, who, accordm
to tradition, requested of Bacchus that all he touched
mlKht turn to gold, and was gratified by the grant of that
wish. Being thus in danger of starvation, he coutd
onlv escape the curse he had brought upon himself b
bathing in the Factolus, which ever after flowed wit]
•anda of gold. It Is also related of him that, havini
decided in favour of Pan in his musical contest will
Apollo, Midas's ears were changed to those of an as9.
which be endeavoured to conceu. They were at length
discovered by a servant, who, unable to ret^n the secret,
whispered it in a pit in the ground, and the reeds which

Kew around the spot reveued liis disgrace, murmuring
Ihc winds the words, " King Midas has asaes' ears.
This fable was a favourite theme with the Athenian

Middelborg, de, dfli mid'dfl-biiRK', (Paul,) i
Dutch mathematician and writer, bom at Middelburg ii

■445. became professor of mathematics at Padua. Hi
was made Bishop of Fossombrone In 1494. Died ii

>534.
Mld'dendorf, von. (Alexander Theodor,) i

Russian explorer, bom at St. Petersburg in 1815. Mi

was educated in Russia and Germany, became a pro

lessor in Kiev University, and later a eeogrophical

explorer in Siberia. He was many years in working

out the scientific results of bis explorations, and pub-
lished a number of scientific works. He studied also

the agriculture of Turkestan. Died in 1S94.

BUddendorpt wan, vtn mid'dfn-doap', (Jakob.) a
Dutch historian, bora in Overyssel in 1537. His hia-
toties are not reliable. Died in 1611.

Mld'cK^nyn, (Saiiuel,) an English engraver, born
in 1 746. He engraved landscapes with success. Died
in 181a

Mld'dlft-tpn, (Arthur,) an American statesman,
born in South Carolina, succeeded Nicholson as govemc
of that colony in 1735.

Middleton, (Arthur,) an American patriot of the
Revolution, born in South Carolina in 1743,

of the signers of the Declaration of Independe __.

took the degree of A.B. at Cambridge, England, and
after his return was a delegate from bis native State to
the United States Congress in 1776. He was subse-
quently re-elected in 1781, Died in 1787.

Mid'dl«-t9n,(CoinrRRS,)a celebrated English scholar,
divine, and controversialist, born in Yorkshire in 1683.
He studied at Trinity Coll«e, Cambridge, of which he
became a Fellow in 1706. He was created D.D. in 1717,
on which occasion he oppoeed the claims of Bentley (then
re^ius professor of dinmty) to an exorlNtant fee. A law-
•tut followed, in which Bentley was defeated. Middleton
published, soon after, "A Full and Impartial Account
of the Proceedings in the University of Cambridge against
Dr. Bentley," which, though highly vindictive m its
lone, is esteemed a master-piece of English style. He
was apptnnted chief librarian of the univeraity about
173a Having visited Italy in 1734, he published, aftei
his return, hit "Letter from Rome," (1719,) in which he
maintains that "tlie religion of the present Romans is
derived from their heathen ancestota.'' Having brought
upon himself the charge of infidelity by this work and
■Dcceeding publications, he wrote a^amphlel in defence
of his orlhodoiy, which, however, failed to remove the
imiavourable impression he had made. He brought
out in 1741 his "History of the Life of M, T. Cicero,"
which, though marred with some grave defects, was
received with extraordinary favour. In 1749 he pub-
lished "A Free Inquiry into the Miraculous Powers
of the Christian Church," in which he insist! that the
Protestant clergy should deny the authority of the
Fathers entirely, or admit the truth oi the leading
Catholic doctrine*. Died in 1750.

I. * t, ^ (1, J, /«(f; *, 4, J^ same, less prolonged; I. i, 1, 8, a, J, Mtfrf; ^ ft j, ^ ^nwre; fib, fill, at; rnlt; n6t; g86d; in«i«

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

service he rendered to London by uniting ti
Hertfordshire and Middlesex, for supplying the city with
water. The stream formed by this junction, called the
New River, was conveyed a distance of about thirty-eight
miles. He was made a baronat in 1633. Died in 1631.

See Lvniu, " EBTirolu of LODdao."

BCddleton, (John Izard,) son of Arthur, noticed
above, (1743-871) was bom in 1785. He wrote h work
entitled "The Cyclopean Walla." Died in 1849-

Mtddleton, (ThouaM an English dramatist, flou-
riahed during the reigns of Eliiabeth, James I., and
Charles L Nothing is known of his life, except that he
was chronologer to the dty of London in imol Two
of his prindlMll play* are entitled "A Mad World, my
Masters," and "The Roarine GirL" The latter is said
to be a true picture oF I.onaon life at that time. Mid-
dleton also aasisted Rowley, Fletcher, and Tonson in
the composition of several of their plays. One of hia
dramas, entitled " The Witch," is su]ip;»cd to have fur-
nished Shakspeare with the witch-scenes in "Madwth."
Died about 1636.

Se* Ciuinau, ^Spcdmeiu of ib* Bridth Pmu;" BAEan,

Middleton, (Thomas Fanshawe,) D.D., an English
prelate, bom in Derbyshire In 17S9. He took bis degrea
in tSoS, and was appointed Arciideacon of Huntin^on
in iSis. Soon after thia the government having deaded
to constitute a bishopric in India, Dr. Middleton waa
consecrated first Bishop of Calcutta, in 1814. Haviog
previously been made a Fellow of the Royal Sodety. he
set sail for India. He laid the foundation of the Bishopa'
College at Calcutta, In i8zo. and established a consistory
court in that d^. While acalously engaged in his duties,
he was atucked with a fever, of which he died in 183a.
His prindpal work is entitled "The Doctrine of the
Greek Article applied to the Critidsm and Illustration
of the New Testament"

5« tt» "Lift of ThomM Fuuhnwe Miditlrt.n," bj C W. If

Ml ■'Month^vRcTin'TDiMij, iSioif Iff.

Mld'gard's* Serpent, (or MlSgarSaonur, mith'-

Jarthz-oRmr',) called also the World-Ssrpant, and
ttrmtingaQd, in the Norse mythology, the great serpent
which surrounds the world, the of&pring of Lokl and
the female JQtun Angurboda, (AngrboEa.) The gods,
having learned that the children of Loki and An
gurboda were destined at some future day to be btal to
them, determined to get possession of those childrea
while they were still young. They were aocordiD^
brought, and Midgard^s Serpent was cast into the
~ an. where it grew till it encirded the world, Udng
own tail. At the end of the world (Ragnarock) the
'Id-serpent will fight among the enemies of the gods

•Uidpuil raiUiSi-wiird-O was OTiRhMnT a|H>M to loaa^
dw^JE-plHa 1b tbi niddk of tlM o^t«*^ ud faton m^aim Oa

lo the woi

Tolcuiic fire, reprMented niideT the form of Fknuk,
(which sec)

FocfiintHipDtieBhn.lharHdermiiecnHillTuaBn'i" Nhui-

ft, FiUa iCfi, XXV., XXVI., XXVll. i Knsn'a " Re1«sn
itf ■fa*NaflliaieB;"iiiidPRitnit'i"Ncir^k MTthokiiL"

SDdhtlt Pullft, mid'hlt pl'aht, ■ Tnrkiih iCateinian,
bom in CoDitantinople in litl. In 184; he entered the
tivil service as a cteik, and he was afterwards employeij
in various positions of high trust. In 1857 he crushed
out brigandage in Roumelia, and soon after he became
acting governor of Bulgaria. In 1B60 he was made a
pasha, and wa3 appointed governor o( Southern Albania.
In 1864 he was comDiiiaioncd u governor-general of
Bulgaria. He was then successively president of the
council of state, grand vizier, governor of Bagdad, and
nunisler of justice. He was concerned in the deposition
of Abdool Azeei and of Moorld V., and in 1876 again
became grand viner, but was soon banished. In 1878
he was appointed governor -general of Syria. In iSSi
he was condemned to death on the charge of having mur-
dered the Sultan Abdool Aieei,bulwas Bnally banished
to Southern Arabia. Died May 11, 1S84.

BfieoEjralavr, me-itchns-llv, [Lai MitxisiA'us or
MiCiStA'us,] I, sarnamed the CLamous, called also
BCesko, (me4s1co,) Duke of Poland, vras bom at Posen
bi 931. Having become converted to Christianity, he
■hawed great zeal in its promulgation and (he extirpa-
tion of paganism. He died in 992. A monument, by
Ranch, was erected to his memory at Posen.

Sea KADLnKC^ "AbbiIh:" Suihl, "VondEm nlai drill-
■Ani Poliriiclini FSntn MimUm." ijji.

IflMMTBlftir or WMko TL, King of Poland, bom
In 990, succeeded to the throne in 1035. He was de*
6dent in tilent and energy, and lost a considerable por-
tion of his territotr to the Germans and Hnngariani.
Hediedinl034,indwaasncceededbyhisson, CasimJr L

BCeL meet, or Mo«l, mil, (Jan,) or Giovanni dillo
VrrK,(jo-vln'nee dlMo vee'ti,} a celebrated Flemish
painter, bom near Antwerp in 1599. He was s pafnl
of Andrea Sacchi, but he afterwards adopted the style
of BambocdoL His ^tvourile subjects were pastoral and
banting scenes, gypnes, beggars, and carnivals, in which
be has never been lurpeMed. He was patronized by
Cbarle* Emmaniiel, Duke of Savoy, who made him his
painter and presented him with a diamond cross of
neat valtie. Many of the best works of this artist are
In the Imperial Gallery at Vienna. Died in 1664.

S«DDCAiirs, " Via du PsiDtm FUmandi^"Mc 1 C Blah^
■■ HittDitE in Peinlna ;" " Noanlli Btafiapbie Otainia."

UleUs, me'tl', (Jkah Fkanqois,) a French Jitl/ratatr,
bom at Dflle in 1757, Among his works is ■ " History
of Portugal," (10 vols., i S28,) in which he was associated
with Fortia d'Urban. Died In 1839.

aCerevolt or Mlersvald, mee'r^h-vCIf, (Michiu
Jahsen,) a Dutch portrait-painter, bom at Delftin 1567,
was a pujril of Blocklandt His works are esteemed
naster-pieces of the kind, and, thongh very numerous,
are finlsned with exceeding delicacy and precision. His
portraits are stated by Sandrart to have amounted to

e of his religion. Among
tne those of Giotins, Gus-
I, Prince of Orange,

Ambrose Spinota, Constantine HuvKhens, the fprand

KnsionaiT Barneveldt, Admiral de Coligny, Maurice of
issau, the Dutch [Hiet Jacob Cats, and the Duke of

Buckingham. Died in 1641

Set PiuciHcToii, "DicfodiTTof PhdIb*:" Docuirs, "Vi«
dci Pdntrei HolUndiii;" CHiiaus Buun; " Hburireda Peintrei."

Mlerfs, mee'ris, (Fkans,) called thk Elder, a cele-
brated Dutch painter, bom at Le;^den in 1635, was a
pupil of Gerard Donw, who called him the prince of his
diiJdples. His works are prindpallv domestic scenes,
conversation-pieces, and interiors of palaces, and are
distinguished by great brilliancy of colouring and skilful
bnitation of velvet, satin, and other rich materials.
Among his master-piece* we may name " The Silk-Mer-
diant, which was purchased by the archdnke Leopold

tut; f»n;t^i''rJl tuj; o,a,s,gMiira/; v.iiaial ; ^ tnlltJ; lass,- thasinl^w.

" MIGNARD

William of Anstria for one thousand florins, a " Voung
Girl Painting," an ■* AssemUy of Ladies," bought bytlw
Grand Duke of Tuscany for one thonsand dollua, ■
" I^dy at her Toilet," "The Pearl- Stringer," "The Silk-
Store,'' "Lady playing with a Parrot," and "The Sick
Woman." Died in iSi.

Mlerla, (Fians,) tkk Voungkc, son of Willem,
noticed below, was bom at Leyden in 1689. He was ■
skiifnl artist, but is better known as a scholar and writer.
Among his works is his "History and Ecclesiastical
Antiqoities of the Seven United Provinces," (i7»6.)
Died in 1763,

BCerla, (Jan,) son of Frans the Elder, was Iwm al
Leyden in i66ol He painted portraits and historical
pieces of great merit. Died in 1690.

Mlerla, van, vin mee'ris, (Willbm.) son of Frans
the Elder, was born at leyden in 1661. He studied
under his &ther, whose style he adopted. Among hit
best pictures are a "Dutch Kitchen," a "Game-Mer-
chant" and "ArmidaandtUnaldo." Died in 1747. His
works are Ux inferior to those of his lather.

UoroBlawald, me-ll-ro-sllv'skee, (Loots,) the son
of a Polish officer and a French lady, was bom in France
in 1813. He wrote, in French, a "History of the Polish
Revolution," (1837,) and a number of historical and
political works in Polish. Died November aj, 1878.

Mlerre, Le. See Lemierre.

MiFflin, (Lloyd,) author, bom at Columbia,
Pennsylvania, in 1846. In early life he devoted himself
to landacape paialiog. Later hs engaged in literary
work, especially in the writing of sonnets, of whidi he
has produced more than five hundred. Hs has pub-
lished several volumes of poems.

He was a delegate to the Continental Congress in 1774,
became first aide-de-camp toWashinetonin 177S, served
with distinction st Long Island ana Trenton, and rose
to the rank of major-general in 1777. He succeeded
Franklin In 17S8 as president of the supreme executive
coundl of Pennsylvania. He was a member of the
Convention which framed the Constitution of the United
States in 1787. He was Governor of Pennsylvania bom
1790 to 1799^ Died at Lancaster in tSoo.

Mlghels, (Philip Vbrrill,) author, bom at Car-
son City, Nevada, in 1869. He wrote the novels "When
a Witch is Young," "The Inevitable," "Sunny Side,"
etc, and " Silver Flute," a poem. Died in 191 1.

MlsllArsi, mil-yl'rl, (Giovanni,) an lulian painter,
born in Piedmont in 1785. He excelled in landscaoes,
perspective, and archilectnral views. Among his best
works are the " Cathednl of Milan," " Charles V. in a
Convent" and " Interior of the Church of Saint Am-
brose." Died in 1837.

MlsUoratL See iNNOCiin- VIL

Mlgnnrd, mtn'yiR', (Nicolas,) a French painter,
engraver, and architect, born at Troyes in 160S. He wa*
patronized by the Cardinal Archbishop of Lyons, brother
of Richelieu, whom he accompanied to Rome in 1644.
He pabted portraits tA Louis XIV. and his queen, and
adorned the Tuileries with several historical pictures ol

I^nting. He ^ed in i66£, leaving two sons, Piutxi
and Paul, who were artists of considerable merit.

Se« R. I>vuasinE, " L« Peinln-GraTeiir Fnncali ^" RaHoovra^
" D« Typu t( Hanitrti da MaHra-GnveBn.''

Mignard, (Pierre,) sumamed the Roman, one of
the most eminent painters of the French school, was
a lirother of the preceding, and was bom at Troyes in
i6ia He studied in Pans under Simon Vouet, and in
1635 visited Rtnne, where he met with Ponssin, Claude
Lorrain, Dufresnoy,aiid other celebrated artists residing
in that city. On hts return to Paris, in t6jS, he was pa-
tronized by Lonis XIV., whose portrait he painted many
times. He was also employed to decorate the palaces
of Versailles and Saint-Cloud. On the death of Le Brun
he was appointed painter to the king, and director of the
Gobelin Manufactory. Mignard was ennobled by Louis

(g^^See Explanations, p. 33.)

AjOOi^Ic

MIGNAULT 17

XIV., and became tocceiBively rector, chancellor, and
director of the Academr of Paintine. IMed in i6g j.

IfiSnattlt, mtn'jS', (CLADDi,)%tter known 17 tht
name of Mlnoa,* a learned French writer, bom nfai
Dijon about ivA. He edited aeveral Latin classic
nthot*, and pubUahed "Aldati Emblemata cum Notts
Miooia,'' (IS74,} often reprinted. Died in 1606.

Bflgne, m^EJ, (Jacquks Paul,) AbbJ; a French priest,
born at Saint-Flour, October 35, 1800. He wasordained
in 1S24, and became an editor. He (bunded " L'Univers,"
> newspaper, in 1833. ^' established an enormous
business as a publisher and editor of religious books,
employing a large staff of writersandcoliaborateurs. He
Issued " ScripturK SacrK Cursus Completus," (18 vols.,)
"Theologiae Cursus Completus," (28 vols.,) "Encvclo-
p^die thiiologique," (171 vols., 18+4-60,) and a very large
number of olher works. Died al Paris, Otlubcr ^5, 187S.

Mlgnet, min'yi', ^FkANgois Augusts Makii,) a ms-
tinguished French historian, bom at Aix, May 8, 1796.
He was educated at tbe College of Avignon, and studied
law in hia native dty, where M. Thiers was his fellow-
student Having removed to Paris in iSii, he became
editor of the " Courrier Franfais," He brought out in
lSa4 his " History of the French Revolution Irom 17S9
to 1S14," {2 vols. 8to,] which had extraordinary success
and was translated into the principal European lan-
guages. In 1E30 he was associated with Thiers and
A rmand Carrel as editor of the "Nationa]," and was
one of the journalists who protested against the sub-
»etsion of the freedom of the press by the edict of July,
1830; He was soon aAer appointed archivist in the
ministry of foreign affairs, and councillor of state. He
was elected a member of the Academy of Moral and
Political Sciences in 1S33, and in 1S37 became perpetual
aecreta^ of thai institution, and succeeded Raynouard
in the French Academy. Mignet published, besides the
history above named, " Introduction to the Negotiation*
relative to the Spanish Succession under Louis XIV.,"
(1S41,) " Antonio Perei and Philip IL," (1845,) " His
tory of Mary Stuart," {1851,) "Charles Quint, son Abdi-
cation, son Sijour et saHort au Monastire de Yuste."
(1854,) "Eloges hiatoriques," (1864,) and " Rival ili de
Francois I ct Charles V,'' (1875.) Died March 24. 1S84.

BCfgnoii, mtn'y&H', written also Mlujon or Mlnlnn,
(AURAKAU,) a German painter, bom at Frankfort in 1639,
wascelebrated for his extiuisite repicscnlalions of flowers,
fruit, insects, birds, etc. His works are esteemed second
only to those of Van Huysnm. Among hia maater-

B'Ecea is a "Cat overturning a Vase of Flowers on s
arble Table." Died in 1679.

See DiKAHn. "Viea de* Peinua AUemudi," etc

Mlgnot, mtn'yo', jEtiknnk,) a learned French ec.
desiastic, born in Pans in 1698, published a number of
works on theology and church governmenL He was
chosen a member of the Academy of Inscriptions in
■761. Died in 1771.

Mignot, (Vincent,) a French writer, bom in Paris
about 1715, was a nephew of Voltaire. He published a
"History of the Ottoman Empire from its Origin to the
Peace of Belgrade in 1740," (1771,) and other historical
works. Died in 1740

Sm Guhu, '-CoiTUpuiulance."

BUgvel, me-gll', (Dom or Don Mama Evakisto,)
a Portuguese prince, bom in Lisbon in )8o>> was a
younger son ot John VI. He became the head of the
absolutist party, and in 1838 usurped the throne, thcj
lawful heir of which was his niece, Dona Maria. Thej
partisans of this qnecn maintained her title by arms,
and were aided by her father, Don Pedro, and Admiral 1
Napier. Miguel was defeated in several actions, andi
was eiiielled from Spain in May, 1834. Died in 1S66.

mh-Trth, m1h-a', or MA-Tcib, an eminent Chinese
philosopher, who lived about 400 B.C. Dr. Legge says
of him that he was an original thinker, and exercised a
bolder judgment on things than Confuciuj or any of his
followers. He taught that all the evils in sodety arise
from the want of mutual universal love. For enample-

22 MILBURN

a prince loves only Us own state, and does tiol love the
neighbonrfng state. Therefore he makes war against It.
" If princes, he asked, " regarded other states as tlieii
own, who would begin a war ? If every one regarded
his neighbour's person a* hts own, who would be fbond
to rob? If universal love prevailed, all enmities, usur-
pations, and miseries would disappear. Princes, loviru
one another, would have no battle-fields; the cbien
of families, loving one another, would attempt no usn-

fations; men, loving one another, would commit no
obbeiiea."

Mijatovioh. (Chbdonillk,) a Servian diploma-
tist, bom at Belgrade in 1842. He became professor
of political economy at the College of Belgrade in
1865. IJe iflerwords held positions in tbe Servian
cabinet, and was mmister to Roumama. Turkey and
England. Was senator after 1S75. He wrote several
novels sod other works, and his wife (an English
woman,) wrote 00 Servian history, folk-lore, etc

MlkhaUofskl DanllB&ki or Utohallowakl Da-
oUewaki, me-KiloPakee dl-ne-lftPskee, {Albxai4DU
IVANOViTCK,) a Russian general and historical writer,
born in 1790, served with distinction in the principal
campaigns against the French from 1812 to 1815, and in
Ifac Turkish war of iSio. He published, among otbet
vorks, an "Account of U)e Campaign in France in 1814."
Died in 1848.

Mfkloalcli, miklo-tiK', (Fban^) a German Ibiguist,
profoundly versed in the Slavonian langoage, txMrn at
Luttenberg, in Stytia, in 1813. He wrote a''Lexicon
of the Old Slavonian language," (in Latin, 1850,) a
"Comparative Grammar of the Slavonian Language*,*
(1852-56,) "On the Dialects and the Wanderinga of
liie Gypsies of Europe," (1872-77,) etc., and the great
etymological Slav dictionary, (18S6,) Cied in 1S91.
Milan (mee'lln) L, King of Servia, was bom at Jaa^,
... .n. ^^ ^^ ^ grand-nephew of HiM*
was adopted as his heir by his second

Michael III., (Obrenovitch,) Prince of Senria.

When Michael vas murdered In 1S6S, Prince Milan waa
al school in Paris, but he at once returned to Servia, and
waa in 1872 crowned at Belgrade as Prince Milan IV.
In 1876 he declared war against Turkey, and was de-
feated, but joined Russia in the war of 1877 and ob-
tained independence for Servia. He w^s crowned
king in 1876, but was not recognized by the powers ai
such till l8Sz. He iharried Natalie, a Russian lady,
but obtained an illegal divorce from her in 18S8, the
larrel leading to his abdication, in favour of his sod
lexander, in 18S9. He waa subsequently reconciled
I bis wife and died at Belgrade February 11, I901.
MUanollo, me-11-noKlo, (Tkrisa,) an Italian vl(rihii*(,
born at Sevigliano, near Turin, in 1S17. Before she wa*
yeara old she made her 6r*t public appearance in
Turin, and she was subsequently taken to Paris by bo-
lather, where she met with great success. Her younger
lister, Maria, born in 1832, now began to show almoet
:qual talent, and the sisters henceforth appeared t»
gelhei, making lours through France, Germany, Eng-
land, and Italy. Maria died in 1848. and Teresa soon
afterwards married M. Parmentier and retired, to private

August 10, I
Obi ■■ '

life.

:rand

•Ilm

•e pfppvT to remind the r

Mllboume, milTiOrn, (Lukf.) an English w

vine, bom in 1667, published a "Poetical Translation
of Ihe Psalms," (169B,) "Notes on Dryden's Virpii," and
, other works. He is one of the authors satirised in
Pope's " Dunciad." Died in 17*0.

S« IoHH»H, "Ljfc of Drrdcn;" Uauhih'i edition oT Ik*
Woiki of Drydcn.

SSU'bimi, (William Henrv,) a Methodist divine,
known as "the Blind Preacher,"bom at Philadeljihia in
1833. He lost bis sight when a child. Having visited
England in 1859, he gave lectures in the principal
cities, and attracted lai^e audiences by his eloquence.
He published " Ten Years of Preacher Life," (1859,)
and " The Pioneers and People of the Mississippi Val-
ley," ( i860,) He was elected chaplain of Congress
in 1S45 and 1S53, of the House of Representatives in
1885, and of the Senate in 1S93. Died April 10, 1903.

,*,f,I,8,fl,y,;<»!fAtAs

ne, less prolonged; i, e, T, 5, ii, ]F, f:i0rt; f. t, 1, 9, dAwxrv; fir, lUl, fit; met; nBt; gd6d; mOnt

ng,t,7ed.y Google

MILDER \J_

MUdei-Hanptmaiia, mll'dfi-h&wpl'niln, (Pauune
Anna,) a German aoprano-singtr, bom ai ConsUnli.
nople, of AiMtriao parentage, in 1785, Died lo 1838.

Mild'niBT, (Sir Waltrf,) an eminent English autes-
nuui and scholar, bom in ijia. «»• distinguished b» the
favour of Henry VIIL and Edward VI.. and held the
office of chancellor of Ihe exchequer under Elizabeth
fiw sore than twenty years. He was > liberal patron
of learning, and founded Emanuel College, Cambridge.
Died in 15S9.

U11«B, mill, (Alfkbd Hehrt,) author and com-
noser, bom at London in 1848. He published "The
Poets and Poetiyof the Century," (11 vols.,) "Fifty-
Two Story Book" series, and many other works, com-
piled and original.

Dlilea.milz, (DneoN H.,) an American officer, bom in
Matjland about 1803, graduated at West Point in 1834.
He Mcame a colonel in iSjg, and served at Bull Run,
July »i, iSiSi, He commanded at Harper's Ferry, and
there surrendered about 11, 500 men, September 16, r"'-'
He was kilied by a shell thrown after the suirender.

UU««, (Jawbs Waklev,) an American scholar and
miswonaiy, born at Charleston, South Carolina, about
1819. He became prqiestoi of Greek and history at
Charleston Collie. He was a contributor to the
"Southern Review," and published various worka in
prose and verse. Died in 1S75.

Milea, (Nelson Afplbton,) a distinguished Amer-
ican soldier, bora at Westminster, MasBichuaettB, in
1839. He joined the army as a volunteer in 1S61,
and rose in rank with great rapidity, commanding an
army corps at the age of Iwenly-five. He afterwards
served in several campaigns against the Indians, nota-
bW that against the Apaches under Geronimo. In
leij^ he was ' appointed commander-in-chief of the
army, and in 1898 led the troops that invaded Puerto
Rico. Id 1900 Congress restored the grade of lieu-
tenant-general expressly for him.

Mllsa, (Richard Pius,) D.D.. an American bishop
born in Prince George's county, Maryland, May 17,1791,
He WM taken to Kentucky in 1796, became a Dominican
in 1S06, was ordained to the Roman Catholic priesthood
in 1816, and in 1838 was consecrated Bishop of Nash-
ville. Died at Nashville, February ai, iSGo.

liIU'f9rt (Lb Clbkc,) a native of France, who settled
about 1776 among the Creek Indians of Georgia and
fought as their ally in the war of the Revolution.- Ho
relumed lo France in 1796, and was created by Bona-
parte a general of brigade. He published a narrative
of his residence among the Creeks, entitled "S^joul
dans la Nation Creek." Died about 1814.

MlllBta. me-lit'se-i, (Frakcbsco,) an Italian archi-
tect and writer, bom inOlrantoin IT35, was an intimate
friend of Raphael Mengs. He was the aathw of " Lives
of the Most Celebrated Architects of all NaHons," (1768,)
"On the Theatre," (177a,) " Principle* of Cirtt Aicfai-
teetore," {1781), which was highly esteemed and was
translated into various languages, a ^' Dicttonsry of Fine
Arts," (1797,) andother works. He lived many yean
in Rome, where he died \a 1798.

Mill. (Henry,) an English engineer, bom at Lon-
don about 1680. He supplied the town of Northampton
with water, and was appointed principal engineer to
the New River Company.

Mill. (HtiGH Robert,) an English geographer,
bom at Thurso in 1861. He became secretary of the
Royai Geographical Society in 1892, and published
various books on geography, also the " Realm of Na-
ture," (1892,) "The English Lakes," (1895,) etc.

Mill, (jAins,) a British historian and writer on po-
litical economy, born at Montrose, in Scotland, in 1773.
He studied at Edinburgh, and distinguished himself by
his attainments in the Greek language, metaphysics, and
moral philosophy. Having removed to London in 1800,
he became a contributor to the " Edinburgh Review"
and cither periodicals. He published (iSi7'i9) his
'History of British India," (in 5 vols, 8vo,) a work of
peat merit, which procured for him the office of head

MILL

of tlie department of Indian correspondence tn the India
House. " We know of no work," says Mr. Grote, "wbkh
surpasses his ' History of British India' in the main
excellences attainable by historical writers, — industrious
accumulation, continued for many years, of original an-
thorities, careful and consdenUons criticism of their
statements, and a large ctmunand of psychological ana-
lysis, enabling the author to interpret phenomena of

\. S. Mill's Examination of Sir William Hamilton's
Philosophy," London, 1868.) Among his other pro-
luclions arc a series of essays on "Jurisprudence,"
' Liberty of the Press," " Law of Nations," etc. These,
first published in the "Supplement to the Encyclo-
paedia Britannica," were very favourably received, and
were followed by his "Elements of Political Econ-
omy," which appeared in 1811, and hia "Analysis of Ihe
Phenomena of the Human Mind," in 1829. Mill was an
intimate friend of Jeremy Bentham, and one of the ablest
expounders of his system. Died in 1836.

See CHAyuRSi " EUopaphi^ DicIiDiury of Eminent ScotviHD,"
(Sui^aasiil:) "EiUnburEh Ktvicw" for Hutb, xZrf, '■Hwiklr
Reriew" kir Augiul and October, iSii.

Mill, [Lat. Mil'lius,] (John,) an English theoloxian
and pulpit orator, born in Westmoreland about lo4S-
He became chaplain -in-ortlinary to Charles IL in i68l,
and in 1 704 was made a canon of Canterbury. He pub-
lished a critical edition of the New Testament in Greek,
(1707,) which is highly esteemed. Died in 1707.
See Chalhuis, "Gsnenl Biognphkal Dicticnury."

totyof British India," was horn in London in May, iScA
He was educated at home by his bther, and entered in
1823 the service of Ihe East India Company as a clerk
in the India House. In his early life he contributed to
the "Edinburgh Review" and the " Wcstininster Re-
view." He published in 1S43 a "System of Liupc,
Rationative and Inductive," (3 vols.,) and, in 1844,
" Essays on some Unsettled Questions in Political Econ-
omy." He acquired a high reputation by a popular work
entitled "The Principle* of Political Economy, with
some of their Applications to Social Philosophy," (1848.)
As a writer he was distinguished by original i^ of thooght
and acuteness in reasoning. In political principles he
was an advanced Liberal, and all his sympathies were in
bvonr of liberty and progress. About 1850 he married
Harriet Taylor, a lady of rare intellectual powers. He
became eiaminer of Indian correspondence in i8j6.
During the rebellion in Ihe United States, Mr. Mill
was among the few prominent English writers who de-
fended the cause of the North and of the Federal Union.
Among his later works were an " Essay on liberty"
and "An Elimination of Sir William Hamilton's Phi-
losophy," (l36s,) of which a highly (avoursble review
ftom the pen of Mr. Grote, the historian, ha* been pub-
lished, (London, i86a) He was for some time editor
of the " Westminster Review." In 1S65 he was elected
a member of Parliament for Westminster. He became
an able debater, and made several speecbe* in bvonr
of reform and extension of the elective franchise in
i366 and 1867. His career as 1 legislator was very suc-
cessful. "Mr, Mill's success," says the "New York
Commercial Advertiser," AugtiBt V), 1867, "has been
the moat marked snd decided in the annals of Parlia-
ment No man has ever before acquired so hieh a con-
sideration in BO short a time." Me was, however,
defeated in the general election of lS63. Mr. Mill dis-
tinguished himself as an earnest and able advocate of
the rights of women. In hia work entitled "The Sub
jection of Women," (1869,) he lakes the ground "that
Ihe principle which regulates the existing social relatiotM
between the two sexes — the legal subordination of one
sex lo the other — is wrong in itself^ and now one of the
chief hindrances to human improvement, and that it
ought to be replaced by a principle of perfect equality."
Died May 8, 1873.

See the "EdiDbunb Renew" fbi OelDber, iM. aid Octoba,
iS«9 ;" BJackwcxid'B Ui(Ubie" for October. iS^ mad JanuIry.iBM ;
"Kraier'i Muniine" Air SepIeisLier. 1S4S, ind MiTi iS»; "Brilitb
Quinerl/ SvtUw" (al Auguil. 1S46, Januaiy. iSfia, and July, iS6a.

Mi; ^aai;\hm-d; ^xtjid, B,iL,guaurm; s.nasai; *,/rilliil; lass; thasinMu.

'3tf~See Exp]Bnatiofia,pL m\.\
hXnOO^Ic

id hunler, illustrated
Ke " Game Birds and
British Deer and theic

gf French eitraction, bom at Southanipton
ime of the fourdert of what ii called the " Fre-Raphaelite
School" He studied M the Royal Academy, and at
an early age prodaced several works of sapenor meriti
among which wa» "The Benjamite* aeinng the Daugh-
ters of Sbiloh." Hi« "Return ofthe Dove to the Aik,"
"Child of the Regiment," "Ophelia," "The Or'ler of
Releaae," tni " Joan of Arc" are among hii tnoet ad'
mired production]. He was made a baronet in lS8<j
and became president of the Royal Academy in Feb-
niary, 1S96. Died August 13, 1S96,

His son, John Guillb Miluis, bom
in 1865, became a iraveller
natural history works, and v
Shooting Sketches," (1891,)
Horns," (1897,) etc.

ICUOar, (John,) an eminent Scottiah inrlat, bom In
LanarkBliire in 1735. He studied at GliMgo*, where
he became in 1761 professor of dvil law. The ipiriled
and attractive style of hii lectures, which, sajra a critic
in the "Edinburgh Review," "gave to a learned diacus-
•ioa the charms of an animated and interesting conversa-
tion," drew great numbers to the nniversity, and made
it kit the time one of the ma«t flourishing and popular
in the kingdom. He was the author of " Origin of the
Distinction of Ranks," (i77i>) and a " Historical View
of the English Government from the Settlement of lhe|
Saxons to the Accession ofthe House of Stuart," (17S7.)
The former was translated into French, German, and'
Italian. Died in iSol.

UU'Vd, (David,) an AmeHcan divine, bom at Ball-
ston, New York, in 1794, published several iheologicali
works, also "Travels in Egvpt, Arabia, and tne Holyl
Land," (1843.) Died at Jackson, Michigan, August 3,!
1873. I

Millard, (Harrison,) an American composer,!
bom at Boston in 1829. Among his musical pieces'
are the songs " Waiting" and " Under the Daisies,"
and the opera " Leah." His daughter Maria appeared
as a prima donna in 1S94. He died in 1S95.

Mllledgo, (John.) an American patriot and sUtes-!
man, born at Savannah, Georgia, in 1757, distinguished'
himself in the war of the Revolution, and in iSoa was'
elected Governor of Georgia. He was one of the founders I
of the University of Georgia, and the former capital of |
the State was named in his bonoar. Died in 1818. 1

■lUlf r, (Charles Henry,) an American artist, bom I
In New York city, March 30, 1843. He studied art at
■he National Academy, New York, and at Munich. He
first cihibiled at the National Academy in iS6a He
afterwards studied medicine, and graduated as U.D. in

*4 MILLER

•diool of the parish, and recdvetl iMtncUon (hMB twa
nutcmal uncles, lame* and Al«under Wright, one a<
whom encounuied his taste for natural history. At an
earl* age be began to write verses. He learned tba
trade of a stone-mason, and commenced in 181^ his life
of labour in a quarry of old red tandstonc at Cromarlr,
" It was tl-e necessity which made me a quarrier," ha
writes. " that taught me to be a geologist.'' He worked
as a mason in variCnis parta of Scotluid, and diligenllT
improved the intervals of labour by the cultivation n
his mind. In 1835 and iSa6 he was emplojred at liidin-
bnrgh as a stone-cutter. He afterwards publiahed a vol-
ume of poems, and in 1834 relinquished his trade to
become an accountant in a bank at Cromarty. In 1S35
he produced " Scenes and Legends of the North of Scut-
land," which was received with lavour. He married
about 1836.

In 1S39 he defended with much ability the catise of
the Free Church, in a "Letter from One of the Sootdi
People to Lord Brougham," which was praised by Hr.
Gladstone. He became in 1840 editor of the " Witness,"
an organ ofthe Free Church or Non-Intrnsionists, pub-
lished in Edinburgh twice a week. He continued to
edit this paper until his death, and rendered it very
popular and inliuentiaL Hi* reiiutalion as a geolwist
was increased by his work entitled "The Old Red
Sandstone, or New Walk* in an Old Pleld," (iSift,)
which is written in an attractive styles He afterward*

Kblished "Footprints of the Creator," (1849,) "First
ipressions of England and its People," (1851,) an inter-

associate, and in 1875 ' '*'" member, of the National
Academy.

MllT^, (Edward,) an American physician, bom in
Delaware in 1760, was a brother of the Rev. Samuel
Miller, noticed below. He became proiessor of the
theory and practice of medicine in the College of Phy-
sician* and Surgeons, New York, and wrote, among
other works, a "Treatise on Yellow Fever," which is
highly esteemed. He was one of the founders of the
" Medical Repository," the Gist medical }oamBl of
Amsrica. Died m 1813.

Hlllf r, (Edward,) an English musician and writer,
bom at Norwich, was a pupil of Dr. Bumey. He was
the author of " Institutes of Music" and " Element* of
Thorough Bas* and Composition." Died in 1807.

Miller, (Habribt Mann,) author and lecturer
under the nom-dc'phtmt of Olive Thome, was bom
at Auburn, New York, in 1831, and married W. T.
Miller in 1854. Her writings comprise several norks
on bird-life, also " Four-Handed Folk," " Little Folks '
in Feathers and Furs," etc. .

MUler, (Hugh,) an eminent ScotHsh geologist ana '
writer, bom at Cromarty on the toth cA October I
i3o2, was a son of a mariner and shipmaster, who per-
ished in a storm in 1807. He attended the grammar- 1
i, S, I, S, S, ;, £hV,- 1, i, A, same, less prolonged; 1, e, I, S, ii, J, /A<Tf; f, «, j, 9, od

was nothing in Miller's

Review" for July, 185!^ "which io much surprised £e

Eublic as their mere literary meriL Where could tU*
romarty mason have acquired bis style ?"

In consequence of excessive mental exertion, his brain
became diseased. During a paroxysm of insanity, he
killed himself with a pistol in December, 1856. He had
Just finished a work entitled "The Testimony of the
Rocks, or Geolt^in its Bearings on the Two Theologies,
Natural and Revealed," (1857.) In this work he rejects
the theory that the Mosaic account of the creation is
purely parable, while he censures those who refuse to
accept the evidences of sdentific truths when they seem
to clash with traditionary interpretations of Scnpturt
His " Footprints of the Creator" was written to refute
the theory of development advocated by the author of
"The Vestiges of Creation." "Hugh Miller," says th«
"Edinburgh Review," "mutt undoubtedly be regarded
as one of the most remarkable men whom Scotland has
produced. - . . The interest of his narrative, the purity
of hi* style, hi* inexhaustible faculty of happy and inge-
nioua illastralion, hla high Imaginative power, and that
"-'- -' - -' - which it U so df ■■ - ' '

mistake, all proi
author of the ' Old Red Sandsloi
tion of his countrymen."

MlllOT, (James,) an English dramatist and KUirical
writer, born in Dorsetshire in 1703. He published sev-
eral political pamphleta,asatire entitled "The Ilumoars
of Oxlbrd,"and a number of comedies. Died in 1744.

Millar, (Taues.) an American officer, born at Peter.
borough. New Hanipshire, about 1776L He served as
colonel with distinction at the battles of Chippewa and
Lundy's Lane, July 15, 1814. His commander asked
him if be could take a certain battery at Lundy's Lane.
He answered, " 111 try, sir," and captured the battery.
Died in iSji.

Miller, (Joaquin,) the literary name of CiHCiNNA-nn
Heine Miller, an American poet, bom in Wabash Dis-
trict. Indiana, in 1841. He went with liis father'*
family w

and served for a

i860 he began to practise law in Oregon- In 1861 a
newspaper which he edited was suppressed for disloyalty.
He was county judge for Grant county, Oregon, iSaS-ya
Among his poems are " Songs of the Sierras," " Soiig*

t; fir, fUl, f&ti mitj nOt; ga6di atdaa;
,ed:^yC00<^le

ik \pie poeou tit hl^y esteemed.
le&ieDda(Kliil)MockandVc»a. Died

s;

is:

WUer, (WnxUH Atxui,] an English chemist ud
ph^dsn, bom atlpawich b 1817. He look his medical
d^ee in London, and lobsequenlly stadied in the labo-
ratory of Liebif at (lessen. He was appointed pro-
fessor of cbemistiT in the Royal College in 184s, and
•Bsarer si the Mint and Bank of England in 1851. He
was rice-pre*idenl of the Royal Society and president of
the Chemical Society, and wrote *■ Elements of Cheniniy,
Theoretical and Practical," (1S50.] Died Sept. 30, 1870.

MUlw, (WiixUM Hallows,) F.R.S., an eminent
Englith mineralogist and phyiidst, was born near Llin-
dorery, Wales, April 6, iSoi. He was educated »t Saint
John's College, Camtnidge. He became proressor of
mineralogy at Cambridge in 1832, and wrote several

Tt»ll<wraphy. His most important work
greatly -improved edition of Phillipe's
"ElementaiT Introduction to Mineralogy," (1853.) He
was a member of a commission appointed by govern-
ment in 1S43 for the restoration of the staodards of
weight and measure, and he constructed and verified Ifa*
new naltonal itandard of weight Died May 10, l88a

MUlM, milz, (Jekemiah,) an English divine and an-
tiquary, bom in 1714, became Dean of Eicter in 176a.
He was a contribntor to the " Archxoloeia," and made
an nniaccessliil atlcupt to vindicate the aathentidty
of Rowley'* poems. He wu a Fellow of the Royal
Society, and presldeol of the Sodety of Antiqtiane*.
-■ Ifii 1784.

Died&ii784.

of the Sunland^" " The Ship in the Desert," " The First
Fun'lies of the Sierras," etc Later works of his (chiefly
prose) are "The Danites," (an efiective and successful
play,) "My Life amoog the Modocs," "The Shadows
of Shasta," "The Baroneu oL New York," " Ir
Qaisic Shade, (1890,) "My Own Sloty," (1891,)
etc. Med February 17, 1911.

MIU«r, mHI^, (ToHANN Haktii),) a German poet
■nd fictitjons writer, Docn at Ulm in 1750. He was the
author of " Correspondence of Three Academic Friends,"
"Sieiwarl, a Convent HistDiy,"(l776^) which was trsns
■ted m to French, Datch, and Polish, tuid Mv

ts^

b 1814.

mUw, (JosBPH,) a celebrated English comedian,
whoM appredatim as u actor of the wit of Congreve's
plays conlribuied b a great measure to their success,
was horn in 1684. The jests ascribed to him were in
reality coiopiled by John Motley, author of a " Life of
Peter the GteaL' Died in 173^

■Hilar, (Philip,) an English botanist and florist, bom
in 1601. He published a "Cataltwne of Hardy Treea,
Shrnbs, etc cultivated near Lontun," (with coloured
plates, 1730^) "Gardener's Dictionary," OySli) which
was translated into several langnagea, and "Figure* of
Plants," (1 vols., 1755,) adapted to the Dictionary. The
genus Milleria was named by Dr. Martyn b honour of
^lis botanist. Died in 1771.

BUUer, (Samubl,) D.D., an American PreabyterCan
divine, bom in Delaware in 1769. He beoune pastor
o( the First Presbyterian Church b New York in ij^^.
In 1S13 he was appointed professor of ecclesiastical
history in the Theological Seminary of Princeton. He
was the author of numerous theolt^cal and controveraial
works, and wrote the " Life ot Jonathan Edwards," in
Sparks's "American Biography. Died b 1850L

£« SiHviL Uiuu, "Lifc of Suutd HaiB," ■ vol*., iS6»

BClllar, (Sauuil Fkuhan,) LL-D., an American
9t, born at Richmond, Kentucky, April 5, 1816.
graduated as M.D. at Transylvania Univereity in
1S38. He aflerwitds became a lawyer, and in 1850
remoivcd tolowa. In i863hc was appointed a justice of
the United Sutes Supreme Court Died Oct 13, 1S90.

ICmer, (Stkphen Fkanks,) an American Uwyer and
jounulist, born in North Carolina, became associate
editor of "De Bow'* Review" about 1848. He published
the " Bench and Bar of Geari^" et& Died in 1867.

Ulllar, (Thomas,) an English poet and basket-
maker, bom at Gainsborough about i3o8. He was
patronized by the poet Rogers, by whose aid he be-
came a bookKllei. He wrote, besides numerous
poems, the novels " Royiton Cower" and " Fait Rou-
nond." Died in 1S74.

Millar. (Waltbk,) an American classicist, was
bom in Ashland county, Ohio, in 1864. He studied
at Michigan University, Leipsic, and Athens, and wu
made professor of dasalcal philology 11 Stanford Uni-
versity in 1892. He published works on eicavations
in Greece, classical hisioiy, and philology, " The Old
and New," (1898,) "Stella's Great Sea-Beaits,"
(1899,) etc.

Miller, (William,) founder of the sect of the Miller-
itcs, was bom at Pittsfield, Massa^usetts, in 1781.
About 1833 he began to prophesy the end of the world,
which he affiimed would be destroyed in 1843. He died
in 1849; and his lidlowers, who are said to have num-
hered nearly fifty thousand, have lince greatly decreased.

MlUe>, (William,) an eminent line-engraver, bom
at Edinburgh, Scotland, May sS, 179G. He was s

Siuker, and apenl most of his life in liis native towiL
is engravirw* after Turner are espedally admirable.
Uietl at Sheffield, England, January 30, 1883.

Millar, (William^) "the Laureate of the Nur*ei7,"
1 Scottish poet, born in Glasgow in August, 18101 He
was a wood-turner by trade, and his only published vol-
ume was " Scottish Nursery Songs, and other Poems,"
(i8(n.) Of his son^ " Wee Willie Winkle" is perhsp*
the OMt'known. Died in Glasgow, August 30, 1S73.
Uimi; ft*t; giarJ; ^m/; a, h, k./mMwo/; n,naial: lt,«ri££i^,-lass,- thasinClu. <)3^SeeExplanaliooa,p,i3.}

- Millet, noticed below.

abotiti8i8i died January 14, i8gi.

Millf t (PKANa* Davis,) tui American painter, born

at Msttapoisett, Massachtuett*, November 3, 184& He

gradaaled at Harvard CoIImc in 1869, studied art at

Antwerp in the Academv of ^ne Arts. 1871-73, and was

of the jurors in the Vienna ExhiUtion ol 1873. aikd

tie Paris Exhibition o( 1878, and director of deco-

ans at the World's Columbian Eiposition 1S92,

and of functions 1893. He was a spedal correspondent

of "Harper's Weekly" and "London Times" in I898,

Died in the aioking of the "Titanic," April 15, 1911.

MlUat, (FitDtRICt a French portrall-palnler, bom
at Charlien In 17(16, was a pnpil of Isabey. He eMculed
a nnmber of portraits of great merit, among which we
~ ar nuM that of the empress Josephine. Died b 1859.

Millet; (JiAN FKAM901*,) commonly known as Frah-
cisqut, an embent pabter, bom at Antwerp, of French
parentage, aboat 1644. He became a very skilful land*
scape- painter, and died in Paris in i68a His son, of
'"^le same name, (bom in Paris ; died 1773,) was a dever

list, but inferior to hi* father.

MUlet; (J BAH Francois,) an eminent French painter,
bom at Gruchv. near Greville, (La Manche,) October 4,
1815. He studied under Delaroche, and then established
himself at Barbison, an obscure hamlet, and became the
faithful copyist of nature and of the humble life of
peasants. Among hi* more noted paintings are " The
Sowers," "The Sheep-S hearers," "Woman Carding
Wool," "Sheep-Pasture \n Moonlight," "The Potato-
Planters," "The Evening Angelus,"" A Woman Work-
ing Butler." His etchings and lithographs are few, tind
very costly. Hi* pictures are now very highly eateciaed.
Died at Barbison, (which nnder his influence became an
artist- colony,) January jo, 1875.

MUlavoye, mti'vwl', (Ckailxs Hubert,) a French
poet and littfrittaa; bom at Abbeville in lySs. He was
the author of elegiac poems of great beauty, and ob-
tained seversl prises from the French Academy. Died
biSi6.

MUlI-lEf n, (Richard Altkid,) an Irish poet, bora

"J"

originated a form of verse afterwards cultivated su
fully by Father Front and others. Died in 1S15.

MUlln, me'ylH',"(AuBiN Louia,) a French antiquary
and naturalist horn in Paris in 1759. He published

db,Google

MILLINGEN

I7!6

MILNES

(iSit,) and other works. Id 1795 be beome editor of
the " Mansin Eacydop&iique. a joniDil of high char-
acter, which he conducted for twenty jreara. He wat a
member of the French InstitDte and of several foreign
Academies, and a chevaher of the legion of honour.
In 1794 he had been appointed keeper of the medals
and antiquities in (he Royal Library. Died in iSiS.

HUUngen, milling-^n, ? {James,) an eminent anti-
quary, of Dutch eitracOon, born in London in 1774. He '
published "Remarks on the State of Learning and the
fine Arts in Great Biilajn," " Andcnt Coins of Greek
Cities and Kin^" (iSli,) and other similar works, which
have a very high reputation. Died in 1S45.

life of the poet, and of Gibbon's " Decline and Fall of
the Roman Empire." Died in September, 1868.

B£il'mor«, (Martin,) an Irish-Amerkan sculptor,
bom in the county of Sligo, Ireland, September 14,
1S44. He settled with bis bmily in Boston, Massachu-
setts, in 1B51, and became a pupil of Thomas BalL Hi*
poitraic-buiis are especially praised. Died it Boston,
Julvii, i88j.

Mllne, miln, (COUH,) a Scottish divine and naturalist,
born at Aberdeen. He was the author of a "Botanical

Dictionary, '
1815.
Mllno, (Jc

at Liverpool ii

'Indigenous Botany," etc. Died i

MQlon, (EuoiHl^) a French chemist, bom at Ch&Ions-
*ur-Marnein 1812. He published, besidesother chemical
treatises, "Elements of Organic Chemistry, comprising
the Applications of this Science lo VegeUble Fhysi-
ol«87>" (> vols., 1S45-4&) EHcd December 14. 136;.

Millot, mt'yo',* (C1.AUDS Francis Xavier,) a
French historian, bom in Franche-ComCJ in 1736. He
was the author of "Elements of Universal History,"
" Political and Military Memoirs towards the History of
Louis XIV.," etc, (6 vols., 1777,) and other works of
the kind. He was elected to the French Academy in
1777, and in 177S was appointed preceptor to (he Due
d'Enshien. Died in 1785.

BdlllB, (Clark,) a dislingtushed American sculptor,
born in Onondaga county. New York, in 1815. Having
removed to Charleston, South Carolina, he executed
several busts in marble, which won for him a liigh repu-
tation. In 1848 he liegan his bronze equestrian statue of
Jackson, for which, owing to its size, he was obliged to
constract a foundry. It was completed in 1853, and
placed in La&yette Square at WMbington, His next
work was the colossal equestrian statue of Washington,
finished in lS6ch Died January la, 1883. 1

MUlH, (RoalR QuARLBS,) legisUtor. bom in Ken-j
tucky in 1849. He was a member of the House of j
Representatives 1873-93 and of the Senate 1892-99, and
was the author of the "Mills Bill," for the reduction of
the tariff, in Cleveland's first term. Died 191 1.

bDlla, (Sakubi. John,) an American Congregational '
divine, bom at Torringford, Connecticut, in 1783, was \
one of the founders of the American Missionary Society, i
He also took a prominent part in the organization of !
the American Colonizaaon Society, and in 1817 visited
Africa, in company with the Rev. EL Burgess, for the
pDTpoae nf choosing a ute for the colony. He died in
1818, while on his voyage home.

Mll'm^n, (Sir Fbancis,) an eminent English phy-
sician, born In Devonshire in 174& He published
"Animadversions on the Kature and Cure of Dropsy,"
(1776,) " Treatise on the Source of the Sctirvi^" and other
works. He was appointed physician to George III.,
and was a Fellow ol the Royal Society and of the Col-
lege of Physicians. Died in iSii.

Mil"""", (Rev, Hbnrv Habt,) an English poet,
historian, and divine, son of the preceding, was born ir
London in 1791. He graduated at Brasenoae College,
Oxford, where in 1821 tie became professor of poetry.
Having filled several inferior offices in (be Church, he
was Mipoinled Dean of Saint Paul's in 1S49. His tragedy
of " Fazio," published in 1815, was well received, and
was followed by the poems of " Samor, Lord of (he
Brieht City," (1818,) "The Fall of lerusalem," (1830,)
"The Martyr of Antioch," and others. In 1E40 he
brought out his " History of Christianity from the Birth
of Christ to the Extinction of Paganism in the Roman
Empire," (3 vols, gvo,) and in 1854 his " History of
Latin Chnstianity, including that of the Popes lo (he
Pontificate of Nicholas V." He published excellent'
editions of the worki of Horace, with a well-written

* Bet ncrie on pncedln^ page.

i, &1, S, Q, y, /iMif; 1, i, 6, Mine, IcM prolonged; i, I, I, S, il, jr, j4(v/,- }, f, {, 9, aArcura; Or, fill, fit, mtt; nAt; gS&dj D

\,) a British mining engineer, hata
1850, and for twenty years in the ser-
He especially studied seismic phc'
nomena, ana wrole "Earthquakes," (1893,) "Seis-
mology," (1898,) etc.

Milne, miln, (Joshua,) an English writer, bom In
1776, was appointed actuary of (be Sun Life Assurance
UfGcc. He published a valuable ~Trea[ise on Aanni-
ties," in which he describes a new system of Dotatkn far
the calculation of life-insurance. Died in 1851.

BIUiiB, (WiLUAU,) D.D., a Scottish missionary, bons
at Kinnethmont, Aberdeenshire, in 1785. He was or-
dained in tSia, and went' as an agent of the London
Missionary Society to labour among the Chinese at
Malacca, where he died in 1831.

Milno-Edirai'cls, miln Cd'v^rdz, [Fr. pron. mtla
i'doo-iiu',] (Hemri,) an eminent French naturalist, of
English descent, born at Bruges in iSoo. After he had
taught natural history for some years in the ColMge
Henri IV. in Paris, he was elected lo the Academy
of Sciences in 1S38. He published "The Natural His-
tory of the Crustacea," (3 vols., 1834-41,) which w
highly esteemed. In 1S41 he obtained the chair of
entomology in the Jardin des Plantes, and in 1844 wan
chosen adjunct professor of zoology and comparative
physiolorr at the Faculty of Sciences. He succeeded L
Geoffroy Saint- Hil aire as professor of zoology in lS6x.
Among his works are " Elements of Zoology," (4 vols.,
B34-37,) which obtained considerable populari^, and
" Researches into the Anatomy and Physiology of
Polypi," (1841.) Died in 1885.

His son Alphonsb, bom in 1835, succeeded hjm a&
professor of zoology, became director of the museum
in 1891, and made important discoveries in subma-
rine fauna. Died in Kjoa.

Ull'nvr, (Isaac,) an eminent English divine and
mathematician, bom near Leeds in 1751. He atadied
at Queen's College, Cambridge, where he became in
1783 Jacksonian professor of experimental philosophy.
He was subsequently appointed master of hi* college,
(1788,) Dean ot Carlisle, (1791,) and Lucaaian profiwtoT
of mathematics, (1798.) He was also twice elected vice-
chancellor of his college. He was the author of a num-
ber of sermons and miscellaneous essays, and wrole a

Died in tSla

Milset, (loHK,) a learned Roman Catholic divbe,
born in London in 1753. He was the author of a "Hit-
toiy. Civil and Ecclesiastical, and Survey of the Anti-
quities, of Winchester," and was a contributor to the
" Archaeologia." He was a member of the Society of
Antiquaries. Died in 1826.

Miluer, (John,) an English theologian, bom ncM
Halifax in i^S, became canon of Ripon. Died in iTot.

Milner, (Joseph,) an English divine, born near Lee^
In 1744, was a brother of Isaac, noticed above. H*
became vicar of the Church of the Holy Trinity at Hull
in 1797. He wrote a "History of the Church of Christ,"
(5 vols., 1794-1811,) which is esteemed a standard woih.
It was completed by hit brother, the Dean of Carlisle.
Milner also published an "Answer to Gibbon's Attack
on Christianity," and other works. Died in 1797.

SetlUAcMiuni, "LiftoFJ. Mi]n«,"pcefiud lohiiSa^Hi.

MUhm, mllnz, (RiCHAXr Monckton,) Baron Hot^
on. an English statesman and miscellaneou* writer,

db, Google

MILNOR i;

bom in Vorkihire in 1809. H« graduated at Cambridge
b 1831, and in 1S37 wai fint elected a membei of Par-
Uament for Fonte&ac^ which he continued to reprCKot
•nCil 1863, vbcD he was raised to the peerage, ai Baron
Hooghton, Ai a member of the hberal conterratiTe

MTtj, he wai a pn '

Itit principal pubii
Hiaiorical," "Pal

Many Scenee," and the " Life, Lelterf^ and Literary Re-
mains of John Keals,"{i84S.| Me contribated to the
"Edinburgh Review." Died August"" """"

r, he was a prominent advocate of reform. Amonj
ibiications are " Poems, Legendary and
'aim-Leaves," (1844,) "Memorials of

' "' ■ ■ " ■ - -■ ii "fcf'betober, iSn, w'rt JbIj,

MU'npr, (James,) D.D., an American Epincopal
clergyman, bran in Philadelphia in 1773, became rector
of Samt George's Cbutch,New Vorh.in tSt& Died in
1845-

S~ " Uemoir o( Jiu» Mnnor, D.D.," b; R«t. J. S. Srom.

WlOh IGt. IfOui-; Fr. Milon, mel^N',] an athlete,
celebrated for bis prodigiow strength, bom at Crolona,
in Italy, waa a pupil of Pythagoras. He is said to have
once carried a bull on his shoulders to the sacrifice, and
killed it with a Uow of his fiat In jcoq b.c. he gained
a signal victory over the Sybarites. When advanced in
years, he found one day, in passing through a forest,
a tree partly cleft by iredgea. Having introduced his
hands for the purpose of severing it entirely, the wedges
fcll out, but, his strength failing him, the parts dosed
a^in, retaining bim a prisoner, and in this helpless con-
dition he was devoured by wild beasts.

Mila, (Titus Annids,) a bmoos Roman tribune, was
a plebeian, and a man of unscrupulous chsrsctet. He
became tribune of the people in 57 B.C., and was a par-
tisan of Pompey. By hia efforts M restore Cicero from

exile he incurred the hostility of Clodius, iridi whom he
fought in several bloody aSrays. In the year 53 Milo
was a candidate for the consulship. Before the electoral

it was decided, Milo and Clodius met, each with
a band of armed slaves, and a fight ensued, in which
Clodius was killed. Milo was tried for homicide, and,
Ibongh defended by Cicero, was condemned, and exiled
kinuif ny Marseilles. Having taken arms against

o liiloB.

ojim, " Sir-

ralia da T. A. UiloDe," 1*40;
Roadb Kofnphy,"

BQIon. See Milo.

MUono^ Mllonov, or MUcmow, mee'lo-nof, (Mi-
chael VASsiLiKviTCit,) a Ruuian poe^ born in 17^
was the author of satires, epistles, ana lyric poems, which
CDJoy great popularity. Died in 1811.

Set Gmtch, "KHiiHiirHiilnnihULiUfoliirt Ruuc"

BQIotftdovltah, me-lo-rl'do-vitch, (Michael An-
DKirrmm,) Count, a Russian general, born at Saint
Petersburg in 1770. He fought with distinction against
the Tnrlcs and Polei and in the campaigns against the
French from 1799 to 1S14, and attained Che rank of
general of inbntry. He was appointed militaiv gov-
ernor of Saint Petersburg in 1819. He was killed in
attempting to suppress the insurrection in that city, De-
cember 35. 1835.

MlloaolL See Obksnovitck.

Hil'roy, (Robbbt H.,) an American general, bom
in Indiana about 1S14. He was appointed a brigadier-
general of Union volunteers about September, 1861, and
served at Cross Keys, June 3, 1S61. He commanded
about 8000 men at Winchester, was attacked June ij,
1863. and retreated, but lost nearly half of his iorce,

BiUltlade. See Miltiades.

MU-ti'a-d«, [Or. MAtMk! Fr. Miltiask, mtl'-
teiU',) a celebrated Athenian genera], who flourished
aboDt JOO B.c, was the son of Cimon. He became suc-
cessor to his uncle Miltiades, who had made himself a
despot or mailer of the Chersonese in Thrace, and he
gipean first in history as an ariiitrary ruler. Darius of
nniia having sent a great armament, under Datis and
Artapbemes, to conquer Greece, Miltiades was chosen
one of the ten generala of the Athenian army, which
nnited the enemy at Marathon in 490 B.C. The Gredan

the command devolved on Miltiades, he guned o
Che most memorable and important victories recorded
in history. To reward his patriotism and eminent ser-
vices lo national liberty, the Athenians decreed that he
should have the foremost place in a painting which illus-
trated the battle. Having biled in an attuk on Paros,
he was fined fifty talents, which he could not pay, and
about the year 489 died in prison of a wound received
in the action just named. The timous general Cimon
was hit son.

Ses CoKMBJut Naroa, " MiltiaiWi ;" Hsioddtus, booki iv. and
vi. ; GioTS, "HiiloiT of Gneo," voL iv. ; Thulwau. "Hutorr
Hi Gnm:'' Kibchuaisi, "DuHiUiio dc MUiiidc" lUi

Mlltito, von, fan mil'CiCs, (Kau,) a German prelate,
bom about 1490, became cluunberlain to Leo X., who
sent him in 1518 as nuncio Co Germany, in order to
conciliate Luther or counteract his inBucnce. On this
occasion he displayed much tact, and used flattery or

Srsutuive means with some success {See Liturr.)
ed in 1539.

UUUtB, TOD, (Kakl BorrohXits Albxandu Ste-
PHAN,) a Cierman poet and musics] composer, bom at
Dresden in 1781. Among his best compositions are
the operas of "Saul" and "Georg Cierny." Died in
1845. His brother Alexander was ambassador to
Constantinople, and wrote a valuable work entitled
'■The Manual of Consuls." Died in 1S43.

MU'tpn, JLaL MiLTiyMUi ; It. Mil'ton or Miltoko,
m(l-to'no,] (johk,) an immortal poet, and, if we except
Shakapeare, the most illustrious name in English litera-
ture, was bom in Bread Street, London, on the 9th of
December, 1 60S. He was the eldest son of John Hilton,
a scrivener, and Sarah Bradshaw, (or Gascon, according
to some authorities.) His early education was directed
by a private tutor, — Thomas Young, a zealous Puritan.
A portrait of his beauliAil features, taken by C. Jansen,
at the age of ten, has been preserved. Before he entered
college ne was an excellent Ladn scholar. In severe and
systematic study he laid the foundations of his lame.
In a letter to a friend, written some years later, he sajrs,
" It it my way to suffer no impediment, no love of ease,
whatever, to cliill the ardour, to break the
ty, or to divert the completion of my literary
punuiCs." His first English poems were versions of tlie
It4th and 136th Psalms, (1633.)

In February, 1634, he waa admlcted as pensioner into
Christ's College, Cambridge, where he acquired diatinc-
tion as a Latin poet. Dr. jolinaon expresses the opinion
that Milton "was the fiist Englishman who, after the
revival of letters, wrote lutin verses with classic ele-
gance." He took the degree of Bachelor in 1618, and
Uiat of Master of Arts in 1633, — before which he had
been subjected to a temporary rustication (and, some say,
to corporal chastisement) for an unknown oQence. " By
the intention of my parents," says MilCon bimselt "t
waa desCined of a child to Che service of the Church, and
in my own resolutions. Till coming to some maturity
of years, and perceiving what tyranny had invaded the
Church, Chat he who would take orders must subscribe
Slave, and take an oath wilhal, ... I thought better
to prefer a blameless silence, before the sacred office of
speaking, bought and begun with servitude and fbr-
awearing."

In 1633 he left the university, and retired to his
father's house at Horton, Buckinghamshire, where he
remained five years, during which he is said to have
lead all tbe Greek and Latin writers. He also took
lessons in mtisic, which he loved, and in which he was
very tkilfni. In thii ttudious rediemeni, it appears, he
wrote his tieautiful poems "Comua," "L'Altegro," "II
Penseroso," and "Lycidas,"(i637.) "Coraus" — adrama
in form, but essentially lyrical — was written and per-
formed at Ludlow Castle in 1634, but not printed until
1637. "It ia certainly," says MacauUy, "the noblest
performance of the kind which exists in any language."
"Lyctdas" is contemptuously depredaled by Johnson as

pastoral, easy, vulgar, and therefore osgotting.''
tm»; fu*: giard; ^ui;o,H,i,gtittimi!; H.tuuai; M,trilirii; ta»t! thaainAiu: ( jj^-See Eiplaoalions, pi 13-

Digitized ay CjOOQ IC

17.8

MILTON

But Ballam approvea the judgment of a certain critic
(whom he doea not name) thit "LTcidaa" U"agood
test of a real feeling bt what il peculiarly called poetrjr."
Uilton's "AllegTcr' and "Fenaeroeo" are aniveraally
admired. "It iaimposwble to conceive," san Macaulajr,
" that the mecbanitm of language can be Vought to a
more exquisite degree of peifection. Thciepoemi differ
from others u ottar of races differs from ordinair rooe-

In 163S, attended by a servant, he visited Florence,
Rome, and Naples, convened with Galileo, then a "pris-
oner to the Inquisition," and received testimonials ol
honour and friendship from Carlo Dali. Francini, and
Manso. He was admired as a ^eat prodigy by these
Italian celebrities. He returned in :639, and opened in
Londott a small boatding-scliool, in which he adopted a
new system of educati<»x His nephews, Edward and
John Philips, were among his pupils. In 1641 he pro-
duced his first prose work, — a "Treatise of Reforma-
tion,"— which was followed by other arguments uainst
the Established Church and Prelacy. He sympathiied
with the popular party in the great criws of English
liberty, but took no active part in the dvil war which
began in 164a.

At Whitsuntide, 1643, he married Mary Powell, whose
fattier was a ju*^™ of the peace and a royalist of Ox-
fordshire; "The lady," says Ur. Johnson, "seems not
much to have delighted in the pleasures of spare diet
and hard study." A month after the marriage, she made
a visit to her (ather's house, from which she refused to
return. Having resolved to repudiate her, Milton pub-
lished " The Doctrine and Discipline of Divorce," (i&H,)
and other treatises on that topic, in hit own justiGcation.
He also paid his addresses to a Miia Davis, until his
wife implored forgiveness and was restored to favour.
She became the mother of three daughters, who were all
the children that Milton had.

" " "Plea

He published in 1644 hia " Areopagitica," o
for Unlicensed Printing," — probably his greatest proae
work. " Many passages in thia famous tract," aaya Hal-
lam, "are admirably eloquent : an intense love of liberty
and tnith glows through it." He had taken a larger
house in Barbican (about 1G45) for the reception of
scholars ; but hia wife's relatioru, to whom, when mined
by the dvil war, he generously gave refuge, occupied hia
rooms. In March, 164S-49, he was appointed Latin
secretary to the coundl of state, which was the highest
executive power in the new repuUic. As an antidote to
the " Eikon Basilike," f>. the " Image (or Portrait) of the
King," — a work designed to eidte commiseration for the
Bufferinn of Charles I., (see Gaudin,) — Hilton pro-
duced bis " Iconodastes," (Eikonoklastes,) or "Image-
breaker," and, by order of the council, appeared as the
antagonist of the learned Salmasius, in reply to whoa
he wrote, in Latin, his celebrated work entitled " Defence
sf the English People," ("Defensio Populi Anglican!,"
1650.) (See Salmasii;s.)

.L_..^ .1.. i_ 1. totally Dlino. l-

an eloguent al' ._ .

1 1656 he m

oHowingyear.
ARer serving the Protector Oliver aa Latin secretary
for four or five yeara, he retired about 1657 from public
life, with a pension of j£i5a Before that date he had
meditated the plan of a great epic poem. One of the
subjects that presented was the exploits of King Arthur.
After much deliberation, " long choosing and Winning
late," he preferred the suli^ct of " Paraose Lost,^ whi<£
at first he proposed to dramatiEe. At the restoration,
(1660,) his prosecation was ordered, and he concealed
himself in the house of a friend until the Act of Oblivion
released him from danger. He married his third wife,
Elizabeth Minihul, In 1664; and when the great plague
raged in London, (1665,) he retired to Chalfbnt, Bucks,
where his friend Ellwood had engaged a cottage for him.
(See Ellwckid, Thomas.) In the course oftbe same
year Milton showed to Ellwood the finished manuatript
of " Paradise Lost," which the latter took home and
perused. On returning il to the author, he remarked.
Thou hast said much here of Paradise Lost ; but what
hatt thou to taj oi ParaJiK /tiiidf' Milton sold his lui nuLumj tuut^nBui, »»> >»

i, ^ I, <^ 0, ;, /my; i, t, 6, sajne, less prolonged j 1, «, I, e, ii, ^ rAivf; }, (, ), 9, «tewrv; fir, fUl, Ol; liittj i>At; KKdj II

Digitized by VjOOQIC

copy in April, 1667, to Sanauel Simmons, for an Imme
diate payment of five pounds and the promise of an
equal sum after the aale of thirteen hundred copies. It
was rather coldly received, only three thousand havinf
been sold in the Grat eleven years. " Its admirers," aaya
Johnson, "did not dare to publish their opinion."

He published in 1671 " Samson Agonistes," a tra-
gedy, and " Paradise Regained," which he is said to
have esteemed his most perfect production ; bat the
public and the critics have not sanctioned this preference.
Milton died in London, by *' a silent expiration," on tite
8th of November, 1674.

. A manuscript of Milton's "On Christian Doctrine,"
("De Doctrina Christiana,") found in the State-Papei
Office, London, in 1833, was translated and published
in 1835. The genuineness of this work, though aooie-
times called in question, it considered by the greal
mxLJority of critics to be established tieyond reasonaUa

Milton was not connected with any church, bat ^>-
pears to have fiivoured the Inttependenta, — a politico>
religious party. "He grew old vrithout any visible
worship," says Johnson i who adds, "His studiea and
meditations were an habitual prayer." His favourite
authors among the Greeks were Homer and Euripides,
and Shakspeare and Spenser among the EiigliBh. Hia
stature was rather below the middle height, la hia yoatli
he was ao eminently and delicately beautilbl at to be
called "the Lady" o[ his college, though hit hatiits wer«
br from effeminate. He had a £iir complexion and
auburn hair. Portraits of him were taken at the agea

" ' Paradbe Lost' may claim the first place, and. with
respect to performance, the second, among &e produc-
tions of the human mind. . . . His [Milton's] great worka
were performed under discountenance and m blindness ;
but difficulties vaniuied at hia touch: he was bom for
whatever is arduous ; and hia work is not the greatest
of heroic poems, only because it is not the first." " Waa
there ever anything ao delightful," aavs Cowper, "aa
the music of ' Paradise Xjxf} It is like that of a fine
organ, — has the fullest and the deepeat tones of majesty,
with all the softness and elegance of the Dorian flute ;
variety without end, and ikever equalled, unless, perhaps,
by Virgil." Of Milton's prose writings, MacauUy ob-
serves, "They are a perfect field of cloth of gold. The
style ia stiff with gorgeous embroidery."

" It ia certain,'' aays Hume, " that this author, when
in a happy mood and employed on a noble sul^ecl. ia
the most wonderfully sublime of a^ poet in any Ian-
Euage, Homer and Lucretius and Tasso not excepted.
More condse than Homer, more simplp than Tasso^
more nervous than Lucretius, had he lived in a later
age and learned to polish some rudeness in his verses,
had he enjoyed better fortune and possessed leisure to
watch the returns of genius in himself^ he had attained
the pinnade of perfection and borne away the palm of
epic poetry."

" It may be doubted," says Walter S. Landoi,
"whether the Creator ever created one altogether ao
great as Milton, — taking into one view at once his manly
virtues, his superhuman geniua, his leal for truth, fee
true piety, true freedom, his eloquence in display! n|^ it.

deacribcd. He
Puritan. He was not a Freethinker. He
was not a Cavalier. In hit character the noblest quali-
ties of every party were comUned in harmonioua union.
. . , We are not much b the habit of idoltiing either
the living or the dead. But there are a few characteia
which have stood the dosest scrutiny and the severeat
tests, which have been tried in the Airnace and have
proved pure, which have been declared steriing hj tbe
general consent of mankind, and which are viaibly
stamped with the image and superscription of the Moat
HigiL These great men we trustweknowhowto priae;
anAoi these was Milton. . . . His thoughts are power-
not only to delist, but to elevate and purify. Not

do we envy (he man who can Btndf either the life «t th*
wr-dngs or the gre't poet and patriot without M^ng to
emulate, not indeed the lublime wotki with wtiicb hi*
geriTiu has enriched our liieraiute, but the teal with
which he laljoored for the public good, the fortitude with
which he endured everjr private calamity, the lofht dit-
dain with which he loolied down on temptation and dan-
gers, the deadly hatred which he bore to Ingots and
tjnaott, and the faith whidi he to aternlj kept with hit
cuuntrjr and with bis fome." ("Essay on Milton.")

Those who desire to know how this great poet i*
rcnrded by a natton whose taste and habits of thought
difler most widely from those of the English, mu con-
sult the article "Milton" in the "Biographie Univer-
telle," from the pen of the justly-celebrated French
critic Villemain. He admits that Milton's picture of
our first patents in Eden surpasses, in gracelU and
touching simplicity, anytUng to be found in the creations
of any other poei aodent or modem, and that the
human imagination has produced nothing more grand
or more suMime than some portions of " Paradise CoaL"

Sec ihe irikle "Milim," IB Johhsoh'i " IJnt oT ibi Poms ;"
Todd, " Lift of Hilloo," iloi ; Kuohtliv, " Lifc. Opinion*, aod
Wrldnji of I(Ad MUub," iS»- Maboh, "Life nd Ulna of
UDioD," ml. I., i8n:Toi.ANW"LiiiorHihDii," 1698; Stmhons,
•'UfeofMU»D:"flAvm,"LlfeofMUto<t."iTUiDl.CHAii)mM,
" Rauik* on the Chincter and Wntinn o( MUlao." iSiB ; Uao-
AVUiy. "Euan:" Huua. "MiMorr 1^ England," ettxa. bdL; J.
MoonKiH. "ViodtUilloik." 1804; £dwirI>. Kooil 'Q. IlilioB,
jMpMriotand Pg«,"i83ii Joum IviHiv, " J. Uillo^ 111* l£
^ Tioka," iSii: C R. Edmohh, "J, MUtoo: 1 Bkfrmbj,''
iBsi; EowAiD PHiLtrt, "life df J. MHion." 1604; node* In tU
-A . . -eTiew"(bfJoljji8}i,liTR~^"

T'il'^l

jyof Aattwra."

Hll'tfH), (John,) an English musician and composer,
the father of Ihe poet He was of an ancient Catholic
family, and was disinherited lor embracing Protestantism.
Some of his tunes are contained in Ravenscroft's" Whole
Book of Psalms," "The Triumphs of Oriana," and other
cotitemporaiT publications. Died at an advanced age
in March, l^j.

MU'toan, (Francis,) author, bom at Lynn, MasM-
cbusetts, in 1871. He is Americen consul at Toulon,
France, and has written much about the catbedtal* and
chateaux of France, descriptions of Ireland and Italy,
and ether works.

imton, Lord. See Flttckxr, (Ahosiw.)

BUIntlna'Tica or UUatiiiowitBOli, pronouncetl
alike me-loO'tee'no-vitch, (SmoN,) a Servian poet, bora
in 1791. He was the author of " Popular Songs of Ihe
Montenegrins," etc, "Hisloiy of Servia from 1813 to
iSiV' and Other works. Died at Belgrade, Jan. 11,1848.

mi'mas, |Gt. Htpic,] a giant said to have been de-
stroyed by Japiter. The island of Prochyte, near Sicily,
was believed to rest upon his bodv.

niRm',) a Greek elegiac atid lyric poet, born at Colo-
^on aoout 630 B.C., was contemporary with Solon.
The fragments of his poems have been published
collections of Eslienne, Brunck, and Boissonade ; aod, in
a separate edition by Bach, Mimnermus is said to have
invented the pentameter verse.

BeOsB, mee'nl, (Don FRAMCiscoBapoa y— *s-p6th'e,)
a celebrated Spanish senerat, sometimes called El Rsv
DR Navarra, (" the King of Navarre,") bom
peluna in lySa. As a guerilla chieftain, he saccesafully

~ ~ V*_....- ^..tjUat »>,> Wr>nf.K in , ftnS anA »k>

Sefe^e

_ended Navarre against Ihe French in iSoS and the
•ncceeding campaigns. Having been created wiarctiaJ
M tamp9 in 1813, ne endeavoured to cidtc an insur-
rection against the government of Ferdinand VII., bat,
biling in the attempt, took refuge in France. After hit
return to Spain, in iSio, he became captain-general of
the armies of Navarre, Galida, and Catalonia. He held
several high ofEcea under Queen Christina, for
he Ibught against Don Carlos. Died in 1S36L

WiiR, (£^ttrr,) a Spanish olficer, bom in Navarre
k 1789, was a nephew of the preceding. He undertook
tolibeTate Merico, which he entered in April, 1817, with
a few hundred men. He gained several victories, bat
was captured and shot at Mexico in November, 181T.

miUiio T Bedt^a, da, dl min-fl'no e bl-ix^e-l.

MINGARELLJ

of Madrid," and a ** History of the Spanish RevdottM
from 1810 to iBaj," (in French.)

Mind, mint, (GormlED,) a celebrated Swiss punter,
bom at Heme in 176S, was sumamed THi RArUARL
OF Cats. He was the child of indigent pareat*, and
a cretin, and was educated at Pestaloui's insiitutica fcc
poor b<n*. His bvourite subjects were cats and beaf»
which he delineated with imequalled skill and fidelity.
H« died in 1814, leaving nnmeroot desjgita, which were
told at a high price.

Mlndarar, min'd;h-rfr, (RAiHONDk) a German pby-
sidan, born at Augsliarg about 1570, was the discoverer
of t new chemicia compound, [acetate of ammonia,)
since called Spiritus MindeierL He published several
medical works in Latin, and became physidan to the
emperor Matthias. Died in i6zi.

IDndaihoat^ min'df r-hSwt', a Flemish painter, bom
at Antwerp in 1^77, excelled in marine views, seaportsi

etc Died in

aOllBlU,me ... -

scholar, bom at Sx>lterdam about 1635. He translated

el'lee, [Lat Minrl'uus,] (jAK,)aDutGb

Terence into Dutch, and published numerous editions
of Ihe Latin dassics, with notes, which had a high repu-
tation at the time. Died In 1683.
-"DsllliiB. See Minklll

'n^, (Alonzo AllES,] D.D., LI.D., an American

born at Lempster, New Hampshire, August

me pastor of a Universalisl church in

Hastac^uelta in 1831), and in 184^ accepted a pasiotata

dergymi
17, "814

I14, became i

He was president of Tufts College, i86»-7i.
and was conspicuous in educational, temperance, and
other reforms. Among his works are " Bible Exercises"
and "Old Forts Taken," (1878.) Died June 14. 1895.

HFntr, (Thomas;) an American physician, bom at
Hiddletown, ConDBCticnt, in 1777, He wrote, conjointly
with Dr. Tully, "Essays on Fevers and other Subjects,
(1813.) Died in 1S41.

Sfi-nsi'vf or A-ths'iif, [ Fr. Mihrrvr, me'ntRv',]
one of the greater divinities of the Roman mythology,
corresponding nearly to the Greek Athena or Athene,
[Gr, 'Aftjw7 or "Affr**] She was regarded as the goddess
of wisdom, aria, and sdenees, or a personification of the
thinking, inventive facuW. According to a popular tra-
dition, she was the ofcprmg of the brain of Jupiter, from
which she issued in fiill armour. She was always repre-
sented as a virgin. In war she was contradistinguished
from Mars (the god of brute force) as the patronen of
sdenlific warfiure, and hence, according to die andant
poets, was always superior to hun. The favonrite plant
of Minerva was the olive, and the animals consecrated
to her were Ihe owl and the serpent Athena waa the
groit national divinity of Attica and Athens, to whidi
the it said to haire given her name. Fope, in hit
"Temple of Fame," alludes to her twofold character as
the patroness of arts and arms, where he says,

"TfatnCaiD,piH»diriihbediUiDtrTa(, ihotH."
In the Trojan war she fought tor the Greeks. She
was sometimes called Pallas, Parthenos, {U. "virgin.")
Tritonia or Tritogeneia, and other names. The poeta
feigned that Neptune and Minerva disputed for the poa-
session of Attica, which the gods promised to him or
her who should produce the most oseliil gift to mankind,
Neptune, striking the earth with his trident, produced a
war-horse, and Minerva produced the olive, (the symbol
of peace,) by which she gwned the victory. She was
usually represented with a helmet on her head, holding
in one hand a spear and in the other an segis, or shield,
in the centre of which waa the head of Medusa. There
was a celelnated statue of Minerva, called PallaJiiim,
which was taid to have fallen from Ihe sky, and 00
which the safety of Troy depended.

Sm O, Muuahh, "DiiMitioo d» Orzea Minwi " ■-
"Re] ~

It mrtnoloaiqu

MingareUi, min-gl-rel'lee, (Giovanki Luioi,) an
Italian ecclesiastic and writer, bom near Bologna ia
lyaa, was a friend of TiraboschL Died in 1793.

S*a Cavaubi, "Vita di Miaatrclli," igi;. ____^

■ i; ( as t; I hard; J uj; a, H, X,pimiral; N, nun/,- R, trilUJ; I as s; th !

s in Ml. (n~-See Explanationa, p, »\\

r..,i,/ed:^yC00<^le

MWGHETTI

1730

MTOLAN

I, mln-SCftee, (Uakco,) an IbUiu ■tateS'

_..j, bom at Bologna, September 8, 1818. He had
alread}' obtained fame a* a journalist and political econo-
nlsi, when in 184S he wai called to Rome, and became
for a time minister of public instmction, but soon went
north and joined the Sardinian aniiT. He held various
cabinet positions in the new Idugdom al Italy, acting
for Kvcra) terms as prime ninUter, and wielding a great
Inflaence as an orator Mid writer. His principal work is
" Delia Economta pubblica," (1859.) Otiier worlcs of his
Me" OpiucDli letierari ed ectmomici," (1871,) " Le Donne
llaliane nelle belle Arti," (1877,) and " L« Chieta e lo
Stato," (1878.) Died December 10, lSS&

Mlngotti, min-got'lee, (Rbgina,) an Italian singer,
bom at Naples, of German parcnle, in 1718. Her bmilj
name was Valbntini. When a mere child she married
an impresario named Mingotti, who rect^niied her vocal
■bililiee and had her educated for the operatic stage.
She made her liist appearance in Dresden, and soon won
a great reputation, which was extended by her tours in
Spain, Italy, and England. Died In 1807.

Mlnlnim, rae-ne-1'nl, (JosA Manuxl.) a Spanish
historian, bom at Valencia in 1671. He wrote a continua-
tion of Mariana's " History of Spain," (1733.) Died to

mnU, me'ne-l', (Claudk fiTiENire,) a French of-
ficer, bom in Fi^s in iSics was the InTenlor of the rifle
called by his name. He waa appointed by Nap«leon
in. superintendent of the school of ordnance at Vin-
cennes, and received from him the sum of 10,000 francs.
The Mini^ rifle was an immense improvement on any.
thing of the kind that had previonsly been invented, both
as regard* precision and the extent of Ita range. Died
December 14, 1879.

lUnioa and liUnJon. Sec Miqnon.

Mlno da Flesols, mee'iio dl fi:-ls'o-ll, an eminent
Italian sculptor, bom at Flesole about 143a Among his
works is a tjmb of Paul II. « Rome. Died in 14S6.

Set Vasaii, " Lina of ihi Punien and Scolpion."

Unooohilir, SffinoiitoliUiT, or BUnQoblbT, min-
oychlh'r, written also Hannchehor, an ancient Persian
king, the grandson (or, according to some aatfaorides,
the great^randscm) of Fereedoon, (Ferldfln,) is said to
have been the first of his nation who fortified cities with
ramparts and ditches. With Min^S&chitir ended the glory
and power of the Peshdadian dynasty.

Mi'uoa, [Gr. llivu[,] a celebrated king and lawraiver
of Crete, whose history is much obscured or embellished
with fable. According to Homer, he was a son of Jupi tr -
and Europa, a brother of Rbadamanthus, and the fathi
of Ariadne and Deucalion. He was renowned for his
justice and moderation, anc' '
oeatli he became ajudge of the souls which entered the
Infernal regions. Hehasbysome writers been identified
with Mann, (or Menu,) the frreat Hindoo lawgiver.

MlnoB, a king and lawgiver of Crete, supposed to
have been a grandson of the preceding, with whom, how-
ever, he has been confoundea by some writers. He was
the husband of Pasiphae, and had many children. He
is said to have been the first Greek prince that had an
important naval power. The Cretans ascribed to Hinos
their laws and political institutions, which served as a
model for the legislation of Lycur^us. According to one
tradition, he was cruel and tyrannical, and compelled the
Athenians, whom he vanquished, to pay him an annual
tribute in the form of boy* and virgins, who weredevoured
by the Minotaur.

Hl'not. (Charles Skdgvi'ick,) an American bi-
ologist, was bom at Boston in 1852. He became
assistant in histoli^jy and embryology at Harvard in
18S7, and professor of these branches in 1892. He

Eablished " Human Embryology," (iSg*,) and many
jological papers.

U^not (Gborce Richaiuis,) an Anerican jurist

bom at Toulouse about i jio. He waa patroniced
by Catherine de M^dids, and was a friend of J, C
Scaliger, Ha published treatises on medicine, theology.

1, born at Boston in 175S. His principal works
are a "Eul<^ on Washington," "History of Shaya's
Rebellion," and " History of Hassachaaetta Bay." Died
b Boston, January a, iBoa.
"In'pt,? {LAt;HNCB,) an English poet, whose vrorks

were discovered by Tvrwhitt while he was preparing an
edition of Chaucer. Ho lived abo«t 1300-1351.

Mln'o-tanr, [Gr. Itaimafoi; Lat MmOTAU'KUi \
Fr. MiNOTAUU, me'no'tSB',] a moiutet of classic my*
thology, represented as half man and half bnlL Accord-
ing to the l^end, he was the oSapring of Pasiphai: and •
boll which was sent to Hinos by Neptune ; he was kept
in the great labyrinth of Crete, was fed with youths and
maidens whom the Athenians sent to Minos as tributCi
and was finally killed by Theseos.

Min'th^ or Men'tii^, IGr. UIvAg,! a nymph, &bled
to have b«en beloved t^ Pluto and changed l^ Ceres
into the plant known as mint

Minto, (Gilbert John Mukkay Eluot,) Eablop,
bom in England in 1847. Served in the army, was
Governor-general of Canada 1:898-1904, aud-Viceioy ol
India 1905-10.

Mlnto, LoNB. See Eluot.

Min'to, (Walter,) a Scottish mathematician, bont
in Edinburgh, emigrated lo America in 1786. He was
the author of several scientific works, and became pro-
fessor of mathematics at Princeton College, New Jersey,
Died in 1796.

Bllntrot^ mln'trop, (Thbodoe,) a distingaished
Gorman painter and designer, bom at Heithausen, in
Bavaria, in 1814. He produced desif^s In crayon, and
several oil-paintings of^ religious subjects. Among his
works are "The Riches of the Year," and "The Apo-
Iheo^ of Bacchus." Diedjuly4, 187a

HfntaniL min-tooR'nee, (Antohio Sbbastuko,) an
Italian poet and canonist, born in Terra di Lavoru, waa
noted for his learning. Died in 1574.

BCnnt, ds, d(h me'nd', (Gabriel,] a French Uiti-

J, e,i, a, ii, f ,/<»¥■' ^ i< A, sane, less prolonged; I, i, I, A, fi, ]F, jWr; f, f, j, 0, tf4

and i^er sub)ecta. Died in 1587.

MlnatiMitu, me-nu-she-a'nua, [IL Minuoamo, m«
DOOt-se-l'no,1 (Alessamdro,] a Icttncd Italian mintei,
bom at San Severn about 1450. He published the Gut
complete edition of Cicero, and lasoed from hia Preas
numerous classics of great beauty and accnracy. iMed
bout 1515.

"'~itta»

... J _.iristian writer, supposed tc . . _.
of Africa, lived in the thltil century. He was the author
of a work entitled "Octavioa," written in defence of
Christianity. A good edition of it waa published bf
Gronovios in IJ07.

MlnntoU, me-noo'to-lee, IHUMRKH Hunt,) Baxom,
a distinguished writer, of Italian extraction, bom ■!
Geneva in 1773. He served in the Prussian anmr, and
attained the rank of lientenant-generaL In iHa he
accompanied the scientific expedition sent by the Pma-
sian govemment to Egypt, and published, (in German,}
aAer his return, a "Journey to the Temple of Jupiter
Amnion and Upper Egypt," (avols., 1824.) Hewrote
other works and Was a member of the Academy of
Sciences of Berlin. Died in 1846.

MUintoU, (Jiruaa,) a lawyer, son of the preceding,
was bom at Berlin in 1805. He was appointed In 1851
consul-general for Spain and PortogaC He published

work entitled "Spain and its Progressive Develop-

ent" Died November 5. i86cl

Uln'JF-as, [Gr. Ho^,) a Gibulona personage, said
to be a son of Neptnne, a king of Bceotia, and the an*
cestor of the Minta, [Ua^) a race of heroea cele-
brated in the moat ancient epic poetry of Greece. The
Argonants were mostly descendanU of Minyas, and were
called MinyK.

Uinaooabl, mbi-xokniee, or Btoiaooohl, min-idc'-
kee, (Francisco,) an Italian painter, bom at Fori) about

100, was a papil of Genga. Among bis master-ptecet

E mav name "The Sacrifice of Lfelchisedec," "The

all of Manna," and a " Holy Family." Died in IS74.

Mlnaonl, mtn-so'nee, (Onofbio,] an Italian poet and

i'esuit, bom at Perrara in 1734, became professor of phi-
Dcophy at Venice. He was the author of a coUecliaa
erf' sonnets of great beauty. Died in 1817.
Miolan-Carralbo, me'o^ON' kta'vtio', (Cakounk

i; Or, Oil, at; mCt; nftt; |«di MOaa,

Digitized by CaOOQ I C

nux,)a pRri^Tocilirtibom atChlteaa-RotuEin iSi9.
She perronned with sdoxu tn Pirli uid LoDdon u an
operatic wnger. Died July lo, 1895-

MIoIUb, me'aitu', (Skxtiui Alkxandks Fkan-
90U,) Count, a Frencli general, born at Ai* in 17^9. He
wacwoDndedatYocicCoira, Virginia, in 17S1. He became
aseneral of diTiiion in 1799, and obtained comnituidof
■If the French fbrcea in Northern Italy in 1805. In 1S09
be entered Rome, where, baring expelled the pope, be
remained, with the title of goremor, nntil 1814. Died
biSa&

Mlonnst, me'o'nt', ^ThIodobi Educ.) a Preitch
antiqnary, bom in Paris in 1770. He wrote a " Deicrip-
ifve Catalogue of Greek and Roman Medals," (7 »ola.,
1S06-35,) a ttandard work, which stiil ranlcs among
the beat of its kind, a treatise "On the Rarity and
Value of Roman Medila,"etc., (1 rola., 1847,) and other
■imilar woriu. Died in 1843.

Mlot, me'o', (AndkA Fkakcois,) Comie de Uelito^ a
French atateiman, bom at Veriaille* in 1761. He wai
minister of the inUrior at Naples under Joseph Bona-
parte. He died in 1E41, leaving "Memoirs of the Con-

Untrattm', bom in Puis in 1675. He made a transla-
tion of Tasso'a "Jerusalem DFlivcred," whicli had great
popnlariqr at the time. He also translated the " OrUndo
Purioso, and published several treatises on Tirious
anbiecta. The atheistical work entitled "Sjstime de
la Nature" was for a time attributed to Mirabaud, but is
BOW known 10 haw been written by Baron d'Holbach.
Mirabaud was elected to the French Academy In 1716.
Died in 176a

~ ' " '"atoire ds MuDbm de rAcuUnu* Fm-

IDnbaaTi, da, df h xnt'iV\^, (Bonitacb RiQVim,)
Vicotm, a brother of Gabriel, noticed below, was bom
at Bignon in 17U. He served In the army of die United
States abont 17S0. In 1789 he became a royalist mem-
ber of the StateS'Gcneral, and was opposed to his brother
hi politics. He was so bloated by drinking that he was
nidttiained" Barrel Mirabeau," ("Mirabean Tonnean.")
He was noted for his sarcastic wit. " In any other
fiunihr," said he, " I should pass for a reprobate {mauvaii
n^J and wit) but in mine I am regarded as a fool,
bat a sedate man." When his famous Drother reproved
him for his intemperance, he wittfly replied, "Of all
the Ticei of our bmily, that is the only one which you
bare left for me." He emigrated in 1790, and joined the
nmlisl army on the Rhine. Died in 1 793.

UnibMtt, ia, d(h me'rTby or mlr'»-bes', (HohorA
Gabubl d» Rl^nattl, (Ath re'U'te',) originally Anl-
^Wttt,) CoMTB, a &mons French orator and states-
man, was bom at Bignon, near Nemours, March 9, 1749.
His family was of Italian extraction. He was the oldest
•nrriving son of the Marquis de Mirabeau and Marie
Genevitve de Vatsan. The last representative of that
stormy and higfaly'«ifled race, he inherited a passionate
oltnre, a fk«ik and open temper, and a mind of great
amplitude of grasp and prodigious activity. The edu-
cation which he receivea under the strict discipline of
his fother was hr from indicioas. In his fifteenth year
be was sent lo a boarding^chool in Paris, where he
made rapid progress in ancient and modem languages
■nd mathematics, also in mosic and the fine arts. In
compliance with his father's will, he entered the army
h 1767. The next year, by an amorous intrigue, he pro-
voked the ire of the marquis, who caused bim to be
imprisoned in the Isle of Rh^ In 1769 he obtained
liberty to serve in Corsica against Paoli, where he won
golden opinions, and returned in 1770 with the brevet
of captain. It puuled his father to find a proper sphere
far one whom he called a windmill, a whirlwinil, one
who " had swallowed all fbrmalas." On one occasion
he writa, "I pass my life In cramming him vrith prin-
eiplea."

In 1773 young Mirabeau married Marie Smilie de
Covet, a daughter of the Marquis de Marignan, and
became a resident of Aii. For running into debt, he was
bukished 10 Mannsque, near the Alps, where he wrote
u "Essay on Despotism." Haring again displeased

*tat: tasj; gtun/.-gasy; o.n.K.gtMurai; N, «an>/;K,A

31 MIRABEAU

the grhn marqnb by some venU error, h« was confiMd,
by a Utirt Jt catko, in the castle of If, in 17^4, and was
finally separated from bis wife, who was not inconsolaUa
on that account. He was removed in 1775 to tbe castle
of Joni ; and, haring liberty to walk out on parole, he
formed an ardent attachment for Sophie Monnier, lm-
happily married to a man four times older than berselC
With her he eloped in 1776, and went to Amsterdam,
where he earned &ir wages by translating Watson's
"Philip II." and doing other literary ioba. The parlia-
ment of Besan^n indicted him for atxluction, and sen-
tenced him to death. In May, 1777, the police-officen
arrested him in Holland and consigned him to the prison
of Vincennes, where he was kept fbrty.two months, ap-

Earentty mined, but still indomitable in spirit Presenting
imself before the court which had condemned him as
contumadoDs, he pleaded his cause with such power
that the sentence was annulled. He again met his 6ither
on amicable terms ; for it is recorded among his few
conventional virtues that he loved his &ther to the end.
The marquis, however, left him to his own resonrces
for a supply of money.

From about 1783 to 178S he led a wandering life
in England, France, and Germany, supporting himself
by his wits, teeming with grand projects, and often en-
gaging in questionable Intrigues. Under the auspices
of Franklin, he published an eloquent essay "On the
Order of Cindnnatus," (1784,) which was followed by a
tract "On the Opening of the Scheldt" A polemical
tract on the water-complny of Paris, in reply to Bean-
marchais, produced a prodigious eSect In 1786 Calanne
(partly from a desire to remove him out of the way) sent
him on a secret mission to Berlin, where he met the
Great Frederick, and collected materials for an important
work, — "The Prussian Monarchy," — which app^red In
1788. The States-General, which were convoked fbr
May, 17S9, ofl<»^d to him a congenial arena for the
exertion of his gigantic energies against the system of
oi^anized injustice and oppression which for ages had
afficted France. After he had tieen rejected with con-
tempt by the noblesse of Provence, he was chosen tri
mnphantJy by tbe 7^j-^Wof AixaodMarseilles. He
preferred to represent Alx. Aiming at reform by mod-

away in ill hnmour. On. the 13d of June, 1789, be gave
a decisive direction to the Revolution by his Eamoui
speech in reply to the king's usher, De 'Bxiti, who re-
minded the Assembly that the king had ordered them
to disperse t— " The Commons of France have resolved
to deliberate. We have heard what the king has been
advised to say ; and yon, who cannot act as his organ in
tbe States-General,— ^011, who have here neither seat
nor vote nor right of speech, — you are not the person
to remind us of it Go and tell your master that wb
are here by the will of the nation, and that nothing but
the power of bayonets can drive us hence I" The usher
quidcly vanished, and Mirabeau became the masler.spiril
of the National Assembly. " Mirabeau's spiritual gift,"
says Carlyle, " will be found to be verily an honest and
great one ; &r the strongest best practical intellect of
that time," His brief and pithy sentences became the
watchwords of the Revolution ; ''his gestures were com-
mands, his motions were coupt iTilaL" Exchanging the
rSle of tribune for that of a statesman, he soared above
the intrigues of party and the ideal abstractions that
were in vogue. " Where others grope darkly," sayi
Lamartine, "' he aims surely, he advances directly. . . .
The philosophy of the eighteenth century, modified by

Erudence and policy, flows ont all formuliied from hu
ps. His eloQuence, imperative as law, is only the gift
of impassioned reasoning."

He advocated the abolition of the double aristocracy
of lords and tnshops, the spoliation of the Church, ana
the formation of the national guard, but he demanded fbr
the king an absolute veto and the initiative in making
war and peace. One of his greatest triumphs as an orator
was won over Bamavc, on the latter question, in 179&
Ixtud explosions of popular fury greeted him when il
was known that he favoured the royal veto. As he en-
tered the Assembly to speak on the question, he said to

liss.-thasini^Ur. (g^-SeeExplanBtioM,p.l3.|

Digitized by VjOOQIC

MIR ABE AU

1733

MIRBEL

a frieiu^ " I will either luxe the Hoiue in triDmph, w
be torn to fragmentB." He giined hii pcunt, — ' ~~
■tared hi* popolanly. Id the lost part ol hit o
became mote conserrative, and formed a aecret alliance
irith the court, (roin which he recdved large tumt of
mme;- He doubtlesa cherished an ambition to be prime
miniiter of France.

In Tanuarr, 1791, he was choaen presiilcnt of the Na-
tHmaTAsaembl;. "Never had thit office been 10 well
filled," saja Dumont. On parting with DumonC, who
left I^s at the date juat named, Hirabeau laid, " I ihall
die at the stake, and we shall never, perhaps, meet anin,
That base (action whom I now overawe [the Jacobins]
will again be let loose upon the country. I have none
bat direful antidpations." He died April 3, 1791.
Among his last words were, " Envelop me with perfumes
and crown me with flowers, that I may pas* away into
everlasting steep." His strong constitution had been
rained by inordinate passions and immoral pleasures
carried to the areateat enxss, but veiled ander a decorous
exterior after he had attained eminence as a legislator.
He had the art of enlisting men of talents in his service
and appropriating their productions, on which he im.
pressed the seal of his originality. Dumont, Claviire,
and Duroverai were, perhaps, the chief persons who thus
assisted him. Mirabcau had given develop!
ontward form to the French Revolution ; but to control
it was beyond hi* power. His indomitable wilt might
for a time direct or overawe the fury of the populace;
but he possessed no virtues which could inspire the
better portion of the people with that trust and confi-
dence without which there can be no stalnli^ for any
government.

Alluding to (he resemblance between Mirabeaa and
Chatham, Macaulay observes, "Sudden bursts which
•eemed to be the effect of inspiration, short sentence*
which came like lightning, daziling, burning, striking
doini everything before them, ... in these chiefly lay
theoratorical power bothofChathamandMirabeau. . . .
In true dignity of character, in private and public virtue,
it may seem absurd to institute any comparison between
them ; but they had the same haughtiness and vehemence
of temper. In their language and manner there was a
disdainful self-confidence, an imperioosness before which
all common minds quailed. . . . There have been &r
peater speakers and far greater statesmen than either
of them ; but we doubt whether any men have, in modem
time*, eierdsed such vast personal influence over stormy
and divided assemblies." (Atticle on " Dumont's Recol-
lections of HInbeaa," in Macaulay's "Essays.")

S«tfraAWAD,*'ALUg-Hiii«T"Loadim.itolL, i&(8;LAi)Aa-
nn " Hiataiir of tha Oinnidiiu,'' book L; Cailvls, "Enn,"
voL L: BaMraMAM,"Slai*«M oT the Tine of Gcwi* III.,'' >d
•nits; Chausubu " Eqrit dt Hinbrni." > voU., ^fffi \ Victor
Hdqo, "Snide «r Hinbeui," 1*34: F. Liwi-n, "HmdHnii, Bild
KiiHs Lebvu," Me., ■ mk., ■*!*-»; Cadkt [a Guhcodst,
"KiHiear liViepriT«ad(Ubabeau,'^lSin; J. HniuiDU, "Ewu
hinoriqiK aui la Vie de Hirabaao," iBij; LOUM oa Moimaior,
" lljnoirei bicpaphiquM, Ktljnirs et poliliqas de Uinben," S
Tols.,ig]3-(i; Dui«iHT,"SoumiinnTMinbaa,"Ttu{PiTiiaD,
•-AlH«irdel)Vi*deU>nbw,"ini: "UtaoinswrMinbHD M
•oa Kpoque." ( abodrmouB.) Pirii, 4V0I1.. 1
" llinWu und «Da Zwi/'iSii.

MlrabOBu, do, (Jean Antoinb RtQtnrrrt,) Mar-
QDit, surnamed Silvekstock, a brave French officer,
born in Provence in 1666, was the grand&ther of the
great orator Mirabean. His ancestors, the Arrixbettis,

were exiled from Florence in 1167. He wascBlle(r''Ven.
ddroe's right arm." At the battle of Cassano, in 1706,
where be commanded a regiment, he received twenly-
■even wounda, one of which was in the neck. In conse-

Sience of this, he wore a t3vtr stack to support hia head,
e married, and lived many years afler that action.
Se*"M«iiiDireadeMlnbeaui" Cablvlb. " Ehit>," vol L

SOntbaau, do, (Victok Riqubtti.) Mabquis, the
tclf-slfled "Friend of Men," bom at Ferthuiain 171;,
wa* the son of the preceding, and father of the great
orator, A prtrad, eccentric person, of violent passions
and iwwerful intellect, be was regarded as the reverse ai
a " mend" by most men who bad intercourse with him.
■ lis hobby wa* Political Economy, in which he was ■

ccived with hvoar. His "Friend of Men," {"Amides
Homme*,"] whiiJi appeared about 1755, made a great
*ensation, thovgh its style was extremely rugged, qnain^
and tortuous. He lived mostly in Paris, and wa* am-
bitious to direct affairs of state. It is reported that he
obtained Erom the ministry no less than fifty-four Ul^tt
lU caclut, arbitrary warrants to imprison his children and
others. Died in 1789. "Outof all which drcumstances,"
says Carlyle, "there has come forth this Marquis de
Mirabcau, shaped into one of the most singular, sublime
pedants that ever stepped the soil of France. There
never entered the brain of Hogarth or of rare old Ben
such a piece of humour as in this brave old Riquctti
nature Has presented u* ready-made. For withal there
is such genius in him, ridi depth of character, inde-
structible cheerAilness and health breaking out in splto
of these dirorce-papets, like strong sunlight in thundeij

aCrmballa, me-rl-belll, (Vincbnzo,) an Italian anti-
quary, born at Syracuse in iS7a He wrote a "Hiatory
of Syracuse," and other worb. Died in 1634.

SCreenA. See Lbhikr.

Mlraflc^aa, de, di me-rl-fl0'*es, (Manurl do
Pando,) Hakquis, a Spanish historian, bom at Madrid,
December 34, 1793, He was several times sent on im-
portant embassies, and was in later life prominent as one
of the principal ministers of the government. His chief
works relate to the history and politica of hi* own time*.
Died in Madrid, March 17, l%^%.

Miramon, me-rl-mAn', (MiGtiSL,) a Mexican general,
bom about 1831. He became the leader of the derical
party which began to wage war against Juarei in l8s8>
He was defeated in a deciuve battle in December, 1864
and went into exiles He afterwards returned, and
fought for Maximilian, and wa* executed with him in
June, 1867.

Mlrandn, me-rin'dl, (FBANCisco,)a South American
patriot, bom at Caracca* about 175a Having entered
the French army, he served in the American campaign*
of 1779 and 1781, and in 1799 became general of division
under Damouriea. In the campaign of 1793 ^^ ***
defeated by the allies at Neerwinden, and wa* brought to
trial for mismanagement on this occasion, but Iw m*
acquitted. Being condemned by the Directory in 1797,
he took Tcfiige in England, and on his return to Paris,
in 1S03, was a second time banished. He sailed in 1806
to Venezuela, where he made ao onsuccessfiil attempt
to found a republic He wa* arrested in tSia by the
Spanish government, and imprisoned at Cadiz, wher*
he died in 1S16.

See J. Bioos, " HiitoTr of Mirudi'i Anenii) to eflecl ■ Kevo
IntiaiiinSa<itbAnieriai:"^DUMauiiu. "Honiara."

iwiranila, de, di me-rln'dl, (Don Jdah Garcia,) a
Spanish artist, bom at Madrid in 1677, became painter
to the king, Philip V. Died in 1749. There were
several other painters of the same Gimily.

S» CiAH'BBi(HiinBi."I>i(xioiiuio Hlitoncs," etc

MliHiida, de, dJi me-rln'dl, (Sa,) one of the earliest
Portuguese poet*, bom at Coimbra about 1495. He was
one of the founders of Portuguese literature, and is (aid
to have been the first to employ the metres of Dante and
Petrarch. He was the author of sonnets and drama*,
but his reputation rests chiefly on his poetical epistle*
and eclogues. Died in 1558.

" I Babioba Macmado, "Bibliolhec«Liiiit»ii»;"

Mlraadol*. See Pico dblla Mirandola.
Mlrbel, dflt dfh miR'btK, (Charlrs FRANgois Bris-

IKAU,) an eminent French botanist, bom in Paris in
776. He was appointed by the empress Josephine
superintendent ofthegardcnsof Malmaison in 1S03, and
'- 1808 became a member of the Academy of Science*,

public offices, and ii

f Botany and Vegetable Phyai-

r, e, 0, ;, ;«V.' i, t, &i aame, less proloi^^ed; i, i, I, <!l, il, f , jiivV; t, $, ), 9, #ii«rv; Or, illl. ati mlt; nAt; gdCd; aidSoi

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titc periodicaii. He fikewiM usiited Sonnini in hia
"Natural History of Plants." Mirbcl gave great alten-
tion tt> struclural botany, in which branch of the science
be va« reaily eminent, although his viewa have been to
ft great extent sapcrieded. Died in 1854.

Stt FAm, "Slog* hiiloriqut dt U. ds Uiibol," igjg,' "Noii-

■Dxbel, do, (LiEiHSKA AihAb Zot Rub,] the wife of
the preceding, was bom at Cherbourg in 179& She ac-
isired a high reputation as a miniature-painter. Among
ler beat work* may be named the portrait! of Louis
Philippe, the Duke of Orljang, the Count of Paris,
Madame Gnizot, and Emile de Girardin. She obtained
Mreral medali, and was appointed lAer the restoration
miniatute-pointer to the king. Madame Hirbel ranks as
one of the best of modern miniaturists. Her portraits
are remarltable for correctness and finish, as well as
for vigour and spirited expression and foe harmony of
colour. Died August 31, 1849.

S« " Joamil ilii Baui-ArU." lifq.

BOreconrt, de, d?h nitr'kooR', (Euotn Tacquot,)
a French lia/raitur, born Noirembcr 19, iSfi. The
btter part of his name was assumed from the name of
hii natlTa village, Mirecourt, in the Vosges. He early
adopted literatoie ai a prolession, and in ;8>4S attracted
attention by an attack on Alexandre Dumas, entitled
"The House of Alexandre Dumas & Co., Manufacturers
ol Ntnels." In 1S54 he commenced the publication of
kterka ofyolumes under the general title of "Les Con-
tompondn*," wbich coiwisted of gouipj and semi-scan-
dalona aiticlet npoo the literary celebntlet of the hoar.
Many of these iDvolved him In lawsDiti. Alter one
hondred Tolumei had been published, Mirecourt founded
m weekly paper under the same title and with a similar
■im. He also wrote a number of infenor romance*.
Died February 13, iS8a

Mlrapolx, da, dch mtit'pwi', (Chabuei Piuu
Gaston Fkancois de Um — dfh li'To',) Due, a
French nneral, bom In 1699. He became a marshal of
Fiance id 1757. Died In 1758.

Wrarelt. See Uibkcvslt.

■Or Hasan, meer hl's^, a poet of India, who lived
at Fyxabad and Lacknow and died in 178& He wrote
(in the Urdu language) "The Maeic of Eloquence," (■
romance,) " The Rose-Gai'den of Iran," etc

BOr^-fxti, [Heb. 0"^r).I a propheteaa, a drter of
Hoses, the Hebrew lawgiver. She sai^ a song of tri-
nmph after the children of Israel had paued through
the Red Sea.

Stt Eudm n. » I KdinbvT* vi.

Mlikhond, mir'Kond', a celebrated Persian histo-
rian, born in 1433, "^ ^^' author of a work entitled
■Garden of Punty, or History of Prophets, Kings, and
Caliphs." There are manuscripts of this history in ibe
Gbraries of Paris, London, Berlin, and Vienna, and por-
tion* of it have been translated into French and several
other languages. Died In 1498-

Mir Mnhamipaai Sox, meer mfth-hlm'ml-dee aSa,
a Hindostanee poet, who lived at Ludinow, but becane
a dervisb, and died in tSoa He wrote mach degant
bat licentioDa verse.

Wromeeiiil, de, dfh me'ro'mi'ntK, (Aimand Tho-
ItAi Hub,) a French minister of stale, bom in the Or-
Uannais in 1733. He was keeper of the seals from 1774
to 1787. Died in 1796.

Iflr Tahd, (or Ta<ii,) meer H'kee, a Hindostanee
{Urdn) poet, born at Agra. He lived mostly at Luck-
now, and died in 1810. Many critics give him the first
K' ice in Urdu poetry, but olhera consider him inferior to
ada. He left a great number of poems.

Iffina. See MbbkzX.

m-M'niw, |Gt. Uimtvic; Fr. MistHB, me'tlii'il ■
t^ojan warrior, distinguished for his valoar and hia skill
M a tnunpeler, was called jEol'idis bj Virgil. After
the capture of Troy, he went to Italy with iCneas, wh(»n
he aerved a« a trumpeter. He i* laid lo have been
Itowmed by a Triton who was envious of hia mnalcal sldlL

StVaiai.-t"M-iii," boBkn. lii-n*.

mis'ree U-lln'de«^ a TarUib poet

brated in verse the incarnation of Jean* Christ Died
hi 171a

luasleasy, me'se'l'se', (Cdoitakd Thomas Biri-
CUES,) a French admiral, bom in Provence in 1754. He

commanded a squadron which, in May, 1S05, was sent
to the Antilles, and In 1S09 commanded the naval forcas
at Antwerp, Died in 1831,

BCaaon, me'sftn', (Francois Makimilirn,) a French
writer, bom at Lyons, was of a Protestant family, and
settled fai England after the revocation of the edict
of Nantes. Having visited Italy in 1687, he published,
after his return, an account of^his travels, which was
commended by Addison for its lively and faithful de*
scriptions. Died in London, January ij, 1711.

Miatral, mis'trl/, (Frederi, or PalDiRlc,] a French
(Provenfalj poet, born at Maillane, September S, 183a
His most noted work is the pastoral epic "Miriio,"
(1859; in English ty H. Crichton, 1868, and by H. W.
Preston, 1873,) which was the basis of Gounod's opera
"Mireille," (1864.) He also wrote "Calendau, Pouimo
nouveau," (1867,) and " Lis Isclo d'Or," (" The Golden
Shoes," 1875.) Mistral is one of the principal members
of the group of writers called ftlibra, (who aim at a
restoration of Provenol literature,) and prepared a Pro-
vencal Dictionary, Died March IJ, 1914.

Mltoh'f 1, (John,) an Irish adventurer, bom In tha
county of Derr* in iSij. He was for a time associate
editor of the Dublin " Nation," and subsequently of
" The United Irishman," which, however, was soon sup-
pressed by the British government, and Mitchel was sen-
tenced to fourteen years' banishment to Australia in 1848.
In 1854 he escaped to the United States, and became an
editor successively of "The Southern Citizen" and "The
Richmond Examiner," violent pro-slavery and secession
journals. In 1S74 he returned to Ireland and was elected
to Parliament, but before taking his seat he died, March
•0, 1875-

Mltohel, (Orhsrt Macknight,) an eminent Ameri-
can astronomer, bom in Union connty, Kentucky, in
igio. Having graduated at Weat Point in 1829, he
became in 1834 professor of mathematics, philosophy,
and astronomy st Cincinnati College, Ohio. He first
suggested the erection of an observatory at Cincinnati,
andthe successful accomplishment of the enterprise was
chiefly due to hia efforts ; and the Institution, of which he
became director, was provided through his exertions with
one of the finest telescopes to be found in the United
States. He delivered popular lectures on astronomy

ably received. In 1859 he became director of the Dud-
ley Observatory at Albany. He was appointed a briga-
dier-general in the Union army in August, 1861, He
moved with a small army from Tennessee to Alabama
in April, t86i, surprised Huntsville, and distinguished
himself by his energy. Having been promoted to ths
rank of major-general, he was appointed commanderof
the department of the South, about August, 1861. Ha
^ed M yellow fever at Beaufort, South Carolina, la
October of that year.

Mltoh'ell, (Sir Andrew,) a distinguished diplomatist
bom in Edinburgh about 1695, was elected lo Parlia-
ment in I747i and in 1751 was appointed resident min-
ister at Brussels. He was ambassador -extraordinary to
Berlin in 17^3, and acqnired considerable influence over
Frederick the Great, whom he succeeded in detaching
from the interests of France. Died in 1771.

ind Pip

■ of Sir'

RTT. lija: TKifuDLT, "Soirmin da Tingt Am i|i S<iaar 1

MItoheU, (Andrew,) a Scottish naval officer, bora
about 1757, attained the rank of vice-admiral of the
white ii 1799, and in 1802 was appointed commander-
in-chief on the coast of America. Died in iSo£.

Ultobell, (Sir David,) a naval commander under the
reign of William III., tom to be rear-admiral of the
blue in 1693. He was afterwards employed in important
missions to Russia and Holland. Diedin 171a

ICtoh'ell. (Donald Grant,] a distinf^uished Ameri-

1 writer, bom at Norwich, Connecticut,

181a.

\»k-, <itA$: \kard; t*»j;a,V,Vi,gtMtmd; VttHUal;'k,triati:\nn; Vttatxalliu. t|V-SeeExplanationa,p.st.)

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r of Europe, and published after bis r

"Reve

a of a

(1S47.) His principal works

elor," (1850,) " Dream life," (1851.) " The Judge's Do-
ings," (1854,) "My Firm of Edgewood," {1863,1 "Wet
Dsys St Edgewood," (1864,) " Seven Stories, with Base-
ment and Attic" (l8&t.t " Dr. Johi*" (1866,) " Rural
Studies, (1S67,) sod "English Lands, Lelton, snd
Kings," (1S89-95.} Died December 15, 1908. ^

MItolMll, (EusHA,) D.D., an Amerion cnenSst and
divine, bora in Litchfield county, Connecticot, in 1793,
became professor of mathematics in the University of
North Carolina in 1817, and subseijuentlT of chemistry
In the same itutitntion. Being appointed State inrreyor,
he first discovered the fact that the mountains of North
Carolina are the highest in the United States east of
the Rocky Mountains, While exploring one of these
hdgbts, in 1857, he was killed by a &11 from a prenpice.
Hi* name has been given to one of the highest summio.

Mitchell, (John,) labour leader, bom at fiiaidwood,
Illbws, in 1S70. He worked in the coal mines when
quite young, joined the Knighls of Labour at fifteen, and
in later yeai3 became an active organizerof labour. He
was president of the United Miiieis of America 1899-
1908, and second vice-president of the American Feiler-
atiOD of Ldboui after I9CX>.

Mltobell, (John Ambs,) editor, was born at New
York in 1845. He studied architecture, drawing, and

Siainting, became an artist and illustrator, and in 1SS3
Dunded " Life," in New York, and became its editor.
He published "The Romance of (he Moon," "The
Last American," "Life's Fairy-Tales," and other

Mltobell, (John Kbarslbv,) M.D., an American

repntitioa. He afterwards putHished an excellent trani-
Uoon of ienrsJ comedies of Aristophanes into Eof^ish
vefte; also an edition of Sophocles, and five dniinasof
Aristophanes, (with English notes.) He died in >8^S,
leaving unfinished an edition of his " Pcntalogia Ar»-
tophanica."

UltcIieU, (Sir Thomm LiviNOTroNK,) a Scottish
traveller, bom in Stirlingshire In 1791. He served li
the Spanish campaigns from iSoS to 1S14, and in iStl
sailed to Australia, where he was soon after apjwinled
surveyor-general. He gave the name of Australia Felix
*- ~ region hitherto oneiplored, and ascertained tbt

courses of the Glenelg, the Darling, and other rivcia.
He published, among other works, " Ontlinea of a Sye-
tem of Surveying for Geographical and Hilitaiy Fv
poses," ((837.) "Three Expeditions ii " " ' '
Eastern Australia," etc, (a vols., 1S38,

mlBSS.
BUtal

phftjctaii, bom in Jefferson countv, Virginia, in 1796.
He KTadnaied at the University ot Pennsvlvania, and
In 1841 became professor of the theonr and practice of
medicine in Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia. He

Cnbliahed a treatise "Oo the Crvptogamous Origin of
[alarious and Epidemic Fevers, ( I S49,) and lectures on
scientific subjects, which are highly esteemed and have
been translated into foreign languages. Died in 1858.

Hltobell, (JosBPH,) a Scottish poet and dramatist,
bom about 1685, was the author of a tragedy entitled
"The Fatal Extravagance," "The Highland Fair," a
ballad opera, and a number of poems. Died in 1738.
MitoDeU. (Margaret,) an American actress, bom
at New York in 1832. She was taken on the stage ts
an infant, and played child parts in her fifth year. She
became highly popular in the title t&le of " Fanchon,"
produced in 1S60, and later in other rdles.

BCtobell, (Maria,) LL.D., a distinguished American
sstronomer, bom in the island of Nantucket in 1818.
She published, besides other astronomical treatises, a
memoir on a telescopic comet discovered by her in 1847,
A gold medal was conferred upon her by the King o(
Denmark for this discovery. Miss Mitchell was ap-
pointed professor of astronomy at Vassar College soon
after the opening of that institution in 1865, a position
Which she held until tSSS. Died June 38, 1SB9.

Mitchell, (S. Weir,) physidan and author, bom at
Philadelphia in 1829, graduated at Jefferson Medical
College in 1850. He made important researches on the
venom of serpents and wrote several valuable medical '
works. Dr. Mitchellalsowondistinction asanoveltstand I
poet, his works including several volumes of poems and the
novels, "Hephsibah Guinness," (1880,) "In War
Time," (18S4,) " Far in the Forest," (1889,) " Hugh
Wynne, Free Quaker," (1897,) " The Adventures of
Francois," (1898,) etc., also "Characteristics" and
other worts. IHed January 4, 1914.

Hltcbell, (Thomas,) an eminent English scholar,
bom in London in 1783. He studied at Pembroke Col-
lege, Cambridge, and in 1813 began the publication of a
terie* of essays on Aristophanes and Athenian manners,

Military I _

into the Interior of

1S38,) and " Australiaa

I ne was a Fellow ei the

Geographical Sodety. Died

Ltohell, (Walter,) an American divine and iUaAv
liur, born at Nantucket, Massachusetts, in 1816. He i*
the author of " Biyan Maurice," a novel, and of several
poems. Among the latter is the often-quoted " Tacking
Ship off Shore."

Mltoh'lll, (Samuel Latham,) M.D.,LL.D„ an Ameri-
can physician and naturalist, bom on Long Island in 1764
In 17S6 he graduated as doctor of medicine at the Unl^
versil^ of Edinburgh. He became in 1791 professor of
chemistry, natural history, and philosophy m Columbia
College, New York. He was for many years associate
editor of the " Medical Repository." He was elected
to the United States Senate in 1804, and in [8ao wm
appointed prolessor of botany and materia medics la
the College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York.
He published " Observations on the Absorbent Tubes
of Animal Bodies," and other scientific work*. Died in
1831.

"11 Ihi "Tlitiiiiiiriiilnii "illiii iifriilliniiiitiiil llMirMi'
vcd. L ; Dwacnr^ " CfctofAdU at ABAfiEaiTliunliB^" voL C

BOtnni, me-lellee, or BleteUl, mi-tellee, (Aooe-
TiNO,) an Italian painter and engraver of great merit
bom near Bologna in 1609, was a pupil of D«ntone ana
Fxicetta. His principal works sre perspective and ar-
chitectural pieces, in which his friend Michael Angelo
Colonna painted the figures. Among their master-
pieces are the frescos in the palace of Cardinal Spada
at Rome. Mitelli died in 1660, at Madrid, whither he
had been invited by Philip IV.

S«« Larx, " Hktory <tf P^tuif in llalj."

MlteUl, (GiuSKFFi Maria,) an Italian painter and
engraver, bom in 1634, was a son of the preceding. HI*

Ents after Correzgio and the Csracd are lanlced amcmg
best works. Died in 171S.
Mltford, (John Freeman,) an English statesnuut
and jurist, bom in 1748, was a brother of the historian,
noticed below. He studied at New College, Oxford,
and, having been admitted to the bar, was elected to
Parliament for Beer-Alston in 1789. He became Bttoraey>
Ecneral in 1799. Speaker of the House of Commons
in iSoi, and in 1S03 lord chancellor of Ireland, being
created at the same time a peer, with the title of Baron
Redesdale. On the death of Mr. Pitt he resigned his

ofm

dence, however, ai

ill pecuniaiY embarrassment. In order to relieve nis

neceuities. Miss Mitibrd devoted herself to suthorship

at an early age, and published in 1806 three volumes <A

poems, which met with severe criddsm (rem some of

Kienii," {i8j8,1 and "Charles L," several of which
were bvonrably received. She had previously contrib-
uted to the "Ladier" " " " " ' " ' -■-'-'^--

es' Magarine" a series of sketches

gracefiil simplidty, and

lage."
idty, ai

l,£,I,d,ii,J,Z[n^/i,t,6,same,lessprolonged;i,e,I,5,ii,)l,iA«r(,-f,f,i,9,ste»rv;at,fSll,fltimtt;ii6l;Bded;ii)a)a(

..J majr nunc "Belford

Regk; or, Sketchei of ■ Countrr Town," "Stoiiet o(
Americaii Life by Ameiioui Wntera," "Recollection*
of ■ LitenuY Lire," (3 vols,, 1853,) and "Atbeiton, and
other Tiles,'^ (i8S4'} I^ied in i^SS-

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Uonievidea during the early pirt of the nine ycai*' siege,
In which he also boie armi ; went Co Bolivia in 1S46,
taoghl In a miliurr college, and fought gainst Peru ;
becune a journalist in Valparaiso, was colonel of artillery
in the decisive campaign against the tyrant Rosas in 1853,
and became a leader in the movemeni for the independ-
ence of Che slate of Bacnoa Ayres from (he remaining
■tales of the Argentine Confederation. He was succes-
■IvelT inini»t«r of war and governor, was defeated by
Pretident Urqniu at Cepeda in iS;9, but OTerthrew him
at I^Ton, September 1 1, 1861, and became first President
of the reorganiied Argentine Republic He wu com-
mander-in-chief of the "triple alliance" against Paraguay,
1865-70. He was distinguished as a poet, journalist, and
novelisL Died at Buenos Aytes in 1S94,

BCltsoIiarUoti,mltsh'^-liK',(CHKi(TOPHWiLHSLM,}
n distinguished German scholar, born in Tbuiingia in
lj6o, was professor of philosophy and rhetoric at Got-
tnigen. He published in 1800 an eicllent edition of
the Odes and Epodcs of Horace. Died in 1S54.

WUobOTUoh, (Eii-itKD,) an eminent German chem-
iit, born near fever in 1794. He stodied at Heidelberg
and Gottingen, and in 1819 was invited to Stockholm t?
Berieliua, whose notice be bad attracted by his valuable
discoveries in isomorphism. After his return to Ger-
j (1831) be became professor of chemistry

French Institute in 1S51. He published a "Treatise on 1
Chemistry," (" Lehiboch der Chimie," 1 vols., 1829-40,)
which has a ven bigh reputation, and wrote contribu- 1
tioii* to Poggendorf* " Annalen" and to other journals.
DiediniS63.

MltUrelli, tnit-tl-rel'lee, (NiccoLd Jacopo, after-
wards Giovanni Behedeito,) an Italian theologian,
bora in Venice in 1707. He wrote a "History of the
Canxatdulea," ("AnnalesCamaldulen»es,"g vols., 1755-
73,) a work of some merlL Died in 1777.

Mlttemuiier, mift^-ml'fr, {Karl Joseph Anton,)
a celebrated German stateEman and jurist, born in ,
Ifnnich in 1787. He wa« incceisively professor of law :

of the National- Assembly. He published a number of ,
Tsltiable legal treatises, among which we may name "The
Common Civil Process of Germany compared with that
of Prussia and France," (1836.) Died August Vf, 1S67.
Mltxlar (or Mlxler) vod So1o( mltsTfr fon ko'lof,

e.OKSN£ Christops,) a Geriruui writer on music, born
Atupachini7it. He published a"MaBical Library,"
("Husikalische Bibliotbek," 4 vols., 1736-54,) and other
works. Died at Warsaw in 1778.

IClT'^rt (Saint Gcokgc,) an English naturalist, bom
In London, November 30, 1817. He was educated at
King's College, London, and Saint Mary's Coll«e, Oa-
cott, and became a Roman Catholic in 184^ In 1S51
Iw was called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn. In 1874 he
was made professor of biology in the (Catholic) Uni-
rersity College at Kensington, and in 1S90 of the
philosophy of natural history at Louvain. While an
evolutionist, be was an active opponent of the Dar- 1
wioian theory. Among his books are " Genesis of 1
Species," (iS?!,) " Man and Apes," (;i873,) " Les-
sons from Nature," (1876,) "The Cat," (1881,)
"Nature and Thought," (1883,) "The Origin of
Human Reason," (1889,) " Birds," (1893,) " Types
of Animal Life," (1893,) etc. In 1899 his expression
of disbelief in certain Biblical stories led to a sharp
controversy with Cardinal Vaughan, and on his death,
April t, 1900, his body was refused burial in conse-
crated ground.

M'EinlAy. (William.) See MacKinlev.

Mnaaalcaa, n^-sU'k^ |Gr. HfaaOjutA an epigram-
matic poet, a native of Sicyon, supposed by some to
have lived in the time of Alexander tne Great

MtMunon, nee'mon, a surname given to Artaxeraes
on accoimt of his retentive memory.

Le-moa1-ne,|Gr.Hvf/io0in);FT.HNi-

Ihe mother of the nine Muses.

Mne^olea, nis'e-kltc, IGr. Uviituiiic,] an able Gretk
artist, of the age of Pericles, Sonnshed aboat 4x3 B.C.
He was the architect of the Propylaea of the At£enian
Acropolis.

Mneslnutohno, ne-sim'^-kus, [Gr. llv(r«uwt°C ■' Fr,
MNtsiUAQ(rt,nk'se'nlk',| an Athenian ciHnlcpoelof
the fourth century before the Christian era, was esteemed
one of the finest writers of the so-called middle comedy.
There are > few fragments of his plays extant.

Mneatbeu*. See Menbstkkus.

Mnlocb, mnee'oK, (Johann Jakob,) a Prussian poet,
*" ~ ' Elbing in 1765, wrote a number of popular lyrics.

Died in 1604^

of Lot, was the &ther
he country east of the
Dead Sea and the Jordan. <See Genesis nx.)

Moftwearah, Uoawljrah, or MOBWyali. mo-f*
wee'nh,* written also If luwla, Maaw«lan. and Mo^
TMtlL (b German, Moawijak, Muawujah, or Hoa-
wiji,] a celebrated caliph, bom at Mecca in 610 A.IX,
was the founder of the Omeyyad dynas^. He wai
the great-grandson of Omeyyah, who was the head of •
powerful family of the Koreish, and cousin-german te
Abd-el-Mdottalib, the grandfather of Mohammed. He
subjected Arabia to his power about 660, and deposed
Hassan, the son of Alee, (AIL) He was an able and
■uccessfiil but unscrupulous ruler. He died in 6S0, and
was succeeded by his son, Yeiced, (Yedd.) His grand-
ion, MoJtwuYAH IL, bom in 660, became caliph m 6S3.
He abdicated in 683 or 6S4 a.0.

Mo'bei-I^ (George,) D.C.L., an English bishop,
bom at Saint Petersburg, Russia, in 1803. Gndualed
at Oxford, and in 1S69 became bishopof Salisbury. He
published educatioDBl and theological works. D. 1868.

USbloa or Moebltis, mo'be-6s, (AiiotrsT Ferds
NAHD,} a German astronomer and mathematician, bora
jSt Schulpft>rte in 1790. In 1844 he was appointed pns
'fessor of astronomy at Leipsic He published, among
other scientific treatises, "The Baryceniric Calculus, a
New Expedient for the Analytic Treatment of Geome-
try," (18*7,) »nd " Manual of Sutics." Died in i36i

M6bliui, fKARL Adgust,) a German loologist, bora
at Eilenburg,m 1825. Was [nofessor of Ecology at Kiel,
director of the zool^cal museum at Berlin, and wrote
a number of zoological works.

Mooohl, mok'kee, (Fkancksccs) an Italian acolptor,
born near Florence in 1580; died In 1646.

MooaulKO, mo-chli-nee'go, (Ai-visio,) bom in 1701,
was elected Doge of Venice in 1763. He pursued a
pacific policy. Died in 177S.

BCotwnlBO, (Giovanni,) brother of Pietro, noticed
below, was bom ini4o8. He was elected Dc^e of Verdce
in 147E. The country being devastated by bmine and the

Elague, and at the aame time Invaded bv the Turks,
e made peace in 1479 with the Sultan, Mahomet IL
Died in 1485.

MocenlKO, (LtttCI L,) sncceeded I^etro Loredana
as Doge of Venice in 1570. The most important events
of his rule were the capture of the isle of Cyprus by the
Turks, and the victory of Lepanio, gained by the Vene-
tians and their allies under Don John of Austria, (1571.)
Died in 1577.

Uooenlco, (Luigi IL,] sncceeded Valieri as doge In
t7oa He govemed with great wisdom and ability, and
prevailed on the Venetians to keep a strict neatraltty
during the warofthe Spanish succession. Died in 1709.

MooeulEO, (PiETKO,) became Doge of Venice ini474,
having previously greatly distinguished himself In the
wars against the Turks. IMed in 1476.

4, i, I, C, D, y, /cwf / i, ^ 6, saine, less prolonged; i, i, I, ^ il, f, t40rT; f, f, 1, 9. <A("''; flr> ^^ At v«in °^; E^'^i '°'t^

BUUgVl

"/i*

Hoooniga^ (TouitAao,) u able Venettui
bora ID 1343. He wu elected doge in 1414. Tha Vene-
tian fleet deleittdtluu of the Snltan in 141& During hi*
atlrninhtntinn the repnblic wia pioaperon* and power-
ful Died in 1433.

little Chrutnuu-Gitt," 1859,)
■and. Much 17, 1S81.

MtMbliu, See HObi[i&

Bfoahlor. See UOhuul

MooliMii. See MJJhsim.

McMllwidorl See MOLUWDOKr.

Si".?

db,Google

■ Tinted bf

.. _ , nmea Inl ''-' '

ut uotheT hli coDttitntional tendenc
M hU moat Temirkable mental pecaliaritiei. Huijmar-
velloiu Koriu are told of the drcumitances attendins
his birth. It u related, among other thing*, that hu
mother ezpeiJenced none of the pan^ of travaiL Aa
■oon u her child was bom, he raised hit cje* to heaven,
cxdaimine;, "There li no God bat God, and t am hii
prophet I That same night the fire of Zoroaiter, which,
(uarded bf the Magi, had bamed anintermptedly for
more than a thousand years, was suddenly extli^uiihed,
and all the idols in the world fell down.t

When his son was only two months old, Abdallah
died ; (according to some accounts, he died two months
before the birth of Hohammed.) Aminah for a short
time nursed her in&mt berseli; liat sorrow soon dried
the fountains of her breast, and the yoimg child was
committed to the care of Haleemah, (Hallmah,) a ibep*
herd's wile, with whom he remained about five tean. It
is related that when Haleemah (bowed the cUld to a
celebrated looihiarer, (KUun.) who ww an Idotalet, Ibe
latter exclaimed, " Kill this child I" Haleemah snatched
away her predoni charge and fled. Afterwanb tbe
KIbin explained to tbe escit«d mnltitade : " I swear by
all the gods," said he, "that this child will kill thoM
who belong to yonr bitb ; he
and he will be Tictorious

L'ffi

destroy jooT gods.
When Hohammed

. , ^ o be epUepsy. As this

diseaae was ascribed to supcmatora] Inflaence, his naive
waa alarmed, and wa* anxioo* to retom him to his
mother ; but the wai at last preralled on to keep him
•omewhat loDgei. When he had completed hia alith
jeai, hia mother <Hed. For the next two vear* be lived
with bis grandEtther, Abd-el-Ua6ttalib, lAo appeus to
hare renrded him with great fondnett. At bw death,
Abd-el-MS&ttalib recommended the orphan to the can

Ua ancle on'a trading expedition to Syria. Near Bortni
they net with an Arabian monk named BaheerA or Ser-
vos. It la said that Aboo-TUib, far some reaaon not
explained, fbond it necessary to send tbe young Ifo-
bunmed home again, and that Sergioa took cbvge of
him and accompanied him to Mecca. Early Chmtlaa

Koan that he was acciised of having been taught by a
foreigner. It is not improbable that on bia difiereni
jonrneya to Syria he learned many fict* respecting tbe
teligiona of Western Asia ; but how far the Knowledge
of such &ct* influenced hli btnre career most ever
remain a lubiect of conjecture.

When Mohammed was twcnnr-five yean of age, hia
ancle, Aboo-TUib, proposed to him that he shonld take
charge of the merchandise which KhadHah, (or Khadee^-

iah.) ■ rirh wiHnw nf Mmvi. wu ahnnt tn lEnil tn tha

•[ICtull

Ine ; of the thing we call school learning, n
The art of writing waa bat joat introduced fn
to be the t

extensive acquaintance with the
Scriptures, which he nuy have a
cousin, WarHkl, who bd, it ts

„. » "It-

of irriting waa bat jost introduced Into Arabia ;
}«nton that Mabomet never
oonld writer Life In the deiert, with ita experiencei,
was aU his education."

Until his fbrtletb year Hohammed appean to have
been a devout worshipper of the gods of hia bther^
About this time he b^an to enterttin serious acrupiea
respecting the worship of idols. His followers ascribe
the diange to a divine revelation ; but others bave sng-
geeted that hi* scrnplea were protrably exdled by a more

_ !_. ^^ ^ Jewish and Christian

acquired from his wife's

, .__ , .. s said, once been a Jew

and afterwards became a Christian, and who nude withal
some pretensions to Mlrology. Supposing these con>
tecture* to have a basis of tratn, it was perhaps fortnnata
tor the new prophet's dainu to an original revelation
that Wariki died a short time before Mohammed pub-
licly proclaimed hi* diviiw misdcm. But, however hi*
Ihonghls mt^ have been first directed to the subject of
retigfon, there is every reason to believe that he was, at
least inlheexriy part of his career, lincerc andimaelfish
in his desire to convert his countrymen to a better Uth,
He appean to have thought long and deeply, and to
have lud many mental struggles, before he resolved to
announce himself as a divine teacher. He was of a
nervous and melancholic temperament, and there wen
tiroes, during the period of doubt and conflict which

E receded the annundation of his great mission, when
e was strongly templed to commit suidde by throiriniF
himself down fi^om a predpice^ (See Sprenger's " life,
p. loj.) In all his trials he fonnd a great support in his
ii^thml wife Khadtiah, who was the first, as he himself
declared, among all his nation that believed in him.
"God tho* ordained it," says Ibn Ishlk," that his dutie*
ndght be made easy to him ; for, as often as he had to
hear re[«oachftil language, or was accused of falsehood,
or wa* cast dowT^ *ne cheered him up and inspired him
irith courage^ aaying, ' Thon ipeakest the tratL' " We
may well suppose, with Carlvle, that "of all the kind*
nesses she had done him, thu of believing the earnest
struggling word wtdch he now spoke was the matett"
For a considerable time Hohammed preached his new
doctrines respecting the unity and doiiou* attribute* of
God to his hotisehold and intimate Mends only, tn three

indomitable Alee, (Ali,) who was afterwards surnamed
the "ever-victorious IJon of God," (see A1.KB,] and
Aboo-Bekr, whose character for good sense, benevolence,
and Btraishtforward integrity contributed not a little to the
respectaUlity and ultimate saccesa of the new religion.

In the fourth year of his mission, In obedience, as he
allege*, to an expre** command from heaven, Mohammed
roiMved to make a pnbtic declaration of his bilh. He
addresaed himself to Ae Kordsb and others, asking
IheiB. "If I were to tetl *on that then is an armvon the

db,Google

MOHAMMED

'739

MOHAMMED

the hoatfle Koretohilet, wbo mged blm l« give up ta
Ibeir vengeance 4ie blaiphemer of hii coantr^'t godt,
he aiuwered with indignant scorn, and declaied that if
thev should alay Ilia nephew the lives of the chie£t of
their tribe shoon] p^j lai the life of Mohammed. Th«
were thDnder-itrnck at hii boldneas and awed by hu
Inviadble determination. But, while they hesitated to
provolte the vengunce of the Hlshenutes by laying
violent hand* opoo Hohammed, they peraecatcil his
diadplea in a hnodred way*, intalting and imprisoning
those lA the better class, and starving and torturing such
— '--■ -o wealth, position, or family

(wing that others might desert him, advised some of his
(oMoweTS to leave Mecca and seek refugee in Abyssinia,
which was mlcd, he said, by a just and pioos king. The
subsequent conduct of the Abyssinian monarch proved
that the confidence of the prophet was not misplaced.

In spite of all oppccition, the new doctrines continued
to spread. In the Mith year of Mohammed's mission
two important conversions took place. — the prophet's
khisman Hamzah, snrnamed, on account of his bravery,
the " Lion of God," and Omir, who had at hrst been a
bitter opponent of the Isllm, but afterwards became one
(rf its most sealous and powerful defenders. (See Omak.)

Ten years after the commcDcement of his mission,
(that Is, abont 619 a.ix,) Mohammed loat by death his
generous and ftithfiil wife, Khadljah, and his noble-
minded uncle and protector, Aboo-Tllib. He appears
to have been greatly cast down by these severe afflictions,
and seldom went oat of his house. Meanwhile, hi*
enemies seemed to have become more exasperated than
ever by the Gutnre of all their eflbrts to prevent the
spread of the new religion. In this extremity, his uncle,
Aboo-Lahab, who had hitherto been one of his mosl
determined and Utter opponents, but upon whom now
devolved the duty of protecting his kinsman, came for-
ward with aingulat magnanimity and said to Mohammed,
*■ Go wheresoever thou wilt, and do what thou wast ac-
customed to do when Aboo-TUib was alive : I swear t^
the gods of my couDtry that no harm shall bebll tbee
while I live." Bat a fcw day* afterward* some vat said
to Aboo-I^ab, " Do yon know what your nephew says
of your &ther J he *aya he 1* in belL" Aboo-Lahab
asked Hohammed if the t^rge was tme. The pf<K)bet
had the hardihood to answer, "Vour father died an
Utdater; and even idolater goes to helL" Upon tU*,
Aboo-Lahab withdrew his protection.

So long as Khadljah lived, Mohammed may be said to
have been a strict monogamist. Shortly after her death
the daoghter o( Hakeem and wife of Othmin asked the
prophet why lie did not marry, "Whom shall I marry?"
■aid he. She replied, "If thou wishest a virvin, take
Ayeshah, the daughter of Aboo-Bekr ; if a widow, take
Sawdah, tbe dangbter of Zamah, — she believes in thee."
Re blatantly replied, "I will many them both."

After If<rilammed was abandoned by Aboo-Lahab,
another uncle, El-Abbls, (the brother of Aboo-TUib,
and ancestor of the Abbasside caliphs,) became his pro-
tector. Meanwhile the filth which had been rejected at
Mecca wa* eagerly embraced in the neigbbonring dty
of Medina. A nameroos and poweHii] deputation from
the moat influential Gunilie* ot tbe latter dty waited on
the prophet, and in a solemn covenant prontised, with
BB oath, that if he would come and live with them they
woaM protect him as they would protect their own wive*
•nd children. The offer of this powerFul aid did not
come a moment too soon. His enemies, headed by
Aboo-Sofiln, had been unremitting in their efforts to
jKocnre his deatraction. At length it was formally and
pablidy resolved that be should be slain. In order to
baSe the vengeance of the Hlshemites, and to divide
the gnilt of his death, it was agreed that one man from
every family should at the same moment plunge his
•word into the heart of their victim. Nothing now re-
mained for him but death or instant flight At the dead
of night, accompanied by his faithful friend Aboo-Beltr,
he sHendy escaped from his boose. The generon* and de-
voted Alee, covered with the shawl of the prophet, Ud
i.___,, . — __ ^. ...J ^, ,.1 MaanirfiHa

Mohammed and AboBekr had fled to the cave of Thor,

about a league from Mecca: there they remained thre*
days. According to one account, their enemies, after
exploring every hiding-place in the vtdnlty, came to the
month of the cave. But, a spider having providentially
spread her web ov«r (he entrance, the Korcisbites, deem-
ing it impossible that Mohammed could have entered
there, turned back from their pursuit. Perhaps a mora

Erobable explanation is that as the Koreishitea knew
[edina lo be tbe destination of the fugitives, they never
suspected that they could be concealed in the cave of
Thot, which lay in an opposite direclioiL While they
were in the cave, Aboo-Bekr, contrasting their weakness
with the strength of their enemies, said, trembling, " We
are but two." "No," replied Mohammed, "there is a
third : it is God himself" On the fborth night tho
prophet and his companion left their hiding-place, and,
riding on camels which the servant of Alrao-Bekr had

known, several hundred of the dtizens went out to meet
him. He was welcomed with loud acdamations; snd
he who a few daj^s before bad left his native dty as a
fugitive, with a price upon his head, now entered Medina
more like a king returning; victorious from battle than
an exile seeking a place of refuge. This separation or
flight of Hohammed from the dty of his nativity (called
in Arabic H^rah or N^rak') marks the commence-
ment of the Mohammedan era.t

After Hobamned's arrival at Medina, a marked change
took place in his policy. He had hitherto asserted liberty
of consdence and opposed religious violence. He now
maintained that the IslSm should, if necessary, be de-
fended and propagated 1^ the sword. " The sword,"
said he, " is the key of heaven and of hell : a drop of
blood shed in the cause of God, or a night spent in arms,
is of more avail than two months of fasting snd prayer ;
whoever fcUls in battle, his sins are forgiven him, and at
the day of judgment the loss of bis limbs shall be sup-

of Syria. The prophet resolved t . .
cept it on its return, Aboo-Sofito, having been informed
of bis de^gn, dispatched a messenger to Mecca and
obtained a reinforcement of nearly a thousand men. Mo-
hammed's troops amounted to considerably less than
half that number. The hostile forces met in the vale
of Bedr, (or Bedder,) about twenty miles from Medina.
Hohammed was placed on a throne or pulpit whence
hit eye could command the field of battle. His followers,
being outnumbered, were sorely pressed. At that critical
moment the prophet started from his throne, mounted
his horse, and threw a handfiil of dust into the ait towards
the Koreiahites, crying, " Let their faces be covered with
confiiaion I" Both armies heard his voice ; the Koreiah-
ites were stricken with terror, white the Mussulman*,
assured of victory, rushed forward with an enthusiasm
that was irresistible. Some of the Moslem writers atata
that when the prophet cast dust into the air thie« thou-
sand angelic warriors on white and black *te«d* made
their appearance and •wepi his foes before them like a
whirlwind. Sevenly of the Koreishites were killed, and
about the same number taken prisoners. Among the
slain was Aboo-Jahl, perhaps the moat bitter and fero-
dons of all the enemies of Isllm. His head was brought
to Mohammed, who exclaimed with exultation, " This man
was the Pharaoh of our people." So great was the terrcf
and hatred he had inspired that even after his death hi*
name was never mentioned, it is said, by true believer*
without the addition, " Hay he be accursed of God I"

himself down c

the bed <d his mastei.

Thiamrd is sAen, tni Itn eonaeilT. written ^ivvH ; hhsa

.__. ^__ ..... .._.,._ ip^ „^^, , ^^ ictbHim

a isdkalE the lound of/.ftr

... . . . ._ of Aboolfcdl'i (Abulledl'i)

,Bali,"("Aiini]cs Mcaleinid,")innrlibl)raB|>tDn Woe
ri to itpmtnl ih* Knnd ot oui/.' tbga, b* wriln ibr Kluidl)th
Ciai^/a, for Abo»-J>M Ahi-C/alU, etc

1 11m tnat Oh Htjnh b not olcnlUid Awn ihi ncy dij o(
" ' nmed'a fliahi, but from dw b^nnnt of iIh loniir ynr h
It occuntJ, BaaMl^ Jaly lA, **■ lb.

ffij

« as i; ( as r; f 4iin/,- g a* r; G, H, K,/MM«ni/,' N, iM«/,- lb frilM: i ai

\; th as in HUt. (l3P~See Explanations, p. 23.)

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

MOHAMMED 17

The frophet't iuccm* at Bedr wai the fint ol tkat
Vindcitul Mtiea of Tictoriei which, by ipreading the
Wtm &uth (o the borden of Chinx on the eut and to the
At^tic Ocean on the west, were dealincd to change the
bee of the world. The IillmiteB were leu sncceiefiil
te a KGond encounter with their roe«,iieai HoantOhod,
■U miles north of Medina. Mohammed himielf wia
wounded in the bee with a jarelin, two of hia teeth were
blattered with ■ stone, and leventf of the faithful, in-
cluding Hamxah, the prophet's uncle, were left dead on
the field of battle. But his enemies gained no Dcnna-
Dent aiJvantage. The Koreishjtes signally Ruled in an
attempt to take Uedina bysiege. The lalwn constant!*
(ained new adherenti. ''Caled [KhUed] and AmroV'
Wjra Qbbon, " the (iilnre conquerors of Syria and Egypt,
most seasonably deserted the sinking cause of idolatry."
Soon after, Mecca itself was taken by tlie followers of
ttie prophet, who, led by Khtled, (somamed afterwards,
on account of his Yaloar, the " Sword of God,") entered
the dty in three divisions. The chie& of the Koreish
wereprostrateat the (ect of the prophet. "What mercy,"
asked he, " can yon expect from the man whom you have
so <^ep1y wronged ?" "We trust to the {^nerosity of
oar kinsman." "And you shall not trust in vain: go;
Tou are safe, you are free." He who seven years be&re
bad left his native dty at a hunted furtive was now
received and hononted at prophet and king. But in an
attempt made toon after to reduce the Arabian tribes
who still adhered to idolatiy, the army of Mohammed
was surprised in a mountain -pass, and for a time his
own life was in imminent periL Several of his devoted
Ibllowers who endeavoured to shield him with their
bodies fell dead at hit fiset. In his distress he cried,
" O my brethren, I am the apostle of truth 1 O man,
stand fast in the failh I O God, send down thioe aid 1"
His unde Ahbls, who was distinguished for the strength
of his voice, called on the flying Hoilems, repeating the
promises of God to the fiulh&L The battle was soon
restored, and what threatened to be a disastrous defaal
ms changed into a complete victory. About the year
A30 Mohammed sent an armvi under the command of
Zeid, who had formerly been his slave, to invade Pales-
tine, then belonging to the Greek empire. At the battle
of Muta, wbete for the first time the Moslems encoon-
tered a foreign (be, Zeid and two other of the leaders
were tlain. It ia related of Jaafar, who succeeded Zeid
In the command of the anny, that when hit rwht hand
was struck ofl' he seized the banner with his left ; this
also being severed from his body, he embraced the stan-
dard with his bleeding scumpt, until at length he fell,
pierced with no fewer than fifty wounds. The day was
saved by the valour of Khiled, in whose hand it is said
that nioe iwordt were broken before the hosti of the
enemy were turned backward. Mohammed had to be-
wail, on this occasion, not onlv the death of bit bithful
servant Zeid, but also that ol many of his bravest fol-
lowers. We are told that when, after the battle, he first
■aw the young orphaned daughter of Zeid, he wept over
her in speechlest Borrow. " What do 1 see f said one
of bia astonished followers. ''Vousee,"saidhe,"aEriend
weeirfng the loss of his most ftithful friend."

The recent successes of the [^ophel, by infiaming the
■esl of the bithfnl, confirming the wavering, and con.
vindng tbe doubtful, — for, as it has been well observed,
there is no argument like succcw, — contributed greatly
tn the rapid dinunon and final triumph of the new hith.
But in the early part of 631, while he was engaged in
OTganiang a fbnmdable expedition against Syria, he was
t^ed wiui a violent malady, (tappoaed by some writers
lobave been a fever,) which, before man^da^ terminated
iitally. It is related that near the beginnme of this ill-
nesa Hohammed said to one oT his attendants, " The
choice b given me either to remain on earth until the
end of lime, or toon to depart to the presence of God 1
I have chosen the latter." When he perceived that hia
end was near, supported by the arms of Alee and another
telative, he went into the mosque and asked publid; if
he had injured any one, — if to, be was ready to make
loll amends, or to sufier himself what he had inflicted on
others. As no one answered, he asked again if he owed
any man anything. A voice replied, " Yes, — to me, thne

^ 2, 1, iJk Q, y, tottg: i, t, 6, lame, lest prolonged! 1, i, I, ft, il, f , tkari; t, f, (, 9, oi

to MOHAMMED

drachms of silver." The prophet ordered the money t«
be paid, and thanked his creditor that he made his cos-

Elainl now instead of deferring it till the day of jiu^ment.
[is last words were the utterance of a broken prayer, —
" O God, pardon my sins—yet — I come t" He died,
according to the Arabian historians, on hit birthday, tba
dcventh year of the Hejrah, (G33 a.ix,) aged 63, or, ac-
cording to some authorities, 6$ years. He had ceased
to breathe, but his followers reAised to believe that be
was dead. Omir, in his fierce seal, threatened to atrika
ofiT the heads of the infidels who should dare to assert
that the great prophet and intercessor with God wss no
more. The authority of Aboo-Bekr was reqniied to
appease the nimalt ** b it Hobanuned, or tbe God ol
Mohammed, whom you worship? God Uvetb for ever
and ever; but Mohammed, thoogh hit prmthet sad
apostle, was mortal like ourselves, and. In aying, bat
iNit fulfilled his own prediction."

In person Mohammed was of middle stature, with
broad shoulders and chest, square-built and strong, with
large hands and feet. The anusual tiie of hisheaul w"

his fitK eyebrowt were sepsraied by a vein which swelled
up and became very conapicuous when he was anny.
His eyelashes were long, and his eyes dark and glowmg-
His nose was targe, prominent, and slightly hookea :
Us month was wide, but adorned with a fine set of
teeth. According to some accounts, he stooped, and was
slightly round-shouldered. Hit natnral disposition ap-
pears to have been in a high degree kindly and humane.
"He was naturally irrilabie," says Imng, "but had
brought bis temper under great controL" One of his
servants said, " I served him from the time I was eight
years old, and he never scolded me, though things were
sometimes spoiled by me." " He was," says a writer*
who will scarcely be accused of eaggeraling his virtues,
** kind to women, — never beat one, and entertained OMira
respect for them than it usual with nattont addicted to
polygamy. He frequency protected women who oune
to him for refiige. ... He forbade the believers to beat
dielr wives ; bat on the renonttrance of Omir, who said
that tbe wives would have the upper hand over their
husbands, he sllowed iL" NevertnelesB, he Insisted that
women should be fairly and justly treated, and not beaten
unlets tbe occasion absolately demanded it His own
wives, having once became rebellious, were brought to
Wibmission by a revelation from Heaven snd the dIows
<rf their relative^t the prophet himself being disindined

*- — -irity, either from Idndness of hMtt or 6xim

Ms apostolic dignity.

," says Sprenger, "aflectionate towards bit
relations ; and, notwilhstandine the gravitjp of hw offioe,
he was playful with hit wives. Ayeshah, being only nine
Tears 01 age when she married him, brought her ton
Into his house, and he occauonally played with her. She
also used to race with him. . . . He would sometimes
tell stories to his wives, such as the adventures of the
man who had been carried away by the jinn (g'nii) and,
after a long stay with them, returned to ms faoiilv."

The intdlectual powers of Mohammed were of*^ a very
h^h order, and as a poet he ranks &r above all others
who have ever written in the Arabic tongue. It was
usual for his followers to p<nnt to the beauty and sub-
limity of the Koran as an irrefutable proof of his divine
inspiration ; and he himael(| in one of the chapters of
that sacred poem, boldly challenges men and ai^cls to
produce anything to equal it, and confidently affimt
that God alone could have dictated so inoomparaUe a
work. Probably no poet that ever lived more ftUlj
realised the stale of mind known as poetic fiiror than
Mohammed. It is said that while he was compoains
certain portions of the Koran he was in a state of tucb
inlcnse exdtement as amounted almost to frciuy ; atM^
If we may believe those accounts of his life which seen
best authenticated, some at least of the revelations of
the Koran were actually communicated (or were believed
by htm to have been conunnnicated) during his epileptic
paroxysms, while wholly unconsdous of things aronnd

p^U. tMMit..le&dL

r; Or, Oil, tti; mitj nOt; gOM; mAf

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

or nnit7 in hia claiming that to rival the Koran wm
bejood the power of men or angeta. Reietring lo the
wophet'i tcadencv to poetic and elevated thought,
Sprcnger aayi, " His mind dwelt constantly on the con-
temptation oJF God : he saw his finger in the riling mn,
In the filing rain, in the growing crop ; he heard )ii«
Toice in the thunder, in the mnrmnring of the waters,
■nd in the hymns which the birds sing to his praise ;
and in the lonely deserts and niins of ancient dties he
saw the traces of bis anger." But combined with all his
poetic and religious cnlhosiaim was a rein of ttrong

pandei that he pretended to work miracles, is a cal-
amnj of his enemies. He considered it miracle enongh
that be was inspired with the Spirit of Godi ibis he
donbtleas believed in all sincerity. One whom Heaven
had so highly honoured had no need of earthly dignity
or worldly splendour. He tet a praiseworthy example
of indifference to earthly riches, of patriarchal simplicity
of manners, and of frurallty in his diet and dress. With
his own hands he milked his goats, and afterwards at-
tended to his person. The costly presents which he
received he gave to his friends. The riches which he
obtained from the spoils of war and from tribute were
■pent in promoting the interests of reli^on and In re-
lieving the wants of the jpoor. " His nulitaiy triumphs,"
My« Irving, "awakened 00 pride nor vain-glory, . . .
In the time of his greatest power he maintained the
•sme aimplidty of manners and appearance u In the

leal and mental ooMtitation. It teeBAS not nnreasc oaua
to believe, as traditions relate, that tn Uioae nerTons
parozysms to which he wa* sotiject he bad visions not
unlike those which his mother saw between sleeping and
waking. Sach rinons wonid be almost certain to par>
take M the character of those earnest thonght* and
convlctiona with which his waking soul was filled ; and
nothing could be more natoral than for such a mind not
merely to rcgtird those visions as a divine confirmation
of hia peculUi view*, but to employ them, modified as
they would necessarily be by his powerful imagination,
to give force and authority 10 his public teachings. Nor
will it appear at all anreasooable to those conversant
with human nature tiiat one who was perfectly sincere
at the beginning of his csreer should aiterwardi — nnder
the stimulus of Giar, Inst, hatred, or ambition — pretend
to visions which he never had, for the purpose of giving
a divine sanction to his cherished opinions, or, it may be,
to his arbiirarv caprices or selfish desires. How often,
indeed, have the professors of a &r purer and higher
faith resorted to stratagem and deceit to promote what
thev sinceielv believed to be a good cause, which they
had not faith enough to trust to the care (A Heaven or

the legitimate operation of poreW moral influencea I

While we mnst admit, with one of the prophet's ablest

and moat successful defenders, (Carlyfe,) that in Oie

Moslem heaven and hell " there i*
spiritnal ieeling in us," we most i
examination, that his religion, on tlie whole, made bliB

db,Google

MOHAMMED

ad n, (commonl]' pronounced in India
n'mEd,] Emperor of India, born ibout 1150, wal
one oT the founders of the Gaurian dynasty. He Mcame
■UMter of part of Hindostan in 1171, after which he ex-
tended hU dominions by conqoest He took Lahore
and~Delhi between 1184 and 119a, and Benarecin 1193.
" IS assassinated in i3o6.

1386. Died

Mobamined V!, bom at Delhi in 1406, sncceeded
Uoobatek IL as Emperor of India in \^-i^ Died In

Mobammed Tl o? India. See Babek.

Mohainmed VTL of India. See Hookavoon.

MohauunBd IX. of India. See Axbar.

Mobammed XI See Shah Jeuah.

Mohanuned Xhl, Elmperor of India, of the dynasty
of Grand Moguls, was bom at Agra about 16S5. He
began to reign al Delhi in 1713. He fp-anted the East
India Company the privilege of exemption from the P>y-
menl of duties. He was depoaed in 171S, and died the

Moluuniiied ZIV, often called Mohmmmed Bbali,
EntDcror of India, bom at Delhi about 1700, wasaconsin
trf uie preceding. He be^an to reign in 1^0. In 1739

Nldir Shah invaded India, captured Delhi, massacred

an immense number of the people, and robbed Moham-

d of the celebrated diamond Kohinoor. Died In 1748.

Mohammed Ali Mirza, Shah of Persia, bom June
31, 1873, succeeded his father, Muzafier-ed-Deen, Jan-
uary 9, 1907.

MolU, TOD, Ion mSl, (Huoo,) a Geiman botanist, bro-
ther of Julius, was bom at Stuttgart in iSoc. He pub-
lished "Contributions to the Anatomy and Physiology
of Plants," (1834,) etc Died April t, 187s.

Mobl, TOii, (Juuus,) a German Orientalist, bom at
Stnttgart in iSoo, He studied in Paris under tUmnsat
and Stlvestre de Sacy, and in 1S45 became protessor of
the Persian language in the College of France. In i8jl
hewM appointed secretary of the Asiadc Sodety, having
previously been chosen a mtmber of the Academy of
Inscriptioni. He made a number of valuable contribu-
tions to the "Journal Asiatiqae," and published editions

and Trades," (1S45.) Died February iS, i38g.

Mohl, Ton, (KOBBRT,) a German jurist, brother of
the preceding, was bom at Stuttgart In 1799. He be-
came professor of law at Heidelberg in 1S47, and after-
wards filled several important ctvil offices. He published
a number of legal works. Died November 4, 1875.

flSBIiIer or Moebler, mo^fr, (Jobahn Adam,) a
German Catholic theologian, bom at I^rsheim in 1796,
published in 1825 a work entitled " Unity in the Churd> j
or. The Principle of Catholidsm." Died in 1S3S.

MoIui,,m6n, (GOTTLOB Sauuhl,) a German glass-
painter, born at Weissenfels in 1 7S9. His most admired
productions are the painted wiiidow* of the Imperial
Chapel at Laienburg, near Vienna. Died in 1835.

Mobn, (Hbnkik,) a Norwe^an meteorologist,
bom at Bergen in 1S45. ^^ studied the meteorology of
Norway, and wrote "The North Ocean, its Depths,
Temperature, and Circulation," (1887,)

Uohnlke, mVne-kfh, (Gottliib CtntisruN Frikd-
UCB,) a German writer and theologian, bom in Pome-
nudain 1781, published a "History of the lilcratore of
the Greeks and RomaDB," (1813.) Died in 1841.

Mohr, mSr, (Karl Fkibdkich,) a German pMIoao-
pher, bom at Coblenti, November 4, 1S0& He studied
at Heidelberg, Berlin, and Bonn. When fifty-seven
years old he was made extraordinary professoi cuT phar-
macy at Bonn. Among his books are " Lehrbuch der
chemisch-analytiachen Titrirmelhode," ("Text-Book of
Chemical Analysis by Titration," 1855, a work of high
excellence,) " Geachichte det Erde," (" History of the

\Z MOLA

Earth," 1S66, etc,) and a noted paper " Ueber die Nataf
der Wiirme," (" On the Nature of Heat," 1837,) in whi^
he announced the doctrine of the cotrelalioD of forcM.
Died in Occober, 1S79.

Uoha, mSs, (FRntDUCH,) a Geiman mineralogi*^
bom at Gemrode in 1774. He succeeded Werner aa
professor of mineralogy at Freiberg In 1S17, and after-
wards filled the same chair at Vienna. He became
counsellor of mines in 1S3SL He published, among
other works, "Elements of the Natural History of dw
Mineral Kingdom," (iSsa.) Died in 1839.

MShasn or Moehaeii, (Tohakn Karl Wilkux,)
a German medical writer and numismatist, bom in Ber-
physician to the King of Pnisaitk

fifobslD-F

'sin a'nee.

Per^an poet, bom on the coast o_ „

161 j. His principal work is the " Dabistan," which gives
an account of andent religious sects. Died in 1670.

Molgiio, mwln'jro', (Feanqois NapolIon Makib,)
a French mathematidan, born at Gu^m^nd in 1804, pub-
lished "Lessons in Differential and Integral C^culus,"
(1840.) a " Treatise on the Electric Telegraph," (1849^)
and other works. Died July 15, 1884.

Sloiue, Iio. See LBUonn.

MolDS, Le, l;hm«3n, (Abraham,) a French Protcst-

it divine, born in the seventeenth century, became

Eastor of a French church in London. He translated
ishap Gibson's " Pastoral Letters" into Frendi, and
published a "Sermon in Defence of the Sacred History,
■n Answer to Lord Bolingbroke." Died in 176a

Holr, (David Macbbth,) a distinguished ScottEsh
writer and phyaldao, bom near Edinburgh in 1798. He
became at an early age a contributor to Constable'a
and Blackwood's Hagaanea, and published a number
of poems in Oe latter, nodet the signature of the Greek
Delta (A). His other writings indude a popular novel,
poems, and works on medidne. Died in 1S51.

luIBh,

where he was in i^s made professor of rhetoric, andin
1864 professor of Scots law. He was an accomplished
critic, but wrote vei7 little. Died in 1S70.

Moirn, Earl or. See Hastihos, MARQim of.

Holrw, moi'ri, [Gr. UoIfHu,] a name applied to tha
Fates. See Paic*

Moiasan, mwl'sin', (Hkhri,) a French chemist,
bom St Paris In 1S53. Became a profesKn: of mineral
chemistry io 1889, and was the first to isolate and polifr
fluorine and to make artilicial diamonds by the crystalli-

Ltion of carbon. Wrote " L'isolement dn floor,"

Rcpiodncdondndiamant," '* Caibnre de caldum, " etc

Moltta, mwit, (Jean Guiluuhr,) a French acalp-

T, born in Paris in 17^7. He executed the large
bas-relief of the front of the Pantheon, and statues of
CassinI and General Cnstine. He was a member of
the Academy of Fine Arts, and a chevalier of the legion
^f honour." Died in 1810.

MolvTe,da. See DKUoivii.

Mojon, mo'ihAN', (Bianca IDlaal— me-li'iee,) an
talian ladv, distinguished for her talents, accomplish-
nents, and elevated character, was bom al Milan in
790. She was married in 1S35 to Dr. Mojon, phytidan
.0 the court in Paris. An interesting account of her was
written by her fiiend Smile dc Sonvesire. Died In 18491

S«. ilH, BiBIB K. Paxk^ " TMin Bkifnplucil Sln«<ai«.
London, 1866.

KokaniuL See Al-Haxsu-Ibh-Atta.

BColub mo'keh, (Hemii Guiluvh^, a Beldan

riter, bora at Havre bt 1803. He proonced, bealdea
other works, a " History of Belglam.'' Died in 1S61.

Moktadar-BIUoIi, mok'ti-^rbillah, orBCnktadw'-
(maSk'tl-dfr) BUlMh, (Abool-FadU-Taalu, I'baH
ndl jl'^,) an Abbasaide (alii>h of Bagdld, was bora b

■•defeated

894 A.D., and be^ to reign in 909. He
and killed in OJi try Moimes or lloimti.

Mola, mo'li, (GiAMBATTiSTA,) a ndnler, of Italian
extraction, called Mola di Fkancia, txsn al Bcsanfon

i, e, 1, fi> S, P, An^/l, (, ^ saine, less prolonged; I, C, I, IS i^ :Pi ''t«rf; »• f. (• 9> <*i»'»"; Of > All. at; t&et;nOt; gaed; mdBn;

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

db,Google

MOIA 17.

bi 1614. He wu > pupit °f Vouet, and escBlled u ■
landscape-punter. Died in 1661.
Sh iJum. " Hiitor^r "l Piintiac in Itnlf."

BfolM, (FiBTRO FRANcnco,) •onetiinet called Hola
Di Roiu, an eminent Italian painter, born about 1610,
was a pQpil of Albano. He painted a number of his-
torical works of great merit, but he eicelled particQlarljr
tn landscape*. Among his master-pieces are his " Saint
John in the Desert," " History of Joseph," and "Salnl
Bruno." Died in 1666.

Molsl or Molar, d*' ^'^ mol}',* (Jacques,! '"<
grand master of the order of the Templars, was born in
Burgundy. The wealth and power to which this order

had arisen having exdted the jealousy of Philippe le Bel,

King of France, and Pope Clement iV., - -' '"

jjthe -.-...

laid

eigns for their destntction. Uolal, bdni
4Hi»su lu iiuiCe in 130G. was arrested on his arrival,
together with all the Templars in thai country, and, on
Tarions oriminal charges, condemned to death. Neartj
sixty of the knights perished at the stake ; and the grand
master, after Mven ;ears' imprisonment, shared their
fate, in 1314.

MolbAOh. mol'bCK, (Chrhtum,) an eminent Danish
historian, philologist, and bibli(«rapher, bom at Soriia
in 1783. After traTelling in Englana and other conotric*
of Europe, he became in 1833 pf oleator of the history
<A literatiuc, and first seoretaty of the Royal Ubtary,
at Copenhagen. Among hii principal «<»ks are a
" lUitoty of the Wan of Ditiiurschen,<* (l8t3,) " Danish
DUlecl-Lezlcoa,'' (l837>> •"A " Miatoiy uf ErUc Plwpen-
nlng," (>846>) He pntjished between 1S14 and 1817 a
literary journal of great merit, entitled the "Athene,"
and snbseqoently be<ame e^tor of the "Nordisk Tid-
Skrift" and "HIstorlskTidakrlft," (1840.) Molbech al«>
had a share in the great " Dictionary M the Danish Laa-
puge," (onfinishetL) IHed at Copenhagen in 1857.

Sf Eann , " Forbno^Laiicoa.''

Molbeoli, (Christian Knud Fkrderik,) b Danish
poet, a son of the preceding, was bom at Copenhagm
in iSai. He produced "Dante," a drama, and Ink
poems, (1846,) which are highly commended. D. 188S.

M0I6, moU', [FsANqois RiNi,) a celebrated French
comedian, born in Paris in 1734. He was a tttember of
the Institate, and director of the Acadevqr at the ThMtie
Franfais. Died in 1801.

MoMk (Louis Hathibu,] Coinrr, an eminent Prendi
statesman, bom in Paris m 1781, was deacended from
Hathien Molj, noticed below. He published in 1805
"Moral and Political Essays," which procnred for him

the lavont of Napoleon, by whwn ha was toon after sp-
pranled master of reqneats, awl prefect of the CAle-d'Or.
In 1813 he succeeded the Duke of llasss as minister of

justice. He was created a peer by Lotiia XVUl, and
m 1817 became minister of the marine. Under Loois
Philippe he was minister of foreign a&irs from August
to NoTember, 1834 and became in AprU, 1837, pnme
minftter ; bat, orercome by the opposition of Guiio^
Thleis, and Berryer, he re«gned his post, Uarch 31,
1839^ In 1840 he succeeded De Quelen In the French
Academy. Died in i8s5.

S« Loots liaLOH4liia,"U.l«CoiMalfoU,i>u SB HmiHdg
Riu." iS*): jLiiBC^DiA."LaCinUU«ll"it4>t "HwnUi

MoU, (HATHnu,) an eminent French magistrate,
bom in 1584. He was attorney -general b 1614, and in
1641 was appointed fa? Richelwu first president of the
Parliament of Puia. Dnring the civil war of the Fronds
he was conaincuons for his intrepidity and hia energetic

inqnelling the insurrections of Paris. Inli

llingi
etofi

'.■2i

he became keeper <9' the seals. HeMt Inttresdnc "I
moires," (pnb'iabed in 4 vols., 1855.} Died b 1S5&

S«c Baiaitt^ "VIeteHoU;" RnniiOH ■» pAnn, "Klsti
di H. MdU," ml ; "MeanU«Bl«c«plii<GJsinle."

Molmchot^ moOfS-sKot', ^ACOB,) a Dntch natural-
ist and physiolo^t, born at Bois-le-Dnc b tSaa, studied
medicine and nalnial science at Heidelberg, and settled
as a physician at UtrechL He was the author of

•■ Critical Examination of Liebig's Theory of the Alimeii'
tatlon of Plants," (1845,) "Doctrine of Afiments," (18^)
"Circular Motion of Life," (1851,) and other similar

sniilled "Georg Forster der Natnrfotscher des Volk^''
(1854.) He is ranked among the most prominent ad-
locates of the materialistic philosophy, (although he
recognises a mixture of spiritual life with the material
life of the universe.) He totally rejects the idea of crea-
tion in the ordinary si^iScation of (be term, referring
the origin of all the speaes of animals to (he operation of
universal and unchangeable laws. Died May 19, 1893.

MoleBworth, (Sir Guildford LiNDSBY,) an Eng-
lish engineer, was bom at Millbrook in iszS. He
was consulttog engineer to the govemmeDl of India
after 1E71, and wrote numerous works and papers on
engineering and financial subjects.

Molaa^roitta, mOli'wjrth, (Mary Louisa, nit
Stowart.)aScottiBh author, bom in 1842, on the Con-
tinent, and long a resident of Paris. Her works include
several novels and many stories for children, as " Rec-
tory Children," (1891,) " Next-Door House," (1893,)
" Uncanny Tales," (1896,) " Meg Langholme,"
(1897.) OK-

was appointed by William IIL a member of his privy
toanal, and in 1603 was envoy-eitraordinaiy to Den-
mark. He published, after his retum, an "Acconnt
of Denmark,^ a severe criticism on the government and
customs of the Danes, which gave great offence to that
people but was veiy popular b England. He was a
Fellow of the Rovil Soaety, and numbered among bit
friends Locke and Lord Shaftesbury. Died in 1715.
Sh WALrOL(,"RcT^iiuINobUAuihijiii"LoDc>.*'PeenfS."
IColwworth, (Sir Wiluah,) an eminent EngUsh
Statesman, bom in Sorrey in iSlo. Haring completed
his studies at a German university, he waa elected to
Ruliament for East Cornwall in 1S33. He was for many
years associated with John Stuan Mill as editor of the
" Wettmbster Renew," He represented Soathwark in
ParllBinentm 1850, and was appointed first commissioner
of pnblic works hi 1853, and secretary of the colonies
in July, 1855. He died in October of the same year.
Besides his articles m the " Westminster Review, Sir
William published a complete edition of the works of
Hobbes.

MoImwotUi, (WiLUAM Nassau,) an English Gler<
gymao, bom at Millbrook, in Hania, November 8, i8t6.
He studied at Saint John's and Pembroke Collegea,
Cambridge, graduating In 18:^9. He then took orders,
and for many years was a parjsh minister in Manchester
and Rochdale. Among his works are "Religions Im-
portance of Secular Instmctioo," {1857,) "Plain Lee-
- - - ■ " "England and France," (t86o,l

and " ffistory'of liie Church of England," (iSsi) He
was distinguished aa an advocate of Kodal and political
reforms. Died December 19, lS9a

Molerllls, (Antoins Framcou BKrntANiik) S«*
Bbrtrand di Mollsvilix

Molldre, mo'le^aiR', a celebrated French cotnic av-
thor and actor, whose original name was Jean BapUot*
Paquelln, (polcIlN',) was bom b Paris on the 15th of
January, i6l3. He received Instmction b private from
the philosopher Gassendi, and tn his youth assisted his
bther, who was a dealer b tapestry, (utartiandtapUtUr.)
He became valtt-Je-<hamtre to the king, Louis XIII.,
about 1640^ Having assumed the name of Moliire, be
adopted the profession of comic actor about 1644, and
a few years later appeared in the provinces at the head
of a small troupe which he had formed. His first regular
drama was "The Giddy-Head," (" L'fitourdi,") which
was performed with success by his troupe at Lyons in
16^1. Attracted to the capital by a growing ambitior^

«st4;{at/;BAan/;gaty;o,H,K,;Mnow/; N,fi<Md/; R,/n^n/;lais; thasinMtr. (g^~Se« Explanations, p. 33.)

d by Google

itjlc and eaphiiMm
rformed witb great

■Bd bToared wftb rnnl patroiug«, he openei
Ibeatie in 1658. Hii " Affected Xidic*,'' (" P
ridlcutca,") » Mttre on the affected (trie and
which were then in bahion,

Hu lame waa increased ., — ,

("ficole des Mari»," 1661,) a comedjr of manners, char-
acter, and intrigue. He produced in 1666 "The Mis'
anthrope," esteemed one of his master-pieces. "The
dialngae of this," says Hallam, "is aniforml; of the
highest s^le ; the female and indeed all the characters
are excellently conceived and sustained." Still more
popular was the "Hypocrite," ("Tartufic," 1667,) an
original creation in dramatic poetry, and generally con-
sidered ihe greatest effort of his genius. He was the
author of about thirty other comedies, in verse or prose,
among which "The Bores," ("Lea Ftcheaz," 1661,)
the "School for Wives," ("Ecole des Femmes," 1661,)
"Love (or Cupid) as Physician," ("L' Amour M^edn,"
1665,) "Le Mifdedn malgri^ lui." (16C6,) "The Miser,"

r L''a - " -"- "" '^ -■----=..- " .--:- .

There ia perhaps
more remarkable instance of Che triumph of genius than
b presented to as in the career of Molitre. Seldom, if
ever, were the pride and tyranny of rank more pred«ni-
n*nt Hum In France In the latter half of the seventeeDth
century. Yet many of the French nobility treated Ho-
litre as a companion and equal. " Come to me at any
hour you please," said the great Prince de Cond^ to our
author: "you have but to announce your name 1 your
visit can never be ill-timed." (See Scotfs " Miscellanie*.")
The success of "Tarluflfe" was a signal victory achieved in
the &ce of an all -prevailing bigotry, which waa sCronglT
entwioed in the very apint of the age and had struck
deep root into the heart of the king himaelL But the
castle of prejudice, invincible to every other assault, was
&ln to open its reluctant gates to Ihe transcendent se-
nini of Moliire. He was remarkable not merelt for nU
wonderliil comic talent, but for bis admirable dellneatioit
of human nature a« it appears in all countries and all uet.
"In the more appropnaie merits of comedy," sayi Hal-
lam, "in just and forcible delineation of character, skUfiil
contrivance of drcumstancca, and hnmotoDS dialogue,
we most award him the prize." The same eminent ^tlc
thinks "that Shakapeare had the greater genius, bat
perhaps Holitre has written the beet comedies." He was
not a member of the French Academy, After Molitre's
death, that learned body placed his bust in their hall,
with this beautiful and appropriate inscription :

i« da J. B. PoqinliD M UiiSin," ijoS:
DbA xci irn: I-a Haitk "Idtamn

"MI««nda1>ViseI<lBODTnMil«H(ilifa«,"il>si

Baillv, "Eloia de HotifaT," ine; SKIHT*-Bn .-,

liR4rBia:""!4i»TiIlEBic«r>phia«BJrale:" "LimoribaUost
KhJhU Fftndi Writen," br Mn, SmuKv;" Kuajr id Moliln
h Scotl'i " Kbcelluiln,'' to!, i.. ud Ihanmsntidi hi lb* " For^
QuarMrir Review" for AprO, tSiS: Pnacorr, "UUcaDuin?
LsmraLLOw. " PdcU um Foetrv of Earops ;" " E^nboiili R*
»tt(»" for July, .gjj.

Iffollbre*, do, d(h mole-MB', (JosiMi Peivat,) a
French philosopher and mathematidan, bom at Taraa-
eon In 1677, was a friend and disdple of Halebtanche.
He succeeded Varignon as professor of phlloftophy In
the College of France in 1713, and was elected an
MBodate of the Academv of Sdences in 17J9. He wa*
the author of several laentiGc works. It I* related, as
u instance of his abstraction of mind, that when a
robber one day entered his apartment, Molitres showed
bim where his money was kept, bat begged him not to
disturb his papers. Died in 174a,

MOUm, moHlN', or DmnotLUu, dii'moo^lx', (Jac-
QUn,) a celebrated French phyaidan, bom near Mende
1b 1666^ WH patronized by Louis XTV. and Louis XV,
Ha nude free use of the lancet in hia practice, and is
•appoeed by some to have been the original of " Dr, San-

• " Nothing ii mntinc to hi> ilorr '■ hot h* m* «i

M MOLITOR

grado" in Le Sage's "Gil Bias." On his death-bed h«
said to his attendants, " I leave behind me three great
physidans,— Diet, Water, and Ezerdse." Died in 1755.

SH"Bk«(daU. Uc>Uii,"iT«i.

UoUna, mo-lee'nl, (GiovANin Igkacio.) a naturalist,
bom in Chili in 1740, lived many years at Bologna. He
wrote an " Essay on the Natural History of Cblli," ( l7St,)
and a "Civil HUtory of Chili," (1787,) both in Italian.
Died in 1S39.

Molina, mo-Iee'nli, (Luis,] a celebrated Spanish
Jesuit, born in New Castile about 153;, waa profinsor
of theology at Ev'ora, in Portunl, for twenn years. Hia
prindpal work ia entitled " De Concordia GratiK el
Libert ArUtrii," (153S,) in which he attempts to recondte
the free will of man with predestination. This treatise
was severely aasailed by the Calvinists, Dominicans, and
Jansenists, and a bitter conlroversv ensued, which was
partially aupptessed by Pope Paul V. Died about t6oa

$« Boaiur^ " Arenineimiil aiii ProMtun;" M. AjmunOa
" Bibliolheoa Kupanm Non."

Molina, da. See Akgoti di Molina.

Molina, do, Count. See Caklos of BouaaoD.

Moliiinua, the Latin of Dumoulik, which see.

MoUnari. See Mulinabi, (Stbfano.)

MoUnorl, mo-le-nl'ree, or MnllnBrl, moo-le-nl'Te«t

SGtovANNi Antonio,) an Italian painter, called also
:AKACGnto, bom at Saviaillano hi 1577; died in i64Ch

llollnan, da^ dfh mo-le-nft'ree, (Gustave,) a Bel-
gian author, bmm at Lttge, March 3, iSio. He became
a hom<eopalhic phyaidan, and wrote, besides other works,
"Etades ilconomlqnea," (1846,) " Histoire du Tarif
(1847.) " Cours d'Economie politique," ( I S61,) " Lettre*
sur les fitats-Uniset le Canada," (1876,) and "L'fivoln-
tion rfconoraique," (1880).

MoUae de Balnt-Ton, moltn' dfh slNfyta',
(Alkxahdkk Pibkre,) a French general and writer,
bom in Lyons in 17S6. He was minister of war from
November, 184s, until May, 1S47. Among bis works
is a "Historyofthe Counts of Toulouse." Died in 1870.

MoUnet mole'nl', 0kan,) a French poet and histo-
rian of the fifteenth century. He was appointed librariao
to Margaret of Austria, and hiatoriographer to the bouse
of Burgundy, and wrote numeroiia worki in prose and
verae. Died in 1507.

Sm RnsnnBHt " IUbbIci wa J. llelbt,- ilu.

Molina^ do, dil mo^e'nt', (Claudb,) a French aa-
Uoaary, bora at Chtlons In imo, was the author of a
" History of the Principal Pope*, taken from MedaU."
Died in 1687.

MoIlnetU. mo-le-net'tee, (Antonio,) an eminent
Italian anatomist and physiolo^t, born at Venice Ht
obtained the chair of anatomy at Padua in 1649. Ho
wrote " On the Senses and their Organs," (" De Sensibu*
._„.«^^j Diedinifijj.

/, (Jban Baftisti,) a French
IS a pulpit oiatoT, was born at

iioIlnOM, mo-lee'iiAa, (HiauiL,) « Spanish theologian,
founder of the aect of Quietiats, waa bom at Saragossa
about 1630. His principal work ia entitled " Spiritual
Guide," (167c,) and incdcates, as its leading doctrine^
the abstraction of the mmd from external M)i)ects, and
the contem^ation of the Deilv. The book wa* con-
demned bv the Inquisition, ua Molino* sentenced to
perpetual imprisonment, from which he wa* released by
death in 1696.

Sh HoHaoH, " Rolbniwn Slid Hartvn," PhiliHlelpha, ilSt:
pLu<]iin-,"I>lenaiiBilr* das H4iM«* :" Schaujhi^ " U;*tilHna
M. Holino'i La« of SkJHbs^" ilfa.

Mollqua, moleek', (Bbknhaus) a Ccman violinist
and composer, born at Nuremberg in 1803. He went to
England in 1&49, after having gained a reputation in hi*
own country, and settled in London. In l366 he retired
to Cannstatt, near Stuttgart, and died there in' 1869.

MoUtor, mole'toR', (Gabuu. JtAif Joseph,) a
French marshal, bom b Lorraine in 1770^ H« was
appointed Governor-General of Swedish Pomerinia in
1S07, and took an active part in the subsequent cam*
paign* from 1808 to 1814. He gave in his adhesion to

sra;;

i,e,i,6,ii,j.fcnr.i.*.*.s=

e, less prolonged; i, e, 1, 8, 0, y, #A0rt/ 1, f, i 9, afar»».- Or, fUl, Oti mit; nlk; gS&d; milta:

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

MOLLENDORF 1745

Ibe BouiboiM aAer Ihe rettontloii, and wai made cbcra-
liet of Saint Loui*. He commanded the second corpi
of the arm] tn tiie SpanUh campaign of 1S33, and bj
aia aldll and deciaion kioii pat an end 10 the war. He
was created a marthal b; Louis XVHL Died in 1349.

Sm D« Couwi I w, " Dictiocmain da Gfolnui FnnciH."

kUUlendoif or Moellendoti; von, fon mol'lfn-
dokf, (Richard Joachim Hunrich,) a Prussian com-
mander, bom in 1735, served under Frederick the Great
in the principal campaign* of the Seven Years' w;
In 1794 he succeedea tu Duke of Brunswick as coi
aunder-in-chiefof the Frtusianannf. Died in 1816.

MoU«r, molOp-, (Lit Moixb'rus,) (Danikl Wo^
RBUl.) a German icholar, bom at n'esburg in 1643.
He became proleiBor oF history and metaphftics at
Altorf in 1674, and was made a count palatine by the
emperor Leopold. He wrote numerous Latin works,
in prose and verse Among them are dissertation* on
many Latin classic authors. Died in 171a.

8WM«iKirhUiiII«i"i}is.

BCoDw, (Georc,) a German architect, bom in Hano-
ver in 1784. Among hi* best works are the opera-boiite
at Darmatadt and the theatre at Hentz. He published
"Monument* of German Arcbitectare," (3 *<"*-■ 'SIS'*
45,) and other architectural lreati*es. Died in 1852.

BIBIlar or UoelI«r, mUll^r, (John,) a Danish biog-
npher, bom at Flensborg in 1661. He published "Cim-
btla Literata," containing biographies of authors bom
In Sleswiclt-Holatein, (3 vol*., 1744.) Died in 1725.

Mttlloror Moaller, (Peter LuDwia,)a Danish poet

MONA

t)om at Aalijorg in 181^ He_became
iainiSsi. Hewrole"L] ' ." .. ,.

The Fall of the Leaves," (i8ss,) etc. Died in 1865.

It of Paris

„ .. . . resi.

51. He wrote "Lyric Poem*," (1840,)

Leaves," (i"*" • ■- "' " '

Mollenu. See Moller.
Mollet, moll', (Claude,) a French faorticaliiiHit,
was first gardener to Henry IV. and Loni* XIIL, and
gave the design* for the garden* of ihe Tnilerie*, Foo-
tainebleaa, and Saint-Germain. Died about 1613.

UoIlevHU^ mol've', (Chabuu Loui^) a French lit-
tirattttr, born at Nancy in 1776. He wrote ele|pea,
bibles, and other originu poem*, and nude Rucce**fn]
translations from the Latin of Virgil's "jEneid" and
"Georrics," Horace's "Art of Poetry," and the "Ele-

E'es" of Tibullu* and of Catullus, (all in verse.) Died
1844.

Uollovillo, d0. See Bertrand de Hollbvillx.

MoUles, dot dfh mo1(^', (Nicouu Francoii,)
CoMTi, a French Btatesman, bom at Rouen in 1758.
He was created minitter of the treMury by Napoleon
Ib 1S0&, He published an account of hi* lift entitled
* Utmoires d'nn Htnistre dn Tr^r public" [17S0.
184$.) Died in 185a.

SuFaospn Da Baiant^ "Noria nir M. liConta HollieD,"
iln; "Nouvellt Bioiraphit GJn^nlii" "Qnutetl; RaTiiw" fcr
Jiilj. 1I51.

MoMot', fCnARLKS,) an Irish dramatiat and poUtica]
writer, bcvn in Dublin, became editor of the I.ondoD
journal called "Common Sense." He wrote comedies
entitled "The Coquette," "Half-Pay Officers," and
" The Perplexed Couple." Died in 1 767.

SloOoall or HoImIi, [HebL l'7D,| a heathen deity
worshipped by the Ammonites and other Oriental tribe*,
who OMred to hiro human sacrificea.

HolOBBtf. See Mouossua.

Ho-Iob'biw, [Gr. Molixraic/ Fr. Hoiasss, moloas',]
a son of Pvrrhus and Andromache, i* *aid to have
reigned in EpiruSi Molossia is supp<»ed to have de-
rived it* name from him.

' Moltfcet molt^h, (Adam Wilkelm,) Coi;nt, a
Danish *tate*man, *on of Joachim Godske, noticed
below, wa* born in 1785. He was minister of finance
under Christian VIIL for manv year*. He resigned
in 1848, and was president of the ministry from 1848
to 185a. Died February 15. 1864.

r, bom in 1 783. He pnblUhed a " Journey in Upper

and Middle Italy," (1833.) and other works. EHed in l8i54.

Moltka, Ton, fon moli'kfh, (Heluutr Karl Ber-

nard,) ComiT, a Prussian nneral, eminent a* a stnle>
gist, was bom in Mecklenburg in 1800. He becaaie
major-general in 1856, and lieutenant-general (n tSsg.
He WIS chief of the royal ttal^ and planiud the campa^n
which resulted in the great and dedsive victory of Sa-
dowa, July3, 1866. He directed in person the operations
of the armies which, under the nominal command of the
king, gained In France, in 1870, a *eTiet of great and
memorable victories. (See William L) Hewaicreated
a count in 1870, and chief marshal of the German Em-
pire in 1871. He received from the Caar the order of
St George, the highest military decoration of Russia, in
1870, and from hi* own sovereign the grand cross of the
order of the iron cross in 1871. Died April 24, 1S91.

Molyn, (Peter.) See Trmpista.

Molyneiuc, mol'e-nooks', (Williau,) an eminent
mathematician, born in Dublin in 1656. After studying
law io the Middle Temple, London, for three years, ba
returned to Ireland in 1678. In 1683 he aided in organ-
iiing the Dublin Philosophical Society, of which ha
aAerward* became president For his attainmenU In
the exact science* he was elected in 1685 a Fellow of
the Royal Society, whose " Transaction*" contain many
treatises composed by him on vatiou* subject*. In l6ga
he produced his principal work, "Dioptrica Nova," a
treatise on optics, which was revised by Halley. It waa
the first English work on optics that had appeared, and
wa* for a long time the principal manual of opticians.
Me represented the University of Dublin in the Irish
Parliament a lew years before his death. Died in 169&

Molxa, moi'tl, or Molsk, (PftANCRSCO Maeia,) an
Italian poet, bom at M6dena in 14S9. He wrote Latin

elegies of great elegance, and a number of porim
Italian, chiefly of a licentious character. Died in 1544.

Molsa, (TARQUINIA,) an Italian lady, distinguished
foa her knowledge of mathematics, pliilo*ophy, vsA
languages, wa* a granddaughter of the preceding. She
made ttanslations frxMU Plato, and wrote poem* in Latin
and Italian. The Roman (cnate conferred upon her tba
right of citiienahip, and Ta*so ^ve the name ot Uoln
to his " Dialogue on Love." Died In 1617.

MomboIU, mom-bel'lec, ( Dohenico, ) an Ilalin
mu*idan and composer, bom near Vercelli in 1751. Ha
wa* noted a* a tenor singer. Died in 1835.

Momboir. See Maubukhe.

Mombrlato, mom-bRec'te-o, (Lat. HoMBRi'nui,)
jBoKiNO,] an Italian scholar and writer, bom at MilsB
m 14x4. He published several edition! of the classics
which are highly esteemed, and "Live* of ^e Saint*,"
("Sanctnarium. ) Died about 1481.

Hombrltlns. See Moubrisio.

Momlgny, de, dfh mo'min'ye', (JiROwE Joseph,) a
French composer and musician, bom at Pbilippeville in
1766. He pQbli*hed *everal work* on the tlieoty of
----- Died in 1838.

scholar, brother of the following, was bom in 1819. He
produced a good translation of Hndar into German
, (1846,) and "Essay* on Shakspeare," (1855.)
aminann, (Tbeodor,) a German jurist, historian,
and antiquaiv, bom in Sleswick-Holatein in 1817. He
became [irofessor of Roman law at Breslau in 1S54.
Among his principal works maybe named "The Mone-
tary System of the Romans," "Collection of Neapolitan
Inscriptions," (1811,) and "Roman History," ("Rii-
mische Geschiiite," 3 vols,, 1857.) He was an asso-
ciate of the French Institute, and a member of other
foreign Academies. Died November i, 1903.

HomorOk mo'mo'ro', (AWToiIti FRANQois,f a French
Jacobin, bom at Beaanfon in 1756. He was guillotiiied
as a H^bertist in 1794.

Ho'mna, [Gr. lu^yior,] in clasaic mythology, wa* tha
god of mockery, ridicule, and irony, and wa* called tha
son of Night, (Noz.) He is said to have criticised the

Eods with great audacity, and to have censured Vulcan
ecause, when he (according to one of the ancient myths)
formed a man, he did not place a window or door in hi*
breast, to that bis secret thoughts might be perceived.

MoiiA, mo'ni, Monl, mo^e, or BConlo, mo'ne-ai
(DouENico,) an Italian painter, bom at Fertara in 15501
died in 1603.

ta*4/f as(,-|idrrf; J;aa/,-a,H,K,fun»r<if; yi,natal; *.,lrilltd; la*a; thasini!iM.

(Sy-See Explanations, p. 13.)

D,g,t,7ed::yC00<^lc

MONACO

1746

MONDORY

Monaco la Valetta. non'l-ko U vi-tffti, (Raf-I
rABLl,)»n llaltan cardjntl, born at Aquila, Feb[uaiT>3>|
1817, wai created a caidinal-prieit in 1S68, and became |
head of the congregation of episcopal visitation, and of .
that of episcopal residence. Died July 14, 1396.

Monagu, mo-nl'gSs, (Don Jacinto,) a South Amer- \
lean commander, bom in Venezuela in 1785, was one '
of the principal liberators of Colombia. He was killed
in battle in 1819.

Moiiaiith«nll, de, dfh mo'nCN'luI' or mo'DB«'tuh'- ]
^ [LaL MoNANTHiyuus,) (HBHm,) a French mathe-
matician, born al Rheime about 153& He became
professor of malhematict in the Rcwai College, Paris,
where he numbered among his pupils Lamoigiion and
De Thou. He was the author of several idenliGc treat-
iiei in Latin. Died in 1606.

Monaidea, mo-nak'dEs, (Nicolai,) a Spanish ph^-
■ician and botanitt, waa a native of Seville. His prin-
dpal work is a "Treatiae on the Medicines of the
New World." LinnEoi named tn bis honour the genns
Honarda. Died b 1578.

MoD-bOd'do, (Jauis Burnkt,) Lokd, a learned
Scottish jurist and eccentric writer, bom in Kincardine-
■hitein 1714. Hestndiedat Aberdeen, andsubsequently
■t the University of Gioningen, and was appointed, after
U« letom to Scotland, one of the judges of the coart of
M«uon, (1767.) He published {1774) hi* " Dissertation
on the Origin and Proeresi of Language." in which be
manifeslB an enthusiastic admiritioo lor the literature
and philosophy of the ancient Greeki, and advances the
Ibeory that the human race waa originally a species of
monlcey. In his "Andent Metaphysics, or the Science
of Oniversals," (1779,) Lord Monboddo ha» still further
developed the same Idea*. He was Intimate with Dr.

fohnson and other eminent men of the time, by whom
e was highly esteemed far llie excellencQ of his charac-
ter. INed in 1799.

See ttw "HoDtfalT Rnin" for April, mi. Much, trfi, nd
luoSTT. i?«S: "Gntlemu'sHtiuitia." ijw

Monbron, de, dfh mAH^kiN', (N. Foogent—
foozh'ri',} a French tiiUrataa-t bom at F^ronne, wrott
"La Henriftde travestie." {1745.) and "Le Cosmopol,"
(1750.) He was extremely censorious and misanlhrop-
ical. Died in 1761.

Kloooada, de. di mon-ki'Dl, (Don Francisco,)
Count of OfiitSa, a celebrated Spanish general and hii-
lorian, born at Valencia in 1586, was appointed generat-
bumo of the Spamah fbtcea in the Netherlandt. He
waa killed at the siege of Goch, in 1635. He waa the
author of a valuable " History of the EzpeditiDn of the
Catalan* agtdnat the Greek* and Turka," ( 1633,) and othei

Monoada, d^ written also Monoade, (Huo<\) a
Spanish commander, bom abont 1466, He served with
distinction uainst the Moors and Turks, was appointed
Viceroy of Sidlj by Charle* V. abont 1533, and waa
defeated in July, 1534, in a naval bailie, by Andrew
Doria, who commaodM the French fleet Ya 1536 he
inarched to Rome and liberated the imprisoned pope,
Clement VIL, on condition that he should abandon the
French party. He wa* lulled in a sea-fight neitr Naples
In 153a

MODOalvo, IL See Caccia.

Monoeeox, de, d^h mdN'sA', (Franqois,) a French
writer, born at Arras, flourished about iS70-9a He
wrote "Bucolica Sacra," (1587,} and other work* in

Monoal, do, dii miN'stl', (ThAodose Achilli
Louis.) Vicoutk, a French savant, bom in Paris in
t!Ui. He published, beside* otber works, "Ezpos^des
Applications de I'Electridt^" (3 vols., 1S57.) He gave

(pecial attention to electro-niagnetism, and Invented
electrical apparalu*. Died February 9, 1884.

Uonoe;, da, d^h m^K'si'. (Bon Adrisn Jeannot,)
DiK de Conegliano, a French marshal, born at Keaan-
;on in 1754. He served in the campaigns ot 1793 and
1794, antfattained the rank of general oT division. He
took an active part In the subsequent campaign* in
Spain, Austria, and Italy, and was made a mar^al in
1804. He soon after obtained the title of Duke of Cone.

fliano, and the grand cordon of the le^n of honotur
le waa elected 10 the Chamber of Peers under Levi*
XVIII., and was appointed gtuBtmtur da /mialUti in
1S34. Died in 1843.

Monok, milnk, (Chaklbs Stanuht,) Vhooiimt, an
English peer, bom m Ireland io 1819. He entered the
House of Commons aa a Liberal io 1851, became a lord
of Ihe treasniy in 1855, and wa* aroiMnted Goventor-
Generalof British AmericainiSfii. He wa* made a peer
of the United Kingdom in 1866. Died Nov. 39, 1S94.
MoDolar, de, dth mdHldftR'. {Jban Pibrbb Fran-
cis da Rlpeit— dfh re'paik'.) Mabquu, an emiiMt
French magistrate and writer, wa* biMD at Apt, in Pro.
tcnce, in 1711. He became procnrenr^^njral in 173K
From about I749hediatingiiished himadf t^hiatealooa
assertion of the liberty of the Protestanta, and m iTfia
he eipi«ed the tendendes of the Jesuita, in a work
which Villemain pronounce* a master-piece. Died ie

Uonorelff or Monoiiaft mon-kreef, fSir HuiKT
WiLLWooD,) a distinguished Scottish divine, bom bi
Perthshire in 1750, became minister of Saint Cothbert^
Edinburgh, in 1775. He was a icalons Whig, and to<A
an active part in the ecclesiastical controveraies of the
lime, in relation to which he published wveral treatiaefc
He also wrote " Discourses on the Evidence of tlM
Jewish and Cbriitian Revelations," (1815,) and an "Ac-
count of the Ufa and Writings of John &skine," (181&)
Died in 1827.

MoDorleff, (Sir Albxandbr,^ a British inventor,
bom in Scotland in 1829. He invented the system
of mounting heavy ordnance known as the disappear-
ing system, now widely adopted.

MoDorlefl, (AscoTT Robert Hops,) a Scotch
author, bom at Edinburgh in 1S46. He published,
largely under Che name of Ascott R. Hope, more than
a hundred books for boys.

Moucrlaft (James,) a Scottith baron, ton of the M-
lowing, was bom in Edinburgh, November 39, iSii. He
wasapptnnled lord advocate for Scotland in 1851, and re-
appointed in 1859. From tSsg to 1868 he represented
in Parliament Che dty of Edinburgh, vrith the Univer-
•lliet of Aberdeen and Glasgow. In tS69he waschoscc
lord rector of the University of Edinburgh.

UonorlaK (Sir Tames Wellwood,) an eminenl
Scottish lawyer and judge, bom abont 1776. waa a *oa
of Sir H. W. MoncrieK He became a judge <rf ses^oi^
and lord jnstidary. Died in igji.

MonoTlt de, dfh mANltRtf, (Francis AucumM
Paradis,) a French liofralair, bom in Paris in 1687,
was a favourite at the court of Louis XV., and became
secretary to Count d'Argenion. He was elected to the
French Academy in 1733, and was intimate with Vol-
taire, Maimonttl. and odier celebrated writers of the
time. He was the author of a humotoos work entitled a
" History of Cala," etc, " The Rival Souls," a romance
" Essay on the Necessity and Mean* of Pleasing," and a
number of operas, song*, and ballads. Died in 177CL

Mond, (Ludwig,) a German chemist, born at
Cassel in 1839. He engaged in manufacture in Eng-
land in 1863, and founded in 1873 what are now the
largest alkali works in the world. He has made
many valuable inventions in the manufadnre of
chlorine, nickel, soda, etc. He founded the Davy-
Faraday Research Laboratory of (he Royal Inititn-
don in 1896.

Uoiidejar, da, d& mon-d&-RaR', (Caspar IbaRez vm

iEGOVIA, PERSALTA Y " ' "

historian, who wrote, b

pith di mCn-do'thl,) Marquis, a distinguished SpanUh
commander under the reign of Philip IL, wa* appointed
Captain -General of Granada, and took an active part in
the war against the Moors.

SeePiuacoTT, "HittiXTiif Fbilip II.." ml iiL tmik v.

Mondlno de Inund. See Mundihu*.

MMidoiy or Mondoil, mdN'do'ie', ■ French acuu.

t, e, 1, 5, il, 7, />»/; i, i, A, same, less pTolongedi ii, i, I, &, ii, ]r, 'Atvi'; f, ^ j, g, oArnirr; I3r, fSll, at; raCli nOti gd6^

dbyGoogle

Spanish Bcneral, »
fought with ditttbc

i, sarname3 nu good Mondkacon,
li ditttbction agafnit the Netherlandect, and
roK to be govetnoT of Antwerp. Died in 159&1
SuHoTUv, "UBiiedN«tbBilnidi,>*chipLiiiL
Mono, mo'nfh, (Franz Josspr,) > German writer,
bom near Heidelberg in 179a, became prolcBaor of his-
toiT in that dtr in 1819. He publisned a "Hiitoiy
of PaRaniam in Northem Eatope,^ (1811,) and other his-
torical works. Died March la, 1S71.

MoiMMilllo y Vtao, mon-b-sil'Vo ee Tee/io, (An-
tonio,) a Spanish cardinal, bom in 181 1. He waa raised
to a bishopric in ]86i, was appointed Archbishop or
Valenda in 1S77, and in 1SS4 was created a cardioal-

HoiMt, m&okf, (PHiLiBRT,) a French acholar and
philolc^tt, bom at Bonnenlle, in SaTO^, In IS6& He
wrote " Ligatures des Lan^nes Fran^ise et Latine,"
(t6>9,) and other works. Died in i&V^

Mo-na'tf, a surname given by the Romans to Juna
The temple of Jano Moneta at Rome was used as a
mint, which in Latin is called mMula.

BfOIUtl, moMil'tee, (PKAifcnco,) an Italian poet,
born at Cortona about 1635 ; died in 1713.

Monfilaoii, mdN'lll'k&H', (Jean Baptistb,) a Frendi
phjaiclan and Uatorian, bom In Lyons in IT93. He
practiMd In bia native dty, and wrote, besides other
wmla, a "Code moral des Onvriers," (1835,) and a
" History (rf Lyons," {i vols., 1846-^7.) Died in 1874.

IfougKnlt, m6N'g6', (Nicolas Hubket,) a French
UUratmr, bom in Paris in 1674. He made translations
tit the " History" of Hetodian and the " Letters of Cicero
to Atticns." The latter is particularly esteemed, and the
notes accompanying it are said to have furnished Hid-
dteton witti miportant matter for hii "Life of Cicero."
liongault was a member of the French Academy and
of the Academy of Inscriptions. Died in 1746.

RomettT, was bom at Beaune in 1746. Soon after be
feft the College of L^a he obtained a place in the col-
lege of military engineers at M^^res. Having by hli
sidll in gcometrr made an important ioipiovcmenl in
the process uaed in the art of foitiScation, he became,
■boot the age of twenty, professor of mathematics and
of natural philosophy at H^tiires. While he filled

tion, which is now called descriptive geometry.
1780 be was chosen a member of the Academy of Sci-
ences, and in 178;] removed to Paris, where he wai
employed a* ezaminec of candidatea for the marine, for
whose use he wrote an able "Treatise on SuHcs." '"
political affinities iu the Revolatlon were with the
publicans, who appomted hhn minister of the marine In
1^93. He resigned in April, 1703, and distingn
himself by his icaloiis serrtbes in the fobrication S
gunpowder, and other materials, which were urgently re-

comnMon wtiidi m

1798. Aided by pajHls of the Vo., ^ —

executed the geodesic and monlmiental description of
that country. Having retomed home with Bonaparte,
be presided over the arrangement and publicalioo of the
n^ work bj; which French science and art illnstrated
Egypt Daring the Naptdeonlc r^me he became a
senalm', Cotiat of Pilose, and grand officer of the le^on
of hoDoor. In 1816 he waa opelled from the Institute
on account of his political antecedents. He died in iSl&i

pUe <Hatnit."

MoDgei. m^N'zhi', (Antoinb,) a French archmlo-
gisi, born at Lyons in 1 747. He published a treatise
" On the Names and Attributes of the Infernal Deities,"
and other works. He was a member of the Academy
' Inscriptions. Died in 1835.

Mongn^ (Makib JosIfhinx AngAmqui Lktol,) a
French artist of great merit, bom near Paris in 177^
was the wife of the preceding. She studied paintu^
under Regnault and David. Among her best worka ate
"The Death of Astyanii," "Orpheus in Hades," and
" PeiaeuB and Andromeda." IMed in t855.

Mongltora, mon-je-to'ri, (Antonio,) an Italian tnog-

contains notices of Sicilian aiithois, ancient and moderik
Died in 174J.

ModbUto, de, dfh m&H'eltv', (^PEANgois EuctHi
Gakav,) a French novelist and historian, bom at Bayonn*
' 179& Died April 21, 1873.

Moil1-o^[Fr.HONiQUK,mo'ntk',]SAUiT, the mother
of Saint Augtratine, was bom In 33a A.D. She was edu-
cated in the Christian faith, and became eminent for her
virtue and pielV. She lived at Tagaste, in Nnmidia, and

id several children. Died at Ostia in 387 K.O.

Sea SAirr Adcoitiks, " ConfcaiDiii 1" Kail Bixmn. " UoDies

' ■— — : — " -• •,; Pbttt, "HiMoin d* Sunle-UoiiiqiH,'

Romans.

Moular, mo'ne-i', (Pibrki,) a French painter, bom
t Blois in 1639 ; died in 1703.
Monter-Willtama. See Williams, (MONitR.)
MonlgllB, mo-nil'vl, (Giovanni Anduca,) an Ital-
n dramatic poet and physician, bora at Florence abovl

1640 i died in 170a,
Monl-m^ [Gr. Uavi^,] a beautiful Greek woman,

who became a wile of Mithridates the Great She was

Eut to death by order of that king in 73 B.C., to prevent
er from hemg captured by the victoric

Mofllna See Florida Blahca.

Monlo. See Mona.

Manlqtin. See Monica.

Monk, munk, (Edwin Georgb,) Mus, Doc, an English
musician and composer, born at Frome, Somerset, in i8tg.
He has published some sacied compositions, and edited
CDlIections of hymn- and psalm-luiiea.

Monk, mGnk, (Gkorgk,) Dulce of Albemarle, a suc-
cessful English general, bom in l£o8, was the son of
Sir Thomas Monk, of Merton, Devonshire, After fight-
ing In the service of Holland, he returned to England
about tbe age of thtrtv. In the drll war he bore arms
for Charles 1., and had acquired some reputation as an
able officer when he was made prisoner at Nantwich in
1644 by the Roundheads, who confined him in the Tower
of London more than a year. Having accepted a com-
mission fi^m the Parliament, he commanded a repub>
lican army in the north of Ireland between 1646 and
165a He contributed to the victory of Cromwell at
Dunbar, in 1650, and the next vcar was left in Scotland
as commander of an army, with which be speedily com-

Eleted the reduction of that country. Hume states that
e put to the sword all the inhabitants of Dundee, which

naval war against the Dutch. He commanded in
me sea-fight where Van Tromp was defeated and killed.
In 1654 he was sncccssfal hi his efforts to enforce the
will and authority of the Protector in Scotland At the
death of Oliver, in 165S, Monk proclaimed Richard
Crotnwell as his successor. When the officers of the
army deposed Richsid and restored the Long Par-
liament n« acquiesced, and retained command of the
army in Scotluid. The royalists and repnblirans so-

db,Google

MONK . 17

muntained an impenemble reterre" when be wu im-
plored to TCMore peace lo the nation. Having cautiously
remored from command thoie whom he dUtnuted, and

Spared the way for the restoration, he declared for a
: Facliamenl, which soon aasembled, amidst general
Jo^ and exultation. Charles II. waa proclaimed king
in May, 1660, and rewarded the lerricet of Monk bj
creating him Duke of Albemarle. In 1666 Monk main-
tained his reputation in a great na*al battle againat the
Dutch. He died in 1670, leaving a son, at whose death
the family became cilinct Hume, after a eulogy of his
character, says, " I confess, however, that Dr. Douglas
has shown me an orjgina! letter of liis, containing very
earnest and certainly false protestations of bis seal ibr
« conunonwealth."

tzUHGu

Umk."

laII.,"eAtiidbTUi . .

F> Ddfunlii" "Tha Ub of Gnenl
Siciiniia, "Li6 of Ccnenl

STid

It RcbcHion:" Hallah. "Coiudniiloul Hiitorr:
Hi>lorT of Enclind :" " RtttonKctin Rericw," toL
AHFHU, " Uva of tha Brituh Admink."

Uonk, (Jaues Hbnbv,) an English clergyman and
•ulhor, botn at Huntingford in 17S4. He became Bishop
of Gloucester about 1 83a He wrote a " Life of Bentloy,"
(iSjt.) Died in 1S56.

Meuik, {Mary Moleswokth,) a distinguished writer,
was a daughter of Robert, Lord Molesworlb, and was
married to George Monic, an Irish gentleoun. She died
in 1715, leaving a collection entitled "Marittdai Poems
and TnuisUtions on Several Occasions," (i7i&)

MoDktiOTiBe, (William Cosmo,) a British writer,
bom in 1840. His works consist of poetry, (iction, and
biography, also "The Early English Water-Colour
Painters," fiSgo,) " In the NaUonal Gallery," (1895,)
etc. Died in 1901.

MonmAiqaA, mAN'mtH'k&', (Louis Jkah Nicolas,)
a French littfraUar, bom in Paris in 17S0. He wrote
many articles for the "Biographic Universelle" of Mi-
chand, edited the " Letters of^ Madame dc Srfvigni,"
(10 vols., 1S19,) and published other works. He became
a member of the Academy of Inscriptions iniSjl. Died
b i86a

Uonmontli. See Gbopfket of Monmouth.

Moainotitli, Earl of. See Mordaukt, and Carry,

(HEh

v,>

Monmoutli, mon'miiih, (James Scott,) Dukb of,
born in 1649, waa a natural aon of Charles II. of Eng-
land. His mother's name was Lucy Walters. He married
about 1665 Anne Scott, Duchess of Buccleuch, said to
have been the richest heiress In the kingdom, and as-
sumed her name. He receiTed the title ofDuke of Buc-
cleuch, and was loaded with royal favours. His' [Mraonal
advantages and agreeable manners rendered him very

between him and the Duke of York, afterwards Jami
II., through whose influence Monmouth was discarded
from court. He was in Holland when Charles 11. died,
(1684.) Areport that Charles n. had married Lucy Wal.
ters privately was credulously received by the populace,
who regarded Monmouth as the rightnil heir to the
throne and the champion of the Protestant cause. With
a party of armed eiilcs he invaded England in June, 1685,
and raised the standard of rebellion. He was received
with enthusiasm by the people, and gained a victory over
tlie royal truops at Aiminsler ; but he was completely
defeated at Sedgemoor, July 6, and captured a few da^
later. Having been taken into the presence of King
Junes, he threw himself at his feet, and, with abject
spirit, begged for life at any price, but in vain. He was
executed in July, 16S5.

Honne^ mo'ni', (Antoinr GBiMOALOb) a French
chemist, born in Auvergne in 1734, was appointed in-

rior-general of mines. He opposed and undervalued
discoveries of Lavoisier, Bertnollet, and others, and
thus injured his own reputation. He published a " Treat-
be on the Solution of Metals," (1775,) " Historical and
Political Memoir on ttie Mines of France," (1791,) and
nnmerous other scientific works. Died in 1817.
Monna^ [Louii Claude) Baron, a French general.

bom in 1766. He commanded at Flushing whec it WK
taken by the English in 1809. For this Ql sdcccbb he
was condemned to death ; bat be was then a prisoner !■
England. Died In iSto

Monnler, mo'ng^', (HntRi BoitATSHTtjRi,) ■
French Uttlratnir, comedian, and caricattirlst, bom i>
Paris in 1799. He represented and caricatured the life
and manners of the common people with the pen, tad
[mbiished several volumes of "Seines popnlaires des-
sin^es \ la Plume," (1S30-46.) Amons his works is
"M^moirea de M. Prudhomme." Died m 1877.

Blatmlar, (Jean Cmkrlks,) Comte, a French gn-
eral, bom at Cavaillon in 1758. He led a divlsloa at
Marengo in June, tSoo. Died in tSl6.

Monoler. (Louis Gabrirl,) a French engraver, bom
at Bcsancon in 173] ; died at Dijon in 1804.

UonlOer, de, dfh mo'n^', (Makib THdaftn Rt
ohard de Rnfiey— re'shtR' di;h rU'fi',) MABQDia, a
French lady, known tinder the name of Sopiu^ aod
celebrated in conseqaence of her connection with Hin-
bean, was born at Pontarlier in 1754. Died in lyS)).
[See MiRABBAU.]

Sc* " NaarcUo BiotnpMe G^n^nla."

Monnier, !■«. See Lrmonnibr.

Ii«,Iehmo'n^',(FtRRRB,)aFrendi*avsnt,

bom in Normandy about 167s, publiahed a work en-
titled "Course of Fhiloeophy." He was a member tA
the Academy of Sdencea. Died in 1757.

Monnole or Monnoya, de la, d^ It mo'nwf,
(Brrnard,) a French poet and critic, bom at Dijon ia
1641. He was the author of a poem entitled "The I>Bel
Abolished," which obtained the first priie ever awarded
by the French Academy. He was elected a member trf
that Institution in 1713. He also published poems in
Latin and French, and several critical treatises. Died
ini738.

S« R. DB JtPVicm, " Htonirt hutoriqn nv la Vi^ mk di La

UonnoTer, mo'nwS'yi', (Iran BApnm,) a cele-
brated painter of fiowets and fruit, bom at lille, in
Flanders, in 1635. Having visited Paris, he waa em>
ployed In the decoration of Versaillea and the Trianon.
He afterwards repaired to England, where he executed
some of Ills best works. Among his master-pieces aia
the flower-border of a mirror at Kensington, and the
decorations of Montagu House. His flower-jiieces have
never been surpassedfor brilliancy of colouring and free
and graceful grouping. He died m 1699, leaving aso^
Antoinr, who was also a flower-painter.
Su R. DUHBHIL, " L< Pflntn-GnTcnr Fnn(u."
BIoDod, mo'nod', (Adolphr,) an eminent Swiss
Protestant minister, born about iSoo. He lectured m
theology and Hebrew at the College of Montauban from
1S36 to 1851, and became minister of the Reformed
Churcb of Paris in 1S53. He acquired a wide reputation
oraliit, and wrote nnmerous religioiv

list, and wrote nnmerous religioof

He belonged to the most orthodox school ot

French Protestants. Died in 1856.

Uoaod, (FBtodsic,) a Swiss Protestant minister,
bom at Monnai, b the Canton de Vaud, in 1794, was b
Drothei of the preceding. He became in 183a pastor
of the Protestant sect called " fivang^Ustes libres," im
Paris. He edited Ibr many years " The Archives of
Christianity," and published a number of sermons.
Died in 1863.

Moood, (Tran,) a Swiss Protestant divine, bom at
Geneva in 1 765, was the lather of the preceding. He was
pastor of a church in Paris, and in 1S30 became presi-
dent of the Consistory of the Reformed Church. Ha
contributed to the " Biographic Universelle" many
notices of eminent Swiss writers, etc. Died in 1836.

Monpon, mfiN'poo'j (Hippolvtx,) a Flrench com-
poeer and slneer, bom In Paris in 180^ He composed
popular ballads and operas, among which is " Les deux
Reines," (1835,) Died in 1841.

Sh " NauTclle BiotniduD G^D^nlc"

Moorad, mon'Rld, (Ditlrv Gothard,) a Danish
bishop, bom at Copenhagen, November 14, 181 1. In
i849he was made Bishop of Laaland. He was at varion
times minister of worshlf^ of the interior, and of finance^
He was president of the Legislative Chamber daring the

l,e.I,0,fi.P,Ji7.wAt.6.M

e, less prolonged; t, <l, 1, 5, ii, ]F, ikni; t, f, (, Qt tiuurti fir, Ull, Ot; votx.; n&t; gKd; mdHat

n,,i,,ed 3, Google

MONRO 17

war wbich In 1864 detached Sleiwick and Holitetn from
Dennwrk. He U*ed in New Zealand from 1864 to 1869^
He Tetnrned to bia <Uoce«e la 1871. Died in 1S87.

M^i^C, (Alkxamdix, dfttingniihed at Primta, u^
d»e "fint,") an eminent phmidan and anatomlit, born
in London in 1697. He atnoied •occctaivelf in London,
Paiia, and at L^rdeo nnder Boerhaave, and waa ap-
pointedt after hia letnm, demonstiator of anatomy to
OM Sorgeoiu' Company at Edinburgh. The lectures he
delivered at thia tune won for him a high reputation,
■od were diiefly inatcumental in founding the Medical
Sciiool of Edinbnrgli. Under hia directiDn aiao wai
ettaliliilied the Rojvl Infirmary of that dty, in which
he fcave clinical lectnrea on anrgery. He published in
I7>6 hia " Osteology, or Treatise on the Anatomy of the
Eonea," which pasaed through numerotii editioo* and
was translated into French and German. Among hia
other worlcs are an "Essay on ComparatiTe AnatoraTi"
(1744,) and " Account of the Inocniation of Smill-Foz
in Scotland," (1765.) Dr. Monro «u a Fellow of the
Royal Society of London, and a member of the Academy
ef Surgery in Paris. Died in 1767.

MonrOk (Alexander Statndm, or the "aecond,")
son of the precedi^, was born at Edinburgh In 173s.
He succeeded hia father in the chair of anatomy and
■areety In the University of Minbureh in 175^ He
£ea in 1817, leaving a number of medical tieatises of
|reat meriL Among these we may name " ObservatiCHis
OD the Stmctnre, etc of the Nervous System," (17S3,)
and " Stmctnre and Physiology of Fishea," (1785.)

Sec CHAHiaas, "BIofT^ildaJDicdoDHyorEimiieDt ScotBnoL*'

Monro, (Alixandek TeiHtu, at the " third,") a
physidan, a son of the preceding, was bom in Edin-
iKirgh about 1774. He waa professor of anatomy at
Edinbntch, and published several works on anatomy
and medicine. Died in 1859.

Moiiro,(DOHAUi,)brother of Aieiander, (1733-1817,)

... 1761. He published, among other worica, a

treatise " On the Means of Preserving the Health of
Soldiera." IMed In i809.

Monroa, (Harkibt,) an American poet, bom at
Chicago in i860. She was the author of the " Co-
lumbian Ode," sung at the opening of the World's
Columbian Exposition in 1893, and published " Valeria
and Other Poems," etc.

Uonioa, mlin-rS', (Jamks,) an American statesman,
and the fifth Preudent of the United States, was bom
in Westmoreland county, Virginia, April 38, 1753. He
was a son of SpenM Monroe, a planter, waa educated at
William and Mary College, and entered the army as a
cadet in 1776. He soon became a lieutenant in the army
of Washington, and served at the battles of Harlem
Heights and While Plains. He was wounded in the
batiW of Trenton, December, 1776, and for his condnct
there was promoted to the rank of captain. As aide-
deH:anip to Lord Stirling, he served with distinction at
the battle of Brandywine, September, 1777, and at that
of Monmouth, June, 1778. Having lost his rank in die
re^lar army by becoming an aide to Lord Stirling, he
retired from the service in 177S, and studied law under
Thomas Jefferson. He was elected a member of the
Assembly of Virginia in 17S3, and a delegate to the
General Congress in 1783 for three years. He married,
about 1785, a Mist Kortnght, of New York.

As ■ member of the Convention of Virginia, hi 1788,
be opposed the adoption of the Constitution of the
United States, which, in his opinion, gave too much
power to the Federal govemment. He accordingly
■nhed himwlf with the Anti-Federalists, or Republican
MTtjr, and was elected a Senator of the United States
fcr lonr yeara by the legislature of Virginia in lyget In
1794 he was sent to France as minister-plenipotentiary.
He offended the heads of the home Eovemment by the
^)en ezpretsion of tympathy with the French repub-
Ucana, or ny a departure (rom a neutral policy, and
wa* recalled about the end of 1796. He was Governor
of Virginia three years, (1799-1802.) In 1801 he was
tent lo France as envoy-extraordinary, to unite with

•at 4; r as /; ( iarj ft at/,- a, h, z.,£tiltural; N, naiai; k, trilltd; 1 as t; th as

^ MONS

Robert livingstoo, then the reaident minister at Park,
In a negotiatinn for the purchase of Louiaiana,-— Aa the
whole valley of the MittissipiH. They pnrchMed that
vast territo^ Irom Bonaparte for ^[5,ooo,ooa In 1803
Mr. Monroe was tent at minister-pletiipotentiMy to
England, and in 1805 performed a diplomatic mittion to
Spain in relation to the boundary of Louitiana. He
rctamed to London in 1E06, and, uded by Mr, Pinck-
ney, negotiated a treaty for the protection of maritima
interests and neutral rights ; but the government of
the United States refiised to ratity thia treaty, becans*
it did not provide against the impressment of teaUMn.
He returned home in iSoS, and passed about two yean
in a private station.

In tSii he was elected Governor of Virginia. He
was appointed secretary of state by President Madtton
in November, 1811. He acted as secretarrof war during
the disastrout and gloomy period that followed the cap-
ture of Washington, September, iSt4~Uarch, 1815, and
rendered important aervicet by hia energetic meaturea
to restore the public credit and reinforce the army. He
did not cease lo be secretary of state until March, 1817.
He was the Democratic candidate for the Presidency in
1816, and was elected by a large majority, receiving on*
hundred and eighty-three electoral votes. His competi-
tor was Rufiis King, who received thirty-four votes. H«
appointed John Q. Adams secretary of stale, William
H, Crawford tecreUty of the treasury, John C. Calhoun
secretary of war, and Smith Thompaon secretary of the
navy. The violent* of party spirit abated during hit
administratioa, which encountered no stror^ opposition.
In 1S19 Spain ceded Florida to the United States. He
was re-elected President in 1810 withont opposition,
receiving everv electoral vote except one. During hit
second term the independence of the South American
colonies of Spun was recognized by the United States.
In his message of December, 1S13, he asserted the im-
portant prinaple of foreign polin which forms the cele-
brated "Monroe Doctrine," in these terms i "Wc owe
it, therefore, to candour and to the amicable relations
existing between the United States and those poweit,
\Le. the European powers,] to dedare that we should
consider any attempt on their part to extend their tyt-
tem lo any portion of this hemitohere as dangerooi to
our peace and safety." H« retired Irom office In March,
1835, after wbich he resided at Oak Hill, Loudon county,
Virginia. He was elected president of the convention
which met in 1839 to revise the Constilntion of Virginia.
A speech which he made in that Convention containt
Ibis inddental remark on slavery : — " No imputation can
be catt on Virginia in this matter. She did all that «rtt
in her power to do, lo prevent the extension of slavery
and to mitigate Its evils so far as she could."* He died
in the dty of New York, at the residence of his son-in-
law, Samuel I. Gouvemeur, on the 4th of July, 1831,
leaving the reputation of a discreet and successfol states-
man, more distinguished for administrative talents than
for oratorical powers.

S« J. Q. Adams, "Eu1o«7 on Tama Monroe;" HiLoiani,
"Hiiloiy 0) iht Uniiea Sutra." iota. i. ind ri. ; "■Niddnal Poi-
trait-GallvTy of Dlitingabtiad Amsnouu," vol. liL

Monjosa, mAtr'roi', the assumed name of CiAimi
Loi;is Baurizain, (bf re'ilN',) a French comic actor,
born at Besan^n in 1783 ; died in 1S43.

Mons, 7U1, vtn mfina or m^NSE, (Jean Baptistc,) an
eminent Belgian chemist and pomotogist, was bom at
Brussels in 1765. Having learned the art of pharmat^,
he wat choeen In 1797 professor of chemistry, etc id
Brussels. He founded the "Journal de Chimie et Phy-
sique," which for many years wat a central dJpAt of the
progress of tdcnce in Europe. Having a mllng pattion
for the culture of fruit, he began at an early age to tbeo-
riie and experiment on the prodnctiDn of new varietiea.
About the age of twenty he adopted the theory that
tesdlings of new varieties have more tendency to Im-
prove tiian those of old varieties, or, in other worda
while good old varieties mostly produce Inferior tortt,
those which are recent and bad lend to change for Iha

1 Au. (gySee EapIautloM, p^ n,'-
,-J:,C00^^Ic

MONS 17

better. Having pUnted • large imrferr and devoted
bi* life chieflr to ezperimenti on the pear, he wu *ac-
Ceadiil in producing many fine variebea, among which
was the Beurrj Diel. Soon after 1815 he waa appointed
prahaMoi of chemistn at Louvaio, He published "Prin-
ciplea of Electrid^,''{iSo3,) "Prindplea of Philosophic
Cheraiatry," (iSl^) " Fniit-Treca and their Cnltare,"
(iSj^) and other in»-ks. He was an associate of the
liutitnie of France. Died in 1843. "The constant
springing up q{ fine new sorts of fruit in the United
Stales," sa]v Doirnins, "is given with much apparent
force «• a proof of tne accnracv of the Van Mod*
Iheoiy."

liqut nr J. B. Tu Ueu," i>4];

See QtrsTSLrr " Notki tu

MooB, T«n, (ThIodou;] a tnrist, a mo of the pre-
ceding, was bom at Brnuela m i8ot. H« pobliriwd
•everi^ legal works.

Uon'Mll, (John Sauukl Bbwlev,) D.D., LL.D., a
poet and clergyman, born at Londonderry, Ireland, March
B, 1811. He graduated at Trinity College, Dublin, in
1831, and became a presbyter of the Church of Englaod.
Died at Guildford, Surrey, April 9, 1S75. He publiatied
various works, but is chiefly known for his hymns.

MoiiBfllet, m6N'sfh-U', (Chau.is,) a French liiUra-
/rur, born at Naniea in iBaj^ He wrote, besides various
other works, " Statuei el Stataeltea," (1851.) and "Figo-
rincH Farisiennes," (1854.) Died May 19, 1888.

Mon'seU, (William,) M.P., was bom in Limerick
county, Ireland, in 1811. lie was appointed a privy
councillor in 1855, president of the board of health in
1S57, was vice-president of the board of trade a few
months in 186^ and became ander-tecretarT for th«
colonies in 1868. He was poslmaster-gencrai, l>87l-73,)
and received the title of Baron Emly. Died in 1894.

MoiuUa, mdir'se-S', (Nicolas AndrI,) a French
historical painter, bom in Paris in 1754, worked with
remarkable haWij. Died in 1837.

Mocalgnoil, mon-stn-yo'ree, (Francisco,) some-
times called BoNSiGNOKi, a skilful Italian painter, bora
at Verona in 1455. He was a pupil of Andrea Man-
tegna, and worked mostly at Mantua. Died in 1519.

Monsignj, mtv'tkn'jtf, (Pierkk AuiXANDki,) a
French composer, bom at Artois in l^1fy■ He produced,
besides other operas, " Le Maltre en Drcnt, and " Le
Cadi dupj," (1760,) the comic operas of "Tlie King and
the Farmer" and "Rose and Colas," and was elected a
member of the Institute, (1S13.) Died in 1S17.

Mou'Bon. (Sir Edmund John,) an English diplo-
matist, bom at Chart Lodge, Kent, in 1834. He entered
the public service in 1856, was attache and secretary
to many foreign legations, and minister at several
South American courts 1S79-84. He was made
minister to Denmark in 1884, to Greece 1888, to
Belgium 1892, ambassador to Austria 1893, and to
France 1898.

Mon'apn, (Sir William,) an English naval com-
mander, bom in Lincolnshire about 1569, served with
distinction against the Spaniards, Dutch, and French,
and attained the rank of vice-admiral He was the
author of " Naval Tracts," which were published in
Churchill's "Collection of Voyage*." Died in 1643.

Moiwtrolet. de, dfh mAN'strfh-l}', (Engubrrand,)
a French chronicler, bom about 1390, wrote an account
of the wars of his time between the factions of Aimagnac
and Burgundy. His "Chronicles," beginning in 1400
and brought down to 1444, fill the space between the
histories of Froissart and Gamines, and are highly
esteemed for their accural^ and the perspicuity and
simplicity of their style. Died in 1453.

5« " NouTcU* Bicisnphii Giainit."

Montwgn*, mon-tin'yl, (Bartolommeo,) an Italian
punter, born al Vicenia, lived abont l46o-l5ao, and
studied under Andrea Mantegna. Among his master-
pieces we may name the "Madonna on a Throne vritb
Saint Andrew and other Saiats," at the Museum ot
Milan.

Uontaigntt, (Bbhrdrtto.) an lulian engraver, a
relative ol the preceding, was bora at Vicenia about 1458 1
ded in t53a

50 MONTAGir

Montacna. mtitfVtS.', (Jran FRAKgois Gahiixx,) ■
French botanist, bom at Vaudoy in 1784. Havteg
studied medidne, he was appdnted in iSiJ sorgeoo-io-
chief of the army of Marat He was chosen a member
of the Academy of Sciences in 1S51, and in 18^ waa
made an officer of the legion of honour. He cott-
tributed to the "Archives de Botaniqne" and to other
scientific journals a number of valuable treatises on
the Cryptoganua, amongwhich we may name " Nc4ice
of the Crgitwamoos Plants recently disooTcred b
France." Died in 18661

St* " N«i«lk Blucrqilu Gfetale."

Montagny, mdN'ttn'ye', (fi-nEMHR,) a French sculp-
tor, bom at Satnt-fitienne in 1816. He obtained a mednl
of the first class for a statue of Saint Louis, in 1859.

MBn'^-gfl, (Basil,) an eminent English lawyer and
writer, bom in London in 1770, was a natural son of
John Montagu, Earl of Sandwich. Having graduated
at Cambrid^ he was called to the bar in 179S. Ho
practised with alnlity and success, and extended his
reputation by numerous legal publications, the most im-
portant of which is a " Digest of the Bankrupt Laws,
with a Collection of the StatuHa and of the Casea de-
termined apoo that Subject," (1805.) He was associatod
with Romi]|y and Wilberforce in siKCCSsfiil ^ort to
abolish hanging for forgery and for certain other oimea.
In 1835 be produced a valuable edition ol Lord Bacon's
works, on which he expended the labour <^ many years j
also a " Life of Bacon," in reference to which Hacaiil»r
says, "About his merit as a collector of materials there
can be no dispute ; and we are indebted to hb minnte
and accurate researches for the means of refoting what
we cannot but consider his errors." He punished
"Essays and Selections," and varlons other works.
Died in iSji.

Montapi, (Charles.) See Haufax, Eakl op.

MoDtagn, (Edward.) See Manchkiter, Earl of.

MontBgo, (Edward Wortley.) son of Lady Mary
Montagu, noticed below, was bom in Yorkshire in 1713.
At an early age he manifested a propensin to low vices,
and great eccentricity of character. When placed at
school he repeatedly ran away, and at length hired him-
self as a caUn-boy in a ^p bound for Spain. Being
discovered and sent back to his family, he travelled soon
after on the continent. After his return he was member
of two successive Parliaments. He next went to Italy,
where he was converted to Catholicism, and not long
after visited Egypt, and there professed Mohammedanism.
He was the author of " Reflections on the Rise and Fall
of Andent Republics." Died in lyyfi.

S«"UaimHn oT E. WaRl«< HoDOin," j voU, in«; 'Aat*
biognptir at Edvtiil WotiIet MoiiUsu," Loadoa, 1869; Nichou
"LilmiT Anecdote*."

Uontagn, (Henry.) See Manchester, Earl of.

Montagu, (Lady Marv Wortlrv,) a celebrated
English writer, born in Nottinghamshire about 16901
She was the daughter of Evelyn I^errepont, Duke of
Kingston, and Lady Mary Fielding, and cousin to the
novelist Henry Fielding. She waa early distinguished
for the brilliancy of her intellect and her rapid acquisition
of-knowledge. In lytl ahe was married to Sdward
Worlley Montagu, Esq., and a few years after, on his
appointment to a place in the treasury, accompanied
him to London. Here she attracted general admiration
by her wit and remarkable tieauty, and became intimate
wilb Addison, Pope, and other celebrated writers of
the time. In 1716 she accompanied her husband, on his
being appointed ambassador, to Constantinople. During
her resiaence of two years at the Porte, she wrote to
her friends in England a aeries of Letters containing
shrewd and lively descripdona of Oriental life and man-
ners. On her return to England she became the means
of introducing the Turkish practice of inoculation, bsvfaig
had the cour^ to have the experiment first tried on
her own son. The neat remarkable event in Lady Mary's
life is her quarrel with Pope, the cause of whidi is not
with certainty known. In 1739 she left England tat
Italy, where she resided upwards of twenty years. She
returned in 1761, and died the following year. Besides
the son mentioned above, she left a daughter Mary, who
was married to the Earl of Bute, minister of George IlL

I, £. t. S, r\ y, long: ^ t, ^ same, less prolonged; 1, f , 1, 5, &. J

i4i>r(;f,;, i, 9,d^ii''ir^;Or, fill, (ll;mflinAt'g3&d;mdOn;

Digitized by VjOOQ I C

r of poems, of which the

igaea" omj arr —■'■'—' '- "■ --^^—

Her literary repubition i* .....

ten," which are ranked among the finest spec
cpUtolaiy composition.

Hai. bmoD. "Konoin oT ibe Liltnij LvEe* of Eoflud;"
" KBaborA RnHW-' fcr July. iBoj, and April, 1804. (by Iutut ;]
" Qiuntt& Rctic*" for FebruvT, 18];; " Btackwrwd't Uiimiiic
lor Jd*. iWa.("H{BMk>lSketdiHciF thaStifBi/Otorn U.:")
" Watnxttr knior" ftr Auril. itn : " McnlhlT RcTwi''^f(ir M>T
IDdJuK I7«3<«((v.

Montagn, (Lord Robbrt,) an English ecanomist,
was bom in 1825, son of the Duke of Manchester.
He nas a member of Parliament 1859-80, and the
•nihoi of numerous works on economical, political,
and other subjects.

Montagus, mfin't}-^ (Sir Edwakd,) an English
statesman, bom in Northamptonshire. He wai i
pdnted chief justice of the court of kins's bench

S39, and chief Justice of the common pleas in iu6.
E was one of the counsellor! designated in the will of
Henry VIIL to administer the government during the
ininoritr of Edward VL Died In 155&

Montana, (Edwari>,) Earl of Sandwich, an Engliih
na*al commaiider, bom in 1635. He serred for a time
on the side of the Parliament, bat Bubsequently went
orer to the royalists, and assisted General Monk in the
restoration of Charles IL For this service he w;
ccaaively created an earl, a knight of the Garter,
ber of the privy council, and admlnl of the Narrow
Seas. ODlhsTtnewalofthewar with Holland, in 1673,
Lord Sandwich commanded the aqiudron under the
Duke of York against De Rayter, and perished in the
bvming of the Royal Ji

Uontagne, (Eueabktr,) a celebrated English lady,
Dom in Yorkshire in i7aa Her early itudiea were
cBrectcd bv Dr. Conyen Middleton, who was connected
with her &mily. In 1743 she was married to Edward
Montague, Esq. After the death of her husband, in

K7S, she reaided in Porloian Square, Londoi^ where
e numbered among her visitors the most eminent men
of the day, including Burke, Johnson, Goldsmith, and
Reynolds. She was also intimate with Mrs. Eliiabelh
Carter and Hannah More. Mrs. Montague contributed
several "Dialogue* of the Dead" to those published by
Lord Lyttelton ; but her principal work is an " Essay on
the Genius and Writings of Shakespeare," which ob-
tained far her a high reputation. In this production
■he ha* ablv refitted the false charges of Voltaire against
the great English poet She is said to have been the
Ibunder of the literary society called the "Blue-Slocking
ClnK" Her correspondence was published after her
death. Died in iSoa

•*Un Elu

_.. , " Edinborgh Reri
fcrOclotwr. l8i3i"Mi

(•nHinoftbt liuni^rLodiool'KBgluil,"
r" faf Onober, i«09 ; " Quirlirty Rnww"
UonlHue mi ha Pricndt," ia " Fiua'i
tfi; "UD11IM7 Rariiw" far October, iSif.
MoDtagtia. (G«ORG«,) an English naturalist, bom hi
Wiltshire. In iSoj he published an " Omithologiial
Dictionary, or Spopais of British Birds," and soon after
his "Tesucea Britinnica," or "Natural History of
British Shells," illustrated. Both of these work* are
highly esteemed. Montagoe was a member of the Lin-
mean Society of London. Died in 1S15.

MoDtBgne^ (John,) Earl of Sandwich, an English
ttatesman, born m London in 1718. He was first lord
3f the admiralty in 1149 and 1750, and obtained the
same office in 1763. He supported the administration
of Lord North, tinder whom he served as first lord of
the admiralty from 1771 to 178a. He was more deficient
in principle than in capadty. Died in 1793.
Bn J. Cooici."UeiBaiiof iheEirlgf SiDdwidi."
MoD'tf-gu«, (William Lewis,) an American edu-
cator, born at Belcherlown, Massachusetts, April 6, 1831,
He graduated at Amherst Colleee in 1S55, and atter
1S63 held the professorship of modem languages in that
institution. His publications include Spanish and Italian
grammars, " Introdnctioo to Italian Literature," and other
wmIu.

; 1 MONTALEMBERT

Monbdaie, m&n-tb/, da. (Pr. pron. dfh mAv'tiB'J
(MiCHBL l^nem— A'IcSn',) a celebrated French pfat
loBopher and essayist, born at the chltaau de Hoa-
taigne, in Pjrlgord, on the'lSth of Febnurr, 1533. HIi
&Uher, who was one of the noblesse, placed him, while
very young, under the tnitimt of masters who were

K}rant otPrencb, and who convened with him oidy in
itt, which thus became his nataral language. At tha
age of thirteen he had finished his studies at a college
(rf Bordeaux. Having stodied law, he became a jodge
at Bordeanx about 155^ In 1565 or 1566 he marri^
far etmitiiaiia, Franfoise de la Cba8«afgn& In 1580 '
produced hi* celebr^ed "Esaaja," which have enjov

F, Franfoise de la Cba*«afgn& In 1580 be
celebr^ed "Esaav*," which have < '
an almcet anparalleled popularity. Soon after tl
he made a tow in Germany, Italy, etc, of which he
wrote a TonmaL He often visited Paris, in order to
perfijna bis dntie* as gentleman of the king^s chambo.
From 1581 to 1585 he was nujor of Bordeaux. Daring
the civil war of the League his impartial moderation did
not enmpt him fi-om darker and peraecntion. He died
in September, 1593. "l^e Essays of Montaigne," My*
Hallam, "make m several re^>ecl* an epoch hi litera-
ture, less on account of their real importance than of
their inftnence on the taste and opinions of Europe. . , .
No prose writer of the aizteenlb centnry has been so
generally read, nor, probably, given so much delight
Whatever roay be oar estimate of Montaigne a* a phi-
losopher,— a name which he was fax firom arrogating, —
there will be but one opinion of the felicity and bright-
ness of his genius." ("Introduction to the Uteratura
of Europe.") " The attthor rt these ' Esoais,' " savs Leo
Joubert, "is certainly the most Independent apint that
ever existed, — independent withoni revolt, and detadied
from the systems of others without having any system
of his own. . . . We rect^lie in his 'Essay*' a natnra
well endowed, not heroic, perhaps, hot generotts, ex^>
sitely sensible, not aspiring to the anblime, capable of
devotion, and incapaUe of* base act, — in fine, a model
of what we may call average virtue," (lavtrtumtjrtnmt.)
(" Nouvelle Biographie G^nirale.") Sprightly humour,
independence, naivtil, and originality are the character-
istics of his mind ; and his style is admired for its eraceftil
simplicity. His works are hiehly seasoned with his own
individuality, and afford much insight into his character.
"The Essays," saya Emerson, "are an entertaining
solfloqny on every random topic that comes Into hia
head,— treating evervthing without ceremonv, yet with
masculine sense. There have been men with deeper
insight, but, one would say, never a man with sudt
abundance of Ihooghts: he is never dull, never tnsin-
oere, and has the gniius to make the reader care for all
that he cares for. . . . This book of Montaigne the
world ha* endorsed by translating It into all tongues
and printing seventy-five editions of it in Europe,— and
Uiat, too, * drcnlalion someiriiat chosen, namely, among
courtiers, soldier*, mince*, men of the world, and men
of wit and generoshy." (See article " Montaigne," la
" Representative Men.'l

J. Bonna, " ilhmint nr la Vie de H eolaln* f Vtu»

''CloKi de llaiiaiiBL"iSii; pAvnt. " NoSn nr Uoa-

ii«n>."i>)T: Oaflir, "L* Vw pobliqH da It UonEdca*," ilij.

" " JOHii, " Uoatufne the E«aTiil." iBsS: Da Thou,

Tennsii;" SAiim-RaDVa, ''Cuienet dn Ludi ;■*
HB, ^-Klof* de Hoduum'' itii; "Noovene Biir

Kphie G^&vla;" Has. SmuBT. ' Una oftbe lloM XndiMal
Dch Writen ;" ' RetnapacdTt Kcriav," ^. ii.,<iBiD;) "Quu-
' '" ~ iSf6; ■'WiMmiiutn Revinr" be Jul;,

. . -til-bl'nee, (Ovii>io,) an Italian
lataralist, bom at Bolo^a abont 1603, became succes-
sively professor of physical science, mathematics, and
raedidne in the universitr of his native city. He pub-
lished a number irf sdendfic wwks aider the psendonym
of Bvualol Thonberg gave the name of Bumaldia to
- genns of Japanese plant*. Died in 1671.

Sn pHtum, "Teatm d>Ueaki latterUi:" IfialtOM, "IH-

Montalembert, (ANDBi.) See Esst,

Moatalembert, de, d^h m6s'tH6«'bai>', (Cha»lm
FOKBES,) CoKTX, a distinguished statesman, orator, and
political writer, of French extraction, bom in London
in i8i0b was a son of Marc Renj Anne Marie, noticed
below. Ifla mother wa* Miss Forbes, a Scottish lady.

isi; (as*; \hard; t»»f; a,K,K,gfiffiiral; v.nasal; t,trUted: lass,- th u

athit, (|y~See Explanation*, p. 23. V

D,o,i,..ed3,'GoO'^lc

MONTALEMBER T 15

lie atadied In Paris, and in 1830 became luocUted vith
Lamennai* and Lacotdaire at editor of " L'Avenir," in
which po«l he wa* conudcuou* u an etoquent champioD
of democracT and the Catholic Charch. He entered the
Chamber of Paen m tS]i, and married, in 1S43, Made>

■ ■ - * ' -0 the

. ,. ^ -Ike

t leader, he waa an eanteat advocate of re-
Hsiou* toleration, piwalar rights, and general education.
He wa* a member of the CoMtttoent AMcmblr fn 1848,
■nd in 1849 wa* elected to the Legiilatiye AssemUr, in
which he opposed Victor Hup) in sereia] hrilliant eftirts
of oiatorr, espedallf during the debate on the remion
of lh« conititQtiOD, in Jnne, 1851. He waa elected to
the French Academy in 1851, and was a member of the
le^lative body from 1S51 to 1857, during which period
be repreiented the opposition almost alone. In 1S5S he
was condemned to a fine, and imprisonment for sis
months, for a political essay entitled "A Debate on India

"History of Saint Kizabeth of Hnngarr," (1836,) "On
Vandalism and Catholicism in Art," (1839,) "The Po-
litical Future of England," (tSS^) "llM Monks of die

West, from Saint Benedict to Saint Bemard,'^l86o.) and
"The Free Church in the Free State,'' ("L'Eglise lihre
dans rgtat tibre," 1863.) He rnnpathized with the
Unionists in the American dvil war. In a letter to an
English friend, dated I>ecember, 1869, he wrote, "Tem-
poral despotism has bded away in a most unexpected
manner; and I sincerely hope spiritual despotism will
fallow, sooner or later. ... I am more convinced than
ever that freedom in the sphere of religion, still more
than in that of politics, is the vital condition of truth."
A great sensation was produced by his letter dated Feb-
roary *8, 1870, In which he protested — almost with his
latest breath — against the dogma of papal in&llitnlity,
and those u1 tramontanes " who have immolated fustics
and truth, reason and history, in one great holocaust
to the idol they have raised up for themselves at the
Vatican." Died in March, 1870.

S« I. DS LoHfaiB. " U. it UoDtiltmbcR. p>r nn Homma it
Rini,"i84i: SAiHT*-Bsvn,"CiuKriB>duLaDdi:" NamuunT,
** Histsiredcla LilMialun FnnfsiH :" " NmnUa Biofnptue Oial-
nle;" " Quuterlr Rrricw" loi April, iSjS, and Juir, iS«i;"Ediii-
bunh RtviFKr" for Ociobcr lUi -.■• BHiUb Qurlctljr Keriw" [«

Hiii>>u>e'' lor April, 1S70: Uu. Oufhaht. " Mcmsin ol Cwinl

Uoiit«leinbM% de, (Marc RsNt,) Marquis, a
French general and distinguished milituy ensinecr,
bom at Angoultme in 1714. His funily was noble, and
had produKd several distiaguishedcaptsins. He entered
tlw arroy in 1733; and wss sdmitted into the Academy
of Sdencesin 1747, In the Seven Years' war (1756-63)
he was attached to the slal of the Rwaian and SwediA
armiea, of whose operatiODS he rendered an official ac-
count to the French ministry. He pnUished in 1776 an
ezten^ve and important work, named "Perpendicular
Fortification, or the Defensive Art nperior to the OBen-
tlve," (1 1 Tcds.) He wrote several nemoiis Inserted in
the "Collection" of the Academy, aod other works, in
prose and verse. IKed In t8o&

S« "Nonrdh BIqpapUs 0<D<ra1*i" "tlop hiBoHqna ia

He returned to FranM in 1S14. snd in 1819 was created
a peer of France. Soon after that date he was appointed
minister to Denmark, but, ha vine; offended the ministtrs
by a liberal speech in the Chamber, he was deprived of
that post. Prom 1816 to the revolution of 1830 he was
minister from Prance to the conrt of Sweden. Died in
1831. His eldest son,CllAKLl3 Fokbbs, noticed above.

See Da ConKauai, "GAitekcii i% 1

IT Sarreguemines in lyH. He '

Sa MONTAUSIES

councillor of state in iBot, and minister of Hie interior li
1809. He entered the Chamber of Peer* under tlie
ministry of Decaies, in 1S19. Died in 1813.

IfontBllvab de, (Mabtkb CAHiLti Bachamon,)
Coim, a French minister of state, a son of the prs-
ceding, was bom at Valence in i8ot. He became nun-
ister of the interior in November, 1830, and minisler tt
publicinstrnctionin March, i^i. He served as minlatar
of the interior from 1837 to >%■ Died Jan. 4, 1S80.
MoDtalto. Sea Dahum, (Giotamni Stifanol)
MontalTUi, da, di mon-til-vln', (Juan Pubi.) u
eminent Spanish dramatist, bom at Madrid In 1601, was

Honour," ("No hay Vida como la Honra,") "The
Lovers of Teruel," ("Los Amantes de Teruel,") and
" La Lindona de Galida." Died in 1638.

Sat TiacHoa. " HiuDn i£ SiKiiiab Lilentnn ;" A. F. von
ScHACK, "Godiidiia der diwiudadKn UunturlB Spuiau."

MontalTcx See Galviz, (Luis dc)

Montan. See Muntakui.

MontaHAit, mon-tl-nl'ree, (Giuihiaho,) an Italiaa
astronomer, bom at M6dena in 1631, was professor of
mathematica at Bologna, and in 1674 filled the chair a<
astronomy at Padua. lie wrote a number of sdenlifiG
treatises, and is said to have discovered the method of
determining the height <^ mountains by the barometer.
He was a Inend of the celebrated Cas«nL Died in l6Sy.

Set Faisohi. " Vina Italorum doctriiu cuaSeatlunL'*

Uontanelll, mon-tft-nel'lee, (Gidsbpfe,) an Italian
Jurist and liahattiw, born in Tuscany in 1813, became
professor of commercial law at IHsa in 1839. He pub-
lished a number of lyric poems and dramatic works.
Died in 1S63.

Uontano, mon-ti'no, [Idt MomA'NUS,} (Gum-
8ATTI3TA,) an Italian physician, of high reputatioa In Ui
time, bom at Verona in 1488. Ho was for many y«an
professor of medicine at Padua, and published a nnmbar
of medical works in Latin. Died in IJJI.

S« TiSABOscHI, " SloHt delk Lttteralura halisns."

Montauo, mon-ti'no, (Rboinald GonultoJ t
Spanish Protestant of the sixteenth century, was ■■
intimate friend of the Protestant martyr Juan Ponce
de Leon. He published an account <£ the InquUtioa.
said to be the earliest on record.

Mostamis. See Arias Montanus.

Montantu. See Montano, (GiAMBATTisrA)

Mon-tB'nna, [Pr. Montan, mftia'tfiN',] the fbonder
of the sect of Monlanista, was a native of Phrvgia, and
flourished in the second century. He pretended to be
divinelv inspired, and that he was commissioned to cota-
plete the refarmation which the Saviour had began ««
earth. Among those who embraced thia delusion wei«
Tertollian and Theodotoa.

Stt Kosnaus. " Ewlwinlicsl tUautr i" Plsqvst, " Dkda»

MontftTTOjo, dB, di mon-tAr-ro'^ (TozA FkdrxJ
a Portuguese writer, bom in lisbon in 1670. He pub-
lished several historical works, and commenced aoaoniul
compilation, entitled " Historia annual do Mundo daa
Gaietaa de Lisboa," (1714-58.) Died in 1730.

Moutanban, m6tr'i3'bAN', a £unous French captaia
of buccaneers, was bom about 1650. He inflicted great
damage on the Spaniards on tlie coasts of Amoich

Diedir

170a

MonUnaler, d«, deh m6ii'tS'z^', (Chaklu de
Salnte-MaaT»— dfh sInI mOR.) Due, a Frendi noble-
man and general, Ixim in Paris in i6ieL He was loyal
to the king during the civil war of the Fronde. Hewas
appointed by Louis XIV. govemor to the dauphin, in
16SS. In conjunction with Huet, he superintended the
editions of the classics called "adusum Delphini," ("for
the use of the dauphin,") He was distinguished for the
integrity of his character, and )s supposed to have been
the original of Moliire's "Alceste" in " Le Misanthrope,"
He died in 1691^ and his Itinersl sermon was preaoxd
t^ Fishier.

l,^I,<itfi,;,fi«r'l,t,&,saiDC, less prolonged; i, i, f, e.a.Jf.MorC-ht,], 9, 0«irur/; fir, fill, Ot; m(ti nOtigAili AAnt

n,,l,/ed:^;,C00^lc

MONTAUSIER

Moatmaln, do, (Juui Lccim d'Angmuss—
dON'tbCn',) Duchess^ the bCRntUal and accooipltoheil
wile of the preceding, wu born in Paris in 1607. She wu
■ daughter or the celebrated Marquiae de Rambonillet,
jtee KAmouiLLCT,) and was an ornament of the bril-
Dant lodetjr of anthora and wiu who met in the H6tel
Rambonillet. She was married in 1645 to the Duke
of Montaoaier, who. aided by several poeta and artists,
had composed the lamous "Garland for Julie," ("Goir-
lande de Julie.") Died In 1671.

S« A. Rom, "UDnauliB, u Via MBD Tenia," iMs;"Ni»-
tallc BucnjibH Gtotoila."

MoDtbBi-ay.da.dfhmAN'bl'ry, (Alexandre Marii
UoNOR DE Saint- Mauris,) Pkihcb, a French officer,
bom at Besan9on in 1732. He became mariichal-de-
camp in 1761, and was minister of war from September,
1777, til] December, 17S0. Died in 179&

MontbeL de^ dfh mAN'bll', (Guillauke Isidore
Bason,) Conn, a French politician and rojralisl, bom
at Toulouse in 17S7. He became minister of public
instmctjon imder Polignac in Angust, iSio, minister of
the inlertor in Norembcr of that year, and minister of
fnance in Hay, 1830^ Died in 1861.

M<mtMUard or MontbaUlard. See GvAnbau.

MontbolHler, de^ d«h mAn'bwl's^', |Pibrre,)
called Pierre lk VAHtRABLS, a French ecclesiastic and
writer, bom io Auvergns about looa. He was chosen
abb^ of Clunvin liai. A translation of the Koran was
made under his auspices. Died in 1156.

Sn "OilSi Chtsduai" "Nosnlk Kofnphla Gtejnlc"

Montbrat, do. See Coquebert.

Uontbron, m^NliRfiN', (Alexandre dv Pity,) Har-

Biis de Salni-Andr^, a French general, bom in i6oa
e entered the French army as colonel in 163& He
declined the blton of marshal, which was offered to him
If be would abjure Protestantism. Died in 1673.

Montbmn, (Charles du Ptrr,) a Frendi captain
and zealous Protestant, bom in the diocese of Gap about
1530. He performed several daring exploits in Ine dvil
wars. He was captured and executed m 1575.

SHGDiALUiia"Viidubnn Hcotbnim" i»7]i J-CUai-
TIM, " Minoin de Cbul<* DopoT." 1I1&-

Uontbnm, (Louis Pierre,) Comtr, a French gen-
era!, bom at Florensac In 1770, served with distinction
at Eckmlihl, April, 1S09, and at Raab, Tune, 1S09. He
was killed at the battle of the Moskwa, September, 1S13.

Montcalm (mfint-kSrol de Saint- Vdrcm, de. [Fr.
pron. miNTdlm' d«h sIn vi'tON',] (Louis Joseph,)
HAiQUiS, a French general, bom near Ntmes in 171s.
Having pteviousl j served in several campaigns in France
and the Netherlands, he was sent in 1756 to defend the
French colonies in North America. He gained a victory
over the English forces commanded vr Lord Aber-
aombie in 17^8, bat was defeated by General Wolfe
at Quebec, and mortally wounded In the engagement,
(1759.) (See WOLFE.)

5« UoMTOOnnv Uiaira, " Hbloij s< tlu Briikh CoIdbIs r
GABmAir, ** Hialon du CHuda."

MontoItML See BAREifriN-MoifrCBAi.

MontohBl, de, dfh m^N'shSI', (Ckables.) a French
prelate, born at Annonay in 1589, was made Archbishop
of Toolonse in 1617. He was an accomplished scholar,
and a generous patron of literary men, and was the
author of "M^moires," (3 vols., 1718.) Died in 1651.

Uontohraatlen, de, d^h mdiTliRt't^N', (Antoine,)
a French poet and economist, bom at Falaise about 157a
He wrote several dramas, etc He joined the Protestants
in revolt against the Idn^ and waa killed in 1611.

KontMgle, mAnt-ee'e;!, of Brandon, (Thomas

Spriho Rice,) Lord, a

istingnUhed statesman of the
ierii£, Ireland, fai 1790. He
1 Limerick In Parliament from 1810 to 1833.
having been app^ted secretary of the treunry in 1S30.
He was a prominent advocate of the Reform and Test
Acts, and other liberal measure*. He became chancel'
lor of the eiche^ner in 1835, retired from that office in
1839, and was raised to the peerage in the same year.
Died in 1866.
MontabaUo. See Lannes.

lCoiitaoatliio,mon-t&-ki-tee'no, (Antonio,) an Ital-
tan jddloaopher, bom at Ferrara in 1536, published

MONTEMAYOR

the " Politics" and " Physics" of Arts'
totle. Died in 1599.

SmTi«abcschi, "StottaddliLellmniri lOilUiia."
Montoouoooll, mon-ti-kook'ko-lee, written also
MoDteonoooU, (Raihokdo.) Count, one of the great-
est military commanders of his time, was bom at Mmena,
in Italy, in 160S. Having entered the Austrian service,
he distinguishEd himself m the campaign of 1637 against
the Swedes ; but he was subsequently defeated by the
Swedish general Banner, (1639,) and made prisoner.
He was released after two years' captivity, and in 1664

S'ned A signal victorv over the Turks at Saint Golhard,
which he waa made lieulenant-generaL He was sent
in 1673 to oppose the celebrated Turcnne ; but, although
consnmmale skill was displayed by both generals m
their manteuvres, no decisive battle was fought Mon-
tecnccnli regarded this hU last campaign as the most
glorious of Ml, since be had encountered Turenne and
Cond^ wiihoot being defeated. He died in 1681, leaving
a " Treadse on the Art of War," which is highlv es-
teemed He was a liberal patron of learning, and was
one of the founders of the Academy of Naturalists at
Vienna. He had been created bj the King of Spain a
knight of the golden Seece, and obtained from him the
principality of AmalG.

So Paudhi. " Elocia del CodM MoBtieucaiU," i

'LebraibHf

g ttoi

Ltbcn." LdiiM, Tj

UontaouconlL See Montecuccoll

Montefalconlus. See Montfaucok.

Uoatefeltro. dl, de mon-ti-f{l'(io, (Fedbrioo^)
Count, and first Duke of Urbino, was born abont 141a
He was distinguished as a patron of learning, and waa
one of the most learned and eloquent princes of hi*
time. As an ally of Alfonso. King of Naples, he waged
war against Sigismund Malaiesta about 1456-60. In
1467 he waa chosen to command the army of Florence,
and (ought an indeciuve battle with the Venetian general
ColeonL Died in 1482.

Monteflore, mon-tk-fe-o'rl, (Sir Hoses,) an English
Jew, distinguished for his philanthropy, was born Octo-
ber 34, 1784. He became sheriff of London in 1S37,
and was knighted the same year. In 1846 he was made
a baronet He performed missiona to several foreign
countries for the relief of people who were oppressed
on account of religion, and founded a Jewish college at
Ramsgate in 1S67. Died July 29, 1S85.

Uonteggfa, mon-ild'jt (Giovanni Battista.) an
Italian surgeon, bom it Laveno in 1761, wrote several
treatises, one of which, entitled " Institutes of Surgery,"
is hiihly commended by Scarpa. Died in 1S15.

Sfont^gtit, mAN'ti'gti', (Emile,) a French critic and

f'anmalist of high reputation, bom at Limoges in i83(ik
le became in 1857 associate editor of the " Rente des
Deux Mondes." Died December 11, 1895.

Montail, mAn'tU' or m&K'ti'yf, (Amans Alexis,) a
French historian, born at Rodei in 1769. His princi-
pal work is a "History of the French," etc, (" Hia-
toire des Franotis des divers Btata," jd edition, 5 vols.,
S48.) which the French Academy ludged worthy to

So( " BicuniAi* OniniiMlli!," (new cdilion.)

Montalth, mon-teeth', or HoDtetH, (Robert,) a
Scottish historian, resided in Paris, and was patronised
by Cardinal de Retz. He published, in French, a '■ Hi*,
toryofthe Troubles of Great Britain," which was trans-
lated into Engliah. Died about 1660.

MoDtalnpo. See Baccio da MoNTs-Lupa

Moutemagno, do, A\ mon-ti<mln'yo, (BuONAt.,
corso,) an Italian poet of the fourteenth century, wrote
sonnets which are greatly admired for the elegance and
pnrity of their style,

Montemayor, de, dl mon-tl-ml-yAK', (Jorqr,) r
Portuguese poet and novelist, bom near Coimbra about

Hio, was patronized at the court of Philip II. of Spain,
is principal work is a pastoral romance emitted " Diana
in Love," ("Diana enamoiada,") which is written in
Spanish. It is praised by Cervantes in his " Don
Qaixoile,* and has been many times translated. Mon-
temayor is regarded aa the founder of the Spanish paa-

IS 1; 9 aa /; S jinn/; ^ aa/,- a, H. k. fafiurai; n, tuual; %, trUUd; I as i; th a*

I^^See Explanations, p. 13,)
Digitized ayCjOOQiC

LoHonLLOir, "Poeli ud Pocbj of Europs i" Tia(»io«,""Ki«
gf Spuitb Liicnlure;" "Sdinbiuxh Rinni" fcr Jul;, iti^.

Uontemolln. See CARLoa, oi, mote taHj, Carlo*
Luis Maria FsKNAKiXk

Montrimont, mAn'ti'indN', (Albirt,) ■ French poet
Rnd writer of boolu of travel, bom at Remiremont in
17SS. Among hti works is " Letters on Astronomy," in
le and prose, U vols., 1S13.) Died ibout 1S61.

Uonton, mon'tfn, (DirtriCK,) a German batlle-
painler, bom at Dusuldorf in 1799. Among his prin-
dpai works we may name "The Death of Gustavus
Adolphus." Died in 1843.

Moutacunlt See MoNTKRHAin.T.

MonUpln, de, d«h mAN'ti'plN' (Xatiir Avuon,)
a French novelist, bom in HaulC'Saone in 1SZ4. He
produced numerous successful novels, one of which
was condemned in a court of law as subversive of
good morals. He also wrote a number of plays.

M0llt«r«RI], (PiRUtE.) SeePlRRRRDRHONTERRAU.

MontesinoB, mon-ti-aee'nAB, (Frrnando,) a Spanish
hislorian, born at OsuBa, wrote a "Hiitory of Andcnt
Peru," which has been translated by Temaui-Compans
into French, under the title of "Hi^moirei historiques
de Tancien P^rou," (1S49.) Died about 166a

S«a PaitKUTT, " KlMorr (i(thaCaBqut«ofPeni,"TaU. Lud Q.

MontoBtun, mon't^s-pln', de, [Ft. pron. dfh mdH'-
tts'pfiN', (t'RANgoiSRATiiSNAisde RocheohouBTt —
d(h rosh'shoo-lR',) Marquise, > French ladj, of ewra-
ordlnary personal beauty, bom in 1641, was a daughter
of the Due de Mortemait She wis married in 1663 to
the Marquis de Monlespan. She afterwards succeeded
Hademouelle de la Valliire as mistress of Louis XIV.
She bore the Icing eight children, among whom were the
Due de Maine, Louis C6sar, the Comte de VexJn, and
the Comte de Toulouse, beside* two ton* wfao died
young. Died in 1707.

So SAUfT-SmoH, "lifJmam;"yAiMHaix Stvnm*, " Lct-
tn;"Voi.TAiu,"SitcUdaL(Kdi XIV 1" "Nounll* fitafnphit
Giaini*."

Mqntosqnleu, moti'tia'k^h', Barok, ■ grandson
of the following, was bom in 17J5. He Mrved as an
oflScer, with distinction, in the Umted States, (1779-81.)
In 1793 he became a royalist imigrL He passed many
years in England, where be died about 1814.

k) de'^ontsaqTiiaa, (Charlbb de Seoondat — d«h

•efa-kAri'df ,) Baron, a brilliant, original, and popular
French author, was bom of a noble £unily near Bor-
deaux on the iSth of January, 1689^ In hu childhood
be formed habits of intense application to studv, and
became an insatiable reader. He has declared that he
never felt a aorrow which an hour's reading would not
dissipate or relieve. Having been edacated for the law.
he became a eomiUUr, 01 judge, in the parliament of
Bordeaux in 1714, and/r/juEm/ J niirllHr of the same in
171& The favourite ttudiea of his mature powers were
historical and moral sdencea.

In 1731 be acquired a rather sudden celebrity by his
" Persian Letters," a work which combines the attraction*
of romance with the resources of rational philosophy,
and presents profound and luminous views of commerce,
law, and social phenomena. It* prodigious success was
dueparily to its spirited, keen, and witty satire on French
mainers, and its brilliant, piquant style, full of happy
reticences and unexpected contrasts. In 1736 he sold
bis office of piesidnit, and in 1728 was admitted into
the French Academy. He then began a journey, in
which he visited nearly all the countries of Europe. He
passed two years in England, and was choaen a Fellow
of the Royal Society. In 1734 he produced an admired
work, "Consideration* on the Causes of the Grandeur
and Decadence of the Romans," the must complete
essay that had appeared on that subject. He afterwards
devoted fourteen years to the composition of his greatest
work, " The Spirit of Laws," {" L'Esprit des Lois,"' 1748,)
which exdted almost universal admiration. In eighteen
months it ran through twenty-two editions. In this
arduoo* enterprise of exploring the labyrinth* of hl*toT7

work, Voltaire aaid, ** The human race had Inst its title*!
Montesquieu found and restored them." He died \m
Pari* in February, 1755. He had married Mademoisclh

.... _^. Jl HODIS-

■r UoBlwi^n,'* i*^ i

BaiT, ' Eloxe da Uonlcuuie. .

Sieii,"iS>6; Flihcou KMUX, "Notiee H
ADPUTVi^ "E1ci(<> da Hod' ' ~
Cnphift G^£nl&"

MontesquloB, de, dfh mdx'tfa'ke-oo', (Pirrbi,)
Comte d'Artagnan, a French general, bom atthechltCM
of Armagnac in 1645. He commanded the right wing
at the battle of Malptaquet, (1709,) sooD after vhiich hi
became a marshal of France. I^ed in 173C.

MoDtesqiilon-F«seiuao, de, dfh mON'tSs^e-oo'
f(h'i&N'ilk'7 (AuBROisR Anatoli Auousttn,) CotJirr,
a French general and poet, bom m Pari* in 1788, wa* a
grandson of Anne Pierre, noticed below. Died in 187&

Monteaqnloa-FeieiWBO, de, (Atm PtEsu,)
Mahquis, a French general and writer, born in Pari* !o
1739. He was admitted to the French Academy in 1784,
and supported the popular cause in the Rerolntion, He
commanded the army which conquered Savoy in 1791.
Died in 1798.

Sm " Hiftoira dt U Unwni HvlMqulo^" Parii, iSff.

MontenquiOD-Feieiuao, de, {Francois Xavikr
Marc AtrrolNE,) Aaad, a French ecclesiastic, bom neat
Auch in 1757. He waa a deputy from the dern of Pari*
to the Siates.General in 17S9, and was twice elected
president of the National Auembly. During the re%B
ofterror he took refuge in England, and, after tbe (ccond
restoration, was made a dnke, and received the title ef
minister of stat& Died in 1831.

Sea GouoT, " Utamtm."

MiMitenaoii, d«, d«h tabit'^'iiiv', tduRLom
Jeahnr B4r>tid — U'r^/,) Marquisr, bom In Paris hi
I737t was married in 1773 to Louis Philippe, Dnke of
Onjans. She was the author of numerous poems and
dramas. Died in 1806.

Mouteth. See Montritk, (Robrrt.)

MoiiteTerde,mon-ti-vCR'dl, (Claudio,) acelebrated
Italian composer, bom at Cremona about 1565. Ha
introduced several great improvement* into the sdenca
of mnsic, one of which was the employment of double
discords. His works Include sacred music, operas, and
madrigals. The last-named are eaped ally admired. In
1613 he wa* appointed chapel-master of Saint Hark, at

Venie.

1649.

Sea F*Ti3. " Biocn|4iM Onhwidl* d« HnBciaia.

Montea. See Lola Mohtiz.

Mon-to-En'mf 1, called also Moctliaiuoiiu^ Altec
emperor of Mexico, ascended the throne about 1417.
Before this event he had been an eminent genetaL He
extended the boundaries of his dominion* by the con-
quest of several adjacent nations. He wa* a powerful
and despotic monarch, and multiplied haman sacrifioe*.
Died about 147a

MontBimiui JX, the last Aitec emperor of Mexino,
was bom about 147a He wa* elected sovereign in 150a
for his superior merit a* a warrior and a prieat. Wbcn
his election was announced to him, he was in the act of
sweeping ttie stairs of the great temple TeocallL In the
former part of his reign he waged war with ancce**
against several peoples, and extended the limit* of the
empire. Heoflendedhisi

4 which w

I,i.I.8,a,S./™f;l,*,*,sa

by hit haughty deport-
impMition ofgrKvo**
. _j werereqniiedtOBapportbi**umptaou**ty)e
of living. In 1519 hi* empire wa* invaded tn Cortex
against whom be employed a temporizing policy. He
sent him a magnificent present, but forbade him to ap-
proach the capitaL "Thl* wa* to reYeal," *ays Preecott,
"boihhiswcalthand hiaweaknea*." Cortex entered th*
city of Menco, without retistance, in November, 1519,
and found a hospitable reception. To accnre himseV
asaitist contingendes, the audadous Spaniard nextseiied
Monteiuma and held him as a hostage. Hi* capton
tried to convert him to the Roman Catholic religioiL
bnl without incces*. In compliance with tlie demaM

ts proiongedj i,i,I,5,il,jr,j4i>r/;f,;.{,9,aiiMvrf,-flr, fjlll, ai;m(ti n&(;gd6d; mOSn)

thy of gold ai tribute. In May, ij3o,Coiiez absented
himwll from the capital to figbt bu rival Namei, and
dorio^ hii abcence tbe Mexicani revolted against the
Spuuarda. Hontemma waa penuaded or compelled by
Cortei to address his subjects and tiy to appease the
tDmnlt He was assailed with missiles by tbe insur-
gents, was wounded, and died in Tone, 1510. " Stately
■nd decorous," says Prescott, "he wit carefnl of hit
own dignity, and might be said to be as gieat an 'actor
of majesty among tbe barbarian potentates of the New
World as LoDis XIV. was among tbe polished princes
vi Europe. . . . Montciuma's amiable and inoffensive
manners, together with hi« liberality, — the most popular
of virtues wilh the vulgar, — made bim generally tMloved
by the Spaniards."

Mootiknooii, de^ dfh ni6n'R\bit', [lAL Hontbfai.-
Co'nius.J <ButNARD,) an eminent French antiquary and
phUolo^M, born in L«nguedoc in 1655, was a member
of the congregation of Benedictines of Sainl-Maur.
Having visited Italy in 1698, he published, after hit re-
turn, his "tMarium Italicum," an account of tbe libra-
ries of Italy, " Palaeographia GrKca," a treatise oti tbe
ori^n and progress of Greek letters, "Antiquity Ex-
plained and Represented in Figures," {id vols, fol., 1719, '
In French and Latin,) and "The Monuments of the
French Monarchy," {5 volt.. 1739.) He also published
excellent edilians of Saint Cbrysostom and other Greek
writers. He was a member of the Academy of Inscrip
lions. IMed in 1741.

Moutfeirat, de, (Conrau) See Conrad, Marouit

OlTyte.

Zaontfamt, de, d(h min'fViV, <Bonifaci,] Mar-
quis, was a brother of Conrad, Kins of Jerusalem. He
became King of Thessalonica in ■ 183, and was chosen
tbe chief of the fifth or fourth ousade in taoa. He
o the

Montfenat, do, (Guillaumk,) Marqi;is, called
THE Gkeat, was born in 1343, and began to reign in
I3S4- He was a tnrbulent prince and continually en-
nged in war with the neighbouring states. He married
Beatrix, a daughter of Alfonso X. of Castile, In 1171.
Having been mien prisoner in 1190, he was confined in
an iron cage, and died in 1293.

Uontfenler, d«, dfh m&H'fi're-li', (Alexandre
AhdkA Victor Sarkazin,) a French mathematician, [
born in Pari* in 1793, He published, besides othi
works, a "Dictionary of Mathematical Science*, Pui
and Applied," (3 volt., 1S34-40.) Died March 13, 186,

Montfleury, mdN'Suh Re', the literary name of Ai
TOiNE Jaoab, a French actor and dramatist, born i
1640, He was an active rival of Moliire, and left sixteen I
rather coarse, but veir effective, comedies.

Moiitfl«Dr7, de, d^ mAii'fluh're', (Tkah Li Prrrr,)
■ French poet, bom at Caen In 1698 ; Sed in 1777,

Hontfort, Count de. See Tohn, Duke of Brittanv.

Montfort, mfint'fijrt, do, [Fr. pron. d(h mflN'foR',]
(SiHON,) Count, a French nobleman and military com-
mander, bom about 1150, was conspicuous for his courage
and for his cruelty in the wars against the AlUgenses,
flioS.) He was killed while besieging Toulouse, in 131S.

' - "•- ■ n oft' •■ '

MoDlfort, d«, (Sim

ifthe preceding,

England, who made him Earl of Leicester
bim in marriage hit sister, the Countest of Fetdbroke,
He was aflenrard* appointed lieutenant-general in
Gascony. In 1158, a rupture having occurred between
Henry and his barons, the latter, headed by Montfort,
compelled the king lo consent to the regulations called
the Provisions of Oxford, which threw the legistative and
executive power into the hands of twenty-lour barons.
In H64 a battfe took place at Lewes, in Sussex, in which
the royalists were defeated and the king taken prisoner.
Monllott summoned a Parliament in 1365, in which, in
addition to the two knights returned from every shiie,
tepresentatives were sent from theboroaghs;andin this
way was founded the English House of Commons. In
the battle of Evesham, the same year, Montfort ms de-
feated and slain by tbe royal troopt under Prince Edward.

wrote a "Chronological Review of the History en France,
etc. i787-i8i8,"(i830,)wh1chwas once popular. Died
in 1835-

MoQtgalllaid, (Jran Gabriel Maurice Roqurs,)
a French adventurer and political writer, a brother «f
the preceding, was bom at Toolouse in 1761.' He was
employed as a secret agent by the Bourbons and Ig
their enemies. He poblished a "Memoir concerning
the Treason of Pichegru," etc, and several other work*.
Died in 1S41.

MontgBlaa, m6N'zh(h-1S', (Maxiuiuan Jomph,)
Count, a German statesman, of Savoyard extractioi^
bom at Munich in 17S9, was appointed minister Of
foreign affairs in 1799, minister ot the interior in iSoCt
and minister of finance b 1809. Died In 1S3S.

Montgla^ de, d;h mdN'glf, Marquis, a Freni^
author, of whom little is known. He lefi memoir* of
the Thirty Years' War and of the campaigns before lb«
Treaty of the Pyrenees. These memoir* are of madi
historical value. *

Montgalfler, miSnt-gM'le-fT, (Fr, proo. mdN'gol'
f^',] (Jacques Etienne,) an ingenious Frenchman, who
.invented the air-balloon, was bom at or near Annona*
(Ardbhe) in 1745. After studying mathematics with
success at Paris, he became an architect At the reqoest
of his father, he quitted that profession in order to take
i±arge of the paper-man uEaclory at Annonay. He in-
vented new machines and more simple processes in thli
art On reading Priestley's treatise '' On Different Kindt
I of Air," he conceived the possibility of aerial navigation,
and imparted the idea to his brother Joseph, who was as
another self Acting in concert and community, they
contrived the mean* of realiiing this projecL After
trying hydro^n gas and other fluids, they made the first
public expenment at Annonay In June, 1783, and sent
np a balloon about thirty-seven French feet m diameter,
inflated with air rarefied by heat This successful ex-
periment made a great sensation, and vras soon repeated
at Paris. The brothers were admitted into the Acad-
emy of Sciences. Their balloons were called Mtn^oU
firei. The first who snccetsfiiUy oted hydrogen ga* in
balloons was M.Charle*. Hontgolfier died in 1799. (See
Charles, Jacques Alxxandre.)

Mont^tdfler, (Joseph Michel,) an ingenioni French
mechanician, born at Annonay in VJ^ was one of the
inventor* of the air-balloon. In his youth he assisted
his lather, who was a successfiil manu6M»urer of paper.
In partnership witli a brother, he carried on the soma
business at Voiron and Beaujeu. He had made several
improvements In the fabrication of paper before hi*
aerostatic experiments blazoned hi* nttne throughout
Europe. (See the preceding artide.) About 1793 b«
valuable improvement in the hydraulic ram,

.^ invented a hydraulic press and other mechanical

instrument*. He was a member of the Institute of
France. Died in iSia

Moatgomerls, (Archibald WiLUAU.) See Egliii-

MoDtgomary, monl-gttm'f-re, (Alexander,) a Scot-
tish poet under the reign of James VI., was the author
of an allegorical piece entitled "The Cherry and the
Slae." Died about ifiia

Montgomery. (Florence Sophia,) a novelist,

bom in Donegal, Ireland, in 1847. Among her books
are "A Very Simple Slory," {1867,) "The Blue
Veil," (1883,) "Colonel Norton," (1895,) etc,

HoDrgomeiy, mgnt-giim'f-re, (Georrb Wasriko-
ton.) a native of Spain, settled in America, where hv
published " Bernardo del Carpio," a historical romance
and translated into Spanish Irving's "Conquest 01
Granada." Died in t84t.

Montgomery, (Sir James,) a Scottish politidtn, and
a chief of the Covenanters. He was sppiHnted lord
justice derk in 16S9. "In parliamentary ability snd
eloquence," says Macaulay, "he bad no superior among
his countrymen except Sir John Daliymple." He wa»
turbulent and perfidious. In 1690 he joined the Jacob-
ite* in plotting against William IH.

3*0 Hacaulat, " HktMT a( ■ndnd." toL HL

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MONTGOMERY

■Sonteom«i7, (Jahis,) « ditttneoished poet, born in
Ayrshire, Scotland, in 1771, wu the *oa of a MoravUn
ptexcber. He mi sent >l an eaily >ge to the MoraviM)
•chool at Fnlneck, in Yorkshire, where his progress wu
not very latis^ctory to his teacheri, as he spent tiie
greater psrt of his time id reading and writing poetry,
which was prohibited by the rules of the schooL After
leaving Futneck, he resided for a time, u shopman in a
book-store, In London, and in 1791 began to contribute
polilica! article* to the "Sheffield Register," edited by
Mr. Joseph Gales. He founded in 1794 a reform jour-
nal, called the "Sheffield Iris," of which he was editor
about thirty yeara. Several of his articles having been
denounced as revolutionary, he was twics fined and
imprisoned. He published in 1S06 bis "Wanderer of
Switzerland," which was followed by "The West Indies,"
O809,) "The World before tiie Flood," (iSia,) and " The
Pelican Island," (1817.) These poems are distinguished
Ibr depth and tenderness of feeling, elevated moral
■entlment, and graceful description. He also wrote a
number of hymna of great beauty, which enjoy exten-
sive popularity. One of Mr. Montgomery's last works
was a " History of Missionary Enterprise in the South
Seas," (1S30.) Died in 1854.

Se* " HEiwin of Iht Life, etc of Juhh UoDlgoimiT," bi J.
HouxHDUid JiHisEnuTT; "LifeDrUi>iilE«iieiT,''t9Mu.
H. C KmGHr; Chambibs, " Bioiiipblal DjcUodiut of Koaiienl

Sa>(DDCii,"(SiipfileiiHOI;)"Qi '- "-^ -"'-■>- ■

- Blackwaod'i Hi(uinc''f<u C.
feijulr, iSj], and OdobR. 1836,

BtontEomerj, (Richard,) a dlstinniished general,
bom in Ireland in 1737, terred in Canada under Wolfe,
and subsequently entered the American army. Being
appointed commander of the forces in the Northern
department, he took Fort Chambly and Montreal. He
was killed in December, 1775, in an assault upon Quebec

S«"I.ila ofRiduKl Monuenwry," by Jokh AuimoNC, in
Sr Aau'i " Amcriciui BioRnptiT," nN. L, Uit ■erio ; " NaiiDiiil
PortnJt-GaUcry of Dittiucnkbaa AaHricHit," tc^ Iv.

Uonteomeiy, m^nt-gCmV^, {Robkrt,] an English
divine and poet, bom at Bath in 1S07. He was the
author of a poem entitled "The Omnipresence of the
Deity," (1838,) which had great temporary bucccbs, eight
editions being sold in as many months. He became in
1843 pastor 01 Percy Street Cnapel, London. The extra-
otdinaiy success of his poetry was chiefly to be ascribed
to the nature of his subject and the favour of a large
portion of the religious community. Died in 185$.

S« Hauvlav, IB the " Edlnbonh Revini" Ibr April, itjo;
"AutobiofniiliT ol WUlkm Jetdu,''^ »oL iT. ehap. ivlL ;

Monteomeiy, (Wiluau R.,) an American officer,
bominNew Jersey, July 10, i8oi, served in the Mexican
war, became brigadier -general of volunteers in the Union
army in l&6t, and military commandant of Philadelphia
In 1S63. Died at Bristol, Pennsylvania, May 31, 1S71.

iConteomery, mgnl-gfimVre, de, I Fr. pron. d^h
m&N'gom're',] (Gabriil,) a French nobleman, of Scot-

1756

MONTIGNY

ei's marriage with the King of Spain, Montgomerr
mmoned bv the French king to break a lance with

daughter's marr
was summoned

him. He complied reluctantly, and had (he misfortune
to inflict a mortal wound on his antagonist. He subse-
quenllv went to England, where he became a Protestant,
and, afier his return lo France in 1562, distinguished
himself as a leader of the Huguenots m the civil war of
the time. Being made prisoner by Marshal Matignon
at the siege of Saint-Lo, in 1574, he was condemned to
death and executed, by order of Catherine de M Edicts.
"The queen." says Stsmondi, "had no great affection
Ibr Henry II., or cause lo regret him ; but she wished
that a man should not be considered innocent after
having, even by accident, caused the death of a king."
See SisHOHDi, " HiHoire im Fnncali:" BsAKTAin, "Cipi-

Mon4;oD, de, df h mfttr'gAN', (Charlis Alexandre,)
a French priest, bom at Versailles in 169a He entered
the service of Philip V. of Spain, who sent him on a
•ecrel mission n the court of Paris. He published
"Diplomatic Memwrs," (5 vols., 174^) Died in 177a

MonthenBUlt or Uontananlt dllgly, m&N't; h'nS*
dt'gle', (CHAiit.ts Philippi,] a French writer, bom in

Hontliloi], da, dfh mAN'te'dti', (Francois Gtrttan
Baillv,) Cohtk, a French general, bom m the Isle oF
Bourbon In 1776; died in 185a

Montholon, de, dfh m6H'lo16ii', (Ckarlzs Tkis-
TAM,) Marqdi*, a French geneial, bom In Paris in itSs.
He entered the anny in 1798; and accompanied Napo-
leon in the subsequent c ' — '" "- ■ - ■ ---' - *

Prussia. He was sent in

of his will and keeper of part ot bis manuscripts. After
his return to France, Montholon published, in conjunc-
tion with General Goivgaud, "Memoirs towards the
History of France under Napoleon, dictated by Hinuelf
at Saint Helena," (1813.) He also wrote an "Acconnt
of the Captivity of Napoleon at Saint Helena," (18474
Died in 1853.

Monti, mon'tee, (Giovanni Battista,] an Italias
poet, bom at Bologna in 1688; died in 1766.

Monti, (GitiSEPFE.) an Italian botanist, bom at Bo
li^na in iGSa. He published several botanical work*.
Died at Bologna in 1760.

Monti, (LuiGl,) an Italian author, bom at
Palermo, Sicily, in 1S30. He was exiled in 1849 as a
revolutionist, and afterwards spent much of his time in
Boston. He was United Slates consul at Paleimo
1861-73, ^"^ wrote "The Adventures of a Consul
Abroad," (187S; } also wrote " Leone," a novel, and
translated several Italian works.

Monti, (Rapaklls,) an Italian sculptor, bom at
Milan in 1818. Among his master-pieces may be named
the " Veiled Vestal," the " Boy catching a Grasshopper,"
and the " Circassian Slave.'' He wa« an active sqd-
porter of the popuUr cause in 1847-48, alter which ho
lived as an exile in London. Died October 16, tS3l.

MonU, (ViNCXHZO,) a celebrated Italian poet, born
near Ferrara in I7S3- He studied in the university of
that city, and began at an early age to write Latin and
lulian poems. These compositions obtained for him
the notice and patronage of Cardinal Borghese, who took
Monti with him to Rome in 1778 He published in 1785
his tragedy of "Aristodemo," which was received witS
great favour. His poem entitled "Basavil1iana,"(l793>l
suggested by the murder of Hugo de Bassviile, envoy ol
the French republic at Rome, had also great popularity
and passed through eighteen editions In six months,
Upon the French invasion in 1796, Monti repaired lo
Milan, where, accommodating himself to the new order
of things, he wrote in &vour of the Revolution. Soma
of his writings, which originally contained bitter in-
vectives against Napoleon, were now altered so m
to transfer the abuse to the allied sovereigns. On the
Russian invasion in 1709 he took refuge for a time in
France, and, soon afler his return, published his tragedy
of "Caio Gracco," "La Mascheroniana," a poem on
the death of his friend Mxscheroni, and his beantifiil
and popular hymn beginning " Bell' Italia," etc Monti
became in 1803 professor of eloquence at Pavia, and on
the coronation of Napoleon, in 1805. "w appointed hi*
historiographer. He filled this office rather as court
poet than historian, and lavished a proftifion of eulogistic
verses on the emperor and his family. He was created
by bim a chevalier of ihe legion of honour and of ths
iron crown, and was chosen a member of the Institiite
of the kingdom of Italy. Died in 181S.

Uontinno 7 LnyMido, d«, di mon-Ie-1'no e loo-
yln'do, (AUGUSTIN,) a Spanish dramatist, bom in 1697 ;
died in 17S9.

UontloelU, roon-te-cheilee, (Andkba,) a skilfiil
Italian painter, bom at Boltwna in 1640, painted land*
scapes, flowers, (ruits, etc. Died In 1716.

i,e, 1,3, 0, 7, /«nf,-4, i, 6, same, less prolonged; *. e,I,6, ii, J, slt»rt; », ?, j. 9, obirure; ilr, fill, tit; niit; nOlig^bd; mdta;

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MONTMORIN

1758

MONTYON

Ttl',> Due; a French •tatesman, born In Puit in 1766,
«u » Mend of La F^retle, in company with whom he
MTTcd in the wu of American Independence He was
a deputy to the Stalei-Gener^ in 17S9, and wM an ad-
vocate of liberal reform. On the reatoraiion be became
■ fea]oD«rojtliit,andwai made a peer bjLonitXVIIL
H« waa appointed minister of foreign aCUrs in 1811,
preaident m the cabinet, and governor to the Duke of
Bordeaux in i8>3. He waa also a member of the French
Academy. Died in 1816.

S« Da GtmjMoa. " fllocs dc U. di McatmomcT," liift ; ChX-
TUDCKUHH "MtmoirH d'Outn-Tomln:" VtTtujiID, " Nsllee
uu la Vie dc U. la Due de Ucnluoniicr." 1I16.

Montmorln Bnint-Hdrem, de, dfh mdN'mo'rliii'
alN-Al'rSH', (Aruahd Harc,) Coktk, a French states-
man, bom about 1745. He incceeded Count Vergennea
as minister of foreign afiain in 1787, and became min-
ister of the interior in 1791. He ma condemned to
death br ihe Revolutionary Tribunal, and eaecuted in
September, 1793.

" Hiudn dc Losii XTI |" LAHASTUn, " HiUoiy

Uontmor^ da, dfh m&tr'moi.', (Pikkrb RinoND,)
a French mathematician, bom in Paris in 1678, was a
pupil of Milebranche. He was the author of a popular
work entitled " Analytical Essay on Games of Cnance."
He waa a member of the French Academy of Sciences,
and a Fellow of the Royal Society of London. He con-
Mbated to the "Philosophical Transactions" of that
Institution a valuable essay " On Infinite Series." Died

S«« FOHTanLia, " Atoget d« Aadjmidait^"

Montolietvde, d?h mAN'iolg^irh', (Jrannb Isabkllk
FAULiNt Poller de BoUons — pole^' d$h bo'tSN',]
Dame de Croosai and Batonne, a Swiss novelist, bom
at Lausanne in 1751 ; died in 1831.

BSontoifono, mon-taK'fI.-no, (Giovanni Dohato,)
an Italian painter of the latter part of the fifteen^

Sh Lanii. " Hixot; of PiiodBf in Itilr."

BIoDtorsoll, mon-toR'so-Iee, (Fra Giovamni An-
«KLO,} a celebrated Italian sculptor and architect, bom
at Monloraoli, near Florence, about ijoa He was
employed in several works by Uichael Angelo, whose
lasting fneudship he acquired. He was selected by
Pope Clement vIL to restore the famous ^oup of
Laocoon and the Apollo Belvedere. Among bis roastcr-
piec«s we may name the fountain in front of the cathe-
dral at Messina, and the grand altar of the Church dei
Servi della Nunzlala at Bologna. Died in 1563.

See Cicoghaka, "StoriidalU SeoHun;" Vasaii, "LjTnarilia
Psintai, Smlplan," Mc ; " Noavella Blo(npbi< G^ntnlt"

Mon^Miuier, da. d?h mAN'peK's^', (Anne Ha-
UK Louisi d'OklIans,) Duchissk, commonly called
Madshoisbixk, was bom in Paris in 1637. She was
the daughter of Gaston, Duke of Orleans, and cousin of
Loois XIV. Of a bold and energetic characlei, she
became a zealous adherent of the party of Cond^ in the
wars of the Fronde. She rendered several important
services to that Action, among which was the capture
of the town of Orleans. Abont 1670 she was married
to Coant Laazun. She died in 1693, leaving Memoira
which possess much interest

Sea VoLTAim. "3i*cle Jt L™ XIV;" SAnrT-SiKOH, "1ft
fcTiST. III*. ' "

Vontpenslw, d«, (Antoinb Masib Fhiliffx Louis
D'OxULuts,) Due, a younger son of King Louis Philippe
of France, was bom at Neuilly in 1S24. He served with
distinction in Algeria in 1S44 and 184S, obtained the
rank of marshal de camp in 1846, and married in that

Montp«iul«r, do, (Cathuini Uaux da IaitbIim
— dfh ]o rin',) DudussB, a French lady, boRi in 1551^
was a sister of Henri, Diic de Gnise. She acted wiA
the League, and fomented rebellion agahut Henry IlL
of France, Died in 15961

MoDtpoUt, de, dfh mdn'pfh-te', (Axmahd Vin-
CSNT,) a French painter, bom at Htcon In 1713. H«
was the inventor of a method of painting which he called
Utidniqiu, (elydoric) He publiahed an account of hjs
invention in a work entitled "Note int^ressantc sur les
Moyens de conserver les Portraits peints k I'Huile,"
etc, (1776L) DiediniSoo.

Montieiill, de, d^ mftit'tRuF or m&iT'tK|]h'}fk
(Bbrhakdin,) a French Jesuit and theologian, bom
in Paris in 1596, wrote a "Life of Christ taken A-om
the Four Gospels," (1637,) and other rellgioas works.
Died in 1646.

MontrenU, de^ sometimes written Uontoenl, (Ha-
THTKU,) a French poet, bom in Paris in 1611 ; died in

Montrlohard, mdN're'shtR', (Josbph £uk DtsiK*
pBKKuquiT,) a French general, bom in i76aL He com-
manded the right wing at the battle of Trebbia, Jnnsv
1799. Died in 1818.

MoDtTODd, de, df h m&K'trdN', (CLduurr Melchkw
Justin Maxiui Foukcheux,) a Frendi writer, bom tu
Gaid in 1805. He wrote, besides other works, a ** His-
torv of the Crusades," (> vols., 1S41.) Died in 1879.

Montnwa, mont-rSi:', (Jambs Gkahamb,) Harqdii
OP, a celebrated Scottish general, bom at Edinbn^ la
1611. Having finiahed his studies in France, after his
tetum to Scotland he served for a time in the Pre»>
byterian army ; but he sobsequendy went over to the
royalist*. He was appointed by Charles L, in 1644.
Marquis of Montrose, and commander-in-chief of the
Scottish forces. He sienally defeated the Corenanteis at
^! ._ .,.. .¥.. .. , .,^^^ ^^^ ^^ KJUyth

.5 ; but his army was surptised and totally defeated

. r__]j^ ^ Phlliphaugh in September, i& "

after went to Germany, where he «

, .645.

tali, ,

In General Leslie at Fbiliphau

Montrose soon after went to t j,

received with great distinction by the Austrian emperor
and made a marshal of the empire. Having collected
a small bat ill ■organised force, he returned to Scotland
in 1650, bat was soon after defeated and taken pris-
oner. He was executed, without a trial, at Edinburgh,
in May, 1650.

Sea CLunnuH, " HiaUiT of lbs RsbatlioB 1" Uau NAnsB,

the Covenimlei^" iBjS ; Giakt, "Life of Cnluma,

.. -._. »■ -"empiBa

oaiTDae," 18)9; Gioaca Wuhaiit.

hinthe

Ifeniy of BonrlNKi in a duel. Died I'ebmary 4, 1890.

Uon^eturter, de, (Antoinb Phiuppb D'ORLiANs,]
Ouc, a younger brouier of King Iy>uiB Philippe of
France, was bom in 1775. He was arrested in April,
1793, and imprisoned nntU 1796L Died near London
b 1 807.

■ S, f.dt a, f,/<MW';Ji,i, A, saoM, less prolonged; i,l,\,6,'t,f,iAoH:t,^\,<),i>iitureiaa,a\l,ai:vatt;iat;g!llM:taetii

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

S6j: "QtiuKrlr Ren**" ht

Ifontaool, mon-tooi'chee; (Antonio,) an Italian
philologist, bom at Sienna 10 176a, beoune in irSC
profeasor of the English language in the Tolomei Cot-
itee, and subsequently of Itahan at Berlin and Dresden.
He died in 1839, leaving unfinished a Chinese Dictionary.

MoDtoolo, mAN'tii'lcIf, (Jban Stiehnb,) a Fren&
mathematician, bom at Lyons ui 1735. Havitig studied

Ehiloloey and natural science at the Jesaits' College at
yons,ne visited Paris, where be became associate editor
of the " Gaiette de France" and formed an intimacy with
Diderot, D'Alembert, and other savants of the time. In
1764 he accompanied Turgot to Cayenne, as first secre-
tary and astronomer to the expedition. After his relnra

member of the Academy ol
the Iiwtitute of France. His most important work i*
his " History of Mathematics," (175S,) which was com*
Dieted by Lalande. He also wrote a "History of tba
Researches for Determining the Quadratare of the
Circle," and several other treatises. Died in 1799.
^ See A. SnviHiu-LssLOMD, " Notice biHoniiie mr Is Vie de I
I. Uonludi," iSoo.

Uontureoz. See BouKCtKt.

Uonty on or Monthron, de, deh m6N'te-6N', (Jbai*
BAPT13TK Robert Augot— C'ahJ'.) Babon, a wealthy
and philanthropic French nobleman, bom In Paris in
'733' I^^ bequeathed the greater part of his largv
fortune to benevolent and learned institutions, and was
the founder of the "Mootyon Prize of Virtue" give*

MONVEL 17

tf tte French Academy. He pabliahed " Researchei
■M Conndmtiani on the Population of France," and
otlMT works. "Hii name," »ay* Lamaitine, "was the
fbmncet on th« roll oT the nadoaal nobility." Died
in iSao.

S« B. V. runuH, ~2]o« hinoriqu de HontriB." ^rk,
a»-. CiiAiiiT,'>Ti« lUU. de Mcmlipoii," iBki AnDiuiirt, "ttoei
da A. J. B. R. AaiEt," «tc. iSm; "NwTcUt Biognphie G^oV

MonTel, mAu'vEl', (Jacques Marik Boirrar.) a
French aclar and dramatist, bom at Lan^ville in 174J,
was the author of numerous comedies and comic operaa.
Died in 1S12.

Honvoisin, mdN'Twi'dN', ( Raymond AtPGUSTK
QuiNSAC,) a French historical painter, bom at Bordeaui
In 1795, sludied in Paris ander P. GuMn. DiediniS70

Uoo'djP, (D WIGHT Lyuah,) an American lay
preatjier, born at Northfielo, Maasachusetta, Febrnaiy

J, 1837. He went to Chicago in 1856, and engaged in
nsineis, at the same time canying on an active missionary
work. In this work he associated Mr. Ira D. Sankey,
an effectiTe singer. They held reiigioua services in Tan-
DOS towns in Great Britain, as well as in America. In
both countries he had a wonderful success and exerted a
powerful influence for good on dilTerent classes, D. 1399.

Maody, I William IlENkv,) justice, bom at New-
bury, Massadiusetts, in r853. Studied Uw, was dly
tolidtor of HaTcrhill 1SS8-891 district allomey of
EostctD Massachusetts 1890-9$; member of Cor^p'ess
1S95-1901; secretary of the navy I90I-04 ; alloraey-
genera] 1904-06 ; justice of the Supreme Couit 1906-10.

MoQJaort, myylKt, written also MooyHert, (Clas.)
■ Dutch landscape-painter and engraver, born at Am-
aterdam about 1590, He was the master of Berghem
and Tan Weeninz.

Mooll&ta-Flroos (or Mottllah-Ftrotu) Ben Ka-
IPOOO, a Persian poet, bom at Bombay in 1759. lie
wrote an epic poem, entitled " George -Nameh," on ihe
conquest of India by the British. Died in iSil.

MoooAD, mS'tifn, (Arnold,) a Dutch theologian,
dislingnisbed as a poet and grammarian, was born at
Zwolle in 1644. He became miniater of a Protestant
diurch at Derenter. His poems were published in 1
vols., 1710. Died in 1711,

Uoor, moor,; (Edward.) P.R.S., an English writer,
bom about 177a He served several campaigns in India,
■nd obtained Ihe rank of major. He published, besides
o&er works, "The Hindu Pantheon," (4(0, i8ia) Died
In 1848.

Moor, wan, vtn mSR, Moro, or More, (Antonis or
Antonio,) a celebrated Dutch portrait -painter, bom at
Utrecht in 1519, waa a pupil of Jan Schooreel. He was
ntroniied bv Ou^nal Gianvelle, the emperor Chaj-Ies
v., and Philip tl., and painted the portraita of the prin-
cipal aovereign* of Eniope. His works in this depart-
ment are of the highest order. He also executed several
historical pictnrea of great merit. Died in 156SL

Sa DcsUHn, "Viem da Prinlra FIjnundi, HoUnndi*" em
" Koevdl* BiogT^ihie Gfe^le.'^

Moor, Tan, (Karil,] a Dotch portrait-painter, of high
reputation, born at Leyden in i6j6, atndied under Ge-
nrd Donw and Mieris. Among his beat worka are por-
traita of Prince Eugene and the Duke of Marlborough
on horsebadc He waa created a knight of the — "-'—

. X CiuaLas Blahc. " Hi>-

of Turke'
cf Abd-ool Hejeed, and was bom Septemi . . . . .

He waa the successor of his uncle, Atid-d&l Aieez, and
came to Ihe throne on the enforced abdication of the
latter. May 30, 1S76. Hoorad waa a dissipated man, and
his reason was nndonbtedlT affected by his
ceases. He was deposed by the Sheikh-d&l-Islat
]l, 1876, and was succeeded by his brother Abd-d61

dynasty, was bom at Ispahan about 1746. He di
himself for a time Buccessfiilly against several rivals; bat
he was at length defeated by Jaaiir Khan in 1784. Died
■ , 1 785.

S« Halcolh, "HiiloiT of Fenii."

Moorad (Motirad or Mnrad) Bay, moo-rtd Id, a
celebrated Mameluke chief, bom in Circassia in 17(0.
On the invasion of Egypt by the French, in 1708, he
opposed them with great bravery, but was al lenEth
compelled to retreat He subsequently made a treaty
with General Kliber, by which he became Prince of
Assouan and Djirdjeh, under the protection of France.
Died in i8ar.

Mooravlaf or MoorawleT, moo-rt-ve-Cr, wrrtten
In German Mtuuwlaw or MnrawjQ^, bat pro-

)an(^ exactly like the preceding apetlings, (Andrew,)

Russian writer and traveller, was a younger brother
of General Nicholas MooravieC He published. In Ger-
■an, a '* History of the Russian Church," (1845,) a

Deicription of Armenia," {3 vols., 1848,) and other
works. Died at Kiev, August 30, 1874.

Uooiavlef or Muiawiaw. (Michael,) Count,

Russian diplomatist, bom in 1845, and entered the
diplomatic service in 1S64 as secretary of legation. He
ras sppoinled minister lo Denmark in 1893, and in
S97 became minister of foreign affairs. In this
office he displayed hostility to Germany and friend-
ship to France, and was the agent of the Czar in his
peace proposition to the Powers. Died in 1900.

Mooravlaf or Mnra-wlew, (Michael Nikiticb,) a

uasian litUmttur, born at Smolensk in 1757, was ap-
pointed preceptor to the grand dukes Alexander and
Conslantine. He was the author of " Historical Pieces,"
"Letters of Emilius," and several moral and literary
essays, which are ranked among Russian classics. Died
inlfe?.

MooTBTie( Monravlev, Mttravlew, or Mtm
vie&i (NiciiuLAs,) an able Russian general, bom at
Moscow in 1793. He served as general in the war
against the INiles, (1830.} In 1854 he obtained con*
mand of an army In Asia. He took Kara from the
British, after a tone siege, in November, l8sj. He
afterwards commanded with success against Schamyl,
the Circassian chief Died in 1666,

Moororoft.moot'krDFt, 1 (William,) an English trav

unknown to Europeans. He was the author of " Travels
in the Himalayan Provinces of Hindostan," etc, (iSilJ
"On the Punk Sheep of Ladakh," and other worlis.
Died in iSaj.

Moora, mijr, (Alfrei>,) an American jurist, son of
Maurice, noticed below, was born in Brunswick county.
North Carolina, in 17JJ. He was appointed assodaln

g' sticeof Ihe supreme court of the Umted Slates in 1799,
ied in 1810.

Mot>re, (Charles Leonard,) an American poet,
born al Philadelphia in 1854. He published " Poems
Antique and Modem," "Day-Dreams," "Odes,"

Moore, (Clement C.,) LL.D., son of Bishop Benja-
min Moore, was bora in New York in 1779. He was
appointed in l8ai professor of Hebrew and Greek litera-
ture in the Protestant Episcopal Seminary in New York.
He published a " Hebrew-and-English Lexicon," and
other works. Died July 10, 1863.

Moare, mCr, (Edward,) an English litUralair, born in
Berkshire in 171s. He was the author of "Fables for
the Female Sex," which had great popularity, and " The
Gamester," a tragedy, which was also very successful.
He was one of the editors of "The World," a literary
journal having among its contributors Horace Walpole,
^oame Jenyns, and Lord Chesterfield. Died in 1757.

Moora, (Edward M.,) M.D., an American surgMn,
bom at Rahway. New Jersey, Julj; 15, 1814, graduated
U the University of Pennsylvania in 1838. In 1838, in
conjunction with Dr. C. L. Pennock, of Philadelphia,
he performed a series of original experiments on the
physiological action of the heart, which excited much
attention among physiologists. About 1840 he removed

ttti; ^a»t;tiarJ; ^atj;a,i^%,giititirai: v,naia]; %,trilleJ; iiat; iiaaiathit. (BV^See Explanations, p. 33.)

Digitized by VjOOQ IC

1760

MOORSOM

to Rxxihester, New York, where he acquired ■ high repu-
tation in hii profession, and aubaequently for more than
twenty years he filled the chain of surgical pathology
Mid surgery in the medical college at BuSalo.

Moora,' (FiLANK,) son of Jacob Bailey, noticed
below, has published " Sonn and " '■ '
lean Revolution,''

below, has published " Sonn and Ballads of the Amer>
lean Revolution," the "Rebellion Record, a Diary
of American Eventa," (11 vola^ 1861-48,) and several
other works.

Moore, (Frank Fkankport,) a British novelist
and dramatist, bom at Limerick, Ireland, in 1855.
He wrote many novels and several successful plays.

MoOiOi (Gborgb,) a novelist and art critic, bom
in county Mayo, Ireland, in 1857. He published
"A Mummer's Wife," (1884,) ■■ Esther Waters,"
(1894,) and other volumes of fiction, Tcise, etc.

Mooie, (George Thomas,} botanist, bom at In-
dianapolis, Indiana, in 1871. He has served as bota-
nist in Dartmouth College, etc, and in the Missouri Bo-
tanical Garden since 1909. He has devised methods of
supplying nitrt^en to plants by aid of bacteria-
Moore, {Henry,) an English artist, bom at York in
1831. He gained a high reputation as a painter of Eng-
lish scenery, and afterwards of ocean scenes, in wbidi
fae produced striking eRccts. He was made a Royal
Academician in 1893, and died in i395.

Mooie, (Henry Charles,) anthor, bom at London
in 1863. He has been editor of " English Homes" an '
other publicaUons, and has written "The Dacoit'
Treasure," "The Stowaway's Quest," "Brave Sonsof
the Empire," etc.

Moore, {Jacob Bailey,) an American political writer
and editor, born at Andover, New Hampshire, in 1797.
He edited the " New Hampshire Statesman," a Whig
paper, and became librarian to the New York Historical
Society. Among his works is "The Laws of Trade ir
Ihe United States-" Died in 1853.

Moore or More, (Jamrs,) an English writer, was iht
author of a comedy entitled "The Rival Modes," and
was associated with the Duke of Wharton as editor of
"The Inquisitor." Moore is satirized by Pope in hii
" Dunciad." Died in 1734.

Moore, (John,) an English prelate, bom in 1644, be-
came successively Bishdp of Norwich aitd of Ely. He
died 101714, leaving a library of thirty thousand volunwit
which was purchased by George IL and presented to
the University of Cambridge.

Moore, (John,) author, bom at Sterling, Scotland,
about 1730. He published works on manners and
customs in France, Germany and Italy. His novel
" Zeluco" was highly esteemed. Died in 1802.

Moore, (John,) an English prelate, born ai Glouce.>tur
In 1733. He became Uishop of Bangor in 1776, and
Archbishop of Canterbury in 1783. Died in 1805.

Moore, (Sir John,) a celebrated British general, bom
at Glasgow in 1761, was the eldest ion of Dr. John
Moote, noticed above. He entered the army ai the age
of fifteen, and was sent in 1794 to Corsica, where he
acted in conjunction with Faoli, and was conspicuous
for his coursge in Ihe attack on Fort Morello and at the
■lege of Calvi. As general of brigade, he served under
Sir Ralph Abercrombie in the West Indies in 1796, and
in 179S assisted in quelling the Irish rebellion. He
accompanied General Abercromble to Egypt in iSoi.
and was severely wounded at the battle of Alexandria-
He was made a knight of the Bath on his return to
England, and, after various services in Sicily and Sweden,
was created lieutenant-general, and sent in iSoS to Spain
to unite with the forces in the north against the French.
On the news of the defeat of the Spanish troops along
the northern frontier, and of the numerous Fiendi armies
approaching, he made a rapid retreat to Corufia, which,
being performed in the depth of winter, was attended
with great suffering. On the 16th of January, 1S09, an
cn^etnent took place at Corunna, in which the English
claimed the victory but lost their brave commander.
His death has been commemorated by the poet Wolfe
in a beautiful and popuUr ode, which Byron pronounced
Ihe most perfect in the English language.

Moore, (Johk Bassbtt,) a political author, bora
at Smyrna, Delaware, in 1S60. He studied law, in
lSS5,became third assistant secretary of state, in 1S91
professor of international law at Columbia College, in
1898 assistant secretary of slate, and in the same year
secretary and counsel to the Peace Commission at
Paris. He is the sulbor of " History of Intemationsl
Arbitrations" and other works.

Moore, (Sir Jokas,) an English mathematidan, bom
Id Lancashire in 1617, was appointed tutor to Prince
James, son ol Charies L, and subseqnendy became in-
spector-general of artHiery. He was a Fellow of the
Royal Society, and the author of several scientific works.
He was instrumental in founding a mathematical school
for sailors at Christ's Hospital, and in the constmction
of an observatory at Flamstead House. Died in 1679.

Moors. {Maurice,) an American jurist and patriot
of the Revolution, bom in Bmnswick county. North
Carolina ; died in 1777. His son Alfbid served with
distinction in the ReTolutionary war, and became asso-
ciate justice of the United States supreme court in 1799^
Died in i8ia

Moore, mOr, (TtioiiAS,) a celebrated Irfsh poet, bora
in Dublin in 1779- He entered Trinity College at aa
early age, but, being s Catholic, he was unable to obtaie
any of the univetsity honours or offices. He afterwards
studied law at the Middle Temple, London. He pab-
lished in i3oi his translation of the " Odes of Anacrcon,*
which was very taccessfiil, and was followed by "Tha
Poetical Works of the Late Thomas Little," (180a.) In
1804 he visited the United Sutes of America, on the
sotiely and inatitntions of which he made many satirfcal
comments in hU "Odes and Epistles," (1806.) Hie
ottiet principal works are "Lalla Rookh," (1817,) an
Oriental poem, "The Twopennv Post-Bag, l^ Thomas
Brown, Jan.," (1813,) a witty satire directed against the
Tories, which had great popularity, " The Fudge Family
in Paris," (1818,) "Loves of the Angels," (l8»3,) and
"Irish Melodies," {1834.) In 1S30 he published a "life
of Lord Byron," his most important prose work, whidi,
although written entirely from the stand-point of fnend-

1 the c

He

" {1827.) »

former, though deficient in the higher qualities of
poetry, is characterized by exquisite melody of versifica-
tion and splendid imagery, and in its moral tone affords
a striking contrast to the frivolity and licentiousnese
of his earlier productions- It obtained extraordinaiy
popularity, and was translated into many language*,
including Persian. Died February 26, 1852.

Moore, (Thomas,) an English botanist, bom at
Stokc-next-Guildfoid, May 29, 1S21. He published
'■ Hand-Boolt of British Ferns," (1848,) " Elements
of Botany," (1865,) " Epitome of Gardening,"
(1881,) and other works, chiefly on fems and orchids.
Died January 1, 1887.

Moore, (Willis Luther,) an American meteor-
ologist, bom at Bingharoton, New York, in 1856.
He was at first a journalist, Uien entered the signal
service (now the weather bureau). In 189S he was
made chief of the United Slates Weather Bureau.

Mooie, (Zbfhaniah Swift,) D-D-, an American
divine and scholar, bom at Palmer, Massachusetts,
in 1770, became president of Williams Colleg:e in
1815, and in 1821 of Amherst College. Died in 1823.

Mooie'head, (Warren King,) an American ar-
clucologist, bom at Siena, Italy, oi American paleols,
in 1866. He spent years in exploring the prehistoric
mounds of Ohio, and subsequently made explotadons
for the World's Columbian Exposition. He pubUshed
" Primitive Man in Ohio," " Fort Ancient," " Wao-
neta, the Sioux," etc.

Moor'a9in, (Sir Robekt,) a brave English admiral,
bom in Vorlubirc in 176a Being appointed in 1S05
commander of the Revenge, he had a prominent pan

i, e, I, S, ^ J?, /Mf ,- 1, i, A, tame, less prolonged; i, i, 1, 0, ii, JTr^ibm!; h t> l> 9i <^'<'^y ^> 1^^ At 1 >°tl> ■>'^> S^^i 0°^^

d by Google

MOOSA

He afterwards represented
ent, and was made an admiral
lii 1830. Dietl in 1S35.

Mooca. See Mosss.

Mooaa, Modm^ or Hiuib, moo'sl, third son
Bayaieed I., was bom at Bnua about 1376. He
made prisoner with his Either b; Tamerlane after the
battle of Angora. Bemg afterwards appointed l» the
latter govcnioi' of the Ottoman provinceg of Asia Minor,
tie carried on a war against his elder brother Solymao,
whoae capital Adrianople he took in 1404, thus becoming
master ot the European part of the Ottoman empire. In
I^iahe besieged Constantinople, but, having been forced
%a retire, he was taken prisoner, and strat^led bj order
of Mahomet I.

te d« OHDHXUKhfln Reidii.'*

)r Hoaa, Ibn, Ibn moo's!, (Aboo-
Abd*ll>li.Moluiumed, VXsSb ib-dil1^ mo-hSm'
mCd,) an Arabian mathemaHcian, was the author of 1
treatise on algebra eotitled "Al Jcbr « 1) Mokabalab.'
He is said to have been (he first of bis countrymen who
wrote on thai science ; and Europe is indebted to * '
for its introduction and its name.

Mooaa-Zbn-NosayT, moo's! Ib'n no-sSr', (or no-
di',) lAboo-Abd-ar-RobniBii.i'bASlb'dfrrlh'mln,)
a celebrated Arab conqueror, was bom at Mecca about
660 A-D. He was appointed in 703 Viceroy of Africa,
and, having subjected the northeni part of that country,
from Tripoli to Morocco, he turned his arms against
Spain. In conjunction with his lieutenant TSrik, he took
Seville, Merida, Saragossa, and other cities of Southern
and Central Spain, to which he subsequently added the
most important towns of Catalonia. Among other ar-
ticles of great value of which he had possessed himself
was the emerald table called the table of Solomon, taken
at UedJna-CelL Hooea, having been summoned to Da-
msscna by the caliph, presented to him this table, and,
on his expressing his sorprise that it should have three
kgs of emerald and one of gold, Moosa replied that ha
bad found it in this condition. Tarik, however, imme-
diately exposed the falsehood of his rival by producing
the fourth leg of the tables For this oBence he was

andemi

0 be assassinated. Moosa

died in obscurity in 718.

tie MobaniinctUD Ebinre in SpaiiL'

or Mtua-) Ibn-Shaklr, moysl

;" Uakkaw, " HbtoiT o

Moosa- (Monaa-
Ib'n shl'kir, an Arab writer of the earlj part of the ninth
century, wrote a work entitled "Sources of History."
He leR three son*, (he eldest of whom was eminent as
an astronomer and was the author of Mveral valuable

Uoorawt. See Moojakbt.

Mop'ans, JGr. Ho!^,] a &moua soothsayer of classic
mytholo^, was called a son of Apollo and Manto.
According to tradition, he gmned celebrity b; the truth
of his piophedes at the siege of Theb^ and at the
temple of Claras, and he triumphed over Calchas in a
trial of skill in divination.

Moqnln-Taiidon,mo'kiK'taK'dAN',(HoKACxBuii-
mcr Alfbkd,) a French pbyiidan and botanist, bom at
Hontpetlier in 1804. He was appointed in 1853 pro-
fessor of natural history in the Medical Faculty crfParia,
and in i8U became a member of the Academy of Sci-
ences. He published a " History of the Anoinalies of
Vegetable Organization," (1841,) and "Essay on the
HnitipMaitiouof Organs in Vegetables." Died in 1863.

St* "NmnDe BkitnpUe GAi^nte."

Mora, de, dli mo'rl, (Jost TOAQtriti,) a Spanish lit-
tfraiettr, bom at Cadiz in 17S4. Having pre viotisly edited
a literary journal at Madrid, he repaired to South Amer-
ica, and became editor of the "Cronica Politica" at
Buenos Ayrcs. He was appointed in 1838 consul-general
of Bolivia to London. He published a "History of
the Arabs," (i8a6,) "Spanish Legends," (1840,) and a
number of lyric poems and satires. He also trans-
lated into Spanish Sir Walter Scott's romance* of
"Ivanhoe" and "The Talisman." Died in 1863.

Scg r. WoLr, " Flmui dc Rinui modcniM CaoaDuaa."

fil MOHAN

Morabln, mo'rtldN', (Jacques,) a French scholar
born at La Fliche in 1687- He wai the author of a

" History of Cicero," and translated into French Cicero's
"Treatise on Laws" and "Treatise on Consolation."
Died in 1761.

MorEMa, de, dl mo-ri'ls, (Ckistovam Alflo —
S-15wn',) a Portuguese writer, bom in 1632, was the
author of a "Genealogy of the Families of Portugal,"
and a number of sonnets and other poems. Died in 1693.

Moraea, da, (Fkancisco,) a Portuguese writer, bom
at Braganza. He went to Paris as secretary of legation
in the teign of Francis I. His chief work is "Xibro
del muy esforfado Cauallero Palmerin de Inglaterra,*'
which was translated into English bySoulhey. Moraes

EvAWCELiSTA,) a Portuguese poet of the present tim<
Among his works is an " Ode on War."

See LoNGFSLLow, " Pacta and Poctij of Kunpc."

Uorala, mp-ris', (Sabatd,) a Jewish rabbi and au(hDr,
born at Leghorn, Italy, in April, 1824, graduated in 1845
at the Hebrew University of Leghorn, oecame in 1846 a
teacher in the Hebrew Orphan School of London, and
in 1S51 removed to Philadelphia and became preacher
of the Congregation Mikveh ■ Israel. His works are
chiefly polemical, or on subjects connected with Hebrew
literature. Died November 11, 1&97,

Moraloa, mo-rllfa, (Cristovai,) a Spaiush rauaidan,
and one of the greatest composers of his time, was a
native of Seville. He was appointed Ire Pope Paul IlL
composer in the pontifical chapeL He fived about isja

Morales, (J'oan Bautista.) a Spanish missionary.

Andalusia about 1598. He n

1633, but was compelled t

TiGce to idols. He

r permitting their converts to sa

turned to China, where he died in ^

Morales, de, di mo-rl'lts, (Ambrosio,) an emiaeni
Spanish historian, bom at Cdrdova in 1513. He studied
at Atcali, where he subsequently became professor, and
numbered among his pupils Don John of Austria. In
ivja he succeeded Ocampo as historitwrapher to Philip
11. His prindpat work is a continuation of Ocampo'a
"Cronica general de EspaBa," (3 vols., 1577,) bringing
the history of Spain down to 1037. Morale* also pol>
lished a valuable treatise "On tne Antiquities of^the
Spanish Cities." Died in 1591.

Sec TidCMoa, " HiBtory of Spaniih UtBratnre ;" Bou'i'aswaa.^
"Hiftl^re dela Ijtt^ture EaFOgnole."

Moraleo, de, (^uan,) a Spanish poet, born in And*.
Insia, lived in the aiiteenth century. He made admirable
translations of some odes of Horace, and wrote original
poems of much merit.

MorolM, do, (Luis,) an eminent Spanish painter,
sumamed EL DrviHO, (" the Divine,") Irarn at Badajoa
'- TW9. He was employed by Philip II. to decorate

I Escurial ; bat he subsequently lost the lung's patron-
age and was reduced to great poverty. He was relieved
a few years before his death by a pension bestowed upon
him by Philip. His "Via Dolorosa," in the church of the
Hieronymites, at Madrid, is esteemed one of his master-
pieces. Died in i536l

See Qui LUST. " Dicdcniniire da Peintrei Eipngilli ;" ViAamT,
" Erudei hit J'EljtunTv do Beam-ATti en Eapagne," tS)5.

Morali, mo-rSlee, (Ottavio,) Aest, an Italian phi-
loli^st, bom Dear B^^rgamo in 1763, became professor
of Greek a( the College of Brera, in Milan. He pub-
lished a good edition of Ariosto, (i8tS.) Died in 1816.

Mo-rau', (Edwakd,) an American painter of marine
TiewB and landscapes, born about 1845. Among his best
works are "The Swallows' Cave, Nahant," and "Pulpit
Rock." Died June 9, 1901.

See TucuiKAN, " Book of Ihe Artiris."

Moran, (Pbteb,) a successful painter, a brother of
Edward Moran. He was born at Bolton, March 4, l&4a.
He studied under his brother Thomas, and in London,
and became a resident of Philadelphia. His chief suc-
~ sses have been in pastoral landscapes and cattle-piece*.

Moran, (Thomas,) a distinguished artist, bom a

r; i hard; g asy; o, H, ti,giiBto-ai; N, namt; R, tritUd; i as s,- 1

asinMu. B^^See Eiplanstiacia, ^ ^)
rfnGoOl^lc

of Europe. Ht alio accompanied man; of the United
Stales exploring expeditions in the mountains of the fai
West Among bis works are "The Grand Cation of
tbe Yellowstone," (1873,) now in the United Stales Cap-
itol at Washineton," The Chasm of the Colorado," also
in the Capitol, "The Moantain of tbe Holy Croes,'^
(1875,) "Childe Roland," " Ponce de Leon in Florida,'

X mo'TfiN', (Chakles Antoins Louis Als-

Xis,) CouT^ a French general, bom at Poniarlicr in i ^71.
He served as general at Ausici lite, Jena, Eflau, Essling,
sod Wagram, (1805-09.) Died in 1835.

Morand, MfKAN Antoike,) a French architect, bom
at Brianjon about 1717. He executed several important
works at Lyons, one of which \a a wooden bridge over
the Rhone, which bears his name. He was condemned
b; the Revolutionary Tribunal and put to death in 1794.

Morand, (Jean FRANgois Clement,) a Frencb -*—
sician, son ol Sauveur Francis, noticed below, was
in Paris in 1726. He became librarian to the Academj
of Sciences, and was a member of several other learned
societies in Europe. Died in 1784.

Honuid,(SAUVBUKFitAtigo[$,)adistinguished French
surgeon, born in Paris in 1^7, was the first who intro-
duced into Prance Chesetden's method of lithotomy,
having previously learned it in London. He was a Fel-
low of the RoyaJ Society of London, and a member of
the French Academy of Sciences, and was appointed in
1730 royal censor and surgeon -in-cUef of the hospital
of La Charitj. He published a number of surgical
treatises. Died in 1773.

Sm tu», "DktionniirehiitedqiiadclaMJdeciae."

Morand, da, d^h mo'rfiN', (Pierre,) a French drama-
tist, bom at Aries in 1701, was the aalhor of a comedy
entitled " The Spirit of^ Divorce," and several tragedies.
Died in 1757.

Morande, da, dfh mo'rONd', (Chaki.es TUvenot
or ThdTeneau — uv'nO',) a French adventurer and
political writer, bom at Amay-le-Duc in 174S, was tbe
author of "Tbe Cynic Philosopher," and other works
o( a libellous character. Died about 1803.

Morandl-Uanzollnl, mo-rln'dee min-io-lee'nee,
(Akma,) a celebrated Italian anatomist, born at Bol(^;iu
in 1716, was the wife of G. Maniolini, a pbyudan, from
whom she learned anatomy »ad the art of modelling in
wai. Her works in this department were r^ardcd ai
the most perfect of the Idnd, and obtained for her a
European reputation. She was a member of the Insti-
tute of Bologna, and in 175S became professor of anatomy
in that dty. Died in 1774.

Uorandinl, mo-rSnnlee'nee, (Fsancbsco,) called II
Poppi, an able Italian painter, Ix>m at Poppi in 1U4,
was a pupil of Vaiari He worked with great £u3iity.
Died -about 1584.

Sdorando, mo-rln'do, (Fiuppo Rosa,) an Italian
poet, bom at Verona in 1711; died in 1757.

Mo-ranf , ? (Phiup,) an English antiquary, bom in tbe
tale of Jersey in 1700, pubtiened, among other works,
•* History and Antiquities of Coldiester," and " History
of Essex." Died in 177%

Moiord de Oalle, mo'rlR' dfh rt), (JusnN Bona-
rBNTUKE,} a French admiral, bom in Dauphin^ in 1741 j
died in 1809.

was born at Ferrara in 1536. She was married about
ts$a to Andrew Gundler, a German physician, whom
she accompanied to Germany. She died at Heidelberg
in ISSS, leaving a number of works, including Latin
orations and Greek poems.

Sh Tninuu, "OlTmia Ifcnti, her Lift and Tlrnu," 1846:
KoLTu. " ^^t* OlTmiui UDnue," 1771 1 J. Bommst, " Vic d'Ohrm-
|ia Ifonn," iSjcTi ttTiLDnHUTH, ''O.VonU: eia chriiilichtt
LARiilHld7' iS]4i "NaufellaBiiicnphiiG^ii^nla."

Mor«tln,de,dimo-ri-tecn',(LsANDRO Fernandez,)
an eminent dramatist, sometimes called "the Spanish
Uoliire," was born at Madrid in 176a He was ap-
poinred fn 1787, through tbe inAnence of Jovellanos,

Si MORDAVNT

secretary to tbe Spanish embassy in Paris, and pablial^dl
loon alter bis return, bis comedy of "The Old Man
and the Young Girt," ("El Viejo y U Nilla,") which
was very successfiiL Among the most popular of his
other works are "Tbe Impostor," ("El Baron,") " Yea
of the Maidens," ("Si de las NiDas,") "The Yotmg

a,")and"TbeNewComedy|"

His "Origines del Teatro
*^ir^«uvi, t»vjv,i m, w.iu..a] tvcatise, IB also higblj es«
teemed. Moratin became first librarian to Joseph Bodb.
parte in tSll, and during the subsequent trouble* fe
Spain took refiige in France, where he died in iSiS.

Moratin, d«, (Nicolas Fernandei,) a Spanish poet
and dramatist, the father of the preceding, was bora a(
Madrid in 173T. He was the author of "Hormeainda,"
and several other dramas in the Frencb st^e, also of an
epic poem entitled "The Ships tA Cortcz Destroyed,**
("Las Naves de Cortes destmida*,") which has a high
reputation. Died in 17S0.

~ ~ IK. " Hiftlory of SpuiiBh Lhcnturo ;" L

S«Ti , , .. ,

" Pock and Poctir of Europe •;
July, i8J7.

Moray, Earl 01

'Foreign Qninuiy Retim" te

where he was patronized oy Louis XIII. and Cardinal
Richelieu, he was appointed, alter the restoration, to
several important omces. He was the first president of
the Royal Society, which he assisted to Ibnnd in 1661.
Died in 1673.

S« B»CH. "Hiitoiyof Ibe Riml Soculjr/' Ckahisb, " Bio-
fnphical Dicdanajj of Emuienl ScoUmen."

Moiasan, mo.rl-sin', (Francisco,) a Central Amer-
ican general, born in Honduras in 1799. He berame
president or gene ral-in -chief of the republic of Cmtral
America about 1S30, was driven into exile in \%4fi, and
put to death in 1843.

MomznoDA. See MAmilCHELLL

Moroelll, moR-chel'lee, ( Stepaho Antonio^ } a
teamed Italian antiquary and Jesuit, bom near Bteada
'■" '737- Among hia principal works (which are mostly

itten in Latin) we may name "Anica ChristiBna,^
(3 vols., 1816-17,) illnstratmg the history of the Cbnn^
■" Africa, "Opera Epigraphica," (s vols., tSiS,) "Opos-

li ascetici,'' (3 vols., 1830,) and a treatise "On the

yte of Latin Inscriptions," (3 vols., tSi^>32.) He
(bunded an academy of archaeology at Rome, where he
passed many years. Died in iSsi.

S« P. LoTTioti. "Eloeio ■lofico di S. A Honalli," iS»

UALDi, "NodiuiS Uonxlli," 1B15.

Mordannt, mor'd^t, (Charles,) Earl of Peter-
borough, a &unous English general, of cbivalrous and
eccentric character, bom in i6s8, was tbe son and heir
of John, Lord Mordaunt He first appears promiitently
inbistorv as a staunch Whig and opponent of James IL
In t68Q ne was created Earl of Monmouth and placed
at the head of the treasury, but tbe next year he retired
from that office, which was ill suited to bis volatile and
generous character. He afterwards inherited the tide
of his uncle, the Earl of Peterborough. Daring Ac
war of the Spanish succession he commanded an Eng-
lish army of fooo men which arrived in Spain in intt
and peili»med a series of brilliant eiploits, among which
was the capttu'e of Barcelona and Valencia, (1706.)
Thwarted in his plans by the archduke Charles of
Austria, he obtained leave to retire from the army, and
was recalled to England in 1707. Through hostility to
Marlborough, be supported tbe Tories in the political
contests which ensued, and after the accession of George
, was consequently excluded from office. He died in
735. His second wife was Anastasia Robinson, a cele-
brated singer and actress. In the opinion of Macaulay,
he was " the most extraordinary character of that age,
the King of Sweden not excepted. His fertilitv and
activity of mind were almost beyond belieC He loved
to dictate Ax. or seven letters at once. He was a kind

I.i,I.8,«,f,/<Ntf;*,t,6,»>

e, less prolonged; i,!,I,0,ii,J,>J<>rr,-f,f,|,Q,i>JAwrv,-ar, fUl.atimStinfttigdbdjmfllBt
,hJ::»C00^Ic

MORDEN i;

friend, I generous enemy, and a thorough gentleman.
But hii splendid talents and virtues were rendeied
almost useless to his country by hb levity, his restless-
ness, his irritability, his moroia craving for novelty and
L" ("Essays.")
[acaduv. "MiMoii of EDElud," vol, in. chip. iL. lod
■m oT Lou) Uahoh'i " Hiiloryaf Hie Wu of the Snau-
<PUd;" Fuoni, 'Mccounl oC tbe Eur] of PetEiborougb,
'— — ■" Bu«ii»T, "Hlitoty of hia Chm Tima;" Lono

Morden. Lokd. See Yorke, (Chablss.)
Moxe. moR, [Lat Mc/kus,] (Albxandir,) a French
Prolestant diiine, of Scottish extraction, bom al Castre*
Id 1616. He became professor of Greek at Geneva in
1639, and of history at Amsterdam in 1651. He was tbe
Mithor of Latin poems and other works. Died in 1670.
S« Stmhohs, "Li& of Milton;" Slmsin, "Hiiwin lin^
nin it GoAn."

Morok (Antonio.) See Moon.

Mor«, (Hannah,) an English writer, whose moral
■nd religious works enjoyed ^eat popularity in her time,
was born at Stapleton, near Bristol, in 1745. She pub-
liihed in 1773 a pastoral drima, entitled "The Search
after Happiness," and in 1774 "The Infleaible Cap-
tive," a tragedy, which introduced her to the notice of
Garrick. Dr. Johnson, and other eminent men of that
period, by whom she was greatly esteemed for the excel-
lence of her character. She was the aathor of several
other dramas, which were very favourably received ; but,
owing lo her convictions of the immoral tendency of
the stage, she abandoned dramatic writing, and, while
her popularity was still at its height, devoted herself to
compositions of a moral and religions character. Among
the principal of tbese we may name "Thoughts on
the Manners of the Great," (1788,) " Stricture! on the
Uodem System of Female Education," (1799,) "Hinli
towards Forming tbe Character of a Young Princess,"
(1S05,) written for Charlotte, Princess of Wales, "Cmlebs
In Search of a Wife," (1809,) and several contributions
(o the " Cheap Repository Tracts," one of which is
entitled "The Shepherd of Salisbury Plain." Died
In 1833.

See William Rosuti, "Memoin of tht Lib, etc of Hannah
MoR!" Mas.H.CKHicHT, " A HnHemDirDf Hannah More;"
H. THOKrsoH, "Lift: of Hinnih Hon," dc, 181S1 Mu. Elwood,
"Utmoin of tht Liuncr LadiH of England*' ale. ; " Uonthli
RoTiev" far Fabniur, iBcq, April, iSi], and Fabniur. Aia.

More, [Lat Ho'rus,) (Hrnry,) an English divine
and philosophical writer, born in Lincolnshire in 1614.
He studied at Christ's College, Cambridge, of which he
was chosen a Fellow. He refused several high prefer-
ments in the church, and passed his life in retirement,
devoted chieSy to the study of philosophy. He was the
author of " Psychozoia, 01 the Life of the Soul," (1640,)
"Enchiridium Metaphysicum," "Coriiectura Cabaiis
tica," " Tbe Myslerj of Godliness," " Discourse on the
Immortality of the Soul," and other works, in which he
Eivours the Platonic system. He was a man of fine
genius, profound learning, and tare excellence of char-
acter. He was one of the first Fellows of the Royal
Society, and was a friend and correspondent of Des-

Died in 1687.

Lift of Heniir More," 1710; BmnT, "Hto
m!' "Ilclniq>«tinRiTin,"TaL v., (lan.)

More, (Tames.) See Moobi.

More, [Lat Mo'itus; It and Sp. Mo'ro,] (Sir
Thomas.) an eminent English wit, philosopher, and
■tatesnian, born in London in 1480, was a son of Sir
John More, a jodge of the court of king's bench. He
received the first rudiments of his education at Saint
Anthony's School, London, where he learned Latin.
At the age of fiHeen he became a page in the house of
Cardinal Morton, Archbishop of Canterbury and prime
minister, who was much pleased with the wit of young
More and predicted that he would prove " a marvellous
man." In I4C>7 he entered the University of Oxford,
where he studied Greek as a pupil of Grocyn and formed
tn intimate and lasting friendship with Erasmus. He
gained distinction at Ouord as a writer of English and
of Latin verses. Having left cdtege, be stndi^ law at
Lincoln's Inn. ■* He manifested," says Mackintosh, " a

63 MORE

predilection for monastic life, and is said to have prac-
tised some of those austerities and self-inflictions which

prevail among the gloomier and more stern orders."
He resolved, indeed, at one time to turn monk, and act-
ually became a lay brother of tbe Carthusian convent
(the Charter -House) in London, where he is said lo have
passed several years, devoting himself at the same time
lo the study of the classics, the French language, and
music He afterwards entertained thoughts or becoming
a priest i bnt on further reflection, and influenced per-
haps by tbe general corruption of the priestly orders, he
abandoned his design. In the words of Erasmus, " Ma-
luit maritDS esse castus quam sacerdos impurus," ("he
prelerred to be a chaste husband rather than an impure
priest") About 1503 he married Jane Colt the eldest
daughter of a gentleman of Essex. He had a slight
preference for ner younger sister, but was so good-
natured that he sacnGceJhis inclination, that he might
not wound the feelings of the eldest This union proved
very happy, but his wife died a tew years after her mar-
riage, leaving him a son and three daugblen, of whom
Margaret, tbe eldest, inherited the features, goodness,
and genius of her &ther. His graceful and varied learn-
ing; was only surpassed by his sprightly, inexhauslibls
wit "With him," says Erasmus, "you might imagine
yourself in the Academy of Plato." He attained great
eminence at the bar, and about icoa became an under-
sheriff of London, — Li. a judge of the sheriff's court He
appears to have been the first Englishman that cultivated
oratory with any great success. " He is," says Mackin-
tosh, " the first person in our history distinguished by
the faculty of public speaking, and remarkable for the
successful employment of it in Parliament against a
lavish grant of money to the crown." He was elected
to Parliament about 1504, and, by persuading the Com-
mons not to grant a supply to Henry VII. on the occa-
sion of the marriage of his daughter, deeply oBended
that king. More had in consequence resolved to leave
the country ; but the death of Henry relieved him &(Ml
all apprehensions-
Having lost bis first wife, he married a widow named
Alice Middlelon. In 1S13 he wrote a "History of
Richard III,," which, says Hallam, "appears to me the
first example of good English language, pure and per-
spicuous, well chosen, without vulgarisms or pedanby."
(" Introduction to the Literature of Europe.") He was
sent on a mission to Flanders in 1514, and about that
date became a favourite of Henry Vtll., who not only
consulted him in a<&irs of state, bnt prelerred him a*
the companion of his amusements and convivial hours.
In 1516 he produced his famous Platonic fiction of
"Utopia," (in Latin,) describing an imaginary a

under-sheriff in 1519, was appointed treasurer of the
exchequer in 1521, and chosen Speaker of the House
of Commons in 1543. He gave proof of his firmness
and independence 1^ his answer to Cardinal Wolsey,
who demanded a very great subsidy for tbe king. About
1523 More began to write tracts a^nst Luther,

In October, 1^29, he was appointed lord chancelloi
■" place of Cardinal Wolsey. Although the Protestants

were persecuted while he held that ofRce, it would appe

that he was not responsible for the persecution. "It la

sufficient proof of his clemency," says Erasmus, " that

isftatenantia omnadicicdbTFKmds, wboaars, "Sooosltar
a chanud banda. tb* SnithMd fan ncoafaaiGad ; laA, te
lor Kttig in concert Kith ibea, Ih* bWups rMolvsd to ob-

~ 'hMStdihine ipectsclK, tbirr-"-^ '■"■" '

' Ha aiWwuda dlea At a

-, • dngto b , _ , — , ,

vonhj, mi|fit poaaWj in nuataken, nieiaUT id
to dspiiid whoOr on Iba ststenmu <tf ochaci.
■riitB Baioham'a ileath took plaoav Mon, irfiooa word h not 10 M
lightlr ao Slide, axpnaaly dmiaa in hli " Apdofy" (pnbllahad iW
next year) dul he waa guilty of any enwl Rntmenl of the heretica.
ir the deoial ma fiUae, than wera doubtla* nuy than Itrinc wbo
could prtnc it Id ba ao. It appaarB. haworer. n»ver 10 luva baea
BntiwHaoiL Howfitrbtnaro^Hniblafiriba aetsofAsbialMis

!-*.■(«

:%hari;}^Xij; 0,a,ti,gullural; tt,tiaiali %,triiUd; (as

in Ait. (B^'See Explanation*, p^ 9^)
Digitized 3, Google

Thoitiis resigned the great seal in Mij, 153a, because
hii contdence refused to saDCtiait the divorce of Queen
Catherine and the Mcond marriage of the king. " Henry
had cried every possible means to obtain at least the
appearance of his spontaneous approbation." (Mackin-
tosh.) In 1533 he wrote a work called *''nie Apology
of Sir Thomas More."

Having declined to take the oath by which he was re-
quired to acknowledge the validity of the king's marriage
with Anne Boleyn, he was committed to the Tower in
April, 1534. After he had been in prison more than a
year, he was charged with denying the king's supremacy
u the head of the Church; and, nis answers not having
been found satisfactory, he was pronounced guilty of
treiaon, and was beheaded on the 6th of July, 153;.
" The BcaSbtd had been awkwardly erected, and shooli
as he placed his foot upon the ladder. ' See me sale u^,'
he said to Kingston ; ' for my coming down I can shift
for mvself.' . . . The eiecntioner oSered 10 tie hi* eye*.
' I will cover them myself^' he said ; and, binding them in
a cloth which he had broaght with him, he knelt, and
laid his head upon the block. The fatal stroke waa
about Co fall, when he signed for a moment's delay, while
he moved aside his beard ' Pity that should be cut,'
he murmured : * that has not comnutted treason.' With
which strange words, — the strangest, perhaps, ever ut-
tered at such a time, — the lips most famous through
Europe for eloquence and wisdom closed forever."
(Fronde's " History of England," chap, ix.) Alluding
to his behaviour on the scaffold, Addison remarks,
" The innocent mirth which had been so conspicuous in
his life did not forsake him at the last His death was
<rf a piece with his life ; there was nothing in it new,
forced, or affected. He did not look upon the severing
his head from his body as a drcumstance which ought
to produce any change in the disposition of his mind ;
and, •• he died in a fixed and settled hope of immor-
tality, he thought any unusual degree of sorrow and
concern improper." (" Spectator," No. w.) According
to the account of his gieat-grandson. More " was of a
middle stature, well proportioned, of a pale complexion,
his hair of chestnut colour, his eyei gray, his counte-
nance mild and cbeerfid."

"Tba Life and Dealh of Sir ThoiDU Hon," In bii etcii-

- AuRar»,"ViaT.UDri,"iai6:

jf Sir Tlioniii Mort," iSjp: '««-

. .. ..-, -. _- V ■»»: F- WAnma. "Mmoiri

oT Iha Lib of Sir T. Hon," ITJS ; C Hon, " Ufa of Sic T. Mm,"
~ ~ ~ ICO Raac[,"ViudiT. Man." ifrrji AbthdiiCat-

n <if Sir T. Mon," 1 Tob., iCsS.

MorOBO, (FRAi«gois Joseph,) a French plmidan,
bom at AnxoiMM b 1789, practised in Paris. He pub-
lished a" TTaitJdetAccouchemBnts,"(i vols., 1838-41.)
Died in 1862.

Morean, (GtlSTAVe,) a French painter, bom al
Paris in 1836. His "CEdipus and the Sphinx" (1864)
gave rise to a violent controversy between the admirers
and opponents of his ideal style. He was made pro-
fessor B( (he £cole des Beaux Arts in 1893. Died in
1898.

Morea.11, (HiolstPPE,) a French poe^ bom In Fatli

UutletoeofCheOak,"rLeGaideChlDe;") He died,
in great poverty, in (838.

Moreau, (|acob Nicolas,) a French writer, bom at
Saint-Florentm in 1717, was appointed historiographer
of France under Louis XVL He wrote a " Discourae
on the History of France," " Duties of a Prince," and
ether works. Died in i8<^

Morean, (Jean Baftistk,) a French musidan and
compoeer, bom at Angers in 1656, was patronized at the
court of Louis XIV., and was employed by Radne to
compose the choruses for his " Athalie" and " Esther."
Died in 1733.

MoreaTi, (Jean Michxl,) a French engraver and
designer, bom in Paris in 1741, became draughtsman of
the royal cabinet, and a member of the Academy of
Painting. He executed one hundred and sixty nlatei

cmibon, C, Hou. 16

Sn Jahb MuKimiBH, - uw 01 ai

a HnuuDA, "T. Moro," 1

.. eofSirT.M(m,"iTj8;C . -

iSig; DouHICO Raoci, "ViudiT. More." 1

generals of nance, was bom at Moilaiz, in Brittany,
August II, 176^. He studied law, and was provost of
law at Rennes just before the Revolution. In 1793 he

brigade in 1793, and a general of division in 1794. In
the latter year he commanded with Jtial the right wing
of Pichegru's army, which conquered Holland. In the
spring of 1796 he succeeded Pichegru as commander-in-
chief of the army of the Rhine andMoselle, and opened
the camt^ign which was the foundation of his military
fame. His passage of the Rhine at Strisboarg was greatly
applauded. He drove the Austrians back to the Danube,
and Chen, finding his army outnumbered, after several
indedsive actions he performed the &mons and masterly
retreat through the Black Forest, which was one of his
chief exploits. He was suspended from the command
in 1797 by the Directory, who probably suspected hiii>
of complidty in the defection of his friend Pichegru.

The reverses of the French having rendered his aer-
vices necessary, he was appointed general-in-chief of die
armif of Italy m the spnng of 1799. At the battle irf
Nori he had three horses killed under him, and made a
skilfitl retreat, soon after which he was transferred to
the command of the army of the Rhine. In the political
crisis of iSth Brumaire, (November 9, 1799.) Moreaa
was in Paris, and consented to support Bonaparte in
subverting the power of the Directory. Some auppoee
that if be had been less modest, or more ambitious, he
might have acted the prindpal rOle in that great drama.
The First Consul intrusted Co Moreau the command of
the army of Germany, and dictated to him a plan of the
campaign, which the Utter refused to adopt. "Morean
would not aubmi^" says Alison, "to the indignity of
acting as second in command to his former rival, and
said, ' I have no notion of seeing a little Louis XIV. at
Ihe head of my army.'" ("History of Europe. *!

After an angry discusnon, he persisted in his own plan,
and, while Bonaparte marched Co the conquest of ICal*,
he invaded Che valley of the Danube in May, 1800, witb
about 100,000 men. Between Che 1st and loth of Hay
he defeated the Austrians under Kray at Engen and
Biberach. In the next month he gained a dedsive vic-
tory at Hochsudt, near Blenheim. After an armistice
of a few months, the two armies met on December 3,
1800, at Hohenlinden, where Moreau won a very im-
portant victory, which induced the Austrians to sue for
peace. The war being thus ended, he went to Par^
ind became the chief of a party composed of royalist*

conspiracy, and, although they failed to prove that he
had any active part in it, he was semencea to two years'
imprisonment, which was commuted Co exile in the
United States. He resided wiih his wife at Morrisville,
Pennsylvania, and in Ihe dty of New York, until over-
tures Irom the Czar of Russia induced him to return to

by the people of Germany. The Ciar said to Moreau,
(who, it appean, was still a republican,) "I know your
opinions ; I will do nothing which can thwart them, and
wll leave France perfectly free." With these views, be
co-operated with the allies against the French, and wa*
mortally wounded at Dresden, Angost aj, 1813. He
announced the ^t by letter to his wifi: in these terms:
" At the battle of Dresden, three days ago, 1 had both
legs carried off by a cannon-batl. That rasol Bonaparte
is alwayi fortunate. Excuse my scrawl," etc.

S« UcHAii^ " Vie imputiile ilu G^ntnl Moreau," 1B14; " Mc-
iDainorGei>^Moniq,''brJ. Pkiuftakt; GAaAT,"£kin da
UDreaii,"iBi4i "Lilc and CampaiguofViclar Mama,'' (mnilatEd
from Iha Vmtb:)A. dm Biadchakf, "Via paliliaoe, miKtiin al
airft da Gtolni Menu." iSk; CHlTuniatrp, " Miitoin da
Untral Mmu," ate, 1S141 FACcm-BonL, "Nolkai hit laa
G^n^nnc Plctiacni «I Mmiii," iBdt; Uaoi, "Moniu, a^
Leban," ate, 1T14: Codbih d'Avauoh, "Htaloirc du GAita.
Maieia,"i8i4!"NDOTallE Bi«n^ GJa^nlc 1" Thiu^ " Hb-
loTT of tha Fmcfa RavolDtHO i''^" Edjnboi^ Raviaw" fbr Jawarj^

L^I.6,4y,/'»V>''i*.*."™"il«"Prolonged;i,iS,I,e,iS, 5,/*iirJ';»,(, 1,9, itfr^«w;(5r, fill, tat; mItjn&igar)d(maBn

db,Google

pupil of V>

torique," i toL fol.,) a work of rare ment He died in
1680, leaving unfiniahed his grot work, which has been
extended by sobtcquent writer* to ten volumei, (Paris,
I7S9)

S^Nieiitcm, "Mtoi^iM;" "NDOTdle BLopipha CArfnlt"

Moiea, mfirz, (Edward Rows,) an English sntiqaary,
born in 1730. He published lereral work* on English
antiquities. Died in 17TS.

Moret, mo-rCt', (JosB,) i Spanish historian, born at
Pampeluna in 161;. Among his works i« a Hiataijcif
Navarre, ("Anniles del Regno de Navarra," 5 voti.,
1715.) Died in 1705.

Mor«to 7 CaballH, mo-rB'to e kS-sln'yl, (Don Au-
avsTIK,) a celebrated Spanish dramatist, bom about
l6oo> Among his best works we may name " The Brave
Jiwtidary," ("El valiente Justidero,") "El Undo Don
Diego," and "Disdain for Disdain," ("Desden con el
De^en." The last is said to have been the original
of Moliire's " Princesse d'filide." Died in 1669.

S« TicEHOii. '■HitloTTof SpaniJi LileraHin ;" Ocno«, "Teii-
ln> EipaflDl ;" A. F. ton Schack, " Oodiictiie der diuiuiiichm
Literamr id SpanieiL'*

Horettl, mo-rel'tee, (Gabtano,) an Italian astrono-
mer, born at Bologna, was author of several sdentific
treatises. Died in 1697.

Morettl, (Giuseppe,) an Italian sarant, born at Pavia
In 1783, became professor of botany at that city in 183*.
Among his works is "Biblioteca Agraria." Died in 1353.

Moretto daBreacla. See Bonviccno.

MoTgBgnl, moH-gin'yee, (Giambattista,) an eminent
Italian physician and anatomist, bom at Forll in 1681.
He aiudied at Bologna, where he became the favourite
il of Valsalva, and in 1715 he was appointed pro-
DT of anatomy at Padua. His principal work ii
entitled " On the Seat and Canses of Diseases discovered
by Anatomy," ("De Sedibus et Causis Morborum per
Analomen indu^tis," 3 vols., 1761.) It was translated
into French, Italian, English, and German, and slil! en-
joy* a VC17 high reputation. His " Adversaria Anato-
nica" is also highly esteemed. Morgagni made several
valuable discoveries, and he has been called Ihc founder
of pathologicai anatomy. He was a Fellow of the Royal
Society of London, and a member of the principal
Academies of Europe. Died in 1771.

Moi'gBD, (Affleton,) a Sbakspearian critic, bom
at Portland, Maine, in 1850. Becoming a lawyer in
New Yorli, he devoted himself to the study ol Shak-
speare, and founded and became president of the New
York Shaltspeare Society in i88s- He wrote several
critical works on Shakspeare, and published the Banks
edition in support of his theory thai the 1623 edition
of the plays owed much to additions made by actors
and stage-censors to Shakspeate's originals.

Morgan, (Ckaklbs W.,) an American commodore,
bom in Virginia in 1790 ; died in 1S53.

Morgan, (Conway Lloyd,) an English loologist,
bom >( London in 1851. He became principal of the
University College of Bristol, and published "Animal
Biology," f 1887,1 " Introduction to Compirative Psy-
chology," (1895,) "Habit and Instinct,'' (1896,) etc.

Morgan, (Daniel,) an American officer, bom In
New Jersey in 1736, served with distinction in the war
of the Revolution. He was present at the capture of
Bn^oyne, and commanded a brigade at the battle of
Cowpens, (1781,) where he gained a signal victory, for
which a gold medal was awarded him by Congress.
Died in 1803.

5»tlie"LiftorDiiiidMcssin,"bTj*MHGiiAHAU, 1856. md
Ae"NatiDniI Ponnii.GiilieryitflHitiiiguiihEdAinehiaiis," •ol.iil.

MoTgui, (Edwin D.,) an American Senator, born in
Berkshire county, Massachusetts, in 1811. He became
at an early age a merchant in the city of New York.
He was elected Governor of New York by the Repub-
licans in 18^ and again in i860. He was elected to
the United SUtes Senate ftom New York in 1863, Died
February 14, 1883.

Mor'gEUi, (George W.,) an Ameriom general, bom
in Washington, Pa., in 1810. He served in the Texan.

beliion entered the Union service as lnigBdier.([eiiertL
He took Cumberland Gap in 1863, and served acttveb
until ill health compelled him to retire in 1863. He ««
i" Congress, 186S-71. Died July 36. 1893.
Morgan. (Sir Hkmry,) a Welsh bucxai

was afterwards made a knight, and appointed Governor
of Jamaica by Charles IL Died in 1^

Morgan, (Henry James,) author, bom at Quebee
in 1842. Saved as keeper of Canadian recoiils and
chief derk of Department of_State ; retired on pension

Morgan, IJames D.,) an American offioer, bom In
Boston in 1810, removed in tSu to Illinois, and in i86a
became brigadier -general of volnnteers. Died in 1896.

Morgan, (John H.,) an American guerilla cMeC
Iwrn near Lexington, Kentucky, or, according to some
authorities, at Huntsville, Alabama, in 1836. He took
command of a Iroop of cavalry in 1861, and distingaithed
himself bv his audacity in several raids against the rail-
roads and other public works in Kentucky and Ten-
nessee. He was appointed a major .general m 1863. In
July, 1863, he crossed the Ohio River with about 4000
men, and made a raid into Indiana and Ohio, where he
destroyed railroads, bridges, etc He was captured in
Ohio and confined in the penitentiary, (rom which he
eao^ed, by digging, about the end of'^ November, i86j.
In September, 1864, he was surprised in the night at
Greenville, Tennessee, and was killed.

5eciiSke>i:horhi>Lifcln"SoiitheniG«ieriil>," 1865.

Morgan, (John Fierfont,) Gnander, born at Hart-
ford, Cminecticut, in 1837. He engaged in the banking
business in 1864, and became a member of the firm M
Dreiel, Morgan & Co. in 1S71. The death of A. J.
Drexel in 1893 left him the head of this firm, which
became known in 1S95 as J. P, Morgan & Co., and
through the vast operations of which he exercised a lead-
ership in American finance of tmexampled magnitude.
His collections of art objects, enormous in cost and value,
have been placed in the Metropolitan Museum of Art,
New York. Died 101913.

Morgan, (Lewis Henry,) an American author, born
in Ledyaid, New York, November 21, 181S. He grad-
uated at Union College in 1840, and practised law at
Rochester, 1844-64. He acquired great reputation by
his " League of the Iroquois, (18$!,) and espedallv l^
his "Systems of Consanguini^ and Affinity," (iSra.)
He is regarded as one of the fbnnders of the modem
school of^ethnological science, which regards the com-
parison of rude and inchoate dvilixatfons as an important
subject of etudy, since they are believed to afford ea-
trcmely valuable hints as to the development or evolulioa
of the higher civiliia Lions. He also published "Tfaa
American Beaver," (186S.) Died December 17. 1881.

Morgan, (Ladj Sydney,) a distinguished anihoreaa,
born at Dublin in 17S9, was the daughter of an actor
named Owenson. At an early age she published several
romances, one of which, "The Wild Irish Girl." (1806,)
was very popular. In t3i3 she was married to Sir Charlea
Morgan, whom in 1S16 she accompanied to France and
Italy, and the result of her travels appeared soon after,
in her two work* entitled " France," (1817,) and " Italy,"
(E83t.) Among her other productions we may name
"Florence Macarthy," (1816,) "The O'Briens and
CFlahettys," (1827.) Died in 1859.

Mor'g^ (Sir Thomas Charles,) M.D., an Engliah
phyaidan, bom in London aboot 1783. In (8(1 he waa
made a baronet, and the next year married Miss Owen-
son, who was already known as an authoress. He soon
after settled in Ireland, where he advocated Catholic
emandpation. He wrote "Sketches of the Philasopfar
aC Life," and *■ Sketches (rf the Pbilotophy of HoralL*
He also contributed to Lady Morgan's "France" and
" The Book without a Name." Died in 184^

t, (. I. «k 0, T. liV: i- *■ *. ■""«. le" prolonged! *. ft I, "i. fi. J, »*<»*,■ », ?. i, 9, ftiturt; Or, fill, ftt ; mit; nflt; gd&d; mAni

MORGAN

1767

MORISON

Blorean, (Wiluah,) b learned divine, born in W>)ct,
ma» appoinled in 1601 Bishop or SaJnl Asaph. He
istuted in tnntlkting into Wel*h the Bible published
in IJSS. Died in 1604.

ICorgui, (William,) ■ Welsh mathemitidin, bom
in Glamorgansluie, held the office of ictnary to the
Equitable A^unnce Companjr, London. He pnblished
a "Reriew of Dr. Crawford's Theory of Heat," and
other works. Died in 1833.

Morgan, (William,) an American mechanic, born
in Virnnia about 1775, removed subseouentl^ to Batavia,
NewYoib. In iSiohe was abducted from nit borne and
murdered bj a band of Freemasons for having written a
work professing to disclose the secrets of their society.

Sm Aixaw. "AmwTOmBkiBniphkal Dieiimutyi" "NewAim^
kan CrcbpBda;" "Gauneer <<tlM Stata of New York," bj J.
H. rmm, p. jij.

MOTgan, (WiixiAU F.,) D.D., an American clerg7-
nian, bom at Hartford, Connecticut, December 21, 1S16.
He graduated at Union College in 1837, and at the Gen-
eral Theolt^cal Seminary, New York, in 184a In 1841
and 1843 he took orders in the Episcopal Charch. His
prindMl pastorates were in Norwich, Connecticut, and at
Saint Thomas's Chatch, New Voik. Died Hay 19, 18S8.

Morgan, Dol See Di Mokcan.

Morgben, moK^fn, (Rafablli Sanzio,) an eminent
Italian engraver, of Dutch extraction, born it Florence
in 1758, became proEesaor of engraving in the Academy
of A[rt» in his native o.\j. Hi) prints are numerous and
of great excellence. AmonE his masier-piecea are his
"Transfiguration," after Raphael, "The Last Supper,"
-' ' " a.'' He

... .'onliit army. He died in 1838, leaving

Memoirs of hts campidgna in America, which w<»<
translated into Frendu

S« MottLLO'l "M««liri,r«lHiiif tlM Prhieipd IvmUof bM
CuBjiuiii^" mulMid fnto Fnoth b; E. D. Bukhvilu.

MOTln, mo'rlN', (Arthur Jolks,) a French malhe-
malidan and general, bom in Paris in 179s, was ap-
(nnted in 1S51 director of the Conservatory of Arts and
'radei. He pnblished numerous important treatises on

GlOkG,) a German sch'olar, born at Wism'ar In 163^
became professor of poetir and eloquence at Kiel m
1665, and obtaitied the chair of history at that jilace in
1673. He published, besides many other works m prose
and verse, a valuable contribntion to literary history,
entitled "Polyhistor, sivede NoliiiaAuctotumet Rerum
Commentarii," (3 vols., 1688-91.) Died in 1691.

Sec hia AnlobiDeriiphTi "Vita proivia lb Anno fftjg ad iAt'.'*
i6m: I. MoiuiL-'I>cVilii. McriliiScripduneD. G-HorhoSi,"
ijw; Niciioi., ''Mimoi™."

Morhofina. See Mokhop.

MoTlOfl de Beaubola.mo'rtss'dfhbO'bwi', (Piirrk
Hyacinthk,) a French Benedictine monk and writer,
bom at QoimperU in 1693. He wrote a "History of
BretagDB,^ (3 vol*., 1750-56.) Died in t7So.

Mmiw, mo'tl.p, (JAUK3,] a popular English novelist,
bom aboDt 178a Having been appointed secretair to
the English embassy in Persia, he became versed In
the Oriental tongues. He published, after his return, a

brilliuit and entertaining romance, giving the experi-
ences of a Persian In Engluid, which bad a wide popu-
larity, "Zohrab the HosUge," (183*,) and "Ayesha, the
Maid of Kara," (1834.) Died In 18^

S« Iba " QDnnaly Rtvim"<br Dtctmber, iBu. and Tun*. iSu;
-Fruec'a MjwuiH!''farNoveinbiir, iSia; -' Uamhlf Kivi<iw"t«
ApHl. ,B^.

Koilgla, mo-ree'jl, (GiACOKO Antonio,) an Italian
ordinal, bcmi at Milan in 1632. He became Archbishop
of Florence about 1683. Died in 1708.

MoTlgla. (Paolo,) an Italian historian, bom at Milan
Id 151S, wrote on the antiquities of Milan, etc Died

M5rik« or Moeilke, inS're-la;h, (Edvasd.) a Ger-
man poet, born at Lodwigsburg In 1804. He was the
author of the "Idyl of L^e Constance," (1846,) and
several novels and dramatic tales. Died June 3, 1S75.

Moiillo, mo-rU'yo, (Don Pablo,) a Spanish general,
bom in the province of Toro in 1777. Having carried
on a gnerilia warfare against the French for several
fears, he was sent In 1S15 to subdue the revolted prov-
inces of South America. He fought with varying sue-
oea* against Bolivar, with whom he conduded a tmce ''
1810. After Morillo'a return to Spain he served for

of Clvii Engineers. Died February 7, 1880.

Morln, (fiTiKWNR,) a French Protestant divine, ban
at Caen in 1625. He studied at Leaden, and became in
16S6 professor of Oriental langaa^es at Amsterdam.
He published, among other works, "Exercises on the
Primitive Language," (in Latin, 1694,) in which he at-
tempts to prove that the Hebrew was the language of
Paradise. Died in 1700.

S« NiciioH, " M Jmoiiu."

Morin, (FRftoiRic,) a French writer, bom at Lyons
— 1813, published a " Dictionary of Philosophy and
Scholastic Theology," (1 vols,, 1857,) and other works.
He also contribute to the"Nouvelle Biographic G^ni-
rale." Died August 13, 1874.

Moriii, (Jeah,) a French ecclesiastic, born at Bloia
„ 1591. He was distinguished for his knowledge of the
Oriental tongues and biblical literature. Among hia
prindpal works we may name "Biblical Exercises,"
(" Exerdlationes Biblicx,") and an edition of the "Sa-

aritan Pentateuch," with a Latin version. Died In 1659.

Sea Pbuiault. " Hpininu illuitna:" NicisoN, "MtooirH."

Moiln, (JiAN,) a French natural philosopher, born
at Meung-sur-Loire in 1705. He pnblishnl, besides
"her works, "Le Micanisme universe!," (1735.) Died

I 1764-

Motln, (Jean,) a French painter and engraver, bom
In Paris about 1609. Among his best works are print*
of the " Madonna," after Raphael, and portraits of De
Thou »nd Marie de MMlcia. Died about 1666,

Moiln, (JKAH Baftistk,) a French savant, bom it
Villefranche in 1583, was appointed in 1630 professor of
mathematics in the Royal College. He was devoted to
astrolof^, and he is said to have been consulted by Car-
dinal Richelieu and other distinguished men. He wn<*
" Astrolo^ Gallica," and a number of tre"^--
mathematica and astronomy. Died in 1656.

Sat DiLAi — - - -

Hoiln, (Louis,) a French physidan and botanist of
high reputation, bom at Mans in 1636. He was the
author of several medical and scientific treatises. In
1707 he succeeded Dodart as botanist to the French
Academy of Sdences. Died In 171c.

In Normandy, published works of a visionary and pro-
fane nature. He was condemned in 1663 to be bnmed
alive for having prophesied the death of the lung.

S« Niciioif, " M^moirta."

MorO^pn, (|AUKa Cottbr,) an English anthor, born
in London, April io, 1831, and educated at Lincoln Col-
lege, Orford. He published Lives of Saint Bernard,
(1863,) Gibbon. (1878.) Macaulay. (l8«a,) and other
works. Died Pebruarr 15. 1888.

UoT^-a?!), (John,) D.D., a Scottish Presbyterian
divine, bom in Aberdeenshire in 1791. He became in
i8t6 minister of Trevor Chapel, London, and in 18x4
was appointed editor of the " Evangelidd Magarine,"
which post he occupied for thirty-two years, lie was
the author of several popular works, among which we
may name " Lectures on the Reciprocal Obligations of
Life," etc, (i8ja,) " Book of Family Worship," {1836,)
and " Counsels to a Newly- Wedded Pair." Died in 1859.

SeeKcv. Rosbit Snii. "Burning and Shttmii Lif^ta," iH«.

Morlaop. (RoBBRT,) a Scottish physidan and emt
nent botanist, bom at Aberdeen in 1620^ w ' — '— ■"

ni; 9as/,- %luird; gaa

t.,gtiltiirtU; Ji,Hiua/; t^trilUd; lasi; thasi

\lka. (I^See Explanation*, p. 3»
n,,l,,ed::,C00^le

botany at Oxford in 1669. lie wai the author of ■
"Universal Historr of Plants," "New Distrlbation of
UmbelliferoDa Plants," (1671,) and other wcika, (in
Latin.) Piamier named in liis honour the genus Mori-
lonia. Died in 1683.

5h Wood. "Aihenc OunfniHa'," Ctnrmt, " Hiib^n do Sd-
nc>* ulurdlM 1" Ckahbuo, "BiocniAicilDictioiiaiTof Eaincni

Moilaot, ino're'i&', (Claudb BartioIuui,) a French
wriler, t>om at Dijon in 1503, wrote a historical romance
entitled " Peruviana," or the secret history 0/ Cardinal
Richelieu, Marie de M^dids, and Gaston, Duke 01 Or-
leans. Died in 1661.

Moritz, tDo'rIts, (Karl Phiupp,) known also by hla
pseudonym of Anton Rbiser, a German writer ot
considerable genius but eccentric and unaceady char-
acter, was bom at Hametn in 1757. Having visited
England and Italy, he was appoitited, alter his retun>,
professor oF archaeology and aesthetics at the Academy
of Fine Arts, Berlin, (178^) Among his principal worka
we may name " Anton Reiser," a pgychological romance,
(17S5,) said to be an autoUography somewhat idealized,
" Eaaajf on German Prosody," (1786,) and " Fragmenia

and encourage the genina of Jean Paal Richler.

iMei

'miE^aA.

tatatiaa icfan letim Lebcn^

holm

M. , . _ -

born in 1753. He surrendered Madrid to Napoleon in
180S, and entered the service of King Josepk Died
in tSio.

HorUootil, mor.llk'kee, (Francesco,) an Italian
composer of sacred music and operas, born at Perugia
ini734. He lived many years at Dresden. DiediniSii.

Moi'lflid, (George.) an English painter, bom in
London in 1764, excelled in delineations of rural land-
scapes, scenes in low life, and domestic animals, par-
ticularly pigs. He spent his leisure time chiefly in
ale-houses, and died in 1S04, a victim of intemperance.
His works are numerous, and command high prices.

S«< CUHHIHOHAH, "Liretof Piinitn Hut Sculi""'' i" ^ Dawx,
"Life of Motliiid;"J. HimL, - Mmd™ of Geom Morbnd;'<
W. Cdluhs. "Mmioin of the Life ol Gtav Uoilud," itcAi
■' Monlhlf RcTiew" lor Aupiit, iSoS.

Morland, (Sir Sauuu,) an English mechanician and
Inventor, bom in Berkshire about 1615. He was aent in
i6S3 on an embassy to Sweden, and was subsequently
employed by Cromwell to intercede with the Duke (rf
Savoy on behalf of the per*ecated Vaodoii. After the
restoration he was made a barone' by Charles II., and
obtained other distinctiont. He waa the inventor of
the Tuba Stentorphonlca, or speaking-trumpet, and an
arithmetical machine, and effected great improvement!
in the fire-engine, steam-engine, etc He published a
"Description of the Tuba Stentorphonlca," (1671,) and
other Bciertific works ; also a " Hiatory of the Evan-
gelical Churches of Piedmont." (i6s&) Died in 1695.

Moi'Isy, (Georgr,) born in London in 1597, became
Chaplain to Charles I. After the restoration he wti
created Bishop of Worcester by Charles IL in i66c^
and of Winchester in l66z. lie was a liberal patron
of learning, and bequeathed large sums for charitable
purposes. Died in 1684.

Morley, (Hsnry,) an English author and Journalist,
born in London in iSiz. He published a "Life of
Palisay the Potter," (iSja,) a "Life of Jerome Cardan,"
('854,) "Ufe of Cornelius Agrippa," (1856,) "Memoirs
of Bartholomew Fair," (1857,) " Fairy Tales," (2 vols.,
1859-60.) "English Writers before Chaucer," (1864-67,)
■Journal of a Playgoer from 1857 to 1B66," (1866.) and
"Life of Clement Marol," (1870.) In 1868 he published
Steele and Addison's "Spectator," with notes, and
" Tables of Ei^lish Literature" in 1870. He was iecturei
at King's College Irom 1857 to 186$, professor of English

of London from 1870 to 1S83. Died May 14, 1894.

Ifforlsy, Lord. See Parker.

Morley, (Johm,) a popular English authcv, dislin.
guished as a critic and as a radical thinker, bom at Black-
burn, Lancashire, Decehiber 14, 183a He was educated
in Cheltenham, and at Lincoln College, Oaford, where
he graduated in 1859. Edited the " Literary Gaielte,"
the " Fortnightly Review," (1867-8^,) and the *' M
Mall Garette," (1880-S3,) Ho edited the "English
Menof Letten" aeries and wrote " Critical Miscella-
nies," lives of Burke, Rousseau, Cobden, and Glad-
stone, with other works. Entered Parliament in 1S96
as an advanced Liberal, and in 190S became a member
oftheHouseofLordsaaViscountMorley. HewasSecre-
lary for Ireland 1SS6 and 1892-95, and forlndia 1905-10,
and became Lord President of the Council in 191a.

Morley, (Thomas,) an English musician and com-
poser, born about the middle of the sixteenth century.
He published a number of canzonets, madrigals, etc.,
edited the "Triumphs of Oriana,"and other collections
of music, and was the author of the first regular treatite
on music published in England, " A Plaine and Eisie
Introduction to Practical! Musicke," (1597.) Died about

Moiley, (William,) an EnglUh musical composer,
bom towards the cloae of the seventeenth century. Ued

iri 173'-

MoiIUre^ d« la, dfh It moRle^aiR', (Ckailes Jac
QVis Louts Auonsn di la Rochkttb,) Chbvaijii,
a French writer of romance*, wat bom at Grenoble in
1701. AmMg hb woAa U "Angola," (174&) Died
In 1785.

Uorlot, moRlo', (FRANgoia Nicolas Haselbine,
a French prelate and writer, bom at Langrei in 1795.
He became Archbishop of Tours in 1841, a carding In
1853, and Archtriahop of Paris in 1857. Died in 1862.

Mormondo, moR-mln'do, (Giovanni FrahcbsooO
an Italian architect, bom at Florence about 1^55, WM
patronized bv Ferdinand the Catholic of Spain. He
designed the beautiful church of San Severino, and other
buildings, in Naples. Died in 1521.

Mornao, moK'nIk', (Antoine,) a French jurist, bom
[n 1554, enjoyed a high reputation in his time, and pub-
lished several legal works. Died in 1619-

If omand, moR'nON', (FIlix,) a Frendi writer and
journalist, born at Mlcon in 1815. He became chief
editor of the "Conrrier de Paris" in 1857. Died 1B67.

Momay, de, deh raoR'nl', (Philippr,) Seigneur dn
Flessis-Marly, often called Du PLESsia-MoRttAV, a noble
French Protestant, eminent for virtue and talents, was
bom at Buhy, in Veiin, in 1549. He studied law, the-
ology, and other sciences in Paris. Germany, and Italy,
In 1573 he narrowly escaped from the Massacre of Saint
Bartholomew, and m 1575 took arms fur the Huguenola,
of whom he became one of the chieft. He married in
1576. About this time he entered the service of Henry
of Navarre, who employed him in important negotiatioDS
and reposed In him entire confidence. He took part iit
the battle of Iviy in 1590, and then became 1 member
of Henry IV. "a coancil. Mornay retained the favour of
Henry ^er the latter had abjured his reli^on "■ — "

to a dispute^ At a public conference before the king, ii>
1600, he was foiled by Duperron. It appears that one of
his own party had as unwisely as dishonourably furnished
him vrith forged quotations h-om the Fathers, which his
antagonist easily exposed. He was for many year* the
virtual chief or oracle of the French Reformed Church,
and was styled " the Pope of the Huguenots." He left
many able religious works. Died in 1633.

S« -Uinuxitt deP]iHii-UDrni7,"4nlL, liM-ji: II. Cn)^

11m, "SinjiilHJ. Plimia." tjii: Da Thoo, "P- — ^ ' "^

porii;" J. 1HB«T, "Duplcalt-Monui," liiTl
loirtdaTran™;" L'Estoili. " Joomn] ;" ■' Ni
Gtninlt ■" " Fcnitn QutIbIt Rerhw" for Uijr. is^.

Uor'Diiig-'t^ii. (Garket Welleslev,) Earl of, an
Irish nobleman, distinguished for his musical talent, bona

1, 2, 1, (^ D, y, /«*y-,- l,i, A, saine, leas prolonged; i, i, 1, 6, il, y, j.tffrr; », ^ i, 9, «AtnifY; fU, flUI, lit} mtt; nfil; gS6di taOOiU

MORNY

1769

MORRIS

about 1730, wu bther uF (he Dnke of Wellington. He
became profettor of moilc In the Univeraitf of Dublin,
and compoMd ■ number of gleet which arc greatly ad-
mired. Died Id 1781.

M01117, d«, dth moK'ne', (Chaklxs Adodsti Louis
JosEFU.) Cotm, a French itatcinian, bom in Pane in
181 1, was the reputed aon of HortenM de Beanhamois
and Count Flahant He eerred for a time in Algeria,
and snbaeqnentlj devoted himself to Induatrial and
financial apecnlationt. He took an active part in the
Mv^ iTAW of December. 1851, bv which hit half-brother,
Looia Napoleon, wai made prendent, and was soon aftei
appointed minister of the interior. He resigned in 1859,
anl became pfcaident of tbe legislatiTe bodv in 1854.
Died m 1865.

Morogu«a, de^ dfh mu'rog', (StBAsnnt FuifQols
Bigot — bc'go',) ViCDMT^ a F^nch naval officer, bmn
at Brest in 1705. He wrote a good work on naval tac-
tics, "Tactique nava1e,ou Trait^ dei Cvolntione," etc.,
(176J.) Died in 1781.

His grandson, PiBkRi MARIE SflsArnEN, Baron de
Morogues, (1776-1840,) wrote nnmeroas works on rural
and political economy.

Morons, mo-ro'ni, (GiOTAitm,) an Italian cardinal,
born at Milan in 1509, waa patronised by the popes
Clement VII., Paul III, and Joliiu III., who employed
Mm in several inworlant missiOM. Snspeded oflavour-
ing the Reformation, he wu ImpriBoned br Paul IV. in
■ SSr- Pint IV. sent him aa his legate to the Coundl of
Trent, over which Morone presided when it dosed, in
1563. He had been appointed Bishop of Novara about
15C4. Died in 15S0.

Morons, (Girolamo,) ■ celefanted and adroit Italian
diplomatist, bom in the Milanese aboat 1450, was the
buher of Giovanni, noticed above. He was employed
by the Dukes of Uilan. In \y)& he became secretary
and chief counsellor of Constable Bonrbon. He was one
of the negotiators <tf the trc ~
Pope Clement VIL in 1537.
Sm RoBOimK, " BDimysf Chaila

Moroal, mo-ro'lee, (Giuseppe,) a skilful Italian me-
dianidan, was bom in Tascany in 1773. He invented
(m automaton chess-player, and conslructed, at Milan,
hydraulic machines for spinning cotton. Died in 1840,
Moroaini, mo-ro-tee'nee, [Lit Maurock'nus,] (Am-
DIEA,) a Venetian senator, bom in 155S, became a mem-
ber of the Coonci] of Ten, and was appointed in 1598
Uitoriographer of the republic His principal work is
entitled "Historia Veneta," being a histon of Venice
from 1511 to 1615. It is distinguished for lis accuracy
and the elegance of Its style. Died in 161S.

Moroal^ (Domenico,) a Venetian admiral, bom in
loSa He took part in tbe crusade in I I3I, and captured
Tyre- He was elected doge fn 1148. Died In 1156.

Woro«lni,(FRAHCESCo,)DogcofVen;ce,bornini6i8,
was one of the 6r*t military commanders of his time.
Having defeated the Turks in several actions, he was
appointed in 1656 Governor of Candia. He afterwards
dcMnded that island for nearly two vears against the
■rand viiier Mehemet Koprili, to whom he made an
noaoorable capitulation in 1669. For his subsequent
TictorieB in the Morea he obtained the title of the Pelo-
ponnesiac He was elected Doge of Venice in 16S8,
navine been previously acpointed procurator of Saint
Hark. Died m 1694.

S«DAaii,*'Bisl(AadaT«ine:" MAamo Sahuto, "Vile iU>
Do^di VaB>ia;"NAVAanao."SiiiriiVaatuui;" A,A*ataHi,
"Vita dip. Honn^"iT«;O.OiusiAiii, " F, MinroBni Gena,"

M"^***"*. (Paolo,) ■ Venetian linguist and able
diplomatist, bom in 1406; died in 14S3.

MoroBxo, mo-rofao, (Carlo Litioi,) Cotnrr, an
Italian savant and writer on physical sdence, was bom
at Turin Id 1744 ; died io 1S04.

Moipotb, Lord. Sea Howard^ [Gkorgr Wiluam
Frkdericr.)

MOT'phaUD, (Vi. ™™ii^ , ... Kiu-r—a-, —><__• ,j

•D Inrerior dd^ «f the Greek and Roman mythology,
regarded as the ton of Sleep and the god of dreams

Cftins,'^ becaate he waa atippoted to give (Mm lo
Ibe vitiont of the tteeper.

Hoi'lAf, (pAta Charles,) a celebrated American
chess-player, bom at New Orleans in 1837. At the
Chess Congress in New York in 1S57 he defeated many
of the best American players, and in iS;S visited Lon-
don and Paris, where tiie same success attended him
in his contests with the most distinguished ptayera of
Europe. Died in New Orleans, July 10, 1S84.

MorTeaI«s«, H. See Novruj, (Pietro.)

Mor'rfll, (Brnjauin,) an American navigator, bom
in Worcester county, Massachusetts, in 1795. He be-
came csplain of a whaling-ship, and published '* Narra-
ttves of Four Voyages round the World," (1S33.) Died
In 1839-

Morran, mor'rfn or mo'TfiN', (Charlrs Franoou
Antoine,) a Belgian naturalist, bom at Ghent in 1807.
He became professor of physics in that dty in 1S33, and
obtained the chair of botany at Liege En 1837. Among
his prindpal woika we may name " Studies on Anatomy
and Vegetable Physiolc^," (1841,) and "Researchet on
tbe Rnbe&ction of Waters and their Ongenation by
Animalcules and AlgK." He abo pnbHthed valuable
treatises on palaeontolon and toology, and was a liberal
contributor to the sden^c joumsls^ his own and other
)qntiiea. Died in December, 1858.

Sec En. Hoaiui, " Noiiu nu C Uomn," 1B60.

MorTM, mor'riss? (Harvev Redmond,) Viscount
Uountmotres, an English publicist. He was the author

,"n].ii. book! iL and li

of several political and historical works, among which we
may name " History of the Principal Acts of th ' ' '
Parliament from 1034 It

sal; %aii;%kard; ^as/.O, V,)e.,guihinU;

Crisis : a Collection of Essays 0

Credit," etc, (1795.) He died by tuidde in 1797.

S« CoLUHi, " Punce of Irdud."

Moi'tIU, [Justin S.,] an American legislator, bom
in Strafford, Vermont, in 1810. He represented the
second district of Vermont, fi^m 1855 to 1865, in the
National Houte of Representatives, in which he served
{1864-65) as chairman of the committee of waye and
means. He was elected United States Senator for Ver-
mont for six consecutive terms as a member of the
Republican paity 1867-96. Died in 1898.

MonlU, (Lot M.,) an American Senator, bom in
Kennebec county, Maine, in i8i<, became a lawyer.
He was Republican Governor of Maine three years,
|t8s&-6o,) and was chosen Senator of the United State*
m 1861. He was re-elected Senator in 1863 for six
years, and again in 1869. Died January 10, 1883.

Mor'ila, (BsMjAtUN Wistar,] D.D., an American
Inshop, bora at Wellsboro', Pennsylvania, May 30, 1819,
graduated at the General Theological Seminary in 1846,
was made a priest of the Episcopal Church in 1847, and
in 1S68 was conseoated Bishop of Oregon. Died 1906.

Mor'rls, (Charlxs,) an American commodore, bom
in Connecticut in 1784. He was lirst lieutenant of the
Constitution when that ship captured the British frigate
Guerriere, in August, iSia. He had a high reputation
as a naval commander, commanded squadrona at several
fbrdgn atattona, and became chief of the ordtuuice
bureau. Died in 1S56.

Morrlii, (Charles,) an Americao author, bom at
Chester, Pennsylvania, October i, 1833. Among his
works are " A Manual of Classical Literature," (1S80,)
"The Aryan Race," (1888,) " Civiliiation, an His-
torical Review of its Elements," (1890,) " Historical
Tales," (9 vols., 1893-98,) "Our Island Empire,"
(1899,) " Man and His Ancestor," (1900,) etc.; also
a series of school histories of the United States. He
compiled '* Half-Hours with the Best American Au-
thors" and other works, did editorial work on several
cyclopaedias, etc.

Monla, (Clara,) an American adresa, bom at Cleve-
land, Ohio, in 1S50. She went tipoa the Mage when
fifteen years old, and won Eavonrable recognition. Gist in
Cleveland, and later In CJndnnatL Het success in New
Vork in 1870 was very great In 1874 she was married
to Mr. F. C. HarriotL Her greatest success has been
in the representation of strongly emotional scenes.

F; v,miuai; %,trilUd; ia»t; thasinMii. (B9~SeeExp)anationt,p.33.]

Digitized by VjOOQIC

Philadelphia in 1817. He represcnied the second da-
triet of PennajlTanii in Congresi from 1857 to 1861,
■nd acted with the People's partjr, which was afterwards
merged in tbe Republican party. In ig6i he was ap-
pointed minister lo Turkey, Among his wotki isa " Tour
through Turkey, Greece, and Egypt." DiedDec 31, iS£i.

MoiHa, (FkahCIS Osfen,) an English naturalist and
clergyman, born about 1810. He poDlished a " Histcny
of British ButIs," (6 vol*.,) " Anecdote* of Natural Hb-
loTV," and other works. Died February to, 1893.

Horrls, (Gbosoi P.,) an American lyric poet and
journalist, bom at Philadelphia in iSoi. He became
associate editor of the " New York Mirror" in i S33, and
in 1S44 one of the editors of the " Evening Mirror," a
literary journal. He founded, conjointly with N. P.
Willis, the "Home Journal," (1S46.) He published
a number of beantiful and popular songs, among which

Willi*, " The Prose and Poetry of Europe and America."
Died in 1864-

Monis, (George Sylvester, J an American meta-
physician, born at Norwich, Vermont, in 1840. He
was a lecturer in Johns Hopkins University 1878-S3,
and professor of modem languages in the University
of Michigan 1870-79, and subsequently of ethics and
the history of philosophy. He published " British
Thought and Thinkers,'' (1880,) "Philosophy and
Christianity," (1SS3,) etc. Died in l88g.

MottIb, (GoDTSKtntni,) an able American atatennan,
born at Morrisiana, in Westchester county. New York,
in January, 1752, was a half-brother of Ilewis Morris,
noticed below. He studied law, and was chosen a mem-
ber of the Provincial Congress of New York in 1775.
He became a delegate lo the Continental Coiigrcss in
1777, and acquired distinction as an eloquent public
speaker. About 1780 he removed to Philadelphia. He
was appointed assistant superintendent of finance by
Robert Morris in 1781, and served in thai capacity for
three years or more. He was one of the Pennsylvania
delegaies to the National Convention which framed the
Constitution of the United States in 1787. His services
in that convention were highly estimated by James
Madison. In December, 1788, lie went on private busi-
ness to Paris, where he passed several years and kept a
diary which possesses much historical interest. He was
appointed minister from the United States to France early
in 1792. and was recalled in October, 1^94. He acted
with the Federalist party, and was a friend of General
Washington, whom he is said .o have resembled in per-
sonal appearance. In 1800 he was elected a Senator ot
the United States by the legislature of New York. His

dolph, of Virginia, in 1809. He was one of the origin-
Mora or promotera of the Erie Canal. Among his
wiitingB are a "Eulogy on General Hamilton," and ■
"Discourse on the Uberation of Europe from Military
Despotism," (1814.) Died at Morrisiana in November,
181& "Morris was endued by nature," says James
Renwick, "with all the attribates necessary to the ac-
complished orator, — a fine and commanding [>eisan, a
most gracefiil demeanour, which was rather nelghtened
than impaired by the loss of one of his legs, and a voice
of much compass, strength, and richness." (*'Life of
Clinton.")

Morris, (Gouverneub,) great-modsoD of the pre-
ceding, bora at New York in 1876. He has written
"A Bunch of Grapes," " Allsdin O'Brien," "The
Pagan's Progress," " Puttiikg on the Screws," etc

MonlB. (Harrison Smith,) an American editor
and author, bom at Philadelphia, October 4, 1856.
He became managing director of the Pennsylvania
Academy of (he Fine Arts in 1893 and editor of " Lip-
pincotl's Magazine" in 1899. He ediled "In the
Yule- Log Glow," "Tales from Ten Poets," etc., and

a continuation of Lamb's " Tales from Shakspeare."

Hoirls, {Henry W.,) Couuoimre, an Amencaa
naval officer, born in 1805, was a son of "Thomas Mortis,
a member of the New York bar. He is said to have been
a grandson of Gouvemenr Morris. He obtained the rank
ofcaptain in 1856, and took command in January, i36i,
of the new steamer Pensacola, with which he contributed
to the victory gained by Captain Farragut below New
Orleans in April of that year. Died in New York in
Augost, i86t

Monla, (Jacob,) an American officer, bom in Weii-
chestci county. New York, in 17JS, was a eon of Lewis
Morris, (172C-98.) He was aue^e-carap to General
Charles Lee, and distinguished himself at the defence
of Fort Moultrie. Died In 1844.

Monia, (John G-,) r Lutheran divine, bom at
York, Pennsylvania, in 1803. He was prominent as an
editor and educator, and was the author of " Popular
Exposition of the Gospels," (1840,) etc., also various
works on entomology for the Smithsonian Institotioo.
Died in 1S95.

MoitU, (John Thomas,) an English Roman Catbotic
divine, bom at Ootacamund, India, July 4, iSa6. He
entered Trinity College, Cambridge, but abandoned the
English Church, and finished his education at Rotne.
He was secretary to Cardinals Wiseman and Manning.
In 1S67 he became a Jesuit, and was afterwards profeuoi
of canon law at Saint Bcuno's Collie. Among bis
books are "Troubles of our Catholic Forefathera," (j
series,) "Life of Saint Thomas of Canterbury," "Con-
dition of Catholics under James I.," etc Died in 1893.

Motria, (Ijwis,) an American jurist, bom In West-
chester county. New York, became chief justice of that
Sute, and was elected in 1738 firat Governor of New
Jersey. Died in 1746.

UonlB, (Lewis,) a Welsh poet and antiqaary, bom

UoiiIb, (Lewis,) an American patriot and signer of
the Declaration of Independence, bom in Westchester
counter. New York, in 1736, was a grandson of Lewis
Morris, (the first of the name,) and half-brother of Gou-
verncur Morris, noticed above. He was elected to the
Congress of 1775, and resumed hia scat tbe following
year. Died in 1798.
Morris, (Lewis,) a British poet, a great-grandson of
— ~ Morris (1703-65) the poet, already noticed. He

ts born at Carmarthen, Wales, about 1835, graduated

_. Jesus College, Oxford, in iSss. with honours, was

called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn in i36t, and practised

law until i88a His principal works are "Songs of Two

Worlds," (3 vols., 1871-75.) "The Epic of Hades."

(1876-77,) "Gwin, a Drama," (1878,) "The Ode of

Life," (1880,} "Idylls and Lyrics." (1896,) eta He

as knighted in 1895. Died Nov. 11, 1907.

UoiTla, (Philip Richard,) an English painter, bom

Devonport, December 4, 1S38. He was a pupil of

olman Hunt, and studied at the Royal Academy, of

which he was made an associate in 1877. Among the

best-known of bis pictures are "The Shadow M tbe

Cross," " Prison Fare," and " A Procession at Dieppe."

His best works depict scenes of humble life, and are

marked by tenderness and poetic treatment.

MoiTls, (Richard,) LL.D., an English philologist,
bom in Southwark, September 8, 1833. He was edu-
cated at Saint John's College, Battersea, and took order*
'" the English Church. His principal distinction was
n as the editor of old English texts. He also pub-
lished "Etymology of Local Names," (1S57,) and various
books for schools. Died May 12, tUg^.

Hoirla, (Robert,) a distinguished statesman and
financier, bom in Lancashire, England, in 1734. At an
early age he removed to America and entered into
mercantile business in Philadelphia He was a delegate
0 Congress in 1775, and the following year si^ed
he Dedaration of Independence. He was appointMl
upcrinKndent of finance in 1781, being the first who

a,i,I, a, B,f,f0»f;i,t, 6, same, less prolonged; l.f,I,2,li,|f,/iii>r>';f,t, j,9,0iifwv;ar,fltl,ttt; mtt; nOt; g86dim^nr

bad filled that office in the United SMte*, and by his
ia(£doui and energetic meunrcs rendered the rooat
tmportsuit lervicet to the cause of the patriots. "The
Americans," Hky» a distinguished historian, "owe as
much acknowledgment to the Gnandal operations of
Robert Morris a* to the negotiations of Benjamin
Franklin, or even the anna of George Washington."
He pledged his private fortune to obtain supplies foi
Iheai ■ ' -^-- -'-'-" -' -- -

the Convention which (ramed the Constitution of the
United States in 17S7, and was elected a Senator of the
United Statu in 1788. He was imprisoned for debt in
his old ag& Died in Philadelphia in t3o6.

HouIb. (Thomas,) an American lawyer and states-
man, noted for his opposition to slavery, was born in
Virginia in 177& He was elected in 1830 a judge of the
mpreme court of Ohio, and in 1832 a United States
Senator. Died in 1844.

MoitIm, (Thomas A.,) D.D., an American Methodist
divine, bom in Kanawha county, Virginia, m 1794, was
for a time editor of the " Western Christian Advocate,"
and iti 1S36 became Bishop of the Methodist Episcopal
Chorch. Died September 2, 1874.

Mortis. (WlLUAM,) English poet and worker in art,
was bom near London in 1834; was educated at Marl-
borough and at Eieter College, Oxford, and with D. G.
Rossetti, Ford Madoi Brown, and Bume Jones carried
on the mannfaclurc of household decorations. Among
otlier works he published "The Defence of Guenevete,*'
(1858,) " Life and Death of Jason," (1867.) " The Earthly
Paradise,"(l868-7o), "The Story of Grettir the Strong,''
<iS69,) " Love is Enough ; or the Freeing of Fhara-
mond," (1873,) "The «neids of Virgil done into Eng-
lish Verse," (iSrt,) " The Story of Sigurd the Volsung
and the Fall of the Niblnngs," (a poem in 14 books,
1877,) a translation of the "Odyssey," {1887,) "The
House of the Wolfinas," (1889,! "The Roots of the
Mountains," (iS9C^) "Poems by the Way," (189*,) "So-
ciaHtD): iu Growth and Outcome," (1893,) and "The
Wood beyond the World," (1894.) Died October!,
1896.

SCoirlson, fARTHUit,) a British novelist, bom in
1863. His works, which are strongly realistic in char-
acter, include "Tales of Mean Streets," (1894,) "A
Child of the Jafio," (1896,) etc.

MoirlBon, (Lewis,) an American actor, bom in
Jamaica, West Indies, in 1845. He served in the
American civil war, and became an actor in 1S65,
playing aS support lo Salvini, Forrest, Booth, and
Cuihman. He subsequently entered npon a starring
career, his chief part in later years being Mephisto, in
"FaosL" Died August 39, 190G.

MonlaoD, (Rev. Robert,) D.D., an endnent English
Orientalist and missionary, born in Northnmberland in
1783. Having previously studied the Chinese language,
he was sent by the Loridon Missionary Society in 1807
to China, where he became translator to the £ast India
Company's Factory at Canton. His translation of the
New Testament came out in 1814, and was followed in
1S15 by his "Chinese Grammar. In conjunction srllh
Rev. Mr. Milne, he next translated the Old Testament
into Chinese. It was completed in 181S, (in 11 vols.
Ilmo.) His great " Chinese Dictionary," printed at the
cipense of the East India Company, appeared in iSzi.
He visited England in 1824, and, having remained there
two years, retunted lo his missionary labours in China,
where he bad founded in 1S18 an Anelo-Chinese Col-
lege, Among Dr. Morriron's other works we may name
"More Sinicae," (i8i»,) a "View of China for Philo-
logical Pnrpoaea," etc, (1817.) and "Chinese Miacei-
ttnj," (1815.) He was the first Protestant missionary
to China, and as a Chinese scholar he occupies the
bighett rank. Died in 1S34.

Mors, |Fr. La Mort, It moK,] the Latin name of the
personification of Death, |Gr. oaivtmf,] said to be the
sl^pring of K«ht. According to Homer, Death was
die brotlier of ^eep.

MOTM, (Edward SvLVtmR,) an American natural-
let, born at Portland, Maine, June 18, 1S3S. He studied

at the Scientific School of Harvard University, and
became professor of zoology and comparative anatomy
in Bowdoin College. He has published many papers
on the mollMCoids, worms, lower arthropods, and other
groups of the animal kingdom.

MoT««h (JcDEDiAU.) D.D., an American geographer
and divine, born at Woodstock, Connecticut, in 1761.
He gradoated at Yale College, and in 17S9 became pas-
tor of the First Congregational Church at Charlestown,
Has««:hasctts. He is principally known by his geo-
graphical works, which were the first of the kind pob-
Hshed in America, and which also obtained a Earopean
reputation. He likewise published several historical
works, and a number of sermoiks. Died in 181&

MoTHh (John Torkev.) Jr., an American lawyer and
author, bom in Boston, January 9, 1840. He graduated
at Harvard College in iS6a His principal works are
"A Treatise on Banks," "Law of Arbitration and
Awards," " Famous Trials," " Ufe of Alexander Ham-
ilton," "Dfe of John Quincy Adams," and "Life of
Thomas Jefierson." He edited the "American States-
men" senei of biographies.

Mono, (Sauvsl Finlbt Buesi,) an American in-
ventor and artist, bom at Charlestown, Mass.. April 37,
1791, was a son of Rev. Jedediah Morse. He gradu-
ated at Yale College in iSlo. and went to England,
where he studied painting under Benjamin West He
relumed home in 1815, and painted portraits at various
places. He vi«ted Europe in 1S19, and returned in
183a, During the passage bomeward he suggested the
idea of an electric telegraph, in conversation with his
fellow-passengera. He constructed the apparatus of a
recordmg electric telegraph, by which he conveyed de-
spatches through a sm^l distance, inlBi5. About the end
of 1S37 he applied to Congress for aid, without success.
He went to England in tSjS to obtain a patent, whidi
was refused. Wheatstone, an Englishman, had invented
a different apparatus, (br the same punraee, about 1837.
In the epring of 1S43, Congress voted thirty thousand
dollars to enable him to construct a line between Wash-
ington and Baltimore. His invention was brought into
snccessfiil operation on that route in iSu, since which
it has been rapidly Introduced into nearly all countries
of the civilized world. This result has been called the
greatest triumph which human genius has obtained over
space and time. Mr. Morse received gold medal* and
insignia of honour from several European sovereigns.
The representativea of the principal European powera,
aasemtded in Paris about 1857, presented to him tbs
sum of 400,000 fiancs as a recompense for his invention.
Horse's system is gerwrally preferred to that invented
in England, on account of its greater simplicity. Died
April a, iSyj.

Ste DUKLAF, " Hiiicrr of Uw Am of DMijn in Ammci," vol
S. chap. niiL 1 " Nodh AmerKan Review" (iv Judut, iM.

MorM, (Sidney Edwards,) brother of the preced-
ing, was bom at Charlestown, Massachusetts, in 1704.
He graduated at Yale College in iSli, and about 1815
became editor of the " Boston Recorder," a religiom
journal. In 1S13 he founded, conjointly with hi*
brother, R, C, Morse, the "New York Observer." Ho
was the author of several popular school geographies,
and invented a new method of engraving maps, called
cerography. Died in 1871.

Mortemart, da, d;h moaCmlR', (Casiuii> Lotrs
Victurnien do Rooheohonart— d^h rush'shoo-ts',)
Due, s French genera] and dipiomatat, born in Paris

" " , '830, r

t, ofwl'
late. He was
afterwards, in 1&31, ambassador to SL Petersbui^, and
was made a senator in 183*. Died Januaij 1, 1875.

Mortler, moR'te-i', (Edouard Aixilphe Casihir
Joseph.) aflerwartU Duke ofTreviso,BcelebratedmattluU
of France, born at Cateau-Cambr^ts in 1 768. He served
with great distinction in the principal campaigns from
[793 to 1799, when he was made general of division.
In 1803 he was sent by Napoleon to Hanover, of which
he soon took possesuon. He was created a marshal in
1804, and the year following received the grand ccwdon
of the legion of honoor. Being appointnl in 180S to

a t: fait: flhinf: tt»f;a,«.^fMini/: t

'rUlfd; s

s'lalku. llJ^See Explanatiotis, p. 33. 1

MORTIMES

J of the eiand innj in German*, he
wu Mticked in November dv the Roniui general Ki
tDoeof with 30,000 men, against whom be made a mi
nllant defence with (^'"''T '■^'^rior nomben nntil re
foicementi came op. For tne rignal braver* he displayed
at the battle of Friedland, Jane, 1807, he was made
IXke of Treviio. In the Spaniih campaign of iSoS lie
■iristed It the dege of Sangoaaa, and defeated the
Spaniard* at Ocafia and Gebora. He accompanied
Bonaparle to Roada in 1813, and wu commistioned by
him to blow op the Kremlin. In 1S14. in conjunction
with Harsha] Mannont, he exerted himscir (o the utrooet
to defend Paris from the allies, bat, not sacceeding in
this, gave in his adhesion to Louis XVIII. Alter the
revolution of 1S30 he entered the service of Loni*
Philippe, and in 1S35, while accompanying that moo
arch to a review, was one of the victimi of Fieachi'i
"infernal machine."

1101/0-11191, (Edudnd,) Earl of March, an Englbh
nobleman, who married liiilippa, only child of L' ~ '
Duke of Clarence^ The* bad a son Roger, and
ancestors of Edward IV. Died in 1381.

Mortimer, (Edmund,) fifth Earl of March, bom about
1390, was the son of Roger, and grandson of the pre<
ceding. He was the Uwfal heir to the crown after thr
death of Richard IL Died in 1434.

Mortlmar, (John Hauilton,) an English painter of
history, born at Eastboame, Sossex, in 1739. Among
his works are "Saint Paul preaching to the Britons,
and " King John signing Magna Charta." He was ii
Inferior colorist, but his design was admired by his
contemporaries. Died in 1779.

Mortimer, (Roger,) Earl of March, tbe paramoui

. . . _ N- by RefeM
apH^Dted r^ent of tbe Uqgdott id
id lumseir odiod* by his ruMJlT and
nt was sappoited by QneeaECwibetk

of Isaliella, Queen of England, bom about \^A^. Havii
been twice convicted of treason and pardoned by Ed-
ward IL, he conspired with the queen agunst the life of

the king, who was barijarously murdered. The guilty
pair reisned for several years in the name of the young
prince Edward III. ; but Mortimer was at length made
prisoner by order of the prince, and CMCUied in 133a

Mortlmar, (Thouas,) an Enajiahl<'V^''a/r»r,bom in
London in t73a He published "The British Plutarch,"
(6 vols., 17&2,) "Elements of Commerce," etc, (177^)
" Compendium of Histoiv. Chronology, and Biography,"
(1777,) and other valuable works.

Morto da FelU«. See Fbltbr, da.

Mot't9ll, (CUAiUS,) a learned Ei^lish Paiitan min-
ister, born a)>out 163& He was ejected for noncon-
fbrmity in 166a, aAer which he taught school in London
aliout twenty years. He emigrated to New England in
\iS&, and became nunister at Chailestown, Massachu-
KIC9. He wrote several religions works. Died in 169S.

Morton, (Charlis,) an English physician and anti-
quary, born in Westmorelsnd in t7i& Elected a Fellow
of the Royal Sodetjrln 1753, he became one of its secre-
taries in 1760, and in 1776 succeeded Dr. Maty as libra-
rian of the British Museum. He vias also a member of
the Imperial Academy of Saint Petersburg. He made
several valuable contributions to the " Transactions" of
tbe Royal Society. Died in 1799.

Mor'ton, (Hknrv,) an American physicist, bom in
New York cily, December 11, 183& rle graduated in
1857 at the University of Pemisylvsnia, where he became
professor of chemistry in 1S69. In 1870 he was chosen
president of the Stevens Institute of Technolt^, at Ho-
boken. He published many papers on chemistry and
physics, and won a high reputation as an original io*
vesligaloi and as a teacher. Died May 9, 1902.

Mor'ton, <Jauu DotroLA^) Earl op, Regent of
Scotland, born in 1530, was a nephew of the !Earl of
Angus. He married Elizabeth, a daughter of James
Doi^las, third Earl of Morton, and inherited the earl-
dom in ISS3, at the death of the third earl, who left no
male issne. He joined the Protestsnt party, and became
one of the lords <rf the congregation about 1558. In
1 j6t he was appointed lord Ugh chancellor of Scotland.
He lost that office by his ctHnplicity in the assassination
of Riizio. He was Invited tiy Dothwell to join him in
the plot for the murder of Darnley. He declined to act
In that aflair. but fidled to inform agMnst Bothwell For

7a MORTON

this coarse he afterwards' ^fered' Ae wcnae Ihst ttg
qoeen was abesdy aware of tbe plot, so ttat h woold bt
useless to reveal the secret to ber. He fctwht ■sdnM
Botbwen and the queen at Carben HilL Li 1567 h«
was restored to the ofllce of lord cfaanceUor \f
Mnrray. He was spi '
IS7», and rendered li .,

oppresnve acta, but was sappoited I7 Qoe...

Having been acctised ai an acceaaory to the nnrder of

Damley, he was CMivicted and bebeaaed in JmM^ I^t.

SHRoanncn, "HirtiKTef SecMBdi' Benw; " raMovf itf

Morton, (jAins DottcLAS,) Eau. of, a Scottiah
astronomer, bom in Edinburgh in 1707, was a Fellow of
tbe Royal Society of Londoti, and an assodalo of tlia
Academy of Sdences, Paria. Died in 176S.

Mor't9n, (J amis Saint Claik,) an Aioerican gcMnl,
born in Fliiladelphia in 1899^ was a ton of Dr. &unDcl
George Morton, noticed below. He was educated U
West Point, where he gradnaled as second of his clssi in
1S51, after whidi he was employed as engineer at rarioot
places. He was appointed cluef engineer of the army
of the Ohio in Hay, 1S63, and comnunded tbe Pioneer
Brigade at the battle of Stone River, January 1-3, 1863.
For his servicea in thb action he obtained the rank of
brigadier-general. He was kiUcd in ao assaah on
Petersbui^ in June, 1 864.

Morton, (John,) an English prelate and stateaman,
bora in Dorsetshire in 141a He held several high
offices onder Henry VL, snd, soon after the accessioa
of Edward IV., was appointed Bishop of Ely, and lord
chancellor of England. He was imprtaooed 1^ Ri^ird
III., bat, having effected his escape, repaired to tbe cod-
tlnent, where he la said to have formed the plaiL In cob-
junction with Henry, Earl of Richmoud, of muling tha
patties of Vork and Lancaster by the marriage of MearT
to the daughter of Edward IV. Under Henry VIL,
Morton was created Archbishop of Canterbwy, (1486^

id a cardinal, (1493.) He was tbe patron <rf Sir Tnomaa

ore, whoeulogiiedhim in his''Ulopis." Died in 150a

Mortmi, {Lavi Parsons,) an American merchant and
banker, the son of a Congregational clergyman, was bora
at Shoreham, Veimonl, May 16, 1834. In 1S49 be en-
gaged in mercantile businewin Elaston, but subaequen^
removed to New Voik, where, in 1863, be established
the banking-house of L. P. Morton ft Cat He waa
twice elected to Congress, (1878 and iSSo,) and bi 18B1
was appointed by President Garfield minister to Franca.
In IMS he became the successful candidate for V3ca-
President on the Republican ticket with Haniaon.

Morton, (Marcus,) an Americanjurist and Governor,
bora at Freetown, Massachusetts, m 1784. He waa a
Judge of the supreme court of Massachusetts from i8>5
to i84C^ and was elected Governor of that State l>y the
Democrats in 1S40 and 1S43. Died in 1864.

Morton, (Nathaniel,) one of the early settlers of
Plymouth, born in England in 1613, was the author
of "New England's Memorial," and a "History of the
Church at Plymouth." Died in 16S5.

Morton, (Oliver P.,) an American Senator, born fai
Wayne county, Indiana, in 1S13. He studied law, and
was admitted to the bar in 1847. He was Governor of
Indiana from 1861 (o 1865, and was elected a Senator
of the United States by the legislature of that State in
January, 1867. for a terra ending in March, 1873. Daring

ipicuoDs ka his seal in the canM

Morton, (Paiil,) bom at Detroit, Michigan, in
S57. Ennged in railniadiDg, tiecame in l8g8 a vice-
president of the Atcliison, Topeka and Santa F£ line,
' n 1904 secretary of the navy of the United Stales.
Lce-pre^denl of the Atchison R. R. charges were
brought against him, but were oot sustained. In 1906
' : became president of the Equitable Life Assurance
D. Diedin 1911.

Morton, (Richard,) an English pliystdan, bom ta
Suffolk about 1635, had a high repntationTor skill and
learning, and became in 1670 physician to the Prince of
Orange. He was the author of " Sxc
and other medical works, in Latin.

l«I,fl.0,J.i»(f,l.*,4,sa

e, less proloogedi I, i,I. h. ii, f , liert;^^, {, g, i*Kmrt; iSr, fill. Ol; mCtj nAt; tfibd; orfto-

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

AfORTON

1773

MOSCHENI

Morton. (Sahuu. GiORai,} aa eminent AmencaB
utimlttt, cthnotogist, and phvtician, wm bom in PhiU-
delphia, Janury 16, 1799. rik ftchet, George Morton,
who wa* deMwnded from a large and highly respectable
bmlljr in Clonmel, Ireland, emigialed to America and
engand in neicantile pursuits. The aubjecl of oui
•ketcb early evinced a passionate fbndneaa for books and
thirat fet knowledge, and combined iritli tbcte a habit

a matriculate the

Died

1 members of the Sodety of Friends.
sdentiGc cssav, entitled " Obserracions on Comine,
New Alkalmd," was published in the "Medical at
Physiol Journal'* for 1S25-S6. In 1S37 he commui
cated to the Academy of Natural Sciences an " Analysis
of Tabular Spar from Bucks Cod nty, Pennsylvania, with
aNoticeof Varions Minerals found in the same Locality."
Doting the same year he contributed 10 the "Journal

TbMe papers were followed in rapid

by many other scientific commnnicatians, and the Jt
nal of the Academy continued to be enriched by his
labonra undl within a short period of his death. There
were not less than forty of these contribndoni, besides
others published in the "Transactions of the American
Phitoaophical Society," and the "American Journal of
Science and Arts," edited by Professor Siltiman. TTiese
articles, by their varied ranee, nhitrited great versatilii
of talent, treating as they (fid upon subjects conne
with anatomy, etnnolc«y, archeology, gcolt^, pal:
totogy, loology, and mineralogy. His celebrated m
graph on the " Cretaceous Group of the United Stales'
was received, at the time of its publication, with great
favour by the most eminent geologists of Europe. In
1834 he contributed to mediial literature an important
work on the " Anatomical Character, Causes, Symptoms,
and Treatment of Palmonaiy Consomption." Me early
began to make bis now celebrated collection of ctania,
andnplo 1840 had, with great labour and cost, succeeded
m collecting no less than 1468 crania. In 1839 he gave
to the world his "Crania Americana," and in TS44 his
" Crania Egyptiaca," both of which were very favourably
received. He was for some years president of the Phila-
delphia Academy of Natural Sciences. He died hi May,
1851. His name is often assodated with Nott and Glid-
don's "TVpes of Mankind," (1854.) based to some extent
on Dr. Morton's researches; but that work, pnblished
after his death, and edited by those who very imperfectly
understood his views, gives i>o just idea of the modest,
impartial, and thoroughly scientific spirit with which he
conducted alt his inquiries. In the annals of sdence his
name will always be assodated with that of Blnmenbacb,
the founder of human cnuiionaphy. To this study he
gave a powerful impetus, by clemonstrating the predse
method In accordance with which it should be pursued,
and bj indicating its capabilitv of throwing light upon
the ongin and nSMations of the various races of men.
Dr. Morton left several sons, of whom the eldest, an
officer ofgreat merit, died fighting bravely fbt Us country,
teee MoiTOH, Jauss Saint CiAixi) another son,
TRoiiAS Gkorgk, has become justly distinguished as
one of the most skilliil sargcons lu the United Stales.

Sh Gkh'i " American Unfiol Koanplir-"

Morton, (Thouai,) an English dramatist, bom in
Durham in 1764, was the author of numerous comedies
and ^ces, which had great p^nlatitv m his time. His
dramas entitled "Town andCountiv" and "A Roland
for an Olivet" still retain their pUoe 00 the atage.
Died b 1838.

S*g Biuoa, "Blnfi^iluDruiBdca."

Morton, (Thomas,) an English prelate, bom at York
b i«64, became soccetsively Bishop of Chester, of Lich-
field, and of Durham. He publUhed several contT<
rial treatise* against papist* and ncmconlbrmfsts.

wa* an intimate IHend of Casaubon, to
he erected a monument in Wesiminstr
in 1659.

S« BAnncK, "lib efTboniu, Kibop of Dorfun," lUsi
B.tDDiLV ud Navim, " Ufa of Thoou UmtoB," ■««,

Morton, (TuoHAS Gborge,) M.D., a distinguished
American su^eon, a son of S. G. Morton, alteady noticed,
wa* bom in Philadelphia, August S, 1S35. lie was edu>
cated at the University of Pennsylvania, graduating as
M.D, in 1856. He became a surgeon of his native city,
and acquired a great reputation as a brilliant and skilful
operator. He published many reports and profes-
sional papers, and was the inventor of important sur-
gical appliances. Died May 20, 1903.

Morton, (WiLUAM Thomas Giben,) M.D., an
American dentist and physidan, bom at Charlton, Mas*
sachosetts, in 1819^ He settled in Boston, as a dentist,
about 1843, and made some improvements in the fabrica-
tion of artifidal teeth. He afterwatds studied medidne
and chemistrTi to which he was sttracted 1^ a desire to
discover a substance that would render his patients in-
sensible to painful operations on their teeth. He began
to nse sniphnric ether as an >n«sthetlc in 1846. Hta
cdaim to this invention was disputed In Dr. Jackson.
Died b July, 1868. (See Wkllj, Horacs.)

Mortanwal, moR'tfiN'vtl', the assumed name of
Poroy GnMdon, (fllR'se' gi'ddw',} a French novelist,
bora in Paris sbont itSo. He wrote, beside* othet
novels, " The Count of vtllamayor," (iSaj.) Died in iBsiS,

Moma. See Mori, (Alkxahder, Henry, and Sir
Thomai)

Monu, mo'rfts, (SAMtntL Pbiedricr Nathanabl,)
s German scholar and theologian, bom in Upper Lnaa-
tia in 1736. He published ediliona of Longinus, Pin-
tarch, Isocrates, and other dasrics, and wrote several
ori^nal worka, among which are "Theoli^cal and Philo-
logical Dissertations," (17S7,) snd an "Epitome ot
Christian Theology," (1789.) Died in 179a.

MorrMin. See Girvros di Morviad.

MorriUa, da, d^h roo»'v*I', (Charle* Team Bap-
TOT-E Plonrlau— fln're'6',) Comts, a French diploma-
tist, born b Paris in 16S6, was ambassador to Holland
in 1718, and induced the States-General to sign the
Quadmple Alliance. He became minister of fordgn
aSUrs in 1723, and was elected to the French Academy

e same year. Died in 1731.

Mor'jr-Bfm or Mor^-s^n, (Fvura,) an English travel-

r,bom in 1566. He visited the greater part of Europe,

id wrote an account of his travels, which was pub-
lished after his death, pnder the title of "Itinerary,
eont^ning Us Ton Yean' Travel," (1617,) IHed about
1614.

MorHlllo. See Fox, (Sbbastian.)

MoaboniK or Moabiug, See Agar, (Jban Am-

IINB MlCHBL.)

MoB'^y, (John Singleton, ) an American soldier,
im in Powhatan county, Virginia, in 1833. He was
milted to the bar in 1855, joined the Confederate
army in i36l, and in i36l became leader of an in-
dependent body of cavalry which did much damage
to the Union army by daring raids in its rear. He
practised law after the war, and was consul at Hong-
Kong 1878-85.

MoBcbeles, (Felix,) an English artist, son of
the following, was bora at London in 1833. He ei-
' ibited many paintings in the London galleries, was
;ty active in the cause of peace and international
arbitration, and published " In Bohemia with Du Mau-
ier" and other works.

MoaoholM, mosh'«h-Us', (loMAX,) a celebrated Get-
aan pianist and composer for the piano, bom at Prague
n IM4, was the son of a Jewish merchant After visit-
ng Holland, Ft-ance, and England, he became In i83<
irofessoT of music st the Academy in London. In 1840
le was assodated with his pupil, Felix Mendelssohn, as
director of the Conservatory at Leipsic His prindpsl
works are sonatas, songs, and instrument-^eces td
various kinds. Died in 187a

Bnl, mos-kl'nee, (Cdstahsa.) an Italian poe^
ess, bom at Lucca b 1786 ; died in tSjt.

mmmi; f>»t; iiarJ; gaij; a,H,K,fMitnU; M,Haaa// ^.triiled; lass; thasinfiiii: ({|^*Sce Eaplanations,p.l^)

.Gooi^lc

MOSCHEROSCH 17

MoBohcrcMch, inosh';h-roah', (Johank Micrakl,)
a German writer, bom at Wilstidt in 1600. He wai
the author of "Wonderful and True Viaiona of Phi-
lander van Sittewald." (1644,) " collection of allegorical
•atires In Ihe style ofQaevedo, which are characteiized
by great acuteneas, onginality, and powers of humour.
Died in 1669.

SccCkivinus, "CwJiichUdcrDeiiUetienlTalloiiilUlcntDr,"

MOBOhlnl, mos-lcee'nee, (G I ANN ANTONIO,) an Italian
writer, bom at Venice in 1773. He wrote a " History
of Venetian Literature in tbe Eighteenth Century," (4
T0I1., iSoi-og,) and other works. Died in 1840.

Moa'«U-oii, [BlaiTtun',] a Greek medical writer,
supposed to have lived in the second century of Ihe
Christian era, was the author of a treatise "On Ihe
Diseases of Women," which was first published in Wolfs
"GynxcioromCommentaril," (1566.)

Moaohoptila. See Moschopulus.

Moa-eho-pBliiB, |Gr. HoaxJnonlat ; Fr. MOSCHO
rULS, mo'aho piil',^ (Manubl,) a Byiantitie grammarian,
supposed to have lived in the thirteenth century, and to
have been a native of Crete. There waa another writer
of Ihe same name, said to have been a nephew of the
preceding, and bom at ConBtaatinople. Among the works
attributed to them, which are chieftv grammatical, we
may mention " Scholia on the Tragedies of Euripides,"
" Erotemata, or Grammatical QuestioDS," and " Scholia
on Heaiod and Pindar."

Se* FiuiciDSh " B[b1l(i(bEei Grecai" HtnnvCLA, "Kiildrv
Im Uuhtmidqao."

Moa'«hiiB, [HoaxAf,) a Greek pastoral poet, bom in
Syracuse, flonnshed about iioo s.c. He waa conteinpo-
rary with Bion, to whose memory he wrote ■ beautiful
elegy. A few idyla are the only eitant works of
Moachus.

S« " Fmer'a Maginu" far Jansary, iBjS.

Moaooso d« AlTurado, da, dl moa-ko'so dfc U-vl-
rA'DO, (Don Luif,) a Spanish soldier, bom at Badajoi
In 1505. He served under Hernando de Soto in the

died in Pern about 1560.

Uottoleiy, mSzHe, (BENjAHm,j uurn m coacx, Ctwv
land, became physidan to Chelsea Hospital He puS.
lished a " Treatise on the Diseases of the Tropes," and
other works ; but he is chiefly known from his violent
opposition to vaccination. Died in 1S19.

ICoaeley, (Hknry.) F.R.S., an English dergymin
and scientific writer, bom about iSoo. He became pro-
fessor of natural philosophy in King's College, London,
and chaplain to Queen Victoria in iSjiS. Among his
works is "Mechanical PHndples of Eoglneenng and
Architecture," (1855.) Died January 11, 1372.

MoBal«T, (Henky Nottidce,) an English naturalist,
born at Wandsworth, November, 1S44, a son of Henry
Moseley, already noticed. He was educated at Harrow,
Oirford, Vienna, and Leipsic In 187a he was appointed
one of the naturalists of the Challenger Expedition of
1873-76. Among his works ate "Orwon, its Climate,
Resources, etc," and "Notes by a Naturalist
Challenger," (1879.} His prindpal studies wen
inverlel^te animata. Died November 10, 1891.

SCouallanns, mo-zCI-U'ntks, (Pnnos 8chad«—
shl'dfh,) a German scholar and promoter of dassical

in the Universilv of Leipsic He was
Helanehlhon ana Erasmoa. Died in 1514.

Mosen, mo'cfn, (JtiLioa,) a German HtUraavr, bom
in Saxony in i8o3> He wrote "Andreas Hofer,"and
other poems, also several novels, etc Died

Sae LoHcntLOW, " Po«> ud Patoj aS Ki

"Summer Eveiung Hours," " Liebensiein and the New
Arcadians," and other fictitioos works, which have a
high reputation. Died in 1839^

Moaentbal, mo'zfn-tU, (SAI.0110N Hexmann,) a
German dramatist of Hebrew extraction, bora at Cassel,

MOSES

January 14, iSlt. He graduated at Marburg in 1841,
and was in Ihe Austrian dvli service at Vienna. Of his
many plays Ihe best-known an "Deborah," (1S50,)
" SonnenwendOT^" (1856^) and ■■ Ftetrs," (186;.) Died
February 17, 1877.

ISotfT, (GiORCB MiCHAU,) a Swin artitt, bom 1
Schaffhausen about 1707. In 1716 he settled in Londoi^
where he soon acquired a high reputation for his OTns<
mental gold-work and enamelling. In 1768 he was ap-
pointedKeeperof the Royal Academy of Arts. "Moser,"
says Sir Joshua Reynolds, "had a universal knowledgo
in all braiiches of painting and sculpture, and may tnify
be aaid in every sense to have been the biher of the
present race of artists." Died in 1783.
5« Num, "Al^tmeiDH KOutbT-LodkaD."
Moaer, mo'i^r, (Johann Jakob,) a German puUidst,
born at Stuttgart in 1701, became in 1737 proreSBOr of
' w in (he Imperial College at Tiibin^en. In 1736 he
as appointed director of the University at Frankibrt-
i-the-Oder. As a writer he was remarkable Tot his
indefati^bte indnstrv, the whole number of his works
amounting to upwards of four hundred. Died in 178^

J. J. If oht'i AutolnoRiphT, (" LcboHndndita J. J. Uo-
) liSj : LmnniHOSS, "zUn im ita Ldn J. J. Hoht's,-

'■KouTBlle Biogra^i G^olnUc."
_ iottr or Momer, mij'z^r, (jDsrus,) an eminent
German writer and jurist, bom at Osnabriick in 1724
was chief director of the government of Osnabriick for
about twenty years, (1761-81,) and rendered impiottant
services to ine state. He wrote, besides other worka, a
good "History of Osnabriick," (1768,) and "Patriotic
Fandcs," (3 vols., 1775,) which was very popular. ""

e publislied in

., 1843- Died

,plet.
in 1794.

S« Y. NreniAi, "Lebm J. Matxn," iicn'- Awamt, "R«-

. . (Maky,) daughter of George Michael Moaer,
noticed above, acquired great celebrity as a flower*
* room at Frc^more, which she adorned with
called "Miss Moser's room." She was
chosen an Academidan of the Royal Academy of Lon-
don, and was the only lady besides Angelica KanffinaD
ived that honour. She became Mrs. Lloyd
by marriage. Died in 1819.

MoBBr, von, fon mo'zfr, (Fkiedkich Rakl,} a Ger-

an jurist, bom at Stuttgart in 17:3, was asonof Tohann
Jakob Moser, noticed above. He was successively aulic
coundllor at Vienna, and member of the administratior
of Hesse-Darmstadt, (I770-) He published several legal
works, a " History of the Waldenses," and " The Mas-
ter and Servant," ("Der Herr und der Diener," 175%)
The last-named production. Illustrating the duties of a
sovereign and his minister, had great popularity. He
was for some yean editor of Ihe " Patriotischea Archiv."
Died in 1798.

5« H. von Bnciia, "F. C vod UoMi lu uinei ScfariAcn km
Geiil," etc, ■146.

Mo'«e», jHeb. n»D; Gr.Muoflf; Lat Mo'sES; Fr.
MoTSE or MoisE, mo'*!* ; It Moirfi mo-e-*a' ; Arabic,
MoosA, moo's!,] an eminent Hebrew legislator and
prophet, bom in Egypt about 1570 b.c;, was a son of
Amram, of the tribe of Levi. In consequence of a royal
edict that all male infants of the Hebrews should be
killed, he was deposited bv his mother in an ark or
basket on the border of the Nile, and found by Pharaoh's
daughter, who adopted him' as her son. He became
"learned in all the wisdom of the Egyptians, and mighty
In words and deeds," and about the age of for^ began
to meditate the liberation of the oppressed Hebrews.
Haviiig incurred the anger of the king t^ hia active
sympathy with his own race, he fled t" w<^l«„ _
he served as ■ shepherd about foity yea
s divine mission to bring the children of Israel ovt of
Egypt to the land of Canaan. Under his guidance the
chosen people passed throagh the Red bea into the
Wilderness. He was instrumental in composing for
them a code of laws called tnr his name, and is the re-
outed author of the txiok of Genesis and other books
of the Pentateuch. The form of govemment which he
the Hebrews was a theocracy. The ftuMU-

) Midian, where

prescribed

mental prindples of the Mosaic law ■

racy. The f

i.«,I.Bil.J,/.«f;i,*,6,a.

e, leas prolonged; i, !, i, fi, u, f , tJi»n; f, f, h 9> titirt; Or. fill, Ot; mb; aim go&li ««9w

Digitized by VjOOQIC

*775

MOTLEY

woiship the only tiue God excliuiv«ly, and 1ot« bii
neigbboot u himiel£ Having appointed Jotboa u his
Miccessor, and obtained a distant view of the promiMd
land, Moses died on Mount Pisgah, aged aboi

handred and twenty year*. He *

1 pre-e:

t for

S« Eiodiu iL-i!. i Lcrldcu L-nf9.i Number* L-mri. :
Deutcnraom^ L-xedt. ; Uilllww niL i; LnJu ixit. i; ; J<^ ill.

Rcnlaooo it. i ; WAnvBTOM. " Dinm Liclltn of If «ci D«-
■DODinamL*' i;8li J. J. Hbl "GachichttUoaii," 1777; E. Bous-
quiT. "Hntoin: d« KM lUibnuteui*," iS^: !>- w. Viai.'ua.
'' Diuirtilio de Hdh Fhilouiiho," 17071 Jokh CAurauL, " Ld*
•t Mow." 1738.

Mo's«s Cbo-rfr-aen'sis, (,Lt. "of Chorene,"} in Ar-
menian writer and bishop, flourished about 4G0 A.11.
He wrote, besides other works, a "Histonr of Armenia."

Moabelni, von, fon inos'hlm, [Lat. Moshb'hius or
MosHBi'Mius,) (JoHAKN LoRENE,] an eminent Ger<
man theologian, pulpit orator, and historian, bom at
Lubeck in 1694. He studied at Kiel, and became pro-
fessor of theolc^ at Helmstcdt in 1735. In 1^47 he
obtained the chaur of theology at Giittingen, with the
title of chancellor of the university. He was eminently
successful as a teacher, and acquired a wide celebrity ftfr
his eloquence. His great work entitled *' Institutes of
Ecclesiastical History," (3 vols, ismo, 1736,) originally
written in Latin, has been translated into French, Ger-
man, and English. Among his other writings we may
name "Commentaries on Christianity before the Time
of Constaniine the Great," (1753,) and "Morality of
the Holy Scriptures," (9 vols.) He also translated into
Latin Cudwonh's "Intellectual System." Diedln 1755,

Sh p. Lucu, "Nuntlo de I. L. UoihemiD," 1SJ7: I. U.
GsHnn. "MesKril J. L. Mnhsmii," ijjs; "Noanlle BHgra-
phit G«D^nU."

Moshomim or Mo«hedialii«. See Momiut.

■fOBlenub, mos'If-mfh, a bmous Aralrian captain,
a son of the caliph Abd-el-Malek. He commandnl the
armies of his brother*, Waleed L, Solimln, Yeieed IL,
and Heablm. He defeated the army of the Greek em-
peror in 716 A.D. Died about 740 a.i>.

MoMaTOn-Dalammy, moa'nfh-r6N' dfh-15'ni',
(Tun BAPnSTK,) Bakoh, a French litUnUatr, bom at
Nantes in 1738, translated Milton'* "Paradise Lost"
into French, Died in 1S30.

Moaqoera, mca-ld'rl, (Don Rut Gakqa,) ■ Spanish
navigator, born in 1501, sailed with Sebaitlan Cabot 1

Mom, (ChiUILU,) an English tbeolo^an, a nephew
of Robert, notk«d below, ro*e to be Bwhop of Saint
David's in 1766. He wrote several theological treatises.
Died in 1S03.

BCoaa, (Lbicukl,) D,D., an American Baptist clergy-
man, born near Burlington, Kentucky, December 37,
18^ was a printer in early life, graduated at Rochester
University in 1858, and at Rochester Theolt^cal School
in i860, was secretary of the United Sutes Christian
Commission, 1863-65, held theological professorships at
LewlabarK, Penn^vania, and at Croier Seminary, near
Pbiiadelpbia, became in 1874 president of the University
of Chicago, and in 187J president of Indiana Universlly.
He was also editor of the " National Baptist," (1868-73.)
Amon^ his works is the "Annals of tM United State*
Christian Coinmi*^on,''j[ia6&) Died July 13, 1904.

Mow, (RoBUT,) an English divine, Wn In NMlblk
in 1666. He obtained great popularity as a preacher,
and was succeasively chaplain-in-otdinary to William IIL
and Queen Anne. He died in 1739, leaving a number
<rf sermons, and some Latin and English poems.

MoMen Jordi de Bwa JToidl, aio»«in' hoR-dee' di
■in boK-dee', a Spanish poet, who wrote in the Catalonian
dialect, liTed about 133a

Mom'iiuii, (John,) a British sculptor, bom in London
bi 1817. He was educated at Edinburgh, and resided at
Glasgow, He executed snccessfal statues of Peel, Uv-
tnntone, Campbell, Macleod, and others. Died in 1890.

MowmiH, (WiLUAH,) a British sculptor, born at
Eilinburgh, February 33, 1S34. He became an'
in the Glasgow An School

Mos's^m, (RoBBitT,) an Irish prelate, was created
Bishop of Londonderry after the restoratioiL He wrote,
among other works, "The Preacher's Tripartite," and
" Zion's Prospect in its First View." Died in 1679.

Mo8'*9p, (Henry,) an Irish tragedian, bom in 1739,
He obtained a hi^h reputation as an actor, both on th*
Dublin stage and in London, where he was regarded a*
nearly equiu to Garrlt^ Died in 1773.

Montaeit^ mos'tlat, (Francis and Gils*,) Flemiah

fainter*, born at HuUt in 1515, were twins, and tons of
an, noticed below. Francis painted landscajwn with
success, and died in IJ56. Giles, who was a historical
painter, died in 1601.

MoBtaert, mos'tirt, (Jan,) a Dutch painter, bom at
Haarlem in 1499, was a pupil of James of Haarlem. He
enjoyed a high reputation, and was patronised by the
archduchess Margaret of Austria. Among his master-
pieces are a " Nativity," " Ecce Homo," and " Uscord
throwing the Apple." Died in 1555.

Sc* FiLKiHCTON, " DictianUT of Fainun;" Discuirs. "Via
dcs Phdcju Fluoaodt. HoUandaia," etc

Hoatanaer-BUlali, mos'tln'ser bill^, sometime*
written MontaMr-Blibll, a caliph and patron tA learn-
ing, bom at Cdrdova, Spain, in 910 a.i>. He began to
reini in 961. He founded several colleges, and a lilH^ry
of 600,000 volumes. Died in 976L

Sc* RoHEV, " Hiitoin d'EapagiK."

MostMom-BIUab, Al, U mos'tl'sem bf llvh, ( Aboo-
Aluned-Abdallal), iTbUb Ib'mU ab-dtllah,) the last
Abbasside caliph of Bagdtd, was bom in iizi, and suc-
ceeded his hther Moslanaer in 1141. He was conquered
and put to death in 1358 by Hoolagoo.

Sec Will, "Gocliicliic dcr Chilirni."

Mostoiraky, mos-tov'skee, (Thaddeus,) Count, a
distinguished Polish patriot and diplomatist, bom at
Warsaw in 1766. He published a sood edition of the
Polish classics, (3J vols., Warsaw, 1803-05.) He lived
many yeara in Pans, where he died in 1843.

MotanebbT. See AlMootehabbee.

Motanem- (or MotasMin-) BlUob, mo'tls'sem
bil'l^ Caliph of Bagdtd, born near Samosata in 794
A.D., was a son of Haroun-al-Raschid. Hesucceeded his
brother Mamoon in 833. He is said to have been a cruel
tyrant Died in 84a.

Src ABoOLnOA. "Annilci Modemid;" Wul, "Gochkhu
d« Chilifen;" Sahduihuiio Matthiuoh. "Hlitoni Chalibnu
Al-Moladmi." ]S49^

MotenabbL See Al-Hootknabbse.

Motenebbl. Sec Al-Mootenabbee.

MoQie 1« Tajvr, de la, d;h ti mot Ifh vTyl',
(Francois,) a French writer, bom in Paris in 15SS, was
appointed preceptor to the Duke of OrMans, (iH9,) and
to the dauphin, afterwards Louis XIV., (1653.) He
published a treatise "On the Virtue of the Pagans,"
(1641,) in answer to which Amauld wrote his tract "On
the Necessity of Faith in Jesus Christ." He was the
author of other works on various subjects, which had
great popularity at the time. He had been elected in
1639 a member of the French Academy. Died in 1673.

Sh L. £Tiuiiia. "Emi BirLaHMhc laTijir," iSm; Batli^
"Hinorica] wd CrllSod DkdoaHT;" Uoilu, " IKcliaiiiuire Ilit-
UHiqai:" "NouTcUt BiopqiluiCtiidnla."

Motherwell, mfithV-wel, (Wiluau,) a Scottish
poet, bom at Glasgow in 1798. He published in 1817
an interesting collection of ballads, entitled " Minstrelsy,
Ancient and Modem." He afterwards edited succes-
sively the " Paisley Magazine," " Paisley Advertiser,"
and "Glasgow Courier." His "Poems, Narrative and
Lyrical," published in 1833, are remarkable for pathos
and earnestness of lieeling. Died in 1835.

SeeCiwHBaat " EiogrApliieal Dinionary of Eniiii»inS«iUn«n,"
(Snppleineni If " Rettoipecnie Retiew," toI i,, HCond icriti, iSil ;
''D«iiHKTiilieKtvi(w"l6tjKiii»rv, i&(i.

Motin, mo'tlN', (Pierre,) a French poet, bom at
Bourges, lived about 1570-1600. He wrote a number
of short poems, which are commended for grace and
delicacy of sentiment.

Morley, (John Lothrop,) an eminent American
historian, bom at Dorchester, Massachusetts, on the
ijth of April, 1814. He graduated at Harvard in 1S31
studied about a year in the University of Giitlingen, and
passed several years in visits to vari""" •-""">"■— ^i

taak;^*»>:lhard:%mj;a,a,tL,giitturaI;v,Hauii; *,trUltd; tM

inthi). (^^Sec£xplanatioiM,p.C3.)
, hXiOO^IC

MOTT \\

Giirope. HaTing returned home, he stodied Uw, which,
howevM, he never practued to much extenL He pub-
lished in 1839 a novel entitled "Morton's Hope, or the
Meni<Hn of a YoanK ProvindaL" In 1S40 he was ap-

Einted secretary oNegltioa at Saint Petersburg;, where
remained but a short time. He contributed articles
to the " North American Review" and other periodicals,
^ and produced in 1849 "Merry Mount, a Romance,
which had little success. Having resolved to write 1
work on the history of Holland, he went to Europe in
tSjl to collect materials and to make researches on
that subject He passed several years at Dresden, Ber-
lin, and (he Hague, and published "The Rise of the
Dutch Republic : a History," (London, 3 voli. Svo, 1S56,)
a work of great merit and profound research, which ran
through several edJtioTis and was translated into French,
Dutch, and German. Commentingon Prescott's " Philip
II." and Motley's "Rise of the Dutch Republic," the
" Edinburgh Review" of January, 1857, says, " Tliey do
honoor to American literature, and they would do banour
to any literature in the world." HisneW worlt-

uary, 1861, "i* already known and v^oed for the grasp
<tf mind whidi It &[dayt, for the eameU and manly
•pint in which he hu conunnnlcated ibe ruults of deep
research and coiefiil reflectioiL Again he appears before
M, rich with the spdla of time, to tell the story of tha
United Netherlands from the death of WUtiam the
Silent to the end of the eventfol year of the Spanish
Armada ; and we stilt find him Id every way worth* of
this 'great argumenL' . . . Many of Mr. Motley's char
acteristici as a historian will appear from the extracts
which we have made. It will be seen how vividly he
can depict the placet, the men, the deeda, of other days.
But the work itself most be read to appreciate the vast
and conscientioni Industry which he has so lavislilT
bestowed upon iL . . . At the tame time, he is not op-
pressed by hit materials, but has sagacity to estimate
their real value \ and he has combined and arranged
with scholarly power the &cts which they contain."

In 1S61 he waa apptnnted minister-plenipotentiary to
Austria, but resbned this position early in 1867, in con-
sequence of an Mfensive letter addressed to him tn Mr.
Seward, secretary of state. In the spring of 1869 he
was sent as ambassador to England by President Grant,
but, bis friends becoming involved In a quarrel with the
administration, Mr. Motley, in July, iSyo^ was reouested
to resign. Refusing to comply with the request, h« was
formally recalled in the followmg November. He sub-
sequently resided in England, and published the " Life of
John of Barneveldt," (a vols., 1874.) Died May 39, 1877.

Mott, (Henry Augustus,) an American chemist,
born on Statcn Island, New York, in iSjl. He was
professor of chemistry in the New Vork Medical Col-
lege for Women 1881-86, He published " Was Man
Created?" (1880,) "Matter, Ether, and Energy,"
etc. Died in 1896.

Mott, oriBinally Coffin, ( LuCRBTiA,) an American
reformer and philanthropist, born on the island of
Nantucket in 1793. About 1808 her parents, who were
members of the Society of Friends, or Quakers, removed
to Philadelphia. In 1811 she was marrietl to James
Mott, of NewVork, who soon afterwards came to PI"

delpliia and entered it

lo abstain from the products of slave labour. She

elled extensively as a minister, preaching the peculiar
doctrines of the society in which she had been educated,
inculcating obedience to the Divine light within the
Iteart, and exposing the sinfulness of slavery and war.
At the time of the separation in the Society of Friends,
in 1837, she Joined those popularly known as "Hides,
ites," [see Hicks, Elias.) and distmguished herself by
the advocacy of Unitarian views of the most radicu
kind. She took an active part (1833) in the organiiation

76 MOTTEVILLE

of the Anti-Slavery Society in Philadelphia, and in 1840
went as a delegate to the World's Anti-Slavery Conven-
tion, held in London ; but, though otherwise treated with
tiie greateat respect and courtesy, she was not admitted
as a delegate, a majority of the convention having de-
cided that women should be excluded from any activa
participation in the business of the assemblv.

Mrs. Molt was long known as an earnest and elo>
qnent advocate of anti-slavery principles, of the rights
of women, and of other reformatory movements. As a
speaker she was characterized by an unaffected simplidty
and earnestness of manner, as well as by clearness and
propriety of expression. Her high moral qualities, her
uncommon intelligence, the beauty and consistency of
her general character, — illustrated in her domestic as
well as in her public life, — were such as (o command tba
respect even of those who in opinion differed most widely
from her in regard to religious and sodal questions.
She died November ii, i88a

BCott, (Vauintinb,] a famous American snrgeon,
bom at Glen Cove, Long Island, New York, in August,
1785, was a son of Dr. Mott, of New York City. He
graduated as M.D. at Columbia College in 1806, and
afterwards pursued his studies in I^ndon and Edinburgh.
He became professor of surgery in Columbia College,
New York, about 1809. In 1826 he united with Dr.
Hosack and others iu founding Rutgers Medical Col-
lege. He acquired a wide celebrity by his skill as an
operator and oy the original operations which he per-
formed. It is said that he was the first that eisected
the entire right clavicle, and that he tied the common
carotid artery forCy-sii times. Sir Astley Cooper ex-
pressed the opinion that Dr. Mott "had performed
more of the great operations Khan any man living." He
was for many year^ professor of surgery and relative
anatomy in the College of PbyridansandSnr^ons, New
York. Among hit writings are "Travels in Europe
and the Eatt,^ (184a,) and "Uotfs Cliniquea," (tSfia)

jtoo'dfls',] a French critic and dramatist, bom in Paris in
1671. He was the author of the dramas of " Semele,"
"The Triumph of the Arts," and "Iner de Castro,"
(1713.) The last-named was very successful. He trans
latea Homer's "Iliad," which he abridged for the sake
of improving it, and thus, in the words of Voltaire,
"changed a fbrin elowing with youth and health into a
flrahless skeleton." Among his other works we mxt
name his "Reflections on Criticism," (171;,) in whicn
he maintains the superiority of the modems over ttie
ancients. It caused a great sensation, and exdted
■gainst htm no little hostility among the littratL Hit
prose writings are esteemed models of elegant compo-
sition. La Motte had been chosen in 1710 a member
of the French Academy, having Rousseau as his com-
petitor. Died it

was bom in Gascony about t66o. He formed a settle-
ment at Detroit in 1701, and was appointed Governor
of Louisiana about lyt i. Died after 1717.
Uotte-Onron. See Gityon, (Jbannb BoirriBR m

Motto, Ln. See Liuram.

Hottem^ mo'tuh', (Pukrb Antoinb,) a French
lUUratmr, bom at Roncn in i66a On the tcvocatioa
of the edict of Nantes he settled in London, where he
acquired a thorough knowledge of English and pub-
lished a number of dramas. Among the principal of
thesewemayname "The Amorous Miser," and "Beanty
In Distress. He also made an English translation of
"Don Quixote," which it pronounced by Lord Wood-
houselee " by far the best version we have yet had of
" e romance of Cervantes." Died in 171S.

S« Cisni, "IJTH aT Ihc Poeti:" B^ant, "Blotraphb Dn-

MotttfvlUtt. do, df h mof vil', {Frani^isx Bertant
— b^R'ty,) a French lady, bom in Normandy about
1611, was a favourite and companion of Anne of Austria,
queen of Louis XIII. She waa the author of " Memoirs
lowards the History of Anne of Austria." Died is 168^

Ll.!,fi, a. f,/i»tf,-i,(,d, same, lest prolonged; i,i, I, <J fi,)f,i4«f,-^cj,9,i^nvrr,-filr,flll,(At;m(t;n0l;Ed6dimiinDi

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

Uottem, mo'ti', (Lonii Victok,) a French
hUtory tmd portraits, boni it Ulle m 1809^

MottOer, Uotm,) an English dramatic and U»-
torical writer, Mm in 1691. Among Ua woi^ U m
driBa tathled "Tbe Imperial Capttrei," a "Life of tlie
Cnr Peter the Gnat," " HiataiT o( Catherine of Rmrii^"
■nd the collectioii of wittidama caUed *'Joe Miller*!
Jeata." Died in 1750.

S« BAm, " BiosnpUk Druatjok"

Honoharon, mooih'rAN', (Fkedcxie,) an eminent
Dntch landacape-painter, bom at Emden in 1633. Hit
pictnres are remarkable tor the graceful farm and group-
ing of the tt«es and the transparencj of the water. The
figoret and animati in hi* landscapes were painted bj
Helmbrecker and Adrian TSn der Velde. Among hia
nuater-inecea are "The Settine SQD,''and "Moramg,"
Med in i68&

Sa DnCAMR. " Vi« da PuiDh Holludiia," tto.

Monoharon, (Izaak,) a painter and engraver, a ion
of tbe preceding, wai bom at Amsterdam ui 167a He
painted in the same style ai his btber, and was regarded
ai his equal. Died aboot 1740.

Monoha^ moo'sby, (PKANgois Nicolas,) a akilfol
Ft'cnch painter of history and portr^ta, wai born in
Pranehe-Comtj in 17501 died in 1814.

Monohon, iDOo'sb&N', (Fibrkk,) a Swiss lUttraiaar,
bom at Geneva m 1733, was a Me^ of J. J. Ronaseau.
He published "Table analjtiqne et ralsonnife des Ma-
Hires contenoes dans t'EncyclopMie," (s vols., 1780.)
Died in 1 797.

Moao&y, do, dfh moo'ihe', (Fmuppt ds VoaUlaa
— d;h no'n' or ntrfyf,) Dik; a French marshal, bom
b Paris in 1715, was a son of the Due de Noaillea. He
served in all the wars that the French waged between
■733 and 17S9. He defended the king iriien tbe palace
was attadud bj a mob, in 1793, and was encatM aa a
ronliit in 1794.

Monettak mcM/lf, (Gumain.) a Franch traveller,
bom near Dionrdan in i6sa> waa ti^en by tbe Algerinea.
and wsa kept in captivity far eleven veara. He pnb-
Ushed a " History of the Conqneits of Uonlev Archy,
and his brother Moaley Iimael, Kings of Morocco,"
etc., (1683.) Died about i6qo.

lionfet; pronounced, and sometimes written, MoF*
btt, (TkoUas,! an English phnidan and natnralist,
bom in London abont icjo. He was the prindnal
author of the work entitled " Theatre of Insects," {" In-
•ectOTtim aive Hinlmomm Animallam Theatmm," i^M)
which ia hiEhtv commended by Ctrvier snd Holler. He
abo pabHined several medical treattsea, amons whldi
are "Health's Improvement," etc., and "De Jure «t
Prastantia Chymlcomm Hedtcamentomm." Died in
■tea

Moohr, d«, (Charles d« IH«az,) Chbvalibr,
a French novelist, bom at Meli in 1701. He wrote
many works of inferior quality. Died in 1784.

UonkhtBT Paaha. See Mukhtar Pasha.

Monlao. (Vincent Maris,) an able French naval
ofGcet, bom at Lorient in 17S0; died in 1S36.

BlonUn, dn, [t.at. Mounjb'us,] (Fiiebe.) on eminent
French Protestant theoltwian, bom in 1368, was ap-
pmnted professor of philosophy in the University of
Leyden. He afterwards 611ed the chair of theology
It Sedan. He was the antbor <rf a treatlic " On the
Recent Origin of Popery," and of other works. Med
about 1658.

lired to England, where he aubsequently became
in^-ordlnaiy to Charlea II. He ia chiefly known
IBlbor of « work entitled " The Cry of RoT>l

\ leaving a nnmber of

AtrOQKR,) a nencb general, bom at C

• a* *; 5 aa r; g hard; % aa/; o, H, K,gi'ai>raJ; ^

waa appointed Bcnerd-in-diief of the srmr of Kiglsnd
in October, 1798. In Jnne, 1799, he waa elected one of
the Directors of the republic He united with Gohier
to oppose Bonaparte in the aitf d'tal ai the iSth 6n-
maire, (November, 1799.) Died in tSta
Sec Da B*>Aimi, "HiUoin do Diraaoja."

Monllah. See Hooixab.

Monlton, mSl'tQn, gosEPH WHTTt,) an American
antiquary and historical writer, bora at StraUbrd, Con*
nechcat, In 1789, publiahed a "History of Early New
York," (i8a6,) and "New York One Hundred and
Seventy Years Ago," (1849,) beddes several legal works.
Died April ai, 1875.

Honl'tOD, (Lontn Chahdur,) on American author,
bom in Pomfret, Connecttcu^ April 10, 1835, the daushler
of a Hr. Chandler. In 1854 she was married to William
Moulton, a publisher of 6«ton. Among her works are
"Juno Clifford." (1854,) "My Third Book," (1859.)
"Bedtime Stories," "Firelight Stories," (1883,) " Some
Women's Hearts," (1874,) " Swallow- Flights," (poems,
1878,) " Random Rambles," (l88l,) " Miss Eyre from
Boston," (1889,) and " In tie Garden of Dreams,"
(1890.) Mrs. Moulton's poems are of a high order
of merit. Died August 10, 190S.

HooltOD, (Richard Grebn,) an English edu-
cator, born at Preston in 1849. He gradualed bI Lon-
don and Cambridge Universities, became a University
Extension lecturer in England and the United States
after 1S74, and subsequentlv professor of English ti(-
eralurc at the University of Chicago. He published
"Shakspeare as b Dramatic Artist," "The Ancient
Classical Drama," etc.

Moaltxia, moo'tre, ? (John,) an English poet, bom
about iSoa He became rector of Rugby, in Warwick-
shire, and published a volume of poems in 1837, and
other works. Died December j6, 1874.

ICotilUa^ moo'tre, (William,) a distinguished

general of the American Revolution, bom in South
orolina in 1731, In 1776 he received the thanks lA
Congress for his gallant defence of the Ebrt on Sullivan's
Island, which waa named Fort Moultrie in hia honour.
He assisted General Lincoln in the defence of Charles-
ton in 1780^ after which he was appointed major-^neraL
He was elected Govemor of South Carolina in 1^85.
He wrote "Memoirs of the Revolution in the Carohnas
and Goor^" Died In 1805.

MooDOt, moo'na', (Jean StrLLV,) a French trage-
dian, known in the profession as Mounel-Sully, was
bom at Bergerac in 1S41. He gained admission to
the Theillre-FiBn;ais in 1872, where he long distin-
guished himself by his fine powers as a tragic actor.
He made Hamlet one of his famous characters.

ICooiiIar, nuK/ne^', (Claudi Sdouard Philiffb,)
Baron, a son of Jean Joseph, noticed below, was bom
at Grenoble In 1784. In 1S09 he was ap|)ointed by
Napoleon secretary of his cabinet, and in this capad^
accompanied him in his campaigns. He waa also
created a boron, and in iSii master of requests. Died
in 1843.

Sn PoBTAUs, "£llci« d* H. le Baron Uoasier," 1844; "Kan

lie Biogni^it CMo^nile."

Moimler, (JsAN Joseph,) a Frendi legislator, eminent
..r his talents and virtnes, was bom ot Grenoble in 1758.
He studied law, and, after be hod served ai judge br
several years, was elected in 1789 to the States-Gene-
ral, where he distinguished himself by the moderation
of his liberal opinions. He was chairman of the com-
mittee appointed to form o new constitution, but his
plan was rejected. He wished a legislature divided
mto two chambers. He presided with credit over the
National Assembly from September s8 to October 8;
1789, during whidi time the sessions of that body
were disturbed by a mob, and then hastily retired
from the caintal. Being denounced as a royaltat, he
emigrated In 179a, and lived in Switzerland, England,
snd other countries, until i8oi. Having returned to
France> he was appointed in 1803 prelect of TUe-et-
"■'■'nt ond oboDt 1804 councillor of state. He died
I06, leaving several able political works, one of

I as s; th as in tiU$, (t^*See EiplanationH, p. 13.1

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MOUNSEY 1

«UA b "The Infloence ucribed to the PUlowphei
utd FKc-Hmom on Ae Preoch Rerolation."

SoBmiiiT S*iitT-P»fi,"fio(p (umniqMjg Mooniet," iW
Tmixu " HiM«T of the Frouh Rarolstlon :" UrcnT. "Hula
tt Ihe rmdi RBTtdntiai ;" " Haanlle KngnpUc G^cnle."

Monn'seT, (Akn Shxpard,) «n English m
born fn London in 1811, wu welt known u an 0

bora in London in tSig, lone held the position of orgin-
lll of Saint Peter's, Comhill

BCount, (William Sidney,) an American painter,
bom in Long Island about 180S. Hia laTourile anbjecti
were niral and domestic scenea, &nd he excelled in
biuaoroiis and comic delineadont. Hia " Farmers Noon-
ing" " HnsldnK Corn," " Raffing far ■ Goose," and
"Dance of the Haym^era," enjof a wide popularity.

English pre'tate, born in Bnckinghamshlre in istS,
was created Bishop of Norwich in 163S. He n
aereral treatises on chorcb anllonltie*, and was also
engaged In many controrersles wlu the Papists and the
CalifnIatL Died in 1641.

Moniiff9rt, JWilliau,) a ditUnEoished English
actor and dramatic vniier, bora in Staflordshire fn 1659^
Among hia principal plan are the tragedy of " Edward
IIL," and a farce entitled "The Lib and Death of Dr.
Faott." Died in 1602.

Monnflord, (Wiluam,) a clenmnaa and author,
born in Kiddenninater, England, Hay 31, 1S16. He
•todied at Manchester New College, became a Unitarian

Seacher in iSiS, and in iSjo removed to the United
ates, where he lived chiefly in Boston. Among bis
worts are " Martyria," (184S,) " Chriatianity the DcTlver-
anceorthc5oal,''(iS46,)"Euthana*T," (1848,) "Thorpe,
an English Town," (1853,) and "Miradea, Pait and
Preaent." (1870,) Died in 1SS5.

Monn, mS'rl, (Jozd ds Sahto Antokio,) a Portn-
guete Orientalist, bum at Almoddw; died abont 184^

Monrad. See Hoosadl

MooTftdJa d'Ohwaon, moo-rl'jl dyaon, (Iqnatius,)
born at Constantinople in 1740, was descended from an
Armenian family. In 1782 be waa appointed ambas*
sador-eitraordinMry from Sweden to the Porte, He
pnUisbed "A General View of the Ottoman Emidre," (bi
7 vols,) awork which is highly esteemed. Dietfin 1807.

MoDTBTlsr. See Mooravibf.

Mooiat; moo'ri', (Than Josbph.) a French composer,
bom at Avignon in 168^ produced a namber of popular
operas and songs. Died m 1738.

MonrgOM, mooRg, (Michii,) a learned Fiendi
Jesuit, bom in Auvergne about 1643, became |>rofiMsor
of mathematics at Toulouse. Among hia writings are
"New Elements ofOeometiy,"Bnd a "Parallel between
Christian Morality and that of the Andent Phlloso-
phera." Died in 171J,

Manrgnu, da, afb nooHg, or BCorpiea, moKg,
(Mathiku,) Sieur de Bunt-Germain, a Frendi writer
and theolc^an, bom in ijSl. He became in ifiio
almoner to Marie de M^dida, whom he accompanied
in her exile to Brussels, England, and Cologne. He
published, among other works, a ** Delence of the
Queen-Mother and of Louis XIIL," [Antwerp, 1637.]
Died in 167a

Monrlon, mookli^H', (FrIdIkic,) a French jurist.

bom at Chambon about 1813. He published several
Ie«] works. Died Decei " * "'
Hoosa. See Moosa.

HonskM, moosk, or Mas, (Philippe,) a Flemish
historian, born at Ghent about 1315, became Bishop
of Toumay in 1274. He wrote, in verse, a History of
France, which was commended by Dn Cange. It was
published at Brussels in 1S36-38. Died in 1183.

Moiutior, de, (Charles Albert.) See DeMoumiR.

Hoiutier, de, dfh moo'i^', (ClIuknt Edou-
ARC,) Mak'juis, a French diplomatist, bom at Coblenti
In 1779; died in Paiis in 1830.

Moustler, de, (ELioKORi Pran(;ois Elib,) Mar-
quis, a diplomatist, bom in Paris 101751, was the father
of the preceding. He waa an adherent of the Bourbona,
Died hi 1817.

?8 MOZART

Montott. See Lcbau.

Mooton, moo'tftif', (Jram,) a French composer of the
rixteenth century, was a pupil of Toaqnln Despra^ Rod
was patronised % Loola XH. and Fianda L

Hoaton-FontMilUs de !■ Clotte^ moo'tAit' (tof-
nil' dfh II Uot, (Marib Jacqubs Philippe,) a Frendi
naturalist, bom at Montpellier In 1769. He wrote oo
botany and ornithology. Died In 1837.

M averB, mo'Ttrs, (Fxahs Karl,) s teamed Geimui
Catholic theologian, bom at KSsfeld, in Westphalia, in
1806. He became in 1839 professor of the theotogrof
the Old Testament in the Catholic faculty at Brodan.
His greatest work, entitled "The Phomioans," (185a,)
illustrates the religion, history, and antiquities of that
nation. He also published seveTBl treatises on Biblical
antiquities, and wrote the artide " Fhmnida" {n Erscb
and Gruber's " Encydopiedia." Died in 1856.

Mowatt See KirCHti, (Anna Cora.)

M6w'flr, posKPK A.,) an able American general in
the service of the Union. He commanded a brigade in
an attack ou VIcksburg, May, 1863, and served imder
General Banks in Louisiana in April, 1S64. He com-
manded a division of the army of Geneial Sherman in
its march through the Carolinas, 1865. Died b Janu-
ary, 1870.

Mow'ry, (William Augustus,) an American
author, bom st Uxbridge, Massachusetts, in 1839. He
becsnie a teacher and school superintendent, and was
editor al the " Journal of Education" 1S84-S5, and of
" Education" lSS6-gi. After 1894 he become a lec-
turer and writer. His works consist of school-books
on civil government and United States history, etc.

Mox'^n, (Joseph,) bom In Yorkshire in 1627, wbb
hydrographer to Charlea II. He published sereral
treatises on mathematics, navigation, etc, and caitled
on the manafactnre of globes and maps. Died about

Mojra, de, dt mo'yl, (Don Pidro,) a skiUhl Spanish
painter, bora at Granada in iSio^ was a puinl of Juan
del Caatilta He excelled as a coloriM. Died in 166&

Set QpiLuar, "DicIiiaBuin dn P^Ina Kipacinlc.'

Moyle, moil, (Walter,) an English jurist and writer,
bom in Corawall in 167a, was a fnend of Congrevc and
Wycherly. He was the author of an " Essay on the
Roman Constitution," and other worka, and translated
Xenophoa's treatise "On the Revenues of Athens."
Died in 1731.

S« " Lib sf W. Merle," mGnd U> hU worki.

MoTTttaii, rawfrtf, (Jean,) a French engraver, born
at Orleans in 169a Among his best prints are "The
Uon- Hunt," after Rubens, and " Bacchus and Ariadne,"
after BouUongne. Died in 1763.

Soa Basak, " Diclloiuiun da Gnnun."

UoTie^ the French for Moses, which see.

Moy'BM, (Datid,) a Scottish historical writer, bora
at Lanark in 1573. He wrote "Memoirs of the ASairs
of Scotland." Died In 163a

Mourt, mo'sarf, [Ger. pron. mQfsiRt,] (Johann
Chrvsostom Wolfgang Awadeus,) a celebrated Ger-
man composer, bom at Saltiburg on the syih of January,
1756. Both his parents were distinguished (or personal
beauty. He began to perform on the harpsichord when
he was sbout (bur years old, and manifested an eiquisile
musical organisation. His first teacher was his nther,
who devoted much time to his educatioru At the age
of six years he composed short pieces of music, and
was regarded as a prodigy of musical genius. He had
a sister lour rears his senior, who in early childhood
was an excellent mnsidan. In 1763 Leopold Moxart
look Wolfgang and his sister to Munich, where they
performed oefore the court and exdted great admira*
don. They also visited Vienna, and exhibited their
skill before the emperor and his Airoilv, by whom they
were encouraged and caressed. In 176^ young Moxart
exdted the astonishment of the Pariaians by his per-
formance on the organ and by his talent for improvisa-
tion. He visited with his parents the prindpal dtie* of
Germany, and published two of bis compositions in 1763.
The Moxart family passed the year 1764 in Londoc,

Died bi 1817. tue Moxart lamily passea ine year 1704 in ix

0. e, I, a, (i, ;. /mif,- i, i, ^ same, less prolongedi i, e, I, ft, 0, y, M«ft,- h «, {, 0, oiwHT/ fir, fill, at; mit; nftt; gOodi

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db,Google

•Acta itttf gav* paUic concerts, About 1766 tbef
rctomed to Siltibarg, where Wolbong continued hu
•todiei, taking for models the productions of Handd
and Emanuel Bach. He composed In 176S an opera
called " Ls Finta seraplke," which wis not reptesenttd.
Accompaiiied hj bis bther, he made the loor of Italj tn
1769 and 1770, and was received with enthnsiasm. He
produced at Milan the opera of "Hitridate," which was

Eribrmed with success In iffo. During his visit to
rate the pope created him a knight (toBoUtrt) of the
Golden Spur. His next woilca were two serenatas, caUed
" Ascanio in Alba," and " The Dream of Sdpio," (" U
St^o di Sdpione," 1771-) He compo»ed in 1773 an
opera entitled "Lado Sills," which wot very succeuftiL
He passed tereral jrears in trevd, and soliated emplojr-
meot in various foreini conntrieg without aaccess.

In 1779 he obtain^ the places of organist and chapel-
nustcr to the Archbishop of Saltzbarg. At Che request
of the Elector of Bavaria, he composed " Idomeneo," an
opera, (1781,) which was saHrior to his former worlu
and obtained immense applauie. "Thii work," says
Denne-Baron, " was nothing leu than s complete trans-
formation of the art" He quitted the service of the
archtnshop, — a coarse and sordid person, who required
him to eat with his menial servants, — and in 17S1 settled
in Vienna. In 1783 he composed a German opera,
" The Abduction from the Seraglio," (" Die Entfiihrung
aw dem Serail,") and married Constance Weber. He
became a blend of Haydn, the great compo«er.

Mosart composed, with unremitting activity and in

rapid sDccession, symphonies, sonatas, quartet*, ^

!tc About 17S5 he produced ^Davidi
n oratorio, w
r. His comi<
("Le No«e di Kgarol" 1786) 1
unboonded applause, and, in the opini
(bnoed an epoch in dramatic matte

ras firat performed at Pragui
■nissia onered him 3000 cto'
o Berlin ; bul he declined to quit the aervicc of the

King 01

and afterwards atudied in Italy. Among his works ai
" Esther." " Pocahontas," and " Silence."' Died in 187a
Mo^l, (Chablbs Loou,) a French painter, born in
tmt in 1806, studied ■ndef Leprince. His works are
diiefly marine views, whkh have great merit Among
the beat we mm name "The Capture of the Isle of
Bbmmel by the French Arm* in 1794." and "The Port
of Honfleur." Died November 7, 1863.
H0xa«7 0AitES BowuNO,) D.D., an English divine,
1 able writer and thinker, was bom in Uncolnshire in

ham in iSjifi. Bsmpton lectoier in \i

portant theological treatises. Died January 4, 1878.

Uoal<7, (Thoius,) a brother of J. B. Motley, was
bom In Lincolnshire in 1806, was educated at the Charter-
house, and at Oriel College, Oiford, graduating in 181^
was a Fellow of Oriel, 1839-36, in 1I36 became rector
of Cholderton, Wilts, and in 1868 rector of nymtree,
Devon. He was prominently associated with the "Brit.
Ish Cridc," 183S-41, and afterwardi, from 1844 until his
death, with the " London Times." HI* " Reminiscences
of Oriel College and the Oxford Movement" (3 vols.,
SSz) attracted great attention. Died June 17, 1893.

BCrak,mrlli,{IoNA'nus,)D.D.,aCatho1ic bishop, bom
n Austria in October, tSto^ was edncaied in Camiola,
graduating in 1837, became a Catholic priest was a mis-
sionary amo[^ the American Indians, 1845-66, snd in
1869 wss consecrated Bishop of Marquette, Michigan,
In 1878 he resigned the see, and In t88i he was trans-
lated to the titular see of Antinoe.

Miwwla or Mnawlna. See MoXwbcvah.

MmrliinTW. mu-she-i'nus, [Fr. Mucibh, moyse-tM';
It MuziANO, moot4e-k'na,] (Licinius,) an able Roman
general and orator, whose character was compounded

be lived in Vienna. Among his later works is "The
Ha^ Flute," an opera, (1T91.) Moiart, as a performer
(m the piano, sarpassed all the German musicuns of hit
time, ms constitution was natnialljr delicate, and his
bealfli nq)idly declined in 1791, dant^ which he was
employed to compose a reqtdem by a mvateriousstrat^er,
or ■ peraon who wished hi* name to be a secret This
person was an agent of CooDt Walsegg. To his miMlnd
and depressed imagination this seemed as a warning of
hit own impending death. With this presentiment, he
composed his " Reqoiem," which is considered his most
sublime work. He died in Vienna, December 5, 1791,
leaviiw several children.

"Btoiart occupies," says Deime-Barmi, "a tuiooe
place in the history of music, bv the nnivnsalilj of nis
genius. ... He excelled in aA departments, and the

troducts of his radiant imagination improved the '
L all its parts. ... In dramatic music he was
rivalled. Hi* enli^tened mind and his exquiaite ■
sibility enabled him to seiie with equal tact and sagadty
the mumto and the true condition* of the lyrical drama."
("Nonvelle Biographie G^n^rale.")

SmX. HouiBS,"LiftafUeait,"snli..i84jiNiSMnsc)mE,
■MiMBfsLiteB/'iiva: RHcaLin,"Aimdi>u>cif UoBii,"(ip
rriiiiiVl >*«: AawoiA "Hbwi'i Cmi." Erfun, iSin: 0. H.
■0iiMnsB^''Bk>cnpUaW. A Mourtm." ibSi Fins,'' Biom-
bIh UaiTBHlIt da Miincku :" H. DOnini, "W. A. Moaft,"
sad s Fnnck ktboii t£ Um wna, Puk 1860: Huu Ottd Jah^
"HoBTt'i LdMK." iSs«: Daihss BAiaimmM, " Notia of Mo-
tan," in iba " PbiliMo^cil TnmctlBiiii" 177a: "Lctioi of
HocBt." nwnkisd bj L<un Wallace ■ nb.. iSfij ; " rot^p
QoiRea^ Rariaw" Sot Jaanrr. iM.

MoHvt. (Leopold,) a German mnsidsn, bom at
Augaboi^ in 17 19, was the &ther of the bmotis com-
poser. He performed on the violin, and became about
176s vice-chapel-master of the Prince-Archbishop of
Salubnrg. He gave diligent attention to the educatioo
and training of bis son. He composed several oratorios,
etc Died m 1787.

Moater, mo'zb«T, (Joskfh,) an American sculptor,

easi; cast/giUr^,' j;a*/,'a,H,ic,^iMn(ni/,- n, noia/.'k,

rapid march to Roms in 69 A.D., and acted the part of a
sovereign until the arrival of Vespasian. Mudanus waa
consul in 70 and in 75 A.IX

Mnotaniia, (P. LicimidiCbassusDives,) an eminent
Roman jurist and orator, was a son of P. Mudns Sctt-
vola. He was aitopted by P. Udnius Crassus, suc-
ceeded Sdpio Mssica a* pondfex maximns, and became
ccHisul in 131 B.C. Having led an army into A«a to
oppose Aristonlcus, who attempted to obtain Pci^i:anuis,
be was defeated and lolled, in 130 b.c

Mnoicn. See Muciahus, (Licinius.)

MDcdna SoaavoU. See Scstola.

MHoke ai Mnecke, mlk'th, (Hbinbich Kabl An-
ton,) a German historical painter, born at Breslau in
i8c6, was s pupil of Schadow. Among his master-

Sce* may be named " Saint Ambrose and the Emperor
eodosius," " Ulysses and Leucothea in the Tempest,"
" Death of Cleopatra," and " Saint Catherine borne to
Heaven by Angels." Died in 1891.

Mnd'dook, (I. E.,) an English author, bora at
Soulhampton in 1843. He liavelled extensively as a
newspaper correspondent, and published numerous
works of fiction, many of them under the pen-name
of Dick Donovan.

MndM mrdi', (Gabmil -na d«r Mttydec— vtr
dfT mi'den,) an eminent Flemish jurist, born near Ant-
werp in 150a He wrote "Dc Restitutionibu* in Inte-
gmm," <is86,) and other works. Died at Ixmvain in
1560.

S« S-iHHUL, - OtiMsl HDdfa « m EcaU," 1S44-

Mnd't^td, (WnxiAM,) an English editor and writer,

bom in London in 178a. Ho puUishcd, besides other

works, a "Life of OUver Goldsmith," (1804,) and a

" Ufe of Richard Cumberland," (3 vols., 1814.) Died

I: last: thasin/<U<: (|^*See Explanations, p. sj.l

d by Google

MUDGE 17

fnduaied at Weslevan UnUenitr in 1840, practiMd law
U) HauachwettB, 1S44-59, lemoved to Iuuuaa,wai State
geologist, and profcisoi {186^-73) in the State Agrical-
toral College. He wrote manv scientilic papen. Died
U Manbtltiii, KstkM*, November 11, iSt^

Hnds*k ™''j> (John,) F.R.S., an eminent optidan
and aorgeon, wai a younger son of Zachary, noticed
below. He practised man^ reari at Plymouth, and
wrote medical cwap, some of which were inserted in
the "Phitosopbical Transactions." He was distinguished
u the improver of the retlectinelelescope, and as inthor
of "Directions for Making the Sest Composition for the
Hirrori of Reflecting Telecopes, with a Description of
the Process forgiving the Great Speculum the True Para-
bolic Curve." For this he received the Copley medal
from the Ro™l Society, Died in 179J.

Madgfl^ CThouas,) an excellent English mechanist,
bom at Exeter in 1716, was a son of Zachary Mudge,
noticed below. He served an apprenticeship to Graham,
the Gunous watchmaker, and acquired great eminence
Id that art About 1771 he retired to Flymonth, where
he employed several vears in perfecting chronometers.
In 1793 he received from Farliiment a recompense of
three thousand pounds for bis improvements m these
Instruments. Died in 1794- His son Thomas wrote a
'Description of the Time-Keeper invented by Thomas
Mudge,'f (Senior.)

Bladee, (William,) F.R.S., a identific English gen-
eral, born at Plymouth in 176a, was a son of Dr. John
Mudge, noticed above. He served in the royal arttl-
leiy, and obtained the rank of bentenant. About 179S
he was appointed superintendent of (he grand trigono-
metrical survey of England and Wales, after he had
been employed for several years as assistant in that work.
During the progress (rf the survey he was raised to
the rank of major-geiteral. The reaalts of his survev
were published in the " Philosophical Transactions,*'
and procured him much distinction. In the latter part
of his life he was lieutenant-governor of the Royal
Militarv Academy at Woolwich. Died in i8si.

Mndge, (Zachariah Atwell,) an American author,
Dom It Omngton, Maine, July 2, 1813, an elder brothr-
- " ' lied at '"--'

d at Wesleyan Univi

tisbed a large number of religious books, tales for the
young, etc Died at Newton Up|
Mndga, (Zai:harv,)

Upper Falls, Ji

eminent clergyman of the
Anglican Church, was the father of John and Thomas
Mudge, above noticed, and an intimate friend of Dr.

iohnson. He became master of a free school at Bide-
ord about 1716, and rector of a church in Plymouth in
1736. He was also prebendary of Exeter, His ser-
mons, of which a volume was published in 1717, were
highly esteemed. Died in 176a.

Mn'dl*, (RoiKKT,) a Scottish naturalist and popular
litUrattHr, bom in For&rshire in 1777, became a resi-
dent of London. He published " Converaatioiis in Moral
Philosophy," "The Feathered Tribes of the British
Islands," "Popular Malbcmatic*," "The British Natu-
ralist," "The Element*] The Heavens, the Earth, the
Air, and the Sea," and numerona other works. Died
in 184a.

Mndo, M, tl moo'Do, (Juan Fkknamdiz Ximinbs
d« NttVRrata — d& nl-vt-ri'ti,) a celebrated Spanish
painter, born at LogroDo in 1536, received the surname
of KL MuDO ("the Mute") because he was deaf and
dumb. He was patronized by Philip II., and painted for
the Eacurial a "Nativity," a " Holy Family," and other
wrrlcs of great merit He has been called "the Spanish
Titian." Died about 1579.

Mueoke. See MUcke.

MnefillnK. See MtlFyUNO.

Mnagga. See Mtlcox.

Mtiehlanbracb. See HUhluiikuch.

Mttslsnaeia, da, dfh mii'fl-nl'r;h,?(Fiux Amaiid,)
COMTI, a Belgian statesman, bom in 1793. He was
appointed in 1830 Governor of West Flanders, and
minister of foreign ai&irs in 1S34. Died '

Mueller. See MUller.

MtiQlIiier. See MUllhbk.

Mnenoh. See MttNCU.

I, i, I, d, 0, ^, lai^; It, t, 4, same, leas prolong) K, f , 1, 5, Q, JF, skfrl; %, ; , j, 9, obsn

MUHLENBRUCH

See MflwcH-Btmw

SlnenoltcQaeiL See MHhciuusbk.

Mnenniob. See MUnnich.

MtiaDBter. See MUnstxr.

MneiuteTiJiAdenbiU'g. Sec MUnstu-Ledik burg.

Muent«r. See MUhter.

Muauxer. See MflNzxk.

MiifQiiig or MtioffllnE, mUffling, (Frirdricb Fsk-
D1KAND Karl,) Baron, a Prussian field-marshal, bom
■t Halle in 177L He was appointed in iSiJ governor
of Paris. In 1829 he n^otiated a treaty of peace be-
tween Russia and Turkey. He became governor of
Berlin fn 1837, and president of the stale council in 1841.
HediediniSsi.

5« " ?■•■>(*• ftnm arj U^" lie., br Baiioii HOrrUKi
Mfiggs or MaaBga, mUg^l ~

(Theodor,) a German litttratmr, b
wrote several romances, also political works entitled
"France and the Last of the Itourbons" and "Eng-
land and Reform." He became in 1850 one of the
founders of the Beriin "National Zeitqng," of which he
was alieiwards editor. Died in 1S61.

MagglBton, miig'g'l-tqn, (Ludowick,) an English
lanatic, bum in London in 1609, was the principal
founder of the sect called \/j his name. Huggleton and

his coadjutor, John Reeve, professed to be the last and

eatest prophets of Jesus Chri " "' ' ' ~'~~
Mugnoz. See MuBoi.

Mngnet da Nanthon, m9'gf dfh nAx'too', {FttAN-
.;;ots FSlix Hvacinthk,) a French lawyer and repub-
lican, bom at Besanfoo in 1760^ He was an active and
influential member of the National Assembtr in 1790-91,
He was one of the commissaries appointed to maintain
order in Paris on the aight of Louis XVI. to Varennei
in 1791. He died in 1808, leaving the reputation of a
worthy and honourable man.

MnriafTitned or Mnhanmuid. See UOHAHMEa

Mttbaat, mii'5', (fiTtniNi;) a French naturalist,
born at Thiiy (RhCne) in 1797. He published a "Nata.
ral History i& the Coleoplera of France," (1839 tl ma.)

MtUilbMb, Hiss. See Huhdt.

MiUiIenbOTK m&^-bfrg, (GormiLF Hcmh
Ernst,) D.D.,_ an American '^vine and botanist, sob
of the fbllowin^ was bom in Hontgomery county,
Pennsylvania, in 1753. He published, among other
works, a " Catalogue of the Plants of North America."
Died in 1S15.

Mnhlenborc (Hinrt Heuthior.) D.D., born In
Hanover, Germany, fo 1711, emigrated to America,
where be founded the Gcnaan Lalberan Church, aod
settled s* pastor at Philadelphia. Died in 1787.

SMihe-Lifa uailmMcf HaatTH.lfBlilenbBi,"bTlf. L.
Sroivm, i8j6.

Mntalanberg, (Pktui,) ■ general, son of the pre-
ceding, was bom in Montftomerv country, PennsylTania,
in 17^ He aerred with mstinction in the Revolutionary
war, and was elected to the Senate of the United Slatea
b iSoi. Died in 1807.

■flnUaiiberg^ (Wojjaii Anonartra,) D.D., an Amer-
ican clergyman and poet, a great-gnuidson of H. M.
Muhlenberg, before noticed, was born m Philadelphia,
September 16, 1796. He graduated at the University
of Pennsylvania in 1814, and was ordained to the Epis-
copalian ministryin 1817. Alter service in Philadelphia
and in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, he founded at Flushing,
New York, (in 1838,) ine school known afterwards as
Saint Paul's College, which he managed twenty years
with great success. He also founded the Church i» the
Holy Communion, New York, -Saint Luke's Hospital,
New York, and the colony of Saint Johnland, on Long
Island. He was an earnest advocate of "Evangelical
, Catholic union." Of his literary productions, his hymn
"I wonld not live alway" Is the best-known. Died in
New York, April 8, 1877. (See Us "Life," by Anne
Ayres, tSSa)

Hfihlanbniofa or MoshlaDbmob, mfiOfn-bRflte',
(Chrittian Fbirdrich,) an eminent Gennsii jiuis^
born at Rostock in 17S5. He filled the duur of law

t; f3r, fill, (Iti niCt; nAt; gAdi mOBiu

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

MVIR

, \ KCnlgaberf Mid ibik, wid In 1833 b«>
__teprofeMoratG8ttiiinii. Anaafhwinoitimpartaiil
works ire a " ConpendlDiii of the LiititDtes of Romtui
Law," uid "Doctruie of the Pmdecls, for the Uu of
SdMob." Died in 1843.

Molr, mSr, (John.) > Scoldih BDthor, born al GIm-
fow, FebTaarT Si i8io> a brother of Sir William MniT.
He was educated at Glasgow and HailevbiiTy. and waa
tn the Bengal anil aerrice from iSaS to 1853. Hia prin-
cipal origiul work ia " Origiii and HlMoiy oF the People
of India," (S vols., 185S-70.) He also pabliibed five
volumes of "Oririnal Sanscrit Text*," (1860-70.) Died
at Edinbn^h, March 7, 1883.

Uolr, ( JoBH,) a Scotch explorer, bora si Dundee
in 1S3S. He eraigraled to the United Slates, dis-
covered the glacier in Alaska which now bears bis
Dame, and wrote numerous papers on the natural
history of the Pacific coast, also " The Mountains of
California."

Hnlr, (Sir William,) an Oriental Khoiar, bom at
Glasgow in i8i9. He wu educated in the Universities
of Edinbmsh and fflasgow, and went to India in 1S37,
where he held high poaitiona under the government.
He published a "Life of Mahomet and History of Is-
lam,'' (4 vols., 1858-^1 ; aMdeed, 1871,) a treatise on
"The Coran,'' (1878.) "The Earlj Caliphate," {1881,)
" Mahomet and Islam," (1S84,) and "The Mohamme-

Htda, da, deh mli-e', (SihIon Marotto— mrrot',)
a French ecclesuatic and Orientalist, bom at OiUans in
1587, beca^na profeaaor of Hebrew in the Royal Collie.
He pnbliabed a number of valuable Forlta, including a
"Commentary on the Psalms," (1630,) which is esteemed
one of the best that has appeared. Muis enjoyed the
rnnilation of one of the most learned Hebraists and
Biblical critics ol his time. Died in i&44-

Sh DDrm, " BibliMtitqne da AnKiin ecdJnuiiqBH."

Mnkhtar PmIm, muK'tlt' pl'shl, (Ghazbi Afi-
HEP,) a Turkish general, bom at Broosa in 1837. His
name was originally KATVaDSHV OoHLoa In 1849 he
went to the military school of Broosa, and thence was
sent (1854) to the military college at Constantinople.
He dutinguished himself greatly in i860 in Montenegro,
and was rapidly promoted, becoming a full general in
1S70, and minister of public works in 1873. In the SDC-
sessivc wars of Bosnia, Herzegovina, and Montenegro
be bad chief command, gaining twen^ victories and
losing one battle. In the Kars-£rieroom campaign of
1877 against the Rnssians he was overcome by Meliko%
but only after deeds of the greatest nllantiy, for which
he received the title of Ghazee, the highest of Turkish

and is said V3 liave been a prudent and able niler.
Under his reign Morocco enjoyed nnnaual moqnilUty,
Died In iSaa.
Miil'f9rd,(ELisiiA,) LL.D., an American author, bom

military bon
of the Turk

n Engliah scholar, bom si

Taylors' School, then recently founded in London. He
wrote Latin verses, some of which were spoken befcvD
Queen Elizabeth at Kenilworth, also several educational
woiits. Died in i6it.

Mnlder, mBl'd«r, (GtRAKD Jan,) a Dutch ph7*ldan,
born at Utrecht in 1803, became professor of chemistry
in his native dty. He puUished, among other work^
•n " Essay on Goieral Physiological Chemistry," (tS44i}
"Chemical ReseaTches," (1847,) "Euayson the Chem-
iatry of Wine and Beer," (1856,) uid " llie Chemistry of
VegetaUe-ProdndDg Land, ''^(1861-64.) Died in 1^

Mol^ (or Motiley) HaMaa, mnlee hls'tfn or
mooli' hls'sln. King of Tunis, began to reign in 1533.
He was driven from the throne by Barharoasa, but was
leatored by the emperor Charles V. in 153;. Died in

Morocco, began to reign in

Montrose, Pennsylvania, November 19, 1833. H«

Edoated at Yale College in 185$, studied in Berlin,
miany, and became a presbyter in the Episcopal
Church. His principal wcs'ks are "The Nation, the
Foundation of Political Life and Civil Order," (1870^)
and -Tbe Republic Of God," (iS8a) Died in 1885.
HnlKnTS, Bau. or. See SnniKLIx
MalV"V«. (COHSTAMTIMB JOHM Pkipfs,) LoftD, a
distinguished navigator, bora about 1740, waa the
son of an Irish peer. In 1773 he wade a voyue to
the Arctic regiona in order to discover the Northwest
Passage, in which he was not sncceaaful. After Us
retura he was made a pilvy councilor, and raised to
the peerage In 1784- He pnUisbed, in 17T4, "Jour-
nal of a Voyage towards tbe North Pole." Died in

UnlcTBTOt (HsNKT Philip Phipps,) LoKD, a brother
of the preceding, waa bom in 17JC He filled several
important offices, and became tn 1S06 first lord of the
admiralty. He exchanged this place in lEii for that of
grand master of artillery, and received the title of Earl
of Normanby and Visconnt Mutgrave. He died in 1831,
and left a son, who became Marquis of Nokmanbt,
(which see.)

Mnl'liaU. (MICHAEL G.,) a British statistician,
bom in 1836. He founded the Buenos Ayres " Stand-
ard" in 1S61, the first English daily newspaper in
South Ametica. He is widely known for his valuable
"Progress of the World," (i88o,) "Diclionanr of
Statistics," (1886,) and "Industries and Wealth of
Nations," (1896.) Died December 13, 1900.

Mnlliuui moo-le-nl'ree, or Mollnarl, mo-le-ni'ree,
(Stefano,) a Florentine engraver, executed a great
number of prints sfker Michael Ai^tx Raphael, and
other eminent Italian masters. He published in 1780
a work endtled "Essay on the Tvn Italian Schools of
Painting."

Mtil-la'nfy, (Patrick Fbancis,) known as Brotku
AzAUAs, an educator, bom in the coimty of TJpperary,
Ireland, June 39, 1847. In boyhood he came to the
United States. When fifteen years old, be joined the
« Brothers of the Christian Schools," and in 1879 *>■
made president of Bock Hill College, Ellicott City,
Maryland. He has published " Philosophy of litera-

•— " '-°7*,) "Develgimi ' ' '- ■■ ^ - - -"

lOdress on Thin
worthy pspers on edncatioo. Died in 1 893.

MlUler, (Alexandbk,) a German writer, bora in the
bishopric of Fulda in 1780, was the author of "Archives
far the most Modera Legislation of all the German
States." Died in 1844.

MltUor, (Andesas,) a German iMvine and Orientalist,
born in Pomerania in 1630. He assisted Walton in his
Polyglot Bible, and contributed to Castcll's "Lexicon."
He ^so published a " Treatise on Cathay," " Tapanesa
Alphabet,'*"Chinese Basilia>n,"andotherworlcs. Died

IlSuer, mfilsia', (Charles Louis,) a celebrated
Frentj) painter, bwn in Parts in 181;. Amon^ bis prin-
cipal works may be named "Christ's Entry into leru-
salem," "Martyrdom of Saint Bartholomew,"_'*L*d»

first class iii t£(8 snk 1855. Died January 10, \ia%.

Mttllar, (Eduard,) a German author, (a brother of
K. O. Miiller,) was bom at Brieg, In Silesia, November
la, 1804. Amoi^ his works sre " HUloiy of the The-
ory of Art," (1834-37,) """l " Samson und Delilah,"
(a tragedy, 1853.) Died at Liegniti, Novembei 30,
1875-

BCfUIn^ (FunMKH,) a Gennan poet, bom at Krewc
naeh in 1751^ was the author of " Ulrich TOD Koaaheim,'
" Faust," and a drama entitled " mofae," He waa alao
a painter and engraver. IKed in iSa}

llfUIor, (Frirdrich,) an Austrian ethnologist and
philologist, bom at lemnik, in Bohemia, March 5. 1834-

«nsl,'f ssr;giarrf;gas/V<lt H,K,/w»wis/; »,iiaml: %,lniUd;t

(jg^^See Explanations, IV 33.)

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

Mtnordinai;. and in itttig hiii, proi
and comparative pbilolagy. He W
these aobjecu and on elhnotog;.

Hllller, [Fkibdkich Adgust,) a German epic poe^
born in Viennain 1767. wrote poems entitled " AHbiwo,"
(1790,) and "Richard L6wenheri," ("Richard Cceur-de-
lion," 1790.) Died in 1807.

MUller, ( Fribdricu Max, ) an eminent German
icholar and Orienialiat, ■ son of the poet Wilhelm, was
born at Dessau in 1S23. He visited England in 1847,

Baddhist Pilgiims," a " History of Ancient Sanscrit
IJteratare," (1859,) "Lectures on the Science of Lan-
taage," — first delivered in t86i at the Royal Institution
in London, — "Chips from a German Workshop,"
inSvols., (1868-S3,) "Scienceof ReUeion,"('370,)
"Origin and Growth of Religion," (1878,) "The
Science of Thought," (1S87,) " Bi<^aphies of
Words," (1888.) "Natural, Physical, Anthropo-
logical, and Psychical Religion," (1889-93,) "Vedanla
Philosophy," (1894,) aod "Science of Mythology,"
(1897.) He wrote a German novel, "Deutsche
Liebe, and edited the enlensive series of "Sacred
Books of the East." Died October tS, 1900.

He studied at the University of Halle, and in iSag ....
to England. He became a Dissenting minister at Teign.
mouth. In 1836 he opened the famous Orphan-House
on Ashley Downs, near Bristol, which haa since become
a great establishment, supported entirely by voluntary

Bi& which are sought for only through faith and prayer,
y 1875 upwards of two thousand children were fed,
clothed, and educated. Miillcr look an evangelistic
tour in the East in 1S89. His book, "A Narrative of
the Lord's Dealings with George Miiller," was pub-
lished in 1S37, and supplemented 1&41-56. He died in

l3gS..

Mm

er, (Gbrhard Fbiecrich,) F.R.S,, a German
traveller and historian, was born in Westphalia about
1705. He was appointed historiographer (1747) and
keeper of the archives (1766) 10 Russia. He published
a " History of Siberia," " Collection of Russian His-
tories," and other works. Died in 17S3.

MiUlor, (Hermann,) a German biologist and evolu-
tionist, born at Miihiberg, September 33, 1829. He
studied at Halle and Berlin, and was teacher of natural
science in the real-school at Lippstadt, (iS54-£3.) His
chief works are " Fertilization of Flowers by Means
of Insects," (1873,) of which subject he was a zealous
student, and "Alpine Flowers,'* (1881.) He was an
excellent observer and teacher. Died at Prad, August

about 157D, imitated the style of Goltzins. His prints
■re numerous and distinguished for great boldness and
lacility of execution.

MUller, (JOHANN.) See RBGIOH0t«TAMDS.

MtUler, (JoKANH,) a celebrated German physiologist
and zoologist, bom at Coblenti on the 14th of July, 1801.
He entered the University of Bonn about [8ig, studied
medicine and other sciences, and graduated as M.D. in
1832. In 1S26 he published a remarkable treatise "On
the Comparative Physiolc^ of the Sense of Sight"
He became professor of philology, etc at the Univer-
■ityof Bonn in 183a His work on the secreting stands,
"De Glandularnm secementium Slmctura penitiori,"
etc., (i830,) is a valuable contribution to comparative
anatomy. He succeeded Rudolph! as professor of
anatomy in Berlin in 1833. and acquired a wide repu-
tation as a lecturer. He made several anatomical dis-
His principal work is a " Manualof Human

Physiology," (" Handbuch (or Lehrbuch) der Phjrsiologie
dei Meiucben," i vols., 1841-44,] which is considered

I* worha are a Latin treatise " Od

Anatomyand Phsriotagy," {iSjf-^a) InlLeoiriiJonirf
some cntia^ HUller was the first pjiyritdogiu of Europe.

- .. ■ ^pjji_ ,gjj^

1^ H

IE GerrnaniqiH" lor Febrvuy, April, sod Jnncv
UniTtnellR^'
(JoHANN,) a German natural philosi^her of
the nineteenth century. He was professor of phjaici
at Friburg, in Brisgau. He published "Elements of
Experimental Physita," (3d edition. 185a.)

MttUer, (JoHAHN FtiUDaiCH Wilhelh,) a German
vuraver, son of Johann Gotthard von Miiller, noticed
below, was bom at Stuttgart in 1 783. Havii^ coutpleted
his studies in Paris, he waa iqiptnnted in 1814 professor
of ei^raving in the Academy of Arts at Dresden,
where he wss charged with the eiecntion of a plate
after Raphael's "M^onns di San Sisto." His severe
application to this work caused his death soon after tha
completion itf the print, (1816.) Besides the above-
named, whidt Is esteemed his msster-Friece, MUlei
engraved "The Four Seasons," after Jordaens, "S»nt
John," after Domenichino^ and portruts of Schiller
and Hufeland.

Simier, (loHANN GcrtTWSKTH,) a German /ia/ra-

._w,bomat Hamburg in 1744, was the author of " Conue

Tales from the Papers of the Brown Man." Died in 183S,

UOlIer, (JoHAHN Hbinbich,) a German astronomer

and naturid philosopher, bom at Nuremberg in 1671,

published many works on astronomy, etc Died in 1731.

MiUl«r, (Johann Hkinkich Jakob,) a German phys-

ist, bom m Cassel, April jo, 1809. He studied at

onn and Giessen, and in 1844 became professor of

Ciical scneoce at Freiburg. He pnblisWd "Teit-
k of Physics and Meteorolosy," (1843, based on
Poillet's "Efenants,") "Text-Book of Cosmical Phys-
ict" (1856,) works on crystallography, etc. D. in 1875.
MflUar, (JouAKN Takob,} an excellent landscape-

- , [JOHAHN Skbastian,) a German engraver,
bom at Nuremberg hi 1T15. His plates for Uie "SeiDal
System of Unnsna Illastrated" are among his best
works. Died in 1783.

MflU«r, (Jmjus,) a German Protestant theologian, a
tn^herof K. O. HUller, was bom at Brieg, in Silesia, April
10, 1801. He was professor of theology at Gottingeu,
•834-3S. St Marbuig, 1835-39, and at Halle. His most
noted work is "The Christian Doctrine of Sin," (1810.)
Died September 37, 1878.

Mfillor, (Karl Frikduch,) a German musician, bom
1797, the eldest of four brothers, celebrated quartet

avers, who made extensive tours under the name of

Tile Miiller Brothers," and the bther of four sons, who
formed a Eunoos quartet, known as " The younger Miiller
""ithers." The brothers of Ksri were Thsodor Hbih-
H GusTAV, bom 179ft ^*<* '*S5 i Apoust Thbodor.
bom 180a, died 1875 > 'BANi Fkrdinand Gboro, bom
180S, died 1855. Hm sons are Bbsnuard, bom in 1835 j
KARL,bDmini&ni H[[GO,bomini83a{and Wiuulk,
born in 1834. The yoaneer qoartet was brcdien np in
1873 by the appointment of Wilbelm as Ksmmermusikua
md teacher at the Hochschnle fiii Musik in Berlin.

MOUor, (Kail Otfrtod— ot^fkeet,) ■ distinnkhed
German scholsr, historian, and antiquary, sras Soni at
Brieg, in Silesia, in 1797. He studied at Breslao, and
subsequently devoted himself to philology at Beriin
under the celebrated Bfickh. He became in tSiy pro-
fessor of ancient langnages hi the Hagdalennm at Drea-
lao, and in 1819 obtained the dudr <^ archKoloo

lao, ana in 1S19 obtained tbe chair ol archKoiogy and
Grecian art at GiHtingen. In this poat his able snd
eloquent lectures, and the numerous admirable works
he published daring the fifteen years following, gsve a
the study of philology and antiqoitie*

' impulse ti

I, i. T, &, B, ;, Iffi^; i, 1 4, same, less prolonged; i, (, 1, 6, 3, J, tiart; a, «, i, 0, atitmrt; fir, fl

lt;nilt;nOl;gKd:m

Id at Atheni. Having rreallT fiitigu«d hiintetf
wDiie namiiig ezcavationa at Delphi, tie was »oon after
attacked b; a ferer, of which he died in 1840. He waa
burled near the rniiia of the Academy, and the Univer-
ytj of Alheiu erected a raocnment over hia grave.
Among hia prindpal wi»k« are his "Hiatoir of the
Helleiuc Races aitd Cities," (iSso.) "The Dorians,"
(■'Ke Dorier," a nria., l8a4-30<) "Introduction to a
Scientific S7*lero of HjUiologj,^' { 1 8*5.) " On the Origin
and Anctenl History of tlie Macedonians," (i8»S,}
*'TlieEtrnscaiia,"(3ToIs., 1S18,) " Manna) ofthe Arcbz-
olon of Art," jiSjc^) and " History of the Literature
of Andent Greece," (1S40.)

3m Baoniun, "CaniEnitiou-LaiJkani" "Noanllg Blofn-
ski* Gimtait;" "ramt^Qatnmtfttfriai" lot JnoMij.tty

HtlUar, (LUDWto Christian,) a German en^i
and mathematician, bom in the march of Pregniti In
1744. He servefl for a time in the Seven Yean' war,
Ind became in 1786 professor of mathematics in the
Academy of Engineers at Potsdam. He wrote Kveral
Talnable treatises on military tactics. Died in 1S04.

Mailer,m1I11fr,(OTHoFBEDKRiic,)an eminent Danish
natnralist, bom at Copenhagen in 1730. Being appointed
In 17J3 tutor to a yoang nobleman, he availed hlmaelC
while travelling with him, of the lacilities for increasing

1767 his "Flora

caused him to be appointed
the publication of the

" Flora Danica," a magnificent work, surpassing anything

' ■■ " ' ■' at had liitherto appeared MiUler added

0 tlie three already pnblEslied b^ Oeder.

of the kind thai had hitherto appe

_P ,.n Latin] "On

s and Fresh-Water Worms." In the first
part of this work he describes the inliisoria, of which he
discovered many new spedes : and he was the first
natnralist who distributea amnulcnies into genera and
spedes. In 1781 his treatise "On the Hydracbnto"
appeared, and in IT85 one "On the Monocnlt," both
wntlen in Latin and illustrated with many plates. These
two works, together with a treatise on the Inliisoria, {in
4to, with fifty plates,) published in 1786, are esteemed
■lis greatest prodnctiona. Hiiller had began In 1779 a
"Zoologia Danica," a snperb work, of which be pnb-
lithed two pans, each with fbr^ coloured plates. Several
addlttons were made to it after his death, which took
place in 1784. Hiiller is characterized by Cavier as one
of the most laborious and accurate observers of the
eighteenth centnry; and the same writer adds, "The In-
liisoria form, aa it were, a new animal kingdom, which
he revealed to the world."

"Tal.ti] InMnKaf O. P. HIUv." trS;:

MIUlM, (Otto,) a prolific German novelist, bom at
Scbotten, in Hesse, fune I, t8i& He became court
librarian at Darmstadt, snd afterwards was a journalist
St Mannheim and Frankfort, removing at a later date to
Stuttgart. Among his very numerous stories sre "Charles
Olto Ackermann," (i8S4,) "Der Kloeterhoff," (1859.)

53 MULLIGAN

poser, bom in Moravia in 1767. He was appointed Id
1786 chapel-master at Vienna. Among his nnmemas
works is " The Magic Guitar." Died in 1835.

Mflller, (Witiuui,) one of the most i^stin^uished
lyric poets of Germany, Ixim at Dessau in 1794. llaving
visited Italy in 1S17, he published, after his return.
"Poems from the Papers left by a Travelling Bugle-
Player." ("Gedichten ans den hinterlassenen Papieren
eines reiscnden Waldhomisten," % vols,, 1831,) "Sengs
of the Greeks," ("Liedera der Griechen," 1811,) and
"Lyrical Promenades," ("Lyrischen Spaiiergangen,")
He also published the " Library of the German Poets of
the Seventeenth Century," (tSll,) and was a contributor
to Ersch and Gmber's " Encyclopedia." Died in iSay.
S*e LoHom-uw. "Fcntauul VoVajtl Rurope.'*
MtUler, (WiujAM John,) an eminent landscape-
painter, of German extraction, born at Bristol, in Eng-
' ~ ' ' iSii. He studied under J. B. Pyne, and subae-

bis "Hemnon at Sunset," "Turkish Merchants,
etc, "View of Athens," and "Praver in the Desert"
Died in 1845.

MtUl*i, von, (Ferdinand,) Bakon, an Aus-
tralian botanist, bom at Rostock, Germany, in 1835.
He explored Australia broadly in search of new
plants, travelling over ten thousand miles, and intro-
ducing many foreign plants. He wrote largely on the
subject of the AuBtralian fiora. Died in 1896.

Mfillw, von, Ton mltl^, (Johann Gotthaid,) a
celebrated German engraver, born near Stuttgart in 1747.
He was patronized at an early age by Duke Charles
of Wiirtembe^, by whose assistance he was enabled
to study in Paris under Wille. He was chosen •
member of the Academy of Fine Arts in 177G, and sub-
sequently became profeuor of engraving in the Academy
of Srattgart, and oMained the wder of the Wiirtemberf
Crown. Among bis matler-plccea we may name the
"Madonna delta Sw^ola," after R^>bael, "Saint Ce-
cilia," after Domenichino, and " The Battle of Bunk-
-'s Hill," after Trumbull. Died in 1830.
Uilller, Ton, fbn miller, (Tohann is,) an eminent
mss historian, born at Schalniansen, January 3, 175*
e studied history at Giittingen under SdilSzer, and
177a published his" Cimbnc War," ("BellumCim-
icum.") He becanke, soon after, professor of Greek
the College of Schaffhauscn, from which he renwved
H. Geneva in 1774. About this date he fbrmeda friend-
ship with Victor de Bonstetten. He published in 1780
the first volume of bis " History of the Swiss," which
raised him to the first rank of historians. The second
edition of it was entitled "The History of the Swiss
Confederation," ("Die Geschichtc der Schweiierischeo
Kdgenossen," 17S6.) He was appointed in 1786 aulic
councillor to the Elector of Mentt and librarian of the
University of Hentz. About 1790 he accepted from
Leopold IL of Austris the poeition of aulic councillor;
but, the publication of bis Swiss history having been
prohibited by the Austrian court, he entered the service

_r.t_ Vi-^tt r, :_ -^ ...^ ..««»» ^11 .» ^n TW\F The

Der Wildpfarrer," (1S66,) "Schatten and Hohen,'

87&)etc Died in 1894.

Mlllu«r. (PnxK Ekasuui.) a learned Danish theolo-

('8J!SJ

1801 professor of the^ogy in the University of Copen-
hagen, Id 1830 be succeeded MOnter as Bishop erf
Seeland. Among his works are "Christian Moral
System," " Sagabtbllolbek," or " library of the Si^as,"
and "Critical Examination of the Tia^tional History
of Denmark and Norway from iSoj to iSjOt" Died
*«ii834.

5m KaAFT a( NvniTF, " AlifadtHst LhtoMniturieBB." ««■
MttUar, (Soi>HlE,) one of the most celebrated tr^'c
actresses of the German stwe, bom at Manbeim In 1S03.
She visited successively Vienna, Dresden, and Berlin,
where ner perlbrmances elidted the wannest applause.
In private life she was highly esteemed. Died in 183a
Hflller, (WcHiEi,) a popular German opera-cocn-

according to some authorities, efiiicted some change ii
UUller's political convictions. Through the influence
of Napoleon he was apptunted a ooattollor of stale and
director of public instructioD by the King of Westphalia
in January, 180S. He died at Cassel in May, 1809.
Among hia works are his correspondence with Bonstet-
ten, entitled "Lettera of a Young Savant to his Friend,"
llSot,) and " Twenty-Four Books of Universal History,"
<3 vols., iSil.)

Mtillor von K&nlgBwliiter, mnttr fon klfnlos-
*in'tfr, (WOLTOAHG,) a German litUratria; bom at
Konigswinter in 1816. He published "Ballads and
Romances," "Voyage on the Rhine," 'Lorelei," a
charming collection of legendary ballads, and "The
Hay Queen," an interesting village story. Died in 1873.

MiU'U-£^ (jAMis A.,) an officer, bom at Utics,

New York, in 1830. He removed la 1836 to Chicago,
in tkii. <|^~Sce Explanation*, p^ I3.>

d by Google

uatnoMc journal. nedistinguuiMaiiimseJiojnitdeWiice
of Lcmn^on, Missouri, in iS6i, and was made a br~~
dier-^neral of Union TOlDDleers In i86a. Died in ll

MttUner or Maallnar, mlD'nfr, (Amadbus Gott-
FKIBD Adolf,) a German critic and dramatic writer,
born near Weissenfels in 1774, was a nephew of 0>e
poet Biirger. He became m iSao associate editor of
the " Morgenblatt" Among his most popular dramas
■re "The Confidants," "The Twenty-Ninth of Febra-
vjr," and "Die Scbuld," (1816.) Died In 1819.

S« F. K I. ScHOn, "MUHdu'i Lcbm md CdR," iSje: P.
WAGmaii, "MilllnB in pa^iKl»r, kiilucba lud Rlisin^ Ba-
tiihuDg," 1831.

MnUot or M nlot, miilo', (TtJiUqoa Valbntin,) a
French Hoiratrur, bom in Pari* In 1749. He was a
member of the Legislative Assembly in 1701. Among
his works is " Lc Museum de Florence, grave par David,
(6 vols., 1788-95.) Died in 1804-

Bfulook. (UiHAH Maria,) an excellent and popula
English author, born in Staflbrdshire in 183& Her prin
eipal works are entitled " The Ogilvies," (1849,) " Olive,"
- The Head of the Family," "Agatha't Hasband," (1852,)
"John Hali&x, Gentleman," (1857,) "A Life for* Lite,"
" A Woman's Thoughts about Women," " Slndies from
Life," " A Noble Ufe," (1866.) "A Brave Lady," {1870,)
" Hannah," (1871,) "Adventures of a Brownie," (1871,)
" My Mother and I," (1874,1 " Sermons ont of Church,"

11875,1 and "A Legacy, being the Life and Remain* of
ohn Martin, Schoolmaster and Poet," (1878.) In 1865
she married George Ljllie Craik, Jr. Died in 1887.
Mnlot See Hullot.

Uuli-ABdjr, mOl'red-e, (WnxiAM,) ■ celebrated
--'-■er, bom at Ennis, in Ireland, in 1786, He entered

His "Idle "Rajt," ezhibiled in iSlS.cansed

his election as associate of the Academy, and a few
monlhs later he was made a Royal Academician. Among

his other works are "The Figbl Intemipted," "The
Roadside Inn," "Lending a Bite," "The Wolf and the
Lamb," "Crossing the Ford," tod "First Love." His

ik of modern

the kind, and have placed himin the fiiat tank of modern
British artists. Died in 1863.

MuUuit, mUl'sAN', (Martial Stirnne,) a French
naturalist, bora at Mamard (RhQne) in 1797. He pub-
lished several works on entomology. Died Nov. 4, iSSo.

Uum'ml-OB, (Luaus,) an able Roman gencnil, snr-
named Acha'icus, was noted for hi* integrin. He
became praitor in 154 B.C, and ccmiul in 146. In the
same year he defeated the Ach«an League, destroyed
Corinth, and icdnced Greece to a Roman province.
Many works of art found at Corioth nere carried to
Rome to adom the triumphal procession of Mummius,
which occurred In 145 B.C. and formed an epoch in the
bislray of Roman art. He was censor in 143 B.C,, when
Sdpio Afiricanus the Younger was hia colleague.

MtimmoL See MiniiiOLii&

Uum'mo-liu, [Fr. Mummol, mU'mol',] (Ennius,)
•n able Gallic general, became Count of Auxerre abonl
<6o A.i>., and commander of the armv of Gontran of
Burgundy. He defeated the Lombanu near Emhmn
in 573, and Didler, Count of Toulouse, in 576. Having
revolted against Gontran, he was killed, t^ order of that

klni

" s?i.*-

r Foreign Trad* b the Rule of oar

Mnnoer. See Hunzes.

Mnooh, m36nk, (Andreas,) a Norwegian poet, ct
of Peter Andreas, noticed below, was born in 181 1.

was author of" Poems. Old and Neff,"etc. Died in I

Rheinfelilen in 179& He bee

tical history and canon law at Liege, (1838.) He «
(in German] a " Histon (rftbe House of Orann-Nsssii^'
<i83i-33>> "Universal History of ModBniT&nes,''(l^
-35,) and otiier works. DiediniS4i.

Htindi, (PVTXR Ahdua^) an eminent NorwMiu
•ntiqiiary and philologist, born at ChrisHania in iSio,
became pofeaaor of nistory in the university of his
native city, (1841.) He published Grammars of Ih*
Rnnii^ the Gothic, and the so-called Old Norw^in
tangnages, ■■ Historical and Geographical DescripBon
of Norway In tlie Middle Ages," (1S49,) " History of
the Nor«e Nations," (" Det NorsVe Folk* Hiatorie," j
vols., 1853-59.) He also edited the " Andent Lawscf
Norway,^ and the andent " Edds." Died in 1884.

MflnrtinR**^ *"Cfr ft""^ or Bffuraob-B^UliigltRii.
■en, mlInK belling-hSw'zfn, (EuGiDS Franz Joseph,)
Baron, a German poet and dramatist, bom in HecUen-
bnig-Schwerin In 1806, was known by the pseudonvm
of Fribdrick Haul He wa* the author of Iragediei

"TheGladiil

Died May Jl, 1871.

Iffluonatuen or Mnenohanien, mltnK'hfiw'z^,
(Gerlach AdoliO Baron, a German statesman, bom
at Hanover in 16SS, wa* for many years curator of the
Univetsitv of G<ittingen. He made valuable contribu-
tions to the library of that Institntion, and founded the
Society of Sciences at GSItingen. He was appointed
first minister of Hanover in 1705. Died in 1770.

MfinohanaAii, commonly pronounced in EnglisV
miin-chaw'sfn, (HiERONTiitiS Karl Friedrich,) Ba-
ron, a famous German officer, whose name has become

Eroverblal as a aynonym of extravagant boasting, was
om in Hanover in ITSO. Having entered the Russian
service, he fought against the Turks in 1737. After his
return, he acquired great notoriety \y his exaggerated
stories of adventure, a collection ca which appeared
in England under the title of " Baron Munchausen's
Narrative of his Marvellous Travels and Campaigns in
Russia." It obtained great popularity, and was trans-
lated into German by EUrger. Died in 1797.

Stt Eluskh, " Nuhridi. flber At/a Freiham tm UflDdumQa,"
prtfijcd to hU " Advmturet," Berim, ift49; Aujbomv, " Diclioii-
\rj Of Anthon," btk]E"uipe.''
Mtmck. See Mune.

Bftmdaii«Ua,moon-di-ne!11,(Linci,) an Italian phy-
sician, born at Brescia, published "Theatrum Galenl,"
(i;5i.) Died about 157a
Mnn'day, (Anthony.) an English dramatist, boni
... .pj^ Down&ll of Robert, Earl of Hnn^

- _„„ -ii

Died in 1633.

S« CoLun, " RinocT of KocUih Dmutic Voeaj."
Mnn'df n, (Toscph S.,) an Ei^lisb comedian, bom in
London in 1758; died in 1811.

Man-dl'ira> or Monduo da IiQbbI, mon-dee'no
dl loot'see, an Italian physidan and anatomist, bom ia
the latter part of the thirteenth century, became iwo>
feasor of medidne at Bologna. He is said to havtt
been the first among the moderns who dissected human
bodies. Died in 1336.

of general literature and history at Breslau in 1S48,
in 1850 librarian of the University of Berlin. He )
llshed numerous tales, romances, political essays.

essays, and
1, His wife— origi-
-also wrote a niun-
ber of historical romances of a somewhat extravagant
character. Several of them have been translated into
English and have enjoyed great popularity. She died at
Beriin, September 36, 1873.
Mtin'df , (Gboroi Rodkrt,) an English naval ottoar.

l,i,1,n,(1.7./*«W-i.*.*."rae,lessproionged;i,S,I,a,il,JF,jAW;»,e,t,9,^™f*.-flr. fSIl.atjmetjn6t!gB6d;m«»w

Mrred u captain a^nsl the piratea of Bonieo in 1846,
■ad pnbliahed a "Narrative of Erenti b Borneo^" (1
lola., 1848.) Died December 13, 1S84.

Mnn'dJF, (Johnson Marchant,) an American
■calptor, bom at New Brunswick, New Jersey, in
183a. He early developed a talent for sculpture, but
his sight gradually failed unlil he became almost
totally blind. Yet in this condition be modelled a
ligure lor a soldier monument in Sleepy Hallow, and
an heroic statue of Washington Irving, the crowning
work of bis life. He died in 1897.

Mango, Saii«t. See Kiirnou*.

Monk or Mimok, roS6nk, (Ham or Jobann,) a
Danith naviealor, bom about 1589. He was lent about
1610 to searcli for a Northwest Passage. Died In 161S.

Mnnk, md6nk, (Salomon,) a German Orientalist,
bom at Glcean in 1S03. He studied in Paris under Sil-
natre de &cy, and was appointed in 1840 one of the
keeper! of the Oriental manuscripts in the Imperial
Library. He was elected a member of Ihe Acaidemj
of Inicriptions in iS6cl Among hig works is a "Geo-
fraphical. Historical, and ArchKoloaical Description
of FaleUine," (in French, 1S4S.) Died at Parts in 1867

MtmUloiT, moon-k^se, (H111A1.V,} a Hungarian

r'lnter, bom alHonkiczioiSfCi. His relatives perished
the Russian invasion of 1S40, and he wu apprenticed
to a carpenter. Later he studied painting, and gained
fame i>J his striking "Last Day of a Condemned
Man," exhibited in Paris in 1S70, now in Philadelphia.

" The Paymaster's Boy," (1899.) etc.

UnnTo, (RoBBRT,) a Scotch archaeologist, bom io
RosE-sbire in 1835. He published " Lake Dwellings
of Scotland," (1882,) " Lake Dwellings of Europe,"
(1890,) " Prehistoric Problems," (1897,) etc.

Bffan-ro', (Sir Tkokas,] an able English general and
governor, bom at Glasgow in 1760 or 1761. He went
to India about 17S0, and enteral the army of the East
India Company. Having served with distinction in
several campaigns, he was also employed in important

civil offices. In i8ir ' '-'-■ " '

Bfadras, and raised t. .
died in India in 18x6 or 1837.

Mnnros. (Kirk,) an American author, bom in
Wisconsin in 1856. He edited " Harper's Round
Table," (1S79-S3.) Founded League of American
Wheelmen in iSSo, His books, which are numerous,
arc all tales of adventure for bovs.

MuD'son, (Jahes Eugene,) a phonographer, was
born at Paris, New York, in 1835, and for over thirty
years was court stenographer in New York city. He
invented a typesetting machine and devised a system
of shorthand, publishing "The Complete Phonog-
rapher," etc.

Mnnatar, too. Ion mSSn'st^. (Ernst Fribdri(3
Hkrbkrt,) Count, a Hanoverian politician, bom Id
1766. He was a member of the Coi^reaa of Vfenaa
in 1814. Died in 1839.

Mon'atfr, (Giorgk Fitzclaruki,) Earl or, an

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MUNZINGER 17

Mnnslng«r, m9tofiing-er, (WeknkkJ > Swiu ex-
plorer, bom at Olten, April 4, 1S33. He was > mer-
chant, and lAerwMds Bnlieh consul, and then French
contol, at HatMwah, in Egyptian Abjtstnia. After an
adventurous life in Taiiont parts of the northeast of
Africa, b« «a* killed in a battle with the Gallaa, Novem-
ber 14, 1875. He left several books of traTel, a Tigt<
Tocabuiaiy, etc

MoTB, da, dl moo'Tl, (FRANCESCO,) sometima called
Fkanceschitto, (frln-cbfe-k£f to,) an Italian painter,
bom at Naples. He painted several works in the palace
If the King of Sardinia. Died aboni 1745.

Mnrmd. See Hookajx

Mijraa, (Sultans of Turkey.) See AuUKATa

Mnrad Bey. See Mookad Bbv.

Mnralret mfl'riK', (HonorI,) Count, ■ French judge

in 1797, and was appointed first president of the court
of cassation in Pans in 1804. Died in 1S37.

Mnralt; de, dfh moo'rllt, (BIat Louis,) a SwiM
htUrateuT, bom at Berne. He wrote a " History of Fred-
erick the Great of Prussia," and Tariout other works.
Died in 176a

Muralt, de, CJran,) a Swiss physidan and naturalist,
bom at Zurich in 164;. He beome professor of phyucs
and mathemalia at Zurich in i645,andpQblisIiedMTenl
scientific works. Died in 1733.

MiirBnt,ma-rlnf,MEMMANUEL,)aDntch landscape-
r, bom at ^Amsterdam in i&ii. His works are

'pSJ

Mnrtit, [sometimeB Anglifiied in pronundation as
mn-rlt',J (Joacrim,) a cel<£raled marsbal of the Frencb
empire, and King (rf Naples^ was bom near Cahors, in
the south of France, to 1771. Hii fiOher was an inn-
keeper. Soon after the ReVolution began, yoong Hunt
entered the guard of Louis XVL, frtnn which he passed
into a regiment of c^Msrora. As he was a wann parti-
san of the popular cuu^ he was rapidlT promoted, and
fat the campaign of 1796 was a favonnte udenle-camp
of Bonaparte, whoae fortunes he thenceforth followed
and shared. Having sienaliied hh impetoous bravery
in the campaigns of Italy and ^ypt, ne was made a
general of division in 1790. Soon after Bonararte ob-
tained the chief power, he gave to Murat his aktcr
CaTOtine in marriage. Mural commanded the cavalry at
Marengo in iSoo, and was appointed governor of Paris
In l&u, with the rank of general 'in-cbieL He received
amaralial'sbltonin 1804, and in 1S06 was created Grand
Duke of Berg and Clevea. At Austerliti, Jena, and
Eylau he directed the cavalry with brilliant effect He
was pronounced by Napoleon " the best cavalry c^cer
In Europe," and was admired for his handsome figure,
goreeons costume, and chivalrous demeanour.

Murat commanded the army which invaded Spain in
180S, and in the same year was placed on the throne
of Naples, where he was received with general jov, and
reigned liberally and peacefully nntil l8l>. He shared
the reverses of the Russian campaign, (181a,) a

finely finished. Ilied at Leeuwarden in lyoo.

lanrat, mii'rt', (Jian,) a French painter, boi
Felletin in 1S07. He gained the nand priie in
for a picture of " Noah Oflering Sacrifice.''

a accused of duplidty. As the Coi

emperor, whose cause he openly espoused in March,
1815. Calling the Italians to rue for liberty, he com-
menced hostilities against the Austrians in Northern
Italy, but was repaUed and finally defeated at Macerata
in HaTi and then fled to France. Iii October, 1815, he
landed with about thirty men in his former kingdom, and
snade a desperate attempt to recover it, but was soon
captured and shoL As a ruler, he appears to have been
mud and humane, but he was defident in political ability
as well as moral courage His wife survived him many
years, and took the tiue of Countess of Lipano. (See

iO MVRCHISON

BONATAim, Carolink.) Murat left two sons, MapoMw
Achille and Lttden Charles Joseph,

S« P. MAaioia, "IntiRMtav PkU rduip« t« Aa lUL stE.
of J, Hnmi" k. EKBuiiCMAHrr''CUatni|>ka3aHani:" L*o«
Gauoo, " HiMom da JowIub If nru," ilM : A. Sums. "Via
palOiqH M [n*4* d* JokUib MdiU." 1I16; A BaoGcnuia.
■■LenBMLMtmllnTBjaiAaBUiiRL-iSifi; C UiuttoR
"Via da J. Hunt, Rot da NipliL" iljsiTlna*, " Hteun of A*
Fraudi It«*Dlntlon ;" " Bhtdnnod-a IC^bh" tea A■«■a^ i»L

. . Charlrs,) Frinc^ a

French senator, bom at Milan in 1803, was a sod of
Joachim Murat He married Miss Fraser, an Amerkai^
about 1S37. After a long e»le,hewas permitted to entct
France in 184S. He supported the policy of Napoleoo
III., who appiMnted him a senator in 1853. Died 187&
Montoii moo-rl-to'ree, (Luixtvico Antonio,) an
eminent Italian scholar, historian, and antiquary, bom
near H6dcna in 167a. He became librarian and ar-
chivist to the Dukeof Mddena in (700, and continued in
this office till bis death. He published in 17S1 bis great
work entitled " Writers irf lulian History," (" Remm
Italicorum Scriptores," 17 vols, fol., I
followed by his "Italian Antiquities ol
(6 vols., 1738,) "NewTreasory^Aecieni tnscnpaons,"
(6 vols., 1 739,) and "Annals ofltaJy," (in Italian, iSKds,,
1744.] He died in lyje^ with the repntatioD of one oif
the most learned men irfhls time.

S>* a P. HuEATOU, "The dd caMn L. A Unratoil," ir^l
TiTALDO, " Blecnl* degB InHul IDuatri ,■" FAmnn, "Vha Inls-
min doctrlM •ceaHanliDm ;" ScmnoNi, "Elgi>odiL.A.Uiiiauri,'
tSiS: "NonrilaBiopapliiaCteinla.''

MnravWL See HooKAVttr.

Mnmwlnr or Mtm'«rJ«'ar. See Uooravikp.

MuraBUi, moo-rl-sln', (Iuan,) a South America>
patriot, bom at San Salvador in 1796, was president
of the republic of Guatemala from 1831 to 1S3S. Died
in 1853.

Mtur'«hl-apii, (Charles,) a British physidan, bora
...Jamaica In iSia He graduated at the University
of Edinburgh, and practised medidne with great success
in London. He published a "Treatise on Continued
Fevers," and "Lectures on Diseases of the Liver."
Died April 13, 1879.

Mlu'«bI-«oit, (Sir Roderick Ihpkt,) an endiient
British geologist, bom alTaradale, Ross-shire, ScotlamL
on the 19th of February, 1793, was a son of Kenttetb
MurchisoiL He was educated at the Uilitary CoUc^
of Marlow, entered the army in 1S07, and served in seve-
ral battles in the Peninsula. He was also on the staff oT
his ancle. Sir Alexander Mackeniie, in Sidly. He mar-
ried a daughter of General Hngonln IniSiC, and quitted
the army about i8iGl By the advice of Sir Hnmphry
Davy, he applied himself to the sttMfy of luUnral science,
and attendedlednresatthe Royal Institution. Aboiill8>5
he produced a *■ Geological Sketch ^ the Northwestern
Extremity of Sussex." He became a member of tb»
Geological Sodety in i8a|, and of the Roval Sodety in
i8s& In company with Sir Charles Lydl, he explored
in 1838 tlie geology of Auvet^e, Provence, and Pied-
mont, on which Aey wrote )ointt* three memoirs. In
1830 he bmn to examine the older sedimenlaiy strata
of England and Wales, to which he gave the name of
Silurian system. He published the resulta of these
researches in an important work entitled "The Silurian
System." He was the first who discovered the relatioos
of these palEoioic strata and dasslGed them according
to the succession of organic remains. In 1S4S Mr.
Mnrchison and H. de Vemeuil published " The Geoloaj
of Russia and the Ural Mountains," (3 vols. 4to.) The
former received the honour of knighthood in 1S46. He
was elected president of the Royal Geograpbical So-
dety in 1S44 and 1853, and received the Copley medal

of the oldest known Rocks containing OrKsnic 1
with a Brief Sketch of the Distributioa erf Gold over the
Earth," (i8u.) He bad been chosen picaident <A the
Geological Society several limes between 1830 and 1842.

I, i, I, S, 0, f , /exf ,- i, £, A. same, less prolonged; L i, 1, 5, ii, 7, jtorf ; ^ f , {, g, 0^/cwrv; fir, fUl, At; mil; nAt : gj

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president of the Royal Geognphiol Sodelr in 1864,
■od received the Copley mnlal in 1S66. Diea in 1871.

So " Nacndla BloEnphie G4ii jnlc ;" "Edinburili Rivicw" lor
Jilf. ie«c>; "QwtoTy Karitw" tm IuJ>, lUS: "Ededk M>(i-
•iu" for Daeonbci. ite4. (irilh 1 portnit :) " Kinth BridEh Rsticw"
b Aatim. iSm : " Hen of the Tm," tor iSM.

BCnrdooh, mur'dQk, (Jauks EdwakI),) an American
mrtoT and elocutjoaiat. bam in Philadelnhia. lanuan ic

a French diarieal Mholar, born at Hniet, In Limowht,
in 153& He lectored on philocophy and law at Piria,
which he quitted about 15$% He afterwarda Jired in
Venice and Rome, and wii palroniied b* Ippolito
d'Este. In 1563 he opened a coarae of philosophj at
Rone, wIktc he became proleasor of dvil law about
1(66. He was atyled the "lomhiaiT and pillar of tbe
Roman school" by Pope Gregory XIIL He compcmd
ccnnmenUriee on Ariitotle, CTcero, Horace, Tacltna, and

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Keep Him," > comtdj. He alio made ■ tianilatiOD of
Trains, and wfote the Live* of Johnson ind Gurick.
Died in 1805.

SmJ. rooT, "UfcofArthuHaivlir"

Mnipby, (Francis,) a temperance advocate, bom
at Weiford, Ireland, in 1836. He served in the
American civil war, and in 1S70 began a highly
luccessful career as a temperance lecturer, inducing
great numbers to sign the pledge. He afterwards i
lectured successfully in England, and was chapls'- ■-
the Spanish -American war. Died April 30, 1907.

works. Died in 1881.

MniTRy, (Sir Gkokob,) a Britiih general, bom la
Perthshire in 1771. He served in Flradcis and Egypt
with distinction, and rendered important service* aa
quartermaster-general in the Peninstllar war, fi8oS-l4,)
after which he was employed in France a« lieutenant-
general of the army of occupation. He was appointed
governor of the Royal Military College at Woolwidi
about 1819, and secretary of state for the colonies in
iSsEL In 1841 he became matter-general of the ord
nance. Died in 1&4&

SeaCMAHms, "BiognphicilDktiDDUTtif EauBiBtSciMiiiKiL'
Murray, (Huch,) a Scotiiah geogTapher and miscel-
laneous writer, born in East I^thian in 1779. Among
his principal works are "Discoveries and Travels tr

T, bom to Ireland about 176a. In 17^ he

*iaited Portugal, and aAer his return published an ac-

count of that country Among his principal works we Am^ca,""(l839,)''Encyclop«iiaof Geography," (1834^
maynaine''TheAra>ianAntiau>t.esofSpam."wilh97 and " Historyd'BritU^InJ^^Died in ifi^
plates, (1813-16.) Died in 1816, ^^

VtviTphy, (RoBKBT,) an excellent self-taught Irish
mathematician, bom at Mallow in 1806. In 1835 he
entered Caius College, Cambridge, of which he was
chosen a Fellow in 1S19. He became a resident of
London in iEj6. Among his works are "Analysis of
the Roots of Equations," and " The Theory of Algebraic
Equations," published by the Useful Knowledge Society.
Dfed in 1843.

Mutt, Ton, fon md6>, (Crkistopk Gottusb,) 1
German acholar and antiqaary, bom at Nuremberg abont

(6 vola., 1777-83,) and a number of historical works,
among which is " Commentatio de Re diplomatics Fre-
derid IL," (17^6.) He was noted for bis various and
.I :..j learmng. Died in iSll.

at UpsaL Died in 1803.

Htmny, miir're, (Alzxandbr,) an eminent Scottish
linguist, bom at Dunkitterick in 1775. The son of a
shepherd, his early instruction was verr limited i but,
with the aid of a powerful memory and his persevering
exertions, he acquired, before the age of twenty, the
French, Latin, Greek, and HeWew languages. He
entered the University of Edinburgh in 1794, where he
studied theology and became versed in the Oriental
'sngues. He was appointed professor <rf those languages

U Edinburgh in iBia, and s<

n after w

t* a ■■ History of the European Languages," etc, (1S13.)
Uniray, miii're, (Chaklks,) an English actor and
dramatist, bom in Hertfordshire in 1754. His principal
plays are entitled "The Experiment," and "The New
Haid of the Oaks." Died ' "-

1896. He was sent as envoy to Persia in 1854, and
minister to Saxony in 1859. He wrote "Travels among
the Indiana of North America," (1819.) His Indian
tale or novel entitled "The Praine Bird" (1844) has
been warmly praised. Died June 3, 1895.

Momy, (David Christie,) an English novelist,
bom at West Btomwich, April 13, 1847. He was a
taccessrul journalist of London. His tales include " A
Life's Atonement," (1879,) "Coals of Fire," (1881,) "The
Way of the World," Cl883,)_ "The Malting of a
Novelist," (1894,) "The Biahop's Amaiement,"
(^iSa6,) etc. Die<d August z, 1907

Mmnty, (Eustack Clakk Grenvili.1,) known as
GtKNTii.i.K Mniray, an English author, a son of the
Duke of Buckingham, waa born October a, 1S19, and
wai educated at Oxford. He entered the diplomatic
service when young, remaining in it with brief intervals
from ifUj to 1S68, when be became involved in veialioos

'Is with the government and was bankrupted and out'

English

" (anovel, 1874,) " Turkey," (1877,)

Sh " Quutar])' Rciiinr

Momy, (James Augustus Hbnrv,) a British
philologist, bom in 1837. He vntn reputation as a
philologist by bis "Dialects of the Southern Counties
of Scotland," (1S73,) and in 1S79 began the great
task of editing the Philological Society's New English
Dictionary.

Murray or Moray, (Jaubs Stuart,) Earl of, often
called Recint Murray, bora abont 1533, was a natural
son of James V. of Scotland and Margaret Etskine. In
1558 he joined the " Lords of the Congregation," as the
Protestant chie& styled themselves, and in ijfio was sent
to France to invite Queen Mary (his half-aister) to return
to her kingdom. She returned in t^Gl, and he became
her most bvoured and powerful minister, and was made
Earl of Hurrav. His talents, firmneaa, and courage bad
already cansea the Reformers to legard him as the head
of their party. The marriage of Mary with DarnleTi
(1565,) against the advice of Murray, canaed a breach
between him and the queen, which waa aAerwards greatly
widened by the countenance she showed to Damley^
murderers. Mary having been deposed, he was ap-
punted regent of the kingdom in August, 1567. Is
1568 she escaped from Lochleven Castle, and raised an

Btituted, the regent appeared aa evidence again:
captive queen. By this and other acts he had incoirea
the bitter hatred M the queen's party, and they resolved
npon his destructioti. In January, 1J70, he was waylaid,
shot, and mortally wounded l^ James Hamilton of
Bothwellhaugh, a notorions desperado, who was aAer-
wards selected by the agents of Philip II. t
the Prince of Orange.

The character of the regent Murray has been esti:
very differently, according to the temper or prejudice of
those who have judged him. By hia firmness, modera<
tion, hnmani^, and impartial justice, he appears to have
well deserved the dtle of "the Good Regent." tn; which
he was known among the people of Scotland. "Those,"
observes Ftoude, "who can see only in the Protestant
religion an Dpriaine of Antichrist, and in the Queen
of Scots the beautiful victim of sectarian iniquity, have
exhausted npon Murray the resources of eloquent vitu-
peration, and have described him as a perfidious brother,
milding up his own fortunes on the wrongs of his in-
jured sovereign. . . . But &cts prevail at last, however
passionate the predilection; and, when the verdict of
plain human sense can get itself pronounced, the 'good
regent' will take his place among the best and greatest
men who have ever lived."

Murray, (Johah Andirs,) a Swedish phyridan and
botanist, born at Stockholm in 1740, was a pumi of lin-
meus. He was a member of the Academy 01 Sciences
of Stockholm, and of the Royal Society of G&ttiageni
and was created a privy councillor by the King of Eng-
land. Linnxua gave the name of Afum^ia exotica to
an East Indian tree. He was a brother of Adolphua,
noticed above. Died in 1791.

S« C. C. HavN^ " Elofian J. A If oirar," 1791.

Muiray, (John,) a Scottish physidan, pnbliahed S

i,i,l,^a,y,ii!^ff;i,i,6,same,iesBpioloagedii,(,1,i,ii,'f,iit>rt;f,f,\,<^edieure;[ii,(ill,fit;mtt;aAt;gSbd;taS^-,

MURRAY \\

"Sjitem of Haterii Medio and Phumacr," and "El^-
Dienti of Chemutry." Died in i83a

Moiray, (John,) a celetn-ated divine and preacher,
boni in Hampahire, England, in 1741, is re^rded al the
lannder of UnlTCisalism in America. Having emigrated
to the United Statu in 1770^ he wat appointed in 1775
a chaplain in the anny. He took part in the proceedinai
of the UniverMlitt Conventioo b 1 785, and stibwawenujr
became p«ator of a charcb in Boaton. Died in ■»■$.

S« "Ktcor^ oT tba Lift of Joka Um^," wfitta W "— "

Mmrar, Uohn,) an eminent English publiaher, born
In London in 1778, He commenocd in 1803 «

of pnblicatiini wtiidi ii perhapa nnriTalled in the

of literatnTc. Abont 1807 be projected tlia "Qoarterly
Reriew," in which he obtained the co-operation of Can-
ning and ScotL and published the first nnmber in 1809.
Hii lagadtr in diaceming the merits or talent* irf
aathon, and hia tact in antidpatiiu Ae want* of the
_ i,t_ _. 1. . . . , .... y,nc(ig,ji^ He waa a liberal
t senerotu frteud to Bfroa
am onier emmeoi anuioia. Died fal 1843.

Mmrar, (John,) biologist, was bom at Cobutg,
Canada, in 1841. He was one of the naturalists on
the Challenger expedition, and in l88a became
editor-in-chief of the " Challenge i Keporls." He
wrote s " Narrative" of the expedition, aiid has pub-
lished very numerous scientific papers.

MniTftT, (LtNDLiv,) a diatinguished American gram-
marian and edacational writer, bom tiear Lancaster,
Slvania, in 1745, waa a member of the Sode^ of
L Having removed at an early age to New York,
he atndied law, bat he aubseqnentlvcnnged in mercan-
tik paraniti. The latter part of hia lu* waa apent in

Pennsrlvai
Frienk

d America, we may name hia " Power of Relirit

the Hind." etc, (17S7,) "Granmiar of the English Lan
gnage," (1795,) "English Reader," "Introdaction to ihi
English Reader," and "Duty and Benefit of a Daily
Perosal of the Holy Scriptures," (1S17.) He also com-
_i.j , ,7- — V — j„ jj^ ^^ „^^ Y^^^^

:ology at Pnnceton,
1S14 became paator at Elizabethtown,
paUisbed several theoli

loghes," (1847-^ „

-^ , — /e enjt^ed a great popniarity,

and have been translated into several foreign languages.

among which was that of lord chancellor. He ha4
however, a seat In the caUnet for more than a year. In
the trial of Woodfall for publishing "Jnnius's Letters,"
Lord Mansfield gave oSence to the popular par^, arid
was oensnred for leaning against the freedom of discns-
■ion in casesof libeL Daring the riots of 1780, his honse
in London was bonied down by a tnob. He died, with-
oat issne, in 179J, "His mind and his habits," says
Ixtrd Btoagham, " were eroinenlly Judicial ; and it may
bedonbtea i^ taking both the externals and the more
essential qualities into the account, that go to form a
great judge, any one has ever administered the laws in
thil Coantiy whom we can lairly name as his eqnal."

Sm iht '■ Lift of WOHiiv Kari of MininiU," bj John Hduj-
MT! BloDCHAM, "SutamcaaCthcTiinc of G<orgt III. ;" Fon,
'Ttn Judge* of Entlind:" Loud CAHmiLL, - Livia of ih» QiiW
ntica i'^^CHnHsaas. " Biosiapluial Dictionvy of EmincDt Scoa-

Mnnay, (William,) a Scottish actor, bom in 1791,
performed in Edinbnrgh for many years. EKed in il^

MtHTKj, (William Hmy Harbison,) an American
preacher, editor, and anthor, bom at GniUbrd, Connec*
ticut, April 26, 1S40. He graduated at Yale College in
1863, and was for some years a Congregationalist pastor
in Boston, and editor of "The Golden Age." His pub-
lished works include "Adirondack Tales," "Camp-Lite
-'t the Adirordackfl," " Deacons," " Music Hall Sermons,'

The Perfect Horse," etc Died March 3, 1004.

Uniray, (William Vans,] sn American diplotnatlsl,
bom <n Maryland sboat 176a. Having stttdied law Is
England, he was elected to Congress in 1791. Hr
waa afkerwards appointed by Washington United States
minister at the Hague. Died in 1803.

HunlmiB, mooR-sln'nl, (Christian Ludwio,) an
eminent Germsti sargeon, bom at Sloipe in 1744. He
became chief snrgeon In the army in 1787, and published

Stic singer, born atwut 1S43. She made her sEAv/ ii
Florence in lS6s, and afterwards appeared in the prin
-ipal cities of Europe and America. Died Jan. 17, i8Sgi

MDZtoU, mooK'to-U, (Gasfaro,) an Italian poet,
bom at Geno«L He wounded, with a pistol, Marini the
poet, who had criticised one of hia poems. Died in 1634.

Mas. See Decius Mus.
SeeMoosA.

al theoltwical works.

signature

ate. He pabUibed several theoltwu
Mrs to Bisbop Hnghes," (■847-4£)
of KiBWAN, have enj<^«d a great r

IHed in tSfii-

MwTKT, (Patbick,) a Scottish writer, bora in 1703,
waa the fifth Lord Elibank. He published an " Inqaiiy
bto the Origin and Consequence of the Pablic Debts,

Scotland.'
hi77a

HnmT, (Sir Robrrt.) See Moray.

Momir, (Wtu-iAM,) Earl of Mansfield, lord chief
jnstice, a British lawyer and orator of great merit and
celebrity, was bora at Perth, Scotland, in 1704. He waa
a ganger son of Andrew, Viscount StormonL Having
_..__j j!_.!__.!_.. ._ , ^jujgj] scholar atOaibrd,and

gained distinction ft

enlarged his mind by foreign travel, lie
bar in 1731. He speedily roae into e

IS called te the

n 1743 '
tfme he entered tl
successful a

IS the leader of the opposidon. " He surpassed Pitt,"
tays Macaolay, " in correctness of taste, m power of
reasoning in depth and variety of knowledge j but. he
wanted the energy, the otrarage, the all-grasping and all-
risking ambition which make men great m stirring times."
(" Review of the Life of the Esrl of Chatham.") He was

rainled attorney-genend in 1754, and chief justice of
kind's bench in 1756. Over that great court he pre-
tided with honour above thirty years. In 1756 he waa
raised to the peerage, as Baron Mansfield. On more
' » he refused high politiol poaitions.

; ;asi; |4an/; gaay,-<i,H.K.f)iH!bin)/,- 1

Mn'sf, (Aktonids,) a celebrated Roman phnidan,

— icpnally aslaveof the emperor Angnstus, and a brother
of Euphorbus, is said to have been the first who pre-

scribed the use of the cold bath. Having cured the
L .^^ remeilr, he received his freedom, and
knight. Musa waa also distii^isbed fbr
his literary tastes, and enjoyed the friendship of Virgil
and Horace.

S« AcEDiuini, "Dt ABtonB Uua," 17H1 Amannv,
"Satccticau on tin Chmaer ti Iipii, in viiiiL or tht '^■~*—
a/A Uui^" Mc, 17401 Haluh, "BiUiothKa BoUnica."

■Ciisn, mfi'zE, IGr. Hofloai,) the Muses, sometimes
called Pibb'idrs, in the Greek mythology, the daughters

lus, Monnt Hetkco, and the foontains ti Castalia
and Aganippe.

MtuRAoa. See HvaXvs.

MtUMBiia, mn-aee'tis, [Or. KsiwsKic; Fr. Mus:te,
rali'di',) a celebrated and andent Greek bard, commonly
regarded as a semi-tibulous personage. He was said to be
the son of Eumolpos and Selene, or, according to others,
of Orpheus, of whom he waa a disdple. Tradition in-
forms us that he presided over the Eleusinian mysteries
in the time of Hercules. He was the reputed author
of several poetical works, among which were "Oracles,"
-"'• * '■— nn to Ceres. Pausanias regarded this hymn as

, genuine poem of Mussens that was extant in

his lime. Onomacritus collected the Oracles of Musxua
and mixed with them some of his own productions,
which he wished to pass fbt the work of Musieus. For

(Q^~See Eiplanati(MW,p.*^)

Digitized by VjOOQIC

dtia tmpcwtare be wm bunlwd b; Hipput^n*, the m
of PUntnUw.

Vunu "Xaai,' book fL t66; Uuio, "OiAhhM d
ImImb DkblkmiM.''

have been pabliabed.

8m Kbohavir, "Da Uaan Cruuntioo.'*

MnsliiB or Mnaaatu, moo-A'ta, (Joha
Auovsr,) ■ celebrated Gennui writer, bom
1735' ^^ principal worka are a novel enti
Gennan Grandiaon," t"DerDeat8cheGratidison,"i76o,)
"Physiogromic Travela," (177S,) a aadre on the theorie*
of Lavater, "Popular Legend* of Gennany," (178a,)
which enjoy great populanty, and "Friend Hein's Ap-
parition*, in Holbein^ Manner," (1785.) Hia writinga
are charactetiied bjr delightful humour, aimplidt;, and
genial satire. Musaui waa a relative of Kotzebue, who
published in 1791 his posthumona works, with an inter'
eating notice of the author prefixed. Died in 17S7.

KiMoheiibroek. See Musschxhbrobk.

Kiucher. See Musschbk.

Mus'on-liu (G«T. pron. maCs^oo-itU] or MmiMl,
moi'if 1, (Andkkas,) a Geraian Lutheran theoltwian, bom
at Schneeberg in 1540. He preached at Fraijifort-
on-the- Oder, and wrote "Compendium Theologicum.*
Died in 1581.

Mtuoiiliia,Mfis*llii,mii8-leen', or Menwillii, oirfw*
icen',(WoLn)ANC,)aGermanReronnerand*chalar,bon)
In Limaine in 1497, waa a monk in hit joulh. He
waa converted by Luther about ijao, became miniiler
of a church at Augsburg in 1531, and acquired a high
reputation aa a preacher. Having been Mnished from
Augsburg in 1548, he settled at Berne. He published
commentaries and other work*. Died in 1563.

S« CuAiK. " Pumnl of Kaowlcdgs ands DiScultio. "

MuBJe. See Muhaus,

Hoaalll, moo'tellee, (Giovanni Giacouo,) Has-
QUts, an Italian antiquary and writer, bom at Verona in

ia"Oi>cre archeologicheedartisllche.'* (a vols., tS;i.)
Died In l8S3.

Mtu'graTa, (Rev. Gkoroh.) an English writer, born
■bout 1798. He published "Rambles in Nonnandjr,"
and other books of travel Died at Bath, December 315,
1883.

Miu'gniTa, (Sir Richard,) an Irish historian, bom
■bout 1758, published in iSoi a "Historr of the Irish
Rebellions." DiediniSiS.

Xva^av^ (Samuel,) a grandson of the following,
was a diatingnished classical scholar. He published,
among other works, an edition of Euripides, and a treat-
ise on Grecian Mythology. Died in 178a.

SIiugraTS, (William,) an English phytidan and
antiqaaiy, bom in Somenetthire in i6S7. He was a
Fellow of the Royal Sodetr. and in 16S4 became its
secretary. He wrote aeveral treatises on the goot, and
a number of diaaertationa on Briliah and Roman An-
tjqnities. Died in 1711.

Mnah'et, (David,) a Scottish metatlurgist and in-
ventor, born at Dalkeith in 177I' He acquired diatinc-
tion by his improvements in the fiArication of iron and
steel, on which subject he wrote several treatises. He
originated the nwtbod of aasaying iron ores which i*
BOW generally used. Died in 1847.

Hn'alck, (John Ray,) an American aulhor, bora
in Missouri in 1849. He was admitted to the Mis-
souri bar in 1S77, and in lS8z devoted himself 10
authorship and journalism. Among bis works ate the
"Columbian Historical Novels," (11 vols.,) "The
War with Spain," "Our New Possessions," "His
Brother's Crime," etc.

MiMlB or Miul, d«, (Agostino.) See Acostino

VsNBZIAt^O.

)o MUSSET '

MudtMio, moo-te-H'oo, (Carlo,) « kvned ItaHan
nteiUcal writer, bom in Calalwia In 1635 ; died ia 1714.

Mtuitis. See Mtivs, (Counus.)

Mn'4o'iiI>iia Rn'ftu, (CAim,) a Stoic pbUoaopber,
bom in Etmria, flourished about 70 A.ix He waa
banished from Rome by Nero, but he returned under
Veapatian, and was excepted by hini from the aentcnoe
of exile pronounced *g«lii*( the Stoics. He waa highlj
esteeniea by Pliny, TadRu, and other eminent writets.
Fragments of his works are to be fbiud in StobEoa.

Sm HisuwLAini. " Diamalio de C Ifucnu Rulii," i?!),
TACiTin, " Annlo," booki iit. and tr.

Mnapell, mas'pU or roSVpCI, written also Hiw-
pal, Miupellhelin. and Miup«lh«liii, letymolon
unknown,] in the Norse mythology, tbe world of light
and heal, wtnated in the south part of the universe, —
Niflheim, the halntalion of mist and cold, being wtnated
in the north. (See HiLA.) The Inhabitanta of this
world are called " the sons of MuspeH," among whom
Surt, or Surtnr, is chie^ and the ruler of Hospellheim,
(See SiTRT.)

MTia'pratt, (James SHRKioAtt,) ■ distinguished
chemist, bom in Dublin, Ireland, in iSsi. He was a
pupil of Prolcssor Graham at Glasgow and at London

About 1843 he went to Giessen to pursue his studie*
.._!._ "-^Big. He produced at Giessen a remarkable
Sulphites. He founded ■ CoU^ of Chem-

under Liebii

isCiyinlJverpool, and married Miss Susan (foshotan, ^e
actress, in 1848. Among hia works is a " DictJonarv
of Chemistiy ; or, Chemistry, Theoretical, Practical, and
Analytical,'' (a vols., 1860.) Died Febroaij 3, 1871.

Uuaa, (Charlbs,) a painter in enamel Amcng hia
works ia a picture Ol the ** Holy Family." Died in 18x4.

MiUMito, iiKMS-sl'to, (ALBiaTmo,) an Italian his-
torian and poet, bom at Padua in ti6i. He wrote a
" History of the Life and Actions at Henry VII.," and *
nmnber of eclogue*, hymns, and tn^edies. Died in 1330.

Sm GlHOinHl, " Hiuoira Urtjnirc d'ltiBa."

Mtuoohoabroek, wan, vtn mte'vtn-bRiMk', [Pi-
TSK,) a celebrated Dutch savant, bcwn at Leyden in 1691.
He studied medidne in the univeruly of his native dttj,
but he subsequently devoted himself chiefly to experi-
mental physics, in which he waa eminently sucoMSfut
and made important discoveries, espedally in mignedsm
and the cohesion of bodies. Having visited England in
1717, he made the acquaintance of Newton, whose sya-
tem he waa one of the first to introduce into Holland,
He became profosor of physics and mathematics at
Duisburg in 1719, and arterwards Slled the aame chair
at CtrcchL In 1740 he obtained the professorship of
philosophy at Leyden, where he resided litl his death,
in 1761. Among his prindpal works are his "Physics
Experimentales et Geomelrioe DisBertationea," (lyift)
and " Elementa Physioe," or " Introdoction to Natural
Philosophy," (1734.) He was a Fellow of the Royal
Sodety ttf Ltmdon, and a member of the prindpial
learned institntions of Europe

5» Sav^iw. " ViH do Philo«|)bis;" CoaDoaoT, " Aosii;"'

Nouwlle Biognphlt G^ntnls."

MoBMfaer or Mtuobar, vsn, vtn mta'K^, (Mi<
CHABL,) an eminent Dutch painter, bom at Rotterdam
in 1645. He studied succes^vetv under Van Tempel,
Metiu, and Jan Steen, and paintea landscapes, histotica}
snbjects, and portraits. The last-named are most bi^dy
esteemed. Died in 1705.

See DoCAHn, "Viet da P^lm Flamudi, Holland^" Mo,

Mnaset, de, d;b mfi'af , (Louis Craujes Amto^y
a celebrated French poet, bom in Pari* on the nth cif
November, 1810, was a son of Hosset-Pathay, noticed
below. He was educated at the College Henn IV. In
1830 he produced a volume entitled *' Tales tA Spaiir
and Italy," (" Contes d'Espagne et d'ltalie,") which at-
tracted much attention. His reputation was increased
in 1833 by " The Cup and the Lips," (" La Conpe et

and expreased misanthropic sentiments in several of hi*
works, which are cenanred for an Immonl teitdency. H«
publilhed "Rolla," a poem, in 183s, and "Confoaioni
of a Child of the Age," (Ei^^ (A> JSMrJ in i8t&
He contributed to the " Revne de« Deux Hondea" >

I. e. 1, 4 a, f ■ *V- *. * A aMi^ leas prolonged; i, (, % 6, ^ y, jAwr; ^ ft ). 9, B**nmT; Hr, fill, at [ B*; irft; gaedj niflBoj

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

■amber of prose tales, which were mdmiied Undei the
iwiga o( Loiiii Fbllippe bs wu librarian to the ministij
vt tb« interior. He wai admitted into the French
Academy in i8<x Among lii« finest work* are four
poem* entitted the " NiKhts," etc., ("Noils: La Nnitde
Mai^ La Nnit d'Aoflt, U Nnil d'Oelobre, et La Nuit

n ipontanelty of poetical

Moa-tox'f-dii or MTiatoxldla, (Andkbal) a dis<
tinguished modem Greek scholar, bcnrn at CorA in itSc
He studied at Pavla, and in 1804 was appointed histort-
ographei for the republic of Ihe Seven Islands. Among
hii works, which are chiefljr written in Italian, we may
name " Considerationi on the Present Language of
Greece." Died April la, iS6a

Hn-an'raa, (HAKCns.) a learned modem Greek, bora

db,Google

1792

MYTENS

Oe Traian coliiinii begun by GiuHo Rominn. He was \
flie fbander of the Academj of Sdnl Lake. Died in I
Rome tn 159J.

ShVauii, "Llmitf ItwPibm:" Oaiorr, " Hinain ila Ii
Pontore ea f Qui<h"

Ifnzlo, moofse-o, or Matlo, moo'te-o, {Gikolamo
Nuzio,) an Italian lUtiraltia; bom at Padua in 1496.
He wrote polemical treatiaea agdnat the doctrinea of
Luther, which procnred him the atimame of the " Ham-
mer of Heretics," CMalleoa Hereticonun,") alao Tari-
DDi other worfca, in proae and verae. Died in 1576.

Sea TiKABoacHi, " Sinii dillii LdUntnn IBliaii*."

MnE'wy, (Aktemm Bowwa,) an Amertcaii Unita-
rian divine and miscelianeou* writer, bom at Lezingtoo,
Hassichoaetts, in l3o«. He pabliahed "The Yoang
Man's Friend," [1836,) "Moral Teacher," (1839.) and
olher works. Died at Cambridge, Mass.. April 21, 1892,

Myoonlus, me-ho'ne-CM, (Fmbdbich,) a German R«-
former, bom in Franconia m 1491, waa a monk in his

nnth. He became a friend of Luther, wbo«e doctrinea
propuated with aeal and lacceaa. He preached many
veara at Gotha, and wrote several religiooi woik*. Died
in 154^

S« AirrOH Paosuj^ "Tita F. Mjoonii," 1H7! LomtA™eI^
"N«Ti«J»il« F. Myeooio," '■■*■

UyoooIiiB, me-ko'ne-to, (Oswald,) or Oaluban-
wr, (pa'h8w't?t,) a Swiss Protestant divine, bom at
Lucerne in i4SiS, was a pupil of Erasmus. He became
pastor of a church and professor of divinitr at BUe.
He wrote a "Narrative of the Life and Death of Zoin- cameniormn," etc)
glius." Died in 1551.

Sh KwcHHonii, "LcbaO, Hjnnia Refcnntsn

Mydorm me'doRih', (Clavdk,) a French eeometer, mytholojy,
bom in Pari* in 1585, waa an intimate friend of Des- 1 Eorymedui
cartes, and furnished the glasses used b; that philosopher
In his optical experiments. He wrote several treatiset
on optics and mathematics, and a defence of the worki
of Deicutea against the Jeaoit*. Died in 1647.

Xf 9r> ( Albkkt Joseph,) an American meteorologist,
born at Newburgb, New York, September 3t^ iSaS. He

Mylliu, meeOe-As, (Johann Chkistofh,) a G
bibtioBrapber, bom in Weimar in 171a He pal
" Bibliothcca AoonTmornm et FMudonTmomm," (IT4D,)
nd " Historia Myliana," (1751,) which ccmtaiDS btog-
raphies of raaaj men n^ned MTlios. Died In 1757.

Myln*, mlln, (Robimt,) a Scottish architect, boni it

and " Historia Myliana," (1751,) which
— Mes of raaaj men n^ned Myli ' "

[t1ii«, mlln, (Robimt,) a Scot
Edinburgh in 1734, He waa appointed
New River Company, London, and surrejor of Saint
Paul's Cathedral His principal work is Blackfiiais'
Bridge, completed in 1769. Mylne was a Fellow of tlie
Roval Sodety, and a member of the Academy of Saint
Lute at Rome. Died in iSii.

ShChahuh, "BkigniducallManuiTiifEBnaitScotiim."

Mjm, van der, vtn dfr mln, (Hbsuak,) a Datdh
artist, bom at Amsterdam In 1684, vinted London, where
he gained a high reputation br lua portraits. His fnnt-
and flower-pieces were also aamired. Died in 1741.

MjnaloD^ TOD, fon min'siKt, (Adbian,) a German
chemist and physidan, flourished between tSio and tSux

Myneter, mUn'sttr or min'st^r, (Jakob Pktbk,) a
Danish theologian and pulpit orator, bmn at Copenhagen
in 1775, became in iSa8 court chaplain. He was crested
Bishop of Seeland in 1834. He published "Reflection*
on Christian Doctiine,'*^and other theological works.

of the thirteenth centnry, practised in
'iniwle. He wrote a treatise " On the
letwdnes," {"De Composilione Medi-

the army as assistant surgeon, in 1858 was transferred
to the signal service, and in i860 became chief signal
cnCcer of the army. In this position he attained in 1866
the rank of colonel and brevet brigadier^general. In
1870 he was placed in charge of the meteorological di-
vision of the signal service, the work of which he oi^n-
iied. He published " A Manual of Signals" (1868) for
■nny and navy. Died at BoSalo, Aogust 14, 188a

In'eTl, (Abkaham C.,) an American officer, boni fn
South Carolina about i8i4i served in the Mexican war,
and became in iS6s brigadier-general in the Confederate

My8». (Frkdekick W. H.,) an English psychisl,
bom February 6, 1843. He became an active member
and secretary of the Society for Psychical Research,
and published " St. Paul," (1867,) " Essays Modem
and Classical," (i88j,) " Science and a Future Life,"
and an imporUnt work on " Human Personality and its'
Survival of Bodily Death." Diedin 1901.

Myers, (Petbk Hamilton,) an American novelist,
bom in Herkimer county. New York, in 1S12, pub-
lished "The First of the Knickerbockers," (1848,)
"The King of the Hurons," (1850,) "TheVanVel-
dens," and several other historical romances. Died
in 1878.

MyeiB, (Philip Vak Ness,) an American author
and educator, bom at Tribe's Hill, New York, in 1846.
He studied law, was president of Farmers College,
Ohio, 1879-90, and professor of history and political
economy at the University of Cindnnali after 1S90.
Among his works are "Life and Naiare under the
Tropics," "Remains ol Lost Emmres," "Eastern
Nations and Greece, " " History of Rome," etc.

Myilok, (Sir Sahitel RtrsH.) See Meteick.

Myrmidon, mjr'm^on, [Gr. Kuppttuv,] in dasdc
lytholosy, was supp<»ed to De a son of Jupiter and
Earymedusa. According to one tradition, be was tba
ancestor of the Hyrmidtms, a people of Tfaestaly, some
of whom Achilles led to the siege of Troy.

M^ron, [Hiputi,] an eminent Greek sculptor, bom In
Bttolia about 480 B.C., wa* celebrated for his skill in
representing the varied forms of animal life. He worked
with equal success in marble, brass, and wood. Among
his best productions are a " Cow lowing for its Calf^" in
bronie, which has been cetebrsted by the Latin and
Greek poets in numerous epdgraiEX. a colossal gronp of
Jupiter, Athene, and Hercules, tne "Discobolos, at
Quoit-Thrower," and "Perseus kUting Medusa." His
athlete*, dogs, and sea-monsters were slso greatly td-

MyioDlde. See Myronides.

i'.lai

the Connthiana in 457, and another over the Boeotians
in 456 B.C.

Myitln, mir'tia, [lUpnc,] a Greek lyric poetess of high
reputation, was bom st Anthedon, and flourished abont
joo B.c Pindai is said to have received instruction

Ifyteiu, mi'tlni, (Arnold,)* Flemish painter, bMn
at Brussels in 1541. Among his best works is an altar-
piece representing the " Assumption of the Virgin, with
the Apostle*," at Naples. Died in 1603.

Mytens, (Daniel,) the Eldee, a Dutch artist, bora
at the Hague about 1590. He was patronized by James
L and Charles L of England, and painted the portraill
of a number of the royal family and of the nolnlity. He
was regarded as aecond only to Van Dyck in portrait-
painting. Died after 1656.

Mytona, (Daniel,) THE Younger, bom at the Hague
in 1636, was a son of the preceding. He became director
of the Academy at the Hague. His prindpal work is
tbeceilingofthe Painters' Hatl. Diedin 16S8.

Vienna, where he became painter to the court Amont
his best pieces is the " Hiatory of Esther and Ahasnem*.'
Died in lyss-

I, ( 1, 0, B, T, /«IV; it ti ^ aame. less prolonged; i, e,I, ft, li, ]F, «tarr; «, 9, {, g, ««Mar>,- Or, OU, At; mbi n6ti (96dt BflBll

dbyGoogle

N.

NX'f -ntfU, (Heb. p;^].| a STrlan general, commander
of the aimy of Benhadad, King o[ Danuucus, lived
about 890 B.C. He wai cored of lepiosy by the prophet
Eliiha.

S«II. Kinsii.

ITabaJ or NabadJ, n3-bij', a Hindoo jioet, flourished
about 1580-1600. He wrote a poem entitled "Bhakta.
Biala," which treati of the iidveDtiirei and miracles of
/avadcva and other ascetics,

NsbeEB-Zlad-Ibn-Moaweeab-Aldoblaiil, aV-
be-ga le-ld' ib'n mo-1-nee'fh U -do-be -I'nee, an Arabian
poet, flourished in the latter part of the >iiih century.
One of his poems, and several fragments, are given m
die "Chrestomathie" of Silvestre de Sacf.

ETX'bU, [Gr. No&f,] tyrant of Sparta, sacceeded Ma-
cbantdas about 106 B.C, and signalized himself by his
cruelty and avarice. In conjunction with Philip 11. of
Haceaon, he subjected different parts of the Pelopon-
nesos, but he was afterwards defeated by the Roman
consul Flamininns. He was assassinated by bis own

allies, (193 B

ITab-o- oaa'sar, [Gr. VaJS'iv&aafiot,\ King of Babylon,
lived in Ihe eighth century B.C He is celebrated for the
chronoloeical era which bears his name, and which was
employed as a point of departure in andent astronomical
lablea. This era began in 747 B.C.

ITab-o-po-laa'sftr, King of Babylon, was ori^nally
a satrap of Sardanapalus, Kln^ of Assyria. He re-
volted against that kin^. and, aided b; Cyaxares, King
of the Medes, took Niheveh, the capital of Assyria.
He died in 60$ B.C., and was succeeded by his sod,
Ncbnchadneazar,

Sea KBiuiD^"ClinaiclEi;" Hcaran, "Li Ph^Dide, In Belqi-

likO^tentl, nlk-he-ln'lee, [Lat. Naclan'tus,}
(GiACOKO,) an Italian theologian, bom at Florence.
He was a member of the Council of Trent, and wrote
several worki. Died in 1569.

Waohman. Ben, bjn nlK'mSa, F {Hosis,) a Spanish
rabbi, bom at Oirone in 1 194, was versed in the science
of the Cabala. He wrote, besides other works, "Lex
Homlnis," ('519.) and "Pons Jacobl," (1547.)

HaobtlgaU. See Luscinids.

Httohtlial, niK'te-gll, (Gustav,) a German explorer,
bom at Eichstedt, in Prussian Saxony, February 33, 1S34.
He studied at Berlin, Halle, Wiiriburg, and Greifswalde,
and became an army-surgeon in 1858. He was a physi.

i upon by Tahmasp, Shah of Per^ to oppose
iS, be succeeded, within two years, in expelling

ered li

■pers.

service of"the Bey'of Tunis. He afterwards traversed
the Eastern Sahara, and made extensive and important
researches in the Soudan, reaching Curo in 1874, He
was in 1SS4 German consul at Tunis. Died in iSSj.

KaobtisaJl. niK'te-gU'. [Lat. Luscin'ius,| (Otmar,)
a German scholar and writer, bom at Slraaburg about
■487. He preached against the doclrincs of Lather at
Annbor^, and taught Greek at Strasburg. Among his
worics is "Evangelica Historiae Graeco versa," (ijaj.)
Died about 153 J.

ITIoke or ITaeok«, nekHcfh, (Gustav Heinrich,) a
German historical painter, bom at Franenstein in 178;.
Re tiecaine professor of painting In the Academy M
Dresden in 1834. His works are highly commended.
IMed at Dresden in 1S35.

NaoIanttM. See NACCmAirn.

NI'dMbtlHeb^^nj,] son of Jeroboam, King of Israel,
Muxeeded him in 968 B.a While engaged soon alter in
fighting against the Philistines, he was slain by Baaaha,
the ton of Ahijah, who ruled in his stead.

Hadal, nfdll', (Auauarit*,) AbbA, a mediocre
French author, bom at I^iitiers in 1664. wrote tragedie*

ZTadMti, ni-dls'
rrHOMAS,) a Hungarian general, was an ancestor of the
following. He distinguished himself by the defence of
Bnda a^nst the Su]lanSDlymanini5l9, and afterwarda
rendered important military services to Charles V.

Nadaatl, do^ dfh nl-dSs'tee, f (Fkahcis,) Coom, a
patriotic Hungarian statesman, who opposed the des-
potic policy^ 01 the emperor Leopold. He was accnied
of a conspiracy u;ainst the life of Leopold, anjusdy
condemned, and beheaded in 1671. He was author
of a " History of Hungary,** {16&4-)

ITadand, nfd5', (Gustavk,) a French muiidan and
writer of verse, born at Roubaix in 1810, produced many
popular songs. He became a member of the legion <d
honour in ifel. Died in 1893.

Nadault de BuSon, nA'dd' d^h bii'iaN', (Binjaiiir
Hhnii,) a French engineer and writer, bom at Mont
bard in 1804. He published, besides other works, a
"Course of Agriculture," (4 vols., 1853-56,) and "The
Correspondence of Buffon," (l86a) Died in i83o.

Ka-deem', Kadim, or Al-Nadeem, an Arabian
author, whose name is also given as Aboolfaraj ibh
IsHAK,andlBN ABi Yaxoob alNadbbu. His" Fihritt**
is a bibliographical work of high value and interest He
lived at Bagdid, and died in 99c a-IX

ITftdemhiUii, nl'd{zh.din, written also Kadeabdln,
(NiCHOLAa IVANOvncu,) a Russian UttiraUur, bom in
Riazan in 1S04. He became a coundtlor of state at
Saint Petersburg, where he died in l8j6.

H&dlr BhAh, ni'djr shib, written also Nader Cbab,
Nadir Bobah, and Naader Bhali, also called Eoolae
(or Kooli) Ehftn, koonce Kin. a celebrated Persian
conqueror, of Turiiiah extraction, )>om in Khoraasln in
t638. His courage and abilities early gained him dis-
tinction in the service of the governor of that province;
but, in consequence of ill treatment, he left Kborasalll
and became the head of a band of robbers. Bring m
after called upc ■ ~ ■ ~ . .« . .

the Alghin»,b( _ , . .

them from the country, upon which he was made c
mander -in-chief, (I7>9-) Tahmasp having in 1731 made
a disadvantageous treaty with Turkey, Nldir resolved
to prosecute the war, and gained such popularity by
the success of his arms that on his return he dethroned
the Shah and assumed the supreme power. In 1738
he conquered Candahar and Afghanistan. Having soon
after invaded India, he entered Delhi in 173^ and look
possession of the imperial treasnrea. Tlie inhabitants,
on a false report of Nidir's death, attacked his soldiers.
After an ineffectual altempi to restrain them, he ordered
a wholesale massacre, in which, it is stated by Fraser,
110,000 perished. His many acts of tyranny and cruelty
at length caused him to be assassinated, (1747.) In the
early part of his career Nidir Shah appears to have been
not only an able, but, on the whole, a just and humane,
prince ; but later in life, having become a pre^ to avarice
and suspidon. his acts, it Is Mud, " exceeded in batbarin
all that has been recorded of the most bloody tyrants.

See F«A«««, " Hiiiorv of NMir Shah," 1T41; "Lifc of NMh
ShaV' br iui Kcreun. UAsmr Khah. miulited iDta Freocb br
Sia wiLUAH Jtwst ; Mauxiui, " Hiiurr ef Psnla," roL 11

Naeoks. See NXcki.

Nesnla, nee'ne-%, [Fr. NiNiK, ni'ne',] a Roman god-
dess that presided over funerals. This word signifies a
" dirge" or " funeral song."

Naeruen, Tan, 4n nlRs'sfn, {Lat Nass'uvi,]
(Jan,) a Dutch writer of Latin poetry, bom at Dort in

Died in 1637.

NMTlna, nec've-Ds, (Ciraius,) a Roman poet, bMnin
Campania about ayae.c, was the author of an epic poem
on the Punic War, and of several dramas. A ttw frag-
menti only of his writings are extant He i* pnised
bv Cicero as being in some respects superior to Ennitis,
He died about 304 b.c. "Cneins Naevins," sayi Pro-
feeaor Sellar. "is the first in the line of Roman poen
and the firat writer in the Latin language whose fiag
DMnita give indication of original power."

Sea Cicno. "Dc Ontoie:" Sillail "Ronu Psalx/'tts
Rapoblk," (imp. liL j KunsMAnt, "C Navii Fnlw nt^** it«

<Mil; (asr; giard; 2as;;o,H,K,jMHwfa/; K,mual; K,inlM; tu
M3

ti In tiu. (t^SeeExplanationi, p. 3»

Digitized ay CjOOQ IC

Ht^ nl'n, > Sanicrit wotd, lignilying " snikc," ind
fcrming, in tbe Hindoo mjrthDlogy, the name or ■ mon-

de capcllo. Td« race of ibeae beingi a laJd to have
■prong from Kujrapa, in order to prople Pitila, or the
tt^na below the ewth. (See PXtXla.)

nAgar^niM, nt-gJiHoo'nf, ot lWgei»eim. nl-g»-»Ji'n^
a Booddhut lage St ^onthem India, mppoaed to have
Uved aboDt aoo B.C. He founded a new ichool of
Booddhictic philoaopbr, from which sprang the Northern
or ThilKtui ■jratetn of Booddhiain.

NaE«l, lu'eel, (Charlbs,) cabinet official, boni in
Texas in 1849. Became a leading lawyer io St. Louis,
served in the legislature and as president of St. Lmiis
city council, and in 1909 was appconted by IVeiidcDt
T^ secretary of commerce and labour. '

Nagell, na'Geh-lee, 0OHANN GeORC,) a Swiss mosi-
dan, known for his church chorals and (be air rendered
in English as "Life let us cherish," Died in 1836.

-D 1836. He made a very valnable coUectitn of

work* of an, which, with the exception of the pictures,
wai purchued for tbe Huteum at Berlin. Died in 1846.

Kagy Sandor. nfidy (almoat nSj) aln'dM, (Tosiph,}
• Hongarian general, bora at Groeawardein in 1804. He
fought for the lutional canae in 1848, became a general
about April, 1S49, and served with distinction in several
battles. Having been taken prisoner at Vil^os, he was
executed in October, 1849.

Sahaxro, n&-li'ro, (^BartolohA de Tom»— ^ toa'-
rb,) a Spanish dramatic poet, bom at Torres, Souruhed
about isoo-aa He wrote comediea, satires, epistles, etc

Nahl, nil, ^OKAMN Auai7ST,) a German Kolptor,
born in Berlin in 1710. He adorned the public bnilaings
of that city with hia works. Died in 1781.

RabI, JoHANN August,) a German painter, bom
ikear Berne in 1751, was a son of tbe preceding. He
worked at Rome and CasscL He painted aobjects of
(keek mythology, and landscape*. Died in 1S15.

IfaM. (ToHANN Saiiukl,) a German sculptor, bom
at Anspach in 1664. He settled at Berlin, where hewas
appmnted court sculptor, and rector of the Academy of
Tine Arts. Died in 1738.

naU, (SAHtrcL,) * sculptor, brother of Johann August,
(I75a-i8as,) was bom at Berne In 1748 ; died in 1813.

iniiaiii, IHeb. Din],1 one of the twelve minor
prophets of the Hebrews, Bonrished under the reign of
Hezekiah, about 730 B.C. He ia supposed to have been
bom at Elkosh, in Galilee, from which he was sumamed
TKa EucosHiTE. He foretells the destruction of the
Aatyrian empire and the dly of Nineveh in the most
plowing and forcible Uneoage, and In subliminp is equal
if not superior to any other of the minor prophets.

Hahnya, n&'hois, (Hubert Gerard.) Baron, a
Dutch writer and military officer, born at Amsterdam
in 1782. He rendered impmtant service* in Java,
where he passed many years, and wrote, besides other
works, " Considerations on Dutch India," (1847.) Died
in 18S8.

Naladea. See Naiads.

NaUda, nt'yfda, [Gr. KaiUtt or N«ti)tt; Lat N.ii'a-
DBS,] in classic mythology, were freah-water Nymph% or
Inferior female divtnitiea, suppoaed to preside over rivers,
takes, brooks, and fonntains, and to be daughters of
Jupiter. They were represeated as voanE and beautiiul
_!__■__ i_._> "^"h which flow* a stream

virgina leaning upon an am from w

KaJgaoD, ni'thdn', (Jacquu AndrI,) a mediocre
French iilUni/eur, bom in Paris in 17^ He wa* a
friend of Diderot, whoee *keptica] opinions he shared,
and wa* one of the r^dactears of the *' Encyclop^e."
He edited the works of Diderot and of other French
authota. Diedini8ia

I, (Jbah,) a French painter, bom at Beaone

94 NALIAN

painter, bom m Paria in 1797, was a son of the pre-
ceding. He became conservator of the Hus^e Egypnaa
In 1S61. Died December 11, 1867.

Hailiio^ da, dfh nf y&', (Phiubert,) a Frendi
chevalier, bom about 1340, became grand roaster of the
order of Saint John ofjerusalem in 1396. He fboattf
against Bav^seed (Bajaset) at the siege of incoi>(ui^
(1396,] ana took a prominent part In the Coundl of
Pisa. Died in 1411.

Halma, ni'ml, a Turkish historian, flourished about
1700. He wrote an "Ottoman History from 1591 to
1651," which was published in S vol*., (i734>>

train, Ia See Tillxmoht.

Nalma, nim, (Lady Carolina,) a Scottish poeteaiL
was bom at Cask, Perthshire, July 16, I766,and was bmed
for her beauty. In 1806 she married her cousin, William
Murray, fifth Lord Naime, who came to his title in 1814.
She died at Gask, October 36, 184J. Among her worln
are the songs "The Land o' the Leal," (17^) "Caller
Herrin'," and "The Laird o' Coctpen." Her complete
poems are in vol. L of Rogers's " Scottish Minstrelsy."

ITulronl, nT-ro'nee, (Ahtonius Faustvi,) a learned
Maronite, bom near Mount Libanns In 1631, was pro-
fessor of the Chaldee and Syriac languages in the
College delU Sapienza at Rome. Died in 1711.

SMDDnM, " Autinn eceUBMdqtiM," <lc
IVaiTsn, ni'ven, (M.,) a Dutch painter, bom in
1570; died in 1651.

Nak'amtua, (Masanao,) an eminent Japanese
scholar, bora in 1830. He won lame as a student of
the Chinese language, travelled in Europe and studied
Dutch and English, and opened a school in Japan, to
which his lectures on politics and civilisation drew
throngs of old and young alike. Subsequently he was
made principal of the Normal School for Women, then
professor of Ciiinese in (he University of Tokio. He
was made a member of the Senate in 18S6 and a life
member of the House of Peers in 1890. He was the
highest authority in Japan on Chinese language and
literature and on the history and theology of Buddhism.
Died in 1S91.

iraka or Naaka, nfkfh, (Anoun- Fribdrich,) a
German philologist, bom at Frauenstein in 1788. Me
produced "Opuseula Philoiogica," (a vol*., 1843-^44.)
Died in 183S.

Nakblniot uA'Ke-mof , written alsoITaktalmow and
NakhlntoT, (Akim Nikolaxvitch,) a Ruasian poet,
bom at Kharkof in 1782. His principal work* are
satires in verse, &bles, and a witty piece in prose entitled
" Tbe Speaking Monkeys," on the subject of Napoleon'a
attempted conquest of Russia. He died Id 1814, at the
early age of thirty-one.

Nakoola or ITakonla, nl-koolt, (Mooallam,) sur-
named el Turk, an Arabian historian, bom in Syria in
■763 i died in iSaS.

Nakwaaka, nlk-vls'kl, (Ann^) a Polish novelist,
bom in 1779, wa* the wife of senator Nakwaaka. Died
atWarKiwlDi85i.

ITaldl, nll'dee, (LatNAL'DiVS,) (Uattbo,) a leaned
Italian medical wnter and linguist, bom at Sienna. Ha
became cMef physidan to Pope Alexaoder VIL Ked
at Rome in 1683.

ITaldl, (Naldo,) an Italian poM, bom at Florence
about 1^0, was a friend of Politiaik He wrote the
"Life of G. Manetti," and several adndred pcrma
Died about 147a

Haldl, (Skbastiano,) an Italian singer, perfonned in
London. Died in Paris in 1819.

Naldlnl, nll-dee'nee, (Battitta,) a akilfiil ItaUan
painter, bom at Florence in 1537. He painted in oil
and fresco at Rome and Florence. Died after i JOO.

Naldinl, (Paolo,) an Italian sculptor, bom at Kotne,
flourished about 1650. He wa* admitted into the
Academy of Saint Lake in 1654.

KaldioB. See Naldl

Nallan, nlle-ln, (Jamxs,) an Annenlau religiooa
writer, bom at Zimara about 1695. He became Arne-
-:— Patriarch of Corutantinople m 1741, and acquitcd
Died in '

I French I a high reputation by hia writings.

1764.

i, £, I, Et a, f , /«v; i, ^ 6, same, less prolonged; i, i, 1, 5, &, ]F, «i«rr,- f, c t, 9, nj/mrr; fir, OH, lit; mill nOt ; G<1od; mdSn;

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

n Bn^tih dergfiaan, bom abotit
toroiDtfddington and prebendaT*
__ 'EIj. HiachfefwoTku "An Imputial Collection ol
the Afeirs of Sute from 1639 W the Murder of Chailes
L,"(l6a3.) Died in 1686.

ITvnur.nfmiiR', (Jean P»,) a Belgian blbliographeT,
bom at Luiemburgin 1S04; died in 1851.

iraaa-Saliib, lil'ni ti'itib, a Hindoo chief of mn-
tineers, bom in Poonab about 1S20. He committed
atiodous CToelties on English women and children at
Cawnpore In iSj7, but escaped into Nepanl. Hi* lab-
tequent hiitorr is not known.

Sw HcLdd iHns, " Roucli Nuntin of ths S^a oT Liuk-
Hiw." CakMli. iS]7.

NanottL d«, dfh nfirr'sll', [Lat NANca'um,] [Nico-
LAS.) a French phjsidan and writer, bom in 1539. He
WTwte, berides other worka, a "Life of Peter Ramat,"
(1600.I Died in ifiia

NmumUo*. See Nanoci.

IHn'dl [modem Hindoo pron. nBn'dl,] in the Hindoo
mrthologr, the name of a white boll, regarded h the
vlhln or vehicle of Siva, which lee;

ZTanek, nl'n^k, or Nanak, aometimes written Na-
nnk, called also Tanaka, (^'nf 'k^) and Hlrankai,
the (bander of the sect of Sikhs, waa born in Lahore
about 146S. He wrote a book called "Adi-Granth,"
and taught a apedet of monotheism. Died in 1539.

Nangls, d«, dfh n&tr'ihe', {Gdillaituk,) a French
historian and Benedictine monk. He wrote a " Life of
Saint Louis," a general chronicle, and a "Chronide of
the Kings o( France." Died abont 1301.

VM^a,de, (Louis Arhahd d« Brlohantsan— dfh
bRe'sh&H'tS',) MAKQVtt, a French ^neral, was bom in
■681. He served in aereral campaigns in Flanders, and
obtained the rank of marshal of France in 1741. Died
in 174a.

amnl, nl'nee, (Giaubattuta Felice Gaspako,) a
Venetian historian, bom in 1616. He was lor twentf-
firo jeare ambassador at the court of France, where ne
CB)i^«d the confidence of Cardbial Haiaiin. He was
nccessivel; appointed histoiiogTapher and arcUrist of
the republic, and procurator of Saint Mark, (1661.) His

K'ndpal work is a " History of the Venetian Republic
m 1613 to 1671," (1 volt., 1661-79.) Cied In 1678.
S« Nicfaon, " tUmcim."

ITbuI, (ToMiiAM^) an Italiao Jurist, bom U Horbegno
In 1757; died in 1813.

ZTaalul, nl-nee'iiee, (Giovanm Maua,) an Italian
composer, bom at Valterano about 1540^ served as a
chanterin the pontifical chapel in Rome. HecompOMd
motets, madrigala, and canionettaa. Died in 1607.

ITannl, (Giovanni.) See Annids or VmKsa

ITrdiiI, nln'nee, (Giovanni,) called also Giovanni
DA Udikb, an Italian painter, bom at Udine about 1490. 1
He was celebrated for the excellence of hia stuccoa and I
grotesque ornaments. Many of his best works are at ,
Rome and Florence. Died in 1564.

ITaiuii, (PKTEa.) See Nannino. '

ITuml, (Rehicio,) [someHmes called, in French,;
Remi de Florshci, ri'me' deh flo'r&NSs',] an Italian
Dominican monk arid writer in verse and prose, waa
born at Florence abont 15*1. He edited VilUni's " His-
toric nnjversali," and Guicdardiid's "Istoria d'ltalia."
Died in 1581.

Numl dl Baeolo Biglo, nln'nee dee bit'cho bee'jo,
a Florentiiie sculptor and architect, worked at Rome
abont ■S3o-<a He is chiefly remembered for his enmity
to Hicluel Angelo.

ttannl di Banoo, nln'nee dee bln'ko, an Italian
sculptor, bom at Florence in i]8] ; died after 1431.

Wimnlng, ikln'oing, or Nannl, nln'nee, JLat Nan'-
Ntm,] (Fetek,) a Dutch philologist and critical writer, ,
bom at Alkmaarin i^ He was the author of "Ob-
serratians on the Institutes of Civil Law," and a trans-
tatioa of the Psalms into Latin verse. Died in 1557.

HannlaJ, nln-nec'nee, (Agnolo or Giovannini,)
sumamed Fikenzuola, an Italian tiUtraUttr, bom at
Florence in 1491, wai the author of satirical and bur-
lesque poems, dramas, and a number of novels in the
style of Boccacdo's " Decamerone."

NAPIER

_- See NANNiNa

Hatuioiil, nln-nynee, (Anoeia,) an eminent Italian
surgeon, bom at Florence in 171J. He became pro-
fesw and chief surgeon in the Hospital of Floreucot
Hia success ss an operator and as a lecturer sttmeted
patlentt and pupils h-om the moat distant parts of
Europe. He wrote eeveral esteemed works, amoag
which Is "DeUa Semplidli del Medicare," (1761-67^
Died In 179a

See Aoosmo HAHirain, " Bloajn iA ProfeBiin A. Nuuumt"

Nan'Hn. (Fridtiof,) a distinguished Arctic ex-
plorer, bom near Chrisliania, Norway, in 1861. His
first notable exploit was a daring journey across Green-
land in 1SS8. It was followed by an attempt to reach
the pole, on the original plan o( letting his ship freeie
into the ice and drift northward with the supposed
Arctic current. He started with the Fram, built es-
pecially for this voyage, in l393, and in 1S95 reached
the latitude of 86° 14', much the highest then attained.
He left the ship and returned with a companion over
the ice to Franz-Josef Land, where he wintered, and
was rescued by Mr. Jackson in the spring ol 1896.
He was received in Europe with high honours, and
made professor ot zoolc^ in the Christiania University.
He published "The First Crossing ot Greenland,"
" Esquimaux Life," and " Farthest North," (1897.)

Nanaontr, de, dfh nftN'soo'te', (Etiennb ANTOim
Mabib ChomploD— shftN'pe-dN',) Count, a French
genera], tx>m at Bordeaux in 176S. He was made a
general of brigade about 170S, and a general of division
in 1803. According to Chateaubriand, he was one of
the best cavalry officers that the war of the Revolution
produced. The same writer states that he completed
the victory at Austerlitz, (1S05,] and commenced that of
Wagram, (1S09.) He waa wounded at Borodino, flSia,)
and commanded the cavalry at Leipsic In 1814 be
entered the service of the restored Bourbons. DIeid !■
February, 1815.

ITantenll, (Charles Fkan^ois Lebcanf— l^'buf,)
a French sculptor, bcnn in Paris in 179a. He gained
the grand prize in 1S17. Among his works Is " Eurydice
Dying." Died November z, 1865.

naatenll, (Robert,) a French artist, bom at Rhelms
In i<^ pwnted excellent portraits in pastel, but was
cliie^ £st!ngoisbed *s an engraver. Among his mas*
ter-pieces are the portraita of the secretary of state,
Simon Amand de Pomponne, and Van Steenbergen,
the Dutch advocate. In the department of portrait-
engraving Nanteuil has never been aurpaascd. He was
de^ener and cabinet engraver to Louis XIV, Died

RantigDr or XTantigiil, do, d«h nOtf'tin'ye', (Louu
Chasot,) a French writer on genealogy, was bom in
Burgundy in 169a. He published " Historical Genealt>-
gies of Kii^s, Emperors, and Sovereign Houses," and
□iber works of the kind. Died in 175s.

ITaoroJi, noVto-jee, (Dadabhai,) an East In-
dian, bom at Bombay in 1825. He became distin-
guished as a reformer, was prime minister to the
Prince of Barodain 1874, and became a Liberal mem-
ber of the English Parliament in 189*. He wrote
many works on topics relating to India.

ItapssM, t4-pee'i, (Gr. NawuJiu; Fr. NAPta, nf pk',J
in the classic mythology, were nymphs of IciresU, groves
and glens. (See Nvufha.)

KapiM. See Naf^aa.

ITaper. See Nafibb, (Jokn.)

Nl'pl-«r, (Sir Charles James,) a British general
boro at Whitehall in 178a, waa the son of rte Hon.
George Napier and Lady Sarah Lennox, a dan|hter of
the Duke of lUchmond. He was a cousin of Admiral
Charles John Napier, and a brother of Sir William,
the historian. He gained the rank of major in 1806,
was woaoded in several actions in Spain between 1808
and iSlX, became lieuteaant-colonel in 1811, and was
employed in ravaging the coasta of the United f^tates
in 1S13-14. He acted with credit for several years aa
Governor of Cepbalonia, from which he was recalled in

«asi;f asj;g^n/;£;as/,'G, H,K,jv/fHr»/; n.niual; s^irilUd; iasi; thasi

liii.

(il^^See Explanations,!^ 33.)

Digitized by VjOOQIC

«M appointed commander of the anny m Bengal In
184I. He incrcMcd hia reputation by the conquest of
Sinde, (1843,) in which he performed several exploila
that were highly extolled. His efforts to reform the
dvil adminislration of Sinde are also commended. He
retarned to England in 1S47, and was again sent (o
India in t849> to oppoM the Sikha, but on his arrival
found that the war was ended. In 1850 he returned
hooie. He wai the author of "Light* and Shadows
of Military Life," and other works. Died in :S53.

Sm Sti W. r. p. NAnm. "Lifa and Orjnidn* ef Sir Chirin
J. Napier;" " Bladnnod'a H aEwdne" for Jul; md Aufuit, 1S57.

m'pl-ar, (Sir Charles |ohn,) K.C.B., an eminent
British admiral, bom in Stirling county, Scotland, in
17S6, was the son al the Hon. C. Napier, of Merchiston
Hall, Scotland, and a descendant of the inventor of
Icvarithms. He entered the navy in 1799, and, after
bhting in several actions with the French, diBtinguishn)
himself at Baltimoic and other place* in the United
Slates in 1S13 and 1S14. After 1814 he passed about
Gdeen years m inaction, on half-pay. He commanded
the Portuguese fleet which In 1833 gained a dedsive
victory over the fleet of Don Miguel, for which he was
made a Portuguese grandee of the first class. As second
In command, Captain Napier served with distinctiim at
the reduction of Acre, in 1840, and was rewarded with
the title of knight commander of the Bath. In 1841 he
became rear-admiral, and commanded the Channel fleet
for several years. He advocated naval reform in letters
which were printed, and Bs a member of Parliament
supported liberal, or rather radical, measures. After the
commencement of the Russian war. he was appointed

turned without any remarkable achievement. After his
return to Parliament, in 185;, he imputed his failure to
the bull of the ministers. He attained the rank of
admiral in 1S5E. Died in November, 1S60. "In his
name is summed up all that h« wa». A Napier is a man
posse ■ Bed of h^ spirits, iimnenie courage, great in-
eeanily, and prodigious egotism." (" London Times,"
November, i860,)

S« GmsAi. E. NAPiaa, " Lift md CiirT«psndeiKX of Adnin^
Sir Cliarla J. Na[>iEr," iSdi.

KapiBr, (Francis,) Lori>, a British diplomatist, a
son of the eighth Baron Napier, was bom in 1819. He
became minister- plenipotentiary to the United States
about 1S56. In December, 1S60, he was appointed am-
bassador-extraordinary to the court of Russia, and in
1864 was transferred to Berlin. In 1866 he became
Governor of Madras, Died December 10, 1S9S.

Ra^er, (Henry Edward,) an English naval officer
•ad writer, bom in 1780, was a brother of Sir Charles
Jamea Napier. He published " FlorentiiK History from
the Earliest Authentic Records," (6 vols., i847-) CKed
in r8sj.

Napier, written also ITaper, Naper, or Nvpadr, [IM.
Napie'rus,! tJoKii,) Baron of Merchiston, a Scottish
mathematician, celebrated as the inventor of logarithms,
was bom at Merchiston Castle, near Edinburgh, in 1550.
He was the son of Sir Archibald Napier, master of the
mint. He entered the University of Saint Andrew's
abo« 1563. and a few years later travelled in France,
Germany, and Italy. He appears to have returned
about 1571, after which he devoted himself to mathe-
matics, theology, and literature. In 159^ he published
an ingenious work called "A Plain Discovery of the
Revelation of Saint John," in which he labour? to ^rove
that popery is antichrisiian. It is probable that prior to
IC94 he began the train of inquiry which resulted in the
discovery of iMarithms. His tables were first published
in 1614, with the title of "The Description of the Won-
derful Law of Logarithms," ("Mirifici Logarilhmomm
Canonis Descriptio.") "The invention of l<^arithms,"
says Hallam, "is one of the rarest instances of sagacity
in the historv of mankind ; and it has been justly noticed
as remarkable that it issued complete from the mind of
its author, and has not received any improvement since
hi* time," III solving the problems of trigonometry,
lh!s invention i* of ' "- "" '* ' "" "-

rator from the errors which are almoat mevitabie in Ion|
calculations. He died in 1617, leaving several aorw, tb*
eldeat of whom, named Archibald, was raised to the
peerage in 1627, with the title of Lord Napier.

So " Lih. Wnliiin, and Innnticiiia of loha Napi«," In Eavl
or Bechah and Waltu Unrro, 17S7 ; Ma(k HAriia, " UanKiua
of Joha NupieT," iBi*: Hitttok, " Maihemaiical Dietfonarir :'
CHAHisaL ^ Btooaphiea] Dictionair of Eminent Bomhhii:'
" WaBsdiMw R«W> far Jul^, 1*35-

in'pl-«r, (JossPB,) an Iriih lawyer and politidan, bora
at Belfast in 1804. He was called to the bar in 1831,
and elected to Parliament for the Uiuvenity of Dublig
in l$48> He became attorney-general for Ireland is
1853, and was lord chancellor of Ireland from March,
tS^ to June, 1859. Died December ^ iSSx.

napleii, (Macvzy,) a Scottish editor, born iu the
county of Stirling in 177& He became professor of
conveyancing in the University of Edinburgh. He edited
the seventh edition of the " Encyclopedia Britannica."
and succeeded Lord Jeffrey as editor of the " Edinburgh
Review" (n 1839. He performed the duties of this po>
aitlon with ability for about eighteen years. Among his
contributions to the " Edinburgh Review" is an articla
on "Raleigh," (April, 1840.) Died in 1847.

Sta "Nelia nf Uaerer Napier." London, tU7\ CHAuna*,
" Biociai^iciil DictionaiT of Eininnil ScoliiBem,"{SBpp1emtBl.)

Naider, (Mark,) a Scottish antiquary, born in 1798.
He wrote " Memorials and Letters of the Time of John
Grahams of Clavcrhouse," a " Life of Napier of Mer-
chistoun," (1834,) a "Life of Montrose," (1S40,) and
other works. Died at Edinburgh. November 13, 1879.

Rapier, (Robert,) a Scottish mechanical engineer,
distinguished Ibrthe construction of steamships, was bom
at Dumbarton in 1791- He served an apprenticeship to
a blacksmith, and m iSi; became master of a smltbery
in Glasgow. A few years later be began to make engines
(or steamboats, and afterwards became the head of tbe
large establishment of Robert Napier & Sons, of Glas-
gow. He constructed the machinery of the British
Queen, and about 1S40 fiirnished Mr. Cunard with four
steamships which plied between England and the United
States. In 1856 he built the Persia, which was perhaps
unrivalled in strength and speed, and subsequently built
several iron-dad ships for the mvy. Died June 23, 1S76.

Napier, (Sir Robket,) a British general, bom in Cey-
lon about 1810. He served as an officer of the army
in India, and became chiefengineer of liengal. During
the Sepoy mutiny of 1857-53 he rendered important
services as military enginec. He commanded an expe-
dition sent against Abyssinia about the close of 1867. He
gained a decuive victory al Magdala in April, 1S6S, over
King Theodore, (who was killed,) and was rewarded
with tiK title of L^rd Napier. Died January 14, 189a.

KajMr, (Sir William Francis,) a British general,
famous as the historian of the Peninsular war, was born
at Castletown, Kildare county, Ireland, in I7S_5. He
was a brother of General Charles James Napier, and
coosin of Admiral Charles J. Napier. He entered the
army in iStxi, and obtained the rank of captain in 1S04.
Froa 1808 10 1S14 he served in the Peninsular war,
during which he was frequently wounded. He received
medals for his conduct at Salamanca, (181Z,) and at the
battles of the Nivelle and Orlhes, etc, and became
lieu tenant- colonel in 1S13. In 1818 he produced the
first volume of his " History of the War in the Penin-
sula from 1807 to 1814," (6 vols.,) which was finished
in 1840, and found its way to the summit of public
favour, although its tenor was not in accordance with
the popular and political prejudices of the timei. He
disapproved the policy of the English government, and
estimated with candour the acta of Napoleon and his
army. The work is admired for dignity of lone, fidelity
to truth, and beauty of style. He was made major-
general in 1S41, and lieutenant-general in 1851. His
wife was a daughter of General H. E. Fox, a relative of
Lord Holland. Sir William published a "HistoiT of
the Conquest of Sdndc," and a fiiw other works. Died
in February, 1S60,

Set HAaaiiT MAariHBAU, "Buignpliial Skltchas," LobiIob,
iSS? ; " EdJnbmib Rrvirw" far Octnbtr. iSjT-

Vapleroa. See Napier, (John.)

i,i,l,fibS>yt^'>V;^(.^">ne, less prolonged; i. f, l.i.ji.y, liorl; f,f,\,tt.B6i/vn; fir, tiU,at;mtt;n&t;gjBbdimeHa;

NAPJONE

Kkplone, nl-pa^iii, (C. Amtonio Gai.iai4I,)
Italian minenlopat, bom at TnTin; died «t Rio J)"'
tn 1814. Hia bjatber, J. Gat-eani, Count de Ma|
WW a dramadat and Ittdrottia:

If ajdone d« Cooooiwto.iil-pe-o'ni dl kotc-lco-nl'to,
(GiAN Pkancisco OwImuiI— gl'Ui'l'nce,) Count, a
learned Italian writer on varioni la^ecta, waa bom at
Tniin in 1748. He waa a comiD-eerman of the eminent
anthor Joseph de Maislre. He neld aereral high dvil
offices. Among his nameroua works are an euaj on
the Italian language, (" Dell'Uao e dei Pregi delia lin-

Eltaliana," z vols., 1791,) and " Lives of lUuitrious
iaat," (3 vols., 1818.) Died in 1830.
S« L. UArnNL " Tin dd OnuO. F. Naiioat," ila( ; " Nou-
««na Biopapliia GUnU."

Hmxdeon I. See Bohapaetk.

KKpoleon XL See R>iciistai>t, Duxa or.

irK-poa«-fiii (Ft. NAFOLioH, nrpo'li'dNl m,
(Chaklu Loifis NapolAoh Bohapakte,) Emperor of
France, a SOD of Louis Bonaparte and Hortense de Beao-
hMnua, waa bom al Paris, in the Tuilcries, April 10, iSoS.
He WM inacribed at the head of the regicter of the family
of the Napoleonic djnasty, the emperor having recog-
nbed Louis and hia heira as tucceuora to the crown
in preference to hia elder brothers. Hia mother, being
compelled to qoit Prance in 1815, took this son with her
in hei exile, and gave him for preceplon P. Lebas
and C^onel AnoandL He passed seveial jeara of his

leon requested pem^ssim to return to Prance, whidi
ma not granted. He utd hia brother then went to
italj and enliated in the armjr of insurgents, who at
fast gained some advantages over the papal troops, bnt
•' - ■ '" ' "^ —^e AuBtrir- '- -*■ -

were defeated and dispersed by the ^

iS in 183 1

Napoleon became a pretender
He pnblithed a work entitled "Political Rcveriea," and
a "Manual of Artillery," (1836.) Hia ambition, bia
■ame, and hia unscmpnlous aodadty urged him to enter
a career which presents the moat wonderful vicissitudes
trf fortune. Having aecared the aid of Colonel Vaudrey
■ad otiwr ofllcen stationed at Straaboor^ he made an
attempt on that place, with a few adherents, in October,
183& He luled, was arrested, and was banished or trans-
ported to the United States in November of that year.

In 1837 he returned to Europe, attended Queen Hor-
tense in her last illness at Arenenbeig, and took refuge
in Eiwland, where he passed about two years. In 1S39
he published his "Napoleonic Ideas," ("Idies Napo-
Ifcnienites,") which has been described as a "mflan^je
of liberal principles and prntorian domination." It la
an apology for the regime of Napoleon L The unpopu-
Uv meaaurea of Louia Philippe encouraged Louia Napo-
leon to eng^e in another rash and desperate enterprise.
Attended oy about Rfty partisans and a tame eagte,
irinch waa expected to perch upon hia banner aa the
harbinger of victory, be sailed from England in August,
1X40^ Md entered BouliKne, where he obtained but little
npport and was speedily arrested by the soldier* who
be Md hoped would be induced to jtnn hia standard.
He was tried on a charge of treason by the Hovae of
Peer*, and, after he bad made a speed) in bis own de-
fence and prolcaaed bia devotion to the principle of
popular sovereignty, was sentenced to perpetual impria-
enmenb He waa confined in the Caatle of Ham, where
he panned his political studies and wrote several political
and historical treatises. Aided by bia. physician. Dr.
Conneau, and disguiaed as a labourer, he escaped from
Ham in Hay, 184JS, and retired to England.

Tlie revolution of 1S4S aKirded him an opportunity
to return to France, and thus opened a new field to his
Impressible ambition. In June, 1S48, he was elected
U ttia National Assembly for the department of the
Scin& He was excluded from that body by Lamartine
and hia colleague* for a time, but he took hi* aeal in
September, 184S, and became a candidate for the office
of prendent of France. On the loth of December, 1S48,
he was elected president for four years, having received
5,563,834 votes. His chief competitor was General Ca-
Tugnac, who obtained 1,469,1(6 volea. He soon became

NAPOLEON

contest with the Constituent Asaembly, the
republican majoritv of which trgarded him with hosditty
or suspicion. In April, 18491 ^^ lot >" vtm to Rome
to Intervene In favour of the pope, who had been ex-
pelled by^ the republicans. The French army took Rome,
~~id continued to occupy that city until 1860.

The Constituent Assembly dissolved Itself, and waa
succeeded by the Legislative Assembly in May, i&m.
The president appointed the celebrated De Tocquevilla
minister of foreign affairs in June, 1849- This minister,
perceiving that the president expected him and his col-
leagues to be the pliant instruments of his wilt, resigned
In October of that year. De Tocqueville afterward*
rentarked, " We were not the men to serve him on
those terms." Louis Napoleon encountered a strong

S position in the Legislative Asscmblv, which in May,
50, restricted universal sufFroge and ordered that a
residence of three years in a commune must beaqualifi*

solved, and the leading statesmen were arrested. Legis-
lators and felons, statesmen and vulgar culprits, were
huddled ttwether in the same vehicle and conveyed to
prison. Before the end of the jrear his acts were ratified
by the form of a popular election, and he was chosen
president for a term of ten years. A new constitutton
adopted in January, 1851, and the legislative fnnc-
i were divided between two houses, (he Senate and
the Corps Ugislatif, which, however, were so organized
that they oflered little or no check to his absolute power.
The question whether he should take the title <A em-
peror was submitted to the vote of the people in No-
vember, 1851, when, according to the official report,
7,8a4,i89 voted in the affirmati^ lie assumed the
title of Napoleon III., and married a Spanish lady of

Seat personal attractions, Eugenie Marie de GuEman,
>nntess de Teba, in January, l8';3. Having formed
n alliance with England and publicly announced thai
is policy waa peace, he, in conjnnction with his new ally
eclared war sgainst Russia in March, 1854. and sent an
army to the Crimea. After a long siege, the allies toolc
Sevastopol in September, 1855, and the war waa ended
by the treaty of Paris in March, 1856. Among the event*
of this year was the birth of the prince imperial, Napo-
Ifon Eugine Louis, etc

One great um of Napdeon III. appears to have been
to recondic the French people to the loss of liberty by
promoting their material prosperity, by splendid public
improvements, and by grati^ng their passion for mill*
taty glory. Accordingly, as an ally of the King of
Sardinia In the war caused by the aggressions of Aus-
tria, he led a large army into Italy in May, 1859. He
commanded in person at the battle of Solferino, where
the Austrian* were defeated, June 14, 1859, and in the
next month concluded the peace of Villafranca. (See
FiLANcn Joseph.) Among the resnits of ihia war waa
the oession of Nice and Savoy to France by the Kfaig
of Sardinia, who had extended hi* own dominions br
the conquest of Lombardy. In 1861 he availed himself
of the opportunity presented by the breaking out of Ibe
dvil war in America, to intervene In Mexico, and fitted
oat agunst that repnblic an expedition which landed a
wdl-appointed army under General Forey early in 1861.
After several victories over the Mexican Liberal*, the
French forces entered the dty of Mexico in June, 1863.
Napoleon offered the imperial crown of Mexico to
Maximilian of Austria, who accepted the fetal gift and
was supported by a part of the native population. The
United State* refused to acknowledge the Mextean em-
peror, and intimated to Napoleon that European powera
would not be permitted to establish monarchies 1:^ anna
in North America. He accordingly withdrew Ms army
from Mexico about the end of 1866, so that the result of
the Mexican enterprise was the reverse of glorious for

■ a*l;sas*;BAorrf;|aa/,o,H,K,f>«»«/;N,«uii/.-R,/ri«f/.-la*s.th*»inrt»r. (J^-See Explanation*, p. »3.1

Digitized by VjOOQ I C

NAPOLEON

nt of the Ameiicui war, Napo-
n tn* jnUlj' redded a* the mott adroit and most luc-
laftil sovereign m Europe. But hit prectigewaa greatly

^_!__j i...i._ ,.r.,t u. -emained neutrd

a, which war he
, .a the diplomatic

which ensued between France and Prussia

he appears to have Ibond more than a match in the
genini of Counl Bumarck, who suddenly raised Prowia
to the rank of a Srst-rate power and united the Germana
b a determined attitude aeainst the aggressiTeneaa of
France. The French fell themselve* humiliated by the
fact that so great changes in the map of Europe should
have been enected without their agency or concurrence,
and condemned the policy by which France wai isolated
and eicladed from the hope of extension towards the
Rhine. After the battle of Sadowa, July 3, 1866, Napo-
leon offered himself as a mediator between the belligerent
powers. ThdEmperor of Austria ceded to him Venetia,
instead of surrendering it to the King of Italy, to whom
It seemed naturally to belong. About the 10th of De-
cember, 1866, the French armji was withdrawn finally
&om Rome, and the pope, finding himself in a critical
poiititm, addressed to Napoleon langnase which was fas
from complimentary. Napoleon and Bismarck were in-
volved in ■ dispute about Luxemburg, which the former
purchased of the King of flolland; but the Prussians
occnjried a strong fortress in that province, which ihey
leliised to relinquish. It was generally l>clieved that
war was imminent ; bat the difficulty was settled by a
Eu'opean Convention which met in London in Hay,
1867. and decided that neither France nor Prussia should
retain possesaion of Luxemburg.

The exdtins and warmly-contested election* of May
■ltd June, 1869, showed to great an increase of votes
against imperial despotism, that Napoleon thought it
expedient to make large concessions to the people and
the legislative body.' He gave the latter the right to
elect its own officers, to have partial control over the
expenditure of the public money, the right of interpel-
lation, and the privil^e to share with himself the power
of Initiating laws. He proclaimed a general amneatv
far political ofiences in Angnst, 1869, In December ttf
that year he appointed Emilc Oliivier prime minister,
and requested him to form a cabinet. " Designate per-
sons," ne said, " who will, associated with yourself, form
a homogeneous cabinet faithfully representing the legia-
lative majority." This was regarded as the end of per-
sonal government in France, and the beginning or resto-
ration of a constitutional regime. He addressed to prime
minister Oliivier, March u, 1870, an important letter, in
which he says, ■■ I think it opportune, under present dr-
cumstancca, to adopt all the reforms required by the
constitutional government of the Empire, in order to put
an end to the immoderate desire for change which pre-
vails in certain minds." He afterwards issued an address
and appeal to the people, asking their votes, in these
terms: "Do the people approve the liberal reforms
which have been eflected in the Constitution since 1S60
^the Emperor, with the concurrence of the great legis-
4ative bodies ofihestate, and ratify the tenatus-consultu in
of April ao, 1870^' On the eve of the election the
fovernment detected or concocted an extensive plot to
assassinate Napoleon, and arrested many suspected per-
■ons. The result of the plebiscite id the Sth of May
was that about 7,000^000 voted yes, and 1,500,000 voted
no. Louis Napoleon wrote a " History of Julius Csesar,"
<l867,] in which he carries out the " Idees Napoljoni-
•ones," inculcating the doctrine that certain gifted men
are appointed by Providence or destiny to rule, and that
it Is as necessary for the people a for themselves that
this destiny should be fulfilled.

Without a reasonable pretext or tangible cause, hr
declared war againtt Prussia about July 15, 1870, and,
having appointed the Empress r^nt, took the com-
mand of his army in person. The German* crossed the
frontier early in August, and assumed the offensive. The
French were outnumbered and outgcneralled in a series
•f great battles at Wiirth, Meti, and near Sedan. On
the 3d of September, Napoleon, who had displayed great
^Kipacity as a general, surrendered himself, with about

Sl8 NARBONNE

loc^ooo men as prisoners of war, at Sedan. The dktu-
antt of Napoleon was passed in the corp l^islati( aod
a republic was formed by the citizens of Pans, Septem-
ber 4, iSya He died at Chiselhurst, January 9, 1873.

Napoleon, (Victoe Juiomb Fkedbbick,) Frincb.
was born at Paris, July 18, 1862. As the ridestson of
the late Prince Napoleon and Princess Clotfailde he is
the head of the Napoleon fiunily, and for the safety of
the republic was expelled ftom France in 1886. — His
brother, Princs Lol;is, bom in 1864, entered the Russian
militsiy service, became major-general, and since 1905
has been governor-general of the province of Coroven.

I?ap'p9r-T«n'dy, (Jaues.) an Irish insurgent, bom
near Dublin in 1747. He invaded Ireland with a bodj
of French troops in 1798, was taken prisoner and ccm-
demned to death, but was released after an imprisonment
of two years. Died in 1S03.

NftritdK, nl'r%-d^ written also Hareda, the name of
a celebrated Hindoo sage and lawgiver, supposed to hava
been the son of Brahma and Saraswatt He was the
inventor of the Vina, a sort of lute, and is said to have
been an intimate firiend of Krishna.

S« Mooa, " Hindu Pnthm."

Nii'l-tfnc'hl, [modem Hindoo pron. niir't-dng'Iia
or nOr't-nnr, from the Sanscrit nirt, a " matC* and
RftfiU, a "lion,"! (the "Man-Lion,*^ the name, in the
Hindoomythology,of the fourth Avatar of Viahnn. Itia
related that Hiranyakasipn,* by hi* penances and sacri
fices in honour of Brahma, had obtained as a boon frost
that deitv that he should possess nniveraal mooarcby
and be wholly exempt fi'om death or injury from every
go<L man, or creature in existence. Having now nothKig
to fear, his arrogance and impiety became insufleTabl&
He had, however, a son of a wholly different character,
and reniarkable for his piety and virtue. The soti, re-
ni>ving his Other's wickedtiess, once said to him that the
Deity was present everywhere. " Is he in that pillar V
said the angry tyrant "Yes," replied the soiu There-
upon Hiranyakasipn, in contempt, struck the pillar with
his sirord, when the stony mass (ell asunder, and a bein^
half man and half lion, issuing from its centre, tore to
piece* the impious wretch who had thus insulted and
defied the Divine Power.

Mbarini, nl-rft'yt-14, a Sanscrit word of somewhat
uncertain etymology, commonly luppoeed to rigni^
" moving upon the waters," and applied, in the Hindoo
mythol<wy, to the universal Divine Spirit, which existed
beft^e aU wtvkls. (Compare Gencais l 2.) In thitaenae,
Ntrlvanamay be regarded as another name for Bkahh,
(which see;) but it is also frequently need a* one of the
many appellation* of Vishnu.

Sa* Uooa, " Hindu Puibsoi."

ntrtyinl, nl-rVy^nee', the consort (or saktl) of Ni-
rlyana, considered as Vishnu, and hence a name of
LAKSHut (which see.)

Naibonae, de, d(h ntxlxin', (Louis,) Count, a
French conrdcr and minister of state, was born of the
noble bmiiy of Narbonne-L^ra at Colomo^ in ParmL
in 1755. He was taken to Paris in 1760, and educated
at court, where his mother waa a lady of honour. He
was handaome, accomplished, and witty, and a &vootite
of the royal fiimily. In the Revolution he acted with
the constitutional party, and became a confidential friend
of Madame de StaiH, who regarded him with admiratioo.
"She exalted himia her imsgination," says Lamartine,
" until she raised him to the neight of her ideaL" By
her influence, partly, he became minister of war in De-
cember, 1791. He tried mth aucccaa the policy of ftank-

i. e, I, {, a, f, jHT'' ^ ^ ^ ■*ne, less prolonged; i, e, 1, 2, Bi, f , £fa»4; t, (. j, 9. «Att«r«; Or, Oil, nU; mtt ; n6l; gSndi I

d by Google

ar;

NARBOROUGH 17

tnd confidence towirdi the Auembly, and extorted
■nae even from the ■tem and saspidoui radicala.
peifonned prodinei of activitT in ruling anniea and

He was suddenly dismissed from office in Hirch, 1793,
in consequence of a difference with his colleague and
rivtl De LessarL Abont the loth of Aunut lie *
proscribed b^ tiic Assembt;, but, by the ef^rts of h
dame de Stael, escaped to England. He returned
France in iSoo, and was reatored to his rank ss lit _
tenant-general in 1809. Soon after that he was made
ambassador to Bavaria. He attended Bonipaile as aide-
de-camp in the Russian campaign, (iSll.) Died in 1813.

Sc4 VnjjHAiiv, "Sowmdn GoatuBponiDa :** Biohoh, '""
■sin di Fnncdoui NidoUdd;" Hauiout, "lUmoim:"
nD« Bki(nphi> C^n^nlc."

KtuborotiBti, narTiur'?li, (Sir John,) an English
naval officer, distinguished himself in the war with the
Dutch in 1666. In 1673 he serred at second captain
tinder the Duke of York against De Ruyter in the en-
gagement of Solebay, where his bravery and skill were
conspicuous. He was created rear-admiral and made ■
knight in 1673. In 1674 he
of the Mediti

674 he was sent anmst the pirate
1, and (breed the Bej of Tripoli t

p his British captive

a beautiful youth, in the Greek mytholi^. He is
to have been insensible of amorous passion nndl he saw
with wdich he fell '

acquired unlimited influence
cured the death of scTeral
caused Mesaalina

Claudius, and pro-
nt persons. He also
.ted. He was put to

Narm, nas'dee, (Jacopo,) a distinguished htstorian,
bom at Florence in 1476. His principal work i* a "His-
1017 of Florence from 1494 to 1531,'' (1582.) He ilao
wrote a comedy entitled " L'Amidiia,'* and made •
translation of Livy, (154c,) esteemed one ol the best in
the Italian language. Died about 155J.

rraidbt, (T.,) a French negotiator and litUrattHr
bom at Beaanfon in 1540; died in J6l6.

Naidinl, naa-dee'nee, (Pimto,) an Italian musician,
bom at Leghorn in 1715, was esteemed one of the best
violinists of his time. He composed a number of pieces
for the violin and flute. Died m 1796.

ZTareda. See Nakada.

RaTB«,nan,(Rev. Edwakd,) nephew of James Nares,
ooliced below, was bom in Londiin in 1763. He became
professor of modem history at Oxford in 1S14. He was
the author of a novel entitled " Thinks I to Mnel^" and
of the " Life and Adminisliation of Lord Buighley,"
which is severely criticised Inr Macaulay in the EdW
burgh Review," (1833.) Died in 1841.

Num. (Sir Gborgi Strong,) an English navi-
" " "- 'id at the E

. navy. He was on the
n the Arctic voyage of i85a-u, served in
the Crimean war, was for many years employed in hy-
drograpliic surveys in various parts of the world, com-
manded Ibe Challenger expedition, 1S73-74, and led the
eipedilion of 1875-76 in the Arctic waters west and
Boiihweat of Greenland with the ships Alert and Dis- 1
covery, of which voyage he published a" Report" (1876)
and a " Narrative,*' f 1878.) He sailed on the Alert
in 1S78 lor a two years' survey of the South Fadfic,
retired in 1886, and was made ■ vice-admiral k> 1893.
Diedjanuao' 15. 19'S.

Narss, (James,) an English composer, born in Mid-
dlesex in 1715. His prinapal compoailions are anthems
and other church music; he also published "Lessons
Sx the Harpsichord," and various treatises on music
In 1756 he succeeded Green as organist and composer
to the king. He was the preceptor <A the composa
■ d.^ed in 1783.

Hsvas, {ROBBtT,) a distinguished critic and the<do.
gian, a son of the preceding, was bom In 17S3- He be-
came Archdeacon of Stafford, and pastor (A Allhallows
Church, London ; he ^so held the office of assistant
librarian of the British Museum. He published, among
other works, " Elements of Orthoep;r>" (I784<) and a
" Chronological View of the Prophecies relating to the
Christian Ctiurch," {1805.) He was one of tke founders
of the " British Critic" Died in 1839.

ITufl. SeeNfiKTi.

NailSo, nl-rtn'yov (Antonio,) a South American
general, bora at Santa F^ de Bogoli in 1 769. He foi^ht
against the Spaniards in i8i3-i3. was made prisoner,
and was confined at Cadiz, where De died about iSai.

SuCjirTjUM BOHHTCASTU, " Spulili Amtrioi," iSiSi \j.it»
HAHT, "HimlndtliColatDbii." 1816.

Hanil, dl, de nak'nee, (Gikolamo Blantlii^mftw-
tecu',) an Italian monk and eloquent preacher, lived in
Ibe seventeenth century.

Nai'H-fa,(JoHN,)F.R.S., an English geometer, bora
at Chertsey in 1783, was a maker A mathematical and
philosophical instruments in his youth. He contributed
to the " Penny Cyclopedia," and published, besides
several works on geometry, a " History of the Origin
and Progress of Astronomy," (1838.)

Noi'iy, (Charles,) a French dramatist, bom in
1825. He wrote many novels and plays, his most
successful drama being "Conune elles sont toutes."
Died in 1893.

Kkt'iSI, {Or. Nopofc,! a celebrated general tmder the
emperor Justinian I., was ■ etmoch, and t* mippoMd to
have been a native of Asia. He was early distingnidied
by the favour of the emperor, and in (38 a-d. was a^
pointed to a command under Beliaarinsin Italy. Owing
to dissensions arising between thero, Narset was recalled
in 539, but he was sent sgsJn in jji as commander-in-
chief of the Italian army. He obtained a signal victory
over the Goths, led by Totila, and recovered Rome.
Having driven the barbarians from the country, he was
appointed in 553 Exarch of Italy. On the accesuoo of
Justinus IL, Naiies was superseded in his command by
Longinss. Died in 55S.

Sm GiiBOM, "DMHh aod rail (rflba Roaaa Eapiiai" La
DaAD, "HiMoira du Bu-EKpini" PMcerius, "IMIbb OmU-

Amcrid.

- A.IX He waged war against the emperoi Diocletian,
whose army he defeated in Mesopotamia in 396. Having
been defeated in the second campaign, Narses sued for
peace, and in 397 made a treaty br which he ceded
Mesopotamia and Armenia to Diocletian. Narses abdi-
cated in Eivour of his son, Hormisdas IL, In 303 a.el

ITanaitu. See Nairssen.

KoTDMewlci^ ni-roo-sU'vitch, (AnAU StahisLiU,)
a Poliab historian and poet, bom in 1733. ^° *^ "P"
pointed suixessively professor of poetry in the JesuiU'
College of Nobles at Warsaw, and Bishop of Smolensk.

of lyrics, fables, and satires. Died in 1796.

St* Bunmnxi " HiMoir* da la LilUnture Fglonun."
Varrasi^ de, di naa<*Mth', (Panfilo,) a Spanish
commander, bom at Valladolid. Ha went to America
in or belbre 1510, and served In the army. When Ve-
lasquez, Governor of Cuba, learned that Cortex dikowned
his authority in Mexico, he sent an army against hia,
and gave the command to Narvaez. in ijsa The latter
was defeated and made prisoner by Cortes at Zampoala.
He was killed by the Indians in Florida about 1537.

Harrcai, do, (Ramon Maria,) Duke of Valencia, a
Spanish genera! and minister of stale, born in Andalusia
about 179S. He fought against the Carlists in 1836-3S,
and was the leader m the insurrection which drove &•■

Sarteto from power in 1S43. He was prime minister
om May, 1S44. 10 Februanr^ 1S46. and was restored to
power in 1849. He resigned in January, 185 1, was agaia
appointed preaidi'ut of the council in Octol>er, 1856, and
retired from office in November, iSry, About Septeai-
bet, 18&4, he again beam* prime miniuer. Dwd ia
Apri!.lg8.

«s*i,' (u/; %ki^d; t»Mj;o,n,K,g«amrai; n.muali \,lrilUd; lass; thaainMw. (BV~Sce ExplaaatiatM,p.a3.)

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IfASCIMENTO

NASON

NaMslmanto, do, do nb-M-mCn'to, (Hanoel,) va
eoiinent Portuguese poet, born In IJsbon in 17U. He
was driven into exile bj the pertecution of the Inquiri-
tioD in 177S, after which he lived in F>ri* until liii death.
Amoitg hie works, wliich he pnbliahed nnder the isnimed
name of " Filinto Elysio," are a nnmber of odea and a
traiwlation of La Fontaine's Fables. Died in 1819.

Sh A. K. Sah<. "PcMc lyriqaa Portni^H," ale, itst; L.
dbHihdoca, "ManciriuilcIjIunlui«coiiUinp««nta."

NaMef-al-TazaJee or na>If-al>T'ftB«jl. nl-MeP U
jl'if-jee, a distinguished Arabic scholar and writer,
bom in " the Lebanon," pro' ' '
nt of the present centnrr.

laid to have devoted his life tolely to the study of the
lanBEiage, historr, literature, uid grammar of the Arabs.
In his treatise on eiammar he has condensed, with rare
ability and skill, the whole system of the Arab ^am-
marians. " No more complete exposition of the subject,"
4ays Mr, Chenery, "has ever been brought into a vol-
ame of the same size." He has also written " Maliimlt,"
1 imitation of Hareeree, (Harlit)

It eqoals him."

KkBelU. nl-ie]1ee, (Pkancisco,) an Italian painter,
bum at Ferrara. The chnrches of Femra contam many
of his woilcs. Died about 1630.

HbsIi, (Abhbh,) an American statesman and lawyer,
bom in Prince Edward coonty, Virginia. Having set-
tied in North Carolina, he vraa elected in 1779 Governor
of that State. Died in 178&

Huh, (Pbancis,) an American brigadier-general,
brother of^ Abner Nash, noticed above, was morially
wounded at the battle of Germuitown, (1777-)

Hash, (Frederick,) an American jurist, bom at
Newbem, North Carolina, in i^i, was a aon of Abner
Nasli. He resided mostly at HiUsborongli- He became
* indge of the supreme conrt of North Carolina in 1844.
Died in 1858.

Naali, (JOHN,) an Engltoh architect, bom in London
hi I7«3. He was appdnted in 181$ inspector of the
royal buildings. He furnished the designs for the Hay-
Market Theatre, Buckingham Palace, and the PaviUon

■ , also tl ' ~ —

gent's "Park. Died

NKch, (Joseph,) an English ^inter snd designer,
bom alKiut 1811. He designed illustrations for "The
Architeclnre of the Middle Ages," (1B3S.) He was dis-
tiiieuished as a painter of architecture. Died in 1S7S.

nMh, (RicKAftn.) usually called Bkad Nash, was
bom at Swansea, Wales, in 1674. He entered the Mid-
dle Temple as a student of law, bat had an invindUc
aversion to study and bosiness. He distinguished him-
self as a man of bahion, a master of the sdence ol
gentility, and a paragon of effrontery. His skill as a
gambler yielded him an ample revenue. In 1704 he
kHind Bath a vulgar and mismanaged watering-plice,
Infinted with ill-bred people. He got himself appointed
misterof ceremonies, and, by enforcing the rales of good
breeding at balls, public assemblies, etc, converted Bath
Into a Taahionable and elegant place of resort. His
person was coarse and aneainly, but his vivacit] and
benevolent or prodigal hauts rendered him popular.
He is said to have taken measures to guard the unwary
youth from falling victims to the designs of villains.
During a part of his long period of prosperity and
■npreman at Bath, he rode in a sii-borse coach with a
retinue orservanla. In his old age he wis impoverished
by the act of Parliament which suppressed gaming.
Died b 1761.

ShOlitei GouHHrm, "Liftof Rlidiud Haili." i7«ll "Ee

of Brighton, also the plans of Regent Street and Re-
nt's Pari "" ' " "--

ItW«.

it and dramaiiat, bom

Supplication of Pierce Penniless to the Devil," (1593,)
"Endo," a tragedy, (1594,) a comedy entitled "Sum-
mer's Last Will and Testament," (tooo,) and several
other works, which had great populariqp in that age.
Ked in 1601.

S« W««TDH. " HiMiT tt SailUi PoetiT;" DmsasU, "C^

naab, (Tkeadwai RtrsssL,) an English divine and
antiquary, bora in 1715 or I7i6> He published "Col-
lections br a Histofy of Worcestershire," and a fine
edition of Hndibras, and contributed several papers to
tbe " Archieologia." Died in 1811.

HMlf-«l-TuajL See Nasbbf-al-Vazaju.

Ksalnl, ni-tee'nee, (Antonio,) an Italian painter of
history and portraits, bom at Sienna in 1641 ; died in
1716.

Haalnl, (Giusippk NiccoiA,] a sldlfU painter, bore
near Sienna about 1655, was a brother of the preceding.
He painted in oil and fresco many works, the subjects
ef whidi are mostly religions. Died in 1736.

Sh LAm, " Historj 0/ Pibiiiia in Italj.''

XTftilr Kho'aroo', or Aboo lffoo'ln-«d-Daea
Kaalr b«n Khoaroo, an eminent Persian didactic poet,
bom at Koobadeeyan in 1004 a.iv He was at first an
orthodoi Moslem, but became a Sheelte. He was a great
linguist and traveller, and was finandal secretary to la-
ghir, a brother of Togrul Bey, (q. v.) He wrote '' SaUr-
nama," ■ valuable book o(^ travels, volumes of lyrics
called "The Book of Enlightenment" and "The Book
of Happiness," and other works. Died in loSS.

ITulr-ed-DeeD, Shah of Persia, was bom in 1829,
and succeeded to the throne in 1S48. He visited
Europe in 1873 and 1889, and died by the hand of
an assassin in 1896.

Kflalr - ed - Daen - MohajnmBd - Ibn - Ha»— n. m
nB>BlT-«ddyii-MoIiaiiimed-Ibii-Ha(aii, ni'sjr ed-
deen' mo-hlm'med Ib'n hl's^n, aurruuned Al-Toc/sez,
(or Al-Thoi;si,) from the place of his tnrtb, a celebrated
Persian astronomer, bom at Toos, (TUs or Thous.) in
Khorassln, about iioo A.a, became superintendent ai
an observatory in Azerbaijin. He was the author of
"Ilchanic Tables," which ate said by Delambre not to
differ essentially from those of Ptolemy. Died in 1374.

NlBlr- (or Ha«Ber-) Ledean- (LedlD-) lUah, nl'sfi
If-deen' illfh, (Abool-Abbais-Aiuned, l'b«el Ib-bia'
ui'med.) an Abbasside calbh, began to reign at Bagdld
in I i8o,as successor of his father Hostadee. He founded
many colleges, hospitals, and mosques. Died in 1335.

Ml'amlth, (David,) a Scottish philanthropLst, bom
in Glasgow in 1799, was distinguished for his seal ia
promotiw religious and benevolent associations. He
founded in i830 the Glasgow City Mission, and, having
■ubsequently visited England, Ireland, France, and tlie
United States of America, be established mission* in
their principal dtiea. Tbe London C\xj Mission, which
b^an its operalloni in 1835 with four missionaries,
numbered in 1856 upwards oTthrce hundred. Naamitli
also founded the London Female Mtsnoii, tbe Adult
School Society, and other similar insdtutioiia. Died
in 1839.

m'amltll, (TaUCS,) an English divine and antiqoarj,
bom at Norwich in 1740, publiahed editions A tbs
" Itineraries" of Simon and William of Worcester, and
Tanner's "Notitia Monastics." Died in iSoS.

Ki'amjptli, ( Alexandbr, ) a celebrated Scottisb
painter, founder of the so-called Nuniyth school, was
bom at Edinburgh in 175S. He painted landscapes and
portraits of great merit. Among the latter, that <u Barm
IS highly esteemed, and is said to be the only autlientic
likeneas of the poet Died in t84&

Naamjtli, (Jambs,) a Scottish engineer and inventor,
son of the preceding, was bom in Edinburgh in 1S0&
He commenced business for himself as a mechanical
engineer, at Manchester, In 1^4. He invented a steam
hammer, a steam pile-driver, ftc Died May 8, 1B90.

Sh SAii(m.SiiiLa*,"liidu«ritlBi(i(n())ir." etc 1M4.

IToamytli, (Patrick,) a brother of the preceding
was bom at Edinbuifh in i-fUb. He enjoyed a faigli
reputation as a landscape-painter, and had five sisters
who were distinguished m the same department of th«
art Died in 1831.

m'spn, (Elias,) an American author, bom at Wren-
tham, Massachusetts, April 31, tSit. He graduated at
Brown University in 1835, and was for sevwal years an
editor and teacher. In 1849 he entered the Congrega-
tlonalist ministry. Ho edited several hymn-ctdlection^
published a "Life" of N. Howe, (1851.) of Sir C. H.

I,t I, a, «,;,/ev>'^^^**>>>«>l*** prolonged; 1,1, 1, <S,a.f,<«ar/,-h<,f.o,aifc»»; fir, fail, lit; n>(tinl)l;ga6d;m<?)Dt

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NASOJV It

FTanklaaJ, {1865,) of Mr*. Rowson, (1S70,) of Henry
Wi1son,(iS74)>ndofCbaileaSDmner,(iS74,)"Gueneer
of Massachusetts," (1S73,) " History of the Bible," (1881,)
" Noted Men of Maasachusetls," and other work*. He
*as also a popular lecturer. Died June 17, 1887.

Nason, (Hrnky BkADFOUi,) L1.D., ao American
chemist, bom at Foxirarough, llaasachuietts, Jotie u,
1831. He studied (1852-55) at Amherst College, and
p-iuluated at the University of GoltinjRn in 1857. He
wu piofesior of chemistry in Beloit College from 1S58
to 1S66, and then became profeuot of chenustrv in Rens-
selaer Polytechnic Institute, at Troy, N. Y., with which he
was connected until his death. He published tables for
laboratory use, and edited translations of various hand-
books of Wohler and Elderhotst. Died Jan. 18, 189;.

Nawaro, nls-si'ri, (Blas Antonio,} a Spanish mis-
cellaneous writer, born at Algueiar in 1689; died in 1751.

Kaoaatl, naa'saw, [Ger, pron. nls'siiw,] HousB OF,
a noble family, of German origin, which produced man;

BEat men, and derived its title from Nasjuu, on the
linc^ In the sixteenth century the family acquired
the principality of Orange, in the aoulheast of France,
■fter which the Counu of Nastau took the title of Prince
of Orange. (See Orangi, and WiLLUu III. of Eng-
land.)

Zfaaaan, (Hinrt,) Count or, a Fleir.ish nobleman,
Enheriled from his bther large estate* in Brabant, Flan-
ders, and Holland. In 151; he loarTied the daler of
Philibert, Frincc of Orange, oj whom he had a ton Reni.
Henty was a confidentiail friend of Charles V., whose
governor he had been in that emperor'* boyhood. " It
wa* he," aaya Hotlej, " whoae inSnencv placed the im-
perial crown upon the bead of Charles. " He was the
ancle of William of Orange, the ibonder of the Dutch

Nmmhi, (Maokici or.) [Datch, Haurtti tan Na>-
•Air, mSw'rita vtn nla'tSw j Ger. Hosm von Namau,
m/rit* fon eli'tSw,] ooe of the {reateat captains of
modem time*, «n* bora at the caule at Dillenborg in
November, 1567, and wai the aecond aon of William the
Silent, Prince m Orange, who founded ttw Dutch repub-
lic Abonttheageoftweniyhe waaetectedGovernorand
Captain-General rf the Seven United Province*, which
were then at war with Spain, In ■S9i he took Derenier,
Zntphen, and other fortified towna. He defeated the
Spaniard* in a great pitched battle at Tumhoutin l!97,
and gained a dedlive victory over the Archduke Albert
of Austria at Nieuwport in l6oa In the ensuing cam-
I2>igns his akill as a tactician was exerted with nninter-
mpted mccets until 1609, when Sp«n recogniied the
Independence of the Dntd), and a trace of twelve yeara
waa signDd by the two power*. The patriot Bameveldt,
by promoting this peace andoppoaing the ambition* pro-
jecia of HaDrice, incDrred hi* enmity, and finally became
a victim of his craelty. (See Bauovsldt.) Maurice
noeived the title of Ftince of Orange at the death of hi*
elder brother, aboni 161&. In i6at he renewed the war
■gainattheSpaniarda, who oppoaed to him the celebrated
gcnerat Spinola. ** His great capacity in the military
ai^" aay* Hume, " would have compensated the inferior-
ity of his forces, had not the Spanish annica been com-
manded b]> Spinola." Maurice compelled his rival to
raise the siege of Beigen-op-Zoom in 1613, but Spinola
took Breda in 1625. Hediedin 1635, and wa* succeeded
bi the office of Stadtholder bj his brother, Frederick
Henry, wno was the grandfather of William IlL of Eng-
land. Maurice made important improvement* in the
military art, and excelled especially in the reduction and
defence of ibrtified place*.

SMSTOUoni.'PriaUuriti,'* 1I171 OuiwiAin, " Hm Larcn
•■ 1* Dadn na Mnrin Prtu nn Orwija-NuBu." i8}>; C M.
■AB !■■■ Kaiir, " Miuriu tu Nuuu Print ns Orui^" (tc.,
■■44; tlonrt, "ttinarj of ihcUsitHl NMhtriinda^"

HaBaan-SiagMi, d«, d^h nla'sSw see'gfn, (Chaklbi
Hknbi Nicolas Cthon,) Pkince, bom in Nassau in
1745, gained distinction by hia adventures. He served
In the French army, and afterwards entered the service
of Roa^a. He gained a naval victory over the Turk*
fa 1788. Died about iSog.

MaaMtn-SiBseti, d«, (Jan Maukits,) Pkinci,
oOled THK Ahuican, a Dutch commander, bom in
1604, wa* a grandson of John, Count of Na**an, H«

■a appointed captain-general of the Dutch posseasioni

in 1679.

Kaat^ (Thomas,) a distinguished caricaturist, bom at
Landau, in Bavaria, September 17, 1S40. In tS^ he
was brought to America, and in early youth found em*
ployment as a draushtsman for an illustrated newspaper.
After the outbreak of the war of tS6i-65 he becune
prominent a* an eflective political caricaturist. He after*
ward* became a lecturer, and illustrated various books,
chiefiy with comic sketches. Died December 7, 1901.

Naat, (William,) D.D., a native of Germany, emi-
grated in i8a8 to America, where he became a preacher
of the Methodist Episcopal Church. He has translated
numerous Methodist work* into German, and pnbliahed
aeveral book* in that langu;^ Died in 1899.

Katal, BiaKOP or. See Colznso.

Katale^ nl-tfU, [Lat Nata'us,] (GaKoniMO,) a
Spanbh Jesuit, bom in Majorca In 1507. He declined
the office ofgeneralof the order of Jesuits in 155S. Ha
wrote " Commentaries and Meditations on the Goapel*,"
("Adnotatioiies et Heditatlonca in Evangelia," 1594.)
Died at Rome in i5Sa

S« H. risqvBT, " Notk* iH JMo* Nmlfak" i»^

NataU, ni-tAlee, (GiOVAKHI,) an Italian poet and
phy^aan, bora at Messina in 164a; died about 173a

natalia. See Natall

Natalia, ni-tllis, (MiintAEL,) a Flemish engraver,
bora at XJege about 1609, worked at Rome anil Paris.
He engiavedsome work* of Ttdan, Ruben*, and Poussin.
Died in 1670.

Ki'thkn, (Heh ]rn ; Gr. Ni«™,J» Hebrew prophet,
who lived in the reign* of Kings David and SolomoiL
He wrote a life of David, which is not extant.

S« II. Samndifi.!!. Cbnnidaiiix.19; I. Kiniil

Nathan, (Isaac,) called also Hordooal, a Jewish
rabUof the fifteenth century, published the fust Hebrew
Concordance to the Bible. It b entitled " Hair Netib,"
or " Ueht to the Path."

Nl'uian, (Isaac:,) an English vocalist and mnddan,
of Jewish extraction, born at Canterbury in 179a. He
was distinguished as a singer and singing-master, pro-
duced some comic operas, and wrote "A Life of Madame
Malibran de Beitot." (1S36.) He waa accidentally killed
in Sydney, Australia, Januarv 1;, 1864.

NS'tliBD Ben Jeoblel. (b(n ^k'e-«',) a Jewish rabh^
president of the synagogue at Rome. He wrote a Tel-
mudical Lexicon, which was printed about 148a Died

Nathanael, (of Scripture.) See Barthoixmixw.

Natolxa, nf twlB', (Charlrs,) a French punter, born

. Ntmes in i too, studied under Lemoine, whose un<
finished works he completed. Some of his best picture*
are at Vertaillea and the HAtel de Soulnae. Died near
Rmnein 1777.

Nat'tor, (Hbinrick,) an Austrian sculptor, bom
at Graun, Tyrol, in 1S44. He produced numerous
notable works, his gigantic statue of Wotan being the
sensation of the Vienna Exposition of 1873. He made
statues of the heroes of the Tyrol, the Hofer monument
in Innsbruck being his latest work. Died in 1S92.

Natter, nlt't^r, (JoHAWtt Lorknz.) a celebrated Ger-
man gem-engraver, bom In SuaUa in 1705. After re-
siding for a time at Rome, he visited the principal court*
01' Europe, where bl* works were in great demand. Hi*
imiudon* of the antique are so perfect as scarcely to be
distinguished from the originaL Among hi* best pro-
ductions are a medal in honour of Sir Robert Walp<>l&
and a victorion* Britannia, on a gem. Natter published
a"Treatiseon the Antique Hetbcd of engraving Genu,
compared with the Modem." Died at Saint Peletsbaii
in 1763.

Nattaror, nlt't;r-tr, (Johann,) a German naturalist,
born at Laxenburg, near Vienna, in 1787. He travelled
in Brazil, and wrote several works cm reptiles and mam-
mifera. Died in 1843.

nfte-^'. [JiAif Harc,) a Frend pmtrah-

<:%iard;^af:a,H,K,gtiihmil; v.naial; %,trillid: latt; ihaamlAii. ({Q^See Explanations, p. 33.}

led:^:, Cookie

NATZMER i8

painter, bom in Pari* in 1685. Among bti master-picMS
■re the portraiti of Marshal Saxe and the Dnke of
Richeliea. He waa profeasor In the Academf of Arts.
Died in 1766.

ITfttsmar, von, ton niti'm^, (Dubislaw Gnbouah,}
a Pruasian Rcneral, born in Pomerania in 1654. He
diitingaished himself at Blenheim, (1704.) and com*
manded the Prussian corpaat MalplaqnetfjiTog.) Died
In 1739,

Kanbeit, nSw'bCkt, (CHitmiANi Bknidich Eu-
oRHii,) a celebrated romance-writer of Germany, bom
at Leipstc in t7j6. Among her most admired works
are "Conradin of Suabil," "Walter of Monlharry," and

"TheklaofThani," The latter, it is Biid, augratsd to
Schiller many tine passages in " Wallenateiii/' Her
" Popolar Legends of GeraianT" are also greatly esteemed.

IMedin 1819.

NfiabilgMMla. See Lnmx, (Wiluail)

Kauclenia, n&w-kli'rAs, ( Jouann Vrkgbn,) a chron-
icler, born in Snabia about 1^30. He wrote, in Latfn,
a chronicle, which was printed in 151& Died aboDti5ift

Nan'orvtSB, ^mtpimK^ a Greelc orator, was a pupil
of Isocrates, and flonrished about 350 B.C. He wrote on
rhetoric

NBn-ofdol, [NiB«fi%,) a celebrated Greek acalptr

bom at Aigos abont the 95th Olya '" ' ' "^

best production* were two atatuea 1
cnn, and a broiue ttatne of Erinna.

naadaraa. See NaudA, (Gabkibi.)

NandA, nfi'di', [LaL Naud^us,] (Gabkiel,) a dis-
tinguished French bibliographer anS savant, was born
in Paris in 160a, He was diosen physician.ordmary to
Loais XIIL in 1633, and librarian 10 Cardinal Richelieu
in 1642. Soon sifter the death of Richelieu (1643) he
became librarian to Maiarin. He bad eitenaive learning
and an acute understanding, and was an intimate Iriend
of Gassendi Hia prindp^ worka are an "Apol^ for
Great Men ^aely accused of Magii^" (1615,) " Kblio-
naphia Polilica," {i633>) and "Considerations on Coups
d'EtaL" A collection of anecdotes entitled "Naudteana"
was published in 1701. Died in 1653.

Kandri, (Pkiliffe,) a French mathcmatidan and
Protesunt theologian, bom at Metz in 1654. Having
removed to Berlin, be was appointed, in 1696^ professor
of mathematics in the Academy of Arts, and subsequently
in the Academy of Sdences, soon after its foundation.
He was the author of a number of moral and theological
world, and of "Elements of Geometry," (170&) I^ied

NMidet, nS'di', (][osbpk,) a French scholar and tus-
lorian, bom in Paris in 1^86. He became a member of
the Academy of Inscriptions in 1S17, and professor of
Latin poeuj io the College de France about iSii.
Among his works is a " History of the Monarchy of the
Goths in Italy," (iSll.) Died August 13, 187a.

Ssc "yauTBUe Biocniihie GAiJnle."

Natidat, (Thomas Ckaxlzs,) a French landscape-
painter, bom in Paris in 1774. He travelled over a
considerable part of Europe, and made a collection of
three thousand designs. Died in 1810,

Nangeilna. See Navagkko.

Kaumaiia, nCw'min, (Fohahn Andreas,) a German
naturalist, bom near KoChen in 1744. He published a
"History of the Birds of North Germany," (i795-t8o4.)
Died in 1S26.

Wnnmntm, (JoHANN Friedrich,) an omithologist,
born near KSthen in 17S0, was a son of the preceding.
His chief work is a " Natural History of German Birds,"
(1832-44.) Died in 1S57.

Natunoim, (Johann Gorn-iiB or Amadeus,) a Ger-
man composer, bom near Dresden in 1741. He pro-
duced several popular operas; but his reputation rests
chiefly on his church music Died in lEoi.

Sea MHUram "BnidutOdc* lul J. A. Niumanni Lebenue-
•diichie." 1 Toll., ittn; Fins, " Kognphie Univendl* do Mu.

>a NAVARRETE

Gottlieb, noticed above. He published several snC'
cessliil works on mineralogy. Died November 36, 1873.

yjaimuiHn (MoRiTZ Ernst Adolpk,) a brother of
the preceding, and a medical writer, was born at Dresden
in 179& He wrote an important work on clinic medi-
dne, "Handbuch der medidnischen Klinik," (8 vol*.,
lg3Q~39>) ""^ other works. Died October 19. tSyt.

nann't^n, [Sir Robert,) an English statesman, rose
to be secretary of state and master of requests under
James I. He was the author of " Pragmenta Regalia,"
or an account of the court of Queen Elizabeth. Died
in 1635.

Kausea, nfiw'zi-i, otherwise called Unrath, oon'rit,
and Eckel, Ek'kfl, (Friedbich,) a German theologiai^
bom near Wlirtzlniig about 1480. He became preadier
to the court at Vienna in 1534, and Bishop of Vienna in
lut. He published several work* on theology, L>ied
about ijso.

S« Ddpih, " Bibliotbtqu <k* Aulton cccU^i>liiii»"

Kati-alo'a-a, [Gr. Novmiiaa,] a daughter of Alduon*,
King of the Phaeadans, showed kindness to Ulyssea
wtien be was wrecked on the island of Phieada, (Corfb.)
Tradition adds that she became the wife of Telemachna.

Nan-aio'rf-tei, [NavouqianK,] a Greek comic poet,
whose worlca are not extant. He i* dassed by some
critics among the writers of the middle comedy.

NaoB*. La. See La Nauzk.

KavBigero, n3<vJi-ii'r(\[LaL NAUCE'Bn;a,](Ai4i>RSAj
an Italian scholar and eminent Latin poet, born in Venice
in 1483. He passed about four years (1535-3S) at Madrid
as Veoelian ambassador to Charles V., and exerdsed an
important Influence on Spanish literature. Having been
sent on a mission to France, he died at Bloi* in 1529.
His Latin and Italian poem* are admired for theu- ele-
gance and purity of style.

S« GiHGuu^ "Htttwro Lildnin d'luUa:" Umcxau^
" Elogio di A. N»T»gHij." iBij.

MavBEBio, (Bernardo,) a Venetian statesman and
cardinal, bom at Venice in 1507. He was sent as am-
baasador to France and Germany, and attended the
Coundl of TrenL He wrote a "Life of Pope Paul IV."
I^d in 1565.

S« I-. Mahih, "Elnpo u(J Csrilioale Hintcro," 1S14; An-
sliv, " Hbloln ii% CbiUuui."

NavaiUcM, de, dfh nfvH' or nf vf yc (Phiufpe da
Montanlt de BAna^— d(h mAn'tS' deh bi'nik',) Dik;
a French general, born in 1619. He obtained the rank
of marshal of France in 1675. Died in 1684.

ScE " Mimoim d* u Vic." stc, miltED bj himidt iSgi.

If aTMixe or Havarreaa, Doctor. See Auilcukta.

Nawanv, nl-vlr'rt, (Pedro,) a Spanish captain, bom
in Biscay, wa* a skilful engineer. He invented or im-
proved the art of undermiaiDg, and took the Castello
del Ovo at Naples in 1503. In 1514 he entered tbe
service of Frands I. of France. Died in 1538.

3« BiAiTTdifa, "Viei dn panda OqiiaiAes."

Navarret« or Navarate. See Mudo, Ei.

Kavarret^ ni-vJr-rS'ilL, (Douingo Fernandez,} •
Spanish Dominican, bom in Old Castile, was a mission-
ary to China in 1646. After his return he was created
Archbishop of Saint Domingo in the West Indies. He
was the author of a valuable work on the moral, political,
and religions condition of the Chinese, entitled "Tra-
lados historicoB, etc de la Monarchia de China," (1676.)
Died In 1689.

navairete, (Don Hartin Fernandez,) an eminent
Spanish historian and geographer, born at Abalos in
1765. He was appointed in 18^3 director of the Hydro-
graphic Institute at Madrid, and In 1837 was made a
senator and director of the Academy of History. His
principal work is entitled a " Collection of the Voyages
and Discoveries made by the Spaniards since the Ctoae
of the Fifteenth Century." It Is eulogized bv HumboldL
and has furnished Irving with material for his " Life of
Columbus." He also wrote a " Biography of Cen-antes,"
and assisted In preparing a valuable "Collection of Un-
published Documents for the History of Spain," (un-
finished.) He was a member of the Spanish Academy,
and proposed a new system of orthography, which wac
adopted 1^ that insdmtion. Died in 1844.

L i, !, 6, u, y, ling; 1, *, 6, same, less prolonged; i, 1, 1, 5, iS, J, thort; ♦, ?, j, 9, aitcure; iSr, ftll, Av,

njtj nOt; g<3Cd; mdHa

.Gooi^lc

bom at Mnrdain 1734; died in 1787. were soon followed by his novel entitled "Keep Cod,"

TSa-varxo, (Fkufe.) a Spanish punier, born it Vi- (1817,) "The Battle of Niagara," (iSiS,) "Goldau, the
kacia abont 1680. Maniac Harper," and other poems ) alao " Logan,"

S«QDiijjar,"Dinioiniaind«P«»tni.K.|i.gnalt" , (iSsi,) " Serenty-Sii," (i8a3,) and other novels. In

— — — ■ ' — ' '" 1834 he viaited England, where he contributed a nmii-

; ! ber of able and interesting articles on American l!ter»
I ture to " Blackwood's Magazine." After his letum. Im
ti eminent Bel- ' publiihed the novels of " Rachel Dyer," (iSiS,) "Tha
pan historical painter, born it CharJeroi in 1787, was ' Down-Eaatera," (1833,) "True Womanhood," (i859i)
a pupil of David. He worked mostiv at Bmuels, and and several other work*. In 1870 appeared bis " Wan-
piainted many scripluril aubiecta. He was regarded as ' dering Recollections of a Somewhat Busy Life." Died
Ibechiefof the Belgian Academic school. Died in iS6g. ' at Portland, June zo, 1876.

KaTiw, nrv£^, (Pibrrb Toussaint.) a French Koal, (Joseph C.,) an American joumaliBt and hn
phyiidan and chemist, bom at Saint-Diner m 1713, was morous writer, boin it Greenland, New Hampshire, in
the discoverer of nilroiu ether. He was a corresponding ,807. Having settled in Philadelphia, he became in 1831
member of the Academy of Sdencea, and published editor of "The Pennaylvanian," and in 1844 of a literary
•eieral scientiGc workl. Died in 1779. ! joumil entitled " Neal'a Saturday Gazette," which soon

Navillo, (El>oilARDHKNRl,)aSwissEgyptologisl, acquired eztensive popularity. He published in 1837
bom at Geneva in 1844. He went to Egypt in 1869, "Charcoal Sketches, or Scenes in a Metropolis," which
and spent most of his life there in explorations. In were received with great 6vour, and were republished
1893 be began to excavate the temple ol Der el Bahri, b London. They were followed by " Peter Ploddy, and
on behalf of the Egyptian Exploration Fund, and made Other Oddities," (1S44,) and another series of "Char.
important discoveries. He wrote several worlts re- wal Sketches," Died in 1848.
laling to Egyptian antiquities. S« Gbiswolu " Pr«* Write™ ar Amwiea."

navra'vTBO, or Nftwawl, nft-wi'wee, an Arabian 17a-U'c6l, \tie6?jtiK,] a Greek painter, bom aboat
author and saint, whose IM name was MoHYl al-Dbeh ait B.C., is snpposed to have been a native of Sicyon,
Ahoo Zakarva Yakva bkn SHARAr-AL-NAWAWt. He His works were hlehlv esteemed bv his contemoorariea.
was bom at Nawa, in Arabia, in
learned, brave, and patriotic.

"Biographical Dictionary of Illustrious Men," and a Hans and the Persians on the Nile,
celebrated manual of jurisprudence, are best known. ' ITeale, reel, <Jokn Mason,) an English theologian
m^ ,t N... n-«.inh.r W1 iiTT and historical writer, born about 1818. He published,

„ „ .1 besides several books for children, a " ?Iistory of the

He became an eloquent preacher I Holy Eastern Church," "Medieval Hymns," (IranaU-
'-"■•- -''- •-- '— 1 served in the ; tioni.) " Hymns of the Eastern Church," " History ot
1649- Having thejanaenists," etc Died in 1866. '
bilen into delusions and received acts of worship from 1 Naole, (LaOMARD,) D.D., an American archbishop,
»ome fanatical persons, he wu convicted of blasphemv born rtear Port Tobacco, Maryland, October 15, 1746L
by the Parliament in 1656. He was branded, pilloried, j He was educated in Saint-Omer, France, became a priest
ind imprisoned seveiul years. Died in 1660. 1 and Jesuit, and in 1779 went as a missionary to Deme-

Naylor, O^iiES Ball,) author, bora at Pennsville, mra, but 101783 retarned to Maryland, and ministered
Ohio, in i860. Becameapbysicianandwrotenumerous with zeal and success in Philadelphia till 1798, when he
works of fiction, "The Sign of the Prophet," "Thelbecame president of Georgetown College. In 1800 he
KenluckisD." etc. Iwas consecrated Bishop of Gortyna, and Coadjutor of

s given to Confucius, Baltimore, of which see he was promoted lo be ardi-
' bishop in 1815. Died at Georgetown, June 15, 1817.
^ ._ 1, nS'fel, UoHN,} an American artist, chiefly. Noander, ni-ln'd?r, (Christopb Friedrich.)
known as a portriii.j>ainter, was bom in Boston in 17?*, (changed from Neumann.} a German divine and poet
He practised his art in Philadelphia, where he married, born in Courland in 17*4. He was the author o?
a daughter of Sully. Among h« works are portraits of ...Spiritual Songs," ("Geistlicbe Lieder,"} which are
Washington and Henrjr Oay. Died in 1865. : nmEed ,n,ona tie best compositions of that kind in the

See DuHLir, "Hinorr of itw Art* of Daifa in AnMria;" laneuace. Died in iSoz.
TUCCT.MA* "600k of the Atti,a." | ^:rBrud>.iaek, ™> Nand... Ub«." B.rii«. .fc*

Nerf. (ALICE B.) See Haven, (Aijce.) j Naaader, (ToachikJ a German hymn-writer aod

NmI, neel, (Daniel,) a celebrated English dissenter, Calvinistic preacher, born at Bremen about iSja He
bora in London in 167a Afier completing bis studiea published "Covenant Songs." {" Bundeslieder,") and
II Utrecht, he became minister of a congregation m ..pg^in,, ^f Thanksgiving,^' (" Dankpsalmen," 1679.)
Aldersgate Street, London. Hil pnnapal works are a! Dj^d j^ i68a

"History of the Puritans," (in 4 vote.,) and a " History I X[^.ux'&^t. IGer. pron. ni-ln'd?r,J 0OHAMM AUQUST
"New England. Died in 1743. Wiijieui,) an eminent German theologian and ecdesi-

Ln 11 M *^' h "^fvi 1° ■*™'^™' "'"'' '^^ "' "tical historian, of Jewish extraction, was bom at GBt-

dbyGoogle

NEANDER IS

Great, too, cspedalij in tlUa, Ihat he nerar aoffered hM '
TcnowD to obacore at all hit tense of the linfulncBS and
veakneas of every human work in thia world. With all
hia comprehensive knowledge, he iuslly regarded bim-
■ctf aa, among many otheri, merely a forerunner of i
lew, creative epoch of ever-young Chrittianilv. . . .
We stand,' he aaid, 'on the line between the old
wodd and a new, about to be called into being by the
cver-freth energy of the gospel For a fourth time
an epotji in the life of our race ia in preparation by
mean* of Christianity. '" <Dr. Schaff'a "History erf
the Apostolic Church.")

S«Kuiu,"A.Niv>ikr,"igj>; " Zom G«UclitniH A. Nmb-
*»••," Berlin. i8jd; HmoG, " Ral-£i>C)rklapUk :" W. Faueu,
"Uem«iil of A. Neuuler," ilgi; "North Bntsh Rannr" far
Fibnuy, iS5i : " Brltbh QnncriT Raikw" far Oetofaer, 1S6I.

Naand«r, (Michakl,) a German Protestant divine
tod classical scholar, bom in Lower Silesia in 1535,
a pupil of Melanchthon. He wrote a number of Gl
md Latin treatises. Died in 1595.

Sc* RuHHAiD, -De Viu M. Ncudar," 1716: NiciioK, "IC4-
«c«;" Bav«ii*mm, '— -■- *— ' -•— " "—

Greek

Neander, (Miciiael,) a learned German physldan,
bom in Misniainijag. Among his works we m^ name
a " Synopsis of Weight* and Measures according to the
Roman*, Athenian*," etc Died in 1581.

Crete, or, a« some aiaert, of AmpUpolU. About 311
-.C^ he set aail Irom the Indua (or tbe Perriao Giil( WM
diacovcred on lii* passage the month* of the Euphrates
and the TiKtis. A deuUed account of this voyage i*
given by Arrian, the accnra^ of which haa been
confirmed by Vincent and other modem geographera.
Nearchna, on bis return, wa* received with £stmgnttlied
Cnonr by Alexander, who aHured him that he rejoioed
more in the success of the eapedition than in having
conquered Asia. He also received from hi* aovereign
a golden crown. After the death of Alexander, Nearchn*
was made governor of Famphylla and I^a.
_ S« Purr*aci^ " Via AlanaJri ;" JmaKT, ^Vortct of N«i^

febenltii

NAarqna. See NiARtmoi.

Nobat ■d'b^, (Daniu,) a German botanlat, bom at
Heidelberg iii 1664. He publiahed several vrorka on
botany. Died in 1735.

' t, ni-bi'ne-<U, (Karl pKtBIiKtCK,) a Ger-
. . 1 and able writer 00 pollticail economy,
r Landau in 1784. He waa president of the
Council of Baden from 1846 to 184S. Among bis work*
i* a "Treatise on Public Credit," (iSic.) Died In 1S57.

Nebl, nCb'ee, an admired Ttirkiah poet of the seven-
teenth century, flourished nnder the reign of Mahomet
IV.

HollO, called in Assyrian Nabiu or Nabu, "the
prophet," a great divinity of ancient Babylon. He was
possibly the same a* the Persian Mithra. He was by
the Accad people called "the Creator," and among the
A**yri*n« wa* the god of knowledge and book*. He
was called " the oveiacer of the hosts of Heaven and
Earth."

Hab-ils-aau'sia, (AtnoNit;*,) an eminent Spanish
•cholar, whose proper name was Antonio Da Lxbkixa,
(dlli-bsee'Hl,) waabomat Lcbrixaini444. He studied
the classics in Italy, and, returning to Spain in 1473, be-
came to that counoV what Erasmus was to Germany or
Bndd (Bndcus) to France. A* professor in the Univer-
sity of Salamanca, he initiated a reform in the method of
leaching Latin and Greek. He published a Latin Lexi-
con, (I49>>) a "Lexicon of Civil Law," (150^) which is
hlghlv commended, and grammara of the Latin, Greek,
and Hebrew languagea. About 15 14 he became professor
of rhetoric at Alcal£ "The men to whom Spain chicfty
owes the advancement of nseful learning," say* Hallam,
"were Aria* Barboaa and the more renowned Antonio
de Lebrixa." ("Introduction to the Literature of Eu-
rope.") Died in 15S3.

Sh PaascDTT, " Hinoty gf FwdniDd nd I nibdla," raL L pan L

Hatsna, [Gr. Itilpit,] an eminent Greek phywdan,
^I, I, g^ 0, f, /(H^; L, i, 6, same, less prolonged; i, i, t, 6, 0, IT,

flourished abonl 580 *,€. He ia anppoaed to have been
a native of Cos. When the Amphictyon* b««^ed the
town (^ Crissa, in Phods, Nebrua atatstcd in rnlDcing

''- ■- by poisoning the w '

r Set. She was one of the protectors
of the dead.

Neb-n-ehrd-nei'mfr, IHch. lynnsia); Ft. Na
BuCHODONOSoa, nMxw'ko'do'no'roR', or Naboko
DKOSSOR.nlTKj'ko'diio'soi',] King of Babylon, succeeded
hb father Nabopolassar. He look Jerusalem in 606
B.C., and carried to Babylon many captives, among whom
was the prophet Daniel King Zedekiah having revolted,
Nebuchadnezxar look his capital in 588, destroyed the
great temple by Ere, threw down the walls of the ci^,
and transported the Jewish people to Babylon. He
afterwards captured Tyre, conquered Egypt, and became
probably the most powerful monarch of that age in tbe
world. Having become too much elated b^ pride and
prosperity, he was, by divine visitation, deprived of bb
J J ' from his throne. Restored tore

_ _ _ See Neckhah.

Hft'«ltO (Gr. Nottic, Nc^Bi, or tUxfc] 0

NB'«ho, Kmg of Egypt, a son (rf Psammedcn^ refined
from 617 to 601 ■.(! He w3* a warlike prince, sod
defeated Jodah, King of Jndah, in battle at Ue^ddot
but wa* defeated by Kebachadnenai in 606 B.C^ at
Carchemish.

H«ok, wi, vtn nCk, (Jak,) a Dutch palnur, bora at
Naarden in 1635. Hi* master-piece ia "Simeon in tbe
Temple holding the InEut Jesu* in his Arm*." IHed at
Amsterdam in 1714.

neoker, nek'k; r or ni'kaia', (ALBxrnn Adkieknk
da BatUBiufl — dfh aS'siis',) a Swiss aathoresa, bom at
Geneva in 1766, waa a daughter of the naturalist, H. D,
de Sansanre. She wa* married to J. Nedier, a nephew
of the great financier, and a coiwn of Madame de
Staifl, of whMU she wa* an intimate friend. She wrote a
" Notice of tbe Character of Madame de StaSI," (iSso,)
and " Progresaive Education," (a vols., 1828-31.) Died
in 1841.

SaeSiMuiai. " Hiiteln Httfnira da Gentn."

Neoker, nek'k^r, [Fr. pron. nfkaia',] (jACQtras,) an
eminent Swiss finander, and prime minister of France,
bom at Geneva in September, 173a. On tearing col>
lege he became a clerk in a banking-house in Pari*, and,
having acquired a Urge fortune as partner of the great
banker TMlnaaon, he retired from boaine** in dw prfane
of life, aad aapired to public honours and more twuliant
Gnandal achievements. In 1773 be gained the priae
offered by the French Academy for a eulogy on Col-
bert, and published a treatise on the com-laws, "Snr la
Ugislation de« Grains." The disorder of the finances was
so alarming that, without regard to offidal routine, b*
waa appointed director of the treasury in 1776, and
director-general of the finances in 1777. By publidty,
order, and economy, he restored the public credit and
tightened the burdens of the people. His fiunoos
camptt rmJu of lySt (which was the first public exposi-
don of the revenue and expenses of the Slate) was te-
ceived with great lavour ; but bii reforms made for him
many enemies at court and elaewhere. To defend him-
self against their intrigues, he asked for a seat in the
count^ which was refused because he was a Proteatant
He immediately resigned, (17S1,) and retired to Coppet,
on Lake Lcman.

In 178a he published his excellent work " On the Ad-
mlnittranon of the Finances," of which eighty thousand
copiea were *otd in a few day*. The convocation til
the States-General was decreed by the n^ counal ia
August, 17SS. The court wa* convinced that tba skill
of Nedier was indispensable in the politica] simI finandal
crisia that followed. He ancseeded BrieoBe aa pttaN

ihvrt: f, t, ), 9, tbtatrt; fir. Oil. Ot; mtti nOti tWd; mABni

Digitized byGOOglc

NECEER i;

niniuer, or contrAleur-g^n^ral of fininces, aboat Sep-
tcmbcT 1, 1788, and the next da; tbe fands rose 30 pei
cent He biToured the Revolution by granting to tbe
TUrt-Mlattk donbte number of deputies. He U censured
for tbU concesaion, and for temporizing in (he contcbl
between the TUrt-Blat and tbe other orders after tbe
meetine of the States- General in 1789. The court having
adopted more violent measures than be approved, he

tendered hia resignation, (Inne 33,) which — -

ctpted. On the i ith of jnly be was sudde
by a note firom ihe king, who ordered him 16 leave (ha
n privately ; aiid the aame night he departed foi
Indignant at his dismissal, (he populace of
rang rose in arms, stormed the Bastille, and obtained
bloody triumph over the court Necker was recalled o
the zi9t of July, and, when be entered Paris, was receive
with enthuBiaalic demonstrationt by tbe people. Hi.
first act vas an amnesty (or political offences. But he
was too conservative to •a(Ufy the popular party, and
resigned hts office in September, 1790. He passed the
rest of his life at Coppet, where he wrote several political
•nd religious treatises. Died in 180^ The highly-gifted
tCkdatne de Stael was his daughter.

Sr Uadahi db StaIl. " Via prMi il* IL Jacauei Nxkar,"
■lot! Daos, " Hkuin da Rteu da Lfluii XVI ;^- Thiiib, " Hn-
MfTSf Iha Frencb Rnolutiaa 1" LAHjuiHAia, " Etndci tugnpfaiqgga
aDTABii>iii*An>iuld,P.tnci>l*atJ.NKker,"igaj:SA]iin-BBu*a,
"Cnaerin da Lund:" A. L. n StaIl-Houtbim, "Noiiea wt
tiaclicr," lUii "NcaMUa Bbcnphia CUirfnls;" "Zdinbaiih
SnW- far JaBOHT. ite^ (I^^dbbt Shitk)

Nookor, (Louis Albert,) a Swiss naturalist, bom at
Genera in 1786, was a son of Albertine A. de Saossuie-
Necker. He nnblithcd " Le Rt{pe mineral ramen^
Htftbodes dc I'Histoire natnTetle)'' (1 vols., 1S35.)

N«o^r,(NollL Joseph,) a botanist, bom in Flanders
in 1719, gave special attention to mosses. He wrote.
besides-other works, a Description of tbe Wild Plants
of Prance and Belgium, ("DelldK Gallo-BelgicK Sjl-
TCstres," 3 vols., T768,) and " Uetboddt Hnscoram,'*
(I77I-) Med in I793-

S« P. K. WiLUWBT, - NMica ai? U ^* da H. J. Htckcr." >m-

Veokar, (Susannk Curoliod — kUii'shS',] an accom-

gltabedand liierary Swiss lady, bom a( Grassier in 1739.
he was intimate in her youth with Gibbon the hiitorian.
who wished to marry her ; but his bther opposed tbe
match. She was married to M. Necker in 1764. Her
t^aK in Paris was the resort of the most eminent snthora,
including BnSbn, Diderot, and D'AlemberL She founded
k hospid in Patji which bears her name. She died In
1794, leaving mannsoripta which her husband published
■nder the title of " H^ianget," (5 vols., 1798-1S01.)
Sec GinoH. " Uamcin :" OwHia. " C

Naok'^rv, da, (Leo Rayhohis) D.D., a bishop, bora
at Wevelgham, in Belgium, June ft, iSoo, was educated
at Roulers and Ghent In 1817 he emigrated (o America,
became a Catholic priest in i8u, and toon was made a
professor in tbe seminary at Saint Hary's, Missouri, and
mperior of the Lasarisl CommuniM there. In 1830 he
was consecrated Bishop of New Orlesns, where he died,
September 4, 1833.

Haok'bfm or ITaoncfin, written siso Naotaaai,
{Alexander,) sn English monk and Latin poet, bom
■t Saint Alban't or Hartford about 1150. He wrote, in
elegant Latin, several works, among which is a lone
scientific and descriptive poem, "De Nataris Rertim."
Died in 1337.

Sac Cavb, " Rhtoria Lilenuii,'' ac

Keo-tsui'^-bla or Nao-tan'a-bSI, [Gr. Hacriin^it or
Ncnmv^^^,] King of Egypt, began to reien about 360
B.C; He waged war against Artaxerxes HI. of Persia,
who invaded and conquered Egypt about j$o B.C. Nee-
tanabis was the last king of the Sebennite dynasty.

Heo-ti'rl-nB, (Nnrapur,] a Greek prelate, became
Patiiarch of Constantinople in 381 A.11. His moderation
is said to have been eiemplary. He died in 397, and
was succeeded by Chrysostom.

IXie, nX, (Fkakqois Denis,) a French engraver, bom
In Paris about 1733. He engraved many landscapes and
plates for iltustraied works, among which is " Tableaux
pittorcsqaes de la Suisse." Died in 1818.

05 Jl/EES

Neab, nip, (Johann,) a Genjian philosopher, bon
near Uanau in 1767. He published several works on
philosophy. Died in 1843.

Noa'dall, (Mary Anna,) an English novelist,
born at London in 1S30. Her maiden name vras
Luplon. She married I. H. Needell, and later John
Hodder. She began writing in 1851 with "Ada
Greshsm," and after 18S1 published numerous novels,
some of the best known of which are "Julian Kars-
lake's Secret,"! 1881, )"SleplieDEllicott's Daughter,"
(1891,) and "The Vengeance of James Vanailuil,"
(1895- )

Naedban, need'^m, (John Torbirvilli,) F.R.S.,
an English naturalist, bom in Ijindon in 1713, was a
Roman Catholic priest. He published "New Micro-
scopical Discoveries," (1745,) and a treatise on genera-
tion, in French, "Idee sommaire, on Vue s^njrale du
Systime physique el mitaphysiqae sur la Generation,"
(1780.) Hebecamedirector of (he Academy of Sdencaa
at Brussels, where he died in 17S1.

ireedbam, (Maeckuont,) an English political writer
bom St Borford in 1630. He suppcrted the cause of th*
Psriiament in his "Mercurios Britannict»," a weekly
journal, (1643-47,) and that of the king in his "Merca-
rius Pragmaticus." In 1649 he again changed sides,
and became editor of the "Mercnritii Politicos," an
organ of the Independents. His most remarkable work
was a "Discourse on the Excellency of a Free Stat*
over a Kingly Government' Died in 1678.

Haedtaun, (Walter,) an English anatomist, stuiUcd
at Oxford, and practised medicine in LondocL He ba-
came a Fellow of the Royal Society about 1667. Ha
wrote an able treatise ■* De Fonnato Fceln." Died In

Naaii, nib, or VuVI, itl, (PKmt,) the Elder, r
UntchpalnleT,bornatAntwerpabont 1565. Heeicelled
in perspective, and In representing the inlerioii of Gothic
churchea and convent*, itlnminaied. The figures in hit
pictures are generally painted by Breughel, Tenfen, aad
others. His "Cathedral of Antwerp" U esteemed a
master-piece. IMed in i6tl. His son, Pbtbk tf ARTHf,
THE Younger, Imitated Eis fiuber's style, btrt dM not
eqaal him.

Neela, neel, (HRNav,] an English poet, bom In Lon>
don in 1798, wM an attomer- He wrote "Dratnatie
Scenes," " The Romance of History," and other worki.
Died in 1838.

Naa^f, (Henry Adams,) D,D.,sn American bishop
born in Fayelteville, New York, May 14, 1830, graduated
at Hobart College in 1849, and became a prieat of the
Episcopal Church in 1854. In 1867 he was consecrated
Bishop of Maine. Died io 1899.

Hear, von dar, vtn d^r nair, (Aabt or Arnold,) s
Dutch landscape -pwnter, born at Amsterdam about
1619^ His moonlight scenes, winter landscapes, and
pictures into which water is introduced, are ranked
among Ihe finest productions of Ihe kind. Died in
-m

Near, vsa der, (Eglon Hekdrik,) son of the pre-
ceding, wsB born at Amsterdam in 1643. He studied
under Vanloo, and attained eminence as a painter of
1andlcapes.portraits,andhtslorica]pieces. DiediniTOJ.

NettTCawel, van, vtn naiRlds'scl, (Jan,) a Dutch
iMshop and writer, born at Gorcnm in 1631. He was the
only Roman Catholic bishop in Holland. He wrote,
beside* other works, "Amor Pcenitens, sen de recto Uso
Clavium," (1683.) Died ini68&

aea von SMnbeok, nas fon i'zfn Mk', (Cicitra
r Gottfried,) a German botanist, bom in 177&
lecame professor of natural history at Bonn about
1819, and afterwards lectured at Bieslau. Among hi*
numerous works are a " Manual of Botany," (a vols.,
tSzi,) and "Bryologia Germanica," (■ rols» iSit-;!.)
Died in 1S58.

Saaa von Baanbaok, (Tueodok Fkikdrich Lvd-
WIG,) a botanist, a brother of Ihe preceding, was bom
tiear Erbach in 1787. He wrote several botanica] worku
Died in 1837.

<•* i,- { as «; B Aon/,- 1 as/; a, 1^ K, jMMmi/; M, msm/'; I, iMZn/; I

1; ibMinikit. (|^~See Explanatlira*, p, >«.)

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

NEFFTZER

«, nHftfT. (Adgutts,) a French jowntlUt,

born at Colmu' in tno. He was astiitant editor (1844-
S7) of the Paiii " Preue." Died in 1B76.

Kafi, nlFee, a diitingoished Tntlcwh catiTbt, whu
floDiuhed in the Mventeenth centmy.

ITaEel«ln, ni'g; h-Un', (Joachiu.) a Geraun theolo-
nan and numiimalitt, bom at Naremberg in 1675 ; died
ID 1749'

Ire^ey, (Jahes S.,) an American general, born In
Alleghany count;r> Pennsylvania, in 1S16. In 1861 he
raised a brigade, which he commandei in Tennessee in
1863. He toolc command of the post of Nashville in
September of that year, and led a division at Stone
River, December 31, i86»-Jannaiy 3, 1863. For his
conduct In this battle he was raised to the rank of major-

Seneral, in which capadt; he served at the battle of
Ihickaroauga, September 19 and 30, 1863.

ITegrelU-UolaBlb«, tou, fon nit-gaellec mol-dll'-
beh, (Alois,) an engineer, bom in the Tyrol in 179^
He conatructed the tint railroad in Anstria, {finished in
1841,) and other railroads. Died in 1858.

Zroffrl See Negro.

Hegrl, i^'gkee, (FfcANCiaco,) a learned Italian eccle-
riaatic of Ravenna. He travelled in Denmarlc, Sweden,
and Norway, and relumed home in 166& The relatts
of his obseivationi appeared in a work entitled " Travel*
bi the North." Died in 169S.

Negri, (FSAHCBSco Vincbhzo,) an Italian scholar
and writer, bom at Venice in 1769. He wrote a " life
of Apoatolo Zeno," (1S16,) and other worka. Died in
1817.

S« TiTAun, "NotJM dcUa Vita di F. Nari," iliji O. J.
POKTAHA, "'Vapa di 7. N.gri," iSit.

Hagtl, |Gi[;lio,) an Italian Jesuit and Uographer,
bom at Fcriara in 1648. He rendered an impcxtant
•errice to literary history by his "Storia degli Scrittori
Florcntint," (" History of the Florentine Author^" 1733.}
Died in 1730.

Hogii or Reri, ni'ree, (Piktko Maktikb,) a skiUlil
Italian painter of hii lory and portraits, bom at Cremona,
aonrished In 1600.

HABriar, ni'gRe4'. (FMNgou Hakh Caiihik,) a
French general, bom at Mana in 17SS. He served in
Algeria, and was Idlled in Paris by the insurgeM* In
Tune, 1848.

Nagro, ni'gRo, or Negri, ni'gxee, (Fkancuco,) an
Italian philoli»is( and Reformer, bom at Bassano in
1500, embraced Protestantism, and removed to Ger-
many. He published several works. Died about 156C1

Su O. B, Raum, "Nolina d*Ua Viu • dtOi Open di F.
Mgcri," iBm.

Ksgmxsl, ni-gROof see, (CoNSTANTtNi,) a Moldarlaa
poet, bom in 1S09. He wrote, besides other worki^ a
historical poem. Died in i36S.

Ne-ho-ml'fh, [Heb. XvaXM; Fr. NiHtmc, nl'<
i'me',) a Hebrew governor and writer, was cup-bearer
to Artaierxes, King of Persia, who appointed him
Governor of Tudea about 44s B.C. He probably wrote
the book of the Old Testament which bears his name.

ITAbAmle. See Nehuiiah.

Nehsr, nlV> (Bernard,) aGerman historical painter,
bom at Bibera^ in t8o& He piinled frescos at Munich
and in the palace of the grand duke at Weimar. These
represent scenes from the dramas of Schiller and the
works of Goethe. Died January 17, t88&

2I«liU& ni-lig', (Victor.) a French-American {winter,
bora in 183a, in Paris. He was a pupil of Cogiiiet and
Abel de Pujol, and in 1856 came to America. In 1870
he was chosen a National Academician. Among his
oictores are "The Artist's Dream," " Pocahontas," " The
Captive Huguenot," ■■ Hiawatha and Minnehaha," " Ger-
trude of Wyoming," and other scenes from American
UitaiT and tradition.

N^dLardt See Ghkiiknau.

36 NELEE

Naldllart ron Naaantlial, nltHiaRt fon noi'fn-lU'
one of the principal German lyric poets of the thirteenth
century, was a native of Bavaria. The best collection
of his songs is that published by Beneke In his "Contri-
b1lti^;ns to the Knowledge of the Old German Langoagt
and Literatnre."

Nslgebnur, ni'seh-bSwi', (Jokakn Danirl Frrdi-
nand,) a German traveller and writer, bom in Silesia
hi t ySi He published books of travel and description*
of Italy, France, and other countries of Europe, which
are said to be well written. Died March 33, 1866.

Naiktar, nlk'tfr, (Josifh Frbdbrik.) a Swedish
arch«olosist and writer, obtained the chair of eloqoenca
at Upsal m 1787. Died in 1S03.

Nam, (Edward Dupfirld,) an American author,
bom in Philadelphia, August 9, 18x3. He graduated at
Amherst College in 1841, and was for a time a Presby-
terian minister, but became an Episcopalian. In 1858
he became chancellor of the Univeraily of Minneso^
and in 1873 was made provost of Jesus College, and
afterwards president of Hacalester College at Minneap-
olia. He published a '■ History of Minnesota," '• Terra
Hariz," "English ColonicUion in America," and otha
works. Died September a6, 1893.

Nelll, neel, (Jaues Groroe Smith,) a British general.
bom aboDt 1810. He rendered important services ii,
India during the mutiny of the Sepoys, and was Idlled
at the siege of Lucknow, in September, i8s7.

Nelll, neel, (Patrick,) a Scottish naturalist and hor-
ticulturist, bom in 1776. He followed the trade of a
printer in Edinburgh, and pnUiahed a " Tour throogh
some of the Islands of Orkner and Shetland," (1806,)
and " The FrmI, Flower, and Kitchen Garden," (1839.)
Died in iSji.

NSU'sfui. (LiUAN Adrlaidr.) an English actress,
bom near Saragossa, m Spain, March \, i8<a Till
1863 she lived chiefly on the Continent. Her dibut was
made at Margate in 1865, where her beauty and grace
won a very marked success. Her most celebrated part
was Juliet She married Philip Lee in 1S73, was di-
vorced in 1877, and died in Parii, August ij, iS8a

Nelpi^ar^ von, fon nlp'ptRO, (Albrbcht Adam,)
Coutrr, an Austrian general, bom about 1774. He di>-

dnguished himself In several campaigns, and ri
' ign rank in the army. He was ap^inted aamatT
'ivimttir to (he empress Maria Louisa about 1815.

have married her secretly. Died in 1819.

He^perg^ von, (Wilhkln,) an Austrian field-mar-
ahal in the service (d' Frand* L and Haria Theresa, was
bom in 1684, and was the grandfather of the preceding.
In 1739 he concluded the £iadvantageous peace of Bd-
grade, and in 1741 was defeated by Frederick the Great
at Mollvita. He retained the favour of his sovertigD*.
however, and was made imperial couniellor of war, and
commander of Vienna. Died in 1774.

Naltli, nClb, or Nit, nit, an ancient goddess of the
Egyptian*, worshipped especially at Sais, and elsewhere
In the Delta. She was sometimes identified with Athena.

Nakraaoi^ nek-rl'sof, (Nikolai,) a Rosslan poet and
Nihilist, bom in 1S31. He owned and abW conducted
the " Sovremennik, ("The ContemjKjrary,") a monthly
magarine, by means of which Nihilistic opinion* attaioed
a vast currency among the university students. Died in
1877.

Ndlaton, nilft^K', (AuGtlnv,) an eminent French
surgeon, bom in Paris <n 1807, graduated in 1836, and
beaune profeasor of surgery to the Faculty of Medidne,
Paris, In 1851. He publisbed, besides other treatiaes.

'" " -" (5 vols., 1844-^1,)

waa admitted into

Academy of Sciences in 1867. He was employed

professionally by Napoleon III. Died Sept 33, 1S73.

Naladlnakjr Meletaky, nii-U-dtn'ske ml-ief skee,
(Yooail,) an eminent Russian lyric poet, born in Moe>
cow in I7SI> He was patronized by the emperor Paul,
who conferred u^n him a valuable estate and several
honorary distinctions. His son^ are among the most
admired production* of the kind in the language. Died

I, i, I.^ 0, ^ J*V; *•*■ ^ •'>»^ "** P'*^<™«*'i '■'■ ^*' *• ^ '*^' *'' t * '*'™™* '^^ '*''■*'• "^'f "*'«'"' ■

d.by Google

IfelallB, [Gr. NvMi; Ft. NtiJi, nVW.] t mnhical
pwfoiMge, laid to be a Mn of Neptime (or, according to
■ome authorities, of Crethetu) aod Tyro. Neleua and
hii brother Feliu disputed for the tbrone of lolchoa,
which the latter obtained. Neleu* ifterwardt became
King of Pjloa and the bther of Nettor and other aon*.
According to some wrilcn, he waa killed by Hercnle*.

Hallar, nel'lfr, (GHoiicCKKiSTOPH,)aGennancanoa-
bt and antiquary, born in 1710 ; died in 17S3.

Nalll, nei'lee, (Pinko,] an Italian satirical poet of
At aineenth century, was a native of Sienna. Hisj ''
vere published in 1546.

Nelll, de', dk nei'lee, (GiAMBATTisrA,) an Italian
architect, bom at Florence in i66t. He wrote a " Treat-
ise on Architecture," (1753.) Died in 1735.

NbIU, d«', (GiAUHAinsTA CLKUEtiTE,) an Italian
writer, bom at Florence in 1735, was a son of the pro-
ccdinK. Among his works is a "Lileof Galileo," (1793.)
Died in 1793.

Hel'*^ (Datid,) an American Presbyterian divine
and eloquent preacher, bora neat Jonesborough, Ten'
nesseef in 1 793. He became paator of a church at Dan-
ville, Kentncln', in tSaS, and anbtequently assisted in
founding a college in Harion county, HiaaouH, of which
he waa appointed president His work entitled " The
Cause and Cure of Infidelity" enjoy* a high repntaHon,
and has pasted through numerotu editioni. Dr. Nelson
was an earnest advocate for the abolition of shivery.
Died in 1844. '

IVel'a^n, (Hobatio,) Losd, a British naval hero and
admiral of the first order, bom at Burnham Thorpe, in
Norfolk, on the swb of September, 1758, wa* the son
of Rev. Edmund Nelson and Catherine Suckling. He
«as endowed with Kteat intrepidity and energy, and pos-
sessed a generoos, mipetuoua temper. He went to sea
about the ace of thirteen, served a uunber of years '
the East lucues^ and took part in several actioni of t
American war. In 17^ he became a poat-c^tain, and
in 1787 married the widow of Dr. Nisbet, of the ielaed
of Nevis. He obtained ooaunand of a ship in the Medi-
terranean fleet in iraj, contributed to the victory
the Spaniards at Saint Vincent in 1797, and was ra
to the tank of rear-admiral in tlie Mme year. His :
enterprise was an attack on Tenerifie, where he
repnlsed, with the loss of his right arm.

In 17^ he attempted to intercept tlu passage of the
French armament to Egypt, but missed it, until he over-
took it in Aboukir Bay, where in August he ssined tbe
decisive battle of the Nile. For this service he was re-
warded with the title of Boron Nelson of the Nile, and
a pension of £jooo. While he waa employed on the
coait of Naples, (1799,) he became fasonaied by the
pernicious influence at Lady Hamilton, and tamuhed
his &me by executing Prince Carracdoli and other re<
publicans, who were sairificed to the vengeance of the
court of Naples. Soon after these events he aeparaled
from hia wile, who w«* sap|daaied in hia afiecnoiu b*
Lady Hamilton. He wa* second in command ander Sir
Hyde Parker of the armament sent againu Copenhagen
in iSoi ; but the honotir of the victory at tha battle of
the Baltic is ascribed to Nelson. In the midst of the
ballle. Parker having made a signal to retreat. Nelson
put a tpy-glaas to his blind eye and exclaimed, " I really
don't see the signal." "He bad won the day," savs
Somhey, " by disobeying ordeia." For tbis*ucce*t he
was raised to the rank of viacounL

War against France having been renewed in 1805, he
look the command of the Mediterranean fleet, hoisted
his flag on the Victory, and watched the French fleet off
Toulon for more than a year. In May, 180;, he aailed
for the West Indies in pursuit of Admiral Villeneuve,
but waa disappointed, ana the hostile fleet returned safely
to Europe, followed by the English adn^taL He then
went home and proposed to suspend hb active service,
but wa* re-appointed in SeptenibiEr, 1805, in accotdance
with the general wbhei of the nation, hf whom he wa*
more idolised than almost any other man had been.
On the 3ist of October, (i8o5,[ with twenty^cven tail
of the line and four frigates, he attacked tlw combined
French and Bpamsh Beet*, of forty ship^ under Ville-
■euve, near C^m Trablgar, Before the fight began, he

caal; (aar,- gJUrJ; | a*/; o, K. K. fHOvni/; N.fMAi/; ^triiUd; ■

07 NEMOURS

Sre the &mou* signal, " England expect* every man ta
his duty." The Englbh gained a complete victoiy,
but Nebon was mortally wounded by a musVet-ball fired
from the Redoutable, which was in dose proximity to
the flag-ship, the Victory. He b eulogised by Soufhey
as '■ the greatest naval hero of our own and of all former

SHR-Somnr. "IJfeorNclm,"igi|: J. S.CtAi(n,"UA
of Admml Lord Nelaon," iSoo: Thoum FiTniaiw, "M«noin
of Lord N>lui,"iB4a; J. U. TucEU, "Honatn of the Life of
Lord NtlKO," \%vi: Johpk Allu, "UI* of ViKounl Nelion,"
i>3j; JoHH Cbaiiiock, "Hoawin of LonI Ntlan^" 1S0&.

Nelson, (Knittb,) a United Stales Senator, bom
jD Norway in 1843 and broueht to the United Slates
in 1S49. He look part in the civil war, became a
lawyer, served in the Wisconsin and Minnesota legis-
latures, and was a member of Congress 1883-89. He
was Governor of Minnesota 1892-95, and was elected
to the United Slates Senale in 1895,

Kalaon, (ROBRT,) an English devotional writer, born
in London in 1656. Among hb work* we nuy name
"The Whole Duty of a Christian," and "Practice of
True Devotion." In 1680 he wa* cho*en a Fellow of
the Royal Sodety. He was an indmate friend of Arch-
bishop Tillotson and of Dr. Halley. Died in 1715.

Nelsan, (Rogik,) an American general, who served
in the Revolutionary war. He reptesented a district of
Haryland in Congress fot several terms, (1804-10.) Died
iniSiS.

Nelson, (SAmrBL,] sn American judge, born In the
State of New York. He became an asMOate jiuttce of
the supreme court of the United State* in 1845. He
ooncnrred in the decbion of the coutt in the Dred Scott
case, (1857.) Died December 13, 1873.

JiBlaan, (Tkouas,) an American patriot, and siniet
of the Declaration of Independence, born at York, in

commander-in-chief 9.

commonweahh. In 1781 he sncceedBd JeSeiBOD 1
Governor of Virginia. Died in 1789.
Soi GooDaicii, " IJm of Um 9ir>*n to ft

n«lson, (William,) an American general, bom at
■fanville, Kentucky, in tia.^ He served in the navy,
ind obtained the rank of maiter in 1854. In September,
:86i, he waa appointed a brigadier^eneral of the Union
army. He commanded a divbion at the battle of Shiloh,
Apnl, lS6a. He waa killed in a private quarrel at Loub-
ville tn September. 1861, by Jcflerson C. Davb.

which is commended for purity.

NAtnMwL See Nbmisiami».

Rem'f-sis, [Gr. Niunit, from Wp^ to "deal out,"

I "dbtribute ;" Ft. Nixisis, ni'mll'siss',1 a personage
of Greek mythology, represented aa a daughter of Night
or Erebus. She was the goddess of retribution, and the
divinity who rectified the error* of partial and capricious
Fortune. At Rhammus, In Attica, there was a celebrated
imple dedicated to Nemeai*.

Ke-ms'al-ns, [N^atoe,] a Greek phDosopher, who
lived probably between 350 and 4J0 A.Ik He b styled
Bbhop of Emesa. He wrote an ingenioti* treati*e on
pbysioloKT and psychology, entitled "On the Nature 1^
Han," (llipt ftawt ib^puiran) It contains a passu*
whidi suggest* an idea of the drcolation of the blootC

5nHALLn."BibliolhccaAnatoaua.'*

Namotus, d«, (Gaston de Font,) Due See Foix.

Kemonrs, da, dfh nfh-mooB', (Hxnbi de Smvolfr—
dfh sf vwS',) Due, a French general, a son of Tacquea,
noticed below, (1531-85,) was bom in Paris in 157a.
He joined the League about t;SS, but entered the ser-
"Ce of Henry IV. a few years later. Died in 1631.

Nemours, da. (Jacqubs d'Aimagnao — dtft'mtn'-
ytk',) Due, bom about 1437, was a aon of Bernard
d'Armagnac. In 1465 he Jcdned the league of the Bim

(ly— See Explanation*, p. ^)

db, Google

SmSiii

t dm Fnofiin" Baiaht*, " Hiitdin

Hemonn, e», (Jacques di Satov,} Due; a dttttii'
gnithed French nneral, bom in Cbampagne in 153I1
wia the son of FhiUp, Due dc G^nevois ind de tit-
monrs, whose sister Louise was the mother ot King
Frands L He fought against the Protestanti in the
dvi] war, and distinguiahed himself at the battle of
Saint-DcnU, in IJ67. He oppo»ed theambitioui designi
irf the Guise family, and took no part in the dvil wai be-
tween the League and the king. Died in 1585.

Sbc BaAHTfiKx. "VwdaimxliCapiaiH*.''

NemonrB, da, (Louis d'Akmaonac,) Due, a French
mllitaij commandn, bom aboat 1^73, was a r '

Jacques, noticed above. He served in TtaW agai
Spaniard*, and wa* made Vicerov of Naples by Louli
XIL He was killed in the battle of Cerignola, while
oppoiing Gonulvo de C6rdoia, (1503.) He was the last
of the bmilj of Armagnac. and the dachy of Nemooia
wa* given to Gaston de Foiz in 1505.

Sh SmuwDi, *' Hkuin dai FnoGii* 1" SAnrr-Giuiii, " Hlr
HiniliLailiXIL"

Hemonn, ds, (Lout* Chaxlis PHtunt Rafhabl
ffOrltana— doali'&K',) Duc, a ^endi prince, a ton
of King Loui* Philippe, wa* bora in 1814. He was
en King of Belginm bv a congress of th*l nation in
'—' — s compelled Dj hii bther to dedine the

•&.

Hest

ttie rank of lieutenant-g

s recogniMd a* ftitare

. .1* elder brother (t£|j) ._

rmnt in case the king afaonld die donng the mlnorinr
ot hii heir, the Coont of Paris. On the abdkatioti at
Louis Philippe (1849) he waived bit daim to the re-
gency in £ivoai of the Duche** of Orleans, wbcm he
attended when she presented herself with her son, before
the Chamber of Depnties. Died June 35, 1S96.

Sh A Paiui, - L* Doc de Nmobii, HB Pud M KB AvH^
poBtJqns," 1(41.

Nuudhib, d«t (Uakib d'OkiJahs,) Duchbuk,
daughter of ike Duke of Longueviile. wa* born in 1635,
and married in 1657 to HeniT ot Savoys Duke of Ne-
monrs. She died in 1707, leaving interestinE"MeRiain'*
of her life and times, which were pabUshedill iToa.

Sh VrLL»DB^ -Vis da MwlBiBa di Loi«Hvilk:'> Sjuin-

Han'nl-tu, one of the early British chroniclers, ik
Hated by tome writers to have lived in the seventh, and
by other* in the ninth, century. He was the anthor of
a "History of the Briton*," ("Hittorla Britcaom," or
"Kogfum Britannige,") first published id Gale's "Col-
lection of English Historians,'' (1691.)

Sh WaiOHT, "Kognpbi* BHiaiiidci litvariM."

Ntob«l, n&'olifa', (CoNlAD,) a learned printer, of
German extraction, was patronised b; Frauds L in
Paris. Died In 154a

JSa'o-pbioa, [NfAfpuv,) an Athenian tragic poet,
flourished in the fifth century B.C. Only small fn%-
menti of his works are extant.

Ndoptol6me. See Nioptolsmu*.

Ne-op-tol'f-miM, {Gr. HBxrriTjfaf ,■ Fr. Storro-
LtMR, nVop'tolim',] also called Fynliiu, a bbulous
Greek warrior, was a son of Achilles. He was one of
the heroes concealed in the wooden horse at the siege
of Troy. According to Virgil, he killed Priam al the
capture of Troy, (" jEneid." book ii. «&] In the dis-
tribution of capdvea, be obtained Andromache, widow
of Hector. -

Neoptolemna, a Macedonian general in the service
of Alexander the Great After the death of Alexander
he became governor of Armenia, and united with An-
tipater in a hostile movement against Perdiccas and
Eumenes. He was killed in battle by Eumcnea, whom
he encountered in single combat, about 32a B.C.

Heoptolemiu, King of Epiros, ~

who became king.
Nepalr or N«pm. See Napiui, (John.)
NripoiBDCiiie. See NEPOinnc.

napomnk, ni'po^aoolr, or IropomiiaMj, ni-po
ooti'kee, [Lat. NrpOMUCi'NtiS ; Fr. Uttouackm,
nft'po'mii'sin',] Hohn,) the patron saint of Bohemia,
"" "" " t 1330. Having given oflence to

drowned, by his orders, in the

bom al Nepomuk about 1330. Having given oflence to
King Weniel, he was drowned, by his orders, in the
Moldan, (138}.] He was canotdied by Pope IiinoceDt

■ di S. Giomml M

' Re'iiOB, (CORNmuua,) a celebrated Roman historian
of the time of Julias CEsar. He was an Intimate friend
of Cicero and Atticus, and dedicated to the latter hi*
"Vit* Excellentinm Imperator urn," (" Lives of the Illtw-
trioas Generals.") This work, which is his only one
extant, is distinguished ibr the purity and graceful aim-
plidty of its st^e, and has been generally adopted as a
dass-Dook in schools and cullege*.

Seg J. C P. BADn, "GHebidiM dw RBulicbn Litwngr;"
" NoonUa Biocnpfai* Gfatala."

ITepoa, (FLAVtus Juuu*,) wa* created Emperor of Iha
West,A.ii.473,byLeoX.,iheEmperoroftheEB*L H*
condnded a peace with Euric^ King of the Vtsigotha, t»
whom he ceded a portion of. Gaul In 475 Oreste*, a
native of Pannonia, marched against Nepos, defeaMd
him, and prodaimed his own son Romulo* Emperor of
the West In 480 Nepos was aasassinaied at Salon*.

Sh GiuoM. " I>adi» nd Fill of th* Ranu Knqiin."

Kep'ttma, [I^t Narra'Hi;*,! the rod of the aea, a
Roman divinity. Identified with the Poaei'don of tba
Greek mythology. He was aaid to be a son of Satan
and Rhea, the brother of Jupiter, and the father of TrhoD.
Hb wife wa* Ampbltrite. He wa* regarded as eqtul in
d^ity to Jnpiter, bat Inferior in power. The poet*
feigned that be once constrired with Apollo and Jaa«
against Jnpiter, that be built the walls cf Troy br Lao-
medon, and that be resented the perfidy of thst king by
fighting against the Trojan* at the siege of Troy. Nep>
nme and Minerva disputed far the poaaeadon of Attiix,
or for the hononr of^ naming its curital, and the gods
decided that the preCgrence uioold be given to the mm
who should be*tDw on man the moat valnaUe ^A.
Neptone, with a atroke of hi* trident, prodnced the war<
horse, and Minerva created the olive, which was judged
to be the more uaefhl of the two. He is also bbled to
bava disputed with Jupiter, Juno, and Minerva for the
•overeignty of several other countries. The aymbt^ of
*~*~ ~>ower waa the trident, with which he shocA the solid
and controlled the stormy sea. The poets describe

as riding in a chariot drawn by hones on the surEsce

of the sea, the wave* of whidi suMide at his approach,
and attended by a retinne of marine monster* whicb
~)1av around him, Beaides his rewdence on Olympua,
le bad a fine palace in the depth of the sea near ifigm.

KeptODiu. See Neptvnk,

Nera'tiiu (ne-rX'she-ns) Fitn'ona, a Roman jurist
inder the reign* of Trajan and Adrian, whose favour
and patronage he enjoyed. He was the author of nuroe>
roua books on the Roman law, which havu been often
quoted by later jurists.

Sh Sican. " Da Nnda Fiwb," tjU.

Kera^ ni'rli', (Jean Claude,) D.D., a bbhop, bom
at Anse, (RhAne.) id France, January 13, 1839, studied
divinity In Lyons, became in iSj3 a Catholic priest in
Texas, and in 188 1 waa consecrated Bishop of San An-

HBraI«^d«^d(hntK'se11',(ANi>aiRoBaxTANORU,>
a French /iit/ratmrf bom at Dijon In t739. He wrote
several licenttous novels. About 1790 he emigrated to
Kaples, and gained the fevour of Queen Caroline. Died
in iSoo.
NArAo. See Nbkeur.

N6rd«, ni'ri'. (R. J.,) a French poet, lived In the

time of Henry IV„ and wrote a drama entitled "The

Triumph of the League," (1607.)

No'r»-idB, [Or, NiwcMtr, sine. Npjp*; LaL Nbu'-

iES;Fr. NiKBltiES,ni'ri'td',) the daughters of Nereua,

;a-nTmphs or mermaids of Greek mythology. The

r of the Nereids was fifty. Among them werv

•— ■ -iS&t. r- -•

land and

db,Google

NEHEIS

relds were repietenied originaDy u beantilnl
uid sometlinet as half woman and halffish.

He're-la or Ha-ra^-ne, a name given to each of the
NiiinDS, which »ee.

Ks'rafl^ [Gr. N>»»er,- Ft. N1r<e, ni'ii'J a marine
diTinitj of classic mjptboloCTi called a ton of Fontus and
the Earth, and the father of the Nereids. He was repre-
sented as a wise and prophetic old man of the sea, at the
bottom of which he lived. The poets feigned th»t he
conld assDme various forms, like Proteus, and would only
reveal the future when, having exhausted his powers of
tmwfonnation, he was reduced to his original shape.
Kercale* is aaid to have seiaed him and extorted ftom
him some aeiTet respecting the golden apples of the
Hespetidea.

JXtai. See Nicki, [Pimio Martini.)

1T«|1, ni'ree, (Antonio,) an Italian chemist, bom at
Flortnce, lived about 1570-90. He wrote a work " On
die Art oF making Glass," (1591,) often reprinted.

NMt [Ut NrRins,! (Fiupto,) called Saint Philip
Nni, an Italian ecclesiastic, bom at Florence in 1515.
He foanded aboai 1548 tlie CongrMalion of the Priests
of the Oratory, the members 01 which, without taking
a monastic vow, were required to live In the ezer-
dse of devotion and charity and apply themselves to
theological studies. He was the first to introduce the

nicu enlertaininenta called oratorio*, from their being

, d chapel or oratorio. He died in 1595,

and Baronins, afterwarda cardinal, aoccceded him as
general of the order. Neri was canonised by Gregory
XV. in i6at.

See F. W. Fina, "Spiiii ud Gutlm of Mai FUEp Neri,"
am; A. Caluwio, "Vita bad PbOqiia NariL" Kcoit, itoa!
"Via nLNerifUuudi, 1611 ! L. ^aTajwDL^TIil^THaciH
«a S. FeKp* Neri." itij; P. & BAOd.'-VtaSs. KKp» Nni,"
ites; A, Vasquh, "S. Ftfipe Neri Snlmild* hb Vidi,**i6i;i
I>. H. Manhi, " Runoiuninili mils Vtn £ F. Hoi," 17(6; "Tb
4e Snnl'philippedc Hcd," (uohtwhsJ iS^f.

ITatl, (GiAHBATTisTA,) an Italian dramatic poet, bom
at Bologna about 1660 ; died in ijraS.
ITail, (PoMFEO,) an Italian juntt and political

mist, of high reputation, t

it Florence in 1707.

Academy of Botany, and wrote on currency, etc. Died
tai77&

3r a. ftiDOirt, " El(«le A P. Neil." iRi;.

NMoanlt-DMtonolws. See Destoitchu.

Nerliu. See Nui, (FiUPPa)

Nerli, ntklee, (Fiuppo,) an Italian historian, bora
at Florence in 1485, was a senator and an adherent of
Ibe Medid. He wrote a "Hisiory of Florence from
laijlo ■537," which was first published In 17Z& Died
biSSS.

See a " Lib of Heili" pnlxeil U hie Htetorr.

Tltfta, {Caius Claudius,] a Roman soldier, who in
314 B.C. commanded a forceof cavalry in the wac against
Hannibal. In ill B.C. he commanded in Spain against
Haadrabal. In 207 he was one of the consuls, and de-
feated Hannibal, after which he joined his foices with
thoae of Marcus Livins, hia colleague, and on the river
Metaurus totally defeated the Carthaginian army under
Haadrabal, the brother of Hannibal, who was slain in
the battle. This was one of the most important battles
in universal history. It virtually ended the second Panic
war, and saved Rome. Nero cut off the head of Has-
drubal and threw it into Hannibal's camp. Liviua had
the honour of a triumph for this victory, but historians
generally have given to Nero the principal credit

We're, JFr. NtitOH, ni'riN'; It NaKONi,.Di-to'DJk,]

£UCniR Doumus.) the sixth of the Roman emperor*,
n inyj a.dl, was the son of Domitiu* Ahenofaarbos
•od Agnppina, daughter of Germanicos. His mother,
after becoming a widow, having married her uncle the
cmpfior Claudius, the latter adopted Nero and gave to
him hi* daughter Octavia in marriage, adding to bis
name tlut of Clatidius Dnisus. On the death of Claa-
din*. who was poisoned by Agrippina, A.D. 54, Nero was
proclaimed emperor, to the exclusion of Britannicos, the
son of Claudius. The counsels of Seneca and Burrus,
who were placed at the head of government, had for a
titne a salutary effect upon Nero, and the first years of

evil passions eventually prevailed, and the remainder of
his reign was signalised by a series of atrocities. Be-
coming lealous of Britannicns, he caused him to b«
poisoned, and, having soon after formed an attacbntenl
to PoppKa, murdered hb mother at her instigation and
made her his wife. He next caused Octavia, whom he
had divorced, to be put to death. In a-D. 64 Rome was
nearly destroyed by a fire which Neto was accused of
having kindled. It vras a^d that he amused himseIC
while viewing the conflagration, with reciting verse*
descriptive of the bll of Troy. In order to remove sas>
pidon from himself he chafed the crime upon the
Christians, many of whom were in consequence subjected
to the most cruel tortures. A conspiracy foianed sninst
the tyrant, A.D. 65, was discovered, and many (UstiD-
nushed dtiieas were executed, imong whom were
Ltican and Seneca. Soon after this, Vinaex and Galba
revolted against the emperor, who, on hearing of their
defection and that of the prvtorian guards, destroyed
hinuelfl with the assistance of a servant, A.i>. 68.

See Tacitot. " Annelte ;" Svbtdhids, " Viu Neniol* ;" Tiiam-
■OUT, "Hiiuire dee Emptnun:" Moiitals. "HietoiT of lbs
SoBuu UDiler the Empin :" " Nontelte Bia(nph[e Gtoitiit :"
Dnn DiDSiOT, " Ewu nr lee Rtcnea it CUnde el de Virtm.

eldesi . _

death of DrusQS, the son of Tiberius, i

heir to the (hrone. He was put to death in 09 A.D., at

the instigation of Sejanus, who contrived to exdte the

snspidon of Tiberius against Nero.

N«ro, dal, dEl nt'ro, or NAgro. ni'gKo, (Andaloni,]
an Italian astronomer, born at Genoa about 117a He
taoeht astronomy at Rome and Naples. He Is highly
praised by Boccaccio, who was hi* pnpiL Died aftei

S« GlHoiniHl. " Hiitc^n Ult^nlre d'lulie."

ITteoiL See Nero.

Keroul, nl-ro'nee, or Hasronl, ni-giu/nee, {Barto-
LOHUBO,) called Riccic^ an Italian painter, Wn at
Sienna; died in 1573.

Nexouloa, ne-roo^o», (Yakovakis Rieos.) a modem
Greek poet and minister of state, was born in Constan-
tinople m 1778. He wrote several Iragediet, and a
"Modem History of Greece," (181S.) About 1834 he
became minister of public instruction in Greece, and in
[841 minister of foreign affairs. Died in 1850.

nemda. nJt'roo'dS, (Jokanh,) a Bohemian poet, Jour-
nalist, and feuilletoniBt, one of the founders of the modem
Ciech literature, was born at Prague in 1S34. He pub-
lished "Knihy Vera^" ("Book of Verses," 1S6S,) and
"EosmickfPisn^," ("Cosmic Songs," 1879.) Died 1891.

ITsmda, (Wilhrluine,) the most famous memMT
of a distinguished family of violinists, bom at BrQnn. in
Moravia, in 1S40. When very young she appeared in
concerts given by her family, which consisted of her
lather, two brothers, and two sisters. In 1864 she won
a great reputation in Paris. About the same time she
married Ludwig Normann, a Swiss musician, and in
1SS8 Sir Charles Halli, a distinguished pianist, who
died at Manchester, England, in 1S95.

Nbttb, (Coccrius.) See CocCEtos.

Moi/Vf, (Marcus Coccmus,) a Roman emperor, bom
in Umbria in 31 A.n. He was consul with Vespasian
in 71, and with Domitian in 90 a.Dl On the death of
Domitian, in the year 96, he was proclaimed emperor \n
the army and the people. His administration was mild
and liberal. He recalled exiles who had been banished
by former emperors, and enforced penalties gainst in-
formers. He made and performed a vow that he would
not put any senator to death. His mutinous prKtorian
soldiers compelled him to permit the execution of the
assassins of Domitian. He adopted Trajan as his son
and successor, and died in 98 A.D.

See TitieiiDMT, " HiHoire da Empeieu™;" AmnLira VicToa,
"DeVIHbui illuitHtni;" J. J. na BAnn-r, "Haiure dci dtui
Rlpiei de t<em el de Traji^" ino-

HtB-val, de^ d?h ntii'vtl', (G«rard,) or (Mrard
Lsbtunla, (laTjRii'nc*,) a Frtnch Utt/raleur, bom In
Paris in 1S08. He made a good translation of Goethe'*
"Faust," (1838,) wrote verses, comedies, etc., aided

<a*i;f a*/,-2jidr^; tas/;o,H,K,/iiMira/; u.tuual; 1

, triUt</: t as 1; th as in Mt. ( V3ee ExplanMioni, p. ^>

Digitized ay CjOOQ IC

NERVES A

Alexander Dumu in Beveral works, and contributed to
IIk "Revue des Denx Mondes." He fell in lore with
JennT Colon, an actress, and became subject to a modi-
lied tbim ot insanity, which did not much impair hi*
renins. Among his works is "Les Illuming*, od le«
Pr^cnrscurs du Sodaliime," {1S5X) He died In siii-
dde in 1855. "That which he wrole," »ay» Edouard
Thierrv, "wM Bitnplc and «i
perfect] J oatuial."

jreTTew. nCR-vi'U, (Gaspaso,) an Italian painter ol
the Venetian school, bom in Priuli, waa a pupU of Titian.
He lived about 1540.

Nm, van, vtn nts, (Jan,) a skillul Dutch painter,
bom at Delft in 15SS; died in 1650.

Nastlit or ITUlMt, (Alkxandir,) a Scottish anti-
quary, bom in Edinbu»h in 1671. He wrote a work
"On Heraldry," (2 vols., 1722-42.) Died in 1725.

Neibit, (E.,) an English poet and novelisl, bom
at London in 1S58, and mariied Hubert Bland in 1879.
Among her works are " Lays and Legends," (1886,)
"Songsof Love and Empire," (1891,)" Grim Tales,"
("893.) "In Homespun," (1896,) "The Secret oi
kjriels," C1898O etc.

nealmas or HMilinl, nEs'e-mee, a celebrated Turk-
ish philosopher and free-thinker, flourished in th« fif-
teenth century.

NealA, de. See Denbsls.

MoBmond, de, dfh nb'mdN', (Hinki,) a French
prelate and eloquent preacher, bom at Bordieaux aboal

.A,- II. 1 ut.l. 1 tM 1 :„ ,53^_ ^^f

t ancceedei

e agreeabli

ITeoae, ntsa, (Chkistophek,) an English noi
fbrmist minister, bom in Yorkshire in 1631. Having
been ejected in 1662, he removed lo London in 1675,
and preached in that dty about thirty years. He wrote,
tiesidcs other works, "The History and Mystery of
the Oid and New Testament," (4 vols., 169a) Died
in 1705.

ITeasal, nei'sfl, (Edmond,) a distinguished Flemiah
phyucian, born at Liege in 1658; ^ed m 1731.

Heaasl, nea'sel, (Lat Nessflius,] (Martin,) a Ger-
man teacher and Latin poet, bom in Moravia in 1607 ;
died about i68a

Measelltu. See Husu.

Neueli-od*, von, Ton nes'sfl-ro'd^h, (Charles
RoBSRT,) Count, a Ruaaian diplomatist, of German
extraction, was bom in December, 1780, at Lisbon, where
his father was Russian minister. He acquired in the
early part of his life Che confidence of Alexander L, and
was sent to Paris as coundtlor of the embassy in 1S07.
Soon after thi« dale he obtained a high office in the de-

tartment of foreign afiairs. He inok an important part
I the negotiations which united Russia and other power*
id a coalition against Napoleon. In 1816 he became
minister of foreign affairs. Having held that post forty
years, under three successive emperors, he resigned in
l8j& Died in March, 1S62.

rfeoal, nEs'sce, (Giuseppe,) an Italian physidan, bom
at Coma in 1741. He wrote, besides other works, a
treatise on Obstetrics, which was translated into several
languages. Died in 1S21.

HBB'aiu, [Gr. Nforoc,] a Centaur, who, according lo
tiie table, attempted to ravish Dejanira, the wife of Her-
cules, by whom he was killed with a poisoned arrow.
Tlie tunic of Nessua was said to have caused the death
of Hercules.

Nes'tor, [Gr. Niarup; It Nestore, n!s-to'ri,] a
celebrated Gredan hero, said to have been a son oF
Nelena, a grandson of Neptune, and a king of Pylos,
was sometimes called "the Pylian Sage." According
•o tradition, he was an intimate friend of Hercules, took
part In (he battle of the Lapiibx against the Centaurs,
in the Calydonian hunt, and in (he Argonautic expe-
diiion. He wai a prominent leader in the Trojan war,
although he was then past his prime ; and he was highly I
(■teemed aa a counsellor by Agamemnon and the other I
chie&. He is described by Homer aa excelling alike in |

10 NE (/BAUER

coon^ witdom, and doqtience, and is said to hava
ruled over three generations of men. He had several
sons, among whom was Antiloduu.

NeBtor, nEs'lor, a Russian chronider, called " the
father of Russian history," was bom at Kief about ioj6.
Several editions of bis " Chronide" have been pub-
lished, the best of which is that of Schlozer, entitled
"Russian Annals," ("RussischerAnnalen," 1802.) Died
about 1 1 16.

Sh Pocodinb, "Racherdio hiitariqiia nr Neitgr," iSj);
GuTCH. " Eiw •u I'HinaJn <U U litlAitan Run"

ITsatOTO, nCs-to'rl, (DiONisio,) an Italian acholar
of the fifteenth centuiry, a native of Novara, waa the
author of a Tocabolary of the Lalln tongue, entitled
" OnomasticoTi."

NBB-to'rl-n^ the founder of the sect of Nestorians,
was bom at Gennanida, in Syna, near the end of the
fourth century, Havina; become a popular preacher, he
was elected Patriarch of Constantinople in 428 A.l>. He
occasioned a schism by objecting to call the Virgin
Marv tkt mdktr efQcA. The dispute was fomented by
Cyru of Alexandria, who became a violent adversary
of Nestoriua. A conndl wai called at Epheaut by the
emperor Theodoaiui in 431 ; and, before the arrival of
John of Antioch and several other bishops, Nestoriua
was deposed, on a diarge trfblaaphemy. He waa after-
wards banished to an oasis in Egypt. The Nestorians
still exist as a seel in Koordistan and Mesc^jotamia.

Netberaole, (Olga,) actiess, bora at London in
187a She made her bit appearance on the stage in
1SS7, and has played leading rOles in all parts of the
English -speaking world.

I created a cardiual-priest.
Wetaobat, ntfshfr, (CoHSTAKTitc,) a Dutch {mnter,
bom at the Hague in (670, was a ton of the following.
Hepainted portraits with success. Died in 1721.

Hetsobw, nGl'shfr, (Kaspar,} an eminent Gemuw
painter, bom at Hddelbeig in 1639. He excelled in
portrait* and conversation -pieces, and imitated to per-
fection the lustre of velvet and satin. He i« regarded
equal in most pdnts to Terburg and Douw. Died
1684. Hit sons, CoNSTANTiN and TuAodore, were
likewise good portrait-painters.

See DisCAiin, " Via da Pantrct Aljcmudi, Holludu," itc. I
(ARLBi BuHc, " Hiiujic ila Pcinm ;" J. C WnrOMAH, " Da

Hatsoher, [Fr. pron. nCt'shaiR',] (TittoDOKE,) a por-
trait-paJntcT, ton of the preceding, waa bom at Bor-
deaux about 1664. He worked in Paris and London.
Died in 173a.

Nettalbladt, neft^l-bllf , (Dakikl,) a German jurist,
bom at Roslock in 1719, became director of the Uni-
versity of Halle. He wrote, among other works, a"5y>-

mof Universal Natural Jurisprudence." Diedini79i.

Nottribladt, von, fon net't?I-blif, sometimes writ-

n Nettlebladt, (Christian,) Baroh, a SwcdUh jurist,
bom at Stockholm in 1606 ; died in 1775.

Nettement, nlt'mSN^ (Alpred FRANgois,) a French

lumalisi, born in Paris in 1805. He published, besides
other works, a " Hislory of the Revolunon of July, 1830,"
(2 vols., 1833,} and a " History of French Literature
nder the Keign ofLouii Philippe." Died in 1S69.

H«f tfr, (Thomas,) sumamed WAU>SNsts, an Eng-
>h monk, noted as an opponent of WickliE He waa
privy councillor and confessor to Heniy V. He vrrote
several theological works. Died in 1430.

Nettaeton, nef t^l-lgn, (Asamel,) D.D., an American

vine, bom at Kiliingworth, Connecticut, in 17S3, waa
distinguished as a preacher and revivalist Died in 1&44.

5« Rvv. RoBiiT Stsil, "BuTTiiiic ind SfaLnlaf Li]thti,'' Lcb-

Kenbanar, noi'biSw'fr, (Ernst Frirdrich,) a Ger-
lan Protestant minister and writer, bom at Magdebn^
I 1705 ; died about 174S.

nenbaner, (Franz Christtak,) a German mosidaa
id composer, bom in Bohemia in 1760; died In 1795.

«.«,I,a,il,;,/mif;li,t,&,aanie, less prolonged; i,<,{,iS,u,]!,/i(wf,-*,f,i,9,#itn(r)r;flr,ail,atimtt;n6t;ga6d:iDA)a.

d by Google

Nenbsok, noi'bek, (Valerius WtLBEui,) a German
poet and phpidan, born at Arnsudl in 1765, was ihe
lulhor of I poein entitled " The Fountains of Health,
OT Mineral Spring*." ("Die Geaundbrunnen," 1794,)
Nteened one of tbe best didactic poems in the German
language. He practised for many ]wais at Steinau. Died
in iSjo.

Sc* ScHuciL, "ChunkUrs and Kritikai;" LoHcnLlow,
' Pocu and Foary oT Ea»pa."

Nenenai, von, fon noi'pi-aR', [LaL Ndina'rius or
Nevbna'rius,] (Hermank,) Count, a learned German
" ' ' "^ ■ "' ■ ' " '" ■ 1491. He was
Ls works. Died
in ma

HAufohAtMin. See Francois db NRuidUtTXAU.

Henhaos*, van, *tn noiOiOwss, [Lat Nruhu'sius,]
p'.DON,] a German scholar and writer, born at SteinAirt,
in Westphalia, b 1581. Among bis works are "Hanes
NassQvii,"a poem, (1630,) and "Fatidica Sacra," '1635-
4S.) Died in 1638.

S« Kuma NauHutiin, "ViUE. Ncuhniai," ifin.

NmUutnsa, van, (Rrckier,) a poet and philologii^
bom at Leeu warden in 1G18, was a son. of the precemng.
Died about i6Sa

NeDboC noi'hof; (Theodor,) Baron or, a German
Rdveninrer, bom in WeitpbaKa. In 1735 he was in-
riled by the Corsicans, at that time oppressed by the
Genoese, to asmnw the ebief power in their country,
and the following year was crowned king. Being un-
able, however, to maintain himself agunst the Genoese
and French, be took refuge in England, where he died
■II756-

NenhnahM. See NsfHAVta.

Neoklroll, noiltMax, (Brhjamin,) a German poet,
bom in Silesia in 16G5. He published *' Select Poema,"
Mtiies, and a poetical translation of Fjnelon'a " T^lii-
maque." Died in 1719.

Hankomm, von, fon noiHcom, (Sioishund,) a Ger-
man musician and composer, bom at Saltiborg in 177S,
was a pupil of Ihe celebrated Haydn, He passM sereral
-yean in Paris in tlie service of Talleyrand. He was an
excellent oi^nist He composed a number of oratorios,
operas, and other works. Among his master-pieces are
the oratorios of "David" and "Mount Stnai" Med

Sw F^na; " BiacnpUe Uninnella d« Uuidaii ;" ** MoonUa

Wenmann. noi'mln, (Balthasar,) a German archi-
tect, born at ^er in 16S7. He designed many churches
and palaces. Died in 1753.

Neamann, (CAst-Aa,) a German theologian and He-
brew scholar, bom at Breslau in 164S. He wrote " Gene-
ris Lingua SanctB Veleris TestamentI," (1696,) " Pith
or Harrow of all Prayers," ("Kern ailer GcMtc,") and
utber works. Died in 1715.

Sn Tacxsn, " Lebeo HsiuiiniH," 1741.

Wanmann, (Franz Ernst,) a German natural philos-
opher, bom in Ukermaikin i798> He became professor
of physics at lUdgsberg In 1816, and gained dittinction
by nis researches tn crystallography, tbe theory of light,

Naomann, (Kbiedrick Wilkslm,) a German poet
and UttinUtur, born in Berlin In 178^ He was asso-
ciated with bis friend Vamh^en von Ense in the com-
poaition of the " Almanac (u the Moses," and other
works. He translated Macchiavelli's "History of Flor-
ence." Died in 1834.

Natunann, (Johann Geobg,) a German Lutheran
theoli^an, born at Herti, near Merseburg, in 1661. He
wasprofessor of tbeolt^y at Wittenberg. Died hi 1709.
jTenmann, new'mv, (Jomh Nefomucbnk,) D.D.,
an eminent bishop, bom in Srachatic, Bohemia, March
10, 1811. He was educated at Budweis and Pragae, was
ordained to the Roman Catholic priesthood in 1836, and
in 1S51 was consecrated Bishop of Philadelphia. Died
1.. vk.i...4-i.si.:.. T........M, r >aXM ti:*k»n 1.7............ — ...

Wanmann, (Karl ntiBDRiCH,) aGciman Orientalist
—d historian, btmi nev Bamberg in 1798. Hcpntriiihed

[>ne which are "Asiatic Studies,"

(Beriin, 3 vols., 1865.) Died in March, 187D.

Nenmann, (Karl Gsorg,) a German medical writer
and poet, bom at Gera in 1774. He became ptofeasor
of medicine in Beriin in 1818. Among bis works is
"Spedelle Pathologic und Thetapie," (4 vols., 1837.)
Died in 185a

Nflunvim. (Kasfar,) a German chemist, born in
1681 or i63l, became professor ol chemistry in the Royal
College of Berlin. He wrote a number of scientific treat-
ises, which were translated into English. He was a
Fellow of the Royal Society of London. Died in 1737,

Sta F. Houn, "Miitaire dt taChimic."

Ifenmerk, ntn'maRk, (Georg,) a German poet and
musician, bom at Miihlhausen (Thutingia) in lOal. He
was living in great destitution at Hamburg, when his
talents attracted the notice of Rosenkrantz, the Swedish
ambassador, who made him his secretarr. He after*
wards became librarian and secretary of the archives at
Weimar, where he died in 1681. He is chiefly celebrated
for the beantiful hjmin " Wer nur den lieben Gott lasst
walten," a translatioa of which is to be found in tbe
"Lyra Germanica."

NeumaTT von Flasaan-Sellblti; noi'mia fon flSs'-
sf n sTI'blta, (Anton,) a German critic and able writer on
art, was bom in Vienna in 177a. He passed many years
In Italy, and wrote, in Italian, besides other works, a
"Historical and Critical Memoir on Painting," (1811,)
" The German Artiata," (6 vols., 1S19-13,) and a " Ufc
of Albert Diirer," (1893.) Died in 1840.

Nattnnther, nol'roi't^r, (Eucen,) an eminent Ger-
man designer, bom at Munich in 1806. Amonehia works
are illustratlans of the poems of Goethe, Wwland, and
other German authors. Died March as, 188a.

nonvUlBL See Hydr dz NEuriLLi.

ITsnvilla, di^ deb nuh'vtl', (Al?honss Maris
Adolfhb,) a French painter of militatr snbjects, was
born at Saint-Omer, May 31, 1836. Apart from his
and well-known war-pictures, he has been

successful as an illustrator of books. Died in 1885.

Nanvllle, da, dfh ntrh'vU',(CiUBi.is FRRy,)a I^encb
Jesuit, eminent as a polpit orator, born in the diocese of
Coutances in 1693 1 died in 1771.

NenvlUd, do, dfb nuh'vc'yi', (Didirr Pierrr Chi-
CAHAU,) a French writer, bom at Nancy in 173(1 He
published "The Pbilosi^hic Dictionary," (1751,) and
other works. Died in 17S1.

Nenwiod, Prihcr of. See Maximilian

City, California, in 1S61. She first appeared upon the
stage at Her Majesty's Theatre, London, in 1880, and
later sang with great success in the principal European

N^va j', (John,) a Scottish poet, bom at For^, Jan-
uary 38, 179a. He published several volume* of verse,
and died in May, 1870.

IFevanarliw. See Neuenar.

NevsTs, de, d(h n^h-vaiR', (Louis do OoDEBgiw—
d?h giN'ilg',) Due, a French commander, bora In
1539. He fought against the Huguenots in the dvil
war, and in the reign of Henry III. was one of tbe
chieb of the League. In 1590 he entered the service of
Henry IV,, who gave him command of an army. Died

1 IS95-

la Gomafna," i^: Bkam-

Saa TunfiK, " Hiiurfra da 1

tAhi, " Vita dts puda Cti^uii

Nevera, do, (Phiuppr Juliin Hancihi Mazarini,)
Due, bom in Rome in 1641, was a nephew of Cardinal
Maiarin, and a brother of Hortense Handnj. He en-
joyed the &vonr of Louis XIV., who appointed him
lieutenant-geneia] of Nlvemais. He wrote agreeable
verses, and was noticed by Voltaire in his CalalogtM
ofihe writers of the age of Louis XIV. IMed tn 1707.

Sm Satht-Sihoii. "MjtDoina."

Nerven, n«h-vuh',(MATnnAS,) a skilfiil Datch punter
born at Leyden in 1647, was a pupil of Oeianl Doow

casi;casj;|4(irv/;iiaty;a,K,K.(i(n<ni/,-N,«<Ma;,-R,/r>/i!(^,-lMa;thasinMu. (■V-SeeEiplaoationSip.aj.

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

ciustcal ichalar, bom in Kent in 1544, was secretary to
Archbishop Parker. His paraphrase of the "CEdipus"
of Seneca i* highly enlogiied by Warton. Died in 1614.
Havlle or MovUlo. (Hknrv.) an English wiiier, bora .
In 1630, embraced the republican cause, and became a
member of (he coancil of state, bat resigned on the I
DsariMtion of CromwelL He was the author of "Plalo'

I DialogiM concerning Government.'

I English actor, born
He went very early upon the
n great distinction as a versatile ~~' ~'~'~
re lias also wrillen "The Stage

Rediviviu, .
Died in iteL

ITer'UIe, (Hkhbt.)
cheater, June 20, 1S37.
stage, and won great distinction as
comedian.
and Present," a'ld several plays.

Navlll«, (Richard Cornwaujs and Richard Grip-
mO See Bratbrooki, LoRa

HeT'in, (Alfred,) an American clergyman, bom
■t SbippensbuTg, PennsylvBnia, in 1S16. He waa ad-
milled lo the bar in 1837, and afterwards became
a Presbyterian clergyman. Alter holding several
paslorates, he became editor successively of '""
Standard," "Tbe Presbyterian Weekly," and
Presbyterian Journal." He was the author of
ous theological works. Died in 1S90.

Ifevin, (John Williamson,) D.D., a
guished American divine and theological writer, of the
(German) Kelormed Church, was bom in Franklin
county, Pennsylvania, in 1803. He became president
of the theological seminary al Meicersburg in 1S41.
and later was president of Franklin and Marshall Col-
lege. He published a number of theological works,
was editor for a time of the " Mercersburg Review,"
and was a distinguiihed exponent of the " Mercers-
bare theology." Died June 6, 1886.

N«vla, (WILLIAM Channing,) an American au-
thor, bom at New Athens, Ohio, in 1844. He became
a lawyer and a Philadelphia journalist, and published
" History of All Religions," " A Wild-Goose Chi "'
"Joshua Whitcomb'a Tribulstions," etc.. and a
berot

H«Tlsaii, nt'Vtd-iln' or nSr-e-iln', (Giotanni,) m
Italian jariit, bom at Aati. He pabliahed "SylvK Nup-
•ialis Libri sex," (1531,) a cm^an* work, often reorinted.
Died in 1540.

December la, 183a. He graduated al Western Reserve
College in 1S46, and at Cleveland Medical College in
1S48. He also studied at the £coIe de M jdedne and the
ficole dcs Mines, Paris. He was United States geologist,
l855-*0, served in the United States Sanitary Commis-
sion. 1861-65, and in 1866 became professor of geology
in (he School of Mines, Columbia College, New York
dty. He was also State gaologist fur Ohio, TS69-79.
He was author ormany volumes of " Reports," geologi'
cal and palicontologic*! Died December J, iSgi.

Nswbeny, (Truehan Handy) bom at Detroit,
MichigaD, in 1864. Graduated a( Yale in 1885, became
pre^dentoflarge steel works, and served in the navy during
the Spanish- American war. He was assistant secretary
of the navy 1905-08, and secretary of the navy in the
RooMvelt cabinet Dec. i, igoE, to March 4, 1909.

Noirborongh or Neirbnrgli, nBlilir-^, iLat Naa-
BticsHSis,] (WiLUAM OF,} an English chronicler, bom
in Yorkshire in 1 136, wrote a " History of England,"
(in Latin,) beginning with the Norman conqoeit and
brought down to 1 197.

NeiroBitla. See Cavendish, [William-)

HewotMtle, n&-kas'fl, (Hinry Pelkau Clinton,)
Duke of, bom in London in t8ii, was the eldest son
of Henry, Duke of Newcastle. He was styled Earl of
Lincoln until the death of his father, (1851,] and entered
Parliament in 1S31. For a short time in 1846 he was
chiefsecretary for Ireland. In 1S53 he became secretary
for the colonic* in Lord Aberdeen's coalition ministry.

accepted otnce as colonial secretary in tne uneral mm-
isliy of Palmeraton. He was the attendant and chief
counsellor of the Prince of Wales in his visit to Canada
I and the United States in tS6a Died In 1864.
See "GcndHBati'i Hagiune" fiir Dcanber, M^.

\ ITewoMtl*, (Hehkv Pelkam Fisknes Pklham
Clinton,) Ibarth Dukb or, an English peer, bom in
17S5. He Inherited the title of duke at the death of hn
(ikther. He was a Tory, and an opponent of the ReliirtB
bill of 1S33. He died in 1851, leaving a son, Henr^
fifth Duke of Newcastle,

HeiroaBtla, (Thoha3 Pklham,) Duke of, an Eng-
lish Whig minister of state, bom in 1693, was the eldM
son of Sir Thoma* Felham, of SusMX. Hit mother wa*
a Bister of John Holli*, Duke of Newcastle, who, dring
in 1711, left aprincely fortune lo the Bubject of this aitide.
In 1715 he wa* created Duke of Newcastle, and in 173d
appointed seaetaiy of ttatc In 1754 he was promoted
Ed the office of first lord of the treasury, (or premier,)
which was then vacated by the death of hi* brother,
Henry Pelham. He resigned reluctantly in November,
i;rt6, and, after a ministerial criais, (armed a coalldon
with Pitt, and wa* again prime minister, or coordinate
chief minister, bom 1757 until May, 1761, when Lord
Bute became premier. "His love of Inanence," sayi
MacaulaT, (in hi* Review of Walpole"* "Letters to
Horace Mann,") " wa* *o intense a pa**ioD that it sop-
plied the place of talent*, that it inspired even fataity
with cunning. ... All the able men of hi* time ridiculed
him a* a dunce, a driveller, a child who never knew hi*
own mind (or an hour together ; and he overreached them
all round." He died, without issue, in 17681 when the
title pa**ed to Henry Clinton, Earl of Lincoln, who had

• U^CAD

■iSm.

Bw'oomb. IS1MON.I LL.D.. an American asli

He

Stassachusetts, in 1858. In 1861 he became aprofeasorin
the United State* navy, and in 1S77 superintendent of

the " Nautical Almanac," retiring in 1897. He be-
came professor of mathematics and BElronomy at Johns
Hopkins University in 1894. He made many astro-
nomical discoveries. His principal writings are " Fi-
nancial Policy, "(1865,) " A.B-C. o( Finance, "(1877,)
" Popular Astronomy," (1878,) a " Course of Mathe-
matics," (1881,) "Principles of Political Economy,"
(t886,)elc. Died July II, 1909.
~ — roomb, nOtifim, (Thomas,) an English poe^

"Tbe

Died a1

Ifewoome, (William,) a learned prelate and erament
Ublical scholar, bom in Bedfordshire in I739> He be-
came successively Bishop of Ouoiy and of Walerbtd,
in Ireland, and in 179J Archbishcp of Armagh. He
was the author of a "Historical View of the English
Biblical Translation*," and " Harmony of the Goapels,"
(1778L) Diedint8oOL

S» the " MoniUr Xeriew" far OtMSba, 177^

Kew-oom'9n, (Matthew,) an English non eon form-
ist, was a member of the Westminster Assembly of
divines. He was one of the five persons who wrote
"Smectymnus," a controversial work against Bishop
Hall. Died at Uyden in 1666.

lT««rcominen or Newoomen, nu-kom';n, (Thom-
as,) an English locksmith, born in Devonshire, was onv
of the inventor* of the steam-engine In t70( New-
commen and Cawle^ (a glazier of that place] obtaloeit
a patent for an engine combining for the first time the
cylinder and piston, with a separate boiler. The steam
admitted below the piston was condensed by the applica
lion of cold water, and the pressure of the atmosphere,
Ibrdng down the piston, moved a working-beam, to one

db,Google

NEWDIGATE

1813

NEWTON

Hew'dl-sato, (Sir Rogu,] in Enriish f[entlemtui of
fine taste and classical Utalnmenta, born in Warwick'
■hire in 1719. He was for man; years representarive
in Parliainent for the University of Oxford. He was a
generous patron of that inititntion, to which he gave the
Floiendne Museum, PIranesi'a works, and the cande-
labra in the Raddifle Library. Died in 17S0.

New''all, (RoBKaTHKNRV,) an American humour-
ist, bom at New York in :S36. Hebecame a joumalisl
•nd editor in New York, and was widely known for
his " Orpheus C. Kerr" papers, ((our volumes of hu-
mourous letters on the civil war.) He also published
several voliimeB of poems.navels, etc. D. Aug.8, 1901.

Vew'nifii, (FsANas W.,) an English kuthor, brother
of John Henry, noticed below, was bom in Loudon In
1805. He was educated at Oiford, and, after he left col-
lege, passed three years in the Turkish empire, (1^830-

S) In 1840 he became profisMor of '
•ter New College. He was appo
tAtin <n Unlversitjr CoUen, London, in 1S46. Amon(
Ms principal works are a "History of the Hebrew Uoo-
■rchy," (1847,) "The Soul : its Sorrows and Aspirations,"
(1S49,) " Phases of Faith, or Passages from the History
<rf my Creed," (1850^) " Lectures on Andent and Modem
History," (1851,) "English Institutions and their
Reforms," {186;,) " Hand -Book of Modem Arabic,"
(1866,) etc. His religious views were the opposite
of those of his brother, and advocated a form of faith
including the best features of all known religions.
Died in 1S97.

Rewnuul, (Hbnit R,,) an Americ«n artist, bom
at New York city in 1833. He became noted (or
water-colour paintings of architecture, landscape, and

Hvwimua, (John Hinkt,) an eminent English theo-
logian, bora in London in 1801. He entered Trinity
CMlege, Oxford, In 1S16, and was elected a Fellow of
Otiel College in 1833. At Oriel College he formed a
Mendtbip with John Keble the poet, and with Dr.
Whuely. Hewasordainedapriest in t8a4,anit became
■iee-prindpal of Alban Hall in 1825, and a tutor of
Otkl ColleRe in 1816. In 1818 he was appdnted vicar
•f Saint Mary's, Oxford, and of Littlemore. In 1B33
Newman, Ketde, and Pnsey initiated the " Oxford

__ . ey

favour of High-Church doctrines, which
a series of "Tracts for the Times."

■S

Temper, and Conduct," (1833,) his "Tract No. 90,'
(1841,) and his "Essay on the Development of Chri*-
tUn Doctnnc." He became a member of the Roman

)f the

11848

,_ - t,i '

Is for a libel on Dr. AchillL He defended or
plained Us religions course in a work entitled " Apology
br his Life," rApologia pro Vita sua," iS6jl) H^ puF-
U^ed a collection of poems, (i36S,) "The Grammar o(
Assent," (1870,) and "A Letter addressed to his Grace
Oe Dnks of Norfolk, on the Occasion of Mr. Gladstone's
Recent Expostulation," (1S75.) He was made a cardi-
nal-deacon in 1879. Died August 11, 189%

Nflwmon, (John Philip,) an American bishop,
bom at New York in iSj6. He entered the Metho-
dist Episcopal ministry in 1849, and was elected
bishop in 1888. He was noted as a pulpit orator and
lecturer, and wrote "From Dan to Beeisheba,"
"Thrones and Palaces ot Babylon and Nineveh,"
"America for Americans," "The Supremacy o(
Law," etc. Died in 1899.

Rew'iiuuob, (William,) an English political
economist, bom in 1810. His most important work
was the preparation of the two conduding volumes
of " Tooke sjid Newmarch's History of Prices,"
(1S56.) Died March 23, lS8z.

Ji>W|»Olt, (CilORGl,) F.R.S., an English comparative
anatomist snd entomologist, born at Canterbury in 1803.
He practised medidne, and devoted much time to the

studf ot the anatomy of insects, on which subjects he
contributed to the " Philosophical Transactions" a num.
ber of memoirs. One of these was "On the Nervoni
System of the Sphinx." He was elected president ti
the Entomological Sodety in 1S44. Died in 1S54.

ITew'tqii, (Alfred,) a British zoologist, bom at
Genoa in 1829. He was educated at Cambridge, and
^ame professor of zoology there in 1866. Among
iS works are "The Zoology of Ancient Europe,"
1862,) "Oofheca Wolleyana," (1864,) the " Dic-
anary of Birds," (1896,) etc. Died June 7, 1907.
Haw't^n, (Charlbs Thomas,) a British archsoiogia^
bom in 181& He graduated in 1837 at Christ Chnrch,
Oxford, and was employed (1840-;!) in the British Mu-
seum. Becoming vice-consul at Hi^lene, he made im-
portant explorations in Asia Minor, In 1S80 he was
appointed professor «f archeology in the University of
Oxford. Among his writings are a " History of Discov-
eries at HalicarnasBua," etc, (i vols., 1S61,) " Travels in
the Levant," (1665,) "Essays on Art and Archsology,"
■ "" 0 etc. Died November 18, 1894.

iw'tpn, (Gilbert STOA«T,)a distingulsbed painter,
of English extraction, bom at Halifax, Nova Scotia, in
794. He painted numerous imalt picture* of great
nerit, among which we may name " Shylock and Jes-
sica" and " Portia and Bawanio." Died m 1835.

ewton, (Henry Chance,) ptaywriglit and critic,
bomat Kennington, Eng., 1854. He has been on the staff
of several papers and is London correspondent of the New
York "DnunaticMirm." Hehaswrittenmanydramas,
Navrton, (Sir Isaac,) an niaitrioQ* English phtloeo-
pher and mathen.alidan, bom at Woolithoipe, in Lin-
colnshire, on the ijlh <^ December, 1643, (Old Style.)
He was the posthumous and only child of Isaac Newton,
a famtx, who died in 1643. His mother, whose original
name was Hannah Ayscough, was married again to the
Rev. Barnabas Smith in 1645. He attended the school*
jf Skillington and Stoke for several years, and about
the age oftwelve entered the grammar-school of Gran>-
ham. There he manifested much mechanical Ingenuity
bji the constmction of a windmill, a water-dock, a sun-
dial, and other pieces of mechanism. He also « — **

his boyhood. He entered Trinitv College,
_^ as a Bub-stiar, in Tunc, 1661, benre which
date it does not appear that he had been a profound

sUident of mathematics. It has been staled that ha
commenced the study of Euclid's " Elements," but he
(band the first propositions so self-evident that he threw
the book aside as loo trifling. " When Newton entered
Trinity College," says Brewster, "he brought with him
a more atender portion of sdence than at his age falls
to the lot of ordinary scholars." Among the works
which he first studied at Cambridge were tne " Optics"
orKeplerandthe"Geomct^of Descartes. Ini664he
read Wallis's " Arithmetica Infinitonim," and discovered
the method of infinite series, or the Unomial theorsm.
which enabled him to compute the area of curves and
to solve with ease problems which before ^prs insolnble
or very difficult. He took the degree of B.A. in i6e|L
and discovered the diflerential calculus, or method M
Buxions, probably in the same year. This important
method of mathematical investigation wa* discovered
"iij Ldbnits about the same time, and before Newton
had published anything on the sutject A conliuveisy
arose between the English and foreign mathematicians
about the priority of the discovery. Sir David Brewster
give* this decision of the question : I. That Newton
was the first inventor of the wftkad e/fiutuHt; thai
the method was incomplete in Its notation, and that the
fiindamental prindple of it was not published to the
world till 1687. a. That Leibnitz communicated his
Hffrrtntiai caUidut to Newton in 1677, with a complete
system of notation, and thst he published it in 16S4.

As a precantion against the plagne, he retired from
Cambridge to his native place in the summer of 1665.
He then and there began to speculate on the subject of
gravity. It was In the autumn of 1665 that the apple
which suggested to him the idea of gravitation i* ■aid to
have fallen from the tree at Woolsthorpe. " When dttiiic
alone in the garden," says Brewster, "and ■

•si;Csar;|Aanf;tM/;«iH>K.^i<«kr»/;N,wui*f,-K,A'iUaf,'las*,- thasin/iu. (I^-See Eipl&ktioM, p. sj.^

d by Google

n that >s the
jroand *m
le greatest distance Irom the
centre of t^e earth (o which we can reach, ... it might
extend to (he moon and retain her in her orbit in the

ball when projected in a straight line from the surface
of the earth.'' He arrived at the conclusion that the
force of pavity by which the planets were retained in
their orbits varied as the aquaies of their distances from
K being prepared to verify this hypothe-

0 the grinding of optic glasses, and began lo study
the subject of colours in connection with the prismatic
■pectrum. He was elected a Minor Fellow in October,
1667, and took liis degree of M.A. in March, 1668, as
twenty-third on the iisl of one hundred and forty-eight
graduates. He made asmall reflecting telescope in 1668,
and succeeded Dr. Barrow, as Lucasian professor of
malhemalics, in 1669. About this date he made the grand
discovery thai i^lia nol hemogmenu, ImlcemiiU tfrajn
cf diffcrtat rcfrangiiiliiy. He aiso perceived that this
different refrangibility was the real cause of the imper-
lection of refracting telescopes. In 167: he constructed
with his own hands a second reflecting telescope, which
is preserved in the library of the Royal Sociew. New-
ton read a course of lectures on optics, at Cambridge, in
1669, 1670, and 1671. He was the author of the tSeoty
of light called the Emission theory, according to which
light is composed of, or produced By, material partldes
01 inconceivable minuteness, emitted by luminous bodies

the nndulatory theory. In a letter to Leibnitz, dated
December 9, 1675, he writes, " I was so persecuted with
discutsioiu arising out of my theory of li^ht, that I
blamed my own imprudence for parting with so sub-
stantial a blessing as my quiet to run after a shadow."
He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in January,
1671. In December, 1675, he communicated to that
body a discourse entitled a "Theory of Light and Col-
ours." "The theory of Newton," says Sir John Hcrsche!,
" gives a complete and elegant explanation of what may
be considered the chief of all optical fads,— the nroduc
tion of colours in the ordinary refraction of light by a
prism, the discovery of which by him marks one of the
greatest epochs in the annals of eiperimental science."
(" Preliminary Discourse on the Study of Natural Phi-
losophy.") His optica! discoveries are described in a
work entitled "Opticks, or a Treatise on the Reflexions,
Refractions, Infleaions, and Colours of Light," which
was published in 1704, but written many years earlier.
"To avoid being engaged in disputes about these mat-
ters," says the author, "I have hitherto delayed the
printing." Tbt only other optical work by Newton was
bis " Lectiones Opiiue," {1718,) which contaltis the lec-
tures he read at Cambridge in 1669-71.

Newton had abandoned the subject of gravity in 1665,
after an attempt to verify his theory by a calculation
which &iled because he had employed an erroneous
measure of the earth's radius. About 16S4 he resumed
his inquiries and calculations in relation to the moon,
and employed Picard's more accurate measure of the
earth's diameter. He thus demonstrated the great truth
that ibe orbit of the moon is curved by the same force
which cause* bodies to fall on the surface of the earth.
According to a doubtfiil tradition, he became so much
agitated as his calculations drew to a close, that he was
obliged to ask a friend 10 finish them. "This anec-
dote is not supported by what is known of Newton's
character," (Brewster's "Life of Newton.") He an-
nounced this discovery to the Royal Society in 16S5 by
his treatise " De Mntu." This was the germ ol his
greatest work, the "Principia," (composed in 1685-86.)
which Laplace regarded as "pre-eminent above ail
:,thet productions of the human intellecL" The full
title of this work, which was published by the Royal
Society or by Halley in 1687, is "The Mathematical
Principlei 01 Natural Pbiloaophy," [" Philosophic Na-
ttiralii Principia Mathematica."} It consists of three

14 NEWTON-

Books, of which the first and Mcond are entitled " On
the Motion of Bodies," and the tUrd " On the System
of the World." " The great discovery," say* Brewster,
"which characteriies the 'Principia' is that of the prin-
ciple of universal gravitation, Aat totry partult ef matter
in the unrvtru is attraetediy, argravitata to, every ether
particle of wtatbr, wiik a/ene iimerttfy freferiieiti^ li the
tquarte of lAeir distatittt."

" The glory of these men," says Macanlay, referring to
Wallis and Haltey, " is cast into tbe shade by the tran-
scendent lustre of one itnmortal name. In Isaac New-
ton two kinds of intellectual power, which have little in
common, and which are not often found together in ■
very high degree of vigour, hut which nevertheless ar»
equally necessary in the most aabjime department* of
natural phUosopby, were united as they have never been
united before or since. ... In no other mind have
the demonstrative fiacully and the inductive faculty coex-
isted in such supreme excellence and perfect harmony."
(" History of England," vol. L chap. iiL)

In 16S7 James IL sent an illegal mandarons to the
(Jniversity of Cambridge, directing that a certain monk
should be admitted a master of arts without taking the
oath of allegiance. Newton took an active and influen-
tial part in defending the privileges of the university on
this occasion. He represented Cambridge m the Con-
vention Psrliament, January, 1 689-February, 1690^ and
maintained the principles of civil and religions liberty
in that critical period of revolution. In 16S9 he became
a^n^nted with John Locke, with whom he associated
on friendly terms and corresponded until his death.
Newton, though satiated with fame, had gained no pecn-
niaty benefit by his writings, and bad received no mark
of national gratitude for hi* discoveries. Locke and
Charles Montague endeavoured to procure for him some
permanent appointment, but without success.

In 1693 and 1693 he wrote to Bentley four celebrated
letters on the formation of the sun and the planets, etc,
in which he affirms that the motions of the planets
could not be produced by any natural cause alone,
but were impressed by an intelligent agent and Divine
power. A report was circulated, chieoy on the conti-
nent, that Newton was insane, about 1692. The story
that his precious manuscripts were burned through the
agency of his little dog Diamond, seems to be equally
unfounded. " He never had any communion with dog*
or cats." (Brewster.)

In 1694 Newton was occupied by researches on the
lunar theory, and obtained from Flamsteed his observa-
dons on the moon. Letters were exchanged between
them in relation to these observations, which became the
occasion of an intemperate and discreditable controveny.
Newton was appointed warden of the mint in 1695 or
1696 by his firiend Montague, Earl of Halifax, who had
resolved on an important scheme of re-colnage of clipped
and debased coin. The salary of thb office was aooot
/'doo. In 1699 he was promoted to be master of tbt
mint, with a salary of from ;f 1300 to ^1500. In 17^ h*
was returned to Parliament by the University of Cam-
bridge, and was elected President of the Royal Sodety,
He continued until his death to occupy the latter po>
sition, to which he was annually re-elected. He wai
knighted by Queen Anne in 1705. Among his important
works are "The Chronology of Ancient Kingdom*
Amended," (1738,) and "Observations upon the Pro-
phede* of Daniel and the Apocalypse of Saint John,"
(first published in 1733.) ""That the greatest philoso-
of which any age can boast," says Brewster, " wa*
cere and humble believer in the leading doctrine*
ir religion and lived conformably to its precepts,
has been justly regarded a* a proud triumph of the
Christian niith. Newton's religious opinions, however,
were not strictly orthodox: like Milton, he appears to
have had a decided leaning towards Arianism.

Newton was never married. His latter years were
passed in London, where he lived in a handsome style
and kept six servants. He was extremely generous and
liberal in the use of money, for which he is said to have
had a great contempt. On one occasion he offered Dr.
Cheseiden, as a lee, a handful of gnineaa ont of his cos'*
pocket. He was often «o absorbed in meditation thil

1. i, T, 9^ 0, ;, long; 1, t, ^, same, less prolonged; i, i, 1, 6, ii. V thfrt; f, f> L 9t ttttnre: fir. Oil, fit; mil; n4t; gOM; m<BBt

Digitized by VjOOQIC

4t, and it «u necess:

.. .. of his meals. He dii

the lolh of March, 1717, and wu baried <□ Weatminater
Abbey. His collected works wcro published b; Bishop
Horsley in 5 vols. 410, (i77?-8S')

Near the end of his life he said, " I know not what i
mav appear to the world, but to mjnelf T seem to have
been only 1ik« a bof playing on the sea-shore and
diverting niTMlf in now and then finding a smoother
pebble or a prettier shell than ordinaiy, whilst the great
ncean of truth lay alt undiscovered before me."

"Though there be few," sa^ Dr. Chslmcr«, "who
comprehend or follow Newton in his gigantic walk, jret
all may participate in his triumphant feeling when he
reached that lofty summit where the whole mystery and
munificence of nature stood labmitted to his gaie, — an
eminence won by him through the powei ana patience
of intellect alone, but from which he descried a scene
more giorioas far than imagination could have formed,
or than ever had been pictured and set Ibrth in the
■oblimest visions of poetry." {"Treatise on the Adap-
tation of External Nature to the Moral and Intellectual
Constitutioa of Man.")

"Whichever way we turn oar view," says Sir John
F. W. Herschel, "we find ourselves compelled to bow
befofe his genius, and to assign to the name of Newton
a place in our veneration which belongs to no other in
the aimala of sdence. His era marks the accomplished
maturity of the huTiiati reason as applied to such objects.
. . . HiB wonderful combination of mathematical skill
with phv^cal research enabled him to mvent at pleasure
new and anbeard-af methods of investigating the effects
of those causes which his dear and penetrating mind
detected in operatian. Ascending by a scries of close-
compacted inductive arguments to the highest axioms of
dynamical sdence, he succeeded in applying them to the

Natoial Philosophy.")

A* "BlecniilililliiinrMlle;" Aiaod, "NMim MognpMqDM,"
Hw yL; BncH, "HtBarsfih* Rural SodaOt" vsk. iIl isdiv. ;
llACLAinuH, "ExfoMoatf ibe Duansris oTSir Inac Ncwtoa,"

.... o _ "Hiitiiricail BfHT on lh« Priodtnn of Knrton;"

' " Biocnphii Britaimka :" Paolo Funi,
Uti* I. NtwiOD," irrS ; Wo. Waxwau,
" iSjt! Casl Smu, "MawUB ami £•

Rvwton, (John,) an English mAthemaHdan, Dom in
Northamptonshire in l6u, was the author (^ "Geo-
metrical Trigonometry," "Astronomia Britannica," and
other worlia. Died in 1678.

Ifawton, 0onN,) an English dMne, bom fai London
h 173^ Havhig for many yesrt led a profligate life
as a sailor, and engaging in the African slave-trade, be
was converted, and distinguisked himself thenceforth
fay fats seal in the cause of rell^oo. In 1764 he became
cnrste of Olncy, where he acquired the mendship of
Cowper, snd wrote, in conjunction with him, the "Olney
Hymns." He also published a "RoviewofEcdesiastical
Histoiy," (1770,} "CanUphonia," etc, and other works.
Died in itoy.

new'ton, (John,) an Americsn general, bom in Vir-
ginia, graduated at West Point ia iS^ He beca

ler-eenei
da brig

'iL'-t

d,June,
1863. He

served under General Sherman . _ . .
distinction, and was brevetted brigadier.general and
major-general in 1S65. After the war he was engaged
in removing the oljstructions to navigation in Hell
Gate. He became brigadier- general and chief of
engineers in iSS;, retired in 18S6, was made commis-
sioner of public works in New York in 1S87, and
president of the Panama Railroad Company in 18S8.
Died in 1S95.

Nffwton, {RaaiVKtJy Hvbbk,) D.D., an American
deigjman. a son of Rev. Dr. Richard Newton, was born
m Philadel[>hia, October 31, 1840, He was educated at
the University of Pennsylvania. Ordained to the ministry

IS Jir£y

of the Epiacopal Church, his extreme " Broad Church"
position attracted much attention. Among his works
are "The Children's Church," (1872.) "The MoraU 0*
Trade," (1876,) "Womanhood," (i88o,) "Studies of
Jesus," (iSSl.) "The Right and Wrong Uses of the
Bible," (1S83,) and "The Book of Beginniiigs," (1884.)
He has written much on sodal and industrial questions.
NeirtOD, (Ric:ha>I^) an English divine, bom abo«t

(1744.) He was the founder of Hertford College, O^
ford. Died in I7jt.

Sea Ciuuisis, "Himirt of Oiford."

Nvwton, (RiCHAKi),) D.D., an American dergyman,
born in Liverpool, England, July 35, 1813. He gradu-
ated at the University of Pennsylvania in iSu, and at
the General Theological Seminuy, New York, in 1839,
and held Epiacopalian pastorships, chiefly in Philadel-
phia. He published twenty-two volumes, many of them
containing sermons for the young, which have had a wide

Eopularity and have been tranualed into many foreign
iSEuages. Died May 15, 1887.

Hew'tfil, (RoBRT,) a Scottish Methodist dergyman
bom in lySOt He preached in London and liverpool,
and was appointed tn 1839 a delegate to the General
Conference of the United States. He was a popular
preacher. Died in 1854.

Nairton, (Tuouas.) an English divine, bom at lJd>-
field in 1704, rose through various preferments to be
Bishop of^ Bristol, (1761.) He published an excellent
edition of Milton's "Paradise Lost," with notes, (1749,)
and "Dissertations on the Prophecies," etc, (1 vols.,
1754-58)) which were translated into German andDanish.
Died in 1783.

Sh " IJfc of Thomu NewIdd," prefiiied 10 tb> Hcond edition
<if hi> Wodu: " Monthir R*ri»r'' tor Fetnuuir >») Hirck. 17S}.

HswtOO, (Thomas,) an English litUratnir, bom In
Essex, became master of Macclesfield School. He wsa
the author of a "History of the Saracens," (tJT^S,) of a
number of Latin poems, and other works. Died in 1607,

S« Wastom, " Hiuorj of Eotlidi P«tiT,"

N«wtOii, (WiLLIAU.) an English architect and writei,
puUlsfaed an English translation of Vitrnvins, (3 vols.,
I77'-)

Hewtoo, (WiLUAU WiUBRFOBCx,) an American
dergyman, a brother of R. H. Newton, was bom in Phila>
delpKia, November 4,1843. HegraduatedatlheUniversity
of Pennsylvania in 1865. and at the Philadelphia Divinity
School in 1S68, and became a presbyter of the Episcopal
Church. Among his works are "Essays of To-Day,"
{1879,) "The Voice of Saint John," a poem, (i8&>,)
"Fnest and Maik," a novel, (1SS3,) "The Legend of
Saint Telcmachus," a pOem, (iS83,J and some volumes
of sermons for children.

Hay, nk, (Fkan^IS,) a Flemish diplomatiat, bom at
Antwerp, became general of the order of Saint Frands,
in Spain, In 1607. He was the prindpal agent of the
Spanish king in the negotiatian of the treatv of peace
wbich recognized the independenceof the revolted Dutch
provinces in 1609. Watson the historian speaks highly
of his tslents snd address.

Bn GiOTTvi, " Hinoin d« Troabhs dM PiTt-Ba*."

N«7, nk (Joseph NapolJon,) Prince of the Moskwa,
(in French, " de la Mo«kowa,") a French general, born
in Paris in iSc^,was the eldestson of Marshal Ney. Ha
served in Algeria in 1837-38, and entered the Chamber
of Peers in 1S41. After the revolution of 1S48 he was
elected a member of the Legislative Assembly, in which
he was a partisan of Louis Napoleon. Died in iS;t.

Noy, (Michel,) Duke of Elcfaingeo, Prince of the
Moskwa, a bmons French marshal, bom st Sarre-Lonis
in January, 1769, was the son of a cooper. He entered
the army as a private in 1787, became adjutant.genera]

lie oblaitied a marshal's bSton in 1804.
importantvictory overthe Austriansat Elchingen,
in October, 1S05, he received the title of Duke of El-
chingen. His impetuous courage rendered essential ser>
vices at the b=ltie of Jena, in tgo6. In this year he tool

tui; trnti! iiarj; gMf;a,a,X,piaiirai; tt.KOtai; it,(riiUi/;lttt; thasinMu.

(3I^*See Esplanstioaa, pb|B3i>
,-J:.,LnOOl^lC

NBY

Magdeburg, the garrtion of which lunoanted to about
KsOtiO men. He commanded >n army in Spain in "~~
and obtuned idTSntagea al Ciudad Rodrigo and Air
In 181& In the Russian campaign of iSlI he rei?
froro Bonaparte the appelUtion of the "Brave*! if the
Brare." He connmanded the centre at the great battle
of Borodino, or the Moskwa, from which he derived
hia title of Prince. In the retreat from Moscow, Mar-
shal Nejp commanded the rear-guard, and maintained his
reputation bj heroic conduct amidst the greatest dis-
astera. " It was when danger was greatest and succest
moat doabtfiit," says Alison, *' that his courage was mosi
conspicuous and his coolness most valuable." When
mmmoncd to capitulate, in November, 1813, he replied,
" A marshal of France never surrendcrt 1"

He took a prominent part in the battles of Lutzen,
Bautzen, and Dresden, in 1813, and was defeated at Den-
newitt by Bemadotte In September of thai year. On the
abdication of Napoleon, in tSi4, Ney submitted to Looii
XVIH., who permitted him to reiam his titles and mili-
tary rank. In March, 1815, he received orders to lead
an army against Napoleon, whom he promised to bring
back in an iron cage. His moral couraac, however, was
not proof gainst the seductive oflers of nis former chief,
to whom he transferred the army, as well ■« his own
•ervtces. He fought with his usual resolution at Water-
loo, where he led several charges of (be Old Guard and
had Eve horses shot under him. He wa* tried for treason
by the court of the peers, and ^ot on the 7tli of Dfr
eember, iSit

"When the Parisians awoke," says Lamartine, "and
found that Ney had been executed, bitter shame v"'^
DO even soul. , . . We must say, however, in th<
fence of the king and the ministers, tliat they wer
pn^gnant, from moderadoa, horonr, and sensibility, to
this useless, cruel, and shameful sacrifice. In their ejea,
and in those of the Impartial portion of the world. Hey
was a great culprit, but ht* was a glorious life. His
Eiult was among thoae which are condemned but par-
doned. He haid redeemed It beforehand \n exploits
which win be an eternal theme in the camps of France."
C History of the Restoration.")

Sh " HAnalra dii UirJdul N«," pdUiihadb* lui fiunDr, III] ;
RouTAU "Via lb MuMuU Hir,^' hn-. Dvnoulih, " HiMorc
di Prnfa du Hirfcfai] Ney," ivala. liij; j. NnurrFAmiT.
"Aon hiMonqm dg Marddul Kar,"!*!)! Chailuioht. "Vi«

itigi Tuiaa^ "HialeiT of lb* CbbsbIiM and tba Empira.*

IT«r, (MiCHiL Louis FXUX,) Doc d'Elehingen, a son
of the preceding, was bora in 18014. He served several
campaigns in ATgcria, and became a general of brigade
In i8;i. Died in 1854.

1^07, (NAPOUtON H&KRI EDGAR,) Prince of the
Moskwa, a son of Marshal Ney, was bom in Paris In
181a. He entered the army about 1830, was elected to
the Legislative Assembly bi \%y\ became aide-dc-ounp
to the emperor in 1851, and general of brigade in 1856.
Died in iSSa.

N«7en, nl'^n or ni'&N', {Augusts,) a Bel^an his-
torian, bom at Luxemburg in iSoo. Among his works
is "Biographic Luxemboorgeoise, (a vols., 1861.)

Kayn, nln, (Fibtkb,) a Dutch painter and architect,
bom at Leyden in 1597 ; died in 1639.

KejTa. See MamjANA.

Rwabnalooyotl, nl-zl-whll-ko-yotl', surnamed THi
GkiAT, King of Tescuco, born in 1403. He was dis-
tinguished as a legislator and a patron of the science*.
Died in 1470^

Sia PaocoTT, " HUtoir of th* Coaqoaat af Uaxico."

Nl or 17& See Coimciirs.

nbby, ntb'bee, (Antonio,) an antiquary, bom al
Rome in 1791. He became professor of archKologv in
llie College of Rome In iSml He wa* a corresponding
member ol the French Institute, and the author of several
antiquarian works. He also published a translation ol
Pausaniaa, with notes. Died in 1839.

nibeltinganJUad. See Sibofk:ki>.

mboyat, neTwrt'vJ', (EugAnik— «u!r Monohon,)
■ French authoress, born in 1797. She wrote several
educational and wo man's -right* works and novels, and
founded in 1844 a socialist journal. Died in 1SS3.

I, nl-sln'e-tus, IGt. NuaJMmr; Fr. Nict-

frrs, ne's^'n^t',! a Greek epigrammatic poet, bora ai

Samoa, probaUy lived in the third century

Abd>

Jacobe's

.c Several of hi* epigrams a:
" Anthology."

Nloalso, neltiz', (Claude,) a French antiquary, bora
It Dijon in rSaj. He published a treatise " On the Music
of the Ancients," ** On the Sirens," etc., and other works.
He wasa member of the principal Academies of Europe.
Died in tyoi.

Sea " Hanafjana."

HloaiMh ne'kix', [Lat N(CA'stUS,1 Saint, a Christiaa
prelate and martvr, became Bishop ai Rheims. He was
put to death by uie Vandals when they sacked that dly,
in 407 A.D.

Sta FiaQinrr, "FmNspeatlfiala."

m-cao'dfr, [Or. Nwoi'^iot; Fr. Nicandrb, ne'-
kOKdR',] a celebrated Greek physician and poet, bom
near Colophon, is supposed to have flourished about 175-
135 B.C. Of his numerous works only two have come
down to us entire. These are two poems, entitled
" Theriaca" and " Aleiipharmaca." The latter treats ol
limals and the remedies for their wounds.

As a poet, he is enlt^pzed by Cicero, but severely criti-
cised by other writers. His works are said to be obscure
rnd pedantic. Among his lost works was a poem of
Georgica, which Virgil is said to have Imitated.

Sb* UAUjat,"BibliiMbaca Botaaioi" CumoH, "Faad Hil-

XnoaadAt, a kfaiK of Sparta, of the Ekmily of Pto>
did*, was a son of Charilatis. He reigned about 780 B.C.

mcwBdac, ne>kSn'deT, (Karl Auoust,) a distin-
guished Swedish poet, bora at Sttengnis in 1799. In
tS36 he obtained the firat prize from the Swedish Acad-

SouA." Among his other work* we may n:
Rank Sword, or the First Knight," a tragedy. In vene,
(i8it,) •■KingEnziok"(iSi5,) aod''Rnnot." These m
said to be excellent models, both tn st^e and otbar
respect*. Died In 1839.

moandn. See Nicakdrr.

Nl-O&'noT, [Gr. Nu&vup,) a Macedonian i^lcet, oon-
manded the foot-guard* of Alexander the Great at the
battles of the Grani'cus, Issus, and Arbela. He died
about 330. He was a son of ihe &mous Parmenio,

moailOr, a Macedonian general, who became gov-
..Tior of Cappadoda in 331 B.C. A* a partisan or ally
of Antigonus, he fought against Euroenes. He was ap-
pointed Eovemor of Media about 316, and wa* defeated
in battle by Seleucus near the Tigris in tta B.C.

moanoi, a Greek general, commanded an army which
Demetrius L, King of Syria, aent to subjugate Judea.
He was defeated and killed by Judas Maccaneus.

Kioanor, called Zny/wriof, an eminent Greek gram-
marian of Alexandria or Hierapolit, lived in Ihe reign
of Hadrian, (117-138 A.IX) He wrote a treatise on Punc-
tuation, and annotations on Homer,

Sea FAniciDs, " BibliMhaa Crxei."

RfOBBiiu. See NiCAiEE.

KioooU, nik'ko-lee, or NlcoU. ne^io-le, [Lat. Nict/-
Lt;^! (NiccoiA) * learned Florentine, bom in 1364,
who rendered Important services to literature by th«
discovery of andcnt authors and by transcribing manu-
script*. Alhlsdeath, in 1437, he bequeathed hisvaluabiB
library to the public. He is said to have been the fiiM
~~i*n In modera time* who founded a public library:

Znooollnl, nik-ko-lee'nee, (Giovanni Battista,) mi
Italian poet and dramatist, bom near Usa in 1785, Hv
was appointed in 1S07 professor of history and mvthol-
ogy in the Academy of Fine Arts at Florence.

Filippo Sttoisi," (1847.) Died in 1861.

S«a l^mirKLLOw. " Poela jind PDCtrr of Bnnnia :" " Novrdlo
Biofnphie Cintnla ;" " Fcnigii QuuIeiIt Renew*' fat April, iSjC

Hiooolo, the Italian for Nicholas, which see.

Nlootdo, ne'kolo', or Hl<soUs,ne'ko1i', (Isouaus)
a French dramatic composer, born at Malta in 1775. He
produced numerous operas, among which are "Jocoode"
and " Jeannot et Colin." He died in Paris in 1818.

i.«.l,«,IUy./i»!^;i.*,A,sa

IS prolonged: ^^\^%'ii'^'^ f,f,i,9.o''(H''; nLr.llliliti ultj nAtigKdtlndBa)

r.ilied-iLnOOl^lc

NIC COLO 1 8

Nlocolo d'Areuo, nik-ko-lo' dl-rCi'ao, ui Italian
Kalptor, born at Areizo aboul 135a Hs worked aX
Florence and Rome. Died in 1417.

mooolo da PlBB, nth-ko-lo' dl pee'tl, or Ktooolo
Flsano, nik-ko-Io' pe-U'no, an eminent Italian aichU
Met and tcnlptor, lived in the tatter part of the thirteenth
century. Among hii best works ue the chnrch and
monuterj of the Holy Trinity at Florence, and the
church of San Antonio at Padua. Htl bas-reliefs in the
cathedral of Sienna were esteemed superior to any sculp-
tares of the kind since the antique. Died about 127S.

So Vauii, "lirm al Iha PuUcn." ntc;; QDAnuiku cm
QvncT, "Vm dnphiitDBRm Anhitecu*."

IReoolo dal Abate. See Abbati, (Nicholas.)

ITlccola. See Nichols, (Richard.)

ni'oe or Ni'ke, [Gr. Nuoi,] the goddess of victory
In the Gieck mythology, was, according to Hcsiod, the
daughter of Pallas and Styx, and corresponded to the
Victoria of the Romans.

Niodn^te. See NiCiCNrrus.

NloAphor& Se« NiCiFHOHUS.

Ni-ooph'o-roa [Gr. Nuv^ipoc ,- Pr. NiciPHoRB, ne'-
tk'foK] I, Emperor of Constantinople, became leader
in 801 of a conspiracy against the empress Irene, who
had usurped the throne, and, having banished her, wai
made emperor. In 8lt he was stain, while fighting tlie

Sm Gihor. "Dtdbamd Fall of tin Romu Eniin.''

Nloapboros IL, snrnamed Phocas, a distin^Eshed
Byiantine commander, married abont 963 the widow of
Romanus II., and assumed the title of emperor. He
gained several victories over the Saracens in Syria and
Cilicta, but was assassinated bivTohn Zimisccs in 969.

Nlcei)lianuni,sumaniedB()TANi'ATEx, a Bviantlne
officer, having fn 107S levolled against Michael Duos,
caused himself to he proclaimed emperor in his stead.
He was, however, soon compelled to give up the throne
to Alexis Comnenus, who banished him. Died in loBl.

Sec Li Buu, " HiMsin du Bu-Cmplrt."

NlcephoTns, [Fr. NictPHORE, ne'sl'foR',] Patriarch
of Constantinople, and a Byiantine historian, born aboDt

HB A.D.J was a zealous opponent of the iconoclasts,
e obtained the office of patriarch in 3o6, and was de-
posed in Si; by Leo V. Me wrote, in Greek, besides
other wortco, a " History of the Eastern Empire from
601 to 770 A.D.," the Latm title of which is " Breviarium
Historicum." He i^as one of the best writers </ his
time. Died in 82S a.i>.

GccCAVt, "Miitoria Liltnria."

2n-9oph'o-nu Blarn'ml-dHS, a Greeit ecclesiastic
of (he thirteenth century, lived at Nicxa. He wrote
several worlcs "On the Procession of the Holy Spirit"

S« Cati. " Hinofia LltEncia."

in-feph'o-Ttia C«l-U*'ttu, a learned Byiantine
monk of the fonrteenlh century, was the author of an
" Ecclesiastical History from the Birth of Christ to 91 1."

S« Cav^ " Hbtoriii UWrwia."

m-gaph'o-nis Qrag'o.nui, Patriarch of Constan-
tinople, flooiished in the fourteenth century. He

doorisbed about 40 B.C. None of his writings arc extant]
bat he is mentioned by Pliny, Dioscorides, and other*.

mceron, nte'rAs*, ?• [Jean FitAMgois,) a French
mathematician and optician, bom in Paris in T613.
He was a friend of Descartes. He published "Thau-
■nilurgus Opticus : de iis qux spectant ad Visionem
ifirectam," (1646,) Died at Aix in 1646.

Nicdron,nc's4'riw'f*(jKAN Pierre,) a noted French

[7 NICBOLAS

bOiraUur, was bom in Paris In 1685. His principal
work is entitled "Memoin towards the History id
Illuatriou* Writers," (4^ vols., t737-n45,) a productkn
of great value, partly original and partly compiled. He
died in 1738, having published thirty-nine volames, to
which four were afterwards added. He was profmot
of rhetoric and philosopliy in several colleges.

ShGooixt, "fllocgdaj. p. Kianni,"iiiToLil. oriiia "lU-

Nl-^tos, [Gr. Nuc^rocJ a Byzantine physician, sap.
losed to have Aoarished in the eleventh century. Ma

n Fm^ authoriil* m

lT«a 10 itguid 10 Iha neUinf of Ihia qbiih. la
•• Noanhe KDrapMa Qiatait"^ the Mm,

the aaiij part

in Paris and Florence.

Ni-9e'taa A-com-I-nfi'tos, ['Awifuiunif,] surnamed

Choni'ates, a Byiantine historian of the twelfth cenlmy,

Byron," (:88o,) "Robert Burns,^' (188a,)
-AmeTit;aD Literature," (igiSa,) and Other works in pnae
and verse. Died October 11, 1894.

Nleh'ol, (John Pringlk,) a British astronomer and
philosopher, born al Brechin, in Scotland, in 1804, was
educated for the ministry. He gained distinction as a
lecturer on science, and as a writer. About 1S36 he was

Architecture of the Heavens," (1S36,) "The Stellar
Heavens," "TTie Solar System," and a "Dictionary

nf thf. Phviainil ^ripnrpt." Hit RIv1# I4 vicroroii4 and

Hi«h'9-l9a [Lat. Njcola'us ; Fr. Nicolas, ne'ko'll':
It. NiccolA, nJk-ko-lo'j Ger. Nikolaus, nik'o-lfiwss'J
L PoFE, succeeded Benedict HI. in 8^ A.D. Not long
after, he was engaged in a broil with ?hotius, who had
intruded himself into the patriarchal see of Constanti-
nople, and the result was a schism between the Greek
and Latin Churches. He died in S67, and was succeeded
by Adrian II.

moliolaa I, (in Montenegrin, Hlk't-tf.) Prince of
Montenegro, (name in full NiKfTA Petrovitck Nib-
doSH or NvEGOoSH,) was bom October 7, 1841. In
i860 be succeeded his uncle Daniio. His reign has
Iwen sienalized by bloody wars with Turkey. The Con-
gress oT Kerlin, a< the end of the Russo-Turkiih war of
1S7&-78, more than doubled the area of his dominions.
Nicholas al that time became an absolute and indepen-
dent monarch. He has done much fur popular educa-
tion, and has the reputation of being no mean poet.

Hloliolaa IL, Popi, (called Gerard of Burgundy,)
succeeded Stephen IX. b 1059. Under his rule a
decree was passed concerning the method of'electing
popes. Nicholas iKstowed upon Robert Guiscard the

from the emperor Rudolph of Germany the confirma-
lion of the Exarchate of Ravenna, and other grants of
territory, said to have been made bv former empeioia.
He died in llSo, and was succeeded by Martin TV.

Hiobolaa IT, Pope, (called JutouE of Ascou,)
succeeded Honorius IV. in iiSS. He wrote a nnmtier
of commentaries on the Scripturea. He died in \tg»,
and was succeeded by Celestine V.

Sh J. Row, (Rdwvi,) ■' VBS Kicolai Pvw IV.," i;6i.

moholaa T. (called Tromas op Sarzana) succeeded
Engenius IV. in 1447. Having persuaded Felix V., who
had been made pope by the Council of BSIe in 1419, to
re^gn in his &voar, he thus restored peace to the West-
em Church. He was a manilicent patron of learning,
and the founder of the Vatican Ubraiy. Died in 1455,
aged about fifty-seven.

asi,- (as/; jAiri/, ^asy; l

K,gtiitural; N, *

mUu. (ir^ee Explwiations, p. 13.)

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

NICHOLAS

MoIioUb [in RqmUii, Nikolai Pavlotttch, ne4o>
tl'e (or ne-ko-ir) plT^o-*jtch] I, Emperor of RuMfi,
bom rt OT near Swnt Peienburg in July, 1796, " "
"~ '' '" her «aa Mary of '

third i<

lOfPanlL His mother 1

.f WHrtem-

long
respecting Turkey, which at length involved
diaaatroui war. In the spring of 1S53 he demanded of

-, .-.e philologist Adelung and the counsellor Storch.
He learned to speak Frencli and German fluently. In
1817 he married a daughter of Frederick William, Kinf
of Prussia, who, on joining the Greek Church, change<
her name to Alexandra. On the death of Alexander I..
In December, 1815, Nicholas succeeded him without op-
position from his elder brother, Constantine, who wa«
notoriously unlit to reign, and who had been induced by
Alexander to renounce his claim to the throne. Hii
tcccMion. however, was the occasion of a dangerous
revtrft among the troop* of the capital, inttigatedby an
extensive conspiracy, or secret society, the deaign of
which was to make a radical change in the goremment
This revolt was not suppressed without mnch blood-
shed, and many nobles implicated in the conapjracy
were exiled to Siberia. This affair (ended to confirm
hi* despotic propensities.

His reign was signalized by a number of important
wars, beginning with one against Persia
followed by a war with Turkey in 1818-19. Both of
these added new territory to the Russian
1830 began a great insurrection of the Poles, which
it look two years to quell. The ambition of Nichol;
next led him to attempt the conquest of Circassi:
which he did not live to complete. In 1S411 he joined
his armies to (hose of Austria 10 aid in the suppressio
of the Hungarian patriots and the triumph of dc'
potism.

Nicholaihad long entertained

. inf
the Sultan the Protectorate oT all the Turkish aul^i
who professed the Greek religion. The Sultan refu
to submit to this demand, and France and England
united (o defend him against the aggressions of Russia.
Hostilities commenced in October, 1S53, but Nicholas
was ill prepared for a war of such magnitude. In the
spring of 1854 the Russian army besieged Silistria witb-
out success. In September the allied E '' " ' " -■
armiea landed in the Crimea, gained
at Alma and Inkeiman, and commenced the long and
bmouB siege of Sevastopol. In Che mean time another
English Beet gained victories In the Baltic, and threat-
ened (be capital of Russia. Nicholas was overtasked by
the labours which his despotic policy imposed an him,
and before the end of the war he died, on the ad of March,
185L He was succeeded by his son, Alexander II.

Xnobolaa n.. Emperor of Russia, the grandson of
Nicholas I. and son of Alexander III., was born at SL
Petersburg, May 18, (363. While heir-apparent to the
throne, besides the numerous complimentary military
honours bestowed upon him by Toreign powers, he held
the positions of commander-in-chief of all (he Cossack
troops,' governor of the Cossacks of the Don and Koo-
ban, colonel of several regiments of guards, and member
of the Council of the Empire. Hs aacended the throni
on the dealh of his father, November i , 1894. Among
the events of his reign were an alliance with France,
a project for international peace and the reduction of
armaments, tbe building of the Siberian Railway, the
war of 1904-05 with Japan, the revolutionary out-
break of 1905, and the granling of a form of repre-
sentation to the people of Russia.

m«li'9-lfs, (HWRY,) a fanatic; bom at Mtlnsler or
Leyden, founded about 1$^ a sect called "The Family
nft^jve." He pretended that be was superior to Chri '

indren, school-boys, captives, merchants, and

tailor*, and of many towiu and countries, waa a ruitive
of Patara, in I^rda, and became Bi^op of Myra. He
died in 340. Afany curioo* legend* illustrate U* benev-
olence and good nature^

IIieh'9-1^, (Wli-SON Cary,) an American officer
and statesman, served in the Revolutionary war,and was;

18 NICHOLSON

elected a Senator from Virginia in 1799. He becatat
Governor of that Sute in 1S14. IMed ID iSkl

Nlohotas DwDMOenna. See DAHAaciNa&

Nloholaa de Cnaa, See CtilA.

Nlcholaa da Lyrm. See Lyra.

Nlobolaa PaiUovltcdi, (or Fftvlorltak) 5m
Nicholas I. op Russia.

Nlcb'fUi, (Frank,) a diadngaished anatooiiat and
physician, bom in London In I699. He married in
1743 a daughter of the celebrated Dr. Head, and on tha
death of Sir Hana Sloan* became physician to George
II. He wrote several able sdenti&c tieatite*, aiMl was
X Fellow of the Royal Sodety. Died in 1779.

Nlch'ola, (EaWAkD Leamington,) educator and
scientist, was born of American parents at Leaming-
ton, England, in 1S54. He studied in European
univei^ilies, was a fellow of Johns Hopkins 1879-S0,
wilh EdisoD at Menlo Park 1S80-81, professor of
physics and astronomy. University of Kansas, 18S3-87,
and of physics at Cornell after 1887. He published
" The Elements of Physics" and other works.

Vich'oll, (IcHABOD,) D.D., an American Unitarian
divine, born at Portsmouth, New Hampshire, in 178A.
He was the author of a treatise " On Natural TheoloKy,"
and " Hour* with (he Evangelists," the latter published
after hi* death. He waa distinguished for hit mathe-
oaatical attainment*, and wat for a time vice-president
of the American Academy of Arts and Sdence*. Died
b 18^9.

Kl«ta'all, [John,) an English UtUnOmr, bom at
Islington in 1744, was a partner of William Bowyer,
the eminent printer. He became in 177S one of tbe
publishers of the "Gentleman's Magazine," and was
Bub*eqaently editor of that journal for many year*. He
pobtisbed, besides other works, the "History and An-
tiquities of Lcicesterahire," (6 vols., lygj-iSil,) and
"Literary Anecdotes of the Eighteenth Century," (8
vol*., i8i»-i5.) Died in i8a6.

Hiobola, QoHK Bowyo,) an archKolo^st, a ton
if the preceding, was born about 1780. He succeeded
hia father in business, and edited several volumes of the
" Illustrations of the literary History of the Ei|;hteenlh
Century," which his father commenced. Died in 1S63.

Nohola or moooln. {Richard,) an English poet,
Mm in London in 1584. He wrote "The Cuckow,"
a poem, (1607,) and published a new edition of " ''^-

" Winter I

Queen EliiaBeth,

Nlali''olBon. (Alexander,) a Scotch writer, bom
in the Isle of Skye in 1817. Among his produc-
tions were many delightful songs both in English and
Gaelic. Died in 1S93.

IIi«li'9l-a9ii, (Alfmd Osborn Pofi,) an American
statesman and journalist, bom in Williamson county,
Tennessee, in 1808, He has been successively editor of
the "Western Mercury," the "Nashville Union," and
.. ..,„ _!■..._ ....!__ « IT, — ij_. njerc^

He

chief justice of Tennessee, and died in 1876.

Nlcholaon, (Edwabd William Byron,) an
English author, bom at St. Helier's, Jersey, in 1849,
librarian of the Bodkian Library, Oxford, alter l88s.
He published " The Christ-Child and Other Poems,"
(1877,) " The Rights of an Animal," (1879,) " The
Pedigree of Jack," (1892,) "The Man wilh Two
Souls," (189S,) etc.

Nl«h'ol-«9ii, (Henry Allkyne,) ILD,, an Engliah
loologist, born at Penrith, September 8, 1844. He waa
educated at the Universities of Gotlingcn and Edinburgh,
held biolc^cal professorships in (he Universitiet of
Toronto, (1871,) Durham, (1874,} Saint Andrew's, (iS^S-)
and Aberdeen, (iSSa.) He published various geologioU
works, a "Manual of Zoology," "Manual of Palzoo-
tology," etc. Died in 1899.

irioholBOn, (Jaubs,) an American naval officer, tioni
at ChesterCown, Maryland, in 1737; died about 180^
Hit brother Samuel attained the rank of c( *

I, &I, a^ il, 7> ''"■,;'; ^ ^ A, saoic, lea* prolonged; i, C, 1, 9, 0, If, ^Affrf ; h f, j, 9, tiiAifrv,' f^, flit, at ; initi o6t; gSCdi K

db,Google

NICHOLSON

r of the frifUe Conatitotiaa.
Lncu in loi !■

in«h'^'«9ii, (John,) 2 Bridih general, bom in Ire-
tand in iSii or iSu. He aerved with distinction in the
war against the Aljghans and in the campaign anintt
the Silihs. In the Sepoy mutiny he commanded a
Bolnmn or division, and took part in (lie capture of
Delhi, dying of wounds received there in 1837.

NlcholBOn, 0OSEFM Shiklds,} a British author,
bom al Wrawley in 1850. In iSSo he became pro-
fessor of political economy at Edinburgh. His wriliags
embrace several works on economy, and three anonymous
romances, "Tholh," " Toiar," and "A Dreamer of
Dreams," (iSSS-^.)

NioholBon, (MRitBDiTH,) novelist, bom at Ctaw-
fbtdsville, Indiana, in 1866. Among his books are " A
Hoofiier Chronicle," '* The House of a Thousand Cau-
dles," " The Main Chance," etc

Nlcbolw)n. (WiixiAH.) See Nicolson.

NichoUoo, (WiLUAM,) an Engliah chemiit and ad<
entific writer, bom in London about 1755. He published,
among other works, a " Dictionary of Chemistry," (j vols,,
1795.) ""''■"Jo'"""'! of Natural Philosophy, ChemJitiy,

4rTi4 l-K* Art*.*' it vnU T^nT-rRnvl Xi\tA in l8l5-

,_.^ e lived mostly

^_, J. " Portraits of Distinguished

Living Characters of Scotland," {1818,) a series of etch-
ings. Died at Edinburgh, August 16. 1S44.

NIoholson, (Will.UuRt;FtK,)D.D., an American

tor in ibe Frotestant Episcopal ChuixJa, in 1874 joined
the Refonaed E)HKiipu Church, and in 1 876 was made
a bish^ in Philadelphia. Died in 1901.

ItldaB, niah'e-as, or HUcl-aa, INwinc,] a celebrated
Athenian general, was the son of Niceratus, who left
him B large fbrtane. His moderate and cautions char-
acter and conservative principlea tdentiGed him with the
ariatocratic party. On the death of Pericles be became
a prominent opponent of Cleon, the democratic leader.
By prudence rather than 1:^ skill, he generally obtained
success in his earlier tnilitary operations against the
Spartans. In 416 B.C. he commanded a successful ex-

pedition against Melos, and in 435 invaded Corinth,
■he army of which he defeated. Cleon, his principal
rival, having died, Niciaa exerted hia influence in £ivoui

of peace, and a Ire^ was made between Athi . _
Sparta in 411 B.a "niis waa called the peace of Nicias.
A long coatest ensued between him and Aldbiadea, iIm
leader of the democracy, who wished to renew the war,
and who prevailed in 415, whea an expedition was sent
against Syracuse, the ally of Sparta, Nicias, Aldbtadea,
and Lamachua were chosen joint commanders ; but the
seoDnd was recalled before the fleet arrived at Syracuse.
In the spring of 414 Nicias blockaded the port of Syra-
cuse, seized the heights of Epipolx, and had nearly en-
closed ibedty 00 the landaideby a wall, when Gylippus,
the Spartan general, arrived. Nicias was disabled by ill
health and wished to resign, but waa compelled 10 retain
the command. The Athenians were defeated in several
actions on land and water,and the timidity or incapacity
of Nidas caused the total loss of his large army. He
was made prisoner, and put to death in 414 or 413 B.C

nioUa. a celebrated Greek painter, born at Athena,
nourished probably between 350 and 300 b.c He waa
% popil of Antidoins, and is also called the most eminent
disciple of Euphranor, According to Pliny, he was em-
ployed by Praxiteles to colour or varnish marble statues,
(m itatuii droaUitundu.) This was probably in hit
TOulh, before he had att^ed celebrity. He painted chiefly
in encaustic, and waa very skilful in representing female
^UTca. He excelled in design and chiaroscuro. His
Baater-piece waa a picture of the infernal regions as
described by Homer, " Necromatitia Homeri,'' which,
•ayi Plutarch, he reliised to sell to Ptolemy of Egypt,
although he was offered the enormous price of sixty
talents. Among his other work* were a " Calypso," a
" Diana," and a " Hyadnthus."

Rlolaa, physidsD to Pyrrhus, King of Epirus, pro-
posed to Fabridus, the Koman general, to poison his
mastar far a Mm of money. His treacliei; MiDg di»
dosed by PahridM, he was put to death.

~~ Vf-rH, [NicovAm',1 an Athenian comic poet,

of the poet Philonidea, and a contemporan
hane*. He flourished about 375 B.C:. Hit

inoo<lAm& See Nicodbhus.
moodemo. See Nicxidkmus.
Nlo-o-da'miw, [Gr. SucUniiot; Fr. NtcoDku^ nC
ko'dim' ; It NlCODIMO, ne-ko-di'mo,] a Phariaee and

ruler of the Jews.

Stt Jobs Ifi, iDil liL S9.

mc-o-da'mna, (Fr. NicootUE, ne^co'dtm',) (Adam
BuRCHABD SeixY,) a Russian monk and hittoiiao,
of Danish oriein. His chief work it "De RoMortua
Hierarchia," (5 vols.) Died in 1746.

NIc'91, (Ehskinb,) a Scotch painter, bom at
Leilh in 1S35. He resided in Ireland for several years
after 1846, and has made thai island the scene of most
of his pictures. He was elected an associate c^ the
Royal Academy in 1S66. Died in 1907.

Nlo'91, (WiixiAM,) a Scottish nataral pUlotojAer,
bom about 1768. He invented the polaniing prism,

the polaniing pnsm,
and kindred subjects.

acele-

, „. iMj. r

early age acquired the friendship ol _. .

Moses Mendelssohn, he published, conjointly w.._

latter, the first four volumes of the "Library of Bellei-
Lettres," (1758.) "The Universal German Library,"
("Aligemeine Deutsche Bibliothek,") in which he wai
assisted by several eminent writers, came out in 179J,
in 106 vols. A continuation of this standard work wai
published in 1805, making in all 163 vols. Among his
other writings may be named a " Description of Berlin
and Potsdam," " Life and Opmions of Sebaldnt No-
thanker," (3 vols., 1773,) a "Tour through Germany and
Switterland," (lavols., 1783,) and " Anecdotes of Fred-
erick rl.," (1788.) The conservative spirit of Nicolai'a
critidama, and his hostility to all innovation* in German
literature, exposed him to the severe strictures of Goethe,
Schiller, and other writers of the time. Died in iSii.

Hloolal, (Eknst Anton,) a German medical wrfter,
born at Sonderahauaen in lyaa. He became proteaaor
at Jena in 175S, and wrote numerous worki. Died
' I tSoa.

Nloolat nelcoire', (J^AH,) a French theolo^, born
at Monia in 1594. He wrote several polemical works
against the lansenitts, and edited Thomas Aquinas,
'663.) Diedin 1673.

Nlcolol, (JouANH,) a German antiquanp, bom at Dm
1665. He wrote numerous works on Jewish, Greek,

id Roman antiquities. Diedin iToSi

NtooUil, (Otto,) a German musician, composer, and
conductor, born at Kbnigsberg, June 9, 1810. He re-
ed his musical education in Berlin and Rome. From
I to 1847 he was flrst kapellmeister of the Court
Opera at Vienna. He produced operas, of which the
best-known are " 11 Templario" (1840) and "The Merry
Wives of Windsor," {i849-t Died March 11, 1849.

HiooUI, a«, dfh ne'koire', (AirroiNi CHBtTitM,)
CuuTK, a French general, bom in i]?ia, commanded ■
corps at Rotsbach, Crefeld, and Minden, (1758.) Ha
became a marshal of France in 1775. Died in 1777.

Nicolws, the French for Nicholas, which see.

Nfoolu, ne'koHl', (Awoostk,) a French writer and
judge, bom at Bordeaux in 1807. His chief work is
" Philosophical Studies on Christianity," I4 vols., 1843-
45.) which obtained great success. Died In 188S.

moolM, (AuousTiN,) a French poet and lioirataif
born at Besan^n in 163s ; died in ifigS-

NlcolM, (Michel,) a learned French writtf and
philosopher, l>nrn at NImes in 1810, was a Prolestanl

t»ki^»n:gharJ:iat/:a,a,it,giMtiraI;H,iiaiiU;t,triiitd;l—t;tiiMiDlhit. i|^*See Eiplanationt, p. 13.^

d by Google

t "TreatiM on fidectidsm," (1840,) and ■ "Utenij
Hiitonr ot Ntmes," (1854.) He wrote many arlidel foi
the "NoaTelle BLographLe «nirai«." Died in i8J
^Itloy-hit, (Sir Nicholas Harris.) ■ diitingaiihed

„ It important worla in

" Notitia Hutorica," or " The ChrotiolOKv of History,'
(1824,) a " Ljfr of Chaucer," and the " History of the
Battle of Agincourt" He was a Fellow of the Society
of Antiquariea. He left unfinished a "History of the
British Navy," (3 vols.) Died in 184S.

moolu, (PiRRRE,) a French mathematidan and Ji
■it, born at Toulooae in 1663. He wrote able worki
on geometry. Died in 170S.

nicolM or Amiens, a French scbolutlc
and writer, lived about itSo-iaoo.

Eflcoln* OF BXlb, a Swisa reformer, bom at BUe.
He joined a sodety called "Friends of God," and was
an eminent witness to the spirituality of true religioi
About 1340 he was instrumental in the conversion c

tahn Tauler. He went to Rome in 1377, and openly n.
uked the pope. He was burned at the stake about 1395.

Sn HoDCSOW, " Rtfannm mhJ Ittnjrm," Pfailadtlphii, it^.

Nftolans. See Nicholas I., Pope.

Nlcolans Damaccenns. See Damascenus.

Nloolana Uyiepaiu. See Mykbpsus.

mo-O-ll'ua Prsepoaitna, (prS-pos'f-tus,) somamed
Salbrnita'wus, a phyBidan of^the twelfth century, was
the founder of a celebrated medical school at Salerno.
His "Antidotarium" has often been confonnded with
the work o( Nicolaus Myrepsus on the same subject.

Nloolay. (John Ceorgb,) an American author,
bom at Essingen, Bavaria, in 1832. He became a
printer, and subsequenlly a journalist in Illinois, was
private secretary to President Lincoln 1860-65, consul
at Paris 1865-69, and marsha] of the United Stales
supreme court 1872-87. He wrote "The Outbreak
of Rebellion," and, with John Hay, wrote " Abraham
Lincoln : A History," (10 vols.,) and edited Lin'
coin's complete works. Died September 26, 1901.

Rloolay, nee^o-lf, (Ludwio Hiikkich,) Baxon, a
German poet, bom at Sirasburg in 1737. He was ap-
pointed, in 1769, preceptor to the grand duke Paul, after-
wards Emperor of Russia, and subsequently became
director of the Academy of Sdencea at Saint Petersburg.
He was made a privy coundllor in iSoi. His woru
consist of elegies, epistles, narrative poems, and fable*.
Died in 183a

S« P. na Cbbckaii. -Au ilnii L«1n da H. I. NicoUf,"

noticed below. He prodaced versions of the Odei of
Hotace, the Elegies of Ovid, and of other classic poems.
Died in 1685.

moole, (FRANgoiS,) a French mathematidan, bom
In Paris in 1G83. He wrote, besides other works, a
"Treatise on the Calculus of Finite DiOerences," (1737.)
Died in 175S.

ffioola, (Pisrrr,) an eminent French theologian and
pUlMOpher, bom at Chartre* In 1635. He was a promi-
nent member of (he institution of Port-Royal, and an
intimate friend of Ainauld.in conjonetion with whom he
wrote the treatise entitled " Perpetuity of the Faith of
the Catholic Church concerning the Bocharisc," (1664.)
His most important work is a collection of treatises called
"Moral Essays and Theological Instructions," (ijvols.,
1671 a tty.) One of these, entitled "On the Means
of Preserving Peace," b styled by Voltaire " a master-
piece of its kind, to which we can find nothing equal in
antiquity." Among his otherprodnctions we may name
Us "Treatise on Human Taitb," (1664.) and "Les
Imacinairet et les Vision naires," (i vols., 1667.) Died
to 1695.

Ntoollnl, nelco-lee'nee, Che assumed luune of Ernkst
Nloolaa, a French vocalist, bom at Tours in 1S34.
Aftei making successful appearances in opera in fhe
principal dlies. he took professional engagements wilh

NloollnL the stage-name of Nicoliko ailmaJdl a
famous Italian singer, born at Naples about 1673. Uii
voice was originally a soprano, but sank to a magnificent
contraltOi. After sinf^ng with great success in (tie prin-
dpal Italian dciea, be went to England in 170S, where
be met with an enthusiastic reception. He is meiiCione<l
in the "Spectator" in Addison's humorous attacks on
the Italian opera, and always with praise, though no mart
did more than Nicolini to foster a taste for (his spedes
of opera among the English. In 1717 he left England

id returned (o Italv, but Is lost sight of after 1716.

ZTioollnl, ne-ko-lee'nee, (GltlSKPra,) an Italian lit-
t/rateur, bom at Bresda in 1788. He wrote a didactic
poem "On the Culture of Cedars," and translated the
tragedy of "Macbeth" into Italian. Died in 1855.

Hto'911, (Henry J.,) a Scottish author, bom at Lunu-
dcn, Aberdeenshire, about 1850. He was educated at
(he Aberdeen UniTersi(y, He published " Great Schol-
ars." (1880,) "Great Orators," (1880,) "Tbomas Car-
lyle," (18S0,) " Great Movements," (1881,) " Lord Byron,"
"Landmarks of English Literature," (iSSt,) etc; He
became a journalist of Aberdeen, and edited several
collections of poetry.

JVlo'fll, (James Craig,) an American artist, born in
New York dty, November 12, 1846. He has made a
spedalty of coast-views, and has been prominent in con
nection wilh the Water -Colour Sodety and the Etching
Club of New York. His best works show high ideal-
istic powers.

Nlooll, fW. Robertson,) a Scotch divine and

ilhor, was bom in Aberdeenshire in 1851, After
several years of ministry in the Free Church, he be-
came editor of the " Expositor" in 18S4, and founded
the " British Weekly" at London in l386. He wrote
iimerous theol<^ad works, was long engaged on

The Victorian Era of English Literature," and was
joint editor of " Literary Anecdotes of the Nineteenth
Century," etc. He founded the " Bookman" in
1891, the " Woman at Home" in 1893, and became
editor of the "Christian Budget" in 1898.

Hloolle, nelcol', (Chahlki Douinique,) a Freneb
acher and educational writer, bom in the department
of Seine-Infi^rieure in I7;8. He was appointed In l8ai
"ctor of (he Academy of Paris. Died tn 1835.

Nioolle, (Gabriel Henri,) brother of the preceding^
was bom in 1767, and became snccessirely assodata
editor of the " Journal Francais," " Courrier Univerael,'*
and " L'Edair.''' Died in 1839.

Nioollat nelcoli', (Joseph Nicolas,) a French as-

llbrarian of the Observaion> of Paris tn 1817. About
:83i he emigrated to the United States. He made a
oentific eipioratlon of the region drained by the Mi*-
>ouri, Arkansas, and Red Rivers. He was afterward*
employed by the government of the United States to
explore (he country «rest of the Mississippi, of which he
produced a good map. He wrote, besides other works,
a treatise on the geoltwy of the valley of the Upper Mii>
sisaipid. Died a( Washington in 1843.

KiooUa, (Richard,) Colonel, an English cAcer,
who in 1664 compelled the Dutch Governor Sttiyvesant
(o surrender New Amsterdam, to which he gave tb«

govt

mooloponio, neTco-lft-pooHo, (Constantine,) a
philologiti, of Greek extraction, bom at Smyrna in 1786.
He became professor of Greek literature at the Atbe>

in Paris, and was a contributor to the "Revw*

SclopMiqoe." Died in 1841.
looloal, neko-to'tee, (Giambattista.) • SidllaD
geographer, boro at PaCemo tn 1610 ; died in i6ki,

nto'^I'iaii, (William,) an English prelate, bom ta
Cumberlancl in 1655, rose through various prefemicnti
to be Archbishop of Cashel, in Ireland. He «m Aa
anthof of three works, entitled " The Englhli F' " " *

I. <. I, B, 0. ^, r<nf^: it. t, &, sam?, less prolonged; t, e, I, S. tt, IF, j<l<>r«; f, f, 1. 9, ««i<wv; fir, fill, fit; mCt; nOti gaCd] ■

wrote about 4110-430 S.C., and mi contemporarj witb
Enripide*. His work* are Imi, except iinal] (racnieiita.

NioonuotiTia, a Greek physklaii (A Macedonia, who
dourished about 400 B.C, waa tbe Euber of Ariitotle,
and waa patronized b; Aayntat II., Kinj; of Macedonia.

Nloomaolliis, a aon of Aristotle, lived about 330
B.C. Little ia known of his life. Hia mother waa a
slave, named tierpyllis. Some critici have aacribed to
him certain ethical treatises which are generally included
among the works of Aristotle.

moomactiua, a Greek malheniatidan,bom at Gerasa,
In Arabia, lived probably between SO and ijo A.D. He
ms a Pythagorean. He wrote several wotki on arilh-
meiic, one of which ia extant, and a life of Pythagotaa,

Greek painter, was a son and pupil of tbe painti
todemus. He flourished about 350-300 B.C. Hia skill
is piaised by Cicero, who classes him with Apelle*.
Among hia works noticed by Pliny were "Apollo and
Diana,^' the " Tyndaridte," and the "Rape of Proser-

Eine." He was renowned for rapidity of execution. His
roiher Amn'iDKS waa alao an eminent painter.
Sa Ciciii^ " BTDtm."
Nfcomaqua. See Nicouachus.
moomida. See NicouEDsa.
Nio-o-ma'dn [Or. HuBiofiK; Fr. NiCQUto^ ne'-

plant, which waa then unknown in France, and which
waa named in hia honour Nicotiana by the botanists.
The honour of [irodudng the first model of a French
dictionary is ascribed to him. It was entitled "Treasure
of the French L.anguage," (1606.) Died in 1600.
Saa V. Huan^ " Diciumnire dt BoBiufiii piuqiia."
Niooters. (GiovAKHi,) Bakon, an Italian stales-
man, bom in Catabtia in iSzS. He look part in
various revolutionary movements, was taken prisoner
in 1857 and sent to tbe galleys for life, but was set
free by tbe revolutionists in 1S60. He commanded
an expedition against Rome in 1S67. In the parlia-
' of the new kingdom of Italy he became an

f the .

eleft. He'

the first Crispi cabinet, was 1
elected to the Chamber in 1S9Z, and died in 1804.

Nicou-ChoTOii.ne'koo'sho'rAN', (^rEFHANoCoviS,)
a French composer, bom in Paris in 1803. Hia worki
are chiefly masses, oratorios, and other kinds of sacred
music Died September 7, tS86.

Ntoquat, neTtJ', (Honohat,) a French Jeanit and
religious writer, born at Avignon in 1585 ; died in 1667,

ViouBBa, de, d& ne-kwi'sl, (Diecu.) a Spanish ad>
venturer, born in 1464, accompanied the expedition tA
Amerigo Vespucd to the Gulf of Uratain 1501.

Nldda, Ton, Ton nid'dl, | Fhiedrich Albkecht
FkANZ Krijg,) a Gerinan poet, bom near Querfarl in
1776. He wrote tate^ ballads, etc Died in 1841.

indar, meder. or Nyder, nee'dfr, (Johannes,) a
German theologian, waa appointed by the Council of
Bile (1531) to laoour for the conversion of the Hussites.

db,Google

JVIEBUHR

la considered the moat original and profoand work
ancient hularfthatanTmodem haaprodoccd. The third
and last volame appeared in 1S31. The author died at
Konn in January, 1831, tearing a ton, Marcus, who held
a high poiilion in the PrtiNian dvil lerrice. Niebuhi
had reftued aereral titleaornabilitj. Hii character wai
eminenllj trathJol, npright, and generoui. He had
Doble featurea, and a graceful &dlit]r of elocution. Hi*

order.* He spoke all the languages or Europe,
master of the Hebrew, Greek, Arabic, and Fonian.
Amon^ his prindpal works aie an edition of the
Bnanbne Historians, (1818,) "Short Historical and
PUlological Treatises," (i8^) "Lectures on Andent
Etluitwraph; and Geography," and " Lectures on An-
cient Histo^." In 1838 appeared an interesting col-
lection of hit Letter^ with memoira of his life, edited
br Madame Hensler, ("Lebensnachrichten liber B. G.
Niebuhr," etc., 3 vob.) His reputation as a historian
continued to increase after his death, though several of
his position* are controverted bj eminent critics. He
rejected as bbulous manj stories which other historians
bad credited, and aimed 10 construct a fabric of rational
probability out of the confused mass of traditions, con-
jectures, and mythical legends. " He would have been
the first writer of his time," says Macaulay, "if his talent
for communicating truths had borne any proportion to
his talent for investigating them." (Prelace to "Lays
of Andent Rome")

S« " The Lile ud Lawn of B. C. Miebuhi. wiih
ChineUr und Inftiener " ■- "^ " '-

"Mnt

ibqilh Rlvifw"

.•h^^h

Htabtilir, (CAasrsNS or Karstems,) a German trav-
eller of distinguished talent and energy, was born at
Ltidingworth, in Hanover, in 1733. He entered the
Danish service as lientenant-engineer in 1760, and was
appointed by Frederick V. in 1761 to accompanya sd-
entific expedition to Arabia. Soon after their arrival at
Mocha, Von Haven, one of the company, died, and within
a year Niebuhr bad the misfbrtane to lose his three re-
maining companion*. He now adopted the diet of the
Arabians, and his health, which had previously suffered,
continued good during the reat of his journey. He spent
six years in the country, taking upon himself all the
labours of the mission, and in 1767 returned to Den-
mark. His "Description of Arabia" came out in 1771.
The accuracy, research, and fieedom from exasgeration
which characterize this production have caused it to be
regarded as a standard work. In 1778 he brought out
"Travels in Arabia and the Surrounding Countries."
In addition to the above, he edited and published
the "Flora Egyptiaco-Arabica," and "Descriptions of
Animals" by Forskfll, the naturalist of the expedition.
Niebuhr was a coundllor of stale, and a member of
the Aademy of Sciences at Paris. Died in 181$.

Nlebnbr, Ton, too neeTiooR, (MARCire,) a son of
Barthold G. Niebuhr, was bom at Rome about iSr?.
He was carefully educated by his fiither, who declared
his determination that he should believe in the letter of

inleltas,

■[lb tntenBllD^ to kncn* Uul hd wbo wai pnTiapi
dwnnwh And fearchinB of ill hiiTorio] criiicti imd whuec
u Im telli ui bimulf. '^ in)j took • •keplial d\wtcaan.- h
■evertbvlen oblind Lo uccpl [he Goipel niTTBtiveK a* m
in all aantial pontL Henri. " He vhuc EanhljIilE an
WW* dmieted nid iin ne a perfeolr reil uiitrncc. ind I
UM1117 had 111* ana reality crd if It wen nol teliled w

aundaa, which, aenrdiH u> mr coDvictiof^ niuil be twa/xAcA, un-
!«■ w* adoM ibt DM BttielT iDCmapreheniiblb but ibiurii, hjinlheaia
■hat tlia Holiait wu a d««Ter and Rii diKiplet eillier dupei or liin,
nd that deoehvi* bad preached a boly nligion, io which acir-miui-
HtiaB ta amrthinci hh in whidi there ia n"^'
AioB Ufa pntsilT nle. — nothing thi

«d aJid 4"'

BHnpBwn with lEgnfbLar the pntendBdmindinaralhcrraliciani.
ID perodva by what adinerent iFflrilther are animated." (Niebuhr'a
" Letun." voL L p. is, LeIIer 14S.)

32 NIEMCEWICZ

the Old and New Testunent, and said, " I shall nurture
in him from his in&ncy a firm &ith in all I have lost or
feel uncertain about" He obtained several high office*
in the Prussian government. He wu opposed to the
Liberal party in politics. Died in l86a

Mieaennayar, nee'der-ml'er, fLovis,) a Swiss com-
poser and musidan, bom in the Canton de Vaud in 1S03.
Among bis works are the opera of " La Fronde," and %
number of songs and religions pieces. Died in 1S61.

NlelianB, (Charles Henry,) sculptor, born at Cin-
dnnati, Ohio, in 1855. Studied in Gndnnati and
Municli, has been awarded gold medals al vsrious exhi-
bitions, and has statues and monuments in many Ameri-

niel, ne-ei', (Aimlph^) a French marshal, bom at
Mnret (Haute-Garonne) in 180a. He served in the
expedition to Rome in 1S48, and became a general of
br^ade in 1849, and general of division in 1853. As
general of enpneera, he directed with success the opera-
tions at the siege of Bomirsund, in iSu- In Hay, 1S55,
he was appointed commander-in-chief of the engineers
and artillery at SebastopoL Me commanded a corp* at
the battles of Magenta and Solferino, Tune, 1859. For
his services at Sotferino he was raised to the rank ol
marshal of Prance. He became minister of war in Feb-
ruary, 1E67, and *howed himself an able administrator.
Died in August, 1869.

maid, neeld, (Jambs,) an English philanthropist, bom
in Cheshire in 1744. He devoted much time to the cause
of prison-reform. Died in 1S14.

Htelaeti, neel'sen, (Alice,) prima donoa, bom at
Nashville, Tennessee, io 1876. She appeared in the
■•Mikado" at Oakland, Califoiuia, in 1893, and has
since sung in grand opera, joining the Metropolitan
Opera Company in 1910.

nlalion, neel'son, (Julia,) an English actress,
was bom at London in 1868. Her first appearance on
the stage whs made in 1888. She loured widely in
Great Britain and the United States, her greatest suc-
cess being as Rosalind in "As Vou Like It." She
married Fred Terry, a well- known actor.

mam, neem, (THiXKKy,)_ a German historian, bore
near Paderbom, became Bishop of Ctmbray in 1396
He wrote the " lives of the Roman Ponti&,''^and oihei
historical works, in Latin. Died about 1417.

memanii, nee'mlin, (Albert,) a German tenor-ainger
bom at Erxleben in 1831. He has won a good repuu-
tton in Germany, but has only once sung outside of his
native countrv, on the occasion of the unsnccessful pro-
duction of "Tannhiuser" in Paris in 1861.

Nlemaim. nee'mln, (AuGUfrCmiiSTiAH Hbinkich,)
a Danish publidst and writer on political economy, bon
at Altona in 1761 ; died in 1S31.

Niemann, nee'mln, (Johann Frikdkich,} a German
physician, bom in Anhall-Dessau in 1764, was the author
of several medicai works. Died in 1S4&

ITlemoewlo, ne-<m-tsi'vitch, (Juuan Uksin,) a
celebrated Polish statesman, historian, and poet, bom
in Lithuania in 1757. Being appointed a dejjoty to the
Constitutional Diet, he had the prmdpal share in drawing
up the "Constitution of the 3d of May," 1791, and about
the same time became one of the editors of a popular
journal called " Gaieta Narodowa." After the t»ttle of
Madejowice, be was made prisoner with Kosdusko and
confined in the fortress of Saint Petersburg, from which
they were released on the accession of Paul, in IT9&
He accompanied Kosdusko to America in 1797, and in
I Soo married Mrs. Livingston Kean. a lady of New York.
He returned to Europe on the entrance of Napoleon
into Poland, and when that country was united with
Russia he was appointed by the emperor Alexander
president of the committee of the constitution, and per-
petual secretary of the senate. A short time previous
■ the fell of Warsaw he visited England, and then went
Paris, where he died in 1841. His prindpal works
: " Historical Songs of Poland," " History of the Reipi
of Sigismund III.," "Memoirs towards the Andent Hw-
tory of Poland," and "John of Tenciyn," a ronancA
He also wrote several dramas, which were *acce*afn^
and made some translations from the English poela.

"Con«

I. «, I, &, ii, ;, lone: l>i i. ^ *"ne. >«*• prolonged; 1, i, I, JS, fi, )P, rl«4/ f, f , i, 9, littmv; Or, fill, At; mCt; nOt; g46di ndtw

,-J:,C00^^lc

N2EMEYER la

Kam«T«i, nee'mi'fr, (Auoun Hulmahn,) ■ Ger
man theologian, born s[ Halle in 17U. He iru ap-
pointed in 1799 director or the chantaUe inttitntioni
leunded \ij A. H. Francke, and became In 1808 chan-
cellor and perpetiial rector of the UniverntT of Halle.
He wrote educational and religioD* irorka b prose and
Tcne. and «rai highly esteemed for hia virtue and team-
ing. Died in iSlS.

memojowvkl, ne-fan.o-roT'skee, (JonPH,) a PoUah
patriot, bom about 1760, was appointed general tA the
palatinate of Posnaoia. He was killed at the battle of
Polotilc. in 1813.

Nlemojowald, (Vincbnt,) born near Kaliack in
1784, distinsuiahed himself bT his leal in the cause of
Fblutd, and held for a time the post of minteier of the
Interior al Warsaw. Died in 1S34.

mepoe, ne-Cps', (Joseph NidntOMt,) a French
chemist and inventor of photography, born at ChUons-
■ur-SaBne in 176;. He served \n the army in IT^I-
9$. Abone 1814 ne began his researches on the action
of light on prepared surfaces. In i83a he obtained
copies of engravings from polished metallic plates cov-
ered with a bituminous varnish. He gave the name of
HSiographit to this art He lotmed a partDeiship with
Daguerre in iSag. It is stated that Niepce was (he
first to lii permanently images tbrmed by the camera.
Died in 1S33.

See " Nounne Kosnphic GtrAnit."

Nlopcede Saint- Victor, ne-tps'dfhs&N'vtk'toR',
{Cla'jde FSlix AaEU) « French chemist and pho-
togiapher, a nephew of the preceding, was bom near
Chilons-sur-Safine in 1805. He entered the army, in
which he gained the rank of captain. Having applied
himself to the task of perfecting the Invention of hit
uncle, he announced in 1S47 to the Academy of Sci-
ences an important discovery of a method of obtaining
images on glass prepared wilh starch or albumen. In
1S54 he was appointed commandant of the Louvre. He
explained his discoveries in numerous memoirs, which
he published collectively under the title of "Photo-
graphic Researches," (1855.) Died in April, 1S70.

S«>"MeiD«r<if Niepcadi Suu-Victot " pnCnd to the woril
■H uiDcd, by H. K. Lacah; "Noonll* K(«nptu* QAata^i'
"Britiih Quanctly Rtvieii" lot Jij j aod Octoln. i(6£.

NlwembvTg nee'rfm-biRg', [LaL NiutuiBiit'ciu^
(JoHANN EusBBius,) a teamed Spanish Jesuit, of Ger-
man extraction, bom at Madrid abont 159a He WM
the author of namerou* lbe<dogica] and miscellaneoo*
works, in Ladn and Spanish ; among the principal of
these is hia " Historia Natar« maxime peregrins,"
(163s,) being an account of the natural history of the
ludie*. Died in 165S.

mothamiiMr, neetOilm'mfr, (Fkikdkich Iu Ma-
nuel,) a German philoaopher, bom at Beilstein, in
Wiirtembera;, in 1766. He wai associated with Fichte
as editor (rt the " Pbilosophisches Journal" at Jena.
Died in 1846.

ITIeto, ne-i'to, (David,) a learned Jewish rabbi, bom
M Venice in 1654 ; died in 173&

meto, ne^'to, (Don Vincsktb,) ■ Spanish general,
born in 1769, fought on the aide of the royalists in the
dvil war of 1810 in Sooth America. Having been made
priMmer by tfie patriot General Balcarca b Upper Peru,
be was shot by his order in 1810.

HiatHohfl. (Fribdrich Wilhblh,) a German
philosopher, bom in Saxony in 1844. He studied al
Bonn and Leipsic, and won distinction by works on
the origin oi tragedy, etc. In 1878 he began a long
series of works in which he developed a revolutionary
philosophy, denouncing all religion and sustaining the
principle oi a pitiless stru{^le lor existence. He be-
came insane and was sent to an asylum in 1895. Died
September ZJ, 1900. His thought as interpreted by the
Prussian militarists is believed to have had tremendous
influence upon the modern Gennan spirit.

RlenholC noi'boC (Johann,) a German traveller, bom
in Weslphilia in 1630, visited China and Batavia, and
pvbHahed in 1666 an account of his jourrtey, (in Dutch.)
which was verv popular at the time and was translated

13 NIGETTI ^^

into Latin and several other langnages. Havine nne
ashore at Madagascar in 1679, ne was loat, killed, or
disappeared mysteriously.

5» HACAiinv, "Tranli Ib ladii, Ctuna," MC

nitttUan^ ne-uhllnt, (WnxEM,) a skilfiit Flemish
painter and engraver, bom in 1J84, studied at Rome.
Among his works are engravings of Italian landscape*.
Died in 1635.

in«apoortne-uh'pGRt,(WiLLZuHiNDRiK,)aDutch
historian and jurist, born about 1670, became professor
of law at Utrecht Died about 1730.

Nlsnport doi dfh ne-uh'pOR', (Charles Fsancdis
Fbrdinand Florknt ANTOist.) VicoirTE, a distin*
guished mathematician, bom in Paris in 1746, was ap-
pointed in 1816 director of the Academy of Brussels
He died in 1827, leaving numerous mathematical works.

Nimiwelandt, ne-tr<Vfh-11nt', or nienlandt, ne-
uhllnt, (Adrian,) a Flemish painter, was a native of
Antwerp. His works are chieSy landscapes and tea-
views. Died in 1 60 1.

Nleniralvtdt; (Jan,) son of the preceding, was boro
11 Antwerp in 1579. He studied painting under Ua
&ther, and produced a number of landscapes ofsuperiot

S«DncAUFS,"^ie>ile<PeiiilniFlamaadi, HdJIuiiId^" Me.

NletiiVDlaudt, Tan dan, vtn dfn ne-u4'eh'lln^
(WiLLEM,) a Flemish artist and dramatic writer, bom at
Antwerp in 15S4, was a son of Adrian, noticed abovfc
He painted ardiitectural pieces of great merit, and
was also a skilful engraver. He was the author of ■
popular tragedy, entitled " Nero," and of other works.
Died in 1635.

Sh DiscAMn, " Via Am PuDUet FiamaHk, HoUiwdai*." (K

NiBuwentj^ ne-uh'ften-tit', (Bernard,) a Duui
writer and mathematician, bom in North Holland in
1654, became burgomaster of Purmerend. He wrot*
treatises against the differential calculus, and a popular
work entitled "The Right Use of the Contemplation «f
the World," (" Het regl Gcbruik der Werellbcschoa-
ingen," 171^) which was translated into several lan-
guages. Died in 1718.

S« NldaoN. "HfmolrK."

NieawBTkarka, d«, dfh ne-uh'Mr-ktR'kth, (AL-
VRSD CuiUKN,) CourB, a Preod) aculptor, of Dnldt
extraction, bom in Paris in iSii. He executed numer-
ous busts and statues, among which are thoae of Des-
cartes and Isabella the Catholic Died in 1893.

mcuwlandi, ne-Uh'lSnt, (Pnrrxa,) a Dutch poet and
savant, bom near Amsterdam in 1764. He displayed it
youth great precocity and aptitude for learning languages
and soencea. He wrote several able sdenti&c treatises,
and poenu of great beauty, one of which it entitled
"Orion." In 1793 he became professor of natural phi-
losophy, astronomy, and mathematics at Leyden. Died
in November, 1794.

5«* P. UiooLL. "Jsu ur Nacedachtnia na P. NiavwIaiHL''
'7W; J. H, TAB SWIKIXB, "LTkrediopP, Niem-lmd." 1795 : C.
L.^aicHTWu.!, "Anoali of iDduiur "d Gniiu," Lonilon, iB«i.

NUanlni^ ne.fil'ne-fla, (Christian,) a German theo-
logian, bom at Lelingen in 1639 ; died in 16S9.

srUUialm. See Hela.

Nifo, nee'fo, (Lat. Ni'PKUS,] (Anosnuo,) an Italian
scholar and pbilotopher, born in Calabria about 1473,
published several Latin treatises and commentaries on
Aristotle. He was patronised by Leo X., and was a
professor at Rome and Naples. Died about 1538.

S« GiNCuaHi. " Hiiu»R Litl^in d'llalit."

Nigel, nl'jfl, ? an ecclesiastic, born in Normandy, be-
came treasurer to Henry I- of England, who subaequently
created him Bishop of Ely. Died in 1169.

KI'^, (Caius Pbscennius,) a Roman commander,
and govemor of Syria. On the death of Fertinax, 193
A.S., be became a competitor (or the empire, with Sep-
timiu* Severus and Clodius Albinus for his rivals. AAer
hia army had been several limes defeated by the former
in Asia Minor, he was made prisoner and put to death
in 194 A.l>.

S« TiLLUioHT, " HiMoin du Espmoia."

K^ettl, ne-jet'tee, (Matteo,) an lulian architect and
sculptor, bom at Florence about 1560; died in t646L

M i; (M /; I liord; ( as/; O, H, icguaurai; N, nasal; B, triiUd; I as >; (h as in Mit. ()9~See Explanations, (h my i

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

NIGHTINGALE

NINUS

mghfla-gS]*, (MUs Floisnoc.) a ladjr celebrated
lor her philanlhro^, the danghter of Willian E. Night-
ingale, or Derbj-shire, England, waj born at Florence
in i8jo. From her diildhood the took a deep interett
in ichemcl of bene»olence, and, after having visited the
hospilals and other similar esublisbments of England,
■he went to Germany, with the view of inspecting the
institution at Kaiseraweith, founded in 1833 by Flidner,
In 1&49 she eiitered Kaiserawertb, in order to qualiftr
herself aa a hospital nurse in the tnuning-school which
forms a part of that establishment The Crimean war
baving tirolien out soon after her return to England,
Ifiai Nigbtingale, accompanied by a number of volun-

2f nurses, set out in 1854 for the East, where, in the
itaiy hospitals at Scutari, they devoted themselves to
the care of the sick and wounded soldiers. In 1856 she
nturned to England, where the queen cotJerred npon her
raiioua distinctions in aclcnowledfp)ent of her eminent
MTTJcei. She published a pamphlet on "The InsiitU'
tion at Kaisers werth," (1850,) "Notes on Hospitals,"
(l859,)"NoteB on Nursing," (i860,) "Observations on
the Sanitary State of the Army in India," (1863,) " Notes
on Lying-in Institurions," (1871,) and "Life or Death in
India, (1874.) A testimonial fund o( £72,000 being
subscribed for ber, she used it to found training-schools
for nurses at St. Thomas's and King's College Hos-
pitals, from which schools some twenty-five thousand
nurses have graduated. Died August 13, 1910.

IT^htliiBaSB, (JosKPH,) an Eiigliah dissenting divine,
burn in Lancashire In 177$. He wrote, among other
works, "A Portraiture of Catholicism," and "English
Topography," Died in 1824.

NiBlif in-gftll. (Sir Miles,) K.C.B., an English officer,
served under Sir William Meadows in India in 1791-92,
kA was subsequently engaged in the continental war.
About tSlo he became a member of Parliament for Suf-
folk. Died in 1839.

irigldliiB. See FiGULua.

NIhiiB, nee'Os, (Bakthold.) a German Catliolic theo>
logian, born in the duchy of Brunswick in 15S9, wrote a
number of controversial treatisea. Died in 1657.

Mike. See Nice.

midtiii, ne-ke-tin' or ne-ke-teen', (Atkanasi(I?s) a
Russian traveller, who viaited Persia and Htiulostan,
■nd wrote an account of those countries, which was dis.
covered and published by Karamnn. Died in 1472.

Sat Oiwtcii, " Einl hluariqu bit li Llntntnre Ruue."

nikolai, nee^o-ll, (Ieaak,) a Dutch painter, Ixirn at
Leyden in 1536. He died in 1619, leaving three aons,
all of whom were artists.

S** DncAKn, "Viudei Peintra FtuniniU. Itollindiii." cU

Nlkolaua, the German for Nickoi-as, which see.

mkoD or Nlcon, neeHcon, a Russian scholar and
theologian, bom near Novogorod in 1605, He was ap-

Eointed Patriarch of Russia in 1653; but he afterwards
>Bt fiivour at court, and was deposed. He rendered
great services to Russian literature by correcting the
Slavonian ecclesiastical works from the Greek originals 1
and he is IwUeved to have compiled the "Russian
Chronicles," published by the Academy of Sciences at
Saint Petersburg, (179a.) Died in 1681.

Sh Ivai. CHmjCHUtii., "Vie du Panivchi Nikon,- 1S17
Apolus, '*Vic du PilriHrche Nikon," iSj^.

Nil, Saint, an ecclesiastic of the fifth century, be-
longed to a noble family of Constvitinople. He was
author of numerous theological works, only a part of
which arc extant

Mllnkantha, a su^atne of Siva, (which see.)

miM. nils, (Hbzuciah,) an American joamalist, and
(bander of the " Register" called Hr his name, which
he edited for twenty-five years at Baltimore, was bom
about 1777; died in 1839.

mias, [John Milton,) an American joamalist and
■talesman, tram at Windsor, Connecticut, in 1787. He
became editor in 1817 of the "Hartford Times." a
Democratic journal, and in 1S40 was appointed post-
master ■eeneial by tSesident Van Buren. He was elected
to the United Suiei Senate in 1841. He wrote the
"Uves of Perry, Lawrence, Pike, and Harrison," "His-

tory ol Soath Anetin and Mefioo," «tc, and othet
works. Died in i8s&

nilu, (Nathaniel,) an American divfaic and Inventor,
bom at South Kingston, Rhode Island, in 1741, was a
member of Congress from Vermont in 1791. Hp was
the aathoT of religions and miscellaneous works, aiMJ
wrote a popalar war-song, called "The American Hero^"
Died in 1818,

NUes, ISahukl,) an American divine, bom at iteaii>-
tree, Massachusetts, fn 1744. He graduated at Prince-
ton College, and subseqnently tiecame minister of Atxng-
ton, Massachusetts. Died in 1814.

mies, (William WooDkUFF,) D.D., an American
bishop, born in Hatley, Lower Canada, May 24, 1833,
graduated at Trinity College, Hartford, in 1857, and al
Berkeley Divinity School in i36t, was ordained a priesl
of the Episcopal Church in 186s, was professor of Latin
in Trinity College, 1E64-70, and in 1870 was consecrated
Bishop of New Hampshire. Died March 31, 1914-

NiaeSa or Neleua, [Ncan-cJ a Greek physician of
uncertain epoch, probably lived beforv 300 B.C. Ha
invented a machine for the reduction of dislocations.

Nilaon, nll'son, (Johann Esaias,) a German paintei
and engraver, born at Augsburg in 1731 ; died in itSS,

miaon, nll'son, or miuoo, (Sven.) an emineni

Swedisii naturalist and physician, l>orn near Landskroni

^87. Among his principal works are his " Swedish

rian treatise "On the Primitive Inhabitants of Northern
Scandinavia," (1838.) Died November 30, 1883.

NlI'sBoii, (Christins,) a Swedish singer, burn near
Wezit), August 3, 1843. She very early gave proof of
vocal talent, and was carefully eilucated at Halmstad,
Stockholm, and Paris. Her appearance as Astrifia-
menti. in "The Magic Flute," in 1865, was marvel-
lously successful, and subsequently she sang with great
success throughout Europe and America. She waa
married in 1873 to Auguste Rouiaud, who died in
1882, and in 1887 she married the Count de Miranda.

Iltna, nee'nl, a Sicilian poetess of the latter part at
the thirteenth century.

Nina, nee'nl, (Lorenio,) an Italian cardinal, bom at
Recanati, May II, 1811, became a doctor of theolc^y at
Rome, was made a priest in 1835, and became an attach^
and adviser in the papal court In 1877 he was created
a cardinal -priest, and was made prefect of the Council by
Leo XIIL, and also prefect of the Coneregation of Ec-

desiastical Immunity.

governments, as with Russia, Ger-
many, and Belgium, and held the office of papal secretary
of stale. Died June 37, 1885.

Nlnde^ nind, (Williau Xaviek,) D.D., a Hettiadisi
bishop, born in Cortlandville, New York, in 183A. He
graduated al Wesleyan University in 185^, and in 1856
became a preacher. In 1873 he was appointed profsssor
ofpraclicallheology in the Biblical Institute at Evanston,
Illinois, and in 1879 became its president In 18S4 be
was elected a bishop.

Nln'1-4^, (Lat Nihia'nus, or Nyn'ias,] Saint, a
British bishop, who converted the Picts living sooth of
the Grampians. He lived probablj in the tourih and
fifth centuries, and is said to have died in Ireland.

Ninoln, ne'nin', (Hensi,) bom at Poix, In Cham-

Cagne, in 1711, was one of the physidans of Louis XV.
le published a translation of the medical works of
Cclsus, (1 vols., 1753.) Died in 1800.

Hifio, nin'yo, (Andres,) a Spanish navigator, bom
about 1475, made a voyage to the Moluccas in 1531.

Nlfio, (Pedro Alonzo,) a Spanish navigator, suj-
named bl Negro, ("the Black,") born in Andalusia in
l^S8, was one of the companions of Columbus in his
third voyage. He afterwards sailed as commander of a
caravel, and made several discoveries on and near tba
South American coast Died about 1505.

Sm Iiviho. " Uff of Coludibui."

NiSo da OneTBta. See Goevara, di.

Ninon. See L'Ehcuk, dl

HI'D - - ■

t.i!.ifl,r./M^;l,i,fi

IS prolonged; i,i,I,5,ii,y.M#r«,'f,f,l,g,0*iiwrr,-far,mi.flli mtl; nAt:|

db, Google

mOBE

flooriibed about 1048 b.c After having conquered the
ncBler put of A«i», he built the dtjr of Nineveh, and U
hit death left hi* kingdom to hit warlike queen Skni-
KAMIS, (which see.)
in'p-b«, [Gr. Nio^q; Fr. NiOBl, ne'o'bi',] a penon'

Se of dauic mythology, said to have been a daughter
TantalDB, (or, according to lome authoritiea, of Pe-
loja,) and Che wife of Amphi'on. She was celebrated
far her numerous and beautiful oflspring, and had seven
tons and leven daughters, or, according to some a^
counts, six of each. The poets relate that she was i
prood of her children that she claimed auperiaritr ovi
lAtona, (Leto.) who had borne only two. Apollo an ..
Diana, (Artemis,) exasperated by bei arrogance, alew
all her children. The sona are said to have £dlen by
the arrows of Apollo, the daughters by those of Diana.
Niobe was changed into a stone by her excessive griefl
Her story was a favourite subject of the ancient poets,
and has been commemorated by an admirable group
of statuary, which is now at Rorence, and which i«
variouslv ascribed to Praxiteles and Scopaa. (See the
"liiad,"^bookixiv.)

Nioti, nt'ix/, (Joseph,) a French revolutionist, borr
at Rochefbrl in 1751, was elected to the National Con-
vention in 1791, and voted for the death of the king.
Died in 1S18.

mphns. See Nifo.

NlMna SeeNibUEE.

TKiaaxA, ne'ita', (Jean Maris NafolAon Dtstut,)
a French critic and liairaittir, bora at Chltillon-sur-
Seiite in 1S06. Me became associate editor of the
"Journal des Djbats" and of "Le National," (1831.)
aitd waB aubeequently appointed master of requests in
the council of state, and professor of Latin eloquence in
the College of France, (1844.) He was elected in iSjo
to 'ibt Fietich Academy, and in 1S51 succeeded M. VO'
lemain in the chair of French eloquence in the Faculty
of Letters. He vrrole a number of works on the his-
tory and crilictsm of literature, the most esteemed of
which is his *' History of French Literature," (1S44-
61.) Died in 1888. His brother, Jban MAa:E,
O809-91,) translated Vii^ and Horace's " Art of
Poetry."

inaard, (Marie Leonard Ckakuo,) brother of tbe
preceding, was bom at Chltillon-sur-Seine in 180S. He
published several original works, and made translations
from Ovid, UaitiiJ, and other Latin classics. Among
his works are "Let Ennemis de Voltaire," {1853,) a
•' History of Popular Books," etc Died in iSSg.

iriBl>«t, (Robert Bkecmam,) artist, bom at Edin-
burgh, Scotland, in 1S57. He became an able land-

', and his worlu are in the coUectioi

many European galleries.

NUOMt. (HUUE,) traveller and author, was bo
at Stirling, Scotland, in 1849. He travelled for ye:
in Australia and New Guinea, was art-master in W
College, Edinburgh, and wrote a number of books
ait, several volumes of poetiy, and numerous lomanr
also "Egypt," "Travels," "A Colonial Tramp,"

Nlaroon, nis'rok, or Sbal'man. an Assyi '
formed like a man, with wings and with an eagie s
head. He seems to have been the god of wedlock
and of human destiny.

NU'ael, (Franz,) an Austrian dramatist, born at
Vienna in 1S31. Of his many plays the most suc-
cessful was " Zauberin am Stein." His style was
grandiose, but his plays possessed much real merit.
A sclectioTi of them was published in 189Z. D. 1893.

mHOlft ne'tcd', (Gdillaitm^) a French botaniat,
bom at Montpellier in 1647. The genu Niatolia was
named in hit honour bv Tournefbrt ENed in 1734.

Ml'stu, [Gr. Nldoc,] in claaaic mythology, a ton of
Pandi'an, and a king of Megara. The poett relato that
H»ara was taken by Minoa throu^ the tTeadtery
cf Scylla, a daughter of Nians, who died becaoae aha
nl OS the purple or golden hair on which hil life da-

MlBTW, a Tr^'an warrior and friend of Eoryalna, camt
to Italy with iVneaa, aitd waa killed in the war agalua

15 NIXON

Tumua. The story of Niana and Euryalus torma the
subject of a beantifal episode of Virgil's " •Eneid,''baok
it, 175-448.

NItnard, ne'tiR', a French historian, bom tn no A.Db,
waslhesonof Angilbert and Bertha, daughter of Charlo-
magne. His prindpal work fs a " History of the INt-
sensions between the Sons of Louis le D^bonualre," (b
Latin.) Died in 853.

S«'*IIlitdralilMnir(da1iFnDai,"T(il.T.

Zn-to'ctla, |Gr. NiTucpi;,] a queen of ancient Egyp^
lived before the time of Herodotus, who says she wat
Che onlyfemaleinalistofthree hundred and thirty mon-
archs which the Egyptian priests showed to him. Sht
was celebrated at a heroine in the legendt of andeu
Egypt.

S« Bunsnc, " Agrpinu StaDa b i

"794-

Nltsaoh, nitsh, (Friedrich Auolist Berthold,) a
German Protestant theologian, born at Bonn, February
19, 1831. In 1S68 he became divinity professor at Gies-
sen. He wrote " The System of Boethius," " Outlinea
of the History of Christian Dogma," (1870 tt uq.,\ etc.

intaaoh or mtsoh, nTtsh, (Grrgoe WiutKLU,) ■
German philologist and antiquary, bom at Wittenben
in 1790, was a son of Karl Ladwig, noticed below. I&
becante profetaor of ancient literature at Kiel in i^, '
and proMMor of archaeology at Leipsic in 185a. He
gained diiiinction by fats speculations on the Homeric
poems. Among his works it " Tbe Epic Poetry of tha
Greeks," (a vols., 1851.) Died in 1861.

Nltaach, (Karl luitAHtiEL,) a German theologian, •
brother of the preceding, was bom at Boma, in Saxony,
in 17S7. He became professor of theology at Bonn in
iSia, and obtained the high office of (^enimatterial-
rath in 184^ In 1S47 he was appointed preachei to
the Univcraity of Berlin. His opinions were libetaL
Died August 11, 186S. His diief works arc a "System
der christllchen Lehre" and " Praktische Theologie."

Ifltuoh, (Karl Ludwig,) a German theolog^ bora
Wittenberg in 1751, wai ^e bther of the precedli^.

e was appointed professor of theology at the UniTer*
tily of Wittenberg about 1790. He wrote, besidea other
wcwks, " On the Salvation of the Worid," (" Ueber dat
Heil der Welt," 1S17.) He favoured a compromise at
reconcilement between orthodoxy and ncionalitm. Died
in 1831.

Sea Horra. "Dnkiul du nmrir« K- L- Nhacfc,~ I«^^

mtaaolt, (Karl Wilhelm.) a German historian, a
ton of Gregor Wilhelm Niczsch, was bom at Zerbat,
December 91, 1818. He graduated at Kiel in 1844, in
1858 was called to be professor there, and in iSu r«-
cetved a professorship at Kiiniesberg. He wrote works
on various periods of Greek, Roman, and German his*
tory. IMed in Berlin, June 20, 18S0.

XRwalla, ne'vCI', (Gabriel Nict>LAS,) a French Jifr
aenlat, bom (n 1687, was the author of " Tbe Cry of tha
Faith," and " The Constitulion Unigenitus tubmitted to
the Universal Church." Died in i^i.

mvalla d« la ChaiMate. See Ciuussti, uk la.

mTarmda, do, d(h ne'via'ni', (Louts Jules Bai^
bon **■""< "' Masarlnl — bla'bAN' mfttf'te'ne' mf*
if re'ne',) Due, a distinguished French Uttlraam' and
diplomatist, born in Pans in 171& He wa* employed
in several important missions, and in 1763 negotiated
the treaty between England and France. He made
translations from the I^tln, English, and Italian, aaid
wrote a number of fables, which are highly eateemad-
u . nicmber of the French Academy- EAed (n

1798.

See SAiHTE-BauVE,** Cautrii

" KkctdD Due da NlTwaiia." (nCndi
1*07; Ar — ■ "- " •" — '- "—

B r" F. n

" £Ui(* dn Dk lit Ninm^" iS^

Mtyara, ne'vaiR', (Guillaume Gabriel.) a Freack
musician and writer on music, bom near Melun in 1617.

mx'pn, (JOHit,) an American general of tho Rero
Intion, bom at Fnunlrijriiam, Maatadiaaeitt, in vjv^
" " ■ leff at tbe battlet of Tloondercga,

■t i; c as /; t harJ; ft as/; O. a, X,gKthtr^; N, natal;

R, IrilUd; t as s; th as InMu. (|^See Explanaliona, p. 3^

Digitized ay CjOOQ IC

Hlu. dl, it nid'zl, (Marco,) an Italian missionary,
ii said (o have fint discorcced (be province of Sonora,
in New Mexico, (1540.)

mstm-Al-Molo-ak. See Nizitu-BL-MooLK.

NlsAni'-ttUMooUc ne-ilni' el md&lk, writtc
if l>Mn-eI-Miilk and Nlaam-al-Monlk or -Molooh,
■ Peraiui itateaman, was grand vizier to the SultanAlp-
Anlln. He waa a distinKuiihed patron of learning, and
founded the College oTBagdid. He wrote a valuable
worli containing precepta for government. Died abont

nlmftm-ool-Moolk or Nizam -nl- Id
-Moolk.) ne-ilm' SSI mS&lk, a eeneral and poUtidail,
born at Uclbi, in Hindostan, aSont 165a He is said
to have been daring, successfiii, and treacherous. He
made himself master of the Deccan. Died in t74&

mzAm-nl-Unlk. See NizXm-sl-Moolk and Ni>

StM-OOL-MOOLK.

NlzameB, niE&ml, or ITlsaml, ne-zl'mee, written
also Nldliaml, (Aboo- Mohammad -Ibn-Tooanf
VhOb mo-him'med ib'n yoyadbf or joo'siif,) a cele-
brated Persian poet of the twelfth century. One of his
principal poenu furnished the aabject of Gotti's drama
of " Turandot," which was ■abseqnently imitated bj
Schiller. DiedinllSo.

ITlsAmL SeeNizJtMBL

ZTlsoUnB. See Nimou.

HlsBoll, nit'so-lee. [L»t Niki'lius,] (Makio,)
Italian scholar, and one of the best Latin writers of hli
time, was bom near MMena in 149E. Hisprindpal
vrorlis are "T^e Ciceronian Treasure," ("Tnesannis
Ciceronianns,") and an essay " On the True Principles
of Philosophising."

HJSrd or H&ia. nySrd, <NJ8T«r,) [etym<
uncertain ; some derive it from nanir, " north,' _
of winds, and the third in order (after Odin) among
the gods of the None mythology. He appears to be -
personification of trade or commerce, and dwells i
Noatun, (no'l-l»n',) or " Ship-town." His wife is name
Skadi, (which see.) He is particularlT worshipped bj
sailors and Gshermen. He is very rich, and can give
wealth in abundance to those who invoke him. He
rules the course of the Wind, stills the ocean, and
quenches fire. He was originally an inhabitant of Vaoa-
heim, but was sent by the Vanir as a hostage to die
MaJT, among whom he it now nnabered.

"Nonhmn Mylholon" toLL; Kmn') "It*.

TSV^b, [Heb. nj; Gr. NOr; Fr. Not, no'il',J "the ton
of Lamech, a patriarch of the tenth generation from
Adam, is supposed to have been bom about 1950 B.C.
He was distinguished for nis integrity and piety in an
age of almost universal corruption. (Genesis vL 9; IL
Peter ii. 5.) He was six hundred years old when the
great Deluge destroyed alt the hunuin race except Noab
and his bmily, who were saved In the Aric (Genesis vii,
*fM., and ix.) and entered into a new and everlasting
Govenant. He died at the age of nine hundred and fifty.

NCah, (MokDECAi Manukl,) an American Journalist
and politician, of Jewish extraction, bom in Philadelphia
b 17S5. He removed to New York, where he vras
successively editor of "The National Advocate," "The
Enquirer," "Evening Star," and "Sunday Times." He
was appointed consul to Morocco in 1813. He pub-
lished "Travels in England, France, Sinin, and the
Barbary States." Died in 1851.

No^lle, Do'SK or no'fy^ (Tacquks BABTHiLiMY,)
a French maj^trate and revolutionist, of the royalist
party, bom at Beaucaire in April, 1758 ; died in iSaS.

ZToalllM, d*, dfh no'tV or no'fy;, (ADkim
Maurice,) Due, an eminent French general and states-
man, born in Paris in 167S, was the eldest ion of Anne
fates, noticed below. He married Franfoisc d'Aubign^,
a niece of Madame de MaintenoiL During the war of
the Spanish succession he served with distinction as
general and diplomatist b Spain from 1705 to 171a.
He was minister of finance from 1715101718- In 1734
he became a marshal of France and eomi=ander-in-cluef
in a war against the Emperor of Gcnnaiiy, He vtots

• dn Due di NoaOlM,"

Died in 1766.

S« Mii.LOT.,"M>Jn»

■Im, "DictioDiuiieHituitiqiHi""II(iaTdli
OawA, " La MiiUD do NdsDIm," 1B41.

KoalllM, da, (Amnk Joucs,) Dire, an able French
general, bom in [650, was the eldest son of the firs<
Duke of Noailles, and fither of the preceding. He
commanded in Catalonia between 1689 and 1605, and
gained several advantages over the Spaniards. He ob>
tain ed the rank of marshid of France in 1693, and beeaaie
Viceroy of Catalonia. Died in 170S.

NoalllaB, de, (Fkan^ois,) a French diplomatist,
brother of Admiral de Noailles, {1504-1562,) was
bom in the depBitmeni of Limousin in 1519. He was
employed by Ilenry II. in missions to London Venice,
and Constantinople. Died in 1585.

IToalllM, da, (JKAH PAtJi. PKAI1901S,) Due, san of
Louis, noticed below, was bom in Paris in 1739. He
served in the last campaigns of the Seven Years' war,
was made a Icnight of the golden fleece, and obtained the
rank of lieutenant-general! He wrote several scientific
treatises, and became a member of the Academy of
Sciences, (1777.) He was the bther-in-law of General
La Fayette. Died in 1814.

Noailles, de, ( Julbs,) Due, a French economist,
bom at Paris in ioz6. He made the study of indus-
risl economy the work of his life, visited England
ind the United States to study their economical condi-
ions, and wrote " De la Decentralisation en Angle-
erre," " Kevenu, Capital, el Travail," "Cent ans de
la Republique aux t:.tats Unis," etc. Died in 1895.

father's death. He distinguished himself ii. ....

campaigns of Flanders and Germany, and obtained llie
rank of marshal In 1775. Died in 1793. When Louis
that xht ferimeri-ghitriaa support the state,
the Due de Noailles replied, " Vet, as the rope support*
' man who is hung."

See VoLTAin; —SiioMia R^na da L.ia« XV,"diip. Ixri.

NoalUao, de^ (Louis Antoini,) a French cardinal,
bom in l6jl, was a son of the first Duke of Noailles,
a brotner of Anne Jules, noticed alxive. He suc-
ceeded Harlay as Archbishop of Paris in 1695, In the
'ersy which broke out soon after between the

_, and the Jansenists, lie endeavoured to act aa

mediator ; but he lost the confidence and incurred the
displeasure of both parties. Having reftised for a long
"nc to accept the papal bull Unigenitns, he gave in his

ibmissionto the pope in 1718. Died in 1739.

NoallleB, da, (Louis Joseph Albxis,) son of Louis
Marie, noticed below, was bom in Paris in 1783. He
lealouB adherent of the Bourbons, and fought
_it Napoleon in the army of the allies in iStj. At
Congress of Vieima he was one of the miniGlers-
plenipotentiary of France, and in 1815 was appointed
sunister of state and a member of the privy counciL
Died in 1835.

NoaillDB, de, {Loini Haub,) Vicohtx, a FVench
statesman, bom In I7;6, waa a son of Marshal de Moti-
chy. As a deputv to the States-General in 17S9, he pro-
posed, on the 4ih of August, the suppression of feudal
rights and other privilege* of the ariatocracj. He mar-
ried the sister of Madame La Fayette. Soon after the
commencement of the reign of terror he emigrated to
the United Sates. Having been sent by Napoleon to
Saint Domingo as general of brigade in 1803, he wu
killed in a naval engsgemenl with the English, in 1804.

Stc BAnj.v. "Mtomlnai" Tumi, "Hiitofj of dH Fnnreh
RcvotutHiB ;" " NotiTslk Biognpfaie G^nlc."

Noalllea. de,(PAUL,) Due; a French UOiraiatr.^xXi
Paris in igc^ He has published a "Histcw* of
Madame de Maintenon and the Principal Events of the
Reign of Louis XIV.," (1348,) and several other worka.
In iS49he succeeded Chlteaubriand as a member of the
French Academy. Died May 30^ 1SS5.

~ - ~ ■ Le Doc de NouUe^" it4a

tFe Coni

I. i. 1. a 0.5. /»«<■.■ i.*. "J. Si

e, less prolonged; i, i, I, $, t, |f , ikart;^, f, i, 9, tbtturt; fir, fill, fit; mtt; n&l; xdbd; ■

NOAILLES 18

NoalllM, d«, (PHtUPPi.) See Mouctnr.

Nobaok, ni/blk, (Fkiedkich Eduakd,) bom at
Crefeld, in German]', in 1S15, publiihed ■ " Systematic
Hanaal of Ihe Science of Commerce." Died ui 1S83.

ITobaok, (Kakl Augutt,) x Gcnoan writer on com-
merce, brother of the preceding, was bom at Kolleda fn
■8ia He publUhMi ■ Ireitise "On Commercial Asm>-
datioDS," {1843,) and other works. Died in 1870.

N(/bel, (Alfrbd,) a Swedish inventor and philan-
thropist, was bom at Stockholm in 1833. He experi-
mented 00 oitfo-glycerine, which was made by his
father, and discovered the art of making dynamite-
He also invented blasting powder and several kinds
of smokeless powder. He became very wealthy, leaving
a fortune of over $10,000,000 at his death in 1S96.
B; his will the income of most of this was to be used
for annual prices to those who should make the most
important discoveries in physics, chemistry, and physi-
ology, produce Ihe best lileiature, and do the most
service in the interests of peace and humanity.

Hobal, no^l, written «Uo nobla, (Constantin,)
H Dntch navigator, bom about 1616, obtained a high
rank in the service of the Dntch East India Companjp.
Died alter 1674. Van Hoom and Nobel went on a mk-
voa to Peking in 1665.

Nobili, no'be-lec, (LlOPOLOO,) an Italian phjtidtl
and electridan, born in 17S4; died in 1834.

Sh V. Ammni, "Blc^ iiariM ikl fmbrnan L. Holiil^'*

■Toblll, de*, di no^-lee, [Lat. dk NoBH-'isoa,!
(ROBBKTO,] a celebrated Italiao Jesuit and missionary,
born at Monte- Poldano m 1577, wa* a nephew of Car-
dinal Bellannma He resided manr years in Soulhem
India, where he converted great numbers to Christianity.
He wrote several religioui treatiaes in di&erent Indian
dialects. Died in l6j&

Su JoimHCT, " Hatdn im ituwUmf Fauci, " Hadiie de
Ou^nilc R. it- NobDi," ele., iSji

NoblllboB, d«. See Nobilt, ds'.

Noble, no'bl, (Mark,) an Enslish divine and writer,
became rector of Barming, in Kent He published
"Uemoira of the House of Medid," (1797,) " Lives of
the English Regiddes," I179E,) and other works. He
was a Fellow of Ihe Socie^ of Antiquaries, and a coo-
tributor to the " Archasologia." Died in 1^7.

Noble, (MATTinw,) an English acniptor, bom about
1820. Among hit works are a colossal statue of the
Dnke of Wellington at Manchester, and a statue of
Lord Canning. Died June 33, 1876.

Noble, (Samuil,) an Enclish theolwian and engraver,
bom in London in 1779. He practised engraving in his
early life, and became « Swedenborgian minister about
183a He published, besides otber worlts, "Plenary
Impiration of the Scriptiire*," and a volume of Ser-
mons, I1S4&) Died in 1S53.

Hable; lie. See Ls NoBUt

NoblenrlII«. See Aknault di Nosuviu.k.

Hoblot, no'blo', (Charlss,) a French geograplter,
bom in Borgondy in 1668 ; died in 174a.

Hobniiaiga, no-boo-nl'gl, (Ota,) a Japanese noble-
man, born in 1533. He inherited great wealth, and
deposed the line of shoguns who then usurped the im-
perial power. He persecuted the Booddbists and
slaughtered their priests, and also ^voured the Jesuits.
Died l^ suidde in 158a.

Nooret, no'ksl', (Jkan,) « French painter and en-
graver, bom at Nancy in i6ia ; died in 1671.

Sec Dnxmni, "LePeintn-Gnmir ?nnciuM."

Nodal 4e, di no-dSl', (Gon£AI.o and BARTouiHi
Gakcia,) Spanish navigators, bom in Galida, were
fcntlms. They coronunded two ships sent by the King
of Spain in 1618 to explore and fortify Le Maire Strait,
near Cape Horn. They discovered a group of small
islands m latitude 56^40', which thev called "Di^o
Rami[ez,"and which was Ihe most southern land marked
on maps for a centtuy or more.

Sh Da Baonai, "Uisteir* im KstlpiieM au Tvia m»-

Nodl«T, ne/Af^', (Charus,) a celebrated Frendi

NOEL

.._ bora at Besanfon in 1^83. Hestudiedin

the Central School of hi* native aty, and soon alter
repaired to Paris, where he published his " Painter of
SalUburB," (1803.) and "The Exiles," romances in the
style of Werther. About this time he also wrote a
satirical poem entitled "La Napol*one," for which he
was subjected (o a short banishment Having spent
several years in Switzerland and lUyria, he returned ta
Paris, whera he became assodate editor of the " loumal
des DJbats," and subsequently took charge of " La Quo-
tidienne." On the accession of Louis XVIIL No<!ier
obtained a title of nobility and the cross of the legion
<d honour. He was appointed in 1814 librarian of
the An^al, in Paris. His works are numerous and
OB Tariotu subjects, induding many compositions of a
brilliant and original charaaer. Among these may be
named his "Entomological Bibliography," (l3oi,) "Dic-
tionary of French Onomatopceia," etc, ("Dictionnaire
raisonnj des Onomatop^es Franfaises," tSoS,) an etymo-
logical treatise of great merit, and the romances of
"Jean Sbogar," (1818,) "Th^rise Aubert," (1819,) and
"Picturesque and Romantic Travels in Andent France,"
(182a) He was also a contributor to the " Biogiaphie
Universelle." Nodier had been elected to the French
Academy about 1833. He died In 1S44, leaving a volume
of "Souvenirs," in which he professes to narrate the
events of his early life ; but they are said to be mixed
with fiction.

de Nodieri" SAiitTa-Bstrva, "PonitfB
. ni » Homme da Rien,"
■f" " NoBnlb BiooKilii*

■■■ NoDir- ■■"-

xUntnirt;''

Nodot, no'do', (Fkanc*)!^) > French UtUrattia; who
lived about i6So-i7oa

NoA, the French for NOAH, wbkb see.

Vai, de, df h no'l', (AmAdAk,) Count, {better known
under his assumed name of "ChBtn," the French spell-
ing for Hun, one of the sons of Noah,) a French c ~'
caturist, bom at Paris, Jan

espcdally to the " Charivat
most popular of French co
Paris, September 6, 1879.

N08I, no'lK, (Alixis Nicoui,) a French Xuiiatxpt-
painter and designer, bom near Pari* in 1791, was s
pupil of David. He published in 1818 a "rictaresqne
Tour in France and Germany."

No*?!. (Rev. Baptist Wbiotimslbv,) an eminent
Ei^lish dissenting minister, a brother of the Eari of
Gainsborough, was bom in 1799. He waa in his vonth
a minister of the Anglican Chnrch, which he left and
jcnned the Baptists about 1S49. ^^ became popular a*
■ preacher and a* a writer and a prominent pronwter of
benevolent enterprises and liberal movements. Among
his works are "Christian Missions to Heathen Nations,"
an "Essay on Christian Baptism," (1849,) and "Letters
oo the Church of Rome." Died January 19, 1873.

Sea th«"BridtliQq»rtaly Review" Sir Febraiy, ilw.

Hoffi, noil', (FftAN^is,) a Flemish Jesuit, turn in
Hainault in 1651, spent many years as a miasionary in
Chma. He vrrote several theological and sdentific
worlts, in Xatin. Died in 1719.

Nolo, ( Fkancois Jkan Baftisti,) a French antiquary,
bom at Nancy in 1783; died in 1856.

Noa, (F»ANi;ois JosiPH Michel,) a French liol-
rattur and diplomatist, bom at Saint-Germain -en-Laye
5. He published a " Mythological Dictionary,"
801-33,) " I-essoni in Literature and Morals,"
S04,) several valuable dictionaries, and nume-
rous other compilations. His" French Gratniaar"(i833)
passed through forty-six editions. He became minister-

Elenipolentiary to Venice in 1 793, minister to the Huue
I 1795, inspector-general of poolic inalniction Id ■&»,

Noel, (Thouas,) an &iglish poet of the nineteenth
entuty. In 1S41 he puuished a volume of poema.

century. In 1S41 he published a volume ol poema.
which induded the well-known " Pauper's Drive," fre-
quently attributed to Hood.

sssi; fas/; Z^ard; ^taj; a,n,K,giittiirQi; tt.iutal; t,tr[Uei/; I

I,- th as in Ms. <|^*See Explanationa, p. 33.

db,Google

NOEL

HoU da la Uorinlerc- no'CI' d«h 11 moie'iie-
(Simon BakthAi euv Joseph,) a French Tia[uralkt,boTn
mt Dieppe in 1765, published, imong other vorks, a
"General History of Andem »nd Modern Fisheries,"
(1815,) which was truwUted into Russian and German.
He was a member of the Imperial Academj' of Saint
Petersljura. Died at Dronlheim, Norway, in igji.

Noia dM VoTBers, no'!!' A\ vtii'thi', (Joskfh
Makin Adolphe,) a French Orientalist and antiquary,
born in Paris in 1805. He made a translation of Abool-
feda't "life of Monammed," (1S37,) and contributed
numeioos artic1ei> to the "Nouvelle Revue Ennclop^-
diqne," "Alhen«um Francis," and "Nouvelle Bio-
gruhie Ginirale," Died al Nice, January s 1867.

If oeltinB. See NOltinc

Hoet See Noetus.

ITo-e'tus, [Fr. NoBT, no'^',} a schismatic among the
early Christians, flourished abuut 340 a.ix, and is sup-
posed to have been a native of Ephesus. lie opposed
the doctrine of the Trinity, and his views were afterwards
promulgated by Sabellius, one of hia disciples.

Sst Fuuai, " Kiitoira ectUnuIique."

ITogM'et, no'gfri', (FitANgois FtLix,) a French
lUUraUur, bom at Versailles in 174O. He was Che
authorofpoems, tales,dramas,andprosccsaayS. Among
his worka are an essay on natural history, entitled
"L'Apologie de mon GoQC," (1771,) which was

mended by Voltaire, a translation or imitation of Arls-
Uenctus, (" L'Aristinile Fransais," 1780,) and "Tales
In Verse," (5th edidon, iSto.) Died in 1S31.

S« " NnuTcllc Bisanphie G^D^nlc"

Sogazt/t, (HeKki.) See CaNDaLB, (HinRI.)

Nogaiet, de, dfh no'gfrl', (GuiLLAt;ui,) a French
•tatesman, born about 1360, became chancellor under
Philippe te Bel. Died in 1313.

Hogare^ da, (Jacques Rambl,) a French ttatesman,
born at Carcassonne in 1760. As a member of the Na-
tional Convention, he voted for the death of the king.
He aflerwwds entered the Council of Five Hundred,
and was minister of finance under the Directory from
February, 1796, to July, 1799. Died in 1819.

ITogatet, de,(tEAN Louis.) See Epeknon, de.

Nogarl, no-gl'ree, (Giuseppe,) an Italian painter,
bom at Venice m 1699 ; died in 1763.

ITogail, (Paride,) an Italian freaco-painter, bom at
Rome about 1535 ; djcd about 160a.

S« Lahii, " HiitoiT of FiiniinE in IbIj."

HogaTola, no-gl-ro^i, (Isotta,) an Italian lady, cele-
brated for her talents and learning, born at Verona about
■430 ; died in 1466.

SteGiHCVUl. "Uiiuirc Lill^nin d' Italia."

HogarolB, {LuiGl,) an Italian scholar and theologian,
bom at Verona about 1509. He translated several
Greek works into Latin. He took a prominent pari at
the Council of Trent. Died in 1559.

NBgsetath, nijr'g^h-rll', (Jakob,) a German geolo-
jist, was born at Bonn, October 10, 1788, and in 1814
became proFessor in the university of his native town. He
wrote various books on geology, orography, agriculture,
etc Died in 1877.

NoEbenk no^'rl, (GtAMBATnsTA.) an Italian lOH-
nOtur and Jeinit, bom In the ValtelUna in 1719. He
published, besides other works, translations of the ora-
tion* of Demosthenes, (1753) Died in 17S4.

No'gl,(MARESUKE,) Count, a Japanese general, bom
in Cboshu in 1S49. He took part in the Satsuma rebel-
lion, BitMked Port Arthur in the war with China, and
captured this stronghold in the war with Russia, also took
part in the battle i^ Mukden. He was made a baron In
1895 and a count in 1906, and on September 13, 1913,
during the obsequies of the Emperor Mutsuhito, com-
mitted suicide with his nife, true to the traditions of his
Samuri ancestry. |

nognex, no'gi', (PiEBBK.) a French phyaidan and
medical writer, bom at Sauveterre about 1685.

NSliden or Noehden, nb'd?n, (Gkohg Hiikrich,)
a German scholar and writer, born al Giittingen in 1770,
published a " German -and -English -Gram mar," {lico.)
and a "German-and- English -Dictionary," (1814,) alto
several antiquarian treatises. Died in 183&

18 NOLLEKENS

Mobl, nol, (Carl Frjedrich Luuwig,) a German
musician iind writer on musical subjects, bom at Iser-
lohn, in Westphalia, December ;, 1831. He has written
valuable works on Moiart and Beethoven.

Hointel, da, dfh nwiti'ttl', (Charles TtMKgXk
Olier — o1e-l',) Marquis, a French diplomatist in tbe
reign of Louis XIV^ was sent as amba^ador to Turkin
in 167a, He negotiated a treaty favourable to French
commerce in 1673, He owes bU celebrity chieflr to tba
medals, mscriptions, and specimen* of andent art wUci
he collected in the Levant. Died in 16S5.

SaelfAvnBn. "lUMiiM."

NolnTillo, de, dfh nwlir'vil', (Jacques Beknakd
DuRev,) a French historian, bom at Dijon in 168a. H*
wrote, besides other works, a " History of the Opera Id
France," (17S3-) Died in 176S,

NolT, Is, Ich nwlR, (Jean,) a French Jansenin prie«
and writer, bom at Alenfoo in 1633 ; died in 1691.

Noir6, nwi'tji', (LUDWIG,) a German monistic phi-
losopher, born at AUey, March 36, 1829. He studied al
Giessen, and became a teacher in the gymnaainm at
Menu. He published "The World as a Development
of the Spirit," (1874,) "The Monistic Idea," (1875,)
"The Ongin of Speech," (1877.) and other works on
philoauphy and kindred studies. Died March A, 1SS9.

HolTO^ nwl'ro', (Joseph Mathias,) AbbI, a French
philosopher, bom it Latrecey (I-faute-Marne) in 1793.
He was professor of philosophy at Lyons many years, and
his"Lectures"n'eie published in 1851. Diedjan.34, 18S0.

IToieetta, nwi'itt', (Louis Claude,) a French hard
culturist, bom near Paris in 1771, published leveral
valuable works on pomology, floricnltarc, and similar
■ubjecls. Died in 1S49.

Nola, da, dtnoll, (Giovanni HARUANo,)an Italian
iculptor and architect, bora near Naples, lived aluul
iSoo-sa

Nol^ (Michael,) an Irish Uwver, was Ae antboc
of "Reports of Cases relating to the Duty and OfBca

' a Justice of the Peace," and other practical law

eatises. Died in iSsy.

NoUaque. See Piteb Nolasque.

Holde, nol'dfh, (Adolfh Fbiedrich,) a German
physidan, bom at Neustrelitz in 1764, became prolesaor
of medidne at Halle in t8ia He published aeveral
medical worka. Died in 1813.

NdldekB,nol'dth-kth,(THEODaR.)aGermanacbolat,
burn at Haiburg, March 2, 1S36. He graduated at the
Goltingen University in 1861, was a professor of Arabic
at Kiel, 1864-72, and then took a similar chair at Straj-

(1863,) "Neo-Syrian Grammar," (i86g,) "Mandate
Grammar," (1S75,) and works on Old Testament crili-
cism, (1S6S, 1869,) on the Moabite Stone, (1S70,) etc.

HoldioB, nol'de-Aa, fCBBJBnAN.) a Danish dlvitk*
and biblical writer, bom m Scania in i6a6 ) died in 1683.

Noli, da, dl nt/lee, (Antokio,) sometimei called
Uso Di Hare, (00**0 de ml'Hi,) a Genoese navigator in
the service of Evince Henry of Portugal, made a vonge
to the western coast of Africa, where he discoveretl the
Cape Vetd Islands. Having joined the fleet of Cada-
mosto, they pursued their discoveries together. N<^
also accompanied Cadamosto in his second voyage, in
1456-

Sk Baroh Hiniaourr, " Hiildrt di !• Otocnclua da wantrn
Ccoiincm i' WALCKHAia, " HiMoin |<njnl* du Vofiio."

Nolln, noIlN', (Dbhis,) a French tnblical critic, boni
in Paris in 1648 ; died in 171O.

NoUn, (Jean Baftiste,) a French engraver, bom in
Paris in \bt,^ ; died in 1735.

NoI1«-k(iu, (Joseph,) a celebrated English sculptor,
bom in London in 1737, was a son of Joseph Frandti
nuticed betuw. In I7to he visited Rome, where he re-
sided many years and executed several works of great
merit Among these were busts of Garrick and Steme,

1771. He devoted himself chiefly to making portrait-
busts, and waE extensively patronized by the nolMlity and
the fashionable world. Hi* monument to Mn. Howard,

i,«,I,6,D,J./™^;i,e,

e, less prolonged: i, !, 1, 6, ii, T> jAtfft; f, f, t, 0, «fa(iinr; Or, fill, Ot; mtt: aBt: cHdi mOte)

NOLLEKENS

^ a nMitci-piecea. NoUeken* was noted (or his
parsimony, and unuaed ■ large fortune. Died in 1833.

Sh J. T. Shitk, " NoUeLdh ud hli Tima," igjg ; Coinnini-
■AU, \lft± of PainUr^ Scolpun," eic

NolleksQS, noI1;h-kf ns, (Jossph Fkancis,} a Flem-
ish landscape-painter, bom at Antwerp about l6go, set-
tled in London, where he died in 1748.

Nollet, noli', (DoMiNICK,) a Flemish painter, bom
at Bruges in 1640 ; died in 173&

S«DsscAHn,"Via<la Prinirc FluMndiL"

Hollet noil', (Jkah Ahtoinb,) AbbI, an eminent
French philosophei, bom at Fimprj, in tlie diocese of
Noyon, in 1700. On leaving college he went to Fans,
where he studied natural philosoplif and Co-operated
with M. Dufaj in electrical eiperimenta. In 1739 he
was elected to the Academy of Sctetices, and repeated
bis experiments befoce the Duke of Savoy in Turin.
H* published in 1713 the first part of bis " Lectures on
Ezperimeutal Physics," ("Lefons de Physique eip^ri-
mentale,") the clearest and most methodical woik that
had appealed on that subject. In this he gave the first
popular explanation of Newton's discoveries in light
He obtained by the favour of the king the chair of ex-
perimental philosophy in the College of Navarre in 1756,
and a brevet of master of philosophy and natural history
to the princes-royal. He published " Researches on the
C«u«e» of Electric Phenomena, '*(i749,) and an"Esaay
on the Electricity of Bodies," (1750.) Died in 1770.

S«"NfcndDgc dn H«ninu cdtbrct cbt Fnna;" "NouTcllf
Biofnphii Gbiitiit."

Holpo, nal'pfh, (Piimt,) a Dutch engraver, bom at
the Hague in 1601. Among his master-pieces i* thu
"Adoration of the Magi," after Rubeiks.

Sec Bauh. " Dicliaiuiuic du GiavEun."

Koltan, nol't^n, (Lit. Nolte'nius,) (Johank Ar-
IIOLC^) a German theologian, bom in Westphalia in 1683 ;
died in 1740.

HoUen or Nolte^ uol'tfh, (Joman.n Fkieurick.) a
German philologist, bom at Eimbeck in 1694. He pub-
G^ied " Lexicon Latins Lingue Anlibarbarum," (1740.)
Died in 1754.

Nolten, (Rudolph Adgust,) a brother of the pre-
ceding, born in 1 703, published " On the Genuine Sources
of Rossian History," (" De gentiinis Historite Russioe
Fontibus," 1739,) and other works. Died in 1752.

Scfl BALLBHiTAm', "Vita Nolienii," 17 j^

NoltenloB. See Nolttn.

RSltliig or Noeltias, niU'ting, (Johann Hbinkich
VwckMz.) ■ dislinguiriied sdiolar and philosopher, bom
at Schwarzenbek, in Denmark, in 1735. He became
professor of philosophy and eloquence at Hamburg.
[Med in iBo6l

ntnainoi, no-min'o4', written also NomMioi, an
Araiorican chiefs who became King of Bretagne, was
bom about 790 or 800 a.el He was created Duke of
Iho Bretons by the emperor Louis 1e D^bonnaire in IJa6
t-D. Alter the dealli of Lonis, (840,) he raised the
•tandaid of independence, and defeated Charles the
Bald, who led an army to reduce him to snbiectioiL
Died in 851.

Sh A. BB CovasoK "Hbtciin du Peupla BrelDM," iM;
" Noovdh Biofnvhi* dfatnla."

Jfomaa, nomi, (Jan,) a Dutch poet and dramatist,
bom at Amsterdam in 173S. He was the author of an
epic poem on William I., Prince of Orange, (1779,) and
tragMlies entitled " Maria van Lalain," " ZoniBSter," and
"Docheu de Coralii." The first of '
len papular. Died in iScn.

S« Da VaiiH, " Uktnn da & P

■MiltM. See NuDn,

Ro'iiI-IU, (Hakcxluis,) a Roman grammarian of the
ftwrth cent>u7> wrote a work entitled "De Propiietate
Sermoni*,'* which is valued lor the passages it coutaini
from I^tin writers not extant
See NoNNlJS.
I; nt/not*, (Claudx FiANgot)^) a FTendi
Jesuit, bom at Besan^n in 1711, published, betides
Mlier books of little merit, a work entitled " Errois of
Voltaire," (a vols., 1763,) which elicited several bitter
rajcnnden from that writer. Died in 1793.

ig NOORT

Honnotts, (Donat,) a French painter, brother of
Ihepreceding, born at Besan^n in 1707; died in ijSc

non'DUS or IVoiuum, [hnvoc,] a Greek poet, who
lived abont 410 A.I>., was analive of Panopulis, in Egypt,
and probably a Christian. His only extant works are
a " Paraphrase of Saint John," and a long poem en-
titled " Dionysiaca," or the History of Bacchus. It is
bombastic in style, and is chiefly valued (or the Infor-
mation it contains on mythological subjects not to be
found elsewhere.

" """ " de Koono," 1810; S. UwA»

I, Fanopolifc

■'De NoDiwliiu-

NonntiB or No'riiw, (Theophanes,) a Greek phy-
sician of the tenth century, was the author of a com-
pendium of Medicine, ( " Compendium totius Artis
Medicie,") which he dedicated to the emperor Con-
stant ine Porphyrogeniius.

S« FuiHD, "BiatDrr of Ph:nk:" Hallb. "BibllsttMi
Medial." elc

Hood^ ndt, (Gekaikt,) one of the moat eminent
jurists of his time, was born at Nymwegen in 1647. He
became snccessivelyprofessot of law at Franeker, (1679,1
Utrecht, (1684,) and Uydeu. (1686.) He was also rector
of the University of Leyden. Among his prindpal
works, which are written in elegant Latin, we may name
his " Protiabilia Juris Civilis," (1674-79,) ''"l "^" ^'^
Rights of Sovereign Power," ("De Jure Summi Im-
perii," etc, 1707.) Died in 17ZJ.

SmBaiuvbac, "Hiii()ncaViiBAuaariaNanuia,"[)nAadln
Ibc coUacled ■otlu of Nujdl, i73I-

Hooma, noms, (Remi,) a Dutch marine painter and
engraver, suinamed Zeeman, (" Seaman,") bum at Am-
sterdam in 1612 ; died about 1673.

Noor-ed-Deen, Noor-Bddro, Noureddln, or
Nnreddln, noor-ld-deen', ("Light of the Faith,")
(BCahmood- (Mahmoud- or Motmi&d-) Ualek-«I-
Adel, mlH'miRtd' mil'ik-al-a'de1,*) a celebrated Sullan
of Syria and Egypt, was born a1 ~

of the dissens . . ..„ ^

tablish his power in that country, where he appointed
his general Sbirakoh governor in 1168. The most im-
portant event in the subsequent part of Noor-ed-Deen's
reign was the extirpation of the Sheeah heresy in Egypt.
Noor-ed-Deen was one of the moat able and virtuous
of Oriental rulers, and bis piety and integrity made him
' " toe surname of

the idol of his subjects, who gave him u
" Light of the Faith." Died in 1173.

Set MicHAUD. "HiKoJre del Cninda;" CnLLAUn naTvit,
" HulDJre del Crinadn."

MooT-od-Daen, Nomaddin, or Noraddln, (M»-
l«k-aI-MaiuoDr, mlt'lk-at-mln'stf&a',) second Soltan
of the dynasty ofTartar Mamelnkes in Egypt, succeeded
his father Ibek in 1157. He was deposed at the end of
two years, on account of his youth and inexperience, and
the Emir Kotui rnled in his stead.

Noor-eddin, Novr-eddln, or NtiraddJn, (Aralan
Bbah,arB-lin'shih,) Prince of Mesopotamia, was grand-
nephew of the celebrated Noor-ed-Deen, and ascended
the throne in 1193. He governed «i^ wisdom and
ability, and recovered mncb of the power of which his
family had been deprived. Died in laio.

Moort van, vin noKt, sometimes written Oort,
(Adah,) a skilful Flemish painter, bom at Antwerp in
■557, was a son of Lambert, noticed below. He was a
good colorisL His habit* were intemperate. He wat
Ihe master of Rubens, who expressed a high opinion o(
his talents. Died in 1641.

See WnraaMAH, " D* ScliildakiiaM der Nadcriuidaa."

Nooit, wan, (Lambut.) a Flemish painter and
architect, bom at Amersfoort In I5*a He settled at
Antwerp, and was admitted into the Academy of Aut-

Noo

"S47-

• Milek-el-Adel »Eiii«e( " tha Notjt Kh>(."

**mlt: fas/; ^kard: gas/: 1

■n,ji,piHurai: v,natal: ft-trSltd: lass; thasinf4u. (|^^Se« Explanationa. p. 13 )

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

NOOSHRVTTEE i8

Ad account of hii vojvge, publilbed in 1601, ms trans-
Uted into sereral [anguiget. Died after 161 1.

S« " Kamdi Kacn(iliia Gfolnle."

NooshrattM, or NnaraU, nooih'riit'tee, a Brahman

Kt, who lived at the court of Alee Sbab at Bijapoor.
wrote the " Ro»e-G»rden of Lore," (in Urdu, " Gul-
■ban i Uhq,*^ a romance, and a ver]' long poem called

Noot; van, Ttn oSt, (Hendkik Nucouas,) leader
of the Belciaii rerolatioa of 1788, was bom at Brussels
In 1750. The revolt against the Emperor of Austria
being snppressed in 1700, he was compelled to leave
the country. Died in 1&27.

So t>awB, " Hiuoin dt la Belpqoa."

Moovralree 01 ITouw^lil, nitS-wI'ree, written also
Vomdrl and HuwaTrl, an eminent Arabian historian
and scholar, bom in Egypt about 1183. He was the
author of a valaable work on history, chronology, moral
philosophy, and natural science.

S«« Haji-I^iuua, " BLbbofi^ibic Liokcb"

NoTbaig. See Noroberg.

VoTberg, noK'bCRC, (Matthias,] a Swedish Oikn-
talUI, born in 1747, became professor of the Oriental
languages at LuntL He wrote a treatise ** On the Re-
ligion and Language of the Sabseana," (1780,) in Latin,
and other learned works. Died in 1836.

Sm LiniFsu, " UemcrtH M. Norbm." iSji: \.moamM, "Me
Boria M. Norbtri." .Sji.

IVorb«rt, Pftu. See Fakisot, (Pikrre.)
WorT>flrt, [Fr. pron. noBTjaiR',! Saint, a Frendi
eccleaiastic, born at Santen, was created Archbishop of
Uagdeburginiii6. He hod founded in ttso a religions
•nociatian at Pr^montri, in the diocese of Laon, since
celebrated as the order of the Premonstranls. He died
hi 1 134, and WM canonized by Gregory XIII. in 1583.
Sm Huso. "Vie <lt Snini-NoAut." 170*1 "Cullia Oiriwliiii."

Rorblln, noR'bllN', (Srba3TIiu< Louis William,)
■on of the followii^. was bom at Warsaw in 1796, and
Modied painting under Begnault. He produced a num-
ber of historical pictures. He gained the first priie in
Farit in 1S15. Died Aupiat 18, 1884-
- Korblin de la Gooraalne, noKtllH' d^h It gook'-
d|n', <Jean PiKRKi,) a skilful French painter and en-
nanr, bom near Monlcreau in 1745, worked in Warsa
from 1774 to 1804. Died in 1830.

Notbui;. Lord. See Tolbr.

Noi'dan, (Max Simon,) a Hungarian author, of
Jewish ancestry, bom at Budapest in 1849. He studied
medicine, becoming a physician at Budapest in 1878
and at Paris in 18S6. He wrote several books of
travel, but became widely known through his pessi-
mistic views of society and literature, as expressed in
"Conventional Lies of Society," (1883,) "Para-
doxes," (1886,^ and "Degeneration," (1893.) In
the last he maintained that much in contemporary'
literature and life is proof of physical and mental de-
generation. He wrote also dramas, poems, and novels,
of which the last were the most successful.

Ifordbem noRd'bCRg, or Roiberg, noR'biRg.
(Georg,) a Swedish historian, and chaplain 10 Charles
XIL of Sweden, wai bom at Stockholm in 1G77. He
was the author of a " History of Charles XII,," (I vols.,
1740,) which, thouffh unattnctive in style, is valued for
its accuracy. Died in 1744.

ITorden, noR'd; n, (Frederick Louis,) a Danish artist
and writer, born at Gliickstadt in 170S. Having studied
in Italy, he was sent by the government in 1737 to de-
■cribe and copy the monuments of Egvpt ARer his
return he entered the English service, and fought against
Spain in the caimiaign of 1740. He died in 1742, leav-
ing "Travels In uyptand Nubia," which were published
In French, (3 vou., 1755.) This work, containing one
hundred and fifty-nine plates, was translated into Eng-
Hih and German.

nor'a^n, (John,) an Engliih engraver and wtitei.
bom in Wiluhlre about 1548. He published the "Spe
culum Bntanniae," etc., and "The Surveyor's Dialogue,*
(1607.) Died about 163&

JO NORMAN BY

RordanflyDlit, noR'dfn-fiKkf, (Hedwicx Char-
lotte,) a Swedish authoress, bom in t7t8, pnbliihed
poems entitled " The Passage of the Belts." " Victotj
of the Duna," "Sweden E^iancipated," ("Den frtjsa
Swea,") and "An Apology for Women, against J, J.
Rousseau." Died in 1763.

Nordmukjfild, noK'dfn-skyold', (Adolp Erik,)
Baron, a Swedish navigator, born at Helstngfors, in
Finland, November iS, 1833. He was educated in Fin-
land, went in 1857 to Stockholm, and became a professor
leralogy. He gained distinction I7 the success of
merons Arctic expeditions. In the steamship Vega
he traversed (1878-79) the Arctic Ocean, going east-
wardly from the Atlantic to the Pacific, — a feat never
before accomplished. In iSSo he was made a baroo.
He published a volume of " Letters," (1880,) besides
reports of his various voyages. Died Aug. 13, 1901.

Hord'hoff, (Charles,) aOerman-American author,
bom at Erwitte, in Westphalia, in 1830. He was
brought to the United States in i8j5, and became a
resident, for some time, of Cincinnati. He worked as
a printer, and afterward became a sailor, and was for
three years in the United Slates navy. In 1853 he
became a journalist. Among his numerous works
were "The Cotton Stales under Reconstruction," and
"God and the Future Life." Died July 14, 1901.

Nor' dies, (LiU-IAN,) an American operatic singer,
born at Farmington, Maine, in 1859. She was twice
married, to a Mr. Gower and to Herr Dome. Her
chief triumph on the stage was as Marguerite in
" Faual." Died at Java, May 10, 1914.

MonUn, noR-deen', (Karl GtirrAr,) a Swediah prd-
ate, bom at Stockholm m 1749, became Bishop of Her-
nosand. Died in 181^

Noreo, dl, de no'rCs, (Giasonb,) born at Nico«ia, in
the island of Cyprus, became professor of moral phi-
losophy at Padua. He was the author of several critieal
and philosophical works. Died in 159a.

Norfolk, Ddkb of. See Howard, (Thomas.) and
Howard (Charles.)

Hor'isto, (Edward,) an Engllan artist, celebrated

for his skill in illuminating or colouring er '— ""-

performances are highly cf '-' ■-

S« Fuiim, "Worth™;" WALioL^"A«ei!otie of Painlb*."

notia, no'ria^ (Hrnrt,) a learned Italian theologian,
of English extraction, was bom at Verona in 1631- He
was appointed by Pope Innocent XIL chief fibrarian
of the Vatican, and was made a cardinal in 1695. He
wrote a " History of Pelagianism," and several valuable
antiquarian trealuca. Dwd in 1704.

IToils, (Matro,) a prolific Italian dramatic poei.
bom in Venice about 1640; ^ed about 171a

Not'mBD, (Henry,) an English author and trav-
eller, bom at Leicester in 1S5S. He studied at Har-
vard and Leipsic, travelled in the far East as a
jonraalisl, and wrote "Real Japan," (1S92,) "The
Peoples and Politics of the Far East," (1895,) "The
Near East," (1897,) etc. His wife, Mbnib Murikl
Dowie, bom at Liverpool in 1S67, is the author of
"A Girt in the Karpathians," (1891,) "Gallia,"
(189s,) and other novels.

Noi'mfn-bJF, (CoHsTANTiHB Hbnrv Phipps,)
Marquis of, an English statesman, son oi Heniy, first
Earl of Mulgrave, was bom in 1797. He entn^
Parliament in 1818 and became there an advocate of
reform and Catholic emancipation. He succeeded to
the title of Earl Mulgrave in 1S31, and was made
Marquis of Normanby in 1838. After serving as Gov-
emor of Jamaica, he occupied high posts in the home

Sovemment, being secretary ol slate for the home
epartment from 1S39 to 1841. He published in 1857
" A Year of Revolution, from a Joumal kept in Paris
in 1848." Lord Normanby was also the author of
novels entitled "Matilda," (1825.) "nd "The Con-
trast" Died in 1863.

ng engravii
1 t^ Full*

I. i, I, e, ik, r, /inv; 1. *, A. same, less prolongedi i, e, I, iS, il, ;, J.i<>>«,- f, V, i, g. *#Kl'rv; Or, fVI, dt ; mtl; nAt; gS&d; mdan;

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

NORMAlfBY

183.

Homumbr. Earl of. See Muiakavi, (Hbnrv
Philip Phipps.)

Roimaod. See Lb Normand.

nonnaod, noR'mON', (Alfred Nicolas,) ■ French
trchitect, bom in Farii in 1831. He obtained » medal
id the finl ctaM in 18$;.

Hormand, (Chablis Pirrri Jonm,) * French
•rchilect and engraver, bom in ue department of
Somme in 1765. He pnbliihcd leTCral professionil
works. Died in 1840.

nottUBud. (Claudk Joseph,] a French phjsidan,
born in Fran che -Com ti in 17041 died in 1761.

nomumd, (Louis Marii,) a French engraver, a son
of Charles Kerre Joseph, noticed above, was bora in
Paris in 1789. He engraved the "Marriage at Cana,"
after Paul Veronese, and published seveial tUuitraled
works, among which is " Monuments Franfais," ct&, {1
parts, i83>^7.]

R'or'iiifa-df, {Althonir,) id English chemist and
writer, born about iSto^ was a coadjutor of Dr. Ure.
He published a " Hand-Book of Chemistry," and " The
Chemical Atlas," and invented a valuable apparatus for
the distillation of derated fresh water from sea-water.
Died in 1864.

HomMum, noR'roln, (Lars,) a Swedish prelate, bom
at Strengnas in 1651. He became professor of Oriental
languages at Upsal in 1681, and in 1703 Bishop of
Gothenburg. He died the same jear.

BeeA.Nmi.ixi™,""' " '"

Notmaim-BIirenfBla, noa'mln i'rfn-ftls', (Karl
Fbiidrich Lbbrrckt,) son of the following, was born
io 1784. He entered the French service, and held a
command in the Russian campaign of iSli. He after-
wards fought for the Greeks in iSai, and had a share
in the victory of Kombotti. Died in November, iSaa.

ITonnamn-EhianfUa, (PmuppCHaisnAN.) Count,
a disdngnished statesman, bom In Swedisii Pomerania
in 1756, entered the service of Doke Charles of Wilrtein-
bei^ He rose to be minisler of state in iSoa, and was
aeaied a count in 1806. Died in 1807.

Nonnant, noH'niSH', (Alrxib,) an eloquent French
advocate, bom in Paris in 1697 ; died in 174J.

Noimant (Antoinr,) a benevolent French tnann-

bcturer, bora at Romorantin in 1783. He was propri-

r of a large nianufrtdtoiy of cloth at Romorantiii.

Sknlld,) — the Past, the Present, and the Fniiire,— «l
preside over the destiny of men and gods. They corre-
■pond to the Parcse (Ho^iiu) of classic mythology.

See TxoBn, " Ncvibwn HrtbglocT," voL i ; KaruB, " Rili^gs

Nomlaa, an Ei^llsh plural fbm of Norn* or Noait
See N0RNA&

Horn*. See Nornas.

ITMrolUi, uo-rAD'yl, (Gaspab Maria de Nava Al-
TARBZ.) a Spanish soldier and poet, bom at Caslcllon
de la Plana m 1760, served against the French republic,
and attained the rank of lieatenant-generaL He ptib'
Hsbed an epic poem entitled " La OnHDtada," an ode on
Ike death of the poet Cadalso, who fell, while fightina
by his aide, at Gibraltar, aod a number of lyrics. Died
bi8i&

Norentla, no-a&i'yft, (Afvonso,) a Portuguese cap-
lain, bora in the fifteenth century, was a nephew of
Albuquerque. He captured Socotora in 150S. Died in
India m 154a

Sea Paiia V Son*. " Aea Pottacwn."

Nor'rls, (Edwin,) an Englidi ethnologist and Imgnlst,
bom at Taunton in 1795. He was appointed in 1S47
toaitslator to the fote^ lAos, and in 18(6 principal sec-
retary to the Royal Asiatic Society. He contributed
valuable treatises (o the "Transactions" of that society
■nd to the "Penny Cyclopiedia.'' He was also editor
of (he "Ethnographical Library." Died Dec 10, 1871.

Noiris, (FRANK,)uoveli9t,bonialCbiaigo, IlliniHs,
in 187a He became an editor and war correspondent,

North,

Mi,- (aa/; \lutrd; taaf,a,tl,K,jtatiirml; K.tiauU; %,imiali 1

lublishing his first novel, "Iberville," in

Id 1900

Difdin 1902, leaving the third, " The Wolf,"

Nonis, (Sir John,) an English general, was a son
of Lord Nonis of Rycot. He was distinguished bv the
bvour of Queen Elizabeth, who sent him in 15S5 to
assist the Dutch in their war against the Spaniards.
His skill and bravery were conspicuous in the principal
campaigns, and he won the repuution of one of tlte
best English aoldleis of the tinK.

Norris, (John,) an English philosopher, bom [n
Williihire id 1657. About 1690 he was appointed rector
of Bemerton, near Salisbury. Hisprindpal pHlosophi-
cal work is '■ An Essay towards the Theory of the Ideal
or Intelligible World," (2 vols., 1701-04,) in which he
develops the system of Malebrancbe and controverts the
pinions of Locke. Died in 1711.
Norrla, (John,) bora in Norfolk in 1734, bequeathed
to the University of Cambridge one huniAeid and ninety
pounds per annum for the endowment of a divinity
Mofessorsbip and piiie essay which bear his name.
Died In 1777.

Nonis, (John Pilkincton,) an English clergy-
man, born at Chester, June 10, 1823. He wrote sev-
eral theological works, " On the Education of the
People," etc. Died in 1891.

JfOirls, (Marv Harriott,) an American educator
and novelist, born at Boonton, New Jersey, in 1848.
She graduated at Vassar in 1870, conducted a private
school at New Vork 1870-98, and became dean of the
Women's Northweslera University in 189S. She pub'
lished "Dorothy Delafield," "John Applegate, Sur-
geon," " The Gray House of the Quarries," etc.

Nonla, (RoHRRT,) an English traveller, visited
Dahomey, and other parts ot Weslera Africa, of which
he published an account in 17S9. Died in 179a.

NoiTls. (William Edward,) an English novelist,
was bora in 1847, son of Sir William Norris, cbiel
justice of Ceylon. He was called to the bar in 1874,
but never practised. His novels include " Heaps of
Money," (1877,) "My Friend Jim," "The Rogue,"
"The Dancerin Yellow," (1896,) "Clarissa Furioso,"
(1897,) " The Fight for the Crown," (1898,) etc.

Nony, no'rc'. (Cbarlu,) s French architect, bora
near Paris in 1756, accompanied the scientific expedition
to Egypt, and published in 1799 a descri[ition of some
of the monuments of that country. Died in 183*.

North. (Christopher.] See Wilson, (John.)

North, (Dudley,) Lord, an English writer and poll-
. ::ian, bom in 1581, was an adherent of the Parliament
during the dvil war. He died in 1666, leaving a collec-
'an of poems and prose works.

NcwtJi, (DotoLEV,) Lord, son of the preceding, born
-. 1604, wrote the "Life of Edward, Lord North," and
several otW works. Died in 1677.

St* R. Noam, " Livee of the Monlu."

Nortb, (Sir Dudley,) an English merchant and abia
Gninder, bom In 1641, was a brother of Lord-Keepei
Guildrbrd. In his jootb be passed many years in mer*
cantile porsoits at Smyras and Coostantinople. Hwiiq
aranired wealth, he returned home, (1680,) and became
a Loildon merchant " He had meditated deeply on tb*
philosophy of Kade," says Macaulay, "and thoi^ht out,
by degrees, a complete and admirable thetny," substan-
tially the same as that of Adam Smith. He was dtoseii
a commissioner of customs and of the treasury, and
elected to Parliament. About 1685 he was tb* person
on whom the lord treasurer chiefly relied for the conduct
of financial business In the lower House. He wrote a
"Voyage from Smyrna, with an Account of Turkey."
Died in 1691.

SaRocaNoanc " Life of Sir Dodlv MuRh," 'H^**-

North, (Sir Edward,) a distinguished En^ish lawver
under the reigns of Heniy VIIL and Queen Mary. Died

i'mtkit. (1^— See Eiplan>tions,p, j^t

d by Google

be wu called to the bat be went an the Norfolk di
where his bmily intetetC Uy, and relied Tor succe
■ycophantic arts. He was appointed lolid tot-general
In 1671, attorney-general in 1G73, and chief justice of the

CommoQ pleaa in 1675. He wai the obsequioua ici '

OT the coort, and an ul Ira-royalist, or Tory, [n poli ...
"He was a party," saya Macaulay, "to toioe of the
fcnleat jadicial murders recorded in our hialory." In
iSBa he obtained the great seal, with the title of lord
keeper. On the accession of Jamc* IL (February, 168$)
the great seal was left in his custody, but he was super-
•eded in his political fanctioni by his rival. Lord Je&sys.
Lord Guilford died in September, i63j, leaving his title

Sk Rooe» NcniTH. " Life of Fundt North :" Loud CAHrH
"linflDf ibe Lord Clurccllon;" " RetroApflclive Review^" tqL
(lbs :) Macaulat, " HiHorr of Englud." toL L cbap. ii

Rocth, (Fbedkkick,) second £ail of Guildford, an
English Tory sutesm an, better known u Lord Nokth,
was bom in 173J. He was a son of FrancU, Earl of
Guildford, who died in 1790, and was a great-giandaon
of the lord keeper of that name. In 1763 he was chosen
one of the lottu of the treasury. He became chancellor
of the exchequer and leader of the House of Commons
in 1769. He was a successful debater, and, on accoani
of his wit and suavity of temper, a great fiivourite with
the House. He also gained the extraordinary favour of
the king by his readiness to accept the responsibility
of prime minister in the emergency which aroee on th(
resignation of the Duke of Grafton in 1770. The prin'
tip2 event of his adminlstraiion was the American war,
which he prosecuted with great pertinadty. Thongt
fiercely assailed by Burke, Fox, and Lord Chatham, he
maintained his power with eminent tact and ability, and
WM supported by large majorities in the House, until
March, 1781, when he resigned, after the surrender of
Comwallis had terminated the American war. He re-
tained, however, the royal favour until he entered into
the ill-omened coalition with Fox against the Shclburne
ministry. In March, 1783, 1.otd North became secretary
of stale in the coalition ministry of which the Duke ol
Portland was the nominal head. He vras dismissed In
December, 17831 when Pitt became premier. In 1790
he succeeded to the earldom of Guildford. Died in tj^
"As a statesman," says Lord Brougham, "his merits
■re confessedly ftr inferior to thoee which clothed him
H a debater and a man. The Americaa war 1* the great
blot on his fame."

VOTth, (GiOKQi,) an English antiqaary, bom in
Londoa in 1710, paUlshed several trestises onnumis-
matics. Died in 1772.

Horth, (John,) D.D., a son of Lord Dudley North,
was bom in 1645. He became professor of Greek at
Cambridge, and published editions of several works of
PlatOL Died in 1683.

S« RoGB NoiTV, " Lift of JohB North."

Horth, (RoGut,) a younger son of Lord Dudlef
Korth, snd a brother at Sir Dudley North, was boni
■boat 165CX He studied law, and bet^meiteward of tha
OotiTts to ArchUshop Sheldon. He wasatKhorofserwal
works, the most iroportant of which is " The Uvea of
Frsnda North, Lord Keeper of the Gresl Seal, Sir
Dudley North, and Kev. John North," (1740^3.) This
b written in an afTected, pedantic style, but contains
valuable matter. Died in 1733.

Set Rooia Hocth, '■ Lim of Iht Nonhk"

ITorth, (Sir Thouas,) an English writer, translated
" The Dial of Princes" from the French, and the " Moral
Plukisophy" of Doni from the Italian. Ha also made
Ae first translation of Plutarch's "IJves" into English,
(IS79-) He died after 157^

HorUiamptfMi, Eam. or. See Howaaik (Hinrv.)

TOK,) Hakquii c .

KMnture, was bom in tyocT He b

the Royal Sode^. Died m 1851.

was bom in 1816, and graduated at Christ Church, Ox-
ford, in 1846. He was in Parliament, 1857-66, in 1S66
succeeded to the peerage, and, after holiling important
offices under Mr. Gladstone, served (l37l-76Tas Viceroy
of India. In iSSohewas made first iord of the admiralty.
In 1SS4 he was placed at the head of the British con-
mission govemina EgypL Died November is, I904>

IToTtb'ooto, (JAHKS,) an English artist, celebrated as
a portrait and historical painter, bom at Plymouth hi
1746. Having studied under Sir Joshua Reynolds, b*
visited Italy in 1777, and, after his telum, was made %
Roval Acaoemidan. Among his best producti-'ni ar«
" Hubert and Arthur" and " The Murder of the Princes
in the Tower." He also published "The Lif^ of Sir
Joshua Reynolds," (1813,) and several able treatises on
Art Died in 1831.

HoTthoote, (Sir Stafford,) an Erulish conservative
politician, boin in London in iSlS. He became presi-
dent of the board of trade in 1S66, secretary lor India in
1867, and chancellor of the exchequer under Disraeli iit
1874. In 1885 he was created E;ri of Iddeslcigh.
and made first lord of the treasury, and afterwards
secretary for foreign affairs. Died in 1887.

Hortb'end, (CitAautt,] an American educator, bom
at Newbury, Massachusetts, April 3, 1S14. He was
educated at Amherst College, and attained distinction as
a teacher. He published "Teacher and Parent," and
"The Teacher's Assistant," besides various compila-
tions, including a series of school-books, ("The National
Utator," " Little Speaker," etc.) Died August 7, 1895.

noTthington, Lord. See Hknlkv, (Robkrt.)

ITor-thnm.'bvr-lfiKl, (Ausrrnon FaRCV.) tenth
Earl of, bom in 160X. was a son of Henry, ninth earU
He was lord high admiral under Charles L Died in 1668.

NortliiuittMiland, (Alcbrnon Pkrcv,) Duxk of,
a British peer, bom in 17^ He entered the navy in
his youth, and served against the French. In 1847 he
inherited the dukedom at the death of his brother Henry.
He obtained the rank of rear-admiral about i8ux Died
in 1865. ^

Northombarluid, Duki of. See Dtii>LRY, (John.)

BTortfaninbarluid. (Hbnry Pbrct,) fii^t Eau, or,
an English commander, was a (on of Henry Percy. His
mother was Hary, a daughter of the Earl of Lancaster,

Ha

and a great-granddaughter of King Henry IIL He
a friend of Wycliffe, the Reformer. In 1377 he
created Earl of Northumberland by Richani IL
was one of the chief agents of the revointion whldi
raised Henry IV. to the throne in 1399. In 1409 Per«
defeated the Scotch under Douglas at Homildon HilL
He united with his son Hotspur in rebellion agslnst ^e
king in 1403, and was killed m battle in 1408.

HoiUmmlMrland. {Hihrt PuttTV,) second Eael
OF, was a son ot Hotaptir. H« svcceeded his grand-
biher, the first esrl, in 1408, and was restored to th*
earldom by Henry V, In the dvil war of the Roeea ba
fought for the house of Lancaster, and was killed at tb*
buueof Saint Albany in 14S5. His son, the third e«ri,
fell at Ae battle of Towton, in t460L

MertbnmberlMtd, (Huiir PaatTy.) ninth Eaklot.
snmamed Tiu Wiiard, faom In 1563, was a son oT
Henry, the eighth earl, who died In the Tower in 1585.
He commanded a ship In the battle against the Invin-
dble Araiada in 1^88. He was a cousin of Thoma*
Percy, sn accomplice in the Gunpowder Plot, fi6o5,>
and, although the earl himself was a Protestant, he was
confined many years in the Tower on snspidon. H*
acquired the sppellstion of *' Wiiard" by his stndy ot
ocnlt sdences in prison. EKed In 163a.

Rorthtunbarlmud, (HtiOK Pcscv,) DinCB OF, bom
bl 1743, wsa a son (rf Sir Hugh Smithson, who was •a-
tbormd to take the name tw Percy. He entered the
Miny, served at Bunker Hill, (177O and gained the rank.
ofgeneraL In 1786 he Inherited the title of dake. Diad
In 1817.

Sa Beaa. " P*ant*i" " OsMlsiaaa's Hacota^** itij.

ITorttiimiberlaiid, (Hdoh PiRtnr,) DttKi or, aoa
of the preceding, was bom in 178s, and inherited him

r,-il,i,d, same, less prolonged; l.i, 1, 5, <i,<r,/Jiwt,- *,«,!, 9, ««<nrri>.- Or, fill, at; met; nOtiKKiliU

NORTON

1833

NOSTRADAMUS

bther's title in iei7. He favoured the Tory party. He
WM a liberal patron of science, and was mach interested
Id botany ana horticulture. Died in 1S4.7.

Nor't^n, (Andkbws,) D.D., an eminent American
theologian and scholar, bom at Hingham, Maasachtueltg,
in 17S& He graduated in 1804 at Harvard College, and

_ __ , His

most important work is enlilled " Evidences of the Gen-
vinencM of the Gospels," (3 vols., 1837-44.) He wai
fcr a time editor of Ihe " General Repository and Re-
view," published at Cambridge, and contribuled many
able articles to the religious and literary periodical* of
tbe time. Among these may be named articles on
" Franklin" and " Byron," in the " North American Re-
view." In his theological viewt Dr. Norton was a
Unitarian of tbe conservative school He married

danEbtet of Samuel Eliot, of Boston. Died at Newport
la 1853. He left a " Translation of the Gospels," pub-
Ithed in 1856. "He disp]aved."Baya R. W. Griswold,

1 comprebeiuive learning and a style sinL
Urly dear, compact, and beautifiiL'' ("Prose Writers
of America.") He also wrote poems which were much

place between the parties in 183& She had published
m 1S30 her poem of "The Undying One," which was
nceived with great favour. It waa sacceeded by "A
Voice from tbe Factories," (1836,) "The Dream, and
<ilberPtiemi/'(i84Ci,)'' The Child of the Islands,"(iS45,)
and "Arat Cany^ Ballads," I1347.) She also wrote a
romance, entitled -Stuatt of Dunleith," (1847.) and
"Tale* and Sketches in Prose and Verse," (1S50,) many
of which are remarkable for iheir fidelity (o nature.

Marriage and Divorce Bill," (1355,) " Lives of the Sheii-
dans," "Lady of La Giraye," (1S61,) and "Lost and
Saved," (1863.) Mrs. Norton is described by Mrs. Sedg.
wick, in her " Letters from Abroad," as the perlecdon
of intellectual and physical beauty, uniting masculine
force with feminine Jelicacv. Died June 15, 1S77. Her
second husband was Sir W. Stirling-MuwelL

Nortoa, (Charles Eljot,) an American author,
a, son of Andrews Norton, already noticed, was bom at
Cambridge, Massachusetts, November 16, 1S27. He
graduated at Harvard College in 1S46, visited India,
travelling eateniively in the East, was an editor of the
"North American Review" 1S64-68, and became
CTofeisor of art history in Harvard College in 1S74.
He wrote "Notes of Tnvel and Study in Italy,"
f 1860,) " The New Life ai Dante," (1867,) " Church>
Building in tbe Middle Ages in Italy," (1S80,) "The

author, bom at Faimington, Connecticut, in 1837,
graduated a( Yale in 1859. He served in the civil
war, and was afterwards successively editor of " The
Christian Union," "Domestic Monthly," " American
Canoeist," " Outing," etc. He published " A Hand-
book of Florida," " Canoeing in Kanuckia," (with
John Habberton,} and several maritime and military

Morton. (Lady Fkancis,) an English moralist and

writer, bom «boot 1650, was the wife -' ^~ '^

Norton. She wrote "Memento Mori,"
planst of Virtne," {1705.) Died in 173a.

Morton, (John.) a learned Puritan divine and tbeo-
l^lical writer, born in Hertfordshire, England. In 1606,
carigraled in 1^5 to America, and became a minliter at

Boston. Med m 1663.

«Mi,- fas/,' gJi-jnl; ^a»i;a,a,X,gitaitra]; v,iiatal; ^IrilUd; Im

fessor of agncultural chemistry at Yale College,
in iSji.
Norton. (Sidket Augustus,) an American cheroi*^

born at North Bloomfield, Ohio, January 11, 1835. He

Caduated al Union College in 1S56, and studied at Bonn,
ripsic, and Heidelberg. In 1S73 he became profes-
sor of chemistry in the Ohio State University. Hia
works include " Natural Philosophy," (1S69,) " Physics,"
(1875,) "Inorganic Chemistry,'* (187S,) and "Organic
Chemistry," (1884.)

Morton, (Thdma^) an English Calvinistic writer,
bom in Bedfordshire in the uxtecnth century, published
some tracts a^inst popery. He is also said to have
assisted Sackville in his tragedy of " Ferrex and Porrca."

S« WAaTQH, "HuiaiT°fBi«lHhPoa<rT:"Ei.u>, "SpKiioiiw
of tin KwlT En^kh PoMi."

MSrri (nOr'Te) or Mor, written also Motfi, [etymology
doubtful,] a giant mentioned in the "EJlda" as Ihe first
of all the inhabitants of Jotunheim. He had a daughter
named Night, who was married to Anar or Onar.* The
offspring of this union was the Earth. She afterward*
became the wife of Dell ing or Dcllinger, {i.t. the " Dawn,"}
and bore to him a bright and beautiful son called Day.
Then Odin look Night and Day and placed them m
heaven, and gave them two horses and two cars, that
thej might journey in succession round the world. Night
rides first with her horse, called Rimfaxi or Hrimfaxi,
(hrim- (or hreem-) Ok'ae, — that is, " Frosty-mane,") who
every morning bedews the earth with foam from his
bit. The horse of Day is named Skinfaii, (or " Shining-
mane,") liecaase his radiant mane sends forth the light
which illuminates heaven and earth.

Sm Ualut, " Marthmi Antiqiiitiw," toL iL fiibla W. ; Thoub.
"KcrtbtrB UTtbolacy," nL L

Korrlaa, de, d^ noR'vlN', (Jacques Marqnot—
mtKncI',) Baron de Montbreton, (mftx^afh-tON',) a
French litUralatr and politician, born in Paris in 1769.
He wrote a " Kcture of Ihe French Revoludon." (1819,)
■ "Histoiyof Napoleon," (9th edition, 4 vols., 1839,) and
other works. Dwd In iS^

Hoi'wood, (RtcUARD.) an English geometer, wbo
lived about 1630-50, was tbe author of several treatise*
on trigonometry, navigation, eta He is chiefly celebrated
for having been one of the Brat who measured a degree
of the meridian.

SoHuTTUi, " Miihenadc*! OieAoBMFf."

MStwelt or Ro«BMlt, nas'sllt, (Johann Aimjost,) a
German iheologiin, bom at Halle in 1714 ; died in 1807.

Koa'aia, a Greek poetess, bom at Locris or Locrl,
in Southern Italy, flourished about 310 B.C. She wrote
graceful epigrams, twelve of which arc in the Greek
Anthology.

Sa BuKTLav, "DianWlciD apon th< Eptnlai g< PhiUiin."

Moatltm and Jinokendori von, fon nos'tits SUA
yCnlc^-doar, (Gottloh Adou Eknst,) a German
poet, known under the pseudonym of Artiiue vom
NoRDSTERN, wss bom in Upper Lnsatia in 1765. He
was the author of " Songa for Free-Masons," " Christian
Emblems," and other poems. Died in 1836.

His ton, BsuAKD Gottlob, rose through various
dSces to be minister of the interior for the kmgdom of

Mos-tTf -dA'maa or Motre-Damo, not'R-dlm', (Ml
CHBL,) a famous French astrologer and physician, of Jew-
iah eatraction, bom at Saint-Remi, in Provence, in 1503.
During the prevalence of the plague at Aiz and Lyooa
(1546-47) he acquired a high reputation from tbe cure*
he eOected with a medicine of his own invention. In
1555 he published a collection of prophcde*, (in verse,)
entitled "Centuries," which caused a great sensation
and obtained for him the favour and patronage of Cathe-
rine de Medicis. He was invited by her to I^ia, loaded
with favours, and charged to draw the horoscope of tbe
princes, her sons. He afterwards became phpidan-ln-
ordinary to Charles IX. He died in 1556. Several of
hit predictions are said tc have been fnlmled. Owing to

■ Protsblj anicd u Ihc Analo-Suon am ud Iba Kan
frni|E_'*0figil1,"and hcnocu an sdiecH-^ ». *-i-:— i "
S« Bomrenh'i " AdiIo-Suoo DkUoh

"ori^iud,"

; thasineUf. (|^~SeeExp1anationa.p.S3.)

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

were blerdicied by the pope, (1781.)

S« E. jAunaT, "Vie da U, NoHniluni^" 1616: P.J
HAin^ "Vu de H. Nounduniu/; iiti; "Li Tie de Nc
duiiiim,''{ui«iTin(nii.) Pult. 1789: £. Bauot*. "Mnindu
Pirii, iSti; Th. Boon, "CoDHdintiou nu la* Sibyls el
]f AtAdeunit.*' iBd&.

Hots, at/ A, (Albbkto,) an Italian drainatiBt,boi
Turin in 1775, wat the author of MTeral popular plays
of the class oiled sentimental comedy. Among these
may be named "The Duchess of Ia ValHtre,'" " The
Widow in Solitude," and " Domestic Peace." They
have passed through nameTous editions, and hare been
translated into French, German, Spanish, Swedish, and
Russian. Died in 1847.

See "Vie d' Alberto Nod." preGied to the tenth edhioB of fan
Morin ; ScHmoNi, " Tnitmimenio Hpn le Commedic di A. Moo,"
Ott : " Foreign QovterlT Rnin" fcr April, ifliS.

MIN.) « Gmnan painter and eng - "■- ' "

Cobargin 1739; died >bont 1800,

a engraver, bom in Saxe-

Nomomb, no'tAn', {Jwi BArrisra,) a Bel^an itaieS'
man, born at Hessancy in iSoj. Hems appointed min-
ister of pnbilc works in 1837, a^d \a 1841 minister of the
interior. His " Historital and Political Essay or
Belgian Kevolntion" (1S33) was translated into German
and Italian. He was president of the Council from 184.3
to June, 1845- I)>ed September 16, t88i.
_ See L. DC LaHtHn, "Gslol* d« Contenponiiu i" "NomeUe

ITotket, sumimed Bal'bulus, a monk of Saint Gall,
born about S4a He wrote a martyrology and olhei
works, but is memorable as one of the greatest o( Latin
hymn-writers and the inventor of the species of hymn
called "sequences." He also did much for charch-music.
He died in 913, and was canonized in 1513. His "Lite"
was written by Ekkahsrd.

ITotker, not^tr, surnamed Phvb'icus, a learned Ger-
nan monk and physician of the tenth centuiy, was like-
wise celebrated as an artist snd poet. Died in 975.

Notker, a German ecdesiastic, was s nephew of the
emperor Otho I. He became dean of the convent of
Saint Gall, and Kshop of LJcge, (97a.) Died in 1007.

Notk«r, ianamed La'sio, and called also Tiu-
TOn'tCttS, tmm about the middle of the tenth century,
MUered the noitaBtery of Saint Gall, where he was
•ppoinled principal teacher. He had a high teputatian
for learning, and made numerous translations from
the Latin, Greek, and Hebrew. His version of (he
Psalms is esteemed one of the most important monu-
ments of early German literature. Died in loza.

ITofmfii, (John,) a distinguished architect, born in
Edinburgh, Scotland, July 33, 1810, In 1831 he emi-
grated to the United States, and settled in Philadel-
Ehia, where he continued to reside for the rest of his
t«. He laid out the grounds of Laurel Hill Cemetery,
designed all the architectural embellishments, and su-
perintended their execution. He devoted himself par-
ticularly to church architecture, in which department he
bad Eew if any superiors in the United States. He was
distlngDiBhed for his thorough acquaintance with me-
disraJ architecture. He possessed great enthusiasm (or
his art, as well as poetic sensibility, and in hii works h:
seemed to address himself not so much to the senses as
to the soul. He died March 3, 1S65. Among hU chief
works may be mentioned Saint Mark's Church, in Lo-
cust Street, regarded as among the very best specimens
of the Gothic style in America, the bjadc of the Roman
Catholic cathedra] on Ltwan Square, and the Church of
th; Holy Trinity, near M^lnut and Nineteenth Streets,
of which the naUe doorwav is esneciatlv admired.

born in Windham county, Connecticut, ii

.'773-

He

at Albany, anj in 1804 became president i^ Union
College, Schenectady, New York. He filled this po«
tor nearly sixty years, snd was greatly instrumental in

Eromoting the prosperity and rcpatation of the college.
[e published "Counsels to Young Men," "Lectures
on Temperance," etc Died in 1866.

Nott (Hbnby Junius,) son of Abraham Nott, noticed
above, was born in 1797. He graduated at South Caro-
lina College, and *as afterwards professor of logic
SJ&d the philosophy of language in that institution. He
published "Novelettes oF a Traveller," etc, snd was
s contributor to the "Sonthern Review." He was
wrecked in the steamer Home in 1837.

Nott, (John,) an English poet, scholar, and physi*
dan, bom at Worcester in 1751. He ftiade translation*
from the Latin and Italian, and from the Persian of
Hliii; be also published an original poem, entitled
"AlonzoL" Died in 1S36.

Nott; (JosiAH Clauc,) brother of Henry Junius,
noticed above, was bom lii Columbia, South Cartriina,
in 1804, and graduated as s physician in Philadelphia.
He published "The Phyiica) History of the Jewish
Race," "Types of Mankind," (1844.) and " Indigenoua
Races of the Earth," (1857,) the last two conjointly with
G. R. Gliddon. He died March 31, 1873.

ZTott, (Sir Wiujah,) a distinguished officer, bom in
Carmarthen, in Wales, in 17S3, served in the Afghan
war, and attained the rank of major-generaL Died in
.84?.

Hottebobu, not't;-bSn)', (Mari'ih,) a German com
poser, teacher, and writer on music, bom in Westphalia,
NovEmbei 12, 1817. His most valuable publications are
his critical researches on Beethoven's works.

Nottlnghmin, Earl of. See Fimch, (Danibl.)

Nottinghaia, not'ting-fin, (Hkhkaob Finch,) first
Earl of, an English lawyer and statesman, bom in
Kent in 1631. He entered Christ Church, Oxford, about
1635, studied law in the Inner Temple, and became an
eloquent lawyer. On the restoration of Charles IL
(1600) he was appiMoted solidtot-general, and took part
in the prosecution of the regicides. He was chosen in
1661 to represent the University of Oiford in Parlia-
ment, became attorney-general in 1670, and lord chan-
cellor of England in December, 1675. In 1681 he was
created Earl of Nottingham. Died in 1683.

Saa Loan CAHruu, " Livti of tbi Lord GhUDOEDon ;" Po(&
"The JudgEi of En(hiiKl:" "Biocraphia BtileiuiicL"

zroaallher, noo'lli', (Jkan Baptw™,) a French
painter and enameller, born in 1743 ; died in 1804-

ZTone. ds la, df h It noo, (Francois,) called Bras db
Per. (bxl dch fta.) Lf. " Iron-arm." a celebrated French
commander and Huguenot,was bom near Nantes in 1531.
He commanded the rear-guard at the battle of Jarnaq
in 1569, and was taken prisoner at Moncontour. Having
lost his left arm at the siege of Fontenay, he supplied its
place by an iron arm. In 1573 he took command of the
insurgents at La Rochelie, which he defended for foor
years. After peace had been concluded between Henry
of Navarre and the Catholics, La None went in 15:* to
Flanders, where he fought against the Spaniards and
soon became general -in-chief. He was taken prisonei
in 15S0, and £tained as such for five years. Having
joined the army of Henry IV., he fought at the battle
of Ivry, (1590,) and was killed at Lamballe in 15^1. He
had a high reputation for virtue and talents. His " Po-
litical and Military Discourses" (tjSj) entitle him to ft
Dlace anions the best prose writers of his time.

db,Google

NOUE i8

Von*, Iia. See Lanoub.

None^ nool'. (Jacqum.) a French Jesuit, bom kt
Mam in l6aj, wrote a number of moral and religions
works. Died in t68a

nonet, (Nicolas Awroiwa,] a French aitronomer,
bom in Lorraine in 1740; died in iSli.

NooEVMa de "Bvjtlt, nw/gf rid' d(h fTyi', (Ak-
mt Jean Simon,) Baron, a French jurist and magis-
trate, born at Hontpellicr in 1T65, oablished seTCral
lunl and historical works. Died In 1645.

IToiinrM* da Fayet; (Avcuste,) a French jarist,
■on offlie preoedins, was bom in Paris in 1811. He
wrote a namber of legal and miscellaneom treatise*.
IMed in 1853.

Kongwotl rKH/gTrl', {Pibrm Jean Baptisti,) a
Tolaminoos and mediocre French writer, botn at La
Rochelle in 1743, was the anthor of poems, tales, dramas,
and historical works. Died in 1813.

S« " Noanlla Havti^K Gfofcila,"

NotUlean, nooiy, (J«an Baptistk,) a French ecde-
aiastic and theotogical writer, born at Saint-Brieuc in
1604; died in 1671.

Noaraddln or Hoor-Bcldyii. See Nocw-kd-Dbxm.

Nonrluon, noo'rt'sAN', Qean Fdux.) a French
phitoiopher, born at Thiers, July 18, 18*5. He was
admitted to tlie bar in 1850. In 1870 he was chosen to
the Academy of Moral and Political Sciences. In 1S74
be was appointed professor of modern philoaophy in the
Cotl^e de France. Among his writings are " E$sai sur
la PhHosophie de Bossuet," (1851,) " Us Fires de r£glise
latine," {1858,) "Histoire el Philosophie," (i860,) "La
Fhiiosophie de Leibniif," (1860,) "La Philosophie de
Saint-Angostin," (1865,) "La Nature humaine,'' (1865,)
"Spinoia," etc., (iSw.) "La Politique de Bossuet,"
(1867,) "Machia»el." (1875,) etc.

HoniTit;noor'e', (Adolfhb,) a popular French singer
and actor, barn at Montpellier in i8o3 ; died in 1839.

ZToTa, de, di no'vl, (Juan,) a Spanish navigator,
bom in Galida, entered the service of Emanuel, King
of Portugal. He sailed for the Indies in 1501, and dis-
eOTCied on bis route the Isle of Conception, and another
at no great distance, to which he ^ve bis name. On his
return, in 1503, he discovered Saint Helena.

Rovalia, no-vS'lis, the assumed name of {Fkikdkich)
Toa RardBBlMrt (fon haE'dfn-biitc',) a celebrated
German philosopher and mystical writer, born at Wider-
•tiidt. Saxony, May a, 1773. He was a son of Baron
von Hardenberg, amemberof the Sodety of Hermhnlers
or Moravians. He studied successively at the Univer-
sities of Jena, Lcipsic, and Wiltentieig. Among the
intimate friends of his early youih were Frederick Schte-
gel, Fichce, and Scfaclling. About 1797 he produced his
" Hymns to the Night" He was affianced to Julia von
Cbarpentier in 1790, but their marriage was prevented
by his death. About this date he wrote the " Disdple*
■t Sals." His constitution had always been delicate. He
died of consumption, at Weissenfels, in March, iSoi.
His most extensive work is a mystical romance entitled
■ Heinrich von Ofterdingen," which, however, he left
UD&iisbed. It is cnveloj>ed in a rather obscure sjrm-
bobin, and displays a wild and eccentric imagination.
He also wrote a remarkalile trork called "Christianity
in Europe."

Baa a " Bigcnphr of Honlb," brTncii, [vvfiiicd lo fail mUacttd
anrki, <"Nonlit Sdiri&cn,"} 1 volt., itgj; CASLVtA "HiKil-
brin.">nkle " Nonlii 1" H ADAiu D> StaIu " Del'Allemasu 1"
Oaavmin, "Gaduditi der Deouchai Dicbtoiic;" "Nouvclla
HcEnphi* G4n«Tal(."

HoTnra. no-vl'rl, (Douknico Mabia,) an Italian
MlTonoiDer, bom at Ferrara in 1464, langlit astronomy
M Bolt^a, and numbered among his pupils (he cele-
brated Copemicoa. Died in K14.

HOTUlill, no-vl-ree'nee, (LuiGl,) an Italian theo-
logian, bora at Verona in 1594, wrote "Commentaries
on the Goapels," and other works. Died in 1650.

Hont. See NovATua.

HoTKtlaii, no-rt'she-an, (LaL Notatia'nus ; Fr.
NovATiEH, no'vfs^jt',! the founder of a sect called
Novadans. He l>ecaine a presbyter of the Church at
Rone, and insisted on a rigoroui enforcement of the
tfadpjiiie against the Lapai, — %.€. those members of
tte Chmch who tmder the pressare of persecntiDn had

On this question the Church was dividetf into two pw-
ties, which in zqi a. a elected two rival bishops of Rome.
Novatian and Cornelius, the latter of whom advocated
greater lazitv or charity in the treatment of the weak
brethren. Novatian was condemned by a genera)
Council held at Rome, and his rival obtained the office.
The Novatians became numerous, and existed for mon
than a centuiy as a separate sect. Some writers cox-
found him with NovatuB, mentioned below.

S« FLDTav, "HiKotra «rriMniiq»i" PLOQuar, "Ihctfae
jte do -abim."

ZToratianiia. See Novatiah.

IToTatleii. See Novatian.

Ho-^S'toa, [Fr. Novat. no'vf,] a presbyter of Car-
thage, called a heresiarch by Catholic writais, was an
adversary of Cypriaiu He was excommunicated in 151
A.D., — probably because he resisted the assumption of
the bishops who wished to domineer over the Church;
for he is not charged with dogmatical heresy.

Sob FuiriT, " HiMcdn •ccljuutiqu."

Novella, no-vel'll, a learned and beantifiil Italian lady,
bom al Padua in 1311, waa a daughter of the celeliratM
jurist Giovanni d' Andrea. She was profoundly versed
m philosophy and jurisprudence, and was accustomed,
in her father^ absence, to leetore in his place. She is
said to have lectured with a curtain drawn before her

"IiMttlH*tod«(l

Should lot tbcir jooBf vyea wuider b*a bcr,

in[>liia GfaAala.^

NoralU, no-vellee, (Antonio,) an Italian sculptor,
bom at Castel- Franco in 1600, worked at Florence. A
statue of Mary Magdalene is called his master-piece.
He also made telescopeH so superior that Torricelli said
of him, " Behold, another Calico flourishes I" (" En
viresdt Galilsus alter I") Died in 1661.

IToTelll, (PiETRO,) called II Morrkalzsb, (il omv-
ri-l-li'ia,) an Italian painter and architect, bom at Hor>
reaJe in 1608. He adorned the churches of Palermo
with many ml -paintings. He also painted some frescos.
According to £. Breton, in the "Nouvelle Bioerapbk
G^n^rale,"' he was the greatest painter tluu Si^y ever
produced. Died in 1647.

Sea Lairi, "Hiatarr of PaiitiBi bi laJri" Ticom, "DUo.

ZToTsUl, (PlBTSO Antonio,) an Italian painter and

Kt,bom at Venice in 1729; died in 1804. His son
kMCUCO, bom in 1764, was an engraver.
NovaUo, no-Tello, (Cuka,) Countess Gigliucci, Oti-
voofchee, ) a famous siuger, a daughter of Vincent
Novella^ was born in London ir "" "' ' ' ^

Hi.- (asr;gia/tf;gas/;C,K,z,/Mavra;,'

gliucd In 1843.

Rorello, (Vincent,) an eminent musician, born in
London in 1781, was the son of an Italian. He com-
posed mnsic for the Chtirch, and published several col-
lectiona of the works of other composers. He was the
lather of Mary Cowden Clarke, and Clara, Countess
Gigliucd. Died in i36i.

Sm " LUa of V. NoTcDo." br U> duifhtv, Un. Cum.

iroTerre, no'vaiR', (Jkam Giokobs.) bom in Parte in
1727, is celebrated for the improvements he introduced
into the liallet and (he art of dandng. He was (he
anthor of "Letters on the Imitative Arts," etc, (1807,)
and several dramatic works, and was appointed chief
iMllet-master of the Royal Academy of Music, Paris.
Died in 1810.

Sh lb* "UoBthlT RniaV far Mail. 17M.

NoToa, do, dfh nor, (or no'vEs,) (Lauka,) a French
lady, celebrated as the subject of Petrarch's sonnets,
was bom near Avignon in 1307 ; died in 1348.

Sea Da Sass, "Mfaaiinaaiu' Plmrqac," 1744.

ZTovlko( KoTlkoT, or NoTlkow, nov'e-kof, (Ni.
EOLAI IvANOTLTCH.) s Russian litUralair, bom neat
Moscow in 1744. Hepublished a "Lexicon of Russian
Authors," and a work entitled "The Painter," which
vras very successfbL He established in Moscow a Ty-
ti,H(Ual; t^tnlled; last; th as in Mir. ()iy See Explanations, p. 13.)

Digitized 3,G00gle

came of edacmtion. Died in iSlS.

ITo'vI-Da, (Q.,) a I^tin comic poet, lived about So
B.C., and was contemporarjr with Sulla the dictator. He
wrote plays called Atdlatu.

nowell, ne'fl, (Albxandek,) an Engllih theologtan,
bom in Lancashire about ijt^ was a zealous pro-
moter of the Reformation. On the acceuion of Queen
Marr he went Into exile. He became Dean of Saint
Paura, London, in 1560, and took a promineni part in
ttie Convocation of 1563, at which the article of re-
ligion were revised. His most important work it hi*
"CatechiBm," which was published in X^tin in 1570
and io Engllih about 1571. Tfaia is the " La^er Cate-
chism" adopted bj the Anglican Cborch. Died 1602,

How-bU, (Lawsknci,] a younger brother of the pre-
ceding, graduated U Oxford in 1544. He became Dean
of Lichfield in 15(9. He compiled aSaxon Vocabalarr,
which hegaveto William LambardeinmanuscripL Died
In 1576L

ITox or JSt*. [Gt. Ntf ; Fr. Nuir, ne'e* ; It Norr*,
aot'tk,] one of the moat andent deities in classic mj^
IhologT, is ■ personification of Night She was supposed!
to be the daughter of Chaos, the brother of Erebus, and 1
the mother oT Day, fUimera.) Among her o&pring
were Death, Sleep, Momus, Nemesis, and the Pares.

Kof, (WiLUAH,) a celebrated English lawyer, bom

x>nt 1577, He was appointed attorney-general in 1 ~
and thenceforth became the advocate of the royal

luct," and one " On the Motion of the Circolar Bile.*
Died in 1693.

Nuemuliu. See Neitznar.

IVa'^nt the name of a noble fiimily, originall; (ran
Normandy, who settled in Ireland in the twelfth cenwry,
Richard Nugent was created by King James I. Ear! of
Westmeaih in i6ji. Georck Thomas John NncKNT,
bom in 1785, became Marquis of WeHtmeath ii

Sir

George Nugknt, grandson oF Viscount Clar .
1757, served in America and the Netherlands. He wii
successively appointed Governor of Jamaica and com-
mander-in-chief of the army in the West Indies, and in
1846 field-marshal. Died m 1849. His brother, Sta
Charles Edmund NucEtrr, served with ditttnctiaa
nnder Rodney, and was created admiral of the bine In
iSoS. In 1833 he received the title of admiral of the

fleet Died ir
ITnKe

1844.

abont 1577, He was appointed attomey-gei

and thenceforth became the advocate of the royal prt

rogalive, though he had previously been one of il

.-r . father-in-law of the celebrated

. _ ._ ,^ F-dmond Burke. He wait Fellow of (he Roval Society

;hteT of Chaos, the brother of Erebus, and I His prindpal work 1« an "Baaay on Hydrophobia,^

nannt, (Gkokck Nugknt Grknvili4) Lois, am
English writer and liberal statesman, a son of the Har>
quia of Buckingham, was bom in 1788. On enterfaic
Parliament, in 1811, he became a prominent advocate of
the cause of the Greeks, and was also conB[Hcao«M la
the defence <A Queen Caroline. In 1S30 he was made
lovd (rftbe treasury, and soonaAer lord high commlasaiy
of Hke Ionian Islands. He returned to England in iSlJ,
and died in 1850 or 1851. He published very Intereatmg
"Uemarialso^obn Hampden," and wrote, in conjnnctloB
with hb wife, " Legends of Lilies, by the Lord and Lady
thereof

Httsmt, (Comte Latal db WBmnATn,) a gsnen^
bom in Ireland in 1777. He entered the Anstrian amy
at an earlv age. He gained some advant^e* over Um

•irongest opponents. It was at his snggestian thatKiny
Cfaarle* L levied the tax of thip-nioney, which waa
ooe of the exciting causes of the dvil war. He wrotb
among other legal works, " The Complete Lawyer," and
a'Treatiaeon the Rights ofthe Crown." Diedtnt$34.

noydeas, no-e-dins', (Benito RsMtcio,) a Span-
ish philologist, bom in Aragon about 1630, published a
Spuiish DtctiooaiY, (1674.) Died in 1685.

Noyer, d«. See Dunoveb.

Nt^aa, (Alfred,) poet, bom in Staffordshire, Eng-
land, in 1S80. He has contribated poems to numerous
periodicals and published several volumes, including
■■Collected Poems," (i9«^')

Hoyns, (John Huhphbev,) an American religion-
lat, boin at Biattleborough, Vermont, September j,
iSll- His bther was a member of Congress, and his
mother was an aunt of President R. B. Hayes. J. H.
Noyea gradoated at Dartmouth College in 1830, read
law, ana studied divinity at Andover and New Haven,
where he was licensed as a Congregational preacher. In
1834 be announced his new doctrue of nrfectionism.
He was the founder and president (1S48-S0) of the
" Oneida Communi ty" of Perfectionists, living for a part

of the time in the yVallingford (Connecticul) Community,
and after 1880 at Niagara Falls, where the Community
(reorganiied as a stock company) has extensive works.

freorgaiiiied as a stock company) has extensive

sir. Noyes's more important books are "The Way of

Holiness," (1838,) "The Berean," (1S47,)

mnnism," (1S53,) "History of American Socialisms,"

(1S70,) and " Home Talks,* (1875.) D. April 13, 18S6.

IT07M, (William Curtis,) an American jurist, bom
In Rensselaer county. New York, in 1805. He practised
law in the city of New York, where he died in December,
1864-

NnnMi Paalim, an Egyptian statesman, bom at
Smyrna, of Amienian parentage, in 1835. He was
educated in France and Switzerland, entered the
Egyptian ministry in 1S41, became secretary to
Mehemet All, was made pasha for his services in
regard to the Suez Canal, and obtained from the
sultan a confiimation of Ismail in the title of khedive.
This raised him to the highest rank in the Egyptian
cabinet. He resigned as premier in 1888, but was
induced to resume the office for a short time in 1894
and fomi a cabinet favourable to the British policy.

Hnok, n(J6k, (Anton,) a skilful German anatomist
and physician, bom about 1660. He was profiMSOr of
■argery and analwny at Leydcn, and anbaequently presi-

, o"&S5
the rank of feld-m

IT3S Anna
who was a

he obtained the title of Earl Nugent Died h
Hepublished a volnme of poems in 1739.
Hagen^ (Thouai,] LL.D., a learned writer and cc

I native of Ireland. He pabllshed, amoaf
oer works, "Travels through Gertnany," (1768,) and
" Frencb-and-English Dictionary," (I774i) <rilen r*

printed. Died In 1771.

. _ „ of the Romans. Acconflngto

these legends. Noma was a SaUne, and was de^ed
king as snccesaor to Romalos. Instructed by the C»-
mena ^erla, he prescribed the rite* of public wotaUp,
and app<Hnted pontifls, augurs, fiamens, and veatab.
His reign was pacific and prosperous. There was a
prevalent tradition among the andenta that Nnma dft-
rived his wisdom from PyUiagoras.

"linsr Mminca, "RBn^ibi CwUdmi"

Nn-mtt'iil-iia, (No(|iiftMOf,1 a Greek phUoac^dwr, bom

Cis called a Pythagorean,
nico-Pythagorean phika

Apamea, in Srna, is called a Pythagorean, or

iiroKssor of a Platonico-Pythagorean phitoaophr.
ived in the second century of our era, and was ni

aUy mentioned by OrigeiL He attempted tc
the great Greek achools with the doctrines of the Brah-
mana, Hagi, and Jews, and to restore the philosophy of
Plato to its original parity. His works sre not eitanL

S« J. Suum, "Uimin da
HIuoiT of PhOoMiAy."
~ '" [LatNuMMiA'NDS; Fr.Nui

[AKCtK AUBBUUS,) son of Carva, ■■

of Rome in 184 A.D., in eon)Mn»

HtMIM'rl-M^ ILaL Nl
nrmi'r^H',1 (HAKCtK .
oeeded himssEmpetorol ..
tion with hit faaodier Carinoa

fc 1 1. 4 a, f, /»«y; 1, ^ 6, same, leaa prolonged; i. i, I, a, 6, f, M»rt; fc ft t ft <*«««■ Clr, (III, flti mtt; n&i g»d; iMIBw

NUMERTEN

1837

NYMPHS

to death in the Mine jear, u is BnppoMd, \rf hie &tber-
in-lalT, Airins, and Diocktun was chosen emperor.
Mumerianns was bmed as an orator and a poet His
chaiacter is said to have been excellenL

IfumMwi. See Numsrian.

Ra-RW-al-S'niiB or Ro-mla-I-S'iiiia, a phyiician of
Corinth, flotuithed in the second centair of the Cbrit-
liMi en. He nambered the celebrated Galen kmong
Uapnpitt.

Hnmltor. See RouuLna.

NtmaM-BantttO, noo'nh bar-rS'Co, (BsLCHroK,) a
Rirtngiiese missionar^r. born at Oporto in I510. He was
•mplojred man; jrean in India, and wrote interesting
letters on Oriental iBaiis. Died in 1571.

Rofia^ noon'yCth, (Altakez,) surnamed Cabb^ db
Vac*. (kihl'thSdi villi.) a Spanish expk -^-

Mcoodm command of a party which discovered

ijaS. He was apiKiintc '
€f Rio de U Plata alMiit 154a. Died in 11

plored Tlorida b ijaS. fie was apirainted adelantado
-' *"" * 'a Plata alMiit 154a. Died in 1564.

[Lat. N</nii;s,] (FnuaANDo dk Gi/zhah,) a

~' Spanish scholar and promoter of classical

bora at Valladoltd aboat 1470. He was

"ssts

__ d PwnANUS, from Pincium, the Latin nam<

ValladoUd. After having atudied Greek in Italy, he
•ppMDted one of the protessors of that lango!^ in the
University of AlcaUL He iftemards filled the chair of
andent languages and rhetoric al Salamanca. Nafiet
had a share in the celebrated " Complutensian Poly-
riot" of Cardinal Xioienes, and in the Laiin version of
tiM SeptuaginL He also published, among other works,
■n excellent edition of Seneca. Died in 1553.

Nnflas, [LaL No'Kius or Non'nius,! (Luis,) a Flem-
Mt « Spanish medical writer, born about 1555, lived
at Antwerp. He was eminent for learning, and wrote
several works, among which ii a treatise on diet, " IHb-
teticon, save de Re Cibaria," (1637.) Died aAer 1645.
' Sfa M. AirroiiiOi " Bibliotbca HiiiSDi.*'

lliUM% noynti, or Ro'iiI-nB, (Pedro,) an eminent
Portognese mathemaCidan, bom in 1493. He wrote a
mimber of very able treadses on navigation, geometry,
and the projectioD of maps ; and the improved scale
which he invented for reading an observed angle is
stDl nlled by his name. He is also said to be the in-
TCBtor of the loiodromic curve. Nonez was professor
•f mathematics at Coimbra, and royal cosmc^apher.
•" ■ ' 1577.

ITiuias. (Raphael,) a Colombian statesman, bom
at Cartagena in 1825. After serving his country in
several prominent positions, he was elected Governor
of the State of Bolivar, and President of Colombia for
three terms, 1S79, 1S83, and iSgi. He published
several volumes of prose and poetry. Died in 1894.

ITnllex de Aroe, (Don Gaspar,) a Spanish poet,
bom at Valladolid in 1834. His productions embrace
several dramas, volumes of poetry, etc., his lyrical
poems gaining him the name of "The Tennyson of
Spain." He held cabinet positions in the government
b tSS3 and iSSS.

^nflex d« Balboa. See Balboa, db.

gi (Jol>occs Hbbmann,} a German

__ wrttorpin 1675 ; died in 1 753.

■l)t«^ noon-ie-ln'O, (Vrro,) Mabqihs, an Ital-

his insnrgent satqects, but was abandoned by that army.
He became commander-in-chief of all the Neapolitan
armies in tSji. Died in t836.

Nnreddln. See Noor-bd-Dbbn.

K1UI, nus, (EoctNE,) a French dramatist, bom
Chilons-9ar-Sa6ne in 1816.

naatalrwan or HasohlrwML See KHOSROO.

lint, noot, the heaven -goddess of the old Egyptians,
and the consort of the god Seb. She was ofbatnan
form, and vras Identified with Rhba, (q. v.)

Rnf tfU, (Thomas,) an English botanist of high repn-

tatiofi, bom in Yorkshire in ■78&, He emigrated to the
United States about iSoS, after which he explored tbe
country bordering on the Missouri Rivet, and published
his valuable " Genera of North American Plants," (1818.)
He was professor of natural history at Harvard from
iSaa to 1834. He perfonned an excarslon to the Rocky
Mountains and Columbia River about 1834. Among fata
works is a " Manual of the Ornithology of the United
States and Canada," (a vols., 1834.) Died in 1859.

ITnvolons, noo-vo-lo'n^ (Carlo Francesco,) an
Italian painter, boin at Milan in iteS. He imiUted the
style ofGuido so successfiilly that he was surnamed THB
GuiDO OF LouBARDV. Among his master-pieces is
"The Miracle of Saint Peter at the Beantifdl Gate."
He died in 1661. His brother, Giuseppe, (some-
times called Fanfilo,} was also a painter of some

NtivoIoiM, (Panfilo,) an Italian painter, born al
Cremona, was the ftthcr of the preceding. He worked
at Milan. Died, al an advanced age, in i6;i.

Nnwayri. See Noowairbb.

ITnssl. noot'see, (Mario,) called Mario db' Fioxi,
(ml're-o di fe-o'ree,) a celebrated Italian flower -painter,
bom near Naples in 1603. His plctare* enjoyed a |[reat
reputation in his time, and cooiinuided high prices.
Died in 1673.

Neptune and the Gather of Antiope.

Ny», ni, (Edgar William,) an American humour-
ist, bom al Shirley, Maine, in 1850. He was a pro-
lific writer, under the peo-name of Bill Nye, of
humourous sketches, one of whose features was bad
spelling. Died in 1896.

Hyegnah, nyl-aoosh', or Nlagoah, (Pbtbr Fetro-
VITCH,) the last Prince-Bishop of Montenegro, was bora
in 1S13, began to rule in 1830, established a printine-

Eress m 1S34, and died in 1851. He nominated Dsnilo
., his nephew, as his successor ; bat Danilo, while he
accepted the digni^ of prince and made it hereditary in
his family, dedined the office of bishop. Peter baa been
called the greatest poet of the South Slavic (Serb) na-
tionalities. His " Gorski Vyenat^ (" Mountain Wreath")
a extremely popular among the South Slavic peoples.

ITyarap, nii'tr-dp, (Rasmus,) an eminent Danisk
scholar and antiquary, born at Fiinen in 1759^ He was
appointed in \'M professor of the history of literature
and librarian t>[ the University of Copenhagen. Amoi^
his numerous and valuable works we mar name his
- - - - <i,,.-

' Histor

ibols to Ulnstrate Teutonic Iiteratnre,''(i787,) and
. [istorical ai>d Statistical Accoont of the ConditioD of
Denmark and Norway in Ancdcnt and Modem Times,"
(4 vols., i8o>-o6.) In conjnnction with Rahbek and
Abrahamson, he published in iSia an edition of <dd
Danish heroic songs, with historical explanations. He
published, conjoinuy with Kraft, a work sn Danish, Nor-
w^an, and Icelandic biography, entitled " Almiiideligt
Litteraturlexicon for Danmark, Noige og Island," J*
vols., 1S19.) Died in 1819.

Rymani^nee'mln, (Gregob,) a German phniolcwbti
bom at Wittenberg in 1594. He published "Da Vita
Foetus in Utero," (163^ which is commended. Died
b 163S.

and beauty. Thev were divided into several classes ot
spedes, namely, Oceanides and Nereides, sea-nvmphs;
Oreades, mountain- nymphs ; Naiades, (resh-watei

*v,k: qaai; iluinl: ^aaj;a,iii,K.,guatral; it,natal; t^lriiUd; lai»*: Witiiaaii, (|Q

nymphs ; Dryades, wood-nymphs, or nymphs of trees ;
Limniades. nymphs of lakes t and NapzE, nymf^

« Explanations, p. 23.)

!edb, Google

NYMPHMS

1S3S

OBERLJN

of foreiti and grores. Th« poets feigned that the I Celsiu and Galen, thed protaUy in the third cenMr;

Nj^phs were the nnnes of Bacchut, Jupiter, and Pao. b.c He Invented a madilne for tlie ledoctioo of ditlo-

(See OcKAHiDis, NnxiDs, Oreaiis, etc.) cations.

Hrmpbea. See Nvmpka. NrmpIiodonM, a Greek Uttorian of Amphipotia,

njm'phlB, [N(yi^,] a Greek historian, a native of wiioae epoch ia anknown. He wrote a work on Ihe tawi

mpbea. See Nvmpka.
_ ■n'phla, [N(yi^,] a Greek historian, a native of
the Pontic Heraclea, lived aboat 150 B.C. He wrote a
" History of Alexander the Great and his Sncceuors,"

and two other works. None of these are extant

DOU, nlM'fo'dojt',] a Greek surgeon, mentioned by

and customs of Asia, called Ni^u^ 'Aofot.

Nyaten.nls'tfn.lPiTEK HuBiKT,)aDa(chphyucian,
born at LicKC in 1771. He was the author erf a "Die-
tkmarv of Hedidne and its Accessory Sciences," (iSioJ
and "Researches in Physiology and Pathological Chcan
iitry," (181 1.) Died in igiS.

O.

0,tf, do, (Fkancois,) Masquis, a French financier,
bom in Paria in 1535- He became anperintetident of
the finances in 1578. Died in 1594.

Oakslsy, Sk'lc, (Fredkkick,) an English divine,
born at Shrewsbury, September ;, iSoi. In 1S14 he

Eadnated ai RA at Oxford, and received seveTal pre-
rments in the English Church, bat in 1845 he became
a Romanist, and was afterwards a priest In 1B51 he
was appointed Canon of Westminster. He wrote many
works, especially after his conversion to Romaoism.
Died Tanuaiy 30, iSSo.

OuBley, (Sir Hikbkrt Stanlby,) Mua. Doc, an
English musician and composer, bom at Ealing In 1E30.
He was educated at Oxford and LeifMic, and in 1865
became professor of mnaic in the University of Edin-
burgh. He is Bii organ-player of exceptional ability,
and ia also known as a composer of son^ and hymns.

Oaixoa, fiks, (John WucHT,) an English painter, born
near Ulddlewicn, in Cheshire, July 9, iSao. He won
distinction aa a painter of landscapes, and particularly
of coast-scenery. Died July 8, 18S7.

Omkm, filcB, (Ukian,) a leameo nonconformist divine,
born in England in 1631, emigrated to America, and
settled as minister at Cambridge, Massachusetts, in ifiyr.
He became president of Harvard College in ifiSa Died
In 1681.

Gates, eta, (Trrus,) a notorious impostor, the in-
ventor of the famous Popish Plot was bom in or near
London about 1650. He became a clergyman of the
Anglican Church, was deprived of his living for vidoos
conduct, and turned a Roman Catholic He passed
some time in a Jesuit college at Saint-Omer, from wbidi
he was expelled in 1677. In 1678 he appured ax an
hUarmer, and swore that the pope and Jesuits had con-
Spired to massacre the prominent Protestants, make
tbemaelves masters of Ihe kingdom, and establish popery.
His story was generally credited, and produced a forious
exdiement Many Csthotits were put to death for
alleged complicity in the plot Oales received a pensi
of ^ivxi. After the accession of James IL be 11
convicted of penory, severely whipped, and imprisoned
frotn 1685 to 1689. He died in 170;.

Sh llACA<n.AV, "Hirteryof Bm^ad;" BiiiiinT,*'ILua7ofliii
Own Hidm:" Ushb. " HMoj gfEiisliiHl !' Evatni, " DIU7-"

Ob-^MlI'ata, (HeK nn3;r,] cme of the minor Hebrew
prophets, lived probably about S90 b.c Nothing is
known respecting tbe events of hn life. His prophecy
Is comprised In a single chapter,

Ob«ldalL See Aboo-Ubktoak.

OValnw, o-beem', ? riiiouM Lewis,) an Irish prel-
ate and writer, bom In the county of Longford in 1748.
He accompanied Lord Howe to America, as his chaplain,
in I77S, *"<! *** created, after his return. Bishop of
Meath. He was the author of a poem entitled "The
Crndfixion," (iTjft^ and of several prose works. Died
In 1813.

OmIoiIo, o-bl-II're-o, a Venetian doge, bom about
760, began to rule in S04 A-D., soon after which Venice
was invaded by Fepin, King of the Lombards He was
exiled in S09, and died in 831 A.D.

Obontraot, Ton, fun o'bfn-tRSwt', (Johann Mi-
CHAXi«) a German general, bom in the Palatinate in
1574. He fought for Frederick, Elector Palatine, and
was second in command of the army which, under Ernst

of Hansfcld, gained advantages over Spinda and Tilly
in Flanders. He was killed m battle at Kalemberg ia
1615.

O'b^, (Phxdiilick Albion,] an American author,
txHD at Beverly, Massachusetts, Fcbiiiary 13, 1849. 1°
1874 he explored the Okeechobee region of Florida. He
made extended exploratioDs in the smaller West India
islands, 1877-S0, (where he discovered twenty-two new
species of birds,) and afterwards travelled extensively in
Yacaton and Mexico, South America, West Indies,
etc. Hi« works include " Camps in the Caribbees,"

" - --. o,"(i883,)

Ob«r«lt, o^Jth-rlf, (Jakob Hbrmann,} a Gennan
or Swiss alchemist and mystic, born in Aargaa in 1715,
practised oiedidne in his early life. He wrote, besides
other works, a "Defence of Mysticism," (1775,) and
'• Promenades do Gamaliel, Juif PhUosopbe,'' (1780.)
Died at Jena in 1798.

Oberhtiiuer, o'bfr-hoi'i^, (Benedict,) a German
canonist bom In Upper Austria in 1719 ) died in itSG.

See"Uu»riiiB. Obethuueri," Sdtitxus, irM.

OberhitiisaT, (Giobc,) a manubcturer of micro-
scopes, was born at Anspach, in Bavaria, in 1798. He
became a resident of Fans about 1S15, and made some
improvement in the form of microscopes. Between 1831
and 1856 he constructed a great number of these instra*
ments, which were largely exported. Died in 1868.

Oberkampt oT>9r.klmpf*, CChristoph PMiuPf,)«
distir^ished (jerman artisan, bom at Weissenbach in
■738. Having removed to France, he established at

{Duy the first manu&ictory of printed cottons, (1759.)
ie brought thia art to a de^ee of excellence hitherto
unknown, and conferred an immense benefit upon his
adopted country. He received from Napolctm the crow
of the legion ol^honour. Died in 181J.

OborUn, o^r-lin, [Ger. pron. oTrfR-leen'; Fr. proa.
olieRllN',] (Jean FRtDiRlc,) an eminent philanthropist
and reformer, born a( Strasburg in 174a In compliance
with his father's wishes, he stadied tlieolofnr> instead of
embradne the military profession, for whidi he had a
strong indinatifMi. Hebecamein i766Protestantpaator
of the Steinthal, or Ban de la Roche, a barren and rockj
valley in Alsace, the inhabitants of which, owing to th^
comitry having been repeatedly laid waste during the
French and German wars, were in a state of wretched
poverty and ignorance. Oberlin now devoted himself
to the reform which had been Ixgun by his predecessor,
Stouber, and, b* his energy and mildness, succeeded ia

' -" — ■■ "- '- -■-- -t er«

i the mechanical arts, he
ments, such as cotton-spini

.^^, ,...iiting. He founded school .

he gave competent teachers, originated Inbnt-schoola,
and took upon himself the prindpal relicioas instrnctioD
of his parishioners. So highly was ObetUn esteemed
far the excellence c^ hia character, and so deep was the
•ense of Ae benefits he had eooflHTed, that duriu the
troubles of the French Revolution the Ban de la Roche
remained undisturbed; and he received from Louis
XVUI. the cross ofihe legion of iionoar,(i8i9.) After
the death of his wife, (1784,) Oberlin was asaistrd In bis

L9.f,0,fi.;,/<M!f; I, (, A, same.less prolonged; t,E,I,5, ii,]f, j,t0r/,-},$,|,9,0Jj(?fr/; (lr,f3ll,at;m(tinftt;gi)UjmtfDn.

d by Google

OBERLIN la

bmevotent taboan by hU hooMkeeper, Lonita Schepler,
lornieTly ■ serrant in hit fiunilf. Sne obtained from the
French Academv, in iSag, one of the Montyon Fiizet
of Virtue, (five thousand francs.) Oberlin died in 18)6,
kfter a short illness, at (he age of eightf-«&

S« AucDtT HBAinna. " Zflg* nu il«m Leba and Wtrhen do
pHtan Otxriin," thj : Paui. Mnuv, " L* FnUuT OlxrUn," 1833;
RoTHntT, "LdxBjTF. Obir1iH,"iS47:"T>M Bun ds li Rocba
•odiB Bcnciiictor/' Londan, ilisi "L* Futenr OberliD, Swrenir
d'AlMie*" iSm ; H. LuTTMnyni, " Modee mT J. r. Obwlm," i8j«:
D. t Sto»«i». "1% d. J. P. ObtrSa," 1834: G H. yoh Scmh
anr. "ZSn mdoD Lebcn OtwUni,'' iImi " Uemojn of J. F.
ObB&B," LimdOD, tlh •dtioB, iSit.

Obwlln, (JtelHiB jACQtTBS,) a scholar and antiqnarj
of high reputation, bom at Strashorg in 1735, was a
lirather of Jean FrM^rk, noticed above. He became
professor of logic and metaphynct in the onlvnaity of
hia native dt]r, (178X) Amonff bis prmdpai works are
Us "Tables of Roman Rites," ("Rituam Romanomm
TabvlB," etc, 1774,) and "On the Adutofv Poets of
Alsatia in the tfiddle A^es," (" De Foetis aWib Ero
lids Hedii jEvi," 1786.) He also published excellent
editions of Horace, Tidlns, and Mher L^tin classics
Died in 180&

Obanreg. See Ovxrwbg.

Obrecbt^ o^RlKt, (EliaS,) an antiquary, brother of
Ulrich, noticed below, was bom at Straibuiz in iSU.
He wrote several treatises on Roman antiquities. I^d
Int69&

Obi-eoh^ (Gboro,) a German jurist, bora at Stras-
bo^ in 1 547; died in 1G13.

Obiecuit^ (Ulbich,) a learned ^rist. grandson of the

ecedjng, wasboT" '* °*~"' ''"' " lh-i-j

a number of legal
Died in 1701.

Obiegon, o-bni-gAn', (ButNABDtHO,) a Spamard,
bom new Burgos in 1540, founded an order of monks
devoted to the service of the aick In hospitals. Died
•n IS99>

Obrenovitoh or ObraiiowltBob, o-brt-no'vitch,
(IfiLoscH,) styled Prince of Serria, bom in 1780, was
originally a Servian pewari. He became about 1815 a
leader of the Servian insurgents, and Rained several vic-
tories over the Turk*. In lBl6or 1817 he was elected
prince. He afterwards made a compromise with the
Sultan, who permitted him to govern Servia as tributary
to the Turkish empire. His tyranny having provoked
his sabiects to revolt, he abdicated in 1839. He was
testorec in January, 1859, and died in 186a

Sh FaaAR, "Du Lcbm <>•■ FOrMa Hiknch ssd MJm

O'Brl'^i, an Irish family of rank, descended from tlie
famous chieftam Brian Boroirahe, who was slain at the
battle of Clontarf, in 1014. MuuouoH O'Bkien «a*
created in 1800 Marquis of Thomond. DiediniSog. His
nephew.jAMlsO'BaliN, Marquis ofThomond, served as
a naval c^cer against the French, and in 1847 was made
an admiral Sir Lucius O'Bkiik, bom [n iSoo. became
lord lieutenant of Clare in 1S43. He was twice choaen a
member of Parliament for Clare, and was a sealous ad.
vocateofconservativeprindples. His brother, William
Smith O'Brisk, born in 1803, was elected to Parliament
for the county <rf Umerick m 1832. ' Here he became
an eameat coadjutor of O'Connell in tiie Repeal move-
menL He was afterwards the leader of a party called
"Young Ireland," whidi, not satisfied with the le^
agitation of O'Connell, advocated a fordble separation
from England. Soon after the French revolution of
184S he visited Paria, but, disappointed in his hopes of
assistance from France, he returned to Dublin, where he
summoned a national convention of three hundred mem-
bers. This assembly was prohibited by the government,
and O'Brien, with olher leaders, was arrested. He was
condemned to death; but tiiis sentence was afterwards
commuted to banishment, and in 1849 he was sent to
Australia. He was suboeqnently pardoned. DicdiniSfi^.

O'Bilail, (Fm-jAMEs,) an Amettcan litUraUUi

in 1851, and soon became a

rated t{

39 OCEANUS

Ulcs and poems, with a biographical sketch, was laso«d
by William Winter.

(ySilen, (HSNRY,) an Irish scholar, bom lii the
county of Kerry about 1800, He graduated at Trinity
College, Dublin, in 1S31. He published the "Round
Towers of Ireland," (1S34.) Died at Hanwell, England,
Jmie 18, i83S-

O'Brien, (Lucius Richard,) b Canadian painter,
bom at LakeSimcoe, Ontario, in 1S32. On the found-
ing of the Royal Canadian Academy of Arts in 1880
he became its president, retiring in 1S90.

O'Brlsn. (William,) an Irish patriot, was bom
at Mallow in 1832. He represented that town and
other places in Parliament after iSSj.'was a bitter anc!
indsive speaker, and was four times imprisoned for
bis journalistic utterances. Being liberated on bail
in 1890, he escaped to the United States to fill a
lecture engagement, then returned, and was sent to
prison; was again in Parliament 1893-95. He wrote
in prison, "When we were Boys," (1890,) also
published " Irish Ideas," (1S94,) and "A Queen of
Men," (1897.)

OVav-qaen*, (JuLtD^] a Roman writet, of whose
personal history nothing (s known. He was the authot
of a work entitled "De Prodigiis," In whidi he records
the wonderful occurrences from the foundation of Rome
to the time of Augustus. Some parta of it which were
lost have been supplied by Lycosthenei, (Woolfhart.)

ObaopcBiiB. See Ofsopieus.

O'CaUaghan, o-kil'l»-H»n, (Eiwcnd Bailkt.) M.D.,
LI.D, an Irish.American historian, born at Mallow, in
Ireland, about 1S03. He was educated partly in Paris
and partly in Quebec, where he was licensed to practise
medidne in 1^7. He was ks a lime ■ journalist and
politician of Montreal, and after 1S37 lived chiefly in
New York and Albany. Among his numerous pubuca-
tions are a "History of New Netheriand," (1S45-48,}
"Documentary History of New York," (4 vols., r349-5i,)
"Laws and Ordinances of New Netheriand," (1869,)
etc Died in the dty of New York, May 19, i38a

Ooafia, de, di o-ktn'yfl, (Francisco,) a Spanish poe^
bom in the hitter part « the sixteenth century, was the
author of religions poems.

Sae LoHOPSLLOw, "P«1>aDd Poelrr of Europe."

O'Cb'o-lfi), (TuRLOUGH,) a fruuons Irish bard and
musical composer, bom in 1670, was a skiUol perfcmer
on the harp. Died in 1738.

lish p . „ _ _

Invincihls Doctor, bom in Surrey in the thirteotth
century, was the founder of ■ sect called by bis name.
He studied theology under Duns Scotua, whose tenets
of Realism he opposed, and aimed to reatwv those oi
Nominalism. He wa« excommunicated by Pop* John
XXII. for his bold defence of the emperor Louis oif
Bavaria against (he encroachments of (he papal power.
Among his prindpal works is a treatise " On the Power
of the Sovereign Pontiff." Died at Munid) in 1347.
ShB. HABaJup. " D« ia Pliilwophi» unJMii^i."

Oooler*. See Hocclxvb.

Oooo, okOto, (Adolf,) a Gennan physlcUn and nu>
mismatiat, born at Aagsbon; In 15U. He pablished
"The Coina of the Roman ^perors, ("Imperatmwa
Romanoruro Numismsts," 1579,) and other works. Died
in 1604.

Sea BavcKBa, "Vlu A. Oaeoni."

Oo'Cfiin, (Samson,) a converted Indian, bom in New
London county, Connecticut, about 1713, became cele-
brated as a preacher among his people, and in 1766
visited England. Died in I79>.

OoAan. See OcxAHua

Oceanus and Tethys. They were supposed to have
been several thousand in number. (See VmrnM.)

O-oe'f-niw. [Gr. 'Oumnc,- Fr. OctAH, o'si'Aii',| In
daaaic mythology, was the god of the river Oceanna, by
which the andent Greeks supposed the earth to be sur-
rounded. According to Hesiod, he was the first-bcnn

i*j|; (as/; %kard; ^Mj;a,a,K,gua>ini!; k.iuuoI; x,triiltJ; lai

1; th as ixilkii. (0~See Explanationa, p. 33 )

Digitized .yGoOgle

OCELLUS

of the Htwu, the ion of tJnntu vA Ge, (or C«1ii* anil
Tnra,) th* btubsuid of Tethj^ «id a puent of the
Oceanhle* and of tevenl thoawnd riien,

O-oallna Ln-d'ntu, lo nimcd from his birthplace,
Locania, In Italv, li auppoaed to have been a diadplc ai
Pjtbagoraa, ana to haTC flouiiihed abonl too b.c Hii
bcatiM "On tlie Nature of the Univeise ia the only
one of hti worka extant It maintaina tlie doctrine of
Ibc etemit; of the world.

O'CONNOR

Oovola. See Oiciola.

OolMda, o-lci'di, (TouMAio,) an Italian lUl/ratnir,
■n atTortona In 1757, became librarian to Lord Spen-

o'thiN'i] (BnKARDiNO,) one of the mott celebrated
Italian Protettanta, waa bora at Sienna in 1487. He
became a popular preacher, and waa choaen general of
lh« order of Capucbim In 153S. It i* also suted that
be waa confeaaor la Pope Paal IIL, and waa venerated
aa a aaint Having formed an ac^naintance with Juan
Valdei. a Reformer, ha avowed hu converalon to the
Protaatant Uth, and eacaped to Geneva in 154a. In-
vited by Cramner, he went to England In 1547, and
e reached in London until the acceaaion of Qneen Mary,
I 1553, after which he lived at Zatich, He became a
Unitarian, and waa baniabed from Zurich about 1563.
Died In Moravia In 1564. He had published several
volumes of sermons, and other worka on theology,

SMUA>cKAini,"I>ict- ■■ -

nd Critfcal Dkdiiiurj:"

SllTN'>''Llfl OfOeUBI).'' uuBui . .

OeUntu. Sea Ocuitto.

OolUML d% <U o-chyi, (Don EuQBNio,) a Spanish
writer and translator, bora In Madrid about iSi j. He
wrote various works in prose and verse, and translated
piany from the French and English. Died in 1873.

OohortM or Oohodna,* the French lorm of the
name Araziau, which see.

Ooheslab or OohestM. See Ochouai.

OcbM, oka, (Petu,) a SwUa stat«aman and lotlat,
bom at BUe In 1749, waa chancellor and grand tribone
of BUe. He waa created by Napoleon a councillor of
atate, and director of the Helvetic republic He wrote
a " Hiatory of BUe," ("Geachichte von Basel," 6 vola.,
IjSj-iSaa,) and also publlahed several dramas. Died
hiUi.

OobMnbelii, ok's^-Un', (Ulkich,) a Swiss poli-
tician and general, born In Ihe canton of Berne in i8lt.
He was a leader of the radical par^, and became prol-
dont of the Federal Diet in ia47. He look a prominent
part in the war against the seven Catholic cantons,
iriikh formed a separate confederal, called the ** Sun-
dcrbund," In 1847. Died at Berae, November 3, 1890^

OobtertoDT^oK'tfr-lo'ne, (Sir Datii\) a Britiah nne-
ral, bom In 1758. He served in India, and distingniihed
himself In Ihe campaign of Nepao! b 1S15-1& Died
ini8>S.

OakcBfoM. Sea Okxh.

Ook«nh«lii. See OaiaoHUL

Oflklcj, (Simon,) an Engliah divine and Oriental
scholar, bom at Baeier In 167S, became profcaaor of
Arabic In the UniverahT of Cambridge in 1711. He
pDbliahed In 1718 hla " HUtorv of the Suscena," a vala-
^)la work, which ia commended bv Gibbon. He alK>
translated the aecond Apocryphal Book of Badraa from
Ote Arabic version, and wrote an " Introduction to the
Ori«ntal Tongnea," (170&) Died In i7sa

O'Con'nall, (Danibl,) a lunoos Irish water and
poHtka) agitator, bora near Cahirdveen, Kerry, in An-
|Mt, 177^ was cdocated as a Roman Catholic at Saint-
Oner, In France. He entered Lincoln's Inn as a student
of law in lytH, and was admitted to the bar In 1798. He
qvkkly attained the foremost rank in his profcsslan, and '
became pre-eminent ar the advocate of Catholic eman-
itton,— £«. the relie' of Catholica from political dni-
r.^ .- .1 , f .^- j^ endrely

chatton,-
aUUiiaa.

In Ae MtMDOIian of thia c

physical force.
;, about iSoa. In 1833 he (
the Catholic Association. He was elected a n

oonain, Mary 0*CoonelI, about 1803. In 1833 he founded

of Paillament for Clare in 1838, and refused to take the

excitement and agitation, w

ofthebill for Catholic emancipatic _„

nell then took his seat In the Hoose of Commons,
represented Dublin in Parliament from 1833 to 1835,
and from 1837 to 1S4I. Having nven up his lucrative
practice to devote himself to legiuative dntiea, be was
indemnified by an annual anbacription raised by bis polit-
ical friends under the name of "rent." About 1840 ha

agitation Gir the repeal of the union, om
which subject he made apeeckea at monster meetingB la
Ireland In 1843 and 1843. He was arrested, tried, and
fomd goillT of seditlMi or conspiiicy, for whkh he waa
aentenoed In 184^ to Imprisonment for one year, and
fined two Ihoasand pounds. This judgment was reversed
by the Hoom of Lords. He smyorted the Whig ain-
iitry which csme into power in 1S46. This was fol-
lowed by a decline in his influence. Died in 1847.

O'Coasell, fWiLLiAH Hbnxy,) a Roman Cktbolic
prelate, bom at Waltham, Massachusetts, in 1859. He
was ordained priest at Rome ia 1884, was appoinied
bishop of Portland, Maine, in 1891, of St John L^teran
Chordi, at Rome, in 1901, and of Boston, 1907. He
waa one of three American cardinals created in 1911,

O'Oon^gr, (ASTRini,) an Itiah general, bom at Ban-
dcm, near Cork, In 176^, waa a Protestant He joined
the society (rf United Inshmen, who sent him on a secret
misrion to France, where he negotiated with General
Hocbe about the liberation of Ireland. In 1797 m imS
he was tried on a charge of treason, and acquitted. He
entered the Prendi service, and became a nneral of
division In iSoa. About 1S07 he married Elisa, ■
dai^ter of the bmoin Condorcet IHed in 1S53.

S»Tinuui Hoou, ~Lib and DmA td Lend Idmid VIb-
fifald," iSii 1 " NonnlU Bkicnpliw OiaMi*."

O'Connor, (FiAKOtfs,) the celebrated leader of the
English Chartists, was bom near Cork, in Ireland, In
179& In i8j3 he became a member of Parliament (at
the county of Cork, and acquired great popularity with
the radicals. Dissatisfied with the moderate pollcT of
O'Connelt, he advocated tbe rights of the working-dasa,
whom he succeeded in uniting into a numerous party
called Chartists. In 1838 tkey summoned a nattond

ler a saiwamarr

Newport, the Chartists were dispersetTby the
government troop*, and many td their leaders taken
and transported. O'Connor, however, who had carefully
avoided anv infringement of the law, eacaped, and sood
after fonnded a journal called "Tlie Northero Star,"
which obtained an immense drcolatiOB. In 1843 be
relnmed to Ireland, where he engaged with ardour m the
repeal af:itatioii, and in 1847 *** elected to Parliament
for Nottingham. After the Ftench revolatlon of i84iB
he called another conventiaa, and presented to tbe
House of Commona a monster petitiaa for the introdnc-
don of Uie national charter, which produced no eflect
Diaappointed in his hopea of rclbrm both In England
and Ireland, O'Connor fell into a atate of bopeleaa

I 1853 he w
m 185s.

n inaanc-asylDD

O'Con'npr, (Jambs;) D.D., a bishom bom at Queens-
town, Iieland, September ic^ 1833, was educated in
Philadelphia and at Rome, graduating in 1848, was a
Roman Catholic priest and theological professoc in
I^ttsborg and Philadelphia, 1857-76^ and in 1S76 wm
coniecnled Bishop of Dibona and aa-ointed Viar>
Apostolic of Omaha, Nebraska. Died in 189a

O'Connor, (Hichaii,) D.D., a hiahoD. bom at Cork,
In Ireland, September 17, i8ia He was educated at
Rome, and in 1838 waa placed in charge of a Rooian
Catholic seminary near Philadelphia. In 1S4] he w
cooaecntcd Bishop of Pittsburg. He was a '-'

8,<bL(k\T>'*V-'^t^**<»'<l'>*P'ol°"8cd; I,e,L&,S,y,M«rr,'f.t,L9.«*«wv,-Qi, fUl. ai;mttj ti(kic3Bdin

d by Google

<y CONNOR i8

Siihop of Erie in iSu, but waa translated to hia fonner '
•ee in ittu. In 1B60 he reiigned hU epbcopal office uid
became a JesuiL Died at Woodstock, Marjfand, October
tS, 1871.

O'Connor, (Thouas Powkr,) an Irish aathor, born
■I Athlone in 1848. He was educated at a Catholic
college » Athlone, and graduated B.A. from the Queen's
Universiij. He followed ioumslism in Dublin and
London, and in iSSo enlerea Parliament foi Galwaf as
a Home Ruler. His sevetel; critical " Life of Lord
Beaconsficid" has much literary merit.

O'Connor, (William Douglas,) an American norel-
bt, bom in Boston, January 1, iSjx. He followed jour-
nalism in Boston and Philadelphia, and wrote " Harring-
ton," (a ronunce, i860,) "The Ghost," (i8;6,) and other
stories and poenu. In 1S61 he entered the employ of
the government and became assistant superintendent of
the ' Ule-SaTine Service." Died May a 1889.

OCoa'^r, (Chakle^) a distinguished American law-
yer, the son of an Irish gentleman, was bom in New York
in 1804. He was admitted to the bar in 1826, and attained
the highest professional ranlc A lesloiia defender of
purely E)emocratic politics, he nerer was a strictly party
man. He was a Catholic in religion, and a eentleman
of the noblest private character. Died at Nantucket,
Uassachusetls, May 11, 1S84.

O'Conor, (Charles Patric,) an Irish poet, bom
about 1S36, in the South of Ireland, of extremelv deal!.
tute parents. Having removed to England, he became
a lecturer and writer. Among his works are " Songs of
a Life," "New Irish Melodies," "Songs for Soldiers,"
and some Isles of Irish life.

O'COBOr, (Sir Nicholas Roqbkick,] a British
diplomatist, bom in Ireland in 1843. After long
service in minor positions, he was minister at Peking
1892-95, ambassador at St. Petersburg 1S9J-98, and
at Constaniinople after 1898.

Oo-tS'vI-f. \Fr. OcTAViE, ok'irvB',1 a Roman lady,
bom about ;ro B.C, waa a daughter of C. Octavius, and
a sister of the emperor Angoatos. Sbe was married
Srtt to Marcellna, who died in 41. Soon after his death
■be became the wife <rf Mark Antony. This marriage
was intended to confiim amicable relations between
Antony and Ai^astDS. By her beaaty and virtue she
obtained a fevoaraUe InBuenee over Antony for a short
time. She accompanied him hi h(s expedition a^iut
the Parthians as filr as Corcyra ; but, supplanted m the
affections of Antony by Cleopatra, she was sent back
to Italy and divorced. Died in II B.C.

Ootavla. a Roman einpresa, bom in 4a A.D., was a
daughter of the emperor Claudius and Messalina. Sbe
was married in u to Nero, who became emperor. He
divorced her in in a.Dl, and a few months later put her
to death.

OotaTlan or Octavlantu. See Aucusrtra, (Em*
perot of Rome.]

Ootavl*. See Octavia.

Ootnvlna. See Aucvn^S.

Oo-tt'vl-iu, (Caius,) the Either of the emperor Ao-
gnstos. He mairied Atia, a daaghier of Julia, who waa
a ^ater of JnliiM CgBsar. He became praetor in 61 B.C.,
and «>a* proconsul in Macedonia in 6a Died In jjS B.C.
Hia official conduct was highly commended by Cicero.
Vetleiua Paterculns characterizes him as " gravis, sane-
to*, innocens, dives." He had a daughter, Octavia,
■oticed above.

Ootavlna, (Clnro^) a Roman officer, was elected
BTBtoT in 16S B.c\, and commanded a fleet sent against
Fersens, King of Macedon. whom he took prisoner. He
was coraul in 165 with Manlins Torqoahis, and was
— lastlnated at Lsiodicea in 163 s.a

Cotatliia, (CitEiUs,) a grandson of the iwcceding,
waa a partisan of Sulla. He became oontul in 87 b.c:
•■ the colleague of I. Cornelius Cinna, who was a
Mitisan of Marios. The soldiers of Cinna entered
Rome and killed Octavins in 87 kc

Of>tBTina,(MARCiT^)BRoman officer, was a partisan
of the senate in the dvil war against CMsar. At the
battle of Actinm [31 b.c) he commanded a division of
the Beet of Antony.

\\ ODESCALCHI

O'Cax'tf, (EuGiNE,) an Irish Celtic scholar, bom at
Dnnaha, county of Clare, in 1796. He was employed
as an antiquarian in the ordnance snrvev, and was one
of the first to be able to decipher the old Brehon laws.
He published "Lectures," (1S61,) and various transla-
tions, and in 1854 waa appointed professor of Irish his-
tory and archeology in the Catholic University of Dublin.
Died at Dublin, July 30, 1863.

Odaszl, o-dlt'see, (Giovanni,) an Italian painter,
bom at Rome about 1663, waa a pupil of Ciro Ferri.
Died in 1 73 1,

Oddl, od'dee, (MtnPO,) an Italian geometer, bom at
Urbinoin 1569. He wrote " On Sun-Dials or Clocks,"
("DegU OrologI solari nelle Snperfide plane," ■6l4.>
Wed m 1639.

Oddl. degU. dU'yee od'dee, (Marco.) an Italiaa
medical writer, bom at Padua in 1526 ; died in 1591.

Oddi, decU, (Odo,] an Italian physician, bom al
Padua, was the ^ther of the preceding. He was pro-
fessor of medidne al Padua, and wrote several medical
works. Died in 1559.

CddL degll, (Sfoua,) an Italian poet and jurist,
bom at Pemgiain 1540; died in 1611.

O-dell', {Thomas,) an English dramatist, bom in
Buckinghamshire, was (he author of comedies entitled
"The Chimera" and "The Prodigal," Died in 1749,

Sa BAicaa. " Bioaniiki* Dfanatka."

Odenath. See Odxmatus.

OdenatboB. See CteutATua.

Od-e-nS'tna or Od-fl-ni'tlttiB, t Fr. Odinatb,
o'^h-ntt',} Prince of Palmyra, the husband of Zenobi^
was an able general. After the emperor Valerian had
been defeated and captured by the Persians, (160 A.D.,)
Odenatos raised an army, drove Sapor, the Persian kin^
from Syria, and assnmnl the title of King of Palmyra
He also invaded Persia, and pursued the King of Persia
to Cteslphon. For these services he receiv^ the title
of Augiiatcie from Gallienua, who recognised him as hia
collewue in 164. He was assassinated in 366 or 167 A.Db
(See Zknobia.)

_ _ _ Hovm-Dt-

,"1»4*.

D.D., D.C.L., an American tnahop, bom in Philadelphia,
August II, 1S17, graduated at the University of Penn-
sylvania in 1835, and '" '^* "**' ordained a priest of
the Epii • ■*' • " .----..

le Episcopal Church. He was rector of Saint Peter's,
hiladelphia, from 1S41 to 1S69, and in the latter year
was consecrated Bishop of New Jersey. In 1874 he
look the new diocese of Northern New Jersey. Died
at Burlington, New Jersey, August 14, 1879. Among
his vrritings are " Origin and Compilation of the Prayer-
Book," "The Trae Catholic no Romanist," "Thoughts
on Immersion," " Devout Churchman's Companion,"
"Jerusalem and its Vidnity," and other works.

Oderbom, o'dfr-boan', (Paul,) a Lntheran latnister,
bom in PomeTania, lived aboat 1585. He wrote a trork
on the Ressian religion and customs, "De Russornn
Religione, Rilibus," etc., (1581.)

Od«Tlo. See Oderico.

Odoiloo (o-di-ree'ko) [Ft. Oderic, o'd?h-rikT OF
PORDENoHB or FoitTBKAU, an Italian monk, bom al
Pordenone, in the Friali, In i>86, travelled over a con-
siderable part of Asia as a missionary. His "life and
Travels" were published after his death, which took
place in 133 1.

Se* Vnun, "Kk>^ nariai lei B. OtekD," Toics, 1761.

Oderlcto, (Gaspako Ludovtoo,) an Italian antiquary,
and librarian of the Unrveraity of Genoa, bom in I7»S-
He was the author of several learned treatises on nn-
mismatica and inscriptions, and was a member of the
French Institute. I>ied in 18^

ShCabiica, " Elavil iiorico^ a I. Odarieot" GeMs, iIm

Odailgo dftOnbbtOL See Gubbio.

Odeacalohl, (BBNEDEira) See iMfOCBRT XI.

Odwenlollto-des-kll'kee, (Marcantokio,) an Ital-
ian nobleman, eminent for his philanthropy, waa a consin
of Pope Innocent XI. He founded several inatitdlions
for the sick and the friendless, and at his death, in 1674
left all his property for their benefit

IS A; (as /; B Html; t as/- a, K, K.,gtiaurai; », tuual; a, trilled; I as

mtAit. (gy~See Eiplanaiiona, p. S%>

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

ODESCALCHI i8

OdsaoBlohi, (TOMHASO,) > reladTe of the preceding,
*u almoner to Pope Innocent XI. In 1686 he founded
•n asjlam for the eduOtion and employment of poor
children. Died in 1691.

OdeT&ere, o-dth-vl'r;h, (Josephus DioirYstus,) a
celebrated Belstin painter, born at Bni^ in 1778. HaT'
Ing Btndied ander David in Paris, he visited Rome, where
he executed two large freacoi in the Quirinal palace,
and the " Martyrdom of Saint Lawrence," now in a
church of Bruges. He was appointed court painter to
William I., Kmg of the Netherlandi, in 1S15. Amotw
his best works may be named the " Peace of Utrecht"
and the " Battle of Nieuport." Died in 1830.

Od'K«n, (WlLLlAU Blakb,) ■ British legal

"Odgers on Libel and Slander," (1881,)

on Pleading," (1891,) "An Outline of the Law of

Libel," (i&(7.)

Odler, o'dgiji', (Loma,) a distinguished physician,
bom at Geneva in 1748. He finished his studies at
Edinbnrgh under Dr. Culten, and, on his return, intro-
duced vaccination into Prance and Switierland. He
was a corretponding member of the Institute of France,
and filled several important office* in his native city-
He was the author of a " Manual of Practical Medicine,"
and published, about 179S, in the " Bibliothique Bri-
tannique," a translation of one of Jenner'a treatises
on vacdnition. Died in 1817.

OdUo (o'deloO or OdUon da Marocsm, o'delAN'
dfh mEalcvR', Saint, a French monk, bom in 963, was
eminent for letunins. He was elected Abbot of Climy,
which, under his direction, became one of the most
celebrated mooasterlM of Europe. Died in 104S or
1049.

O'dln or OSUm, (ytbiu,) written also Othln. [called
bf the Gemians Wo'dan or Wi/dem ; Old German,
WUOTAN, derived from vMa, to "wade," to "go," to
"pervade,"] in the Norse mythology, the greatest of all
the gods, corresponding In the main to the Zeus or
Jupiter of the Greeks and Romans. His name is sup-
posed to signtly "mind" or "spirit" As the father of
the .i^ir, (tbe ruling gods of heaven and earth,) he is
styled Ali-faiher, (Al-fddr or Al-bVir,) although he him-
self was the son of B3r,» and the grandson of BurLt
He is also called Val-hther, (Val-fdec, i.i. " father of the
bllcn,") because all who fell in battle were supposed to
belong in an espedal manner to him. Hence his hall is
called Valhalla, tor Valhiill,) the "hall of the fallen" or
"slain." Valhalla is situated in Odin's mansion, called
Gladheim or Gtadsheim, (the "home or habitation of
gladness,"] Theroof of the hall is formed of spears and
shields. The hall itself is surrounded by a roaring river
called Thnnd, and has five hundred and forty gates,
through each of which eight hundred men can go abreast.
Here are assembled all the chosen warriors (Einktriar)
who have fallen in battle ; it is their pastime to fight and
slay each other eveiy day, but the wounded are quickly
healed, and the dead are restored to life. They then
ride back to Valhalla, where they refresh themselves by
drinking mead (or beer) with the gods and feasting on
the flesh of the boar Siehrimnir. The Valkyries (Val-
kyrjur 01 Valkyriur) wait upon the warriors, furnish-
ing them with drink and food, (see Vau^vriai] but
Odin himself lives on wine alone. Near Valhalla is
Vingolf^ the hall where the goddesses assemble. Odin's
throne was called Hlidskjalf (hlid'ske-llO or Udskialf,
whence his eye is said to survey the whole world.

Regarding Odin as the living spirit which pervades
the universe, the Norse poets have represented living

Ift* nuniXT Jopiter <ni ciU«l Faiher Dt ibE godi and fang
."("DirflnipBlff atqiH botninuiB r«."] illhotwi the»D of
. Igt Cronos) wlw agilii n> ih« Hn of Cnhn (tTnnu) ud

Terni.(6t)

t Bum. (boo'r^) wriHm ilie Bmia, \Li. "prodiiebift"b»ciH»fcbe-
iDg thc£nt of thv goda, he wit ihe pragenlioroF jUlthi iMhen,]u
Aocnbttd u > nii|hry and buadAit beim in humaa fbnn, who cane

mm eiiitnia VKn nftar the mTtbk: cow jkudbumli •■ ■- "-^ •■-

tflitcpnred ncta gf Ibe piiiM«] diaiM. Hs hid .
(Uitoi BoK, U*. "born'' or " prodmd." and lie
ta MM to hST* •urriod tht dimditB bT the liinl
Em kad bf hv dm aou,— OAd, vai, and Te,

lick the

■•00."] *h.

roots deep down in the kingdom of Hela, (or Death,) its
trunk reaches tip heavcn-high, spreads its boughs over
the whole universe. ... At the foot of it, in the Death-
kingdom, sit Three Nomas, Fates,— the Past, Present,
Future,— watering its roots from the sacred Well . . .
Its boughs are histories of nation*. The rustle of it is
the noise of human existence. ... I find no similitude
so true as this of a tree. Beaatifiil ; altogether beautifo]
and great. The 'machine of the universe,' — alas, do
but think of that In contrast I"

Although Odin (Spirit or Thought) was the principal
creator ofthe heavens and the earth, he was assisted by
his brothers Vili (Will) and Ve, (Holiness.) "The gods,
having got the giant Vmir slain," says Carlyle, " c»ter>
mined on constructing a world with him. His blood
made the sea, his flesh was the land, and the rocks his
bones ; of his eyebrows they formed Asgard, ... his
skull was the great blue vault of immensity, and tbe
brain* of it beame the clouds. What a Hyper-Brob-
dignagian business I" It is, however, only in the creation
of^the world that Vili and Ve are mentioned ; tliey ap.

rtr afterwards to have become blended or absorbed
Odin, the all-embracing World-Spirit Among Odin's
possessions may be mentioned « horse of wondrous
powers, with eight legs, called Sleipnir, on which be
rides over land and sea; and Gungnir, (j^g'njr,) a
spear, which never failed to strike whatever it was aimed
at. He has also two ravens, named Hugin and Munit^
which he sends forth over the whole world to get intel-
ligence. In addition to his other attributes, Odin a
supposed to possess marvellous powe

a m^cian.
nergy and
I sua thai
>t of Y^drasil,

courage rather than knowledge-
he once went to Mimit'sg well, at 1 „ .
for a drink from the fountain of knowledge, but, in order
to obtain it,'it was necessary for him to deposit one of
his eye* as a pledge, wbence he is usually represented

War being almost the sole occupation of the ancient
Northmen, Odin, their principal deity, became of neces>
sity the god of war, his character in this respect nearly
corresponding to that of the Man (Arts) of classic my-
thology.] He Is represented as having hrst introduced
war and slaughter among mankind. Again, he differed
from Jupiter m not wielding the thunderbolt, this weapoa
belonging to Tbor ; but, in a region where thunder,
storms are comparatively unfre^uent, the possession of
the thundeitxilt was less essential to the dignity of the
chief ofthe gods than in the countries where Olympian
Zeus wss worshipped. jSee Thor.)

Odin is not immortal in the fullest sense ; at Ragna-
rtick (the final dcstmction of the iCsir and the world)
he is fated to be destroyed by tbe wolf Feurir, the off-
spring of LokL (See Lokl)

Sh Tkoups, "Nonhtn M^lbolagir." nL l ; "Rdi^on oT th*
Northmni." hf Rddolph Kcnai, tnmlalcd by BAicijtv Pn-
HOCK, New York. tSj4 1 Malut. " Nanhno Andqsiliai," TnL ii ;

Lmpuie Htd Poetrr 1" Prmim. " Nordiik llTtlulaiJ," f. ft

Odlo, o'dtN', (John Mary,) an archbishop, born at
Ambierle, in France, February 35, iSoi. He became a
Laurist in his youth, studied at Paris, came in i3a3 to
the United States, and became a teacher and student in
the LaiarisI house at the Barrens, in Missouri. In (8*4
he entered upon the laborious life of a travelling mis-
sionary, and was afterwards president of the college at
the Barrens. He was consecrated in 1841 Bishop of
Claudiopolis, and became Vicar-Apostolic of Texas. In
1847 he was installed as Bishop of Galvestnn, the first
of the title, and in 1861 he was appointed Archtnshop
.r !•-_. Qf]g2ns. Died at Ambierle, Hay ij, 1870.

Odin. DraiUlnt Mnffiauid to vgDi^ "dmriot" or ":

tHimir licmfict tht "knowtuft ona/'
SuD Cnminidcua. writbi in Latin, EalU Odin »^rt.

l,<,iflt<l,y./nv;i,i,A,same, less prolonged; i,{,I,6,fi,f,j<b>r^; *,«, j,9,a&nKFir;ar,lllI,fltimtt;nAt;gMdiiN«a

Digitized by VjOOQIC

ihire. He wai the lathor of valaable worki on music,
latrononif, and mathematics.
Odlot, o'dcV, (Jeam Baptittb Clauio,) > French

OdlluK (William,) ar English chemist, born at
Soutbwark, SeptembcT 5, 1839. H« studied medicine
at Guy's Hospital, graduated 13 M.K of the Univeiaitj
of London in 1S51, and became professor of chemistry in
the Royal Instllulicn in 1868, and at the University of
Oxford in 1871. He published various treatises on
chemistry, besides papers on chemical theory, etc

Odo, o'dt/, or Odon, o'ddn', [LaL Odoab'dus,] »
French pteUte of great learning and influence, was bom
M Orleans. He wu elected Bishop of Cambray in i loj.
He wrote several works on theology, which hare been
printed. Died in 1113.

5a,"G>lfiiQuudaiu:" "Nnmll* UocnphUtG^ntnlt."

(Kdo, [Fr. Odon, o'ddN',] Saint, an English ecclesi-
astic was patronized by King Alfred and his immediate
BDCcessora, and was made Archbishop of Canterbury by
King Edmund in 944. Died in 958.

Sa* W. F. Hdok. "Lin* of th« Aichbiibop* of CMautbtij,"

was bom in France about in A.D. He was dittiiigni
M a reformer of monastic ducipline. IMed in 943.

Sh a HjkmiKa, " Hbtoin liltinin dn MiIim."

Odo or Odon de Conterme, o'dftN' dfh k6Nt-
»*!', bom in Normandy In 1033, wm a half-brother of
William the Conqueror. He became Bishop of Bayenx
in 1049. After the conquest of England he obtained
the title 0/ Earl of Kent and Hereford, and was grand
justiciary. He li said to hsTc becD enel and arrogant
Died in 1097.

S« PaitTtBT. " Hkioln dc GonimiH It CoDqaJnai :" " GiIHi
CliTuiIui Nounlla Biocnphi* Gtelnl*.''

Odo of E«nt, Abbot of Battle, an English theolo-

gm, bom in Kent, was a friend of Thomas t Becket
e wrote several works. Died in laoo,

Od-o-i'o«r, [Gr. 'Odooxpor; Fr. OtMiACKi, o'do'lkR',)
t Gothic military commander in the service of the West-
ern Roman ero^re. Soon after the deposition of the
emperor Julius Nepoa br Orestes, who had usurped the
throne in the name of his son Romulus, Odoaeer ad-
nnced to Pavia, took Orestes prisoner, and canted him
to be executed, in 475 a.ix Having bsnished Romulus,
be was proclaimed King of Italy by his armr; but he
refiued the imperial titles, and the Western Empire was
thenceforth considered at an end. In 488, Theodoriti
King of the Ostrogoths, invaded Italy, and besieged
Odtmcer in Ravenna. After a brave and protractea re-
•istance, be was compelled to surrender, and wa« en-
cutcd in 493, by order of Tbeodoric, who proclaimed
himself king.

S« GtsKM. "DwUbb ud Fan of tiM Rooun Eainrt;" La
laiiD, "HiMondn Bn-Ei^in ;" Jowahdbi, "Da RcbuaOolfa-
Idt:" PsccoriM, "Bcllma CnthKum;" "XoanUt Biii(nfliH
Gteinii."

Odoacre. See Odoacek.

OdOBxdna. See Oix).

0-do-fr«'dlu, an Italian jurist of high repntatioik,
bom at Boliwna; died in 1165.

OdoUnt-DMnoa, o'dolfiN' dj'no', (Joseph,) a
French savant, l>om at AJencon in 1797, wrote several
•dentific and descriptive works.

OdoIant-DeanoB, (Pikkre Joseph,} a French writer
on varions snbjecta, bcun at Alenpm In 1711, was grand-
father of the preceding. Died in iSoi.

Odon. See Odo.

O^oa'nsU, (Leopold,) Count of Lucena and Duke
d Tetoan, a Spanish seneral, of Irish extraction, was
born in iSoS or l8oa He (ooaht for the queen against
Ac Carlista in theavil war which began about 1S33, and
defeated Cabrera at Lucena In 1839. He became the
cnemyof Etpatteto, whom he drove from power in 1843.

manoco wiin sdccesb in a war againsi morocco m loyf-
60. He died in exile at Biarriu in 1S67.

O'Don'neU or O^on'el, (Roherick,) was created
Earl of Tyrconnel by James I. in Iti03. Several of hit
descendants espoused the caose of lames II., and, after
his defeat at the battle of the Boyne, settled in Austria,
where they rose to distinction In the State and the army.
Charles O'Donneu. served in the Seven Years' war,
and became lield-marshal lieutenant, and in 1768 was
made Governor-General of Transylvania. Died in 1770.
Maurice O'Donkell married Christine, dBughter of
the Prince of Ligne, and rose to be chamberlain and
field-marshal lieutenanL Died in 1843. Joseph Hbnky
CDoNNELL entered the Spanish service about 1795,
and eained several advantages over the French. For
his victory at L'Abispal he received the title of Count
of Abispal. Having subtequently incarrcd the sus-

B'dons of the constitutional party, he was deprived of
■ command, and took refuge in France, where he
died In 18^4.

OUon o-vfn, (Jokh,) an Irish archsotogist and
eminent Celtic scholar, born in Kilkenny county about
1808, He produced, besides other works, "The Annals
of Ireland, by the Four Masters, from the Earliest His-
toric Period to AD. 1616," etc, (3 vols. 4to, 1S4S-51.)
Died in 1S61.

See Allibohi. "DictlsBiry of Authon."

OdoTBB, o'do'rflN', or Odoraxuio, o'do'rtn', » French
monk of Sens, born in 98^. He wrote a general chron-
icle from 675 to 1033. Died after IC45.

Odorioo da Pordanono. See Oderico.

O-dyi'MfLi, [Gr. "OSvean^; Fr. OdyssIe, o'de'si'.J
the Greek name of the hero of Homer's "Odyssey."
(See Ulysses.)

CBagre. See CEagrus.

CSacniB, ee'9-grus, [^Gr. Obrrpor; Fr. (Baore,
k'ieK.'^ a semi-fabulous king of Thrace, was the father
of Orpheus and Linns.

Qlaolampade. See (Ecolaufadius.

QlaolRmpaditia, ek-o-lam-t^'de-us, [Ger. pron.
i-ko-l&m-pl'de-as ; Fr. CEcolampade, Jt^koOfiN^ptifi
Ger. Oskolampad, iS-ko-llm-pl.t',] an eminent German
Reformer, whose original name was Hausschein or
HnsGEM, was born in Franconia in 1481. He studied
theolc^ at Heidelberg, and became in 1 5 1 j pastra' of
a chnrcB at BUe, in Switzerland, where he strongly de-
nounced the abuses of the Roman Church. About 1531
be openly declared in favour of the Reformed faith, and
in 1514 was appointed professor of divinity at Bftle. Is
the controversy between Luther and Zuingllus concem-
fng the real presence, he adopted the views of the latter.
He was the author of numerous theological works, among
which may be named his Commentaries on Isaiah, Job,
Daniel, and Jeremiah, a treatise "On the Passover,"
("De Ritn Faschali,") and "Annotations on Genesis."
He was one of the most profound tcholart of bis time,
and. was remarkable for the moderadon and general
eKCallence of his character. Died in i;3i.

S«W. CAri-Ri, "Tin J.OaixJuBp>dIi,"i7<»: GivHm^ "Titi
J. Otcolunpidii," i»6 ; S. Hat, " LrtMnbeidireibwic dv Dr. J.
OacolaiDpHiu^" 1793: WAoma, " Lab«iibe*direibiuii dea Oec^
Impa^ui," iSa4; J.J. Huisoa, "Du Labeo J. OaVoTiimiMiK" ■
vols., 1843; "Ifoavalla Biofnphie Oln^rala."

CBoiunenltia, ek-a-mee'nc-us. Bishop of Trieea, In
Thessaly, is supposed to have flourished in the ninth or
tenth century. He wrote Commentaries on the ActSt
on Saint PauISs Epistles, and on the Apocalypse

Set Cavb, " HiUoria LJUnna."

Ooder, o'df r, (Geo&o Ludwio,) a German esegetical
writer, thefatherof the following, was l>om near Anspach
in 1694. He published several commentaries on tht
Scriptures. Died in 176a

Oader, (Georo Ludwio,) a distinguished Gcrmai
botanist, bom at Anspach in i7aS. He studied at Giit-
tiugen under Haller, throngh whose inSuence be was
appointed professor of botany at Copenhagen in 1751.
Hu most important work it his splendid " Flora Daiucsi,"
(3 vols., 1763-73,) illustrated with upwards of iLnteen

db,Google

11] of Laius, King of Thebes, and Jocasta, was cele-
brated in Greek niTttiology and tragic poetrj' ai ■ tfpe
or initance of the fatality which man cannot escape.
According to the legend, an oracle warned Laiiu that if
he ever had a ton, that loa should kill bis &ithc( and
many his mother. Laitu therefore exposed his Grit-
born son soon after his birtb, in order that he mi^ht
perish ; but he wm found bv a shepherd of Foljbns, King
of Corinth, was named CKdipus, and brought op as the
ton of Polybns. Having consulted the orade oiDelphi,
he was informed that he should commit patridde. In
the course of a journey he met Laius in the road, with
attendants, who provoked a quurel, in which CEdlpus
killed the King of Thebes. Soon after this event the
throne of TbcMt and the hand of Jocasta, the queen,
were odered to Um who should solve the riddle of the
Sphini. (See SrKi:4x.) (Edipus solved the riddle, ob-
tained the throne, and became father of several children
b; Jocasta. He afterwards discovered hi* gnil^ and
iufiered penalties and misfortunes of which contradictory
•ccoants are given by diflerent writers.

Sm SomocLB; "(Edipu 'Tr'uixui" "Tha Oijmtj," book
a. 1 EintiriDB, " Pbcenun ;~ SHtTH, " KctknUT of OtiA uA
Ramui Biogitpliy aaA Mjibdioff"

'"'"'""". fid'mln, (Samuel,) a Swedish savMit and
theologian, bom in Smlland in iTja He became pro-
fessor of theology at Upsal in 1S06, and wrote com-
mentaries on the Scriptures. Died in 18^

Oadnmla. See Audhuhla.

Osfeltt, ft'^h-ifh, (Fkanz Ignaz,) a skilfiil German
painter, bom at Posen in 1711 ; died in 1797.

OEIglr, [from ws, to "shudder at," to "dread,"] or
Hler, hlair, Le. the " Shelterer," [from M, "lee,"] the
god of the sea ot ocean. His wile Ran bu a net, with
which, it is said, she catches seafarers. Their nn-
merons daughters are the waves of the ocean. CEgir
and Hler appear to have been originally r^;arded as
two distinct persoiuiges, — the former ruling over the
fltormy, the latter over the tranqnil, sea. Ran (slgni^dng
"robbeiTi" or "one who robe or bereaves") represents
the. tendency of the sea to rob men of life and of their
most predous treasures. It is related in one of the Notse
legends that, the JEaIt having once paid a visit to CEgir,
be was in want of a kettle large enoi^h to brew beer
for Ihem. Thereupon Thor and Tyr went to the dwell-
ing of the giant Hymir, who had a very spacious kettle,
a mile deep. Thor grasped the kettle l^ the rim and
threw it over hii head, so that the rings came down to his
feet, almost hiding him from view. After that, CEgir and
the lEsir had an ample supply of beer for their banquets.

SnTmnn, "Nonhera Urtbologr," tkL L pp.6j-tp; Kcyso.
~ Sdi^ca of ibt Kenhmen ;" PanasiH. " Nordiik Mrlhaloii."

OohleuBoIillger or OhlensoblSger, o^fn-shla'gfr,
(Adau Gottlob,) an eminent Danish poel, bom in a
suburb of Copenhagen on the I4lh of November, 1770,
was the son of a (German who had settled in Denmark.
He b^an at an early ^e to write plays, which he would
act in company with his sister and yoon^ associates. His
enthusiasm for the drama introduced him to the notice
and friendship of Rahbek and Rosing. He was after-
wards attracted to the study of Scandinavian antiquities
and historical legends, which fambbed maienal fbr
some of his most popular dramas. He published in
1S05 a collection of poems, including the dramatic tale
of "Aladdin," which displays the splendid colouring of
Oriental fiction. The same year ne visited Germany,
where he acquired the friendship of Goethe, Tieck, and
other celebrated writers of the time. While there he
composed several dramas in Danish, which he translated
into German and submitted to the criticism of his

friends. From Germany he proceeded to Paris, and
thence to Rome, returning to Copenhagen in jgio. He
had written during his absence bis

natoke," (1809,) "Axel and Valborg," (1810,) and "Cor-
reggio," which are ranked among his best productions.
He was appointed soon after his return professor of
esthetics in the University of Copenhagen, and the same
year married Christiana Heger, a sister of Rahbek's
wife. Among the most important of his other works are

nd Signa, (1814,1 The NormsTis at Byzantium,
Charlemagne," " Tordenskiold," and " Amleth," also
_.ie poems entitled "Helge," (1814,) "Hroar's Saga,"
(i8i7,)and his splendid epic, "The Gods of the North,"

E'NordensGuder," l3ig.) He died in January, i8so,aiid
is fitneral was solemnized with great magnificence by
his cotmtrymen, by whom he is generally regarded a*
the great national poet of Denmark. "Few men," says
M. Marmier, " have been endowed with a genius as fer-
tile and as Eldle as that of Oehlenschlager. The verses
bll from his pen like water from a fountain. Henca
his style is charming in its grace, flexibility, and aiandpn,
but it is Ireqaentty very negligent"

Sec hia AuiobiofTtphv, "A. OhlewchlXger't Lernet," s mlL,
iSlt: MAaHTsi(."[lstinnikl*lrin4nniicDBiBu>;"L>Ptvn-
DnrKiHi, "OcluniKblBserliPo*tant>aiMldaDlnflnnk,~iSMi
CUOLMKM, "Stad»w«T»f OhhMdilUM Pm«." .Ssb; Eastjw,
"FarIittat~LtaiaBi" "Hnmllo Bii«iaiAi« GfaAida;" LohD'
najjjm, "Pom nd PoMiv «f Sunn*;" Howitt, "liMnm*
ud Roium of NonlmB Ksropo ;" "BUckwood** HafniiH'' '
Doombor mul April, iSj^ ud If irdi, iBiL ; " Forei|^ Qoar
Reiim" Jbr Jmw. iSjD, urticli" Duiuli ud "
iilutfac*'PvdinQDaTltitr"'«J<i>T> '^i'-

Oskolampad. See CEcolahfadius.

0«MohB, Sl'rlks, (JoHANN,) a German writer and
clergyman, bom at Bremen in 17U. Among his works
are contributions to the literaiy history 01 Germany,
Belgium, etc Died in 1801.

Oeliloha, [IM. CEuiiCH'stDS,] (Joranh Karl Cox-
KAO,) a German scholar, born at Berlin in 1733, was
appointed in 1784 counsellor of l^radon at the conrt of
Pniasia. He was the author of " instorical and Literarv
Miscellanies," (I76e^) and other works on hbtoryand
bibliography. Died in 1798.

5«Muii»TTii,"Vita<Elndidi,"ii9»

aniloluliu. See Oelkichi.

CSdAo. See CEnkits.

aiDBiia, ee'niks, [Gr. Olvttr; Fr. CENii, A'tik',] a
king of C^lydon, married Althiea, and was the father
of Meleager, Tydeus, and other children. According to
(he fable, he offended Diana, who sent a wild boar to
ravage his dominions. This boar was the object of the
famous Calydonian hunt. CEneus is aaid to have been
the first whom Bacchus taught to cultivate the vine^

CTnomas. See CEnouaiis.

CTnomatiB, e-no'ma-us, [Gr. Olm/iaaf; Fr. (Enohai^
i'no'mls',] a king of Pisa, in Elis, was called a son
of Mars. The poets feigned that he promised to giv*
his daughter Hippodami^ to the man who should con-
oner him in a chariot-race, with the annexed oonditiOD
that every one who tried and failed mwt suBer death.
After many suitors had biled and periahed, Pelop*
gained the victory, and (Enonaiii killn] himselC

CZInoiiuiiiB, [OM^ncc,] a Greek philosopher of the
Cynic school, bom at Gadara, lived about lao-^o A.IL
He wrote, besides other works, ■ treatise in whidi he
exposed the Imposture* of Oracles. His works are ml

(roni Apollo the gift of prophecy, and to have been
married to Paris Mfbre he was known to be a son of

(SiiopIdM,e-nop'e-dii, [CWivirUn,] a Greek astrono-
mer, born at Chios, lived in the fifth century B.C. He ta
said to have derived his knowledge from the Egyptian
priesix. ^lian attributes to him the invention of the
cycle of fifty-nine years to make the lunar year coincide
or accord with the solar year. He was acquainted with
the obliquity of the ecliptic

CElDopIon, e-no'pe-on, [Gr. Obwnuv; Fr. Oknopk,
k'nop*, or Oenopion, i'no'pe'dw',] in classic mythology,
a son of Bacchus, and King of Chios, (Sdo^) His dauh-
ter Mcropc, it is said, was ravished by Orion. (See
Orion.)

OBmhlalm or Onihlelm, 6Bn'he-Elm', (Cuudiu*
AttRHKNius,) a Swedish historian, born at Linkoping in
1637. He wrote, besides other works, "On the Mon-
archies of the World." ("De Monarchils Orbis," 16B3.)
Died in 1695.

Dented or Orstad, 6K'st(d, (Andem SandOc,) m
eminent Danish jurist and statesman, bom at RudklB-

L e, I, Ilk S,;,/«iv;lL,t, A, same, less prolonged! l,(,\li.^'}.'*'^;*,^it,o^'-re;ax,ail,&t:xtat:DH;glSMimSbni

OERSTED 1 8

bing jn 1778. He mBiried Sophia, ■ Bister of the kmoo*
poet Oehlenschliiger, fn 1801. He published numeroai
Iml works, one of which is entitled " Eanoinia," (4 vols.,
1815-31.) In 1S41 or 1S43 he became a minuter of
•ute. and opposed the liberal or popular meaaures. He
resigned in 1848, and was appointed prime minister in
1853. His policy having been condemned bjr the Diet,

I removed about the end of 1854. He published

"■ 'Mj vnU.. iRei-cA.t

1-0.)

■ " Historr of my Life and Times, (4 vols., iSci
Died in i86eL

S« Kasisw. 'FHliuai^LeilciB.'*

OeratAd. (Anders SandOe,) a naturalist, a nephew
of the preceding, was bom at Rudkiobine in 1816. He
travelled in the West Indies, ana published several
worki on natural history. Died September 3, 187a.

Oersted, (Hans Chihstian,) a celebrated Danlth
natural philooopher, the founder of the science of electTO-
uagnetum, was bom at RudkjSbing, in the island of
lAngeland, on the I4tb of August, 1777- He was edu-
cated with his brother, Anders Sandoe, the jurist, at the
Univer^ty of Copenhagen. In 1S06 he obtained the
jbair of pbTaics in that Institution. He produced in
1813 an "Emiiv on the Identitjrof ChemicM and Elec-
trical Forces." In iSoo he announced hi* great di«-
coTCTT of the relation between magnetjam and electiidtf ,
in a abort work entitled "Experimenta drcnm Effectum
ConflictuB electrid in Acnm magneticum." The electric
telegraph Is one of the most direct practical results of
thia di»cover7. He demonstrated that the electric cat-
rent, according to a uniform law, " ezerdaea determined
and similar impressions on the direction of s magttetic
needle" near which it puses. This discovery mw re-
ceived with great enthusiasm, as the t«vetation of an
important &ct which had long escaped tho reaeaTcbaa
of so manj sagacious minds. " Of ul the pUIosaphers
who had speculated an thia anbject," aaya sa John Her-
sdiel, "none bad so pertinachnialj adhered to the Idea
of a iteceaaarT connectloa between the pheDonens aa
Oeiated. Bafied often, be letamed to the attadi, and
hit peraeTeraoce was at Ictuph rewarded by the complete
diadoaure of the wooderfiu pbenotoena A ebdio-mag-
aeliam.'' ("PreliminarvDiscourte on the Studvof Natu-
ral Philoaophy.")

"The JttubraAam of a dear eipression of the manifeat
■Biance between dectridtj and magneciam," ssjra James
David Forbes, "had been so long and so univereallj
fblt that the diacoverjr placed its author in the fint rank

aware, ■ anspidon tLat be bad been, however remotely
or diaiJv, aotidpated. The prise of the FVench Inatltute,
which bad been awarded to Davy for hia galvanic dia-
coveriet, waa baatowed npon Oersted." (Sinh Diaaer-
'--'a of the " EnqrdopKdia Britaimica, toL L) "I

■carcely know," aays Niebobr, "another nttaral philoso-
pher with ao BBch intellect and freedom from prejudice
TiA ttprit it etrfi^ Oersted received for this msooverv
the C^Iey medal of the Rc^al Sodenr of London, and

alao made dticoverte* in chemistry, and wrote a number
ofworkaontbattdenoe. Among these are "Materialien
en einei Chemie dea IQten Tahrbunderts," (1803,) and
"TeDUmenNomeiKUtimBctteniic«,"(i8i4-) He wrote
a poem called "The BaUooo," <"L«&kibet," 1S36.)
Hi* writings have contributed greatly to popularize
sdence. A selection of his worka wa* published in iSjo,
ondcr the title of " The Spirit b Nature," (" Der Geisi
in der Natur,"} preceded br a biwraphical notice of
Oersted by P. L. Moller. IMed in Uarch, 1851.

Sm " H. C Ontab Labu," by Hauch uiil FoicHKAHiiaa,
(boa lb( Daiuth.) itjs: BBOQOnm. "Rjiuini da rHiHain
I'Slaciikit^'' Mc. iM: Cauud, ■■ UadldniKbd SehriAiulW.
La^a :" ** NoBnllfHlirivUi OMnh;" ■• Mmoiiof OwMxI."
kr tui H BuoaMTT, ia Iba "Smhlianiiiia Kapon" tv 1S6L

Oertd, ei'tfl, (FUIUFP FSIBDKICH WlUIKLM,) a

German writer of stories, bom at Horn, (whence his
pseudonym of W. O. VOH Hobn.) August ij, 179&
He was a Protestant minister, and the author of many
popular tales. Died at WiesWen, October 14, 1S67.

Cartel, wan. See OsTzutrK

0«a«i or Omt, 6'zfr, (Adam Friuhich,) a dlsdn-
gniahed painter and sculptor, of German extraction,

<aai,-(aar;|ian/; tas/;a ll,K,jM»mi/;N,»a«a/;K,»>I&if;Ias(.- tbasinMw. (lV~SeeEipUwUi(«s,pi.93.)

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

«5 CFLAHERTY

bom at Presborg, In Hungary, In 1717. He studied -n
1739 at Dresden, where be formed an intimacy with
Winckelmann, He waa subsequently director of the
Academy of Architecture, Painting, and Design at Leip-
sic Among his pupils here was the celebrated (jOcthe,
who entertained a great regard for him. His best paint-
ings are in fresco; and a number of them adom the
church of Saint Nicholas at Leipsic. His monument
to Queen Matilda of Denmark is one of his most ad-
mired ineces of sculpture. Died in 1794.

So Buot imd Giona. " AUrEmrinc EncjUopauEt ;" NAOiaa.
"AUicmeiiu* KOnnlar-LaDuiii.''

Oeser or dsor, (Johann Lubwig,) a landscape-
painter and engraver, bom at Dresden in 1751, was a
son of the preceding Died in 1793.

Oeaterley or Osterle;, os't^r-ir, (Karl W.,) a Gel
man painter of history and portraits, born at Gi)ttinB;en
b 1805 ; became court painter at Hanover. Died in 1891

OeOngar, tt'ting'fr, sometimes written Ottlnmr,
(FUKDBtCH Chkistoph,) a learned German the<dogian,
and prominent leader of the Pietists, was bom in Wtir>
Ieml>erg in 1703. He wrote a number of commentaries
on the Scripturo, ■ treatise entitled "The Age of
Gold," and " Ancient Philoaophy." He also translated
several of the works of Swedenborg, of whom he waa
a wsnn admirer, and whom he much reaembled in purity
of character and religious fervour. He was a friend of
Cotint Ziniendorfl whom he assisted in a new translation
of the Scriptures. Died in 17S1.

Saa "Naut Gal>hn«*-EarDpa :"
r. C OadBfir's Dad! Iknn GnaHM^Bi, uh7.

Oettar or 6tt«r, Of ter, (Samuil Wilhklh,) a Ger-
man andquaiTi bom at Goldcronacb in ■71a He wrote
on history and antiquities. Died in 1791.

OettliiKeTor dttiiig«r,5ftin^fr, (Eduard Makik,)
a German jonmaltst and novelist, bom at Breslao in
1808. He edited several satirical journals, and published
a number of novels, among which is " Onkel Zebra," (7
vols., 1841.) He also wrote a work entitled " Rossini,"
(1847,} which is said to be a romance rather than a
iNography, and " Bibliomphie bic^aphique univer-
sdle," (■ vds., 1850-54^ the moat complete work oa
that Bul^ect. Died June 36, 1873-

Se* A M Rxtnn. " Notia bio-bibOHnplilqaa iur H. E. M.
OaU^tw." >I54 •• " Noiivda BHwaplna CUiala."

Ofiilla, o-aie-l, (Don Narciso db HirkduJ
CovHT,aSpaniahatateBmaik,bornin mi, became min-
later of the interior under Zea Bemnoei in 1833. He
waa appnuted by Ferdinand VIL execntor ofhis will
and amembcr of the coondl of regency. He was presi
dent of the coundl of ministers in 1837. Died in 1843.

OTli'rlll, (Don Gonzalo,] a Spanish general, bom
at Havana in 1 754, became minister of war under Joseph
Bonaparte. Died in Paria in iSit.

Or^ a Saxon, who succeeded Ethelbald as King of
Uerda in 7J5 A.D. Having murdered Ethclbert, King
of East Anglia, he took possession of bis kingdom.

Ofl«iibaoh,offfn-blK',(jAC<iuss,)apopn)arcompoBer
of comic operas, born at Cologne in 1819, studied in Paris.
Among his works arc the "Grand Duchess of Gerolstein,"
" Orpheus in the Lower Regions," " \a Belle Hiline,"
" Blue -Beard," "La Vie Parisienne," "La Bavarde de
Saragosse," " La Pirichole," " Les Brigands," " Le Cor-

saire Noir,""' " ^-'- "-^

Lune," and " . .

OFfor, (Gkorcb.) an English writer, and a bookseller
in London, was bora about 178& Hepublislied a"LiA
of John Bunyan," US^) Died in 1864.

Oniiely, o-fee'le, r (Madrick,) an Irish prelate and
scholar, who was made Archbishop of Tuam by Pope
Julius IL in ijofi. He was eminent for his learning, and
was surnamed Flos Mukdi, (" Flower of the World.")
Died in 1513.

O-fill-tia, (AinjiE,] a Roman jurist of hb;h repoia-
tion, was a friend of Cicero, and a pupil cd Sulpidna.
His writings are dted in the Digest. Among hia

" "i^to and I'beo.

r, o-Sfhfr-te, (RoDSRtC,) bom at Hoycvl-

n 1S02. Died

<T FLANAGAN 18

OTlMi'f-Sfn, Uahks Rodkrick,) an Irish author,
bom at Peimojt. September 1, i3t4. He was called to
the bar io iSiS. He published " Impressiont at Home
and Abroad," (1 vols,, 1837,) "Bar Life of O'Connell,"
<i866,} " Bryan O 'Regan, ''^(a novel, 1866,) " Lives of the
Lord Chancellors of Ireland," (3 vols., 1870,) " Captain
O'Shangbnessy'j Sportii« Career," (1873,) "The Irish
Bar," (1879,) " History 01 the Irish People," and other

Oftardlugen, Ton, Ton oPtfr-ding'fn, (HaiNRiCK,) a
bmons German minstrel or miniusingtr of the thirteenth
century, was a favourite of Leopolt^ Duke of Austria.
He is supposed by some writers to have been the author
of the " Nibetungenlied ;" but of this there appears to
be little evidence.

See Haooi, " Uuenia fir Ah-DntKba littntsr und Kium,"

Oc'dfo, (Aaron,) bom at Etiiabethtown, New Jer-
sey, in 1756, served in the war of the Revolution, and
was elected Governor of New Jersey in tSls. Died in
1839-

S« the " Nitioiu) Poitnil- Gallery
voLL

Ogdsn, (David B.,) a distinguished Ai
and resident of New York City, was born
removed from New Jersey to New York
b 1849.

Ogden, (Jacob,) an American physician and medical
writer, born at Newark, New Jersey, in 1731 ; died in
'779-

Ogden, [MATTHtAS,) an American bnndier-generai
in the Rerdntionaty war. He died at Eliiabetiitown,
New Jersey, in 1791.

Oe'dfa, (SaITOBI,) an English clergyman, bom at
Manchester Id 1^16. He be^me Woodwardian pro-
fessor at Cambridge in 1764, and published several
volumes of sermons. Died in 1778.

OgA, o'lhi', (ViKCBNT,) a Creole of Saint Dominao,
who, havii^ in vain solicited the French National As-
tembly to grant equal rigbta to the coloured people,
became in 1790 the leader of an insurrection, with a
view of gaining his object by force of arms. His party
were soon overpowered bj the French troops, and
Ogj, together with bis lieutenant, Chavannes, who had
been guilty of the principal outrages, was executed in
1791.

S« Daumas, "R^vahitiaa ia Siinl-DoimDioe!" M*LBHrAHT,
~ Hlitoin dai Colooiei,"

Ontona. d', did-jo'nlt, (Marco,) written also TTg-
gione, an eminent Italian painter, bom in the Milanese
aboDl 1470, was a papil M Leonardo da Vinci, whose
style he imitated successfully- Among his maiter-piecei
arehi* "Three Archangels,'' and an altar-piece at Milan.
His moat important works are two copies of "The Last
Supper" of Da Vind, one of which is in the Academy
o( Arts in London. The excellence of these pictures,
and the destruction by time of the original, have caused
them to be greatly priiad. Died in 1530.

Ogior. See Holokk the Dank.

Ogier, o'lhj;^', (Chabi^) a French scholar, bom
in Riris in 1595. He published notes of his travels in
Denmark, Sweden, etc, " Ephemerides, sive Iter Danl-
cnm, Suedcum et Polonicum," (16^6.) Died in 1654.

Ogler, (Francois,) a Frendi writer and ecclesiastic,
was a brother of ^e preceding. He published an
"Apology for M. de Balcac," (IM7,) and other works.
Died in 167a

O'gil-bf or Ogleby, o'gf l-be, (John,) a Scottish lU-
Uratntr and printer, born at Edinburgh in 1600, was
noted for the variety and versatility of his talents. In
1633 he accompanied Wenlworth, Earl of Strsfford, to
Ireland, in the capacity of dandog-roaster and copyist.
After his return to England he published, in 1650, a
poetical translation of Virgil, and, in conjunction with
James Shirley, afterwards translated the "Iliad" and
^ Odyssey" into English verse, having learned Greek for
that purpose when upwards of fifty years of age. These
rersions were very popular at that time, and posaessed
freat typographical beauty. Ogilby was also appointed
royal cosmo^pber, and published a number of geo-
paphical works. Died in 1676.

f6 O'HARA

OgUvla^ o'gil-veh (Jakes,) a Scottish orator and
teacher of elocution, binn about 1760, or, as others sat,
'775' He delivered lectures as models of oratory n
the chief dties of the United Stales, and received mocb
applause. He died at Aberdeen, Scotland, in iSia

OgUvio, (John,) a Scottish divine and writer, born
in 1733. Among his works are "Britannia," an epic
poem, (1801,) and an "Examination of the Evidence
of Prophecy in Favour of Christianity,'' (1803.) Died
in 1814.

O^vle, (John,) LL.D,, a Scottish lencograpber,
bom in 1797- He prepared the "Imperial Dicuonary."
Died November ai, 1867.

Ogloakl, o-gtn'skce, (Michakl CAsmnt,} a Polish
nobleman, bom at Warsaw in 1731. He constructed ■
canal in Poland. IMed in 1803.

Ogliukl, (Michael Clzophas,) a Polish composer,
born at Warsaw in 1 765, was a nephew of the preceding.
He settled in Italy about 1815, and gained diatinction
as a musical composer. He wrote " Memoirs of Poland
bata 178S to 1815," (3 vols., 1826.) Died in 1S3).

OgiT*. Se« Edgiva.

Oglebr. See Ooilbv.

OglBsSy, o'g;ls-be, (Richard J.,) an American gene-
ral, born in Kentud^ in 1814. He removed to Illinois,
and practised law in that State. He commanded a
brigade at Fort Donelson, Febrasry, 1S61, and wa*
severely wounded at the battle of CorinUi, October 4,
1862. He was elected Governor of Illinois for (bur
years, (1S65-63,) and again in 1S73. In 1873 he wassent
to the United Stales Senate. Died in 1899.

Ogletlierps, o'^l-thorp, (Jambs Edward,) an Eng-
lish general, bom in London, lone I, 1689. He served
for a time under Uarlborou|^ and Prince Eugene in
Germany, and obtained In 1733 the royal charter for
(btmding « colony in North America, which he called
Georgia in honour of the reigning king. Having passed
several years in Georgia, he returned to England in
1743, and commanded an anny against the Pretender in
1745. He was a member of Parliament for many yean.
Died in 17S5. The virtnes and talents of General Ogle-
Ihot ' ' " ""

have been celebrated by Pope, Thomson, and
Dr. Johnson.

O'Oor'm^, (Jambs,) D.D., s bishop, bom in
Ireland in 1S14. In 1859 he was consecrated Roman
Catholic Bishop of Rhaphanea and made Vicat-Apos-
tolic of Nebraska. Died at Omaha, July 4, 1874.

O'Gra'dy, (Standisu,) an Irish author, was bom
in 1847, son of Viscount Guitlamorc. He wrote
"History of Ireland," (1878-80,) "Bardic Litera-
ture," (1879,) •' Lost on Du Corrig," (1894,) etc.

(^y-j«i or Off*" IGr. '0)*7W, 'Qm«f. or
Oww; Fr. OovraB, o^he'ihis'] is said to have been
the first king or mler of Thebes, which was sometime*
called Ogygia. According to some writers, he was alao
King of Attica, and the father of Eleusis. In his reign
occurred a great inundation of Greece or IkeoUa, whicA
is called the Ogygian deluge and >• supposed to hava
been anterior to that of DencaBoii.

OETStts- See Ogyoes.

O^iillo-nn, (Sylvester,) an Irish antiqnary asd
surgeon, bom in 1738 He became surgeon of the Lim-
erick Hospital. He published an "Introduction to the
Study of the History and Antiquities of Ireland," (1773,)
and a "General History of Irdand," (a vol*., 1773.)
Died in 1807.

O'Hara, o-hi'r^ (Jambs,) a native of Ireland, eni-
gratcd in 1773 to America, where he became quarter-
master-general under General Wayne. He was one of
the founders of Pittsburg. Died in 1819-

CHaro. (Kanb,) a popular Irish dramatist, wrote.

OBara, o-lii'rf, (Thbodokb,) an American poet
born in Kentucky about 183a He served in the Men*
can war, and was (1861-65) '" "*" Confederate army,
acting at first as colonel of^Alabama troops, arvd then a*
chief of staff to General Breckinridge. Died in Ala-
bama in i86t. He is best known for Iiis poem " The
Bivouac of the Dead."

■, I, e,!!,;,/^)/,'^^.^ same, less prolonged; 4.S,',6.ii,J,*Aort,»,?,!,9,o&i™«,ar flll,at:in*tinat;gd6dnnaNf

d by Google

OHLENSCHLA GER 1 8

ShlanschUtger. See ObhlbnschlXgik.
UmttUer, 61'mlDV. (Joseph Dahiil,) an eminent
German architect, born at Bamberg in 1791. Among hu
best works are the national monument at Upper Wittels-
bach, the chapel at Kielenfelden, and the Gothic church
t>ear Munich. The last-named stmcture !■ esteemed
one of the most maniiGcent specimens of its style erected
In modem times. Died in 1839.

Otun, Sm, (Geoag Simon,) a German aatural phi-
IcMOpher.boniatErUngenin 17S7. He became professor
of mathematics in the Jesuits' College of Cologne in
181 7. He gained distinction by the discovery of the
laws ofetectric currents, on which he published in 1S37
a work called "Die galiranische Kette mathemadsche
bearbeiteL" He received the Copier medal of the
Royal Sodety of London in 1S41. Died at Munich
ID 1854.

Ohmcoli^ o'mlK^ (Landoun,) a German Kulptor,
bom near Kotwcil in I Ti&o, »>• k &iend of the poet Klop-
Uock, and of Lavater. Among his best works are the
"Judgment of Paris," a "Neptane," a "Flora," a
monument to General KUber, and a bust of Klopstock.
Died in 1834-

Obnet, (Gborgbs,) a popular French novelist,
was bom in 184S. His series of novels, some of
which have reached (he hundredth edition, have the
general title of " Les Batailles de la Vie." Some of
fliem are " Le Maitre de Foi^es," (1882,) "La
Grande Mamiire," (1885,) " Nimrod et Cie,"
(1893,) and " La Femme en Gris," (1895.)

OtiMOii, fi'son, (CoNVTAMTiME,) Bakon OF, bom at
Constantinople about 1780^ was the son of Uonradja
d'OhsacHi, an Armenian, (see HouKAiyA d'Ohsson.)
He wrote a "History of tlw Mongol*," (1835,) and a
" Hiitory of the Caucasians in the Tenth Century."
He also finished his bthcr's " Picture of the Ottoman
Empire." Died at Berlin in 1851.

Oloonomo* or CEIoonomoa, e-kon'o-mo*, (Coh-
tTAMTiN,) a learned Greek priest and writer, born in
Theualy b 178CX He taught Greek U Smyrna for tea
jeara, and afterwards preached at Saint Fetersbnrg and
U Athena. He wrote several works on language, and
"De la Version dea Septante," I4 vols., 1843-50L) Died
ta 1857.

OlHl, oi't«l, [Lat OinfuuB,) (Jakob,) written also
Onsal, fiVn^ a Dutch critic and jurist, bom at Dant-
tic in 1631. He became professor of public law M
Gnmbigen in 1667. He edited Anlus Gcllius, and
pablished a work on nnmistnatics, called "Tbeaaum*
•eledomm Nnmkmatam antiqnomm," (1 vols., 1677.)
Died in 16S6.

47 OLAF

Okoglivin, o'Kfh-hlm, written also Ookenlnli^
(Jan,) an eminent Flemish musician and composer, bom
in Hun3ul>aboL.t 1430 ; died after igoa

Oken, o'kf n, or OokenluBa, ok'kf n-fi3ass',(LotiENZ,)
an eminent German naturalist of the transcendental
school, was bom at Bohlsbach, in WUrtemberf;, in An-
rust, 1779. He abridged the original name of hislamily,
OCKKNFUss, into OiCEH. He studied at Gottingen, arid
became a ptival-docent in that university. In a remark-
able work, entitled " Elements of Natural Philosophy,
the Theory of the Senses, and the Classification of Ani-
mals," ("Grundriss der Natnrphilosophie," etc, 1801,)
he gave the outlines of a scheme that he afterwards de-
voted himself to perfect, and advanced the idea that " the
animal classes are virtually nothing else than a represen-
ration of the organs of sense." He accordingly divided
the animal kingdom into five classes. He was an ad-
vocate of the theory of development in its larg^t sense.
Among his doctrines, as quoted by Professor Hitchcock,
are the following: "Plants uid animals can only be
metamorpbosc* of infusoria. No organism haa been
created of larger size than an infusorial pinnt ; whatever
is larger has not been created, but developed. . . . The
mind, inst as the body, must be developed out of these
animals, [infusoria.] . . . Everything that is, is material"
("The Religion of Geolc^," p. 199.) He produced in
1S05 a treatise on Generation, in which he maintained
that "all organic beings originate From and consist of
cells or vesicles." In 1807 he was appointed extraor-
dinary professor of medical sciences in the University
of Jena, where he gained a high reputation bv his lec-
tures on zoology, physiolt^, etc He developed hit
peculiar system of natural science in his "Manual of
Natural Philosophy," (1809.) From iSifito 1848 he was
editorofthe " Isis, a journal of natural history. In 1831
he obtained a professorship at Zurich, where be died in
iSji. Among ni* works is a "General Natural History,"
{13 vols., 1833-41.1

iikolunpMdIiu. See <Zcolampadius.

Okolakl, o-kol'skee, (SlMOM,] a Polish historian and
ecclesiastic of the seventeenth century. His principal
work it entitled "OrUs Polonus," (3 vols., 1641-45,)
which treats of the origin of the Sarmatians, etc.

Okoonet Okonn«v, Okonnet OkuBBv, Okou-
naw, or Oktmeir, o-koo-nCf, (Nikolai Alexandro-
VTTCH,) a Russian general and writer on military science,
born at Saint Petersburg in 1791, terved in ''
U 1S19 against the Turks. He '
tenant-general. Died in 1851.

OkonnoT. See Okoonkp.

e becune in 1840 lien-

Oku, (Vasukata,) Count, a Japanese general, bom
in 1845. Entered the army, rose in rank, and com-
manded the 3d army in the l^ war. He was created
count in 1906 and mtule chief of the general sta£

Oknma. Count, a Japanese statesman, bom about
1840, the son of a poor knighl. He made a study of
•till ■ foreign books, and was chosen for office on the
■ 1 of the empire in 1868. He was minister
1873-81 , showing great ability. Afterwards
he organized the Kaishinto, a progressive party, and
' ' 'jn affairs in 1888.. A
890 by a fanatical Con-
His party gaining in strength, he again be-
came foreign minister in 1896, and prime minister in
1898.
Oknnsw. See Okoonbp.

OUf, oHH or O-ia'na, 1, or Olot o^oC King ol
Norway, bom in 956, was sDmamed Trvcvasok. He
wM a coT«air or sea-rover in hU youth, and became king
about a9& He it aaid to have esUblUhed Chtitdanitr
in hit kingdom. Died in lOOO.

SHTDLijn»r,"KankaKBiiiiii|iBOIaC" ttc, \l».

OUf or OlaoB II, called the Saint, olHained the

Sa NicluH, "lUmoiiHr UoM)

fMMlliw. See Oiw. ^ , . ^

Ol'nlii, a noted Iriah poet, who probably lived m the
ImI part of the third or the beginning of the fourth
century A.D. He was son of Finn, a tunoui hero, and
probably was the original of OMian, the son of Fingal.
(See OssiAN.) Two poems ascribed to Oisin *"'

^odm, da, dl o-hX'sI, (Alonzo,) a Spanish ciplorei

'and Heulenant of Columbus, was bom at Cuenca about „^ „ „„^^„ ..._

1465 or 1470- He accompanied Colnmbut in his second ^^ ^^jj minister of fc

voyage to America in 1493, and commanded an ex- );(,„,[,

pediuon which Columbus sent to explore the interior 3,]

of Hispaniola, where he captured the chief Caonabo. „„, ,

Having returned to Spain, he obtained command of an ex-

ploring expedition sent out in 1499. . Among his officers

or passengers was Amerigo VespuccL He discovered a !

p«rt of the new continent, which he named Venezuela,

and retnmed to Spain in 1500. In 150S he attempted

to colonize New Andalusia, and to conquer the natives,

bat wai not auccessfiil.

O'Kaefa, o-lieef, (John,) an Irish dramatist, born at
Dublin in 17^7. The number of his pla^ amounted to
■pwarda of sixty, and, though their ments are not of a

See HACMUf. "OmOlufdm Halligg," iSoj.

Olaf or OlauH IH. became King of Norway about

«Mi;{M//8iw^; ^taj;a,ll,K,£tiauraJ; v,muai; K,lriiliJ; lut; tb as

X Eiptanations, p. 13. )

d by Google

Olal IT, born in 1098, wu a (on of Mqpnt IIL
ofNorwH. Died in II t&

Olaf V, > ion of Haquin VII., King or Norwaji, wu
DOTD In 1371, and aocceeded hii father in 13S0. Died
In 1387.

OlUbon, o'ltf'Sfn, (Eogbkt,) a natorallst of Iceland,
born in 1711. He published, among other treidaea,
"A HlitoTical Account of the Nature and Constitution
of Iceland," and poems In Latin and Danish. Died
about i??^

OlallQB or Olana, o-la'ns, (Nicolas,) a ieatned Hun-
carian prelate, bom at Hemannstadt in 1493, rose to
be chancellor, and Archbishop of Strigonia, (1551.) He
wrote a treatise " On the Origin of the Htinganuw,"
and a "History of Attila." Died in 1568.

Ol&iu. See Olat.

01a.iw Btapitw. See Maqnus, (OLAtn.)

OlavldM, o-U-Tee'DCs, or Olavlda, o-U-vee'Di, [Ki.
OiATiDt, olfTe'dk',! (Pablo Antonio Jos*,) Count
of Kloa, was bom at Lima, in South America, about 1 715.
He ma appointed intendanl-ffeneral of Andalusia, and
colonised a part of the Sierra Morena, by introducing into
it an agriculCDral and manulacturing population. Hewal
•abMqnentlTimprisoned for a time in the Inquisition on
a charge of bere«y, but, having made his escape, he took
refitge in France. He died in Spain in (803, leavinsa
religion* work, entitled "Triumph of the Gospel,'* ("El
Erangelio en Trinnfd.")

Olben, olHif ra, (Hbinrich Wilhilh Matrias,] an
eminent German astronomer and physician, bom at
Arbergen, near Bremen, in October, 175$. He studied
■DOdicine at Giittingen, and practised at Bremen, where
he constmcted a ii^vale obietvatory. He gained dia-
tinction br his OMervalloas on the comet or 1779, and
discovered an improved method ofcalculatin^ the orbits
of comet*. He publiihed about 1 797 a treatise on this
metbod, which b considered a very important contribu-
tion to astronomT. In March, iSoi, Oibers dlscorered
• n«w asteroid, which he named Pallas, the orbit of which
la nearly a* distant from the *an aa that of Ceres. He
adapted the hypotbesi* that Ceres and Pallas were frag-
tnenlB of a large planet which had been broken by an
internal cotivtuuon, and predicted that other asteroids
would be foand. In t8c4 Harding discovered Jtino, and
In March, 1807, Olbera discovered the fourth asteroid,
which he named Vesta. The mean distance of their
orUt* from the sun is nearly the same as that of the
orbits of Ceres and Pallas. He was elected a Fellow
of tbe Royal Society of London in 1804. In iSiJ he
discovered a comet which b called by his name, and
which performs a revolution in about aeventy-fbor years.
He died at Bremen in 1S40.

Ol'OOtt, (HbneV Stkel.) an American theoso-
phitt, was bom about 1S30, became distinguished by
1856 as an agriculturist, and served as a colonel in
the civil war. He subsequently held important po-
rtions in (he army and the navy departments. Later
in life he became a prominent teacher and writer on
theoBophy, and president of tbe Theosophical Society
of America. He wrote " Esoteric Buddhism" and
other works. Died February 17, 1907.

OldoutlA. See Cobham, Loan.

Oldanbnr^ ol'dtn-bd&ao', Hocsi of, an ancient
and noble family, from which the Emperors of Ruaua,
the Kinga of Denmark, and one of the dynasties of
Sweden are descended. Theodoric [DiFTRrcH) of
Oldenburg obtained by marriage Sleawick and Holstein
Died about 1440. His son Christian became King of
Denmark in 1448, and King of Sweden in I4;8. Adolf.
■ grandaon of Christian, was the founder of the honat
of^ Holstein'Gottorp, and an aiK«stor of tbe present
imperial bmity of Russia.

Old'411-btirK (Hkbit,) a learned German writer,
bom at Bremen about 1636. Having settled In England,
be acquired the friendship of Hilton and Robert Boyle,
with whom he afterwards correaponded. On the forma-

the Sode^r from 1664 to 1677, and «
several poUdcal and theological work

the author of

.... ^ theological worlts. He sometimes

signed his name Grdbcmdoi. Died about 167&

the duchy of Ce11& He was professor of public law
at Geneva, and pablisbed several works, among which
is "Pandect«e Juris publid Germarad," (1670L) Died
in 1678.

Oldendoip, ot'dtn^doRp', (Johann,) a German Jurist,
born at Hamburg about 1480. He published, besides
other works, " An Introduction to the Law of Nattite
and of Nati<nia,'' (" laagoge sen Introdnctio Juris Natnns
Gentinm et Civihs." 1549.) Died in 1567.

Oldemuum, ol df r-mln, (Jokanh,) a German scholar
and writer, bom in Saiony about 1686. He waa pro-
fessor of Greek at HelmsiedL Died in 1713.

Old'fleld, (Annr,) a celebrated English actreaa, bon
in London in 1683. She excelled both in tragedy and
comedy, and her talenta are eulogized in the "TMler.'
Died in 1730.

Sa* "LUi of Ash OUUd," LtodiiB, 1731 1 Baeb, - Biscn{>U>

Oldbwa, (John,) an Emliah satirical poet, bom in
aoacestershire in 1653. He was a friend of Dryden,
who haa enlogized him In some of hi* verses. He wrote
" Pindaric 0<M," and " Foar Satires agtlnst the Jesaits,"
and made trans^tloits from Jnvenal. "His poems," s^
Hallam, " ai« spirited and pointed, and he ranks pwhaps
next to Drydett." Died In 1683.

8m E.THOHPtoii,-Iihrf JsliB OUhu," aad a HMalr, Iq
RoniT But, pnind to OUham'i Pdbbi, iSh.

Oldliam, eld'tm, (Thoma*,) ■» Irish geologist, bora in
Dublin in 1816. Among his palxonlologicafresearches
and discoveries the " Oldhamia" will be always sssodaied
with his name. Died July 17, 1878.

Oldls-w^rtli, (William,) an English poet and trao»
lator, bom in tbe seventeenth century, was one of the
first writers for tbe "Eaamioer." He translated the
Odes of Horace into verse, and wrote a lew poems, and
other works, among which Is "Timothy and Ptulotbeus,"
(3 vols., iTOO-ia) Died in I7J4-

01d-inu/9n, (John,) an English historical and po-
litical writer, bom in Somersetshire in 1673. He wroM
a "Critical History of England," (3 vols., 1730-39,) a
"History of the Stuarts," and other works of little niMtt,
in whi^ he nunifests a decided partiality to the Whigs.
In his " Ptom Essay aa Criticism" be attacked Pope,
who took revenge in the "DuDCiad." Diedin 1749.

Sac CmR,''UMaf ik Po*ti;" BACaa, " BkvupUa Dn-

Oldolnl, olnlo^e'nee, (AoosTiNO,) an Italian biogra-
pher, bom at La Speda in 1611. He wrote memMrs
of several popes, cardinals, etc Ued after i680k

OldjB, SI'cUs or 6ld«, (William,) an Ei«lish biogra-
pher and biUiographer, bom about i£9a He wrote a
"Lite of Sir Walter Raleigh," prefixed to Raleigh'a" Hia-
tory of the World," (i73S,)and a number of biographies
tn the " Biographia Britannica," under the signature "G."
He also pnblbhed " The British Librarian, exhibiting
a Compendiona View of all Unpablished and Valuable
RrtnkiL" fTTfv \ ferhlr^h in MttawngH fnr ita accural. TMfld

Iniyei.

,*• (1737.) <*lcli U

It its accura^. THei

stein to Russia, and some years after visited Persia in
the same capadty. After his return he pablishe<L in
1639, a very interesting accoont of his travels fat Ae East,
He also translated from the Persian tbe " Rose-Gardm"
of Saadee, (Sadi.) Died in 1671.

Set NIc<■□l^ "Uteuimi'* Hllusa, "Ombiia Uttnla^
"NwnZic Bumphi. Ctntnk."

Oleatitia. (GormiiD,) ■ German Lotheran divtn^
bom at Kalle in 1604. Ha preached in his native dtf,
and published several wortts on theology. Died in t6^^

A, £, I, S, ii, ;, /'H^; ^ i, 6. same, less prolonged; i, i, I, C, ii, ]f, /i«rf/ h fe ii 9) '''"''v/ t^i flU. at; mit; iiAt; gUd; mdOny

OLEARIVS

1849

OLIVE

OleuliM, (GoTTTKiiD,) a theolosian and philMOphei
bom at Leipuc id 167a, was a grandson of ihe preceding.
He ms professor of theologj' at Leipaic Among fau
works is a " L(^cal Anatjriis of the Epiitte to (he HC'
brews," (1706.) Died in 1715.

Oleulna, (Johann,) a German diTine, bom in 1639,
was professor of theoli^y at Leipsic He wrote a num-
ber of theological treatises, and was for a time editor of
die " Acta Eruditonim." Died in l?!' "
of Gottfried, noticed above, [1604-S5.)'

Oleailns, QoHANK CHRinvPK,) a German historian
tod namismatiit, bom at Halle In l663, was a son of
johatmGottMed. He became Protestant Bishop at Arm-
9tadtini736. He wrote numerous works. Died in 1747.

S« J.COm^ "InEiKqaiuO]urii,"i}47; EucK sod Gan-
Mit, "AngemBDa EncrklopaKfiA.'*

Olaailns, (Johamk Gottfkieii,) bom at Halle in
1635, was a brother of Johann, noticed above. He was

Ktor at Halle, and anlhor of a work entitled " Abacus
Tologidu," (1673.) Died in 1711.

OXeory.o-lee'r^fAKTHtrK,) an Irish Catholic clergy-
nan, bom at Cork In 1739, was the anihor of several
controreraial works. Died in 180a.

Oleaatw, o-li-is'tfr, (Jkhome,) a Fortneuese monk
and linguist, bom at Usbon. He was versed in Hebrew,
Greek, and Latin, and wrote a " Commentarjr on Isaiah,"
(Ifaj.) Died in 1563.

O'les [_Russ. pron. o-l^ or o-1Ck',] Fmiceof Russia,
was a native of Scandinavia, from which he emigrated
about S6a a.d. He was a relative of Rurik, who. dying
in 879, appointed Oleg guardian of hb minor son, Igor.
Ole^ usurped the sovereignty, and extended hie do-
minions by conquesL Died in 913.

Sec KaKahsh, ■' Hi«DrT of the Rnulin Empirt "

OOfn, [Or. 'IUv>',1 a mythical Grecian bard, who is
•aid to have been the most andent lyric poet of that
nation, and was called a prophet of Apollo, whose wor-
■hip he introduced into Delos. He was supposed to
have been bom In Lycia, and to have lived before the
time of Orpheus.

OI«iwoblager, too, fon oftn-shli'gfr, (Johann
DAKlBL,)a German publicist, bom at Frankfort in 1711.
Re wrote on the pubuc law of the German empire. Died
in 177S.

OIwsoaTiiBkl, o-ICsh-chiiu'kee, (Antonv,) a Folish
engraver, bom in LnbUn in 1796, He atadled and worked
in Pari*. Among hi* subjects are portraits of eminent
Poles. Died FeSruary sS. 1870.

OlavluinB, o-li-ve-ft'nte, (ICaspar,) one of the earlji
Reformers, was born in Treves, August 10, 1S36. He
■lodied law at Paris and theology at Geneva, and adopted
the view* of Calvin. He afterward* resided successively
It Treves. Heidelberg, and Herbom. He published m
eral theotogic ' -'---< j' -
Paul's Epislli

OI'o, Saint, a Rnsaian lady, was married about 903
A-tL to Igor, a ion of Rurik, Evince of Russia. On the
death of Igor (945) she became regent She afterward*
adopted the Ctuistian religion. Ked in 969.

Oil See Olid.

OUd, da, dk o-lii/, or OU, o-lee', (Cbistoval,) a
^Mnish officer, bora about 1493. He served under
Ciwiet in the conqoeM of Mexico, (1519-31,) and after-
ward* attempted to make himself independent He «a*
taken prisoner by the aoldlen of Cortet, and executed
in Hondoraa fn 1514.

S« PasKonv "CoBQiMSt tf Haslce^' Ovikdo, "Himris da
Iwladiw,'*

011«r, ol£^', (JuN jACqvia,) a French ecde«ia*tlc
and refbrmer, bom in Pari* In 1608. He founded the
coureBadon of Saint-Sol pice, and several charitaUe
bMUttinMt*. He also formed a sodetv for the preven-
■ion of duels, and wrote a number of devotionar works.
Died in 1657.

5HaiiiT.'-VieilelI.OI>a,>'ii»7! KAOtrr, " Vie de M. OGir,"
itil: Da BuTDiivii.Lnas, ''Mimoirt* (u U. OUet," 1 tdIs.,
ifttt ; *' Nouveilt Biflfnphie G^o^rala."

OTIn, (Stephen,) D.D., LLD.,an American Method-
bt divine and pulpit orator, born at Leicester, Vermont,
h 1797, became president of the Wetleyan University,

Middle town, Connecticut He died in 1851, leaving a
collection of sermon*, "Travels in the Ea*t," "Greece
and the Golden Horn." etc. His "Life and Letter*"
were published in 1853,

OUphant, (Carolina.) See Nairnk.

Oll-ph^nt, (Laurence,) an English traveller and
writer of books of travel, etc., wa* born in 1839. Ha pub-
lished in 1853 " The Russian Shores of the Black Sea,"
which was received with favour. He afterwards travelled
In North America and the Caucasus, and published sev-
eral books, one of which is called " Minnesota." About
1857 he went to China as secietary of Ixird Elgin. He
wrote a " Narrative of the Earl of Elgin's VTission to
China and Japan," (1859.) •' Piccadilly, a Fragment of
Contemporaneous Biography," (1870,) "Tender Reed-
lections of Irene Macgillicuddy," (1878,) "Altiota Peto,'
(1883,) "Masollamr' (1886,) etc. In later lile he
adopted mystical views, and became, with his mother.
Lady Oliphanl, a member of the ascetic community
of the American oiystic, Thomas Lake Harris. Died
December 23, 1888.

OllphBDt, (Margaret O. W.,) a Scottish author-
ess, bom about t8z8. She published a number of novels
and much well-written biography, literaiy history, and
criticism. Some of her best books are " Passages in
the Life of Mrs. Margaret Mailland," (l&t9i)
"Chronicles of Carlingford," "Salem Chapel,"
" Memoirs of Edward Irving," (1862,) " Memoirs of
the Count de MoDtalembert," (1872,) " Tbe Makers
of Florence," (1876,) " The Literary Hislory of Eng-
land in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries,"
(1881,) " Royal EdJDbu^h," (1890,) " The Makers .
of Rome," (1894,) and "Jeanne d'Arc," (1896.)
She became widely known also by her novels, which

ere very numerous. Died in 1897.

OUphant, (Tkomas Lawrence Kinijton,) an English
author, born near Bristol. August 16, 1831. He studied
at Eton, and at Balliol College, Oxford, and became a
barrister. His works include a "Life of Frederick IL,"
(1863,) "Sources of Standard English," (1873,) "The
Duke and the Scholar," (187;,) etc

OUtb, de, di o-lee'vi, (Fernan Perez,) a Spanish
•cholar and writer, born at Cordova in 1497, was one oT
the founders of the University of Salamanca, (iS'M '^
which he subsequently became rector. He died about
1530^ ha^ng previously been appointed by Charles V.
preceptor to his son Philip. He was the author of a
"Dialogue on the Dignity of Man," and other prose
nays, which are esteemed tbe first models of a pure
and classical style in the Spanish language. He wa*
lOt, however, according to Ticknor, a man of genius in
be true sense of this word. His works, IncIodinE a
nnmbei of poem* and dramas, were published by his
nephew, Ambrosio de Morales, (15S6.)

Sm N, Antokio. " BiblioiliMaHiepiin Non ;" TjcuHoa. ■• Hii-
lonr of Spuiuh Litentun."

OllTarea, d«, or Ollrare^ o-le-vl'rEth, [Gaipak DI
Guzman,) Duke of San Lucar de Barrameda, a cele-
brated Spanish statesman, was bom at Rome in IJ87.

Hnoated himself into the favour of his son that, 01
accession of the latter as Philip IV., in 1631, Olivare*
soon found himself in possession of the most important
office* of the kingdom. He was appointed successively
*—' "'-'ster of state, grand chancellor of the Indie^
general of Aragon, captain -general of the
cavalry, and Governor of Guipi^coa. During his ad-
ministration Spain carried on war against France anil
the Netherlands, and Olivares found in Richelieu an.
adversary who was more than his equal. The Spanish
armies suffered reverses, and the orosperity of the king-
declined. He was dismissed from power in i&iJ.
and was banished to Toro, where he died July 33, 1645.
'^e was succeeded by his nephew, Luis de Ilaro.

SeeCowta di la Rocca. "Histainda Miaiilfaeda Csmte-Dnt
(TOttram," ifcjj.

OllTKras. See Olitaris.

OUto, o^iv', (Jean Pierre,) a French monk and
t S*rig ■ " "

wrtter, born at sirignau ii

1*47.

s lealODS it»

,u». (as

.-gAan/ygas/.-O

ii.K.fiiaiirtU; it.tuuaJ: n.tn/la/; iaat; thaainlAit. (|^See Explanations, p. i^-

Digitized ay CjOOQ I C

OLIVECRANTZ t8

be CDforceinen: or ttrict monutic diadpline. After hla
death he wu condemned ai a heretic n ■ coancD held
b 131S, and by Pope John XXIL Died In 1398.

S« "Kounlli Biocnphii G^n^nle."

OUvaoraiits.o-lee'T^-kftlnts', ? 0onAM Paulim,) ■
Swediih fltatesman and Latin poe^ bom at Strengnji* in
1633. He waa appointed Governor of Revel in 1680,
•nd lupreme jndge of Gothland. He gained the &vonr
of Queen Chriatina, who oorre«pondea with him after
her abdication. Died in 1707.

OlI-TfT, (Ahdkew,) an American magistrate, bom
In 1707, was appointed in 1770 lieutenant-governor of
Ua«aachaseltt. Having become obnoziouB to the colo-
nift* by favourinR the detigni of the British government,
diej petitioned for hi* removal, ai well as for that of hil
brother-in-law, Governor Hutchinson. Died in 1774,

OUtst, (Danibl,) M.D., LL.D., an American ph^
sidan and acholir, bom in Massachusetts In 1787,
published " First Unes of Physiology." Died in 1842.

Oll-Tfr, (Gkokge,) D.D., an English antiqaarjr and
writer, born about 17S3. He published several works
on Freemaaonry. Died in 1867.

OliTsr, (Isaac,) an eminent English artist, bom in
1556, excelled in miniature-painting. Among his mas-
ter-pieces are portraits of Maa7 Queen of Scota, Queen
Elizabe^ and Sir Philip Sidney. Died in 1617. His
son Pbtek, bom about 1600, became eqnally celebrated
for his portraits, and alsoprodnced a number of historical
picmres. Died about 1654 or 1664.

SmWauou. "ADaedoUtofPilDdDi."

Oliver, (Piter,) LL.D., an American jurist, brother
of Andrew, noticed above, was bom in 1713, and gradu-
ated at Harvard College. He was appointed diief
Justice of Massachusetts. Died in 1791.

Oliver, (William.) of Bath, an English phjrsidan,
wrote on the Bath mineral waters. Died in 1764.

Oliver OF Malmesbuky, an English monk and able
mathematician of the eleventh centnty. His works, if

Olivet; a'' dole'vi'j (JosWM Tboulikr,) Abb*, a
celebrated French critic and scholar, bom at Salins in
April, 16S3. He entered the order of Jesuits at an early
age, but he renounced it about 1714. He was elected to
the French Academy in iw, and subsequently visited
England, where he made the acquaintance of Pope. He
wai the aothor of a "Treatise on French Proaody,"

which.

ch," says Voltaire, " will subsist as lone as the lai
gnage," and "Essays on Grammar," { 1731-) He also wrote
a continuation of the " History of the French Academy,"
begun by Pellisson, and made excellent translations of
Cicero's "De NalurS Dconim" and his " Orations against
Catiline," and of the " Philippics" of Demosthenes. His
edition of Ciceio's works (9 vols. 4(0, 1741) Is esteemed
one of the best that has appeared. The Abb* d'Olivei
was an intimate (riend of Boileau and Voltaire, the latter
of whom he as^ated and directed in hia stDdies. Died
In 1768.

Sm UAiirr, "Ac^B hlnoriqiw da I'Abtrf d'Olint." i>w;
D'Alooot, ''Hiuarsdo HEmbra da I'Aadfito Fna^aaei"
" MaonUt KofrmUi Wnicala."

OUvetttn, o1tv't6[i', (Piebrb Robert,) a French
Protestant, bom at Noyon in the fifteenth century. Is
supposed to have been the Gist of his countrymen who
translated the Bible from the original Greek and Hebrew.
It is asserted, however, by some writers that he onlv
retouched the version of Leffivre d'fita^les. This work
was first published in 1535, and It said to have been
revised by Calvin, who was a relative of Olivetan, Died
hiS38.

Sm SiHum. " HiMoln Unlnin de Ccaln."

OUverra, o-le-Tj^-rl, {Fkakcisco Xavibi,) a Por-
tuguese genUenuut, was bom at Lisbon in 1703. Being
sent as seoretary of the embassy to Vienna in 1732, he
wai converted to Protestantism. He published a " Dis-
course to hto Countrymen on the Earthquake at Lisbon,"
(1756,) and " Familiar Letters." Died in 1783.

Olivlar, ole've-i', (Claude Mathieu,) a French
Utthaiatr, was bom at Marseilles in iTOt. He was one
of the foondert of the University of Marseilles. As
coansellor to the Parliament of Pans, be gained a great

on the Ctidaa <^ Plato," and a *■ History of Philip, Kii^
of Macedon," (l vols., 1740.) Died in 1736.

011vl*r, (FKAN901S,) a French jndge and statesman,
bom in Paris in 1497. He became chancellor of France
In 1(45. Died In ij6aL

011vl«r, (Guillaume Aktoink,) an eminent French
naturalist, bom near Tonlon in 1756. tn 1791 he accom-
panied Brugultre on a scientific expedition to Persia and
Turkey, where they made a valuable collection of objects
In natural history. He was chosen a member of the
Institute in iSoo. He published a " Dictionary of tbe
Natural History of Insects, Butterflies, Crustaceans,"
etc, (7 vols., 1789-1815,) "Travels in the Ottoman
Empire, ^ypt," etc, (6 vols., 1801,) and several other
works. Died in 1814.

5«c OmtM, " £lat** Usudqna i" SrLvama. " Nolka sat G.
A. Oliiier," 181 J.

OUvler, ole'vg^', (Iustb Daniel,) a Swisa poet,
bom in the canton of Vaod in 1807. He became a
resident of Paris In tS^ and wrote, besides other
poems, " Chansons lointaines." Died Januarv 7, 18761

Olivier, (SAraphik,) a French cardinal, bom at
Lyons in 153^ waa auditor de rota at Rome for many
years. Died In 1600.

OUvler, a', dole'vg^', (Gabriel Raihond Jean t>B
DiEU Fkani^is,) a French lariat, bom at Carpent™ '"

<^lvleri degU Abbatd. o-le-ve-i'ree dU'yee Ib-bf-
tee, (Ankibaia) an Italian antiquary, bom at Pesaro
n iiHs. He published, besides other works, " Marmara
Pisaurenaia Notis illnstrata," (1737.) Died In 1789-

Ciller, (EDUtTitD,) an English author, bom in London,
November 36, 1816. His works include several histories,
"A History of the United Sutes," (3 vols., 1875-77,)
" Poems, chiefly from the Greek," (i 3ft,) "British Por-
trait-Painters,''(1873,) etc. Died April 19,1886.

OUlvler, ole'v^', (Charles Prosper,) a French
medical writer, born at Angers in 1796 ; died In Paris
in 184s-

Olllvler, (DAuosTHtHE,) a French democrat, bom
at Toulon in 1799, was tbe fiithet of Cmlle, noticed be<
low. He founded at Marseilles in 1831 aioumal called
" Le People Souverain," and was elected to the Con-
Btitnent ^semblv in 18^ He waa banished about De-
cember, 1S51, and returned in i86a Died in 1884.

Olllvier, (Emilb.) a French advocate and orator, born
at Marseilles in 1835. He practised lawwith success in
Paris, and was elected to the legislative body by the
-"- " ' -idin i8f-

became in 1869 an adherent of Napoleon, who tn E

He acted with t

cember of that year appointed him prime minister, and
requested him "to name persons who will, associated
with yourself, form a homogeneous cabinet, fiuihfally
representing the legislative majority." He took the
posi^on of minister of justice in the new cabinet formed

of this audition ministry was regarded as an fmpo
event, and as the beginning of a constitntloiiBl T^me.
The Corps Ugislati^ after an exdted debate, adopted a
resolution of confidence In the minister, Aiml K, 1870^
by a vote of 337 to 43. The most liberal uemtien of
the cabinet resigned about the ist of Bfay, 1870; bal
the policy of Napoleon and OUivier was apprtmd by
a majori^ of the popular votes. May 8. Oluvier waa
elected to the French Academy in April, iSta He
resigned the office of prime minister, August 9, iSyo.
He subsequently withdrew to Italy, where he wrote
"Lamartlne," (1874,) "Thiers," (1879,) and other
works, including " L' Empire Liberal," a defence of
bis policy, (7 vols., 1894, tt I'J-)

Olllvier, (FKANgois Amtoimb Tosbpr,) a French
ju<be, bom at Loriol in 1763 ; died m 1839.

Olivier, (Jules;) an antiquary, bom at Valence In
1804, was a soti of the preceding. He wrote on the
antiquities of Dauphini. Died In 1S41.

1. 1 1 ^ 0. ?, /«lf; 1. 1, i. same, less prdonged; i, i, 1. 5, a, ^ J:W?; », ft t. ft '*'«"'; llf. f*I'. •*'!■»*'; "fl";**"*; ■»*••

Digitized

b, Google

I85I

OMAR

Olmnts, Ton, fon ol'mStits, (Wenzel,) a Gcnnan
BDgraver and designer, flourished Rbout 1500.
Olmsted, fim'ited or Qni'sted, (Denison.) LL.D.

made the &8t geoto^cal tarvejr of that State. In 181^
be obtained the chair of mathematics and natural phi-
loMpbj at Yale College, He was the aothor of a
"School Philosophy," "Rndimenti of Nfttnral Philoao-
phv and Astronomy," (1843,) "Letten on Aitronomy,"
and other valnable text-books. Died in 1859.

Olmated, ^Fbkdkkicx Law,) an American
author and architect, born at Hartford, Connecticut, in
iSlz. He published several works of travel in Eng-
bod and the United States, desdibin^ their agricul-
tural conditions, and in 1S57 was appointed chief en-
gineer of the New York Central Park. Died in 1903.
01'n*y, (Edwahd,) LL.D., an American instroctor,
bom in Morcan, New York, July 34, iSa?, removed in
early youth to Weston, Wood coun^, Ohio. In 1853
he became professor of mathematics in Kaluniioo Col-
lege, and in iS6^ he was called to the chair of mathe-
matics in theUnivenity of Michigan. He la well known M
die author of a series of textbooks. Died Jan. 16, 1887.
OIIW7, (Jbssi;,) an American educator, born at Union,
Connecticut, October \%, 1198. He publiibcd school-
book*. Including a geograpbj, (1838,) atlas, arithmetic,
reading-books, etc, a " Hbtoty of the United Stales,"
and a volume of poems. Died at Stratford, Connecticnt,

Tnlv 30, 1S73.
Olney, f R
it Oxford, MassachusettB, in 1835. He graduated at

dlney, (Richard,) an American statesman, bom

Harvard in 1856, was admitted to the bir, and be-
came a prominent lawyer. He was appointed
attorney- general by President Cleveland in 1893, and
secretary of state in 1S95, and was the active agent in
the question concerning the Guiana- Venezuela boun-
dary, signing the arbitration treaty with Great Britain
in 1896.

Olof. See OlAF.

Olozaga, (Don Salustiano,} a Spanish statesman,
born at Logrofio about 1803. He became an active
member of the Cones, was mide prime minister in
1843, and was appointed president of the council of
state in 1870. Died September 26, 1873.
Cloohllger. See Olkabius.

OlshanBoil, ols'h6w'z(n, (Heruann,) aGerman Piol-
eitant theol<wian, bom at Oldeslohe in 1796. In i8>7
he was appointed professor of theology at Kbnigsberg.
He published a " Biblical Commentary on all the New
Testament," (4 vols., 1S30-40,) which has been highly
ComiDended, and other religions treatises. Died at
Erlangen in 1S39.

Oluansen. (Juttus,) a German Orientalist, bom a
Holsteln in iSoa He ««• chosen a muober of the
Academy of Science* at Copenhagen in 1S45, and be-
came profetsor of Oriental languages at tCbn^sbera
In iSsi He published a work enbtled " The Pehlefl
Legends on the Coins of the Last Saesanides," (1S43.)
Died in iSSi.

Olahaiuen, (Tukodoh,) a brother of the preceding,
was bom at Gtiickstadt In iSoa. In 1S30 he founded at:
Kiel a patriotic journal, en titled the " Correspondeni- .
blatt," in which he advocated'the independence of Hoi- 1
ttein. In 1S4S he was a deputy to the Assembly, and
In 1849 established the " North German Free Press" at
Hamburg. He was exiled in 1S51 by the Danish gov-
emment. Died at Hamburg, March 30, 1S69.

Olug- (or' Oloog-] Beg, o'liRg big, written also '
OolooBli-,Oulongh-,andniiieli-Beg,(Meer'MMo-
ham'med,) an eminent MongoraatTonomer, a giandioii
of Tamerlane, and King of Transoxana, was bom in
1394. He began to reign in 1446, and was killed by his
ton in 14^9

O-iyb'rI-iu, (Ahicius.) a Roman emperoi He be-
came consul in 464 A. D., and married Placidia, the widow
of Valentinian III. Through the influence of Genseric .

or Ridmer, he succeeded Anthemius, who was killea in
473. He died in the same year.

5h Giasoit, " Dsclins and FiU of ihs Kunaa En^n."

Olympe. See Olvmpus.

O-ljhu'pI-^a, [Gr. 'OAv^iot,] Queen of Macedon,
was a daughter of Neoptolemus, King of Epirua. She
was married about 357 B.C. to Philip 11. of Macedon,
and became the mother of Alexander the Great. Shs
is said to have been a woman of violent temper. Philip
soon becamealienated from her.anddivoicsd her. Alter
the accesaion of her son Aleiander, she pit to death
ClcDpatra. the tecond wife of Philip. She «a* put to
death by Cassander in 316 B.C.

S« PuiTAiCK, "Viti Aluandri."

Oljmpiodore. See Olymfiodorus.

O-lfm-id-o-do'nifl. [Gr. ■tttojnni&jpor ; Fr. Olym-
rtODORX, oTlWpe'o'doB',) a Greek historian, bom at
Thebea, in Egypt, wrote a " Chronicle" of his time, from
407 to 435 A.D.,beii% a continuation of that of Eunapint.
There are fragments of this work eataut in the " Myrio-
UUon ' of Photiiu.

reof Alexandria. Hischiefwork

Plato; abo a **liie of Plato." As an Interpreter of
Plato he is mudi esteemed.

OlymplodorttB, a Greek commentator on the Scrip*
tores, was a deaccm of Alexandria, and lived probably in
the first half of the ^xth centory.

0-Itm'pti», [Gr. "OJa/orot; Fr. Olympk, oliiip'.] a
celebrated Greek or Phiyeian musician, supposed to
have lived about 650 B.C. He naluraliied In Greece the
music of the flute, and invented the system or genua of
music called enharmonic

Olsobkl or OlBOWHld, ol-zoFskee, (Amdkew,) a
Polish prelate, born about 1618. He wrote several
political treatise*. After the election of Sobieski (1674)
he was appointed Archbishop of Gnesen and Primate
of Poland: Died in 1678.

OmaladM. See Omivyadbs.

OmaldM. See Oubyyadbs.

Omajjadan. See Okkytadbs,

OmaJJali or OmaJJa. See Ohbvyah.

OnuiUtis d'HaUov, d', do'mtle'lls' dtlwi', (Jbam
Baivistb JinjEN,}a Belgian geologist, bom at Lies'

1 geology.

I at Ltege \
. Died i

783, published several works □
■875.

O'maii, (Charles William,) a British his-
torian, bom at Mozufferpoot, India, in 1S60. Among
his works are " Histoiy of Greece," (1888,) " War-
wick, the King Maker,** (1891,) " Historyof Europe,
476^18," (1893,) "History of the Art of War in
the Middle Ages," (1898,) etc.

Oman, (John Campbxll,) bom at Calcutta, India,
in 1841. He has written on the people, religions and
customs of India, and a novel, " Where Three Creeds
Meet." ^ „

(ymfr (or Cm^ L, written also Oomiu or Umar,
Sti'mfr. ( Aboo-Hafaah-Ibn-ool-KhatAb or Abo-
Ha&B&-Ibiiiil-Kliattab, I'bOT hSTsih Ib'nWl Kii-
tSb',) the second caliph or successor of Mohammed the
Prophet, was a connn in the third degree to Abdallah,
the father of that legislator. After he had attempted to
kill Mohammed, Omar was converted to Islamism, about
6i5A.I>. He succeeded Aboo-Bekr in thejear 634- His

' ■ " -:,.- j-i'„.-j-i..(J,^jujt var

637 or 638 vra* surrendered to <3mar, who treated the
Oiristians with great lenity. On the site of Solomon's
temple he built the magnificent mosque which bears hi*
Dame. About G38 he completed the conquest of Syria
and <rf Persia, (see VezdeibrC^) and founded the city of
Koofah. Amroo, one of Omar's generals, subdued Egypt
in G40 or 641, and consumed by fire the great library at

« a* 4; f as i; % hard; % as/; o, H, n^gHttKrml; k, hokUi «, iriUtd; I as «; th as inrtit (aySee Eaplan

ia.P-23-)

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OMAR

Ahsandria, after the caliph had dedded, a: we are told,
that "if the books accord wiih the Koran, they are an-
iccessaiji and if they are contrary to the Kenan, they
are pemidoas, and should be destroyed. " He was astas-
•Inated by a Per^an slave, Flrooi, in his capital, Medina,
hi 644 A.IV, attheageofaizty-three,and was sncceeeded
byOthmtn. Omar is praised for wisdom, justice, and
moderation, and is Raid to have contributed more to the
progresa of his religion than Mohammed himsel£ Hii
name ia ereatly venerated by the orthodoa sect of Hoa-
lems, called Sunnites.

5« SiHDH OciEUT. "HirtoiTOf *■ S«T»«m," i7sS-it: Qt»-
■aif,,"Mi>lni7 of the Decline «nd VtX ' • ~ - - -

It Omar L, whom he resembled
ucceeded his cousin Solynunin ^VJ sJO. He suppressed
the roaledictiona which in former reigns were pronounced
in the moaq^ues against the descendants of Ale& The
princes of his own race, fearing that he should bequeath
the empire to one of Che race of Alee, poisoned him in
yao A.D.

Omar, a Moorish phvsidan, bom at Cdrdova in 990
A. IX, was celebrated for his sliill in surgery, and was uso
■ profound mathematidan. Died in loSa

Omal, an eminent physician, astronomer, and mathe-
matician, supposed 10 have been a native of Hadramaut,
Id Arabia. He settled in Spain, where he died in 1071.

Omar, (Al-Matawakkel-BUlali. JU mS^-tl-waklcel
blllth.) the last king of Badajoi of the BcnI-il-Aftas,
began his TciKn in loSi a-d. In conjunction with his
ally, Vooauf^ King of Morocco, he (pined 1 signal victory
over the Christian army at Zalaca in toS6 A.D. Voosuf
soon after made war upon Omar, took him prisoner, and
had him put to death about 1090, after having promised
to spare his life.

Onuu-Ibn-Htifaoon, (or -BEftbaflii,) o'mtr Tb'n hif -
•An', a &mous Moorish chieftain, was a native of Ronda,
Id Spain. In S59 A.n. he headed a rebel army, with
which he laid waste the kingdom of C6rdava and other
parti of the empire. Aflei having for a long time main-
tained himself against Mohammed, King of Cordova, he
was totally debated by him at Aybar m S&t, and died
in 883 A.D.

Omar Khayyam, kM-ylm', i.t^ " Omar the Tent-
maker," a Persian author and mathematidan, (named in

filll GHiyATK-UD-DBBH ABULFATH OMAK BIN IbKA-

HBRU AL Khayyamee.) was Ixjrn at Nisbapoor about
1025. He was a friend of NiUm-ul-Moolk, and of Has-
■an, who founded the sect of Assassins. He wai the
writer of a treatise on algebra, and the founder of the
Seljook era in chronology, but is especially noted aa the
author of " Rubaiyat," a collection of some five hundred
poetical epigrams, full of wit, pessimism, and philosophic
mysticism. In 1883 E. H. Whinfield published the text
with an English translation. Edward Fitzgerald's trans-
lation (of which an American edition has admirable
Itluslratians by E. Vedder] ia well known. Omar died
M his native town in 1113.

0'm#r (or O'mQr) Paaha, (pft'shl',] Dey of Algiara,
began to reign in April, iSi;, alter a revolution in which
his predecessor had been killed. In 1816 the English
admiral Exmouth, after failing in hiaefTorts to procnre the
abolition of slavery in Algiers by negotiation, bombarded
that dly with success, Umar was forced to snbmil to
the treaty dictated by the victor. In September, 1817,
he was killed by his own mutinous troops.

Omar (or Omer) Paaba, o'nifr pl'shl', (Michau.
Laf tsa.) a Turldsh commander, born in Croatia about
1805. Aboat i8»8 he removed to Turkey, changed hii
name to Omer, and adopted the Moslem religion. He
became a colonel in the army in 1839, and a paaha aboat
1845. He suppressed a revolt in Bosnia in 1850-51.
When the Cnmean war broke out, he wa* appointed
commander-ln-chief'of the Turkish army. He defeated
dw Rtistlans atOltenitaa, Norcmber, 1853. and at Kalafat

OMPHALE

OWmtm, o-mi'rf, (Babkv Edwakd,) the bvonrito
physician of Napoleon at Saint Helena, was bom in Ire-
land abont 1780. Being on board the Bellerophon when
the emperor was made prisoner, the latter requested that

[Mpularity,

In i&ii he published his"Hapol<

Vmce from Saint Helena," which \

and, though not entirely impartial, it is esCeemi

■Ne contribution to Napoleon V "' —^-j

Sse Las Caus, "Himanal d* Si
*I<w" tiT Ji^. iSn.

Omeladn. See Ohkttai»s.

Omar. See Omar.

Omero, the Italian for Hohbk, which see.

Omeyrmdea or Omeyrada, o-mS'yfdi, [Fr. pion.
o'mi'ytd',) sing. Omerraae or Omelada, o-mi'yad ;
written less correctly Onunaiadea and Ommyiaaaa,
[Or. aH«0ADKN, o-ml-yl'd(n, or Ouajjadkn. o-ml-
yS'dfn; Lat OuiJ'ADX or OuAl'lADA.] the name
of a famous dynasty of caliphs, founded (660 A.D.) by
Uotweeyeh, the great-grantuon of Omejnrah, (or Umn-
yah,} who waa cousin-gennan to Abd-el-MSSt'atib, the
grandfather of Mohammed ; whence the Omeyyade
princes are commonly styled " Benee- (Bent-) Omeyyah,"
\Li. " Sons, or descendants, <A Omeyyah.") The imme-
diate BoccessoiB of Moftweeyeh continued to reign ai
Datrascos until 749 a.d., when their power was over-
thrown, and all the princes of the house of Omeyyah, Qx
is said,) except two, were put to death by order ol
Abool-Abbis-Abdatlah, (sumamed As-SeflEh, or "the
shedder of blood,") the founder of the new dynasty of
Abbassidea, Of the two Omeyyade princes who escaped
the vengeance of Aa-SeSlh, one fled to a remote part
of Arabia ; the other, named Abd-er-Rahman-lbn-Mo(>
weeych, went first to Egypt, thence to Spain, and estate
lishedatC6rdaTa(756 A.D.) a dynasty which was destined
to rival Id splendour and magnificence that of the Ab-
basaide caliplu in the East. The power and glory of
(he Benee-Omeyyah in Spain culminated in the reign of
Abd-er-Rahman I., who was the first of his line who
assumed the title of caliph \ ImI they began soon alter to
dedine, and they may be said to have terminated with
the reign of HSsblnt II., hi 1013.

OnUTTah, o-mi'y^ written also Omeyyah, Om-
maya, tftaayyab, and in various other modes, waa a
consin of Mohammed's grandfather, Abd-el-MaOf alilx
His great-grandsoti, Molweeveh, was the first caliph of
the iltostnoo* dynasty of the Benee-Omeyyah. (Sea

Oh ETTA DBS.)

Otmnaldea. See Ouiyvades.

OmmaJJadan, (more correctly, OmaUaden.) Saa
Omeyvadis.

Ommaya. See Omeyyah.

Onunaganok, om'mf h-glnk', (Balthasak Paul,) a
distinguished landicape-painter, bom at Antwerp ia
1755. He alao excelled in minting animala, particnWly
sheep. He was a corresponding member of the Academy
of Fine Arts in Paris, and chevalier of the order of tha
Belgic Lion. Died in iSa6.

S» A.7cHinl,"ClDf(daP<iBtnR F. Omaia(nd[." iti6.

Ommladaa or Ommladw. See Okkyyadks

Ommiyadea or Ommytadaa. See OMBTYAim.

Ommlyab. See Ombyvah.

O'mond, (Gborgb William,) a Scotch author,
bom in Perthshire in 1846. He became a barrister,
and publiihed some legal works, also " The Barton
House Conspiracy," "The Sloiy of Maurice Le-
strange," " Fletcher of SauUoun, etc.

Om'phf Ja [Cf- '^^¥^^ ■ queen of Lydia, cele-
brated Tor her connection with the story of Hercalea.
She Is said to have been mistress of the Idngdom after
the death of Tmolos, her husband. Accordii^ to tha
faUe, Hercnles sold himself as * slave to Onphale,
aaaumed the female attire, and aaaisted her servants in
■pinning.

i, e. 1, 5, 0, J, /*»y; 1. i. ft, same, leas prolonged; i, 1. 1, 8. fii, J. dutrl: ». ?, i, 9, litcurt; flr, fill, 81; mfc ; nfltj g»d; ■

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OMXl 1 8

Om'tl, [Heh nojr.) King of Iwael, began to reign
about 9JO B.C. He Tcigned eleven Tears, and (bonded
the capital dt; of Samuia. He waa succeeded bj Us
■on Ahab.

Ooar. See NOrvi.

O-na'tas, |Gr. "Ovirac,) an eeiinent Greek iculptor
and painter, Ixirn at .Cgina, waa the ton of Micon, and
Bonnahed about 46a B.C. Among his best works were
■talnes of Apollo, Hercules, and Mercury, and a picture
of the expedition of the Ar^ves against Tbebes. His
^11 as a scalptor is highly extolled bjr Pauaanias.

Otiok'u), (JoHANN GiRHARD,) ■ GcnDan minister,
born at Vare!, in Oldenburg Januarr a6, 1800. He re-
moved to England, whence in 1813 he returned to Ger-
many as an Independent minister and preacher. In tSu
he became a Baptist. He laboured for man; yean 11
propagating the Baptist faith in Germany with great
■acceaa. Died at Zurich, Jannaiy 1, 1884.

Ondagudo, da,dJi on-di-^a'do, (P<ao,) a Spanish
Jesuit and historian of the sixteenth century, was the
anthor of historical menioirs of Pero, entitled " Rela-
dones," which are slill in maTinscrlpt.

On'dfr-donk, (BenjaminT.,) bom In the dty of New
York in 1791, became Episcopal Bishop of Eastern New
York about 1830, and was suspended for dlsgraoefbl
conduct in 1845- ^'C<I fn 1S61.

ODdardonS, [Henky Vstick,) D.D., an American
bishop, a brother of Dr. B. T. Onderdonk, already no-
ticed, was born in New York city, March 16, 17S9.
He St tirsl became a physician, hut in 1S16 was made
a priest of the Episcopal Church. In 1827 he was
consecrated Assistant Bishop of Pennsylvania, and in
1836 succeeded Bishop White as diocesan. From
1844 to 1856 he was suspended from episcopal
functions on the charge of intemperance. He was
the author of various theological and religious works,
and of some good hymns and poems. Died in Phila-
delphia, December 6, 1858.

OVasU, o-neel', (JOH" Brltoh.) LI-D., an Ameri-
can jurist, bom near Bush River, South Carolina, in
1793, roee throngh wioua offices to be chief justice of
his native Slate. He became In 1S41 president of the
State Temperance Socie^. He wrote "Biographical
Sketches of the Bench and Bar of South Carolina," and
other works. Died December »^, 1863.

CNttU, o-neel', (Hsnrv,) an English hiatorical and

O'HeUl, (Hugh.) Earl of Tyrone, an Iriah chieftain,
who in 1J87 received the earldom as lineal heir to
Con, the nrat earl, to whom, however, his reladonship
was doubtful. In 1593 he was acknowledged as "The
O'Neill." He formed an alliance with the O'Donnelts
and made war upon the English. The pope sent him
a crown of peacocks' feathers. O'Neill outwitted and
outgenerallcd the Earl of Essex, but in 1601 he was
compelled to surrender to Mountjoy. He was, however,
pardoned, and retained the earldom. Being accused of
treason, he left the countir in 1607, and died at Rome in
1616. He was the last of the great Celtic chieftains or
princes of Ireland, and his death wa* follDwed by the
"Planution of Ulster" and the ruia of the Catholic
cause in the North of Ireland.

O'KalU, or O'Naal, (Shan, Shank, or Torn,) an
Irish chieftain, son and lawful heir of Con O'Neill, Earl
of Tyrone. Con, however, declared his supposed ille-

-'-' Matthew his heir. But the O'NmH sept

O'Neill. From that time

tillli

warbre and

Elinbeth, but everywhere fought the Sco»

O'Donnella, displaying great eneigy and ability.

6nally overmatched by Sidney, was hunted from place to

place, and was at last murdered by the O'Donnells, June

^■ialorlta. See DHEsionrns.
On-e-ato'il-tna, [Gr. "Ovf^rfiiptrof ; Fr, OhAsickitb,
O'ni'se'kRtt',) a Greek historian, lived about 35»-330

ij PORT

B.C, and was a disciple of Diogenes the Cvnic He M.
lowed Alexander the Great in his expedition to Asia,
and was chief pilot of the fieet which descended the
Indus. He wrote a " History of Alexander," which is
lost. He was censured by Aulus Gellius and other
andent critics for mixing bxAtt with his narrative.

Sec Voraiin, "De HlMorica Grxdi;" Ebcii mkd Gatnaih
" Allgemnm BnejrfclQpMdw ;" Suidax, "Omhoihii."

Ongaro, on-gl'ro, (Antonio,) an Italian poet, bom
at Padua or Adria about 1569. He wrote "Alceo," a
pastoral or piscatorial poem, in which he ar-'-''*""— '
fishermen for shepherds. Died in 1599.

Onk'A-loa, a learned Chaldee writer,
era, supposed to have been a native of Babylon and
contemporary with Gamaliel. He was the author of a
Targnm, or Chaldee paraphrase of the Pentatend^
which is highly esteemed for its accuracy.

Onomaorlta. See Onouackitos.

On-o-mao'Tl-toa, (Gr. •QvoiaKfrnK ; Fr. Onoma-
carra, o'no'mfkktt',] a celebrated Greek poet and soolk-
sayer, lived in the dxth century B.C. He was banished
by Hipparchus from Athens for having falsified or inter-
polated the orades of Musaeus for political purpoaea.
He is supposed by sonie writers to have been the author
of mach that is attributed to Orpheus.

Sae EicHHOFF, " Comniiniitia de Ononucriu^" 18401 K. a
MDlui*, " HiBorr of Greek Liuniuri."

On-o-mar'eliaa, [Gr. 'Opofiootar; Fr. Onouarqui,
o'no'mlnk',! a general of the Phodans in the Sacred

Philip of Macedon in two battles, but was defeated and
killed by that king in 35J B.C.

Onomarque, See UNOMARCKtlt.

On-o-aan'dQr, jGr. 'Ovimvijfwc; Fr. Onosahoui,
o'no'aflNda',] one of the prindpal military writera of
andquity, lived at Rome under the reigns of Claudisa
and Nero. He was the author of a treatise on tactics,
entitled "Strategeticoe," (written in Greek,) which has
been translated into Latin, French, and Italian. He
was a Platonic philosopher, and wrote a commentary on
the " Republic" of Plato, which is not exunL

Sk Schoiu.. " Hiatoin da b Liilinlan Gncqui."

Oaoaajtdre. See Onosander.

Oiw-en-Bray, (Louis LioN Pajot.) See Fajot.

Onaenoor^ van, vtn on''sfh-nSRr, (Ahtoon Gk-
RAARD,) a Dutch surgeor and oculist, bom at Utrecht
In tii-i TT* wrnF* BHwral rtrnfMuinnal wnrka. Died

178a. He *

e several professional works. Died

abont 169a He was chosen Speaker of the House of
Commons in lyay. "During thirty-three yeara," aajrs
Lord Mahon. " he 611ed that chair with hwhet ment,
probably, than any one either before or after him, — with
unequalled impartiality, dignity, and courtesy." He re-
tired from the chair and from public life in 1761. Died
in 1763. His son was created Earl Onslow about iSoa

Onalow. (George,) an eminent musidan and com-
poser, bom at Clermont, in France, In 1784, was de-
scended from an English family of rank. His worka
indude symphonies, duets, quintets, sonatas, and opera*.
His opera "Le CfJporteur'" was performed with great
success. Died in 1853.

S«Ftm,"Bii«nphiaUniY(»ei;adaaM<iaiaaiu:" "Moimfla
Biographia Gen^nla."

Onalow, (Sir Richard,) an English admiral, bom h
1741. He served with distinction against the Dutch, as
vice-admiral. In (797. Died in 1817.

OnaphiiTia. See Panvinius.

Ooloogh-Bag. See Olug-Bec

Oomni. See Omae.

Oorkbftn or Urkhaii, dSr^ln', written also Orkhan.
(sometimes sumamed GhaZek or Ghazv, gS'zee,) a
Turkish Sultan, was the son of Gamin (Olhmln) I., the
bunder of the present Turkish dynasty. He began to
reign at Prosa in 1316, and made extensive conquests
from the Greeks in Asia Minor. He is said to have had
superior military and political talents. He died in 1360^
leaving the throne to his son Amuralh (or Moorld,] L

OoTt; wan, (Adam.) See Noobt, van.

at; iui; giarJ: fit»/; a,lt,lL,gtaiiiraJ; H, nam/; E, ^i//nf,- S as s;

InMu. (■^^SeeEi9laii«tioiu,p.23.)
D,o,i,..ed3,'GoO'^le

M Brvoe* ii

OOST i!

Oost, van, i>tn Gst, (Jacob,) the Eldbk, one of the
~ It admired painters cMF the Flemish school, was born

n ^^ 1600. He (tndied at Rome, and formed

a the model of Annibal Caracd. His works

_. ODS, and are principally on sacred subjecia.

His copies of Rubens Knd Vui Dyck are so perfect u to
deceive the moot skilful connoisseius. Died in 1671.

CUber, and afterwards
be resided many ycaiB. He was esteemed one of the
beat portrvit-paintera of his time, and also executed his-
torical worka of great merit, one of which, the " Martyr-
dom of Saint Barbara," it regarded a* his mister-picce.
Died in 1713.

Ooa.ttiryrfo'k, wan, vtn ea'tfr-wTk', (Maria,) a
Dutch painter of flowers and fruit, born near Delft in
1^0. She is placed in the first rank of painters of the
■Dbjects above named. Died in 1693.

OoatArsM, van. vtn Qs'tfr-a, (Jan Jakob,) a Dutch
theologian, born at Rotterdam, April i, iSty. Educated
at Utrecht, he became in 1844 chief pastor at Rotterdam,
where he acquired great fame as a preacher and scholar.

Theology of the New Testament," (1869,) "Chi
Dogmatics." (1874), "Practical TheoloCT," (1877-78,)
etc Moat of these works have been translated into Eng-
lish. Van OoBieriee was of the orthodox school Died
in 1S83.

Oovaro( oo-vi'ro^ fSuiaEI Suunovitcii,) Count,
a Russian itatesman, bom at Moscow in 1785. His
great work was done ai minister of education, In which
capacity he (bunded many sdiools, and laid a foundation
for the scientific knowledge of the Asiatic langoages of

literary and political topics.

iSep-

also OuTBTOT, (Thiodokk,) a Russian general, born
about 177a He distinguished himself at the battle OT
Borodino. Died in 1S24.

Opertl, (Alsbkt,) artist, bom at Turin, Italy, in
1S52. Entered the British naval service ; came to Nei

York, where he became an artist

two voyages ti

the Arctic regions with Commander Peary ; and made
various paintings of Arctic scenery. He also illustrated
several works on Arctic travel.

works are not extant.

Ophelta. See Ophbltes.

O-phel'tSI, [Gr. ■OfS.-nK ; Fr, Ophblte, o'fSIt',] a
•on of LycurguB, King of Nemea, was killed in infancy
bf a serpent, having been left alone on the grass bj
hit nurse, Hypsipyle, while the went to guide Adraatus
to a spring.

Olds, t/pe, (AllKLlA,) a popular English writer, wife
of John Opie, noticed betow, and daughter of Dr. James
Alderson, was tram at Norwich in 17^ Her first pub-
Ucationt were a volume of poems, and a tale entitled
" Father and Daughter," which were very well received,
and were succeeded Iw^the novel of "Adeline Mow-
bray,"(l8o4,) "Simple Tales," (180s,) "The Orphan,"
" Valentine't Eve," "Madeline." and other works of
Action, distinguished for their pathos and for their ele-
vated moral and religious tone. In 1825 Mrs. Opie
became a member of Che Society of Friends, and pub-
lished the same year her "Illustrations of L3nng."
Having visited Paris in 1830. she wrote an interesting
account of the revolution of July. Among the most
important of her other work* may be named " Detrac-
tion Displavcd," (182S.) and "Lays for Che Dead," (1833.)
She had also published her husband's "Lectures on
Painting,'' with a memoir, (1809.) Died in 1S53.

See Hits C. Bbicktwili, " McrDoiuli ^ ihs Lifa of Amelia
Ovi&"igs41 "EdiDbonh Renew" for Jnlv, i8o«; "lloDtUr Kb-
vinf' bt AacBK, ila:lL UAannuv, "Biotnrliial Skciclw,"

54 OPPEDE

Ofrie, (John,) a distinguished English painter, bom
neai Truro, in Cornwall, m 1761. Some of bit portr^ts
and tketchet attracted the notice of Dr. Wolcolt, iba
satirist, who look the young artist under his protectioD
and introduced him into London society, where he en-
joyed for a tine the patronage of the fashionable world.
lie maiiied as bis second wife, in 179S, Miss Amelia
Alderson, who afterwards obtained great popularity as
a writer. Opie gave particular attention to historical
subiects, and painted "The Death of Riido," "Jeph-
Chah's Vow," and " Belisarius." He succeeded Fuseli
as professor of painting in the Royal Academy in 1806.
Died in 1807.

Sn Iht " Moulhlj Rtrinr" Ebr Fcbranr. itie.

O-pUI-na, (AuREUUS,) a Latin grammarian, who
taught philosophy and rhetoric at Rome. He went into
voluntary exile in 93 B.C. as a companion of hit iotinut*
friend Ruttliut Rufus, who had been banished.

Opllliia MaorlnuB. See Mackihits.

O-piml-ua, (Lucius,) a Roman politician, was «
leader of the aristocratic partv, and adversary of Caius
Gracchus. He became consul in iii B.C.. and a violent
contest then ensued between the senate and the party
of Gracchus. Having been authorized by Che senaK
to decide the question by force, Opimius killed Grac-
chus and about three thousand of his partisans. Ac-
cording to Cicero, ("InCaCilinam,Oratio L,") Gracdiot
was killed on suspicion of seditioiu Opimius was cor-
rupted by Jugurtha in 112, fell into disgrace, and passed
his latter years in exile Died about 100 B.C.

See PuTTAitcM, "'C. Gratthus;" Sallust. "Jugurtha."

Opla. See Ops.

Opltdiu. See Opitz.

Oplt^ o'pils, [Lat Opi'tius,} (Hbinrich,) a Gcnnaa
Orientalist, born at Altenburg in 1641, was professor of
Greek and of divinity at Kiel. He published, besides
other works, " Bible in Hebrew," (" Biblia Hebraica,"
1709.) Died in 1713.

S» Hetbl, "GeKbictate der HebrtUchcn Spncha,"

OpttK, [Uc. Opi'tius.1 (Martin,) a celebrated Gei^
man critic and writer, bom at Bunztan, in Siletia, in
■597, it called the founder of the modern achool of Ger-
man poetry, He was crowned as poeC-laureate by tbe
emperor in 1628, and was appointed in 1638 historiogra-
pher to Ladislaus TV., King of Poland. His principal
work is entitled a " Poem of Consolation amid the IMs-
asters of War." (l6zi.) He also translated Che I^alms,
*'--" '-ligone" of Sophocles, and ocher c' "' '

His essay on German versificatii

Deutschen Poeterei." loth editi_.., ,

highly esCeemed He contributed ^eatly Co Che purity
of^che German language, into which he introduced a
new prosody. "He is reckoned." tays Hallam, "the
inventor of a rich and harmonious rhythm. . , . No
peat_ elevation, no enetgy of genius, will ^x found in
Malherbe. Ojnti displayed.

however, anotlier kind of excellence.

: the

tpilxcii," etc., a Tola.. I

Opo^ o'pwl', (Christoph^) a French savant, bcwa
at Provins in 1745, was a member of the Convenlioo
of 1792-95. He wrote several scientific work*. Died

S« Ramoh, " Notiea BT C OpiHi," iSti.

Oporin, o-po-reen' or o'po'rin', [LaL Opcu'nus,]
(JoHANN,) a learned Swiss printer, whote original name
was Herbst, bom at Bfile in 1507. He became proJessor
of Greek in his native dty. where he afterwards estab-
lished a printing-house. He published many excellent
editions of the dassics, corrected by himself^ and wrote
annotations on Cicero and Demosthenes. Di^ in Ijfig.

Sea HaiNiai., " De OrOi, Vita M Oliitu Oporioi."

Oporinus. See Opobin.

OppAde, d', do'pid', (Jkan do MaralAr— dfh mft'-
ng;4 .1 Baron, a French judge, born at > '

t, & I, S, ^ y, loHf; 1> t, ^ aame, less prolonged; i, i, 1, 0, ii, J, thort; }, ^ j, 9, aisatrt; (3r, fill, Ot; mCt; nAt; gflOd; mAn;

Digitized by VjOOQ I C

OPPENHEJM

Siint AuguHine. He wrote > treitiM againat the Dtnui-
tiits, which U extant Died after 3S6 A.D.

Su E. DuriH, "Via i» SantOpul," pnfiud to hk ■mv/kt.

Books of Civil Law in Holland," and a treatue "On

sacred, withoul dist

about 1546. Died in 1558.

Oppaahelm, (E.Philups,) noveliil, bom in Eng-
land in 1S&6. He has written numeious ooreU of in-
trigue and deiective work, including ■■ The Master Mnm-
mer," "Mysterious Mr. Sabin," "The Illuttrious

Oppenord, op'nos', (Giuas Maki^) a French archi-
tect, bom in Pani in 1673 ; died in 1743.

Oim«t% oi/pCBt, (Juuus.) a German Orientalist, of
Jewish parentage, was bom at Hamburg in 1835. He
■tndied Arabic, Sanscrit, etc, and was naturalized as a
ddien of France. He uras sent by the French govern-
meat, with F. Fresnel and F. Thorois, on a scientific
mission to Mesopotamia in 1851, and began in 1857 to
publish an account of the same, entitled "Ezptkution
adentiGque en M^opotamie^" He is distingaiBhed •■ a
decipherer of cuneiform inscriptions. Among hisworkt
ate a"History of Chaldaea and Assyria" and a "Sanscrit
Grammar." Died b 1905.

Op'jd-on or Op-pI-S'ima, [Gr. 'Oinrun<6r; Fr, Op-
PlEN, o'peiN',) a celebrated Greeli poet, born at Ana-
zaiba, in Cilicia, is supposed to have lived in the second
century of the Christian era. Two poems, entithd "On
the Chase," (" Cynegetica,") and " On Fishing." {" Ha-
lientica,") are ascribed to him. The great superioiit;
of the latter production to the former has led to the
aappositioo that they were written by different persons.
The author of the " Halieutica" is compared by Scaliger
to Virgil for the harmony and graces of his style. It is
■aid ttut Oppian was presented by the emperor Caracalla
with a gold piece for every verse in his "Halieutica."
Both poems display considerable knowledge of natural
hiatory, mingled with many errors and absurdities,

Opplaniu. See Ofpiak.

Opplen. See Oppian.

Op'pl-Tia, (Cmus,) a Roman writer, who waa an inti-
mate friend of Julius Caesar. It is seated that he was
u^iiant (if all the projects and plans of that dictator,
whose private af^rs he managed. He wrote biographies
(which are not extant) of several eminent Romans. The
book of Csesar's " Commentaries" which treat* on the
war in Aitica is attributed to Oppius by some critics.

S« DatiHAiiN, "G<i*clilehu Rona;" Vossim, "!>• Hiusiidi
Laduii;" " NoavEllt Biognphii G&ijnls."

Op« or O'pia, a Roman goddess of plenty and fertility,
was identified with the Rhea of the Greek mythology.
■nd was also called Tkllvs. She was supposed to be
dte wife of Saturn, and vras worshipped as the protec-
tress of agricnltui«. Opa, the plural (^ Ops, signifies
" riches, power, help."

Opaopoetu or OlMop6aB, op-so-pd'ba, (Jorann,) a
German physician and scholar, bom at Bretten in 1556,
became proleasor of physiology and botany at Heitjel-
berg. He published an edition of the "Sibylline Gra-
des," and of several works of Hippocrates. Died in
1596.

Opaopoena or ObBOpSna, (Vinccnz,) a German
philologis^ bom in Fianconia in the fifteenth century.
He was the author of a Latin poem "On th« Art of
Drinking," (" De Arte Bibendi, ) and made translations
from Diodoms and other Greek writers. Died in 1539.

OpBtal, Tan, vtn op'stil, [Gaspard Jacques,} a
Flemish painter, bom at Antwerp in 1660. He painted
religious and mythological subjects. Died about 1734.

^^traet, op'stRlt, (Jan,) a Flemish ecdesiastic,
bom at Beringhen in l6;i, was the author of several
reUgious works, one of which was entitled " The Chris-
tian Theologian." Died in 1710.

Optat. See Optatus.

OptattanoB, op-a-she-i'nus, IFr, Optatiij4, op'tf ■
■e^'>] (FUBUvs PORPHYRIUS,) a degenerate Latin
poet, flourished sbout 335 a.d. He wrote a Panegyric
on Conscantine the Great, the style of which is very bad.
His writings are full of puerilities and absurd conceits.

SfcTlLUMOHT, "Uiitoindai Kinpamii"

OpteUsn. See Optatianus.

Op-tB'tos, [Fr, Optat, op'tJ',] a saint of the Romish
calendar, bom in Africa about 315. He was Bishop
nf Hilevia or Helevia, and is favourably mentioned by

Or'ange, (FaEDERiK Hbnorik van Naasan — vh
nlls'aSw,) Prince op, bom at Delft in 1584, was the
youngest son of William L of Orange, Burnamed "the
Silent." His mother was a daughter of Admiral Co-
lignt. He served in the army under his half-brother,
Maurice of Nassau, and succeeded him as Stadtholder
of the United Provinces in 1635. He prosecuted with
ability the war against the Spaniards, from whom be
took HacEtricht in 1633 and Breda in 1637. As a gen-
eral, he was pmdcnt and mostly aaccesafuL He di«l in
1647, and was succeeded by his son, William IL, who
died in 1650, aged twenty-four. The latter had married
Mary, a daughter of Charles L of England, and left a
son, who became William IIL of England.

Lflven en Bedrijf tva Frvderik Hu-

• i6j.; CoHM.

:^'At

"M«niD

Ontnge, (Maubici,) Prince of. See Nassau.

Oc'aiige, [Fr. pron. o'ifiNih',] (Phiubekt ok Cbi-
loiu — shMfiN',) PRitJCK OF, a distinguished commander,
born in Burgundy in 1502, was the son of the Baron of
Arlay. He entered the service of Charles V. about IS3I,
and fought against the French. When Constable Bourbon
was killed in the assault on Rome, in 1517, he succeeded
to the command of the army, and compelled the pope to
subscribe the conditions which he dictated. He became

Sea L* Pta. " Hialoin dc la MUKn d'Onnie."

Orange, (Williau [Princb[ of,) ILaL Guilhkl'-
uus (or GuiLiBL'tius} Auki'acus i Fr. Guillaumi
d'Orahgb, ^e'ySm' do'r&Nih' ; Ger. Wilhblm vok
Oranien, <hl'hllm fon o-rl'ne-en ; Dutch, Willeu
VAN Oranje, willCm vtn o-rln'y^h,] called also WU-
Uam the Bllen^ [ Fr. Guillauhe lb Taciturne,

B:'yom' Ifh tfse'tiirn',] the illustrious founder of the
utch republic, was bom at Dillenburg, in Nassau, in
April, 1533. He was the eldest son of William, Count
of Nassau, and was descended from an ancient sovereigi:
family, one of whose members, Adolph of Nassau, had
occupied the imperial throne. Prom his cousin-gennan
Rene, who died in 1544, he inherited princely estates in
Prabant, Flanders, and Holland, besides the small prin-
cipality of Orange, in the southeast of France. He was
educated as a Protestant by his parents ; but about the
age of fifteen he became a page of the emperor Charles
v., who quickly discemed his excellent qualities and
admitted him into his secret coondla. Charles testified
his confidence In the young prince by appointing him
general-in-chief of the army in I5S4, in the absence of
the Duke of Savoy, and leaned on his shoulder at the
ceremony of bis own abdication, in 15;;. William, who
was regarded as the greatest Flemish subject of Spain,
was one of the hostages given by Philip II. of Spain to
Henry II. of France in 1559 for the execution of tha
treaty of Citeau Cambreais. Henry II., in conversation
with his hostage, (whom he supposed to be a Catholic
and to be privy to the sccrela of the Spanish court,) Im-
pmdently revealed to him a plot which those two kings
had formed (o massacre all their Protestant subjects.
"William earned," says Motley, " the surname of 'The
Silent,' from the manner in which he received these
communications from Henry without revealing to the
monarch, by word or look, the enormous blunder which
he had committed. His purpose was fixed from that
hour." He was a Catholic nominally and in outward
observance, but had then no dogmatic seal, — perhaps
no interest in questions of theology. Humanity and
however, determined hiro to counteract tht

tMj.'gion/; gas rVo,ii.K,^M»(ni/;N,itiuii/;R,ArHVft/,- last,' thasin£(t(; (|^~See Explanations, p 33.1

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

B Sudtl

chiracleriatic caution ind •ecrecy
•everal Jtm, ind continued to serve ai StadtiiiildeT
or Hultand, Zealand, and Utrecht, and coundlloi of
•tatc. A matual but dissembled enmity existed betveea
him and Philip II. In 1566 » ^eat inaurrection was
provoked by the attempt of Philip to establiih the In-
tjaisltlon In all its rigour in the Netheilanda. William
TClitsed to take a new oath of unlimited obedience, and
offered to resign all his offices, in 1567, In the same
year the famous Duke of Alva was sent with an army,
and with supreme civil power as governor, to complete
the subjection of the revolted provinces. In this crisis,
Egmont, who had been the friend of the Prince of Orange,
rerused to co-operate with him in resistance to the im-
pending invasion. By hastily retiring to Nassau, Onngc
escaped the doom which had been pronounced on him
at Madrid. In February, 1568, a sentence of (he Inqui-
•ition condemned to death as heretics all the bhabitanta
«f the Ketherlands, with a few exceptions. (Motley.)
Havii^ raised a large army, Wniiain entered Brabant in
■563, and offered battle to Alva, who declined to fight.
At the end of the campaign, Orange was forced to dis-
band his army for want of money to pay ihem. In ijya
many cities of Holland raised the standard of Orange,
and the contest was maintained with desperate resolution
through long years of adversity. He founded a famous
republic by the union of the seven Protestant provinces
of Holland, Zealand, Utrecht, Friesland, Groningen,
Ovcryssel, and Guelderland, in 1570, snd was chosen
Stadtholder. In 1584 he was assassinated by Balthazar
Gerard, a bnatical Catholic He leA three sons, Philip,
Maurice, (see Nassau,) and Frederick Henry, the first
of whom was seised by Alva in 1568, sent to Spain at a
hostage, and detained many years in captivity.

■•liis enemies," says Motley, "never contested the
subtlety and breadth of bis intellect, his adroitness and
capadly in conducting state affairs, and the profoundness
of bis views. In many respects his surname of 'the
Silent' was a misnomer. William of Orange was neither
'silent' nor 'taciturn ;' — vet these are the epithets which
will be forever assodated with the name of a man who
in private was the most affable, cheerful, and delightful
of companions, and who on a thousand public occasions
was to prove himself, both by pen and speech, the most
eloquent man of his age." To William the Silent is
doe the honour of being the Grtt anoi^ European states-
men to make a practioJ application id government of
the principle of religious toleration.

Sh II OTLKV, " Rhc of the Dutch Republic," /auimr, (apecisllv
At nauki » ihE doK d( ihE third volume :) GaoTius, " Aniulei i*^
Stbada, "De Bella Beli-iaj;" Hdopt, " Nedcrlindidie Hiuuii;"
DbThoii, "KiilDriiiuiTEBporii:" Buufoit, "Lntn nn wa-
in 1., Priiu TM Oranjc" ] loU., ijlii Eu6*"» MahOM, "Gua-
liuue k THIune," lisn J. B. CHAypACHAC "OtiilliuiiK le
T»cioi™ «i u Dynoii^" iSji ; SrAiiDAW. " Lofr*dt op Win*iii
ItB Emu," tit, iBii ; Ahuot u la Hduuatb, " Hiiloire it
Rolippe GmUiuiiiE ik Nuun," etc, 1 viU., iju; Unicsiin,
" GwUelniiii Auriiciu," i&ii ; "NauTtUe Biognp&e G^B^nle;''
K. BuiTDH. " Hlitory of Ibe Houee of Onno," i«93-

Orbignr, d', doK'btn'yc', (Alcidk Dkssalines,) an
eminent French naturalist, bom at Coueron (Loire-In-
tfrteuTe) in iSoa. He was sent on s scientific mission
to Sooth America in iSz6 bv the managers of the Ma-
tenm of Natural History. He spent eight years in the
eimloration of Brazil, Chili, Peru, Bolivia, etc, and pub-
Ushed the results in an important work entitled "Travels

obtained

for the study of or^ani.

wwks k "The FalxontoU

his chief

iiogTof . r

logic Fran^aise," 14 vols., 1840-54, with 1430 pi:

f of France," {" PaWonto-

"Cours jl^mentalre de Palfentotogieetde Gdologie

■tratlgraphiques," (3 vols.', 1S49-53.I Died in 1S57.

Sec DAHOum "Dljcoun lu rtm<n>ill« d'A d'Orbign;:"
"KMks inilvtiquf lur !«■ Tnnin d'Alode d'Orbigny," iBjfi;
" Itsnnlie Biofnplilc Gto4nlc"

Orblgny, d', (CHAKI.E3 DESSAiJNES,)a French geolo-
gist, a brother of the preceding, was born at Coueron in
1806. He published a " Universal Dictionary of Natn-
tal History," (14 vols., 1839-^9,) in which he was aided
byAragOiJossieu, and other savants; also, several works
00 K^087' ^'^ February 15, 1876.

teacher, famed for his severe discipline. He taught
languages at Rome, and numbered among his pupils
the poet Horace, who has immortalized him under the
name of " the floogii^ (fiJarotum) Orbilius."

Sec HoiAca, "EpiiialiE;" SuaTHHiin, "De UliuIiilHis CmB-

Orcaensu OR-kln'yl, (Andiea di Ciohe,) an emi-
nent Florentine architect, painter, and sculptor, some-
times called Orgagna, bom about 1315. He built the
Loggia di Lanzi at Florence, which was commended by
Michael Angelo as a model of elegance. Among htt
master-pieces in painting are the (itscos of the "Last
Judgment," and the " Tnamph of Death," in the Campo
Santo at Pisa, Died about 1385.

See VAlAai, "Liya ol Ihe pMinierm. Aidiileclm," elC ; QnATSB-
■ikits DI Qdihct, " VIei det plut iUugnv Arcliiieclei ;" BAUMHMet
"Nadde:'' Lakh. "Hiilorrof PiinliDtiii Ildy."

Or'oliu'd-CQn, (William Quillbr,) > Scottisb
painter, born at Edinburgh in iSjj. In 1S63 he re-
moved to London, where in |S6$ he was made an asso-
ciate and in 1877 a lull Academician. His figure-paint-
ings are very numerous, and highly valued. Died 1910.

Orcsy, Baroness, playwright and novelisl, bom at
LamaBrs, Hungary, married Montagu Barstovr, of Eng-
land. She studied painting and in 1900 began wrilinga
series of deteclive stories. Among her later works are
"The Scarlet Pimpernel," "A Son of the People,"
" Petticoat Government," and several plays,

Orcus, the Roman god of the lower regions, identi-
fied with the Pluto or Hades of the Greek myillolt^.
(See Plitto.)

Ord, ICravui,) an English antiquair, boro in I75h
He furnished materials to Gough and John Nichols K4
their vrorks. Died in 183Z.

Ord, (EswAki) O. C.,} an Aoierican general, born
in Maryland in iSiS, graduated at West Point in 1839.
He became a captain m 1851, and served several years
in California and Oregon. He was appointed a biga-
dier-general of volontcers about September, tB6l, and
gained a victory at Draneaville, Vii^nia, December ae
of that year. In May, 1863, he was rused to tbe rank
of major-general. Served under General Grant at tbe
siege and capture of Vicksburg, July, 1863, and obtained
command of the eighleenth corps in July, 1864. He
commanded a corps in tbe final assault on Petetsbutg,
April a, 1865, and his command contributed greatly to
the success gained on the 6th of that month near the
Appomattox. He was commander of the fourth militai^
district, comprising Mississippi and Arkansas, from April
1867. to December of that year. Died July 32, i88j.

Ord, (JuHN W.,) an English poet and medical writer
born in 1811. He produced, besides other work*,
" England : an Historical Poem." Died in igu.

Ordas, oK-iUih', (Don DiEOO,) a Spanish captain
and explorer, aerved under Cortea in the conquest of
Mexico. He was the first while man that ascended
Popocatepetl. Having been authoriied by Charles V.
to conquer the country between Cape Vela and the Bay
of Venezuela, he ascended the river Orinoco one hun-
dred and six^ lei^ues about 1531. Died in 1533.

Ordoner, oad'ni', (Michkl,) a French general, bwn
at Saint-Avoid (Moselle) in 1755. He obtained the rank
of general of division for his services at Austerlits, (1S05.)
Died in igii.

Ordralo Vital See Ordkhicus Vitalis.

Or-^»-rf'aTiaVl-tfi1lB,[Fr.ORDeitic Vital, or'dfh-
rik' ve'ttl',1 one of the most distinguished early English
historians, bom neat Shrewsbury in 1075, was descended
from a French family. In 1 107 he was ordained a priest.
He was the snthor of "The Ecclesiastical Hiiiory of
England snd Normandy" from the birth of Christ to
I I4t, which, according to Gnizot, contains more valuable
information on the history of the eleventh and tarelfth
centuries than any other single work. Died about 1141,

See "NouveUc Biocnptug G^n^nle."

Ordlnalra, or'dc'nia', (Clausk Nicolas,) a Frendi
naturalist, born at Salins in 1736, published a "Natnral
History of Volcanoes," (iScn,) which is commended.
DiediniSo&

KS.J.'i.t^TI,lfV:Ki,it.*»'oe,la*pro\ongfd; i,2,I,&,ti,y,jAtfrf,'«.cj,9,ofMwra;iar,flll,aL;metinAt:KSUima(ta

l'^,

OREADES

OrOBdas. See Okiads.

Crft^da, TGr. 'Opnodir,- L«t. Okk'ades ; Fr. Oit-
ADU, o'li'ld',] moanUin-nymph* of cUuic mTtholugy,
derired their lu^ from the Greek jper, a " moantaii "
They attended Diana in hanting-cxcaniona.

OnclOi o-iVjo, [Lat Oiue'oiub.I {AooniNO,)
learned ItaUkn ordinal and theologian, born at Santa
Sofia, in Tnacanr, in im- He was the aathor of
Ireatitet "On the Trini^' and "On the Work of Six
Dm." Died in 1635.

Onsiiu. Sec Origiol

Ors^la dl Banto BUfuo, o-iJtIe-S de ain'to
■tef 1-no, (LUIGI,) an Italian cardinal, born at Bena, Juij
9, l8a8, became Archbishop of Damieita /h partiiui,
•nd in 1873 WM created a cardinal- priest and was made
prefect MTlhe congregation of indulgences and holj
relics. In iSS^be was promoted to be a cardinal-buhop
and app<Hnted Bishop of Palestrina. Died Dec. 6, 1913.

O'Raflly, o-rlle, (AUDCAmut.) a Spanish Kneral, of
Irish descent, bom near Chmdiilla In 1735. He fonghl
for the French at Minden (1759) and Corbach, (1700,)
toon sAer which he returned to the Spanish service. He
took poMCsaion of Louisiana in 1T68, and afterwards
commanded an expeditioD against Aigiert. Died in 1794.

Sh BonHXHHa, "Tlbloa de TEspiieiie modEms,"

CRalllT, o-iile, (Andrsw,) a general, bora in Ire.
land in 174& He entered the Austrian serrice, aniH
fought aealnst the French in manv campaigns. I
commanded a corps at ADsterlltz, (1805.) Di^ in 181

CHsUly, (BUNABD,) D.D., a bUhop, born '
county ol Longford, Ireland, in 1803. He came in 11)35
to America, studied at Montreal and Baltimore, and in
1831 look priest's orders in the Roman Catholic Church.
In 1847 he became Vicar-General of the diocese of Buf-
Uo. In 1850 he was consecrated as Bishop of Hartford.
He was lost at sea, on the steamer Pacific, in 1856.

O'RaUlT, (JOHH BoTu,) LI.D., an Irish-American
poet and Journalist, boni at Caitle Dowth, connty of
Ifcatb, Ireland, Jiue as, 184^ In Jane, 1866, be was
tried m Doblin, conxictM of high treMon, and setUencad
(o imprisonment for life, but the sentence wa^commuted
to twenty years of penai servitode. In 1S69 he escaped
from West Australia to the United Slates, went to Bos-
ton, and became editor and joint proprietor of "The
Pilot." His principal books are "Songs from the
Southern Seas,'' (1872,) '■ Son^, Legends, and Ballads,"
(1876,) "Moondyae,"(l877,)and"Statue»in the Block,"
(1881.) Died August 10, 1S90.

O'ReU, (Max.) SeeBuiDKT, (Paul)

Orellana, o-rtl-yi'ni, (Francisco,) a celebrated navi-

Ktor,bomatTrnnllo,m Spain, in the si ilecnth century,
1531 he set sail with the brothers Piiarro for Peru.
Having heard from the natives of a country in the east
producing gold, silver, and spices, he set out in 1540, in
company with Gonsalez Fizuro, on an exploring expe-
dition. After follown^ the coarse of the Napo, a branch
of the Maraflon, for about two hundred leagues, their
provisions failed, and Orellana was directed to proceed
down the river, obtain supplies, and retora immediately.
Instead of this, he continued his course along the main
stream, thoogh suffering severely from iamine and liom
ihe attacks of the Indians. In August, 1541, he reached
the mouth of the Maraflon, to which he gave the name
of Amazon, from the warlike women whom be states he
encountered on its shores. On bis relam to Spain he
obtained from Charles V. letters patent for colonizing the
countryhehad discovered ;batsoon after reaching the Ama-
•on, in 1549, he was attacked with fever, and di^ in 1550L

In canjwictkui with Ibuter, be pnbliibed an edition of
FUto, (4 vols., 1839-41.) HU "Onomasticon Tulli-
annm," (3 vols., 1S37,) containing a life of Cicero, a

S7 OROETORIX

lexicon of proper namia, wreral indexei, »t- 1» ■ wotk
of great nine for the hiatory of the period in wUd
Cicero lived. Died in 1S49.

S« " UbtoHbriM voe J. C. VDB Oi^" Zsridi, tl ti 1 -tfofr
nib Kscnplua Otetnk."^

■', (Nicolas,) a learned French prelate,
Ive of Normandjf. He was appoinleil anc-
ily^and master of the College of Navarre, and
*'"' ■-— • " janalated the " Ethka*
French, and published
Died in 1381.
Great*. See Ousnt.

O-TM'tSs, [Gr, tMoTK ; Fr. Okksts, o'rCst',] a ion
of Agamemnon and Clytennestra, was an intimate friend
of Wlade*. The poets relate that he avenged the death
of his Either by killing his own mother and ^gisthoe :
that after this act he tecame insane, and was tormented
by the Faries ; that he consnlted the oracle of Delphi,
and was told that he might be relieved if he wonld

ED to Tauris and bring away the image of Diana ; that
e and Pylades went to Tauis, where they were ujcen
captives, and would have been sacrificed, bat they were
saved by Iphigenla, who was a sister of Orestes and
was the pnestess of Diana at Tauna. With her altl,
he succeeded in his enterprise, and afterwards became
King of Mycenw.
S« Kuainras, "Own

Oieataa, [Fr. URnTB,a'rest',la Roman commander,
who became secretary to Attila, Kingof the Hans, atoul
446. Having depoeed the emperor Julias Nepoe, (475
A.Ii.,>he aaiumea the chief power, as Regent 01 Italy, in
the name of his In&nt son, Romulus AagnstDlns. Bebig
besieged so<m after bi Pa*la by Odoacer, be was made
prisoner and pat to death in Angtut, 476 a.Dl

Sh Giasm. " Dcdlu and Fall af i1m Kvntn Empii*.'*

Orftnal, oB-fi.nCl', Qacihto,) a Spanish mitaionary,
bom at Jana in 157S. He labonred in Japan abont
filteen Tears, and wrote an account of the progreu of
CbrMani^ in that country, (1633.) He was pnt to
death by the Japanese in 163Z.

Orfeo. See Orpkkus.

Orffyr«,oR'fe'ri',orOr^euB,oRf-fc-rft'us,{ToHANif
Eknst Elias,) a German mechanidan, bom at Zittan in
1680. His proper name was Bbssi.br. Diedin 1745.

Orfila, or'fe-Il, [Ft. pron. oA'fe'Il',] (Mathibi; Jo-
SBPR BoNAVKNTuRB,) an eminent physician and chem-
ist, Ijom at Mafaon, in the island c^ Minorca, in 1787.
Having been made a French citizen in 1818, he was ap-
pointed professor of medical jurisprudence and toxicology
in the Faculty of Medicine in Rms in l8ig. In 1823 he
obtained the chair of chemistry in the same institution,
wliicb he continued to occupj" for thirty years. He was
created succeaively by Louis Philippe grand officer of
the li^on of honour, dean of the Mcdioil Faculty, and
meml^ of the Council of Hospitals. Among his most
impOTtant works are his " Treatise on Poisons, or
Genera! Toxicology," (1813; 4th edition, 2 vols., 1843)
" Elements of Cneroistry applied to Medicine and the
rts," (jvols., 1817-43.) "Treatise on Juridical Exhu-
ations," (2 vols., 1830,) and "Treatise on Medical
Jurisprudence," {4 vols., 1847.) Oriila was an accom-
plished and popular lecturer, and enjoyed the highest
reputation ss a writer on toxicology and legal medicine.
He diedin 1853, leaving lai^esumsto the Academy of
Medicine and the School of Pharmacy, for the promo-
tion of sdenee. He was the principal founder of the

anatomical m

n Paris called the Musfe Orfila-
— ^«k>Cl*rlI,Oi«la,"iS
" Hoaidl* BlopipUe O

ttk; ^aai; Ikard; ias/; a,H,K,;wM>ni/; V,natal; t^lrHUd; iasi; Ihuinl^

HMMfaw i»¥S» :" — ™. >™„.p,

Hm*>," voL Inir., ilil, (ApptDdo.)

Orford, Earl ov. See Walpolb, (Robbrt,) Wal-
POLB, (Hokacb,) and Russbll, (Edward.)

Or-^et'o-rl^ a rich and powerfiil chief of the HelvetO,
wn"* inorignes are recorded In Guar's "Commenta-
ries, book L He aspired to the sovereign power, and
persuaded the Helvedi to emigrate to GaaL A jndicbri
process was instllated against him for his ambition
projecU ; bat before the decision he died,— «s was sop-
poaed, by his own band, — about 63 b.c

r*See Ezfrfanations, p, a^

db,Google

ORIANI

OiUnL o-re-1'nee, (Basnaba,) i
r, bom nor Milan in 17^3.

n eminent Italian

.., __ , ._; Having virited

. 1786^ he made the ■cqaainiance of Hercchel,
with whom lie afterwarda ro^ntained ■ regular corre-
tpondence. On hla tetom, he assiited Reggio and De
Ceaaiis In meaiarinf; an aic of the meridian and exe-
cndng the triangolation for a new map of Italji. When
the aatronamer Piazzi, in 1801, discovered Cava, which
he mistoolt for a comet, Oriani, bjt calculating its orbit,
recognized it as a planet ; and he was the firgt to deter-
mine the orlnt of Uranus. After Napoleon was crowned
at Milan, be created Oriani a count, and senator of Ae
kingdom of IialT> *"^ O"^ ^ "^^ ^'*' membera of the
Italian In slitnte. Among hisprincipal works are" TaUes
of tlranas," (1785,) ""nieory of the Planet Merauj,"
(i79S,)and"SphericalTrigoiioinetT7,"([So6L> TbelaM*
named is esteemed one of the most admiraUe tteatiiea
of the kind. Oriani was a member of the Inttitnte of
France and the Royal Sodet; of London. Died in 1839.
S« A. Gabu, " Elogio £ Oriul." iSm 1 " Hoanlk Biocnolili

Oribaae. See Oribasiui.

OrlbaMos, oT-e-bi'sh^^B, [Fr. Obibase. o'retAt',] a
celebrated physician, was a native of Sardia, in Lydia,
or of Perfiiinas. He enjoyed the friendship of the em-
peror Julian, who made bim hit phjrsidan and in 361
A.D. appointed him qwestor of CiKUtantinople. On the
death of Julian, (363,) OribaaJM was banished by Valen-
lintan and Valena, bat waa recalled abont 370 on account
of his medical skill Of U* principal work, entitled
■■ Medidnalla Collecta," (in aevciity books,) less than half
is extant It was written at the request of the emperor,
and, Ihongh prindpally a com^lation from Galen ami
other phnidans, contwiu tome important original mat-
ter. It is slso highly valued for its explanations of many
passages in Galen's writings, and for the extracts it con-
tains from works not extant Oribasius was the first who
described the salivary glands ; he also advanced new ideas
00 dietedcs and gymnastics. Died about 400 A.D.

S« Fuum, "HBtoT of Phfiici;" HatLwi. "BibUotbaa
Htdia:" Pabuciui, "Biblinthcci Cnc*;" "Nnunllg BiacnmbH
GiDinlt" ^

CriosllarluB. See Rucellaj.

OnoboTliu. See Obucuowski.

O'rl-ent {Lat Oiikn'tius,] Saint, a Latin poet, who
became Bishop of Aach (An^xta) about 410 A.U He
wrote a Latin poem, entitled " Commonitoriam," wtucb
hat been printed. Died in 430 A.D.

Otlanto, do, do o-re-Cn'tt, (FiknXo Alvakb,) a
" ' le poet, bora In Goa about 1550.

Orisntliu. See Okisnt.

arkable, eloque

and influential 01 die early Christian writers styled the
Fathers, waa born in E^ypt about 1S6 A.n He was tht
taa of Leonides, a Chnatian martyr of Alexandria, and
bore the additional name of Adahantivs. He waa a
papU of Clement of Alexandria, and became vnsed in
grammar, rhetoric, logic, geometry, music, and philoso-
phy. At the age of eighteen he waa appointed by Bishop
Donetrius to the office of catechist, the duties of which
he performed arith zeal and self-denial. He became
very ascetic in his course of life, and mortified himself
by a form of self- mutilation which he supposed 10 be
recommended in Matthew lix. iz. Having learned the
Hebrew language, he devoted himself to biblical studies.
While passing through Palestine on a journev, about
338 01 33a, he was ordained a presbyter at Cmarca.
Thia is said to have aroused the jealousy of Deme-
trlna. Bishop of Alexandria, who excommunicated him
and indncea the Bishop of Rome and of other churches
lo concnr in this sentence. In 331 Origen removed to
Ccsarea, where he acquired a high reputation as a
preacher and commeniaior on Scripture.

That he might be better qualified to make proselytes,
he studied the Greek philosophy, of which he adopted
tbe more noble and beautiful dosinas, and attempted to
harmonize Platonism with Christianity. He made an
innovation (which many think dangerous) in the mode
of interpreting Scripture. His desire to find a mystical
sense led him frequently into a neglect of the historical

jS ORLEANS

sense. In 335 he sought refuge from penecntlaa in
Cappadoda. He compiled about this tune a valuable
edition of the Old Testament, entitled"Hexapla,'' whit*
exhibits hi six columns the Hebrew text and varioua
Greek veralons. Fragments of the " Heiapla" have been
preserved in the writings of the Fatheis. He afterwards
wrote an able defence of Christianitv against Celsoa,
an Ejncurean philosopher, which is stiU extanL Dedas
having renewed the persecution of the Christiana in 350
A.D., Origen was imprisoned and aubjected to torture,
bat survived, and waa released a abort time before hia
death, which occurred at Tyre in 953. The greater pail
of his nnmcTona works are locL Hts o|Mnioiia ei —

a eart

lehdd

the doctrine ol . ,

waa charged with teadting the heretical notfona wfaid>>
after his time, prevailed under the name of Arfantaaa.
His defenders affirmed that the passages on which thia
charge was founded had been interpolated in hi* worfca.
About the end of the fifth century, Origenism prevailed
in ^ypt and Syria ; but it was condemned by the Council
of Constantinople, ir '" * "

. iSiT' Ht_..

'*OriacDea, DnvteUmifl M
\U\-d,: RnKmsac^Vi

V \jlbm^ 1 nia..

\ •nkU in lb* " NdotiIIs Biocnphi* Gtoinli."

Origan, a Platonic philoaopher, was a disdple and
friend of Porphyry, and predeceasor of Ploiinus in the
chair of philosophy. He lived in the first half ik the
third century.

Orlgdiitt. See OaiciN.

Orlgen«a. See Oricsn.

Orlgny, d', do'rin'ye', (Abbahah Jean Baptistk
Antocne,) a French writer, bom at Rheims in 1734.
He published " Diet ton na I re des Origines," (6 vob.
1776-78.) Diedini798.

Origny, d', (PnuRB Adah,) a Frendi historian and
antiquary, bom at Rheims in 1697. His prindpal works
are entitled "Andent Egypt" and "Chronology of the
Kings of the Egyptian Empire." Died in 1774.

O-rl'on, [Gr, 'Op<«»'; It OaiONB, o-re-o'nl,] a cele-
brated giant and hunter of dassic mytholoey, was s son
of Ilyrieus. He loved Merope, a daughter of CEnopion,
and once, when intoxicated, offered violence to her. Her
bther resented this act by depriving him of his eves.
He was befriended by Vulcan, was guided by Cedalion
to the Sun-God, and recovered hia sight He was killed
by Diana, whose motive is varionaly tepreaentad, aa4
was placed amoi^ the star*.

Orion, a Gree]c grammarian of Thebea, hi ^yp4,
lived about 4J0 A-lx He cumpoacd a " Lexicon Etynw-
logicuDl," which was published by Sturz in iSaa

Orlandl, or-lln'dee, (FELI.ECKIHO Antonio,) an Its]
ian liairaUta; bom at Bologna in 1660. He published

"Dictionsry of Artists," (1704,) and a "History of

1737.

i"T 1 ......

Bolognese Writers," (1714.) Died u
Oriandln. See Oklahoinl
Orlaado di Lawa See Lasso, dl
OTlBndna Xiaaana. See Lasso, Dt
Orlay, Tan, (Bebnakd.) See OKLn.
Orlsuna, (Chaeus,) DUKK or. See Chaklis DXtt

Ot^»

doBli'Si

Henri,) a' French prince-royal,

' 'est son of King Louis Philippe
the College Henri IV., alid it

iSio, was the eldest

was educated

received a medal tor his services

IS who had

of Mecklenburg. He served with li

Algeria in several campaigns between lS35and lS4Ck He

was thrown from his carnage and killed, near Neuilly,in

Ky, 1843. He left two sons, the Count of Paris an^'*^-
c de Chartres.

Sm Adiihi Pascau " VU inilhiure. psliiique «• piiif* i
fOliaiim," iSu; JUUS Jo*"", " I^ Prince rOT*!," t J41 ; Lin
BiDRiipbit du Due d'OrUani," i8u; J. Uihdiilswhii. "
■Dd Philipp Hdui nn OiUaiu,'' iB^i: "NouvcUe Blof

inifthe

, ikert; 9. f, !, 9, niseurt; Or, fill, fit; mft; n&t; gSU; n

D.gtoed.yGoOgk

L fc I, e^ «. y, hv: ^ i> 4> ■"■"^ 'o prolonged; i. i, I, 5, i^ f.

OXLEANS i8

OtUmu, d', (Gastoh Jean Baptistb di France
Due, a joonger «on of Henij IV. and Marie d« MMidi,
was bom at Fontainebleau in 1608. H« was created
Due d'Orl^am tn iCiti, and married Mademoiselle de
Montpensier. In 1630 he was appmnted lieotenant-
general of the Inngdom. H« quarrelled with Richelieu,
\n whom, kccording to Voltaire, he ¥fas persecuted. In
1631 he raited an armT against the king, Louis XIIL,

with the coort, and waa pardoned ; tmt, when he learned
that Hontmorencj waa pnnished with death, he left
France in anver. In 1641 he engaged in a conspiracy
with Cinq-h^n and others against Richelieu, who
detected the plot and fndaced Gaston to betray his
accomplices or glre eridence aeaintt them. At the
death of Louis XIIL, (1643,) Gaston waa appointed
tieutenant-general, and he commanded in several

Fronde (1648-52) be displayed his nsnal inconstancy,
and iDpporled both sides by tarns. He died, without
male isrne, in i6tia

OrUaiiB, d', (HAlIki Lonisi Eusabeth, ) Duchis^
born at LndwigslnsI in 1814, waa a danghter of Frederick
Lewis, Grand Duke of HecUenbnrg-Schweiin. Shn
married the prince-rml of France in 1837, After the
abdication of Lonis nitlippe, Feijroary, iS48,she pre-
sented hersel(| with her minor son, the Count of Paris,
before the Chamber of Deptitles, and made an unsuccess-
ful effort to obtain the regency. She died al RJchmom^
in England, in 185&

Orleans, d', (Henri,) Princb, son of the Due de
Chailres, was bom in 1S67. The law of exile of
members of the royai family excluding him from
France, he became, after 18S7, an active traveller,
traversing India, exploring Thibet with Bonvalot,
and travelling in Arabia, Madagascar, Tonkin, and
Abyssinia. He published " Six Months in India,
Tiger Shooting," and, in collaboration with Bonva-
lot, " From Paris to Tonkin, across Unknown Thibet."
His explorations and discovenes won him high honour
from the geographical societies of France and other

Orl^ana, d', {Louis.) See D'OriJans.
OrlAana, d', (Loots,) Due, the second son of Charles
V. of France, and the bead of the first house of Orleans,

„ _. __i Duke of Milan. After his brotbet,

ChariM VL, w«* rendered by insanity incapable of idgn-
In^ tbe Idogdom wh divided into two Actions, of whid)
tbe Ihifce oif Orljana and the Duke of Burgundy were
tiM rival chieb. In 1407 tbe former was assasainated in

Paris In Jean Sans Peur, Duke of Burgmidy. A dvil
war fallowed between the Buigundians and Amiagnacs,
the latter of whom were partisans of the boose of OrlAuiB.

Loola of Orleans left two tons, Charles and Jean. (See
CnARLBS dVrlAans, and DuNOia.) Louis, third Duke
of OrUana, the son of Charles just named, became king,
as Louis XIL

8h Amauu, " HlMoir* rtaUtMmu da la UiiioD de Fnues
MiDsod'OrUau.''

OtIAbujS, d', (Louis,) Due, a son of Philippe, (1674-
1733,) noticed below, was bom in 1703, and was noted
for Us Christian virtues. He retired to a monastery in
174^ devoted much time to literature, and died in 1752,
leaving his title to his son, noticed in the next article.

OrlMiM, d', (Lonis Philipfs,) Due, a grandson of
the regent d'Orl^ans, and son of the preceding, was
bom in Paris in 1715. He was the grandfather of Louis
Philippe, King of the French, He served with distinc-
tion at Dettingen in I7^> was made IJeutenant.general
in 1744, and fought at Fontenoy and at Haatenbeck in
1757. He died in 178;, leaving a son, Louis Philippe
Joseph, sumamed Egalit^.

OrlMUw, d", (Lonis Pmupra Josbpr,) Due, sur-
named fiGAurl, bom at Saint-Cloud in 17^7, was the
son of tbe preceding, and was the first pnnce of the
blood. He was styled the Due de Chartres during the
life of hit &ther, uid married (be daoghler of the Due

OR LEY

de Penthlivre. Hit fortune wat immente. He courted
popntari(y_ with sucoesi, and became alienated from the
loyal famitif, who appear to have treated him ilL He
signalised tSa courage in a sea-fight against the English
near Ushant in 1778. His Palais Ron] in Paris became
tbe focus of tbe ideas which caused the Revolution, and
he came to be regarded as the chief of the popular party.
In 1789 he was elected to the States-Generd, and, witD
the minority of the noblette, joined the 7Xrrr-fdi£ Tbe
Insurgents of Joly attumed tnc colonta of bis livery,^
red, white, and blue. Smne hittoriant a£Brm that he
instigated the attacks on the rml palace, and aspired
to tbe throne. lamartine defends him from this cfaargei
but admits that he remains sn enigma to poateruy.
"Through lack of audadty or of ambition," says he,
" the Duke of OrlJans never took the attitude of the rOk
that opinion assigned to him. He respected or he de-
spised the throne. Either of these sentiments exalts hios
in the eyes of history." His popularity declined. Wish-
ing to be reconciled to tbe king, be went to court in 1791,
but was insulted by tbe coorHera. He then allied him-
self with Danton K>r the subversion of the monarchy,
renounced Ms title, assamed the name of BoALrri, and
voted for the death of the king. By order of the Con-
vention, he was Imprisoned at Marseilles in April, 1793,
and in November of that year he waa ezecgted al Vnm
In the Jacobins, apparenuy without any iuat gromda.
His son, Louis Philippe, became King of the French.

S« A. Ducoin. "Ends rfroliitiaiuHite*: FhilipiH d'OcMias
mr^tl," itii: F. GACKHAin, "Ludwis PhUipp Joaipk OiImu,"
SIC, 1(43 : W. Coon TAVLoa, " HuBoin of tbtHmua of Oritan^"
lUa: THtaas. " Hliujt o> '^ Frnch Rsvoluddn ;" Bakwet
-Hiualrt dc Pbilippe Egilitt."

OrUftiu. d', (Marie.) See Marie d'OrlAans.

OrlAana, d', ( Philippe,] Due, the founder of the
present house of Orl^ana, was bom in 164& He wat
the only brother of Louis XIV., and a nephew of Gas*
ton, Duke of Orleans, whose title be received in ififia
He married Henrietta, liau^btet of Charles L of Eng-
land, in 1661. In 1673 he joined the army, and distin-
guished himself in several campaigns i^ainst the Dutch.
He defeated the Prince of Orange (afterwards Williain
IIL) at the battle of Cassel, in 16T7. His daughter
Harie Louise became the queen of Charles IL of Spain.
He died in 1701, leaving his title to his son, Phihppe,
K^cnt of France.

Soa SAnrr~SiMim, "Hfawini;" Voltairk "SiUa da Logia
XIV;" W. Coosa TAvua,"U(Doln of iha Horn of (Maaos,"
tvok., iSw.

OtIAum, d', (Philippe,) Due, R^ent of France, a
ton of tbe preceding, was bom at Saint-Clond in 1674.
He raceived at his birth the title of Due de Chartrea.
He was endowed with superior talents, and made much
prepress in learning ; but his hear! was corrupted by his
tutor, tbe Abb^ Dubois. He entered (he army at the
age of seventeen, and displayed courage and skill al
Steenkerke and Neerwinden. In 1706 he was appointed
commander of (be srmy of Italy, and was defeated at
Turin by Prince Eugene. He had better success in
Spain in 1707 and 1708. At the death of Louis XIV.,
m 1715, the Duke of Orleans became regent, with nearly
absolute power, and in many respects reversed the policy
of the government. His regency, though less despoil'

"— -"- -'- -" -isxfv, --^ -'

■als
Ikentiousnett. He died in December 1713.

than the reign of Louis XTv., was a period of g. ...
profligacy hi politics and morals. (See Louis XV,)
The regent himself set the example of irreligion and

IdnBCb" iSoj; CAiawiaam,
ml d* FraDM,^'jn>la., igjS;

Sm L. B. Nb

SAnn-SmoB, "Md _

1717; MAjiKOMTaL, " Hinoi™
•^Hi>l«n de PhQirn d'Orliwia, RtKtnl d* Branca
Lnuonnv, "HulcJn de la R^anca," ■ nil., il
Biognphia Gfo^nle."

OrUaua, d', (Pierre Joseph.) See DoRLlANt.

OrI«3r or Oilay, van, vtn orII, (Bernard,) also
called &VRRNT OF BRUSSELS, an eminent Flemish painter,
bom in 149a He studied at Rome under Raphael, ia
several of whote works be bad a part On his return (u
Brussels be was employed by Charles V. to execute ■
number of models for tapestry, which were cbiefiy
hunting-scenes and landscapes of remarkable beauty
Among hit bett historical piece* are a " Holy Family,"

>; )tii<>r)/,-^as/,'O.H.ICfMnm>/.-N.»«nif; R, frif/ftf ,- 1 as

■s in ikis. (|^.See ExplanatiaM, p^ wi.\

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

ORLEY

■ "Lait TndgmenL" and "The Sanoar
bla Friends." Died about 156a

Sk D(*c«Hn, "Vwadei Pcjntni FUmindi," Mc ; KicHnu,
"HiK«n de Ii Pcinlure Flimud*," 1S4J; WiTKMiuir, "Da
EchOdfrkonil der Kederluidcn-"

OTl«Tor Otlay, van.IRiCHARD,) a Fkmith painter,
bom at BruBsela in 1653, wal alio an engraver. His
design is said to be correct. Died at Bnisiicli in 1731.
His brother Jan, born about 1656, waa a hiaiorical
painter and engraver.

OrloC OrlOT, or Orlow, ok-IoP, (Alexis,) Count,
Roaaian admiral, bom about 1T3& He was remailcable
for his lai^e statare, peraonal atrengtb, and audacity.
In 1763 he waa an accomplice in the cotupiracy which
made Catherine autocrat of Russia in place of her hus-
band, Peter III., whom he strangled with his own hands.
He became an admiral, Ibougb be had not served b the
marine, and commanded a naval expedition sent against
the Turks, who were defeated bv the Russians at Cbeim^
in 177a It is said that he ordered a Russian frigate to
be Uown up in 1772, meielj to Aimisb a model to ibe
painter, Hackert, whom he employed to paint the battle
of Cheamj. He died in tSoS.

Orlot OtIov, or Orloir, (Albxis,) Count, a ftmoua
Russian diplomatist and general, born in 1 787, waa a
aon of Feodor, noticed below. He entered the army
In his youth, and served as adjutant to the grand duke
Constantine in the war agairut Bonaparte. In 1835 be
commanded a regiment of guards in the capital, and
gamed the fiivonr of th« Ciar Nicholas by his ze^ and
efficiency in stipprcadng a great revolt of tbe tioopa.
He was crealea a count, and received a high command
in the army. In 1839 he negotiated the treaty of Adri-
■nople, and waa sent as ambassador to the Ottoman
Porte. He was appointed commander of the army sen
in 1833 to aid the Saltan against the Viceroy of Egypt
and negotiated tbe treaty of Unkiar-SkelesL He wa
tbe intimate companion of Nicholas b his journey t<
England, Italy, and other coutitries. Id 1S56 he was
the representative of Russia at the Congress of Paris,
and signed a treaty of peace with France and England-
He became in 1856 president of the Grand Council of
the empire and ministrv, — (he highest functionary of
Russia. Died in May, 1B61. He left one son.

Otlot Orlov, or Otloir, (Fbodor,) a Russian officer,
bom m 1741, was a brother of Alexis first above
ticed, and father of the preceding. He distinguished
himself in the war against the Turlu, from wboi
took Navarino in 1770, and afterwards rose to tlie rank
of general -in -chieC Died m 1796.

Otlot Otlov, or OtXa-n, (Gkeooky,) a Russian
tier and general, bom about 1734, was a brother of
Alexis first above noticed. He served in tbe Seven
Yean' war, [1755-61,] and waa one of the principal
actors in the revolution which raised Catherine 11. to
the throne in July, 1761. About that time be became
the favourite paramour of Catherine, and was appointed
grand master of ttie artillery. Il is slated that she pro-
posed a secret marriage with him, but his amlntion to
reign with her as her acknowledged consort induced him
to deciine the oOer. St^ was offended by this reAisal,
and supplied his place Dy a new favourite about 1773.
Died in 1783.

S« FUDDiinuaat, "Dm Finiilic Orloff ■!• UBrdat dar Ru

Orlot OrloT, or Orlow, (Grboorv.) Count, bom
in 1777, was a nephew of Alexia first above noticed. H«

moirs, Historical, Political, and literary, of the Kingdom
of Naples." Died in iSa&

Orlo^ (Michael,) bom in 1785, was a son of Feodor,
noticed above. He served in several campaigns agabst
Bonaparte, and in 1814 was one of tbe )JIicd generals
who received the capitulation of Paris. Having taken
part bi the secret aasodations formed in the Russian
army in the latter part of Alexander's reign, he
" """' and passed tbe rest of his life in I

graced in 1835,
station. Died

Oilobkl, Orloiwakl, or Orlowakl, oB-lofskee,
(Bous IVANovtTCH,) a Russian sculptor, born in 1793,

was sent bv die government in i8ai to Italy, whete h«
studied under Thorwaidsen. Among his master-piecM
are a statue of " Paris with the Apple," (of DiscoTd,!
and a colossal bust of tlie emperor Alexander L Died
in 1837.

Orlov. See Orlof.

OtIow. See Oblof,

Oime, arm, (Robert,) a distinguished historian, of
English extraction, born in 1718 at Anjengo, in ICn>
doetan. He was appointed in 1754 a member of tlM
Council at Fort Sabt George, and was afterwards mad*
a commissary and accountant-generaL In thia capad^
he contributed greatly to establish British power in
India, and on his recommendation the celebrated Cliv*
obtabed the military comnund m that country. He
became historiographer to tbe East India Companj, and
in 1778 published his " Hislorv of the Military Tnna>
actions of the British in Hindostan." He also wroM
" Historical Fragments of tbe Mogul Empire of the
Hahrittas," (1781.] Died in 1801.

St* "Edhbunli RcYiew" fbr Jumaiy, ik>i.

Ortnen,d', doa-mi'l, (Carlo Francbsoo Vihoirk)
Fnraro— Ar-ra'ro,) Marquis, an Italian statesman,
bomat MondovL He was the chief minister of Charles
Emmanuel, King of Sardinia, from 1730 until his death.
Died in 1745.

Sot VoLTAiaa. " Sikh d* Louii XV."

Or'nierod, (Elkanor A.,) an English entomolo-
gist, daughter of George Ormerod, the historian ol
Cheshire, took up (he study of entomology in 1853,
and was consulting entomologist to the Royal Agri-
cultural Society 1882-93. She wrote largely on this
aubjecl, among her works being " Manual of Injurious
Insects," (1S81,) "Guide to Methods of Insect
Life," (18S4,) and "Agricultural Entomology,"
(1S9Z.) Diedin 1901.

OnniMBon, d', doB'mt'sAN', (HsNti Francois db
Pauui lb FivRE,) s French financier, bom m 1751.
He was appointed controller-general of the finances in
17E3, and removed a few months later. He was very
mcompetent for that office. Died in 1807.

Ormoaaon, d', (Louis Francois db Fai;i.b lm
FfeVRE,) a French judge, bom in 1718, was a nephew
oi the noted orator and legislator, Chancellor d'Agues-

:au. He became first president o( tbe PariiamenI of

aris in 1788. Died in 1789.

Or'mfuid, Jaubs Bittler,) first Duxb or, an
ninent atatesman, bom of an ancient Irish family in
London m 1610, was the eldest son of Thomas Butler,
Viscount Thuries. On the death of his grandfather,
in 1631, he sacc«edcd him as Earl of Ormond. Tbe
next year he went to Ireland, and became the friend and
coiifidential adviser of the Eari of Strafford. In 1641 he
was appointed commander-in-chief of the armv designed
to suppress the Irish rebellion. He showed Eumself an
able general, and defeated the rebel* at Kllrtiah aitd
Ross. He adhered constantly to the king during die
civil war, and in 1644 waa appointed lord lieutenant of
Ireland, then a prey to fierce bctiona. He was com-
pelled to surrender Dublin to the English Parliament in
1647, and retired to France.

Ormond was a favoured companion and adviser of
Charles II. in his exile, and soon after his resloraCioil
he was created Duke of Ormond. In 1661 he was again
chosen lord lieutenant of Ireland, which he governed
with wisdom nntil 166S. In 1670 he was seiied in Lon-
don by a ruffian named Blood, who bound him and

of the Earl of Osaory. He succeeded to the dnke-

n l6E^ and in the same year jcrined the standard

of the Prince of Orange, who afterwards treated him
with bvour and confitunce. He commanded the Ijfe
Guards at the battle of tbe Boyne, (1690,) and fbngfat
•everal ensuing campaigns in Flanders. From 1703
'1 1706 he was Viceroy of Ireland, and in 1713 waa

^pointed commander-in-chief of the British ■

lace of Marlborough. Incompliance

.ra.:

1. fc 1, Jl^ a, J, i»(f; k, fc \ same, less prolonipd; i, J, 1, 6, 6, J, ii*r^; fc ft t ft <i*i«rf; (Ir, fill, fit; miti nllt; gaWj ni<^

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

ORMSSY If

from the iitiiiislT7, be declined to co-operate with the
■Hie* Bgaiiut the French in Flanders, For thii oflenca
he was impeached 1^ the Whigs in 1715, and, having
etcaped to France, wa* attainted. He then became a
partiaan of the Pretender, and obtained command of an
armament which Spain seat unintt England, and which
was dispersed by a stonn. He died in exile in 1745.

Orms'by, (John,) an Irish author, bom in 1819.
He was educated at Trinity College, Dublin, and wax
the author of "Autumn Rambles in North Africa,"
(1864,) and " Stray Papers," (1876.) He was best
known for his Iranslalioas of "Don Quixote" and
the " Poem of the Cid." The latter is the only com-
plete translation in English, and closely preserves the
spirit of the original. He died in 1S95.

Ormasd, or'mQidor or'mSSzd, [Gr. 'Opofi6eiK; Lat
Oromas'des, the Ahura-Mazda of the Zend-Avesta,)
written also Ormnsd and Hotmnxd, in the religion
uf the ancient Persians, the principle of tight, purity,
truth, and goodness, as opposed to Ahriman, (Ih're-
■nln',) [in Latin, Arima'nes or Arima'nius,] the prin-
ciple of evil and darkneas. Ormutd was considered to
be the creator of whatever was et>od or beautifol In
the universe. He not only created the world of light,
indading the firmament and all the heavenly luminaries,
but also various ordera of celestial or angelic beings,
among which were the Anuhaspands, presiding over
the varioot kingdoms of the universe: one, tor ex-
ample, is the king of light, another the spirit of fire and
of life ; after these are the king of metals, the king of
the seasons, and, lastly, the creator and protector of
trees, (locks, and herds. Among the Amshaspands is
reckoned also Sapandomad, the daughter of Ormuid,
and the mother of the human race. The neit order
of beings are the Iieda, who have charge of particular
portions of nature. Some of these are male and some
female. Of (he Iieds, the most worthy of mention Ei
Mithra or Mithras, the god of day, who presides over
the light which mortals enjoy on earth. He is often ;
identified with the sun ; but he is more properly regarded
as a being distinct and separate from the latter. Below
the Iieds are the Fervers, who may be regarded ai the
original patterns or prototypes of alt interior beings.
They are emanations from the essence of Ormuzd. Ac-
cording to Zoroaster, an incomprehensible being named
Zeruane- (or Zervane-) Akerene (or "time without
bonnda") created both Ormoid and Ahriman. The latter
was originally pure, but, becoming envious of Ormuzd,
he created orders of evil beings (Devs, or demons) cor-
responding to the celestial orders of Ormuid. And in
every part of the universe, even to the minutest particle
of matter, the principle of Evil opposes the principle of
Good. Butafter a certain period the power of Ahriman
wBI bo utterly overthrown, and all evil will come to an
•nd. Some say Ahriman wilt be destroyed 1 others, that
b« will continD« to eiist, without the power to do evU.

in 1853, and became » marshal of France m
Died in 1863.

S« "NouTcUt Kocnfliia G&ijnk."

OroUo, o-ro^-o, (Baltaiak,) a learned SpiBkh
Tew, was professor of philosophy at Salamanca. H«
was the author of a work entitled "Certamen Hiilo-
tophicum," being a relatation of the doctrines of Spi-
ttoza. Died in 1687.

O-ro'dH I, King of Parthia, a son of Phraatea IIL,
began to reign about 56 B.C He is also styled Aksaccs
XfV. His dominions were invaded by the Roman gen-
eral Crassos, who was defeated with great loss by the
Parthians, near CarrhE, in 53 B.C About 40 B.C he sent
an army under his son Pacoms to fight against Hark
Antony. (See Pacokui.)

OronuAda*. See OtMuxD,

Oronoa. See Finc

Orontliu. See Fitti.

Oroao, (Paui.) See Orosius Paulus.

O-fo'bI-us Fsnltw, [Fr. Paul Obosk, pSI o'roi*,] a
Latin historian and Christian presbyter, who lived about
410-30 A-tt, was a native of Tarragona, in Spain. H«
was a friend of Saint Augustine and Saint Jerome, and
~~ several theological treatises opposed the doctrines

i religion
This TiJsl

>, d', doR-nfno, called Samfibrro, (slm-pe-
b'to,) a general, born in Italy in 1497, entered the
Treach army h) 1533. In 15S3 be defeated the Genoese
in Corsica, which was annexed to France in 1557. Heiuy
IL having restored it to the Genoese about 1560, D'Or-
aano invaded that island in IJ64 and conquered pari of
h. He was assassinated in 1567.

Sea " NohtcJIc BiD^raphiB G^n^ialL*'

Omano, d', (Alfhonsi,) ason of the preceding, was
born in 154S. He fought against the Hueaenols In the
dvil wars of France, and afterwards rendered military
services to Henry IV., who raised him to the rank of
marshal of France. Died in t6io. His son, Jkah Bap-
nrrs, bom in 1^83, became a marshal of France. He
was imprisoned by Richelieu, and died in prison in 1616.

5h Di Tkov, " U<iiioir«.'*

Omano, d', (Phiupfs Amtoinr,] Count, a French
general, bom at Aiacdo in 1784. His mother was Isa-
belle Bonaparte. He obtained the rank of colonel for
his conduct at Jena, (1S06,) and became a general of
brigade in 1811. As a general of division, he distin-
fawbed himself at the Inttle of Borodino, (1S12,) and
KnnoMnded the cavalry of the guard at Dresden, Baot-

though deficient in accuracy, contains much important
information, and quotes from various authors whose
writings are not extant Among the translations of this
work IS one made by Alfred, King of England.

Sm CnLuia, "Hi.ioi™ cU> Auunn KcM^niqun:" BIh*.
Cwhidite der BemiKhen Lileoitor;" Vdwob, "!>• HMotidi
M6im\" MSami, "D« Omii Via," 1S44.

Orpbte. See Orfheits.

Oiplietis.or'liis or or'fe-ns, [Or. 'OpMir; Fr. OrfhI^
jt.'&'; It Orfbo, oR-fS'o,] a mythical or semi-fabulou*
personage, who was celebrated in the legends of the
andent Greeks as a [toet, musidan, and inventor. His
name does not occar in the poems of Homer or Hesiod,
bot is mentioned by Ibyms, Euripides, and Aristophanes.
Plato refers to Orpheus and his works, calls him the son
of (Easrus, and ascribes to him the origin of religious
mysteries. He is supposed to have lived in Thrace not
long before the Trojan war, or about tloo B.a Ae<
cording to tradition, Apollo presented him with a lyr^
with whidi he enchanted wild beasts, trees, etc, lulled
asleep the dragon that guarded the golden fleece, and
rendered other important services In the Argonautfc

Siedition. Vir^l has commemorated in an admiraUe
sode of his "Georgics" (book iv.) the descent of Or-
fi^ens to the inlemal regions after his lost Earydice.
Sec EuKYDiCE.) The poets relate that he was torn is
pieces by Thradan women in their Bacchanalian orgies,
Because he neglected their aez or treated their charms
with contempt

Sen TmOHAiiii, " Griadmlindi anM FhltMophm : oia L*>
twn uod Sjtumt des Orpbeus," £Ic, 17S0 ; Gmrn, " Hhiott of
Grsen;" Uuiia, "OadiicbtiilB HaUoiKlwDichtkDiuL"

OlT, (Jaues L,,) an American lawrer and politician,
bom at Craytonnlle, South Carolina, in lau. He
represented a district of that State in Congress fron
■&48to t36cL He was elected Speaker of the House of
Representatives by the Democrats in December, (857.
In the Convention of South Carolina held December,
i860, he voted (m secession. He was one of three com-
missioners sent by South Carolina to Washington to
negotiate in the winter of 1S60-61. In tS6i he was elected
a Senator of the Confederate States, and in 186; Gov-
ernor of South Carolina. Died May 5, 1873.
Oireiy, Earl op. See Boylx, (Kobkrt,) and Bovl^

(CMARt.KS.)

OrrlMMit*. See Bloekin, van, (Joint Francii.)
Ony, o're', (Philibrrt,) Count de Vlgnori, a French
finander, born at Troves in 1689. He was controller-
general of the finances from 1 730 to 1 745, Died in 1 74?.
Oraato, oR-si'to, (GiAUBAi-nSTA,) an Italian antt-
qnary and physidan, bom at Padua in 1673 ; died In 172a

«aBi;(as//S*ar;tf;gas/-c,H,lC,jHiViini/,- ti,natal; J^trilUd; lass; thas

<\tlm.

(S^^See ExplanadoDS, p, 33.)

D,o,i,..ed3,'GoO'^lc

OrMto, [LaL Ursa'tus,] (Skbtokio.) an Italian
■nltquarjr, bom at Padua in t017. He published, among
other treatises, "De Notia Romanonim Cominenta'
rina," (167s,) or an explanation of the ab^vialions used

S.'

. _ _. ancf • "HirtOTy of Padua," (1678.)

former work la highly eaieemed br antiquariea
Died in 1678.

Sea Fauohi, "Vina Itnlonm doarini uallentium."

Oraay, d', dor'sl', [Fr. pron.doR'aft',1 (AlfkedGuil-
LAUUB Gabriel,] Count, an artist and i^er of lashion,
dialingnished for bis tare accomplishmenls and hit bed-
Bating manners, was bom in France in 179S. He married
In 1817 Lord Bleisington'a daughter, from whom he
Mparated a few years later. He became an intimate
friend of Lady Blessington, in whose house he lived
man* years, {in London.) His wit, his amiable temper,
and nitbrilltanlpeiaona] qualities rendered himagenetal
favourite. Among his friends were Lord Byron, (of
whom he produced a good portrait,) Sir Edward Bui wer,
and Napoleon IIL Died in 1851.

Sm "Gcnilunu'a MicniiiH" hr SapUmbs. iSu: Da. R. R.
UAPOm. " Uunty Lift ud CoentpoaiaiBi of at Coanuat ol
Blmintlm^" jroh., LoncUn, iSgj.

Oi«eolo, oK-si-o'Io, or Ursaolo, ooR-sl-o'lo, (Otto,)
Doge of Venice, was a son of Piero IL, noticed below.
He was eleacd doge in 1009, and was banished in 10361.
Died in 1031.

Orseolo ot TTra«olo, (PisRO I..) was elected Doge
of Venice in 976. He gained a victorv over the Saik-
cens in Apulia, and ettaolished a regtilar financial »jf
lem. Died in 987.

Onaolo or Uraeolo, (PlIRO II.,) an able Venetian

Venice in 991.
h to the tepubli

Sm Daid, " Huloffi dc Vhuk"

Oral, oR'see, (Giovahn) Gidskpfe,) Marquis, an
Italian author, born at Bologna in iSjl, wrote verses
and several prose works, among which is " De Moralibus
Critical Regulis Monita," (1706.) Died in 1733.

Oni, (Giuseppe AsosTiNO,} an Italian cardinal, bom
at Florence in i6gi. His principal work is an "Eccie-
riasticalHistoryoflhe First Six Centuries of theChurch."
(>Ovola., 17464/ My.) Died ini76i.

Sm FAsaoRi, " Vita Italomm doctriu eicedcntium."

Oral, (Lelio, or Ixuo da JVovellBTa— dl no-vel.
U'rl,) an Italian painter, bom in Lombatdy in 1511.
His copy of Correggio's " Night" is greatly admired.
Died in 1587.

S« Lahii, "HbU)r7i>r Piinting in luily."

Oralul, oR'See'nee, the name of an illustrious and
powerful Italian family, which for many years was hos-
tile to the house of Colonna. Giovanni Gaktahi Or-
■INI was made pope in 1377, under the name of Nicholas
IIL In 1503 Fkancesco and Paolo Orsiki were assas-
^nated by order of Czsar Borgia, and about the same
time Cardinal Orsini was poismcd at Rome by Pope
Alexander VI.

Oralnl, (Felice,) an Italian revolutionist, born at
Meldola in 1S19. He look an active pari in the revoln-
tionaiy movement* of 1S4S, after which he continued to
conspire against the govemmenL He was confined in
prison at Mantua about 1854, but escaped in 1856 and
w#iit to England. He was the chief of a band of con-

apirators who attempted to assassinate Napole
January, 185S, by bombs or explosive apparatus.
was executed in March, 1858.

Orainl. (Fdlvio.) See Ursinus FuLVtl;s.

Oralnl, Pope. See Benedict Xlll.

drated. See Ooistld.

Owt*, (Garcia da.) See Horto.

Ortega, oR-ta'gl, (Casihir Goutx,) a Spanish bot-
anist, born at Madrid in 1730. He published an "Ele-
mental Course of Botany, and other treatises of the
Idnd. The name of Ortegia has been given to a genns
of plants. Died in iSio.

Oitellna, van, vin or-lile-Qs, Ortel, or Oertel,
SR'tfl, (Abraraw,) an eminent geographer and mathe-
matician, apparently of German extraction, was bom a)
Antwerp in 1537. After travellmg in England and on
tk* continent, he published in 1570 his "Universal

6» ORZECHOWSKI

Geography," ("Tbealnun Orbi* Tcrrarnm,*^ and ht
157^ WM appoioied geographer to Philip II. He waa
an intimate friend of Mercator, Tustos Ijpsios, and other
eminent men of the time^ Be^dei the above-mentiimed
work, which ii still h^hly Tallied, and whkh obtained
for its author the name of the "Ptolemy of hi* age,"
Oertel wrote several antiquarian treatisea. Died in 15^

S« F. SwaaaT, " In^nima ^u JEfi PoManiD LaOTBB b
OUluin A. OiMlH.'' itei,

Ortlgue, d', doa'dg', (Joskpu Louts,) a French jotur-
nalist and writer on music, bom at Cavullon in tSoK.
He became professor de chant at the Collie Henri IV^
Paris, in 1839. Died November 10, 1866.

Ortdgne, d', (Pierre,) a French novelist, bora at Apt
in t6lo. He wrote several novels, and "The Art of
Conversation," {l6S&.\ Died in 169}

' * ' ' itonan and

„ , Toledo, lived in the earlv

Mxteenth cenluiy.

Ortolan, ok'tolSN',
FVench jurist, bom at T

considered classic. Died in 1873.

Or'tpn, (Edward,) LL.D., an American geologist,
bom at Delhi, New York, March 0, 1839, graduated at
Hamilton College, Clinton, New York, in 1848, studied
at the X.ane and Andover Tbeolt^ical Seminaries and
at the Lawrence Sdenli&c School, waa profeisor of nat-
ural science in the New York State Normal School,
Albany, 18J6-59, in Antioch College, 1B65-69, president
of Antiocb College, 1871-73, president of the Ohio State
University, 1873-81, and in i38l became State geologist
of Ohio and professor of geology in the State Universitj,
He wrote several volume! of fhe " Geology o( Ohio."
He was president of the Geological Society o(
America in 1897, and of Ihe American Association
for the Advancement of Science 1898-99. Died in
1899.

Orton, (Jakes,) an American scientist, bom at Seneca
Falls, New York, April 31, iSia He graduated at Wil-
liams College in 1S55, and, after stutfying at Andover
Theological Seminary, was in 1S60 ordained a Con-
gregationalist clergyman. In 1867 he headed a partf
of students from Williams College in a South American
exploring expedition. In tgiSg he was apptunted pro-
fessor of natural history in Vassar College. In 1S73 ha
went upon another South American expedition, and died
on Lake Titicaca, September 34, 1 S77. Among his books
ate " Proverbialist and Poet," (1853,) "The Andes and
lheAmaion»,"(i870,) "Underground Treasures," (1872,)
"The Ijbetil Education of Women," (1873,) "Compara-
tive Zoology," (187s,) etc

Or't^n, (Job,) an Ei^lish nonconfonnlst nunister,
bnrn ai Shrewsbury in 1717. He preached at Shrewa<
bury about twenty-four years, and removed to Kid-
derminster about 1766. He wrote "Memoiia of Dr.
Doddridge," " Sacramental Meditations," and other re-
ligious work*. Died in 17S3.

Orta, oRts, (Charles,) a Belgian politidan, (Liberal,)
born at Brussels about 181S ; died November 4, i88a

Orua. See Hotiua.

Orrille, d', doa'vtl', (Jacqum Pkiuppr,) a distin-
guished critic and scholar, born at Amsterdam in iG^
waa descended from a French family. Alter having
visited England. Italy, and Paris, where he acquired the
friendship of Bentley, Muratori, Montfaucon, and other
eminent men, he became professor of biunanities at
Amsterdam about 173a. He published a number of
mluable critidsms on the classics, and a " Dissertation
on the InscripHtyis of Delot," which is particularly
esteemed. Died in 1751.

Orvilllera, d', doR'vi'y^^', (Louis Guillouet,)
Count, a French admiral, waa born at Houlins in lytA
He commanded a large fleet which Ibught an indeciaiva
battle against the English under Keppel, itear Uahanl^
hi 1778. Died alter 1791.

S« SiiHOHiH. " Hitldn ■>■• Fnafiii,"

On»oho\mkl, oR-zi-Kov'skee, [Lat Oricho^tiviJ
ISTANiatAua,) a Palish orator and hiatoiian, tnn in

1, i, I, S, 0, y, i^; i, i, A. same, les* prolonged; 1, {, I, fi, ii, ; , >Jorr; 4, f , i, Q, <»J

e; Or, fail, fbi mtti nflt; E96di n
,.i:.,GOOC^

He wrote, beaidei otlMT votkl, " AniuU of PoImm t^Kn priionet u
from [be Death of SiglsniDnd,'' ("Annale* Polooue," he died in 1837.
etc, 1611.) Died in IJ67. Shi''"

On,v»n, itn os«, ijAV,} a Dutch utiat, born at Htd-| Wlwi'

db,Google

OSIANDER 1 8

OriandM', (Andreas,) ■ son of Laos, noticed below,
wal bom in 1563. He wM chincclIoT of the UniTentty
of Tflbfngen,«ai]wroteieTeialiior1uontheologT. Died
In 1617.

OBlaudor, (Johann Adam,) bom at TQbingen In
1636, WM ptofesiOf of theology in that city. He wrote
m Commentarjr on the Pentateuch, (1676-78,) and on
other boolci of Scripture. Died in 1697.

Oslandor, (Johann Adam,) a philologist, bom at
Tubingen in 1701, was a grandson of the preceding.
Died \n 1756.

Oslsnder, (Lucas,) the Elder, a son of Andreas,

Wtirtemberg, tmd pnbliahed •ereral polemical

Died in 1604,— His son, Lucas thk Youngbr, (i 570-

1638,) was chancellor of the Uoiveisity of TUbingco.

Oaliukl, o-stna'kee, (Lewis,) a distingaished Polish
poet and lUtinUeur, bom in 1775. He published ia 1804
■n esc«llent translation of domeille's tragedies into
Polish. Among; hit poems, which are highly esteemed,
we m»7 name the "Ode to Copernicus." Died in 1838.

O«lo, o'ie-o, ILat cystus,] (Felicb,) an Italian littl-
rainir, bom at Milan in 15S7, was professor of rhetoric
in the University of Padua in 1631. He published,
among other works, a "Eulogy of Illustrious Writers,"
■nd a number of "Orations." Died in 1631.

O-ol'ils, (Gr. 'Oaipic.j the god of the Nile, and one
of the prinopal divinities of Egypt, was said lo be the
husband of Itis and father of Horus. He was regarded
as the author of Egyptian civilization, and the first who
taught the arts and sciences to that nation. Tradition
adds that he visited and civilised India, Arabia, and
other countries, and after his rettim was murdered by
Typhon. He was worshipped under the form of the
bull Apis, into which it was supposed his soul migrated
when lie was slain by Typhon. Osiris and Tsis are to
be regarded as different manifestations of one divine
principle, the (brmer representing the benelicent power
of nature in activity, the latter in passivity, so that
nrither is complete without the other ; and hence Osiris,
according to some, represented the life-giving power of
the son, and Isis the fertility of the earth.

Oalrteaen L, called also BMarteaen and Uaer-
tesan, an Egyptian king of the twelfth dynasty. He
conquered Ethiopia, repelled the negroes and Asiatics,
founded the great temple of Karnak, and, according to
some authors, seems to have been one of the Pharaohs
ander whom Joseph wasinpower, his chief officer, Ameni.
somewhat resembling that patriarch ; bat if Lenormant**
approximate date be correct, which assigns his dynasty
lo the Ihirty-Grst century B.C, the identification cannot
be made good. Indeed, the later Egyptologists appear
to reieet it vety geneially.

O'sl-iu, Bishop of Cdrdova, bom in Spain in 156
A.D^, enjoyed die &Yoar and confidence of Constantine
the Great, who, on his recommendation, convokeij the
Council of Nice. He was afterwards induced by the
threats of the emperor Constantius to subscribe to the
Arian confession of Euth, for which he subsequently
testified sincere repentance. Died about 35S a.d.

Oiler, (William,) physician, bom at Tecumseh,
Ontario, in 1849. Served as professor of medicine in
McGill College and University of Pennsylvania, physi-
cian-in-chief at Johns Hopkins Hospital, and after 1905
professor of medicine at Oxford University. He wrote
on medics] and other subjects, and by his reference to
the comparative useletsness of men over forty years of
age gave rise to active discussion and controversy.

Osman, ot-min', X, written also OthmAii, Otnun,
and OttomaI^the fbimder of the Ottoman empire, was
the son of Ortogrul 01 Ertogrul, a Tootkoman chiet who
founded a colony near the nver Sangar, in Asia Minor.
Having, on the death of his lather, (1180,) become chief
of the tribe, he fitst invaded Greece in 1199, and within

OSSINGTON

was sncoeeded by his son, Oorkbln, (Orkhan.)

Oamla or O^mtn n. Sultan of Turkey, bortt {■
1604, was the eldest son of Ahmed I. He began U
reign in 161S, and was assassinated in 1612.

Oaman or Otbrnftu ttt, Sultan of Turkey, bom tn
1696, was a younger son of Mustafa II. He succeeded
his brother, Mahmood I., in 1754. Died in 1757.

Oemaa Dlgna. ("Osman the Bearded,") a lieu-
tenant of the Mahdi, was bom at Suakim about 1S36.
He became a successful slave-dealer, and in 1881
entered the service of the Mahdi, conducting opera-
Suakim, and fighting several battles with
the English and Egyptians. In 1898 he took part in
the severe battle with General Kitchener, and was One
of the few who escaped, all the other emirs being
killed or captured.

Oamatu (os-mln') Faalia, (Geuzbb,) a TurUafa acd*
dier, born at Tokat in 183s. He was educated at the
military school of Constantinople, and entered the army
in 1B53. He was eminent for bravery in the Crimean
war, and Id the Cretan war, (1866-69.) In the Servian and
Russian wars he was a field-marshal. With a splendid
araiy he defeated the Russians in three pitched battles,
rescued Plevna, (for the time being,) and was honoured
by the title of Ghaiee, "the Victorious." But on De-
cember 10, 1877, he was compelled to sorrendei Plevna
without conditions. After the peace of 1878 he was
several times war-minister, and held other important
positions. Died April 3, 1900.

Oi'mnn. (Thomas Emblkv,) an American author,
lown as Alfbrd Avrbs, was bom in Summit county,
Ohia His principal books are "The Onhoepist,"
8S0,) "The Verbalist," (l88t,) " The Mentor," (1B84,)
id an edition of Cobbett's Grammar.

Oa'miuid or Oa'mond, S*irrr, a celebrated ceded-
astic, bom in Normandy, accompanied William the Con-

leror to England in 1066, and was created successivdy
..jancellor, and Bishop of Salisbury. In 1099 he rebtuft
the cathedral of Salisbury, which had been destroyed
by fire. He was the compiler of the liturgy called the
" Usages of Simm." Died in 1099.

Osorlo, o-so're-o, [Lat Oao'ains,] (Jeronymo,) ■
learned Portuguese ecclesiastic, bom at Lisbon in 1506^
was Bishop of Silves, Among his works (written [□
Latin) are a " History of the Achievements of King
Emanuel," and a " Letter to Etiiabetb, Queen of Eng-
land," (:;;;,) on the Catholic religion. Died in 1580.

Osoriiu. See Osoaio.

Oasa. do, (Jacques.) See John XXU.

Ossat, d', do'sr, [Lat Ossa'tus,} (ARNAUD,)an aUs
French diplomatist and cardinal, born near Aach in
1(36- Having accompanied the ambassador Paul «U
Foil to Rome as his secretary, (I574>) be assisted in
promoting a reconciliation between Henry IV. aiKl the
pope. He pablisbed a collection of "Letters," which
are esteemed models of diplotnatic aigadty, and are
highly commended by Lord Chesterfield. De Thon
dedicated to Cardinal d'Ossat his poem on the death
of Henry IH. Died in 1604.

Owelln, osIIn', (Charles Nicolas,) a Frendh Ja-
cobin and lawyer, bom in Paris in 1^54. He became in
1793 a member of the Convention, in which he took a

Sominent part in enacting laws against the emigrants.
e was gailiotined in June, 1794.

Osaanbeeolc, os'sfn-bik', a skilfiil Dutch landscape*
painter and engraver, born at Rotterdam in 1617. He
worked many years in Italy, and adopted the Italian
style. Died in 1678.

Sh Descahr. "Viu ia Pcintra FUmuiK HnlUnHih." Mt

Ooalan, oah'e-an, a eemi-fabulous Scottish bard and
hero of the third century, was said to be the son of Fin-
gal, King of Morven. A pretended translation <rf hia
poems, which wa* published by Jaitiea Hacpherson ia
176s, gave rise to a spirited controversy among the
English literati concerning the genoineneM of tfaecs
prr^uctions. (See Macphersoh, and OisiM.)

Ouinstoii, Lord. See Dknison, (John E.)

1.8,F,4a.y,/-v.A*.ft.»»

e, less prolonged; i, i,\, 5, tl, f,shoH: ?, f, i, 9, Atcurt; fir, fill, At; mit; nOtj v^oa; m09a

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

Oaaoll,a«'*i>-lee, {origlDtllr Sakab HAaoAKKT Ful-
IIK,) IfAUanONUI, ut Amerian Iwl^, whoK UlenU,
rare ioditldatUt^r of chwacter, and anlUMlf death hsve
flven to her hbtory a peculiar and tragic interest, wu
Mm at CambridgepOTt, tn Hatuchiuett*, May 33, iSio.
Under the care at ber b&tx, ■ law]rer and member of
Congreai, the wu earl; and thoroughW jtutructcd
the clurici. It U rdaled that he lued to lajr of he .
fffaOe •till a child, that ahe « knew more Latin and Greeli
tbtn half the profeaaon." At a very earlf an ahe
had alio made great profideoc)' in French and Italian.
After the death M her ttther, in 1835, the became teacher
of langiiagea in Boatoii, and •ubwanently principal of
a achool at Providence, Rhode Island. In 1S39 she
pnbliabed a tranalatlon of Eckennann's " Converaationi
with Goethe." She became in 1840 editor of "The
Dial," a periodical iaadtated for the advocacy and dif-
Ibaion of Transcendentalism in America, and for which
•he wrote a number of admirable articles on literature
and art Her critiqae on Goethe eapcdallj, in the
■econd volnme of tM " Dill," has been greatly and
deservedly praised. " Nowhere," says Ht. Emeraon,
"did Goethe find a braver, more intelligent, or more
•ym pathetic reader." Her " Summer on the Lakes," a
TiTid and tmthinl picture of prairie-life, was publi^ed
in 1843. Soon after, she took charge of the literary
department of the New York "Tribune." Tn 1S46 she
^ited England, where *be made the acquaintance of
Carlyle and other eminent men. From London she
ioumeyed thtongh France to Italy. At Rone ahe acci-
dentally became aeqoainted with the Marquis OasoU,

1850, ahe and her ho^nd set sail for America; bnt, a
violent storm having arisen when they were near the
coast of the United States, the vessel struck on Fire
Island beach, Long Island, in the morning of the 19th
of July, and a few hours after went to pieces. Among
those who perished v.'ere the Harquia and Uarcfaionets
Ossoli and their child.

Sec "Uemolmil Utif^ntraUi OmcA," bf tL W. KiinsoK,
WiLUAH H.CHUnniro,ndjAiinF.Ci>aKa,B<i«<a, iSii ! Al-
IIIon."Di«iDiiUTD(Aut)u>n;" Julia W AID Hcn», "Uirguit
ralltr;" T. W. Hhmihsok, ■■Miuirei Fulltt 0»oli."

OBBOllnald, oa-so-ltn'skee, (Georgk,) aPolish states-
Bun, born in 159J. He rose 10 be grand chancellor of
the kingdom of Poland, in which capacity he presided
over the reli^ou* conference at Thorn, where Vladislaus
IV. sought to unite the Catholics and Protestants. He
was also created by Ferdinand IL a prince of the Ana-
trian emirire. Died in 1650.

OasoUnakl, (Jozif Maximiuah,) Count of Tan-
ctyn, a Polish litt/nOtur, born in 174S. He removed '

and founded at Lembe^ the Institute called by his
name. Died in i8a&

Osaonns. See OsiufiA,

Oa'ao-ijF. (Thomas Bittlik,) Earl or, a gallant
commander, biirn probably in Ireland in 1634, was a aon
at the first Duke of Ormond. His biographer Lodge
calla him a "model of almoat aniveraal perfection."
Soon after the restoration of 1660 he obtaiiud the rank
of lleatenant.geQeral, and In 1666 he was created an
English peer, a* Lord Butler. Having served with
Astinction in several aea-fights against the Dotch, he
was raised to the rank 01 admiral about 1G74. In
1677 he commanded the English troops that fought for
tile Prince of Orange at the battle of Moni. Ued in
■68& His son became Duke of Otmond.

5h Lodgi, " FoRnlu of IlluMrious Panonaio."

Oaanfla or Oanfia, os-soon^l, [Fr. Ossonhi or
OisONS, o'son',] (Don Pioao mies 7 Olron — tCI-
yCtl/ e He-rAo',) Duks of, a celebrated Spanish statet-
nian, bom at Valladolid in 1579^ AlVer camplcting bit
•indies at Salamanca, he repaired to the court of Philip
IL, from which, in conaeqtienae of tndnlging hi* canatic

Ss OSTERMANN

wit, he was banished. Havinf

and Portugal, be relumed to _, ._

II., but he j«ain had the misfortune to be exiled from
the court. He was recalled to Spain in 1607, and waa
created a member of the council and knight of the
golden fleece. Through his influence the independence
of Holland waa acknowledged in the treaty of 1609, and
he opposed warmljr, though unsuccessfully, the ezpnlaioa
of the Moors, wlucb took place about this time. Is
1611 he was sent as vicer<7 to Sidly, and in 1616 filled
the same office at Naples, where he defended the people
against the oppressions of the nobles and the dergy.
He gained a signal victory in 1617 over the Venetiuia,
who had claimed exclusive rule over the Adriatic Sea.
Having refused to introduce the Inquisition into Naplea
when required to do so by Philip III., and being sua-
pected of^aspiring to lapreme power, Oasufia was super-
seded by Cardinal Borgia in i6ia He died in pruon
in 1624, alter three years' imprisonment in Spain.

S« CieooiioLrrT, "^^indi P. Giron, Dmd'Ouoiin)," iviia,
i«9gi " Biucnphic UnivRKlle."

Oabtda^van, vin os'iS'd?h, (Adrian,) a celebrated
painter and engraver, bom at Haarlem in 1610, waa a
pupil of Kembrandt and of Frans Hala. Ha subjeda

" The Family of Adrian van Ostade." He worked many

Amsterdam, where he died in 1683.

IVHUAH," Di SchiLdcrhonildcr Nederlindtn :" CHuRLas

, Hutora dca PontrH!" DncAur*. "Vie* de* PdinrN

Hollulak," (IC.

Ostaclo, Tan, (Isaac.) a painter, the youngest brother
of the preceding, was bom at Haarlem in 1631. His
style resembled that of Adrian, whose pupil he uraa. He
worked at Amsterdam, and painted landscapes which
are greatly admired. He excelled in representing ani-
mals and u village scenes. His death occurred October
t, 1649.

Saa DnCAHn, " Via* tm PvatiM Fluiuili, HeDud^" uat. ;
' NDnnlU Biopiplua OAifnle."

Oaton-Saoken, ot'tfn-sik'kfn, (Dmitri,) a Russian
general, born in 17^ aerved nnder Paskievitch in the
war a^nst the Peraana, (1836-49,) '■"d afterwards foniht
with disllnclioo againat the Poles in 1831. He defended
Odessa against the allies in May, 1854. Died in 1S64.

Oaten-Saokon, Ton der, fon i^r os'len-slk'k«n,
(Fabiah Wilhelh,) Prihcb, a Russian field-marahal,
bom in Uvonia in 1751. He served under Suwarow
against the Turks and Poles, and took an active part in
the campaigns of 1811-1;. In iSiS he succeeded Bar-
'ay de Tolly as commander-in-chief of the first army

id in 1826 was made a field-marshaL Died in 1837.

Sm BiiociiKAin, "CooTuntiofu-Lnilun."

Ostorhatu, os'i^T'hSwss', (Pim J.,) a general, bom
in Prussia, entered the service of the United States in
1S61, commanded a division or brigade at the battle
of Pea Ridge, March, 1S63, and became a brigadier-
general in June of that year. He took part in the assault
on Vicksburg, Hayaa, 1863, and commanded a corps of
Sherman's army in the march from Atlanta to Savannah,
November-December, 1864.

Osterley. Sec Oesterlxy.

Ostemuum, os'tf r-mln', (Heinrich Jokahn Fniuk
BiCH,) a celebrated diplomatist, born in Westphalia in
1686, assumed the name of Anbrxi IvAxovrrcH. In
1704 be entered the service of Peter the Great of Rus^^
for whom he negotiated the peace of Nystadt in 1711.
After filling various high offices under Peter, he was, oa
the death of that monarch, patronised by the empress
Catherine I., who made him vice-chancellor, and t^ her
will appointed him governor to her son Peter IL and a
member of the conndl of regency. In 1730 be was
created a coont by Peter II. After the accession of
EHiabelh (1741} he was exiled to Sibetta, where be died
■ 1747-

• ssi; faai;iiarii;iMj;<i,H,K,giieiiiraI; H,tiasal; »,tri/ltii: iass; thasinHUl. (J^T'See Explai:^aMa,p.33.)

Digitized ay CjOOQ I C

db,Google

OTHO

cdBcated M th« court of M* nnde, Richard Cmiir-de-
Lion, whom he utUted in hii wan against Philip
AcgQSdu of France. In 1197 he was chosen emperor
br * portion of the electors, while otheii declared for
PhiUp, Duke of Soabia, which gave rise to a ten years*
WW. Pope Innocent IIL having Rivoured the prcten-
dons t^ Olho, he was crowned at Rome in 1109, and in
retnni (br this btvonr conceded lo the papal see the right
of iDTestitare. Otbo soon quarrelled with the pope, -■
wbcwe instigation many German princes and prelat
tCTolted in nil and elected Frederick of Hohenstaufen
ai emperor. Otho was detested at the great battle of
Bonvinea, in 1314, h; Philip Augustus of Fiance. He
died in ISI8.

tho or < . _

n of Lewis L, King __.

king by the Greeks in 1332, and their choice was
finned Dy a treaty between Fiance, England, and Rnssis.
He married Amalia, a daughter at the Grand Dake of
Oldenbnrg, in t33& His reign was onpopular, and ww
disturbed bv insurrections. He abdicated in October,
1861. Died in 1S67.

Sea - BladnKKxTi Hikhuh" fgr Octobu, iSf^, ud Namnbar,

He

Africa. He dctectea a conspiracy against the Ufe of
Claudiua.

Otbo, o'to, (Vbmids,) a Dutch painter, bom at Ley-
den in t5;6, was one of the instructors of Rubeni. He
worked some years at Rome. Died in 1634.

Otho OF HKANDENBUKG, B Gcnnsn poet, and Mar-
grave of Brandenburg, was called Otuo WITH TKI
Arbow. Died in 1304.

Otho (or Otto) von Prelaingan, o'to fan (U'ling'tn,
one of the early German chroniclers, was the son ~'
Leopold IV., Mararave of Austria, and Agnes, daught —
of the eroperor Heniy IV. In 11J7 be was appointed
Bishop of^ Freiiingen by his half-biotbcr, the emperor
Conrad III. He was the aathor of a "Chronicle of the
World Irom the Citation to his Own Time," in

value relative to German history, being drawn from the
most authentic sources. He ^o wrote a " History of
the Emperor Frederick Barbarossa." Died in lt5&

Ottaon. See Otho.

O'tla, (Elwell Stephen,) an American general,
wasbomatFiedericltCi^, Maryland, in 1838. During
the dvil war he served in the Union army, and after
the war was made lieutenant-cotonel of regulars, rising
to brigadier- general in 1893. He was appointed major-
general of volunteers. in May, 1898, and sent to the
Philippines, taking principal command on the de-
parture of General Menilt for Palis. He served as
military governor and command ei-in -chief during the
rebellion, until the spring of 1900, when he resigned,
and was promoted major-general in the United Stales
army. Died October 3i, 1909.

O'Ub, (Hauison Gkav,) an American ilatesman and
orator, bom in Boston in October, 1765, was a nephew
of James, noticed below, and a son of Samuel Allyne
Otis. He graduated at Harvard College in 17S3, prac-
tised law in Boston, and was elected a member of Con-
greas in 1796. He became a leader of the Federal party,
and was highly distinguished for his graceful eloquence.
He was president of the senate of Hassachuaetts (at
several year* between 1S05 and iSit. was a member <A
the Hartford Convention in 1814, and was a Senator of
the United States from 1S17 to iSu. In iSzo he made
a speech in the Senate against the extension of slaverr.
He retired from poblic life in 1831. Died in Boston m
October, 1S48.

Otla, (James,) a celebrated American orator and
[Mtriot, b<mi at West Barnstable, in Massachusetts,
on the 5th of Febman, 1735. was a son of Junes Otis,
■ judge and lawyer. He oiaduated at Harvard College
^ I743t studied law, and oecame a resident of Boston

tare,andini^publisL._

menta of I^tiit Prosody, with a Dissertation im Letter*,"
etc He acquired distinction in 1761 by an amiment
against the writs of assistance for which the omcen <rf
the custom* had applied. Referring to this speech, John
Adams said, "Otis was ■ flame of fire: with a prompti>
tude of claarical allntions, a depth of research, a lapid
summaiy of historic*] event* and dates, a profusion ot
legal atithoritiet, a prophetic glance of hJs eye* into
fnturity, and a rapid torrent en impctnons eloquence
he hniTJed away all before him. American independenc*
was then and there born. Every man of an immense,
crowded audience appeared to me to go away, as I dii^
ready to take up arms against writs of assistance." The

became the leader of the popular party. He was a dele-
gate to the Congress which met at New York b 1765,
and which was called " the Stamp-Act Congre**." He

several pamphlet* in defence of the colonic* against
the arbitrary meaaure* of the Britiah ministry In Sep-
tember, 1 769, be wss assaulted by several romans of the
opposite party, and received a severe wound in the head,
in consequence of which he became partially deranged,
or permanently disqualified for oseliilneu. A man named
Robinsrai was sentenced to pay jfaooo for this assault,
but the fine was remitted by Otis. He had married Ruth
Cunningham, of Boston, He was killed by lightning al
Andover in May, 1783.

S« Wiuj«H TuDoa, "lift of Tunes Oil*," iRn; FsAHcn
BqwBH. " Uh of JuiM Odi." b Stabes'i " Anmeu ffiopap^,"
nt a,, idRna: " North AmtricMa Krriew" far AptiL itn.

Otnnto, DiTKE of. See FoodoL

Ott, ot, (JoHANN BAmsT,) a Swiss Orientalist and

Ott; (JoKANH Hcmiiicni,) a Swiss divine and Orien-
talist, the bther of the preceding, was bom in the canton
of Zurich in 1617. He became professor of eloquence
and Hebrew at Zurich about 1654. He wrote a number
of works on theology, etc Died in 168a.

Ottai, ot'tlr, wntten also Other and Ohther, a Nor-
wegian traveller, who flourished in the ninth century,
visited the court of Alfred, King of England. Haviiig
given to that monarch an account of hi* voya^ to IIm
Arctic regions, it wa* inaerted by him in hi* Anglo-
Saxon vertion of Otouna. This narrative poasesse*
great interest, as giving the earliest informaticm respect-
ing thoee countries.

Otter, ot'tfr, (Joh. .,
Christianstadt in 1707. After a
in Asia and Turkey, he was appointed interpreter for the
Oriental tongues at the Royal Library in Paris, and Id
1746 was nude professor of Arabic He published
"Travels in Turkey and Persia." Died in 17^8.

Ottarbelii, ol'lir-bln', (PHtLIP Wilijam,) bom at

Dillenburg, Germany, In 17*6, emigrated in lyja t
Pennsylvania, where he founded the Church of th
United Brethren in Christ Died in 1813.

«Mit.- CM«; ^hard; t**/; O, H, %,piihmU: n, kom/;

Otthoboni, ot'to-bo'nee, (Cardinal Picrito,) a
nephew of Pope Alexander VIIL, was bom in 166S,
and elevated to the purple in 169a He is known a* a
munificent patron of art and music, and the possessor
of a unique library, a portion of which, after his death
in 1740, was purchased for the Vatican.

OtQD, o'tlN', (AuQusn Louis Haeib,] a Freadi
Kulplor, bom in Pari* in 1811. He Kfined the gnnd
prize, and a medal of the first class. Died in 189a

Ottlngor. See OimttaEK.

Otfl«j, (WiUJAM VouNO,) an English artist, con-
noisseur, and able writer on art, bom m 1771. He r^
uded for many years in Italy, where he made a large and
choice collection of paintinn and engrarings. After hi*
return he published a super!) work entitled "The ItaliiD
School of Design; being Fee-Similes of Original Draw-
ings by Eminent Italian Patnlen and Sculptor*," (3 voli^
iSoS-33.) In 1833 he became keeper of the prints ia
the BntUh Museum. He was a Fellow of the Rcnral
Society and of the Sodcty of Antiquariea. Among hi*

r.-BjA-iUn/.'last.-lhaain/^. (|ySce Explanations, p, 33.)
Digitized by CjOOQ I C

CDKi wuTKi u "An inquiry iDio me urigin ana PAtiy
IliltOTT of EngriTing on Copper and on Wood," '*
*ol(, 1816.) Died in 1836.

Ottmar, of mfr, (Karl Thbodor,) an eminent Ger-
mm architect, born at Bniiuwick in 1800. In 1S14 he
completed the new theatre at Berlin, and a f
later the Academy of Singias in the *ame pli
freateit woik is the palac« of William, Duke of Brnni-
wick, finished in 1S37, an edifice of ^eat '

Ot'to, (Carl,) a Daniah medical writer, bom in

Thomaa, West Indies, in 1795. He became profeu

Of to, (EVRRARD,) a

("Thesaurus Jui
•t Bremen in 175.

Otto, (FriedbichJuuan,) a German B«»ant,born In
Saxony in 1809. He was appointed aoeccuivelY pro-
fessor of chemistry (1835) and member of the College
of llealthat Brunswick. (1836.) He published a "Manual
tor the Rational Practice of Aericuitote," (1849-SO,) and
(everal chemical works. Died January 13, 187a

Otto, o'to', (Louis Gdillaumc,) Comte de Mosloy,

Snolwl',) a distinguished diplomatist, bom in the
luchy of Baden in 1754. Having studied at Strasburg,
he accompanied the French minister Luieme to t*--
United Sutes in 1779. After his return he was sent,
1800, as minister-plenipotentiary to London, and in 1809
ms appointed by Napoleon to negotiate bit marriage
with the archducbess Maria Louisa, having prerlonsly
been made Count of Mosloy and grand officer of the
legion of honour, In 1813 be became minister of (tate.
Died in 1817.

Sh Thiiu, "HiU«T of tha CoBnliM and Ite Kmpir*.''

Ofto-Pe'tara, (-i^'ttrs,) (Louise,) a German author-
ess, was born at Meissen, March 16, 1819, and in 185S was
married to August Peters, an aothor. She wrote many
novels, often of an altra-republican and revolutionary
character. Died March 13, 1895.

Ottooar, of to-kiR', (Ottokv,) n. King of Bohemia,
was a son of Wenceslai I,, and began 10 reign in 13^3.
He obtained Austria and Stytia by marnige, ana eztencfed
his dominions from the Baltic to the Adriatic. His
ambition to be emperor involved him in a war with
Rddolph of Hapsburg. He was killed in battle in 1378.

Ottokwr or OttooEtr, ot'to-kiR', {Lat Ottoca'rijs,]
■ German poet and chronicler, bom in Styria about
1150. He wrote, between 1300 and 1316, a rhymed
dironicle of Austria and Styria.

8h T. jACOB[,"I>a Ollooira Chronicc Auitriics."

Ottokai, (Amadeks,) the assumed natne of Georb
Friidrich Dauukr. See Daumer.

Ottokar von Homeok. See Hornkck, von.

OV-way, (Sir Robert,) an English admiral, bom in
1771J died in 184&

Otvay, (Thomas,) a celebrated English dramatist,
bom in Sussex in l6ci. Having been unsuccessful as
an actor, be applied himself to ibtmalic writing, and in
1675 published bit tragedy of "Aldbiades." This was
loon followed by "Don Carlos," which was received
with great lavoar. In 1677 be obtained from the Earl
«f Plymouth a situation a* comet of dragoons in the
army of Flanders ; but, soon becoming dissatisfied with
military life, he again gave his attention to the drama.
In 1G80 the tragedy of " The Orphan" appeared, and in
|68» his "Venice Preserved." These two are charac-
terized by Hallam as " having a deep pathos, a dramatic
eloquence rapid and flowing, and soroctimes very grace-
hl paetiy;" and he adds, "The 'Venice Preserved' Is
■ore frequently represented than any traj;edy after thoie
•f Shakspeare." Among Otway's other plays we may
die "Caius Marius," and a comedy called "The Soldier's
Fortune." He also translated and remodelled the " Titus
■nd Berenice" of Racine, and Moliire's " Fourberics de
Scapin." He died in 1685, in a state of extreme dcsti-
Intion; and some accounts state that his death was
caused hy hunger.

6m JvnimHi, " Uth of iba Foen," isd " Ufa of Omi," prr
lud to Iha tmoa of Ui nrlu, iSij.

Oikuah, dw'dln. (Joachim,) a Dutch tragedian, oon
In 1618 ; died in 1692. His best-known plays are "Jo-
hanna Gray" (164S) and " Konradyn," (1049-)

Ondenaerde. See Aodenaebde.

Oad«ndorp, van, vtn fiw'dfn-doRp', (FSAKl,) u
eminent Dutch philoli^ist, bom at Leyden m 1696, WM
for many years professor of history and rhetoric in hii
native city. He published excellenl editions of JnliM
Obseqnens, Lucan, Soetonins, and other classics, and
was the author of a treatise " On the Use of Andml
Intcripliona." Died in 1761.

Oaa«^ oo'dl', (Jactques Joseph,) a French officer,
Iwrn at Meynal in 1773, was a zealous repulilican. He
was an active member of the secret society called ^Ute-
dtlfAei. He was killed at Wagram in 1809.

Set NimiiK, " Hiitoin im Soaitli Hcrtto," 1S14.

Ondin, oo'dlN', (Casimir,) a French bibliographer,
born at M<!ziires in 1638. He pabiished a "Commen-
tary on Ancient Ecclesiastical Writers," and several
other works. Died in 1717.

Oudln, (Francois,) a learned French Teauit, bom In
Champagne in 1673. He wrote a number of eleguil
Latin poems, and theological and tnographical treatisei.
Died in 1753.

OndlnA, oo'de'ni', (EuoftNE AndrA,] an eminent
French sculptor and engraver of medals, born in Paris
In 181C1 He gtdned the gr«nd price of Rome in 1831, s
medal of the first class m 1839 Ibr engraving, and ■
medal of the first class for sculpture in 1S43. Among
his engraved works is a medal entitled the " Apotheosis
of Napoleon 1." Died in iSSy.

Oudlnet, oo'de'nf, (Marc Antoin^) a French an<
tiquary, born at Rheims in 1643, was appointed keeper
of the medals in the Royal CaUnet in Paris. In 1701
he became a member of the Academy of Inscriptions
He published several valuable treatises on medals. Died
in 1711.

Oudlnot, oo'dee'ny, (Achille Frah^ois,) a Franco-
American painter, born at Damigny, (Ome,) April iS,
iSmx He was educated at the commimal college of
Alenfon. He studied architecture and designing, by
means of which he maintained himself in later yeara
while carrying on hit Studies in painting. He served in
the revolution of 1848, and in the Franco-Gertnan war
1870-71. Under the Commune he was conservator of
the museums of the Louvre. He designed and con-
■tructed the admirable Daulugny studio, and made
many of its interior decorations and paintings. He also
won distinction as a glass- painter, and received several
medals, chiefly foreign. In 1876 he came to the United
Slates, and settled in Boston as an American dtizen.
He painted many evening-, forest-, and river-scenes, and
eterled an excellent influence as a teacher, but subte*
is. Died about 189a.

Ondinot oo'de'tto*, (Charles Nicolas Victor,)

_, j_ n ,_ _ . _.. ^c iijg following,wat

served as captain in

- ....^aign, (i8ia,) and became a mar^hal-

de-camp in 1833. He commanded the French army sent
in 1849 'o Rome to protect the pope against his subjects.
Hsving occupied the city after a short siege, July, li^9,
he relumed to France. He opposed Louis Napoleon in
the emifi ifiut of December i, 1851, after which he was
->t employed in public service. Died in 1863.

Oudlnot, (Nicolas Charles,) Due de Reggio, (ri'-
sho',) a distinguished French general, was bom at Bar-
fur-Omun in 1767. He obtained the rank of colonel
in 1793. and resisted about 10,000 Austrians with one

Due de Reggio, a general, a son ol
born at Bar-le-Duc in 1791. He si
the Russian campaign, (iSia,) and 1

took Treves in 1794, and received five wounds it
action near Mannheim in October, 1795. In 1799 be
became a general of division, and chief of the »'aS in
the army of Massens, nnder whom he served at the
siege of Genoa, in iSoo. Having received command of

I, e, 1, 4 G, f , la^g: 1^ t, A, same, less prolonged! i, i, L S, ti, f . Miv/; }, «, j, ft obscurt; fir, Oil, Oti mt I; nCl; gO&d; nifbiij

OUDOT 18

hnd, June, 1807, be resitted for ■ namber of hours an
■my of ibont 7U)oo RuMum*, and gave time to the
Teat of the Frendi ■nnjr to gain the victory. He mafn-
talned hU repntation in i8MatLAndahut,Loban, Vienna,
and Wagram. He wai raised to the rank of marshal

MD and Bantien, and was defeated bj Bemadotte at
Oioaa-Beeien. During the Hundred Days he adhered
to Louis XVIII., who gave him a high cominand in
1815. He commanded a corps of Che armr which in-
vaded Spain and look Madrid in 1S33. Died in 1847.

S« "Vidoiru at CoD<]u4m dot Fnncaii;" L. m LoHtKU,
" H. la HirfclBl OudhiM, pu un Homme de Kicn." 1844 : ]■ ^ov
UT-r*auT. "HiuoindaN. COudinot," iljo: " Hoard]* Bio-
p^On* tMotnh."

Ondot, oo'do', {Fkan^is Julikn,) a French jnrist,
bom at Omans (Daubs) in 1804. He obtained a chair
of civil law in Paris about 1S37. Died in 1864.

Ondry, oo'dae', {Jkan Baftcstb,) a Rench artist,
particiilariy distinguished as a painter of animals, was
bom in Paris in 16S6. He studied under Lar^llitre,
and attained considerable skiil In portrait and historical
painrin^ but he subsequently devoted hiooself cxcli
aively Co hunting-scenes and animal pieces. He wi
CBtroniied by the Kine of Denmark and Lonis XV. c
France ; and one of hia oeaC pictures represents the latlt
on horseback with • doien nobles of his conrL Oudry
was also a skilfn] engraver, and furnished one hundred
uid fii^r deigns for tne splendid edition of La Fontait
Fablet published in 1755. Died in 1755.

Oual lo Bod, the French for Howxl trk Good,

Ongbtxad, 6f r^, (Willuh,) an English divine and

eminent mathematician, bom in Buckinehamshire in

S73. He wrote "The Description and Use of the
juble Horiiontal Dyalt," " Clavis Mathematica," and
a " Treatise on THgoDometry." He is styled by Ftdler
" the prince of maHicmnticians." Died in "^
Otdda. See Da la Ram£, (Louise.)
OnleM, Do-leas', (Waltsr William,) a British

B inter, bom it Saint Holier, Jersey, September 11, 1848.
B was educated at Victoria College, in Jersey, and at
tte Royal Academy, In 187a he devoted himself "-
portrait-painting, in which he won high distinction.

Onltinnui, d', doots'm&H', [LaL OnLTREiiAN'Ht;aJ
{HBNRl,]a Flemish writer, bom atValendenneain 1546,
was the author of 1 " History of the Town and County
of Valenciennes from its Origin to the End of the Si-
tsenlb Century." Died In 1605.

Oaltr«inui, d', (Pisus,) a historian, a son of the
preceding, was bom at Valenciennes in 1591, He wrote
a "Life of Peter the Hermit," ii6it,) and a History
of Baldwin and Henry, Emperors of Constantinople,
{" ConstaDiinopolis Belglca," etc., 1643.) Died in 1656.

Onltnmaiuiiia. See Oultuuan.

Oniy, oo'ree or oo'ree', (Anma Cakolima, kA do
Bvllvrllle), a celebrated pianist and composer, born in
Bavana, of French parentage, In 1S06. In 1831 she mar-
ried M. Oury, 3 violinist, with whom she made a tour of
the Eurmiean cities. In 1830 the couple settled in Eng-
land. Madame Oury retired In 1866, and died In i88a

OumI, {Philip.) See Oisei.

Oiu«lar, ooflee, (Sit Fkeokbick Abthuk Gore,)
an English mnudan.asoa of Sir Gore Ouseley, noticed
below, was bom in London August 12, 1825. He com-
posed several anthems, and wrote treatises on " Har-
nony," (1869,) "Counterpoint and Fugue," (1869,) etc
tn IBJS be was apptdnted professor of music at Oxford.
Died April 6, 18S9.

Onaaler, oot'lee, (Gidioh,) an Irish Methodist min-
hter, born at Dnnmore in 1763. He laboured as a mis-
nonary among the Irish. Died in 1839.

Ooaaler or OoMly, (Sir Gokc,) a diplomatist, bom
In Ireland in 1769. He was sent as ambassador to
Persia about iSio, and published " Biographical Notices
of Persian Poets," (1846.} Died in 1844.

OoMlar or Oosely, (Sir William,) Viscount Clata-
uont, an Orientalise, brother of the preceding, was bom
b tni. He published "Travels in Vartons Coun.

I particularly Persia," (iSji.)

panied Maupntoia and other savants on a sdenlifia
expedition to Lapland, of which he afterwards pabllsbed
an interesting account. He was a corresponding mem-
ber of the Academy of Sdences, and member of tbe
Royal Society of Berlin. Died in 1774.

Ontrtun, oytr^, [Sir James,) an English general,
bom in Derbyshire in 1803, was a son of Benjamin
Outram, an eminent dvil engineer, who died in 1S05.
He went to India about i8ao, served in the war against
Dost Mohamtned, and became British resident at Hy-
derabad and Lucknow. In 1S56 he was appointed
commander of a successful expedition against Persia.
During the Sepoy mutiny of 1S57 he rctomed to India,
and superseded Havelock as commander of the army
at Lucknow. (See Havelock.) Died in 1863,

Outrun, written also Owtram, (Wiluau,) a learned
English theologian, bom in Derbrshire in 1615. He
became prebendary of Westminster In 1670. He was
versed in rabbinic^ learning and in tbe writings of the
Fathers. His chief work is a treatise on sacrifices, " Da
Sacrificiis Libri duo," (1677.) Died in 1679.

OnvaroC See Oovaeot,

Otrvrard, oo'vala', (Gabriel Julirn,] a French
financier, bom near Clisaon in 1770. He was a bold
and successful speculator, and enriched himself by his
operations as contractor during the war of the Revo-
lution. He was prosecuted by Napoleon L, and im-
priaoned some years. Died in 1846.

Se4 hit jototHOfriphk "U^moirQa mr ma TIa." ) vols., iBaAl
" Bicignpla* UniiuKU*."

OnTTurd, (REtiA,) a French ecclesiastic bom at
Chinon about 1620, published treatises on music, the-
o\ogj, and mathematics. He was intimate with Arnanld
and other vrriters of PorC-RoyaL Died in 1694.

OavtlA, oo'vRg-^', (Pierre Justin,) a French land-
scape-painter, born in Parts in 180& Died in 1879.

Onwator, van, vln 5w'wl't;r, (Albert,) a Dutch
painter, bom at Haarlem in 1444, waa one of the first
artists in Holland who painted in oil. Among his maa-
ler-pieces are "The Resurrection of Loiarus" and " The
Descent from the Cross." The latter was warmly
eulogized by Albert DUrer. Died in 1515.

Dictumirii of Piinleni" Dasouin, "VIm

count of the Kingdom of Chili and the Jesuit Missions
in that Country." Died in 1651.

Ortuido, o-vin'do, (Nicolas,) a Spanish officer, and
commander of the order of Alcintara, succeeded Boba-
dHla as governor of Hispaniola in 1501. While his rule
over the Spanish colonists was marked by justice and
kindness, he has incurred lasting reproach by the cruel-
ties he perpetrated on the Indiatu, a great number of
whom were massacred at Xaragua by his orders. He
also treated Columbus with great injustice, and availed
himself of every opportunity of thwarting his designs.
He was recalled to Spun in i;o8, and succeeded by
Diego Columbus, son of the celebrated admiral Died
in 1518, aged about fifty-eight

S« CHAitavon, "Hlitoin St Sabt-Doiiiii^iie ;" Omnai

O'Tfr-RlL (John,) a learned Engliah prelate, bom in
1559. He rose through several preferments to be Bishop
ot Norwich in 1619. His pnncipal work is entitled

The Convocation-Book," in which he u
divine origin of govemmenL Biahop Overall was es-
teemed the best scholastic divine of his time in England.
He was the friend and correspondent of Grotius and
Gerard Vossius. Died in 1619.

OTerbook, o'v(r-b*k', (Friedricm,) one of the most
illustrious German painters of the nineteenth century,
as bom at Lubeck in 1789. After having studied for

time at Vienna, in iSio he visited Rome, where, with
Cornelias, Schnorr, and other German artists, he became
one of the founders of what has been styled the ruman*

l»iii—l,i*M^;tl»J;a,tt,X,giMura/;H,naia/;ti,triiltii;liit,itlU

1 ^''- (SVSee Eiplaaatiooi^ p. 33,)

D,o,i,..ed3,'GoO'^lc

OVERBECK

the eonBnl-geiier»lBartholdy,repreMnting" Joseph (old
bilo Captivity," uid " The Seven Years of Famine." In
1817 he adorned the villa of Marqnia Musimi with five
luge frefcos taken from Ta«»o'» "Jerusalem Delivered."
His magnificent fi-eico at Aflsisi, representing "The
Miracle of Roses of Saint Francis," is esteemed hia
master-piece in that department Among bis best oil-
paintings are "The Entrance of Christ into Jemsalem,"
in the Marienlcirche at Lubeck, "Christ on the Mount
of01ive8,""TheDeithof Saint Joseph," and the large

Elcture in the Stildelschen Institut at Frankfort-on-lhe-
[ain, entitled "The Influence of Christianity in the
Arts." He has also produced a nnmber of elegant de-
signs, among which are "Forty Tlusttations from the
Gospels," since engraved by Keller, Bartoccini, and
other*. Regarding art u the handmaid of religion,
Overbeck has almost exclusively chosen scriptural lab-
tects, and his works are characteriaed by deep devotional
leeling, simplicity, and touching sweetness ot exprewlon.
According to some writers, Overbeck's influence and
reputation in Gennany have considerably declined of
Utter time. Died in 1869.

S« RACnvui, " Hinoin ikrAn AIlciiiuidDOdtnia ;" Nauui,
"Alkmaoc* KOiutkr-Lciiliaii i" BKOdDucrs, "CoDnmlKii*-

Ovorbaok, ^ohannis Adolt,) k German scholar,
a nephew of Friedrich Overbeck, was bom at Antwerp,
March 7, 183& He look hii doctor's degree at Bonn
In iSjo, in 1853 became an extraordinary professor at
Leipuc, and in 1859 full professor, and director of the
ArchKological Museum. Among his works are a "Gal'
lery of the Heroic Creations of Greek Art," (1851-53.)
"History of Greek Plastic Art," (1857-58,) and "Atl-
Mythology of Greece," (1871-73.) Died^in 1895.

OrarbMk, Tan, vin o'vp-Btf, (BOHAVUtTUBS,) a
Dutch painter, bom at Amsterdam in idlSo. He went
to Rome, and made numerous designs of the antiquitica
of ttial city. Having relumed to Holland, he died in
1706, leaving a work entitled " Reliquix antiquK Urbis
Roma^" (1707-09.)

Sh DocAtin, " Vit* dn Pdntn* nunandi, HoUudak," (te.

Oraibury, o'v^-bfr-e, (Sir Thomas,) an English
■nthOT and courtier, bom at Compton-Scorfen, Warwick-
shire, in 1581. By his talents and learning he acquired
loSuence with Carr, who became the ^vourite of tames
I. and was created Earl of Somerset For advising
■gainst the marriage of Carr with the inbmous Countess
erf Essex, Overbury was committed to the Tower, (1613.)
After a confinement of several months, he was poisoned
by order of Somerset and his wife, who were coovlcted
of the crime but pardoned. He left a popular poem
called "The Wife," (1614,) and a prose work entitled
"Characters," whicli is praised for wit and Ingenaity.
" ' The Fair and Happv Milkmaid,' often qtiole^" **7>
Hallam, "is the best of nls characters."

- - 7. RwumLi ■

"HiMorvof

Rnta>.''faLiL, (iSsa.]

O'v^r d« Idn'dvn, (Cornelis.) a Frisian mrritei, born
in 181 1. He was a ship-carpenter, and worked in the
TOnI dock-vatds at the Helder. He wrote the bmous
" Oera Linda Boek," in the Frisian tongue. This strange
book was a forgery ; the author pretended that it was m
I>art copied in 1356 from ancient documents, and for a
time it attracted a great deal of altentioD. Over de Lin>
den died in 1875.

OT«nkov. o'vfr-skor', (Thomas,) a Danish drama-
tist, born at Copenhagen in 1798. He produced nume-
rous comedies and operas ; also ■ " History of the Danish
Theatre," (1854-56-) Died November 7, 1873.

O'7or-«tana, (SamhslJohcs Love,) first Baron, an
English baniier, bom in London in I ;^. Mewasra^d
to the peerage bl 185a He had previously gained some
distinction as a financier. He died November 17, 1883.

Orenret o'v^r-Mc', (Adolf,) a German traveller,
bom at Hamburg In iSii. He was assodated with Mr.
Richardson and Dr. Barth in a journey of exploration
to Lake Tchad, in Africa. They left Tripoli in March,
1S50, and Overweg, with Dr. Barth, reached Lake Tchad
in 1851. He launched a boat on the lake and visited
IL «, I. atB.T.''«V.'i^^»»c, less prolonged; i, e, 1, 5, ii,;r. '1"^: *, f. i, 9. #*>o»«; Or, fill, Ot; mit; n6t; gUd; MMnt

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

1^ OVINGTON

the island* in it He ^ed of fever at Knka, in Ceotral
Africa, In September, 1853.

Ov'ld, [I^t Oni/iDS ; It OviDio, o-vee'de-o ; Ft.
OviDE, oVd',] or, more fully, PnVlina Ovtdloa
Nb'bo, a popular Roman poet, was bom at Snimoi
(Sulmona,) about ninety miles east of Rome, in 43 B-C
lie studied rhetoric in Rome under Arelllns Fnacna and
Pordos Latro, and made himself master of Greek at
Athens. His poetical genius was manifested In early
vouth, and afterwards diverted him from the practice of
law, which, in compliance with hit fiither's will, he b«^n
lo study. He held, however, several dvil or judicial
offices at Rome, and became one of the Decemviri. He
sought and obtained the acquaintance of Propertins,
Horace, Macer, and other poets. He also enjoyed for a
time the favour of the emperor Augustus. Among hia
earliest productions were three books of "Amorefc"
Before the age of fifty he had published "The Art of
Love," ("Ars Amaloria,"} "Medea," a tragedy, and
" Heroic Bptsllea," (" Heroides.") He had 3so nearly
finished his celebrated "Metamorphoses," ("Hetamor-
phoseon libri XV.,") which display great poetical
genius. In the year 8 A-D- he was suddenly banished
Tomi, on the Eniine, near the mouth
Danube. The reason assigned for this penal
measure was the publication of his immodest poem
" The Art of Love ;" bat this is believed to have been
a mere pretext, as that poem was published iboDI ten
years earlier. Ovid in his later writings alludes to some
oSence which he mysteriously conceals, and for whidi
he admitted that he deserved to suffer. This question
appears to have baffled the ingenuity and cunoiity Of
scholars. He has been censured for the abject tenna
in which he petitioned Augustus for a pajdon, which
aras inexorably refiised. He died at Toinl in 18 a.ix,
which was also the year of Livy's death. His "Me-
dea," which soDu andent optics esteemed his moat
peTfecIwoTk,ls1oaL During his exile he wrote, faeaides
other minor poems, " Twelve Hooka of Fasti," (" Fasto-
mm Libri XH.,") six of which have come down to n&
This is a poetical Roman calendar, and has hittorial
value as well as literary merit. Ovid was thrice marTie<L
and divorced his first mfie and hi* tecotid. Healaoloved
and courted a woman (A high rank, whom be celebrated
under the fictitious name of Corinna. Some writers
suppose she w "
daughter, of t)

translation of Ovid is " Ovid's Hetai
Books, translated by the Most Eminent Hands," L

gi7. Among these translators were Dryden, Additan,
mgreve, and Garth.

Sm Hassom, "Vin p. OridU Nwmi.," 170I: C Konnwi
"VitadiPDlilioOTidio Nuo,"i7S9; Viuannvk "Via dthrida
PaHi, it(i9i BAVUt, " Hiiwnal and Ciiilcal DictuBanr."

Ovida. See Ovid.

Ovidio. See Ovid.

Ovidina. See Ovid.

Ovlado, da, di o-ve^'DOt (Animis,) a Sp«alah
Jesuit and missionary, bom at Ilhescas. He was Mot
to Abyssinia about 1556. Died in 1577.

Orledo r Valdea, da, dit o-ve^'DO e vll-dCs', (Gom-
lALO Fkrnandbi,) a celebrated Spanish historian, txwa
ai Madrid in 1478, became at an early age oite of tite
pages at the court trf Ferdinand and Isabella. In 1513
be visited the West Indies, where he reuded utany
years, and obtained, amou; other important oOOBa^ tliat
of historic«rapber of the Indiea. His mincipal work is
entitled " Geiteral History of the West ladiet,'* (1st voL,
1535,) wtiich, though containing many errors diaplan
extensive learning and has bera of great valoe to aok
sequent historians. The last volnme of it remains In
manuscript He also published a "Trealiae on the
Natural History of the Indies," a ■ -- ■--1-.-

1. — u;..), |g g)]]i in mani;-'-"'^

„ .. Fifty Dialogues.

Saa TioDKH. " HiHorr of Spaniah LiuntoR^" nL L : Pan
COTT, " KUuht of tbt Cooqueat of Moiea," nL iL book n., uf
hli " HiatDty cJ Ferdiwd and labetla," vol. l part L

OvlDgton, Ov'ing-tpn, f (loHN,) an Englirii ecdeai-
astic and traveller, was chaplain lo King James II. In
i6S9he sailed to the East Indies, and spent several reara
in Surat He published in 169S his "Voyage to Sural

Engliab
imorphosea, in Fifteen
lent Han' "'

VttncK

Ovron. See Goronwy-Owbn.

O'vign, (David Dau,) brother of Robert Date, no-
ticed below, wu bom In LanarksUre, Scotland, in 1807,
Tn 1848 be was appointed to conduct the geoiogical
•DTTey of Wiicomin, Iowa, and Minnesota. The result
of his observations was published in ■ qaarto volume,
with maps and il lustrations, (185Z.) He was appointed
Id iS;7 Slate geolc^st of Arkansas. Died in iS6a

O'irf n, (GsoRGK,) an English physician, born in Wor-
ce«leish<re, took his den-ee in 1537. He became phv-
ridao to Henry VIII. Died in 1358.

O-wan, (Jean A.,) an English author, bom in
Staffordshire in 1841. She lived five years in New
Zealand and travelled widely. She published several
works of travel, fiction, etc., some of (hem being
"After Sbipwreclc," (i88a,) "Forest, Field, and
Fell," (1893,) " The Story of Hawaii," (1898.)

Owen, [Lab Audok'nds,] (JoKir,) otM of the bat
Latin poets of modem titnei, was born in Caenur-
Tonshire, in Wales, about 156a Hit "Epigiammata,"
published in 1612, are remarkable for elennce and

Clift, above mentioned. About 1836 he succeeded Sir
Charles Bell as Hunterian professor at the Royal Col*
lege of Surgeons, and gave a series of lectures on com-
parative anatomy, which were published in 1843. He
contributed oumeroos treatises or monographs on phyi-
iology and anatomy to the " Transactions of the Zoo-
^cal Sodety" and tbe "Cyclopedia of Anatomy tutd
PEysiology." ProfeMOr Owen rendered important ser-
vices to paleontology, and exhibited remarkable skill
m the analomv and reconstruction of eminct animals,
toch as the Cheirotherium, the Glyplodon, Mylodon,
and Plesiosauro*. He discovered a gigantic fMsil bird,
the Dinomis. Among hii chief works are "Odonlog-
"Pby," (a vols., 1840^) a "History of British Fossd
Uammals and Birds," (1846,) and "On the Archetype
and Homologies of the Vertebrate Skeleton," (1848.}
He received the royal medal in 1848, and the Copley
laedal of the Royal Sodety " -"'■ ' "-' '
to be Hunterian professor,

natural history department* 01 tne British Museum.
He wsa one of^lhe eight foreign assodates of tbe French
Instilate. In addition to the works above named, he
published a treatise " On tbe Nature of Limbs," |i&4gt)

dbyGoogle

(iSto.) " The DebaUble Land between thli World and
the Next," I1871,) and "Threading mj Way, or Twenty
Seven Years of Autobiography. " Died June 24, 1877.

Owen, (Thomas,) an Engluh judge, Wn in Shrop*
■hire, gained a high reputation m judge of the common
pleu. Died in 159a

Owen, (WiLUAM,) M able English painter ol por-
traits and hiatorj, bom In Shropahire In 1769. He was
patToniied by Iho prince-regent, afterward* George IV.
Died In i8i4.

Owen ai«iidower. See GutNDOwu.

Owen UeredlOi. See Bulwik.

Owenson. See Morcan, IuIdy.

Owtram, (William.) See Outrah.

Ox'fn-d^n, (ASKTON,) D.D., a Canadian biRhop,
bom at Broome Pirk, Kent, England, in iSoS. He grid-
Dated at University College, Oxford, in 1831, and took
priest's orders in the English Church in 1834. In 1869
be wu consecrated Bishop of Montreal, and became
Metropolitan of the Anglican Church in Canada. In
1878 he resigned his position and returned to England.
He published many religioni books. Died in 180a.

Qx'an-fprd, (John,) an Engliah dramatitt and trans-
ntor, born near London in i8i3. Among hii original

and the "Conversations of Goethe," byEckermann, and
olhet works, from the German. Died Feb. at, 1877.

Oxenluun, ox'fn-tm, (John,) an English seaman,
served under Sir Franda Drake in 1571. He soon after
tailed with one ship for the eastern shore of Darien,
andcroasedoTer to Panama and the Pearl Islands, where
he waa taken and put to death bj the Spaniardi.

See J. Bamow, "MoBBln of tb* Mml WixAIn of Qum
Kliiabeu'i Rdin," 1S4S

Oxenattem, oki'tn-st^m', or Oxenstlanui, oki'tn-
ahlR'nl, (AxsL,) Count, chancellor of Sweden, and oae
of the greatest statesmen of the seventeenth centunr o*
of modem times, was bom at FanS, in Upland, Jnae
16, 1^83. He was educated at Jena and Wittenberg
At the age of iwenty-tjx be was chosen a senator, aftet
having been employed in important negotiatiOTia. In
1611 Gwtavua Adolphus appointed him chancellor ol
Sweden, or prime minister. The pradenco, leal, and
profound combinations of Oxenstiern contributed great! j
to the success of the Swedish hero. After Gustavn*
WM killed, in 1631, the chancellor was invested with fiUl
power by the senate, and prosecuted the war againal
the Emperor of Germany. He was recc^iied as the
head of the Protestant league, which gained several vic-
tories under his direction. During the minority of Qneeo
Christina he govemed Sweden with ability, rcatored the
finances to good order, and patronized learning. He
wa4 prime minister after Christina began to reijo, (1640
and atienaously opposed her abdication. He died In
August, 1654. Oienstiem was the author of the often-
quoted observation, addresaed to his son, " Yon do not
', my son, with how little wisdom the world is

second volume of " Historia Belli Sueca-Gemanid,"
r History of the Swedish-German War,") of wiiich
Chemnitz wrote the first volume. He was considered
tn eqnal match for Richelieu in diplomacy. He had
two tons, John and Erik, who obtained high offices in
the public service.

S« I. r. LUHDSLAIi. "STmli PiotuRh." id ToL, ili6-]i;
TOHAH GaaiJin,''Anim»lH-Td ahcr A. Ouiudana/' 1774:
t f. HAQnaa,''Ar(nHii»af*er A, OnKUienn," iSoS; PamH-
aomr, "De Rebut Siuckn:" Oujaa, "HiHoire it 1i SuWe;"
"NosTelli BiOEnplu* G^ninlc:" KiCHauau. "lUaKitrn!" K.
GvLLnmua, " Anniana Vfccf A Oienuienia," 1777.

OxMMtleni, (BtHBDICT,) an able Swedish statetman,
of the wtine &mily as the preceding, wai bom in iSat,
He was appointed governor of Warsaw by Charles 3C,
after whoee death (i6fio) he retiuned to Sweden and
bad great influence in the government. About 167a he
ofatuned the confidence of Charles XL, who appointed

. . J697. After Charles XII. had defeated the Danes
and conquered Poland, Oxentlkro advbed him to make
peace, in a memoir which It called a muter-i^eoe of
•risdom. Died In 170a.

Ozenatlem, (Erik,) a son of the celebrated statea-
bom in 1614. He became a senator in 165a,

._ .6j6.

Oxsnetum, (Jdhan,) a brother of the preceding,
was bom at Stockholm in 1611. He entered the amy,
and obtained the rank of cotoneL About 1639 he was
raiaed to the lUgnity of senator. He was employed fot
aeveral years as minlater-plenlpotentiary In Germany,
and represented Sweden in the negotiations which re-
sulted in the peace of Westphalia, {1648.) Died at
Weimar in l6t7.

OxMUtiemn. See OxmmKSH.

Ox«uatlarTM,oks'«n-shta'nl, (GAB«cu.THt)ttKsoi^|
a Swedish diplomatist, bom at Stockholm in 1641. Ha
wrote, in French, a " Collection of Though tt," (■* Recueil
de Pensies," 1735.) Died in 1707.

Oxford, Earl or. See Di Viu, (Edwakd,) and
Haklsy, (Robert.)

Ox^ee, (John,) a learned English divine, bom Sep.
tembera5, 17^. He was a clergyman of the Established
Church, speaaltydistinguished as an Orientalist, and a*
the author of "The Christian Doctrine of the Trinity
and Incarnation,'' {1S15 ; 3d vol, 1850,) a work of vast
•cholaiship. Died January 30, 1B54.

Oz-f •u'tn or Ox-u/tN, [Gt. 'Ofv^w,] a Bacttian
chief, whose daughter Rozana was married to Alexandei
the Great. This king appointed him satrap of Paropa-
mians. Died after 316 B.C.

Oyama, (Iwao,) Prince, a Japanese general, bom in
Satsoma in 1S43, He studied military tactics in En-
rope ; wa» minister of war 1S80-95 ; took part in the
Chinese war { was made field marshal in 189S ; chief
of the general staff in 1S99, and was commander-in-
chief in Manchuria during Ibe Russo-Japanese war.

Omnnnm.c/zl'D&N'', (Antoine FRftotRic,) a French
scholar and elegant writer, bora at Milan in 1813. He
became a good classical scholar, and studied law. In
1S44 be succeeded Fauriel as profeuor of foreign litere-
ture at the Sorbonne, Paris. Hepnblished ■'Danteand
the Catholic Philosophy in the Thirteenth Century.' ' and
other works. Died in 1853.

OsMiam, (J. A. P.,) a French phyaidan, bom in
Bresse in 1771, waa the bther of tbe preceding. He
published a " History of Epidemic Disease*," (J vola.,
1817-33.) Died at Lyon* in 1836.

Osnnam, (Jacques,) a distinguished French mathe
mattdan, born at Bouligneui in 16401. Among his nu-
merous and useful treatises are " Mathemallca] Diction-
ary," (1691,) "Mathematical and Physiol Recreationa,"
(1694,) and "Theoretical and Practical Perspective,"
(1711.) He taught mathematics in Paris, where he died
in 1717.

Onaneanx, o'lfnif, (Jean Georsb,) a French writei
of prose and verse, was Ixim in Paris in 1795. He wrote

t,e,I,0,a,f,/ii>v,-l,i,A,same,lessprotongedii,i!,f,6,ii,y,ji(Vl';f,f,i,9,*d«wnr;flr,flll,at;Di(tinat;

( of the French Academy, and "Erreur
[3 vols., 1849) Died in i8sa.

Onanne, u'lln', (Nicolas Marie,] a French dcslfptet
and engraver, born at Brest in 1738; died in Fans In
iSit.

O-sell', (John,) an English liairattur, ai French eB>
traction, was contemporary with Pope, who haa ~

him a place In the " Dunciad," He made ti '

from Kadne, Moli^re, and Boileau, and fros me-mmi
Italian and Spanish writers. Died in 1743.

Sm Ciasaii. " Livei of tlie Pnti."

Osaretakofiko or OaeietakoTeko, o-ieh-rEi-skof ■
sko, sometimes written Oxeratxkolbky, (NlCHOLAJ,t
a Russian scientific writer, bom about ■7J0. He wrote
several treatises on loology, botany, roineral^y, eta
Died about 1837.

I; gd6d; ni^p

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PAC2CHELLI

\ " History of the Grand MuKrs of the Order of Malta,'
(3 rols., 1760, nnfinished,) and " Feloponncsian Hono-
menta, ("Monumenta Peloponnesiaca," 1761.) He
became librarian to tbe Doke of Patma about 176a.
Died in 17S5.

Sh Fauohi, "ViU Itilornm doetniu dctUmitiuin 1" "No»
nil* Biognphie Ginknix ;" Daoki, " EloEa de PidiudL**

PaoiohsUl, pa-che-kellee, {Giaubaitista,) an Ital-
bui writer, bom at Pistoia aboDi 16401 He wrote "The
Kingdom of Naples," ("II Regno di NapoU," 3 vols.,
1703.) Died in XTza.

Pwden. See Pacian.

PaolSoo, See PAcmcus.

Pa-fin-cus Max^-mna, [It Pacwico Massimo
^-chee'fe-ko mls'se-mo,] a L^tin poet, 'bom at Ascoli
k 140CL He wrote many poems, which were published
fai 1489, under the title of " Jocose and Festive Elegies,''
("Elegit Jocose et Festivje.") Died about 1500.

PmdI, pl-chee'nee, (Giovanni,) a popaaar com
poser, born at Syracuse, Sicily, February 19, 1796. He
composed with a marvelloas facility many operas, among
which are "Adelaide e Comingio," (1818,) and " Niobe,"
(1S36.) Died December 6, 1867.

Paolo, pl'cho, abmetimes written Paoa, [Lat. Pa'
aus A Bik'ioa,] (Giuuo,) an eminent Italii.n jurist
and danaical scholar, bora at Vtcenia in \^V>. Having
been converted to the Protestant religion, he went into
exile, and was professor of philosophy at H<:ide1berg
and Sedan. About 1616 he obtained t chair of law
at Vale^ice, in Fraiwe. He wrote "On the Method of
Law," ("De Juris Methodo," 1597,) "On Contracts,"
("De Contractibua,") and other works. Died at Va-
lence in 1635.

S« Brbiat SADTF-Pint "Motia mr li Vl* da T. Puua."
■■40: Eiuoi imd GtDn, ''AllyiniriM KnerldiipMdis ."

Paololl. See Paccioli.

Padiu a Borlga. See Pacio.

Paok, (Rit:HARIi50N,) an EneHsh writer, bom in Sui-
folk about tSSow He rose to flie rank of major in the
army. Hepnbliahedavolnme of poemi,(i7i8,) a "Life
t^ Pomporuus Attlcus," and other worka. Died in 173S.

Paok'axd, (Alpkkus Spking,) D.D., an American
educator, born at Chelmsford, Blassachosclts, December
>3> 1798- He graduated at Bowdoin College in 1S16,
was a tutor there, 1S19-S14, professor of Ijtin and Greek,
f834-£5, and in 1S65 was appointed professor of natnral
and revealed religion in the same college. Hi* principal
worka are editionaof Xenophon's " Memorabilia," (1819-
1841,) and a Life of Rev, Dr. Jesse Appleton. Died at
Squirrel Island, Maine, July 13, 18S4.

Faokard, (Alphkus Spring,) Jr., a son of the pre-
ceding, waa bom at Brunswick, Maine, Fcbmary 19,
1839. He graduated in 1861 at Bowdoin College, and
lerved as an assistant surgeon in the army in 1864-65,
was afterwards lecturer on natnral history in various
acbools, and director of the museum of the Peabody
Aeademv of Sciences, Salem In 1878 be became pro-
fessor 01 zoology and geology in Brown University, FOT
five years he was a member of Ihe United States Ento-
mological Commission ; and he has been attached to
various Stats and United States geological and other
•urveya. Among his works are a " Guide to the Study
of Insects," (1867,) "Our Common Insects," (1872,)
"Outlines of Comparative Embryology," (1876,) " Half-
Hours with Insects," (1877,) "Zoology for Schools and
Collies," (1S79,) etc. Died Febniaiy 14, 1905.

Paodma. See Pachomius.

Pao'o-niB, |Gr. n&ccfnf,] the eldest son of Orodes,
King of Parthia, was born about 66 B.C. At an early
age he was associated with his father on the throne. In
Ji B.c he led an army into Syria, where he was defeated
by Cains Cassius. After the battle of Philippi, the Par-
tbian king sent to Syria another expedition, commanded
by PacoruB and Titus Lahienus, a Roman, who gained a
victory over an officer of Antony. After Paconis had
subjected Syria, he was defeated and killed by the army
of Venlidtus, in 38 b.c;

5u DioH Caibiui, " HiMny of Rooia."

Paooms, a king of Parthia, who refgned In the time
of Domitian and Trajan. Little ii known re*p«ctfiig

74 PADOUANINO

Paothod, i«c'to', {Mi<»iL HAaiB,] Count, a French
general, bom in Savoy in 1764. He gained the rank of
general al division on the field of Esplnosa, (180S,) and
commanded io Naples and lUyria from tSlo to iSll.
Died in 183a

Paonvlo. See PACtJTina.

Pf-ouM-tu, [IL PACiivio,pl-koo've-o,| (MakcusJ
an eminent Roman tragic poet and painter, bora at
Brundusium about 130 B.C., was a nephew of tbe poet
Enuiua. According to tbe judgment of Quinlilian and
other ancient critics, his dramas had sfune merit, Hia
works are lost, except small fragments. He died at the
age of ninety. His epitaph, composed by himscL^ haa
been preserved by Aulus Gellios.

S« Vosuin, "De Pnelk Latins;" Amnuu n Laa "Dir
ierUii8wiblofiu)liViH(lil».Pacu»ii),"ij43;-NM«ll« Ktcm-
plut Wninlt"

Pad'dook, (Bknjamih Henry,) S.T.D., an Amerjcaa
bishop, a brother of Bishop J, A. Paddock, was bora at
Norwich, Connecticut, February 29, 1828. He graduated
at Trinity College, Hartford, in i&jS, and at the General
Theott^ical Seminary (Episcopalian) in iSja, took
priest's orders in 1853, held vanons pastorates, and io
1873 became Bishop of Massachusetts. Died in 1S91.

Paddook, (John Adaws.) D.D., an American bishop,
born at Norwich, Connecticut, January 19, 1815. He
graduated at Trinity College, Hartford, in 1845. >"<! >>
the General (Episcopalian) Seminary, New York, in
lS49> He took priest's orders in 1850, and held pastor
ates, chiefly in Brooklyn. In iSSo he became Bishop
of Washington TerritcMy. Died March 4, 1894.

■D.a — iwaki, pi-di-riv'skee, (Ignace Ian,) one of
talented of modern pianists and composers,
was bom in the province of Podolia, Russian Poland,
Nov. 6, 186a He studied in Warsaw and Berlin, was
professor in the conservatories of Warsaw and Stras-
burg, and made professional tours through Europe and
America, being everywhere received with enthusiasm.

PadiUa, de. di pi-Dil'yi. (Don Juan Lopkz.) a Span-
ish general, born in Castile, was a son of a nobleman.
He became in 1530 tbe leader of Ihe malcontenta whom
the extortion* and misrule of the Flemish ministers of
Charles V. provoked to revidt The insurgent* elected
a council called Junu de las Comunidades. Padilla de-
feated the royal troops at Segovia, took Valladolid, the
capital of Spain, and deposed the regent, Adrian of
UtrechL Dissensions aroae among the popular party,
PadiUa was deprived of the command, and his aocceMor
was defeated. About the end of 1520 he wa* restored
to the command. He was defeated and taken priaoncr
at Villalar in April, 1521, and executed the next day.

SoRonarsiM, " Ouries V.," toL iL bookiU.

Padilla. da, (Lorenzo,) a Spanish historian, bom at
Antequera about 1485. He was eminent for Icaminb

and received ibe title of hiitoriographer to Charles . .
He left in mana*cript a "General History of SpauL**
and a work on the antiquities of Spain, which wa* pab-

lisbed in 1669. Died in 1540.

S« N. Airnmc^ " Ktafiotbea Hkpaiii Nm."
PadUla, a*, (Dotla Mabia Fachbco,) tbe wife <A
Juan Lope^ noticed above, was a woman of great aiergy
and talenta, and devoted heraelf to tbe popular can**;
After her husband'* death she took his place a* leader,
and made heroic but unauccessful efbRIa to defend
Toledo against the royalists. She eacaped to Portngal,

Eclogues," (t;83,) and other poems. He a . __

the best pastoral poet* of bb tim& Died aboot i6oa
S« LoHcnLLOw, " PoMa ud Poetry of larspa."
PBd'niA', [modem Hindoo pron. piSd'mi',] written
also Fedmti,1fi-om/i£A>ul,a "lotus,") oneof tbename*
of LakshuI; (which see.)
Padonau or Padovauo. Sec Cavino>
Padouanino. See Lbdhi, (CrtTAVia)
Padonallllio, pl-doo-1-nee'no, (Fbanosco,) an ex-
cellent Italian painter of history and portraits, wa* bora
at Padua in 1552. He was correct in deaign and fertile

1. 1 1. 8,0. ?./««■.■ it. 4. sa

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FA DO FA NO

1875

PAGE

la invention. ' Amoog hit work* b a picture of the de-

Irrarance of two persons who were condemned to death.

Ked in tfii?'
His son Ottatio was • skilfnl potttut-painter. He

died abont 1634, at the age of GTIy-two.
Padovano. See Lkomi, [Luioi and Ottavio.)
Pwui, pee'tn, [Gr. Uaiht, Ilaii^, or Uadni ""

|>bH, pi'&Nj] a name applied to Apollo, and also :
le of jCtcnlainns, ihc god who had the
s afterwards applied to hymn

i[nDB, the god who had the power of

healing. It was .- ^ - .

honour of Apol .
Tictor; waa celeln'ated.

i martial songs bjr which

Among his works ia "The Discorerr of the Crow.'
Died at BrvMel* in 1839-

Psonlna, t>£-o'ne'as, lllauhwc,] ofEfhksus, aGieeh
architect, probablj lived about 400 B.C. He completed
(with Demetrius) the great temple of Diana at Epheaai.

PsBonloa OF Mihdr, an Eminent Greek aculplor, of
whom little ia known, is supposed to have lived about
430 B.C He adorned with statoea the temple of Jupi
at Olympia.

Pbm-, pl-aiR', (Fkuhhando,) an eminent Italian
composer, bom at Farma in 1771. Having produced
some snccessfid operaa, he was appointed chapel-maatei
at Dresden in 1 801. He entered theservice of Napoleon
in iSo7asimperialcDmpoaeT,aiid was empltnred to direct
the music of the conrl theatre. He waa elected to th(
Institute in 1831. Among hit most admired operas ari
"Gritelda," (1796,) "AcKille," (1806,) and "Agnese,'
(1811.) Died at Paris in 1839.

Smt Ttm. " BiognpUa UuiTwMUa 4c* UuiciaH :" " N«n«ll>

Paealallo. See FAisinxo.

Pa«B, pi4s', IFkancksco Alvabez,) a Portuguese
nonk, asserted the temporal power of the pope in a
treatise " De Planctu EcdesiK.'' Died in 153a.

Paes,pl-(th', (Fkancisco,) a Jesuit miaiionary, bom
at Olmedo, in Spain, in 1564. He entered Abysunia in
1603, learned a native dialect, and converted the king,
Za-Denghel. He is said lo have visited one of the
source* of the Nile in 1618. He died ia Abyssinia in
i6u, (as is aupposed,) leaving a History of Abyssiida
in manuscript, and some letters.

Pub, pl4ih', {Jos* Antonio,) a Sooth American
general, bom at Varinas abcrat 178s. He served wttb
distinction in the army of B<divar igainst the Spaniards.
The victory at the mat battle of Carabobo, or Carabolch
In 1831, ia ascrib^ M Um. In 1830 he wat elected
President of Venetoela for lour years. He wat re-elected

in 1838 or 1839^ and was appointed dictator in 1S46.
Having bdled in an armed contett with Honagat *-
1848, be was taken prisoner and ealed in tSja He v

Veneiuelan minister to the United States in i860 and
1861. Died in New York, Hay 6, 1873.

8m UiAiitsWc«n|ilw,"ADUiUa«nIs<ldJ(»iABtaiiiePB«,'
■atr ; " North Anwiao RaTba" Ihr Jtilj, ilij.

Paean, da^ dfh pf g&M', (Bum Fkanqou,) Codht,
an emment ^mch engineer and geometer, wat bom at
Avignon in 1604. He distinguiahed himself by skill and
courage in the war against tne French Protestants — "*

directed the siege of Nancv, in 1633. He had just

made a martchal-de-camp, in 1643, when he was deprived
of sight by disease. Continning to apply himself with
toccesB to mathematics, he gained a high reputation by
hit writings. In 164s be puTilisbed in his "Treatii
FortiGcationa" ("Ttaitt det Fonifications") a nev ^
tern of fortification, which quickly superseded all others.
He is reputed one of the greatest masters and improver*
of the art on which thatwwk treats. Died in 1665.

Sa PnuULT. " HomniK DhMiM."

Paganel, pi'gfnil', (Camillb Pierke Alexis,] a
HoA-^air, born m Paris m 1797. He was elected 10 the
Chamber of Deputies six times between 1S34 and 18^
and voted with the Centre^ Among his worlcs it a " His-

i, however, for the death and reprieve of

the kitQ. He wrote an " Essay on the French Revoln'
tion," <3 vols., iSio.) Died in iSsGl

Pannl, pi-gl'nee, (Fkamcesco,) s Florentine painter,
bom In I jji. He jMunted Irescos in his native dtj.
Died in i J6i.

Pagaul, (GaaoOBio,) a ton of the preceding wat
bora at Florence in 15J8. He was a pupil of CigoU,
whose style he imitated, was an excellenl colorist, and
was one of the best masters that Florence possessed

the end of the sixteenth century. His master-piece,
" The Discovery of the Cross," was destroyed by Gr&
His extant worln arc not nameront. Died in 1605.

Pagani, (Paolo,) a painiei, bom in the duchy of
Milan in 1661. He worked in Venice with incceas.
The gallery of Dresden contains his picture of a )Ia(>
'tlene in meditation. Died in 1716.

Paganl-Ceaa, pl-gS'nee chi'U, (Ginaappi Urbaho,)
an Italian poet, bom at Belluno in 1757. Hewrote''La
Villegiatura di Clizia," (1803,) and other poem* of some
meriL He also produced a mediocre version of Virgil's
" .Cneid," (1833.) Died in 1S35.

'^agaolni, pt-gl-nee'nce, (NiccolCi,) acelebrated Ital-
performer on the violin, was bom at Genoa in 1784.
He received Ictsont Iroai Rolla,'Ghiietti, and I^er,
and is said to have composed a sonata of merit at tli«
age of nine, about which time he began to perform in
public concerts, and by his wonderfiil powers produced
the most extraordinary excitement among the audience.
When not yet fifteen, he escaped from the control Ol hi*
father, and commenced business on hts own aceonnt
But, unhappily, the admiration and flatteries which h«
received, and the control of large sums of money, which
he procured almost without effort, exerted a mo«t In-

iunous effect on hit moral character, and he fell into
abits of gamUin^ and into the practice of other vtcet.
About iS^ he retired for a time from public view ; but
his former habits of life, and the necessity of excitement
induced or compelled him to retum. After he had
given concerts in ttie great d ties of Italy, he visited Vieima
m iSiS, and was received with the wildest enthusiatm.
His performances created a fiiror wholly unpatallcled
in the history of music He gained enormous lamt of
money in Puis and London. His marvellont perform-
■">~ on a single string exdted especial astonishment
□mposed sonatas, etc. for the violin, which display
an inventive genint. Died at Nice in 1S40. With aA
hit rare gifts, be it tahl to have been sensual, extTemelf
avatidoo*, and eicettively vain.

Pagano, pl-ri'no, {Fkancesoo MAkU,) a political
srriter, born at Brienaa, in the kingdom of Naples, in
t748. He obtained the chair of law at Naples in 17S7.
His principal work is "Political Essaya," ("Saggi po-
Mtid, 179a.) He was a partisan of the Neapolitan re-
public formed in 1798. Having been taken prisoner by
the royalists, he was executed u 1S00.

FaganuocI, pl-gl-noot'chee, (Jean,) a French mer-
chant bom at Lyons in 1739, wrote an excellent "Mer-
chants' Manual," (" Mantiel det N^godants," 3 vda,
176a.) Died in 1797.

PIge, (Emily k.,) an American poetess, bom at Brad*
ford, Vermont, in I S38. She wrote a number of fugitive
pieces, among which "The Old Canoe" has achieved
wide popularity. Died in i86a

ySta, (John,} an American patriot and Governor,
bom in GVoncetter county, Virginia, In 1743, He ren-
dered important services durinp the Revolution, wat
a member of Congress from Virginia for eight jfears,
(■789-97,) and waa elected Governor of Virginia in
1S03. He was a personal friend of Tbomat JeSertoo.
Died at Richmond in 1808.

Paga, (Thoius Nelson,) author, bom tl Oakland,
Virginia, 1S53. His many stories deal with the South,
some of them in negro dialect. Other works are " The
Old South," " Robert E. Lee, the Southerner," etc.

Page, (Walter Hines,) editor, bom at Cary, North
Carolina, 1855. He eogaged in literary work, was edi-
tor of the "Forum" 1890-95, the "Atlantic Monthly"
1896-99, and the "Worid'sWork"Bfter 1899. Hehas
wrilten "The Southerner," a novel, and other works.
Was appointed Ambassador to Great Britain in 1913.

w i; { aa /; I J«n/; t a*>; a, H, K,^KMHni/; K, mud/; a, fri//i^; I as s; Ih a

.11 Mm.

IQ^^See Explanations, p. 33,^

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

wrote "The Peace-Maker, or « Brief Motive to Unitj'."
Died In 1663.

FuBi (WiLLUM,) an American oainter, bom at Al-
bany in iSii. He Btodied for ■ time ondet S. F. B.
Hmve, in New Vorlc, and mbeeqnentl* produced teveral
portraits and historical piece* vrhicn establlahed hit
reputation. He viuted Rome about iSscy and relamed
in iSiSo to New Yorlc Amoi^ hit principal workt are
tlie " Flight into Egrpt," " Hoae* and Aaron on Mount
Horeb," and " Theln&int Bacchua." D. Sept. 30, 1SS5.

P^enstaohor, ^fen-aOEfp, (Auxakdik Ak-
HOLD,) a German juruconmlt, bom at Bentheim in
1659. He became professor of law at Groningen, and
wrote man; works. Died in ITI&

Pagte. See GARNiii-PAais.

Pagta, pf zhis', (FtANgois Xaviek,) a French lia/-
raOur, bom at Auiillac in 1745. He published, besides
nan; novels, "Historical TaUeaux of the French Rero-
lation," (3 vols., 1791-1S04.) Died in 1803.

Pagte, (PinutK Habik Fkah^is,) a French voyager,
bom at Toulouse in 1748, was a captain in the navy.
He published in 1783 "Voyages around the World and
towards the Poles in 1767-1776." He was maaaacred
b7 the negroes in Saint Domingo in 1793.

Pag'et, (Sir Augustus Bbrkblby,) an English
diplomatist, bom in iSaj. He was successively min-
ister to Denmark 1858, Portugal 1S66, and Italy 1867 ;
ambassador to Italy 1876-83, and to Austria 1S84.

miral, a brother of the Marqais of Anglesey, wa* bom
In 1811. He served as captain In the navy, and com-
manded the Princes* Roj^ in the Baltic in 1S54. He

was elected to Parliament in 1847 and in 1857, He be-
came secretary lo the Admiralty in 1859, and vice-admiral
in 1865. Died in 1895.

Fagat or Paf 1^ (Eusuius,] an Engliah Puritan
minister and writer, born in Notthamptonahire aboDi
1543. He became rector of Saint Anne and Saint
A^e*, London, in 1604. His chief work ia a " Histoij
ofthe Bible." Diedini6i7- Hia son Epm»aim, (1575-
1647,} a noted linguist, wrote a " Christianographia.

Faiget, (Gbokge Fredirick Augustus,) Lord, a
brother of Clarence Edward, was bom in iSiS. He be-
came colonel of dragoons in 1854. and general in i877-
He distlnKulshed himself at Balaklava, (1854.) Dted
June 30, 1880.

Paget, (Henrv Willcam,] Lord, See Anolukt.

Paget, (Sir Jambs,) an English physiologist and sur-
geon of high repolalion, was born in Great Yarmouth
in 1S14, He wa* admitted into the Coll^^ of Surgtona
in 1836, and became Hunterian professor of surgery
and president of the college (i8;s.) Among his
works are " Lectures on Surgical Pathology," (1853
tl liq.,') and "Clinical Lectures," (1875,) Died in
1899.

Paget, (ViOLBT,) an English writer, bom in 1856,
and many years resident in Italy. Under the pen-
name of Vernon Lee she published "Studies of the
Eighteenth Century in Italy," (1880,) " Miss Brown,"
C1884,) " Hauntings," (1890,) and " Vanitas,"
stories, (189Z,) " Renaissance Fancies and Studies,"
(1895,) " Limbo," essays, (1897.) etc.

ngKt, (WiLUAU,) Baron, an English uatetman,
bornin London In 1506, He became one of the secre-
taries of state in 1543. Designated by Henry VIII. as
one of the eiecutors of his will, Paget took a prominent

Eart in the events of the reign of Edward VI„ and was
eeper of the seals in the following reign. In ijSt he
advised Elirabeth to make an alliance with the King of
Navarre and the Huguenots rather than the King of
Spain. Died in 1563.

Paggi pld'jee,or Pagl,pl'iee, {Giovanni Battista,)
as eminent Italian painter, bom at Genoa in 15J4, wa*
■ pupil of Luca Cambiaso. He worked about twenty
years at Florence, and relumed to Genoa in 1600, after
which he adomed the churches of that city with many
paintings. He wa* the master of a school in which •*▼•

" TbeHassacre of the Innocents." Died m 1617.

S« Lamd, "HiitoiT of PutiBf ia luif!" Somua, "TllsJ/

Pagl, pf ihe', (AHTonn,) a French chronokigist, bota
in Provence in 1644. Hi* reputation is foandol on hi*
"Historical and Chronological Critidsm on die Ec-
clesiastical Annals of Baronio*," ("Critica hittorlco-
chronoli^ca in Annales Ecdesiastico* Baronli," 4 vola^
1705.) Died)iii699L

Paigi, L'AsBi, a F^endi historian, bom at Martina
about 1690. He published a " History of the Revota*
lions of the Low Countries," {1737.)

Paglt See Paoit, (Eusibiui.)

Paglia, pSl'yl, (Antonio,) a distinguished ItaHaa
painter, bom in i68a He was a skilful imitator of the
old master*. He worked in Breads, the churches of
which contain many of hi* pictures. Died in 1747.

Paglla, (Fkancisco,) the father of the preceding,
bom at Bresda in 1636, was a pupil of Gnerdno. He
excelled in portrait* and in the adence of clair-obscnr.
He died soon after 170a

Pa^erre, ptn'yaift', (Laurent Antoihb,) aFrend)
republican, bom in Seine-et-Oise in 1805. He wa* ap-
pcanted assistant lo the mayor of Pari*, Ganuer-Pag^
In February, 1848; (ecretary-Keoeral of the provWoMI
aovemment on the ist of Harch, and director of the
Comptoir national d'Escompte on the 9th of MardL Ha
was the first proposer of this institution, which rendered
great services to the public in that crisis. Died in 1854.

Pagneat, ptg'ni', (Auablb Louis Claudb,) a French
portrait- pain ler, bom in Paris in 1790; died in 1819.

PagDlQl, pln-yee'nee, [LaL Paqni'nus,) (Luca An-
tonio,) an Italian classical scholar and monk, bom at
Pistoia in 1737. He wrote Greek and Latin epigram*,
'Epigratnmi moral! cento,''(i799,) which were admired,
and produced good translations of Anacreon, (1766,)
Theocritus, (17S0,) Hesiod, (1797,) and Horace's " Sa-
tires and Epistles," (18 14.) Hecorrespondedwith AlfierL
Frasoni, and Ccsarottl. In 1806 he becaunc professor of
Latin at Pisa. Died In 1S14.

Pagnlno, pln-yce'no, |Lat. Paoki'kcs,] (Santb,) an
Italian Orientalist, was bom at Lucca about 1470. He
entered the order of Dominicans, and became a resident
of Lyons in 153^ He produced a Latin version of the
Bible from the original Hebrew and Greek, (1518,) which
was highly commended by Buitorf; Huet, and other
critics. Among hi* works is a " Hebrew-Latin Dic-
tionary," (1539.) Died about 1538.

PasnlniiB. See PACNINa

Panlen, von d«r, fbn dtr pllfn, (Pbtik,) Baron or
Contrr, a Rossian general, born about 1^44. He gained
the fiivonr of the Czar Paul, who appomted him Gov-
ernor-General of Saint Petersburg. He took an active
part in the assassination of Paul, In iSoi, and i* said to
aave been the chief of that conspiracy. He retired t»
hi* estate in livonia, where he died ir " '

PoUea, von der, (Pbtbr,) Count, a Russian gen*
eral, and son of the preceding, distinguished himseu ta
Ihe campaigns of l8t3 and 1813. He was ambassador

Paloe. See Paci (Ricuabix)

PaUIeion, pf yfh'rAK', (Eimuakd,) a French poet
and dramatic author, born in Paris in 1834. His earlier
works,— "I.e dernier Quartier," (1863,) "Le second
Mouvement," (1865,) etc, — markea by elegance of dic-
tion, were less successful than his later, poorer, and more
sensational plays, — "Faux Manages," (1869,) etc, — many
of which are enlivened by brilliant wit Died in 1899.

Palllat, pf yi', ( Alfhonsb Gabbibl Victor,) aa
eminent French advocate, bom at Soissont in I19b
settled in Paris about 1826^ and acquired a very h%h
reputation for eloquence and probity. He displByed
consummate art in the statement and expoailion of bctSk
In 1819 he was elected to the Legislative Assembly,
Died In 1855. "Nature had given him," says the "Bio-
graphic Univeiselle," "in a jn*t ntea*nre and in perfect
eqmllbrium, all the qualities which are reqniaite tc form
a great advocate."

»«», also, J. La—ac. " fliif <a M. FrilWt," tHl-

*, e, i, 6, a, J, iiw/; 1, 4, 6, same, less prolonged; i, S, 1, 6, a, J, iA.>rt; », ft i, 9. '^""*'" *'> "^"i **'"• °'*«i "*'; S^Mi o

PAILLIET 1 8

Pmllllet, pfjre-i', or P«lU«t, pf yft', (Jkah Bap-
nsTK ToSKPU,) iTrench jori«t, bora at Orl&na in 1^89.
He ODblUhed « " Manaal of French Law," {9th edition,
■834) which wu perh»p» more popular thin any other
dmilar book. He also mote other woik*. Died about
1860,

PalUot da Montalisrt, pfyo' d(h mAN'trbaik',
(Jban NicoiAS,) a French painter, bom at Troye* in
1771, He wrote a " Complete Treatise on Painting,"
(9 volt^ 1819.) Died in 1849.

Pain, (Baeby,) an English author and journalist,
editor of "To-Day" after 1897. Among his wotki
Me " In « Canadian Canoe," (1891,) " Kindness of
the Celestial," (1894,) "The Octave of Claudius,"

fl8o7,) "The Romantic History of Robin Hood,"
,898,5 etc. _ _

Palno, (Elijah,) LI-D., an American jarut, bom at
Brooklyn, Connecticut, in 1757. He was elected to the
United State* Senate in 179+, and in 1801 became jodge
of the United States court for Vermont He was a
member of the American Academy of Arts and Sdencea,
and of other learned inslilulions. Died in 1843.

Paine, (Elijah,) son of the preceding, was bom at

WiUiamstown, Vermont, in 1796, and rose to eminen

s hiri«L He published, in conjunction with John 1
"Practice in Civil Actions and Proceedings in the
tt New York." (1830.) Died in 1853.

Paine, (John Kndwlbs,) an American miuical
poser, boTR at Portland, Maine, January 9, 1839. He
finished his musical education at Berlin. In i363 he was
appointed inatnicloT of music at Harvard, and in 1S76
waa raised to a foil ptofessorsbip there. He has pro-
duced "Saint Peter," an oratorio, the "Centennial
Hymn," tor the exposition of 1876, "Columbus
March" and hymn for Chicago Exposition, (1892,)
etc. He published "Famous Composers and their
Works," (;i892-94.)

Paine, (Mahtvn,) M.D., LL.D., an eminent phy-
sician, was bom at Williamslown, Vermont, in 1794, and
graduated at Harvard College in 1813. He afterwards

settled in New York, where be

•ndextenwve practice. Ini84il . ...
of the University Medical College, in which he filled the
chair of therapeutics and materia medica. He poblished,
among other noilu, "The Cholera Asphyxia of New
York, " Medical and Physiological Commentaries,"
(1S4D,) and "Institutes of Medicine," (1S47.) The two
last-named have a very high reputation. He wrote a
treatise on " Theoretical Geology." Died in New York
dty, November 10, ■" —

n 1731, He was a member of Cor^reas for about
four yeara, (1774-78.) In 1780 he was one of the com-
mittee whidi formed the State Constitntion of Uaaaa-
diDsetts, and in 1790 became judge of the sapteme
court of that State. Died in 1814.

See G«n«icH,"Un*(iftlw Sicouslath* Dcdintiiia of lod*-

tt Harvard College in ■79a, and, having subsequentlj
studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1803. He was
the author of a very popular poli:ical song, entitled
" Adams and Liberty," and of other works, in prose and
terser Died in 181 1.

See R. V. CiinnLD. " PseU Bd Pmdt ef Anu-ica," p. n
Palue, (THOMAS,) a pclitlcal and deistical wrib
bora at Thetfbrd, in Norfolk, England, in January, t7«.
His father was a Qnaker, and brought np his son to his
mm trade, that of stay-maker, Paine married young,
and settled in 1759 at Sandwich. Having lost his wile
■bout 1761, be removed to London, where for 1 short
time he was employed as a school-teacher. After seve-
ral changes of business and residence, he emigrated to
America in 1774, with a letter of recommendation from
Dr. Franklin, whom he n'ei in London. Ha beca
editor of the "Pennsylvania Magazine," and gave
bnpnlsetothe Revolution by hi* luions pamphlet called

" Common Sense," In which he advocated ibe policy vi
separiuioii and independence^ It was issued in Jannarr,

1776, and appears to have contributed in an eztraonfi-
nary degree to the advancement of republican ideas.
He enlisted as a volunteer in the army in the auniOB
of 1776. To counteract the depression of spirits which
prevailed in the winter of 1776-771 he publiahed "Thi
Ctiaia," a periodical, which appured at irregular in-
tervals for some years and was very successful. The

'irase "These are the times that try men's souls" was
St used in the "Crisis." He was secretary to the
mmittee on foreign affairs in Congress from April,

1777, to January, 1779, and went to France in 1781, with
Colonel Laurens, to negotiate a loan for the United
States. His services in the Revolution were rewarded
by Congress in 1785 with a present of three thousand
dollan, and the State of New York gave him thres
hundred acres of land.

In 17S7 he visited France, from which he passed to
England. He invented an iron bridge, and procured tha
construction of auch a bridge at Rotherham, in York-
shire. He returned to Paris in 1789, and, in answer to
Burke's " Reflections on the French Revolution," wrote
his " Riehts of Man," (1791,) which obtained great popo-
larity. In September, 179*, he was elected a member
of the French National Convention by the citizens of
the Pas-de-Calais. He acted with the Girondists, and,
in the trial of the king, voted for his banishment About
die end of 1793 he was expelled from the Convention, as
a foreigner, by the Jacobins, who also issued a deem
dial all natives of England found in France should be
imprisoned. He was accordingly cast into prisMi, and
'rowly escaped death in the reign of terror. Id
..jvember, 1794, he was released, through the influence
of Jaroes Monroe, (afterwards President of the United
States,) and resumed his scat in the Convention. He

Produced in 1 795 a deistical work entitled " The Age of
[eaaon," whidigave great offence to many of his polit-
ical friends. This work, although characterized by s
certain vigour as welt as flippancy of style, and though
&om its very indecency calculated to obtain currency
among the less refined portion of society, yet, beljif
conspicuously wanting in a spirit of candour, and betray-
ing an utter deficiency in true scholarship, is lUcely to exert
but little influence upon intelligent and reflecting minds,
and least of all on those whose learning qualinea them
to judge of the ignorance of the writer and the essentia]
shallowness of most of his arguments. He returned to
the United Slates in iSos, and passed his latter years
in private life and comparative obscurity. He became
intemperate in the latter part of his life. Died in New

York in June, 1809.
- - , " MeiL.

Piine,":

' Lift orVhwiu Piii

u Piine," iBoo : Oiuu,
Auous, "Liie oTThomw
Lilii of Tbomu Paine," i&tn W. T
~ ' ." iBio; WiLUAM Conrrr
rcK, " CfclwiiBflU of AmencaA
Liimnire," vol. i. i Ai,l.iMHa, ■' Dinimuir of Aolhon i" "Noitk
Aisericu Review" fat July. >t43 1 " AOinlic Kgnlhlr" iat Jul; ud
December, i«39.

Fatne. (William H.,) an American civil engineer,
bom at Cheater, New Hampshire, in i8j8. He went
to California in 1848, surveyed a wagon route over
the Rocky Mountains in 1849 and a railroad route
over the Sierra Nevada in 1853. Subsequently he
became an engineer on the Brooklyn Bridge and a
builder of cable roadi. He had just completed one
in Cleveland, Ohio, at his death in 1890.

PalsleUo, pf-ke-ello, or Paeaiello, pl-k-le-ello,
(Giovanni,) a celebrated Italian composer, bom at
Tarento in 1741, studied five years under Durante at
Naples. About t7&-, he produced operas entitled *>La
Papilla" and " II Hondo alia Rovescio," which extended
his reputation throughout Italy. He was chapel-maiter
to the King of Naples from 17S6 to 1798. Having been
invited by Bonaparte, he went to Paris in i3o3, and
officiated as chapel-master for two veara. He leiumed
to Naples in 1S04. Among hia populaj operas are " Kins
Theodore," (" 11 Re Teodoro,") "The Barber of Seville,"
" Frascatina," "La Locanda," "Pirro," and " lo son
Lindoro," (or " Hope told a Flattering Tale.") " He is
auperior to hia rivals," says Denne-Baron, ■■ In the

isi.-fa

1; g hard: g as;; o, H, m.gtitlural; N, nasal; B, trillid; I as «; rt as in rtir.

ijtf See Explanationa, p. a^

Digitized by VjOOQIC

PAITONI 1 8

HULvU; of his melody and the charm of his ezpres^on."
Hh works displij vtrvt, orieiiuUitr, an extreme fertility
of iDTcntion, and a graM ana cl^ance which are almost
nneqaalled. Died in 181&

Sea Qo ATSSMtaB D« Qddkt, "Notin va Piliiello:" Firu,
"Bigaivilii* UnlTcntOlt de* Uiuidcu;" iMOavit, " Notice lui
C. Puidlo,'* i«i6: ScHun, "RicEioouKntodelli Vltidi a Fai-
HtUo," itn i " NDonlla BHtiapbie Ctojnle."

Paltonl, pl-to'nee, [Giacomo Maria,) sn Italrin
monk and tubliogr-apher, bom at Venice aboot 1710.
His reputation it founded od an accurate work entitled
"Library of Andent Latin and Greek Authors," etc,
("Biblioteca degli Aulari antichi Gred e Latini toI-
gaiizzati," S »ols., 1767.) Died in 1774.

Palzhana, lAks'^ni or pik'sON', (Hknbi Joseph,) a
French general, born at Meti in 1783. He served -- '"■-

— 1 — „*■ 1.,.^- jnj pnasia^ and at tbe bat

represented Meti in the Chi
in 1S48, and ros«
nade improvements

the rank of genera] oi

in artillery and projectiles, which beai
published Beveral works on aitiller]
Th« Fatihan guna were first used ii

n QnuterirRe-

:s on artillery and the art of

^_.._ .. -, first used in France about 1824.

Died in 1S54.

Sn " NogTilb BUvnphia G&i«nla :
view** for Jane, iSiB.

Pajol, pf iho]', (CuuDB PiKRRK,) CoKTE, « French
general, bom at Besanfon in 1771. He lignaliied him-
self at Ulm and Aosterlitc, (1S05,) was made a general
of brigade in 1E07, and became a general of division
in 1812, His defence of Montereau was praised \t^ Na-
Doleon, who appointed him grand officer of the legion of
honour in 1814. He fought agamtt Charlea X., and was
■ecoud in command of the Parisian troop* in |uly, 1830.
EKedin 184^

Pajon, pfthAN', (Claudk,) a French Protestant
oituater, bom at Romorantin in ifiaS. He preached at
Orleans, and gained a high reputation by his writings,
among which is a defence of the Protestant ^th agiintt
Nicole, entitled "Ezamen des Pr^jugte I^times," (de
Nicole,) [1675.) Died in 16S5.

F^ot, przho', (Louis LAon,) Comte d'Ons-en-Bray,
(dAH sCn bsi,) a French mechanician and collector, bom
in Paris in i6t8. He collected a rich cabinet of machine*
and rare work* of art, etc. He invented an anemometer,
and wrote several sdenlific treatises. In lyoS he became
du-ector-geoeral of the post-office. Died in 1754.

PbJoo, pf ihoo', (AuouffTiN,) a French aculptot.boni
in Paris in 1T30, was a pupil of Lemoyne. He gained
the grand prize in 174S, and went as royal pensioner to
Rome, where he remained twelve years. He enjoyed
great celebrinp in France in his time. Among his work*
arc statues of Pascal, Descartes, Ftiuelon, Turenne, and
BoBsaeL Died at Paris in 1809.

PaJou, (JacqubsAcoustik,) a historical painter, a son
oftheprecedii^,was bom in Paris in 1 766 ; died in 1838.

PoJcenbam, palt^n-im, (Sir Edward,) a British
general, who commanded the arm; which attacked New
Orlean* and was defeated by Genera] Jackson, January
8, iSiS- He was killed in this action. Hewu a brother-
in-law of the Duke of Wellington.

Pakwiham, (Sir Thomas,) a British admiral, bora in
1758. As captain of a ship of seventy-four guns, he took
[wrt in Lord Howe's victory over the French in June,
1794. He became admiral aboat t8io. Died in 1836.

Fakh^ plKt, Paabt, or Beklief , a goddess of^the
ancient Eevotians, the wif" "' "'--'--'- -- " — -■---

'- "-- e been properly di

regard them a* r ,
with'a twnfuld nature. Bast was worshipped
Pakht chiefly al Memphia.

FtldDg-t^n, (Dorothy,] a learned English lady,
was a daughter of^ Lord Coventry, and wife of Sir John
Pakingion. Died in 1679. She was supposed to be the
anthor of "The Whole Duty of Man."

FokliiBtaii, (Sir John SotfERSST,) an English con-
servative politician, a son of William Ruasell, of Powick
Covrt. Worcestershire, was bom in 1799. He assumed

PALAMEDES

name of his ancle sbout 183& He entered Parlia-

)t in 1817, and was colonial lecretary for a abort time

852. He was first lord of the admiralty in 1858-59,

and was appointed secretary of war in 1867, but resigned

in the following year. Died Ajiril 9, iSSo.

FaJaoky, i^-lltaliee, sometimes Anglidied in pro
nundatioD as pi-lak'kee, (Francis,) an eminent Bohe-
mian historian and oitiq bom al Hodslawits in Jnn^
1 798, was a Protestant He was appointed histonogra-
pher of Bohemia about 1830, and edited lhe"IoumaTof
the Bohemian Museum" torn i8»7 to 1837. He was an
active aupporter ol liberal priodpte* in 1848, and pre-
sided orer a Congress of Slavonians at Prague in that
C. His prindpal work ii an excellent " History of
nnia," in German, (8 vols., i836-6a) Died bi 1876L
PaUdlnea. See Palladinu.
PaUdini, pi-Ii-dec'nee, (Arcancila,) a pabiter and
poetess, born at P{«a in 1590 ; died in 1632.

Paladlnl, (Fujppo,) an able Florentine painter, bom
about 1544, was the bdier of the preceding. His picture
of the "Death of John the Baptiat" is admired. Died

Paltemon, pt-lee'mon, [Or. TL^hX^im ; Fr. PaiAmon,
^i'm6N',] in the Greek mytboli^, the son of Athamas
and Ino, was first called MkUCBrta. He waa regarded
a* a marine divinity, and the bthmian games were insti*
tuted in his honour. He was identified with the Roman
Portumnos. (See Melickrta.)

~' ■ ' roa RBMw.,

i TiberiM,

PeJsologiu, piS-le-ol'o-gas, [Gt. TidkaiiAirm; Fr.
PALioLQGUE, ptai'olog',] the name of an illustnooa
Byzantine lamily which acquired distinction in the cler-

enth century. They reigned in Constantinople fron

1260 until 1453, *"^t> l^t ' '

Turks. (See A)

It capital waa taken by the

) IL, CoNTTANTtHK XIIL,

Manuel IL. John VL, and Johm VIL)

Palwpbatns, pf-l(f a-tus, a Greek historian of Aby-
dos, was a friend of Anstotle, and lived about 3^0 B-C.
According to Suidas, he wrote m Attica, Arabia, and
Cyprus.

FBlsaphcitiu, a Greek writer of an uncertain period,
to whom Suidas attribute* an " Explanation of ThingB
related in Mythology." By some critics this is identiGed
with an extant work "On Things Incredible," (ircpi rur
dirimwr.) Suidas also mentions an Athenian epic poet
of this name, who lived befiwe Homer.

Palafox; da, di pl-li-ffln', (Than,) a Spanish bUhop
and writer, bora in Aragon in 1600. He became Bishop
ofOsmain 1653. He wrote, besides works of derotloo,
"The Shepherd ofChristmss Eve," C Pastor dcModM
Bnena," i6;0 and" The Conquest of China by the Tar-
tars," (167&) Died in 1659.

Sm Ddbdut, "Via de f da Pskte," ■}»*: Qumpkm^
-Uincin lie J. de PaUm," liU.

PalafoK T Malxi, pl-ll-AH' e mel'i:«ee, (Jos*,) com-
monly called timpty Palafox, (which b pronunciBtioQ
is usually Anglicized as pU')-lbk>',) a Spanish geaeral,
bom in Aruon in 178a He becanM in his youth a
member of the military household of the king. When
an attack on Saragossa by the French was expected, in
1808, he was nominated captain-general by popular ac-
clamation. He defended that cin obstinately for sixty
days, at theend of which term the French letired, Angnst,
tSoS. Another force, under Lannes, renewed the sie^
in November, and Palafox was forced to capitulate m
Febraary, iSog. He supported the popular cauae aninat
Ferdinand VIL in igao. About 1836 be was made Dnke
of Saragossa. Died in 1S47-
See "NouTelli Kofrqilii* Otednle."

FU'f-nuw, [IluXividc,] (Grioorius,) a Greek nonk
and mystical writer, lived about I3ja He was tbe
leader of a sect or parta called PalamiKs, whoee dalrna
to mystical light cansecl a great oonttoversy.
Poliunide. See PaijU(iedi&

Pil-a-tM'dai, [Gr. ILil<v4%; Fr. pALAMkDB, pT-
If mid'] a personage of clas^ mythology, snppoaed to
have been the inventor of scales, measures, cheu, dice,
and sevcralletteiB of the Greek uphabct Havingjojned
the expedition against Troy, be expoMd by an ingeniona

Lc, 1, 5, Q.y.A'H/.' it, i. A, same, less prolonged: i,i,I,&i!,y,.':t»f,'^f,),lhafjfMrv;flr,flI1,at;mlt;nftt;g36d mSSn'

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

PALAPHAT iS

■tratagem the felfjned inunitj of Ulnsei, and thereby
incorrcd hk enauty. The ooeti relate that Utysiei
concealed in the tent of Palamedea a lum of moner
and a forged letter from PriaiD,<Ki the evidence of whlcB
Palamedea was convicted of treatcm and pat to death.

Sm Vnoii, "Am-I," book li tt.

Palaprat idVpaf, (JuN mt Bioot,) a French
dramatK poe^ bom at Ttralonte ht 165a He «aa mc>
retary to Uie grand prior of VendOme^ and wai noted
fot wit He wrote draniM entitled "The Secret Re-
vealed" and "The Prade of the Tine," TL* Pmde dn
Temps,") and attiated Bnwyi In the oompo^tiaa of
tereral l^ari. Died in 1711.

PU-%4^iUi a MTname giTcn by the Romana to
ApoUot to whom a temple waa erected on Mount Pala-
tine.

FbImbsI, pl-llt'aee, (Giotakni,) an Italian hiatorian,
born at Veniot about ■6i4a. He wrote many mediocre
worka, among which ia a " History of the German Em-
pire," (9 Tola., 1&71-79.) Died about lyos.

PalMilo. See Falkakib&

HU-a-Crl-OB or Palttwlo, pt-li-1're-o, (Aoirni* or
AoKiOi) ■ good Italian writer and acholar, was bom in
die Campagna td Rome abont t jom. IDa proper name
«M Dblla Faqlia, (pU'yL) He acquired ffiatinction
as a Latin poet, and became profeaaor of eloquence at
Milan in 155J. His Latin poem on the imoKMlaUty of
the soul (1536) was commended by Sidolet. Having
been oonverted to the doctrinea of the Reformera, or
advocated religions liberty, he wax bied for hereay and
hnng at Rome in 1570.

So " lifc utd Tbns of AoDio Pilfuio," l>T v. VoOMO, 1 Tob.,
■Ko; OvHUTT, "LcbsD im A. Pilcarini," iSaj: Bavlk, "Hi*-
Hiical ind Crilicil Dicdourj;" NKtenl, "lUiBoin*."

PaUmon. See Palakoh.

Falvnola, de, (ALFOMfa) See Alfonio m Pa-

PalenoU, Hm, di pl-lbi'the-i, (Fxbnamdo,) a Spanish
■oldier and writer, lived in the sixteenth century. He
served in the anny in Pem, and pabUshed in 1571 a
•• HiatoTv of Pem."

PaUologoo. See FAUBOLOCUa.

PaleotU,pa-li-of tee, (Gabubu) ait Italian cardinal,
bom at Bologna in 1534. He was sent to die Council
of Trent by^ns iV., and beoune a cardinal in 1565.
Among his worica is "De Bono Senectntis," (IJ9&)
Died in 1597. ,

PfiOH.fFr. FalAs plots',] a diviidty who presided
over cattle, shepherds, and pastnrea among the andent
Romana. Fales was represented by aome as a male and
by others as a bmale ddty, and was the personificatiaa
M the same idea as Pan among the Greelu.

PaloatrliiB, da, dS pl-lls-tKee'nl, (Giovanni Pm.
LUIGI,) an Italian composer of great celebrity, was bom
at Palestrina, (Ihe anaent Pnenestc,) near Rome, about
1514. He studied at Rome under Claude Goodimel,
henchman. In 1551 he waa appointed chapel-mast
to Pope Julius IIL He produced in 1554 his first wor
fonr masses for four toIms, and obtainMl a place among
the singers of the pontifical chapel, from which Paul
IV, removed him because he was married. From 1561
to 1571 he was chapel-master of Santa Maria VLa%-
giore. During this period the pope resolved to reform
the music of the Church or to banish iL Pilettrina
was directed to compose a mass which shootd be con-
fimned to a pure orthodox standard. The result was
the famous mass for six voices, called the "Hus of
Pope Marcetlns," (156^,) which was received with great
admiration and determined hi* superiors to retain music
h die Roman Church. ■■ The nnrivajled genius of Pa-

79 PALEY

Falottai, i^-Ut'tl, or PaUatta, i41-ltt'tl, (Giovanni
Battista,) an Italian anatomist and writer, bora in tbt
valley of Ossola, In Piedmont, In 1V47. He became
snrgeon-in-chief of the grand hospital of Milan in 1787.
Among his works is " Pathologiau Elxerdae^" ( " Exer-
dtationes Fathologicm," 1 vols., iSso.) Died in 1833.

Sa o. muBo, "Tat dd PrnfcMPW G. B. Pilcna," ilu.

Palvy, (Fkbdbucx Afthoip,) an Er^lish scholar, a
grandson of the diatiiwnislied William nicv, was bom

Catholic, and in 1874 was awointed a professor of
ctsBslcal literature in the University College st Kensing-
ton. Besides editing many Greek and some Latin teita,
'^ - nublished a ■■ Manual ot Gothic Architecture," (184^)
other writings, chiefly on church architecture and
kindred subjects. Died in 1888.
P«l«y, (William,) an eminent English writer, bom
PeterboTDOgh in 1743- He graduated in 176] at
Christ* ■ College, CamMrdg^ — where he does not appear
to have been distingnished for his application,* — locA
boly orders, and waa chosen a Fellow of his college in
lyMt He waa snbseqtiently emploved as a tutor at
Cambrl^ce, and became rector 01 Hu^rove, in West-
moreland In 177s, soon after which d:^ he married.
In 1781 he was sppointcd Ardideacon of Carlisle. He

fublishedini785"The PrindpleaofHoral and Political
hitosophy," r^arded by some as the most important
of all his works. At ■ writer he excels in logical power
ss of style. He denies the existence of a
moral sense, and adopts the maxim that "whatever b
expedient it rl^ht." He was liberal in theology, waa
a friend of dnl and relinous liberty, and eametlly
advocated the abolition of the slave-trade. In 1790 ha
produced an admirable work entitled " Hone Pjulline,
or the Truth of the Scripture History of Saint Paul
evinced." He was appointed a piebendary of Saint
Paul's in 1794, and was presented to the sub^esnery of
Lincoln Cathedral. About 1795 he obtained the rec-
tory of Bishop- Wearmouth. His other prindpal worka
are " A View of the Evidences of Christianity,'' [3 vols.,
1794,) one of the best works ever written on the subject
of which it treats, and " Natural Theology, or Evidences
of the Existence and Altributea of the Deity," (iSoaJ
which has a very high reputation and has often been
"^printed. Faley's utilitarianism and alleged laxity of
ew respecting certain questions in morals, and in a no
s* degree his liberalism in politics, were distasteful to
George III., who refiised positiiely to appoint him to the
episcopate, on his nomination t^ the prime minister.
Died May 15, 1S05,

"This excellent writer," says Mackintosh, "who, after
Clarice and Butler, ought to be ranked among the
brigbtett omamentt of the English Church in tbe eirii-
teenth ctnluiy, is in the history of philosophy naturally
placed after Tucket, to whom, with praiseworthy lib^
ralhy, he owns his extensive obligations. . . , His style
is as near perfection in its kind as any in our language.
. , . The most origins! and ingenious of his writings it
the 'Horz Faulinse.' 'The Evidences of Christianitv'
are formed out of an admirable translation ai Butler^a

Ae najet^ of the Church ; and among the productii
cf stKceedmg composers nothing has equalled the pOM
th* protwnd and simple accent, the tnyatic tendemt

the ravishing sweetness, of his chants." ("Nouvelle Bio-
graphic Mi^ralc."] In 1571 he was appointed chapel-
master in Saint Peter's. Died in 1594.

«," stc. ■>*•■

- Il It Slid tbu duruf lb* arir put of U
bt_>^t_bb tinH Id «iwtil( iillEn«.^_OD

easi; ;asr,- %kard; ^Vijin

r,'B,ATfZ(^,-Iat*;tkasinCUt. (|

dbyGoogle

PALFREY I J

codid only hare faeeo inrpoMed by a nun who to entt
oricjiulity of conception and deimeM of exposition
added the advantage of a high place In the firti dan
of phytiologiit*. ... It cannot be denied that Paley
wai ainnetioM* rather a ka monlict,— eapedalW oti
pulillc duties." (See Hackintotb^ " Progrea* of Ethkal
Philoaophy.")

"On one great topic — that of Chrisiiin evidence —
he hai shed new light By felicity of arrangement and
illustration, he hai given an aii of novelty lo old aign-
nenta, whitat he hai itrenzthened hia cause by important
original proob. His ' Hors Paulinn' is one of the
lew books destined to liT& Palej saw what he did
•ce through an atmosphere ol light. He seized on the
strong points of hi* sabject with an intuitive lagadty,

. He was character
[e was papula

perfectly as thejr were his .
lied by the distinctness of h

think, equally leniarkable for

rather than philoeophicaL He «at defident
IntellectuaJ thirst which is a chief element of the philo-
tophtcal spirit. He had no irrepressible desire to sound
the depths of his own nature, or to ascend to wide and
all -reconciling views of the works and wajl of God.
Uoral philoaophj he carried backward; nor bad tie
higher claim* in religious llian in ethical science. His
aermona are worthy of all praise, not, indeed, for their
power over the heart, but for their plain and strong
eaposition* of duty and their awakening appeals to ■■■ "
consdence." (See "Remarks on the Character :
Writings of Ftnelon," in Cbanning's "Discouiaea.")

.Sm G. W. UaADun, " Unnoin of thi Uh of W. Fain," iSo, ;
ALUKHia. "Diaiooiuy of Aothon:" "London QuutcrlT Riiview"
fcr Julj, iSi] ; "Hoollilf Rniew" Ibr AufUt lod Deotmberi 17*5-

PU'freT.(JoHH GoBHAH,) ULD., an American divine
and historian, born at Boston in 1796. Having gradu-
ated in 1S15 at Harvard College, he studied tneology.

and was appointed in 1S31 Dexter professor of
literature at Harvard. lie became in 1836 editor
"North American Review." He published "Lecture*

on the Jewiah Scriptures and Antiquities," (4 vols.,
1838-53,] "Evidences of Christlaiiity,'* (1843.) "Review
of Lord Mahon'* History of England," { iS J3,) and " The
Helation between Judaism and Christianity," (1854.) He
was elected in 1847 to CoDeresa, where he distinguished
himself as an advocate of emandpation, having pre-
viously liberated a number of alaves bequeathed to him
bv a relative fat New Orleans. In i8a he became aM
date editor of •■ The Commonwealth,^' a leading jouri
of the Free-Soil party. In iSjq it aq. appeared his
" HiBtuiy of New England during the Stuart Dynastr,"
(4 vols.,) followed by an abridgment of the same
Died at Cambridge, Massachusetts, April 2;, jSSi
Hia daughter, Saba H., bom in 1823, was the auihoi
of several volumes of poems and a number of novels.

Palfrej, (WIU.IAU,) an American patriot, Som at
Boston in 1741. He took an active part in the 1
ments which preceded the Revolution, and visited . _
land in 1771. In March, I776,hebecameanaide'de-camp
to General Washington. He was appointed paymaster-
general, with the rank of lieutenant-colonel, \a April,
1776. Having been appointed consul-general in Franc*
t^ a unanimous vote of Congress in November, 178a,
he embarked in a ship which wa* never heard of aftn
■he left the C^>e«.

Pdlfy, pU'fe, (Albert,) a Hungarian litttratntr and
publicist, bom at Grosswardein in 1S13. Soon after the
commencement of the republican movement in 1848, he
founded a daily paper called "The 15th of March,"

daiuiDi Jiutly ■buhM orinnality, or aintUni near H, in ihii imt
Aeld of inodnht ^n ^Aa Bern of Pilov, wtn doet not appear lo
hn< made idt ssHdal nntaiwn to oHiquUIt u mpecn thi in-
tfvidDalM»<irlAinntiiiHaflibnl4tel,coDiHta m the adninlilo
sUII and sUEtr with wfaidi h* conHnts aod prcsEnt* ih* wbol*
ainmakt. Without bdiif (he erealor, or even (he fint dltcoveiw,
01 aMUif l<t Ibo dUferSM paioll of (videnu ■ddund hj him, bi Inlj
be 0^ to nnlBl than u 1 coiumnmalo c<"en] nurthiUi hu Ana,

80 PAUKAO

which obtained great popularity and had a marked In-
Suence on the Hungarian revotntian, IniB49theioonwl
wa* confiscated, and its editor for a time impraoned.
Pith is the author of several novels, which rank among
the best in Hnngirian Utentnre.

Pilfy, (JAM OS;) Count of, a Hungarian field-manbal,
bom in 1659, served under Prince Eugene in the ItaUag
campaign* (rf 1 701-^ and aubBeqiiently against the Ttnkat
He was appcnnted in 1741 commandercetienl h HtiB>
nuy, where he waa a aeslons adherent of Haiia Thercas,
Died In 1751.

PaUyn, pU-fln', somettmc* written Palfla, (JUIU >
skilful Flemish anatomist, bom at Ghent in 105a Ha
lectured on surgery at Ghent, made some improveiHefits
in that art, and published a valnaUe work on " Snrgjca)
Anatomy," (1710.) Died in 173&

Sh Da If aamuj^ - Motia ur J. PaUyn," iSu.

PU'cravfc (Sir F^ANCt*,) F.R.S^an Eq^UstosiM,
bom in L<mdoD in ivSS. His fiuaily nsme was CORIN,
which he ezchaiwed for that of Palgrave. Id 18x7 he
was admitted to the bar. He published io the "Fanilf
library," in 1S31, " The Hbtoiy of England 1 Anglo-
Saxon Period," and in 183s " The Rise and Progress of
the English ConunonweiUth : At^lo-Saxon Penod," (■
vols.,] which were received with favour. A few yean
later he was appointed deputy keeper of her Majestfls
public recorda. Among his prindpal works is a " His-

FalgjUTe. (Francis Tuknbh.) LL.D., an English
poet, eldest son of Sir Francis Palgrave, was bom in
London, September i%, 1834- He was educated at th«
Chsilerhouse, and al Balliol College, Oi ford, and was
professor of poetry at Oiford 1886-95. He published
"Idyils and Songs," (1854,) "Essays on Art,"
(1866,) " Life oi Sir Walter Scott," (1867,) " Land-
scape in Poetry," (1897,) etc. He edited the wdl-
known " Palgrave 's Golden Treasury," an eiceUent
compilation of English lyricK. Died in 1S97.

FBlgraTS, (WIIJ.IAH G1FFOKD,) an English author, ■
son of Sir F. Palgrave, was bom at Westminster, Jan-
naiy 14, 1S16, and was educated at the Charterhouse,
and at Trinity College, Oxford, graduating B.A. in 184&
After serving in the Bengal army for a time, be became
a Jesuit and a priesL In thi* capadty he was for man;
years a miasionary in the Levant. In 1863-63 ^ '™^'
ersed a large part of Arabia, in the service of ttie Jesuiti
and of the emperor Napoleon IIL He afterwards (1S65)
entered the British consular aervice, and was sent to
many parts of the world. In iSSo he became Bridah
consul-general at Bangkok, Siam, and In 18S4 British
minister to Umguay. Among his works are " Lectore*
on the Massacres of the Christian* in Syria," (1861,)
"Narrative of a Year's Journey through Central and
Eastern AraWa," (a vols., 1865, a work of rare value,}
"Essay* on Eastem Question*," (1873,) "Hermann
Agfaa," (a novel, 187a,) a well-written work on " Dntcb
Guiana," (1876,) etc Died September 30. iSSS.

Pallos. See Crabannxs, dc, (jAtsjirBi.)

Fallo*, 4« 1b, d«h It ptltss', (JaO(}ubs d* C3ia-
bannaa— d(h sht^tn',) Siignihk, an able French
general, whom Charles VIIL appirinted lieutenant of
the kingdom of Naples about 14CA He wa* wounded
at Agnadel in 1509. When Nemoori fell at Rarenna, in
tjis, the army demanded La Palice for their general.
He was defeated at Guineglte in 1513, obtained a mar-
shal's bllon in 151J, and served under I^utrec in lb*
Milanese In 1531. In 1513 he opposed Constable Boor-
bon with success in Provence. He was killed at Pavia

F«mtaOt d« d«h pnt'krA', (CHAKLts GtnLuina
Maub AK>LUttAiitB Antoihi Oonatn-UontMilMii,)
Count, a French general, born in Paris, June 34, 1796.
He entered the armv vety young, and in 1855 becutie a
division-general. The victorv he won with the Anglo-
French army at Palikao, in China, (September ai, lWi\)
gave him his title. In the early psK of tbe German war
of 1S70 he became prime minister and war mfaiiater, b«
after the battle of Sedan he fied tbe coonlrr. Died
[anuaiy S, 187S.

i,C.f,S,fl,;,Zrv;l,i,^same,le*aprolongedii,i,!,a,u,y,/i0r«;f,f,t,9,i*ANwrr;flr,fUI,fllimltinAt;gAdininni

Digitized by CjOOQ I C

P^Hngenlna Btellatiu. See Mahzolu.
Pallnnr*. Sec Pauhdkus.
Pal-tnfl'niB, [Gr. ItolMXipof,- Fr. Paunuh, plle'-
atlK'J the piloi or helmsman of the sUp which cwried

PaUadlo, pU-lI'da^ [L«t Palla'dius,] (Andrm.)
■n illmtrioui uchitect, bom at Vicenu, in ttaJy, in isi&
It ii Dot known who wu hii muter ; bat he italea in
one of his worlu that he chose Vitrotitu u his goJde In

db,Google

and Lejaen, and nude himBclf Buster of L-aon, French,
and English. He acquired reputation by hia " Miscel-
lanea Zooionca," (I7w>) *'^ >t the inTitation of Cathe-
rine IL he became DTofeBBOT of natontl history Iq the
Academy of Saint Fetersborg in 1767. He wrote fcM-
the Academy a " Memoir on (he Fossil Bones of the
Hi^e Qnadrnpeda foond in Siberia." Pallas was
the many sdeotiGc men whom the empress sent in 1768
"» explore Siberia. He devoted his attention in thb

rChina;

iterprise to xoologT) botany, and geology,
after eztendinR hia reseanihes to the frontier of C
ntamed to Saint Petersbarg in 1774. His "Travels
tbroagh Different ProTinces of the Rouisn Empire"
(in German, 1771-76) is highlj eateeroed for its exact
descriptions and jost obMrvations. H« discovered in
the monntain-ranges of Siberia the general law erf the
•DcceaaioQ of the three primitive oroera of rocka, — the
granitic, the achistase, and the calcareona. " This great
Bet," saya Cavier, "expressed in his Memoir read '
tbe Academy in 1777, baa given birth to all mode
gtologj." He displayed his snperior genisa In many
other works, among which are a " Hiatorr of ths Uod-

Sillan Nations," "Essan oa the North (n ReUttoo to
iyaical Ge<»Taphy, Etbugraphy," etc, (t78l-96,> and
''noraRowca,"(a"F1or«of RiHaia,''l78s.) In 179 j
he removed for his health to Ibe Crimea, the cbmate of
which had appeared pleaaant to him as he faraieTly
paased throngh it. Although he was disappointed \^
finding the climate extremely variable, be remained there
aboDt fifteen years, after which be lemoved to Berlli^
where he died in 1811. He left onfitusbed a ^TMt wmk
on tbe Zoology of tbe Russian Emjnre, of which 3 *ol&
wfiTA nnhliahed. entillAi "Fauna Auaticn-Rnaaica-" He

" Elum IkittDnqiKa;" UnnBU '
ttUt BiofniMe GtniaOt;" "H<

PallaTioinl, pU-U-ve-chee'nee, or Felavloliio, pi-
U-ve-chee'no, (Obuto,] Maxquis, an able general, bom
at Piacenia, He became the ally of the emperor Fied-
trick against Gregory IX. in 1334, after which he gained
victories over the Guelplia and made hinuelf maater of
a large part of Northern Italy. Hia power was subverted
by Charles of Anjou in 1166. Died in 1369.

PaUBViolul or Pallavloliio, pU-U-ve-chee'no, (P»-
TKO Sporza,] an Italian hiatorian and cardinal, was born
at Rome in 1607. He wrote a treatise on style, "Dello
Stilo," (1661,) and other works, the beat-known of which
ia a " HiatoiT of the Council of Trent," (s vols., 1656,
and 3 vols., 1664.) It U said to be well written. "— '
bi6«7.

Stc InnoArFO, "Mnwirit lUUaVila del Cirdiule S.
vkino," 17m TtiAKHCHi, "StDTiadella Lciuntun luUini

Pallavlalnl, {Stbfano BaNBDnro,] an Italian
bom at Padoa in 167a. He became a resident of 1
den in his youth, lie piodnced several original Ppema,
and a version of the Odea of Horace, (i7j6,) whi<'
elegant, but raihci IVce. Died at Dresden in 1741.

PallBviclnl della PiloU. pit-il-Te-chee'nee delll
psee'o-13, (EuiLiD,) Marquis, an Italian general, bom
at Ceva in 1S33. He distinguished himself in the wat
against Austria in 1S59. He commanded the force which
captured Garibaldi at Aspromonle in 1863. Died 1901.

FallaTlolno. See Paluvicini.

Fallavlcliio, pU-11-ve-chee'no, (Ferrantb,) an Ital-
ian monk and satirical writer, bom at Piacenia about
161S. He wrote licentious works, and satires against
Pope Urban VIII. and the BirbcrinL Having impra-
dentty entered the papal territory, he was seized and
beheaded at Avignon in 1644-

Palllire, ptlfejiR', {Vincent LtevJ a French his-
torical painter, boin at Bordeaux in 1787. He gained
Hie first prize at Paris in iSia, and went to Rome, with a

Rnsion. Among hia worlcs is " Homer dictaHng his
ems." He died prematurely in i8ia
FalUot, pt^e'o', tPiBRRE,) ■ French genealogist, bom
n Paris in 1608 ; died at Dijon in 1698.

FalOIa-^r, (Sir Huch,) a British admiral, bom about
1730. He waa second in command nnder Keppel at
Ibe battle off Uahant, in 1778, and waa then involved

of mquiry. lUliser was cetwored itf tut coor^ uted
in 17^

S«a''IJfa(if%UBChPdHMi,''brIt.H.HnR,LcBdii^ iBm

FmlloDl, tAl-lo'ncc, (Gabtako,) an Italian medkal
writer, bom m 1770, was proleaaor of medicine at Plor>
ence. Hewas ennobledbytheGnnd Dukeof Toscany.
Died in 183a

PallneL See Ckn-rt db Palldel.

Palm, pUm, (Johann Gioko,) a German Ltttheran
divine, bom at Hanover in 1697, published several woik*.
Died in 1743.

Palm, (Johann PmUPP,] aOeimanpnbliaher.bomat
Schomdorf in 1766, lived in Nuremberg. For the pi-'~"

tfedb*
it,i&)&

French milita^comiAsdon, and shot, in AtvnBt,il

Fahm, van der, vtn dfr pllm, (Johannu Hsn-
■icus,) an eminent Dutch historian. Orientalise and
politician, bom in 1765. His great work is the bnlliani
" Gedenkschrift van Hederlands Herttelling," a patriotic
hiaton. Died in 1840.

Palnu, pU'ml, Qacopo,] styled iL Veochio, (tl vCk'
ke-o,) or THE Elder, an etmnent painter of the Venetian
school, bom near Biigtxeo. Hit Urth it variontlr dated
frYim about 14S0 to 1510. He it said to have been a
pupi! of Titian. He excelled In vivacity and softness of
colouring. The galleries of Europe contain a great many
worlu altributea to him. Among his master-pieces src
a " Last Supper" and a Madonna at Vicenia. His worn
exhfUt good taste In composition, and anch a nnion of
tiatt that no trace of the brush is perceptiU& Ked at
tbe age of Ibrty-eighb

Sh Vuahi, "liracif dM TilBtcn^' RoooLn, "Tiudicli B
'—'"'- ' VoMl ;" Liunt. " Uiatgrr ■i<'P^tki| <■ tulv-"

Titian and Tintoretto, and acquired a birii repntatioik
to the opinion of some wHtera, he comUned Ibe best
prindplet of the Roman and Venetian tdiools. "The
distinctive mark of his talent," says the "Biographia
Universelle," "is &dlily. His tints are freah and trana-
parent, and mote agreeable than those of Tintoretto."
He is charged, however, with depraring the atyie of the
Venetian school. Among his works are an " Aimunda-
tion''snd "The Plague of the Serpents." Diedinl6s&

S« Vauu, " Lins of Ik* PaiBtn i" Lari, " Hislofy of
Fiiatiii( iq lalj."

PalmaroU, j41-ml-ro'lee,(PiETRO,) sn Italian paiotei,
distinguished for his skill in tranaferring ftescos to can-
vaa. He practised this art first with success in 1811.
He translerred and restored many pictures of tbe oU
maaten in Rome. Died in 181&

PalmbUd, pUm'blld, (Wilheux Frbdrik,) a Swe-
dish editor and writer, born near Sodcrkiiping in 178&
He edited several literary periodicals, one of which waa
the " Photphorus," and became a member of a new
school, called Phosphoritta, who preferred German lit<
erature and inSnenca to the Fren<^ He was profeaaor
of history and of tbe Greek language at UpsaL Hi*
chief production !s a " Biographi<^ Dictionary of Emi-
itent Swedes," (33 vola.,) a work of much merit, com-
menced about 1835 and finished in 1S57. He wrote a
soccessful novel, called "Aurora Kdnigsmark," (6 vola„
1846-51.) Died in 1853.

Sh " KacnpbiiVi-Lcxiam Ofnr Biinuikunni(« Snniki Hia."

Palmegianl, pil-mi-jj'nee, or Palmeuano, pll>
mit-sl'no, (Marco,) an able Italian painter, born at
Foril in the Gftcenth century. His works are dated
from 1513 to 1517.

Palmalla, pU-metll, (PiDko DB Bousa-Holataln
— slfzl ol-stin', ?) DuKB OF, a liberal Portuguese statea-
man, born at Turin in 1786. He was appointed min-
ister of foreign affairs and president of the coundl b«
John VI. of Portugal in iSaj. He was an adherent of
Don Pedro in his contest againat Don Miguel, (1830-33.)
After the acceswon of Queen Maria (t834j he becams
prime minister. Died u 185a

ia the New York

L i. I. ^ a. ;. 'm^; i, & ^ aame, leSB prolODgcd; I, <, I, &, li, f , «i«r</ f. f, i, 9, i>«jwwnr; Or, nil, Illi mtt i nOt; gS&d ; m«ta

dbyGoogle

ColloM of Phjrticiaii* md So wona, sradnating in 18391
H« aJtermrdf itadicd in Phuadeiphia, io New York,
■ad in Enrope. Id 1850 be remoTea to Chiugo, uid in
tSu became profeaior in Ibe Univenit; of Michigan, in
wkicb he beld the chair of anatomy, (i85a-S4,) thai of
Materia medca and therapeutio, (18U-60,) and that of
patbologT and practice ^r i86ot beaide* for aevcTal
■can holding profeaaorahipi in other medical achoola.
Hia prindpal worlc i« "The Sdence and Practice of
Hcdidne," (a vols., iSSa.) He also pabliihed a polemic
on "Homoeopathy," (18S0; ad edition, 1S83,) and many
IKofcMJonal papera and pamphlet!. Died,Decs3, 1BS7.

PKlmsr, (Benjauih Moboan,) D.D., LL,D., an
American Presbyterian divin& bom at Charluton,
South Carolina, January 35, 1818. He graduated at the
Univeraity of Georgia in 1S3S, and was (or some time
piofenorof ecclesiaatica] history in the theological semi-
BaiT at Columbia, South Carolma. He published a
"life of Dr. ThornweU," "The Family in its Civil and
Churchly Atpectl," two volumes of sermons, etc. ,

Pal'm^, (Ckkistian David Pkudkich,) a German |
ProlMtant divine and pulpit orator, born at Winncnden, 1
WOriemberft January 17, 181 1. He studied at Tiibin- 1
gen, and was in 1851 appointed professor of practical the-
ology there. He published " Evangelical Hontileiica,"
"Catechetics," "Pedagogics," " Pasloral Theology,"
and other works. Died at Tiibingen, May 39, 1S75.

Palmer, (Edwakd Henry,) sn accomplished English
Unguiat, born in Cambridge, August 7, 184a After his

eradualion at Cambridge in 1867 he travelled extensively
1 the East. He became Arabic professor at Cambrid^
In 1871, and In 1883 was sent as British agent to restrain
the tribe* of North-Westem Arabia during the war
with Arabi Pasha in Egypt He was killed by the Arabs
In August, 188a. Palmer was a man of vast attainments,
and had the finest natural gifis. Among his books are
"The Negah, or South Country of Scnnture," (1871,)
"The Desert of the Exodus," (1871,) and various poet-
kal translation* into and from the Persian, etc.

Palmer, pl'mer, (Ekastus Dow,) a diatiogutsbed
American sculptor, bom in Onondaga county, New
Vork, in 1S17. Among his principal works are an
"Indian Girl Contemplating a Cruofii," "The White
Captive," the ** Sleeping f^" and the " landing of
the Pilgrims." He also executed a number of por-
traits, busts, and bas-reliefs. Died March 9, 1904.

Palmer, {Innis N.,) an American general, bom in
NewYork,gradaatedatWe*tPointini&4eL He foiuht
** brigadier-general in the Union army at Fair Oaks,
and at Malvern Hill, July 1, iSdl. He commanded in
the diatrict of North Carolina from April, 1S64, to
Uarch, 1865. Died in 1900.

Palmer, [Jaius S.,) an American lear-adminU, bom
In New Jersey, entered the navy in iSsj. He com-
manded the Iroquoia in the passage of the batteries of
Vicksbur^ June, 1863, and was captain of Farra«ut'a flag-
ship when she ran past the battenes of Port Hudaon, m
Mardt, 1S63. Having gained the rank trf' commodore,
be was appointed commander of the Western Gulf
Blockading Squadron about the end of 1864. Died in

c, (John,) an Engliah Unitarian minister, bora
ta 1739, preached hi Londui many ytara. Died in 179a

Pabn«r, (John,) the pTCJectOTof mail-coaches in Eng-
land, was b^ at Bath In 1743. He obtained the office
of controller-general of the post-office, bat waa removed
fak lyogt. DiediniSiS.

Palmer, (John,) an Engliah actor, bmn in London
abont 1740; died in 179&,

Palmar, (John McAin.tY,) an American general,
bom in Scott county, Kentucky, in 1817, was a lawyer
before the civil war, and practised in Illinois. He was
appointed a brigadier-general of volunteers in December,
teoi, and commanded a division at the battle of Stone
River, December 31, i363-'Jar.uary a, 1S63. For his
service* tn this action he was promoted to the rank of
major-generaL He took part in the battle of Chicka-
maagi, September 19 and 30, 1863. and commanoed

corps under Sherman in the c

May-September, 1E64. He 1

«wA; sa*i; t»ani; gaa/;a, H,K,/Mjn»)i/; ti,»aM/; ^triJUd; 1

ii PALMERSTON

Illinois by the Republicans in I S68, was United Slatei
Senator 1891-97, and presidential candidate of the
gold-standard Democrats in 1S96. Died in 1900.

Palmar, (John Williausok,} an American author,
bom at Baltimore in 1835. He became a physician,
travelled widely, and published "Up and Down the
Irrawaddy," "After his Kind," (a novel,) "The
Queen's Heart," (a comedy,) etc, D. Feb. 26 1906.

Palmer, (Phkbr,) an American author, born In New
York city, December 18, 1807. She married Dr. W. C
Palmer in 1817. She became a revivalist apeaker of the
Methodist denomination, and published "The Way of
Holiness," " Faith and its ESects," " Four Years in the
Old World," and other works. She wrote also varioat
hymns, etc Died in 1874-

FBlmer, <Ray,1 an American poet, bom at Little
Compton, Rhode Island, November 11, 1S08, graduated
at Yale College in 1830, and, having slndied divinity in
New Haven, waa in 1S35 ordained a Congregationalial
minister. He has published various devotional and re*
lieioua books, and several volumes of poems and hvmn^
of which some are widely popular. Among his book*
jvement,"(i839; reissued ai •■'"—*

Palmer, (Sir Roundiu,) an emmcnt English lawyer
and legislator, bom at Mixbury, Orfordahiie, in 181a.
He was called to the bar in 1837, elected to Parliament
in 1847, and appointed aolid tor-general In 1S61. He
was attorney-general from 1863 to June, 1866. He was
returned to Parliament (or Richmond in 1861, in 1865,
and in 1S6S, and waa one of the ablest debaters of the
Liberal parly. In 1872 he waa appointed lord chan-
cellor of England, and raised to the peerage as Baron
Selborne of Selborne. Jn 1877 he was elected lord
rector of St. Andrew's. Died May 4, 1895.

Palmer, (Sauitkl,) au Ei^lish etcher and painter,
born at Walworth, in Surrey, in 1S05. He won success
in oil- and water-colours, but his chief fame is derived
from his etchings and illustrative drawings. D. in 1881.

Palmer, (William,) an English divine, a broiher of
Lord Selborne, (see Pa.'.meii, Koundell,) waa born at
Mixbury, July 13, 1811. In 1S30 he graduated as B.A.
al Magdalen College, Oxford, and became an Anglican
priest, but in iSj6 he joined the Romaniats. llepubHshed
various theological works. Died at Rome, April <i, 1879.

Palmar, (WiixtAM Pnr,) an American poet, bora at
Stockbridge, Berkshire county, Massachusetts, in 1805.
He passed a large part of his mature life in the city c^
New York, and was auccessively a medical student, a
teacher, a writer for public journata, and a clerk In a
public office. He wro'^ a hymn or ode entitled " Light,"
and other short poem*. Died May i, 18S4.

Palmeraton, pl'mfr-stgn, (HiNRV John Temflb,)
Viscount, an eminent English prime minister, bom
at Broadtands, near Romsey, in Hampshire, on the 30th
of October, 1784. He waa the eldest »on of Henry Tem-

Sle, second Visconnt Palmerslon, and was descended
om an andent family, of which Ihe famous Sir William
Temple waa a member. He waa educated at Harrow,
Edinburgh, and Saint John's College, Cambridge. At
the death of hia bther, in tSos, he succeeded to the
estate and title of viscount, (in the Irish peerage.) He
was elected a member of Parliament by the Tories in
1807, and was appointed a lord of the admiralty in the
same year. He soon distingnished himself by his talents
for biisiness and his political tact. In 1S09 he became
secretary at war in the ministry of Perdval, and in 1811
he was returned to Parliament for the UnivertHr of
Cambridge, which he continued to represent for abont

He retained the office of secretary at war during the
long administration of Liverpool (is[3-i7) and under
the ministries of Canning and Goderich. As an advocate
of Catholic emancipation, he dedincd to serve under the
Duke of Wellington, and resigned oiGce in iSiS. Before
this date he had become an eminent debater, especially
on foreign affaira, in respect to which he favoured the
policy of Canning. Although he had hitherto been a
Tory, he accepted office as secretary of foreign afEair* Io

ii/thi

%\atkU. (|^~See Explanations, p. 33.)

Digitized by VjOOQIC

PALMEZZANO i8

tt« Whig nUniitry feimed in November, iS3a Having
ndgned with hi* colleagues in November, 1834, be wm
appointed to the same office in the Melboome ministry
fa) April, 183s, and held it anUl the accession of Sir
Robert Peel, m September, 1841. Daring this term of
facial service he had a prominent part in the settlement
of the Eastern questioti. He induced Rnssia, Austria,
and Prussia to anite with England in a treaty signed in
London In JuIti tSfo, and to resist the progress of Ue-
hemct All in Syria. France, which &voured Mehemcl
AU, wu thus iniOTed in the settlement oT the oaeation.
He married aboot 1S39 the first Lord Melbonme's
iaashter, who was the widow of Earl Cowper. On
the formation of a new ministry by I^rd John Rossell,
In 1S46, Palmerston again became minister of foreign
•Sairs. He pursued the policy of neutrality towards the
revolutionary movements by which Europe was con-
TuUed in 1848 and 1840, but lie promptly recognised the
Fiench repablic, and nvoured Napoleon's mv^ iTiiat
In 1S51. In consequence of a disagreement with Lord

{ohn Russell, be was removed in December of that year.
n December, 1853, l«rd Aberdeen (bnned a coautiOD
ministry, in which Palmerston was secretary for the home
department, while the ministry " drifted" into war against
Russia. He succeeded Lord Aberdeen a* prime min-
ister in February, 1S5J, and formed a cabinet chiefly
of Whigs or Liberals. Peace was restored with Russia
In March, 1856. Having been defeated in Parliameul
on the subject of the Chinese war iu March, l8j7, he
appealed to the country, which sustained his policy by
a large majority. He failed in his effort to pass the
Conspiracy bill occasioned by Orginj'a conspliacy against
Napoleon III., and was compelled to resign m Febrosr}^
1858, In Jnne, 18^9, be succeeded I.oia Derby as tha
liead of a ninisti^ m which Russell was foreign secretary
and Gladstone chancellor of the exchequer. He con-
tinued to be prime minister until his death, October 18,
l86j. He had no children. Palmerston retained In
his old sge much of the vigour and vivacity of youllL
He was an excellent master of parliamentarv science
and political tactics, and enjoyed a bi^h degree of
popularity. He represented Tiverton in the Honse
of Commons li-om 1S35 to hi* death.

Sm an. FiAHcii, "Oi^DDiuiil Pglitj|or Vbceuot PiliMr-

-. . a HiiHinr >. ^ .. .

ud Lord Pihnenton," itj] ; CoMTa M FKQOBLiioirT,

Plinmlan, I'AnilttBr* M Is Contiual," itu; L. !■■ Linidifia,
Lord Pilmastaii. par in Homaw da Kinv" 1I41 ; HiUKIBT Kax-
Tiinuii, " Biocnphicsl Slutclui," itit,

FalmsBHina. See Palmegiani.
Falmlerl, pai-me-K'ree, (Giusbppb,) an lulian painter
of histoiy and animals, bom at Genoa in 1674; died

Falmlort, (Giubkppk,) an Italian economist, bom in
the province of Ottanto in 1731. He was director-
general of the finances at Maples. He wrote a "Treatise
ontheAnofWar,"(i76i,)and"ThouBhtsonEcoooniy."
("Pensieri economid," 1789.) Died m 1793.

PalmlMl, (Luiai,) an eminent Iialiui vnlcanist and
meteorologist, born at Faicdiio, near Benevento, April
13, 1S07. He held professorships, chiefly at Naples.
His reports on the eruptioiu of Vesuvius, and on the
meieorological observations made at the Vesuvian sta-
tion, are of much value. He invented a rain-gauge, a
ielsmomeler, an electrometer, etc Died in 1S90.

Palmisii, (Matteo,) an Italian btstonan, bom at
Florence in 1405. His chief work isa "General Chroni-
cle from the Creation to his Own Time," Died in 1475,

palmittri, (Matteo,] an Italian philotonst, born st
Pisa in 1433. He wrote a continuation of the chronicle
of Matteo Palmieri from 1449 to 1481, (1483.) Died in

FalmqtilBt, pllmlcwist, {Frbdikik,) a Swedish ma-
themalidan, bom In 1730; died in 1771.

Falmqalat, (Magnus,) Baron, a Swedish military
officer, bom in i6£o. He was very skilful in (brlifica-
lions, and was president of the Council of Mines. Died
in 1739.

Palombl, pl-lomljce, IGaetano,) an Italian poet,

bora near Spoleto in 1753, wrote "II Medoro "

(tSsS.) Died in 181G.

J4 PAMPHJLUS

Falomlno d« Castro 7 Vslxaoo, pl-to-mee'no dA
Itis'tro e vi-lls'ko, (Don ACTSLO AHTOKIO,) a celetwateil
Spanish painter, bom near Cdrdova in 1653. His naiD«
is sometimes written Palouino dk Vilako. He w«a
a pupil of Jam de Valdes Leal. Having painted the
story of Psyche for Charles IL, he obtsinnl, at an early
age, the title of painter to the king. Hi* chief merita
are correct design, beautiAil colour, and excellence in
perspective, "The Confession of Saint Peter" ta called
one of his best works. His reputation 1* chiefly fbtmded
on his treatise on painting, entitled " El Moaeo pictorico
» Escala optica," (3 vols., 1715,) and his "Lives of
Spanish Paintera" contuned in his "Parnaso Espalol
pictorico" (I vol., 1734.) Died at Madrid In 17J6.

See QfiLurr, *' DiOiaiHin du prinina bpacBOlii" Cnui-
BmiUDB, " Ditdtiisiio.''

Palotta, pl-lot'ti, (Matteo,) an Italian musidan and
composer, bom at Palermo about i6Sa In 1733 the
emperor Charles VI. appointed him one of the conrt
composers at Vienna, where he died in 175S.

FUB'grRve, (John,) an English grammarian, bom in
London. He gave lessons in French to Mary, a sister
of Henry VIII., In 1514, and published a French gram*
mar, (1S30.) This is the most andeni printed work on
that subject of which we have any knowledge, according
to Barbicr, who praises his lagadty and taste. Died
in '554-

Pain, da U, dfh It ptlii', [ Lai Paluda'nv^ |
(PtiKRS,) a French Dominican monk, bom at Varam-
bon about laSo. He was appointed Patriarch of Jeni-
salem about 1330, and wrote several works on theology.
Died in 1343.

Polndko-Mttller, pU'S6-dtn' mIDItr, (Casfak
Peter,) a Danish historian, a tirother of Frederic, wa*
bom in 1805. He published several works on Danish
history, »nd " Researches on MachiaveL" Died in 188a.

Ptundan-MfUlar, (Frederic,) a popular Danish
poet, bom in Fiinen In 1809. He prodoced in 183a
" Cupid at Court," a comedy, and in 1833 a poem called
" The Danseuse," (" Dandserinden,") which is much ad-
mired. His moat remarkable work, perhaps, is " Adam
Homo,"(i84i-49,] a hamorons poem. Heiscommended
for happy images, noble Ideas, and force of sentiment
but is dendenl in invention aa a dramatist Died 187&

PaladaanB. See Palu.

Falndanoa, pi-lii-dl'nns, (Bernard Tea Broat-
IJn bRook,) a Dutch philosopher and traveller, bom at
Sleenwyk in 1550; died in 1633.

Palndanna, (Jean van den BKCnx,) a Flemish
theolugian, bom at Malines in 1565. He was professor
at Louvain, and author of several works. Died in 1631^

Pamard, pfrnta', (Jean Baptistb Antoine,) a
French surgeon, born at Avignon In 1763 ; died in 1837,

Pamile, do, d^h pf mil', ILat Pake'uus,) ( Jacqoes,)
a Flemi^ih priest, boin at Bruges in i;36. He edited
the works of Cyprian [1568) and Termflian, (iS79i) ""d
wrote " Litutgica Latinorum," (1571.) Died in 1587.

Famelloa. See PAiitLE.

Parn'ms-aei, ^a^^kvrf^y a Theban general, was a
friend of Epamlnondas. Philip of Hacedon was in ths
custodyofPammenes while he wa* a hostage atTheb«*.
Pammenes commanded an army sent to Megatopolia

PammwMB, an Athenian orator and teacher of
rhetoric, lived In the time of Cicero, who extol* hb
eloquence in high terms.

__ , , .„ ir Greek httto-

e rei^ of Nero. She wrote a historical

work entitled irw^pntpata larapui, which was highly «••

teemed by r '- ' —■'■-— '- * ■■ — ' — -

by somi

Fampnlle. See Paufkilus.

Pom'phl-liu, |n<^i^i^,] one of the most eminenl
Greek painters, was a native of Amphipolis, and flour-
ished between 390 and 350 B.a He was the pupil of
Eupompn*, whom he succeeded as the master of the
Sinoniaitsdiocd of painting. Asa teacherof art, he w«*
prooably surpassed by none of the andents. His school
was remarkable for the importance which the master
attached to general learning and the great attention be
paid to accuracy in drawing. Pliny say* that he wa*

i,e,I,^a,f,/tf>^:L,t, A, same, less prolonged; i,Ji,i,5,Q,<r.r:t(W/,'f,hj,9.e4jmrr;flr,lll1,fll;m{t;nei;g(»d:n

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

PAMPHILVS i8

die flnt aitbt who wu welt verted in all idence*, wid
IhM he thonght geometr; necewiarj to the perfccliOD of
U* vX. He excelled in composition, >nd in what Qniii-
tUian calli r«^ or proportion. Plinj mention* fonr of
U* woika, uaong which wu "Ulywes on hi* Raft."
ApeDe* and Helanlhiui were hi* pupils.

FampUllW, ■ gnmnarian of Alexandria, ii luppoaed
to hare Ured In the firtt centurr of our era. He waa
the aalhor of • " Greek Lexicon."

PunphUn^ [Fr. Pamphilb, pAn'ai',] Saint, an emi-
MDt martyr, bom at Berytna, (Beyroot,} In Syria, about
145 *•»■ He became presbyter of CKaarea, in Palea-
tine, where he fbnnded a large and renowned public
libfuy. He waa eminent for learning and i^ty. Hav-
ing a h^h esteem for the work* cf Origen, lie tran-
•erlbed nearly all of them with hi* own hand. Famphiloa
and EiMebina composed jolndy an " Apology for Otigen."
He inflered martyrdom in (he reign of Maxlmln, at
C«aarea, in 309 a.d. Euaebioa testified hi* friendahip
and honour tor him by adopting the name of Pahfhill
^ S«SAiirTjn[n»,"DaSmptoribiuE(x]euMicu:" BAicDmn,

,Gr. Ufa.

Mercury, and was aoinetim^'identlGed with the Kouan
Loperciu. He combined the form of a man with that of
a goat, having hotns and feet like the latter animal He
ma fcnd of music and riolona noise, and waa the Inventor
irf the lyrituc, the pastoral [npe or flute. The principal
■eat of hi* worship wa* Arcadia, He wa* regarded oy
•ome philasopher* a* the aymbol of the universe ; fb(
A« ainifiea "all" Panic tCTTort were aacribed to
Pan, who sometimes appeared to travellers and sur-
prised them with a sudden alarm. The Romana ob-
served an annual festival, called Li^ertalia, '
it Pan, whose priest* were styled Li^treL

Pan-f-Qc'f.lGr. HavAaia; Fr. PanacIb, prnfat' ]
f^ the "all-healing,'^ a daoghler of jGiculapiiBs, is
•imply a personification of the nealiog power.

P«n*o<SL See Pahacia.

PuiMmu, pf-uee'nns, [Ilfaawoc,) an eminent Athe-
nian painter, who lived about 450 B.C., wa* a brother of
Phidias, according to Fausaniae, or his nephew, aonrd-
hig to Strabo. He aided Phidias in the decoration of
the temple of Jupiter at Olympia, in which be painted,

is PANDULPHUS

He also wrote "The Battle of Fontenoy," In barlesqns
verse, a parody on Voltaire'a poem on that subject
Died in 1753.

Pnnokonoke, (Charles Josefh,) a son of the pi«-
cedbf^ bom at Lille in 1736, was an eminent pnUiuei
in Faiii, and a writer of some merit. He was tbe pn»'
prietor or editor of the " Mcrcure de France," for whiGli
be procured 15,000 sohscribers. About 17S1 he (brmed
the plan of (he " EncydopMie M^thodlque," a very large
and important work. He founded the "Moniteur," t
daily journal, in 1789. He translated Lucretiua, (1768,)
and "Orlando Furioso," (179S.) He corresponded with
Buflbn, Voltaire, and Ronssean. Died In 179S.
PuiokoiiolM, (CttABLKB Louis n«tu7— flirh'n',)
son of the precedit^, was bom in Paris in 178a TSm

Marathon in the Pcedle at Athens,

Pnnattiu, p»-nee'sh(^ lIliiiKtfrioc,] a Greek Stoic
or Eclectic philosopher, was bom at Rhodes, and was a
pupil of Diogenes (he Stoic, and perhaps of Cameade^
About 140 or 150 B.C he visited Rome, tanght philos-
ophy to Sdpio Abicanus and Lcliua, and enjoyed die
intimate Iriendship of the former. He was afterwards
the head of the Stoic school at Athens, and died, at an
advanced age, before in B.C. He is the representative
of a moderate stoicism, and a|^ars to have rejected
the principle of apathy. None of his worka are extant
Among them was a treatise "On Duties," to which
Cicero was indebted for manv prindples of hi* book
** De OSdis." Cicero avowea this feet, and expressed
• very high esteem for Paiuetius.

Paoard, pfnlK', (Ckarucs Fkanqois,) a French
diansonnier and dramatist, bom near Chartres about
1694. He wrote Boccessfiil Bongs, vaudevilles, comedies,
and pleasant satires- Died in 1765 or 1769.

PniMitK See Fannartz.

Panohnmnki one of the names of Siva, which see.

PnnolToIl, pln-che-ro'lee, (Guido,) an Italian jurist
and anttqaaiy, bom at Renlo in 1533. He was pro-
fesaor of Roman law at Tni^ (i57i~f&) and at Padua.
AmoM his important works is one on illustrious jurists,
"DeQaiisLwum Interpredbus," (1637;) also one en-
titled " Reram Memorabilinm IJbri dno," (1599,) ''^'1^'^
treats <rf andeat arts and inventions of which the secret
is lost EHed in 1509.

Panokoaeke^ pAirltook', (Andr* Jobzph,] a French
bookseller and compiler, bom at Lilte in 170a He pub-
lished a "Phlloeophic Manual," (3 vol*., 1748,) a "IMc-
tlonary of French Proverbs," (1749,) and other works.

translated Tadtn*, (7 vols., 1330-38.) Died In U

Pan'ooaat, (Joseph.) M.D., an American physician,
born in Burlington county, New Jersey, in 1805. He
gradualed it (he University of Pennsylvania in 1818,
and for many years held professorships of surgery and
of anatomy m the Jefl'eTSon Medical College in Phila-
delphia. He pnUtshed "Operative Surgery," (1851,)
etc- Died March 7, 1S83.

Panooaat, (Williau Henry,) M.D., son of the
preceding, was bom at Philadelphia in 1S35, studied
surgery, and succeeded bis father as professor in the
Jefferson Medical CoHege. He^was president of the
Medico-Chirurgical College from 1886 to 1S96. He
gained a high tepu(a(ion for skill in surgery. Died
in 1897.
PEUtdnro. See Fandarus.

Fnn'df-nui, (Gr. navdapocy Ft. PANDARB,pBN'dtK',]
a semi-febulona warrior, who fought against tne Greek*
m the Trojan war, and was an excellent archer. He wa*
killed by Diomede.

Pan-dFoD, (Gr. IIiD4fui-,] a son ^ Cecrops, became
icing of Athena, but was expelled from that country and
afterwards ruled over Uqcara. He wa* the fiither of
ItMm, Pallas, and other sons.

Fandlen, a mvthical king of Athens, was a son ot
Erichthonius, and the fether of Erechthena, Philomela,
and Frocne^ Ilwasfebled thatCeres and Bacchuscame
to Attica in tbe reign of Pandion.
PondoUk See Pandolfo.

PandoU, pln-dol'fee, (GtANCiACOUO.) an luliaa
painter, bom at Pesaro, was a pupil of F- Zuccaro. He
flourished about 163a

Pandolfint pln-dol-fee'nee, (Ahoelo,) sn Italian
statesman, economist, and writer, born at Florence in

Lat PANDlIL'Pln;^] Prints of Benevento and Capua,
began to reign in 961. He wa* one of the most power-
fht princea ot It^. Died in 981 A.D,

Pan-do'ra, |Gr. noKlupa, from irdi-, "every," and
tepw, "giftr Fr. Pahdork, pftM'doa',] (he name given
In the Greek mythology to the first woman, who was
endowed by Minerva and Venus with every attractive
quality, — whence her name, which signifies possessing
"eveiy gift," Jupiter gave her a beautiful box, which
ras to present to the man who shonld marry her.
She became the wife of Epimetheus, who opened the
box, wherenpon there iaaaed from it the numerous evils
that have since infested human life. Pandora closed the
box in time to prevent the escape of Hope. According
to one account, ^udma herself prompted by curiosi^,
opened the box, though she had been forbidden to do
so. Another legend tells us that Pandora's box eou'
tained various b)e**ings, which e*caped when she openod
it, and could tiever be recovered, — Hope alone remaining
in (he casket

S« ScHoniAim, " Da Pudon CaunHntUia" itit 1 ' Bioan'
phie (JniTcnclla," tPirtie mrtbolotiqu]

*mk;%Mt;^hard!^i»j;^^%^guthtna:»,nmali^trilUd;ln»;\'n*A\atkU. (J^-See Explanation*, p. 33.)

dbyGoogle

FANEBIANCO

3, pl-ni-be-Wko, (Antonio Makia,] id

Italian cardinal, bom at Tenanova, August 14, lE("
entered the conventual order of Friats Minor, and .„
1861 was created a cardlnal-prieit, and one of tbe heada
of the epiicopil esunioadoai In theology.

Puiol, pf nil', (Alexakdre Xavizk,] a French
niimatiat, bom at Noieroy in 1699. He became a
feator in the Royal College at Madrid, and wrote n
worka on ancient coins and other antiquities. I
In '777-

PanettI, pA-net'tee, (Doukkico,) a ikilful Italian
painter, born at Fenara in 1460; died in 1530L

PanfllL SeelNNoONTX

Fan-hol'la'iil-iu, [Gt. nowUvMoc,] {u. "the god
worthipped by all the Hellenes or Gredw,**) ■ aurnanM
of Z«u» or Jupiter,

Fanloale, da, dl pl-ne-kI11^ (Masolino,) a paintei
of the Florentine icnool, born in r37S. Some of hit
frescoi ttill exist at Florence. He was one of the fint
aitisa that attained skill in tkiarMom. According
Vasari, he died in 1440.

Sec Vauu, " Lina al the Pibilwi."

Fanigaiola, pS-ne-gl-ro'll, (Fkancksco,) the mi
eloquent Italian pulpit orator of bis time, was bom at
Milan in 1548. He entered the order of CordelierB, and
became Biahop of Asti in 1587. lo 1589 he perverted
hii talents by advocating in Snathe cauae of the League
■gainst Henry IV. He left many volumes of Italian and
Latin sermons, which have nearly passed into oblivion,
and other works. Died in 1 594.

S« BoncsATiA at Vaisika, "Viti di

Puiln or Paulnet pi-neen', t (Nikita IVANOTrmi,)
k Russian statesman, bom in 1 718. He became governor
of the grand duke Paul in 1 760, and was appointed min-
ister of foreign aBvT% by Catherine on the abdication of
Peter HI.. (176a.) Died in 1783.

Sc4 "Vic ^u Comte dfl PimiDe," LoDdoD, 17B4.

Panlnl, pi'ni-nl, the most celebrated of Satiscrit

fhilologists, lived at a very remote and uncertain period.
le is said to have been a grandson of the legiaUlor
IMvala. He i« considered by some as the creator of
grammatical science and the inventor of the atuM^
processes to which linguistics owes its discoveries. The
mles of his grammar amount to three thousand nine
hundred and ninetv-six.

Panlal, pfl-nee'nee, or Fannliii,
VANNi Paolo,) an able painter of tbe Roman school,
bom at Piacenia about 1694. He was very skilAil In
perspective, and was an excellent painter of architecture
ind landscapes, which he adorned withgraceful ligu
Among his works are " Ruins of the Itmple of Vi
at Tivoli," " The Traders driven from the Temple," 1
views of ruins at Rome. Died at Rome in 1764.

See Lahu, "HiMon of Plmdnt io ItllT."

Panta, pfniss', (Etiinnb Jian,) a French Jacobin,
born in F<(ri^ord in 1757. He was accessory '
outrages of his party in Paris, and was elected
Convention in 1791. He joined the enemies of Robe*-
pierre on the gih Thermidor. Died in 1833.

Puilwd, pl-nlt'see or pl-ntt'see, (Sir Antonio,) ai
Italian bibliographer and JiiUrattur, iMm in the doch]
of M6dena in 1797. He became assistant librarian ol
the Itriiish Museum in iSii, and principal librarian ik
that institution in tS;6. He resigned this position In
July, 1S65. He published editions of "OHando Furi-
0*0," (1830-34,) and other poems. Died in 1S79.

Panmnre.pan'mutorpan.niiir', (FoiMaule,)Lord,
■nd Earl Dalhousie, a British politician, a son of the
first Baron Panmure, was bom in Forfarshire in 1801.
He was elected to Parliament by the Whigs about 1835,
and was secretary of war from July, 1846, to February,
1B5Z. He held the same ofSce under Falmerston from
1S5S to February, 1858. He was a cousin of the late Earl
of Ualhouaie, whose tiUe he inherited. Died May 14, 1874.

Faniiard. See Pan arc

Fannarts, pin'nlRts, (Arnold,) a German prmter,
who was employed at Menti by Gutenberg. He re-
moved to Italy m 1461, and established a press
Iriaco. Died in — '

86 PANVmjO

Fannlnl. See Pahinl

Fannonlos. See CinNDK, dk

Pan-no'nl-ua, (Janub.) a Hnngarian U*hi^ aik]
Latin poet, born in 1434; died in 1479.

Panofka, (Triodor.) a German srcbKoIogist, bom
at Breslau in 1801. He pQblished nomerooa wtnki,
among which are "Dc Rebus Samiomm," (1813,) and
" Pictures of the Life of the Ancients," (" Bilder Antiken
Lebens," 1S43.) He became professor in the University
of Berlin in 1844- I>ied in 1858.

Paii'9-pe, [Gr. IIovAin?,] in classic mytholt^, was
one of the (lereids, and was invoked by mariners.

PBUOnnita, pI-noR-mee'tl, (Antokio B«oaad«]lI
— blk-kl-dellee,) ■ distinguished Italian writer, bom
at Palermo (the Panormus of the ancients) in t394. He
was patroniied by the Duke of Milan, and by AlphonKK
King of Naples, whom he served at an ambassador. He
wrote obscene epigrams, which were admired ibr wit
and elegance of style, and other works, among whidh
is "Familiar Letters," etc, ("EpistolK Guniliarei ac
Campanc," IJS3.) Died in 1471.

Pan'af, (C Vibius,) a Roman general, who wat a
partisan of Cssar in the «rar against Pompev. At a
colleague of Hirtius, he obtained the consulship is 43
B.C; Hirtius and Pansa joined the party of the soiate
and marched against Antony, and were both killed bi
battle near Mddena in 43 B.C.

Panaa, pln'aA, (Muxio,) an Italian philosopher aitd
writer, bom in the Abruza about 15G0. He wrote a
work on " The LibraiT of the Vatican," (" Delia Libre-
ria Vaticana," 1J90.)

FaiueroD, pONss'rAN', (ADGn^rK.) a Frendi mosidaa
and composer, born in Paris in 1795. He gained the
grand priie in 1S13, and became professor ie tkaml
at the Conterratory of Paris in 1S24. He composed

Xsras, masses, and requiems. His reputatitm is founded
eflyonagreat number of popular ballads, frmpMBbvi, J
among which are " Au Revoir," " Vogue ma Nacelle,"
and " The Dream of Tartiiu," He died in 1859.
Sm Fins, " Biofiaphii UnivnalU dia Hariaaa.'*
Paiweroii. (PisasB,) a French architect, bom neai
Provins about 173a He published several good works,
one of which is entitled " New Elements of Architec-
tre," (3 vols., 1775-80.)

FanteoDtia, pan-tee'nus, [Gr. lUvratvat; Fr. Pan-
tIme, p&N'tin',] a Christian philosopher, bom about
1^5 A.D., was a Stoic before his conversioiL He became,
about 180, the head of the celebrated school at Alexan-
dria, where Saint Clement was one of his pupils. Ac-
cording to an ancient tradition, ho preached in India.
His works, if he wrote any, are not extant Died about

Paa-tag'f-Uitu, (Octavius,) [It Pantaoato, (Ot-
TAVIo,)] an Italian monk of great erudltjon, bom al
Breida in 1494. He left tome vrorkt b nuuititcript.
Died in 1567.

Pantalton, pCN'tm'AH', written also Pantalao,
(HiNRi,) a Swiss historian, bom at BUe in 1511, became
professor of dialectics and phy^cs in bis native dty. He
obtained a wide reputation by his writings, among which
'- ~ work on the illustrious men of Germany, (" Proso-
-iphia Vironim illuttrium Gerinani«," 3 vols., 156&,)

ffi"S

'S9S- „

painter, bom at Valencia about 1550, was a pupil of
Coello. He worked at the Etcurial for Philip ll. He
led in desien and in the expression of his figure*.
Amone his works is *'The Adoration of the Shepherds,"
Died in 161a.

Pau'ton. (J. E.,) an English author, bom (Frith)-
at London in 1848, married James Panton in 1869.
Among her numerous books are " Country Sltefehes in
Black and White," (18S2,) "From Kitchen to Gar-
ret," (1887,) "Homes of Taste," (1890,) "Within
Four Walls," (1893,) and "A Dream House,"
(1898.)

Panvlnio, pln-vee'ne-o, (Onufrio,) (Lat PANVHt*.
lus QNu'pHRtus,] an eminent Italian antiquary, born
It Verona in 1539. He collected many inscriptions and.

i. I, I. i5, n, y, long: i, t, A. s;

e, less prolonged; I, i, I, B, u, T. lisr

e; fir, fill, fit: nift; nAl: grSidi m<Stn-

d by Google

PANVINIUS

Oe Romana," (" Futi

"On the Roman Republic," ('

1581,) and "Ob the Cii ■

Triumphi Roi&aiionuii,'''l557,)

."("6«" ^" "

n» Gami .
ibua," i6oa] He waa one of tM fint who applied

« Repoblka Romuia,"

rf-DeLodi* Cir-
« fint who applied
critlcUiii to hiatorjp, and confirmed hia atatementt by
■MdaU, inacriptiona, etc Died at Palermo tn 156&

Se* D. W. MoiuoL " Dfantuiit dmUrii da Omphrio ho-
Uo,"i6«t: Uinai. ■- Vmoo* UhMn f NK^nw, " lltaolna."

Purvliiliu. See Panvinio.

Pf-nf f-st«, (Gr. Ilaviaov,] a Greek poet of the BlUi
centnry B.a, waa, according to Snidaa, an ande of He-
rodolni. He wrote an eine poem entitled " Heradea,"
which U not extant In the Alexandrian canon be wai
ranked among the great epfe poeta. [Ked about 460 B.C

Sh Bom nud GnOiaii. "AUEtmdiig EnerUaftdlt;" MPujot,

lia Vhi K Pooi," \t^.

PumoOhla. pln-dik'ke-l, (Maku Elxna,) an Ital-
ian painter, bora at Bologna in 166B ; died in 1 709.

Paiusr, pint'fff', (Fkicdkicr,) a German antiqnaij,
born in BATuia In 1794. He wrote "The Tradition*
and Cnatomi of Bavaria," (1 TOla., 1848-55.} Died In
tSu-

PanMT, (GiOKO Woltoano,) an eminent German
bibliographer, bom at Salibach in 1^39. He preached
■t Nnrerobwg, to which he removed in 1760. Hia moat
important work is one in Latin, entitled "Annals of
TTpographj from the Origin of Printing to 1536," (11
volt., 1793-1803,) which if aaid to be the most complete
treat)** on that snl^ect Died in i8o4-

Faoll, pl'o-lee, almost pSw^ee, (Giacihto,) a Cor-
dean general, born at Bastla. in i^^ He ctHumanded
with aocccu against the Genoese about 1734, and after-
wards oppoaea the French until 1 739, when hs was com-
pelled to lubmit. He retired to naplea, where he died
■n 1768.

FaoU, (Paolo Antonio,) an Italian antiquary, bom
at Locca abont 1710^ wa* a nephew of Scbastiano.
Among hia work* is an account of the ruins of Pxstum,
(1784.) Died about 1790^

FboU, {Sibastiano,) a learned Italian antiqnarj and
monk, bom near Lucca in 16S4. He wrote, beside*
many other treatises, " On the Poetry of Ihc Greek and
Latin Fathers in the First Century," (1714.) and "On
the Diplomatic Code of the Order of Malta," ("Codies
diplomatico dell'Ordine di Malta," > vols., 1733-370
Died in 1751.

PkoU, di de pl'o-le«, (Pajqualk,) a celebrated Cor-
tican general, bom at Roatino in 1736, was a *on of
Giadnto, (noticed above,] who took him to Naples in
1740. In 17S5 he was chosen general-ln chief of the Cor-
•lean*, who had revolted a^nst the Genoese He gained
many victories, rendered himself master of nearly all the
Island, and organised a government with a representative
system. In 176S the Genoese, baffled in their efforts to
reduce Corsica, ceded it to the French, whose aimy
PaoH defeated twice in that year. He was defeated in
■ decisive battle at Ponte Nuovo in 1769, and retired to
England. la 1789 he was recalled from exile tn the
National Assembly, and received from Louis XVL the
title of lieutenant-general, with the command of Corilca.
Hb aasumed an attitude of hostility to the dominant
par^ in France in 1793, and became an ally or partisan
of the English, to whom he transfeired the soveteicnty
of the island In 1794. Having been deprived orlu*
command by the British, he left Cottica m 1795 or 1796.
He died near London ia 1807.

ShBottji, "Stcriirflidiii;" Boswau, "jMrulort Tosru
Conio;" Aiiioki, "Via da Puol Paoli:" PoHni, "Cm dab
Cona," ilii : Kail L. Kubb. " Lcbcn P. PmU'i." tBu ; " It»<>-
nOg BiOFlpUa G^nlnla."

Paalinl, pSw-lee'nee, (Piftro or Luca Pietro,) in
Italian painter, bom at Lticca In tfoj. He painted
religions subjects. Died in 1681.

Sat Lairi, " Hiuorr of Flinling," ale

Paolo, the Italian for pAtn, which see.

Paolo BaipL See Sarpi.

%•} PAPJLLON

Paolo Vstoimml See Cacluii.

Paoluool, pfiw-loot'chee, {Stci»(Oittx\) an lUiua
poet, bom in llmbria about ijia He wrote canzooi,
which were aibnired, and celebrated the African expe-
dition of Charle* V. in " The African Night*," (" Le Notd
d'Alrlca," 1535.) I>ied in 1590^

Paon, dn, dQ pf Ah', sometimes called lie Faon, a
French painter of battle*, bom near Paris about 174a,
He was a pupil and rival of Casanova, whom he ex-
celled in deaign and in fidelity as an imitator of nature.
Died in 1785.

Papa, ded, d(l pi'pl, (GinSEPPE,) an Italian medical
writer, born at Empoli in 1649. He was physician tr
the Grand Duke of Tuscany. Died in 1735.

Papnolno. See Aktoni, d'.

FapadopoU, pl-{d-dop'o-lee, (Niccol6 Comnkno,)
a lesitied priest, Dom In Candia in 1655. He beouna
in 16SS professor of canon law at Padua, and wrote a
"History of the University of Padua," [3 vol*., lyaCk)
Died in 174a

EPape^ pi'pf h, (JoHANN Gkoro Wilhilm,) a German
hitologist, bcnrn at Culm, January ^ 1807. In 1837 he
ecame professor in a grmnaainm in Berlin. He pub-
lished an " Etynologicu Greek Dictionary," (1830,) a
much larger Greek dictionary, (3 vols., 1S41 ; afterward*
enlarged,) and a "German-Greek Dictionary," (1S45.)
Died February 13, 1854.

Papa, da la, d;h II ptp, (Gui,) a French juriat, born
at Lyons about i^ ; died anont 1475.

Papebrooh, pi'pf h-baoK', or Papabroaok, pi'pf h-
bRd6k', (Daniel,) a learned Flemish TesuiE, bom at
Antwerp in 1618. He compiled a number of volume*
of the " Acta Sanctorum" commenced by Bollandia.
Died in 1714-

Fapabroaok. See Papibroch.

Papa-Caipautier, ptp-kla'pAN'te-i', (Maiik,) an
eminent French educator, born at La Fltchc (Sarihe) in
1815. She published " IWIudes," (in verse,) " Lea Con-
aeils," " L'Enseignemenl pratique,"" Lefona de Choees,"
" Lectures," and Other excellent works on education.
She was Tounder uf the "£cale normale pour les Direc-
trices des Salles d'Asile," of which for twenty-five yean
she was the president. Died in 1878.

Fapenoordt, pl'p^-konf , (Frux,) a German Ua-
torian, bom at Padetbom in isil. Among his work*
are a " History of the Domination of the Vandal* in
Africa," (1837,] and a "LiCe of Cola dl Rienio," (1S41.)
Died in 1S41.

Fapandrsobt, Tan, vtn pl'pfn-dafKt', (Cornki.ii
Paul Hovnck,) a Dutch historian and priest, born at
Dort in 16S6. He wrote a " tlistorv of the Church of
Utrecht," (I7»S,) and"Analecta Belgica," (3 vol*., 1743.)
Died in 1753.

FapatT, pjtp'te', [Douinkiiir Louis FIrAou) b
French painter, born at Marseilles (n 1815. He puied
the stand prize in 1836. Among his work* it "Dream
of Happiness," (" RCve de Bonheur.") Died in 184^

Papl, pi'pee, (Lazzaro,) an Italian historian and
tnutdator, born near Lucca in 1763. He tranalated
*■ Fatadiae Lost" into Italian. Died bl iSU'

Pfi'ptaa, [Gr. naniuc,] Saint, was Bishop of Hle-
rapolis, in Phrygia, ii the second century. He wrote an
"Exjiosilion of the Words of the Lord," which i* not
extant According to Irenxus, he had seen and heard
the apostle John. Several writer* atate that he *n&red
martyrdom in 163 a. D.

Sta SHrni. " ISidlotiiry of Gteakud R<«ua BiogniihT," Ms.

PapUlon, pfpe'yid', (Ikak,) a French engraver,
bom at Rouen in 1639 ; died In 1710. Hi* *on Jsan,
bom at Saint-Quentin h 1661, waa a skilfnl engraver
and designer. He especially excelled in designing horve*.
Died in 1713.

PapUloa, (JRAN Michbl,) an eminent engraver 00
wood, bom in Paris in 1698, wa* a nephew of the pre-
ceding. He published a " Treatise on Wood-Engraving,"
(1761$.) Diedini776L

puptllon, (Phtubrrt,) a French biographer and
ptie*t, bom at Dijon b 1666. He wrote a good wot*
on Burgundian authors, " Bibliothi(|ue des Auteura de
Bonrgogne," (1 vol*., 1741.) Died in 1738.

«a*i,-;a«i,' 2it<i'd'.-2as/,'a,H,K,/MMKra/; tL,mual; %,trUUd;\3»t; that

n tkit, ( )^~See Explanations, p. a^)

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

utaral pMlocopber, bom «t Bloii in i647' --

•ModUe of Robert Bi>r1e in adentific experiments in
Engl«n4 Bixl *>■ chosen a Fellow of the Royal Society
in >68i. He invented an apptu-Btas for softening bones,
oiled "Ptpin'a Digester," and is ranked among the
inTenton of the steun-engine. " Papin," lan F. Arago,
" Grat coDceived the Mea of a stCRm-engine with a piston."
To enspe persecution u > Proteslant, he went into exile
In l6S^, and obtained ■ chair of matfaematics at Marburg.
Died abont 1712.

Set " NourtUe BiosmfUa Gtabti^,-

pBpln, {Isaac.) a French theologian, boni at Blois in
t6s7, was a nephew of Claude Piuon, and wm edacated
as a Protestant He wrote " Essayi on Theoliwy,"
(1687,) which sa^ected him to the eninitjr of Jd^cu.
In 1690 he joined the Roman Catholic Chnicfa. Died

nfAatrnXi, i^'pe-nS', (Louis Joibph,) a Canadii
revolutionist, bom near HontT«al in 1787. In 1S14 he
repreaented Montreal in the Canadian Parliament, and
in 1815 became Speaker of the Hous& He was a leader
of the liberal or radical party, which revolted in 1837.
After tlie defeat and dispersion of tb« inSDrgcnti, ne
took refuge in the United Sutea. Died in 1S71.

Paplnit pft-pce'nee, (Guido,) an Italian violinist and
composer for his instrunieat, born at Camagiorc, near
Florence in 1S47. He has performed in the principal
Italian cities, in London, and in Paris.

PB-plol-fii, [I^t JBMn/mi Pafikia'nui ; Fr. Pa-
PINIKN, pf pe'ne-lN',] a celebrated Roman jurist, bora
about the middle of the second centory. He was oAw-
eatutjitti in the reign of Marcus Aurelitu, and alter the
accession of Severus was liMleniM imi^itter aod preto-
tian prefect, ^103 A.D.) He was put to death, bv order
of Caracalla, in 3ia, probably because he had condemned
the execution of Geta. The Digest contains extract*
from his " QuKstiones," " Responsa," and " Dellnl-
bones." He was considered by some persons as the
neatest jurist of antiquity. He had a high reputation
lot inlegrity.
_ Sm BniHAiD pTTO "PajanlMiBf, "_•«.■ 1118; "

aiDXii. "Allgtmc

a L. H

PaplnlBiiiiB. See Papihiam.

Paplnlan. See PAnNiAN.

PapIrA-Maiaon. See Masson, {Tkan Papirb.)

Ff -plr^-na, (Justus,) a Roman jurist, lived in tbe
reign of Marcus Anrelius. The Digest contains extract!
from his " ConsdtDtions."

Pqriiliia, (Sextvs,) the author of a supposed collec-
Um of the " Leges Regie," (bm enacted durii^ the
reigns of the Roman kings,) which was called "Jus Pa-
pitlanDtn," He Is said to have lived in the time of
TarquiniuB Superbus. Nothing certain is known about

hisct

npilad

Sec Prms. " DnumHa it Pt-pMa," iStj.
Pf-plT^'iu Craa'so^ (Lucius.) a Roman commander
was appointed dictator in 339 B.c, to conduct the war
■gainst tbe Latins, and was twlc« elected consul, 336
and 330 ».c

Pf-I^fr^-uB Ctir'aor, (Lucius,) a famous Roman
general, whom Uvy represents ai one of the ableat men
of his time. He was appointed dictator to conduct the
war against the Samnites, in 33a B.C. FaWus Mazimus,
who was master of the horse, in the ahaence of his chief
and in disobedience to his orders, attacked and defeated
tbe enemy. For this offence Papirins ordered him to be
punished with death ; bat Fabius appealed to the people,
and waa pardoned or acquitted. Papirins prosecuted
the war with success until the Samnites sued for peaces
He was elected consul abont 310, and soon after defeated
tht Samnites at Luceria. In 313 he was cbosen consul
for the fifth time, and in 308 B.C. waa made dictator Ibr
another war against the Samnites, over whom he gained
a signal victory. Histoty is silent respecting th« sub-
sequent events of his life^ His sott, of die same name,
was elected consul in 193, and again in 17a B.a He
defeated the "

ud priest, born near Nice in 1734. He wrote a "Hi*-
tory of Provence," (4 vols., 1777-86,) which is com-
mended, and a "History of the Frendi Revolution fron
1789 to the iSthBromalre, 1799," (6 vols., 1815.) Died
In 1803.

Pappenhalm, plp'p^-hUn', (Eugenie,) an Austrian
soprano-singer. She appeared successfuUv in the prin-
cipal German cities, in London, and in the United States.
She later became a member of tbe German tlieatre at
Pesth.

Pappenbolm, von, fon plp'paen-hlm', (GoTTniBD
HiiNftiCH,) Count, a celebrated German general, bon
at Pappenheim in 1594, was a zealous Roman CathoUb
After he had served with distinction bi the armj of
Bavaria, and received several wounds at Prague, (tOJOv)
he entered the service of tbe emperor, about lyfi, m
field-marshal. The victory of the Imperialists at Hafd^
burg (1631) is ascribed to bim. Hecomnaadedacom
nnder Wallenstein in 1631, anif was kilted at the batOa
of Lutzen, in November of that year.

S*t FOarm, "ViUniMefaa Bri«E(;" Soouik, 'Uktafjsf
IIh Thirlr Viu*' War."

Pap'ptia, (Gr. Il&nnif,] an eminent Greek

ncal Zwdyuvdi,) which Is estant, and of whin Com-
mandlno pnbliahed a Latin version in 1588L Pappus
first gave the example of the quadrature of a cnved
surftce. He also fumishe* important informatiaa at
tbe analytic methods of the andents. He wroCa oth«
works^ which are lost

Sn UoirTf>ci.A, "Wutn Am HuMnuHqiitar "NondW
Bi^pUa Gtefrdc"

Pappna, plp'^tis, (Johanm,) a Lutheran minister and
writer, bom at Lindau, on Lake Conatance, In 1549. He
preached at Strasburg. Died in 1610.

Paqno^ pt^o'i (A'Ut Noli,) a Flemisb Uogrnpha*',
bom at Florennea in 1731, was a priest and a profeaaoc
of Hebrew. His chief work is "Memoirs towards the

vols., 1763-70,) which contains Uographtes m Dutdi sad
Flerolsfa authors. Died in iSoj.

PCrf, called also Bab, Ring <rf Armenia, waa the son
and heir of Arsacea IH., who was deposed by Sapor,
King of Perria, By the aid of the Romans, Para ob-
tained the throne about 365 A.D. He waa killed by thr
order of the Roman emperor Valen* about 375 a-el

Pan do Pfaanju, dTrf dii fAtfihSs', (FBANgoi^} a
French Jesuit and philosopher, bom in DaupUn^ in
1714. He published "Elements of Metaphysics^ Sacred
and Probnc," (1767,) atid'tMndpes du Calcul et de la

poet and musician, bom at ^cenza. He w

ere received with favour. Died at Venice in 1557.

Paraoelsa. See Paracelsus.

Par-f-oel'Bua, [Fr. Pakacklsb, pTrTslIss',] (Pm-

pi^s AusEOLus Thxopbbastus Boubavtus won
HoliMih«im — fbn ho'en-him',) a fiunow aldtemist and
charlatan, suppoeed to have been bom a BIiMtedeln, in
Switzerland, in 1493. In Ms yonih he acquired a |Nn>-
Adency in the ja^on of alcbemis^ — g*'^™, ssid
padu, whom he consulted in near^ e
ipe. Having performed »r~" '"" —

r tt»t Of

Da,lH«aB

__ _ 'agabond life. In his medical prac-
tice he Introduced mercury and opium mto general use.
lie died poor, at Saltzburg, in lUi. He hul published
but litUe in bis lifetime. After ni* death many voluntea
ascribed to him appeared at various times between 157J
and 1658. HU medical reputation is founded on the
importance which he gave tc ' .■>>..-.

i,&I,0,Q,;,/i«^,'Jt,(, 6, same, less prolonged; li, i, 1, 5, il, y, M<irr; ^ f, j. 9, ojid

\ Cir, nil, at; mCt; nflt; gS6d; n

ID* doKDUtdd And bntMtic pMDdO'pUliM0|di]r fbnnd
■naD<r •aniren, «apeda]l]> in Germuijr.

S« H. B. Lanmc, "Pancabia: hw Ldmimd Dmkan,'
''■AHX, "Sm li Vi*« Is EcnudaPinicelH;" h

Ho, ilMj Fmhx, ''Sm li Vi* <
'■Znr WOrdlnu <Is> Thso. to
" RiOcin de b Ckumia ;" Buhm

ParwUn, pfrfdlH', (GuiLLAUMa,) a French priest
(nd hiatoHati, bom near Chiloni about 1510. Atnor~
T> TimeP' (1550.) 81
■■-' - 1590.

Faradla de RaymoncUa, pfrfde' df h li'm^N'dtss',

gBAH Zacharik,) a Ficnch moralist, bom at Bourg-en-
resMio 1746. He wrote a "Treatise on Morality and
Happiness," (3 vols., 1784.) Died in iSoo.

Paradla, von, fon prRS'di', {Marif THEntsE,) ■
German pianist, organist, and composer, born in Vienna
in 1759. She was blind from childhood. Died in 1S14.

FanicUal, pirt-dee'iee, (Agostino,) Count, an Ital-
lim poet and prose writer, born at VIgnola in 1736.
He was professor of avit economy and of history at
M6dena. He wrote vera ttiolli, (" blank verse,") which
were received with favour, and an excellent " Eulogy
Montecuccoli," (1776,) in prose. He translated some
tragedies of VolUire into Italian. Died in 17S3.

S»SciiBiioiR.*'Xl(icia(MConls A.Pandiil,'' iTt»

Paradlol, fGiOTANNi,) Count, ason of the preceding,
was bom atReggioin 1760. Bonajiu'te appointed him
« director of the Cisalpine rcpablic in 1797, and council-
lor of state in 1S04. He presided over the Italian senate
from 1809 to 1814. Died in 1S26.

Fantdol See Pkbvost-Pakadoi.

Paremw. See Par^.

paramo, d«, i\ pl'ri-mo, (Luis,) a Spanish theo-
logian, born near Toledo sboat 1545. He wrote "On
the Origin and Progress of the Tnqnisition," (IJ98,] said
to be one of the most curious works on that subject.

Parana, de, di pS-rl-nl', {Honokio Hkubto Car-
RUKO LkXo,) Marquis, a Brazilian minister of stale,
bom at Jacahy, January it, iSoi. He was a leader of
the conservative party, and became president of the
council in 1353. Died in 1856.

Pir-S-an-ti'mf, [Hindoo pron. ptir'»-s36-rS'ma and
pilt')-id6-rlni', from the Sanscrit /rfrilnu 01 fSrdiAa, an
"axe," and rimd, one " who delights in,"] in the Hindoo
mythology, the name of the sixth avatar of Vishnu. He
was bom as the son of Jamadagni. His miMion appears
to have been to subdue or destroy the Kshatriya (or
warrior) race, who had become arrogant through their
onlimited power. He seems to have used his terrible
baltle-axe with considerable effect, as some of the ac-
count* represent the whole earth as filled with the blood
of his enemies.

S» Moon," Hindu Punihton/'WiuoK, "SmicrilDinioiuiiT."

Paravsy, d», deh prrfvl', (Charts Hippolytk.)
a French Orientalist, bom in Ardennes in 17S7. He
wrote several works on Oriental antiquities. Died 1871.

PEUBVia, pl-rl-vee'i, (PirrRD Alessandro,) an Ital-
ian littiraiair, bom in Dalmatta in 1797. He became
professor of elo<{aence at Turin In 1^33. He gained
distinction by articles on national literature in the jour-
ttals, by a version of the " Letter* of Pllny the Younger,"
(1830,) and other works. Died in 1857;

Paron, par'si, or Slolraa, moi'te, IFr. Lrs Parqurs,
1| plsk,) the Fates of classic mythology, were said to
be daughter* of Night, (Nox.) According to Hesiod,
they were daughters of Jupiter and Themis, and were
named Clotho, Lachuis, and Atropos. Homer i«c-
Ogniie* one Fate, (Maira,) who spins out the thread of
human life and destiny. Other roythographers feigned
that Clotho held the distafT, Lachens spun the thread
of each person's life, and Atropos cnl it oE^ as expressed
Id the following hexameter line :

UOttllM, ptR'sC . _ ..
trine view*, was born at Leyden
■lomii at tea and shipwreck* with great hicceb* ana
rapidity. He died at Leyerdorp In 1641. His son
Jinju^ born abo« 1638, wa* a lUUn] marine painter,
lad neailr eqtulled Ui btbet.

89 PAREJA

Parolen^ doi See Drparcirvx.

PardMsius, ptR'dVsii', (Jeah Harir,) a French
jurist, born at Blois in 1773. He sat in the Corp*
L^slatiffromiSoT toiSii- He published a "Treatise
on Servitudes," (1806,) which ha* passed through eight
or more editions, a capital work entitled "Lectures on
Commercial Law," (4 vols., 1813-3^,) and an important
"Collcctionof Maritime Laws anterior to the Eighteenth
Century," (6 vols., 1828-^5.) Died in 1853.

Seg " Nounlli Biogiaphie Ginirala,"

Paidies, ptR'de', (Ionacr Gaston,) an able French
geometer, born at Pau in 1636. He lectured at the
College of Louis le Grand, in Paris, and corresponded
with btr Isaac Newton. Among his works are " Elements
of Geometry," (1671,) and " Statics, or the Science al
Moving Forces,'' (1673.) Died in 1673.

Sn Bivia. " UiUaricil and Crrticd Didioaarr."

Par'do. (Manurl,) a Peruvian president, was a dis-
tinguished lawyer and political economist, filled many
offices, including that of minister of finance, and wa*
choien Presideoi in 187s as leader of the "dvlliai)," or
pn^essive party. He favouredpublic improvements with
a lavish hand, and sappressed two revolutions beaded by
Pierola. Retiring from office at the expiration of his
term in 1876, he was chosen president of the Senste.
He was assassinated at the door of the Senate-house,
November 16, 1S78.

Paido-Bacan, (Euilia,) CotmrRaa, sSpanish nov-
elist, bora at La Coninx, Galicia, in 1852. She iscoan-
sellor of public instruction, the fir^t woman to bear this
honour. She has written numerous novels snd tales, also
essays and other works.

tngal, she produced a successful work entitled "Trait*
and Traditions of Portugal." Among her other popula
works are "The City of Ibe Sultan," (1836,) "The Ro.
manceof the Harcm,"(i839,)"TheCi^of the Maygar,"
(1840,) and novels, entitled " Reginald Lyle," and "The
Jealous Wife," (1855.) Died in 186a.

Par'don, (Groroi Frrdirioc,) an English author,
bom in London in 1834. He was bred a printer, btit
became an editoi of newspapers and books. He also

August 5, 1SS4.

Pari, par're, [Fr. pron. prrl'j LaL Para'us,] (Am-
iROisE,) an excellent French surgeon, bom at Laval
(Mayenne) in 1509, (or in 1517, according to some
anthorities,) is stylnl "the Father of French surgery."
His parents were poor, and Ms education was defective.
Having studied in Paris, he became a surgeon in the
army in 1536, and snrgeon-in-ordinary to Henry II. in
IS51. He refonned the treatment of gun-shot wounds,
which previously were cauterised with bi^ng oil, and
subetitnted the ligature of arteries for eanterliation.
He served Francis IL, Charle* IX., and Hetin IIL, as
diief surgeon, Branidme says that during the Massacre
of Saint Bartholomew the king sent for Far^ (who was
a Protestant) and kept him in iiis own room lor safetr.
He wrote many professional works, which are highly
esteemed. The best edition i* that of Halgaigne, (3
vols., 184a) Died in 159^

S« ViiKMT, "Klondc PiTJ." 1S14; WiLLAcnn, "RsebardM*
Uagnpfaiqas liiT A. Vxii," ig]3: " RatmnicaiTS Ravifw," \im\
" Nouxlk Kognphit G^njnlg."

Faj«deB. See Garcia db Paxbdrs.

Paredea, pl-ri'db, (Mariaho,) a Mexican general,
bom about 1790. He fbi^t asainst Santa Anna in i8m>

■s eleOed Prewdent iM

lexico In Jane, 1845. In

«M4,«aB/;|ijnAtai

._ Bravo. Died in 1849.

Parqja, de, dt [4-ri'id, (Juan,) an eminent Spanish
painter, bom at Seville abont i6o8,wa*spapilof Velas-
qBei,whomhe*erveda8a*laveinhi* youth. According
toaomewriten, he wasbomin the West Indies. Having
acquired skill by secret atody and practice, he was libe-
rated by Velasqoet. He painted portrait* with aoccea*.
Hi* master-piece i* " The Calling of Saint Uatthew."
Died in tffto,

i;a,a.K,ttMirai; n.muai; t,lriatd; tnn; thasindA; aySeeERpUniHo— ,p.«).)
"* D,g,t,7ed::yC00t^le

■Mm ID raru in IDM^ Hewron"KMMrcnet tntottin-
k» and M»thematia^" (i vols., 1705,) and other woru.
Died in 1716.

Pamit dn Ohktolet, pt'r&H' dii lUeii', (AtjXAN.
tnu Jkak Baptistk,) a French phyiidin ind mit«r on
hrgjene, waa bom in Paris in 1790. He wrote valnatile
worka entitled " Etaaj on the Common Sewen of Paris,"
("Esaal aur let Cloaquet ou £gout> dc ParU." lS>4,)
" Hyg[ine pubtique," (zvoK, 1S3G,) and "On Proatita-
tlonin theCitfofParis," (a voli., 1S36.) Died in 1S36.

Parapa-4toMi,pl-ri'plro'sl,MADAHEEuFHROSVN>,
a dittingaitbed *oc«lui ani' * ■ •> - '

Maj 7, 1S3& She made b
as '* Amina," when aizteen 3
opera In l8j7 at the Londo
performed with brilliant aucceu in Boston, New'VorlT,
and niiladelpliia. Her voice had cxtraordinarj com-
pass and power. In 1867 she oiatried Carl Rosa, (i84»-
1S89,) her manager. She died in London, Jin. 31, 1S74.

Pai'et, (WlLUAH,) D.D., an American bfahop, born
In New York dty, September 13, 1S36. He graduated
at Holiart Coileee in 1&49, and held Tarioui rectorships,
iiotabl7DBeinWaihin|toii,D.C. In 1884 he was chosen
Bishop of Mai7tand, (EpiacopaJian.) D. Jan. iS, 1911.

FV0IM, pt-rfftt, (Danibl,) a philologist, bom at
Ncnliaaaen m 1605, was a acui oif Philippe notiMd below.
He pablialwd " Historia Palatina," (1633,) and editions of
LuCTedns, Qointilian, and other dasaica. Died in 1615.

Paretw, (bAViD,) an eminent German divine of ibe
Rdbnned Church, born in Silesia in 1U8. Hn German
name was WXncler. He became prolessor of theology
at Heidelberg in 1584. His iirinci pies were CalvinisUc
Ha pablished the "Henstadc Bible," (1587.) Commen-
taries on Scripture, and other worka. Died at Heidelberg
in[6i].

Hoa," IS97.) an edition of the comedie* of Plautos, with
notes, (tolo,) and other works. Died in 1648.

Painlo^ pb.'^', (Francois,) a Frencii writer, born
bi Paris in 169S. He waa author of a " Histor* of the
French Tbealte," (is toIb., 1734-49,) etc.- Dledm 1753.

Puid*. See Pa all.

Fftrtmi, de^ dfh pfr^h', (Makik Louis Pmax
FtuX EsqiiiKOU,) a French lawyer and stalMBUt, bom
at Aurillac in 1815. He was minister of public inttruc-

with the Council of State.

e wrote important works.

•ngra

architect He built

Died in 1656.

PMimpft'rl-jl'tf, [from the Sanscrit /«fr< "above,"
and^l^ "produced,"] in the Hindoo mythologyi one
(rf the trees of the paradise of Indra, said to produce as
friiit whatever was desired. (See KOaUA.)

Paitnl, pl-ree'nee, (Giosippe,) a popular Italian
poet, born m the Milanese in 1729. He became a good
Greek scholar, and distinguished himaelf as a critic by
Us Examination of Bandiera's work, "Pregiudizi delle
■mane l.ettere," (tTSfi.) His principal work is "The
t>ay,"("II Giomo,") an ironical didacticpoem, of which
the Gnt part, "The Morning," (" II Hattino,") was pab-
lished in 1763. It is a satire on the manners and morals
of the Italian nol^lity. He also wrote lyrical poems,
which are much admired. He became professor of elo-
quence at the College of Brera, Milan, m 1769. Parini
b reputed one of the meet eminent Italian poets of his
dmc Died at Milan In 1799.

Sm LomnLLOW, " Pota md PoatiTof Kiirope:""L]*asfi1w

(••Iba 1^iM>,"b< lb« Rht. Hihiit Smama: RanA, "Via >(*

. ; Cauas Cabt*. " "---■ - '- "--'- ' -

trtam, a iTojan pnnce, was ceietiratea tor uis neaot]^
gallantry, accomplishments, and adventorei. tie waa
sometimes called Albxandek. Accordins to poetical
tradition, he seduced Helen, the wife of Menelaiu, and
thus provoked the Greeks to wage the war which ended
in the destruction of Troy. The death of Achillea is
ascribed by some poela to a shaft from the bow of Paris.
The decision by which he awarded the priie of beauty
to Venoa, when Juno and Minerva were competClon,
theme of ancient writers, who relate the

cord, who threw among the guests a golden apple, 01
which waa inacribed " Fur the most beautiful. J""^
Minerva, and Venus disputed for thisBpple,and relerred
the decision of their claims to Paris, who waa then a
thepheid on Mount Ida. To influence liis judgment,
Juno promised to give him power, Minerva martial
glory, and Venus the moat beautiAil of women. He
decided in £ivonr of Venus, and received from bet
Helen aa hia reward.

5«t Hokib'i "Illuli'* Sumi, "DietianarvorOmkiuulRiiniM
Blcvnph^ iiid MriliolcifT :" "BfaifTiiplug UninnBllai'' (Pini*
■DTtholopqiM.)

Patls, pt're', (Alkxu Pauun,) a French antiquary
and translator, bom at Avenay (Hame) in i8oa He
wrote an "Apology for the Romantic Scliool," (1814,) and
several essay* on mediaeval literature. He produced a

vsion of Byron's Complete Works, (1830-33.) In 1S37

: was elected to the Institute. Died Feb. 13, l38l.

Puis, BaoTHK&s, French financiers, born in Dan-
phini: they were named Antoink, Claudk, Jkan,
and JosiFH, who waa called DiiViRMmY. Joseph waa
bom in 1684. On the collapse of Law's system they
were employed to restore omer in the public finances.
Voltaire eiiois the admirable talent which they exhibited
in this operation. Dnvemey died in 177a.

Sh Maujuu di l^ucHwi. - Ulaoir* da HM. Fiiu," ir7«.

Paris, (Ct-AUDS JosxFH,) a French composer of operaa
and sacred music, bom at Lyons in 1S04. He gained the
first prise at Paria in 1836. Died in 1866.

Pula, (Fbancois,) a French priest and devotional

riter, born at Chltillon, near Paria. He wrote edi^
ing worlts, among which are a " Martyrology," (1694J
and " The Gospel Explained," (4 vols., 1693-98.) Died
'- 1718.

niia, (FKANgois,) a French ascetic priest, bom in
Paria in 1690; died in 1717. Crowds resorted to hia
tomb, attracted I7 a report that miracles were pei-
'irmed there.

Psria, (FKAifQois Edmond,} a French naval ^oer.
xn at Brest in 1806. He wrote several works on navi-
gation, and s " Dictionary of the Steam Navy," ("Die-
tionnaire de Marine k Vapeur," 18480 He became a
rear-admiral la 1858. Died April 8, 1893,

Pkila, (Gaston Bruno Paulik,) a French acholar, a
son of A. P. Paria, was born at Avenay, August 9, lS3<^
He was educated at Paris, GQttitigen, and Bonn, and
succeeded his (ather as prolessor olmediBval literature
in the College de France. Among his works Is "His-
loirc po^tique de Charlemagne," (1866,) a treatise of high
valae. He baa edited a large number of " Chanaona de
Gestes" in early French, and other mediieval writinRs,
He was elected 10 the Academy in 1896. Died 190.1,

His uncle, Antoinb Louis Fabis. a brother of A. P.
Paris, waa born at £pernav, Auguat 14, iSoi. He woo
distinction as editor of old manuscripts and author of
works on medieval history. Died in 18S7.

Pir'H (John Avbton,) F.R.S., an EoglUh phyaldnn
and chemist, bora at Cambridge in 17S5. He practised
some yeara at Peniance, from which he removed to
London about 1817. In 1S19 he published a good
" Pharmacologia," {8th e^lion, 1833.) He was elected
president of the CoUegc of Physicians in 1844. Among
bis works ate a well-written "Memoir of Sir Han»)hn
Davy," {1810,) a "Treatise on Diet," (i8ai,) and "Med-
ical Chemistry," (1814.) Died in December, 1856.

Paria, (Matthkw.) See Matthbw Paris.

Paria, (Philippb Nicolas Mabie,) one of the guards
of Lonia XVL, bom in Paris in 1763. He killed Lepcl-

Patlid." .»»i ; CnASa CAirrtr. " Parini M 1. SodfK Lombunto. Of Loma XVL. t>om in fans in 1703. ne miien i-cpci-
a, Ik I, flt 0, T, fev' Kt.i^ ume. !«■■ prolonged; I, {, I, iS, ii, y, titirt; ^ t, j, 9, tiiiture; He, lUl, At; mCt; nOt; sfHd; aaSBa,

PARIS

PARKER

letter de Sdnl-irM]gean ht 1793, becawc he h>a rated ftn
tfM death of the kio^ When the officen of jmlicc were
•bout to ureet him, he ihot hinuelt (Jinoary, 1793.)

Paila, (PiSBKi Adkish,) a French architect, bom at
Besan^D in vjiH- He was appointed deiigner to the
cabinet of the king in 1778. Among his vorki \% the
portal of the cathedral of Orltanl. He left in tnana-
•eript a valuable *'CoIleetton of Deaigns," lod other
works. Died in iSio.

Paila, da deb priV, (Louii Pmupra.) Cohtx, a
French prime, bom in 183& Hia lather, the Duke of , _ _
Orl^aoa. waa the eldest ion of King Loais Philippe, who ! ^ya^^i

abdicated in favour of the Count of Paris in February. -Pwn^ 'iiik, (ToHM G.,) an Ameriran general, bSm
1848, but hM title wa* not recognued by the revolnUon- („ Pennsylvania aWt i8a8, giaduated at West Point in
^ ^\^^i ' campaign m Virginia, on the staff of ,g,,. He commanded a brigade at Roanoke Island and
General McClellan, in the spring of i86a, and returned Newbern in February-March, 1861, was made major-
to Europe about July 1 of that year. He wrote, in French, general of volunteeil, and served at the siege of Vick*.
■ "HiBlory of the Civil War in Amcnca," which was Burg, May-July, 1863, He commanded a corps at the

■ ■-*d into English by L, F. Tasistro and publUhed gjege of Petersburg, 1865. and became lieutenant ol

.x^A c.-._ tJj c„,.._k„h .<^. enlinecrsin 1879.

Parkai, (Alton Bkooks,)

the river to fiammakoo. He returned to England in the
aatumn of 1797, and pobliahed, in 1799, "Travel* it the
Interior of A&ica," which excited great faitereat. Pwk
was chosen to command an expedition sent to renew ths
enterprise, and left Hsania, on the Gambia, about tbe4th
of May, 1S05, with forty-five men, intending to descend
the Niger in boata to iu moulh. He perished (prob^y
by drowning) a abort distance below Vaoari, near the
end of iSoj. The joamal of his last expedltioo waa
published in 181 5.
Faxk«, park, (Tohn,] an eminent English mmician,
' 174$, Derformed on the hautboy ; died in 1819.

In Ibe United States. Died September S, 1S94.

PwlaMin, pfre'iO', (Piiaai GsuiAtM,) a French
dramatic aathor, bom In Pana in 1755. He wrote
comedic* which were received with favour. H« was
gBillotlned in 179^

Parlaat, prrez}', (Gtiinni,) a French medkal
writer, bom at Grand, a village among the Vosgest la
I77(x He wa« chosen physidan of the Hflpttal de
BicCtrein 1S14. In 1S43 ne Mcame perpetual secretary
of the Academy of Medidne. He wrote eloquent enlo-
gie* on members of thii academy, (printed in 3 vols.,
1S4S,) treatises on contagious diiriiri, and other works.
Died In 1847.

PuUctU, p3-re-wf tec, (LuiGi,) an Italian writer <rf
Latin poetrr, was bom at Keggio '

"Theopeia,^ (iSjo-) *"d other poems, which wi
b7 Sadolet and Bemba Died in 157a

Pir'lali, (EujAH,) an American Congregational di-
vine, was born at Lebanon, Connecticut, in 1761:. He
Siblbhed a "History of New England," "Syatem of
odem Geography," and other wonts. Died in 1835.

Pariah. (Josbph.) an American physician, bom at
Philadelphia in 1818. He became superintendent of
the Pennsylvania Training- School for Idioti, president
of sodelies for the reform and cure of inebriety, and
in 1S85 was elected president of the New Jersey
Medical Society. Died in 1891.

PaiUio. See Parrkasius, (Aulus Janus.)

Fariaot, pf re'io', (Piikki,) a French monk, born at

Bar-le-DucIn 169^, took the ' ■"- " -

He opposed the
mofrsof ' ■"

American jurist and
presidential candidate, bom at Cortland, N. Y., May
i4> 1853. He was educated at the Cortland Normal
and Albany Law Schools, and entered upon law prac-
tice at Kingston, N. Y., in 1S73. He was elected in
1877 surrogate of Ulster County, was a delegate to the
Democratic National Convention of 1SS4, and chair-
man of the State Convention of 1SS5. In the latter
year he dedined the post of assistant postmaster- gen-
eral offered by President Cleveland, and was appointed
a judge of the N. Y. Suprei - ■ - ■ * ■-■ -

this oihce in 1886. Hews
of the Court of Appeals in I
justice of this court in 1897,
Democratic
Sutes, but

Court, being elected to
appointed to the bencht
I9, and was elected chief
In 1904 be received the-
for President of the United
defeated in the subsequec

:697, took the name
St Indian MissiDns,"(i

Par'kfr, (Foxhaij. A.,) an American naval officer,

born in New York dty, August 5, iSai. He entered

the navy in 1837. During the war of 1861-65 ^^ w°"

great distinction. His writings include "Fleet Tactics

under Steam," (1S63,) " Squadron Tactic* under Steam,"

(1863,) "The Naval Howitser Afloat," (1865,) "The

Naval Howiticr Ashore," (1866,) and "Elia, or Spain

Pilty Years Ago," (1866, from the Spaniah.) Died at

Annapolis, Maryland, June 10, 1879.

PtukMr,{FkANC»WAVLAND,)adittingiiished teacher,

wi.^.. u.u.,.^ .ui,. » . "" 'boin in Bedford, (now Manchester,) New Hamp-

of PtRB NoBBEaT. ?''''*• October 9. 1837. His early manhood was spent

— '~ teaching in the public schools, (prindpally of New

_,_.. J , _. J jjjj jjjj breaking out of the dvil war he

it Grenoble and at Douai. (1854.)

articles for the "Biographic Universelle." a *'Ii|i^ of
Fourier," (1S57,) and other worlfs. Died in 1861.

Fwlaot-valetta. S«« Valkttk.

Park, (Andrew,) a Scottish poet, bom at Renfrew,
March 7, 1807, was educated at the University of
Glasgow. He published "The Vision of Mankind,"
"The Bridegroom and the Bride," (1834,) " Silent Love,"
(1843.} "Egypt and the East," (travels. 1857,) and many
other works. Died at Gla^ow, December 37, 1863.

Park. [Edwaum A.,) D.D,, an American Conerc-
ptioaal diving iMm at Providence, Rhtxle Islam^ in
180S, graduated at Brown University in 1816, and at the
Andover Theological Seminary in 1831. He was ap-
pointed in 1836 Bartlett professor of sacred rhetoric at
Andover Theological Seminary, and in 1847 Abbott pro-
fessor of ChristiBn theology in that inslitnlion. He
fras one of the editors of the " BiblioCheca Sacra."
published "The Rise of the Edwardsian Theory
e Atonement," etc. Died June 4, 1900.

Park, (MuNOO,) an eminent and enteipHung explorer
of Africa, was bom near Selkirk, Scotland. In September,
1771. He chose the profession of autgeon, and studied
botanr in bis youth. As agent of the African Asaoda-
tkm, he undertook in May, 1795, to explore the course
of the Niger. Departing from a point an the Gambia,
he readied the Niger at Segoin July, I796,and ascended

He publi
of the A

years of the schools of Quincy, Massachusetts, was
supervisor a\ the Boston schools for two years, and
in 1883 became principal of the Cook County Normal
School, near Chicago, Illinois, and in 1896 principal
of the Chicago Normal School. He was an exponent
of advanced ideas in education, luid the author of
several school geographies, etc. Died May z, 1903.

Parker, (Gilbekt,) aCanadian novelist, was bom
November 34, 1S61, lectured on English at a Toronto
college, and edited a newspaper in Sydney. Among
his works are "When Valmond came to Pontiak,'
(1895,) and "The Seats oi the Mighty," (1896.)

Parker. (Sir Hvdb,) an English vice-admiral,
served witli distinction against the French and Span-
iards, and in 17S1 defeated the Dutch admiml Zont-
man al Doggerbank. Being appointed in 1783 com-
mander ol the British fleet in the East Indies, he
perished by shipwreck on the passage.

Parker, (Joel,) LL.D., an American lawyer, bora
atjaffrey. New Hampshire, January 35, 1795. Gradu-
ated at Dartmouth College in 1811. In 1838 was made
chief justice o( the New Hampshire Supreme Court,
and in 1848 was appointed a professor in the law-school
of Harvard University. His published writings were
mostly on the legal aspects of various political questions-
Died at Cambridge, Massachusetts, August 17, 1875.

«Mi; (as/; %k«r4; ^3»j:%iA,K.,giittttral; V,naial: ^triiUd: lasi; thasin/,fu; (ir~See Explanatioos,p. 33.}.

d by Google

PARKER

1899

PARKER

Faik«r, (JoiL,) I.L.D., tn American lawyer, b«n *t
Uonmoutb, new Jersev, Nmembei 34, 1816. He g;rad-
uted at Princeton College in 1339, and wat admitted to
the bar in 1843. He was chosen Governor of Nci
Jersey in 1S63, and again in 1876, and waa aflerwird*
judge in the Sute court*. Died January 1, iSSS.

Farkar, (John Henry,) an Engliah archxologist,
bom in 1S0& Among hi> works are " Glotsary of Ar-
chitectare," (1836,) " Introduction to the Stndj of Gothic
Architecture," (1849,) and "Archsologr of Rome," (9
»oli., 1874-77,) 'he latter being the fruits of Mr. Patker'j
eacavaliona at Rome. Died in January, 1S84.

Farkar, (Lottie Bijir,) author, bom at Osvtfa,
New York, She became an actress and wrote "Way
Down East" and other plays, also " Homespun," a novel.

Farkst, (Joseph,) an Engliah divine, was bom at
Hexham -on-Tyne iu 1830. He became minislerof the
City Temple, London. Among his worka are " The
People's Bible," (35 vols.,) " Springdale Abbey,"
"Christian Profiles in a Pagan Mirror," (1898,)
" Paterson'B Paris," (1898,) etc. Died Nov. 29, 190a.

Porker, (Louts N.,) an English composer and
dramatist, bom at Calvados, France, in 1843. F
was long director of music in Sberboume Schoc,
and in 1898 was made Fellow of lh« Royal Academy
of Music. He produced nameroui musical com-
positions, and aubsequenlly a large number of plays.

PaikM, (Maktvn.) an English poet of the seven-
teenth century, only remembered as the author of a sons

o Campbell his br nobler lyric, "

■sofE,>g.

Puk«i, (Matthkw,) a learned and meritorioos Eng
Hah prelate, bom at Norwich in 1504, was educated at
Cambridge. He became dean of the College of Stoke
Clare in lys, chaplain to Henry VHI, in 1537, m ■

Clare in 1(35, chaplain to Henry VHI. in 1537, 1
of Bene't cTollege m 1544, and Dean of Lincoln ir

be was married. He waa appointed Archbishop of Ci
lerbury by Elicabeth in 1559. A revised version of the
Bible {called the Bishops' Bible) waa published under
hit direction in 1568. He presented many valuable
manuscripts to bis college at Cambridge. Died in 1575.

So J. Snvra, "Ufc of Arehbolm Parku," 1711: Buanrr,
" HiilniT of Iha Riibniailioa ;" W. F. Hook, " Uth of tba Ar^.
Ktbcrpt oTCauicTburr."

Parker, (Sir Prrsa,) an English admiral, born Id
1716, served in the American war, and in 1781 took
prisoner the French admiral Oe Grasse. He was created
admiral of the tIeeL Died in tSli.

Farkar, (Pma,) an American missionary and phy-
■ician, bom at Framingham, Hassacbnselts, June 18,
1804. He graduated at Yale College in 1831, stadicd
BMdidne and divinity, and in 1854 went to China as a
niasionary physician. Died January lo, 188S.

Farkar, (Richakd,) an Ei^Ilsh sailor, bom at Exeter,
was (he ringleader ^ a mutiny at the Nore in Hay,
1797. He blockaded the port of London, and received
IM title of admiral from the mutineers. He was hung
In Jtwe, 1797.

Farkar, (SAMfn,) an English Usliap, bom at North-
ampton in 1640. He was appointed prebendary of
Canterbury in 167*, and Bishop of Oxford in 1686. It
appears tlut he received this preferment from James IL
McauM he Bivonred the cause of popery and absolutism.
He died in 16S7, leaving several theological works, and
memoirs of his own times, entitled " De Rebus sni Tern-
poris Commentaiios," (173&)

Parker, (Samuel,) D.D., an American biahop, bora
at Portsmouth, New Hampshire, Aucust 17, 1744, grad-
■ated at Harvard CoUw in 1764. In 1774 he was or-
dained a priest of the English Church. In 1804 he was
consecrated Bishop of the diocese of Hassachnsett*,
(Episcopalian.) Died December 6, tSof

Farkar, (Tkeodou,) a distingDished American
sdiolar and radonalistic theolt^an, was bom at Lex-
teston, Hassachusetta, on the 34th of August, i8ia
Iw education wat b^un on his fiither's brm, and there
be eoatinaed to carry on bis studies even after he had

entered hit name at Harvard In 183CL He appean to
have visited Cambridge only for the parpote of partid4
pating in the examinations. Being a aon-resident, be
was not entitled to a degree; lint subseqnently (in 1S40)
the honorary title of A.M. was conferred npon him by
the ttniveraiiy. In 1834 he entered the tbeologiou

school, in which he remstned sbont ti

after was settled aa Unitarian minister at Weal
Roxbury. His views had previously been but little in
advance of the average Unitarianism of the time ; but
his growing acqnaintance with the German rationalista
De Wette, Eichbom, Paulus, Bauer, and others was not
long in producing an important change in his theological
opinions, — a change, we need scarcely say, which he wat
at no pains to conceal. His new doctrines gave great
offence to some of the more conservative of the New
England Unitarians ; and after his discourse (preached
at Sonth Boston in 1841) on the "Transient and Perma-
nent in Christianity," in which he assumed the absolute
humanity of Christ, Hisintpiritiondifreringln noeaaen*
tial respect from that of other men, the oppoaitioD to
him became much more dedded. This oppodtion waa
conspicnoDilv manifested on the occasion of his ei'
dialing pulpits with other Unitarian ministera, soom
of whom were severely censnred by many of their breth-
ren, who held that by such an interchange of courtesies
they gave a direct ssnction to the new heresies. Parker^
translation of De Wette't "Introduction to the Old
Testament" appeared in the early part of 1843 ; later
in the same year he visited Europe, retnnting In the
summer of 1S44. Soon after his return he began lo
preach In Boston, at the Helodeon, where he was regu-
larly installed in 1846, He was the principal editor of
the " Massachusetts (Quarterly," which was commenced
in 1847 and continued three years. In addition to his
duties as minister, and his laborious intellectual puratiit^
which extended to almost eveir department M human
knowledge, he gave numerous lectures on various sub-
jects. But the question which seems to have enlisted
most fiilly all the faculties of his ardent and powerful
mind was Southern slavery, with Its attendant inlqnltica
and abominations. His health having become greatly
impaired by his unceasing and intense activity, in Fet-
ruary, 1859, he visited the itland of Santa Criii, in the
West Indies, and in the following summer went to
Enrope, spending the winter of 1859-^ at Rome. He
left Rome in April, 186a, and with difficulty reached
Florence, where he died on the loth of May. Of Ma
extensive collection of books, he left the principal par^
amounting to 11,190 volumes and aw pampnlet*, lo
the Boston Public Library. A complete edition of Ma
works, edited by Francet Power Cobtie, waa published
In London In 1803-65, in 13 vols.

SWLift ofThwidonPvVB.-'liT JoHH Wans. itdIl, ■M41
-LUaof 11i»iloraPiAn,"bTALnTRitnu« tMi; AuJKMa,
- IMctiooeiT of Auihon ;''"»« Amnkan Cwlopiaa:" "W™-
mhiRir Rarin" iai ApnU lit;, ntida " Dr. Smnii nwl Ttwadnn
Fulur,"^ (be Rn. Jaksi Maitihbau :] Miu Coin. "His
glDEj of InLVodDTC Pukcr,"

Parker, (Tkohas.) Earl of Macdeafield, an English
Judge, bom at Leek in 1666. He became lord chancellor
in tyiS. He wat acctised of telling some offices in
the court of diancery, and of other corrupt practices, of
which he was convicted in 1715, and waa fined bn*{iy.
Died In 1733.

Parker, (Wilurd,) M.D., LL.D., a diitingDished
American physician and surgeon, )>om in Lyndeborongh,
New Hampshire, September 3. iSoa He graduated iit
arts at Harvard College in 1S16, and in medidne in tSjOi.
He held various professorships of anatomy, autgery, etc,
in different colleges, but chiefly in New York <sXj, where
he attained a very eiteosive practice as a phyMdan.
Died in New York dly in 1SS4.

Parker, (Sir Williau,) an English admhal, bom \m
Staffordshire in 1 781, was a relative of Lord Hacdetfleli.
He became a rear-admiral in 183a, and a lord of the
admiralty in 1834. In 1841 he wat appointed coat-
man der-ui-cbief of the operations sgsintt China. He
took Chntan and Ning-po, entered the Yellow lUvcr or
Blue River, and compelled the ChiDcae to aign the tmKf

ikfct,evn,y,/MV-''ii^^*>me, less prolonged! l,<,I,C,u,y,/i#rr;f,t,i,9,<i«j»rr;arta]l,at;mlt:nSt:gB&d;Mna'

Digitized by VjOOQIC

FRANCIS PARKMAN.

dbyGoogle

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

PARKER 18

of Nanking. He obtained ibe rank of admiial of the
blue in 1851. Died in 1866.

Parker, (^Williau Kitchen,) an English natu-
ralist, born m Lincolnshire in 1823. He was self-
taaghl in science, and in 1869 was appointed professor
of comparative anatomy in the Royal College of Sur-
geons, where he published monographs on the skulls
of several animals. He published also " Morphology
of Skulls," (1877,) and "Mammalian Descent,"
(18S4.) Died in 1890.

Parksa, (Sir Hkhkv,) an Australian statesman,
bom in Warwickshire, England, in 1815, He emi-
grated to New South Wales in 1839, and from 1856
till his death was a member of its parliament. In
1872 he was made premier of the colony, and held
this high office four times afterwards, his last adminis-
tration ending in 1891. He died in 1E96. .
Parkas, parks, (Joseph,) an Engliah lawyer, bom at
Warwick in 179& He pnbliahed, besides other work*.
a " Hiitor* of the Court of Chancerv," (1828,) and "The
liqnity and Real Property Lawa of th« United States
of North Amerka," (1830.) He distliignished himself
» an advocate of parbamentary refbrm previona to 1S31.
Died in 1865.

Porkaa, (Josiah,) a civil engineer, a brother of
the preceding, was bom at Warwick in 1793. He
published ;" Essays on the Philosophy and Art of
Land Drainage," (1848,) a "Treatise on CUmale,
Soils," etc., and other works.

Faik'harat, (Charles Henry,) an American
Presbyterian clergyman, bom at Fiamingham, Massa-
chusetts, in 1S43. In 1880 he became pastor of the,
Madison Square Church, New York, and in 1S91 i
president of the Society for the Prevention of Crime.
He became a power in New York by his trenchant
criticism of police methods in dealing with crime,
described in his work "Our Fight with Tammany."
Purktatmt, (John,) an English linguist, bom in
Northamptonshire in 173E. He officiated without aalary
la curate at Catesby for man* yeara. In 1761 he pul>.

lUied a "Hebrew-aud'English Lexicon without Poinui,'
which wa« highly esteemed. His " Greek .and-Engliah
Lezicou" (1769) was reprinted and extenuvely naed.
He also wrote '> The Divinitv and Pre. Existence of Jeanl
Christ demonstrated from Scriptare," (1787.) Died in

Fuk'iD-«9ll, (John,) a botaniit and apothecary, bom
in London in ijioy. He received Irom Charles 1. the
title of "Botanicns Re^ns Primarina." He published
" Paradims Terreatris, or a Garden of all Sorts of Pleat-
ant Flowers," (1639,) with 109 Ggnrcs, and "Theatrnm
Botanicum," (1640.) Died about 1650.

Park^miji, (Fkancis,) an American writer, bora at
Boston in iSai, gradoat^l at Harvard College in 1S44,
paasedajear in Europe, made a trip to the Rocky Moun-
tains, and published " The California and Oregon Trail,"
(1S49,) "History of the Conspiracy of Pontiac," etc,
1851.) "The Old Regime in Canada," {1864,) "The
Pioneers of France in the New World," (1865,) "The
Jeanita in North America," (1S66,) "The Discovery of 1
the Great West," (1869.) "Count Frontenac and New
France under Louis XIV.," (187S,) '-Montcalm and
Wolfe," (a vol*., 1884,) and "A HalfCentury of Con-
flict," (1 volt., 1891.) Died November 8, 1S93.

ParIator«, paR-lI-to'rl, (Filippo,) an Italian botanist,
born at Palermo in 1816. He obtained a chair of botany
at Florence in 1842. Among his works are a " Memoir
on Oi^nography, Vegetable Morphology," etc, (1841,)
"Comparative a>Uny," (18^3.) and "Travels in North-
em Europe," (1844.) Died m Florence, September 14,
1877-

Parma, Duke of. See Farnese.

Parma, Duke OF. See CAMBAcAats, Jean Jacqoes

SlGlS.)

Parmjiilda. See FAKMBmDis.

Par-manl-dU, IGr. OaffoM^; Ft. FAKMiHiD^
plK'm^DU',] a distinguished Greek philosopher of the
Eleatic school, was bom at Elea, in Italy. He Is said
*Mi; fiMi; gltarJ; S[a»J; a,tt,1L,gtitturaJ; ii,«ajaJ; ^trilled; Ita

lo have been a disdple of Xcnophanet. Plato iolbtaa
OS that Pannenldet, at the .age of tiity-five, vUted
Athens in company with Zeno^ who was twenty-fi**
raus younger, and became acquainted with Socralea.
The date of this event w suppoaed to have been ab<»t
450 B.C. He developed hit philosophy In a didactic
poem "On Natiure," of wbicn tome fragment hav«
couie down to na. Plato speaks of him with venaration,
and Aristotle preferred him to the other masters of the
Eleatic school Zeno of Elea waa one of hit dkflplm.
among whom some writers also reckon Empedoclea.

Par-ma'iil-o, [Gr. ITofyHviiw,- Fr. PARMlNKnt, pla'<
mi'ne'AN'.] an eminent Macedonian general, the son
of Philoias, was bom about 400 B.C. He enjoyed the
highest place in the confidence of Philip at a councillor
and general. Parmenio and Altalus commanded an army
which Philip sent to invade Persia in 336. He rendered
important services in Alexander's expedition igainsl
Persia, and appears to have been regarded at MCOBd
in command to the king. He commanded the left wins
at the battles of the Grani'cus and lasus, (333,) and of
Arbela, (331.) His ton, Philotas, was accnsed of com-
plicity in a plot against the life of Alexander, and, thongb
lie waa prooablj innocent, he waa induced by tortnre to
make a confession of guilt which implicated Parmenio,
who was put to death in 330 B.C. His death is considered
to have left one of the darkest atains on the character
(rf Alexander.

PannantlBr, ph'mBN't^', (Antoine AtrauniK,)
an eminent French philanthropist and writer on rtual
economy, bom at Montdidier in 1^37. He became an
apothecary of Paris, and dlstingnisned himself by hi*
enorts to promote the cultivation and use of the potato,
against which the people were prejudiced. He wrote
treatises on the potato, chestnut, and maize. In 1790
he pnblithed " Rural and Domestic Economy," (8 vol&)
He waa a member of the Institute. About i8cg he
became inspector-general of health, (imptttair'ghtinU Jh
urvittdtiiuui.} Died In 1813.

Paimentler, (Jacques,) a French painter, born in
Paris in 165S. He resided mostly in England, and was
employed by William IIL to adorn his palace at Loo.
Among his works is "Diana and Endymion." Died
in London in 173a.

Pannontlar, (Jkhan,) a French navigator, born a)
Dieppe In 1494. He is reputed the first European who
navigated to Brazil, and the lirst who explored the In-
dian Sea as far as Sumatra. He died at Sumatra in 1530.

Farmeaan, !■«. See Mazzola.

Pttrmlgiaiio, U See Mazzola.

Par'n^ (Ckarles Stbwaxt,) an Irish statesman,
born at Avondalc, county of Wicklow, in 1S46, of a
Protestant family. His mother was the daughter of the
American admiral Charles Stewart He was educated
at Magdalen College, Cambridge, and io 1874 was chosen
high sheriff of Widclow. In 1B75 he entered Parliament
for Meath, and in l38o for Cork. He was chosen pres-
ident respectively of the Irish National Land League
(1879) and of the National League (18S4), and was for
years the principal leader of the Home Rule movemeat,
in the interest of which he visited America, where he

an advocate of^ Home Rule. On his birthday in 1SB9 he
was presented with the freedom of Edinburgh, an event
which was speedily followed bv a disgraceful divorce
case in which he was co-retpondenl with a Mr*. O'Shea,
whom he afterwards married. Died October 6, 1891.

Pamell, [Henry Bkooki.) See Concletoh, Loan.

Pai'iiell, (Thomas,) a British poet, bom in Dublin
in 1679. He was educated at Tnnity College, Dublin,
and was ordained a deacon in 1700. In 170^ he bBGama
Archdeacon of Clogher. He obtained the living of Fin-
glass, near Dublin, in 1716, and died in Jnly, 1717.
Among his best poems are a " Hymn to CMitenlment,"
" The Hermit," a night-piece on "Death," and an " A!te-
..-- .■ -. J (,„Y, jQ ii^ "Speo

"SpedoKniaf Iha BritUh Poeu."

OLtAii, (|^~SeeExplanatloi>^p,^)

Digitized by VjOOQIC

n«ncb ptiet, bom in the Isle of Bourbon in 1753,
Mjried ' the French Tibnlliu." Me was educated
Fnuic^ choM the militan' profession, and leturned to
hU native island in 177} A disappointed pan
eraole named £l^nore inspired his first and most f^oe-
M and natural poetical compositions, " Amatory Poems,"
("Ponies frotiqaes," 1775,) which were recetrcd with
(real bTour. He went to India as aide'de-camp to the
fovernor^Ceneral in 1785, but returned to France in 1786
■ad redgned his cantmiMion. After the Revolation he
MTfed ue public as clerk in one of the bnreaax of
the goremment His later poems, "The War of the
Gods," (" La Guerre des Dieux," 1 799,) " Paradise Lost,''
and " Lea Galanteries de la Bible," were generally cen
tared for their impiety, and have little Htetarjr merit
He was admitted mto the French Academt in 1803.
Died in 1S14.

Sh p. r. TiBDT, " N«ia iw U Via M la Oonint da H. da
Ftni," 18^: SAiKn'Biu*a,"Ponniti Un4ninar "NobtcUi
Biotnplu* Gto«nla."

FaroooU, pi-rAklcee, (Lucido Makia,) an Italian
cardinal, bom Bt Uantoa, August 13, 1^3. He tiecame
a bbhop iit 1871, and Arcbbiahop of Bcdogoa in iStt,
and was made a cardinal -priest in the same j'eat. lie
afterwards was made csTdinal -vicar of Rome. D. in 1903.

Pvodl, pl-ro'dee, (DOMEittco,) aa eminent punter
of history, born at Genoa in 1668, was also a acnlptor.
He imitated the style* of Tintoretto and Paul Veronese.

HU

other fabulous subjects. A statue of Adonis, whjco
made for Prince Eugene, is admired. Died in i7jA

Farodi, (Fiufpo,) an able sculptor, bom at Genoa
•boot 1640, was the lather of the preceding. Hisworlcs
nay be seen at Genoa, Venice, and Lisbon. Died about
170& Hia son Battista, bom in 1674, was a dislin-
gaiahed painter and a brilliant colorisL Died in 173a

Paiodl, Madami, a celebrated Italian singer, ijom
about 183a She has performed with great applaose in
the principal dties of Europe and the United State*.

PaToUnl, pl-ro-lee'nee, (Giacoko,) an Italian paintei
afhiatory, born at Ferrari in 1663, wm a pupil 01 Cailo
CignanL Died about 1735.

Paroy, do, d?h pfawl', (Jian Philippe Guy U
0«iitU— Ifh ihfiN'til',) Marquis, a French painter and
engraver, born in Bretagne in 1750. His engraving o(
"Li moderne Antigone" (1800) was very anccesifuL
Died in 1S33.

Far^uA-CaatrlUo, del, dCl pat'ki kls-iitryo, DuKi,
a Spanish general, born at Valladolid in 17;;. He com-
manded an army which opposed the French invaders
In 1809-13. Died in 1S31.

FarqnM, Lea. See Parca.

Fbit, (CATHutiHE.) See Cathbrini Pair.

Fan, (Harbiet,) an Envlish author, known by the
literary name of HoLME Lbe, was born al York in
181S. Besides many novels, she has published a '* Life
of Jeanne d'Arc." (t966.) etc.

Fair, (Louisa,) an English novelist, was bom at
London, daughter of Matthew Taylor. Her first story,
" How it All Happened," appeared in 186B, and her
first novel, "Dorothy Fon," in 1870. Among her
later works were "Loyalty George," (1888,) "The
Squire," (1891.) " Can this be' Love ? " (1896,) etc.

Put, (Richard,) a minister of the Anglican Charcli,
bom in the county of Cork, Ireland, in 1617, was chap-
lain to Archlrishop Vaber, of whom he wrote a Liie,
{1686.) Died- ^

at Harrow-on-the-Hill, Middlesex, in 1747. He entered
Emmanuel College, Cambridge, in 1765, bal left it with-
out a dqpree, andwa* an usher in Harrow School bom
■767 to 177a. He was afterwards master of schools at
Colchester and Norwich, and obtained about 1785 the
Uving of Hattoik, in Warwickshire. His promotion was
Undered by hi* rather violent partiality to the Whig
principles, and the richest benefice he enjoyed was a

94 PARRISH

prebend Id Saint Paal's, London. He pnblished several
sermons, " Charactera tA the Late Cuules J. Fox, as>
lected and in part written by Philopatris VarviceDSia,"
(1 vols., 1S15,) and other work*, none of which is of
great extent or importance. Died in 1835. Macanlay
calls Parr the greatest scholar of that age, and speak*
of "his labours in that dark and profound mine from
which he had extracted a vast treasure of erudition,—*
treasure too often buried in the earth, too often paraded
with injudicious and inelegant ostentation, bat still

Kecious, massive, and splendid." (" Essay on Warren
astings.")

S« " Lib of S. Put," tn Iohk JoHnnm! Wiujam Prls,
" Utnob of Iba LiAof Dr. Parr," 1 Tok,, itaS ; " Dr. Pair iDd hk
Collteln|unIW^" in ^ Blackwood'a Maguina" to Janoanr. Uar:
and Ju*. ibi : " Putina, or NDiIeia gf iIh Rar. Sumal Pan.'"
LoDdoo, iSiS.

Parr, (Thomas,) an Englishman of great longevityj
was bom in Shropshire in 14S3. He was a cultivator 01
the soil, and was married about the age of one hundred
and twenty. It is said (hat he was able to work after
he was one hundred and thirty year* old. Died in 163^

Fniradin. See Paradin.

Farrenln, pb'ntN', or Faiannln, pf r^'niw', (Domi-
NIQUI,) a French miasionary, bom near Fontarlier in
1665, In 169S he went to China, where he obta^ied
the fiivonr of the emperor. He translated som* French
works into ChlneM. Hia letters to Fontenelle aitd
other* were pnblithed. Died at Pelting hi 1741.

pAirhnaliw, par-ri'ah^jfs, [ II^il|Umaf, ] one of the
most celebrated Greek painter*, wa* bom at Ephesua,
and was the pupil of his Either, Evenor. HioWh he
beloiwed to the Ionic school, he practised hi* art chieflj
at Athena. He flourished about 400 B.C. Hb peculiar
merits consisted in accuracy of design, truth of propor*
tion, and power of expression. In picture* of gods and
heroes he established a canon of proportion which was
recc^niicd by succeedii^ artisla. Qumtilian styled him
the le^slator of hi* art. In a trial of skill between bun
and hit rival Zeuiit, the latter painted abunchofgrapea,
which the birds took for reality. Flatbed with this evi-
dence of hit tuccess, Zeuxis called on his rival to draw
aside the curtain and show hi* picture. The [Hcture of
Parrhaaius was the curtain itaei^ which Zeuxis had mis-
taken fsx real drapery. Among hia master-pieces were
" Ulysses Feigning Insanity," and an allegorical picture
of the Athenian people, or the DemM personifietL

Sat CAtLaDATi, "VHt da' Kttori antidd," itSt; K. O. MVl^
LH, " Handbuch dar Archaeo^atla dv Rimal :" " NanrtOa Bion*.
pUa GtB^nla."

Parrbaslu* or Pariaia, pl-ree'te-o, (AVLUs JamuM
an Italian grammarian, bom at Coaenxa in 147a [I«
tWMht eloquence al Milan and Rome, and wrote note*
on Horace, Cicero, and Ovid. Hi* chief work is itamed
"De Rebus per Epistolam qu«*iti*," (Paria, 1567,) in
which h« explain* passages of andeni authora. Died

Pb^la, ( Albion K.,) an American Governor and
judge, bom in Oxford county, Maine, in 1788. He wa*
elected Govemor of Maine five limes, {lixt-vj,) became
United States Senator in 1837, and was a ju^ of th«
SDprcmecoartofMainefrom )&i8toiS3& DiediniSj?,

Fir'riab, (Josbph,) M.D., a distinguished phyaicun
of Philadelphia, wa* bom in that dty, September 3, 1 779.
His parents were members of the SoaeM of Frienda,
and he was educated in strict conformity with the psind-
plea and habit* of that sect In early life he received
strong religions impressioits, by which he wa* preserved
from the temptstions inddcnt to a lively and ardent
temperamcnL He had a good English education, and
acquired some knowledge of X.atin and FrenclL I^ter
in life, like George Fox, he commenced the study of
Hebrew, that he might the better understand the Scrip-
tures. But his tastes were rather sdeniific than literary,
and inclined him to the medical profestion, the study of

which he commenced, after he bad completed bi* twenty
first year, in the office of Dr. Caspar Watar, of the U)ii>
versity of Pennsj^lvania. He look hia degree of Doctor

of Medidne in iSoj. and toon after entered with seal
in the duties of his profession. In the winter of
7-8 he became bvourably known to the pnblic by a

popular course of lectures on chemiatry, then a Dovettr

1,^(41.;, /flV'i.tA same, less prolonged; k,!,I,fi,ii,f,j^ivf.- a. t,j,o,«^(Hrv; Or, fill, at; mCtinSt;gndiMa&n;

Digitized .yCoOglc

PARRISH

1895

PARSONS

in Phlladelpbia. In tSoS he married SnMnna Cox,
wboae father, John Coz, of Buritngtoii, wm a well-known
■nd estimable mlnUler of the iiociet); of Friend*. There
has, perhaps, been no example in Philadelphia of a more
rapid professional succcM than that which fell to the lot
oir Dr. Parrish. To this result his devotion to hii medical
duties, and Ihe remarkable kindliness of his disposition,
which showed itself not merely in his msnnen but in in>
numerable acts of benevolence, powerfully contributed.
Later in life hegreatlydistlngnishedhimselfas a surgeon,
snd was deemnl worth; to succeed Dr. PIntick tu (iir-
geon to Ihe Pennsylvania Hospital, to wMcD pocilion he
was elected in iSio^ and which he continued to hold, with
llie highest credit to himsell^ for thirteen jreara. Apart
from his proCMaion, Dr. Parriah took a deep interest in
■U bcDetoIent enterprises, and in ever; movement cal-
culated to relieve the diatreases or promote the happiness
of nunkind. He wsa long a member, and ulumatclj
pmident, of the oM Pennayivania Abolition Society, in
^^h oflux he had been preceded by Dr*. Wlstar, Rod),
•Bd Franklin. He died Harch 18, 1840.

Poirlsl), ntANDALi.,) novelist, bem in Henry Co.,
Illinois, io 1S58. Bscamea journalist and wrote " When
Wilderness was King," "Love Under Fire," "My
Lady of Doubl," ■

with success. Died in France in i66a

Panoool, (Cmablbs,] a skilful painter of battles, bom
in Paris in 1688, was a grandson of the preceding. He
was patTOniied b; Louis XV., whom be attended in Ihe
campaigns of 1744 and lyaj. Died in lycx.

Fanooel, (Joseph,) a duiinguished painter of battles,
Rither of the preceding, was bom in Provence in 1648.
He worked at Paris, where he settled in 1675, and was
employed by Louvois and Louis XIV. to adorn the royal
palaces. He also left many etchings. Died in 1704.

PuTOO^ (PlutAl,) a nephew of the preceding, was
born at Avignon in 1664. He was an able painter of
history, and worked in Paris. His chief work is "The
Coronation of the Virgin." Died in 1739. His sod,
losBPH loKACi, bom in 170$, painted religiona and
pastoral subjects, and received the title of painter to the
IdnK. Died in 178 1.

PuTOt pTro^ (CuKiCTOfHi FKlDtKiC,) a writer on \

FATTOt, (GiOROi FiSDUIc;) a distingni

brother of the preceding, waa bom at Montb^liard in
1767. He became professor of physics at Doipat in
tsoc^ and a member of the Academy of Sciences of Saint
Petersburg in 1S36. Among his work* is "Outlini
{Gnrndria) of Theoretical Physict," (1 voi*,, 1S09-11
Died at Saini Pelenburg in 185*.

FuTot (JoHANH Jakos Frizdricm Wilhklk,)
traveller, son of the preceding, was born at Cartsruhe
fat 1792. He puUiahed "Traveta in the Crimea and
Caucaaus," (3 vola., 181J-18,) a "Journey to Ararat,"
(1834,) and other works. He ascended Mount Ararat
about iS3Gk He was professor of medicine at Dorpat
Died in 184I.

Ftr'r9tt, (Robkkt Farxkx,) an American soldier,
.. ■ . „ ,, .. October 5, 1804. "'
and until iSao «

He invented the rified artillery which was called by his
name. He was a bdge of common pleas, 1S44-47. Died
at Cold Springs New York, December 24, 1877.

PAr'r^ {Calu Htixiut,) an English physician, bom
at Bath In 1756. He practised many yesrs at Bath, and
pnbliabed several works, among which is " Elements of
FaOaltigy,'' <lSi6.) Sir WUliam Edward Fairy was hia
MO. Died in 1893.

PaR7, (Charlks Hdbkkt,) an English composer,
bom at Bournemouth in 1848. He became director
of the Royal College of Music in 1895. He wrote
"The Aft (A Music," (1894,) and "The Evolu-
tion of Muuc," (1896,) and composed oratorios,
symphonies, etc., and the opera " Lancelot and Gui-

FAr'iy, (Ji>Uii,) a Welsh mnsidan and muaical arch»
ologist of ue eighteenth century. Hia playing on tha
harp was much admired- m London. He published two
collections of old musics — " Andent British Music of the
Csmbro-Britons," (1742,) snd "A Collection of Welih,
English, and Scotch Airs."

Fanj, (John,) a Welsh musician and compoaet, boni
at I>enbigh in 1776. In 1807 he aeltled in London, and
soon beoime known as a composer of dramatic muHC
He was author of " The Rise and Progress of the Harp,"
and editor of a collection of Welsh melodies under the
title of "The Welah Harper." Died April 8, 1851.

FuT7, JosKPH,) Mua. Doc., a Welsh mnsidan and
composer, Dom at Merthyr in 184I. Among his nn-
meiouE compoBitions ate the oratorio " Emanuel," and
the opens " Blodwen," " Sylvia," "King Arthur,"
etc.

Fairy, (Richard,) an English dirine, bom in Londm
in 1731, was rector of Wichampton. He poblisbed, be-
tides other wtK-ks, a " Harmony of the Font Gospels."
Died in 1780.

PaiTT.fSir WtLUAU Edwakd,) an English navigator,
(uBually called Sir Edkard Pakry,) bom at Bath b
1790, was a aon of C^eb H. Parry, noticed abovth
He served as lieutenant in the war against the Uailad
States in 1S14, and accompanied Captain Ross in aa
exploring voyjige in 1818, He obtained command of as
enpedition for the discovery of a Northwest Passage, and
sailed with the Beds and Griper in May, 1819- Having
passed through Lancaster Sound, he explored a con-
tiguous strait, which he named Barrow's Strait, and
gained a reward of ^^5000 offered to the navigator who
should penetrate beyond Ihe meridian of 110° W.,

Cithin the Arctic circle.) He passed the winter at
elrille Island, returned home in November, 1810, and
wrc«e a Jownal of his voyage, published in iBai.

He made subsequent attempts to find Ihe Northwest
Pasiage in iSai and 1824, without success, and in 1837
attempted to reach the pole by boats and sledges from
Spitsbergen, attaining the high latitude of 82° 45' N.
He was made tear-admiral in 1851. Died io 1S55.

ParaevBl-Orftodnudaoii, ptu'vU' %xWtaVAtf,
(Fran;ois Avcusti,) a French poet, boin in Paris in
1759. He went to Egypt with Ihe army in 1798 aa poet
of Ihe expedition, and was one of the friends wboB
Soiuiparte received on board of the ship which conveyed
him to France. He wrote a "Dithyramb on (be Mar-
riage of Napoleon," (1810,) " Philippe Anguite," a herok
poem, ( 1S15,) and other works. Died in 1S34.

Far'aona, (ALFRRDWiixiAtt,) an English painter,
bom at Beckington in 1847. He began the study of
painting, without masters, in 1867, and afterwards ei-
hibited a large number of paintings. With F. D.
Millet, in 1891, he made a series of illustrations of
the Danube. Io 1893 he painted landscapes in Japan.
He was made an A.R.A. in 1897.

Panwna. (Frank,) an American sociologist, bom
at Mount Holly, New Jersey, in 1854. In 1S97 he
became professor of history and political science at
Kansas Agricultural College. His works include " The
World's BeatBooks,"" The Drift of Our Time," etc.,
and he has written and lectured largely on monopoly,
socialism, goveroment, etc.

Par'a^na, (Jaios,] F.R.S., an English physician and
antiouary, born at Bamatapte in 1705. He practiaed in
London, contributed aeveral treatises on physiology, etc;
to the " Fhiloeophical Transactions," and wrote an anti-
quarian work called "The Remains of Japhet," {17*7.)

Died ir

1770. .

Faraona, (John,) an English phy^dan, bora ta
Vorkshire in 1743. He became profeaaor of medidni
or anatomy at Oxford about t78a Died in 1785.

Pai'afna, (Jonathan,) an American Presbyteriu
clergymsn and scholar, bom at West Springfield, Massa-
chusetts, in 1705. He preached for many yean at New-
baryport, and published several volumet of sermons.
Died in 177&

Faraona, (Mont,) an eminent American preacher,
bom in Massachusetts in 1716, graduated at Harvard

" *; 5 aa j; g hard; j as/- o, H, ^gimitrai; N, naialt R, triiltd; I aa i ; th aa inrfu. (]

Explanatioaa, pw M.)

■ doodle

Anoiu, {PmLiP,} an English dereytnui, bom M
Dedhun in 1739, mi vicar of Vfye. He wrote "New-
market, an Easaj on the Turfl" (1774,) " Simplidty," a
poetn, (17814,) and other works. Died in iSia.

PaisoDB, [LaL Pirso'kius,] (Robert,) an English
Tesnit, bom In Somersetshire m IJ46, was remarlnble
tot hi* sabtlel; as a disputant and his u!en( for intt^e.
As an emiuary of the couit of Rome, he went to Eng-
land with Campian about kSo, and attempted to Ibment
a TcbeliioD. He published teveral tedilious writings.
He was turbtilent, audadoos, and nnscrupDlDus. Died
at Rome in i6ia

PKraona, (SAUirn. Holoih,) an American general
■nd lawyer, born at Lrme, Connecticut, in 1717, was a
•on of Jonathan, noticed above. He is said to have first
suggested a general Congress. Died in Ohio in 1789.

where he was admitted to the bar in 1774 ; but he after-
warda removed lo Newburjrport He was a member of
the convention which, in 1779, framed the State Consti-
tution of Massachusetts, and was alao a member of the
conventioa called to rati^lbeConstitution of the United
States fai 1789. In 1800 fie removed to Bocton. He was
appointed In 1806 chief Justice of Massachusetta, in
wMeh office he displayed wgnal abiUly. A* a lawver,
"he had." according to Justice Story, "no equal In
UaasachuBeiia ;" and be probably had few, if anjr, supe-
riors in the United States. A collection of his judicial
opinion! was published, under the title of "Commen-
taries on the Law of the United Sutet." Died ia 181J.

e gnutoated in 1815 at Harvard College,
where he became in i84;r Dane prolessoi " " '

the author of a *'TreatiBe on the Law of Contracts,"
(l853,)and various other legal works, "Deus Homo,"
(1867,) " The Infinite and the Finite," {1872,) and
"The Rights of a Citiien of the United States,"
(1S75.) He died Jauuaiy 26, l88z,

Paraooa, (Thomas Wiluau,) an American poet,
born in Boston in 1819. He produced in 1843 a veraion
of "The First Ten Cantos of Dante's Inferno," which
was pronounced " the most successful reproduction of the
spirit and power of the Divina Canmaha in the English
language. . . . His'HudsonRiver'isthenoblesttribute
any stream on this continent has received from a poet,
and his lines 'On the Death of Daniel Webster' are fai
belter than anything else ever written in verse on the
death of an American statesman." (Griswold'a "Poets
and Poetry of America," p. 559.) He published a vol-
ume of poems in 1S54. Died September 3, 1S92.

Parsona, (Wiluau,) an English comic actor, bom
In 1736, was also a painter. Died in 1795.

PaitJiuiRy, de. See Deskoches db Famukkay.

PaiUieiiay, de, dfh plRt'nf, ( Cathekihe, ) Vi-
comlesse de Rohan, a spirited and gifted French lady,
born iu Bas-Poitoa in 1534, was a Huguenot She dis-
tinguished herself at the siege of La Rochelle, in 1627.
She published some poems. The lamous Duke of
Rohan was her son. Died In 1631.

Sie Uoniai, " DictioDiiiur* HiiioriqiK 1" Di Thou, " Hinaria
ui Ttmpoiii."

Par-tbe'nl-iM \ilafi6trioc\ of Nicsea, a Greek poet,
who lived at Rome in the first century B-C Suidas states
that he was taken prisoner by the Romans in the war

Sainst Mithridates. He was a friend of Cornelius
tllus, and a preceptor of Virgil. He wrote " Meta-
morphoses," elites, and other poems, which are all lost
except one named ircpl kporua/i' vaStiiiaruii, (" On Ama-
tory ASections.")

8m FAHudin, "Bibliotbtia Graa."
PaitbeDopaoi, par-then-o-pee'us, I Gr. IlapfcM
wolor; Fi. PARTHftNOPtE, ptR'ti'no'pk',] a mythical
peraonage, called a son of Milanion and Atalanta. He

was one of the seven heroes under the

given by tl
Aey built tl

Pu-thvn'o-po, [Gr. IlapfcvAcf; Pr. FARTtdbtOP^
^R'li'nop',] a &mon* Sircit, from whom the dty of
Naples derived its ancienl itaine.

PaitbiiKq>A& See Parthbnopxus,

FaT'tbf-DO*, [Gr. Tiapthfn; Ft. PartuAmos, ptk'
ti'nos',] (1./. " the Virpn,") a surname r'— ■— " "
Athenians to Minerva, in whoae honour 0
Parthenon. (See Minkrva.)

PaitloelU. See£kfRBV.

Par't^n, (Erhist,) an American artist, of late a rea>
dent of London, Etuland, waaborn at Hudson, New Yoc^
March 17, 1845. When twenty years old, he took a
studio in New York, and in 1871 he removed to London.
Among his pictures are " The High Hall Garden," " An
Bord de I'Eau," » The Waning of the Year," and " Wood-
land Home."

Fttr't^D, (Jaues,) an able and popular writer and
journalist, born at Canterbury, Englanil, In 1S23, became
a resident of New York, where he was for a time asso-
editor of the " Home Journal." He published

a "Life of Honce Greeley," (1855,) "Life of Aaroo
Burr," (l8S7j " Ufe of Andrew rackaoa," (i36o,) a " Ufc
of General Butler," (1S63,) " Life and Time* of Benja-

(1864,1 "Life of John Jacob Astor,"

._._= , ,. fi--— -O'^.

:ari

(1881,) "Captains of Industry," (1884 and 1891',)

Franklin,"

Famous Americans of Recent "fimes," (1867,)
Thomas Jefrerson,1_(i874,p'_Caricatnre '- ''

(tS6j,) " Famous Americans of Recent

" Liie of Thomas Jefferson," (1874,) "C . _

Times and Lands," (1878,) " Life of Voltaire,

itains of It

ih other works. Died October 17, 1S91.

Puton, (Sarah Pavson Watis,) the wifis of the
preceding, and sister of the poet, N. P. Willis, was bom
at Portland, Maine, in 1811, She published, under the
pseudonym of Fanny Fern, "Fern Leaves," (1853,)
" Little Ferns," (1853,) " Ruth Hall," (1854.) "The pfay-
Day Book," (1856.) "Fresh Leaves," (1857,) and "Rose
Clark," (1857.) Her works obtained great popularity in
the United Stales, and were republished in England.
She died October lO, 1871.

Foif ildga, (ALDEI4,) an American teacher of mill*
tary schoolih bom at Norwich, Vermont, abont 1785.
He graduated at West Point in 1806. He was the
leader of a party which surveyed and determined the
northeast boundary of the United Sutes, in tSi9- H«
opened military sdiools at Norwich, Vermont, (iSsOt)
Middletown, Connecticut, (1835.) Portsmouth, Tirginia,
(1S40,) and elsewhere. Died in 1854-

Paxfddgs, (Sauuel Wiluau,) an English poet.
born in London in 1810. He is the author of "Our
English Months, a Poem on the Seasons in England."

Partridge, (William Ordway,) sculptor, bom at
Paris, France, in 1861. He studied art in Paris,
Florence, and Rome, became an art professor in New
York, and produced numerous works ot sculpture,
including the statue ot Shakspeare at Lincoln Park,
Chicago. He published several works on art.

Parota, pl-roc/tl, (Filippo,) an aotiqtiarf, born al
Palermo- He wrote "Sidly Deacribed by Medals,"
(" La Sldlla deacritta con Medaglle," 1613,) reprinted
in 1649 and 1697. Died in 1639.

Paiuta, (Paolo,) an eminent Italian hbtorian and
diplomatiat, born at Venice in 1540. He was sent aa
ambaasador to the pope in 1S91. before which he had
held several high offices. In 1596 he became procuratoi
of Saint Mark, the highest functionary in the state ex-
cept one. He wrote " On the Perfection of Political
Liie," ("Delia Perfedone della Vita politica," 1579,)
which was translated into English and Frendi, and a
" History of Venice from 1513 to 1551." ("Sloria Vene-
nana," 1605,) whidi ia highly commended. "He waa
the first," aays Daru, "who introduced the detaila of
dvU history into his narradve." His " Political Dis-
course*" ("DIscorsi politid," 1599) are judidoos, and
somedmes profound. Died in 1598.

FirwKtt, paK'v«-tee', (u. the " moontain [goddeaa,"])
[from the Sanscrit ^iriaj^ a "mount^iD,"] m the Hin-
doo mydtology, the name of the ccmsort or SUcd of Siva,
was supjXMM to be the daogbter of Himlla, the sove-
reign of^the anowy mountains In the north of India.
She is known by a multitude of la

i, 2,1, )V Q, ;, />V; Jir ^ ^ aui^ less proloDgedi i, i, I, &, ii, $, jAiirr,- 1, c, i. 9. <^»rr; Or, fUl,ilt; mil; ii6t; ga&d; tndte;

PARYSATIS

1897

tfce •* Venns genetiii" of the Romaiu ; DuRCA, io

in her character of active or militant nrtue; KXli, (la
" black" or " terrible,") applied to her in her most terrible
firm, when the appears as the destroyer of the enemies
of the eodi ; and FiUvATt, as the devoted irife and
inseparable companion of Siva. She (like Juno) majr be
regarded aa ■ personification <rf fiemineit}'. (Sec Siva.)
ShUoco. " Hindu Puilheon:" WiLwM, "Siiucril DictiomiT."
P»-rifa'a-tl», (Gr. napSooTii,] a Persian ane«n, was a
daughter ol Artaxerxes I., and the wife of her brother,
Daniu Oehus, over whom she liad great influence. She

a the mother of Artaxerxei Mnemon and of Cyius
tlic younger.
Pas. See Pass.

Paa, d«, (Antoini.) See FEiiQUiiitEs, de.
PasoaL See Paschal I.
Pascal, pSslitl', (Adrien,) a French miliiar;

arks.

"Hi!

(Blaise,) a celebrated French philosopher and mathe-
matician, vas bom at Cleimont-Ferrand, in Auvergne,
on the 19th of June, 1633. He was the only son of
Eiienoe Pascal, president of the court of aids, and An-
toinette Begon. He was very inquisitive in his early
childhood, and showed an extraordinary aptitude for
geomelrv; but bis father, who directed his education,
wished him to study the andeni languages, to the ex-
clusion of geometry, and carerully concealed from him
all works on that srience. In his twelfth year, however,
he was surprised in the act of demonstrating proposi-
tions, having privately discovered or ieamed the elements
of geometry wilhont the aii of books. His father then

ceased to restrain him from the study of the science to
is sUted thai
n Conic Sec-

which he w

0 powerfully attracte<

iy of th
:d. It i:

lions which astonished Descartes. Me made rapid pro-

EBSS in mathematics, and soon began to associate with
ersenne and Robcrval. About the age of eighteen he
invented an ingenious calculating- machine. His const!-
tntion was always delicate, and bis health was probably
impaired by excessive application to study. After the
■ge of eighteen he was a continual infferer. In 1648 he
taade with the barometer, on the mountain called Puy de
D4me, a celebrated experiment, which established the
theory of atmospheric pressure and exploded the ancient
error that nature abhors a vacuum. He wrote two Ireat-
itc* entitled " On the Equilibrium of Fluids," and " On
tbe Weight of the Atmosphere." In the experiment
iiwt mentioned he was assisted byM. Perier, his brother-
lo-law. Impressed by powerful religious convictions, he
renonnced in 164^ the brilliant prospect of temporal re-
nown towards which his genius was conducting him, and
turned his attention from scientific pursuits. In 1654 he
narrowly escaped from a dangerous accident to which he

his resolution to devote himself to lelieious duties and
a life of retiremenL He became very afatcmious in his
diet, denied himself many innocent enjoyments, and
•ubjected himself to a severely ascetic discipline. It is
Mated that he beggared himself by hia prodi^ bene-
iactions to the poor, and that be wore beneath hia clothes
a girdle of iron armed with sharp points as an instru-
ment of self-imposed penance. He entered the cloister
of Port Hoyal, to which his sister Jacqueline had retired
•evcral years before, and there enjoyed tbe society of
Amaald, Le Sad, Nicole, SaJnt-Cyran, (Duveigier,) and
Other Jansenist writers.

In 1656 he produced his celebrated " Provindal Let-
ters," the full title or which Is " Lettres jctiles par Louis
de Montalte k un Provincial de sea Ami* et aox J&uites
nr la Morale et la Politique de ces Pires," [" Letters
written by Louis de Hontalte to the Jesuits," etc)
*'pMca],"^a»y* Hallam, "by his 'Provindal LMtcrs,"

did more to ruin the name of Jesuit than all the can-
troversiea of Protestantism or all the fiilminatioiia of
the Parliament of Paris. , , . He has accumulated so
long a list of scandalons dedsioiis, and dwelt upon
them with so mnch wit and spirit, and yet with so
serious a severity, that the order of Loyola became a
byword with mankind." (" Introduction to the Litera-
ture or Europe.") Voltaire expressed the opinion that
"Motiire's best comedies do not excel these Letters In
wit, nor the compositions of Bossuel excel them in sub-
limity." The moat competent French critics, including
Voltaire and D'Alembert, concur in the judgment
that the "Provincial Letters" contributed more than
any other composition to form and polish the French
language. There is not a single word in these Letters
that has become obsolete. "The severely pure and
simple taste," says Henry Rogers, "which reigns in
Pascal's style seems, when we reflect on those vices
which more or less infected universal letters, little less
than a miraculous felicity. . . . Upon all the great fcH
turea of his moral character one dwells with the setenest
delight Greatly as he is to be admired, he is yet more
to be loved. His humility and simplicity, conspicuous
as his genius and acquisitions, were those of a very
child." ("Edinburgh Review" for January, 1847.) In
one iikstance he relapsed into the studv of tbe abstract
sciences which he had renounced. About 1658 he di-
verted his attention from the pain which deprived him
of sleep by entertaining a luminous idea which presented
itself to mm and led nim to some important discoveries
in relation to the problem of the cycloid. Before he
made these public, he challenged the mathematicians of
Europe to solve the problem, and ofTered a prize to him
who should succeed. Several persons competed for the
prise, but the judges decided that none of their solutions
fulfilled the conditions of the challenge. He published
in 1659 a Treatise on the Cycloid, ("Traits general de
la Roulette.") He meditated and began to compose an
extensive and systematic work on the fundamental truths
of religion and the evidences of Christianity, which he
did not live to finish ; but he left in manuscript nume-
rous detached sentences which are supposed to be frag-
ments of that woric Tlieywere published in 1670, under
the title of "Thoughts of Pascal," (" Pensiies de Pascal,")
not without suppressions and alterations. A more cor-
rect edition was published by M. Prosper Faugite in
1S44. "The Thoughts of Pascal," says HaHam, "are
to be ranked, as a monument of his genius, above the
'Provincial Letters, though some have asserted the
contrary. They bum with an intense light ; condensed
in expression, sublime, energetic, rapid, they hurry away
the reader, tilt be is scarcely able or willing to distin-
guish the sophisms from the truth they contain. For
that many of them are incapable of bearing a calm
scrutiny is very manifest to those who apply such a
test The notes of Voltaire, though always intended to
detract, are sometimes unanswerable ; but the splendour
of Pascal^ eloquence absolutely annihilates, in effect
on the general reader, even this antagonisL" {" Intro-
duction to the Uterature of Europe."}

Among his works are " New Experiments on the Va-
cuum," ("Nouvelles Experiences touchani le Vide,")
" History of the Cycloid," (" Histoire de la Roulette,")
and " De I'Esprit grfomitrique." He endured with for-
titude the maladies which in his latter ^ars were
aggravated by his ascetic habits, and died in Paris on
the 19th of August, 1663. His complete works were
published by Bossut, (in 5 vols. Svo, 1779.) Prosper
Faugire published in 1844 two volmnea of " Thoughts,
Fragment, and Letters of Blaise Pascal," many of
which had never before been printed. " His intellectual
powers," says Macaulay, " were such as have rarely been
bestowed on any of the children of men ; and tbe vehe-
mence of tbe Ecal which animated him was but too well
E roved by the cruel penances and vigils under which
is macerate frame sank into "an early grave. His
spirit was the spirit of Saint Bernard ; but the delicacy
of bis wit, the purity, the energy, ibe simplicity of hia
rhetoric, had never been equalieil, except by the great
masters of Attic eloquence. All Europe read and
admired, laughed and wept. The Jesuits attempted to

easA.'f as(; giarj; gis/,'a,H, K,;M»ifW; tt,iuual:»,lriiled; li»t: thasiniAii. (|^^SeeExplanstfont,pb93,t

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

PASCAL

189S

nply, b«t Aeir feeble uiswen were receiTcd with thovti
ef nodcerjr." ("Hiatory of England," tdL U. p. iS.)

Sn BoaBTT, "DbounHr b Tit da Paml," 17S1 : Ahduidi,
"Uon ik Fucal," 1811: lUnKMo, "Cle(« da Pual," 1B16:
PAiKiau. "Clot* de Pnal;" SAWts-lSRivi:, "Pon-RDr*!:"
BOKDAS^DWOVUH, "Ctni* ■( Ecrlu dc Puol," iStTi COUSIH,
''D*>PRi>'iiilaPucil,"i>44:Viiin', "Etndaa nrPuciJ," iS^S:
A>i<UAT)iAiiD,"I'uaJ,uVi>Et tanCaneitn."aH>la., 1B5B!
"V!> da Piacal," br Uadahb Pbhihi, hia inter; "Xiw of Hh
Hon EoiDinl Franch Wcilin," trUu. Shillky: " Frucr'i
UuuSDe" foi DKcmbai, 1840; "^Nonh Briiiih Rniew" in
Korambgr. lUi.

PaaoBl, (Pkak<;ois Michel,] a French sculptor, born
In Paris about tSi;. He gained a medal of the second
class in 1848. Died in iSSa.

Paaaal, (Jacqukunb,} a aister of Blaise Pascal, was
bom at Clermont in 1635. She was beautifui and highly
gifted. About the age of ten she I>eB^n to write verses,
•ome of whicb were printed in 163S. The poet Comcille,
who often visited the family of Pascal, aided in the de-
velopment of her poetic talent She became religious in
1646^ and entered the convent of Port-Royal in 16S1.
She wrote a powerful letter on the formulair which the
nuns were required to sign, and which condemned Jan-
senism. She died in 1661. "To annihilate self," aays
M. Vinet, "and then to efface the most minute traces of
that very annihilation, had been the task of this heroic
girl for years. She had deemed it her especial duty to
moTtily her nobte intellect ; but she was anable to dMirov
it : it still clung to her. And, though every thing whicB
she achieved or wrote bears the stamp of mental supe-
riority, there ts nothing comparable in this respect to
the *Letter on the Formulary.'"

SoQ "Jicciiwliaa Pucal, or a Gllnxpae or CoDvant-Ufii ii Port-
Ronl," fton (bs FraDcfa aTVicroi Cuinm, >f. P. FAUctu. and

Puoal, [Jean Baptiste Ctienne,) a French *ntl-
qnaiT and priest, born at Marvejols in 17S9. He wrote
"Gabatam Christianum," (1853,) and other works. Died
b 1S59.

PMCal-VaUongne, ptiTdll' vTlflNB', (Joseph Se-
Cttrr,) 1 French general, bom at Sauve (Gard) in 1763.
He served with distinction in Germany and Italy daring
the empire, and was killed at Gaeta in 1S06.

pBBCh, pish, |Lat Pas'chius,] (Georo.) a German
philosopher, bom at Dantzic in 1661. He became pro-
fessor of theology at Kiel about 1701. Among his works
Is "Tractatus de novis Invent!* cguorum cnttui &cem
protulil uitiquitas," (i^5-) 'VitA in 1707.

Pasch, pash, JOHAN,) A Swedish landscape and ma.
rine painter, born at Stockholm in 1706 ; died in 1769.

PaaehaL See Paequall

Pas'«hal [It. Pasquale, pls-kwlli; Fr. Pascal,
ptslcU' ; Lat Pascha'lis] L, Pope, a native of Rome,
was elected as successor to Stephen V. in S17 A.D. He
crowned the emperor Lothaire in %ix. Died in 834.

Paaobtd II, Pope, (Rainieri,) bom near Viterbo,
BDCceeded Urban IL in 1099. He maintained a contest
on the subject of investitures with the emperor Henrr
v., who marched with an army to Rome in 1 1 10, arrested
the pope after a violent reslstence, and eitorted Irom
him a concession of the right of investiture. This con-
cession of Paschal was condemned in a council which
he convoked. He was too feeble and irresolute to main-
tain the supremacy of the papal power. He died in 1118,
and was succeeded I^ Gelasius II.

Pasohol UL, Anti-Pope, (Guido di Crema, gwee'-
do de kRi'ml,) was elected in 1164 or ttCj in opposition
to Ateiandei III., and was recognized t^ the emperor
Frederick I. He died at Rome in 1168.

FuoIialU. See Pascal, (Blaise.)

FoBobslla, (Popes.) See Faschai.

Paacblns. See Pasch.

Faaoolf, pls'ko-lee, (Alissandro,) an Italian phy-

in I7S7-

pBBOoIt (LiOKK,) an Italian biographer, brother of
the preceding, was bom at Perugia in 1674- He wrote
" Lives of Periwian Painters, Sculptors, and Architects,"
(I73>i] >nd ""ne lives of Modem Painters, Sculptors,
and Architects," (3 vols., 1736,) both En Italian. Died
t"i744-

Paal-oU^ a Greek philosopher, lived probably be-
tween 400 and 350 B.C He was at one time the bead
of the school of Hegara.

Paainalli, pl-ie-nel'lee, or FaulnelU. pla-ae-ncI1e«,
(Lorenzo,) an Italian painter, bom at Bologna in 1619^
was a pnpil of CantarinL He imitated the noble man-
ner of Paul Veronese, whom, it is said, be equalied in
design. "His colour is »o fresh and brilliant," say* the
"Biographie Universelle," "that one might take his
works for tlie prodoctions of the Ijest lime of the Venetian
school." Among liis master-pieces are "The Entrance
of Christ into Jerusalem," and a " Holy Family." Died

Saa Lakh, "Hiaioryof FahitiBCia Italy."

Paainl. pl-tee'nee, [Gidskppb,) an Italian lingnis^
bom about 1690. He published a Hebrew Grammar,
(1731,) and a "Latin- Italian Dictionary," (" Vocabolario
Italiano e Latino," 1731,] often reprinted. Died about
177a

F^-alph'a-a, [Gr. ILm^/ Fr. PASiPKAt, pt'se'A^',]
a &bulous personage, said to be a daughter of Helios,
a sister of Circe, and the wife of Minos. Among her
children were Androeeos, Ariadne, Phaedra, and ihe
Minotaur, the last of whom was&bled tobethcofipring
of a bull

was a minor when he obtained the right of Roman citf-
tenship, about ^B.c He improved the art of modelling.
Pliny represents him as a great artist, and mention* one
of bis works.-^n ivory statue of Japiter. He was also
an eminent writer on art. He appears to have been
living in 30 B.C.

PankaTitob or PaBkewitaoh, pSs-kl'vitch, written
also PaaklvTltoh, (Ivan FKOixiaovTTCM.) Prince of
Warsaw, (in French, "Prince de Varsovie,") a cele-
brated Russian general, bom at Poltava in 1781. He
served at Ansterliti, (180;,) received several wounds
at Brailof, (1S09,) and obtained command of a bri^e
in 1811. In 1811 he distinguished himself at Borodino,
and gained advantages over the French in several actions.
Having been selected to conduct an >nnv against the
Persians in iSsj, he gained a victory at Eliiabethpol,
and took Erivan in 1817. For his successes in a war
against the Turks (1818-39) i>« obtained the rank of
field-marshal. In 1831 he took the command against
the revolted Poles, and ended the war by the capture
of Warsaw. For these services he was created Prince
of Warsaw and made Governor-General of Poland. He
was successful in his operations against the Hungarians
in 1849, but failed at the siege of Silistria,in 1854. IMed
in 1856.

Saa TouToi, " Eaau InoinpluqDa sor h Prioea d* VaraniiSk''
183)1 "KouTiUaBiacnphlaQ^nlt^"

Paalvf, (Sit Chaklcs William,) an Ei^llsh en-
gineer, general, and writer, bom about I78(X He served
at the tattles of Corunna and Flashing, (1809,) and be-
came a lieutenant-colonel about 1814. He pnUished,
among other works, " A Course of Military Instruction
for the Royal Engineer Department," (1817,) "Obser-
vations on Umes, Calcareous Cements, Mortars," etc.,
(1838,) and "Rules (or conducting the Practical Opera-
tions of a Siege," {1843.) He obtuned the rank of
■■ tutenant-general in 1851. Died in 1861.

Ftuollnl, pl-to-lee'nee, CotiNr, a liberal Italian
statesman of nigh repntation. He was minister of for-
eigii aSUrs of the kingdom of Italy in the cabinet of
Farini iiom December i, 1861, until March 34, 1863.

Panollnl, (Serafino,) an Italian friar, bom at Ra-
venna in 1649. He wrote on the history of Ravenna,
"Lustri Ravennati," (7 parta, 1678-1713.) Died in 1715.

Paaor, pl'zor, (Georo.) a German philolc^t, bom at
Herbom in 1570. He became professor of Greek at
Franeker in 1616, and published a good "Greek-Latin
Lexicon," (1633, often reprinted.) He wrote other worin
for students. Died in 1637.

PaaoT, (MaithXus,) a son of the preceding, was bora

Herbora in 1599. He was professor of C^ental lan-
guage* at Oxford, England, fi^m which he removed W
Groningen in 1639. He left a Journal, wluch wa* pnb-
lished in 1658. Died in t«s8>

1.8, fl,r,/«¥; *.*.*."

e, less prolonged; S, i, 1, 6, G, IT, jAnn'; I, f , i, 9, nAnwra; fir, fUl, At! mCt ; nOt; gUd; mmai

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

PASQUALI

1899

Pasqnali, pk-kwince, writlen dMPaaobal,(CAUA)
a negotiattK' and antiquaiy, born at Cani, Piedmont, in
I54JV He served Henry IV. of France as ambassador
to England in 1589. He wrote many works, among
which are " The Amliassador," (" Legatui," ts^) and
"CoronK," a treatise on crowns, (161a) Died m 163J.

S«_MAiis(imTi^"CPHdHl.iUiulrePi*iiu»UH."'B44i Nid-

pAsqualini, pli-kwt-iee'nee, or Fuoollnl, pls-kl-
ke'nee, (Giovanni Battitta,) an lulian painter and
mmver, bom near Bologna about i6oa

Paaqtudlno, pls-kwi-lee'no, or Faaqiiellao, p3s-
kwi-Wno, (Pasquali Rossi,) an Italian painter, bom
■I Vicenia in 1641. His design is correct and his colour-
iliRlrue. Died in 170a

Paaqninr, pts'k^', (Etienhi,) a French historian
and lawyer, born in 15x9, in Parig. He gained distinction
by a great speech Tor the University ofParis in a suit or
It against the JesuitsJn 1564. Heopposed tbefac-

" Researches on France," (" Recherchea de la France,")
—In which the origin and history of dvil and religions in-
ttlnttions, customs, etc. are traced with ability,— and hia
bterestin{[ Letters. The first part of his " Recherchea"
^ipeared in 1560. Died in 1615.

S« Dnrni,"tl<if( de Puquiv," i&ij; L. Fsuotaa. "Eiui
■B laVicetlsOuTnta d'EliEna* Puqaicr,"jmfiud tain cdilioD
of hiqidcr's Hlict wki, iToli., i%vi\ C OttiAVa, "Nolica (ur

Faaqolar, da, dfh pbTtg;^', {ETtawNE Dinis.) Due,
a French statesman, bom in 1767, in Paris. He became
taaster of requests in tSo6, and prefect of police in 1810.
At the restoration of 1815 he was appointed minister of
state and privy councillor, and united with the moderate
royalists. He was keeper of the leals under Richelieu
from January, 1817, to December, iSiS, and minislei of
breign affairs from November, 1819,(0 December. 181 t.
During this period he made many eloquent speechi

the cabinet after the rclirenienl of Decazes, in February,
183a. Pasquier was president of the Chamber of Peers
from 1830 to 184S. In 1S37 he obtained (he title of
Chancellor of France. He was admitted into the Aca-
djmie Francaise in 1841, and received the title of duke
in 1844. Died, without issue, in iS6a.

S« LoHtHU. "GalcriB dii CaBUmpcnuu," loiDa tI; "Krn-
flcDe Biognphtfl C^jtiait.'*

F«s«, van, vin plaa, or PaM>, von, vtn piss, written
alao Passo, (Crismn,) an eminent Dutch designer and
engraver, bom in Zealand about 1536, or, as some sav,
1560. He worked at Paris and other foreign cities. Hia
works are highly finished. Among them are numerous
portraits, and the plates of the "Manige royal," (161S.)
He was alive in 1628.

Paaa, van, (Crispin,) trk YouHCUt, bom at Utrecht
about 1S70, was an able engraver, and a son of the
preceding. Died after 1655.

Fua, tbh, (Madrleink,)
of Crispin the Elder, was !

•capes," says the " Biographie Universelle," "entitle her
to a rank among the ablest engravers." A print of the
" Wise and Fodish Virgins" is called her master-piece.

FtMA, TBI), (Simon,) an engraver, a brother of the
preceding was bom about ySo. He worked in London
with a high reputation. " The Pilgrims of Emmaus" is
ailed one of his best works.

Pasa, vmn, (Wiixem,) bom at Utrecht about 1585,
was a son of Crispin the Elder, whom he imitated. He
removed to England, and engraved portraits after Van
Dyck with great anccess.

FaaMclu, pls-sll'yl, (Caklo,) AbbC, an Italian
theological writer of the present age. He wrote about
1B61 a pamphlet in which he advised the pope to resign
his temper^ power. In 1S63 he was elected a member
ofthe Italian Parliament. Died in 1887.

Paauiotti, pis-aJ-rot'tee, written also PaaaerottL
(Baptolommko.) an eminent Italian painter and en-
eraver, bom at Bologna about 15^5, was a pupil of
Vignola. He was master of a school in Bologna, which
ptMuccd some able artiats. He excelled in portraita.

« a* 4; c as /; 2 Aor^; 4 as/; o, % K, jv/lWro/;

Amoiw hi* work* Is "The Manyrdom if Saint PmL*'
Died about i $94.

His sons, TiBtiUtO, Viktt;b\, and AuREUO, wen
alao painters. Tiburzio was born in 1575, and died ia
161a.

Set Vasabi, " Livki of lh« PaiDBBS ;" IjatAzm, " Idea dd Tma-
pla dtlli Pitiiin."

Faasavaat, pf sf vSh', f (Jduanh Davtd,) a German
painter and writer upon art, bom at Frankfort-on-the-
Main in 1787. He wrote, besides other works, a valua-
ble memoir entitled "On Raphael of Urbino and hi*
Father," (i83<»,) "On Christian Art in Spain," (1853,)
and a good history of engraving, entitled " Le Peintn*
Graveur," (3 vols., i860.] A French veivion of hil
Life of Raphael" was published in iS6a Died in 1861.

S« NAGua, ■' KdnitlBr-Ludkai."

PaBBavantl, pls-sl-vin'tee, (lAtxiPO,) an Italian
Titer, bom at Florence, gained cefebrily by his " Ultror
of True Penitence," (" Specchto ddla vera Penilenca.**)
Died in 1357.

Fuu. See Pass.

FaMMDuit; pIs'mON', (Claude Siuion,) a skUfid
optician and mechanician, born in Paris in 1703. H*
made telescopes, time-pieces, and other astronomlnl
instruments, and wrote a treatise on the Eabricatlon of

Latinist, bom at IVoyes in 1^34. He sncceded Ramus

He compose? graceful verses in I^ench and l^tin.
Died in i6o».

Sw Nictnon. " Minmirai."

PumtL pls-si'ree, (Giovanni BAt-nsTA,) an Italian
painter and biographer, born at Rome about i6i<\ waa
a friend of Domenichino. • He became president mf th*
Academy of Saint Luke, but was an artist of only
moderate ability. His reputation is (bunded on his
" Uves of Painters, Sculptors, and Architects who died
at Rome from 1641 to 1673," (177I,) which is highlf
esteemed for accuracy. Died jn 1679.

5h TiiAKKHi, "StoriidellaLettsmtun Inlluii."
Faaseil, (Giovanni Bathsta,) a learned Italian
indquary, bom near Rome in 1694, chose the profea-
lion of law. In 1741 he exchanged (bat for the church.
Among his namerous works are " Earthen Lamps,"
("Lucema- Flctilea," 3 vols., 1739-SI,) and "Pictures
on the Vases of the Etruscans," ("Pictune Etruscorum
Vasculis," 3 vols., 1767-75.) Died in 178a
3«A.0uTiiii, "McmomdiG. B. Pu«ri," uSsl
Faaaeri, (Giuseppe,) an able painter, bom in Rome
in 1G54, was a nephew of Giovanni Battista, (1610-79,)
and a pupil of Carlo Maratta. He adorned many
churches of Rome with his works. "The Last Judg-
ment" Is called one of his master-pieces. Died In 1715.
Puaeroni, pls-sji-ro'nee, (Giam Carlo,) a popular
Italian poet, born at Condamine, near Nice, in 1713,

"- ordained a priest in 1738, and lived mostly at

__ Having learned to be content with little, he

declined the bounty of the rich. He wrote barlesqua
satirical and humorous poems, which are admired for
their graceful simplicity and originality. They are en-
titled "II Cicerone," (1750,) and "Asopian Fablea,"
("Favote Esopiane," 6 vols., 1786.) Died at Milan in
[803.

Sat C G. Scom. " Elegio di Puienni," ili* i Uooai, " L*a*
atun Itiliau ;" Tir*ux>, " Biogn£> degU lOliani UlnMii.'*

FaaaerottL See Passarotti.

FoutgiMLno, da, dl pls-stn-yl'no, (DoMENlCO,) of
DouHNico Crratl, (kaCs'tee,) Cavalibre, a painter of
high reputation, wa-i bom in Tuscany aboBt 1555. He
worked at Venice, Rome, and Florence. At Rome he
painted "The Crucifixion of Saint Peter," and other
works for several popes. He contributed to reform the
Florentine school in respect to colourii^. It is said thai
Luigi Caracd was one of his pupils. iSied in 1638.

3HLAim,"HiiIaiT0f PiiiitiBEinlnilT."

Faaalonel, pis-se-o-nl'ee, (Dombnico,) a learned
Italian cardinal and patron of learning, bom at Fomob

1, Hotai; R, triJlfJ; I as (.- th as in iMii. (JJ^See ExplanarioM^ p. s^*

Digitized .y Google

bionc in t6Sl. H« wu vened In cludwl Ifteratnte
•od In th« itudT of antiquities, and corruponded wi '
tcoMy fbraign scholars, unong whom were Uont&aci
•nd Gronoviiu. lie ma ippainted nuncio to Vienna
I73C^ secretary for briefs in 173S, and librarian of the
Vatican in 1755. Hn hostility to the Jesuits was

of the radical

insurrection in September, 1S36, and then became min-

bter of the inlerior. Died at Santarem in 1861.

PaHSOt, pb'so', (Gabriel Aristidk,) a French
iature -painter, bom at Nevers about 179S. He gained
■ first medal in 1S41, and the second medals in 1837
•nd 1848. Uicd September II, 1875.

Paasovliu. See Passow.

Fauotr, pls'sS, [LaL PASsiyvius,] (Frank Ludwio
Kam. FkiBDKiCK,) a distinguished German scholar,
i»oni at Ludwigslust, in Mecklenburg-Schwerin, in 1736.
He studied at Leipsic under Hermann, and in iSij
became professor of ancient literature at Breslau. He
published "Elements of Greek and Roman Uleralure
and Art- History," an excellent "Lexicon of the Greek
Language," (1S19-24,) and editions of Persius, Musasus.
and other classics. Died in 1833.

Faas7, pfse', (Hippolyte Philibert.) a French
minister of state, bom in Seine-el-Oise in 1TQ3. He
entered the Chamber of Deputies in 1830, and became
a leader of th« Left Centre. Commissioned by the
king to form a new cabinet, May, 1839, he reserved for
himself the portfolio of finance under the presidency
of Sault. He retired 60m office in March, 1S40, and
was again minister of finance from December, 1843, to
October, 1849. He died June i, iggo.

PaatB, pls'tl, (Andbea,) »n Italian physician, bom
at Bergamo in 1706. He published several professional
works, and "The Celebrated Pictures of Bergamo,"
(" Le Pitlure notabtli di Bergama") Died in 17S2.

Faata, pls'tl, (Giusitta, lulr Nigtl,) an Italian
•oprano-singer, of Jewish extraction, bom at Como in
179S. She made her first public appearance in 1S15, and
for a time sanj; with little success in several Italian cities,
in Paris, and in London. In 1S19 she was more success-
Ail in Venice ; but her great career began at Verona
during the Congress of iSai. She then stepped at onot
to the first place amone soprano-singers, and was eagerly
welcomed jn all the ciiies she visited. In 1S35 her voice
began to fail her, but her last public appearance was
made in 1S40, at Saint Petersburg. She died at her
villa on Lake Como, April i, 1865.

Faata, (Giuseppe,) a medical writer, born at Bjrgamo
in 1743, was a cousin of Andrea, noticed above. His
"CUlaieo dei Medici" (1791) was often reprinted. Died
In 1813.

FaBtonr, pIs'tUH', (Jan David,) ■ Dutch naturalist,
bom at Leyden in 1753. He wrote a " Natural History
of Mammifcra." Died in 1804.

Poatoui, pts'tUK', (Louis,) an illuBtrious French
chemist and biologist, bom at D6Ie, December 37, 1823.
He was educated at Beaanp ....*....

Paris, and in 1S4S was made

burg. He afterwards was successively dean ol the tamlty
at u^e, director in the £cole Normale, and professor in
the Ecole des Beaux-Arts. In 1S67 be became pro-
fessor of chemistry at the Sorbonne, and after 1886
worked at the Pasteur Institute, founded for the prose-
cution of his researches. Besides many discoveries
in physics and chemistry, he gave great attention to
the study of microbes and ferments, to wine-making,
the prevention of silk-worm diseases, of hydrophobia,
etc., and in connection with these Gludies he made
discoveries of high importance. To him is very largely
due the germ theory of disease and the method of
treatment by inoculation with attenuated virus. Died

00 PATERCULUS

senator in 1852. Among his works is a "History of the
Fall of the Greek Eminre," (1829.) Died in (857.

Paaton^ d«, d^h pb'to'rf, (Clavde Emmancti
Joseph Pikhrk,) MARQuts, the father of the preceding^
was bom at Marseilles in 1756L He was a royalist
member of the Assembly in 1791, emigrated in 179a,
and was created a peer of France in 1814. In 1810 be
succeeded Volney as member of the French Academy.
He wrote a "History of Legislation," (II vtris., 1817-37J
and other works. His treatise "On Penal Laws" (1790]
^ned the Montyon prize of the French Academy. Died

Pastoriiu von Hfrtemberft pts-to'te-Oi Ion bWx'-
t^-biRG', (Joachim,) a historian, bom in Silesia la
1610. He received from Casimir V. the title of histo-
riographer of Poland. Among his nnmeroiis works are
an " Epitome of Polish History," in Latin, {1641,) and
" Scythian and Cossack War," ^' Bellun Scythico-Cosw^
cncum," 165a.) Died in 16S1.

Faatr«ii^ da, di pls-tRen'go, (Guguklho,) a
learned Italian writer and jurist, bom near Verona, was
a friend of Petrarch. He wrote a biographical dictionary
called " De VirJs illostribus," which was printed in 1547.
Died about 136c.

Faanmot, priil'mo', (FRANgois,) a French geogra-
pher and antiquary, bom at Beaune in 1733. He wrote
"Geographical Memoirs on some Antiquities of Gaol,"
('T^sJ and " Scientific Travels among the Pyrenees,"
(1797,) which are works of much merit Died in 1804.

Fatvolo, pl-tl-ro'lo,? (Lorenzo,) an Italian htUra-
Intr, born at Verona in 1674. He founded the finl
botanic garden of Venice. Died in 1757.

Fatand, ptty, (Jean Jacques FRANgots,) a French
writer of history and biography, was born at Orleans in
I75aj died in 1817.

Fatal, pTlll', (Plerre,) an excellent French land-
scape-jiainter, born about i6i;o. He imitated Claude
Lorraio with some success. The forma of his trees are
elegant, the buildings are designed with taste, and ^
distances are admirably rendered. His touch is firm
and light, his colour generally clear and true. Accord-
ing to some writers, he was killed in a duel in 1703.
Others date his death about 1676. His son Pierre was
a landscape-painter of inlerior ability.

S«ROB>tTDuiwiHiL, "LaP^tn-Gninnr Fnncui."

Fatanlar, de, d«h prt; h-ne;^', or Patlner, prte'nJi',
(ToACHTM,) a Flemish landscape-painter, born at DinanI
about 149a He worked at Antweip, and had a high
reputation. Albert Durer painted his portrait in 1510,
and is said to have admired his works. " His perspec-

bom at Valenciennes in 1695, was a pupil and ii
of Watteau. Died in Paris in 1736.

Pater, pl'tfr, (Faui^) a mathematician, bom in 1656^
was professor at Dantzic. He wrote a treatise on the art
of printinfj, (1710,} and a work "On the Caspian Sea,"
(" De Man Caspio," 1723.) Died in 1714.

Pi't^. (Walter H.,) a British critic of the"Besthei!e"
school, born In 1839. He was educated at Oxford, and
oecame a Fellow of Brasenose College. His "Studies

critidstiL His stantTpoint is that of the Epicu-
rean, and his plea is for " art for art's sake." C)lher
works of high standing are " Marius the Epicurean,"
(1885,) "Appreciations," (1889,) "Miscellaneous
htudies," (189s,) and "Gaston de la Tour," (an un-
fioiahed romance, 1897.^ Died in 1894.

Pf-tgr'cm-lna, (C. VELLxius,) a Roman historian,
born about 30 B.C. He entered the army in the reign
of Augustus, and became a military tribune. He served
tinder Tiberius, in Germany, as prefect or legatus, be-
tween 4 and II A.D., and gained the favour of the fiiture
emperor. On the accession of Hberins, in the year 14,
he was chosen pnetor. He wrote a valuable historical
compendium, ("Historic Romanx,") the object of which
is to give a brief view of universal history, in cr ^ —

j; e, I, St ii>y> ^inv/^ ^A saine, less prolonged; i, e, 1, 6, Q, ]l, J jer/; f, f, 1, 9, (iftimrr; fU, fill, fit; mit; D&t; gd6d; mdOn;

d by Google

PATERS ON

1 901

PATRIN

with that of Rome. He U considered impirtial, except
where he ipeak* of AaRiutiu and Tibenui, whom he
Bitten extravagantly. His style is admired for clear-
neu, concisenesa, and energiy. He is sappoicd to have
died soon alter 30 a.d.

S« UoLui, "Diipuulio de VtUfjo FiUnalo," i6B<i Snoc-
BIT. " DiKeitiaoa dt \x SiaoMit <ie Vtll^u Puerculo*. iM^

Pat/ar-aoQ, (Akthur Henry,) an English nov-
elist, bom at Bowdon, Cheshire, in 1S63. He dwelt
for a lime in Kansas and New Mexico, and wrote
"The Better Man," (1890,) "The Daughter of the
Net Perces," (1894,) " A Son of the Plains," (1895,)
"The Gospel writ in Sleel," (1898,) etc.

Pat'«r-a^ (SAituit,) an English bibliographer, botn
m London in 1718, nas librarian to Lord Shelbame.
He published a "Universal Library," ("Bibliotheca
Universalis," 1786.) Died in 1802.

Fat'^r-a^n, (William,) a banker and projector, bom
in Scotland abont iSjS. He is the reptited founder of
the Bank of England, established in 1644. He projected
the Darien expedilian, and was one of the directors of
a companj which planted a colony at Darien in 1698.
This enterprise was a ^ure. He was an advocate of
free trade.

Sm Ua " Lil%" br BanDTBb

Pi'toy, (Jankt Monach,) an English contralto-
singer, bom at London, of Scotch parentage, in 1S42.
In 1871 she visited America on a concert tour, and
was favourably received. Died February 38, 1894.

PatlOOM, pA-ttk'kee, (Aitroino,) an Italian painter,
bom at Rome in lySa. He had a rare fadli^ of in-
vention, and a superior talent for the imitation of the
great masters. Among his works is " The Translation
ofEliiah." Died in 17BS.

PatlD, pa'tlN', [Lat Pati'nus,] (Chaki.hs.) a phy-
sician and numismatist, bom in Paris in 1633, wa* a ton
of Gni Patin, noticed below. He became professor of
medicine at Padua In 1677. He published, besides other .
works, a " History of Medals," {1665,) often reprinted,
and " Brass Coins of the Raman Emperors Described,"
(" Imperatorum Romanorum Numismata ex Rxt de-
•cripta," 1671.) Died at Padua in 1693.

Fattn, (Gui,) a French pb^idan and writer, dislin-
pnished for his learning and wit, was bom near Beauvaii
in 1601 or leoa. He became professor at the College de
France, Paris, in 1654, and wrote several medical works.
His reputation is founded chiefly on his Letters, (7 vols.,
1691,) which contain curious details, bon-mots, and anec-
dotes. Died hi 1673.

S» " PiIiniBiji," ifDj; RmiLiJ Pxntn, "BioEiaphie dg Ovi
PMiD :" SAUrra-Bniv^" CuKrindu Lundj i" Uavlx. " Haloricd
■ad OilialDiskiDiiTr "NwvcUt BiacrapUa G4i><iale."

Fitlii, (HcMKi JosKFH GuiLLAUWK,) a French writer
and critic, born in Paris in 1793. He was chosen to
■apply the place of Villemain at the Sorbonne in 1830,
and sncceeded Lemaire as professor of Latin poetry in
1833. In 1841 he was admitted into the French Acad-
emy. Hit moat important work is "Studies on the
Greek Tragic Poeta," (3 vols., 1841-43.) Died in 187G.

Patlfio or FRtlnho. (Jos6, or Giusbppb,) was
bora at Milan in 1667. He became minister of the
marine and of the Indies io 1726, and was the most
powerful minister of Spain after the death of La Paz,
in 1734. Died in 1736. .

Patlniu. See Patin,

Patknl, pifkal, (Johann Reinhoi.d,) a Livonian
patriot, born abont 1S60. He wai condemned to death 1
Ely the Swedish court for sedition or treason in 1694, but I
escaped, and entered the service of the Russian Ciar, who
sent him as ambassador to the King of Poland. He ob-
tained in 1703 command of a corps which fought against
the Swedes. In accordance with a treaty dictated by
Charles XII. to the King of Poland, Palkul was de-
livered to the former, ant] executed in 1707.

SH''I.Mtt«SnmdnPaikidi,"Caliwii^ 17141 "AnECdgiacaQ-
miDf J. K. Palkul," London, 1761.

Pafmora, (Covbntky,) an English poet, born at
Woodford, Essex, in 1833. He pablisbed in 1853 " Ta- ,
nerton Church Tower, and other Poems," and in 1854-63
"The Angel in the House," in four parts, — "The Be-

troAal," "The EspoDsal," "Faithful Forever," and
" The Victories of Love." "His 'An^el in the House,*"
says Ruskin, " is a most finished piece of writing, and

the sweetest analysis we possess of quiet, modern do-
nicstic reeling-" He was assistant librarian of the Brit-
ish Museum from 1S46 to about 1S68. He also published
"A Garland of Poems for Children," (i86a,) "The Un-
known Eros," (1877,) "A Memoir of Barry ComwaH,"
and "Amelia," etc., (1878,) "The Rod, the Root,
and fhe Flower," religious poems, (1895,) etc. Died
November 26, 1896.

other works, "Researches (

. the Danube and tbt

Pat/pii, {Sir Joseph NOEL,)a Scottish painter of high
reputation, bom at Dunfermline in tSlJ. He obtained
a {iremium of ;£ioo for a cartoon of " fhe Spirit of Re-
ligion," (1845.) At (he Westminster Hall competition,
in 1847, he received a second-class prise (;£'3oo) for hit
"Christ bearing the Cross" and "The Recondliatioa
of Oberon and Titania." Among his works, which are
finely finished, are "Luther at Erfurt," and " Pursuit of
Plestnre," (1855,) which was sold for two thousand
guineas. Knighted in 1867, died in 1907. — His brother
Waller (1838-95) was a landscape-painter.

^'ton, (Marv Anne,) a British soprano-singer, bon
in Edinburgh in 1803. She was distinguished for her
precocity in musical acquirements, and when a mere
child appeared frequently in public In 1S33 she made
her dibul 00 the operatic stage, and achieved a great
success. In i^ she married Lord William Piit Len-
ox i bat the union was not a happy one, and she obtained

divorce in 1831. Shortly afterwards she married Mr.
Joseph Wood, a tenor-singer. Died July zi, 1854.

Paton, (Richard.) an English painter and etcher,
bom about 1730. He excelled in naval battles and other
marine pieces. Among hii works is the " Defeat of De

ceived with favour. Died in 1801.

Patrice. See Patrick, Saint.

Patrlclns. See Patrick, Saint, and Patrizzi.

Paf tlek, [LaL pATBig'ius ; Fr. Patrice, prtRiss',]
Saint, the apostle and patron saint of the Irish, was
bom at Bannevan, a small village of Tabemia, in Scot-
land, abont 371 A.D. He is supposed to have been one
of the first that preached Christianity in Ireland. His
death is variously dated from 454 to 493. A "Confes-
sion" or autobiography, supposed to have been written
by him, is extant. The Irish observe the 17th of March
in his honour.

Pafrlok, (Sauusl,) an English phitol(M:itt, was one
of the masters of the Charter- House. He published
editions of Hederich's "Greek Lexicon," (1717,) and
Ainsworth's " Latin Lexicon." Died in 1748.

Patrlok, (Simon,) an eminent English divine, bom
at Gainsborough in 1636. He became rector of Saint
Paul's, Covent Garden, in 1661, Dean of Peterborough
inie79, Bishop of Chichester in 16S9, and Bishop of Ely
in iMi. He wrote a Paraphrase and Commentaries on
the Old Testament, which are highly esteemed, and
other devodonal works, among whidi are "The Heart's
Ease," (1S50,) "Parable of the Pilgrim," (1668,) and
"Christian Sacrifice," (1671.) Died in 1707.

Pn'trla, (Wiiijam Matthew Fundeks,) an emi-
lent ^Tptologist, bom at Woolwich, England, in
1853. After explorations in England, detailed in
" Stonehenge," ( 1880,) he began explorations at
GUeh, Egypt, and at the mounds of Said and Nau-
kralis. His results were given in a series of " Me-
moirs," in "Ten Years' Diggings," (1891,) and
"Egyptian Decorative Art," (1895,) worlts of high
value. He is also editor and main authSl- of " A His-
tory of Ancient Egypt," (6 vols., 1895 et siq.').

Fatrln, pf talN', (EuotNi Lotus Melchior,) ■

French mineralogist, bom near Lyons in 1743. He

elected to the Convention in 1790, and voted for the

exile of the ki:^ Hi* chief works are a " Journey to

«Mi;(aaf,'e4(irif,-^asy,-a,ii,K,jwyHni/;H, iuua/;ii,i!FT/^; last; that inMi>. (j

Eiplanationt, p, 33. )

D,g,t,7ed::yC00^le

'^NitDnJ Mlitaiy ;
n 1815.

PatitK pf tRiks', (PiBRRB.) 1 French poet, bora U
Caen in 1583 ; died in 1671.

PstrixBl, pl-trtt'see, written alao FRtrlxL [L«t.j
Patkic'iuM '" Italian historian, bom at Sienna, be- '
came in 1460 aecretaiy to Pope Pios IL Among bis 1
works ia an "Account of the Coundla of Bile andi
Florence," (" Suroraa Condliorum Baiiliensii et Floren-
tfnL") Died in 1496. |

PaUssl. ILat PATHig'ios,] (Francbsco,) an Italian ;
[duloaophcr. born In Dalmatia in 1539. He obtained a
diair of philoaophy at Rome about 1593, and taught the ;
(Ailoaophy of Plato under the patronage of Pope Clem- ',
ent VIII. He was a leaJoot opponent o{ the doctrines j
or Aristotle. Among his works are "Peripatetic Dis- 1
CDBsions," ( " Discussiones peripateticae," 1571,) and'
"Military Parallels," ("ParalleU militari," 1594.} Died I
In ■597- I

Sh GiHGuut, "HiMoin Liiitnin d'lolie;" Tiubokhi,
"SHnudelULcttenlunluluuuL" !

Fatrocle. See Patroclus. !

Pa-tro'alSI, [norpiM:^,] a Greek statuary, mend
'•Mir---""- "- '■■— ■ — ■•-" ' '

by I^iny and Pauianias, lived

Patroolem, a Macedonian
commander at Babylon by Seleacua I. about 31a B.C.
He was commander-in chief of the amy of Antiochna L
about 280 B.C He wrote a work on the geography of
India, etc., which it not cxtanL

Pa-tK/oliw, [Gr. narpondoc; Fr. Fatrocli, (*-
tKok[',]aGreel[hero,asonof Men<Btiut,and the dearest
friend of Achilles, with whom he fought at the siege of
Troy. Having borrowed the armour of Achillea, he slew |
* multitude of Trojans, but was killed by Hector, aided [
by Apollo.

t^'tton, [Gr, nfirpuv,! an Epicurean philosopher,
Hved at Rome, associated with Cicero, and was a friend
of Atticos. He afterwards went to Athena, and became
the head of the Epicurean school In 53 B.C.

Patm, prtRU', (Olivibr.) an eminent French advo-
cate, bom in Paris in 1604. He made some reforms in
forensic eloquence, and polished hia style with minute
anention. He had a high repuution as a critic, and has
been conipared to Quintilian. In 1640 he was admitted
into the French Academy. The speech which he made
at his reception became a precedent for all such occasions.
His works were published in 16S1. Died in 1681.

Fatte, pit, (PlEKKC) a French architect, born in Paris
in 1713. He wrote several works on architecture. Died
in 1814-

FafMn. (SiMOti Nblson,) an American econo-
mist, was bora at Sandwich, Illinois, in 1S53, and be-
CBoie professor of political economy at the University of
Pennsylvania in iSSS. He published several works
on political economy, also " Theory of Social Forces,"
"Developmenl of English Thought," etc.

Fat^r-apD, (Daniel T.,) a distinguished naval oM-
eer, born in the State of New York, served in (he war
of i8i>, and in 1S14 commanded the naval forces at New
Orleans. He received the thanks of Confess for the
part he took in the defence of that city. Died in 1839.

FBttonon, (Francis Engle,) an American general,
son of General Robert Patterson, noticed below, was
born in Philadelphia in 1811. He served in the Mexi-
can war, and, as brigadier-general of volunteer*, fought
onder General McCIellan in 1863 in bis campaign against
Kichmond. He was killed by the accidental discharge
of his pistol in November of that year.

PatterBon,(RoBKRT,)LL.D., bom in Ireland in 1743,
emigrated to America, and was sppoinled in 1779 pro-
fessor of mathematics in ihe University of Pennsylvania.
He became director of the United Stales Mint m 1805,
and WBS also president of the Atnerican Philosophical
Society. Died in 1834.

PatMraoa, (Robf.rt,) a general, bom in the county
of Tyrone, Ireland, in 1793, emigrated to Philadelphia in
hia youth, and became a merchant He commanded a
diviaum at Cerro Gordo in 1S47. In June, 1861, he ob-
tained command of an army of about 20,000 men, which
lie moved across the Potomac on the ad of July. He

53 PATTON

was instructed to defeat or hold tn check the aratj of
General J. E. Johnston near Winchester, but he &iled to
effect this ofaijecC, while Johnston marched to Bull Rod
and decided the victory of July 31. General Patteraon
waa, in consetjuence, severely censured by many. On

not to have been aware of the actual strength 01 _
ston'sarmy. which is now admitted to have been snperioi
to that of his opponent in Ihe field. Genera] Pattersoo
was honourably discharged when the term of service el

iburgh in 1831. He published "The New
Revolution," (i860,) " Essays in History and Art," (1861,)
"The Economy of Capital," ((864,) "The Science of
Finance,''(i867,)"TheSute, the Poor, and the Conn trr,"
(1870,) etc, and was prominent as a conservative joor-
nalist. Died December 16, iS36.

PattsTBon or FataiaoD, (Williau,) an AmericMi
statesman and jurist, bom in New Jersey, or at •«■>
abont 1744. He waa one of the delegates representing
New Jersey in the Convention which formed the federd
Constitution in 1787. He was a United States Senator
in 1789-90, and was Governor of New Jerseyfrom 1791
lo 1794. In the latter year he was appointed ajadge of
the supreme court of tte United States. He i* said tf
have been an upright jitdge. Died in xtfOb.

Pafto-aon, (John Colhbidor,) an English mis^on-
■ry, a grand-nephew of the poet Coleridge, waa bom in
London, April I, 1837. He was educated at Eton, and
at Balliol College, Oxford. In 1854 he went with Sel-
wyn as a missionary to New Zealand, and in l86t waa
consecrated Missionary Bishop of Melanesia, in which
capacity he laboured with great devotion. Having landed
on the island of Nukapo, he was murdered tif the nattre*,
September so^ 1871. (See his ** Life," by his cotMJn, C
M. Vonge, 1874.)

FaM. plftee, (Adrliha Maria Cuibinda,) a popu-
lar operatic singer, of Italian extraction, wa* bora in
Madnd in 1843. She performed at New York in 1859.
Mid in 1861 nude her fint appearance bi London, and
became at once a disdnguiahed favonriie with the puUici

she was married to the Marquis de < . ..

waa divorced, and in i386 to Signor NicolinL

Fata, (Carlotta,) an excellent ainger, a aiater of the
preceding, performed with success at concetta in Eoropc
and America. She married, September 3, 1S79, Eraeat
de Munck, of Wetmar. Died June 38, 1SS9.

Fat'tl-spn, (Dorothy Wvkdlow,) better known aa
Sister Dora, an English philanthropist, born at Haiu-
well, Yorlishire, January 16, 1S33. In 1864 she joined
the Anglican Sisterhood of Good Samaritans, and in
1865 waa sent to Walsall aa a hospital -nune, where sbe
remained for the principal part of her life, though ebe
Rnalty withdrew from the sisterhood in 1874. Died at
Walsall, December 34, 1S78. The best account of ber
life and remarkatile labour* is "Sister Dora, a Biog-
raphy," by Margaret Lonsdale.

Fattiaon, (Mark,) D.D., an English dernrman, bora
at Hornby in 1S13. He was educated at Onel College,
Oxford, and in 1840 was made a Fellow of Uncoln Col-
lege. He was author of one of the once-bmoua "Essays
and Reviews," and published a life of Casaubon, (187J,)
" Life of Milton," (1880,) and other works. Died in 1884.

Fattiaon, ( Robrrt Euokv,) ea-Govemor of Penn-
sylvania, was bom at Quantico, Maryland, in 1850.
He went to Philadelphia, became comptroller of that
city in 1877, and Democratic Govemor of Pennsyl-
vania in lS8z and again in 1891, a notable fact in that
strongly Republican State. Died August I, 1904.

Faf tS«on, (WitUAU,) an English poet, bora bt StB.
sex in lyooi died in 1737.

Faf tfH, (Francis Landkv,) D.D., LI.D., an emi-
nent divine, born in Bermuda, January 33, 1843. He
waa educated at University and Knox Colleges, Toraot4

i,e, 1, 6, Q, ;, A»^;i, i, & same, leas prdongedi i, e, 1, 0, 0, ^ Ji«rf ; «, «, h 9> 'A'w^' <^< t^'i <>'< i^': "^t 8^^( »<>^

d by Google

PATTON 15

■Bd at Princeton Theologiol SeroinMy. After holding
TUiooa I^bjterian paatoratet, he wu oiled in 1873 to
b« professor of didactic ttwologr in the Eeminvv ti.
ChiotgOL In i36i be became professor in the Theofi^-
cal Seminarjr at Piinceton, and in iSSS was chosen presi-

Doctrine of a Fulure Retribution,'

Fatton, (Jacob Hahkis,) an American author, bom
in Fajiette count;, Pennsjlrania, about iSao. He Etad-
uated at Jeffeiaon College in 1839, and at the Union
Theological Seminarrin 1S46. His principal works are
"Hisloijof the United Sutes," (1859.) "Natural Re-
sources of the United Sutes," (1879,) "History of the
AmeHcan People," (2 vols., 1883,) "The Vorktown Me-
mor[a],"(iS83,)and"Tbe Democratic Parly, its History
and Inflaence," (1884.}

Fatn, pf tU', (Claude Piekii,) a French dramatic
poet, born in Paris in 1 7M ; died in 1757.

FatiuKl, pi- toot'see, 1 Giovanni Vincinzo.) an Ital-
ian theolocian, born at Conegliano in 1700, was a Do-
minican friar. Among his wcrks is "Moral Theology,"
(7 vols., t79a) Died >n 1769.

F«tske, pitsTtfh, (Johann Samitrl,) a Germm min-
bter and poet, born near Frank fort-on-the -Oder in 1727.
He became a popntar preacher at Magdeburg. He
pnbliahed sermons, hymns, dramas, and a translation
of Tadtos, (6 vols., i7«5-77.] Died in 17S7.

Faooton, pfik'tAN', (Alexis Jean Pieerb.) a French
matbemalictui, bom in Maine in 1731 or 1736. He
wrote an excellent work named " M^trologlc, or a Treat-
ise on the Measures, Weights, and Coins of Ancient
•nd Modem Nations," {17S0.) Died in Paris in 1798.

Pandits, pOw'dlts, (Christoph,) a painter, born in
Lower Saxony about i6tS, was a pQpil of Rembrandt
He was patronised by Albert Sigismund, Duke of Ba-
varia. He painted history and genre. Died in 1646.

Fanl, [Gr. IIiBAar,- LaL Pau'lus; Ft. Paul, pM;
It Paolo, p5w0o; Ger. Paulus, pSwaOs j Sp, Pablo,
pf Bio,] Saint, the great Apostle of the Gentiles, origin-
all* called Saul, was a native of Tarsus, a city of Ci-
liaa. He was a Tew and ■ Roman citizen by birthright
and a rigid Fhartoe« by education. He probably studied
Greek literature at Tarsus, which was then a celebrated
■eat of learning, and he learned the trade of a tent-
maker. He afterwards received instruction in the law
from Gamaliel, an eminent rabbi and jnrist at Jerusalem.
(Acts zziL 3.) He became a zealotts supporter of the
Jewish religion and a violent persecutor of the Christians.
The first passage of Scripture in which he is mentioned
k Acts vii- 58. narrating the death of the martyr Stephen,
to which Saul was accessory. During a jonmey^ from
lerusalem to Damascus, about 36 A.D., he was miracu-
fonsl)' converted and ordained an apostle to preach the
goii)el totheOentilea (Acts in.) He went from Danws-
CUB into Arabia, and had an interview with Saint Peter
at Jerusalem about the year 39, after which he preached
ibr several years in Syria and Cilicia. He passed a
whole year at Antioch, where he " taught much people."
About 45 A.D. Saul and Barnabas d^arted from Antioch
on an extensive mission to the Gentiles. They traversed
the island of Cyprus, from which they passed into Asia
Minor, and Paul preached a memorable sermon at
Antioch in Pisidia. Though violently persecuted, they
converted many at Antioch, Iconium, and Lystra, and
returned in 47 a.Dl to Antioch in Syria, wnere they
abode a long time. In the ctmrse of a second apostolic
ionmey be founded churches at Philipp and Thesaa-
lonica, and uttered a remarkable discourse at Athens.
He also made many converts at Corinth, where he re-
mained a year and a halt; and where he wrote the Epis-
tles to the Thessalonians. Uuch diversity of opimon
prevails among the learned about the date of the prin-
cipal events olhis life. The divine origin of his doctrine
was attested by many miracles, by " signs, and wonders,
and mighty deeds." (II. Cor. xii. la.)

After he had visited Jerusalem the fourth time since
hi* conversion, he commenced a third apostolic tour.
He laboured for about two years at Ephetus, and after-
wards revisited the churches of Macedonia and Greece.
About the year 59 he was again at Jetnaalem, the popu-

>3 PAUL

lace of which assailed him, and would have killed Um,
bat an officer took him into custody and sent hiv to the
Roman governor Felix, at Cxsarea. He was confined
in prison there for a long time, defended himself bf a
noble and eloquent speech before King Agrippa, and
appealed to C«sar. He was taken by sea to RomtL
where he " dwelt two whole years in his own hired
house," and preached the gospel without hindrance. We
have no authentic record of his death ; but according to
tradition, he suffered martyrdom at Rome about 66 A.S

"In perusing the history and writings of Saint Pant,"
sa^ W. I. Alexander, " it is impossible not to be struck
with the amaiing energy of thought and action by which
he was characterized. . . . Removed alike from tlw
extremes of fanaticism on the one hand and apathy on
the other, his whole lile was a noble instance of^the
consecration, on sound and elevated principles, of the
highest powers and the most inde&tigable energies to
a work in which he had no personal interest apart from
that of his fellow-Christisns. ... In his peculiar ca-
pacity as one of the founders of the Christian Church
and an inspired expositor of divine truth, he stands
without a rival in his claims upon our gratitude and rev-
erence." ("Encyclopedia Briiannica, article " Paul.")

Sh ita> Aca of it* ApcHtla, dupi. xi,. ilii.-miiL; £iutlu
of SiiDi Piul; Numni. -'Huloiy of ihs Church:" Lawin^
"lift ind EpiiUta of Saini Piul," 1 tdIi., I.iiiidciii. iBji; Cohv-
■axiand HowsoH, "Lireof SainI Paul." traU., iRjo! ScHiAnu,
'Der Aponel Pauliii," s toIl, liwri': Hau^iui, "Dcr Apnnd

>>uliiii.'' iftui: RillD. "Piiilni." tB.i- T.ni-i ' '

Piuliu,''iS]ii: B>ua, "Pmului." ie«j: LO-muniGU. "Aralui
ujidJobaiiBefc".SM: Ebmhst Rkmaii. "Saim-Piu;" i8«»

Paul [Lat PAif'LUS ; It Paolo, p6w0t^ X, a native
of Rome, was elected pope, as successor to Stephen III.,
in 757 A.D. Died in 767 or 768. He was succeeded by
Stephen IV.

Paul H, Pope, {Piktbo BEibo—baa'bo,) a native of
Venice, and a nephew of Eugene IV., was born in 1418.
He succeeded Pius II. in 1464, He was unbvourahle to
human learning, and suppressed an academy of literati
which was formed in Rome. He was the Erst who gave

Sh UicHU. CAinn, " Vk da Pnl II," T7411.

Paul m. Pope, (Alessandro Faineao— far-ni'U,)
was born at Canioo about 1466. He succeeded Clement
VIL in IS34. He approved the newly-formed order of
the Jesuits about 1540. To oppose the progress of
Luther, he convoked a conndl, which, after a aelay of
several years, met at Trent in 1545, Before the last
date he excommunicated Henry Vlll. of England. He
•eiU about iz,ooo troops to fight for Charles V. agaioal
the Protestant princes of Germany, and obtained for
bb grandson, Ottavio Farnese, the hand of Margaret,
a daughter of the emperor. Paul protested against the
itiUrim treaty of peace which Charles V. granted to the
Protestants in 1547. He died in November, 1549, and
was succeeded by Julius III.

SscQuniHi, "InutoPoBii&sPiulilll.;" Ominio Paht

II. of Spain, whose armvunder the Duke of Alva
' ' " in 1CC7 and compelled the pope to

fused to recognize Elisabeth 1

sue for peace. He

Sueen of England, and by his arrtwant course promoted
e triumph of Protestantism in England. He died in
1559, and was succeeded In Pius IV., who put to death
two nephews of Paul IV. for their crimes.

So. BioHATO. " ViU di Pulp IV.," 1748 ; Rahki. " HlXaiy of
the Popw;" Rohrtioh, "History of Clnrlca V.," toL liL booki

Paul V, Pope, (Cahillo Borgheae — boR-^'&l,)
bom at Rome in 1551, succeeded Leo XI. in 1605. He
was involved in a contest with the Venetians respecting
the trial of ecclesiastics by lay tribunals, the foundation
of religious houses, etc, and placed Venice under in-
terdict in 1606. The senate of Venice retaliated by
banishing the Jesuits. Through the mediation of Henry
IV. of France, a compromise was effected In 1607. He
^cd in \fa\, and was succeeded by Gregory XV.

'aai/f as/;B'lA'^>'iss/;a,ii,K,0ii!te>W; v.naial; %,lrilltJ; lass; thaslnftu, ()3^SeeExplanatioiis,p.a^|

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

Panl [Rou. Pavu>v, piyiof] L, (Patrovitob. pA-
tto'Titch,) Emperor of Russia, bom in 1754, wis the —
of Peter III. and Catherine II. After the

of hii Either by order of Catherine, Paal was treated t^
ber with great severity, and deprived of all participation
In public aE^ri. He married Mary of WUrtemt^rg in
1776. On his accession to the throne, in 1796, he dis-
llneuished himself for a time by his libera! poiicy towards
Poland, and in 1798 joined the coalition against France.
He sent an army under Snwacow (Soovdror) to Ital?
to fight against the French. <See Suwakow.) Id a fit
of caprice, he left bis former allies, and attempted to form
• coalition agunsE England, in iSoo. Mis numerous acts
at folly and tyranny >t length caused a conspiracy to
lake his life, at the head of which was Count Pahlen.
Under pretence of compelling him to sign an abdicatior

t regretted by his subjects. lie was succeeded
by hia son, Aleiunder I. He ieCt three other sons, Con-
stantine, Nicholas, and Michael, and several daughters.

Sh Vdh Tahhchuio, "I^bn PiuIbI.,'' 'to*: f- K- Aucna,
"Hiatobf- da Calhcriiw II « da Paul I," 1813.

Paul. pSwl, (Friedrich Wilhilm,) Duke of W6r-
teinberg, a German naturalist and traveller, bom at
Carlsmhe b 1797. He visited North America, the
southern parts of Europe, and Egypt, and made valuable
collections of objects in natural history. Died in iS6a

Paul, (GABBimL R.,) an American general, bom in
UisKHiri about 1814, graduated at West Point in 1S34.
He served as captain in the Mexican war, (1S46-47,)
and became a bngadier-general of Union volunteers in
1862. He was severely wounded at Gettysburg, July,
ifSl, losing both his eyes. Died May 5, ]8S6.

Paul, {Saint ViucErrr he.) See Vincent.

Paol [Sp. Pablo, pS'Blo] de Borgoa, (di bS&R'gAa,)
or Paul de Santa Maila, (dk sIn'iS mi-ivc'i.) a Span-
tab bishop, born at Burgos about 1350, was convertei*
from Judiiiim to Christianitv. Died*^in 1435.

Paul (or Panltta) [Gr. flirii^] of Samosata, [Fr.
Pavi. dk Sahosate, p31 dfh sfmo'zlt',] a noted bere-
■iarch of the third century. He was chosen Bishop of
Aniioch about 360 A.D., and soon provoked general
censure by his rapacity, arrogance, and affectation of
worldly pomp. He was also charged with heretioU
opinions respecting the divinity of Christ, and was dc-
pooed by a council id 369. According to Epiphanina, be
denied the distinct personality of ChrisL By the favoui
of Queen Zenobia, Paul kept possession of the church
at Antioch until about 371 A.D. His opinions were
afterwards maintained by a small sect callnl PanlianL

Paol tlia aileotiuy, a Greek poet, who was chief
of the Silentiaiii in the palace of Justinian. He wrote,
about 563 A.D., a description of the church of Saint
Swhia at Constantinople, in verse.

Fattl Voronaae. See Cagliaki, (Paolo.)

Pania, Saint, a Roman ladv, noted (or ascetic ^ety,
born in ^7 A.D,, was descendea from the Sdpios. She
was a disciple of Saint Jerome, Died in Palestine in 404.

Panl'dlng, (HiRAU,) an American rear-admiral, a son
of John Paalding. noticed below, was botn in Westchea-
ter county, New York, about 1800. He became a captain
in 1S44, and arrested Walker the filibuster at Punta
Arenas in 1857. For this act he was censured by Presi-
dent Buchanan, who released Walker. In April, t86i, he

IS appointed commander of the navy-yard of Norfolk,

had been scuttled before he look command there. He
commanded the Brooklyn Navy- Yard bom 1S63 to 1865.
Died October 30, 1S78.

S«fl Ubadit, '* Farwot and oor Naval CoouDandcrt,'' 1S67 ;

Paiildlms (Jaues Kirke,) apopular American novel
1st and miscellaneous writer, born in Pawling, Dutchess
county. New York, in August, 1779- He published in
1807, conjointly with Washington Irving, a series of
fit^ and satirical papers, entitled "Salmagundi," which
were greatly admired at the time. His satire entitled
■"The Diverting History of John Bull and Brother
Jonathan" appeared bi 1B16, and was followed by " The

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

PAULTNUS

poetn, (1818,) "John Boll in Aueiica.
the New Munchausen," (1834,] " Menv Tales of the
Three Wise Men of Gotham," (1S36,) and "The Dntdi-
man's Fireside," the moat admired of his novels, (iSji.)
His more recent works are a " Life of WashiDgton,"
and the novel entitled "The Old Continental," (184&}
Mr. Paulding was appointed in \%v} secretary of the
navy by President Van Buren. Died in i86ch

S«Cai>initD,"Pn]HWriunof Aiiuricai>*I>uTaniiCK, "C^
dspcdiaof Anancu Liwraiun," t«L ii.; Alusoks. "Dietknary
of Autlion."

Fanldlng, (John,) one of the American soldiers who
in 1780 captured Major Andrj. A monument was erected
to him near PeekskilL Died in iSlS.

Paolet, pS'lf, (j£AN Jacques,) a French phrncian,
bom at Anduze in 174a He wrote a good "Treatise
on Mushrooms," (3 vols., 1793,) and other works. Died
iniEse.

Panlet or FawOett (William,) Marquis of Whf
Chester, an English courtier, bom about 147G. He held
a place at court in the reigna of Henry VIIL and hia
successors. Died in 1573.

S« hte " IJ&," bir RowLAHD BKOutunan.

Faultttt, (Willum,) Lord, an English politician,
bom in 1666, represented Lyroington in Parliameot.
Died in 1739.

PaoU, pfiw'lee, (Georo Rbinkold,} a German histo-
rian, born at Berlin, May ij, 1833, was educated at Berlin
and Bonn. He was Baron Bunsen'ssecretary in Eneland,
184^53, became professor of history at Bonn in leSS.al
Rostock in 1857, at Tubingen in 1S59, at Marburg in 1867,
and at Gdttineen in 1870. Among bis works are " lUnig
Alfred und seme Stellung in der Geschlchte Englands,"
("King Alh^d and his Position in the History of Ens-
land," 1851,) a continuation in three volumes (18^3-^)
of Lappen berg's " Geschichte von England," an edition of
Gower's " Confcssio Amantis," and other works, chiefly
relating to English history. Died June 3, 1883.

Fauil, pdw'lee, (Karl Friedrich,) a German hi*-
torian, born at Saalfeld, in Prussia, in 1723, became
professor of history at Halle. Among his works ia
" Preusaische Staatsgeschichte," (8 vol*,, 1760-69.) Died
in 1778-

Panll or PauUl, piiwllee, (SlMON.) a Gerraan phy-
sician and botanist, ciorn at Roatock in 1603, be<aiiM
first physician to Frederick III. of Denmark. He wTota
"Flora Danica,"(i64i) Died in 1 68a

Panlian, pfi'le-AN', (Ami Hknri,) a French Jeaai^
born at NSmes in 1733. He wrote several worki on
natural science. His "Dictionary of Physics" ("Oic-
tionnaire de Physique," 3 vols., 1761) was often re-
printed. Died in iSoi.

Panlln. See Paulinus.

Faulin de Saint -Barthdleml See Pauunvi,
[Johahn Philipp Wkrbdin.)

Pan-U'niiB, [Or. IIiwUvocI Bishop of Tyre, waa a
(riend of Eusebius of Cxsarea. He became Bishop 0/
Tyre before 313 a.i>., and was translated to the see of
Antioch about 315. He was charged with being an Ariao.

Panlluiu OF Antioch was a leader of the Eosta-
thian party. He was ordained Bishop of Antioch abool
363 A.D. Meletius was at the same time the bishop of
the opposite party. Died about 3SS.

Pau-U'nna, an Italian missionary, sent by Pope Greg'
ory to England, is said to have converted King Edwin
of Northumbria. He became Archbishop of York aboot
637. Died in 6*4.

Fau-II'iiQs, I Fr. Paulin, p51ftN',1 (Pontius Mero-
PlUs,) Saint, Bishop of Nola. was bom at Burdigala
(Bordeaux) about 353 A.D. He was a pupil of the poet
Auaonius, and became consul at Rome in 37S. Havim
been converted to Christianity, he renounced the woilii^
and was elected Bishop of Nola in 409 AD. He wrote
letters and poems, which are extant Died in 431,

S« F. A. GiBTAiu, "Vk de S. Panlin," 171); lUaaina, "8.
Paolin de Nole," 1S41 : Ttuxmnrr, " Mjokuei eceUaiaMiituea.''

FanUntia, Saint, Patriarch of Aqnileia, bom in
Friuli or Austrasia about 738 A.D., was noted as a zeal-
ous defender of the doctrine of the Trinity. Died in 804.

PanUauB, pSw-lee'nOa, (Jokann Philipp Wubdih,)

PAULLl 1,

or PaoUn de Snlnt-BuUiAlamt a Gennan Onen-
taGst, was bom at Ho( near Manneradorf, in Anitria,
in 174& H« wu sent u a misdanaiy to Malabar in
177^ and learned the Sanscrit language. He publiahed,
beaidea other worki, a " Sinacrit (Samraar," (1790,)
and the "Utoiffical, Mythological, and Civil System of
the Brahmans, ("Sfstema Brahmaniciirn iiturgicam,
rnvtholoEicam et dvile," 1791.) Died at Rome in 1806.

PanlU. See Paull

PanlUnl, piSwl-tee'nee, (Chiistian Fkani,) a Ger-
man phjtidan and miicellaneona writer, bom at Eise-
nacb En 1643 ; died in IT13.

Pai]lmi«r ds Orentemeanll, p6'm^' dfh gRflNf ■
mi'nil', (JULiKN ut,) a Protestant French phjsidan.
bom [n tSe Cotentin in i^vx He practised in Paris,
and ia said to have cured Charles IX. of inability to
■leep, f MuwnMni.J DiediniggS.

Panlmlar, la, l^h pffme-i', [ tat. Pauie'eius, |
(Jacques,) a Frencli pMtologlst, bom in Aage in 15S7,

Spaniari
H« wro

"Eierdses on the Best Greek Authora,'
C Exerdtationea in optimos Autores Grxcoe," 1668,) i
work of some merit, and a "Description of Andent
Greece," (in Latin, lfy}%.\ Died in 1670.

Pttnlmjr. See Arobnson, (Marc AN-toiHi RuiA.)

Fanlo, (Mabco.) See Polo.

Fatiltu. See pAtn.

PauQiu was elected Patriarch of Constantinople, b;
the orthodox or Homoousians, in 336 A.D. The Arians
at the same time elected Hacedonios. Pauluswasi"
Mied by the emperor, but was restored in 343, and
supported by Jolius, Bishop of Rome. He died in exile

Patdi

IS*

. uiu, pSw^fis, (IlEmaicR Eberraed Gottlob,)
a Gcnnan theologian, distinguished as the leailer of tbe
old rationalistic school in Germany, was bom near Stutt-
gart in 1761. He became professor of Oriental languages
at Jena in 17S9, and subsequently of exegesis and ecde-
•Ustical histon at Heidelberg. He was the author of
a " Philologica), Critical, and Historical Commentary on
tbe New Testament," (4 vols., iSoo-04,) " Eiegctic
Manual on the TmK Three Gospels," (iSjo,) and other
•imilat works. He died in iSji. His wife, Caroline,
and his daaghier, Emiue, were also distinguished aa
writers. The latter was married to A. W, Schlcgel.

Sn BiociiHAUs, "CanTeniliciiii-LeiiluHi."

Panlna, (Julius,) one of the most eminent of the
Roman iuiists. The place of his birth is not known.
Having been exiled by Eligabalus, he was recalled by
Alexander Severus about ^1^ a-D. and appointed pre-
torian prefect He was remarkable for fertility as a
writer and for the extent of hia legal learning. The
excerpts from Paulus in the Digest are more numerous
than those from any other junst except Ulpian. His
great work is " Ad Ediciam," in eighty books. He also
wrote twenty-six books of " Qiuestiones," and twenty,
three books of " Responso." Died about 335 A.D.

Sh Krmainrstui. "Via J. PiaU i" Eskh and CiDUi. "A11-
(MBODa EBC^dDtJAedic.**

Panltia, (L. jKmiuus,) IFr. Paul-Ehilk, pSI i'otil';
It Paolo Ehilio, p6w^o i-Tneele-o,] a Roman general
of a patridon lainily, was consul for the first time in
919 B.C He was again elected consul for the year 316,
by the aristocratio party. Against his advice, his rash
colleague, Terentius Varro, ^ered battle to Hannibal
at Cannz, where jfimilius Paulas was killed, in 316 B.c
Hia brave conduct on this occasion is applauded by
Horace. ("Carmina," Ub. L, Ode 11.) His daughter
Emilia was the wife of Sdpio the Great, surnamed
Africanus.

Sae Lkt, " HlMotr of Roni," books xn. md xiiiL
Patiltia, (Lncivs jEhiuus.) a son of the preceding,
was bom about 330 B.C., and was the most celebrated
owmber of his laiuly. He was a fine spedmen of the
old Roman atlitocracy, and was a brother-in-law of
Sd|rio Afilcanos, the conqwror of Hannibal. Elected
metor fer the year 191 b.c, he obtained as his province
nrther Spain, where he defeated the Lusiiani in a great
battle. In the year 189 he relumed to Rome, and In i^
*•• deded eonaol, after hanng been defeated at sereraJ

05 PAUSANIAS

elections. With a view to finish the Haccdontan war,
the people elected him consul in 168 ac He gained In
the same year a dedsive victory over Perseus at Pytlna,
and afterwards took that king prisoner. He returned to
Romein 167, and obtained the honour of a triumph, with
the surname of MACEDOHictrs. He died in 160 b.c
leaving a high reputation for honour and integrity.
Plutarch has written his life and drawn a comparison
between him and Timoleon. Oneofbissoni was adopted
In the aon of the greit Sdpio above named, and became
afterwards celebrated aa Scipio A&icanus the younger.

Sea LivT, "Hiitoir of Ronit," booki mi'-il. : Plittaiio,
"P.uli«Ami!iii.;" AmmuuiVicroa "Df VimilloMfflH*"

Paulufl, p6w lus, (PiETBR,) a Dutch statesman, bora
at Axel in 1754. He wu president of the A^mbly
which abolished the office of Sladtholder in 1795. He
wrote a "Memoir on Equality among Men," (1793.)
Died in 1796.

Pan'liu JOgiiie'ta, ((j-e-ne't»,) (Fr. Pai;l d'Eqinb,
pel d&'ihin',] a celebrated Greek medical writer, of
whose personal history little is known, except that he
was bom in the island of i^gina. He is sopposed to
have lived in the seventh century of our era. He trav-
elled extensivelv, and wrote several medical worka, one
of which, called " De Re Medica Libri septem," is still
extant It is mostly compiled from Galen and other
writers. The sixth book (" On Surgery") is the moat
valuable and original part of the work.

S» SFi>H>Gu."HiHDi»d<laM<<luiHi" HxLLsa, " BiUw-
■lin UEdica."

Fanltu Mmnina See Ettiuo, (Paolo.)

Fanlua Dl-ac'o-noa, [Fr. Paul Diackh, pa de'-
lkx',| (" Paul the Deacon,") a media^al historian, some-
times called Waenefsidus, was bom at Friuli (Forum
Julii) about 73J A.D. He passed some yeara at the court
of Charlemagne. He wrote Latin verses, and a valuable
" History of the Lombards," in a clear and elegant style.
Died about 798 a.d.

Pannco'lote, (Julian,) Lord, an English diplo-
malisl, was bom at Preston Court, England, tn iSzS.
He was called to the bar in 1853, served as attomey-
general and chief justice of the supreme court in Hong-
Kong, became under-seeretary of state for foreign
affairs in 1SS3, minister to the United SUtes in iS^,
and ambassador after 1893. He was raised to the peer-
age as Lord Pauncefote in 1899. Died May 34, 1903.

Pan-aX'nl-as, [IlmflavEaf ,] a Spartan general, waa the

in of Cleombrotus, and a nephew of Leonidas, who fell
at Thermopylae. In 479 n.c; tie became euardian of his
~n Pleistarchus, (or whom he exercised the functions
of royalty Ibr aeveral yeai«. He commanded the Greek
army which defeated the Persians under Mardonius at
Flalza in 479. ta ^TJ the confederate Greeks sent onl
a fleet under Pausanias, who captured Byiantiam.
Having formed ambitious and treasonable designs, he
made secret overtures to the King of Persia. He also
offended the allies by his arrogant and domineering con-
duct, and was recalled to Sparta. His intrigues with
the Persian court were detected a fi!w years later by the
Ephori, who ordered his arrest. He then took refuge
in a temple, where he died of starvation, about 46S B.C.

Faoaaniaa, King of Sparta, was a son of Pleistonax,
whom he succeeded in 444 B.c, being then an infanL
During the contest between Thrasybuliis and the Thirty
Tyrants (403 B.C.) he intervened in favour of the former.
Died about 380 B.C.

Faosanlaa, a Greek traveller and author, who floui-
lahed between 150 and zooa-D. He is supposed to have
been bom in Lydia ; but nothing is known respecting him
except what we learn from his writings. He was the ao.
thor of a valuable " Itinerary or Description of Greece,"
fEUAJoc n^MTTQov-) His description of places Is minute
and accurate, but mainly relates to objects of antiquity
and works of art Ifhe mentions mountains and rivers,
it is chiefly for the sake of legends or myths connected
with them. He describes pictures, statues, etc with
simplidty, and makes no pretensions to be a critic
His work is the more bighlv prized for this reason,
" With tbe exception of Herodotus," says George LonK
** there is no wnter of antiquity who has comprehended

«Mi,-«as/; liani; i;t»;;o,H,K,gKtttinU; K.muai; x,inlltd; lass.- «hasindu. (|y-Sre Explanations, p. 33.)

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i9ofi

PAYN

K> many T>lu>b1e ficti in a unall volume. The work of
Pauaamu U (iill of matter,— mjthnloKical, htglorical,
and atHstic ; nor does he omit maCtera physical and eco-
nomical" Hit work has been tranalated into Enelish
by Thonia* Tajdor.

S« Konnc, " De Pmnnis FWl M Audoritatehi Hiwoiit" (tt
iSji ; S wxLi^ Quutio in PuiuIb PniigMB Panta." (tt, igVj

Patula^ pan'ahe^s, [notmiar,] an excellent Greek
painter of Sicyon, flourished about 350 B.C. He was a

Kipil of Pamphiln», and a contemporary of Apelles.
o excelled in painting in encaustic with the eiOnoH,
(granng-tool.) Pliny calli him " primum in hoc genere
nobUem." The favourite subjects of Pausias were amati
panel-pictures, chiefly of boys. He was the first who
decorated the ceilings and walls ofhouses with encaustic
paintings. Among hii master-pieces was "The Sacri-
fice of an Ox," in which the effects of foreshortening
and chiaroscuro were displayed with great success.

Pan'Bon, [naiwuv,] a Greek painter of uncertain
epoch, is mentioned by Aristotle, who says that Polygno-
tos painted deures more beautiful than nature, Dionysiui
represented them as ihcy are, and Pauson made them
appear inferior to the reality.

FantBt, p5'li', (JuLKS,) a French writer of prose and
veT»e, bom at lieaune in 1799; died in 1870.

Paatbler, pS'tg;^', (Jkan PtutRs Guillaume,) a
French Orientalist, was bom at Mamirolle in 1801, He
published a French version of " Childe Harold," {183S-
30,) " The Four Books of the Moral and Political Philos-
ophy of the Chinese," (4th edition, 1851,) " La Chine,"
(1837,) a " History of the Political Relations of Chin
with the Western Powers," (1859,) etc Died in 1873,
P«ntr«, Le. See LiPAtrrRE.
Pauw or Poaw, (Pieteb.) See Paaw.
Pftnw, Tan, vln p6w, (Cornelis,) a Dutch wnte: .
bom at Amsterdam m 1739, was a great-nephew of the
bmooa De Witt He became canon of Xanten. He
displayed ingenuity and penetration in his works, among
which are "Philosophical Researches on the Egyptians
and Chinese," (J vols., 1774,) and "Philosophical Re-
■earches on the Greeks," (2 vols., 1788.) Died in 1799.
Many of his ideas are considered paradoxical.

Panw, TUi, (Jan Cohnelis,) a Dutch philologist,
bom at Utrecht, He published editions of Anacreon,
Xschylua, and Theophrastns ; also notes on Pindar.
Died in 1749.

Fantrslis, pSw'elss, (Ferdinand,) a Belgian painter
of history, bom at Ecketen, April 13, 1E30. In 1S76 he
was called from the Weimar Ait School to Dresden as
protessor in the Academy of Pine Arta. Many of his
pictnres have acriptiiral or ecclesiastical subjects.

PAtBU, pl'vf-k*, [(.*. " puriljing," or the " purifier,"]
one of the names of Xsni, whic'h see.

PiT^ni or Piv'Sn, Imodern Hindoo pron. piiv'».
n* or piiv'tn,] written also Pawaua and Pnwun. a
Sanscrit word, sign i^ng "air" or "wind," and forming
in the Hindoo mytholo^ the name of the god or regent
of the winds, answering in several respects to the iGolus
of the Greeks and Romans. He was also regarded as
the regent of the northwest quarter of the heavens.
According to some, Pavana was the father of the cele-
brated monkey king, HanumAn, which see.
Sac MooK, "Hindu PanlheoD,"

PkTeai, pl-vi'lee, (Stbfako,) an Italian composer,
twin at Crema in 1778. He composed many operas,
amoi^ which are " Tanacdi," (iBia,) and "The Her-
mit," (" II Solitario," iSl&r Died about 1846L

Pavlo.pfve', (THioDOHK,} a French Orientalist, bom
al Angers in 181 1. He became professor of Sanscrit at
the College de France in (852, published a "Voyage to
the United States," {1817,) and translated some works
from Sanscrit. Chinese, etc

FaTUlon, pI've'yAN', (ETiKNSit,) a French poet,
born in Paris in 1631, was a nephew of Nicolas. He
was admitted to the French Academy in 1691, although
I- ^j scarcely reach mediocrity. Diet* '

Ch«7TOii— dli sht'rAN',) Chevauek, a
officer, bom at P^tigueux in 173a He m

PVench naval
, -.^ »de important

signals, and wrote a "Tieatiae on
Naval Tactics," (177a,) which is commended. He waa
killed in battle with the British near Dominiqae in 17S1,

Pavliia. See Paaw, (Pietei.)

Pavlot Pavlov, or Pawlow, plvOof, (Nicholas
PHiLiPPOvrrcH,) a Russian poet and novelist, bom in
Moscow in iSoa. He wrote lyric poems and dranue.
Died in 1854.

PaTOii,pl-vAn',(Don Josi,) a Spanish botanist, bora
in the last century. He went about 177S to Peru, in tbe
exploration of which he spent many years, and oideid
" ■ ' the composition of a " Flora Per " - ' "' '

Fawaka. See PAvaka.

Pawana. See Pavana.

Pawlett. See pAULrrr, (Wiluah.)

Pa^ the Latin of Eirene, which see.

Pax't^n, (Edward F.,) an American general, bom
In Rockbridge county, Virginia. He served as brig-
adier-geneiat of the Confederate army at Antietam,
September, 1863, and was lulled at ChancellorsviUe^

May *, 1863.

Fax'tfii, (Sir Joseph,) an Englis
gardener, bom near Wobum, Bedfordshire, in 1803.

Fax'tfii, (Sir Joseph,) an English architect and

PavUlon. (Nicolas,) a French prelate and Jansenist,
born in Paris in 1597, was appointed Bishop olAleth in
1637. He produced a Ritual which was^ condemned at

liaving entered the service of the Duke of Devonshire
as a gardener, he remodelled after his own designs the
magnificent gardens and parks at Chatsworth, and
gained distincttou u an architect by the erection of a
vast cotiservatory at that place. The Crystal Palace
built for the World's Fair of iSu was designed and
superintended by Mr. Faxton, who was knighted for
this service. He was also the architect of the Crystal
Palace at Sydenham, which is much admired. He
iblishcd " The Cottage Calendar," and other worl&

published "The
Died in 1865.

Payi y Rloo, pl-yl' e ree'ko, (Miguel,) a Spanish
cardinal, born at Benejama, December ao, iSll, was
made a bishop in 1838, Archbishop of cWpoylela in
■874, and cardinal -priest in 1877.

Fayen, pi'ydN', (Anselue,) a French chemist, bora
ia Paris in 1795- He became professor of chemistry ia
Paris, and a member of tbe Institute. Among his worlu
is a "Course of Elementary and Industrial Chemistry,"
(1 vols., 1831.) Died May 13, 1871.

Pa^en, (Jean Fkancois,) a French medical writer,
bom in Pans in 1800; (Ued February 7, 1870. He gava

Payor, pA'yi', (Jean Baptiste,) a French botanist,
born at Asfeld (Ardennes) in 1818. He obtained the
chair of botany at the Normal School in PaHs in

lotany at . .

lupplied the place of Mirbel at the Sorbonne. (1841-

secretary to Lamartine inl843, and became
professor of botany, etc., in l85st. His chief work ia
a " Treatise on Comparative Vegetable Organogeny,"
Died September 5, i86a

Payer, i^'fr, (Julius,) an Austrian explorer, born at
Schonau, September 1, 184a. He became an army officer,
and a professor of history in the military schooL He
was later employed in geodetic work in the Alpa. In 1869
he visited Greenland with Koldewey, and went to Spits-
bergen with Weyprecht He went in 1873-74 to Nova
Zembla and Frani Joseph Land on the steamer Tegetho£
His principal book is an account of the last-named
voyage.

Fayknll. de, df h pi'kul, \ (Gustaf.) Bakon. a Swed-
ish naturalist, born at Stockholm in i7;7. He became
Hrst secretary to the king in 1794. and marshal of the
court in 1815. He wrote mono^aphs on Swedish cole-
optera, and several dramas. Died in 181&

Fayn, (James,) an English novelist, born at Chelten-
im in 1830. He studied at Eton and Woolwich, and
graduated al Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1854. He
published "Stories from Boccacdo," "PoeMS, (185O
"Lost Sir Massingberd," "Thicket than Water,"
(1883,) " A Modem Dick Whitlington," (189a,) " In
Market Overt," (1895,) and many other works. For
many years he was the editor of "Chambers's Jour-
nal." His " Literary Recollections" ( 1885) attracted
much attention. Died in 1S98.

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PAYNM

Fwjim, f«ii, {John.) an English engravei and de.
rif;ner, born in London in 160&. H« engrsTCd poitnUa
with Buccesi. Died in 1648.

P«r°">P^>(JoHH,) D.D., an American biahop, born
in Wealmoreland coantj. Virginia, January 9, 1S15, grad-
uted at William and Mary College in i8i|j, and at the
Iheological school near Alexandria in 1S36, in which year
be sailed for Liberia va a missionary. In 1851 be wa«
consecrated Bichop of Cape Palmas, ( Episcopalian,) but
be retuined in 1871 to the United Stales, and died in
Westrooreluid connly, Virginia, October 23, 1874-

PkTU*, (John,) an English poet, born in London,
Aogntt 33, 1843. Id t367be becameasoliciior. Among
bi* works are "Thtf Masque of Shadow," (1870,) " In-
taglios," {1S71.) "Songs of IJ(e and Death," (1871,)

"L*utrec" (1878,) a translation of the " " -'

Francis Villon," (1878.) " New Poems," (18 „
Villon: a Biographical Stndy," (1881,) "The Arabian
Nights," (9 »ols., m prose and Terse, 18S1 tl ttf.,) etc.
He alto wrote, but never published, a translation of
Dante's "Dirina Commedia."

Payna, jdn, (John Howard,)
acd dramatic poet, bom in New York in 179a. At the
uw of sixteen DC made his Grit appearance at the Park
Theatre, in the character of " Young Norval," with bril-
liant iiKcess. He visited London m 1813, and foanded
there a theatrical journal called "The Opera-Glaw."
He was the author of several dramas, but he is chiefly
known by his beautiful and popular son^ of " Home,
Sweet Home." Mr. Payne wasappointed in 1851 consul
to Tunis. Died in 1853.

Sea DovcKliiCK. "CrdoiiK

'lloBlhlj Ravim" Ibr Jumuy, 1B19.
Par*, (Ruii u.) See Lr Pays.
Pay^B^n, (Edward,) an American Congregational
divine, bom in New Hampshire in 178^. He was the
author of a "Diseonrae before the Bible Society of
Maine," and a number of aermon*. Died in 1817.

Pta, da, di pSth, Jaco Alvakiz,) a Spanish Jesuit
and rdigiouB writer, Dom at Toledo in lj6o; died in

Pasman^ or Paxmonl, poi'mlll, (Pktbs.) a Han-
garian cardinal and writer on theology, bom near Pres-
Durg in 1570; died in 1637.

nuuL plt'tee, (Cosmo,) an Italian prelate, bom in
1467, was a nephew of Leo X., and a relative of Jacopo
Pazzi. He became Archbishop of Florence in tSMk
He translated Maximns Tyritw into Latin, (1517.) Died
in 1515.

Paul, (fACOPO,) was the head of a rich Florentine
btnily which was hostile to the Medici. Ke was one
of the cbicb of a conspiracy formed (in the name of
Uberty] against them In 1478. The attempt to kill Lo-
renzo de Medid having niled, Pazii and his accom-
plices were taken and hung.

Paabody, peelj^-de, (Rev. Andrew P„) D.D., an
American scholar and theologian, bom at Beverly, Mas-
sachusetts, in 1811. He graduated at Harvard in 1826,
and subsequently studied theology at Cambridge. He
became in 1S33 pastor of the South Congregational
Chnrcb at Portsmouth, New Hampshire, and in 1854
assumed the editorshlpofthe "North American Review."
He is the author of " Lectures on Christian Doctrine,"
[■844,) of which numerous editions have been published,
and " Serm<His of Consolation," (1846 ; 3d edition, 1857.)
He also contributed to the " New England Ma^uiue,"
"American Monthly," and "Christian Examiner." In
1860 he became preacher and Plummer professor of
Christian morals at Harvard, — a position which he filled
with the highest credit to himself and the institutioiL
Died March 10, ta93.

Sw Aixi*o«s'( "Kniaiutyof AnAcn."

Poabody, (Eusabiti'h Palher,) an American eda-
cator, born at Billerici, Massachusetts, May 16, 1804.
In youth she began a remarkably successful career as a
teacher. Her prindeal wiilinn arc "Self-Education,"
(1838, a translation from De Gerando,] " A Record of
Mr. Alcou's School," (1835 ; 3d edition, 1880,) " Remi-
tliicences of William EUeiy Channing," " United Sutea
HiXoiy," (1859,) "A Kindergarten Guide," (1860,) a

'eabody, (Ephkaiu,) an American divine a^d poet,
bom at Wilton, New Hampshire, in 1807) died in t8s6
Peabody, (Grokcr,) an American philanthropist,
bom in Danvers, Massachusetts, in February, 179^, was
the son of poor parents. He engaged in trule m Balti-
more, and, after many years of prosperity, removed to
England in 1837. He became a banker and broker it>
London, and amassed an ample fortune. His banking-
house was for many years the head-quarters of Ameri-
cans in London. About 1856 he gave (300,000 or more
I0 found a literary and scientific institute in Baltimore.
In 1S61 he presented to the dty of London ^£150,000, to
be expended in the erection of lodging-houses tor the
working-classes, for which purpose he added ZiSO,ooa
mote in 1866. He also gave to Harrard University
^150,000 for a museum, etc, and in 1S67 gave two mil-
lion dollars to found common schools in the Southern
United States. Died in London In 1S69. His remains
were conveyed with great pomp to the United States
in the British ship-of-war Monarch.

Peabody, (Josrfhine Prestoh,) author, bom io
New York. She has written tales, poems, and plays.
Her drama, "The Piper," obtained the Stratford-on-
Avon prize of 1910.

PeaDody, (NArHAKiSL,) an American patriot and
physician, born at Topsfield, Massachusetts, in 1741.
He served as colonel of the army in 1778, attd was sent
OS a delegate to Congress in 1779, He filled several
other high offices. Died in 1823.

Psabody, (Olivbr W. B.,} twin-brother of W. B.
O. Peabody, noticed below, was associate editor of the
"North American Review," and in 1843 became pro-
fessor of English literature in JeSerson College, Loui-
siana. Died in 1847, aged fifty-seven.

P«abody, (Rev. Wiluah B. O.,) an American poet
and Unitarian divine, bom at Exeter, New Hampshire,
in 1799. He graduated at Harvard College in 1S16,
and in iSao became pastor at Springfield, Massachu-

and the " Christian Examiner," and wrote the " Life of
Alexander Wilson" in Spaiks's" American Biography."
Died in 1847.

Paaoh'^m, (Henry,) an EnglUb writer, bom in
Hertfordshiie in the sixteenth centnty. He vrroie, be*
aides other works, '* Minerva Britanidca, or a Garden
of Heroical Devises," (iGii,) and "The Complete Gen-
tleman," (ifioa,) which was once popular.

8m - KMnmaetlw Kariiw," veL L, (iSu.)

FSa'oook, (Edward,) an Ei^lsh author, bom neat
Brigg, in Lincolnshire, tn 1831. He published vari-
ons novels,^" Ralph Skiriaugh," (1870,) "John
Markenfield,"(i874,) " Nareissa Brendon," (1891,)

c,,— and many antiquarian works.

PM'oook. (Gborce,) an EnglUb mathematidaa, bom
at Denton about 1 79a He became professor of mulw<
matics at Cambridge, and Dean of Ely, He wrote seva-
ral works. Died in 1858.

Sh " Fnuer'i H>K>iin<>" far Dto>9ib*r. 1B5L

Paaoook or Pe'cook, (Rrvnold or Rioikald,) a *
liberal English prelate, bom about 139a He became
Bishop of Chichester in 1449. Having qoeslioned 01
deniea the intallihility of the pope or Chnrch of Rome,
'- ! was deposed in 145T. He was oj^osed to peraecn-

>n for opinion. Died about 1460.

SmKiv. JoHiiLnu,"UbarR.P<

Other works, " Palmyra," a poem, (1806,) "The Genigs
of the Thames," (181X,) " Headlong Hall," a humoroos
and satirical novel, (1816,] and "Crotchet Castle,"
(1831,) which are highly commended. Died in lE56.

Feale, peel, (Chakles Wilson,) an American paintet
and naturalist, born at Charlestown, Maryland, in 1741.
He studied for a time in England nndei- West, and,
after his return, settled in Philadelphia, where he sooQ
acquired a high reputation as a portrait- painter. He

«Mi; qa»*: tiard; guj;a,H.x.pittnral; n,mml; %,ttHlid; lass; thai

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PEALE

■rterw>rd& (omiFd in (hat city a routenm of i
nrioiilies called by hU name and containine the
Ion of a mammoth. He was at«a one of me fonnden
of the Academy of fine Arts, to which be contributed
■uneroQi pictiires. Died in 1837.

Faale, (Reubrandt, ) a son of the preceding, wu
bom in Bucks county, Pennjylvania, in 1778, Studied
painting under West, and subiequenlly devoted himself
to poitrait-painling in Paris. After hia return to Phila-
delphia, be produced, among other warks, the " Court
of Death," and "The Roman Daughter," D. i860,

Pearce, (Charles Spkagux,) sitist, bom at Boston
in 1S51. He bas lang been notable as a ligure- painter.
His works covered such subjects as " Death of the Fint
Bom," "The Shepherdess," etc.

Pearce, (Zacharv,) an emiaent English (livine and
critic, bom in or near London in 1690. While he was
a student at Cambridfie be wrote two papers for the
"Spec^tor," (Nos. 57a and 633,) and edited Cicero
" De Oralore," (1716.) Afterholding se»eral positions
in (be Church he became Bishop of Rochester in 1756.
I lis principal work is a ' 'Commentary with Notes, on
the Four Evangelists and the Acts of the Apostles," (a
vols., 1777.) He edited Longinus "On the Sublime,"
(I7»4-) Died in 1774.

PSar'apn, (Chaklbs Henry,) an English his-
torian, bom at Islington in 1830. He resided in
Australia 1S73--92, holding official positions. His
greatest literary work was " National Life and Char-
acter," (1893.) Died in .894.

Peanou, (Eliphalrt,) LL.D., an American
scholar, bom in New England in 1752, became pro-
fessor of Hebrew and Oriental languages at Harvard
College, and subsequently of sacred literature al
Andover. Died in 1826.

Peanou, (John,) an eminent Uihop of the Anglican
Church, was born at Snoring, Norfolk, In 161J. He
was educated at Cambrit^e, and obtained In 1650 the
living of Saint Clement. L.ondon. The sermona which
he preached there were published in his •' Eiposition
of the Creed," (1658,! a work of high reputation, which
has been reprinted and u»ed as a teat-book for itudents.
He became profesaor of divinitf al Cambridge in i6ti,
and Bishop of Cheater in 1673. Died in 168& He was
coiuldered one of the most learned Englishmen of his
tine in ancient languages, history, etc

5« " Biognplila Biitninica."

FeEUVon, (John Loughborough,) an eminent
English architect, was bom at Brussels, Belgium, in
1817. He became famous as a restorer of English
cathedrals. His most notable original work was the
great Truro Cathedral, the only modem Gothic struc-
ture that deserves the name of cathedrai. This, be-
gun in 1878, was unfinished at his death in 1897.

Peamoo, (Karl,) F.R.S., professor of applied
mathematics in University College, London, is the
author of several notable books, "Socialism in Theory
and in Practice," (1885.) "The Ethics of Free-
thought," (1888,) etc He is now in charge of the Na-
' tional Eugenic Laboratory in London.

PeB'ry, (Robkrt Edwin,) an Arctic explorer, was
bom at CressoD, Pennsylvania, in 1856. He became
an assistant engineer in the United States navy in
1881, was engaged on the Nicaragua Canal survey
1884-85, and made an exploration of the inland ice-
pack of Greenland, east of Disco Bay, in 1886. In
1891 he became chief of the Arctic expedition of the
Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia,
crossed Greenland to Independence Bay (81'' 37'
north latitude.) He made a second expedition
1893-95. and in 1897 voyaged to Cape York,

covered there, Heweni north agam in t^8, I905,and
1 908, in eampst endeavonrs to reach the North Pole, and
succeeded in this enterjjiise April 6, 1909. He was pro-
moted rear-admiral and given thanks by Coneiess for his
great exploit

a. given thanks by Congress for his

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08 PECK

Piala, (Calvin,) D.D., an American educator, bora
at Canaan, Connecticut, August 11, 1813. He graduated
al the University of Vermont in 1838. He was made
professor of the classical languages in the same insuiu-
lion in 184a, and became its president in 1855. He did
much in improving the pnblic-school system of Vermont.
In 185J he was ordained a Congregational minister, and
for a lime he held a Presbyterian pastorate. Died al
Burlington, Vermont, September 17, 1863.

Peoohla, pek'ke-1, (Carlo,) an Italian hUtorian,
bom at Naples in 171J. He wrote a "Civil and Political
History of^ the Kingdom of Naples," (3 vols., 1778.)
Died in 1 784

Peochlo, pekHce-o, (Giuseppe,) an Italian writer and
political economist, was born al Milan in 1785. He
was councillor of state for the section of finances (al
Milan) from 1810 to 1814. He became a political exile
in iSai, after which he lived mostly in England. Among
his works are a '• History of Public Economy in Italy,"
(" Storia dell'Economia pubblica in Italia," r8*9,) which
presents an able critical analysis of Italian works on
political economy, and "Observations of an Exile on
England," (1831.) He was an elegant writer, and had
a good talent for observation. Died at Brighton in 1835.

peohantxA, pi'shftN'tRl', (Nicolas,) a French dra-
matic poet, born at Toulouse in 1638. He wrote trage-
dies named "Geta" (1687) and "Jugurtha," (16^)
Died in 1708.

Pechlln, pf Klin, (Jan Nikuas,) an able Dutch phy-
sician, bom at Leyden in 1646. He wrote Latin poems,
a treatise on Tea, entitled "Theophiius Bibacutus,"
{1684,) and other works. Died at Stockholm in im6.

Peek, (Francis,) an English antiouary, bom at Stan-
ford, Lincolnshire, in 169*. He obtained in 1736 a
prebend in the cathedral of Ijncoln, Among his works
are " Desiderata Curiosa," (1 vole., I73a-35,1 " Memoira
of the Life and Poetical Works of John Milton," (1740,)
and "Memoirs of the Life of Oliver Cromwell," (I74&^
Died in 1743.

Feo^ (GsoROE Wrslkv,) LL.D., an American cler-
gyman, born at Kingston, Luierne county, Pennsylvania,
Febmaty 7, 1849. He graduated al Syracuse University
in 1878, and was president of Hedding College from rSyS
to 1883. He entered the minisliv of the Methodist Epis-
copal Church in 1874. He is the author of a " Life of
Bishop Peck," and of other works.

Peck, (George Wilbur,) an American journalist,
bom al Henderson, New York, in 1840. He served
in the civil war, engaged in journalism in 1866, founded
"The Sun," La Crosse, in 1874, removed to Mil-
waukee and called it " Peck's Sun" in 1878. It be-
came noted for humourous sketches, particulariy the
"Peck's Bad Boy" series. He was mayor of Mil-
waukee 1890-91, and Governor of Wisconsin 1891-oe.

Peck, (Harry Thurston,) editor, bom at Siun-
ford, Connecticut, in 1856. He graduated at Co-
lumbia College in 1881, became professor of Latin.
there, and editor of the "Bookman" in 1895.
He wrote "The Semitic Theory of Creation." "The
Personal Ecjuation," "The Adventures of Mabel,"
etc, and edited "The International Cyclopedia," etc-
Died March 23, 1914.

Peck, (Jesse Truesdell,) D.D.,' LL.D., an
American Methodist bishop, bom at Middlefield,
New York, April 4, 181 1. He was t>rincipal of the
Troy Conference Seminary 1841-48, president of
Dickinson College 1848-53, and in 1872 was conse-
crated a bishop. He wrote several works on theological
subjects. Died in 1883.

Pack, (John J.,) an American general, bom in Onon-
daga county, New York, in i8ai, graduated at West
Point in 1843. He commanded a brigade at Williams-
burg and Fair Oaks in May, 186a, soon after which he
was raised to the rank of major-general of volunteera.
He repulsed General Longstreet, who attacked bim at
Suffolk, in April, 1863. Died April 11, 187S.

Peck, (John Mason,J D.D., an American BaptiBl
divine and missionary, born at Litchfield, Conncctlcnt,
in 17S9. He was one of the founders of the American
Baptist Home Mission Societv in 1831, having previously

< '*<^;f> f> l> ft <^rBrv; Or, fill, £tti mSt; dAc; g06di mOof

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This bill became a law. He impOKd
of ^d. in the pound to siipply the deficit
e, and paa»«i a new tariff bill, by which
manjramcies were admitted free and the datici on others
were rednced, (1S41.) A powerful prCMure againat the
dutyoa breadttuCb was produced bytbe Anti-Com-Law
Leasae, whoee interests were advocated by Cobden and
Bright in public speeches. The case was rendered more
■rgenl br the potato-rot in Ireland in 1S45. In Novem-
ber, 1S45, Sir Robert announced bimselT in favour of
the repeal of the corn-laws ; but some of his colleagues
opposed the measure. Peel then resigned, and Lard
John Russell was called to form a new cabinet, but did
not succeed. About the 10th of December, Sir Robert
resumed office with his former colleagues, except Lord
Stanley, who retired. The Tory parly was divided on
this question into Peelites and Protectionists. By the
united votee of the Peelites and Liberals, the corn-lam
were repealed, after an eloquent speech by Sit Robert

1S46, and was succeeded by Lord John Russell. He had
acquired great popularity, which continued unabated, and
be would probably have l>eencal1ed again to the direction
of affairs if he had lived a fen years longer. On the

tglh of Tune, 1850, he was thrown from hi
ccived injuries of which he died on July a of that year.
Stt Tatum od Uackav, " Sr Robml'Ped'* Life ud Tinw,'
4Tol>., iStfr-SIlTHOHU DOOHUIPAV, "T^- "-'-'-' ' '- -"^•
feoben P«]," 1 vol)., iB)6 : Kuihiei. " Di
Sj R. PHto," ■ ™»-, 1B50: GoiioT, "Si
LAwncm Pdl, ;■ Life of Sit Robtrt "--

idMiLCAa

~ den

r FuMlsT " TM iile Sir Robert Peel ; ■ Criiical Bkig-
niHiy." it}!: I, n LomIhic. "Sir Robvi Peel, puua Homme
daRien.'' iSu; "Qniilerlir Review" for Seplenber, i&|i,udOaD-
bei. iUf>\ "BlidiwDod'i iin^imi" (at September. iSs^^ ind Sep-
unber, 1B60 : ■■ WeHiotneler Review" tor December. i8,j. end Joly,
An: -MicniillM') Maganne" for 1969. (by Gc.Lm.iH Smith.)

PmI, (Sir RoBKKT,) the eldest son of the preceding,
was born in London in iSaa. He was returned to Par-
liament forTamworth in 1850, and voted with the Liberal
le of the lords of the

Hat

ined this

office about 1S64, and voted with the Tories against the
Reform bill in April, l366. Died May 9, 1S95.

P«ela, peel, (Grorgc,) an English dramatist, bom
in Devonshire, giadaated at Oxford in 1579. He be-
came a resident of London, and had the title of city
poeL His talent was much inferior to that of Marlowe,
Among his plays are "The Old Wives Tale" and "The
Battle of Alcazar." Died about 1598. His works were
published by Dyce in 1S3S, with a memoir of his life.

Pewlkamp, i^iil'kimp, (HorKAN Pietek,) a Dutch
philologist and critic, born at Groningcn in 17S6. He
published several biographical works in Latiti, and valu-
able editions of Xenophon of Ephesua, Horace's " Odes,"
and ■' Letters to Rso." Died in 1S65.

Pee^ (Harvhv Pkindlk,) LLD., born in IJtchfield
county, Connecticut, in 1794, became president of the
Initilntion for the Deaf and Dumb in New York, (1S45.)
He published a "Course of Instruction,"" Scripture \Jt»-
sons," and other works for deaf-mutes. DiedinlS73.
Peot.<STBPHKN Dkhison,) born at Euclid, Ohio,
in 1S30, became a pastor of Congregational churches
in Ohio, Wisconsin, etc., and established in 1878
" The American Antiquarian." He was an ardent
aicbieologist, and wrote " Mound- Builders," " Ani-
mal Effigies," "Cliff-Dwellers," etc.

Peff«r, (William Alfrbd,) bom in Cumberland
county, Pennsylvania, in 1831. He served in the civil
war, became an editor in Kansas, was elected to the
State senate in 1874, and by the People's party to the
United States Senate in 1891. He was defeated as

firohibition candidate for governor in 1898. He pub-
ished "Peffer's Tariff Manual." "The Farmer's
Side," " The Way Out," and other works.
See Pig ASUS,

If classic mythology, v

10 PELAGIVS

the o&prinE of Neptune and Medusa- The noets relate
that he carried Bellerophon in his fight with Chiiiuer»
that with a stroke of his hoof he produced the faun-
tain Hippocrene on Mount Helicon, that he waa the
favoarile of the Muses, and that be finally became a
constellation in the heavens.
Petgnot pin'yo', ( &TIBNNK Gabeiel, ) a learned

wrote many antiquarian treatises, bioEraphics, and work*
on bibliography. His " Dictionary of Bibliology" (" Dic-
tionnaire raisonn^ de Bibliologie," a vols., 1801) is said
to be important Died in 1849.

Pell«, peel, (Rev. Thomas W.,) an English claaiical
scholar, born atxiut 1806, graduated ac Cambridge. H«
published "Annolalions on the Apostolical Episllea,"
(6 volv, 1848-53.)

Pelroe, peerss, (Benjautn,) LLD., an able mathema-
tician, born at Salem. Massachusetts, in 1809, graduated
at Harvard University in 1819, became tutor there in
1831, profeswr of physics and mathematics in 1S33, aikd
Perkins professor in 1841. From 1B67 to 1874 lie wa«
(uperintendenl of the coast survey. Died Oct. 6, l8SaL

Peiroe, (Hraufokd Kinhkv,) D.D., a Methodist
clergyman, Ixirii at Royalton, Vermont, Februarys, '*'*
He graduated at We«leyan University in 1841, and be
came prominent as a preacher, editor, and philanthro-
pist. Among his booVs are "The Eminent Dead,"
" Trials of an Inventor," " Half-CenMn with Jntenile
Delinquents," " The Young Shetlander," VK.

Folroe. (Chaklbs Sandbrs,) an American
author, bom at Cambridge, Massachusetts, in 1839.
He graduated at Harvard, published "Photometric
Researches," " History of Science," and many
scientific papers, and was elected a member of the
National Academy of Sciences. He edited " Studlec
in Logic" by members of the Johns Hopkins Uni-
versity, adding largely to it, and was a large con-
tributor to the Century Dictionary.

Pelreao, de, d^h pi'rEak', (Nicolas Claudb Fkbrt
— It^Ke',) an eminent French antiquary, scholar, and
patron of learning, was born at Beaugensier, in Provence,
:n 1580. He studied law at Padua, and became a coun-
•ellor of the parliament of Aix. He was an indnuta
&iend of GasscndL In visits to Italy, England, etc., he
collected many books, medals, and specdmens of nature
and art, which he freely distributed to his friends. He
maintained an active correspondence with many French
and foreign savants. He wrote to his ftientis at Rome
in bvour of Galileo when the latter was in prison.
Many of his letters have been published. It wa* at
Peiresc's suKestion that Grotius wrote his work " De
Jure Belli et Pacis." Died at Ail in 1637.

5«> Gassihdi, "Via K. C F. de Peiroc/' i64> : RBXnta
"VHd*Pe^reK,"i;M; " Nounlle Biognphlt Ull^n]*."

PeMtliotu. See PiRiTHOirs.

Palrouae. See La Pbyrouss.

Pelaander. Sec Pisander.

Pelsistratns. See Pisistrati;s.

Palx'oto, (Floriana,) second president of Rraiil,
was bom in 1843. He served in the war with Para-
gpiay 1S65-70. On the establishment of the republic
he became a Senator, was elected Vice-President in
1891, and succeeded Fonseca as President. He put
down the civil war, completed his term in 1894, and
died in 1895.

PelEfh, (Hcb. npD,] King of Israel, usurped the
(hronein 7588.0. In albance with the King of Syria,
be waged war against Jothamand Ahaz, Kings of Jtutah

He was killed by Hosea in 738 i. ,^,
Pek-f-U'nl), [Hcb. n-npD,] King of Israel, beean to
i^ about ^60 B.C. He was killed by Fekah, 76a B-q

P^age. See Pblagius.

Po-lB'jJ-uB, [Gr- n^Iof ; Fr. P4lagb, pilfch'.Uhs
founder of the sect of Pelagians, or rather the chief
advocate of a svslem of doctrines called Pelagianiam,
was bom probably in Britain. He began to propante
his doctrines at Rome about 400 A.D,, and formed a
fiiendship with Celestius, who became his ardent disciple.

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PELAGIUS

191 1

PELISSIER

He wum admir«rorc>rig«ii, indar. adTeiBajj of Sainl
AugDstme in relation to grace uid electioTL Pelaciui
rejected the dognui of original sin and absolole preSes-
tinatioiL He maintained that the effects of Adam'.t firM
•in were conGned to himself, and thai man's salvation
depends on his own exertion*. He was condemned by
Mveral councils, and was banished from Ital^ in 41&
The eminent purity of his life wat lieely admitted b;
bis opponents. A system called Semi-Felagianisro pre-
vailed wideljinthemiddleages, and hu many adherents
■t the present day. As the numerous woila of Pelagin*
are nearly all lost, it is difficult lo ascertain exactly what
doctrines he taoghC Hii adversaries complained of
die haie of subtle dialectics with which he involved
•very subject of dispute. Amone his extant works is 1
" Commentary 00 the Epistles of Saint Paul."

S« Nosais, " HiHorli Pdiglini:" I- Patduiuct. "Via dr
Pilicc" iTji; BATi.a,"KiMonalii>dCriiiialDkitaiiuy;"Si>un
AucusTiHi. "Dc Gntia ChiUti" and "D* P«ia1o Orinulii'
" NouTsll. Biognphie Ginimlt"

P«-a'jI-ilB [Fr. P*LAGK, pkTth'] I, a native ol
Rome, became pope in 555 A.D., after the death of
Vigilius. He died in 559 or 560, and was lucceeded bj

Felagliu IL, Pope, a native of Rome, was born about
taa He succeeded Benedict L in 578 a.d. He died
m no, and was succeeded by Gregory the GreaL

P»-U'^iiB or Fslayo, pjt-li'yo. [Fr. Pelage, pi'-
Itth',) King of Astnriai, was a descendant of the Gothic
fchi^ of Spain. He Ibagbt with succeu about 71S A.11,
uamat the Moors, who bad conouered the greater part
<n Spain, and founded a small kingdom, which he left
to his son-in-law, Alfonso^ Died about 738

P61aBgn& See Pilasgits.

Po-l«B'Kaa, [Gr. TiiiJiayic Fr. PAlascuk, pillsg',]
a mythical personage, supposed to have been the ances-
tor of the PcliHgi, themost ancient inhabitants of Greectt,

Pelavtolno. See Paixavicini.

Palayo. See Pblaoiui, (of Astnilas.)

PAl^e. See Pblbus.

Pelet, peh-U', QtAK Jacques Gbkkain,) Baron, a
French general, bora at Toulouse about 1778. He
■erved with distinction a* aide-de-camp of Massena in
Italf, Austria, and Portngal, (1805-11,) and commanded
a bngade at Waterloo. In 1830 he became a IJeutenant-
generaL He was appointed a senator in tSjl. He
published " Memoirs of the War of 1809," (4 vols., 1814,)
and other able military works. Died in 1858.

Pelat de U I>oa*r«, p(h-1i' dfh It lo'iaiR', (Jbak,)
CoKTE, a French legislator, bom at Sainl-Jeao-du-Gard
in I759> "* disdngaUhed for his wisdom and modera-
tkm. He was elected to the Convention in 1 791, and
to the Council of Five Hundred (by seventy-one de-
partments) in 1795. During the empire be was coun-
cillor of state. Died in 1843.

His son, Privat Josbfii Claramoni^ bom in 1785,
was elected to the Chamber of Deputies in 1837. He
distinguished himself as an orator of the Left Centre.
He was ministv of finance in 1840. Died in 1871.

Pelettor, pfl-tj-^'. sometimes written Pellatlsr,
(Jacques,) a poet and mathematician, bom at Mans, in
France, in 15 17. He lived at many places, and followed
various pursuits. In 1573 he became principal of the
College of Mans. He translated Horace's "De Arte
Poetica" into verse, (1544,) and wrote original poems

trate,bom in Paris in 1630 or 1631. He was provost of
the merchants in 1668, and constructed the qual in Paris
which bears his name. In 1683 he succeeded Colbert
M control! er.general of finance. He found himself
unequal to the task of raising funds for a long war, and
resigned in 1689. Voltaire calls him a good and just
man. Died in 1711.

PelaUer de BonsL lie, Ifh pf1-t^' d^h soo'ie',
(Michel,) a brother of the preceding, — ' =- "~--

1* born in Paris

dern,

He

piOk',] King of Thessalv, was a son of Aacus, and
married the sea-nymph Thetis, by whom he became the
father of Achilles. The marriage of Peleus and Thetis
is sud to have been attended by «11 the gods and god-
desses except Discord. AcciH'ding to tradition, he took
part in the Argonautic e)q)edition, but was prevented
1^ his great age from joining in the siege of Troy.

Ps^os, [Fr. PiLlBU, peHg-gh',] (Julieh,) a French
lawyer, born at Angers. He was appointed councillor
of state and historiographer by Henry IV., and wrote a
" History of Henry the Great," (4 vols., 161G.) Died
about 1 61 J.

Felham. See Nkwca^i^ Duke of.

Paltaam, pfl'fm, (Henry,) an English statesman,
born in 1694, was a brother of the Duke of Newcastle.
He became paymaster of the army in 1730^ and an op-

Eonentof Walpole. On the defeat of WiUpole, in 174^
e obtained the office of chancellor of the exchequer. A
rivalry between him and Lord Carteret resulted in the
removal of the tatter in 1743 or 1744, after which Pelham
and his brother were the chief ministers until 1754.
"Henry Pelham," says Macaalay, "was by no means a
contemptible person. His anderstanding was thai of
Walpole on a somewhat smaller scale. Though not a
brilliant orator, he was, like his master, s good debater,
a good parliamentary tactician, a good man of business.
. , . For the first time since the accession of the Stuarts,
there was no opposition." Died in 17S4.

Feltuuu, (Henry Francis,) an Knglisb historian
and educator, bom in 1846. He became Camden
professor of ancient history at Oxford in 1S89, and
president of Trinity College, Oxford, in 1897. He
wrote " Outlines of Roman History," (i890,)"The
Roman Frontier System," (1895,) etc.

PsUuuii, (Thomas,) Eari of Chichester, was bom in
or near London in 1756. He was elected about 17S0 to
the House of Commorts, in which he voted with the
Tories. He was home secretary from April, iSoi, to
1803, and inherited the title of Earl of Chichester at
the death of his father, in 1805. Died in 1816.

PeUtestre, pth-lletR', (Pierre,) a learned French
ecclesiastic and writer, born at Rouen In 1635 ( died Id

ic applied to

FeOI-aa, [Gr. UOiai: Fr. PiLiAS, p)1e'ls',) a son
of Neptune and Tyro or of Cretheus and Tyro, was a
brother of Ncleos. He usurped the throne of loleos
from ifison, a son of Crethens, and sent Jason 10 Col-
chis to bring the golden fleece. He was the bther of
Acastua, Alcestis, and several other daughters. The
poets relate that Peliaa was cut to pieces % his daugh-
ters, called Pkuadu, at the instigation of Medea, who
promised to restore him to youth.

Pslldoa. See Achilles.

PMlHier, pi1e'sc-k', (Amable Jean Jacques,) Due
de Matakof^ {d^h mflfkoP,) a French general, born
at Maromme (Seine-Infirieure) in 1794. He entered
the army in 1815. and served as aide-de-camp of General
Durrieu in the Morea in 1818-29. About the end of
1839 he was sent, with the rank of lieutenant-colonel, to
Algeria, where he took part in many actions. He com-
manded the left wing at Isly, in 1S44, and in 1S45 fixed
an indelible stain upon his memory by suffocating a party
of Arabs in a cavern, at the mouth of which he ordered
a large fire to be built. In 1850 he became a general of
division. He was Governor-General of Algeria adititerim
in 1851. In January, 1855, he was ordered to the Crimea,
to command the first corps of the army which co-opeiated
with the British in the siege of Sebastopol. He suc-
ceeded Canrobert as general-in -chief on the 16th of May,
1855. A victory was gained by the allies on the Tcher-
naia in August, and the French carried by storm the
fort of Malakoff on the Sth of September. For this
success P^lissier received a marshal's biton in 1S55, and
the title of Duke of Malakoff in l8j6. He was ambas-
sador to England in 1858, and during the war in Italv

1859 he commanded tl
...fended the eastern froi
became Governor -General of Algeria.

.864.

«ui,- tasj; fiarii! tas/;

9, Xtgtitttiral; v, natai; K, trtUtd; 1

(fi9~'See Eiplanalions, p. 33,)

D,g,i,..ed=yG00'^lc

PEUSSON

See PELUSSOM.

Pall, (John.) an emioent English mathemAtician, bom
m SasMx in 1610, stndied at Cambridge and Oxford,
lie became professor at Amilerdun in 1643, and was
•ent by Cromweil M agent to ''-'"' "

) Protestant S'

. , He reftmied home in 1658, became

rector of Fobfiing, Essex, in i66i, and rector of Laing'
don in 1673. He published a refuUtion of Loneomon-
(alms's discourse " On the Trae Measuie of the Circle,"
("De vera Ciiculi Mensura," 1644,) an "Idea of Che
Mathematio," and other worlts. It was to Pell that
Newton Bnt explained his invention of fluxions. Died
in 168s.

S«* MOHTVCLA. " Hiiloire da HitUautliiun."

Pellat, piir, (Chakles Aogwste,) an able Fiench
Jntist, born at Grenoble in 1793. He obtained the chair
of Pandects in Paris in 1829, and published several luc-
ccsshil works on Roman law. Died Nov. 14, 1871.

Pellegiln, p*rgBlN',(SiMON Josbph.) Abb*, a French
poet and dramatist, bom at Marseilles in 1663. He
gained a priie of the French Academy for poetry in
1704. Hia best works are " The New World," a comedy,
(1733.) and" Pilopie," a tragedy, (1733.} which were sue-
cessiul. Died at Paris in 1745.

PeUogrinL pil-11-gree'nee, (Antonio,) an Italian
punter of history, bom at Venice in 1675. He worked
in England and Paris, and settled at Venice. Among
his master-pieces is "The Braien SerpenL" "Hewsw
ingeniooB," says the "Biographie Universelle," "and
painted with great facility." Died In 1741.

PeUagrlni. (Antonio,) an Italian cardinal, bom at
Rome, August II, iBiz, was created a cardinal-deacon
in 1877. Died in 1887.

PaOttgrinl, (Camillo,) an Italian historian, bom ai
Capua in 1598. He spent much time in collecting an-
dent docoments for the history of Italy, and published
a valuable "History of the Princes of Lombardj","

i"Hlitaria Frindpum Longobardonim," 1643.) Died
n 1663.
Pellegrini, (Dombnico,) an architect and engraver,
bom in 1541, was a brother of Pellegrino, noticed oe low.
He designed the palace de Magnanl «t Bologna, and
other fine edifices of that dty. His etchings ate priied
by amateUT*. Died in 158:

polpit orator. He pablished ** Latin and Iljuian Poems,"
(" Poesie Latlne ed Italiane," 1791.) Died in 1799.

Pellegrini, (Pbllbcrino,) called also Tibaldi, te-
bll'dee, an eminent painter and architect, bom in the
Milanese in IC17. He studied in Rome, and appears to
have taken Michael Angelo as his model. He acquired
■ grandeur of style which was less extravagant than that
of^Michael Angelo. Among his best paintings are the
fiascos in the nHgi Chapel, representing John the Bap-
tist baptizing, ana other subjects. He was appointed in
1570 diief architect of the Duomo {cathedral) of Milan,
and designed Che facade of that great Gothic structure,
which was commenced about 1387. His design was
censured by many artists, bat was partially executed.
He worked for Philip 11. of Spain in the Escurial, both
as painter and archflect. H< died at Milan about 1595

SmZahotti," Vim di THnIrK ;" Vaja»i," Lirts of ilu Piini*™ i"
QuATVudUia Di QuiHcv, "Dicdonniiiad Archilcctun."
PellepoTt, pH'pOR', (PiKIBB,) VicoMTB, a French

feneral, born in Haute-Garonne in 1773. He fought at
ena, (1S06,] at Eylao, (1807,) obtained the rank of
colonel at Essling, snd die title of baron at Wagram,
(1809.) Died in 1855.

Pellerin, pjl'rlK', (Josbph,) a French nomlsmatiat
and linguist, lx>rn near Versailles In 1684- He became
commissioner of Che navy in 1718, and chief clerk some
years later. He formed a calnnet of 31.500 medals,
which is said to have been the richest that ever belonged
to a private person, and published a description of (hem,
entitled " Collection of Medals of Kings, Nations, and
Cities," ("Recoeil de MWailles de Rois, Peuples et
Vflles," 10 vol*., i^j-78.) He adopted an improved
■ystemof dasufication. Died in 17^

IS FELLICER

PellCit, pill', (Jban FKANgois.) a French poet and
advocate, bom at Cpinal in 17S1 ; died in 183a.

PeUetMi. pH'lOn', (EucfciE,) an able French Uttin-
tour, bom it( Charente-Inf^eure in 1813. His &thei
was a Protestant minister. He was connected with tb«
" Presse" and other papers, and wrote a number of pop-
ular works, among which are " The Pr^ession of Faith

Elis^," (1S77.) He was elected to die corps l^slatit
in 1S69, became a member of the provisional govern-
ment in September, 1870, and a senator in 1S7& Died
101884-

Felletui, (PmuPFB Jban,) a French snrseon of
high reputaCion, was bom in Paris in 1747. He sdc-
ceeded Desaulc as surgeon-in -chief of the HACel-Dien
in Paris, and vras consulting surgeon Co Napoleon L
He lectured in Paris about thirty years, with such elo-
quence that he was called the " Chrysoslom of sui^ons.*
Died in 18*9.

Sea " Biqcnphia Midioti :" QuIuiD, " L> Fnna Lititnbe;'*
"Naonlle ffiotrnphie Gjujnlb''

Pelletan, (Pierre,) 1 son of the preMding. was bran
in Paris in 1781, and was a distinguished physician. Ha
became professor a( f Antique miiuaU at Paris in 18*3.
In 1843 he resigned this chair. He published a " Dic-
tionary of Medical Chemistry," (3 vols., 1833.) Died
in 1846.

PelletieT. See Pblktibr, Lb, (Ciaudb.)

Pelletler, pCI't^', (Bertband,) an eminent French
chemist, bom at Bavonne in 1761. He became professor
of chemistry at the Folytechmc School in Paris in 1795,
and a member of the Institute^ He wrote for the " An-
nates de Chimie," and made some important discoveries.
" He showed himself a man of genius," says Fonmier-
Pescay, "in his researches on phosphor"" — ' — '"

his researches c , _ ... . _

combinations with metals." Died in 1797. His col-
lected works were published, under the title of "Me-
moirs and Observations," (3 vols.,) in 1798.

Pelletler, pCl'tg-^ (Caspar,) a Dutch physician and
botanist, was born at Middelburg ; died in 1659.

Pelletler. (Jean Baptists,) a French general, bora
at Cclaron (Haute-Mame) in 1777. He became general
of brigade in 1809, obtained command of Che arlillen,
and served with credit aC Moskwa, (1811.) Died In
1861.

PelleUsr, (Pi Brkb Joseph,) a chemist, bora in Paris
in 1788, was a son of Bertrand, noticed above. He dis-
played a rare talent for observation and analysis, and
discovered several vegetaUe salifiable bases. The in-
portant discovery of quinine (1S30) was made bv Pelle-
tler and Caventou, who was his assodate. For thia
service the Academy of Sdences gave him a priie al
ten thousand francs m iSay. He published a " Memoir
on Quinine," (iSii.) and Other work*. Died in \%^t.

PelletiBr, Le, Jean.) See Lxfeixctieb.

Pellew, (Edward.) See ExMomu, Lobil
ajrounger
tie became .
Among his works is "The Seven Age*
of a Christian Life," (185;.) Died October 13. 1S6&

PeUlcan, pel'lc-kin, ( Lat. Pei,uca'nus ; Ger.
KUrschner, kiiB»h'n?r.] (Conrad,) a learned Reformer
and biblical critic, born at Ruffach, in Alsace, in 1478.
He took the monastic vows, learned Latin, Greek, and
Hebrew, and become superior of the convent at RnSach
about 1517. Having l>Mn converted to the doctrinca
of Luther, he was appointed professor of Hebrew al
Zurich in 153& He was intimate with Erasmua. Among
his works are Latin Commentaries on the Bible, (« vols,
fol., 1534-38,) which are highly esteemed. " Pellican,''
says Rjchard Simon, "is more exact than the other
Protestants. ... He aimed to be useful to his reader*
rather than todisplay hismWimifr." He also pablislMd
a Hebrew Grammar. Died in 1556.

Sh " Chrooicin Vltfl ipgiaa sb ip«o cofuoiptaB.'* iniMnil li
MiLCHioi Adm'i "Vila Thmloitoniai fjmnaiioniin ;" Johami
FASuaus, "OnliobulariaidtViuC PtlEcaai," i«aS: StuuHB
tfu, " C Pdlkus JuimdcBCiucfatt," ins.

PalUonnoB. See Pbllican.

Pallloat, pCI-ye-thaiR', (Jost de Oasau— di os-

Exmouth, w

a <,I,lVfi,?.'"V';i|t.A.*ame,leBBproiongediLi,I,6,t,y,iA«r';f,f,t,«.*«(ciirv;flr,flll,fltimtt;nat;gS&d:«nA.

6 by Google

PELLICER 19

tSw',] » Spanish hittoiiui, bom at Sangona in ifcs ;
died in 1679.

PeUloor, (Joan Amtonio,) a Spantih antfquaiy, bom
at Valencia in 173S. He wrote "Enaavo de nna Bibll-
oleca de Traductorea Eapafloles." (" Libraiy of Spanish
Translation*," 1778,) and publishei a good edition of
"Don Quixote," (1707.) Died in 1806.

Palllotoror PalUMler, pile's^'. (Gvilxauuk,) a
French diplomatial, bom in Languedoc about 149a
He became Bishop of Montpetlicr, and was emplo^d
in important mfsstons bj Fiancia L His vast erudition
b extolled by De Thoa and Tamebus. Died in ts6S.

Prillco, pelle-ko, (Silvio,] an Italian poet, bom al
Satano, Piedmont, In 1788. He became inlSlo teacher
of French in a college of Milan, where be formed
m friendship with Ugo Poaiolo and Monti. He pro-
duced "Fnuiceaca £1 Rimini," a tragedy, which was
perfbnned with great applause. In Milan he became
acquainted with Lord Byron, Madame de Slaiil, and
Lord Brougham. He wu the principal (bander of " II
Concrtiatote," a literary periodical, first issued in 1818,

■ ' '~-'^- 'm gOTcrn.

a membet

n 1833 w

ment In October,
of a secret lode^,

prisoiunent for fifteL_. . .

fined in the citadel of Spielberg, at Briinn, in Moravia,
until August, 1830, and then released. He afterwards
wrote a narrative of his sufferings, entitled " My Piisoni,"
('• Le mie Prigioni," 1831,) which excited great sympathy
and was translated into all the languages of Europe.
His prose treatise "On the Duties of Man" is praised
tax in good morality. Died al Turin in 1854.

~ U. S. Peliko, t^r ™ Honimc da Rita.'

'■" " "i«>."i8jj:"NouTelkB! — —«-

, .nilpotlrvof

QwterlT Review" for April and Oclobtr. itjj.

Polltaaon, pJIc'sftN', or PelUsson-Fontanlor, pi'-
le's6M' iftN'tinie-J', (pAtn,) a French author, born,
of Protestant parents, at B^ziers in 1624. He wrote a
" History of the French Academy," (1653.) which ob-
tained sach success that this society nominated him a
dtular member and voted that he shoaid be admitted
to the first vacant seat In 1657 he became chief clerk
of Fouquet, minister of finance. He was confined for
four years (1661-6J) in the Bastille on account of his
<»nnection with Fouquet Having been selected by
Louis XIV. to write the history of his reign, he abjared
ProiestantiBm in 1670, entered into holy orders, and
obtained several benefices. He wrote a " History of
Louis XIV.," (3 vols., 1749,] and other works. His
writings were mure admired in his own time than at
present. Died in 1693.

See FlHitOH, " Aleca da PEDiMon ;" Voltaibi, " Sitcle de
Loui* XIV."

Pvlloutier, pjloo't^', (Simon,) a French historian,
born at Leipsic in 1694. He became minister of a Prot-
estant church at Berlm in lyij, and a member of the
Academy of Sciences of (hat city in 1743. His chief
work is a " History of the Celts, Gauls, and Germans
bom Fabulous Times to the Capture of Rome by the
Gauls," (in French, 3 vols., 1740-50.) which, says the
"Journal desSavanB," " is extremely curious and agree-
able." Died at Berlin in 1757.

S« Bmc " La Fnnc* protatulc."

P»-lopl-daa, [Gr. nt;W;rUac,] an eminent Tbeban
•talesman and general, was a son of Hippoclus. He
Inherited a large fortune, of which he made a liberal
Me, and became an intimate and constant friend of
Epaminondaa, who saved his life at the battle of Man-
tinea, [3S5 B.C.) As a leader of the popular party, he
went into exile when the Spartans made themselves
masters of Thebes, in 383. lie was the master-spirit of
the small band of patriots who surprised by night and
expelled the Spartans and aristocrats from Thebes in

£» B.C. " It is not easy," says Plutarch, " to find an
taoce so remarkable of the lew overcoming the many,

Marelr by courage and conduct. . . . The war whidh
banbled the pride of the Spartan* and deprived them
of «mpire tookits rise from that night." Felogidas was

choaeo geiKtal-in-chie^ and in 37S°gatned at Tegyrx
dedaitc vktoty oi«cr thie Spartan*, who then loat their

13 PEMBERTON

prettig^ of inTindbfUtr- He waa captain of tbe Sacred
band at the battle of Leuctra, where he gained a* mocb
honour, tays Plutarch, as Epaminondaa, the commander'
in-chief. In 369 B.C. Pelopidas and his friend com-
manded jointly an army which entered Peloponnctas,
forced Argo* and Arcadia to renounce the alliance of
the Spartans, and ravaged a targe part of Laconia in a
mnter campaign. (See EPAiimoNDAS.) He acted a*
mediator between two sons of Amyntas, King of Uac«-
don, and carried as a hostage to Tnebet anotbet prince,
whowasafterwards famous as PhilipofMacedon. Having
been sent as ambaaaador to Persia in 367, he was re-
ceived with great honour by the long and courtiera, who
said, "This IS the man who deprived the Spartan! of
the empire of the sea and land;" and he induced Ar-
taxerxes 10 recognise the liberty of all tbe Greek stMe*.
He commanded an expedition aninst Alexander, tyraal
of'PherK,in a battle with whom he was killed in 364 B.C,
as he loo rashly urged the retreating enemy.

See "Lift of Felomdn." by. Pldtakh, who caniUM hia M
M'TCvUuM, ■ml uje trui Peli^dM wu " iaclined to eterr virtue ;"
CoaiiauDS N»H«, " PelDpidM :" Thi»i.iiali, " Miliary ffCiaeee."

PbToiw, i Gr. lUloV; Fr. PAuspS, pi'lops',) a demi-god
of Greek mythology, said to have been a son of Tanta-
lus, a grandson of Jupiter, and a king of Pisa. Among
his children were Alreus and Tbyestes, whose mother
nas Hippodami'a, a daughter of CEoomaus. (Sec<XNO-
HAifs.) The poets relate that Tantalua once entertained
the god* al his house, and offered them the flesh of
Pelops, whom he killed and boiled, that all the guests
refused to partake of that dish, except Ceres, who ale
one shoulder, and that Pelops was restored to life by
Mercury, with an ivory shoulder in place of that which
was devoured. Tradition adds that during the siege of
Troy an oracle declared that this dty could not betaken
unless one of the bone* of Pelopt was brought to the

The southern p
derived from h
of Pelops.")

Felousa, pfh-looi', (TiUofHiLa Jui-es,) a French
chemist, born at Valogncs (Manche) in 1S07, was a pupU
of Gay-Lussac, He obtuned a diair of chemij^ at
Ulle in 1830, soon after which he became the assistant
( suppliant} oi Gay-Lussac in the Polytechnic School.
He was admitted mto the Institute in 1837, and was ap-
pointed president of (he Commission dca Monnaies (or
director of the Mint) in 184S. His labours and memoirs
place him in the Qrst rank of contemporary chemists
Peiome and Frimy published a "Treatise on Cbea-
istty," (6 vols., 1853-56.) Died in 1867.

PbIs, pfls, (Andreas,) a Dutch poet, who founded a
school or literary society wliich favoured tbe imitation
of French models. He wrote "The Death of Dido," a
tragedy, (1668,) and translated into Dutch verse Horace's
"Art of Poetry," I1667.) Died in 1681.

Paltao, de, df h pil'iin, or Pelts, pel'tth, [Lat. Pbi^
ta'nus,] (TKtoDoRK Antoink,) a Flemish Jesuit, bora
at Pelte. He wrote a " Commentary on the Book of
Proverbs," and other works. Died in 1584.

Feltaniu. See Pbltak.

Peltier, pjl'te-a', or FelloUer, (Jean Gabusl.) a
French journalistTiiom at Nantes. He began to issue
in London, in iSoo, "L'Ambigu," in which he attacked
Bonaparte with virulence. Re was tried for libel in
1803, was defended in a famous speech by Sir Jamea
Mackintosh, and was sentenced to pay a small fine-
Died in Paris in 1835.

PAliuo, do, CoMTC See Monce.

Pelscl, pili'sfl, (FsANS Martin,) a Bohemian his-
torian, born at Reichenau in 1735, wrote a "History
of Bohemia," (1774,) and other works. Died in iSot.

Fem'b^r-tpn, (Ebenezek,) an able American divine,
born aboul 167*, preached in Boston. Died in 1717.

Femberton, ( Ebxnezer, ) LL.D., an American
teacher, bom in 1746. He was tutor at Princeton Cul<
lege, and at Phillips Academy, Aodover, Massachusetts.
Died in Boston in 1S35.

Fem'b9i-t9ii, (HENKr,) an Enslish du
' """"" '" '.ondan in I

omisi, and geometer, bom ii

1 1694, was a

• •■ 1.' t M «; K 'brtf; k as/- o, H, K,/wA(raf ; M, MM/; K, friCi!r<f,- * as

,- tbasiolUj; (|^~See Explanations. p. sj.)

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

lectorra on chemistry, (publbhed io 1771.I Among his
worlu are ■ " View of Sir Isaac Newton's Philosophy,"
(i;ri8,) and "Lectures on Physiology," (i733-) Hi
edited Newton's " Principii," (1716.) Died in 1771.

Fembsiton, (John C..) an American general, bom
in Pennsylvania about 181S. graduated at West Pomt
h 1837. He served in the Mexican war, (iS46-47,l be-
came a captain, and resigned his commission in April,
■861. Having taken arm* against the Union, he ob-
tained the Tank of lieotcnaQt-geaeral, and commanded
at Vtcksburg during the long siege of that place. H'
died July 13, 18S1.

Pembarton, (Max,) an English novelist, bom i
Birmingham in 1063. He became editor of "Casseir
Magazine" in 1896. He published "The Diary of a
Scoundrel," C1891,) "The Iron Pirate," (1S93,)
"A Gentleman's Gentleman," (iSg6,) etc,

Pambetton, (T. Edgar,) an English novelist, bom
at Birmingham Heath, July I, 1849. He inherited ex-
tensive business interests. He has published "Chatle*
Lysaght," (1873,) " Under Pressure," (1874,) " Dicketw'i
London," (1875,) " A Very Old Question,*' (1877,) " Bora
to niush Unseen," (1S79,} and a number of larce^

Femble, pem'btl, (W1U.IAM,) a learned English Cal-
Tlnistic minister, born in Kent about 1590. His worlu
were published in 1635. Died in 1633.

Pembroka, (Anne,) Couhtcss op. See Clifpord.

Pembroke, Earl of. See Hekbikt.

Pembroke, (Maxv,) Coiintiss op. See Sidhky,
(Mary.)

Pembroke, pem'brSfik, (Thomas,) ui English
painter, bom in 1 70Z ; died In ITJO,

Paua, pfh-nS', (PiaRRE,) a Kench botanist of the
sixteenth century, was bom at Narbonne, or in the
diocese of Aix. He was intimate irith Lobcl, to whom
he furnished materials for his work.

Peflaloaa, da, dl pin-yl-lc/sl, (Don Juan,) a Spanish
painter, bom at Baeza in 1581 ) died in 1636.

Pe-id'tH, (Fr. PAhatu, pi'nlt',! the household

Cof the RonUTit, so catted, probably, because their
IS were kept in libtftnttrtUia, the innermost part
or centre of the hous& The number of these gods or

Snii was indefinite. The Lares were included among
: Penates, and were sometimes represented a* iden-
tical with tbem. Vesta was regarded as one of the
Penates, which, according to some authors, were per-
•oniBcations of the powers of nature

Penos or Peiita, pCots, written also Pens and Peliu,
(GttRGOR,) a German painter and engraver, was born
Rt Nuremberg about 150a Among his master-pieces
are a "Crucifixion," in the gallery at Augsburg, and a
"Judith," in the Pinakothek at Munich. His engravings
are numerous and of great merit Died about 1554-

Pan'dar, (Sir ^ohn,) a British teleEraphic pro-
moter, was bom in Dumbartonshire in 1816. He
took an active part in financiering the Rrst Atlantic
cable, and the success of the second cable was largely
due to him. He followed it by organiaing other cable
companies, which in time developed into a world
system. Submarine telegraphy was largely indebted
to him for its success. Died in 1896.

Pandleton, pen'dfl-t^, (EDWirND,) an eminent
American statesman and juti^, born in Virginia in 1731.
He was elected to the General Congress in 1774 and in
■ 77;. In 1776 he was president of the Vii^nia Con-
vention, and was the author of the resolutions by which
that body bstructed their delegates in Congress to vote
for a declaration of independence. He was appointed
presidinf; judge of the court of appeals about 1779. He
was president of the convention which met in Virginia
In 1788 to consider the new Constitution of the United
Statea, and he advocated the adoptioti of the same; His
ability as a debater was highly extolled by Thomas
feflerson. Died at Richmond in 1S03.

Pendleto:!, (Gkorgb H.,) an American politician, a
son of Nathaniel Greene Pendleton, formerly a member
of Congress, was bom in Cincinnati, Ohio, in July, 18*5.

trict of Ohio in the National House of Representativet
from December, 1857, till March, 1865. He acted in
Congresa with the Democrats who oppcaed the coercion
of the secesaioiuBts, and was nominated aiS candidate lot
Vice-President of the United States by the Democratic
Convention in August, 1S64. He received twenty-one
electoral votes out of two bondred and thirty-three,
which was the whole number. About 1867 he began to
advocate the payment of the public debt in paper money,
— "greenbacks.''' As a candidate for the Presidency he
received, at the NalionRi Democratic Conventiott, Jtily
8, 1S68, one hundred and fifty-eiz and one- half TOt«* oat
of three hundred and seventeen, on the eighth ballot
He was the Democratic candidate for Governor of Ohio
in iSfio, but was not elected. In iSSj he was app<^lsd
United States minister to Germany. Died Nov. 14, 1889.
Fe-iMl'9'pa, [Gr. IlfiicMinr or UcvOami ; Fr. Ptni-
LOFE, pi'n^lop',] the wifeof Ulysses, iCingof Ithic
a cousin of Helen, was renowned for c '

for the aged Laertes. She ravelled at night what she

had woven by day, and thus ' ■* "- •'---'--

nntil the returtt oi Ulysses.
Telemacbus.

Pen'geUy. (Wiluam,) F.R.S., F.G.S., an Eng-
lish geologist, was bom in 181 2, and became a scha(»-
master at Torquay. He won fame in anthropology
1^ bis admirable explorations of the Brixham Cave
and Kent's Hole. Died in 1894.

FangnlUy I'Harldon, de, dih p&N'ge'ye' If re'dAlt',
(OcTAVR,) a painter, bom in Paris m iSi 1 ; died in tS7&

Panbonat, «h-noo'i', (Akmahd Louis Bon Mait-
DBT,) a French antiquary, bom in Bretagne in 1764.
He vrrote^" Researches on Bretagne," (1814,) and other

and painter on glass, btn-n in 1515, worked at Limoges

He was an able artist.

Pea'lok, (Cmaulrs Cutrros,] D.D., an American
tushop, bom in Charlotte county, Virginia, December 9,
1843, waa educated at Hampden -Sidney College, served
from 1861 to 1865 as an officer of the Confederate army,
graduated at the theological seminary near Alexandria,
was ordained a priest of the Episcopal Church in 18701
and in 1877 was consecrated Bishop of Cape Palmaa, in
Liberia. He resisned the episcopate in 188^

Uam Springett. (whose daughter became the wife of
William Fenn,) and resided at Chalfont, Bucks. During
the reign of Charles II. he was imprisoned six times
for bis religious pnndples, ** He grew rich and fhutfid
in all heavenly treasure," says William Penn, — " lull of
love,&ith, mercy, patience, and lone-suBering. Insomuch
that I may say he was one of a thousand ; zealous, yet
tender, wise, yet humble. . . . One thai ever loved power
and lif^ more than words," Died in 1679. Helefi"Let-

delphia in 1761, was a son of Thomas Penn, and •
rrandson of William Penn. He was a clerk in the
British war office. Among his worics are "Remtu-ka
the Eastern Origin of Mankind and of the Arts of
Cultivated Life," and a "Life of Admiral Penn,"
" 13.) Died in 18+4.

{i^3.J

the Declaration of Independen
county, Virginia, in 1741. Having removed in 1J74 to
North Carolina, he was elected in 1775 to t)ie Conti-
aental Congress. Died in 178EL
"'nn, (John,) F.R.S., on English mechanical cngi-
bom at Greenwich in 1803, was the inventor ani]

nictor of well-approved steam-engine* ftar ehip^

Died al Lee, September 43, 1878.

1, C, 1, 5, 0, p, /mj',- 1, t, 6, same, less prolonged; t, i, 1, 5, 0, y, <A«ft; f, t, 1, 9> "''"'V; f^> (311, flt; mCt; nAt; gMdj mSbn;

bectme a rear-admiral about 1644, obtained tbe lanic
of admiral in 1653, and commanded the fleet whidh
cooperated with Venablet in tlie capture of Jamaica
from the Spaniards in 1655. He promoted the restora-
tion of Charles IL In 1660 he was appointed governor
of Kinsale. He wu commander-in-cbief, under the
Duke of Vork, of the fleet which gained a victory ovet
the Dutch in 1665. He retired from the service in 1669,
and died at Wanstead, Essex, in 1670.

Sec Gum ILL( PUH, " Mimaikb ol Oit Uk et Adninl SIi
Winiui FtBD," iBu.

Pann, (Wiluah,) the founder of Pennsylvania, and
one of the moat iUnstriont of Christian philanthropista.
was botn in London on the 14th of October, 1644. He
was the eldest son of Captain (afterwards Admiral) Penn
and Mat^aret, the daughter of John Jasper, a merchant
of Rotterdam. At an eaily age he was sent to the Chig-
well School, in Essex. While here, before he was eleven
years old, his mind was deeply impresaed with the im-
portance of religion, and he tielieved that he was even
then divinely called to consecrate his life to the service
of God. when about fifteen, he was sent to Christ
Church, Oiford, w^
Locke, afterwards
- Essay on the Human Un Hers landing." While at the
university, Penn appears to have applied himself dili-
gently lo his studies, and to have made rapid procresa
not only in the classics but likewise in several of the
modem language*. He is said also to have devoted
much of his attention to theology and history. Nor did
he neglect the coltlvalion of his physical powers. With
a handsome person, in which were united strength and

5 race, he appears to have been well fitted to excel in
lose out-door exerdsea which were then and are still
In vogue among the student* of Oxford. He was, we
are told, ■ skilful boatman as well as an adventurous
•^rtsman. But, while fae was thus applying himself
with youthful leal to the pursuits deemed appropriate to
yoong gentlemen of his condition, a new influence arose,
which was destined to change entirely the current of hi*
fatnro life. Thomas Loe, who had formerly belonged
10 the university, but now one uf the new sect of Friends
(w Quakers, preached at Oxford. The views which he
promulgated made a powerful impression on the mind
of Penn. He, with several other students who had
beheld with displeasure the recent attempt 10 intro-
duce into the university certain forms and observances
which they considered to be little better than papistical
mummeries, absented themsclvea from the established
worship, and began to hold meeting among themselves,
condacting Iheir devotional exercises in their own way.
Thereupon they were fined bj; the heads of the college
for nonconformity; but this, instead of deterring them
from tbe course they had taken, only added fuel to their
leaL It happened soon after that an order came down
from the king that the surplice should be worn by the
students, according to the custom of former times. This
so exasperated some of them, among whom Penn appears
lo have taken a leading pait, that they not only refused
to wear the surplice themselves, but, lulling upon those
who appeared in surplices, they forcibly tore off from
them the offensive badge. For this flagrant and open
violation of the laws of the university, Penn and -
era! of his associates were expelled.

This disgrace was a bitter mortification to the admiral,
a worldly and ambitious man, who had built the greatest
hopes on his eldest and favourite son. When William
lelumed home, bis lather received him with cold and
Mem disapprobation. His son, although for tbe time

(uried away with a fiuiatical zeal, was perfectly -'

•ad, finding hi* conduct not disapproved by 101

of note who were jealous of what they considered the

encToachments of popery, would not admit that he had

.D reclaim him bv argument, proceeded next, like one
accDStomed to arbitrary power, (o blows, and at last, it
is said, turned him out-of-doors. It was not long, how-
ever, before the admiral, who really loved his son and

15 J'M/iTJV

was proud of his aUlitles, began to relent ; and at Iht
intercession of his mother, an amiable and exccUenl
woman, William was forgiven and recalled.

With a view to dissipate his son's religious impna-
sions, the admiral at length resolved to send him to
France, in company with some other young gentlemen of
rank who were about to set out on a tour across the con-
tinent. At Taris he was introduced to a brilliant circle,
including some of the most distinguished young noble*
men of England, and was presented to the king, Louis
XIV., at whoae court he is said to have been a frequent
and welcome guest. During his stay in the French
capital, as he was returning one night from a party, a
man, who seems to have been a total stranger, under
some imaginary affront, drew his rapier upon him, and,
in an angry tone, bade htm defend himselC Fenn expos-
tulated with him, but in vain j so that at last, to protect
himself he was fain to use his sword. His hot-headed
antagonist was quickly disarmed ; but, instead of taking
any advantage of his vanquished foeman, he courteously
relumed him his rapier, much to the surprise, it appear*,
of the bystanders, who naturally enough supposed that
he would have used the opportunity thus afforded lo
lake ample revenge upon one who had so causelessly
attacked hkn.

After leaving Paris he spent several months at Saumnr,
reading the works of the Fathers and studying theology
under the instruction of Moses Amytault, one of the
-■-'--■ ---' most learned of the French Protestant tU-

engaged abroad in the war against Holland. The at>-
pearance of young Penn on his retum from his conci-
Dental tour was well calculated to fill a father's heart
with joy and pride. He had grown into a tall, graceful,
and handsome man, with a countenance of singular gen-
tleness and sweetness, yet eapressing both intelligence
and resolution. His sojourn in the gayest and most
brilliant capital of Europe appears lo have completely
eKu»d those serious impressions which, in his father^
judgment, were so unsnited 10 a youth of hi* rank and
accomplishments. All tbe hopes which the admiral
bad formerly cherished of the fiilure distlactlon of hi*
•on were now revived. That his son might not rela[>se
into his former teriousness, he resolved to keep him
constantly employed. With Ihi* view, he had him entered
at Lincoln's Inn as a student of law.

In the early part of 166$, Admiral Penn, accompanied
by the Duke of York, then lord high admiral of Eng-
land, gained s decisive victory over the Dutch, com-
manded by Admiral Opdam. The duke had the good
sense to intrust all the important movements of the
fleet to the direction of Adrmral Penn, who had the title
of Great CaptainCommander. The plague having broken
out in London, it appears to have affected William Penn,
as it did thousands of other*, and to have awakened in
his mind the most aerious thoughts. His father, fearing
lest he should lose the truit of all his former care,
resolved to send his son with letters to the gay and
brilliant court of the Duke of Ormond, Vicerojr of Ire-
land, with whom Admiral Penn was on terms of intimate
friendship. Soon after his son's arrival, a mutiny occurred
among the troops at Carrickfergus. Penn volunteered hi*
services in reducing them lo obedience, and, in the siege
that followed, won by his courage and coolness general
applause ; and the viceroy himaelf wrote to the admiral,
expressing his great salis&clion vrilh young Penn's con-
duct, al the same time proposing that he should join the
army. He himself was al flrst so much elated by the
distinction he had acquired, that he resolved to tiecome
a soldier, and, under the influence of this new ambition,
caused himself to be painted in military costume. " It
is," says Dixon, " a curious feci that itie only genuine
portrait of the great apostle of peace existing repre: "
him armed and accoutred as a soldier"
however, disapproving his son's proji
take charge of the large estates which he p
the south of Ireland. While on business at Cork, WB-
liam Penn had an opportunity of again hearing Thomas

*t.*i: ^MutHarti; i**J;a,H,K,g»tamti: H,mu<ti;u,triJltJ;ia*m; AtabxOii. (l^See Explanations, p. 33,)

Digitized ay CjOOQ IC

PENN

1916

La«, bv whoK preaching he had be«n lo ttrongty im*
preued some years before. His early convictions weTe
rcrired ; and mim that time be felt it to be his impera-
tire duty, in defiance of ridicule and persecution, |g
join his lot with the desEMsed Qnakers. Being at ■
meeting at Cork in 1667, he was arrested, with several
other Quakers, and taken to prison. While here, he
wrote to the Eatl of Orrery, setting forth the injustii
of his imprisonment and advocating univenal toleration
in &dth and worship. On receiving his letter, Lord Or-
rery nve an order for his immediate release. A rumour
that Penn had become a Quaker reached his &.ther. He
immediately ordered him home. When the admiral, on
seeing his son, observed that he was still dressed like a
gentleman, that he wore lace, plume, and rapier, he felt
reassared, and began to hope that he had been misin-
formed. But these hopes were soon dispelled. His »on
candidly acknowledged to him that his religious convic-
tions had undergone a radical change, and thai he wa«
now a Quaker. The disappointment and vexation of the
admiral were extreme. Yet, in the hope of winning
back his son, he made use of every argnment, and even
condescended to entreat and implore ; but all in vaiiL
The refusal of his son to uncover in the presence of his
superiors in rank was espedailf moitifring to him.* Al-
though his arguments and entreaties had proved alike
unavailing, he was unwilling to abandon all hope. As a
last resort, he proposed a compromise : he would yield
to the scruples and wishes of his son in every other re-
■pect, if the latter would only consent to take off his hat
tn his father's presence and in that of the king and the
Duke of York. William asked time to consider this
proposition. After some time spent in reflection and
earnest prayer, he announced to his bther that he was
unable to comply with his wishes. Thereupon the in-
dignant admiral again expelled him from the house. For
tome months he was dependent upon the hospitality of
his friends, and npon such pecuniary aid as his mother
could from time to time find an opportunity of sending
him. At length his father relentnl so far as to allow
him to return home ; but he still refused to see or hold
any intercourse with hinL About this time (166S) Wil-
liam Penn first began to preach and to write in defence
of the new doctrines which he had embraced. His first
work, entitled "Truth Eialted," was addressed (o kings,
priests, and people, whom he earnestly exhorted to re-
examine the foundation of (heir faith and worship, and
to inquire bow &r they were built upon the authority of
God, or whether they did not rest in a great measure on
the mere notions of men. A number of publications,
mostly controversial, followed. One of these, entitled
"The Sandy Foundation Shaken," attracted much at-
tention- Pepys considered it too good to be the pro-
duction of so young a man. In this work Penn had
, attempted, among other things, to refute "the Notion
of one God subsisting in three distinct and separate
hrsons." For this " iieresy" he was apprehended and
»ent to the Tower, where he was kept in solitary con
finement for more than eight months. While in the
Tower, a report reached him that the Bishop of London
had resolved that he should recant, or die in priaon.
Penn replied, with the spirit of a martyr and a hero,
"that his prison should be his grave before he would re-
nounce his just opinions; for that he owed his conscience
to no man." During his confinement in the Tower he
composed "No Cross, No Crown," perhaps the most
popular of all his larger works. He also wrote to Lord
Arlington, then principal secretary of '- -'-' '-

justice and absurdity of attempting to 1

religions opinions. Learning that the vie _ .._

in his " Sandy Foundation Shaken" bad been misrepre

e views advanced

sented, he wrote "Innocency with her Open Face,'
which he showed that lo deny the existence :n the God-
head of " three Dl^lNCT and sefaBatb persons" did
not necessarily involve a denial of Christ's eternal
divinity, which he acknowledged to the fullest extent.
In this Penn took substantially the same ground as was
afterwards taken by Barclay and many other of the lead-

Fm 1 brier cipUutioD of tha liewi of the Qi

ID taldiic (df the hil.

efth^r p

ing Quakers. They felt that In speaking of the gnat
and awful mysteries of the Divine nature there WM a
sort of presumption in going beyond the words of the
Holy Scmitures. They accordingly rejected the tenn
"Tnuity,*^ as not found in the Sniptores, and, on still
stronger grounds, as they conceived, they refused t»
accept the doctrine of "three distinct and separate
persons" in the Godhead, as being neither expressed
nor necessarily implied in the language of inspiration.
The manly behaviour of his son whue in prison ap-
pears to have strongly excited the respect andaympatbT
of the admiral. He used his influence at court, and,
after a time, William Penn was set at liberty.

In l66(|, at the desire of his father, who intimated hi*
wishes to his son through Lady Penn, William went
(gain to Ireland, to take charge of the estates belonBini
to the admiral in that island. He remained there abont
eight months, when he was recalled on account of h!a
bther's failing health. His sister Margaret had been
married, and his younger brother Richard was then
travelling in Italy. Feeling that his days were drawing
to a close, the admiral was amdoos to be reconciled to
his eldest son, who appears, before the recent disagree-
ment, to have always been his favourite. As soon a*
William returned to England, the reconciliation tofdc

s meeting in Grace Church Street, where he and William
Mead were arrested by warrants from the mayor of Lon-
don. "The trial which followed was," says Dixon,
" perhaps the most important trial that ever took place
in England. Penn stood before his judges, in this cele-
brated scene, not so much as a (Quaker pleading for tb«
rights of conscience, as an Englishman contending for
the ancient and imprescriptible liberties of his race,"
The jury having brought in a verdict favourable to the
prisoners, the recorder said they should be locked np,
without meat, drink, Are, and tobacco, "till we have a
verdict the court will accep_t, — or you shall starve for it."
Though repeatedly menaced witli starvation and other
cruelties, such as slitting their noses, (a barbarous but
«iot uncommon punishment for oflenders in those days,)
the jury still persisted in their verdict. They were kept
for two days and nights without food, drink, or fire; but
this, as well as the threats of the court, proving in-
effectual; they were at last fined for their obstinacy, and,
on refusing to pay their fines, were sent to prison. " For
centuries, says Dixon, "it had remained an unsettled
question of law, whether the jury had or had not a right
so br to exercise its own discretion as to brinr in a ver-
dict contrary to the sense of the court." This important
question was now to be decided. Bushel and his fellow-
jurors, at Penn's suggestion, brought an action against
the mayor and recorder for unjust imprisonment The
case was brought before the court of common pleas, con-
sisting of twelve judges, and decided ail-but ananimoody
in favour of the jniymen, who were accordingly set at
liberty and left their prison in triumph. Although Penn
and Head had been declared not guilty by the verdict
of the jury, yet they were still detained in prison, be-

them for contempt of couri. At length, a
from his increasing illness, became more ano more anx-
ious to have bis son with him, he sent privately and paid
the fines both for him and his friend. He also sent a
dying request to the Duke of York that he would be a
friend to his son In the trials and sufferings to which,
white the persecuting laws of England continued in
force, he foresaw he would necessarily be exposed. On
his death-bed the admiral expressed entire satisEaction
with the course his son had pursued. He said to him,
among other things, " Let nothing in this world tempt
you lo wrong your conscience. Have a care of sin : it
IS that which IS the sting both of lifi: and death." Ob
his father's decease, William Penn came into the pos-
session of an estate yielding an annual income of about
fifteen hundred pounds, a sum which was probably equal
to twice or three times the same numerical amount at the

l,^!,{lk<l.;,/DRf;i^t, A, same, less prolonged; i,t i.6.i,'f,iksrt:t.f,\,9,*tintre;llr,0M,tt.timtt;nit;gSbd;in6oai

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

PENN

" diat thronghoot life he mtde nae of bit «e*lth (or the

benefit of otlicTi, rather tlun to promoto '" ~

■nd indalgcnce."

The persecutioD againil the Qualceti continainsi Penn
pnbtished I nomber of boolu and tracts in vindication
of Ihe peculiar viewi of the societ;, and in defence of
the great principle that in matters of ^tb men are ac-
connuble to Heaven only, and, provided (heir moral
conduct is blameless, no baman goiemnieni has a right
to inquire into or eicrdie any control over Ihe religious
opinions of its subjeclB. The following are the titles of
some of the most important of these pablications : "A
Seasonable Caveat against Popery." (1670,) " The Great
Case of Liberty of Conscience Debated and Defended,"
(1671, ) "Trnth Rescned from Impoatare," (1671,) "The
Spirit of Trntb Vindicated." (167*,) "Quakerism a New
Nickname for Old Christianity," etc, " England's Pres-
ent Interest Considered," (1674,) — a most able work in
defence of freedom of conscience and the rights of Eng-
lishmen. Several of his smaller works, as well as "The
Great Case of Liberty of Conscience," were written
while he was imprisonod in Newgate in 1671. In 1671,
when Penn was in his twenty-eighth year, he married
Gnlietma Maria Springett, daughter of Sir William
Soringett, who as a colonel had greatly distinguished

mself in the service of the Pariiament, and who died

others, made a journey Into Holland and Gem
risited the princess Elizabeth of Ihe Rhine, tl
daughter of James I. and sister of the femoi

during tbe civil wars, at the early age of twenty-three.
His widow was afterward* married to Isaac Penington,
one of the moet prominent of ihe early Quakers. In
1677, William Penn, accompanied by Robert Barclay and
Ath..^ ,^^A^ A ;«..^» t^tf. UAii4n.i n,>(i Germany, and
hine, the grand-
^ ^ . : femouB Prince

Rnpert. She received them with great kindness. Hav-
ing previously met with Penn, she was not unact^uainted
with the religious views of the Quakers, which she
appears to have regarded with much favour.

Penn did not think that it was the daty of a Christian
to withdraw himself wholly from public aSairs, but raihei
" " ly to promote the freedom, enligbt
ess 01 mankind. The true friend
-e found in him a sympathizer and :
vious to the election of 1679, wIk
Ibe celebrated Algernon Sidney offered himself as
candidate for Parliament, Penn issued a pamphlet show-
ing the importance of electing to the great legislative
biSy of the kingdom wise men and such as feared God
and hated covetousness. He not only felt Ihe deepest
interest, but he himself bore a very active part, in the
canvass (or Sidney, the representative and devoted
champion of political freedom. Sidney was tiiumph-
antly elected, in spite of much unfair opposition. But
soon after the assembling of the new Parliament it was
dissolved by the king, and another election became
necessary. Sidney was again duly returned, but he was

Erevented from taking his place in Parliament by the
ilrignes of the royalist party. It was a bitter disap-
pointment to Penn ; but, in proportion as he lost hope of
freedom in England, he bent his thoughts more earnestly
towards rcaliiiiig the dream of hb youth, — the founding
of a new and more perfect commonwealth amid the
ferests of North America. In 1675 he had been chosen
ampire to settle a dispute between Edward Byllinge and
Jobn Fenwick (both Quakers) respecting their claims
to a tract of land known at West Jersey. He decided
Id feronr of Byllinge ; but the latter, having become
mach embarrassed m his aSuis, in order to salis^ his
oeditois gave up to them his interest In the temtory.
At tbe earnest solicitation of Byllinge, Penn was asso-
ciated with the creditors as a joint trustee. Within Ihe
nest two or three years several vessels came to West
Jersey, with about eight hundred emigrants, of whom the
(reater number were Quakera. Through the influence
of ftnn there was adopted a very liberal constitution,
aaiong the provisions of which were the right of free
wonbinand the right of the people (with only very slight
reatrictiona) to legislate for themselves, liiere was to
be no imprisonment for debti tbe property of the debtor

of Maryland. In tbe patent given by the Idng the name
" Pennsylvania," contrary to Penn's wishes, was applied
to the territory. He had pleviously su^estcd Syaiima,
on account ot its being then a land of forests. Penn
offered twenty gnineas to one of tbe secretaries to have
the name changed, but he fis refiised. He even applied
to the king ; " for," cays he, " I feared lest it sfaould be
looked on as a vanity in mc." But the king said it
should remain as it was, the An* having been added
in hononr of the admiraL The patent conferred upon
the people and governor a legislative power, so that
no law could be made nor money raised without tb«
people's consent, and they could past what laws they
pleased, provided they did not interfere with the
allegiance which all Ihe colonies owed to the crown.
Aided by Ihe counsels of Algernon Sidney and others,
he drew up a masterly scheme of government, the wis-
dom of which has been amply vindicated by the expe-
rience of two hundred years. Tbe constitution which
Penn gave to bis colony will compare advantageously
not merely with the plan of government formed by Locke
for Carolina, but with any of the systems of Ihe wisest
lawgivers that have ever lived. " To understand," saya
Dixon, " how much Penn was wiser than his age, • . .
ha must be measured not only against unlettered men
like Foa, but against the highest types of learning and
liberality which it afforded. Between John Locke and
William Penn there is a gulf like that which separates
Ihe seventeenth and Ihe nineteenth century. Locke
never escaped from the thraldom of local ideas."

About the beginning of September, 16S2, Penn set sail
iu the ship Welcome, and on the 37th of October cast
anchor in Delaware Bay, off New Castle. He was re-
ceived by the inhabitants of that town with the greatest
enthusiasm. Soon after he proceeded to Ibe site of
Philadelphia, then covered for tbe most part with lol^
trees. About Ihe end of November, 1681, was held tbe
famous treaty with the Indians, under a magniScent
elm-tree, in what is now Kensington. Of this treaty,
jnly league bet - ■■■- '■ -
the Christian* which was n

nd never broken."
Referring the reader u> other works for a more particu-

._ J ^ iji^ early colony, we shall for ihe future

iGne ourselves chiefly to the personal history of Penn.
1684, having committed the government to the provin-
cial council, he embarked lor England, leaving behind

him b Ihe colony a while population of about 7000 per-
sons. He set sail on the lath of August, and on the 6ib
of October landed in Sussex, within seven miles of his own
house, after an absence from his family of rather n:

rery graciously. The first use he made of hi* influence
ii court was lo intercede for Ihe persecuted Quakers,
against whom the recent oppressive enactments were at
thai time enforced with a merciless rigour. Their con-
scientious scruples aiainit swearing exposed them to
peculiar hardships. When evil-disposed persons charged
them with being disaffected to the government, tney
might in many instances have delivered themselves from
the hands of iheir persecutors by simply taking the oath
of alle^ance and supremacy; but this their religious
~invictions would not permit them to do.

It is scarcely necessary here to do more than allude to
the charges made by Macaulay against the character of
Penn, as those charges have already been completely
and unanswerably reliited,* and are now rejected by aU
candid and intelligent persons who hare taken the trou-
ble to ^ve ihem a careful examination. But another
accusatian, scarcely less formidable, though somewhat
vague, has found sup^rters among men of great intel-
ligence and respectability, — namely, that the (act that

k ■nloincnl, m CQnAdcDtlj >ppa] la sD

^ i 4I1eativ«h> rod Ih« endeoce in the

Jib inbjaa, Dno«'( "Lila nl Ptnn :" W. E. FoB-
1 Paul UHlTI»iDiia Bsbingtiiii MuulaT,"iS<a; J,
EmiKn," Londsn, 1S61 ; and the "Quns^ Re-

« ■• i; t as«; g Mar^; t as;; O, H, li,paiurai: u, muoI; \, trUltd; 1

\; th as ID Otit. {B^~Se« Explanations, p. 23,

Digitized ay CjOOQ IC

PMNN

Pcai' enjoyed bucIi favour with James II.> and that he
wnlinuM at court after he had every opportunitjr of
knowing the character of that monarch, proves him to
have been either lai in principle or deficient in (he firm-
ness of true virtue. If this leosonine be correct, then
we ought to applaud the conduct of the earlj' Christian
sscetia, who held thai the best mode of preserving
one's sou] unipotted and preparing il foe heaven, was to
abandon ail intercourse with a corrupt world. But the
most virtuous and enlightened men of modern times
have usually taught a very different doctrine, — that they
who, without partaking of its sins, mingle with the world
for the purpose of retbnoing it, are far more praise-
worthy than those who, leaving it to its &te, seek shelter
lor (heir feeble virtue in Inactivity and selGsh seclusion.
If it shall be clearly shown that while at court Penn was
fuilty of a single acl inconsistent with the character of
an honest man and a true lover of his country, we shall
then be prepared to abandon his defence ; Init if the
whole charge against him limits itself simply lo
that he had favour and influence with a corrupt
tyrannical monarch, when it is well known that he often
exerted that influence successfully to restrain the injus-
tice, or to soften the severity, of James, and when there
is not a shadow of evidence that he ever, even in a i
lary instance, exerted it for any unworthy purpose, ._
this, we repeat, be the whole cutent ofthe charge a^insl

him, we cannot but regard such an a '

ferring on the accused the highest honi

It should be remembered that Admiral Penn bad
made a dying request to the Duke of Vork (afterwai ~

fames 11.) that he would be a friend and protector
is son. It is but just to say that Tames, who seems
have cherished the warmest regard for the admiral, r
only never forgot his friend's request, but appears
have observed it with the most scrupulous fidelity.
was but natural that William Penn should be sinceri
attached to a prince who had been his father's ftiend
and was to him a generous and faithliil guardi
doubtless gave James far more credit for liberality and
sbicerity than he deserved. But his gratitude and affec-
tion towards a bigoted and, in some respects, an nn-
•crupulous prince, appears never for a single moment
lo have warped him firom the path of rectitude.

It would have been indeed wonderful if, in the vio.
lent party excitements of those times, his^ character had
wholly escaped sospii '

absented himself from court at that time, when it
in his power to do to much, not only for his persecuted
brethren, but for all, of whatever name, who suffered
from unjust laws or from the unjust suspicions of the
government, would have been a most culpable abandon-
ment of duty. Yet the fact that he did not thus absent
himself has been the principal, if not the only, ground
of all the charges which the envious or the misinformed
have circulated against him. During the reign of Charles
II., Penn obtained for himself and his friends many
bvonrt from hit sovereign through the mediation of the
Dukeof Vorlt; but after the accession of James U. hit
influence at court became very great. He removed hit
residence to Holland House, at Kensington. " His in-
fluence with the king," says Dixon, "was well known,
and every man with a real griemmee feund in him a earn-
tdlor and a friend." "If any hult," says the same writer,
In another place, "can be found with his conduct, it is
that his chari^ was a little loo universal, a little too
indiscriminate." As his sympathies were chiefly with
the libera! party, he had olten occasion lo intercede for
mercy or indulgence to those who were regarded by the
king as his most determined enemies. And, though he
irften failed in obtaining his request, he appears never to
have omitted an opportunity of interceding when there
was the slightest chance of autcess. He sometimes
excited the violent anger of James \ty his zeal in behalf
of the friends of liberty.' But nothing could deter him
from exercising that influence with his sovereign which

oFthUU

" Lift of Pau,'

than twelve hundred im-
prisoned Quakers were set at liberty. Another proclama-
tion in 1687 gave liberty of conscience to all, nnreslrided
liy any tests ur penalties. After the accession of William
III., in t638, Penn, having incurred suspicion on account
of his intimacy with James, was tried before the royal
council for treason ; but, no evidence being found against
him, he was discharged. He was subsequently tried for
conspiracy, and was again honourably acquitted. In the
early part of 1694 he tost hit wife GuUelrna ; about two
years after he married, as his second wife, Hannah Cal-
fowhill. In 1696 his eldest son, Springett Penn, died
of coiuumption. He made in 1699 a second visit to
America. But, learning not long after his arrival in the
colony that there was a measure before the Houae cf
Lords for bringing all the proprietary ^vernmcnts under
the crown, he returned to England m 1701. Happily,
the obnoxious measure was soon after abandoned.

In consequence of the bad management and dishonesty
of some of the agents 10 whom he had intrusted the
care of his properly, he sustained great losses, and be>
came so involved as to be unable to pay the claims of
his creditors. He preferred to go to prison rather than
attempt to satisly certain unjust and extortionate daima
which the very agent who had mismanaged his abin
brought against hiin. By the intervention of soote of
his friends, a corapromite was effected, and he was st
length released. It was a great sorrow 10 him in hit
latter years that, although he had never spared himsell
or his means to promote the interests of his colopy,
when he deured of the colonial legislature a nutderate
loan to relieve him from his difGculties it was refuted.
Worn out at length with the incessant labours and care*
of a life spent almost wholly in the service of others, he
died, ft'om the effects of paralysis, in 1718.

For a full account of William Penn's writings, and of
those which relate to him, see Joseph SmitlTs "Cata-
logue of Friends' Books," vol. iL pp. S8S-33&

Sea W. HuwoiTH Dixon, " Binnpbiial Hiilorr of WilliiB
PcDib" itai : S. JAHKSV. - Uh of Wfhiii. Penn." I ToL Svo, lljsi
T. Cu»>OH, "LiftarwmiimPcnii,"i>olr S>a,iSi]: J-Hai-

, ..,, , -Lif^cirV.

.A- jKLLKHt "LetkcnibcKhrcibuDE da berflhiBla
;"Weinnin«ef Revicw"_foraaol*r, " ■ '■

_ ind Lord MmuUv :

publiatlcd br tha FcD]

■Willii.

awl Loan Ca^

Pannafoit. See Rayuond di pEflAPORT.

peu'n^^ (Thomas,) an English natnnlitt and m-

tiquary, bom at Downing, in Flintshire, in 1736. He

eiiblished in 1761 the first volume of a tai^ work on
ritish Zoology, which was translated into Latin and
German and often reprinted. A tour on the continent
in 1765 procured for him the acquaintance of Buffon,
Hallcr, and Pallas. In 1771 he publisKed a "Synopsis
of Quadrupeds," an enlarged edition of which appeared
in 1781 as a " History of Quadrupeds." This work was
described by Cuvier, about 1813, as"stilHndispenMble.''
Among his other works are the " Genera of Birds,"

(1773, unfinished,) a '■ Second Tour in Scotland
Voyage lo the Hebrides," (3 vols., 1774-76,) 9
'- -" "-• -^ ■ Cuvier

Aicti*

Sa "ThelJInaryLifecrT, Psnnu

Hiinire d« S-- -"-

pd FebrDvy, 1

Fenaecnlk or Penniotilok, pen'n^.kiik', f [Alsx-
NOBR,| a Scottish physicii" ""' — -- -
■■'---CIS, born in 1652 ; ''"■'
nnefather, pin'fi
British general, born in iSoa He served with dislinc-
tion as Brigadier in India in 1S43. In the Crimean war
he commanded a brigade at the Alma, and a division at
Tnkerman, November, 1854. He died in 187a.

Pen'noU, (Hbnbv Cholmondkly — chilm'lt,) an Eng-
ish author, born in 1836. He was early placed in the
:ivil service, and became a fisheries inspector, and in
i85[S was sent out to Egypt as chief of the department
of internal commerce. His poetical and literary work*

■.^I.^fl.T.'^At, A, same, less prolonged; K, i, 1, 0, n, y, M«rf ; (, «, j, g, ufafHrv; Ur, fill, At; mCt; oflt; g96dt inAi

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PEPOLl 19:

in ItatJan Ittt/ratatr, bom at Venic« in 17S7. He pab-
liihed a number of dramat, or dramatic euays, entitled
"Etfortaof Ilaly," ("Tentatiridell'Italia," 6voU^ 1788,)
Died In 1796.

F^>ol£ (GioACCKiNO NAP01.KONS,) Marquis op, an
Italian ilateiman, born al Bologna, November 6, 1815.
Hia mother was a daughter of Murat, and of Caroline,
lister of Napoleon I. Pepoli in 1844 married bii couain
Ftederica Wilhelmina, Princcaa of Hoheniollem-Sigma-
ringen. He was a Liberal member of the papal govern-
ment, and in 1S64 his inSuence nith his relativel the
Hohenzollerns and the Bonapattes did much to smooth
over the difficulties which beset the new Italian kingdom.
Died March 26, iggc.

P«p'p9T, (Georgb Dana Boarduan,) D.D., LUD.,
•a American Baptist clergyman, bom at Ware, Masaa-
cbuwtts, February 5, 1S33, graduated at Amherst Col-
lege in ias7, and at the Newton Theological School in
iwo, held a Baptist pastorate, 1S60-65, was professor
of church history at Newton, 1865-67, professor of the-
ology at the Croier Seminary 1868-02, president of
Colby University 1882-89, and professor of Biblical
literature there after 1S93. His principal work ia
" Outlines of Theolc^."

P«ppor, (GBOB.GE S.,) an American philontliropiat,
was bom at Philadelphia in iSoS. He spent his life
in managing a great estate left him by bis father, and
on bis death bequeathed the greater part of it, amount-
ing to several million dollars, to various instilulions,
including one hundred and fifty thousand dollars for
the establishment of a public library in Philadelphia.
Died in 1890.

Feppsr, (WiLUAtf,) M.D., LL.D., an American phy-
sician, corn in Philadelphia, August II, 1S43, ton of a
distinguished physician of the same name. He gradu-
ated in art* at the University of Pennsylvania in iSfia,
and in medicine in 1864. In 1S76 be became a professor
of clinical medicine in the same institution. In 1880 he
was made provost of the University, resigning in 1S94.
He was very influential in extending the scope and
adding to the endowment of the Univeisily. He was
actively connected with the Public Library of Phila-
delphia, tbe Commercial Museum, and other insti-
tutions. He published " System of Medicine by
American Authors," (5 vols., 1885-86,) etc. Died in
iSoS.

F«p'p9r-«1I, rSir Wiluah,) an American jeneraL
bom in Maine in 1696, commanded at the siege of
Louisburg, in 1745. He Wat made a baronet for hil
service!, and in 1759 was appointed lieutenant-general.
Died in 1759.

5« Paisoni, " Lifi «r Sir W. PcppcnU," iSst.

PopuSOh, pI'pdSsh, (JOKAKN CHKraropH,) a German
nosical composer and writer, born at Berlin in 1667.
He settled in Endand about 1700, and received from
the University of Oxford the degree of doctor in music.
He was also chosen a Fellow of the Ro^al Societv. His
"Treatise on Harmony" (1731) still enjoys a high repu-
tation. Died in 1751.

Popjrn, pi-pIn', tometlmes written P«plii, (Hartih,)
a Flemish painter, born at Antwerp about 157a He
worked at Rome for some years, and painted reli^ous
subjects. Hil world are highly praised. Died at Kome
in 1&41.

Pupra, (Chabus C.) See CoiTBttKAH.

PepTS, pips, (Lad* Chaklottb Maria,) a daiwhter
of Lord- Chancellor Cottenham, Is (he author of " QoiM
Moments," "Female Influence," and other works.

PopyB, (Samuel,) an English gentleman, gossip, and
aonnoisseur, celebrated a« the writer of a diaij, was
bom in 163a, and educated at Cambridge, He was
appointed clerk of the acts of the navy in 166a, and
retained this important position until 1673. His official
datiea broi^ht him Into tbe bvonrable notice of the
Dnke of York, who was lord high admiral. He was
•ecretary to the admiralty for about four years, ending
at the revolution, ((68E.) In 16S4 he was elected presi-
dent of tbe Royal Sode^. He was welt versed in naval
aAira. and wa* a connoiuear in the fine arts. Hii

o PERCIVAL

reputation is fotmded on Ui " Memoin, compridoK •
DuiT from 1659 to 1669," which was published Id i8«i
Died in 1703.

S« " Eiljnburgh KctIiw" &> Nomnbw, iHj, nd OcMbw.
il«9:"B]acki»od'>Mi(nnH"in'Oclaber, 1S49.

Fopys. (William Haseldihb,) F.R.S., an BngtiA
cfantust and philosopher, bom in London in 1775. He
was one of tde founders of the Askesian Society, and
an active member of the London Institntion and of
the Geolc^cal Society. His skill in the conelrtictioD
of chemical apparatus contributed to the progress of
science. He was associated with William Allen in
successful r

many good portraits. Among his best works are "Tbe
Children of Niobc," and a "Descent from the CroM,"
Died in 163&

Parard-Castel, pfh'rlR' kls'tCI', (FKANgois,) a
French canonist, born at Vire in 1647 ; died in 1687.

Feran, pfh-r5', (Gabkibl Louis Calabrk,) a French
tnoftrapher and editor, bom in Paris in 170a He edited

D'Auvigny, to which Perau added thirteen volumes,
'-• "led in 1767.

See Caussin dk Pkrcivai.

Barton, Vortshire, in 1683. He was one of the princi-
pal founders of a colony planted in Georgia about 173s.
He wrote several small works. Died in 1748.

FsroeTEil, (John,) second Earl of Egmont. a son of
the preceding, was bom in 1711. He entered the Honse
of Lords, with the title of Lord Lovel and Holland, in
1762, and was fiist lord of the admiralty from 176310
1766. He wrote a snccessfhlpamphlet named "Faction
detected by the Evidence of Facts." Died in 1770.

Foroeval, (Spencer,) a minister of state, bom in
London in 17G3, was a son of the preceding. He studied
law, and practised with success on the Midland circuit.
Having been retumed to Parliament in 1796, he became
a supporter of Mr. Pitt, and an able speaker. He wai
appointed solicitor-general in 1801. and attorney-general
in 1803. At the death of Y\\\. (1806) he went out ol'
ofSce. He became chancellor of the exchequer in iSoy,
and 6rst lord of the treasury (prime minister) at the
death of the Duke ol Portland, (1S09.) He opposed
reform and libera! measures, and pursued the foreign
policy of PitL On the nth of May, iSia, he was as-
sassinated with a pistol in the lobby of the House of
Commons bv John Bellingham, a merchant, who bad
resolved to kill some member of the ministry became
Ihev had rejected or neglected a private claim which ba
had preferred.

S« "AaUbuignphr of Wilium Jirdn," ToL L chap, rria.:
CHAkLa V. WiLUAKi, "Lift of Ihe RJdii Hon. S. VmaA^
■ III ; Hsini na Lasalu, " End InncnphiqiK inr U. Potenl,''

PATOheron, ^CRah'riN', (AcKIlXs Rsuv,) a Ftencb
naturalist, born in Paris in 1797. He publislied screral
works on entomolwy- Diet] June 1, 1869.

P«ioler, pJB's^', (Charles,) adistinguished French
architect, bom in 1764, in Paris, was a pupil of Gison.
At (he age of twenty-two he gained a prize, which enabled
him to pursue his studies at Romt He formed a friend-
ship with the architect Fontaine, with whom he wm
constantly associated in his professional labours nntil
his death. They were employed by Bonaparte to ™«~-

iplete the palaces of the Tuileriea and the Louvre.

„ their works are tbe triamphal arch of the Cu-

-oUMl,_and (he northern wing of the contt of the Tidle-

Among their w

work*, among which ii "

other Modem Edifices designed at Rome," (179&) <Se«

Fontaine, Piihrk Francis.) Perder died in iStS.

Pvr'ol-nl, (Jamks Gates.) an eminent Amelias
poet and scholar, bom at Berlin, Connecticut in 179^
^ e. (, i), Q, 9, /«V; ^ i, Ak Mine, IcH ptolottgidi i, i, I, fik fi, y, xt«rf; f, f, j, 9, AiKKrr; fb, fUl, at ; mbi nb^

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He gradoMed at Yale College In 1815, and, haTtne snb-
teqoentlv alndied Biedidne, took tbe degree of MTD. in
l8>}. He pabliahed in 1E33 hia " Prometheus," a poem

fevia« tbe tnanascript of his large Dictionary, and in
1835 was appointed conjoint!}' with Professor C. U.
Shepard (o make a geological survey of Connecticnt, a
report of which he published in 1S41. He brought out
in 1843 " "^^ Dream of a Day. and other Poems."' Ha
was appointed in tS^ Stitc Geologist of Wisconsin j
bat wkilepreparinghissecond report hia health declined,
and he died in May, 1856. He had cmblished in 1833
an excellent translation of Matte-Bmns "Geography.

Sh ■■ Uft and L«tcn nl Juna G. PRdnl," b^ J. H. Ward,
■Ms: ** North AnHiicaii Raiiiw" br Juinn', iS>i< (br Ed*au>
■nan-T,)Ainl,iSi^ud Jilr, iHo.

Ffr'ol-^I, (Tkouas,) a popular English medical and
moral writer, bom at Wamngton in 1 74a He settled
in 1767 at Manchester, where ae practiBed with success,
and founded the "Manchester Philosophical Society"
about 1780. He wrote, besides other works, "Essay*,
Medical and Experimental," (3 toIh., 1767-78,! ''A
Father'! Instructions, consisting of Mora! Tales," etc,
(1788,) and "Medical Ethics," (iSm.) He was a dk-
■enter from the Anglican Church. Died jn 1804.

Sm " Uh oTT. Fereinl," br hi> »ii, m&udlo UxHulBk 1*^-

Paroy. See Northuhbuland.

Pfr'qf , tbe name of an ancient and noble English
lamily, descended from William de Percy, who, in the
reign of William the Conqueror, possessed several
manors in the counties of Lincoln and York. He was
prolrably a Norman. In the reign of Edward I. a Hbhkv
HI FsBCV acquired Alnwick and other estates in North-
nmberland. Another HxNBV ex Percy, in the reign of
Edward III., married Maiy Plantagene^ a gteat-grand-
daughter of King Henry III., and had two sons, Henry,
£w of Northnmbetland, and Thomas, Earl of Worces-
ter. HufRY Percy, snmamed Hotspur, a son of Heniy
last named, rebelled against Henry IV., and was killed
at the battle of Shrewsbury, (1403.} A son of Hotspur
was restored to the earldom, fought for the house of
Lancaster, and fell at Saini Alban'a, in 145J, leaving
Mveral tons, who were killed in the war of the Rose*,
tn the leign of Elizabeth a Percy, Earl of Northnmber-
land, was excculed for rebellion, (1571.)

PnoT, pis'se', (FiKiBE FRANguis,) Baron, an emi-
nent French surgeon, bom In Prauche-Comtj in 17J4.
He becatne about 1793 surgeon -in-chief of the armie*
of the Rhine and the Moselle, and organiwd in concert
with Larrey a carpi mMlt of sntgeona with ambulance*.
Anached to the ^rand army, he aerved in all the cam-
saifns of the empire, except those of Russia and Saxony.
He was professor in the Faculty of Medidne, Paris, and
wrote several able treatiaes on surgery. Died In 1815.

Sh a F. SlLTisna, "Nixia biopaphiqiH mr Fercr," il>];
' Hiitoin _dt la Vh da Ticj," br >ui nephew Luidsut, 1S17 ;

Percy, (Thomas,) an Englishman of noble family,
was one of the leading conspirators in tbe femoui Gun-
powder Plot, (1604-.0S.) He was executed in the early
parr of 160&

Psroy, (Thomas,) an eminent English scholar and
writer, was bom in Shropshire in 1718. He became
vicar of Easton Maudit in I7|6, chaplain to the king in
1769, Dean of Carlisle in 1778, and Bishop of Dromore,
Ireland, in 178a. His reputation ia founded on an in-
terestiDg woric, entitled " Reliqaes of Ancient English
Poetry, (1765,) which has enjoyed a great popularity.
He translated from Che French Mallet's "Northern
Antiqntties," (1770.) Among his works are a "Key
to the New Testament," (1765,) and "The Hermit of
Warkworth," a poem, (ittol) Died in 1811. He was
a frkad of Dr. Jidinson.

ParosaL plat'sfl, (JdoRicz,) a distinguished Httnga-
rian general, bom at Tolna in 1S14. He gained several
victorie* over the Austrian* in 1848, but after the defeat
of Temesvir he took refuge in Turkey, and afterward*
settled in the iaiand of Jers«. In 18&7 he retnmed to
Hungary and became a member of Parliament at Vienna.

<asi;f as/; iiarJi^taj; e, H,K.,guttvrai; n, nasal; R, trillrJ; las

v lived about 750 B.
Ion, was the son ana
Alexander I. He waged war against the
Athenians. Died about 413 B.C

PardlOOM nx, a son of Amvnta* II. of Haoedon,
began to reign about ^64 i.a He was killed in battle
against the Illyrian* m 359, and was succeeded t^ hi*
brother, Philip II.

PardlooBB, |Gr. Ilcpdijuac,) a prominent Macedonia*
general, who commanded a division of the army of
Alexander the Great in his invasion of Asia, was a son
of Orontes. It is reported that Alexander, on his death-
bed, EBve his royal signet to Perdiccas, as if to designate
him for the oiSce of regent Having obtained command
of the household troops who guarded the young king,
he exercised the power of regent, or chief minister, and,
to secure the succession of Roxana's son, put her rival
Statira to death. He also put to death his rival Me-
leager. He foiled in a matrlmonia) intrigue in relation
to Cleopatra, a sister of Alexander, and became the
enemy of Antieonus and Antipatet. who formed with
Ptolemy a coalition against him. Perdiccas found an
able adherent or allv in Enmenes, (who opposed Antip-
ater and AnHgonns in Asia Minor.) and marched against
Ptolemy in Egypt. He met with a reverse near Ihe
Nile, and was killed by his own soldiers in 331 B.C.

Pfi/dl« [Gr. JUpiii,] a nephew, or, as some say, •
sister, of Daidalua, was regarded ar "■" ' "■""

, de, di pi-ri'Dt (AMTONio,) a
Spanish painter, bom at Valladolid in 1599. He painted
history and genre with success, and was patroniied
by the Duke of Olivarei. He excelled in colourlw
Among his works ii a irfctDre of "Human Vanity?*
Died in 1669.

Pereda, de, {]ost Maria,) a Spanish novelist,
was bom neat SanEander in 1834. He has been en-
titled "Ibe modem Cervantes," Rod ba* written
"Sottleia," (1888,) "D. Gonialo Gontale* de U
Gonxaleta," (1S89.) Died March*, 1906.

PdrAflxe, de, d«h pl'tyftks', (Hardouin oe Bkau-
MOHT,| R French historian, bom at Beaumont in tfoj.
He was appointed preceptor 10 Louis XIV. in 1&43,
succeeded Baluc in Ihe French Academy in 16U, and
wrote ■ " History of Heniy IV.," (1661,) which, (ay*
BL Wds*, will assure him a dnrable repotation. He
became Aichtnshop of Paris in 1661, and required Ihe
Port- Royalists to subscribe the formulary of R>pe Alex-
ander VII. IMod in December, 1670, or January, 1671.

5« " Odiii ChriRiuui." uhbs A

Perepltio (or PetreKrlnl) de Caaeoe, {A-ri^Rce'-

00 (or i^-rJi-gRee'nee) dl chl-U'nl, a celebrated Italian
engraver and worker in niello, flourished about 150a or
■ CM. Little is known of his life; Nagler gives a lilt

01 many prints ascribed to him.
PSr-f-gTl'mu Prote-iM, a Greek Cynic philoeopher,

notorious for his vices and licentious life, was bom at
Pariam, on the Hellespont, and lived in tbe reign at
Ibe Antonines. He committed tuidde by fire at tke
Olympic games. In 165 A.D.

S«"Ds Mont PenEri"'." It Lm*", (wtiii wim— il lii« JM«k)
Feretra, pt-A^-rl, (Bartholowsu,) a Portugueaa
epic poet, flourished about 164a, and wrote "Faded*."
' Pereli^, [Fr. Frreirk, pfh-iu',] (Jacob Rodu-
auEZ,) a Spaniard, bom tn Estremaduia in 1715, It
called the first uistructor of deaf-mule*. He removed
to Bordeaux about 174*, and exhibited a pupil before
the king, who granted him a pension in 1751, Died
in t73a

Pereira, pe-ree'r* or p»-rt'r», Oonathan,) an Eng-
lish phvsidan and pharmacotogist, bom in London in
1S04. He published an excellent work entitled "Ele-
ment* of Materia Medica and Therapeutics," (3 vol*.,
1S39,) regarded as the moet comprehensive and com-
plete treatise on materia medica in the English language,
and a treatise "On Food and Diet," (1S43.) which Ii
highly commended. In 1846 he was appointed aseistanl

,'(hai

n Ihit, 13y~Se* Ezplanatiatis, p, 33.)

njii.edaGoOl^lc

PEREIRA

pbnidui to the London Hoapital. He becsune fiill phj-
tieun to the Hune hospital In 1851. Died in 1853.

Pmlni, (Uanosl,) x PortngoeM tcnlptor of hi^h
repuUtion, wu born in i$i4. He worked in Spun,
uid died at Madrid in 1667.

Par«liB or Pai«Tra, (Nufto Alvauz or Ntrlliz Al-
varez,) a REneral and itateiman, called * the Portngneae
Cid," was tram in 136a He gained *lctorie« over the
Spaniard*. Died in 1431.

Sh A. M BIOOBA*. " Hiroe Portivuo. Vida 1UI Sb«« H. A.
Pncrii," i6;ai Da Coha, "DiViB d R^xu pMb K. A. h-

F*raiim d« Flgnelredo, pi-ri^-rl di fe-gi-e-if'do,
(Antonio,) a learned Partugaese writer, bom at Macao
m 1735. He wai an opponent of the Jesuila, and he
wrote an able work against the temponu power of Che
pope, entitled " Theoltwical Eaaayi," {" TenUtiva Theo-
loffjca," 1766.) He publiahed a Latin Gramnut, (1751,)
a PortngneM Teriion of the Bible, (13 vola., 177&-90,)
■od other worki. Died at Uabon in 1797.

Paraln. See Fbriika, (Jacob Rodkicuiz.]

FsTttlre^ pfh-riR', (£milx and Isaac,) Frendi finan-
ciers, grandsons of Jacob Rodrigaei, noticed above, were
botn at Bordeaux in 1800 and 1806 respectively. They
nined distinction as originators of the railway from
Pari* to Saint-Germain in 1835, and other railroads.
They were the chief founders of the Credit Mobilier, a
joint-stock company, with a ca^tal of sixty milliim
trancs, which was eiubllshed in 1853. Emilb died Jg
naiT 6, 1875, and Isaac died July \%, 18S0.

Ferella, p^h-ril', (Gabriel.) a French deswier a
etcher, bom at Vernon-sur- Seine \ died in I075. His
sons, Nicolas and Adam, were engravers.

paronna. See Anna PRmENM*.

Piri^ pl'rCs', (Jean Baptiste,) a French ,

who wrote > cariona work, entitied " How Napoleon

never Existed," etc, ("Comme qaoi NapoMon n'a j

Buis eidstj, on grand Erratam," etc, 1S17, often r

Undscape-pauiter, wa* bom about 157a Hi* bvoniite
■Dbjecta were the '• Burning of Troy," and the " Com-
"-'-"■"■-" Tiedln 1640.

Param, pC^rfith or pee'rfz, (Antonio,) a Spanish
covTtier, born about isi^o, was a son of Goiualo Perei,
who WM McrMar* of state nnder Charles V. and Phflip
XL Ha racceeoed hi* &ther in 1^67, and obtaiood
the confideaoe and &tow of the king, who used hint
as his Instramenl in the assassination of Escovedo, the
iDtrignlng secretary of Don John of Austria, (1578.)
Soon after this event, Peres sod the priDcess Eboli wars
arrested b^ order of Philip, who. it appears, induced
Per«s to give op all the paper* which would implicate
him in the death of Escovedo. Subjected to the rack,
Peres conieased his own share in that dime, and ac-
cused the king of complicity in iL About 1590 be
escaped from prison, and sought reflige ai Saragossa,
the dtitens of which rose in arms to protect hin and
auen their own dvil rights. He escaped to France,
published an account of hi* snflerings, (1594,) sod
received a pension liroin Henry IV. CRed at Paris in
1611, or, as others say, 1616.
_ _Sm PmcoTT, " HkiSTT d( Philip IL;" Airromo Pnm.

lOTLSV. " Tin Rid

i tb* Dutch Republic i

'.'KSK

Saville;

Para^ (Antonio,) a Spanish jurist, bom at Albio, on
the Ebro, In 1583. He became professor of dvil law at
Louv^n in iftiS, and wrote several works. Died at
Lonvain in l^a.

Para% pi'redi, (Davide,) a composer, of Spanish
srigin, bom at Naples h " .. . .

Dpular o"" " "

.1778.

high ofBces. In l36l he was elected president for five
years, and in i366 was re-elected. Died in 18&9.

Para% [Lat Pttrb^ids,) (J^*"-) ■ Spanish poe^
bom at Toledo in leii, wrote an admired Latin poeai
named " Magdalena,'" (155a,) and other worka. Ked
b 1545.

Paraa da Pinada, pi'rtth di pe-nl'nl, (Francisco^)
a painter, bom at Seville, was one of the best pupil* of
hfurrUo. Died about i6Sa.

Farai Oaldoa, pi'tCtb gU'di*, (Bchito,) a Spanish
novelist, bom at Las Palmts, in the Canarr Islands,
in iS4<i. Among his many and very successful romances
are "La Fcnilana de Oto,''(i87i,} "BaiUn," (1873-7$,)
"El Amigo Maudo," (iMi,) "Lo ProhibidoV''
(1884,) "Mian," (|888,) "Angel Guerra," (1891,)
etc. Perez Galdos, after his first literary suceesin,
removed to Madrid, and soon took rank a* one of the
best of Spanish novelists.

Parfattl, pCk-leftee, (Bbrnardino,) an Itslian in
provisator, bom at Sienna in 16S1. He exerdsed In

Jablic his talent of extempore versification on all sub-
sets. He is said to have been the best improvisator of
t^ in his time. Died in 1747.
FaigBinliU, t^>t-ei->nee'ne«. (Jacoki,) sn Italian

between Tuscany and
the RiMiagDa. He served the Duke of Milan against
the Florentine*. Died in 1417.

PaxEOlaaa. See Pekgolksl

Pargolaal, p(a-Ko-lb'see, or Pargolaaa, pii-go-li'd,
[Fr. PERGOLisK, pCE'gol^,] (Giovanni Battista,) a
celebrated Italian composer, bom at Jesi about 170^

(some say in 1704.1

Ihtti

studied at Naples under Gae-

matic worlt called " The Servant Histress," (" La Serva
Padrona,") which was warmljr applauded. He devoted
himself chiefly lo sacred music. Among his work* is a
celebrated and pathetic " Stabat Mater,'*^for two vmccs,
" Dixit Dominus," a motet, and " Salve Regina," a motet;
His death is variously dated 1736, 1737, and 1739.

Sh FStu, " Biographie UalnnaUe d« Umldaiu :" C Blm^
"Biocnfii di PcraotcH;" TifAUU "Kc«nAi cUcU loliui ill<»
Di :" <■ NonnUa Bisfiaphk CteinU"

Pari, pC'ree, (GlACOtfO,) an Italian composer, boni
at Florence in the latter half of the uxteenth century
He composed the music of "Dafne," (1594.) and "The
Death of EuiTdice," lyrical dramas. He entered the
service of the Duke of Ferrara in 1601.

PCr-I-«n'd^, (Or. U^izfifiai: Fr. PtRiANDRE, pi'
re^ONda',] tyrant of Connth, began to reign about 6ij
B.C. He IS usually reckoned amoog the Seven Sage* M
Greece, — probably on account of hb skill and success in
kingcraft. His rule was at fint mild, but became severe
ancTarbitraiy. It is reported that he consulted the tyrant
of Miletu* in rdation to the best mode of maintaininc
his power, and that that tyrant anawered \tj cutting ofl
the tallest ears in a field of com. Periander followed
thia advice t^ depresung the noble and rich. Died about
585 B-a

Farlandar, pi-re-in'dfr, (Giiui,) a Lathi poet, beta
t Brussels about 1 54^ wrote the *■ Mirror of the Owl,'
("Noctus Speculam,'* 1567.)

Pdrlandiv. See Pkkiandek.

PMoand, pi're'ky, (Marc Antoin^) a French
antiquary and t>i<^rapher, bom at Lyons in 1 7S1. He
published work* od the antiquities of Lyons, and wrote
articles for the ** Bfogruthie UniverseUe." In 1837 be
was made keeper of Uie lit>rary of Lyons. Died in iSi?

PSr'tolH,rGr. HtfMAir,- Ger. Pbrklbs, ^'re-kUs.!
\ illustrious Athenian statesman, and one of the great-
It orators thatever lived, wa* a*oo of Xanthippus, who
defeated the Persian* at llycale; Hi* mother, AgarisK^
— a niece of Clisthenes, He studied various arts and
nces under Damon the musidan, Zeno of Elea, and
Anaia^oras. "The philosopher," say* Plutarch, "who
gave hini that fi>roe and sublimity of sentiment superin

L s, I, j^ n, ;, /itfff ,- 1, t, ^ same, less probnged; i, e, 1, 6, 0, ;, iAiirf; «, C, k 9. «'«)»»/ (Ir, (111, flt; mit; DOt;g<S&d; Bdla.

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

If aloaf from public iSuri for lome jt«n after he
htd uriTCd at manbood. About 470 B.C. he begin his

EUle carter at the leader of the democratic paitf, and,
t be abMild make hlmtelf too cheap amons the people,
rcMTved hlmadf for great occaiioDi. He had a grace-
hl Sgnre, a aweet race, and complete aeir-commaiuL
" Adwabig Ua oration* with the rkh oolonn of philoa-
ophj," Mjr* Fltttarcb, " adding the loftfaieM of hnag^a-
tion and all-cotnmanding energ; irith whkh phUoao^h;
■applied him. to U* natire powers of gralna, and aaiog
wfauevsr he foond to hiapnrpOMln theatndjr of nature,
be ta eaoelled all other ontora."

H« ndaed popularity by a law that the people ahould
•njov uealria] amnaemcnti at the public expente, and
depnTed the Areopagna of the Jndidal power which ren-
dered It a dangeroos engine of the ariatocracT, (461 B.C.)
Afaont thit d^ he xwm bla influence to procure the
oatradan of Cimou, (he leader of the coDiemdTe or
■liatocralk partj. Peridea diaplayed courage at the
tMttle of Tanagra, in 457, and propoaed the decree that
Cnnon should be recced from exile. After the death
of Cimon and the oatradsm of Thncydides, (444 b-c.,)
Pericles directed the government with ondispoted an>

Beua». " He became aole maatcr of Athena," aajs
Marchi "be kept the paUiceood in his tje, and pur*
■■ed theatralt pathof hoDonr.'*^ He commanded In the
Samian war, whidi ended in the caMooest of SaouM in
440 B.C., and extended the faiflueikce ot Athens b
tag colonic* at Chalds, Staope, Thari^ and oibet
He expended the public mone; prcrfnaelyin the '
at — i^ificenl temple* and monaments, whidi have
K^nalled aa modeli of art aod tatte. Under
s built and was sdonwd

f Bwnil

Is anagrfceaUie

t period of Gredan art and dramatic
llterslBte. He nienced thoae who mnrmured at hi* ex>
tntTwance in bnilding, t^ an o&r to pay the expense
OBl 01 hb own purae on condition that lu* name alone
should b« Insdibed on the new edifices.

The fbrdgn policy of Peridea was not less br-^bted
Aui his inlernal policy. He constantl* opposed the
aaafaitiaa* schemes of foreign caoqnesl wnkn dte Athe-
nlao* were prone to entertain, and toiA eSectual meaauraa
to reader tde maritiine power of Athens auperior to that
of any other state. The long walls which connected
Atb^ with the sea, and protected it from the attack of
■B aimyby land, formed an boportant part of his forei^
pcdiey, oontiouing on a gigantic scale the plans of Thenua-
todei^ TUsn>eaanreexatcdgreatalanBamoitgtheSp*T-
tWB* and Ih^ alliea. Under U* adninistratioa Atbeas
became an ImperU states with an extensive list of alliei^
partly free and psrdy tributary, and attaitMd the maxi-
BOBS of her power. To subvert this power, the Spartans
omnned a league and involved all Greece in the great
Fefoponneaian war, which began in 431 B>.C. The Bova-
hh prmerty of the Alheniana was ooDTcyed within the
walls ofthe capital, and, while the enemy ravaged Attica,
the fleet of Pericles made reprisals on the coast of the
Moponoesos.

At the end ofthe Srst campaign, Peridea pronomiced
a long and inimitable foneral oration on those who had

■OMiig the most memorable rejk* of antiquity, conaider-
tag that under the laogoage and arrangement of the
Watorian ... we poases* the substance and thought*
if the Qlostiioa* statesman. . . ■ After a few words on
&e magnitude of the empire, and on the glorious efforts
■a well as endurance wherel^ their forefathers and they
had acquired It, Peridea proceeds to sketch the plan of
life, the constitution, and the manners under which such
aduevements were bronght about" (Chip. ilviiL)

In the second year of the war a great plague laged at
Athena. The people became so demoraliied that they
deprived Pericles of command and punished him with
a tine. He had recovered his influence a short time
when he died, in the autumn of 439 B.C " As a military
commander," says Grote, "though noway deficient in
pttaonal conrage, he rarely courted distinction, and was

'^ AtJi^

13 PERINGSKIOLD

prindpallyfluaoo* for his care of the lives of thed
His private habits were sober and reduae, . . .
the tenderest domestic attachment bound \'""

ence and the stores of h

msmnmate ease and masti

S« PurvAxoi. "Utwi" TaoCTiHDaL "HiRotyi" Owna,

"HbtDcr of GtMM" dUpL ilT., iM.,^<iL. ilvUL. sad ilia.|

KomiBa, " Pnikia Ik Cfljmjjjtr : 1^ — *- " — — *

" HiitoTT of Cbwe.? r. v

■Ris! "HcnnUe Nocnptaa GAi<nk."

Pe-rtoljf-tna, a Greek sculptor, of whom little It
known, lived probably about tfla B.C. He it mentloDed
by Pausinias as a pupil of Polydetut.

Purler, p^rg-i'. (Aooosn Casimir Victor Lav.
RKNT,) a lUthmUur, bom in Paria in iSii, was a son of
Casimir, noticed below. He was dected a deputy in
1846, aod sat in the Lcgisladre Assembly of t&49. He
voted with the majority, and protested uatnat the amp
iTAtfofDecember, 1S51. Ho wrote for the " Revue del
Deux Hondes" on finance, etc Died June 6, 1876.

PAtter, (Casimi*,) a French minister of state, was
bom at Grenoble in 1777. Me became about 1800 *
partner of his brother Sdpion in a banking-hoose, (in
Paris,) which engaged in laige indastrial enterprise* and
was prospeious. In iSiybewaselectedtotheChambet
of Deputies, in which he acted with the oppontion. He
in active support to the popular cause in the revo-
_ of 1830, and succeeded Lafitle as prime minister
(prnident of the conndl) on the 13th of llal'c^ 1831.
He intervened with an aimy to aid Ae revohed Belgiana,
but resitted the popular presaure which would have in-
volved France in a war against the allied powers for the
Waeitj of the Pdea. Died, of chdera, m May, 183a.
5*1 LoutHii, "Gulerii dri ConicmponaM:" Gdiiot, "l^*-
>i™:'■"Noo•*U•Biog^»pbieGtll*r.le;" "BUiA-ooii iMaSB.

Fatiet. SeeCASiuiK Pbrier.
Pdii«r,(jACQnaCoNSTAHnK,)aFtenchmechanIdsn
. - ------ of iteam-engines, was bom in Farii In

PMta, pl're^', (TlAtl VlitCMKT,) a French lUttra.
Aw, born in lySj. He produced a translation of the
complete works c7 Macblavel, (13 vols., 1833-26,} which
ta commended. He wrote maiiT notices of artitta for
the "Biographic Uiuveraelle." Died in Paris in 1819.

PMsnoD, pk'rtn'vAN', (AUX&) a FKnch painter,
bora in Paris in 1806. He gaiited a medal of the fint
class in 1844.

PMenoa, (Piuu,) a Frendi monk, bom at Salni-
Henehould about 164CL He was procnreur of die abbey
tt HantviUier*, and is said to have rendered a great
service to Champagne by perfecdng the quality M its
wine. He mote a treatise on the culture of the grape
and the fabrication of wine. Died in 1715.

FdrlBnon, do, dd; pi'tin'yAN', (DoMiNiQtni Cathk-
RiHi,) Marquis, a French general, bom near Toulouse

iraiS. In 1804 he became a

a 01 France. Died

PArlgoid. See TALi.KyRANU
Paiildas. See PEKiCLia.

Pdrio, pi'rlN', (HsNU Chamlxs XAVm,) a Belgian
economist, born at Mans in 181;, wrote "On Riches in
Christian SodeCies," (1S61,) "The Laws of Christian
Sodetv," (1S75,) and " ChiiiciaQ Sodalism," (1879.)

Pdrln, pi'rfn', (Lit Louis,) a French portrait •painter.
bocn at Rheims in 1753, excelled in m&iatures. Died
'n 181 7.

Pfata, (Runt,) a French AOfrnfrxf, bom in Paris in
[774. He wrote dramas, Inographies, and other works.

"" "" ' ofRooseeau,"

of Voltaire,"
Died in'iSsS.
* [^'rings^d)«ld', (Johan.) a Swedish

<aai,-;asf;9ikir^;2as/,-a,H, K,/MM(ra/,- N, hum// R, ArJillRf,' 1 as >; th as in eUr. (|^^SeeExplaiialionB,p.

db, Google

("Mooumenta Upluidica," a vol*., 1710-19,) 'id other
worlu, of Bome txIuc Di«d in ijao.

Farlno del Tags, pl-ree'no 6tl Ti'gl, written i1m
Flaiino (pe-l-tee'no) del Vnga, an Iiilian painter,
whoM proper name was Pibtko Buohaccoxsi, [boi>-4n-
Ik-kor'W,) was born in Tuscany in 1500 or 1501. Me
WH a pupil of Raphael, whom he asiiated in the decora-
tion <A the Vatican. According to Vaaari, he wai the
freateat designer of the Florentine school after Michael
Ai^lo. About I J38 he removed from Rome to Genoa,
where he painted admirable frescos in the palace of Ad-
miiiil Doria. Among hii works are "The Creation of
Eve," • fresco, a "Holy Family," (in oil,) and "The
Conbu of Horatins Codes." Died at Rome in 1547.

PAilQii, p&'re'AN', (loACHiu,) a French monk and
Hnguiat, born in Touraine about 1 <oeh He wrote " The
Lirea of the Apostle^" (I55l>) »•>& translated the works
of Aristotle, (7 vols., IS40-S9-) Died in 1559.

FSi'lt (PiUTiAH,) an American mercluuit, bom al
Norwich, Connecticut, in 1785. He settled in the city
of New York in 1S09, acauired a fortune by trade, and
became president of the chamber of commerce in i8S3-
He was distinguished for active benevolence. Died in
Uirdi,i864.

ParimonliH, pL-re-u/ne-at, (Jaums ToorbrOttl^-
vCK'b&d&k,) an eminent Dutch philologist and critic,
bom at Dam, in the province of Groningcn, in October,
1651. He studied under Graevius al Leyden, became
rector of the gymnasium of Dein in 1674, and professor
of history, etc. at Franeker in 16S1. In 1685 he pub-
Itsbed an excellent critical work on the ancient writers
of Roman hialory, entitled " Aniroadvcrsiones Hittori-
CB," etc He was professor of history and the Greek
language at Leyden from 1693 to 1715, and wrote many
disscrtalionB on daisical •abject*. I^dini7i5.

FsT'lEin, (Sir William HEHiiT,)aD English chemist,
bom at London in 1838. He won fame by the discov-
er of the first aniline colour, mauve, or aniline purple.
lie discovered other coal-tar colours and chemical proc-
eues. Died in 1907.

P«r'klnl, (Charlu Caixahah,) an American art-
critic, bom in Boston, Massachusetts, March I, 1S13.
He graduated at Harvard College in 1843. His prin'
cipal worka are "Tuscan Sculptors," I1864,) "Italiai
Sculptors," (1868,) " Raphael and Michelangelo," (1S7S,)
" Sepulchral Honumentain Italy," (1S83,)" History of the

■ '■ ■-•■'• - --. -°°-l and "Life

identofth*

,dn Society.

_ member of the legion of honour, and a coireapondii^
member of the French Institute. Died Aug. 15, 188&
Pfindnl, (Eluha,) an American physician, known
w the inventor of the "Metallic Tractots," waa bom in
Connecticut in 1740. He practised at Flainfield, Con-
necdcuL HI* metallic tractors, and his system, called

Perkinism, were in high repute for a time, *— "

sunk into neglect He died in 1799.

Ferklna, (Gkokge Robuti,) LL.D., an
nathemalician and astronomer, bom in Otaego
New York, in 181J, waa apipointed injSjS depuhr State

He graduated at Atnhent College in 1839, and atudtMl
in Andover Theologica] Seminary. He was ordained to
the Congregatumariat ministry, and for thir^-aix yean
( 1S33-69) was a missionary to the NeMoriana in and noi
Ooro<Hneeyah, In Persia. Among his works are a trans-
laiion of the Bible into the modem Nestoria* dialect ot
- - - - . ■ ^ nf F.iuht Vmn in Pertia,"

,) etc. Diri

' aepuicnrai monumenmniiaiy, (I<»3>| niiiur]
Handel and Haydn Society," (ist part, 1883,) and
and Works of (Aiiberti,"(igSL) He waa president
Boston Art Club and of the Handel and Haydn S

. vaiappoi _

gineer and surveyor of the State of_New Yo
published, among otb
bta," (1841,1 "Elemonta of Geometiy," (1847,) "Trigo-
aomettyand Snr>eyiQg,''(iS5i,) and<'FlatMud ScUd
Geometry." He died August ai, 1876.

Pcrkiiu, (Jacob,) an American medianidan and in-
rentor, born at Newburyport, Massachusetts, in 176&
Among his prindpal bvenlions are a machine for cut-
tbig and beading nails at once, a gun in which aleam
waa snccessfiilly used for propelling instead of ponder,
the bathometer, for measuring the depth of water, and
the pleometer, to mark the speed with which a vessel
noTca. H« also substituted steel for copper plates in
oipaving bank-notes. Died in 1849.

Feikina, (Jauis Brbck,) historian, bom at SL Croix,
Wisconsin, in 1847. He published " France under
Richeliea and Maiarin," " France under the Regency,"
and ' ' France under Louis XV," Died 19: "

itCEicoi

licopee, Maaaacbosetts, December 31,
rkliu, (NathamJ an Americaa theolodao, !)Cn
at Norwich, Connecticut, in 1749. He servrf >■ nria-
ister al West Hartford about siaty-five years. He pub-
lished a volume of Sermons, (1795.) and other works
Died in 1838, aged eighty-eighL

FsrkliM, (Simon,; an American pneral, bom si
Norwich, Connecticut, about 1770. He served m the

sr of 1819-14. Died in Warren, Ohio, in 1&44.

Partdna, (Tuomm Hahdaiyd,) a wealthy Amencan
merchant, bom at Boaton in 176^ Hegave his h<we
and ground* on Pearl Street, Borton, valued M fifty
thousand dollan^ for the MasaadinseRa Asylum for the
Blind, caUed also the PerkiM Institution. He bkewise

ive lane sums to tb* Boston Athenaiun and General

[oaiMtaT Died in 1854- „ „ . „ ___,

V^f^at, (William,) an eminent English Cahrlnisllc
avine, bom at Marston, in Warwickshire, in issi He
preached In Saint Andrew's, a parish of Camhrldga.
Among his works, which were highly prt^w^d by Bishop
Hall, are " Foandation of the Christian Relwioa, and
commentaHea on several books of the New Testament
Died in t6oi- His works war* transUtad into FMdc^
German, Italian, and Spanish.

Parklna, (William,) an EngUahman, oeldmted fct
longevity, died in New Hampah&e in 1739, at the age cf
— - hnndred and ditean yeaia.

aoMi, plB'mo-nr, ( Balthasar, ) a German
r, bom at Kammer, in Bavaria, in 1651. Ha
-v~-v^ for the King of Praasla at BerUn, froaa which ha
removed to Dresden In 17101 Among hi* work* are aa
"Ecce Homo," and a aUtn* of Pilnca Eugane. Diad

Panitt, pian, (FuMfon Loon,) a FreaA maridM,
bora in Paris in 177a. He wa* appointed inspaelar*
general of the Conservatory in 181& Ha wrote on am
nusica] notation of the Greeks. Died in 1S31.

Parnattl, p«R'ni'te', or Pame^, ptm'te', (jACqm^
I French priest and mediocre wnter, bora in Fotea ta

t^roatr. pfan'la', (ANTOWa JoiMH,) a Franch
MMfroAw, born at Roanne in 1716. He became Ubes-
rian of Frederidi the Great some tinte after 1766, and
returned to France in 1783. He paUiahed. bemdea
other works, a " IMctlaaary of Painting, Sculpture, and
Engraving," (1757.) and a "Voyage to the FalUand
Islands," (a vols., 1769.) Etied in 1801.

PatnetT, (loaani Maxik,) Vicoxn, a French gena-
ral, bora at Lyon* in 1766. He aerved aa coltmel M
Aosterlitx and Jena. Aa Reneral of division, he con-
tributed to the victories tdylama, Borodino, (181S,)
and Drc«]en, (tSlt.) Died Jn 185&

Parnot pla'na% (Alixamdu Frahcou,) a Fieadt
landscape-painter, born at Vassy (Haate-Marae) in 1793.
He gained a first medal in 1839- Died in 1865.

PwofalEl or PwowaU, p4-Taf'*kee, (Lioif AiAtm-
VTTCK,) a Rn*sian general and politician, bora in IJI9I.
He became minister of the intarkv in 1841, and an*
pjsced at the head of the CouncQ of the Empira abowt
iSca. Died in i8s&

Piron, pi'rAN', (Fkan^IS,) a French naturalist, boam
at Cirilly (Allier) in 1775. He accompanied Bandin 1*
his expeditkM to the South Sea in 1800, aa phyrida*

and loologist, collected more than ico,ooe ■{
animals, and wrote a " Voyage of Discovery to
Lands," ("Voyage de Dtonivertes aui Terrca ana-
tralea,"4vols., ■8ii-i6,)aworkof mui^ merit EHad
in tSio.

So the " QaartwlT Rniev" to Ai^aM, iln.

Paroni, pl-ro'nee, (Givskpfk,) an Italian paintar
bom at Parma about 1700; died in 177&

t, & t, ^ a, T, ;#V'' ^ ^ ^ *■">'' '«" P^<>i>8ed; I, a, I,S, ji, y, i^brf; f, «, I, A Mttwrv; Or, till, lit; mCt ; n&t; gMdi a

PwotU, pft-rot^tee, (NiccoLd,) u> eminent luliui

inuiiinsman,born mUmbrU in iifjo. He became Arch-
whop of Siponto, or Muifredonia, in 14(8 " •-

31, (1473,) " Cornucopia, orCi

Diedii

FtroiiM, DJi'rooi', (Jean Funqois OaUap do U—
gtle* dfh It,) an eminent Frendi navinlor, bom at or
Mar Albi (Tain) in 1741. He entered the rojal navy in
1756^ beeavi« lieutenant in 1775, and fought ^ainat the
EwUah in th« American war, {177S-83.} In tiSa he
took the Britiah Ibrt York, on the weit coait of Hudaon
S»j. He mi telccted b; the goremment to command
Ml exploriu expedition, and Mi)ed with the Bouaaole
and AJtTolabe in AoEOSt, 1785. Havinf doubled Cape
Horn, lie lailed mttnward to the linieth degree, and
explored the coatt between that point and California.
In the autumn of 1786 he crossed the ocean to Macao.
He explored the eastern coast of Asia from China to
Aiataha in Kamtchatica, from which point he lailed to
Botanj Bajr. The last letter received from him by hit
friends waa dated at Botany Bay, February j, 17SS.
About 1836 it waa ascertained that he and hia party
perished by shipwreck at Vsnicoroi (or Wanicoio).

SasPmuDiuoM, " Ktlatisa d* la Dfaeumn Jn Sat it La
Mma," PuiL inb., iti&i "KouTalli IKonulii* Gtotnlt:"
- UoMhlr Imtow" br MonaAn nad TKaabm, 179!.

P»T&wlt*', (John Jawks Stiwart,) D.D., an Eng-
Hah acholat, bom at Baidwan, in Bengal, March 13.
iSaa. He gradnated at Connia Cbriati College, Cam-
bri^e,iQ 1S45, waa made* Fellow ofCorputChristi in
i&M, and a Fellow of Trinity in 1873, waa vice-principal
of Saint David's College, Lampeter, 1869-73, canon of
XJandaft 1869-7S, and u 1878 became Dean of Pcter-
boioagb. In 1875 he waa appointed Hulsean profeaaor
of divinity >( Cambridge, and in 1891 was made Bishop
of Worcester. Among his works are the " Book of
Psalms," various volumes on theology, etc. He is
noted as a Hebrew and Arabic scholar.

PvromkL See PiaonKL

Pff-pan'Df or Pfr-^Mr'na, (M. Vhtto,) a Roman
oCcer, waa a partiaan of Manna in the dvil war. He
■■Tved nndcr Serlorina In Spain aboat five yetn.
He waa one of the aaaaaaiDt of SertoHua, who wai
killed in 7a B.C. After the death of Sertorina be was
defeated 1:7 Pompej in Spain, taken priaoner, and put
lo death, (7a B.c)

PeipemB. See Pkkpknna.

PwplnlMxi, pCa-pe-ne-ln', [Lat PnpiKiA'HOi,] (Pb-
mo JtJAH,) a Spanish acholar, bom in the province of
Valencia in 1530. He waa professor of eloqtience at
Rome Hia " Eighteen OratiODa," (" Orationet duo-
dovigind," 1587,) arguments for the old religion, were
*«ty popular. Died at Pari* In 1566.

SaLAtsai,''D*VitaMSerip>iiP. f. P«rfWni,'* 174^

PMplidwiiia. See Pikpihiak.

Pc^nlt, pCa'kc', (SiBASncH Birot,) a French gene-
ral, bom in the department of Baa-Rhin in 1768. He
•erred with distinction during the Grat emdre. Died

iBT85&

Psmolw, E^'rfah', (Michel,) ■ French tcnlptor,
bom at Lyons m 16S6 ; ^ed in 175a

FHTknd, pi'rS', (Jean Josifh.) a French sculptor,
born at Monay (Jura) injSii. He obtained a medal of
tke first class in 1855.

Pamiltlt^ p4'rG', (CHajilba,; it nciM'U autuui, uuin

In Paris in 1618. Having obt^ned the favour of Col-
bert he was appirinted controiler-gerwral of the king's
bntldinga, (Uttrntntt.) He wai admitted into the French
Academy in 1671. He scandalised the admirers of
■ndent daasic authors by his " Parallel between the
Andent* and If odema," (4 vols., 168S-98,) which was
dgnal of a long literary contest This work was refh

SBculeui in hb "Reflections on LooKinua." Among
other works is one entitled " The Dlnstrious Men trf
tba AnofLoois XtV.,"(i696-i70t.} " Perrault would
probably have been snrprised, aays the "Nouvelle
Kographle G^n^rale," "if any one had predicted to
hfatt that be sbonld owe his immortality eidntively "

Fairy-Tales,' ('Conlea des F^' t6»,)" which
obtained great success in the nursery. Died m 1703.

Sm " Uteoira di PsrailL" fait paUUad b ijni SAom-
Bam, "CiattAm d* LuiA,'' tuw v.j "Manttli BigpacliH

FBinnlt (CuDDt,) a celebrated French irddtect,
bom to Paris b 1613, was a Ivother of the preceding,
Hia reputation la founded on the design of the bp>de of
the Louvre. Colbert having inrited the artist* irfrnnae
to compete &a this work, the design of Perrault was
preferred. The colonnade of the Louvre, commenced h
1666 and finished in 1670, is considered one of the most
beautHiil structures of the seventeenth century. Ifa waa
alto the architect of the Obaervatory of Paris, He pnb-
liahed a tranatatioD of Vitmvlua, (1673,) and other works.
Died in 1688.

Perrny. See Dopeuat,

FBiiaan, pi'rfi', Jean ANDki,) a French writer and
Jurist, bora at Nemouii in 1749. He was a member of
the Tribunal, (1800-04,} and (Hte of the mffertnn of
the Code CiviL Among hia works are " Elements of
Natural Legialation," (iSol,) and "Elements of Roman
Civil Law," ("Juris avilis Romanl Elementa," 1809.)
Died In 1813.

PeiToolo^ pCa'se-o', (Claude Joseph,) a FKnch
antiquary, botn at Roulana in 1718. He wrote "On the
Civil State of Persons, etc among the Gauls, from the
Celtic Times to the Adoption of the Common Laws,"
(CmOnma,) (17S4-S6.) Died In 1798.

Pcnde, pi ri', (Jean Baftiste Emmanuel,] a Ftcndi
admiral, bom in Picardy in 1761. He was killed in a
battle against Nelson in iSoo.

Perrvfn, pi'rln', (Jean.) a French naturalist, bora
in 1750. He travelled in Africa and North America.
Died at New York in 1S05.

FMTenot See Geanvklle.

Parreiu, pC'rON', (Fkan^is Tommy,) a French
historian, bom at Boraeanx, September ao, iSaa. He
studied at the Scole Normale, and held varioui proles-
torships, among them that of French letters in the ficole
Polytechnique. Among his works are "lirflme Savo-
narole," (1854,) "filienne Marcel," (i860,) "La IMmo-
cratie en France an moyen Age," (1873,) and the very
important " Hiatoire de Florence," (1877 > ^^ ^°^> l^^)
a woik of high anthority.

Penet prrf ■ (Jban Tacq«IB,) a French cutler and
writer, bom at B&cra in 1730. He Invented snrgical
instraments, and wrote " On the Ait of Shaving One-
telC" (1769.) Died in 1784.

Patrier. See PiEiEB.

Parriw or Pdrler, P^'r^'. (FEAKi^lt,) a painter and
engraver, was born in Burgundy about \i<)o. He worked
at Rome and Paris, and was one of the founders of the
Academy of the latter city. He painted the Hfttcl de la
Vrillitre, at Paria. His engraving of antique statues,
etc. are commended. Died at Paris about 1054.

Fantiit«ui, pCr-re-mCt'see, [Giuiepfe Hakia,) u
Italian prelate and writer, bom in Calabria in 1670;
died in 1740.

Panin, pi'rlN', (Alphonse,) a French painter of
hiatory and laodacapes, bom in Paris in 1798.

P«mii, (Claude.) See Victoe, Duke of BellniM.

Pcnln, (Jean Paul,) a French historian and Pn»

eatant minister, bom at Lvoni in Ae rixlcenth wattxy
:e wrote a " History of the Vandirfs," (l6l«.}
Fanin, (Maximiubn,) a Frendi novelist, ban fa

Petrio, (Nabcuie,) a _

Lyons In 1795. He wrote a work mi Perda, entitbd
'*La Perw,'' (7 volt., 1813.]

PaRin, (Outibb Sta)(ISLa>,) a French painter, bora
at IbMtrenen In 1761 ; died in 183a.

Parili^ (PiEBRE,) a Frendi poet, bom at Lyona, it
said to have been the first writer of French operas. He
produced a musical drama, entitled " Pastorale," In i6S<),
and obtained lettera-patent to open an academy of mnsic
in Paris in 1669. Died in i6Sa

Pairln daa Tosgea, pi'rlK' dk vOih, (jEAIf Bap-

< at J; { aa I ,- g ior./; g as/V C H, K, ^Mffmni/; N. jucn/; E. l!r(//c^; i as

IS in Mil. (Ji^— See Eaplanatian*, p. a}.t

.D,g,t,7ed::yC00t^lc

PERRON

1936

PERSEUS

ran,) a FMnchman, bOTo at Epinal. H« mi el«ctediuidBBllBda," (i886,)"LrTictuti]Legenda,"(i890,)
in 1793 to lh« Convention, in which ba oppoatd tbe « Three Little Daughter* of the Revolutioii," (1S96,)
MMMei of the rojnlitt* ud terroriits. He Mt in tbe ' etc. Died in 1896.

Conndl of Elder« in im8, and wm the fir« president Pony.fOLivMHAIxED.UdietinpiishedAinericMi
'*^^^^*^%^^^J^ ^** "" '^'5- commodore, bom « Newport. Rhode Island, in 1785.

_ , On the 13th irf September, 1813, as commander ol a
Ital^ tqnadran on Lake Erie, he defeated the British nndec

Pmtoh, Dn. See Dd«r»om.
Fatxona, pCr-ro'nl, (Giotahu .,
Uieolc^an, bom at Chieri (Piedmont)

™, bom at Chien (Piedmont) in 1794. He Commodore Barda». after an engagement of three honra.

... besidea other worloh " Theolopca] Leaaons," p^, thia brilliant Tictorr he was made a captain and

("PrBlectionesTheologii^; 9^01^,1835 rf«?.,) which ,eceived from Congress a gold medal. Having bees

ran IhroQgh twenty-five editions. He became rector of .npointed commandfer of a sqnadron bound for the coart

the Roman College in 1E53. Died August a^ 1876. ^ Columbia, he died of tdlow fever, in the ialand of

Pmonot, pi'Vo'nl', ( JKAN RODOLPHB, ) M able Trinidad, in August, 1819.

Reach engineer and architect, bom at Snreaoe, near Pony, (Roland Hinton.) Kulptot and painter.

'■j'ViP,'^'^. 5' "^^^ ^' engineer of the road* bora at New York in 187a. He fias has reliecTitrihe

MMi bndg« of France about 1750, and org»ni«d the Ln,mry of CongieM, statues at Geltysbure and Lookout

Bcole des Pont* et ChanM^ which waa freqaenied by ' sr^ Jo.i
students from foreign coxmtries. He waa a Fellow of

'^l°''i?i*^*''?M "!i°^J**'^'*J°^^^'''^ Phy^ei". '>°n. in London. AnguU a^" i8«. ___ ._

«« the bridge of Nemlly.Nemonra, and I^tl^u«^di„tedatDouai,Rome,anda^

J i:J^""^ Heinventedanumberofmachfae*. Dwd ■ ^j ,;,^ ^ ^^ b^^^ ji^^^of ^ (j^j,„^_

i'"' . r. . _ I I" 1853 he Joined the leinita. He waa sent on man

Parrot See ABLANCOOaT, »'■ wendSc expeditiona if the British government, anS

^?"°*'^^f"'°"'^ a French ard«ologi»t, bom I „ote many valuable reports and papers, chiefly oo

hi 1833, He became professor of archteology in the magnetic, meteorologica], and aatronomical iubjecia.

University of Paris in 1877, and director of the Ecole Di«l December 37, I

PairyT (Stefhui Joskfh,} an 'Engllib prieat and

Normale in 18S3. With Charles Chipies he

" History of Art in Antiquity," (trans. 1883-94,) also

wrote on Crete, archseology, etc. Died June 30, 1914.

Panottot, pi'ro'tl', (G. Samuil,) a French bot-
aniat, bom in 1793. He wrote narratlTM of voyagei
to Senwal and other places, and a "Flora of Sene-
iambia,''^(iS3i.)

Pfir'rjF, (Arthur Latham,) D.D., LL.D., an Amer-
ican economist, boTn at Lyme, New Kampthire, February
37, 1S30, graduated at Williami College in 1851. In 18^3
he became profeasor of hiatory and political economy in
Williams College. His principal works are "ElemenU
of Political Economy," (1865,) of whidi hia " Political
Economy" (iS^) waa the eighteenth edition, and "In-
troduction to Political Economy," (1877 ; 3d edition,
1SS3.) ProL Perry ia a clergyman of the Congregation-
alist Church. He was for many yeara an eamcst advo-
cate of free trade. Died July 9, I905.

Party, (Buss,) author, bom at Williamsiown,
Maasachusetli, in i860. He wu professor of English
at Williams College 1886-93, " Princeton 1893-1900,
editor of " Atlantic Monthly" 1899-1909, and profesMir
of English literature at Harvard after 1907- He has
edited selecttona of prose and poetry and written various
works OS literary and other sobjecti.

Per'iy, (Giorge,) an Engliui mosiciaa and compoaer,
bom at Norwich in 1793. His (»«tarios " Tbe Death
of Abel," "The Fall of Jerusalem," etc, are his best-
known works. Died March 4, 1S63.

Peny, (John,) an English enpneer, bom about 1670.
He entered the service of Peler the Great, as engineer,
h 169S, and published a work called "The Sute of
Russia under the Present Cur," (1716.) Died in Eng-
land in 1733.

Peiry. (John,) a British engineer, bom in Ulster,
Ireland, in 1850. He was professor of engineering
in Japan 1S75-70, and at Finsbuiy 18S1-96, and of
mathematics and mechanics at South Kensington
after 1896. He wrote "The Steam Engine," (1874,)
"Practical Mechanics," (1883,) "Spinning-Tops,"
(1890,) "Applied Mechanics," (1897,) etc.

Pir'rjf, (Matthkw CAURAmi,) an American naval „,„,.,.„ ,u,„ ^^ „,,„„ ,„ „,„, ..-,.„„„■.. ^-i„„n
officer, bom at Sonth Kingston, Rhode Island, in 1795. j^ equip him (or this enterprise, Minerva, HeTCory,
was a brother of Commodore Perry. He served m the ^^ ^^ Nymphs gave him winged aandal^ a hcImM
Uencan w of 1847. and in 1853 commanded the expe- ^^^^ rendered hfti invisiUe, ^d a mirror by meana
dition to Japan, which opened the way to intercotirse ^f ,hid> he could aee the Image of the Gorgon and
between that country and the United States. An account .^Qij ^y^^ petrifying effect of looking at the reality.
ef this^voyage was published, m 3 vols., m 1856. Died ^fter he had cut off her head, he flew throagb the ait
'a Ethiopia, where he rescued Andromeda from a eea-

Peny, (Sir TkouAS Ersxihi,) an English legal
writer, bora in London in 1806. He giadoated at Cam-
bridge in i8»8. He published aeven volomc* of law
reporta, known as " Neville and Perry" and " Perry and
Davison," and other worka. Died April 33, iSSa.

Perry, (Thomas Siumant,) an American authov,
bom at Newport, Rhode lalaud, Janoaiy 33, 184S. grad-
uated in 1866 at Harvard College, and atudied at the
Sorbonne and the Collie de France and in the Unl-
veisity of Berlin. Heheld tatorahipain HarvardCoUegev
1868-83, >nd published " Life of Francis Lieber," (18&,)
"English literature in the Nineteenth Centory," (18S3J
" From Opiti to Leasing," (1884,) etc.

Perry, (William Stevens,) D.D., LL.D., an Amer-
ican bishopt bom in ProvideDce, Rhode Island, Janaary
13, 1833, graduated at Harvard College in 1S54. and waa
made a presbyter of the Episcopal Church in iSjS. H«
was profeasor of history in Hobart College, 1S71-73, and
in 1876 became president of that college, out in the aaoM
fear was consevated Bbhop of Iowa, the consegatar
being his unde. Bishop Stevens, of Philadelphia. Biabop
Perry has potdiahed many works, very generally bearias
npon the histoiy of the Episcopal Church in oe United
Stales. A partof these were prepared byhimoanjointly
with Dr. F. U Hawks. Among his principal works
"Historical Collections of the American Colonial

Church," (1871 ; 5lh voL^SyS.) Died May 13, 1

Parawtia, ptr^ae'as, [IlqioaloT,] a Greek phfloamuM,
sumamed Crmi'lTS because be was bom at Cittinm, in
Crete. He was a bvourite disciple of Zeno tbe Stoic,
and flourished about 360 B.C. He was patroniied by
AnligiMus Gonatas, who appointed him governor or
commander at Corinth. According to Paoxanias, ba
waa kilted at the capture of Corinth, in 343 B.C. He
wrote several works, which are lost.

Para*. See PixsnTt.

Par-aaph'o-na, [Or. nepM*fM|; Ft. PutstPBOH^
ptR'sl'fon',] the Greek name of PKOSBRrtNI, which sea.

Peraaa. See P(RSEua, King of Ifaccdorua.

P^r'aallB, [Gr. n^mrtc; Fr. Putsli, pCa'st',] ■
bmous hero and demi-god of classic mythology, wsa
calledasonof Jupiter and DanaiL (See Dana£) Ai>
cording to the (able, King Polvdectes extorted from
•-■ - rash promise to bring to bfm the headof HediMa.

in 1858.

Perry, (Nora,) an American author, bom at Dud- monster and married her!
ley, Massachusetts, In 1841. Her writings consisted |
of^poems and stories for girls, "'

i, e, 1, 0, &, f , /mv; i, t, 4, same, less prolonged; i, i, I, ft, a, y, M*rT; f, «, t, ft •AfTHHr; fir, lilt, fit 1 nCtj n&tj gd6d; mdSat

d by Google

of Philip T., whom he loccMded in i n
lU* dat^ bj peifidj and intrignet, be hacl '
death of Ut brother Demetriiu. He began

early to pre-

e (<Hight, withont dedtive resDlts, until L. Ammot
Panlni took comnumd, In i68 B.C. He defeated Per-
•ena wHfa gjtu lot at Fjrdna, In June, 168, after which
the whole Kingdom aobmitted to the victon. Persena
cacaped from thia battle, but waa aoon taken priaooer,
and wai kept in capdritj at Alba until hi* death, about
164 B.C

S« LiTT, " HbtccT of Roaa," boota umrDL-iJi
P«rsmia, a Greek painter and disdplc of Apellea,
flonriahed abont 300 B.C. He is mentioned by Ptiny.

Fanlaiil, ^z-te-i'nee, (Fanmv TaooUtuvdl— tik-
ke-naK'dee,l an Italian operatic ainger, bom in Rome in
■818. She married a composer named Peraiaiii tUxwt

1835. Died in 1S67.

FeralsiiT, (p«r-aeen'ye,) d«, [Fr. pron. df h pCa'rtn'-

E/,] (J IAN GiLBUT VtcTOK ds Fl«Un— dfh ft'TllM',)
oun, a French minisler of itate, bom in the depart-
ment of Loire In 180S. He became about 1S33 a naloua
partisan of Lonla Hapoleon, and is aajd to have been the
Inttigator of the attempt made by him at Slratbourg in

1836. In 1840 he was arrested with Lotiia Napolr '

Boulc^ne, and condemned to imariaonmcnt for t ,

year*. He was, however, releaaed before ifae revdntion
of 1848, and renewed hi* intrigue ' '

be obtMned the office of minister , ..„

be resigned In Jnne, 1854. He was sent as ambassador
to LoDdon in 1855, was reappointed minister of the in-
terior in November, tS6ot and removed in June, 1863.
Died in 1871- M. Delaroa pablished in i966 a work
aotilled "La Due de Peraigny et TEmpire."

So H. CAtTiLU, " La CocDU d* Panifaj ;" R. m UiaecamT,
'H. di FmifBy."

Psnfl, pla'stl', (JKAN CuAKLia,) a French politician
■nd advocate, bom at CondominiySj. Hewas minister

of jnatice in 1834 and 1835. He published a good work,

— '■■--■ " "jsime hypothicaire," (1800.) Died in iSto;

pCR'se-o, (ASCAKIO,) an Italian phUotogiit,

entitled " Rii

itltled " Rign
Panio, pf r'

elc;,(i<93.) Hia brother Antonio wrote several worka
onphirosophy. Died after 1608.
Fondiu, pfr'ahe-os, [Fr. pKRn, plus,] or, more fdlly.

BwHo pCi'te-o MkOu),] a celebrated Roman satirical
poet, was bom of an eqaestiian bmiljr at Volateirae,
In Etmria, in 34 A.n He was a pupil of Comntns
Ae Stoic, to whom he became attached by an intimate
friendship, which lasted until the death of Terains. He
asBodaled with Lucan and Seneca. His mrasl character
appear* to have been excellent He died prematurely
In November, 63 A.D., leaving di satire*, extending
altogether to only six hundred and fifty hexameter linea.
Thoufih his language ia abM:ure, hi* atyle unpolished,
and hi* delineations of men and manner* greatly inferior
to those of Horace and Tuvenal, lua sententious satires
have been very popular in ancient, meditevaj, and mod-

Among the

the moral beauty <? hi* doctrines. His dialo^goes are

"a^T^i

Ject Is to inculcate the morality of
the Sta'cs. Amon^ the chief merita of his satires la

aWvspiril_:, ^ ^_^ „. ,. ..

TIm best English venions of Persius are those tiy Di^en,

irited, and display much dramatic power.

Giffjrd, Brewster, and Howe*. Among the best editions
of the text are those of Isaac Casanbon, (Paria, iti
Kfitiig, (GiittlngeD, 1803,) O. Jahn, {Leipslc, 1843,)

«,)and

*i Tits," amibgled bv n

bv Kme Kbahi* 10 Sin
DHivi: C Has**, "OHcmilaai ■ Rueonla dclla vita di A. P«
•io FlMCSt" iM«: Bavls; "HbtorkU imd Cri&al DicDDnnv.-'
"NsneUi BlociiqiU* Gtobtlti" N. J. Stua, "Diwiatlia k

Ptanon. pCi's6H', (Flux,) a French writer, born at
Caen in 1 795. He published several books on the breed-
ing of horses. Died March 6, 1876.

FflTMUM, pta-so'ni, (CairroroKO,) an Italian Hel-
lenist, bom at Rome in 1416. He translated Into Lada
•one work* of Athanarint, Orlgcn, and CbrwNtooL
Died to 1485.

Penona, pCB-so'ni, (Gobiuh.) a German chroiricler,
bom in Westphalia in 1358 ; died after 1418,

Per*ooii, ptK-sSn', (Chbiitiah HaNDKix,) a Dutch
botanist and phyridan, bom at the Cape (if Good
Hope about 177a He settled at Pari* abont 1S03,
an<f pnbllshed, besides several interesting works on
cryptogamoos plants, " Synopsis of Plants, {" Synopsis
Plantarum," t vols., 1805-07.) Died In 1836.

Pano^ ptB'ao', (Jbam FKANgoii,) a chemist, bom in
Switzerland in 1805. He obtained a chair in the Con-
servatoire des Arts et Miders, Pari^ in 185*. He has
published a "Treatise on the Printing of Tlssnes," (4
vols., 1846,) and other works. Died in 1867.

Persnla, da, dfh plk'sUV, (Louis Luc Loiskau,) a
French composer, bom at Meti in 1 769. He compOBsd
operas and ballet-music Died In Paris to 1819.

Peithea. See Boucukk de Febtiuk.

Perthea, piR'tta, (Fkiedkich Christoph,) a learned
German booltseller and publisher, bom at Rudolstadt
in tjyi. He opened a bookstore in Hamburg in 1796,
married a daughter of the editor Claudius, and made
acquaintance wtth many liteiaiy men, among whom were
Vota, Stolberg, Nlebdhr, and the Schlegels. In 183a
he removed to Goths, where be publish^ the " Alma-
nacb de Gotba." He died in 1843, and was succeeded
in bis bosloes* by his son Justus.

Sm"r. PirdH*L^«."br bi>MaCuDU)(sTiiaoDoe,iviik.,
4t ; " FiM«i'« HifiBiM" far MmnnibcT, itji.

Portl, ptB'tee, (Giaoomo Ahtomio,) an Italian com-

poaer, born at Bologna in 1661. He composed aucceas*

ml operas. Died in 17(6.
Parttoarl, pta'^e-ka'ree, (Gnruo,) Cotnrr, an Ital-
in writer, bom In the Romagna in 1770. He married
daughter of the poet Monti in 1811. His work^ whlcb

form two volumes of the " Blblioteca Seelta," (Milan,

1831,) are commended Died b 1813.

See UorTAHABi, " Blotnlii di O. Ptniari," tSlt.

Pfr'tl-nax, (Hblvids,) a Roman emperor, bom at
Alba Pompeia, on the Tanaro, In i>6 A.D., was a ton
of a dealer in charcoal. He waa a teacher of grammar
before he entered the army. As prefein of a cohort, he
served irith dislinctloD agdnat the Parthians. He was
admitted into the senate, and obtained command of a
legion in the reign of Mams Aurelina. In 179 A.11, ha-
was consnl. He sappresaed a mutiny in Britain in the
reign of Commodus, and was proclaimed empem by the
senate at the death of Commodus, In Janmuy, 193 A.0,
By the annonncement of Important reforms, and hi*
eftirts to restore discipline, be made enemies among the
conrtters and prclorians, who mnrdered him in hi*
palace in March, 193 a.ix

S« Capitouhu* "PmdnM:" Di™ CAmnt "Hliiary el
Romt :" GiBBOH, "Dacltni ind Flill of tb* Robkb Enpin."

Pertoalai, de, dfh pCs'tU'i^', (Craslss,) a Ut-
UraUttr, bom at Baume-les-Damea, in France, in 17791
died ht 1 836.

Petty, pta'tee, (Joskph Amtor Mjueimiuak,} a
German lootogist, bom at Ohrnbau, in Bavaria, Sep-
tember 17,1804. In 1833 he became professor of looloffy
in the Berne Univeraity. He published vaiious worb
on biological science. Died at Bcme, August 8, 1884.

Parts, pCsts, (Gbokg Hbihbich,) a German historian,
bom at Hanover in 1795. He became royal litvarian
and councillor of the arditves in his native city, and w"

of Germany," ("Honnmenta Germani*e hlstorica," 13
vols., l8S4.) Died October 7, 1876.

P^m^n, Le. See PiKuoiNa

Pcnuliio, pl.roo-jee'no, [called In French Lb Pt.

RUGIN, ifh pl'ril'zhlM',] orieinatly Piatro Taiiaooi

(vft-noot'chee,) written, also^ Vanniiool and Vaimaai,

eminent Italian painter, bom at Castello della Pieve

1446. He painted some frescos for Sixtiis V. In the
Sistine Chapel, Rome, about 1480, after which he worked
at Florence and Peragia, from which drcnmstance he
'red hia snmame il Pbkuciiio, or "the Pecugian."
vaa a good colorist, and surpassed most of his
contemporarie* In the gracefulness of bl* heads and
figures. His style, however, is considered rather dry.
Among hi* beat wimIu are an "Infant Christ with tb*

east.' fa.

;Hard; g a*/,' c. R K. fMVKTS/; tt,mu«l; ^tritUit; lui; AatlaOit. (I^See Explanations, p. bs.1

Digitized by VjOOQIC

PERUN

19.8

PETAU

>[ SUtIc

V«|^'' la the Albuii palace, Rome, the frc«CM ol
Sviptanl (ubject* <n the SaU del Cunbio at PerogiL
•nd an oil'piOure or " The Holjr Familj," and a " Deaa
Christ," iu the Pitli palace, Florence. He waa the
■uiter of Raphael Died in 1534.

S«Viiuti,*'Lin*o(lIu Punlen;" 8. OuiHi, " Vui di PiMn
rwo^Mi," i(hi Lahii, "Huiotj of Piinliiv ii "- ■ - "

P0niD,pfc'TOon',the thunder-god of the I . _ _

tribet, identified br aonw with (he Paraniya of the Vedas.
Han* of (he Sla^ regarded Perun ai ^
Hia image* were of wood, with a I
a beard of sold.

i-root'iM, {Baldassaki,) an able Italian
punieT, bom near Sienna in i^t, H«
painted aome fresco* at Rome, and attained great aldll
b peiapective and acene-paintine. Hi'a Iresco of the
"Judgment of Pant," (n the Villa Belcaro, is called
Ua master-piece. He desirned the beautiful Falazio
Maaaimi, Rome, and the celebrated Paliuo Fatnealna,
Jn which be painted "Perseus and Medusa. " Having
been appointed architect of Saint Peter'* about 15*0, he
made a deaign for that chnrch ; bat it was not executed.
His woria are characterised by grandenr, ptuity of de-
sign, and noblene** of expretsion. Died in 1536.

Sat V«SAii, " Lina of At Pilaun ;" Lomt, " HialoiT of
FibiliiB io Itily!" QuATBD)««BMQiiiMn, "^ladiaiilMUliu-
Fenusl, (Ubaldino.) an Italian statesman, bora at
Florence, of an old and rich familT of patrician bankers,
^ril a, i8u. He was educated at Sienna and Paris.
He became a liberal statesman, and wa* gonfidoniere
of Florence from iSfS to iSSOl He look

in die fbfnwtioB of the Italian kinfdoa I w _._ ..

paUlc work* in i86i-<i, and of die interior nntil 1864.
He was afterward* eyndic of FlMcnea. Died in 1S91.

Fmu^nl, pt-root4ee'nee, (Giovanni,) an Italian
Ustorical painter, born in 1639 ; died at Milan in 1694.

PM«re>e, H. See Cantakini, (Siuone.)

Pmuo, pi'U-to or pCf 1-ro, (Giovanni,) an abl<
Venetian diplomatiat, bom in 1589. He wa* electet
d{»e in ifisS. Died in 1G59.

FMoalr«, da, Uarqvis. See Atalos, d'.

FaatMn, da, Uasquis. See Ataloi, d'.

PaaoatoreL pts-ki-lo'ri, (GiAKBATn»rA,) an Italiai
poet, bom at Ravenna. He wrote a continuation of
Arioato's " Orlando Furloso," (1548,] and other works,
Died in 1558.

Paaoa, pl'tbi, (Nicou or Cola.) a Sicilian, who
was noted as a •wimmer and diver, lived about 1360-
Sol It is said that he dived into the whirlpool of
Chaiybdis and brought tip a gold cup which Frederick
II. had thrown there to test hn skill.

geographer, bom st EVesden, March 17, if^& He .

educated in Leipsic and Heidelberg, and became a loan
nalisL In 1871 he was made profoiior of geography in
' ' Died August 31, 1875. He wrote some valu-

>le geographical treatises.
pMoClta, ptsh'kl, (MiNh
tiian soprano-singer, bom at Vienna

■KdOuta

(Minna, nii Iiaatnar,) an An*-
lom at Vienna in 1S39. She mad*
Brealaa in 1856. In iS6t she

lied Dr. Peschka, of Vienna. She appeared In the prin-
cipal German cities, and in 1872 vrsited England and
America, where she was well received. Died tn iSoa

PaMlIl. pi-ieHee, or PaneUlno. pi.»«.Iee'no,(rRAM.
cuco.) a painter, boin in 1416, was a son of Pesello,
noticed below. Died in 1457.

■Ill, (KlAKCESCO PtSBLLo,) an Italian painter,
t Florence in ijSo. He painted animala with
success. Died in 1457.

PaMlll, (PKSBtxo,) an Italian painter of histoty and
animal*, bom at Florence in 1404; died in 1481.

Part>-d«'dl-nn or Ptah-dl'dl-an, [from the Persian
fbAdid or ^itiiJ, it, "lawgiver,"] the name of one of
the earliest of the ancient Persian dynasties, so called,
according to Sir William tones, from HiJ5aheng, (Hfl-
■heng,) who was distinguished for his justice snd was
samamed PIskdXd, or the "lawgiver." KaiODmers,
the grandbtber of Hoosheng, is commonly called the

founder of the Peebdadfatn drnaUy, and Is said to bav«
been the first who establishea ■ code of law* and a regu-
lar government in Persia. To this line of Persian kitwa
belonged the famous Jemsheed, (or Jamschld,) who
occupies so prominent a place in the andent legends at
the East.

Stt Atkihkih, "Abritennt of Iba Shlh Mlmali sf FlrdsMl*
Loodon, 1831 : " A Sl»n RimxT «< Prni^" U ToL T. irf dM WMfei

of SraWlLUAKjDHB.

FMmea, de, d^h pim, (Fkan^is Lonn,) a SwIm
general, called Saint-Saphokin, (stN sf fo'iAM',) wan
bom in the Pays de Vand In 166S. He was sent bj
the Swiss government to the Congress of Utrecht, ana
signed the treaty of alliance in i;ri4. He entered the
service of George I. of England in 1716 aa a general,
and wa* aent as minister to Vienna. Died in 1737.

Paaaa, pin, (Ahtoih^) a French painter, bom b
Pari* in i63r He worked at Berlin, to which he waa
invited by the king. He painted many portrait* and
historical pieces, and receintd the title of first palntM
to the king. Died in Berlin in 1757.

Paana, (Jkan,) a painter and engraver, the bther of
the preceding, was bom at Rouen about 1634. He ^
gimved many admirable prints afker NImIss Poosda,
whose sMe and spirit he reproduced with great sucoe**.
Died in Pari* in 170a

Peaaelier, pb'l^', (Chaki.es Etirhns,) a French
lia^raiair, was bom in Paris In 171a. He wrote ooin-
edies, fables, and other works. Died in 1763.

Pawintj, pfs-soo'tee, (Giovacchino,) an Italian
mathenialician, born at Rome in 1743. He obtained
in tyS? the chair of mathemadcs at the Roman Col-
lege of Sapienia. He wrote treatises on hydraulics and
on the occultatioD of fixed stars by the noon, (i8o>.>
Died in 1S14.

Paataloiil, pfa-tl-lot'see, (Johahn Hbinrich,)

o Yverdim.

_ liberal education, and became a cultivator of tlie aoil,
bat in this occupation be was not successfuL He wrota
a popular novel, " Leinhardt und Gertrud," (4 vols.,
1781,) designed 10 promote the better edncation of Iba
wmr, and " Inquiries bto the Pn»cess of Nature for tba
Development of the Human Race," (I797-) In 1T98 he
Tened a school for orphans st Stani, where he adopted
system of mutual Instmction. Having been driven
from Stanz by the Austrians in 1799, he removed tt>
Burgdoif; where Us school prospered and acquired a
— ''- reputation. In 1804 be removed t* — ' —

large Institulioa. Died b 1S17.

Sat In ABtsUocrsphv, nlilM *■ Tha Psftnaa af DI V Lifa." I tie :
Orni, " J. H. PtMln'i Labam" iSit: I^bby Vcm RAgwuk
itsy. BAHBUK,''PtaulatiL taiM Mt, Mtat Wii%iin(n," 1S4J:

^Bm, ttla Ltbaa md atn Wnkta," il^: E. Biaaa, ~Bamt >■>
•! .... . u B '— '" iSij: "Kemalla BiecnpUa (Uti-

ibit T. H
-Unba

< >s»»r. '»*•

Paatal, pCs'tel, (Friidkicm Wilhklu,) a Germna
Juiisliborn at Rinteln in 1734; died st Levden in iSoj.

Paatal, pCs'tfl, (Paul,) a Russian revt^utionist, bora
In 1794, was a leader of a secret society or conspiracy
which desired to •ubstttute liberal institntlona fo
absolutism in Russia. He was hung in t836.

Patagna, pi-tin']^ (Vincbnzo,) sn Italian botanist,
bom at Naples in 1734. He was professor of botan>
fn the University of Naples, and published **Botanic
Institutes," (" Institulionei Botanies," j vols., 1785.)
Died in l8ia

Patan, pfh-IS', or PatBTn, pfh-tfvfi', [LaL Ftta'-
niTS,] (Dknis,) a French scholar and Jesuit of great
learning, bom at Orleans In 1583. He was professor of
ibeolagy at Paris from i6ai to 1644. He published a
~eat work on chronol<^, " De Doctrini Temporam,"

vols., iGiT,) which is highly esteemed. Among hia
other works 18 "Theologies D(wmala," (e vol*,, i64^-50l>
He wrote against Salmasius. Died in Pari* la 1659.

Crfiial DitAamwtt" RmnD ^
iiii," lA}] ; Lmia Aujimra.

Vaum*. "Ontia in Obiton D. .
"HclitKiTT* dt LMdibui D. Pi

Patau, (Paul,) an aniiqnarv, born at OrMans In I5(&
He wrote on medala, e1& Dwd in 1614.

^ ft 1, 6, ^ y, /<»«■; i, i, 6, same, less prolonged; i, e, t, 8. Q, J. *§«*,- a, s, i, ft ,^««; Or, (111, lltj mlt( n«lj g»d; B»«i

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

PETAVIVS

Petavlna. See Pttau, (Denis.)

Fatavn. See Pbtau.

P«tfT, [Gr. lUrpoc; Lat Ps^us ; Fr, Pierre, pe-^x';

1 at Bethvddi,
brother of Andrew, mi uhkihw hjuuc ••« iivun ,
t>at when he became ■ disciple of Christ he Tecelred
the luune of Petbk, which In Greek ai^^ifiei a " lock."
He wu loroetiines called Ckphas. Hii occnpatian wai
that of a fisherman. He was a man of ardent tempers-
■Mnt, affectionate and generous. He was IsTiiared with
■pedal manilestations of his Master's confidence, and
performed a more prominent part in the aacred historr
than any other of the twelve disciples. Peter and An-
drew were the first of the aposttea in the order of time.
On several occasions Peter acted as spnlcesman for hd
Allow -apo«tle* 1 *nd it is supposed b; manj that he
Muested some pre-eminent authoritj. When the Lord
JasBi wu aTTested, Peter drew a aword and cat off the
«ar of Ae hWi-priett^ ier*an( ; but, in theievere cri^
that MIowtd, hit EtJth and conrage Mled, ao that be
denied hi* Haaier. HaTing recovered fron thia lapse

daj of Pentecost Ho raiaed Tabitha, or Dorcaa, from
tbe dead, and performed other miradea. He leceived a
dMne miation to preach the goapel toCornelint, a gen-
tile Aboat 44 A-tx he wm cast into prison br Herod
tbe king, bat he was delivered b; an angeL The last
paitage of aacred history which mentions S^nt Peter
la the account of ■ conndl held at lerusalem abont ^
A.b {Acts IV.) Tradition adds that he preached m
Galatia, Cappadoda, Bithjnia, and Pontna, and that he
•nCEred mar^dom in Rome about 65 A.IX He wrote
two epitilea, which are bduded in tbe canon of Scrip-
tare^ and are highl* ptited.

8e* lluihaw 1. 1. nL tb-\^^ irtt., mrl jj-jj 1 link 1. 16, u
a.*. 9. I. iS. iSt. H, 1], u »-ii : Lok« r., tL j> irBt A
nB. ji-i*. M-«>. "IT. 11: ")olinl*>-+* ".«, ibL6-«M.>7.
«wl ig,i)-il,i)-i7.ii.i-<m. til ; Acta L.C, bi, !».,»., *a
M, ». D. ji-u I. •-^ iL >M.fa d. *-«. ^ n. 1. AkB.
L. CvcucH^>'Vila

peror of Brad! and King of Portugal, a son of John Vt
«t Portnnl, was bom at Qael'i' >■> >79& On the con-

,je«t ofFortngal by the French, in itey, he w

IT hi* lather to BraiiL He married Haria Leop(ddl

■ - - ■ ■ - , ^^^

vi Anstria about 1S16, and became Regent of^ Braail
fa 1811. A revolution having rendered Brazil bdepen-
dent of Portugal, Dom Pedro was prodaimed emperor
OQ the lath ^ October, iSai. He was recogniied at
■Bch by the Portuguese sovermnent in 1S15. At the
death of his father (iSafi) he inherited the throne of
Portugal, which he soon abdicated in favour of Ur
daughter, Dimna Maria da Gloria. The disaffection of
bis snt^ecta became so violent that he abdicated tb«
crown of Brazil in lavoui of his son in 1831, and n-
tntned to Portugal, from which he expelled bit brother,
Dom Miguel, who had nturped the royal powet. Died
IB1834.

Petar (or Padro) U da Aloantara, Emperor of
Brazil, born at Rio Janeiro in December, iSaj, was a son
of the preceding who abdicated in his favour in 1831.
He began to act as emperor on the 13d of July, I&|0|
when be was dedared of age. In 1843 he married
Tbereta Chrittina Maria, a daughter of the King of the
Two Sicilies. A lover of literature, he was noted for
hit quiet scholarly tastes rather than br any manifesta-
tiona of aggressive statesmanship, and was remarliably
popular boUi at home and abroad. His reign was ter-
aiinated by a bloodless revolution, November 15, 1SS9,
when he wat exiled to Europe. Died December 4, 1S91.
P«t«, of Constantinople. SeeCouitTBi<Ay(P[ERKK.)
Pater |Rnst. Ptnt, pe-Ati'l I, or Patar tlia Oreat
[Pt. PiBKBi LE Grand, pe-aik' leh erSh; Ger. Peter
OUGROSSE,pi'terdbgEes'seh; It PietroilGkandi,

E-i'tEO il gRln'di; lilt Pe'tkds Mai/kus,] Ciar of
issia, born at Moscow, June 10, 167Z, was the third son
of Alexis Hikhailovitch. His mother was Natalia, the
second wife of Alexis. Feodor, the eldest ton of Alexis,

fomented a bloody mutiny among the strelities, and
procured the proclamation of Ivan and Peter as joml
sovereigns. Soohia acted as regent until 16S9, when
she was confined in a convent and Peter began to reign
as sole autocrat He married Eudoxia Feodorovna In
1689. Some years before thia date he had receiTtd
sdentific instmction from Le Fort, a native of Geneva
who became one of his advisers or ministers after hit

Peter had received from nature violent passions and
an indomitable energy. In the early part of his reign
he determined to reform the Institutions, governmental
system, and customs of Russia, which was fu behind
other countries of Europe in civilization. His first cata
was to organize an arm; with the European disdpline (
and he set the example by entering the army himself as
a private soldier. He also gave much attention to the

vices of many foreign engineers, shipwrights, artisans,
etc In 1696 he captnred Azof from the Turks by the
aid of his new navy.

Prompted by an irrepresaibic activity and detira of

accredited a* ambassadors to Holland.
He took a lodging in a small house at Saardam, where
be worked for wages as a ahip<arpenter, under the name
of Pieler Timmerman.

In Januaiy, 1698, he went to England, where he passed
abovt three months. Here, says Hacaalay, " his stately
Ibnn, his intellectual forehead, his plerdng black eyes,
his Tartar note and mouth, hia gradona soiUe, hit frown,
bla^ with all the stormy rage and bate of a barbarian
tyrant ■ . . were during some weeks popular topics of
conversation." He retimied to his e*|dtal, Moscow,
after an absence of seventeen months, and punished
with great severity the strelities, who had rebelled whila
he was absent He established naval and other schools,
cansed useful works to be translated into Russian, r«-
qnired hit subjects to trade with foreigners, and made
various other innovations, against which a great number
of hia subjects were deeply prejudiced. He slso dis-
banded the strelitzes, who flail served as a body-guard
of tbe Czars. In 1700 he formed an alliance with the
Kings of Poland and Denmaik gainst Chailes XII.
of Sweden, who defeated the Russians at Narva In the
same year. Peter founded Saint Petersburg in 170],
and prosecuted vigorontly the war against Charlei, who
was defeated at the decisive battle of Pultowa, in 1709.
(See Charles XIL) In lyil he married Catherine,
a girl of obscure oricin, who had been taken prisoner at
tUrieoburg. (See Catherine L)

The war between Rnttla and Tnrkay having been re-
newed, Peter conducted u army in peiaon across the
Prnlh into the dominions of tbe Sultan. Hemmed in
by the Turkish army, and unable to obtain a regnlat
supply of provisions, he was reduced to a dangeroua
situation, from which, it is said, the empress CaUnrine
rescued him by overtures of peace and rich presents to
the p*"^ virier. Peter obtained peace by reiMring Azof
andTaganrog in July, 1711, after which he pmecuted
with success the war against the Swedes b romerania
and conquered FiniancL He transferred the senate to
Saint Petersburg in 1713, toon after which the imperial
palaces of that dty were finished. In 1716 he Visited
Gerniany, Holland, Denmark, and France. During hit
visit to Copenhagen lie was appointed comaundet-io-
chief of the combined fleets of Ru^ Holland, E^gtand,
and Denmark.

Alexis, the eldest son of Peter, had constantly oppoaed
hit projects of reform, and had selected his bvooritea
and advisers among the enemies of his father's policy.
Having remonstrated without eflect against this ctmduct,
Peter compelled him, in February, 1718, to renounce tbs
succession. Alexis was then tned for conspiracy by a
coundl of judges and bishops, who condemned him to
death. The dtcumslancea attending tbe death of Alexis,

as 4,' f as 1; t ^ani; g as>; a, H, K,ftitiim!; N, muai; R, Irtiieii; i as »; th as in lAit. (1^— See Eiptanalions, p. »3.

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

potBoned b; order aC his fothcr. (See Alexis.)

In 1719 Feler was afflicted by the death ofhii second
son. Peter, the heir-apparent and the issue of Catheiine.
He made, in September, 1731, at N^Ud, (or Ncostadt,)
a treaty of peace with the King of Sweden, who ceded
to him IJTODia, Esthooia, Ing^ia, Carlia, and Viborg.
Finland was restored to Sweden by this treaty. Having
thus fortunately ended a war of twenty years, he asiumetH
atthereqaest of the senate, the titles of " Peter the Great,
Emperor of all the Rusaias, and Father of hja Country."
He afterwards directed his attention to internal improve-
ments, and founded the Academv of Sciences about 1714.
The public ofBces and tribunals had been removed in
1731 to Saint Petersburg, the population of which he
bad rapidly increased by utnitaij mexurea. Among
bis lavounte ministers and courtiers were Hentchikof
and Galitxin. He died at Saint Petersburg on the aSHx
of January or the Sth of February, 1735, leaving two
dadghters, Etixabeth, who became empteat, and Anna.
Catberine reigned until her death, in 1717, and was no-
ceeded by Peter II., a son of Alexis.

SctJOHHMoTTLn, "I ■]

MautiLuih. " HJnoin it 1 ^

UHT of PiUT ill* Onat," 1
Pion ItOtud."! — ■-

iSTiTL- , ,

" Lebes Pu*r* im GcoM
dv Orosu," iljt i pM.Ba

Blanche was pat to death by order of Peter. Aboat
1366 he was driven out of Cailile by Dn Guesclin and
others, who supported Pedro's brother, Henrv de Trans-
tamare, as king. Peter was restored by the English
Biftck Prince in 1367, and was asMSsinated by Henry da
Transtamare in 1360,

Petar (Podia) I, King of Portugal, bom in 13JO)
was a son of Alfonio IV., whom he succeeded in 13S7.
Died in 1367.

Fator (Fadio) JX, King of Portugal, a younger sod
of John IV., was born in 164S. Having deposed hia

brother, Alfonio VL, in 1667, he became regenL
reigned as king from 1683 until hia death, in tjob.

Fator or Fadro Tv. of PortngaL See PEim L,
Eaaparor of Brazil.

Pater or FadTQ T, King of Portugal, bom at Usbon
ia September, 1837, was a too of Queen Donna Maria da
ffloria, and a nepbew of tbe preceding. He ancceeded

£Mi

J LmaoT MoTLn 1] Sa

Patar ^ (AlaxtoTttob,) a grandson of Peter the
Great, was bom in 1714 or 1715. He began to reign in
May, 1737. Hisaccesaion was promoted by Hentchiko(

bvourite of Peter, who banished Mentchikof to Siberia,
hter died In January, 1730, and was succeeded by Anna
Innowna.

Potar in, (FeodoroTltoli,) Emperor of RiihU,
bom in lyiSt was a grandson of Peter the Great, and a
aon of Anna, who waa married to the Duke of Holstun'
Goltorp. He was recoKnlied as heir to the throne by

:, and was succeeded by hia

Grtber, and assumed the AinctioDs of royaltym
ber or November, 1855. He was a popular pHr
died in November, 1S61, and was succeeded
brother, Louis L

Patw (or Pianv, pe-aia') I, surnamed HAUCLmc;
Doke of Brittany, and Count de Dreiu, was a grandson
of Lonis VL of France. He married, about laia. Alls
de Thouars, the bdresa of Brittany. He served under
Lonk IX. Id the crusade of iiM, and died in UJOl

Pater (nerre) U, Duke of Brittanf, succaeded Ui
brother, Fraud* I., in 1450. Died in 1457.

Peter I., (KARAaaoRGavi'H^u,) king of Sema, bora
at Belgrade in 1S46, the son of Prince Alexander,
(reigned 1843-59.) He succeeded to the throne, as
Tepresentative of the opposite Servian faction, after the
assassination of King Alexander I., June II, 1903.

Peter, [Gr. TUrpoi,] Bishop of Alexandria, sacceeded
Theonas in 300 A.IX He was beheaded in the reipi of
~ ' ' a* II., in 311. He i* eologiied by Eusebini.
or Patnu OF Albxahdkia, the companion
and nctessor of Atbanasint. Having been designated
b? tbe latter, he waa elected bishop by the orthodox
party in 373 A.a, but w» — '"^''- ■<—— ^ t. th.

dbyGoogle

PETES

Patn Lom'bfrd, ■ diMtegowhed Italian theotogiut,
bom Id the district of Novara. He was elected Bishop
of Paris in 1 150. He prodaced a celebrated compilation
of sentences from the Fathers, (" Sententianiin IJbri
IV4") whidk was niDCh osed at a text-book, and often
reprinted and conuncDted on. Died about 1160. He
k often called " the Master of the Sentences."

PetaT Mai^. See ANOHOftA, db.

Patar Sfai'tTX, [Ital. Pimo Haktisb, pe-X'tu
msK'te-rt,] or Fnmto T«nai|31, {T(*-mti'7ee,) an eid-
nent Protestant theolwian, WS3 born at Florence in 1501^
and educated in the Catholic faith. Having been con-
Tcrted to the ReTormed relirion, be repair^ in lUa to
Zurich, where he acquired the IHeDdahip of Bniringer.
He aitcrwards became professor of theolon at Stias-
bniX. having the celebrated Bucer for hia colleague. At
the invitation of Edward VL, be nsited England, and
WM appointed la i $40 professor of divinitv at Oxford.
Soon «er the accnaton of Mar;, Im left Hngland, and
wu Invited to fill the chair of theology at Zonch. As a
Protestant writer he I* esteemed second only to Calvin,
wbom he is said to have snrpafsed in learning, and bit
viitoeB and eloquence were eniogized by Catholics "
wdl as Protestants. He was the aathor M several coi
mentaries on the Scriptures, and other theological woAi.
I>ied at Zurich in 15&1.

I'tor Mou'pu, JC ,

..., ysite Patriarch of Alexandria in 477 a-D. Having
been deposed by the emperor Zeno, he was restored in
4S1. By a compromise or temporizing policy he retained
his lAce ontQ be died, in 49a

Petar ITolaaqna (nollak') or Nolaaoo, (no-llalto,)
the founder of the Order of Mercy, (for the redemption
of captives taken by the Moors,) was bom in Languedoc
about 1 1S9 ; died in ii;&

Peter the Venenibla, a French monk, bom about
lOC^ became Abbot ofCiugny. Died in 11^6.

Fetor, pl'tfr, [Wenceslaus,) a Bohemian painter,
bom at Carlabad in 1742. He worked at Rome, and
was a ikiirut painter of animals. Died at Rome in 1S39.

Feterboroagh. See Mordaunt.

Peteimaiui, (ril'l^r-mln', (August Heinkich,) a
German gei^apher, bom nearNotdhausenin iSzz. He
aided Johnston, of Edinburgh, in the " Physical Atita,"
and T. " ■■ •"-■-' •--'

M the Expedltiods (e
Central Afirica." Died September 35, 1878.

Fatemuuui, pi't;r-mln', (Julius Heinrich,) D.D..
a German scholar, born at Glauchau, In Saxony, August
la, 1801. He was educated at Leipsic. Berlin, and
Venice, receiving the doctorate in litg. In 1S37 he was
appointed professor of Oriental literature in Berlin Uni-
versity. Among hia works are grammars of most of the
Semitic languages, and of other tongaes, besides 'Travels
in the East," (i860,) and other works of value. Died
June 30^ 1876.

Pstomeeb. See Nntra, (Pnu.)

Peteiai pi'ttrs, (BottAVSNTUKX,) a Flemish ptdnter,
bom at Antwerp in 1614, was the best marine painter
of his time. His favourite subject* were storms and
shipwrecks. He also painted views of the sea in a
calm. Died at Antwerp in 1653.

Peters, (Carl,) a German colonist and eiplorei,
bom in Hanover. He led an expedition (o Central AMcn
in 1884, fotinded Geiman East Africa in 1885, and was
its Imperial High Commissioner 1891-93. He founded
the exploring company known as Sonth East AAica,
Limited, in 1S96, and has since explored the country
between Zambesi andSabi, discovering ancient ruins and
traces of gold and copper mines of unknown dale. He has
published various works on these and other snbjects.

Patera, j^^n, (CHBmrAN Avavn FRiiDRicit,) a
German astronomer, bom at Hamburg, September 7,
180& He became in 1839 a director of^the observatory
at Fvlkova, in 1849 proMsor of astronomy at lUain
berg, and in 1854 director at Altona, in which year he
began to edit that important work, " Die aatronomiachen
Hachrichtcn." Died in iSSa

PETERSEN
Paten, (Chririan Hbnrt FutDRKiCK,) a Germu-

American astronomer, born at ColdenbUttel, in Sleswick.
September 19, iSil He was educated in Berii[^ and
travelled extensrvely in the Mediterranean region, after

large nuaiber of a

rj mnnrtajit MtTC

. (GtRARix} See Pibtzrs.
Fatars or Pater, (Hugh,) an English dissenting
minister, bom in Cornwall in 1599. He preached in
Salem, Massachusetts, several years, between 1635 and
1641. On hi* retnm to England he became a par-
tisan of the Parliament, acquired much influence, and

Patan, (Jan,) an excellent Flemish marine painter,
a brother of Bonaventure, noticed above, was biun al
Antwerp in 1635. His figure* are well denned and
his landscapes finely touched. Among his master-pieces
b the " Port <rf Ormn." Died in 1677.

Pe'tfrm, (John Charlu,) M.D., an American honn-
opathic plmidan, born in New York in 1819, pab>
tished a *■ TYeatiae on Diseases of the Head," a " Treatise
on Diseases of the Eyes," and other mediral works, and
waa for a time editor of the *' North American Journal
of Homceopatl^." Died October ai, 1893.

Petals, (John Punmbtt,) an American divine,
vras bom at New York in 1852. He studjed theology
al Yale, became professor at the Protestant Epiicopal
Divinity School, Philadelphia, professor of Hebrew at
the University of Pennsylvania in 18S5, and was chief
of an exploring expedition to Babylonia from that
institution, conducting the notable explorations at
Nippur 1S8S-91. He became rector of St. Michael's
Chnrch, New York, in 1893, He published " Nippur,
r EiploratiCDS and Adventures on the Eopbrates."

Paten. (Fhiujs Whratlet.) See WHSAirxr,

Peterp, (Richard,) an American jurist, bom in Phila-
delphia in 1144. He was appointed in t^6 aecretary
of the board of war, and was afterwards judge of the
'United States district court for Pennsylvama. Died
I 1818. He was remark^e for his diy humoar, ready

Peten, (Sahubl,) an Episcopal divine, bom at
Hebron, Connecticut, in 1735. During the Reyolatioa
he aided with the Tories, and took retuge in Engl^ind,
where he published a "General History M Connecticut,"
by some condemned as libellous, by others considered
satirical He is himself satirized in Trumbull's "McFin-
gal" under the name of "Parson Peter." Died in 1816.

Fetan, (Samuu. Jarvis,) an American merchant,

bom in Canada in 1801, settled in New Orleans, and

ue president of the State Bank of Louisiana. Died

Ms-

■aten, (Wilhrlu Kau. Hartwio,} a German sool
agist, a brother of ProC C H. F. Petera, was boni at Col-
deabiittel, April aa, 1S15, and waa edncated in medicik*
and science at Copenhaeen and Berlin. He travelled ex*
tennvely bt the Sooth ol Earope, and waa later ( i84>4S)
employed in exploration* In the East of A&ica, nnder
the Piiisaian governnMnt'* lupervisioo. For a long time
he waa arwtiHnical prosector at Berlin, vriiere in 1857 be
became professor of xoologv. Hia principal worii i*
** NatarwissenschafUit^ lUue nach Hossambique,"
(4 vols., 1S53-68.) Died at Berlin, April 13, 1884.

Patman, pl'tfr-sfn, (Prkdkrik CttRiniAM,) a
Danish (cholar, and proleseor of philology at Copen<
hagen, was bem In Seelaikd in 1786. Among his prin-
cipal works are a " Manual of Greek literary History,"
and an "Introduction to tbe Study of Archseology,"
(iSaj.) Died October 10, 1859.

Pataraan, (Niils Matthias,) an eminent Daniah
historian and antiquary, bom at Sanderum, in the isle
of Funen, in 1791. He was a fellow-student of Rask,

f .- 2 idn/; t ■■/.- B. H. K, fMMBw/; N, Noai/; R, /rtttftf; ) ai

;3^^S«« Explanations, p. aj.;
Digitized by CjOOQ I C

P ETHER

^93*

PETIT

who became hia (Hend. He published in tSsq * " Hii-
tor; of the Danish, Norwraian, and SweiUah I>ti-
nucs," (s Tols.,) which is highly eiteemed. In tft4J
he became proresaor of Northern titenture in the Uni-
Tenh; of Copenhagen. Antony his important works
are ■ " Hittoiy of Denmark in Heathen Times," (j
vols., 1834-38,) and * Contribationi to Che History ca
DatdthLtieratare,''(istvoL,i853.) He died in Copen-
hagen in Hay, 1863.

So Emlcw. "Por&lur-I.DleeB.*'

Pathar, (Aikaham,) an English landscape-painter,
bom at Oiichester in 1756^ was a son of William Pether,
noticed below. He painted moonlight scenes with suc-
cess. Died in iSix.

His son Skbastian, born about 1790, was also a
landscape-painter. Died in 1S44.

PtftiiM', (WiLUAM,) on English cngraTer In meiiotlnt,
and pdnter, born about 17m flooriahed aboot 177a
He engraved lome works of Rembrandt, and tome of
his own deiigna.

P4tMon. See Prnon, (JiaAMK.)

PMot, pl'te-i'. [Claudi,) a French administrator,
bom at ChitilIoti.sur-Seine in 1749. Ha was ministeT
of war from February, 1796, to Joly, 1707, and governor
of Lombardy, {iSoo-oi.) Died in 1806.

PbUmr, de, dfh piL'ttn'ye', (FtANQOii Jklks,) a
~ ■ -■ ■ ' " '- ' — "— He received

jner^general of Soath CaiaUna from l8n
to 183a H« diinred from tha lane majoriqr of tbt
people of hit State on tbe eablect oT nalliocaliaa abowl

1831. Ha also oppoaed the wcearion mov * ''

l8i»4i. DIMII111863.

Pritlon, pi'te-AN', (ALUtANDKi,) the bat
of the republic of Haytl, was bom at Fort-aa- Prince in
177a His Gather wa* a wealthy coloniit, bit mother a
malatttk He was tent to France to be edocated, and
■erved at an early age in the French army. Afterwanb,
when the Revolution broke ont, he took_an active rart

Ispatl-
gained for him the fitvoxr of

id pteasiog

in protecting many .,

Bnaer Touasaint, began to proBcribe the whitet and
molattoa, Potion resisted them by amis, but be

standard ; but, diBeusted at length by the cmettiea of the
French, and especially by their treachery towarda Toot-
•idnl and their attempt to re-establish slavery, he again
joined Dessalinet, and (m tbe death of the latter was
elected President of the Mmtbera and weatem portion
of tbe Island. wtiDe Chriatophe, who bad been general-
faMUef under Detealinet, becarne mier of the northern
P«t Ktion was a man of sincere and deep relipoas
■—— ' ' - 1 raler he wat ditdi^nithed for Ae

npaUkaa atauiUcltr «f hit maiiMra and modeef W^
as will as for hft hamanHy and impartial hwtice. Bat

t» telecontrol,—

creaacd, on hb par^ by ai

• whi<A V

e still fiurthef in-

n extreme and almoat morbid

, d too modi loT hit health. Ha

died, umvertallj lamented, 00 the 99th of Ifarch, 1818.
At a military officer, he waa remarkable for aUII and
serene courage. For some very inteTeeting partkalara
respecting ^sidenl Potion, the reader it reftrred to
Dumbert 48 and 49 of volume nniz. of "The Friend,"
(■866,) puUished in Philadelphia. The article IniiDes-
tlon it from the pen of Steptten Grellet,

S« SAntT-Xata, ~ FMan •■ Htm," PuK 5 *al>^ iSm-^

Patlon (or F^thlon) da ViUanativat pfc'te-Air^

deh vil'nDv', (JiaAUK,) a French revolutioaist, born at
Chartres in 1753. He was a radical member of the
National Assembly In 179a Hia abilities were mediocre.
He wat one of the three depuliet tent to condact the
kins from Varennee to Paris in 1T91, and waa cenanred
for hia haishnest or rndeneta to the royal capdvea. Id
November, 1791, he was elected mayor o( Paris, in
{a«ference to La Fayette, who was topported by the
moderate reformers. He appears to have been rcmita
in hia duties during the massacres of August and Sep-
tember, 1793. Having been elected to the Convention,
he acted with Clie Girondists, and was proscribed abont
the 1st of June, 1793. He escaped to the department
of tlie Girondc, where he was found dead In a field In
June, 1794. The manner of his death wat not aacer-
talned.

S« RuHAirLi-WMw, "Vi* de J. Psdoo, Uain d* Pari*.
in6: LAHAITin, " Htotny of tbt GirondiKi.*'

Petda da laCrol^ p; h- te' dfh It kswl, (Alxxandh
Louis Hakii,) a French Orientalist, bom in Paris in
16^ was a son of Franctua, (1653-1713.) He wat pro-
fessor of Arabic in the Royal Collie. Died in 1751.

P«tU de 1> Croi^ (FaAMgoii,Xa French Oriental-
ist, bom in i6u. He was interpreter to the king, and
published a " History of Gcngtua-Can," (Jengis KhanJ

igotiatioQt benreen the French court
and tbe Saltan and tbe Dev of Algiers. In ifi9< he
became tnterpreter to the king. He translated from
Dm Perdan "The Thousand and One Dajt." (S '«'••.
tTtO-ia,> and a "History of Taiteoor," (Tamerlane,)
U vols., i7aa.> Died hi 1713.

Sm QefaAen, " La Pioe* Utttnn."

PeU^ Mh-te' or p'ta, (Aixxis TKlatss.) a FrenA
natuia] tAulosopher, bora at Vesoul in 1791, waa a
1 — .1 lawof AragOL He became a teaclier of phys*

ica in the PolyteehnTc School
fataor in the '- ■"" "

. . i8to, and titolar pn>>

in 1815. He wrote an able " Memoir
_ _ __ of the Principle of living Foroes in tha
Cakulation of Hadilnes," (l8t8.) Died in iSaa

Sh J. B. B»v, " KmIm ■« Pttit." iS>i.

P«tlt, (AirroiHi,) an enUnent French phyridau, ban
at OrWans fn 171& He became profeasor of anatomy
al die Jardin dn R<^ Parii, in 1768, and. attracted a
laige conoonrte of anditoia. Ho poblUhed ** Pali's
S^lical Anatomy, with Notea," (" Anatomic chirnrgi-
cale de Pal^ avec des Nolea," 1753.) Died in 1794.

Pottt, (Jbah Loini,) a celebc^ed targeon, bom in
Parit in 11674. He served as armv snrgeoa from 169a
to 1700, and then returned to Pant. Hit aoocett wat
great aa a lecturer and a praclitioDer. He wat for tome
yeara the most celebrated targeon In Europe. "Tlia
services whidi he rendered to tnrgery," sayi a French
writer, " are Immense." He waa one of the fcunden of
the Academy of Surgen, (1731.) His chief work ia an
excellent " Treatise on Surgery," (" Tralttf det Maladies
cbirorgjcale^" ate, 3 vtria., 1774.) Died in 175a

SM^A-Loet^-CktaltJ. L.rMfc- vn^: "■unffcii M*-

Patlt (JUN Lovu) a French hiatoilcal and marine
painter, bom in Paris in 1793. He gained a first medal
Id 1841. Died Auust 13, 1876L

Fatit, (Jram hhrrtH,) a Fretieh general, bora la
Parit in 1771, He served as Uentenant-general at
Waterioa bled in 185&

Paflt (Lnni Havci,) F.R.Sn an EngUah gentie-
man and patroo of iiterUore, waa bora in 1774 ; died
toiS49.

Patlt, {Mabc Amtckn^) a French phyaidan and
ikilfol tnmoo, bora at Lyont in i76iL He wrote
"Etsai sorla MMedne da C«eur," (1806,) and aevarat
poemt. DiediniSii.

S« Badhh^ "fkv* * H. A. PmI^" iSta.

Petit, (Piutai,) a French matlMmatician, born at
HontlBfon (Allier) about 1(96. He obtained the eOae*
of engineer, coatuellor to the king, and liHendaat-fene
ral ol fortificationa. He formed a ftkndthip with Faa-

■,<,F,4D,T./MW<'^t<A>uo>^le>*P'<>>°"8edi i,e,I,fi,ii,r.'A<*':f.t,f.h«'>n<r>';tIr,nu,at;mat;nllt;gAd;ni

d by Google

PETIT

tai, wbom he idded in exp«iimentt on tlM *»

buoineler, (iti4^7.) Amwig Ua work* are __

■On the Um of the Compau of Proportion," (1634,)
and " Ohaerrmtion* on the VacuDm," (ifi47-) He wu >
Carttaian. Died in 1677.

Sm HicAhm, " U^uina ;" tloatfu, ■■ DlclicBunKIuoriqiH.'

Patlt; (PiuiKS,) a learned French writer, bom in
Paria in 1617. Amone his poema (in Latin) are "On
Teari," ("De Lacrymi* Libri ttet," 1661,) "Cbineae
Tea," ("Thea Sinemia," 1685,) "On the Amuona,"
f-De Amaionibua," 1685,) and "On the SibyI,"{''De
Sibylla," 1686.) He was one of the Latin poeta who
formed (he " PleYade" of Paria. Died in 1GS7.

Petit, (Samuel,) a learned French Orientaliat, bom
at NImes in 1594, waa a Protestant miniatcr. It i
that he conld apeak Hebrew with eaae. He wro

Swlah and Greek antiqaitiea, chronology, etc
endchip waa aoo^ht 1^ Peircac; Selden, Gaaicndi,
Voauna, and Gronovina. Died in iG43.

Patlt do, dttp'te', (FaAitgou PouiFoni,) a teamed
fKndi phjiidaa, bcm In Puia in 1664. He waa auc-
CMaM m the treatment of cataract, and wrote aereral
trcatiiea on tbe etea. Died in 1741.

Patlt-DUItor, pdi-ie' de'd^', (MATKiitr,) a leaned
Wend monk, waa bora in Lonaine in 1659. He wrote
"Renurka on the Fint Volume* of Dnpin'a Biblio-
thiaue EcdMaatiqae," (3 Tola., 1691-96,} and other
worka. Died in l^

F«tit-Pled. pfh-te' p^'. (Nicou^) a French Jan-
ienial, born in 1665. He waa a doctor of the Sorbonne,
and wrote many worka in lavoor of Janaenian. Died

Fattt-IUdel, pf h-te' rrdtl'. (Louii Chaklm Fram-
fOl^) a French andquar;, bom in Paria in 17(6. He
waa a member of the Inililule, and keeper of the Uaaarin
Ubraiy. He pnblished " Explanationa of the Antique
UofHimenta of the Mnaeuoi," (4 vob., 1804'^) and
"Reaearchea on Cyclopean Honomenta," (1841.) Died
i«i836,

S« QndaAU, " La rmm Lltl6air*.'*

Fetlt-B«d«I, (Loou FKANgou,) a French architect,
bom in Paria in i74Ck waa a brothiM' of the preceding.
Died in i8t8.

PtltJUdel. (PBIUPF^) a anrgeon and medical
■rrilCT, bom in Paria in 174a, waa a brother of the nre<
ceding. Ha obtained buToSthechairafaargicaldinic.
He ptdiUtbed "Medical ^Mtitotea," ("IiMitntiona de
lUdwJiie,''3T«la.,i8oi,)aitdcampiled ' ~

S«e Du PnTT-THOiiAi&

I, p^te'tlif', (Louia Guuaim,) a French

r, born in hrialn Vfi^ He wrote aome worka

officdon. DIedlniSaa

PvUtOt, pfh-le't*/, (CLAimi BnufAmD,) a French
Smmmr, bon at Kton tn 1772. He tranalated the
dramatic worka of AlSeti, (4 vola., 1803,) and edited
the work* of Radne, (5 Tola., 1805,) and the work* <A
lfolitK,(6Tola.,i8i3.) EHedmtSis.

P«IUo^ (/kam,) an eminent painter on enamel, bom,
•f Franch parenta, at Genera in 1607. He Tiaited Eng>
hndl wkera he obtained from the dtenlat Hi^em aome
iaapoilant aecraia reapecting ctJom-% and waa patronind
fejr Charlea L He paintad porttaita of the rajal baaily,
Md copied aome worka of Van DjrdL About i6w he
lataned to France. Ha recehred a penaion from Look
XIV., wkwe portrait he painted many time*. By order
of tte khw, Boaanet attempted to conrert Petitot to
the Romiah Cbnrch, but bijed. Hia maater-piece ia a
vhole-leiV;th portrait in enamel, of the Connteaa of
Soothampton, the dimenaiona of whidi are abont nine
bchea by Stc. Hb worka are remarkable for delicacy
of deain and harmoniooa richness of coloor. Died at
Vevay in 169 1.

P«tltOt (Lovu HaasiDctt Lkbok,) a French acnlptor,
bom in Paris in 1794. He gained the grand priie in
t8t4, and went to Rome with a penaton. Among Ua

33 PETRARCS

works are many marUe boats of Frenchmen. Hiacai^tal
work ia a colossal monument to Loids Bonaparte at
Saint-Leu. He was a member of the Inatitnte. IKed
in Tune, 1863.

Petitot, (Ftxnu,) a acnlptor, bom at Langres In
1751, waa the &ther of the preceding. Died Si Pari*
in 184OL

PstTvvr, jAUKi,) F.R.S., an Engllah botanla^ was
an apothecuy of London. He famished materials irst
Ray's "History of Plants," publtebed " Pterigraphia
Americana," (1711,} and other works, and IbnnM a
rich collection of planta, idnerala, and animala. Died
in 1718.

pA'to, (Sir SAWtPSL MOKTOM,) an Encliah envineer
and contractor, bom in Snrrey in 1809. 1

. Lilwan on tbe con-

tinent of Europe. He waa returned to Parliament for
nnaboty b 1859. Sir S. Morton Petovialted tbe United
Statea in 1865, and pobliahed "The Reaonrcaa and Proa-
pecm of America," (1866.) IMed November 13, 1889.

PvtWI or Petotf, pii-ti/feo, (SAinma, or Aluan-
DUj a Hoi^arian poet and WOratatr, bom b Little
Cumania b iSoa. He paUiabed b 1847 a number of
patiiodc aonn, aAIch enjoyed great popniarity and had
a powerful huueaceb eadttng tbe terolutionary fecIinK
M his oountiymen. He alao wrote aereral dramaa and
proae works. Hi* lyik* and odea display uncommon
genina, and haTe procured for him the name of "the
Hrnigarbn Bum*." He is anppoaed to have been
the battle of Schaasbnrg, (1849.)

■njMom, pk'talxk'; Lat Pstkak'cha.] (Feahoko,) a

Jebmted Italian poet, waa bom at Areaao, in Tuscany,

1 tbe aoth of July, 1 W4. Hi* Gither, a Mend of Dante,

aa banithed from Florence b 130* for hia political

pctadplea, and removed b 1313 to Aiignon, which waa

than tbe re^denoe of dte pope. He was aent to study

bw at Hontpellier, where be remained about (bur yeara.

Hia fine personal and me
him admlsaion into the bi

waa ao handaome aa to at

bAe streets. He was patronised br Cardinal Colonn^
and was an Intimate Bknd of Giacomo Colonna, a
brother of tbe cardbal.

Id 1337 hia tieart for the fiiat time waa touched by a

icdent uid prolbond pasdon. He has recorded the
rlace, the day, and the nonr In which he firat saw Laora
de Bade, a daughter of Audlberlde Nores, and the wifc

'"--^ '- ' ' -a bdy astbguiahed by her rank,
lan^ and modesty. With consum-
mate tact, iMConttiTed, t^ a mixture of reaerre, discra-
tion, andaympathyilo^reaerTehlmand heraelf from the
&tal cotueqneneea of hia wayward paaaion. "Sh* took
my heart bto her hand," he writea, " nylng, ' Speak no
word of this."' Bt her pure and ezceUenl esarapk hia
pas^on appeara touTe been purified and raaltad t bat
his admiration of her never abated, and the whole tenor
of hit life waa changed tr
Hef by the compositionid

haTe rendered die name a uaam uhbwuu. oob ac-
cepted thia homage, which tbe aaage of that age aanc.
timied, and was, petliap*, proai of hia admlratioo. He
passed muck time b collecting, collatiu^ and copying
andent mannaaipis. We o>we to him the preaerratioa
of many Latin authors which were buried in the dust of
mooMtlc librariea. Abont 13)5 he viailed Romc^ tiin
mlna of wfaich made a deep Hnpreaslon on him. He

'' " Gennany, and Sp^n. Hedls-

Cicero at Liege, the " Insdtn-
tioas" of Qubtilian at Areno, and Cicero's " Familiar
' "n" at Verona. Petrarch corresponded with the

eminent acholara of hia time, founded the library

of Saint Mark at Venice, and was one o( the prindpal
of classical literature b Italy.

• *si; fut: ^ktrd; iiai;a,a,K,gultunUi »,mu»li %,trUUd; laaa; thasiuMu. (|^~See Ei)>1anationa,

.P-ai-;

idbyGoOgk

PETRARCHA

Abtnt 1336 be retired to Vandtue, a romantic vallef
Mar Avifnon, where he paMod aereral yean in lolitade
and in vain rfforti to forget hii unhappji pauion. Here
he neditaled a great work which Bhould be worth* of
hk gnJna, and commenced a I^tin epic poem, of which
Sd^ A&icaniu wai the hero. Thi* poem, entitled
** Africa," is inferior to hit Italian aonneti. In 1340 he
accepted an invitation ftom the Roman lenate to come
to Rome and recei*e the lanrel crown of poettj.
WM crowned at '■-- "--'--' ~ "-■ ■-

hit time. He exerted hii eloquence to induce
popes to transfer the papal court from Avienon to Rome.
Howas the colleague of the famous Rieniim an embassy
sent l^ the Romins to Clement VL for that purpose.
He became Archdeacon of Parma, and canon of several
cathedrals. His love of independi

and who wh not iiappy tn her domestic relations.
husband wa* jealoos and ill-tempered. Laura sang to
Petrarch, and parted from him with emotion and Teffret.

The death 01 Laura, which occurred in 1348, inspired
a new aeries of beautifnl and exqaisile sonnet*, the
melody and pathos of which have probably never been
•urpaued. It i* reported that she died on the anni-
versar; of the day and hour (hat he first saw her.
Between 1350 and 1360 he resided at the court of Vis-
conti, Lord of Milan, who employed him in diplomatic
tniations to Venice, to the Emperor of Gennany, and
to the King of France. Among liis intimate Mends
at this period was Boccacdo. In 1370, for the sake
of retirement and the rcstoratiiiHi of hts health, he Gaed
his residence at Arquk, among the EDsinean Hills,
north of Padoa. He was found dead in his library at
Arqu4 on the igth of July, ly}/^* He lell, beside* other
prose works in Latin, a tteatise " Oo Contempt of the
World," ("De ContemptuMundi,") and many epistles,
which are highly prized as memorials of important events
which he witnessed. He had composed in praise of
Laura above three hundred sonnets and fifty canianL
Among his most perfect productions is " The Triumph
of Death," ("Trionfo delta Morte,") a poem, in which
be describes the death of Laura. The most complete
edition of Petrarch's works i* that published at B£le, (a
vols. foL, 15S1.) It containa, besides his Italian and
Latin poema, and the works alreadv named in this notice,
" De Vera Sapientia," " De Offido et Virtutibui Impe-
raioris," and "Vitanua Vlroram lUiutrium Epitome."

"The peculiar charm of Petrarch's character," says
one of his Inographers, "is warmth of heart and a native
ingenuousness of disposition, whldi readily laid Ijore
hi^i soul to those around." H« wa* a believer in re.
vealed relifjion; but he often protested openly agains
the corruptions of the papal court.

S«E L. Bkuhlu, " Via £ Psnra/' (Duilaud into Engliik
bj W. Pva, i^;) L. AirsTiNO, "Viu diWmna," iSji; Far-—

-F. Pelnra, nebfl dnn Lcben du rHchccn," t«iS; Ton ,

"PMruthi Rsdivlnis," 16]] uvd i6]a; Ass4 dsSadi, "M^nolrei

'nu^". 17901 LavATi, " Viini di'p. Petnra," s voIl, iSio^ Uoc
roKOlo, " Eway on PettmE ;" LoMoraLLOw, ■' Pocii Miil Poetrj
•f Europe/' it>g ; Thokas ClHrMLl, " Ufc of PetnTth," 1841 ;
" Lira afEnmait Mioof Ii^," is LAnms'i " CiUnit it Biof-
npby;" Giuotr, "DkUh sod Fall" chip. \a.; S. DotaoH,
"liH or Pmardi," 1 noU.. 17;]; HiiDAaT, "Fnnc Petnna'i
Biovnfie," ira^; Loan WoonHovsiLaa, "Euay, Hittorial and
CiiBcal. OD (lie Lift ndWridngi of Pcnrdi," iSio; Eikh und

Ptttrsroha. See PmiARCH.
P^trarqna. See PrntARtnL

PatTRul, pi-tKlfsee, (AnuLFO,) an Italian paintei
cf the Siennete school, was bom in IS79 ; died in 1653.

P«tro, pif tr or pe'tfr, (Edwakd,) an Engifth JesiM,
bom about 1631. He wa* confessor tK clerk M' the doset
"I Tames IT., over whom he i* *aid to have exerted «a

ril indnence in political abir*. Died In 1699.

P«tie, (Sir William,) an EngH*h atatesman, bom In
Devonshire. He becaiDe a Fellow of All Soala' College,
Oxford, in 1533, and afterwards maaier of reqoest*.
About 1U3 he was appointed secretary of state. He
held a high office in the reign of Edward VL, and sraa
tecretaryofstateduringthe reignofMary. Died in 1571.

P«-U«^iiB, (Marcus,) a Roman general, to whom
the victory over Catiline (61 B.C.) is aacribed. He was
a partisan of the senate in the dvil war, fought against
CKsar at Pharaalia, and commanded (with AftaniiM)
in Spain, where he was defeated by Caesar In 44 b-C;
He killed himself in Africa in 46 B.C., or was kUled b*
~ iba in accordance with an agreement thai they ahonld

II each other.

FetreUa, pi-trel1L (Enrico,) an Italian musical com-
poser, bora at Palermo in iSii H« produced a Mimber
of operas, chief among whldi are " Le Prccaoiioiie^'

lone," (185M "Giovanna II di Napdi," (1S69,) aitd

I Promessi Sposi," (1869.) Died in 1877.

p«trattliil, pk.^rCt-tee'nee, (Spiridioh,) ■ ~ "

Died in 1S33.

Died ir

Petri, pl'tRee, (Bbrnhard,) a German rural econo-
mist, bom at Deux-Pont* in 1761. He wrote aevetal
9rlis on the raising of sheep, ana made improrementi
the rural economy of Germany. Died in tS^
PMri, pi'tRee, (Christikrn,) a Danish divine, who
published in 1539 a Danish version of the New TeMa-
ent

Petri, pi'tRee, or Peterson, [A't^^on, (LarbJ tba
first Protestant Archbishop (rfT U;«al, waa bom U
Oersbro in 1499. He studied under Luther at Witten-

• Vj» tpLlapli, u giroi by Hnie wi
Litis tfniBcuiiiii,— thfimiig beumel

" yri^dl Fncdn lapii bic tr^l oui PHnrchx.
Sudpe Viigo Pirou uiiuia : Sue Virgine paitt i
Fouciac )un tenU caH Tngnioat in ina."
rSK " BibliolbKa Vcm* « Not^" br G. U. KBhio, A1tdar£

TIti fcUowins ii 1 nearly IhmJ traaibliOTi "Thii lUBa 1
%\ cold boDU of Fnndl Petrarch. Viigm Hoifaer, rcco'
■nl : O thou Son of tbe Vli^ ban mtrcy 1 and ma* [bii
nuT w^ih «nb, now And npoK in the dtuU of bu«B.^-

Pebl, (Olads,) a brother of tlie preceding, waa bora

1497, and was a sealou* preacher of the Reformed

religion. He became first minister of Eiockholm h

"539. He published eome religion* work*. Diedinrsja.

Petil, pi'tRee, (Suffbid or Suffbidus,) a Dutch
philologist bom in Friesland in 1317. He obtained a
chair of law at Cologne in 1377. He was very learned,
but waa deficient in taste and critical ability. Among
his works are "Orations on tlie Utility of the Greek

1593.) Died at
Cologne in 1597.

Set Nicinw, " M^ooina ;" Vcssios, " De Hbunci* Latinia"

Patrte, pee'tre, (Dr. GBORGi,)an Irish antiquary, bom

at Dublin in 1791, was the audior of an " Essay on the

Round Towers of Ireland," which obtained for him the

f;old medal of the Roval Irish Academy, He also pub-
ished an " Essay on the Military Antiquities of Ireland."
Died in 1866.

Petrie, pee'tie, ? (Hrnrv,) an Englisb andquarj, bom
In 1768, became keeper of the chancery records in the
Tower. Me collected materials for the history of Great
Britain, of which two volumes were published, (i830-^4&)
Died in 1S43.

Pettlnl, pi-tRee'nec, {Fmno Aktonio,) an Italian
translator, bom at Palestrini in 1733. Among hi* works
is a good version of Horace's " De Arte Poetica," (1777.)
Died in iScn.

Petrol; Petrov, or Petiow, ]dl't>o( (Vassoi P»
TROvrrcH,) a Russian poet, bom at Uoscow in 1736. H*
wrote odes and other poems, which have some merit,
and translated Virgil's "iEneid" into Russian, (i^i-S&j
He became imperial librarian about 177J. Died in 179^

PAtioneL See PBTRONnrs Arbitkr.

l,i,I,a,fi,;,/My;k,i,6,sime,lessprolonged; i,e,1,5,Q,]f,fJ<wf,-t,f,i,9,<A[n''rv;flr,flll, OtimetinfiligASdimniK

Digitized by CjOOQ I C

Pvtronl or PebonJ, pt-tx/nee, (Ststj .

in Itiliin poet, bom near Femgia in 1770. AmoDg hb
worki ii " The Napoleonid ; a I^cal-NimiiMutical
Poem," (" La NapoMonida ; Potme lyriqne-

tiqae," tSio.) Died abont 184$.

Patro'iiliM Ar^tar, a licentiom Latin writer, sup*

■efanj.

Ps-tro'nl-iia, jFr. FAtkone, pi'tion',)

atro'iiliM Ar^tar, a licentiom Latii
poMd to have liied in the reign of Hero. He dctcribed
the Tice* ai hli time in a aatire or novel, in mingled
proae and verM, entitled " Satyricon," fragments of
which are extant Hia atfle is classical, and the work
dlaplajrs mnch talent, bat is extremelj licentious. The
Mthor of ihisiamppoaed to be identical with Petronioa,
■ re&ied volnptnatj who fiaured at the court of Nero as
twiilrr tt^ganiim, (umpire of &shion and taste,) and who
killed himaeir In 66 A.D.

Sm TAa»o»,"AoiiiW"taok m.; J. C toh OnLLi,"Lw
tkoa Prtmiluia,'' 1836; Dcmar, " UiRoiT of rktkn."

Potrtmtl, pk-tKoon'tee, (FKANCBaco,) a skilfiil Itkllan
surgeon, bom at Campobasso In 1785. He practised at
Naples, and wrote a "Treatise on Stirgery," (a toIs.,
iSai.) Died in 1839.

Fstrna, the Latin for PmtB, which see.

Petnis Aponla. See Abano, (Piktso dl)

P«tni> Blaamulft. See PETSk or Blois.

Pa'trns Patrloiiia (pa-trish'^^s] et Mafl»-tfr, a
Bjxantine hiilorian of the sixth century, was bom at
Iliessalonica. He wrote a work on the history of the
empire under Hberiiis and aereral of his sDceeasor*,
tome portioni of wMdt have been preserved.

Pottenkofcr, vm>, fbn pet't^-ko'ffr, (Uax,) a Ger-
man chemist, born at Uchtanheim, in ^varia, December
3, 181S. Educated at Mnnidi, he was emptoved in the
mint, iSfS-47i "si professor of medical chendstiy (1847
-jo) at Hunich, was then made pharmacist to the Bava-
t(an court, and in i86j becameprofesaor of hygieite in (he
university. He retired in 1894, having made impor-
tant discoveries. Chief among his many works is
" Handbuch dei Hygiene." Dfed in igoi.

Pattar, peftor, (Aittom,) a German punter of hlstvy,
bom at Vienna in 1783. He nuned the rrand prise for
his " Death of Aristides,'' and became aJrector of the

of coloarmg. Died May 14,

Pot^tia, (JoHK,) an eminent' British artist, bom in
Edinburgh in 1839. In 1861 he went to London, and in
■S73 was elected to the Royal Academy. Many of bis
pictures are upon antiquated or medieval subjects, and
■nne are quaintly humorous. Died in 1803.

PetUgraw, pet'te-grl, (Jambs BbllJ M.D., 1 Scot-
tisb phyaidan, bwn at Roxhilt, May 16, 1834. He waa
educated at GlasEOW and Edinburgh, graduating in 1861.
Hs went to London, where, after a brilliant career as a
lecturer on anatomy and physiology, he was made a
Fellow of the Royal Society. His most noted works are
"On the Physiology of Wings," (1870,) and "Animal
Locomotion,'' (1873.) In 1875 he was called to a pro-
fessoisbip in the UniTersily of Saint Andrew's.

PatUgrew, pet'te-grii, (Thomas Josaini,] an English
amrgeon, antiqaaiy, and biographer, bom in London ' ~
1790, He was admitted to the College of Surgeons
1811. He published, besides other works, a " History
of Egyptian Mummies," (1834,) a "Medical Portrait-
Gallery, or Memcrirs of Celebrated Physicians and Sur-
■Bons, a " LifiB of Lord Nelson," and a work " On
Supentitions connected wilb the PractiDe of Medtdne,~
(i&H.) Died b 1865.

Pattltl, pit-tee'tee. Count, an Italian general, was
second chief of the staff In the army led by the king
■gainsi the Austrians In June, 1866.

Pettrloh, pCt'tKlK, (Frahz,) a Bohemian sculptor,
b<wn in 1770, became professor in the Academy of Arti
at Dresden. Died in 1844. His son Fkkdihahd, bom
at Dresden in 1 798, studied under Thorwaldsen at Rome.
He has produced several works of superior merit

Paf tna, (Sir John,) an English writer, bora in Suf-
folk. He became deputy governor of the royal mines,
and published "The History, Laws, and Places of the
Chief Mines in England and Wales," (1670.) Died
■boat i6ga

1633. He became professor 1
■' — ~nd phyridan of the arm;

. Henrr Cromwell as secretary while he wss lord
Ilentenant of Ireland, about 1655. His reputatiOD ii
founded on his writings on commeroe and poUticat
economy, on which subjects he wss in advance of hii
ue. Among his works are a "Treatise on Taxes and
Contributions,'' [1663,) "Political Arithmetic" (i68s,)
and " The Political Anatomy of Ireland," (1691.) On*
of his son* became Baron Shelborne, Died in 1687.

n English 1

Pef tyt or Paf ft (Wii.
law, born in Yorkshire in t636L He was keeper ol dt*

records of the Tcwer. Among his works is "FarliamenI*
aryLaw," ("Jus Parliamenurium," 1739.} Died in 1707.

Panoar, poits';r, [Lat PstJCE'Kiis,) (Kaitak,) a
German scholar and physician of high reputation, bom
at Bautsen in 1615, married a daughter of Melanchthon.
He became professor of medicine at Wiltenbeij about
1559. Having offended the Lutherans bj advocating
some doctrine* of Melanchthon, he was conGned in prison
about eleven years, (1574-85,) and treated with ngour.
He wrote numerous works on geometry, theolc^, and
medidne ; also an sccouni of ms impnsonment, "His-
toris Carcerum Peuceri," (1604.) Died in l6a3.

SaaLiUPOLD, "Let>*iub«a^nibuDDP«ucEn,"iT4t; HuusmuL
"De Cup. Peocxn)." 1841; MKitioH, "Uto>dr«;" EascK mi
Gaum. "AUtoiwina Encjklcpaedii.''

Panoorna. See PEttcra.

PaO-oeatfa or PaB-kaataa, (Gr. IltMtlsnit,] an offi*
oer of Alexander the Great He attended that prince's

at Babylm with atx>ut 30,000 Persians in 333. Having
co-operated with Enmenes against Antigonua, he was
deprived of his satrapy by the latter in 316 B.C.

Fanohat puh'ahf'j (Jacques,) a French liO/rattnr,
bom in Pari* in 175S. He published, besides other
works, "Statistic* or France and its Colonies," (7 vol*.,
1803,) "Commercial Ubrary," (" BIbliothiqne commer-
dale," 13 vols., 1809-06,) and a " IMctionary of Political
Economy," (4 vols.. iSta) Died in 183a

PaokaatBB. See Pkucxstas.

PanrbKofa. See Pokback.

Pont, puh, (pRANQOis Marie Hippolyte,) a French
pubtidst and economist, bom at Lyon* in 1S09. He
published several journals and pamphlets. Died in 1887.

Pentemar, puh'tfh-mSn', (NiKuus or Piktek,) ■
Dutch painter, bora at Rotterdam about 1654. He
pgunted, with success. Still life, cemeteries, and all^ori-
cbI subjecta. His death was hastened by fright As he
was working in an anatomical cabinet, he fell asleep
sjnong aome skeletons. On awaking, he «ras horrified
by seeing them move rapidly and jostle against each
other. This was the eCect of the earthquake of Sep-
tember 18, 1691. He difd the same month.

Psutliiger, pfi'tin-gfT, [Ger. pron. pd'tingVj Lat
PEtmNCE'RUS,] (Conrad,) an eminent German scholar
and antiquary, born at Augsburg in 1465. He was *ecre-
taryofthe dP; of Augsliurg, and co jndllot to the empe-
ror Maximilian. He was a diligent collector of atatues,
medals, inscriptions, etc, and Is called the founder Id
Germany of the sdence of Roman and German antiqd-
ties. He published "Convivial Discourses," (" Sermons*
conviviales," 1506,) "Old Roman Inscriptions," ("In-
scriptiones vetusts Romanae," 1530,) and other works.
Died in IS47-

See I. C WsKDLD, " Da Vits M Mmitii Pratimeri ;■■ Lortaa,
"Via PcuciBgeri," ijt9i "HouraUe Kognphi* Gintfnk."

PantingeTtu. See Peutikger.

Peyar, pl'vj (Johann Conrad,] a Swiss anatomist,
bom at Schaflhansen In 1653. He was praf^**or of
logic and phyncal science* at his native place, and
wrote seveial worka on anatomy. He was the first who
described sccurately the smau bodies called Peyer^
gisnds. Died bi 1713.

■ aa4,'Caai,-SAar)^;t«s/;a,K.K,/M»ww//n,nua/;K,iyitfA/,-lass; thasinilUf; (g^-See Explanations, p. 33.)

d by Google

PEYRARD 19

Pcyrtu-d, pl'rlR', (Fran^ocs,) a French mathema-
ddan, bom >l Via] (Ilautc-Loirc) in 1760. He pub-
lished a treatUe " On Nature and iU Laws," (4th edition,
IM4.) and othei works. His translations of tbe vorks
or ArchiiDcdei {1S07) and of Euclid (3 vol*., 1814-1S)
are said to be the best in the French langiuge. Died

Farnrt, pl'if , (Althoksk,) a French joarnaliat and
political frritcr, born at Toulouse in iSll. He became
an aaaiitant editor sA Girardin's ■' Picase" about 1&44.
He wrote againit the second empire, and alia pnbtished
" Historjr uid Religion," (1S5S,] "Hiitoty irf Jcant,"
(1864,) etc. Died January 3, 1891.

Feyrat (NapolAon,) a French authm- and Pio-
Uttant clergyman, born at Bordea-aar-Aabe in 1800.
He poblished "Lea Riformaieuii de la France eC de
I'ltafle," (i860,} " Hisioire des Albigeoim" (3 »ols.. 1870-
73,) and other prose works ; but his chief reputation testa
DD " Roland," a short poem of great ipint and excel-
lencb He wrote under the pseudonym of " Napol Ib
Fyrfojen."

PoTTA, pSR, (Antoiki Fkan^ii,) a French architect
bom in Farii in 1739. He gained the grand priK in
1763, and became a member of the Institute. He pab-
iMhed some works on architecture. Died in 1823.
S«QDATuiiancBQuiacT,''Natlo*nr A. P. PtTit," ilu
PajTe, (Antoinr Marie,) an architect, bom in Parte
in 1770, wat a nephpw of the preceding. He was ap-
pointed architect of the Palai* de Justice m 1S09. Among
tiii works are the Salle de Spectacle of Soiasona, and the
realorationi or additions to the Palais de Jiutice in Paria.

, . _ _, , a French architect, btber

of the preceding, waa bom in Parte in 1730. He pub-
liahed "Architectural Works," ("Oesrrea d'Architec-
toie," 1765.) Peyreand Waillywere architect* of the
theatre of Paris called the Od^on. IHed in 1785.

Pe^*r«, d« la, df b II pt'raii', (Isaac,) a French
writer, bom at Bordeaoi in 1S94. He published, be-
sides other works, one entillad " Pre- Adamites," (" Pr«-
adamitK," 1655,) in which he maintained that some men
were created before Adam. Died in 1676.

P«TiiUieh pi'Ktl' or pi-r^jj, (Bbknard,) a Freoch
ph]widan,walbomalPompigi^ vwiyt; died in I8(^.

Patron, [>i'rAN', (J ban Frani^is Piurb,) a French
bislotical painter, born at Aix, in Provence, in 1744.
He gained tbe grand priie in 17V3, iindied the antique
in Rome, and promoted the reformatioii of the French
school Died in 1814.

Patron, pt'rAti', (Victob AMioli,! AbbA, an Ori-
entalist, bom at Turin in 173$. He published a "LexicoD
ofthe Coptic Language," (1835,) etc Died April 17, ig7(x

ParxoDls. See La Pbybonib.

Psyrotme^ de, d?h pl'ro'ni', (Charlbs Isnacb,)
Count, a French poliiioan and lawyer, bom at Bor-
deaux in 177S. He was minUter of justice from i83t to
{anuary, isiS, and became minuter of the interior Id
lay, 183a. He procured in 1835 the passage of a very
unpopular and odious law against sacrilege. Having
been convicted of treason in liyi, he waa imprisoned
sixyeara in the rortrea* of Ham. Died in 1854-

PvjraBonal, pi'so'ntl', (Chabi.B3,) an antiquary,
father of the (blloiring, was born at Marseilles in 170a
He explored the coasts of Asia Minor, where he col-
lected marbles. He wrote a "Memoir on the Kings
of Boaphorus," and "Travels in the Levant." Died

PSTBaonel, (Charles,) a French political writer,
born at Marseilles in 1737. He was consul at Smyrna
and in the Crimea. He wrote, besides other works,
"The Nttoibers," ("Les Numiros," 4 vols., 1784,) and
"The Political Situation of France, and its Relations
with all the Powers of Europe," (a vols., 1790.) Died
in 179a

P«jton, pi'tQn, (Bailub,) an American lawyer and
orator, bom in Sumner county, Tennessee. He repre-
sented a district of Tennessee in Congress from 1833 to
1837, voted with the Whigs, and was sent as minister to
Chili ^MUt i8i;o. Died August 19, 187S.

Psyton, (John Lewis,) an American author, bom
in Augusta eooniy, Virginia, September 15, 1824. He

PFEFF,ERKORN

1S61 he raised and equipped a regiment for the Confed-
erate service, and in that year became agent of North
Carolina in Europe. In 1876 he returned to tbe United
Sutes. He published "The American Crista," (i8ti6,>
"The Adventures of my Grandfather," (1867.) "Ovei
the Alleghanies and Across the Prairies,"' (1869,)
" Rambling Reminiscences of a Residence Abroad,"
(1889,) "Tom Swindel, or the Adrenturcs of a
Boomer," (1803,) and several other works.

PsBaroM^ a, a name of the painter CantarioL (Se*
Cantabikl)

Peiay, de, d«h peh-zi', (Aucxakdbb FadDtKic
Jacques MBMon—mrs&H',) MARQtr»,a French writer
of proae and verse, born at Versailles in t74i. He gave
lessons in tactics to Louis XVL Among bis works are
" Series of Trifles," (" Suite des Bagalelfes," 1767,) and
"Helvetian Evenings," ("Lea Soirto Helv^tiennes,"
1771.) Vtdtaire addressed to him some versea. Died
in 1777.

Pcxonaa, pfa'nl' or pfh-zfh-nl', (Eifbit,) a French
Tesuit and mathematiaan, bom at Avignon in .169a.
He published " Memoirs on Mathematica and Phyaics,"
(5 vols., 1756,) an "Astronomy for Marinera," (1766^^
and other works. Died in 1776.

Peset, pit'ihtt', (General Juan Antonio,) a Penviaa
statesman, who became vice-president of Peru in Octo-
bar, tS6i, and al tbe death of San Ramon
the preaidcncr, in April, 186}. H« was
CMsad to be preaident, abotU iha «ad of 186c.

Fearon, pCi'rAN', (Padu) an able Freikf ditwolte
giat and philotogiat, bom in Bretagne b 1639. He wrote
^ The Antiquin of tbe World (in TiwijuJ Reatoced
and Defended,'' (16S7,) In whkh he argued tlwl the
world was created 5871 yeara befaia tb« Chrteiian cik
Died in 170&

Tfttt, pai, {CmunOFH UATTHliI^an eminent Gar-
man Protestant tboologian, bora at Stattgart In 168&
was a man of rreat eradition. He became profesaor of
theology at TfilMngen in 1717, and recelTed the titla of
count palatine in 1434. He wrote (in Latin) nnmerona
works, among whtcb are " Institntioa* of Dogmatic and
Moral l'beolagy,"(i7i9,)reDiarkaUe for mental Inde-
pendence, and " IntTodactioa to tiM Litatarr HIatory af
^"tt^oSTi" (i7Ml) He became dean of the iaadtv at
Gieaaen in 1756. Died b 1760.

Pfal( (JoHANN dntirroni,) father of the preceding
as bom m Wttrtenberg In 1631. He was pi iifi aaiu of
theology at TUlNngen, and wrote several worlo. Died

Pfa^ (JoRAHN FsiBDBicu,) a mall>ematician, bora
at Stuttgart in 1765. He became profcaaor of natbe-
matics at Halle in iSio. Among lua worka are "Ana-
lytic Eaaays mostly relating to &t Integral Calculus,'*
-c, [1797-} Died at Halle to 181^

PU[ (Kabl,) a German hiatonan, a son of the pra-
ceding, puUiahed a " Htetory of WUrtembeis," (a vola,
iSlS-ll.) and other hutoriea.

Pfanner, pfln'n; r, (Tobias,) a German historian, bora
at Augsburg in 1641. He was keeper of the archive* at
Gotha. Among his works is a " History of the Puce
of Westphalia.*' (1679.} Died in i7ifiL

PfefCal, pflfffl. (CHRimAN Friedbicr won Kite-
gelatein— fon kaee'gtl-Biln',) a historian, bom at Col-
mar, Upper Rhine, in ly^. Hte chief work te a
"Chronological Epitome of the Histotr of the Public
Law of Germany," in French, (1754; 5ln edition, t766.>
Died in 1807.

Pfaffal, (Gottlieb Konrad,] a disdngoished (Ger-
man fabulist and poet, brother of the preceding, bom
at Colmar in 1736, became blind while purauinE hte
es at Halle. He was appointed in 1S03 president
of the Evangelical Consistory at Colmar. Died in 180;^

Eu Rinm. "G. C. Piiail: biognphiiclier Vcrmnch.'' itia

Pfeffarkom, pflf ^r-koRn', (Johann,) aOerman Jew,
who was converted to Christianity, and, in excess of aea^
advised theemperor to bum all Jewteh boiks except tbe
Nble. He lived about i soo.

I, E,I,e,fi,;,/e>V.' it, i,d,same, less prolonged; l,i|,I,6,)i,¥,^4i>rt/*,4,i,9,aiMiirr,-ar,aUl,fkimttii>&t; g8M;m

d by Google

PFEIFFER 19

FMSaT, pftf (|r, (Auoutrus,) a German •cholar, and
profeMor of Orleiiti] literature at Leiptic, wm born id
Lower Saxoajp in 164a He wrote a number of worki
fai telaHoa to Jewish antiqaitiea and Biblical critidam.
Died in 1698.

FftUtBT, (BmCHAKD WOJIBLH,) a Gennan jariat and
pobUdft, bom at Caaael Ln I777. He publlahed " Prac-
tica] Dednctiona oonceming all Parts of Jariiprudeoce,"
(8 ToU., 1S15-46,) and other worka. Died fn iSu.

PMSar, fl'lfr, (CAmL.) a •kfllul architect, bom In
Bninawick, Gerinaitj, in 1B34. Allheageoffixteen he
-•a the United State*, and pawed aeveral ^ean aa
\t architect In Ohio and other parte of the Wen.

td aoon Mqnircd a M^h reputatioi
■■ ■» susuoui -luuHiCt Among the boildtnn <)etigne(
•nd «racied b]r him are the cbwch of the Ilea'"'' **^

RooMTdt Hatpltal, end the naneion of Ur. Barroda,
one of the largeat bonaes in New York, and, for ita

■dminUe wiangenMnt, probaMr antnrpaaeed, if not
■negnalleA bv an; other pttvata dwelling in the United
State*. Hi* plan* wore aooeplwl fct the Ci^ Ha*^tal
and other pnbiic bvildtng* beloiifiii^ to Now York dtj.

PMffHr, pftf fiT, (FkANOOM Lovn,) a Swis* general
bom at Lnceme In 1716. He acrred with dlatinc '
the Ftench annj, (IT34'7S-> l^'M In iSot.

FfeUfer, pflf Ifr, (Ehilt.) an Engllth poetea*.
1S73 the haa publiahed nnmeroot volme* of
which have won mnd praiae. Her eoanet* 1
pedallr ina. Died In iSga

PMflVi (Ida, ((MbBararJ a celebrated GcnnBB tra*-
•ller, bom In Vienna In 1797. She eel oot in Uarch,
1843^ foe A*ia Ifiiwr, where ibeapentDcarir a Tear, and
in iSiS nuMk the tow of Sweden, Norwa7,and Iceland.
In 1846 «h« vndeitook a jowner round the WOTid, wbicb
*he BCcampUahed in a little more than two jew*, after
eneounteting great bardahip* and danger*. Sh« pnb-
Hehed in 1850 -A Woman^ Towner roand the World,
frm Vienna to Bratilf Chili, Tabiti China, Hfaidoatan,"
etc In iSsiiheenterednponaMCondJoonej.havltv
reoei*ed for thi* porpoee a (an of mone; from the An*-
bian gavemment. Hw acconnl of Ihi* eapedltion ap-
peared in iSjS, andei the title of " A Second Vmge
round the World, from Lrondon to tlie Cape of Good
Hop4 Boraeoi the Hidncca*. California, Peru, and the
Unfted State*." I»ed in 1858.

PMSsi; (ToHANN FUXDKICH,) a German economlat,
bom at Bvui in 1718. He wrote manj world on rural
and political cconomj, among which b a "Trcatlae on
all the Economical ScieDcea,''^U vol*., 1770-7&) Died

works are a "Life of Uartin Lother," an "Eaur o
Uhlaod andIUileTt,"(iS37.) and ■"History of Alei
ander tbe Great, for tbe Young," (1S46.) Died in iSga
Fflerder«T, pfli'der-er, (Crtro.) a philosopher and
theologian, bom at Stetdn, in Wiirtemberg, in 1839.
He became professor of theology at Jena in 1870, and
at Berlin in 1875. He was deeply learned, and be-
longed to the advanced school in New Testament ciiti-
cism. His norks are numerous, one of the latest being
"The Philosophy of Religion." Died 1908. — His
brother, Edmund, bom in 1841, vas professor of phil-
osophy at Kiel and Tubingen, and wrote various works
on philosophy and the philosophers. Died in 190I.

PlDtr, pb>, {JOBANit Gaomo,) a dbtingulshed Oer-
man pabiter of animal*, wa* bom at Upfen, in Saaonf.
in 1745. H« painted hones, hnnting-acene*, battles, etc.
with mnch akllL Died in I79S-

PlUMtX fi^'akt, [*<iCa&} an Athenian orator, who
wa* sent aa ambaawdw to ffictlv in 431 B.C He i* men-
tioned b; Plutardi ** one of the two per*on* cap*Ue
of oompetii^ In *onw d^rea with Aldbude*,^^ whta
die latter first entered the pabUc service.

PbMdea, fee'doo, or Pbwdo, fee'do^ [taMw,] a
Greek philosopher, bpm at EU*. He came to Athena
aboni 400 B-C, and wa* a di*dple of Socrate*, after whose
death Ihe founded a achool of philosopbr at EII*. Hi*
wridnga have not come down to u*. Tbe name of Phm-
doo is the title of a celebrated dlalofve of Plato.

in 1787.

PfUfhr, (Lomi) a Swiss general, bom at Loceme in
153& He lonibt for Charles IX. of France against the
Hmenots. (Med in 1594.

nUSte, (Loun GaoKO Kakl,) a German naturalist
and plqaician, a son of Burchard Wflhelm, noticed abov«^
was Dom at Caaael In 180}. He published a number
of treatitee on botany anid concbyliologyi among which
M^be named "Hononaph of Livii^ ^aila," ("Mono-
gr^in Heliceoram VIventinnL" 3 vola., 1847-53,) ■■x'
a " Fkn of Hease," (a vda., IMT-SS-) Died in 1877.

gfannlngf, pQi/idDg-vr, (Huiki,) a Swiat engraver,
bom at Zuridt in 1749^ He engraved portraita for
I^valer^ '■PhTsiagnomy," which are sdinired. Died
. b 1815.

PfcnniagBr, (Haitrias,] a Swiss dedgner and en-
gmver, bom at Zurich in 1739. He ei4[raved Siriss
bnbcape* with akllL Ued about tgia

~' — '-- V FfinbdnK pHnt'dng, (MKLcmoB,) a

posed a dan poem called "The Adventures of Theuer*
danki" (ISi7-t This edtion was adomcd with more
Aan one nnndred line engravings, and waa a maater-
piece of tTpwvpby. Died hi 1535.

Pflstar, pfb'ifr, (Albkvcht,) a German printer, bom
■boat 1430, He made uae of movable tvpes ; but it Is
not known whether he waa an aadttani ot Gutenberg or
brented Aem UnudC HI* prindpal worli is a ijiiin
ffiJine Bible, in 3 vots. fol. Died abont 1470.

J 7 PHANUS

Pflntei, (laHAHN Chkiitiah,) a German hlstorma.
bora itear Harbadi in 1771. He wrote a " HIatorv of
Suabia," (S volt., 1803-27,) and a " History of the Ger.
mans," (5 vol*., 1830-35.) He became minister of a
church at SiDltgart, where he died in 1S35.

PflMT, pHf a^r, (GusTAv,) a German cntic and Mtf»
tmr, bom at Stut^ait in 1S07. Among his jc '

•ens. King of Athens. She la aald to have indulged a
gnilfr patsion for her stepson Hipp<d7tns, and tohave
caused his dtath bv a bite accusation.

Phwdraa. foe'drni, (Gr. *<iUpiir; Fr. Pk*dki, flds,]
a Greek Epicurean philosopher, was a friend of Cicero.
He was 'Sat head of the Epicurean school at Athens from
80 to 70 B.C, and wrote a work which Cicero used freely
in compodng the first book of hit "Natnta Deoram."

Phtvdma, a Latin fobulist, who wrote about ao or ^
A.D., was originally a slave. He was probably bom in
Thrace or Macedonia. It b soppoaed that he belonged
to Auguito*, and vras liberated t^ him. He left ninety-
leven bble* in iambic verse, the snlijectt and ideas of
which are partly borrowed from jCtop. They are ad-
mired for tlie purity and simplidty of the style.

PllF*-tiuu> or Fhl'v-toa, [Gr. toHuv; Fr. Plug.
TMON, Ifh'^H',) a mvthica] peraonage, called a son of
Helioa (the Sun) or Pheebua. Hb name dgnifie* "the
Shining." The poeta foisned that. In Ills yoathfol pre-
sumption, he persuaded hit btlter to permit him to guide
for one day the chariot of the aun, that he waa unable
to control tbe fiery conrser*, which ran out of the right
cooite and came too near the earth, that Jutriter kiUed
Phaethon with a thunderbolt, and he fell hito tbe river Pa.

Phalantlw. See Phalanthus.

Flu-lui'thiu, [Gr. 46Xa*«>f; Ft. PKALAXTHt, fX-
IftNt',) a Spartan chieC who founded a Greek colonv at
Tarentnm about 708 E.C;, and subdued the natlvea of the
adjacent country.

Phll'f-rla, [Gr. *Uew,] a raler of Agrigentnm, bi
Sidly, notoriooB for hit cruelty. He began to rrign
about 570 n.c, according to Enaebtos and Soldas. He
rendered his name Infamous by bamlng bb victims in
a braien bull Tradition adds that he was deposed by
Telemachni, the ancestor of Theron, and aunered the
•ame cruel death which he had inflicted on otheta. Ccr.
tain epiatlea ascribed to Phalaria were the snbiects of
a celebrated controversy between Boyle and Bentley,
who demonatrated them to be sporioo*.

S« StnoAS. " Phtluii ;" Cicaaok " Da 0«caa,~ & sad B.

Ptaalaratw. See DutKrum PHALautui.
Vaiia^ t*a»fafl <* Plwiilaa, fec'ne-as, I*«>lof,l

taa4;taar;|i<*ry>|a*y;o,H,K,/Mt!Mn«/;N,iHMi/;K,Arfa<^,-iass;tha*{niifA (l^'See Explanation*, p. ai-i

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

PHANOCLES

■ Greek phHoaopher, born in Letboc, wu one of the
Doat eminent diidplei of Aristotle, uid WM ■ friend of
Theopbrutiu. He wrote man; worin on 1o|jc, hiatory,
etc.

S«VaMim,"D<HiRo(kbGiadi;" F Amcm, " BiUiotlMa

Phan'o-oin, l^avnc^,) a Greek elegiu

: poet,
Hewr<

who
}te*

, — 1 fragment U

eztanL This ii mach admired bjr (ome crillca.

S« Shiti^ "Gn*k and Romui Biscnph^," Mb.

Plum-o-dc'miu, \^aMltpo^^ an Athenian Iglstorian
of nnceitain period. He lived bdWe the Cliriatlan era.
He wrote a work on the antiqnitie* of Attica, entitled
'1t«c, of which fragmentl are extant

PU'an, [Gr. ♦oaf,] a mariner or boatman of Leaboa,
celebrated ai a favourite of Sappho. AccordinK to the
bble, Venus endowed him wilb youth and beaatj' because
be once carried her acroai the water without charge.

Phir'f-mfiid, ■ king of the Prank*, who ii tup-
poaed to have reigned in the first half of the fifth cen-
tnrr. Hit hiatorf it involved In obscurity, and is the
•abject of some romaocti. The first hiatorian who
Menlioiu him ii Prosper Tjrro.

Ftiaraob Hophra. See Afries.

Pharaoh Neoho. SeeNiCKa

Pharnabaae. See Phainabaeds.

Phar-na-bi'ioB, [Gr. tapvata&c; Fr. Pharnabazb,
ItK'nt^ix',] a Peisian satrap, Rovemed the provinces
near the Hellespont, andcr Dariu« II. He waa an ally
of the Spartans in the war againat the Athenians, and
was defeated by Aldbiadea, near Abydos, In 409 B,& He
wai defeated In 395 by the Spartana, under Agc^lans,
who bid invaded hit province. Phamabazna aul Iphl»
latot commanded an expedition to ^7pt In 374, whidi

Sh Xbtomioh, " Htllnia." booln L, BL. ud h.

Phamaoe. See Pharnaces.

Phar'na-cSi [Gr. ^afnvx^; Fr. pRAMtACK, Hr'-
nts'] Z, King of Pontui, was a son of Mithridates IV.,
whom he succeeded about 190 B.C. He invaded Galatia
m tSt, and waa opposed with success t» Eumenes. He
wa* succeeded by nis son, Mithridates v.

PhamsoAS a. King of Ponlus, was a son of Mithri-
dates the Great. He conspired againat his father after his
defeat bythe Romans, (aboul63 B.C.,) and was supported
by the army. He made peace with Ponipey, who recog-
Dized him as King of the Bosphonis. During the dvil
war of Rome he seized Pontus, and provoked the hos-
tility of Cauar. He waa defeated by the Romans and
killed in battle in 47 B.C.

PhaTorintu Vtalntu. See GuASiHa

Phear. (Sir John Budd,) an Englisb author, bom
in Suffolk in l8zj. He was admitted to the bar in
1854, waa a judge in Bengal 1864-76, and in Ceylon
1877-79. He wrote works on mechanics and hydro-
statics, " International Trade," and " The Aryan Vil-
lage in India and Ceylon," {1880.)

ntellppaan^ d«, deh f^b-le'py, or PhlUppaaox;

lele'pd, (Ahtoine le Plcard— l(h pelitR',) a Frendi
c^cer, born in Poiloil in 1768. He cmiErated in 1791,
fought against the republic, and procoreathe escape of
Sir Sidney Smith from prison, (1797.) Having entered
the British service, he distinguished himself at the
defence of Acre, where he directed the artillery, in 1799.
Died at Acre the same year.

Ph«lp«, (Almika Hart Likcolm,) an American
teacher and educational writer, Ixtrn at Berlin, Connec-
ticut, in 1793. She was for many years assodated with
her sister, Mrs. Emma Willard, as teacher of the Female
Seminary, Troy, New York, and in 1841 took charge of
the Patapsco Institute, Maryland. Among her prindpal
works are "Familiar Lectures on Botany," "Geology
fcr Beginners," (1831,) " Lectures on Natural Phi' — -

with my Pupils," (1859.) Died

38 PHIDIAS

taaea rhetonc id the Andover Tbeolotical aemiiiaTy
from 1848 to 1879. Among hia works ar« "The Still
Hour," "The Solltnde of OiriBt," " Studies of the Old
Testament," "The Tbeoiy of Preaching," "Men and
Books," "English St<^ b PubUc Discoiirs&" "Hia
New Birth," etc He was the hther of Miaa Eliiabeth
Stuart Phelps (Mrs. Ward). Died October 13, 1890.
Pbelpa, (Edward John,) diplomatist, was bom
at Middlebury, Vermont, in i8ai. He was professor
of law at Yale 1S81-85, and United States minister to
Great Britain 1SS5-89. He was one of the govern-
ment counsel in the Behring Sea arbitration. Died
March g, 1900.

Phelpa, (EuuBCFB Stvaxt,) a

a daughter of Profcuor Itoaes Stoart, D.D., was b«B
at Andover, Mastacbosctta, in tSlS- She published a
nmnber of moral ai>d retigiouv tale*, which obtained

in tSlS- She published a
jlou* tdes, whic' ' " '
AmDDg these we may n

jtty Brown Sotea," (i»So) "The Sonav Side," (1831.)
Peep at Number FIve,''(l85I,> and "Tbe Aagd orer
leRight Shonlder," (1851.) Diod in 185a.

~ daughter of the

I, MusachoaettB,

[. She was bom at Boatoe
Her books, priad
(1868,) "Hero, WoiBen,'andGh(iMs,"

The Story of Avis," (1877,) " Beyond the Gates,"
1883,) "The Madonnaof the Tubs," (1887,) "Don-
ald Marcy," (<8g3,) " Chapters from a Life," (1896,)
and many others. She died January aS. 191 1.

Pbalpa, (John S.,) aa American polMdan, bom in
Hartford county, Connecticut, In 1814. He emigrated
to S]»ingfield, Missouri, in 1837, and was elected to
Congresi in 18^4. He also represented tbe sixth dis-
trict of Missouri in Congress for several terms, and was
q^Kiinled military Governor of Arkansas by President
Lhtooln in iS6a. Died November 30^ iSSfi.

Phalpa, (John W..,) an American general, bom at
GailbrO, Vermont^ in 1813, graduated at West Point in
1S3& He became a captain m 1850, and resigned his
commission in 1859. He was appointed a brigadier-
general in 1861, and served under General Butler in tbe
"ixpedition against New Orleans. In December, 1861,
le issued a proclamation against slavery, which
dis^proved by General BnUi

lavery, which was
e rettgned in Toly

l>om at Devon
port in 1806. He made his dBut in York in iSi8, was
engaged by Mocready for the CovenI Garden Theatre in
1837, and, after brief engagements elsewhere, became
the lavourite tragic actor at Sadler's Wells. Died No-
vember 6, 1878.

PhalpB, (VttiXiAM WaI-Tbr,) an American Con-
,.essman, bom In New York, Angnst 14, 1839. He
was a member of Congress from New Jersey 1872-75,
"iSi-S?. Died June 17, 1894.

nialVjiMiii I See MAintEFAE and Pontchartbaik

Phirterato. See Phkrbcratu.

Ptw-rSo'if -tSI, [Gr. *t(ia(&ns ; Fr. FHiRACRATi,
(I'ri'kRit',] an Athenian poet of the old comedy, wrote

about 430 'b.c., and was a contemporary of PUl

Phelpa, (Austin,) D.D., an American clergyman,
bom in West Brookfield, Massachusetts, January 7,
l8at, graduated at the University of Pennsyivania ui
(837, waa pastor of the Pine Street Congregational
Church, Boston, from 1843 to 1S4S, and professor of

1.4,l,atB,;,i!*V'^^^*'^''l'**P>'°''">B*<^i i,^l,&,3.T,fA<»i';*.t,i.9,<>AKt(rf;flT,fUI,at;niEt;nSt;gd6d;mran.

Aristophanes. Small fragments of bis pfays ai .

He invented a new metre, called Pherecra^c Hia dic-

ta is elegant, and hia plots are ingenious.

Pbirteyde. See Phibecvdrs,

— "-- ""SI. rCr. *(iieiiw)nc.- Fi ... ,

It Syroa about 600

_, .. ., igoros. He ia said'

taught the doctrine of Metempsychoais, or the
transmigration of the soaL

Phareoydva, ao Athenian historian, a contemporair
of Herodotus, lived between 490 and 4(0 B.C. His chia
work was a mythological history, in ten books, aometimes
entitled AMxA»vf.

Fhldl-aa, vrritten also Fhaldlaa, [*«dlaf,] regarded
by many as the greatest sculptor and statuary that ever
lived, was a eon of Charmidiw or Charmides. He was
probably born al Athens between joo and 485 B.C Tbe
details of hia personal history are very defident, cooud-
ering his renowiL His prindpal master waa Ageladaa,
a si^ptOT of Argoa. Among his earlier works wen a

db, Google

Pellene. HninB formed » new ttyle, diaracteriud by
Mbllmit]! and ideal beaut;, he obtained the friendship
and patnman of Peridea, who aboot 444 b.C began to
adorn the Acropolb with worlu of art " Pliidias waa
appointed b; Peridea aaperintendent of all the public
Mllficci," aaya Platarch, "allhoagh the Atheniana had
other eminent architect*."

The icvlptiired omanunta erf the Parthenon, exemted
bv Pbidiai and bis disdplea, exhibited a perfection
Which hM never been snrpasied, if equalled, l^ other
aitlatB. He fiu-med with his own hand the colotoal
•tatne of Minerra which ma endoocd within the Far-
Ibenon and was dedicated in 438 b.c It was chrysele-
pbanthte, — that is, the naked parla *cre made of ivory
and the draperf of gold. The height of this stalse was
nearly Ibrtr leet It was his most celebrated worb at
Athena. Hia other waater-piece was a coloaaal ivory
and gold itatne of Jupiter at CHympla, (Elia,) which was
endosed in the temple dedicated to that god. He was
wpreietited aeated on a throne, holding in his right
hand a atatoe of Victory. Thni figure, in the opinion of
the Greeks, eiprened and reaHsed their highest Ideal
of aniweme raideity and divine cora[riacency. It waa
destroyed by fire at Constantinople about 475 A.D.
Some of the Elgin marlilea tn the Btitlth Museum are
conafdered to be works of Phidias.

In the latter part of hia life, Phidias was acctised of
■telTsnding the atate of part of the rotd appropriated to
theatatneof Mmerva; bat,aa Perldes ordered the gold
10 be taken off and weighed, this diarge kaa abandoned ;
for Phidias, by the advice of Petidea, bad artfully con-
liived that the gold could be oaiily tdien oK According
to Plntardi, bo died in prison, into which he waa thrown
-- i charge of impiety, becaoae he had sculptured
shieldof V '

the shieldi

f an/:

Pericles.

doubt the tmth of the statement that be wa* impritoned.
Hi! death, bowever, occurred abont 433 t.c

" The three greatest architecB Utherto known in the
wtwid," tay* Rtiakln, " were Phidias, Giotto, and Midiael
Angclo, — with all (rf whom architeclm^ waa only their
(day, acnlpture and paintii^ th^ work." In the eouise
ol nk remarka on Repoae aa a teat of greatness in works
of art, RmMn aays, " We ahall see by thia light thtee
OoloaMl inugea stuiding op ude by aide, looming in
their great test of s^ritoality above the whole world-
horiion, — Phidlaa, Michael Angelo, and Dante."

Saa K. O. MDluh, "D* Plddla^ia at Opwibm Ciwiaia-

FU'doB or FhA'Aoa, [Or. tifduv,] a king of Argos
and descendant of Hercules, U said to naTe changed the

Brernment of that atale to a despotism about 750 B.C.
I was the reputed inventor of weigbta and meaaares,
and la said to have been the first prince who coined
^Iver money. He was deprived of power or defeated
by the Spartans and Eleians.

PUI4. [Gr. *iU,\ a dan^ter of Antipater, the Re-
gent of Macedonia, was diatiDgniahed (or her virtue
and wisdom. She waa matriea to Crateroa, and after
his death to Demetrius, tiM son of Antigonna. Died
in a87 B.C.

PhflMli, fa-lee'nT, [Gr. ^Oiuvm,] two Carthagmi'ang
and brothers, whose name waa rendered memorable by
an act of patriotic devotion. When the boundary be-
tween Carthage and Cytene was disputed, the parties
■greed that two men of each state should start at the
same time and walk or run towards the other, and that
the place where they met should be the boundary. The
Philaeni traversed a greater spice than the Cyrenians,
who accused the former of unfairness. The FhilKm
then offered to prove their honesty by asacriGce of tbeir
lives, and were buried alive in the sand.

PM-IS'grl-ti*, r»daj^mf,] a Greek medical vrriter of
Thessalonica, lived probably in the third century of our
era. His works are lost, except small figments.

Pbl-larn'mon, [td^iviuv,] a mythical Greek poet
■nd musidan, was supposed to be the son of Apollo,
the inventor of choral mn^ and the imdtator of the
Delphian worship of Apollo.

See PHtUNDSiei.
ir, fe'iSN'dRe-l', [Li

. a French scholar, bor

fn iKoi. He published "Notes on QnintHian,"
(tS3S>) and ''Annotationa on Vltruvina," (■ J44-) Die)

PMarhto. See PHiLABCToa.

PhUarkto, feWrtf, or PUHii'^-tu. (Vastl Dro-
(OF,) Metropolitan of Moacow, wai bom near Moscow
b) 1781. He became Bishop of Revel in 1817, and
Archtnahop of Moscow In iSao. He pobtished " Com-
mcnCariea on C«ne^''and other works. Died in 1867.

PU-lBr'^.ttU*, [fr. Pmumtn, felfrtt',) the repnted
aalbor of a email Greek treatise " On the Pnlae," whld
is sometimes attribnted to Philothetu.

Phlle or PbllH, (HanOel,) a Bnantine poet, bom
at EphesuB about layj. Ho wrote, fn barbarons Greek
verse, a curions work, Uol {iJuv UiinfTat, ("On the
Nature of Animals,") whicn i* extract^ moatly from
Elian's "Natural History." Died about 1340.

FhU'a-aa, [*iUar,1 a Greek geographer, bom a(
Athens, ilved probably several cetitunes before ChrlaL
He is quoted by Diccarchus. He wrote a " Pettplus."

PUIatehe utd FUUllrfliiB. See Fn.Rj>a

poet,
360B
poet of the

. [4iM)^ui>,| an eminent Atherdan comic

bom at Soli In Citida, or at Syracose, aboni

He wat a rival of Menander, and waa the firat

order of time. He began

IT comedy ii

over Menander in dramatic contests,
works are eitant. Ha waa a wit^ and elegant writer.
Died about a6a B.C. Hb son, PtiHeraon, was also a
comic poet, but leas fimious.

S« SuroAj, " Philimon ;" Mamna. " MeniDdrl M Fhthosd*
Riiquis." aid " rnmmw Ceakonm Gtwana;" Uadtv-
MAm, " Dimnnria da nilHuaiaii" it4S-

Fhllemon, a Greek grammarian, who lived ptofaaMy
between 600 and yooA.!)., was the aniborof a''LeiicoB
Tech nologi con," pan of which is extant

FhUemon, one of the primitive Christian*, wa* a
hiend of the apostle Paul, who addressed to him an
epistle, which is indoded in the canon of Scripture.

Fhlleplotia. See Prilifficus.

FhllettBniB, El-e-tee'nis, [tiUnupcr,] an Athenian
oamic poet of the middle comedy. Little is known of
Ua Hie or wortcL

Fhllattema, the founder of the kingdom orPergamot.
He became king abont s8o B.C, and died about 361 B.C.
leaving the throne to hi* nephew Eumenes.

PU-latBa l*OaiTd(\ of Cos, an eminent Greek poet
and critic, who flourished between 350 and 290 B.C He
was the preceptor of Ptolemy Philadelphus. He wrote
etcgie* and eiiignun*, and prose works on grammar.
Fragment* of hi* poem* have come down to us. He waa
a favovriEc model of the poet Theooitua.

Sea Ebch und Gaiiua, " AUaeinctiie Encyklopudia ;" M. Baca,
" Frognnuu da PhDeu Coo," iBiKi

PhU'e-na, tometimes written Hiltons, Pytheoa, or
PUlaOB, an eminent Greek architect, who lived about
ij B.C. He designed two magnificent edifices in Asia
Minor, — via., the Haosdeam gmd the temple of Athena
Poliia at Priene. His coloeaal group containing a statue
of MatMolot i* one of the great treasures of the British

of Amadous IX., was bMn in 1464; died in 14J&.

Phllibart TL, Duke of Savoy, a son of Philip IL,
waa bom in 148a He micceeded hi* father in 1497,
and died in 1504, leaving the dukedom to hi* toother.
Carlo IIL

Phllldor. See Danican.

PhUlenl, fea^l', (Vasquih,) a French litUrattm;
was bom at Carpentras in ijiz. He published "Laurc
-"Avignon," {154S,) and "Toules lea CEuvres vulgaires

de F. Pitrarqae " (ISSS-) Died about 1582.

Phl-U'naa, [♦i««o(J a Greek physidan, .„

Co*, was a pupil of Herophiln*. He lived about ago

Hi, qai:lhard:^a};0,H.K.,gvatirai;tt,mua!;%,trUUd;ixt

: tbasin/iir. (J^'Sce Explanationa, p, j^l

Demaalhenei.

PblUiina, ■ Greek hiUorian, who
nibal in bit campaign In Italj, and wrote a History of
tke Fint and Second Punic Wara, which » not exUnt.
He wai a natiTe of Sldlv.

Vmip [Gr. *aanmc\ Z, King of Macedonia, a
of Atpeoa. relpicd In the ninth centoir b-C Ha
aBCweded or hw mm Afiropua.

Flilllp[Gr.*ai)nrar;LaLPinLip'pui; Fr.PHnJi
fatVl 11^ FiUPMX fe-lip'poi Sp. FEUn, O-lee'plk;
Ger. Fmurp, fil^ipj H, « htnona Ung of Macedonia,
■ JNMoni 1011 of AnijrQtM, waa bom in 383 B.C In hia
]NKtth H paaaed aereral Tean at TheMa aa ■ boatWL
Hid eojored the aodety of EpammondaB. He aiiccec4M^
Ida brotber Feidiccat in lU and tainted Olyaipiaa,
a daoghtetof Dm Kingof Epinu. Dorina the Sodal
WIT, which began in 358 B.a, he eiteadad Ui do-
uidona by Hie aptore of AnpUr "
I^dna froin the Athenian*. He
another dvil wu, calle<'

) BTaiied Uia«elf of

Bipilnal the Phodana and Atfaeniana. In 347 >.& he

,Tbebeoi,«

tlien Ibnsed

ned BgainU bin
TbedeeMTCfai

tlieAtlieniana,Tbe1

of Chteroaea, where Philip,

defeated the alliea In 338 ■.€., rendered bun maater of

Greece. Ha treated tba Athenians wHb denwncf. Ha

oiled a noeml tougieaa of depodea from Oe Greek

state*, who TeMlvMTto unite in an aggteaai*e war

^intt Feisia, and appointed PblUp coimnaoJer^-cMet

Dnriog the prepu^kma for thia enterprise he was as-

aawiniteJ. in 336 M.C., at tb« celebntion of B marriage

between U* daughter CieojMtTB and tiie King of EpirnB.

n^ected bv the kjng.
and politlca) taknt*. wli

mUtarr
girtkkh

Lifc *b4 Ri«a af PhDip oT lUndoB," tfit : OMtm, " Htattn
iNMa," ?«l iL : BntT, " Haialn di PUm M d'Almmdn la
mir ti»»i BaOaam. " Kttaie PhiHg bSb SHAarBtu."

rs^s

■L

V Hacbdon, a aon of CaMander, reigned

PUlte XT. or Hack
on]* a few months, and

rUSp T. OF Hackdom, bora about 135 b.c wm
a MM M Denwbhis IL He succeeded his nnde, Anti-

eHDo*on,insiOB.c. Haring eUalned command itf
srm; of the Adwan league, be displayed snperii
BlUlaT; talents, and defeated tne jSioUani aiid Spartan
'U8-3I7.> The tncnss of Hsnnlbal at "

FU14»t<

Spartana,
e te^^ltcd

n ijgainst the Roman*
Id 3t$ M.C. He i* said to have poisoned Aiatns, who
•.-J c — n- c-__j ™».. "--jinij iiari™ recov
uninst Phinp, wlio
Flamlninn* at Cj- —
n 179 %.C., leaving the

3t$ I.C Ht

1 been his ftkncL The Romans, hanry

_ __.j^elelj

K in 197 B.C.

ITIIW t

,, _jnl an arinr sjninst Philip,

defeated complelelT by T, d. Flamlninn* st Cynn-
— >--•- ' He died in ' — '— ■"-

but

Clei

to his son, Perseo*. Philip waa an able monarch,
1 cruel and tyrannical.
Sh Litt, " HuUiT at RanA" btxiki udL-iL
FhlllD or PlilUp'piia, a son of Herod the Great and
became tetrvch of Ganlonilis, Tnchonitis,
Id uaaaima. Died about 34 a-d.
PUl^ [Lat Pmiuf'piisI or Acauiania, a physician,
aa a friend of Alexander the Great, whom he cored of a
*er caused bybathing in the river CTdnns, 333 s.c On
lis occasion numemo warned the Icing bj fetter that

howoTer, confiding in hi* fideli^, drank the
la he showed the le^ ~!.^- -»■-- •

Philip, Emperor

Phll'Ip, [Gr. ♦a««r; Lat Pmur'Fos.

urew, iirUp',} Saiitt, one of the twelve apostles, was a
native of Betliaaida, on the Sea of Galilee. He witnessed
the miracle of the loavea and fia) " ' ' - -' ~
evangelist John racord* an inli

certain Greeks, in chapter xiL ai. According ti

dition, he preached In Ftuygia, and suflefed mactyrdoa
at Hierap^ia.

HilllnJGer. Phujpp, fil'ip,] Dnke of SnaUa, Em-
peror ot Germany, a aon of Frederick Barbaroaaa, was
Dom about 1170. He waa elected emperor in 1198, bnt
Us title wa* oonteatcd fay Otho IV., and a drll war cb>
sued. The pop* fevoored Otho, and cscowmnnicatad
PUUpt bat waa aftcrwarda reconciled to hink mUp
was Bsssaafatated fai laoS.

PUUp [S& FKlw &4ee'p4] X, sumamed thm
Hanimoiu, Xii^ of CMtDe, a aon of Maximilian L.
EmoeroTof Germany, was bom st Brages in ■478> *"~
mouet waa Mary of Burgundy, from wiiam he inher

mottiet waa Mary o
the seventeen provi

.- --H provinces of the Low Countriea. He w**

itylcd Archduke of Aottris in his youth. In 1406 he
■sanied Joanna, a danghter of FerdinaMl and Isabella,
(of Ca*ale and Aragon.) On the death of Issbclla
(1504) lb* oown of Caatiie was inherited by Joanna,
but, u consequence of her mental Imbadlitv, or inssnity,
Philip exerdaed the royal power. He died at Bargoa
in September, i<o6, iMvltut two sons, who beaune
emperor* as Charle* V. and Ferdinand L

Sh MMtMU,"Di Kabul HivBi^.'"-HaiiTill* BksnpUa

PUlte [Fr. FKnim, hltpH X, lUng of France, a
m of Henry L and Aaoe of Kus*ia, was bom in loja.
He anceacdsd Us fetber in 1060, when Baldwin, Cooat
of FUndeia, faecam* regent. He abandoned hlm*^ to
disgracelnl taaaaality. In 1091 he married Berbnd*^
the wife of Foalqoe*. Count of Anion, who was stUl
Uvin^ Philip wa* exooumuniatcd tot this offence. Re
wa* faivalvea in a war with Williani Rufos of England
daring the Srst craaade^ He died in iioS, and waa

eded by his son, Loni* VL

SiSMOHBi, " Hlwnfci *•• fTMCiiii ;" Hioblbt, ** IBmiis
■(■;" "Momlk Biap^ihM otijtsk."

PhlUp n. or Pkanck See PHiur Anausnr&

ipanied hi* fetlier In the crasade to Tunis In
\a6g. At the death of Louis, io 1*70^ Philip became
king. Having made a treatv m peace with the King of
Tnnia, he returned to Paris m tiyi. Althongfa he was a
prince of litde talent and of a weak character, the royal
domain and power were Increased dniing Us reign.
Anwng the cnief events of his reign was a war against
Peter of Aragon. With the sanction of the pope, who
had oflcred the at>wn of Aragon to Charles, a son of
Philip, the latter invaded Catalonia In ii8(. but was
toon toreed to retreat He died at Perptgnan in October,

Ss^vbuvuhNuhb^ ~CMiaPU]lpiii Andwii,-" "Na>-

PhBip lY, often called PhlUp Ui« Fair, [Pr
Phiuppb LK Bbl, feltp' Ifh bCl ; Ger. Phiufp ata
SQHQHt, Gllp ib she'nch,! a son of Philip IIL and
laabella of Aragon, waa txnn in 1*68. He sncceeded
his fetlier in 1185, before which he had married Jeanne
of Navarre and scquired Navarre a* bcr dowry. He

wa* ambition* to i ....--.. --j —

scrnpnloo* in the c

viaers were lawvets,

despotism lor Uie feudal system. In 1391 or IMJ ht

summoned Edward L of England to appear at Parts

end answer for the hostile act* of tome of hia snb-

jecla. Edward sent his brother Edmund, wbo oSered

^paration, and delivered to Philip ^ fortresses In

db,Google

PHILIP 19

4cd*red hit dontalni In France confitcated In ih«'
tnr tbU enaaed, Edward recovereil ^urt of GmcDne.
To rabe rand* for hb wars, Hiilip debased the coin, and
•Sorted monej, bjr peraecutlon, Iroin the Jews. He in-
vaded Flanden about 1300, bnt was saccescfnllr oppoacd
ta the Fteninn. By > trtatjr of 1303 he restored all
Gnienn* to Edward I. Some yean before this dale a
qtMTTd aroae between Philip and the pope, Boniface,
whoM perton wai outraged by the anntt of Phitip at
AgiMid k 1103. In consequence of Philip's aadacioos
MM socccsMiI efforts to htimbl« the papacy, the court
3f the pops WM tnuwfMTed to Avignon in 1308. Among

e Idng at the death of Loois X., In 1316. I^xut
X. had )bA • dan^ter, who waa ezdodea from the
Uumw Tb« faapcotaBt qneatkn of mccesslon waa
dedded on thk occasion, and Iha Salk law became
thancefbrth one of the btsei of the French conttl-
tuion. The events of bi* reign were not rcmarkaUe^
He renewed the persecntion of the Jew*, manj of
whom were maaaamd. He died In 13U, leaving foor
danihters, bat no son, and was sneceedM by his brother,
ChU^lea IV.

Philip (PUltep*) TX, or PhlUppa 0* Vnlolat fc'-
Kp' dfh vTlwl', bora fn IM3, waa a aoo of Charlea de
]li^loi*. who was a brother <?PhiUp IV. "

ea|»Me and ptod^al prince; Hb rdi

beeami

of the

Fkcnch throne, throogb his mother Isabellc. Philip was
defeated with great loss at Cr^ In 1346, and lost Calaia,
an important strategic point, in 1347, soon after which a
tnue was concluded. He died in 1350^ and was suc-
ceeded by hie son John.
Sh Fmusut, "OiroBklH:

1" Di CwBf, "ITntoln li Plu-

M PHILIP

Henry II., who had been betTOthcd to his son, Don
Carlos. He transferred his court from Toledo to Madrid,
which became about 1560 the pennanent capital of
Spain. One of the first measnres of his reign waa to
re-enact the xtrodoo* edict of 1550, condeomlng to
death every one who should print, write, copy, keep,
t>uy, sell, or give any book made by Luther or Calvin,
and all lay peraons who should read or teach ihe Scrip,
tnres. His systematic eflbtt* to tupfires* religious liberty
by the torments of the Inqoisition, in all hti domitiiona,
provoked a general revolt of the Flemings and Dntch
m 1CG6. (See Okanoi, William of.) In August, 1567,
the Dulw of Alva arrived in Flanders with an armjr, and
with nnltmiled power to subdue and punish the insnr-
geats. Among the victims of bis bloody r^me w
tlieCoantsof Egmont and Horn, eiecuiedin '

"The execution of Egmon^" says Motley,
■ - 'of Phil'-'

hope from him, and nothing to fear." Alva

Jane, ijeft

' remains an

ilip's cruelty and per-

notontyof
fidy, but of hk dalneas. The king had evervthing
. ., ,._ _j ...i,__.. ,.__Ti *lu.de/eatedt

Insntgeats in several battles, and massacred thousands
of non-combatanta of both sexes and all ages, bat was
baOed bv the indomitable spirit of the people, and waa
recalled u 1573. " It was oe^ond the power of man's
innnuity to add any &e*h features of horror to the
reUgloaa persecution under which the provinces were
poaning.^ (Motley.) In 1568 the king's eldest son,
Don Carlo*, died mysterionsly in prison, where he had
been confined for aomc months. According to De Thoa
and other writers, he waa pot to death Dy the order
of Philip.
The eflbrt to sobdae the Hetherlanda waa continued

5 Don John of Austria and Famese, Duke of Parma,
Ihout ancceaa. This long war ezhaosted tlie finance*
of FUHp attd Undercd hla projects for the conquest of
France and England. In 1 (So he oMidned the crown
of Portugal as aucceasor of hu uncle Henrique, who died
irithont bane. Ha insdnted the French to rebel against
HenrvIV.,andfhmisbed(nb*tdlestothebctiouaL^gne.
For Ine Invasion of England he equipped a fleet of on*
hnndred and thirty or, accordins to some writeia, one
hnndrcd and fifty veesele, which »^ed in Hay. >S8S,
and waa caHed ^the InvindUe Armada." After this
ficet had passed throogh the Strait of Dover, it was
damged by &igli*h Gte-shipa. and attacked on the 8th
of Angost 07 Admiral Howu«l, who snnlt and captnred
■any •hipa. The Spanish admiral retreated ttortbward,
and BBar the Orkneys encountered a violent storm, which
^persed hi* fleet. About fifty of his vessel* were
wrecked. (See Elimbxth.) The war between Spidn
and Enriand contlnned many year*. Philip i^ed on the
13th of September, 159S, and was sooceeded by hi* son,
it^pIIL

In person, Phflip waa meagre and below Ihe middle
height. He had a Eur camplexian, blue eyes, aqniline
Doaa, and a very prominent lower jaw. His temper was
morose, hi* manners reserved and repulsive, but he had
gteat ambition and irtdc&tigable industry.

ShVatsok.'
oftlwKiHaflhi

Phn^ (FoUpel HZ. OF SFAUf, a KM of FhiUp It,
was boni at Madrid In April, 157a Hi* mother wa«
Anne of Austria. He began to reijpi in September,
159SL He was timid, indolent, and mcapable, but de-
voted to the Intolerant pidlcy of hi* btber. Passing hi*
time chiefly in hunting, bi acta of devotion, or bnnalttiei
of etiquette, he abwidoned the direction oi aStir* to his
fiivounte, the Duke of Lenna. Thi* mintoter proaecutcd
the war wainat the revolied provinoea of the Nether-
land* nntfl the exhadation of hi* finances forced him,
in 1609, to grant a tmce of twelve veaia (see Maueici
OF Nassau) and to recognise the mdependence of the
Seven United Provinces. The issue of this long con-

^ . ... ._ . test demonstrated that Spain was no longer the mort

fled Elisabeth or laabelle of France, a danghter of powerful kingdom of Europe. The prosperity of Spain
eaai; (as«; %liard; itj;a,B,K,prih»ml;»,mMi»l: »,tritlid; lass; thaainMir. (iVSee Explanations, p. S3.1

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

Jeanne^ a danghter of Loois X., who waa heiress of .. _
throne of Navane. He died hi 1343, leaving a son,
Charles the Bad.

PUlte L OF Sfain. See Pkilif L of Caftilf.

Pliab> (Sp. Fbufi, A-lee'pii It Viurro, fe-lip'po}
n. King of Spain, was the son of the emperos Chules
V. and Uabella of PortngaL He waa bom at Valladolid
on the list of May, 1537. By education and character, a*
«rel1 I* Urth, he was a Spaniard, and a tfaoroogh.paced
UgoL He married in i$4) Maria of Portugal, who died
aboat three year* later. In 1548 be vleited Bni**e1(,
^ere Charles V. held lU* court In 1554 he went to
London to celebrate hia marriage with Mary Tudor,

QtMeB-Regnant of England, who was aboot eleven years
older than be. Having parted from her fai September,
155 J, be went to BmsseU to meet hi* Cither, who^ 00 the
S5th of October, isjc, abdicated in hi* bvonr the *ove-
frisnty of the Netherlanda. Before the end of the year,
Phuip became King of Spain and the Indie* bj the
abdication of his bluer, and maater of an empire "on

the sun never set." Hi* bvourita minister, in the

jart ft hi* re' "

„ „.Iim and PH

wains

1^1 1

the Kl..^ , r

of Italy. In 1 557 his army gained a complete victory
over the French at Sunl-Queutin. This war wa* ter-
minated (7 tlie treaty of Cateau-" — ■■ — --■'

■boat one million. Philip had married Uirguet of
AoMria. Ha died in March, 1631, leaving the throne
to hi* ion, Philip IV.

Sm Watmh, ''Hiatorr of th* Rdn of PUNp IIIV' 'I'i'-
Cwtntms, "MBtcvii d* Dao Fali|i* ni.," ibt; Anu, "Kb-
tdtb da li Vuh di Don rdipi III,." lite; "MovnUa Bingnpki*
Otatnit."

PUUp (F«li3^] IV, a Mn of the preceding, wa«
born In April, 1605, and ascended the throite at the age
of liiteen. He •abmitted himself to the control and
MCendencT of his Givoarite the Dnka of Oliraraa. He
fnwwed the war anintt the Dutch United ProTincea
U the expiration oT the trace, {iGii,) and formed with
the Emperor of Germany a league against the Protest-
ant*. Hi* intrigaea ioTolved Europe in a long war. in
which die Spaniards fonht against the Dutch, Swedes,
French, and English. In maritime war the Dutch oi>>
talned a dedded anperioHtr. On land the Spaniards
were defeated by the French at Rocroj (l6«3) >nd other
places. Portugal revolted in 16401 and waa aiaHj aepa-
rated fi^m the Spanitb monarchj. Bj the treaty of
Weslpballa (1648) Spain made peace with her enemle*,
except the Frendi, who continued the war until i6m.
The results of these wars were disastrous to Spain,
which lost several colonies, islands, and dties. Philip
waa twice married; in 1615 he espoused Elisabeth Of
France, and in 1649 Marie Anne u Austria. He died
fa September, 1665, and was succeeded bjr his son,
Charles IL

S» Cnnm t Mnnn*, " HlRori* da Dob rdlp* IV.," i«ii 1
Malvsssi, " daooMHA da k lianBrqiiis d* EaFSfis n d 7«rpo da
Falipa IV^" 16^; DOHtor, "Mamoin of Sftia durinc IbeRdl^
of Philip IV," ■ 11^, iS}4.

Philip JFr. Phiuppb; Sp. Feupk] T, King of
Spain, bom at Versailles in December, 1683, was a

Gndson of Louis XIV., and the aecond son o( Louis,
aphin of France. In his youth he wss styled (he
Duke of Anion. He was appointed hetr to the throne
of Sp^n and the Indies by the will of Charles IL, who
^ed, without a direct heir, in November, 170a Hi*
title was contested by the archduke Charles ol Austria,
whose claim waa enforced by the armies of England,
Holland, and Austria in the war of the Spanish succes-
lion, which began in 1701. Philip waa supported bythe
French and the majority of the Spantarda, who gained a
decisive victoty at Almanza in 1707. By the treaty of
Utrecht (1713) he waa recognised a* King of Spain:
but he gave m Flandeia and Naples to the Einperor of
Germany. He married Elizabeth Fantese of Parou in
17I4, and chose Cardinal Albetoni as prime minister.
Under the influence of a religions melancholy, he abdi-
cated in IkvouTof hi* «on Louis in iJMi but the death
of Louis a few months later indnced him. to resume the
royal power. He died in July, 1746, and
by his son Ferdinand VL
SaaW.

Saa W. Con, " UmoiTa of Iha Kiw of Spun of Iba Hobh tf
Wibcn," J Tola., itiji CASVAiAt. "L« BapaOa da 1« Borbono,
mU., 1I441 F. X. Coima, "SloflodB Falipa V.," 1779; A. Tiol-

"RUtnlia da* Bourboi

^t^SiS^la.*'

1S4}; SAnrr-StHOH,

"Wtaoiraa:" " NDonllt Biocnptd*

mUp, IGer. PhiUpf, fil'tp,] Landgrave of Hesse,
snmamed dkk GrossuUthioi, (dtr guu-mtlt'ic-fh,)
("the Hagnanimons,") bom at Marburg in 1504, waa
■n able prince, and a constant friend of the Protestant
cause. He began to reign at the age of fourteen, and
introduced the Lutheran religion into Hesse in 1516. In
IHI he fbimed with the Protestant princes theieanie
USchmalkalden, which waged war against Charles V. ;
bat be was farced to submit in 1547 to Charles, who
kept Um a prisoner for five year*. Philip waa inclined
to tolcratioD io religion. Died in 1567.

Sat Homisima, "Lcl» tUUn) d« CmaBnBtUftn," 1R46;
Koaoin, "PhiKfip in GrMMaaih^ta," 4 nk., iBaa-u: Rnot,

FhlUp, a celebrated Indian chie( cotMOonly called

Philip tha Bold, [Fr. Phiuppb lb Habdi, ieltp'
Ifh iUa'de',] Duke of B-irgundy, bom In 1343, was ■
younger son of John, King of France. He wa* one of
the most powerful French prince* during the minority
of Charlea VL, and wa* a rival of the Dukeof Orl^ana.

He acted " "

buanity.

*on, Jean Saiw Penr.

PhlUp tb« Deaeon, one of the primitive Chrietiaa
ministcn^ wa* one of seven men appointed to a apedal
aervice, (Act* vL 5.} He preached m Samaria, and in*
Btructed the treaaniCT of Qaeen Candace of Ethicpiib
(See AcU viiL $-4p, and XBt. &)

Saa John L43^H. si*. 1,91 Uatthnr x.i; Uaifc iu. iSi Lua
1^ 14: Aca L IS.

FhU^ tha Pair. See Pmup IV. of FkAtfCE.

Phll^ tha Oood, [Fr. Phiuppb lb Boir, felip' Ifh
biv,] Duke of Burgundy, a son of Jean Sans Penr, was
bom at Dijon in im. As a partisan or ally of Henry
V. of England, he fought against Charles VIL of France
from 1431 to ta35. At the latter date be entered into
alliance with Cliarles. Some years before this event be
had invaded the territory of Jacqneltne, Countess of
Hainault, and compelled twr to recognise him as her hdr
in HollaiMl, Zealand, and Hainanlt He had Inherited
Flanders and Arttds in addition to Burgundy. He in-
stituted the order of the Golden Fleece. His wife was
Isabella, a daughter of John L of Portugal. He died in
1467 or 14^7, and waa succeeded by his son, Charles tha
Bold. Philip was one of the most powerfiil soverelgna
of his time, Init bad little daim to the epithet of "Good."
" He was certainly neither a good nor a great prince,"*
saya Motley i " he was an adroit dlsaembler, a practical
politician."

FhOlp of Orl«ana. See OkLiANs.

Phll'lp An-gna'tiu, (Fr. Phiuppx Augvstb, feltp'
tfrtsf ; LaL Philip'pus Auguj'tos,] called PhUlp II,
King of France, born in 1 165, waa the son of Louis VIL,
whom he succeeded in llSo. He married Isabella of
Hainault, a niece of the Count of Flanders. In the first
part of bis reign be banished the Jews and confiscated
their property. He aided and abetted the sons of Henrjr
IL olclngland in rebellion against their &tber. Havine
taken the cross In iiSS, he rused an army and united
wlthRichardl.of Bnelandinacrusade. Thcyembarked
at Genoa and Marseilles !n 1 100, passed the winter in
Sicilv, and arrived at Acre in the spring of 1 191. Dis-
sensions or jealousies having arisen between Philip and
Richard, the former, on the pretext of ill health, aban-
doned the enterprise, and arrived at Paris in December,
■ 191. (See RlCHABD L) A war ensued between Philip
and the English king for the possession of Normandy,
and lasted until the death of Richard, in i im. The
crimes and incapadty of John of England afforded a
&VDurable opportunity to the ambition of Philip, wba
extended his dominions by the conquest of Normandy,
Anjou, and Touraine, (IK14-06.)

In iai3, at the instigation of Pope Innocent III., who
had deposed John, Philip prepared to invade England.
He was forced to renounce this enterprise by the abject
submission of John to the pope, and by the loss of his
fleet, which was defeated by Uie English. He invaded
Flanders, the chief towns of which surrendered to his
army, and gained In 1114 a dedsive victory over theem-

Gror Otho IV. and the Flemings at Bouvines, where
commanded in person. He died in 1^3, leaving Ida
throne to his son, Louis VHL

PhUlp, (John W.,) an American commodore, waa
bora at New York in 1840, and graduated from the
Naval Academy in 1861. He served through the civil
war and subsequently, and was captain of the .battle-
ship Texas in the engagement with the Spanish fleet,
July, 1S9S. He was afterwards promoted commodore-
Died June 30, 1900.

PhiUpoB da la Btadelaln^ falt'pAit' d«h 11 mtd'-
lin', (Louis,) a French HtUrtUmr, bom at Lyons in
17U. He published a "Dictionary of Homonyms^"
("UctlaonalTe des Homonymea." I799i} ■ " Dicttonaiy

L (, I, ^ Q, ? /<>v; >•*• ^•*i^ 1«M prolonged; i, e, I, JV il, f. fA*^; ». t. i. 9> '^Kaw; llr, fill, fit; mh| nfk; gJKd; nM^

d by Google

PHILIPOT

£&votir. Died in iSiS.

Fbll'^p9t; (JOKH.) an EngUth Mitiqturj uid henld,

born in KcdL Among the work* »ttribaled to him

b "'^iue Cantiuium, or Kent Simejped." Died ia

PUUppar, fe^'pfa', (FftAMCOM Akin,) a French
writer on agricnltiua, bon &t Peanng, Ana^a, in 1801.
He became director of the botanic garden at Veraafllei
fa 1811. Died in 1S49.

Ptulippa, the French of Fhiuppui, which tee.

PbO^rpo, (Kinet of France.) See Pkilip.

PUlyipa da Moim, leltp' dfh mAN, a Belgian com-
pOMT, born at Hon* about 1511. He composed maaaea,
moten, etc., and waa the moat famoua Belgian compoaer
of hia time, except Orlando de Laaaa

PUUppa d« STviL SeeNui.

PUltope a* !■ BnlDt^TrlnltA, feltp' d«h
txe'ne'ti'V (EcPstT Juubh,) a French miuionarv, bom
In diaComtat In im}. He preached in Syria, 'Peraia,
etc;, and pnbliahed "Itinerarium OiientaJe," (1649.)
Died in 1671.

PbUlppa la Boil See Philip thk Good.

PhUlppe I« HairaL See Phiup tub Bold.

FbUlppoanx. See PmuppiAV^

PauippaniiT, fe^e'pO', (Pibbu,) a French revoln-
boniit. Bom in tlie department of Ome tn 17J9. He
wai elected In 1703 to tlie Convention, in Which he
TOted for the death of the king and an appeal to the
"xd bj Saint-Juat, arreated as
n Uarch, 1794, and gnillolined

B^e'pe', (Hknki,] a French Jeaolt, bom at

Id the ensning month.

PbillOTl, frle'pe', I
Saint-Habert, in ttte Ardennea, abont IS75. He wrote
■everal worka on Chronol<s;. Died in 1636.

PllI-Up'lA-<nH or Flil^ep^-oiu, also called Bas-
DAMES, Emperor of Conitantinople, waa a aoo of ^^-
cephorna Fatridui. He benn to reign In 711 A.D.,
uid wat depoied in 713. nt waa a parliaan of Mono-
theliam.

FhOlppldft. See Philippides.

Fhl.lIp'pI^H, [Gr. ManrUm; Ft. Pbiuppide, fe'-
le'pM',1 an Athenian comic poet, flourished aboot sooor
330 B.C. Hia worka are not extanL He waa conafdered
one of the beat poeti of the new comedf. He ia aald to
ha*ediedof}o7becaiite one of Ma playa had gained the
prize. His character ii enlogited by Aatarch In the life
of Demeirin*.

Sm iKtaiam, " BibModHtt GrBCa,'

PhlllppotL See PHiurott.

FhU^on, fele'pdN', (Auiand,) a French general,
botn at Ronen in 1761. He commanded at the afege
orB«]a}oB,ini8liand tSia. Died in 1836.

FhillppotMn^ fc'le'po'ty, (Flux Hknbi Em-
MANDKL,) a French historical painter, bora at Sedan
in iSiJ. He obtained a Grit medal in 1S40. Among
hia numerous worka are the "Last Banquet of the Gi-
rondiats," (1850,) "The Battle of the Ainu," (1877,) ">=■
Died in 18S4.

PtaUlppsan, Gllip-B^n, (Lvdwio,) a Jewiah rabbi,
bora in Deaaao, in Anhail, December 37, iSii. He
waa duaen a rabbi in 1840^ after seren 7«ara' aerrice aa
an fautmctor. He paUished "Benedict Spinoaa aa a
Man," "Swpkoria and Rome," (1866,) "Questions of
VniTerMl Intwest In FoHlica and R^igton^ (186^^)
and other works.

PUUppna or Acakhamu. See Pmup or Acak-

VANIA.

PU-Hp'pafl^ an impoator, whoae proper name waa

PUUpplM or THnSALOm'CA, an e^grammatic poet,
who is supposed to have lived abont 100 a.d He com-
posed man; eingrams, wUch are In the Greek Anthol-
Greek AntholoKy."

Galen, his conlemporarj.

Fhlllppiu, IFr. Phiuppk, ftltp',) {L. MAsaui,)
Roman geiterai, who became coosol m 186 KC. an

„ the Macedonian war. He invaded the territory of
Peraena, King of Macedonia, without important result*
He was censor in 164 B.C.

FhUlppiu, (I. Makcidi,) a Roman orator, who b^
loiued to the )K»palar party. He waa coiuul in 91 B.C
wl^ Sexlvu Julius CKsai, and was an enemy of M. Livitw
Dmsos, the tribune of the people, by whoae order Philip-
pus was dragged to prison in the year just named. In
86 B.C. he was cenaor. He remalr.ed neutral in the war
between Mariua and Snlla, and was afterwards a friend
of Pompey. He was one of the most eminent oraliKS
of his time, and was noted for his sarcastic wit Horace
relien to him in his Epistle i. : " Strennna et Ibrtis csusis-

was consul in 56 B.C. He married Atia, a niece of Jnlina
CKsar, and thua became the stepbther of tiw emperor
Augustus. He waa neutral in the dvil war between
Cvaar and Pompey.

PhlUppiU, (H. jDUirs,) a Roman emperor, was a
_itive of Traehonibs. He obtained the imperial power
by the murder of Gordian, in 244 A.D, The senate
confirmed the choice of the army. He made peace with
Penda in 344. In 348 or 347 A.D. he celebrated the
thooaandth anniversary of the oriatn of Rome. He was
killed at Verona in 349 A.D., in a Dattle against Dedus,
who had nanrped the title of emperor. According to
' 'us and other writers, Philippna was a Christian.

son, Bl JULiv* PHiUPPin, who had been asso-
ciated with Um in the emjHr^ (34; A.D.,} was killed by
"^le partisans of Detius, bi 349 A.n

PnlUronn Angtutu^ See Panjp AuotrTfus.

PIUl'V*! (AiiBnosi,) an English poet and dramatist,

bom probably in Leicesterslure about iGyCh Among
lut early prodnctbns were six Pastorals, (about 1708,)
anda"LetterftamCopeohagen,"ln verse, (1709,) whid)

by the Roman feneral Q. Csedlini Metellua.

FUUppno, ' •-■'—■-- '"" *--

of Syria '
ehus'X.

. ._ praised by Steele and othera. His tragedy " The
Distressed Mother" waa performed with applause in
171X. It was highly commended in the "Spectator"
by Addison and Steele, who were friends of the author.
He was an adherent of the Whig party, and an object
of Pope's ill-natured satire. Ha made a translation of
Sappho's "Hymn to Venna," which Addison printed in
the "Spectator," No. 313- His version of Sappho's
" Ode to Lesbia" is praiaed by Addison, as " written in
the very spirit of SapphoL" (See " Spectator," Na 139.)
He beiame secretary to Dr. Boulter, Primate of ItelaniL
in 1733, and for some time represented the county of
Armagh in the Irish parliament In im be became a
'—' — ''■'-'■. prerosatlTe court in Ireland. Died in 1749.
" namby-pamby" ia said to have been Grat
applied to his style,

S« JoHHSOH, "LItb of thg Eo^kh Pmu."

PUUps, (CATKutiNn,) an English poetess, bom In
London in 1631. Her maiden name waa Fowlbk, She

E>y her admlren " the Matchless Orinda." Died in 1664.

Philips. (Fkancig Ckailes,) a British novelitl
and dramaiist, was bom at Brighton in 1849. Of his
many novels, the Grst and most successful was "As
in a Looking- Glass," (1885.) He dramatised this
and collaborated iii writing other plays.

PhlUtM, (John,) an EneTish poet bom at Bampton,
Oxfbrdahire, In t67& oSm first succeaaful work was
"The Splendid Shdling," a mock-heroic poem, (1703.)
He produced in 1705 ■^Ble-'--'- " - ~ —!-'<--

n in inutation

MMn federal Q. Cseolins Metellua. He produced in 1705 "Blenheim, a poem m mutation

pno, a son of Antiochns VIIL, became King of tlie style of Milton. His prindpal work Is a poem
about 88 B.C., after fighdng against Antio- "On Cider," (1706,) in which he imitated Virgil'i

"Georgia" with some success. Died in 1708.

tani.'cas/,-|4Bn/;ias>;e,H,K,/HMmii/ tt,iuM/;it,i^>'iU;lass; tbasinAiu. <|^SeeEjiplanatk>nB,p. JVl

d by Google

PHILISCUS

. ,- "ho.

■ocoiding to Saidu, «m a dwciple of Diogenet '
Cvnic. ind Unght gnmnur to Alexander the Great

FhlllBOiu or CoKcnu, liTcil abont mo 8.C, and wai
one oTthe MTen poet* tlut bnaed the "Tr^c Pleiad.'*
Hit vorks are not extant

PhUlsooa or Rhodi^ a iciilptor, who is believed tt
have floarithed aboot 146 b.c : though tome nppoae
him to have lived in the reipi of AagostBt. Hi* worlu
were placed In the temple 3i Apollo at Rone, for which
diej were probaUy originally dnigned. Menr IdentiGe*
the itatue at Florence called Apolllno with the Apollo
of Philiscna.

FU-Us'tl-oil, [tOioTtu*,] a Greek phjiidan,
hi SicU; or IuIt, lived in the foarth centaiy B.C.
He wai the teacher of Eudoxo* the phjraidin and
' aatronomer.

Phl-lto'tiu, ^Gr. tOuTTocI an eminent SjcacnMn hi*-
torian and politician, bom about 43; B.a He aided
Dfonyiioi to obtain power in Syracuse about 405 B.C.
toon after which he waa keeper of the dtadeL About
196 he was banished, because he married a niece of
IhonTlius without his consent He was recalled from
eiile by Dionysius the Voanger, over whom he acquired
fnach influence^ He oaed thi* infioenoe igainst Plato
and Dion, and "employed hit talents," tajt Plutarch,
"in defence of the despotic policy." Having been de-
feated in a naval battle tiy the party of Dion, in 356 B.C.,
he was killed, or killed himself to avoid falling into the
hands of the victor*. He wrote a " Historv of Sidlv,"
which ia lost Hi* style resembled that of Thucydide*.
Cicero characterize* mm as " creber, acatnt, brevi*, pKne
pnsiltus Thucydides."

Sm Bavi.1, "Hiitorical and CHiicat Dictinnarr ;" Ooaum,
~Vita Phni«i,"hi U* "DcSitu u Orlgint SfTuiuTaiiL"

PbUOI-monk (Johm Gkobge.) U.P., an English
writer on law, born in 1809. He wrote a "Historv of
tbc Law of Evidence," and other woriu. Ued in 1865.

Phllllmora, (Sir Robbkt Josbph,) Bart., an English
lawyer, born in London, November 5, iSlo. He was
educated at Westminster, and at Chri*t Church, Ox-
ford, graduating in 1831. He wa* appointed an advo-
cate Si doctors commons, and «*• afterward* admitted
a* a barrister and Queen's counsel. He was chosen
judge of the dnque porta, 1 8; 5, advocate-general in admi-
ralty, 1S63, and judge of the "high court of admiralty, and
of the arches court In 1S67. He wa* judge-advocate gen-
eral, 1871-73, and in 1880 retired from the bench. Hi*
priridpal works are "Memoirs of George I-ord Lyttle-
ton," " Russia and Turkey." and " Ecdesiasdcal Law of
the Church of England. "^ Died in 18S5.

Phillip, (AkTin;!,) an English navigator, bom in
London in 1 738, wa* the Erst governor of Botany Bay.
Died in 1814.

Fhll'llp, (John,) a Scottish painter, bom at Aberdeen
about 1815. became a resident of London. Having
visited Spain about 1S51, he painted numerous success-
fol pictures of Spanish lifie. Among his works are a
"Scotch Fair," "The Letter- Writer of Seville," "El
Pasco," "The Sp«ni*b Contrabandistas," and "The
House of Commons." He was elected a Royal Acade-
midan in 1859 or iS6a Died in 1867.

Pblllip*. (Adklaidb,) a noted singer, bom in Bristol,
England, in 1833. When seven years old, she was taken
to Boeton, Massachusetts, which wa* her residence
throughout the remainder of her life. Her voice waa a
fine contralto. Died October 4, i88>.

PIiillip>, (Catmauhc) See Philips.

Phlllipa, (Charles,) so Irish barrister, born at Sligo
aboutl73B. Hepractisedwilhsuccessincriminalcasesiii
London, andgaioed awiderepulationby his speeches, the
atyleofwhich is rather Sorid. He published "Recollections
(rfCurranand Some of His Contemporaries," etc. D.1859.

PhlllipB, (David Grahau,) novelist, bora at Mad
ison, Indiana, 1S67. His fint book, " The Great God,
Success," was followed by a large number of others. He
was shot by a demented assassin, January 24, 191 1.

44 PHILLIPS

PhllllcM or Phlllppa, {Edwakd^) a nephew and
pupil of the poet Hilton, was bom in London in iSjol
He wrote a "Life of Hilton." (1694,) and published,
beside* other works, "Theatmm Paetarum," or a com-
plete collection of the most eminent poets of all ages,
with observaljons, etc., (1675.) It i* supposed thai b*
waa assisted by Mitton In tbi* work, which is highly
esteemed. Died about i68a

Sea WiLUua Gopwih, "tin* of UmiduJ Jota WiWpi, '

Phillip*, fillips, (Grorg,) a Prosaian historian, bom
at Kotiigsberg in 1804. He was a Roman Catholic of
the ultramontane party. In 1851 he became professot
of the history of law at Vicuna. Among his wnks are
a " History of Germany," (1834.) and a "Treatis* oe
Canon Law," ( Xirtkttinekt,} (5 vols., I&4S-5I-) I>>ed
in iS6a

FIilUlpa.(JoKN,) a brother of Edward, noticed above,
wa* a papil of Milton. He wrote " Maronides," a parodv
of part of Virgil's " jEneid," (1671,) a " Defence of Mil-
ton," (" Miltoni Defcnsio,") and a fcw other worka.

S« " Lits of Edmrd inil John Pbnilp>, Ncphewm ud TtfOt
of John MntDb." in Wiluih Gonwiit, Loodou. iSij.

PhmipB, 0OHN,) a nephew of William Smith Ike
geologist, was bom December 35, 1800. He aitlsted this
uncle in the explorations and surveys which be made
in order to prepare geological map* of England. He
lectured on his favourite sdence with success at varions

E laces. In 1844 he obtained the chair of geology at
lublin. He wrote articles on geology, etc (or tbc
" Penny Cyclopedia" and the " Encyclopedia Britan-
nic*." Among his works are a " Treatise on Geology,"
I1 vcitL. iKiT.l and " Paleozoic Foatit* of Cornwall,
Someraet," (1S4.1.) He became pro-
at Oxfortl in 1S53, and preaident of
the Geolo^cal Sodetv in 1858. Died April a^, 1874.

feuOT of geology at Oxford in 1S53, and preaident at

- t Geologica] Sodety in 1858. Died April aj, 1874.

Phillips, John,) LL.D.,Rn A merioan merchant, be

at Andover, Hai*achusetls, b 1719, founded an academy
at Exeter, New HamjMhire, called by his name, and Esve
a large sum to Phillips Academy, at Andover. Died

PMUlpa, (Laurincr Barrctt,) an English etder,
born in London, January 19, 1S43. He became B snc-
cessful mannlactuter of chronometers, and won distinc-
tion as an inventor and an author. Hi* best-known work
i* a " Dictionary of Biographical Reference," (1873.) HI*
etchings are highlv commended.

FliSllps, (Morgan,) or PUllp Morgan, a Welsh
Catholic writer, graduated at Oxford in 1537- He was
so skilful in disputation that he was called "Morgan the
Sophister." He wrote in ijyi an answer to Knox^
" Blast of the Trumpet against ^ R«iment of Women."

pumps, (Philip,) an American uoger, bom in Chan-
taui^ua county, N. Y., August 13, 1834. Hi* life was
mainly devoted to singingat religious meetings and to the
publication of devotional music Died June 35, 1S95.

PIllUtaM, (Sir RlCKAED.) an Enellah writer, bom la
London u 1767 or 176S. He pnbllabed the " Hoatfaty
Mandne," which advocated Uberal politics, and oUiar
works. Died about 184CL

Sat ' Main of tha Poblk and PrhWi LUb of Sir Kii*w4
Ftiillift.-

PhllllM, (Rit;HARD,) F.R-S., an English dwmlst snd
pharmaoat, Dom in 1778. He learned hi* professioa
with William Allen, of Plough Court I,ondon, and ac-
quired great skill ss an analytic chemist He wrola
articles on cbemialry and mineralogy for the " Penny
Cydopgedia." He lectured on chemisbv at the LmdoB
HosptCsl, and became president of the dbemical Society
about iSjo. Died in 1851.

FhllUp*,(SAiiuii.,) nephew of John PhDlips, nodcad
above, {ijljlr9i,) was born at North Andover In 17J1,
and rose through nnmeroas offices to be lieutenant-
GovemtH' of Massachusetts. He was the (bunder at
Phillips Academy, Andover. Died in 1803.

PhllUps, (Sahurl.) an Engliah writer, bom fai Lon-
don in 1815. He published ''Caleb Stukelv," B novel,
and wrote tales far " Blackwood's Msgatine" snd oAsr
periodicals. He became an editor of the London
"Times," for which he wrote able library critidsois and
eviews. In 1851 and 1854 he published two volumes
f " Esaars from the Timea." Died in 1854-

a, 4 ^ lit 0. 1. Jmt; i, i. 6, same, le** prolonged ; i. t, L 5, ii. ;. MivT; 4, f, i, 9, (>Afr»»,- Or. Oil, fltj mbi nOti gjHd; BsOas,

Digitized .y Google

PHILLIPS I!

Ftallllps, (Stbfken,) Bclor and author, bom at Som-
CTtown, England, in tS6S, Heplayed many pails, and
wrole "Christ in Hades," "The New Inferno" and
SBveia] plays, " Paolo and Francesca," "Herod,"etc.

Phillips, (Thomai.) an BnriUh CaAoHc priert, botn
In Bockiiwhaiiuliire in tToS. He published a "Ufc of
Rwlnald Pole." (1764.) Died at Li^e in 1774.

FhDllps, (Thomas,] an Engliih portnUt-painter, bora
■t Dudlej, in Warwickahire, in 1770L He '

In WorceatenUre fn 1791. He formed a great _ . ..._..
of DUDuacriptB, and wrote antiqaariaa treatiac*. Dim]
FebnuuT 6, 1S73.

PliUU|M, (WATn,) an En^Hah diamatiat, born in
London id iSj^ He began lile m a wnter ind nrica-
luijst on a comic weekly called" Diogenes." His play
of "Joseph Chaiigny," (Adelphi Theatre, 1856,) was
fUlowed by other successful dlamas. Died in 1874.

PkUUpa, (WmMOU) an American Tefonaer, die-
dngnWied far U* mKompromUDg hoatililjr to the b-
•mtkm of •liTvy and to opprcaaion in every fonn, ~~
" •nBorton.A ' " "^ °

Korember Vi, 1811.

mpeitv and atanduifc" In October, 183$. componnding
naiTowly escaped with hia tile. In tM p'eserred bjr
«^ik^rebnqidaUaf dwpnctkadr! FUlo, {Q.

. n Garrison nairowiy

h« joined the abt^tkcA . . „

law becaoM be wat anwiUbig to act tuder an oath Id
the Ccnstiiniiaa of the United Stattib In 1837 a meedns
of the dtiinB of Uaasachuietl* was called in Fanenfl
Hall ten the purpose of cxpresaing pablic condenuiation
of the Mwder of Lorejoy, who fell (Norember 7) at
Alton, UliMM, in defence of the &eedom of tbe press.
The pro^lavery feeling in Boston was |t that time *cry
strong, and the object of ibe meeting was In imminent
danger of being defeated throogh the influence of Attor-
nej-General Auitin, who asked how Mr, Lorejoy bad
merited Ihedlitinction of beingthiisconunemoratea,and
whether he had not died "aa the Ibol dieth." At the |
conclusion of hia apeech, Wendell Phillips arose, and, in 1
a burst of indignant and powerfol eloquence, rebuked |
tbe craven and sordid spirit of those who sought to
defend or excuse that great crime agalosi the liberty of '
tbe press and the rights of hnmamty. Dr. Channing,
who had been chiefly inatmmentat in calling the meeting
on that occasion, oftui referred to the speech of joung .
FUlIiiw before that vast assembly, many of whom were
bitterly hoatUe to trcedom, as "morally anblime." fie- 1
fierlng that Ae Contthation of the United Sutes was
an onrlf^teaas compact between freedom and alavery.

^45 PHILOCLES

PhiU'pots, (Edbk,) novelist, born at Mount Aboo,
India, in l36z. He was clerk in an insurance office
in London i8So-4)o. Among his works are " The End
of a Lite," (1890,) "Some Eveiyday Folks," (1894,)
" My Laughing Philosopher," (iSfiiS,) " Children of
the Mist," (1898,) etc.

PhilFpQtto or Pbll'p^tts, (HSNRY,) an English
bishop, was bom al Bridgewater, May 6, 1778, and
educated at Oxford. He obtained the living of Stan-
hope, became Dean of Chester in 1828, and Bishop
of Exeter in 1S30. He wrole many controversial
works. He was regarded as the head of the extreme
High-Church party in the House of Lords. Died in
September, 1S60.

FMI0 or PU'lon, [MLw,] a aoB of Aatlpater, a Graeh
statuary, who lived aboiit MO B.a He inade a atatce
of Zeus Ourios, which stood on the shore of the Black
Sea, near Chaicedon.

Phllo or Phllon, an excellent Greek architect, worked
at Athens about 310 B.C. He built the portico of twelve
Doric coiumna of the great temple at Eleusis.

PhUo, a physidan oi the sect of Hethodid, Is men-
tioned by Galen. Tbe time in which he lived Is unknown.

Phllo orPhilonTHKAcADBWic; a philosopher, bom
at Larissa, waa a diidple of Clitomachos. He taoghl
philosophy and rhetoric at Rome in the dme of Cicercs
who waa one of hia auditors or pupils.

FhUo. (Philon,) [4U«*,] an ardent Greek phv^dan,
bom at Tarsus in Cilida, hved probably about the time
of Augustus. He wrote, in Greek verse, directions for
compounding an anddote called PhUoKitam, which v*
preserved by Galen.

Phllo, {Q. FuiUUiri,) a Roman general, who waa
consul in 339 X.C:. He procured the paasage in that
7«ar of the important Publilian laws, which increased
the power of the plebeians. He was re-elected consul
in 337 and in 310 B.C. In the latter year be defeated the
Sainnites.

Pbilo, (PhUon.) [Gr. Wluv,] called also PhUo B7-
cantltMi (be-Mn'sh^y,) a Greek mechanidan, who lived
in the second century i.cl He wrote a "T^atise on
Military Machines and Ubsilea," part of which is ex-
tant,— %u. the fourth and fifth books, — and a treatiaa on

Bnriehteaw
', FhliltpaK

|MMfreei
Garmoo ■

i maintained that a dissolu-
the most effectual mode of
n to the alaves. In 1865 he succeeded Mr.

|^!*He

Socieqr, wUch positian be held nntil the dissolution vi
dta satiety, April 9, 187a Mr. Phillips was for many
fCMS an advocate ii woman sofrage, prohitrition, prison
reform, and a greenback cnrrenor, and he made many
public utterances in inpport of these movements. He
waa an socomplbhed scholar, and one of the meat elo-
qaent of American oraiora. CoUedlona of hia letters,

i_-u J -jj J. 1, igl^ ,nd 1869,

me will be iasuea

snd It la onderatood that a third volnme w

•sly. He died February u i8Sf

.■,(WiuiiUi,)F.R.S^ an English ^.

and geolo^it, bora hi London in 1773, waa a brotbef of

n Enf listt mineralogiat

Kkhard, noticed abora, and was a member of the Sodcty
of FiioidB. He diatiiigniahed himself by the accurate
measurement of cryatala by means of the reflective
goniometer. Ha published " Outlines of Mineralogy
and Geotogy," (4th editioi^ iSlfit) and an *■ IntroductioB
to tbe Knowle^ of Hineralon," (181&.) He aided
CtNwbaare In an important work,— "Tbe Geology of
Bn^and and Wal««,'^ti8aa.) DiedkiSsSL

Hata

Phllo [Fr. PMitott, felAN'] or BVBLOS, (HsKBH.
KIDS,) a Greek historian and grammarian, wko lived
betnen Jo and w a.ix Among hia numerous works
waa an account of the reign, or part of tbe r«gn, of
Hadrian. Suidassayshewrote /m'tfr fanllnu.i<dSrta«Mi.
Philo made a iranslatioa of the History of Sanchoniathon,
a Phcenidan.

Phno (or P Wlon} Jadse'iu, (Ja-dee'ns,)IFt. Pmiloi*
LK luiF, felfiN' If h aha-*f .1 (" PMlo the Jew,"} a Greek
philosopher, born at Alexandria, lived betsreen 10 B.C.
and JO KM. He was a member of the sacerdotal bmilv,
and was distiagtiished for learning and eloquence. He
was a man ol mature ^e when he was sent by the Jews
nf Alexandria on an embassy to Caligula, (40 A.D.) It

ra tliat be waa a believer in the Platonic philoao-

He wrole many works on the Jewish religion, on
lerpretation of tbe Pentateuch, and other aubiecta.

• tajMitial to knrative or allKorical interpretr~ —

PbFlo or PbFlea Hif-f-tila'rfa, an abie

idao, whose pieriod ia naknown. He wrote on
lUiea, and lived before too A.a

PU4o«ll'f-ril,a Greek painter, menHoned bj Pliny.
He ia supposed to be the same as tbe brother of iBs-
cbines, wno lived about 340 %x.

PhI4o«b'»-n)i^ [MUq|im'>) adistingai^ed Atfaenlau
writer, who states that he held an office at Athena in 306
\x. Me wrote a work on te antiqaiitea; legends, and
hlatoTy of Athena, entitled " AtiUs," of which many fn^-
menta are extant. Suidaa Ban he was put to death qr
order of Autigonna. According to some writers, be
flourished betiwen 306 sikI a6o b-c.

PMl'tMdH, [4Am;14c,} an Athenian tragic poet, bom
about 46S B.C, waa a nephew of the poet ^Khylna, whom
he imitated. In 439 begained avictorrover Soohodel,
who on that occasion esubited his mnch-admL'ed " CSdi*
pus Tyrannna," None of tbe wmka of PModea bava

[eon carved

€»«;,..

.'SA.n',-iM;V(l,H,K,jiiaWra/,-)f,»ua^,' K,/n7W.' iu>: this in Mil. (J^See Exp1.r*lioiu, |)l 9^>

rfaGoOl^lc

PHILOCLES ig

FUloolea, an Athenian architect, (of AchainE,) de-
igned the admirtble Ionic temple of Athena PoIUb,
bnilt aboBt 333 b.c

PhUoorct*. See PHII.OCRATES.

FliHoo'r^tSI, [Gr. ^iXanfAnK; Ft. Thiuxrat*,
felolcRit',1 an Athenian orator, who waa one of the
diief nqjouaton of the peace with Philip of Haccdon
in 346 n.C. He wu an opponent of Demoslhenea, and
fcvonred the Macedonian party. Having been accued
of treaaon, he went into exile about 343 B.C.

PhilocUto. See PHiLocrBTca.

Phn-oo-ta'tH, [Gr. tiAocT^rV,' Fr. PHiLocrfcn,
falok'tit',] a celebrated Greek archer, who, during the
Trojan war, waa left on the island of Lemnoa, because
he was wounded in (he foot b^ a serpent or a poisoned
arrow. He it the tubject of many legends, one of which
MCiihea the death of Paris to a shaft from hia bow. He
waa said to have been a (Hend of Hercnlet, who be-
queathed to him his bow and his poiaoned arrows^

Sh Somocui. "PhDocutH," ■ tragedr.

Fhllodims. See PHtLODuius.

PUQ-o-ds'lutla, [Gr. *iX&6iiiic( ; Fr. PHlLODtMl, fe*-
lo'dlm',] a Greek Epicurean philosopher and poet, horn
in Palestine. He lived at Rome in the time of Cicero,
who mention* liim in a speech againtt Fiso. Cicero
condemn! hi* conduct, but recogniMS hi* titerar; merit
He wrote epigrams, fragmcnn of which are extant In
the Greek AntholMy.

Phll-o-lS'lis, [Gr. ^OiSkoBt,] a Pythagorean philoM-
l^er, bom at Crotona 01 Tarentnm, waa a dUciple of
Archyta*. He Souriahed about 375 or, according to
tome anthoritiea, 4(0 B.C., and wrote on phjraica. Plato,
it is laid, pnrchas^ aome of hi* writing at a high price,
and derived from them material* for his " Tinueus."

5h AtratnT BOciui, " PhOolaa* d« Prlkicartwi Laben," i>i«i
EaiCH und Gnuna. " ADcmelM VaBflaaftHila."

PUD'o-mo^ [Gr. *diuMa,- Fr. PHitjjiiJtLK, fclo'-
ntl',] a daughter of Pandi on, and a aisier of Procne.
The poets related that the wa* raviahed b; Terena,
and anerwarda metamorphosed into a nightingale.

See OnD, *' MHafflorpboHa.**

PhllomUs. See Philouijl

Rilloii. SeePiuLO.

PU-lonl-dS^ [4i!)wvu%,] an Athenian comic poet
of the <^d comedj, lived In the fifth century B.C. He
ii chiefly diatingiushed as one of the person* In whose

n eminent Greek general
d statesman, bom at Megalopolis, in Arcadia, about

SI B.C., was a son of Craugia. He was instructed by
mophanes and Ecdemus, and chose EparoinondM
for his model. HI* bvourite study wa* the art of war.
His name occurs in aii B.C. a* one of the few who re-
sisted CleooMne*, the Spartan, when he attacked H^a-
lopoUs by night. The defeat of Cleomenei at Sellasia
(»i B.C.) was ascribed to Philopamen. He waa ap-
pointed general of the cavalry about no n.a, and made
reform* in discipline and tactic*. In loS he was elected
nyaAgiuorKeiieral-in-chief of (he Acluean League. Hia
reputation was greatly exalted by a victory over the
Spartan Machanidas at Mantinea. He defeated Nabis,
tyrant of Sparta, in 301 B.a, and again about 19*. In
188 B.C be was appointed commander in a war against
Sparta, which had aeceded from the Ach«an Leagoe.
He made himsdf master of the Spartan capital, rased
the walla, p<lt to death the prominent men, and abolished
dte laws of I>cargai. For these acts of severity he waa
censored bynw Roman senate; In an attempt to reduce
Hessene to aUeglance by anna, be was taken prisoner
bv the Messeidans, and cqnqwUed to drink poison, in
(U B.c He ha* been s^led the last of the Greeks.
His memory was cherished with great veneration. Ac-
cording to Paasaniaa, " Hiltiadea waa the first, and Phi-
loptemen tlie last, bene&ctor to the whole of Greece."
S« Pldtakch. "Lina;" POLTBIII^ **HtU«T."
Phl-lop'o-ntia, (Joamnbs,) [Gr. luovvn i «LUinn>or,]

of that city, and tf»t U* requeat wa* re

FhUoatorgo. See Philostokgius.

PhIl-o-ator'£f-aa, [Gr. *iJaoTifrfioc ; Fr. Philc^
ITOROB, fe1o'stouh',[ an Arian writer, bom In Cappa*
doda about 360 A-Dk He wrote an ecclesiastical history
of the period from 300 to ^5 A.D., which is tost An
extract from it is preserved in a work of Phodus.

FhUoBbKt and PhUoatta. See PHiLOSTKATns.

Phl-loa'tim-ttu, [Gr. MUtfTporoc; Fr. Philostrat^
fi^lo'atait' i Ger. Philostkat, fee^os-tRit,] (Flathts,)
a Greek biographer, bora b Lemnos about 175 <x 180
A.i>. He be^me a resident of Rome, where he taught
rhetoric in the reign of Septimius Severos. At the re-
quest of the empreas, Julia Domna, he wrote a " Life irf
Apollonius of l^ana,'' Thia work, which has exercised
the ingenuity of many commentators, waa printed in
ijos. Among his extant work* are "The l/ves of the
Sophists," and a descripUon of a collection of paintinn,
which displays tidiDesa of faocyandbeantyofatyie- He
was alive in the reign of Philip, (344-049 a.ix)

Sk XiTTsu, "Hiwonyef PUoMBtaTi" Fasanns, "BUioAsw
Gima;" RsHnru 'Uibo' Jm Jlniwrn PhDoMm," ac, ilosi
" NounlLa Biognpus G4n4ral*."

FblloatiBtua THK Leunian, a Sophist, bom abotl
190 A.D. He is mentioned in the writings of the FbUos-
tratus noticed above, who wa* his fi^nd and praise*
hi* rhetoricsl Bkill. Suidassscribesta him aworkcalled

PU-le'tfs, (Gr. td&mr,) a general of Alexander the
Great, «u a son of Parmenio. He commanded the
Macedonian cavalry, or ro^ guards, in the expeditioa
against Persia, and stood highln the bvoor of the kin^
Plutarch extols hia valour and generosity, but adds that
"the loftiness of his port was altogclheT extravagant"
He received information of a plot against Alexander, but
neglected to mention it Hia enemy Craterus used this
circumstance to exdte the suspidon of the kfaig. Flu-
Iota* wa* tortured until he confessed hi* complicity, and
was pot to death in 330 B.C. His guilt may reasonaUy
be doubted.

Sm Akkiah, "Aubiaia."

PhllOtsA, a physician of Amphlssa, in Locri*, bora
about 50 or 60 B.C. He once *upMd with Antylltn, (a
son of Antony,) who was So pleaaca with a syllociMn «
Philolas that iie gave him a rich present, (30 B.C)

Phl-lo'thD-iu, [^bb^t^t,) (CocaHua,) a Greek writer,
was chosen Patriarch of Constantinople in 1355. He had
a high reputation, and wrote a number of worka, some
of which have been printed. Died about 1371.

Pbn-o-ti'mna, [viWi^,] an eminent C&eek phy-
sician, who lived probably about 300 >.C, wa* a coo>
temporary of Herophilus. Hi* works are nentiaoed
by Galen.

PhUox&na. See Pkiloxinus.

FM-lox'n-naa, [Gr. ♦tUfivoc; Fr. PkiloxAni, fc'-
loks'in',] an emment Greek didiyrambic poet, born at
Cythera about 435 B.C. He passed some time at tlw
court of Dionyaiua of Syracuse, who treated him with
Eivour and afterwards sent him to prison. His chief
poems were "Cyclops or Galatea," and "The Feast"
or "Dinner," {Kdmmi,) which were much admired
Fragmenla of them are extant He died In 3S0 >.&

Sh BaaouiH. "D* FUlouno Crthvia Poao," iIm; Kui>
BKoaa, "DimrtidaJi PtitlaiHDii Cjiliwis," itu.

Philoxamu, an able Greek painter of Bretria, was

ander with Darius is highly praised by Pliny. He lived
about 325 B.&

Phlloxeiitia, an Egyptian surgecHi, mentioned by
Celsus aa the author of aeveral valuable worka OB
surgery. He probably lived before the Christian era.

PllU'pot, John,) an English Protestant minister,
bom at Complon, wss tried lor heresy, and homed st
SmilhScId in 1555. He left several works on theology.

L & t. fi. &, V. /I'V' 1. i> A, same, less prolonged; i, i, I, S, ii, f,«<t<rr; f, f, j, g, (>Ainirv; fir, mi, at; mCt; nSt; gMd; n

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dactioafttaFroeMiii«civile,"(i7ll4;5!'> <«"">''• '°3^'
which b regarded m » clusic work. Died in iSi&

Pl^na, pee^-ta, (Albbrt,) a Dutch Catholic tbeo-
logjan, bom at Kempen about 1490, wai the author of
•evenj controvenial worka aninit the Proteatanta. H«
alto mote on matliemabcB. Died in IJ43.

-MfaioirH."

PlehliiB, [Sthpkands Vikahd,) a Dutch hiatorian
and antiquan, bom at Kempen in 1530^ was
of Albert He was libraiian to Cardinal Granvetle. He
pablitbed a work of S^cat research, entitled "Roman
Annals," ("Annale* Romanorum," 1(99^1615,) in ^
Tola., only oae of which was published during his
lifetime. Died in 1604.

Flgna, pin'yl, (Giambattista,) an Italian historian
and poet, bom at Feirara in 153a He wrote "The
Prince," [" U Prindpe," 1560,] to refute the finnoos
work of Machiavel, a " History of the Piiaces of Este,"
(ICTOt) and other worka. Died in 1575.

FtgHEttem. See Innocknt XII.

Plgnone, pta-y&'nV (StuoNi,) a Florentine painter,
bom about 1614. He wu a good colorisL Amoni
his woilcs Is a ptcture of " Saint Louis of France.
Died in i6gS.

PlBnoil«,ptn-7o're-l,(LoKKNZO,) an Italian antiquary
and priest, bom at Padua in 1571. He wrote, betides
other worlct, "Egyptian Charactert," { " Characteret
*OTptii," 1608,) and "The Origin of Padua," (1635.)
Died in 1631.

S« NiciiraN, ** Hdnoina."

pignotU, pin-yot'tee, (LoBnizo,) an Italian historlaiv
poet, and physidan, bom at Figlini, in Tnacany, in 1739,
He became in 1774 professor of natural philoaophy Rt
Pisa, where he remained many years. He wrote PsdIm
in verse, (1779,) which were received with much bvonr.
His chief work It a " History of Tuscany, with Essay*
on Sciences, Letters, and Arts," {9 vols., 1813,) whid)
has tome merit He was chosen rector of the Univer*
sity of IHsa in 1809. Died in tSia.

S« Aldosumiio Paouhi, " Eliwia lUvico-BIoKiaeo £ ngwMti,**
tSit; TifALDO, " Bngnifia digli luliiTii illuxiri."

Plgoreati, pe'go'rif, (Alkxandkk Nicolas,) bom u
I^ia in 1765, published a " Dictionnaiie des Roman-
cfeis," or a liiographical and bibliographical dictionary of
romance-writers of all ages and countries. Died in iSji.

Plg'ott, (Sir ArtKub.) an English lawyer, bom in
1750. tie became attoraey-generS in 1805. He was a
fiiend of Edmund Burke. Died in 1819.

Ptgnty, pe'gBi', (Piibh*,) a French surgeon, who
received the title of first surgeon to Henry IV. He
was the author of several prolessioaal works. EHed in

HU cl«, dfh pe'tss', (AmOtHI PlIKKI AVOVSTJH,}
a French dramatist and song-writer, bom in Paris in
17s;. He wrote tome popular vaudevillet, etc Died
in 183a.

Plka, (Albbbt,) an American poet and journalist,
bom at Boston in 1809. • At an early age he removed to
the Southwest and in 1834 became editor of the "Ar-
kansas Advocate" ai Little Rock, Arkansas. He pub-
lished " Prose Sketches and Poems," " Hymns to the
GocU," etc He commanded a body of Indians fighting
gainst the Union at Pea Ridge, March, 1863, and after
the dvil war was editor of the "Hemphit Appeal."
Died April t. 1891.

Pike, (Zebulon Montgomery,) an American officer
and traveller, born in New Jersey in 1779. He set out
in 1805 to explore the sources of the Mississippi, and
subsequently visited the interior of Louisiana. He roae
to the rank of brigadier-general in the war of tSll, and
was killed during the attack upon York, (now Toronto,)
in 1813.

S« Hkhiv Whitmo, " Life of Ztbalm M. Kkc," in Sfa>iu'i
"Americu Biofnphr/' voL T-, tccondfcnH,

Pikl«r, See Pichleil

Pilate, (LioNCB.] See Leo Pilatus.

Mlate, {Pontius, pon'shj^,) jLat Pok'tius PrtA'-
rws i FV. PoNCt Pilate, pins* pellt', a Roman governor
of ludea. before whom Christ was arraigned by the Jews,

iniquitous desi^ (See Matthew nviL, Hark zv., Luke
cdu., John xmi. and xii.) According to Eusebiot and
othen, Pilate wb* lianiahed, and killed himself aboot
38A.D.

PU«tt, pe-ll'tee, (Caklo Antonio,) an Italian pub-
lidst, bom at Tassnlo, near Trent^ in 1733. He wrote
teversl treatises on natural and dvil law, and a " Hia*
___j __ .'... German T ' ■ - ■ - .....

Carolingi tc
Died in iSox.

Pilfttre de Rosier, pe'lltR' d;h ro'z^', (Jbam
PkANgois,) a French aeronaut, born at MeU b 17J&
He ascended in a balloon filled with heated air in No-
vember, 17S3, and attempted to cross the Channel in a
balloon of hydrogen ^as aurmounting a cylinder filled
with heated air. Thit apparatus fell to the ground near
Boulogne, and Pilllre and his companion were killed, in
June, 1785-

Set ToumoH Dn la CiunLLa, "Vu it Utnumwu da FOtos
4a R«iv." itK.

PlUtiu. See Pilate, (Pontius.)

Pllea, de, dfh ptl, (Roger,) a French painter, dipio-
watiBt, and writer oa art, bom at Clamed (Niivre) 10
1635. He went with Amelotde la Houssaye to Venice,
as aecretary of legation, in 1683, and was sent to ths
Hague by Louvois about 1693, to negotiate in secret
whue he seemed to be employed in painting. He wrote
"The lives of the Painters," (1699,) and several ti

'"'^"-ig-t^a, UAMi

ecame Bi*ho| _ .

commentaries on Scripture. He wss distinguished

as a promoter of the study (^ the Greek language. Died
in ■S7S-

nUdngton, (LETniA tah Lew'in,) an authoresa,
bom in Dublin in 1713, waa the wife of the Rev. Mat-
thew Pilkington, noticed lidow. She wrote poetry, and
■■ Memoirs of her own Ufe," (1749-) Died in ij^

PiUdngtOD, (Makv,) an English authoreaa^ bom at
Cambridge in 1766 j died about 1840.

PUklngtoQ, (Matthew,) an English Ublical scholar,

as prebendary of Lichfield. He published, besides
other works, a "Rational Concordance; or. An Index
to the Bible," (17W-) Died in 1765.

PillBDs, (James,) a British tcholar, bom at Edin-
burgh in 1777. He became professor of humanity in
the Universi^ of Edinbargh in iSao, and filled that
duir about forty-tliree ;«ars. He published, besidea
other works, "Lecture* on the Proper Objects and
Methods of Education," (1836,) and " Rationale of Dia-
dpline," (1S51.) EKed in Edinburgh in 1864.

Pille, ptl, (Louis Ahtoinb,) Comtb, a French getie-
ral, bom at Soiasons in IT49 ; died in iSsS.

PlUamen^ pe'y^m&N', (Jean,) a French landscape-
painter, bom at Ijrans in 1728; died in 1808. His son
VnnxjB, bom at Vienna in 1767, was a aldlfiil engraver
and etcher. Died in Paris in 1S14.

Pm«t pe'ji', (Clauds Mabie,} a learned Frendi

)!^nsb«r,Wn at ChamMryin 1771. He wrote articles
for the "Biographic Universclle," and acted aa chid
editor of that work Irom the sixth to the fbity-fourtb
volume inclusive. He devoted lourteen yeara to thia
task. Died in tSafiL

Plllet, (Fabiek,) a French littiratita; bom at Lyons

1772. He wrote dramatical critiques (or the " Journal
de Paris" for many yeara, articles for the "Biographic
"niverselle," and other works. Died in 1855.

PiUlaxd, pe'ye-tR', (Jacques,) a French painter, bom
at Vienne about 1815. He has worked \a Rome for
many years.

Pillon. pe'yAN'i (Anne Adbien Fibhin,) a French
tittiraUHT, bom in Paris in 1766, wrote comedies bm)
poems. Died in 1S44.

'lis son, Alkjiandre Jean Baptistk, waa bom at

liens in 1791. - He became Itlirarian of the Louvre

1S58. Among his works are a "Greek-and- French

Dictionary," {1^7,) and "Greek Synonyms," (1S47,)

which obtained the Voloey prixe. Died March 35, 1875.

fctI,lItlia7,/«>V>'^fc^>ame, less prolonged; i,ii, 1,5, fi,Tp ''''"■' '•f.ii 9. ^'•^"v; fir, flit, Qtimtt; n&t; gS&d;Ii

born in Willismsor county, lenneasee, in 1806, A« brjg-
idier-generil, he fought with distinction in the Mejdcari
wv, {1S47,) and wu prumoted to be a major-generil.
He was tecond in command at Poit Donelaoa when it
waa taken bj General Grant, in Fehraair, 1863. Died
in iStS.

PUls'bory, (Pasksr,) an abolitionist, was boio
at Hamilton, Massachusetts, in tScx). He was very
lealous in the cause of abolition. Aftei the war be
enKaged in the wocaan suffrage cause. Died in 1S9S.

Plloo, pelAn', (Gbuuin.) an excellent French acnlp-
tM. born about IS15, wai patronized br Henry IL and
Catherine de Medicis. Hii maater-piecs ia a marble
(loup (now in the museum of the Lodvic) of three Graces
clothed, and aupporting on their heads a gilded bronie
BID, which contained the beait of Henry IL He excelled
in the execution of drapery. Died about IC90.

Pilot pelo', (JKAN Joseph Antoink,) a French and-
qoary, bom in Piedmont in 1806 ; died in 1883.

PUotjr, von, fon pefl^o-tee, (Kau. Thxodor,) a Ger-
man painter, born at Munich, October r, 1816. His
lather, Ferdinand Piloty, was an eminent designer. His
first painting, "The Weeping Mother anr' the Nurse,"
attracted great attention. In 1858 he wat chosen pro-

tormed ttie (..onstitnlion ot the United Stales m 17B7.
He was GuTemor of South Carolina from 1789 to 1791,
and again irom 1796 to 179S. In the latter year he wal
elected a Senator of the United States by the legislature
of South Carolina. He acted with the Republican par^,
and was an eloquent speaker. He was minister to Spaui
from 1S02 to 1805. Died in 1814.

PlQckiiey, (Chaklks Cotesworth,) an American
•talesman, Ixmi at Charleston, South Carolina, in Feb-
man, 1746, was a son of Chief Justice Pinckncy. He
graduated at Oxford, England, and studied law. He
served as aide-de-camp to Washington at the battles of
Brandywine and Germantowik, September-October, 1777,
and obtained the rank of colonel. In October, 1779, he
took pan in the battle of Savannah. Me was taken
prisoner at Charleston in May, 178CS and detained unl^
the end of the war. He was a member of the Conven-
tion which formed the Constitution of the United State*,
(178^,) advocated the adoption of the same in the Con-
Tention of South Carolina, and became a leader of the
Federal party. General Washington oQered him a place
In his cabinet, in 1 79c, as tecretary ot war, and afterwards
as aecretaiy of satcDoth of which positions he declined.
He was teni aa minister to France in 1796, but the
French Directory refiiaed to receive tiim, and ordered

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event! of hii time. The ooly poenu of Pindar which
hive come down to oi entire are the "Epinida," "
triumphal odes compoeed in honoui of victort ai
public gamet. Fragment* of hia dtthrramba, paeans,
encomia, and diraei are eitant Horace attributes to
Pindar an iiTallea skill in several Ibrms of verse. The
best translations of Pindar into English verse are those
(rf H. F. Cary and Abiaham Moore. Pindar excelled in
energy, picturesqae effect, aikd sablimftr. He had a son
Dai^antus, and two daagbterv. His death is varioaslji
dated at 439 or 443 B.C

S<* J. G. Sonniim. "Vcmidi Iber nadir*! Leben," imi
McnoUEa. "Pioduo*. mr OnKtncliH dM Diditm," Etc., 1B4];
ViuaiiAiH, " Eiui nr1tGJm«d* Piodan."i>57: K. O. MBtxsi,
" HiMory of the Litoanm at Asdenl Gmcc :" W. Cahbh
"Ftedari Int&uDm," 1804; Claubeh, "PiDdarot d«T Ljrikcr,'
^41 BirFAim, "Pindir'i Lsbtn," 1148; "MonnOla BiotrapUs

Pindar, (Prrwt) See Wolcott, (John.)

Plndars. See Pimqak.

PindBTo. See Pindal

Ptadanui or Plndaioa. See Pihdab.

Plndamouta, ptn-di-mon'ti, (Giotakhi,) an Italian
dramatist, bom at Verraia in 1751, prodoced se*«n)
ttuedies. Died in 181a.

JnttdeinoBte, (Ippouto,) an Italian poet of high
lepntatioD, bom at Verona in Norenbcr, I7S3- ^'*' >
brxitliei of the preceding. He entered the order of Malta
fai his f outh, bnt resigned bis membership about the a^
of thiitj. He described the delights of the country m
poems eatitled " Rnral Poems," (*■ Poeaie campestoi,"
17S5,) which were received with &*onT. He exhibited
a contemplatiTe and ingenious philosophv in his " Rural
PrMe," (" Prose campestri," (795.) About 1805 hs
published a volume of Horatian satires, entitled " Ser-
mon!" IDs translation of the " Odyssey," in blank
veiae, (1S09-43,) is commended. He was a friend of
Foectdo and HontL Amons his works is "Eulogies
of literary Men," ("Elogj di Lctierati," 3 vola., 1816,)
which contains biographies of Italian authors. Died at
Vvona in 1838.

PlDO, (Robert Edcb,) was bom at London about
1741, and was a painter of history and portraits. A
picture of " Canute on the Sea-Shore" is one of bis
best works. Died at Philadelphia in 1790.

Plneao, pe'niJ', (Lat PiMVoa,] (SivsaiN,) a French
surgeon, born at Chartres. He vrrote some works on
anatomy, which had a high reputation. Died in 1619.

PlnMta, do, dii pe'nS^ (Lat. Pinkl'lus,] (Gabkikl,)
It French jurist, bom at Altera in 1573. He was noted
ibr jntqnity, and was called " the Cato of Anjon." Died

Pinsda, do, dl pe-nE'nl, (JttAN,) a Spanish theolo-
gian, bom at Seville in 1557, was a monk or Jesuil. He
sm ■ Goonsellorto the court of the Inquisition, and was
duuged to search out dangerous or unsound books in
the Ubraries of Spain. He wrote commentanea on
Scripture, and a "Universal History," (5 vols., i6ao.)
Died in 1637.

PtaMl, pe'nll', (PHtupTK.) a distingutsbed French
physicisn, Dom in the department of Tarn in 1 745. He
published in 1791 a " Treatise on Mental Alienation,"
which promoted a reform in the treatment of the Insane.
He became in 1793 chfcCpbysidan of the Bicttre of Paris,
and was successful in the treatment of insanity by sub-
itiluting kindness for harshness. His most remarkable
work is "Philosophical Nosography," ("La Nosogra-

■■■' ■■■- - " 3 voU., 1798; 6th edition, ilii&.)

a the Institute in 1803. Died in

FliMlll, pe-nel'lee, ( Bartolommbo, ) an emineal
painter and engraver, born at Rome about 178a. He
etched many plates representing scenery in the vidnity
of Rome, events in the history of ancient Rome, and
Roman costumes. He left design* wltich were highly
prised. Among his publications i* "Jsloria deglj Im-
peratori," (1S19.) Died in 1835.

S« F. Craidi, ' Bi(«nfi> d{ B. IHncUi," ilj) : C PAumnBU
- MbwiHi iDUno till Via di B. FWUi." iSji-

Piaelll,(GiAM ViNCENZO,)an Italian patron of learn.
ing and bibliophile, bom at Naples in 1535. Hi* honsa

at Padua was a rendexrous of the learned men of all
countries. He was a diligent collector of books and
aianDscripts. Died In 1601.

Sm Paolo Gdaldo, " Vita J. V. PiaaUi.' AvgibBit, jtm/,

Pln«lliia. See Pinkau, (Gabkixu)

Pliielo, y, e pe-nllo, (AirroHio dk Lxoh,) a Span-
ish writer, bom in Pern. He published, besides other
worlcs, " Epitome of the Eastern and Western Nautical
and Geographical Library," (" Epitome de la bibliotheci
oriental y occidental nautica y geografica," l6l9.> Died
about 1075.

Pln«TO. (Arthur Wins,) an English dramatist,
bom at London in 1855. He appeared on the stage
at Edinburgh in 1874, quittiog it in 1881. Of his
many plays may be named "The Squire," (i88i,)
"Sweet Lavender," (18SS,) "The Second Mr*.
TanquerBv," (1893,) and " The Princess snd die
Butleray,'' (1897.)

Fln«t I>tL See Dvrarar.

Finaton de Ghumbnui, ptn'tAn' dfh shOir^RfiM',
(J ACQUIS,) a French Protestant minister, bom at Orange,

u exiled about 16S5. He died in London in 1689.

PlngeL ping*;!, {Christian,) a Danish natnialist,
bom at Copenhagen in 17^3. He contributed manr

iCmoir* to the "Transacbons** of the Academy of

oencea. Died December aa, i8ja.

Plngaroti, piNsh'T6N', (Tkan Ciaitdb,) a French
translator, bom at Lyons about 1730. He translate^
from the Italian, Milizia's " live* of the Architects,"
(tTTI,) and other works. Died in 1795.

PlngiA plN'gRi', (Ai.ixANi>» Gvi,) a distingotslMd
French astronomer, bom in Pari* in 1711. He begaa
to study astronomy about the age of thirty-eight. His
observation of the transit of Mercury in 1753 procured
his nomination as correspondent of the Academv. la
1760 be was sent to the island of Rodrigo to obaerre
the tranait of Venus, (1761.) His most important work
Is " Cometography, or a Historical and Theoretical
Treatise on Comets," (17S3.) Died In 179A.

PlDgrea, (Hazbn S.,) an American reformer, bom

Denmark, Maine, in 1S40. He worked on a farm,
then in cotton and shoe factories, and served as a
private through the civil war. In 1S66 he established
at Detroit a small shoe factory, which grew to be the
largest in the West. He was mayor of Detroit 1S89-
96, and became widely known by his lights against
street railways and other corporatioDS, and his success-
ful protect of the cultivation of vacant city lots by the
poor. He was elected (jovemot of Michigan in 1896
and (898. Died June iS, 1901.

PlnhttlTO-Perrelnt, pen-yaV-ro ffir-rl^-rl, (Siltm-
TRR,) a Portuguese writer, bom in Lisbon m 1769. He
wrote, besides other works in French, "Principles of
Public Law." (3 vols., 1834-) Died in 1847.

PiiU, pct/nee. (Erhrnioildo,) an Italian naturalist,
bom at Milan about 1740. He was professor of natural
history at Milan, (1771-1813.) He wrote VeatiBe* on
mineralogy, geology, and natural history. Died in 189^

Pimkwton. (Aixan,) a celebrated detective, bom at
Gorbals, near Glasgow, Scotland, August 35, 181^ He
became a cooper, and was an active Chartist, bat in l8i4S
came to America, and finally established himaelf at
Dundee, Illinois. Here he became a deputy sheriff; and
won distinction as a detective of connterKiters. In 1859
he funded a detective agency at Chicago, which became
'-istitntion of great importance. Hi. Pinkerion waa
ome time at the head (rf the United States secret

, detective. Died at Chicago, July I, 18S4.

Fiiik'9r-t9n, (JOHN,) a Scottish historian, poet, and
_ntiquary, borti in Edinburgh in 1758 He became a
resident of London about 1780, and published a volume
of verses, entitled " Rimes," in 1781. In 1784 he pro-
duced an " Essay on Medals," which was well received.
His reputation was increased by the publlcatioa of " An-
dent Scottish Poems never before iti Print," Mc, (a
vols.. 178&) He published an ingenions "IMsiittBHni

i, e,i, 3, Q,y,/i»v;^i, A, same, less prolonged; i,i,1,6,li,'},tiffri;t,f,\,<t

r; til, cut, at; mit; n&t; gd&d; P

PINKNEY ig

•a &■ Ori|la mod Frogrew of the Scfthiaiit or Goths"
tai 17S7. Among hit other worlu ue ■ " Htator; of
SootUod from the Acceuion of the Home of Stoirt to

whidi have •ome merit He {• cenrared for his
guice and his enmity to religion. Died «t Fori* in 183&

Sm CHAifian^ " BiDvnpt^ci] UoiufT otXiBiiHDt SbMbdib ;"

llaBtUr Rniaw" bt M ly, 1747.

Ptuk'nay, (EOWAKD Coati,) son of WDliam Knh-
oef, noticed below, wu born in LtMdoit In 180a, He
pnoltshed JD iSss " Rodolph, and other Poems." Died
biSsS.

Set GaKwouv " Pout and PmAt «f AoMka.'

r, (WtLUAH,) Ml emineDt American lawjrer

seated ■ district of HarjUnd in Congress from 1789 to
1793. Id 1796 he waa sent to London as a craimitsi
Jays treaty. He remained in London abo«t 1
and was appointed mimster to England ii
Ig retnmed tiomi~ """ '

s;

e in iSii, he settled in Balti-
eyrgenend of the United Stales
. o Fcbniar]', 1814, was ^ipcanted
minister to Rnssia in 1S16, and waa elected a member
of the Senate of the United Sutea in 1S19. He advo-
cated the Missouri Compromise in the Senate in tSaa
H« was a man of brilliant talents, and was geno^ljr
ooniidered the foiemoat American lawyer of his time.
His wire was a sister of Commodore Sodgei*. He
died in Fehraaiy, iSaa.

S«a Hanar WHaATOH, - Lifa of Willlu. Kubar," iSiSi

"G^rida Anof AnHiku OnloiT," tqr' " " ""

■aa. ilir ' National Portfaii'dUcn of

i^ii.; "N«nhADBii»ft**i*w"^fai. .. .

Flnkiur, (WiLLUM,) D.D., LL,D., sn American
bishop, a nephew dl W. Pinlmey the jorlst, waa bosn in

Annapolis, Mairland, April 17, 1810, gradnaled at SalnE
Tolm'a CollHe In 1S17, and in 1836 waa ordained a prea-
brter of the Episcopal Church. He held rectorships in
Badensbnrs, and in Washington, D.C, and in 1870 was
ConsecratedAssistanI Biahq;i of Haiyland. In 1879 he
SDCceeded Dr. Whiidngham as lUoceMn. Died hi 1881.
He poblkbed a " Life of Williant Finkney" the jurist

nno, pae'Do, (Domenico,) Coitht, an Ital^ gen-
etal, born at Milan in 176a He serred in the French
army as nneial of division in Germany, Spain, and
Rnsda, (1805-13.) Died in lSl6.

Pliio,dn,dl pec'no, (Marco,) an able Italian painter,
sometimes called Marco da Siknna. He worlced many
Tears at Naples, where he settled about 1560^ Among
his chief works is a "Descent from the Cross."

Pinoii, pe'n6N', 0acquks,) a French lawyer and
writer of I^tin poetry, wrote "On the Roman Year,"
("De Anno Romano,') and other poems. Died, at an
advanced age. in 164 1.

Pin*, da, dph plN, (Lat Pi'nug,] (Jban,) a Flench
diplomatist, bom at Toolonse about 1470^ became Bishop
of Rieuz in i JS3. He wrote. In elegant Latin, a nomber
of epigranu, and " On Court Life,* (" De Vita aolica.")
His atrle was praised by Erasmus, who said, "Potest
inter TnllianK dictionis coropetitoreB nuneiari Johannes
Finos." As ambassador to Venice and Rome, about
I5ac^ he displayed superior diplomatic talents. IMed
ln,lS37- _^

S«* Ckudoii, " UAaoirH poor Hrrir li I'Ikca d» J. da Pim,"

Fln'skor. (SiucHA,) a Karaite Jew, bom at Tamopol,
in Austrian Galida, in iSoi. He lived in Odessa until
1840, and afterwards at Vienna. His principal published
works are a " History of Karatsm" and " Mcbd ha-Nilc-
fcnd," (1863,) a treatise on vowel-points and vnging-
accents. Died October 19, 1864.

PliiBOii, piN'sAit', (Nicolas,) a French painter and
engraver, bom at V^ence about 1640, worked many
years in Italy.

PlnHon, pfcit'sAH', (Fkan^ois,) a French juriat, bom
at Bourges abont idta ; died in 1691.

Plnaotl, ptn-soo'lee, (Ciko,) an Italian composer o
aong^ operas, and choruses, was born at Sinalun^.Maj
9, 1819. His professional life was mostly spent in Lon-

57 PIOMBO

don, and In 1856 he became professor of singing in Ae
Rcral Academy of Music Died March 10, 188S.

Plntalll, ptn-tellee, (Baccio,) an Italian architect,
born probably at Florence. He was employed by Pope
Siitus IV., who reigned from 1471 dll 1484. Among his
great wortca in Rome are the cliarch of Santa Maria del
Popolo, the Sistine Chapel, (in which Michael Angelo
painted the fresco of the " L«U Ju(U;ment,") the church
of Saint Augustine, and a bridge called the Poote SistOk
Died about 149a.

SHVAaAiu,"LiTeiof4iiPlbtcn,"cte. ;Tiiom, "Diridnario."

Pinto, pin'to^ (FirnXo Mendez.) a Portuguese
traveller, bom near Cdnbca about I5ta He wrote a
marrelloas booh of travels in India, etc, (1614,) which
was translated Into many languages. His veradty hat
often been questioQed, Diedin 1583.

Pinto, (Hectok,) a Portuguese monk or priest, be-
came professor at Coimhra about I570. He wrote " Pie*
ture of Christian Life," ("Imagem da Vida Christam,"
ISfit) Died in 1584.

Puto, (Isaac,) a Portuguese Jew, bom about 171C
He wrote an "^tsayon Luxury,'' (1763,) and an "Apol*
o^ for the Jews," (1763.) He died at the Hague in
1^7.

Plntor, ptn-toH', (Pbdro,) a Spanish physldai^ bom
at Valencia in 1413 : died in Rome in 1503.

Finturloclilo, pio-loo-rikTie-o, (Bsrhabdino Bet-
TI,) an Italian painter, bom at Perugia in 145^ was
a pupil or as^tant of ^erurino. He worked m the
Vatican for Alexander VL Among hia best works are
"Jesus before the Doctors," a portrait of Isabella of
Casdie, and "The History of Pios IL,''in the cathedral
of Sienna. It is said that Raphael assisted htm in the
latter work. Ho painted portraits and landscapes with
nccesa. Died In 1513.

Sea Vjuaii, " Un of tha Palolan;" Labii, " Hiilon ofPaiiil-
faw ta Itatr."

Plniu. See Pms.

PlnaoD, ptn-thAn', (Maktih Alonzo,) « Spanish
naviKator, who commanoed the Pints in the first voyift
of Colnmbns to America. He Is said to have been en-
Tioos towards his chie£ Died in 1493.

Plnaoii, (VntCKNCio Yanee,) a jrounger brother of
ue preceding, comnunded the Nilu in the voyage of
C<dumbiia,(i49a.) Heconducted an eipedition in 149;

'"iff-

See Pius, Pon.

,,,. a oepbew of Pico della
Hirindola. He was a patnm of lilerarymen, and anthof
of a treatise against Lnlher. Died in Paria in 1531.

Plo, (Battista,) an Italian phiMonst, bom st Bo-
logns. He wrote notes on Horace, Lucretius, Ovid,
and other dassic aulhois. Died at Rome about 154&

Plobvrt, pe'o'baiR', (Guillavmi,) a French general
and mathematidan, boni in 1793. He was elected a
member of the Institute tn 1840, in place of De Prony.
He wrote, besides other works, a "Treatise on ArtS-
leix" (a vols.) Died al Paris, June 9, 1871,

nolo, pe-o'll, (DoHENico,) a Genoese painter, bom
In i6aS. He painted infents with espedal skilL Among
his works is a "Repose of the Holy Family." Died

PloU, <F.,) a painter, bom at Genoa in 1617, was k
brother of the preceding. He waa an artist of high
promise, but died yonng, in 164a.
Piomblno. See Bohafartr, (Maris Anhi £lisa.)
Ptombe, dal, dH pe-omlM), (Sebastiano,) an emi-
nent Italian painter, born at Venice in 1485, was also
railed Ldciano or Venbziako^ He was a pupil of

ipetition with Ruhael, and received iv
Michael Angela He painted in San Pietro in Montoria
a fresco of the "Transfiguratian,'' which is remarkable
for beauty of colour. Among his master-pieces is a
" Raising of Lazarus," which now adoms the British
Natii

n;d GalleiT. He eicelled in portraits. About
1531 be obtained from Clement VII. the office of keeper

«asi; ( OS i; 2 hard; % a&j; a, h, k.^kWh™/,- n, Mota/; », MUtJ; I as *;

iSV See Ezplauiticos, p. n)

,-j:.,Gooi^c

I ofllK Ll

of the aeal, (ijbi' Mpwmiv,) vA *nt
of Pra SebMtiuio del »omba Died in

SHVuAu.'-LiraafihePiiiitB*:'' Bum, " Ugnori* *tnkbe
a F. SctiHtU» dtl nombo," iSi6; RiDOLn. "Vita d^ Pillori
VsHd;" ItXKiL, "HiautroT PuDdDiui laly."

Plorry, pe'o're', (Pierki Atmlpuc,) a French medi-
ctd writer, bom al FoitierB in 1794. He nined dis-
tinction by I treatise "On Mediate Fercossion," ("De
la Percauion mediate," 1S2S.) He obtained In 184a
a chair of internal palhol<^ at Paris. Among hia
woilu i* a " Treatise on Diagnostics and Semeiology,"
(3 Tois., 1836.) Died at Paris, May ag, 1879.

Ploud, pe-oi'ie, [It pton. pe-ot'see,|MBS., an Eng-
Ibh aathoress, whose maiden name was Esthkk Lynch
Salusbukv, was bom in Carnarvonshire in 1739. Shs
became the wife of Mr. Thrale, a brewer of London, in
1763, and was intimate with Dr. Johnson. Having lost
her husband, she was oiarried in 1784 to an Italian
teacher of music, named Pioiri. She published in 1786
"Anecdotes of Dr. Samnel Johnson during the Last
Twentv Veats of his Ufe," and in 1788 "Letters to and
from Dr. Samuel Johnson," (1 vols.) Among her other
works Is a short poem, called "The Three Warnings."
Died at Clifton in 1831.

Sec " Pioniiu : «, RKoHtctJoni of ihc Lite Mn. Koui ;"

"Atlulic Monthlr^br Just- •<»<' M» Fimnn. "M.mnir. nl

tba Littiarr LidiM of En^ni
Ccnluiy," kJ. iL, (i*gj),"

K'pflr, [Sw, pron. pee'pfr.T (Cakl,] Count, a Swed-
bh minister of state, was a man of superior talents.
He was councillor of state in the reign of Charles XL,
and became the prindpal minister of Charles XIL,
whom he accompanied in his campaigns. He was
taken prisoner at Puttowa (Poltava) m 1709, and kepi
b priton aniii his death, in 1716L

Sa* Gnsuus, " BioEniiliiaU-LaidciiB.''

PI'par, L«, (Fkancis,) an Engliih conic painter,
noted in his skill in portraits of nglj and deformed
persons. Died about 1 74a

PlppL See Giuuo RouAtia

Plppint pip'ping, (Hunkich,) a German theologian
and biographer, bom at Leipsic in 1670; died in 1719.

Pt^jner, pe-kain', (Ahdkes,) a Spanish medical writer,
bom ID Aragon in 1711. He received the title of firat
phyudan of the kingdom in 17SS. Among hia works is
"Medicine Old and New," ("MedicinavetosBt nova,"
>73SJ Died In 177a.

EVBOMl, pe-di-nt'tee, (Francisco,) an engraver,
born at Rome in 1748, was a son of Giovanni Battista,
tioticed below. He succeeded his father as a dealer in

Einta. Abont 1800 he removed to Paris, where hepub-
hed a large number of plates of Roman antiquities,
partljr eaecuted by his father. Died In i8la

Pixaneal, IGioyanki BAinn'A,) an excellent Italian
engraver and designer, born at Venice in 1700. He
ttudied architecture in his ^outh at Rome, where he
passed the greater part of his life. He was unrivalled
a« an architectaral draftsman and an engraver of archi-
tectuie and ruins, and had great bcility of eiecution.
He etched nearly two thousand plates, which represent
the edifices of andent and modern Rome, antique bas-
teliels, vases, monuments, etc Among the titles of his
works are " Architectura Romana," (308 plates,) and
"Magnificence of the Romans," ("Maenificenza dei
Romani," 44 plates.) Died at Rome in 1^78. His
daughter Laura was an engraver. She died m 17S5.

See RiKHCiiHi. "Elocio •idtks dcJ Canlien G, B. Pinneai."
1779: P. BiACi."Sull'rnci«onee>ulPInne«," iBn.

Plrckhelmer. See Pirkheimer.

Plr*. de, d?h pe'ri', (Hippolvtk Marc Guil-
UUHE de Rosnyrliwii — deh ros'ne've'nfiM',) Comt«,
a French general, born at Rennes in 1778. He com-
manded the light cavalty of the left wing at Waterloo.
Died in iSga

Krle, pir'e, (Williau Robinson,) D.D., a Scottiah
^vine, bom at Slains, July 36, 1S04. He was educated
■t Aberdeen, where in 1843 he was appointed professor
of diTinily. In 1S77 he became principal of the Uni-
TCraitf of Aberdeen. Died Novembers, 1BS5.

8 PISANDER

Pliing«T, pee'ring-fr, (Bbhedict,] a German en-
raver, born at Vienna in i7Sa He went with Coont
L de Laborde to Paris in 1809. Among his worki
re landscapes after Claude Lorrain and Poussin. Died
I Paris in 1816.

n-rlth'o-tia or Pel-iltb'o-tu, [Gr. IlnfHfcor,! ■ son
if Iii'on, and a chief of the Lafrithje. The celebrated
fight of the Lapithx and the Centaurs originated al

the n

li'a. He *

the abduction of
Helen from Sparta. Theseus, in return, abetted him in
an attempt to carry off Proserpine from the palace of
Pluto; but in this they failed, and Kritbous was kilted
by Cerberus.

Saa Tiacii, " Itaiii^ book vL J91-JW.

PiTklielmar or PlrcUi«iiiier, pitRk'hl'mfr, (Wiu-
BALD,) a German historian and philologist, bom al Nu-
remberg in 1470. He learned the Greek language, and
translated into L^n some writinn of Plato, Xenophon.
and others. He was a friend of Erasmus, and was dia
tinguishcd for his efforts to diffuse leaminj; in Germany.
Among his works is "Germanue perbrens Ezplicaliat''
(1530.) Died in 1530 or 1531.

S« PAHim. " W. nnkUoar duI auriua PirdOiwiiw," HK-
iSu; NrctiOH, "U^moireii" F. Cahfl "Zm AadiskeB W.
KrAhaiMer'e," iSati " NoaTcIle KofmhiaGAiJfala."

LAS,) a Russian surgeon, bom about i8ic^ celebrated aa
the inventor of a new method of amputating the foot by
dividing the os calcis. He was for several years surgeon
inarailiury hospital at Saint Petersburg. Died in 1881.

PiroU, pee'ro-lee or pe-ro^ee, (PrOsmro,) an Italian
painter, bom in 1761, worked several years in Russia,
and was patronized by the Ciai. Died at Milan in 1831.

Flroli, (TouuASO,) a skilful designer and engraver,
born at Rome in 1750, engraved the Prophets and Sibyla
of the Sistine Chapel, aRer Michael Angeto, " Cuptd and

r, bom in 15^1, laboured in Asia. He compiled
a "uitin-feiaian liiicotL" Died in 1667.

Plion, pe'rAN', (AiMt,) a French poet, bwn alDijoo
in 1640; oied in 1717.

Sea Aoo(i»T« OB Uastaihs, " Lei PiroD." i<4*.

Plion, (ALEXts,) a French dramatist and poet, bom
at Dijon in 1689, was a son of the preceding He had
a talent for bon-mota and epigrams. Id his yonth he
wrote comedies and licentious odes. Among his works
are several unsuccessful tragedies. He prodnced in
1738 a drama entitled "The Mania for Wnting Verse,"

a M^tromanie,") which is considered a

h^r^ (^uenaudon when ^e had passed the
age of fifty. He iras chosen a member of the French
Academy m 1753, but was rejected by the king. Died
in 1773.

See KicoLrr M loiiCHV, " Via d* Tiio^" ■;;« : Amosn na
Uastaihc, "Lea Puwi." tin; CooiiN d'Avaium, "Pitauiaa,
« Racuail daa A»aulum pliinnWu. Bm-Bot^ ale. d'A. PiraB."
iSdd : " Nounlle Biographie C^irfnla."

Plron, (Bernard,) a French poet, bom at Dikm itt
1718, was a nephew of tlie preceding. Died in 1811.

Piron, (Makie THinksE Qoeiutidoii— kfb-nO'-
dAH',) called Madeuoisellr dk Bar, bom in i68S,waa
a literary and witty lady. She was married in 1741 to
Alexis Piron. Died in 17S1.

Ftrro, ptr'ro, {Rocco,) a historian, bom in Sldlv tn
i;77, was chaplain to the king. He published a ate-
to^ of the churches of Sicily, entitled "Sicilia Saci»,"
(3 vols., 1A44-47,) which ia esteemed valuable. Died
in 165 1.

Plan, (LzoNARO OP.) See Leonardo da Pisa.

piann, {Christina.) See CHRimNE de Pis an.

poet of R ,

epic poem on the exploits of Her-ules, which ia la«L
He was received into the epic canon with Homer by
the critics of Alexandria.

Plaandar or P«laandar, an Athenian demagogne,
who was archon eponymns in 414 B.C He was a procol-
nent agent in the revolotfon which subverted the dfr

X,%,\,it^^,Uiig;\. (,6, same, less prolonged; 1, Ji,I,fi, Ci,1f,/40rf.'», (,i.o,(>iMtirv;flr,nil,f&l; inEl;nfttigSSd;DiABn|

r,,i,7ed=yG00'^lc

Bocnqr and nbcd the Fo«t Handnd to power tn

PlMild«r, * Spartan, who wai a brother-in-law of
Ageailiua II. He becaioe idiiiiTBl of the Seet in 305
■nd wu dereated and killed by the Albeniant onde;
Con on in 304 B.C.

PlBBnallo, pe-M-nello, ot Fisauo, pe-U'no, fVir
TORI.) a celebrated painter of the Venetian Hdiool,
floariihed about 1450. He aorpassed the artiiU of hia
dme in painting faoraeB and other animals, and waa —
ex^llent engraver of medila.

Sec Vasaiu. " Lrrts ot Iht PiJntm."

Pfaanl, pe-U'nce, (NiCcoiA) a Venetian admfa^ who
acquired celebritjp in the war aigiainK the Genoeie whitdi
began abont 1350^ He commanded in an Indeddre
battle Sjgainst Faganino Doria at the outlet of the Bm-
phorua m 1351.

PiMiil, (Vettork ot Vrrro«,) a hmona admiral, a
•on or nephew of the preceding, obtained command of
the fleet ia 1378. He displayed akll] in the defence of
Venice against the Genoese, »ho«e fleet he captured at
Chiozza in 1380^ He died in the s^me year.

S« GioTAHHi MouK, " Manoria Ht Hnin alls Stntia di Vm-
Mt piMBi;" CiAO, "Viudi VntotPiMni," iljj.

Plauio, (Andkca.) Se« Akdkea Pisano.

Plsoao, pe-U'no, (Giovanni,) called also Giovanni
DA Pisa, an eminent sculptor and architect, born at Pisa
about 113S, was a aon of the sculptor Niccolb. He <nu
tuchilect of the famous Campo Santo (cemetery) of Pisa,
completed in i>8^ It is a cloister of liity-two arcades
orarchea. He built the Castel NaovoalNaples. Among
his master-pieces of sculpture are ihe high altar in the
cathedral ol Areuo, and a statue of the Virgin which
adorns the exterior of the cathedral of Florence^ Died
in 132a

S« Vamii. ■' U-nt -J Ihe Palnun sod Scnlpton ;" Cioo
taiAiA, "Slorii dcU* Scultun;" Ttooin, " Diiignirte."

Plsaao, (GlUNTA,) an old Tuscan painter, was bom
In the twelfth century. He was one of the most tkilfnl
artists of his time. About 1135 he painted some works
In s church of AtsisL His works present the meagre
forms of the Byuntine style. A figiue of Christ painted
on wood by Giunta still exists.

Piaaao, (NiccoiA) See Nioi:ol6 da Pua.

Plsano, (ViTTORE.) See Pisankllo.

Plaarl, pe-U'ree, (Pasqualx,) an Italian eompocer,
born at Rome about 1735; died in 1778. He was called
a "second Paleatrina,"

Pfaoatoi:. See Fischml

PlBciiiiiB. See Mauo.

Pne,{CHARijaCoNSTAimNB,)D.D., a distinguished
Catholic clergyman, born at Annapolis, Maryland, in
1S03. He was for some time chaplain of the United
. Stales Senate, and in 1849 became pastor of the church
of Saint Charles Borromeo, Btooklyn, New York. He
published a " History of the Church from its Eatablish-
nent to the Reformation," (1830.) "Aletheia, or Letters
on the Truth of the Catholic Doctrines," " Lives of Sunt
Ignatius and his Firs) Companions," and numerous
byniDS and poems. Died at Brooklyn, May tS, 1S66.

Plthdadlau. See Fukdadian.

Plaiatrato. See PisimtATUi.

Plfliatratlda. pis-iS'trat't-de, an appellation given tn
the sons of Pisistratus. (See HiPPtA5 and HiPPARCKt;s.)

Pl-aia'tr^-tui or Pel-^la'trf-ttta, [Or. TltiaiarpaTof ;
Tz. Pisi3TRATi,pe'ze'stRlt',latyTantor ruler of Athens,
bom about 611 B.C., was a son of Hippocrates, and a
relative of Solon. He courted popularity by various
means, and obtained power by the following artifice.
Having inflicted wounds on himself he presenled him-
telf to the people, pretended that he had been attacked
br his political enemies, and persuaded them to grant
bim a guard of fifty men, by whose aid he seized the
dladel, 560 B.C.

him a guard of fifty n
dtadel, ;6o B.C. He «
highlands, which «

nen, by whose aid he
e was the head of the party of the
IS the more popular or democratic
party- He was twice expelled by a coalition of the party
of the coast with that of^ the plain, but was restored as
often. He made little or no change in the constitution,
and left the reputation of an able and rather liberal ruler.
He patronized literature, formed a libtaiy, and erected
tne public buildings. It is commonly supposed that we

PTTCAIRNE

Hmaiin, "Piiluitu, ho ii ^w Via Liber ■bif^ilsrii,''

PI'ao, [Fr, P»ON, pe'iAN',] (Caios CALTUKif iui,) a
Roman orator, who became consul in 67 B.C, and com-
manded in Gallia Narbonensis in 66. He was defended
by Cicero, tn 63 B.C, against a charge of extortion pre.
(erred by CKSar, and urged the Ibrmer to accuse Ckssi
as one of the coitspirators with Catiline. He probablv
died before the dvil war began, (49 B.C.)

S« DimiAim, "OadikhiB Ronu."

FUo, (Caivs CALPtntNnTS.) the leader of a coa-
•plracy against Nero tn 65 a.ix He was a patrician,
and very popular. Having been betrayed by one of hia
accomplicea, he killed himaelC

FUo, (CNUtts CALPUUinrs,) was consul in 7 s.c,
with Tiberias, who, after his accession, used him at *a
instrument to impair the inflnence of Germanicus. He
obtained command of Syria in 18 A.D., and was ana*
Mded of bsTinf poiaoned GeimanJcna. He was bow)
Mad In his roow m 90 a.Dv

Fiaok (Lifcnn Cai.puuiivs,) was the fiithor of Cal-
pnmla, the wife of Jnlim CKsar. He was consul tn ^

B.&, and promoted the banishment of Clcera He

Emed Macedonia from 57 to ;; B.C. Hia public con<
and private character were cenounc«d I7 Cicero in
, very vituperative speech, "C^tio in Pisonem," in 55
r 54 B.C. After the death of Csesar (44 B.a) Piao made
speech which was applauded by Cicero, (Philippic L)
5HAmA>(,"BdhmiO*ik:" DuDiiAini.-Gwlildii* RaH~
FlBO) (L. Calpuknius,) a son of the preceding, was
consul in 15 b.c. He was appointed prefect of Rome by
Tiberius. He was one of the persons to whom Horace
addressed his Etustle " De Arte Poelica," according to
Porphyron. Died in 33 A.D^, at th« age of eighty. His
virtue and integrity are attested by aeveral wnleia.

Plao, (Lucius CALPdMiius Fngci,) a Roman hla-
torlan and consul, belonged to the aristocratic party.

He became consul tn 133 B.C., and opposed the

f Cains Gracchus. H( " " ' " '

thich are not extant

! wrote "Annals of Rome,"

Piao, (LuCTDs CALFtiMiius LtOHiANUS,) a Roman
whom Galba adopted as heir to the throne In 69 A.D.
'Te was killed by the partisans of Otho In the same year.
Plson. SeePiso.

Fl'ion, (Jaeob,) a Latin poet, bom in Tranaylvania )
died in 1517.
Plaoii, pee'son, (Willzm,) a Dntch naturalist and
lysidan, accompanied the Prince of Nassau tn a lovage
I Brazil fa] 1637. The researches of Pison and bis
■mpanion Marcgraf were published, imder th« tide of
" Natural History of Brazil,'' (" Historia Natnralis Bra-
silia," 1648,) a work of some merit >
Ftatola, da, (CiNO.) See Ciita
Flatola, da, dl pla-to'yl, ( Lion ardo O
e-i,) an Italian painter, bom at Msloia, livk.^ _w
le was a pupil of F. Fenni, with whom he w
the Vatican and at Naples. He was skilful m \

PUtoiins, pis'to'te-ag, (JoHAMH,) a German hiato-
rian, bom at Nidda (Hesse) about IU4- He was con-
verted from the Protestant faith to that of the Roman
Church, and was confessor to the emperor Rudiriph IL
He wrote " German Historical Writers," (" Rerum Ger>
anicarUffiScriptores,"3 vols., 1583-1607.) Diedinl6o&
PttagOTB. See Pythagoras.

Pltato, pe-tl'ro, (Antonio,) an Italian natural phi-
losopher and writer, bom at Borgia in 1774;
Paris after iS3a

Pltao, pe'ts', (Nicolas,) a skilful Flemish engraver,
Dm at Antwerp about 1633. He worked at Paru, and
!ngraved after Raphael, Guercino, and L. Caracd. Hil

master-piece is a " Holy Family," after Raphael Died

in 1676L His son Nicolas was also an engraver. Died

at Paris in 1734.
PltBTal, da. See Gavot.

Pltoalma, pitltlm, (Archibalii,) a Scottish pnt-
dan, bom at Edinburgh in i6;a. Having finished his

education in Paris, he practised with great distinction
dty. His medical system was based partty

<asi,' lasj;| tar</,- gas/; C,U,K,fWMini/,-N,)uia/;R,rri//n/,- lass; thai

i£(u.

(n^See Explanations, p. 93.1.

D,g,i,..ed=yG00'^lc

a leiloni JicoUte^ Ha «

>mk b "EkneDt* MedidnK phjslco-mitbeouitidL''
He abo wrote Latin venes. Died in 1713.

9« Chabui WM«Tm, " Life of A. Riolnit" 1781 i CvAit-
wu, "BiocnpUcil Dicri«»rTor Emiiwiii Scotsnm.''

FIttio. See Pithon.

Plttaon or FVtLo, inifcw,] ■ MRcedonian officer,
who had t high command ander Ateitander In India.

PtUiOii, |IU)ur,] an officer of Alexander the Great,
wboae penon he attended aa a gmrd. He waa the
leader of the madneera who killed Perdiccai In 311
B.C;, after which he waa joint r^ent with ArrbidMiia for
a abort tjine. He waa second in command in (be army
if Andgonoa, to whom he rendered important aerncet
In the war azainst Eamenea. He waa pat to death, by
order of Antigonna, hi 316 B.C.

Fiaoo, p« too', (FmAM9>u,) a learned French jnbt
bom at Troye* in i J43, waa a brother of PleiTe, notked
below. He wrote " Trait^ de U Grandenr, dea Drdta.
Pr^-^minencea dea Rota et dn Royaome de France,"
(tcBy.) Died in 1631.

Pltlioii, (PlusB,) an eminent French joriat and
•cholar, waa bom at Troyea in 1539. He waa educated

le of Heniy IV., and waa one of the
antliora of the "Satire H^pp^e," which had an im.
portant influence in the political a&irs of the time.
AinonR hia worka are "The Liberties of the Gallican
Chnrch," I1594,) and "Body of Canon Law," ("Corpua
Jnria canontd," 16S7.) Died in 1596.

Sh Oaona*, "Yit d* Ficm Pithoo,"
Pitira Phhoii" Kictrnm, "U4immar
Otainlm."

Pltlaoiu, pe-di'kaa, (BAKTHOLOMilus,) a German

K meter, bom near Griinberg in 1561 ; died at Heidel-
I in 1613.

ntlKHM, pe-tia'kna, (SAMtru,) a Datch philolo^t,
bom at Zutphen in 1637. He published » "Lexicon
Ladno-Belncom," (1704,) ■ "Lexicon of Koman An-
dqnitiea," (1713,) and good editions oFQnintua CortiDS,
Snetoniua, and Aorelius Victor. Died in I7a7.

Plfkln, (TtHcmty,] an American lawyer and his-
torical writer, bom at Farmington, Connecticut, in 1765,
poblUied a " Politica] and Civil History of the United
States, from 1763 to the Close of Waskington's Ad-
■kniMratlon," (ibS.) Ked in 1S47.

Sh Aa " Kmb Anakaa Knln" far Jmatij, itjo.

Pttoaui, (Behn,) an aulbcr, a brother of Isaac Pit-
man, waa bam at Trowlirid^ in England, June 34,
iSsa. He learned the busineM of an irchiiect, taught
and lectured on bit brother's syatem of phonography in
England, 1843-53, came in 1S53 10 the United States,
andbecMM the compiler and publjaher of vuioua text-
book* of pboDogr^ifay at Cincinnatt He waa a gorem-
ment reporter of atate triala, 1860-65, and in 1873 became
an inatmctoc In the Sdtool of Design connected with the
UolTersity of CiodnnatL Died December 28, 1910.

Pitmrnn, (Sir Isaac,) aa English stenographer, bom
at Trowbridee, WillE, jaQUH[T4, 1S13, He published
'Sttnogn^luc Sound Hand," (1S37,) "Phonography,"
(1840,) and "Phonographic Keporler's Companion."
(1853.) He is the inventor of the admirable system of
modern phonographic shorthand writing, as well as of
oneof thebestsystemsof phonotypy. Died Jan. 33, 1S97.

Pltoni pe-lo'nee, (Giuskppb Ottavto,) an Italian
eompbaer of sacred music, bom at Rieti in 1657; died

Aramon m 169J. He contributed several
the Academy of Sdencea, and published a good work
on naval tactics, entitled "Th^oric de la Manceuvre des
Vaiaseaux," (1731.) Died in 1771.

Fltra, pi'tRf, (JKAN Baftiste,) a learned French
cardinal, bom at Champforgcuil, August 31, iSll. He

the Vadcin in t8fe, and a otrdinil m 1863. In 1879 be
was promoted to be a cardinal-biahop, waa conaecnted
Bishop irf Fraacati, and ma given the offices of prelect
of the state of the t^inlu derar, and head of (he congre-
gation for the ewMinatiott oTbistaopa, both in theology
and in the canon*. Among his wen^ are an excellent
" History of Saint Liger,* (1846^) a " life of R. P.
Liebennann," (1859,) the magniGcent "Spidl^nm So-
leamense," ("Gleanings from the Abbey at Solesme,"
J vols., 1851-60,} "Juris Ecdesiaatid Grmcoram Hift-
torixct Honumenta," (1S64,) "TriodioQ Katanacticoa,"
(1879, a continuation of the previous work,) and"H7in-
nography of the Greek Chorch," (1S67.) In 1884 he
became Biahop of Porto. Died in 1SS9.

EitfMa of mankind, supposed to inhabit the orbit of
moon.
Plt«,[Lat PtT'smra,] Qomt.) an Engltah Uograpber,
bom at Alton in 1560, wai a Rjnnan Catholic He be-
came canon of Verdun, in Lorraine, and dean of Liver-'
dun. He wrote "The Lives of the Kings, Biahopa,and

Pttaenn. See Prrs.

Pitt, (Ckristophbk,) an Engliah poet, bom at Bland-
ford in 1699. He became rector of imperii, in Dorset
shire, and pobliabed a volume of poems in 1737. H«
produced a translation of Virgil'a "^Eneid," (1740,)
which was received with favour. Died in 1748,

Pitt^ (Thohas,) a grand£ithv of the Earl of Chat-
ham, waa bom at Blandibrd in 1653. He waa for some
years Governor ui Madras. He purchased in India ItH-
;£'i4,ooo a large diamond, (called the Htt diamond,)
which he told to the Regent of France for £liS,ooa.
Diedlnl7>&

Fit^ (WiLUAM,) an English poe^ remembered only
aa the author of a popular song entitled " The Sailor^
Consolation," which ia often attributed to Dibdtn. Pitt
was matter attendant at Junaica dock-yard, and after-
warda at Malta, where he died in iSfO.

Pitt (WtUJAM,) Earl of Chatham, an niuxtriooa
Engliah stataaman and orator, waa bora November 15,
17^ He waa the second son of Robert Pitt, of Bo-
cooDo^ In Comwall, and a grandson of Thomas Pitt,
Governor of Madras, who brought liom India the Fttt
diamond, which ia now esteemed the most predon* of
tlie crown-jewels of France. Hia mother was Harriet
VilHers. He was edacated at Eton, and at Trinity Col-
lie, Oxlbrd, which he entered at the age of seventeen.
The torments of the gout, towhichhe was subject nearly
all hia life, induced him to leave college without taking
a dcsree, and to travel in France and Italy for his health.
On his return home he accepted a comet's commiaslon
in the anny, and in 1735 was chosen a member of Parlia-
ment for Old Samm. He began his political life as an
miponent of the Walpole ministry, and addressed the

. date he was appointed a |Toom of the bed-chamber

to that prince, and he continued to dedaim against
Walpole with increaung power. His fignre w» re-
narkably graceful and commanding, and his manner
highly imposing. " Hi* play of countenance," says I(ai>
aufay, " was wonderful : he frequently disconcerted a
hostile orator by a single glance of indignation or scorn.
Every tone, from the impassioned cry to the thrilliiv
aside, waa perfectly at hia command. . . . Yet be waa
not a great debater. Hia merit waa almoat entirely
rhetorical. He did not succeed either in ex^ition or
refutation ; but his apeechea abounded with lively illns-
trationa, luppy allusions, passionate appeals. His in-
vective and sarcaam were tremendous."

Having been exduded from tlie new cabinet whid
waa fiirmed on the resignation of Walpole, in 1743, be
continued to act with the opposition, and fiercely de-
nounced Carteret for the favour shown to the German
dominions of George IT. The oSence which he thus
gave to the king retarded his own promotion when, in
1744, the Pelhams came into power. By tendering tbeii

a fct,B,a,f,/<>«y,'i,(,A,same,leaaprolongedil,e,L9,Q,f,/;i(vr;^f, |,9,0»<fHrr,'(lr,(UI,at;met;nSt-gt;id;i

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PJTTACUS 19

tte anion of Ireland with Great Britain waa passed in
ttie Parliament of the latter. He resigned office in
March, iSot, and was succeeded bf Addington. The
ostensible cause of his resignation was that the king
Directed to the mcasur« irhich Pitt proposed for the
reltef of the Roman Catholics. Alison intimates that
be retired to make way for a padlic administration.

A combination of Whigs and Tories having lieen
formed against Addington, he resigned, and Pitt was
Rgaiii appointed prime minister, In M», 1S04. The new
mtnistrr was formed ciclnsiTcly of Tories. The pre-
matnre death of Pitt appears to have been hastened by
the vexation which he suffered from the fulure of the
new coalition, and the victoiies of Bonaparte at Ulm and
Austcrliti. He died on the 13d of Jannai;, 1S06, having
never been married.

" Uneqxulled in the ability with which he overcame
the jealousies and awakened the activity of cabinets,"
says Alison, "he was by no means equally felicitous In
the warlike measures which he recommended for their
adoption. Napoleon has observed that he had no turn
for military combinations ; and ■ retrospect of the cam-
paigns which he had a share in directing must confirm
the justice of the opinion. By not engaging England as
a principal in the contest, and tmsting for land operations
to the continental armies put in motion l^ Bntish sub-
sidies, he prolonged the war for an indefinite period."
("History of Europe.") He is admitted by all parties
to have been a consummate debater, and almost on-
equalled as a master of sarcasm. His declamation was
copious, polished, and Impressive. He poured forth a
Ions succession of round and stately periods, with a Aill
ana sonorous voice and with an unbending dignity of
manner. " Yet, with all this excellence," says Brougham,
" the last effect of the highest eloquence waa for the
most part wanting : we seldom forgot the speaker, or
loet the artist in the work." His private character is
desoibed as amiable. Pride appeus to have been his
prindpal fault

SnBKODCtHAK, "SntMncnDniMTiauiirOnndlLi" "II*-
moin of W. Pin," byGioaaa TUmuhi, iBii: Uiic*auv, irtida
" WnUam PiiL" in Um " EnndoDsdii BriOnniai:" LoiD Stah-
ropc (Uahm,) "Lila of Willisiq V\a." iS6^i Johh CirroiD,
" HiHOtT of the Polldal Ufkof WIlUsB Htt," svob., iSoo; Piniii
CiuHiit. "Vie dftM. Pin," 1809; AvQUSTB VuMua, "EliHle >ur
la drrilrc ic W, Pitt," iSjii ALIIOM, "Hlitotr of Europe;"
" Edinbureh Riiiew" for April, iRj&, lul " The Adjingtaii aod Pili
Adninimtiaiii," In Ih* " Edinbor^ RiTigw" lor Jinuur, iSjS.

FIf t^-otlB, [nirr<K6c,] a celebrated Greek statesman,

ehiloaopher, and poet, called one of the Seven Wise
len of^ Greece, was bom at Mltylene, in Lesbos, about
650 B.C. He distinguished himself in a battle against
the Athenians (whose leader, Phrynon, he killed) in 606
R.c. About 59a he was chosen supreme ruler by the
popular party, which had expelled the aristocratic party.
The poet Alcseus belonged to the Utter, and was exiled
in the time of Pitlacus. Having governed the state
wlaely for ten years, he resigned his oflSce it
He was famous as an elegiac poet ; but ~-'- -
tines are extaot. Died in 569 B.C.

See DioGiHu Laotid); Suidas, " I^iiiciu."

PltthAo. See Prmnus.

Pif thoa*, [Gr. nirdtvi ; Fr. PrrrirtB, pe'tJ',] a Md
of Pclops and Hippodami'a, was a kingof Troeiene, the
father of ^thra, and grand^her of Theseus. PauaaniM

71 in the

a few of his

PIfti«, (Thomas,) an English ctergrraan
fki. ,j \jj;^vt ...t^^j 'r..^*— r*..ii.J. /^

1651, Diet ...

Pittonl, ptt-to'nee, (Baitista,) an Italian painter
and engraver, born at Vicenza about 1520 ; died after

nttonl, (GtOVAKHi Battista,) an Italian painter,
bom at Venice in 1687. Among his best works is "The
Miracle of the Loaves." Died in 17G7.

Flttorio, ptt-lo're-o, or Plttoil, pit-lo'ree, [Lat
PiCTiyRius,] (LoDOVico BiGT,) a Latin poet, born at
Ferrari in 1454. He wrote " Candida," (1491,) " Moral
Epigrams," (" Epigrammata moralia," 1516,) and other
poems. Died about isi4.

- Pltti, (WiLUAU.) an English sculptor, called "the
fhUM Cellini." was bora in London io 1790- He learned

works are "The Creation of Eve," (1814,) "The ^ield
of Mnena," (iSaS,) "The Shield of Hercules," (1834,)
and the "Apotheoses of Spenser, Shakspeare, and Mil-
ton," in baa-relicF. He committed suicide in 18401

Pl'oa [It Pio, pee'o; Fr. PlK, peel I, Pope or
Bishop of Rome, waa bom at Aquileia. He succeeded
Hyginus in 143 A.D., and died m 157. His successoe
was Anicetus.

PlxM (or Plo) IL, Pope, (Anb'as StlMus Piooo-
lonUnl — pik-ko-lom'e-nee,) waa bom at Coisignano,
Tuscany, m 1405. He was liberally educated, and was
familiar with the ancient classics. In 1535 he produced a
history of the Coundl of BUe. He was a partisan of
this council in its contest against Pope Eagenius IV.,
and became the secretary of Felix V., who waa elected
pope iu place of Eugenius, whom the cound! deposed.
About 1442 he entered the service of the emperor Fred-
erick III.,ofwhom he wrote a history, " Historia Rernm
Friderici ITL" In the pontificate of Nicholas V., iVneas
Sylvins was sent as nuncio to Germany. .He distin-
guished himself as a negotiator a ' '

he procured the meeting of a European congress 0
the subject of a crusade against the Turks ; but the
jealousies and dissensions among the Christian powers
rendered his efforts abortive. I^ issued a bull in which
he retracted and condemned what he had formerly writ-
ten in favour of the supremacy of councils. He died in
August, 14G4, and was succeeded by Paul IX. Pius IL
' historian and scholar. AntMig his m

_ -. _ TiU PA II.;" PLATniA, "Via

Pmtifieuni :" Rilwiho, "De PH II. Reboi iteedi." iSiti
Vmm; " Eneu PiccolomlDi," Berlin, iBu ; " NonTcUe Biocnntw
OteJnlL"

Pliu TTT, PoFE, (Francisco Tod«>ohliil Floeolo-
mlnl — to-d£s-kee'nee ptk-ko-lom'e-nee.) bom at Sienm
in 1439, was a nephew of Pius IL He succeeded Alex-
ander VI. in September, 1503, and died in Octot>er ol
the samenar. His successor was Julius IL

Plni IT, POPK, (GlO¥AMNI Anqblo dtf *

pope, in place of Paul IV., about the end of i;59. He
convoked the Council of Trent which reassembled in
■561 and finished its labours in 1J63. The decreet of
this council in relation to discipline, etc. were rejected
by the French. He is represented by some historians
as an able but rather unscrupulous pontifEl He died
in December, IJ65, and waa succeeded by Pius V.

See Rahki, " Hiuorr of the Popee."

Fliu V, PoPK, (MiCHBLB aiilBUeri--ets.te-I'ree,)
was bom at or near Alessandria in 1504. He becama
a cardinal in i;57, and Inquisitor-General of Christen-
dom. In 1566 he was elected pope. He was a rigoillt
in discipline, and a violent peiiecutor of dUsenlers.
Palearius, Zanetli, and olbet Teamed men were pat to
death by his inquisitors. He published in 1568 the boll
" In Ccena Domini," which asserts the extreme ultra-
montane doctrines in relation to the papa) supremacy.
The publication of this ball was forludden by the Kings
of France and Spain and the Emperor of Germany.
Pius V. was one of the allies whose fleet gained the
victory of Lepanto over the Turks, in iwi. He died
in 157a, and was succeeded by Gregory XIII.

SeeRAHKa, " Hiilor* of itae Potiet ;" Aqatiodi Souma, " IHdi
«PioQuin>o;" J, B. Fkuiluit, ''Viii du Pipe PLeV,".*^*; Di
Falloux, " HiMoire de Siiat Pie V," 1 nb., 1844; "Liw toi
Ponti£ali of Siint Pin* V„" bj %n. Joora Mimdkah, iSsi.

PIub VT, Popk, (Cardinal Amoklo Bnwohl btts-
kee,) was bom at Cesena in 1717. He succeeded Clem-
ent XIV. in February, 177J. He drained the Pontina
marshes, and enriched the Huseom of the Vatican.
In 1783 he went in person to Vienna to treat with tlie
emperor Joseph, who had snppreated (~

with spiritual iffiin

which d

1, i, [, e^ a, f. tev; Jl, i, A, same, less prolonged; I, <, 1, 6, Q, jF, ''W/; a. C, k 9, «#i»fv; Ir, nUl, SUi nit; n* tigAd; n

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'9*3

PIZARRO

alliance wlih Aiutria and other powen igunBt the
French republic. After bis states liad beeo iavaded by
Bonaparte, he sued for peace, which he obtained by the
treaty of Tolentino, in 1797. To avenge the death of
General Duphot, {who was killed by a Roman mob,)
the French army entered Rome in rebroary, ■ 79S, and
deposed the pope, who ^as conveyed to Valence, in
France, where be died in Augnst, 1799.

5« FauAn.--ViBPiiVL,"ilailTATAiiTi,''PutId>l Pni
Kn TI.." ] Toli., Ob^; Aktado es IIohtok,'' Hkuin d* n*
V\,"tUT, "KoBHlttBlDciqAuOlBtnk."

Flna VTL, PoFB, (Gricouo Baknaba Ldioi GU-
■T«moatl — ke-1-rl-mon'tee,) was bom at Cesena in
ADgosI, 174a. He became a cardinal, and Biahop of
tmola, in 1785. After the French had become maatert
of Imolo. be eihotted his people to submit to the new
ri^gime. He was elected pope by a conclave of car-
dinals aasemUed at Venice m March, 1800, and ap-
pointed Cardinal Cc^alvi secretary of slate. The firat
important event of his reign was a treaty with Bonaparte,
by which the Roman Catholic religion was re-estalilished
bi Franpe. This treaty, called the Concordat, was signed
on the ijlh of Jaly, iSoi. In compliance with the re-
quest of Bonaparte, Pius went to Paris and crowned ot
anointed him as cinpcror in December, 1804. He re-
fused to comply with tlie will of Napoleon when the
tatter required nim to banish the English, Russians, and
Swede* from the Papal States, (1S06,) and resisted him
In other des^na. The French army occupied Rome in
Febrnarr, \vA, but permitted the pope to retain some
temporal power. In Hay, 1S09, Napoleon issued a
decree that the Papal States were united to the French
empire. The pope, having resorted to a bull of ex-
communicaliol) against hi* adversaries, was seized and
abducted from Rome in July, 1S09. He was detained at
Savona, near Genoa, until 1811, and was then removed to
Fontainebleao. Id liis captivity the pope firmly resisted
the will of the emperor, who probably wished him to
traiksfer his conrt from Rome to Avignon. Pins refused
to give canonical institution to the bishops appointed
In Napoleon. In January, 1813, he was persuaded to
ngn a new concordat and to make concessions, which,
however, by the advk« of bis cardinals, he soon re-
tracted. In JannarTi 1814, he received an order or
penniMiMi to tetam to Rome, wluch he entered in May.
H« aftenmda made some landable reforms. He died

3m ArrAOD n Uowna, " HiMoin tk Pi* VII," ■ Tob., i«3' i
Colnl^ "PifculnitgriqiiaiiiTpia VII," 1B131 A. db BuucHuir,
"Kii(iiinduUilbaiindePieVII."iSM: Gv iht, " EK|ui>Ki
hiitoriqiiH at potiiiqiiB Br Pis VII," iSij: " NDUnlle Hoenphio
G*n<nJ» ;" " Qojrteilv Rtritw" fcr Octobw, iSja ; ■" RceoLlectioot
■f Ibt Um ri»r Pops," br Cawihal Wuemar, Lendan, tSsS.

PltM TUL, PoFt, (Cardinal Francisco Castdglloal
— Us-til-vo'nee,) was bom at Cingoli in iTfit. He suc-
ceeded Leo XIL In March, 1S39, and Lssned an encyclical
letter in which he denounced religious toleradon, the
freedom <^ the press, and dvi] marriage, as iminoua.
[(e died in November, 183a Hi* successor was Greg-
ory XVL

Hm IX. [Hal. Pio NoNO, pee'o no'no,] Pope. (Gio-
•ANNi Mahw MiwtRl reiiottt—rals't! fir-reftee,)
was bom, of a noble famil;, at Sinigaglia, near Ancona,
on the 13th of May, 1701. He visited South America
in 1833 on a religious mission, and was made Archbishop
of Spoleto in IM7. In 1840 be obtained the dignitf of
cardinal. He was elected Iw acclamation the successor
of Pope Gregory XVI. in June, 1846- He granted an
amnesty to political tran^essors, and acqbired peat
popularity Iw various measures of reform which he
commenced soon after his election. Hia first secreUry
of tiate, Cardinal Ginl, was a friend of progress and a
Hberal policy. The expenses of the papal court were
ndncecC the censorship of the press was modified, and
the Jews were relieved from some oppressive regulation*.
His reforms were partly frustrated by the ill will of many
of his hnctioaarles, who opposed innovation. His popn.

< as i.' ( as 1: B *«'■''■ t « '■ "■ "■ K./W*™'-' "■ "«^<" «<

larity began to decline before the end of 1S4T- Excited
and elated by the French revolution, the ItaUan Ulieralt
required greater conceanms than the pope wa* williii(
to grant After several violent demonstrationa of the

Sopnlace, IHus IX. escaped from Rome in diwaiM !■
Fovember, 184S, and retired to Gaeta. A republic wi*
organised at Rome in February, 184% tmt «** *nbvert«d
by a French anny which look the city in July of that
year and restored the pope. Amon^ the latei events of
his pontificate was the formal definition and recognitioa
of the doctrine of the Immacnlate Conception as a
part of the Roman Catholic creed. (1854.) During tho
warirtiich Austria waged against the French and Sar-
dinians In 1859, the people of the Komagia and tho
legations revolted against the pope, and the Papal State*
were annexed to the kingdom ot Victor Emmanuel. In
January, i860, the pope issued an anathema, or bull,
aaainst those who abetted the invasion of his dotninion^
This wa* probably aimed at Napoleon IIL, who sup-
pressed the journal in which it was published. Roma
was declared the capital of the new Itingdom of Italy
in i860, after which the question of the pope's tem-
poral power remained for some time one of the great
problem* of European diplomacy. The i«cognillon of
the kingdom of Italy by the French court (1861) was
accompanied by the reservation that "French troopt
thatl continue to occupy Rome *o lonz as the bterest*
which caused their presence shall not be protected by
sufficient guarantees." The pope was the only power
that recognized the "Confederate States of North Amer-
ica." The results of the war between the Emperor of
Austria and the allied Kings of Prussia and Italy in 1866
were un&TOurable topapaldomination. About the lolh
of I>ecember, 1866, the French army departed from
Rome, and Italy was relieved from the presence of for-
eign soldiery, lor the first lime probably in a thousand
years. He convoked by an encyclical letter an acu-
-lenical council which met at Rome in December, 1869^

July, iEto. The Italian army took Rome on the aoth
of September, withont serious resistance, and the tem-
pwal power of the pope was then abolished, but Pint
remained in Rome until his death, February 7, 1878.
Piaa X., PoPB, (Cakdinal Guisbppb Sar'to.)
ts born, of an humble peasant family, at Riese, a
small Venetian town, on the 2d of June, 1835. He
studied for the priesthood, was ordained in 1858,
and was made parish priest at Salsano in 1867. His
ability was so evident that in 1884 Pope Leo XIII,
appointed him bishop of MbuIub, and on June \i,
1893, raised him to the dignity of cardinal. He wa*
soon after appointed patriarch of Venice, and in this
high office showed such justice and executive ability
that he was, on August 4, 1903, elected to the papacy
by the College of Cardinals to succeed Leo XIII.,
taking ,lhe title of Pius X. As pope he had held an
unflinching altitude towards all that involves the au-
thority and dogmas of the church. DiedAuguEt 20, 1914.
PUarxo, pe-rlr'to, [Sp. pron. pe-thlr'to; Fr. Pl-
iakrb, pe'ifct',! (Francisco,) the conqueror of Peru,
was bom at Troxiilo, in Spain, about 1475. He was the
natural son of Gonlalo Puarro, who was a colonel in
the Spanish army. He was employed aa a swmeherd in
Mi TOoth, and never learned to read or wnte. Thedate
of U> eu^nHoa to the New World has not been pre-
lervedi but in 1510 he took part in the expedition of
OJeda from Hispaniola to Terra Firma. He afterwards
served under Balboa, with whom he performed an a-
dnous march across the mountains from Daiien to the
Pacific Ocean. In isaa Piiarro, who had risen to the
rank of captalI^ asaociated himseil, at Panami, with
Almagro and a rich priest named De Luque, tn an enter-
prise to explore and «inquer the region which lies south

of the Istbno* of Daiien. Having enUsted m his service
about one hundred desperadoes, he suled from Panam*
with one iinall vessel m November, I S»4-. His first ex-
pedition was nnsuccesafiil and attended with great hard-

■; (hasinMtr. (jnp-S«eEaplaaBtions,p.a3.1

d by Google

to pmoe hit protect bj the ■fght of the gold trinkeu
uid ntennli whlcb the natiTM dlsplaTcd in gmt pro-
(iuion. Hi.Tine explored tbe cout al &t u Trnnllo,
about 9° lonth latitude, be fonnd it inexpedient to pro-
ceed with hia redaced foice, and returned to Panami
In ijaS. With the conaent of Almasro and De Luqne,
Picarro went to Spain to aolidi aid horn the Idng. In
this roitsion he waa mcceaafiiL He procured for bimielf
an appc^Onent at eoremor and captain -general* of the
region which he m^ht conquer for a diatance of Itro
handred leagoet touth of Santiago j bat he neglected to
obtain any U^ ofBce for Almagro, who was di^nttei!
with thit perfidiotit conduct In Jvtaaij, 1531, Rxarro
■ailed from Panuiii with one hundred and eightjr men
and about thirty honei, learing Almagro behind to
mutter reinforcenienta. A dvil war which rued in Peru
between Alahnalpa and Huaacar preaenteo a bvoor-
able opportnnitjr lor hit det^ HaTing marched across
"" -' — a of the Andes to Caxamarca, he met the Inca

the Spanish camp for a friend); Interriew. To obtain
hi* liberty, the Inca offered to fill a room twenty-two
feet long and uxteen feet wide with golden veaaelt and
utentils, etc np to a line ai high as he could reach.
Piiarro usented to thia proposal, and obtained about
l,3a6,ooo femi of gold, the valne of which Preacott
eatimattsit over fifteen millions of doltan; bnt he caused
Atahualpa to be put to death by the garote. "The
blood-stained annals of the conquest," aan Pretcott,
"aAird no tuch example of cold-hearted and tyitomalic
peraecntion, not of an enemy, but of one whose whole
deportment had been that lA a friend and benefactor."
In November, 1533, Pitarro entered Cuzco, the capital,
and the conquest of Pera wat virtually effected, CIvfl
war broke out in 1537 between Piarro and Ahnagro,
who was defeated andexecutedin 1538. (See ALHAOao.)
To avenge his death, a cona[Hracy was lormed by Alma-
gro the Younger, and Piiairo was aasattinated at lima
m June, 1541. " The name of Pizarro became a by-word
of peifidy," says Preacott, who, however, pralsea hit
Invincible constancy.

S«* PaaacoTT, "Cohium of Pn:" Roiarncm. "HiMary
■rABtrKa:" Zaiais. " Kiitsra da la CaqqniMid* Pan:" Hki-
■niA, " Ncrm Orbu ;" Gakiubd db la Tsoa, " CmatiiruH
RnlHi" "NamUtBiivraiiUaGinfnk."

PlBarro, (Gokzalo,) a brother of the preceding, was
bom about 1506. He went to the New world In IMO,
and served under Frandaco Pitarro la PertL Accormng
to Preacott, he was Inferior in talent to hit brother, bnt
quite aa nnsctupulont. He was appointed governor
of Quito in 1540, and discovered the river Napo. In
1 544 he became the leader of malcontents who revolted
agatnat the viceroy NuDei. About the end of 1545 the
latter was defeated and kilted in battle by I^zarro, who
remained master of Peru. He in torn was defeated near
Coaco by tbe viceroy Gasca in April, 1548, and beheaded
to the tame month.

S« pmcoTT, " Billon of iIm CanaoMl of Pn :" Haav—n,
"NoTuOrtn."

PlBorro, (H:

,) was a half-brother oflhepte-

1) hundred men he defeated Almtgro at Las Saltoas
h April, 1538. He retnmed to Spain in 1539i and was
imprisoned twenty yearn, prtAisbly for tbs ancatkn •(
Almagro. Died abont 15M.

PIsuTO, (Juan,) a brother of the preceding, waabnn
M Truiilla about 150$. He assltteo in the couqoeit of
Pern, and became governor of Cuico. He was Idtled
in battle at Cuico in 153;.

Plxano, (PiDRO,) a Spanish historiau and soldier of
the sixteenth centory, bom at Toledo, wat a relative of
the celebrated commander Frandtco Pizarro. He wrote
a work entitled "Account of the Discovery and Con-
queat of the Kingdoms of Peru," (" Reladones del Des-
cnbiWento y Conqoitta de Joa Reynos del Pe'u,")
pabllihed about 1S47.

Sm PaouiTT, " HiitoiT tt iha Centuu of Pen," nL )L bodi

Eden," (1778.) Oiedir

PUuu, van d«r, vtn d^r pllss, written alto Plu,
(David,) a Dutch portrait-painter, bom at Atnsterdam
in 1647. He passed some years at Venice. Died at
Amsterdam in 1704.
FUonno. See La Placi, DM, (Josul.)
FlaodnB, pllt'te^ (ViNCBin,) a Uerman wiitei
bom at Hamburg in 1643. He pnblbhed, besides other
works, "Atlantis Retecta," a poem, (1659,) and "Treat-
iae on Asonjittoiit and PteodonyinoDS Works and
Writers," ("De " ' ' " " ' ■-"-

FUo«, (FBANai,)

Scriptit et ScrlptorJbns anonymia el

" "' " 699-

and paintw.

ait Syntagma," 1674-) Died In 1699.
. iFBANav an English ensraver — '
bom in Durham. Hia etchings are highly

Flaoe, ds la, dfh Itpltss, (Piiksb,) a French Prot-
ttant jurist, bom at Angoultme about 159a HewTolfl
.. journal or history of public events in Fiance from I(J6
to ii;6i, (1565,) and otW works. He became preeiiMnt
of the Rwr dti aides, Paris, In the re^ of Henty IL
He was a victim of the Mastaoie of Saint Bartholomew,
CST?-)

Flao«t d« U, (PiKKmi ANTonra,) a mediocre Frntch
writer of fiction and dramas, bora at Calaia in lyoy; died

Plaofl^ La, (PRKKK Simon.) See Laplack.

died in 119s.

PUoenttiw, pUt-sln'se-te, (P^m.) or Jolumn Lao^

German writer, who lived abont 1530, and wrote >
Latin poem entitled " The Battle of the Pigs," ("Pngna
Porcormm,"} In which every word begins with P.

PUo«tte,I«. SeeLAKAcmx.

Pl».old1-», [Fr. PlAcron, ptt'ae'de'.] a Rooun
princess, bom about 390 A.D., waa a daughter of Tlieo-
dosins the GreaL She was taken captive by the Gotha,
and became the wife of Ataolphns, King M tiie Goths,
(414.) Died in 450 A-D.

Pl«g^-taa F^-pfr-T-^u'Bia, (Sxttui,) sometimes
called SxXTVS FLATON'iCTn or Snnrs EKPn'itnn, a
physician, who is suppoaed to have lived about tlia
nmrth century. He wrote a work " On MedicaDtenli
made from Anfauals," ("Ds Hedlcamentls ex Aid>

Flaldy, pla'dee, (Louu,) a Germao mosician, bora
at Wermsdor( itt Saxony, Novsmbet aS, i8ia H«
began life as a performer oo the violin, but frnaook Aat
instrament for the piano^ and eanted a great reputatiaa
as a leacber at the Ldpsic Conservatoriam. Died at
Grimma, March 3, 1874.

Plaisance, da. Due See Lxbbvm.

Plana, pll'nl, (Giovamni Antonio Am edko,) Basoh.
jn Italian savant, bom in 1781. He became director
of the ofaservatoiT at Turin, profesaor of anal;^ and
senator. He published, beaidet other works, a " Tlieuir
of the Motion of tiie Moon," (i8u.| Died in 1864.

Planard, de^ d;h plf nla', (FaAitcois Antoinx Eu-
oftNK,) a French dramatist, bom in Aveyron in 1783.
He produced successful comedies and comic operas.
Died in 1855.

FlMiohiS, ploN'shI', (jAms ROBINSON,) an EngUsh
dramatist, bom in London in 1796. He published about
i8»7 "Lays and Legends of tbe Rhine," and "Tbe
Descent of the Danube." He composed nnmerooa
successful dramas and operas, among which were " Obe-
3n" and "Charles XIl.," (1S18.) He also wrote a

History of British Costume," (183^) Died at Chelsea,
May 39, 1B80,

Planotaa, pllbiah, (Jkam Baftistx Guttavi,) a
French Utt/raOttr and critic, botn in Puis in 180& He
wrote many able criticisms on art and literature for the
" Revue des Zttax Mondes," and published *' literary

onraits," (4 vols., 1836-^9.) Died in 1857.

Plandtia, (Joseph,) a French Hellenist, bom at La-
dinhac (CantaJ) in 176a, was professor at the Colt^
Elourbon, at Paris. He published, besides other books
for student*, a " Greek-French Dtclionary," (1S09,) which

1,^1, 3, B,^,faV,-i,4,^ same, leas prolonged) i,i, 1, 3, ii,;, /'on'; f,f,i,g^(^'V'-<.-f3T.f1ln,fltinit[inSt:g«d;mAai

PLANCH ER
wu nK««ufii] and wa« adopted in the oniTeni^. DIM

Sm FULQBNTtUS.

PlanolDa, pliii'ie-iia, (Pixtu,) x Datch theologiui,
boni in Flandera in 1551, wai a leilou* CalTiniat He
preached at Bruasela and Amsterdam. B; hi* aatro-
Domical and nantical science he rendered good tenice
tD the commerce of Holland. Died in t6l3.

FUaok, pllnk, (Gottlibb Jakob,) an emloent Ger<
man theolwian and church historian, bom at Niirtitujen,
In Wfirtemben, in 1751. He was professor of theotc^
at GStlineen from 1784 to 1833. His principal works
•re a " Historr of the Ptotestant Doctrinal System,"
C'GeKUchte der Kldnng d«* Protestantiadi-- '-'•-

bepi^" 6 vol*., ■78[-i&xi,j and a "Hiatory of the
C^vin and Development of the Organintioit of the
ChrMtian Church," (; vol*., 1803-05.) Died in 1833.

S« Lmcn, " Di. G. J. Planck ; bJo^vphiscbar Vemdi."

Flanol^ (Hbirrich Ludwio,) a son of the pre-
ceding, was bom itGiSttinecn In 1785. He wrote several
theological and eiegeticd works, and was professor of
theolog; at Gfittinffen. Died in 1831.

Plangon, pl&N^An', (GinixADm
sidan, bom at Javron, inUaine. He
"Commentarronthe Aphorisms of Hippocrate8,"(i55i.)
Died in 161 1.

Flan'ono, (Lucius Munatius,) a profligate Roman
politician, who was a partisan of Cesar in the civil war.
He took arms for the senate in 43 B.C., bnt socm deserted
to Antonj, and was consul in 43 B.C. In 31 B.C. he
abandoned Antonj and became a partisan of Octavio*.
He was the person to whom Horace addressed the
seventh ode of his first book.

His brother, TiTCS Hukatids Plancos Bursa,
tribune of the people in 51 B.a He was a violent
enemy of Milo, and caused a popular riot at the Ainer«I
of Clodius, for which he was prosecuted by Cicero, and
condemned about 50 B.C.

Planar, pU'n^r, (Johanh Jacob,] a German botanist
and physician, t>om at Erfurt in 1743. He translated
IJnnaus's " System* Katurx" into German, (1774,) and
wrote several scientific treatises. Died in 1789.

Planqaa, plOtik, (Francis,) a French physi

bom at Amiens In 16J6. He published a gocKl manoal
of surgery, "Chimrgie complete," (i vols., 1744,) and
" Select Library of Medicine," (" Bibliothiqae choiaie

de MMedne," 10 vols., 174S-70.) Died in 1765.

Flanqnette, plOw'klf, (Robkbt,) a French mosical
composer, bom in Paris, July 31, 185a He hs* pro-
-luced songs, chanson ncttes, and operettaa. Of the latter,
" Les Cloches de Comeville," (1877,) known in Ihis
" The Chimes of Normandy," ' ■

Others are " Paul Jon

9.) "Le

Flnn% pllnt, (^OTUCtrs Tkaiwmtt,) a' German
bom at Dresden in 17S& He wrote a "Biographical
and Critical Treatise on the History of German Poetry,"
(1783,) and other works. Died in 1794.

Plants, plln'tl, (Joseph,) a Swiss historian and phi-
Mogi*^ born in the Orisons in 1744. He became in
1799 ^indpal librarian of t)ie British Museum. He
wa* secretary of the Royal Society of London for twenty
year* or more. He published a " History of the Hel-
vetic Confederacy," (z vols., iSoo,) and other worka.
Died December 3, tSiy.

Plants, a«, d(h plln'tl, (MAkTiN,) a Swiss natural
philoBopher, bom in V}Vj. He is said to have been the
mventor of electrical madiine* with plates, (^ plabiatx. )
Died in 177a.

PUntade, pl&N'ttd', (Ckarlxs Hkkri,) a French
nosician and composer, born at Pontoise in 1764. He
prodaced songs, opera*, and sacred compositions which
were popular in their day, but have now fallen into
oblivion. Died in Paria, December 18, 1839.

Plantade, da, d^ plOii'ttd', (Fkakqoi^) a French
aalronomer, bom at Hontpellter In 167a He wrote
"Observations on the Aurora Borealis," (17JO.) He
made some good maps of Lanfmedic Died in 1741.

65 PLATINA

PlantagMiat. See EimtrttD Plantaoinit.

Plantngenat See Hihry II. of Emolamix

Plantlu, pl&N'tlN', (CuRiSTOPHB,) an eminent printer,
bora near Toaia, in France, in 1514. He became the
proprietor of a prindnj;-office In Antwerp abotit tsja
His poblicatioa* were renowned lor correctnea* and
beau^. He employed Oian, Pnlmann, (or Poelmanii^
and other learned men as correctors of the press. Hi*
most remarkable performance was an edition of a Poly-
riot Bible, superintended by Aria* Montanus, (156S-73.)
Died in 1589.

See " N«inlle Biofnptde Gto^ralc."

Planttn, pUhi'tlN', (Jcah BAPnsn,) a Swia* hiato-
rian, bom at Ijuisanoe about 1635. He wrote a " Hii>
toryof Switzerland," C HeWetia antiqua et nova," 1656,)
and other worka. Dwd about l6Sa

Plannde. See Planitdes.

PIf-aa'dSl.JGr.IUa»6AK; Fr.PLAMirDi,pirnad',|
(Haximus,) a Byzantine monk, bom at Nicomedia, was
sent by Andronico* IL on a nUaiion to Venice in 1317.
He is chiefly noted a* an editor of a Greek Anthology,

Planudes was venr
! Judgment and taste required to edn
auch a work, and is accused of literary forgeries. Hit
Anthology was printed at Florence in 1494.
Sm FAuudoa. " Bibliotbcca Onso."
Ploa, TBU dor, vtn d;r pUs, (Pibtbk,) a Dutch
painter, bom in 1578; died at Brussels in 1634.
Platlo. See^TO.

Flatea, pll-ta'I, (Fkancxsco Piazza,) an Italian
canonist, born at Bologna about 1390; died in 1460.

Platttao, plf tS', (josspH Aktoiiik Fekdinand,) a
Belgian natural philosopher, bom at Brussels in iSoi.
He wrote on opdc* and on the atatics of liquids removed
from the eflects of gravity. Died September 19, 1SS1.

Platan, von, fon pU't^, (Dubislav Fkikdrich,) a
Prussian general, bom in 1714. He served with dia-
tlnction against the Russians and Swedes in the Seven
Yeara' war, and became a lieutenant-genera! about 1 75S.
Died in 17S7.

Platen-HaUflimflnda, plt't«n hUlir-miin'dfh, (Atr-
OUST.) Count, a German ItUiraiatr, bom at Anapaeh in
1796, Among his works are a " History of the King-
dom of Naples from IAI4 to 1443," and a satirical poem
eotilled " The Romantic CEdipua." Died in 1835.

See LOHCnLulw, "Poeuind YotajtX Eumpa;" UiKocwm^
"GnTmn Platan all Unchmd Dicbler," iSjI.

Plater, pll'tfr, (Emilie,) a Polish heroine, bom at
Wilna in 1806, She fooght, with the rank of captain,
sgainst the Russians in the itiaurrection of 1830. IKed
in 1831.

See " Eoilii Plater, h Via tl u UoR," Pu^ iKu, ind ■' life d
Coiinteii BL PlJler," Ke* Ycck, 1S41; " DemocntK Rerjev" fa
Julr, 1841.

Plater, pU'tfr, (FAlix,) a Swiss physician, bom at
Bile in 153G. He lectured and practised with succeaa
tn that place. He wrote "Medical Practice," ["Praxis
Medica,^ 1601,) often reprinted, and other medical
works. Died in 1614.

Flatar, (Fiux,) a son of the preceding, wa* bom In
160;, and became a phvatctan of Bile. Died in 1671.

itatOT, (STAttlSLAS,) Count, a Polish soldier, his*
.jrian, and andquaiy, bom in Lithuania in 17S3. Ha
published, in French, a " Historical Atlas of Poland,"
and several other works. Died in iSy.

Platb, pllt, (JoHANH Hkinuck,} a German achidar,
bom at Manidi in 1807. He was, after 1S48, state
of Bavaria. Among his works are "Uves and
Teachings of Confucius and his Disciples," (1867 ; 3d
voL, t87a,) "China Four Thousand Years Ago," (1869,)
" Sources of Chinese History," (1870,) and "History of
the People of Manchooria," ^^%^^a^lq.) Died at Munich,
"~owember 16, 1874.
Flatlna. See Paul It

Platlna, plS-tee'ni, (Babtoloumbo de SaochuJ
1 able Italian historian, bom at Piadena, near Cre-
mona, in 1431. He wrote, besides other works, "The
Lives of the Popes," (" In Vilas Summoram PontiGcnm
Opus," 1479,) a work of much merit, often reprinted

-*,«»

r; I kard; ^»»t;0,H, ^pMmrali N, maiat; a, trill

/;lasi,- thasiniviif. (!l^~SeeExplanatlont,p. S3.)

,-d::, Cookie

and » . . ,„,^ „.

bririan of the Vatican abont 1473. Died in 1481. ...
yna ■ member of the Aodemy (bnnded at Rome bj
Pomponlus LEhu, and u tach was persecuted br Pope
Paaill. '

Ste iAtiM, "HlMorial nd Ciiiial DictiouiT:" 1
•• Ufsuiit* :" TiaAioKBi, " Sloria d«lli LMieninn ttili

PUtner, pilfer, (EonAUD,) a German JDriat, bom
■t Lcipiic in 1786. He wrote, be*Ide> many lilerary
eways, a treatlM " On the Attic Races," (" De Gentibns
Atticis," :Sii,)and "Qaealions on ibe Romia Criminal
Uw," (1841.) Died in i860.

PlstDw, (Ekmst,) a German philosopher and phy-
iidaii, bom at Leipsic in 1744, was the blher of the
preceding. He became profesior of medicine at Leipsic
m 177a. He had a high reputation as a lecturer and a
writer, Amon^ bis works are "Anthropology for Phj-
•icUni and Philosophers," (a vols., 1774,) and "Philo-
sophic Aphorism*,'' ja toIs., 1776-Sa.) His style is
commended for precision and eleg^ce. Died in iStS>

S« " Biograpliie UMioile,"

Platner, (Ernst Zacharus,) a writer, a son of the
preceding, was bom at Leipsic in 1773. He publislied
a "Description of Rome," (1830-43.) Died in 1S55.

Platner, (Jokann Zachaiuas,) « surgeon, bom at
Chemnitz in 1694, was the &ther of Emit, nodced above.
He taught at Ifipsic, and was a sidlliil oculist He
wrote, in elegant Latin, "Surgical Inititutei," ("Insli-
lutiones Chirurgix rationales, 174$,) and other works.
Died in 1747.

PUL'to," [Or. lUirrww; Lat Pla'to; Fr. Platon, pir.
tbn'; Get. the same as Uie Latin ; It. P1.ATOHB, pll-to'nL ;
Sp. Platon, pii-tfin' ; Port PlatXo, pli-t6wH' ; Arab.
and Persian, AflXtoon, t-flfiain',] one of the roost
illustrious philosophers of all time, was bom about 439
B.C. He belonged to one of the highest bmilies of
Athens, being descended on the side of his father,
Aris'to, (or Aris'lon,) from Codms, and on that of his
mother, Peridi'one, he was related to the celebrated
lawgiver Solon. As to the place of his birth there is
tome dispute. Some writers sav 'hst he was born at
.\thens; others, in the island of iGnna. Hi* original
name was Aris'tocles, after his grant&lher 1 he was snr-
named Plato, (from irJjirir, " broad,") on account of
the breadth of his forehead, or, as some say, of his
shoulders. Very little is certainly known of the history
of his life, and, as is usual in such cases, the absence
of positive inrormation is liberally supplied by what is
legendary or fabulous. It is related that while an inbnt,
as he was one day sleeping in a bower on Mount Hymet-
tns, a number of bees dropping honey settled upon his
lips, thus foreshadowing the eztraordmaiy sweetness of
his eloquence. According to another story, his future
greatness was foreshown oy a drearo of Socrale*. who
saw in his sleep a young swan coming from the grove
of Academui; after nestling in his Dosom, it soared
aloft, singing sweetly ai it rose. The next morning,
just as Socrates had finished relating his dream, Aristo
presented himself, leading by the band young Plato,
whom he wished to place onder the instraction of that
distinguished sage.

Plato was a remarkable example of that universal
culture which characterised the best perioa of ancient
Greece^ He appears to have neglected no branch of
science or art which was considered to, form any part
of a liberal education. He studied music, rhetoric, and
painting, and, after the manner of his countrymen, paid
great attention to gymnastics, in which he was so ex-
pert, we sre told, that he contended at the Isthmian and
nihian games. In early life he is said

bnmed in despair. He also composed some jyrica and
several tragedies. But " having once," as Allan ex-

Eresses it, "been captivated by the siren of Socrates,"
e gave himself up wholly to the study of philosophy.
He was in his twentieth year, as it appeara, when he
began to attend the school of Socrates, where he con-
tinued ontil his master's death, (399 B.C.) After this

■ Chauar fina ibi nunB Platoh, « PLATon. ud Flato.

PLATO

_ _..., ,. — ^ whid) threat-
ened them, he, wilh several other Socratic disdple^
withdrew to Mmra, where they were received by the
philosopher Eudid, who had also been a pupil of Socra^
tes. Plato te said subsequently lo have travelled exten-
sively, visiting Egypt, Sicily, and Magna Graeda, where
he became acquainted with the doctrines of Pythagoras,
speak of his having journeyed into the
■ hing his mb

>r of Asia for the

purpos

"8 V ,

, . of enriching li_

with the wisdom of the Persians, Babylonians, and other
nations of the East ; but of this there is not a particle
of trustworthy evidence. While in Sidlv he becune
acquainted with Dion, (or Dio,) who introduced him to
Dionvsius the Elder. Bat the philosopher, as ndght
well be supposed, was not likely to find much &vooi in
the eyes of an anscmpul6us and reckless tyranL They
soon quarrelled, and on one occasion Dionysins, it &
said, was so deeply offended with the freedom of some
— 1^ jjj^ jjjjj jjjjj Dion' interposed, he

of Plato's

be sold as a slave. He was, however, ransomed and sM
at liberty, — some say by Dion, others, by Anniceiis ot
Gyrene, Having returned to Atheiis, he opened a schoo'
c^led the Academy, (Academia,) in a grove, which hr
fiMinerly belonged l" - -'" — ■" * ---*

of all Greece. Even women were numbered, i
is ssid, among his disdples. After havinfi taught in
Athens more than twenty years, he again visited Sicily,
at the solidtation of Dion, who hoped that Plato's influ-
ence might be successful in winning to philosophy the
younger Dionysius, and in establishing, through him, •
model government in Syracuse. (For a most interesting
account of this experiment and its failure, see Grote'a
" History of Greece," vols. x. and xi.) He afterward*
viuted Syracuse for ihe third lime, in order to effect a
recondlisdon between Dionysius and Dion ; bat in this
stt(.mpt he was wholly unsuccessful He returned to
Athens, where he continued lo wrile and teach until hi*
death, which occurred 347 B.C., in his eighty-fourtiiyeir.
According to some writers, however, he (uedin his e^n-
first year. He was, as Cicero informs us, occupiM in
writing at the very moment of his death. There is per-
haps ui the history of the human intellect no example
of any one having dedicated himself with a more abM-
lute aevolion to philosophy (the "love or study of wi*>
dom") than Plato. He was never married ; and, from
the time when be first became a^uainted wiUi Socrates,
(about his twentieth Tear,) every moment of his Xvna
life appears to have been spent in the interest of hfi
fitvounte ponuiL

This entire dedication of all his powers lo one grand
object has not been without results of the highest im-
portance to mankind. Probably no other philosopher,
of whatever age or nstion, has contributed so much as
Plato towards the moral and intellectual coltore of the
haman rac& This pre-eminence is to be ascribed not
solely to his transcendent intellect or to the marvelloss
depth and comprehenuveness of his philosophic viewm,
bat also in no small measure to his poetic power, and
t unrivalled grace and beauty of style which led
idenlB to say that if Jove should speak Greek he
would speak like Plato. Macaulay, alluding to Plato's
wonderful power as a writer, speaks of him as "the
finest of human intellects, exercising boundless dominiosi
over the finest of human languages." (" Essay on Lord
Bacon.") The charms of his style, indeed, by awakening
the interest and admiration of all lovers of literature,
have doobtle** been <me of the chief causes of that slate
of excellent preservation in which his works have oome
down to OS. For, by a singular good fortunsi all Ua
philoBOphical writings, there is reason to believe, haw
been preserved, not only unmutilated with respect to
the different parts, but with the text, comparxtivelj
speaking, uncormpted and unimpaired.

Wilh respect to Plato's character as a man we know
revealed in ht* works.

scarcely anything except what is revealed in ht* works.
"Despite the dispoaiUon of the Greeks for calumny,**
say* Ritter, " there are but few evil nunoora againat

i,i.i,6,ii.J.-i»Vi.i.*.»

e, less prolonged) i, i, 1, 6, ii, f , lAcri; t, f. t, Q> eitatrt; fir, lill, QA; vAt; nik; g^&dj tttSbt

nji,,ed=yG00l^lc

chaiges (gainst the pnrit; of Plato'i private chu-
», Int recvd* u either whoU;r unjust or Kieatlf
ggerated the imputation against him of maJice or
ecling towards certain other disdplei of Socrates,
1 as Xenophon, Euclid, Aristippus, and othets,
«e views on many points diflered widely from bis
L Plato has been accused by some modern writen
g wanting in patriotism and in a sympathy ill
ty. Both of these charges seem to us ui '
Tha atatt of political morals in liis time was such
be Gonld scarcely hope to eSect any good by taking an
Kth* part in public affairs. By doing so, there is every
tesMH to believe, he would have only embroilei) himself
io an endless conflict with men with whom hia standard
of right would not permit him to co-operate. Besides,
his tslenis do not appear to have filled him for politics
snd he is certainly not to be censured for confintne bim
•«1f to that field of labour lor which nature had bea
qualified him. The charge that he was wsnting m i
sympathy for human nature appears to have no other
lonndBlian than the &ct that he bad no sympathy with
vice and ignomtce, two most conspicuous feature* in
the hasoan nalore which he saw around him. Vet the
gieal ot^ect, and, we may add, the lendencr, of nearly
all his leadtings was to make mankind luppier bj
making them wiser and better.'

With respect to Plato's philosophic system, it h
passible to say with any predsioa how mueb of it
properly his own, and bow much was derived front hit

Beat master. (See Sockates.) It is s fine saying of
r. Emerson, that " Socrates and Ptato are the douUe
star which the most powerful instruments will not en-
tirely separate, "t The plan and limits of the present
wort will permit ot only to (^ance at sotne of the most
atrikins characteristics of Sato's philosophy as we find
it nnfolded In hi* writings. His system may be consid-
ered from two p<nnls of view,— the one having reference
to (he futiaJ, (he other to the rtitill^ of his philosophic
investigations. His method, which appeara to be scarcely
more than an extension of that of Socrates, was undoubt-
edly a great Improvement on the methods of previous
philosophers.

But the admirable lessons of his great teacher, re-
specting the manner and spirit with which the search
after troth should be conducted, would in all probability
have been quickly forgotten and lost to the world, had
not Plato made them immortal trr hit writings. Re-
ferring the reader to the article on Socratbs for a brief
notice of the Socratic method, we shall here limit our-
selves to simply calling attention to some of the most
remarkable points in Plato's philoeopliic creed, without
attempting, m our narrow space, to give even a complete
outline of hi* tyatem. He taught that God was the
tupTcnte Ides or Essence of the universe, comprisiDjE
within himself all other beings, and was the Cause of all
things, celestial and terrestrial. He aJone it good, with-
out envy, willing good to all to far at each Is capable of
receiving it : G<^ alone is uncbanaeable. Plato strongly
condemned the views, then prev^ent, which represented

* Wc neCfl ■anoty m (hit we olterly and toully disunt from
HwaulijF'i catiioato of Plita'i ^AiloHphic wrilmgi. (••t"E«Taii
hard Bieea," HooDd parttwludi Iw conpms u> ■ nHadflcent trso,
faJliirbanaUiMfMaa4aainnibaipnidaci>«DaML Writiiin
wivdi bars iunlndtlusanlKrfia any tboiiuidB with loAiica^i'
ntiouudintfiamm (■nuttlon of vimie, luf b* tnlvnidto
ha** bonw boh of Ibt B»M pttehm Idod, conpsred with wludi ihe
toatid (ledinti oTtkc Bnoiu ^ooDphyan Httit betier Ihao
ihc appla cf ttH Dssd Sm. That Plite't wiilioii bin ofioi pfo-
ductd Iht r««lti iriBEh n hin aicribed to Ukd will •cmatr he
denied, m thiali, by in am budliii with iboee wrlihip or mib the
hJdoiT of iBtlqmtT. To dM one exanple out of Buy, Cato Ihe
YaiBga,coBAi**d^OMof thaaoUausDd noM vlmao) sf all the
Ranini, wbtn nnnisded «4th ndiARaiu* on iTery band, ud
(mid Iha ndn* of Us couiin Moaht ud finnd coBUladnn and hope
h ih*nblfaiiaiiadiiii(iof Flato^"Pbj>da."

t Sea "Kipntsnutin Mto," inida "Plaio," t)ie wholi of
which h wall woithy of penoal by IhoM who would hine > ntid
EODcaptioQ of Plate*a power u a calloaopha. Tbie eeiiT, it iccmt
hk n& i* Doe of Ur. Efeanod'a uppicsl aflbra ; and. if he eonie-
inorataa U19 mMtatm and worth of lui hefO| (he &Dlt 11
Ik atoosd fbr by a tborou^ sad vtrld apprcouion of hia

67 PLATO

the gods as having human passions and a* infiuenoed
by telfith hninan motSvei. While be taught the exitt-
eoce of one supreme God, the tource and upholder of
all thinp, he appears to have recognired, at the same
time, a class 01 mferior deities, or beings with godlike
attributes, &r superior to man. One of the most re-
markable features of Plato's philosophy is his theory of
ideas. With him, an idea is not BEmpl;y an image or
conception formed by the human mind : it Is rather as
etemat thought of the Divine mind. He held that the
human soul it not only immortal, but that ft has ahnfi
exisied.) In itspre-eottent stale it hat hadapercepiloii
of the eternal ideas (i^ the perfect forms or pstteras
of things) as they exist in the mind of God. A dim,
shadowy remem nance of those celestial patterns it what
Bometimea enables ns to fonn a conception of lovelincM,
virtue, etc &r more perfect, more divine, than anything
our mortal eyes have ever beheld. It is thus tliat the
gifted painter is enabled to give us forms of beauty more
exquisite than any that can be found in this world. It
is thus, also, that on hearing of a generous action we
are enabled to form an idea of generoEily ; for it ia ob-
Tiont that such an action could have no significance to
one who had never known the feeling of generosity in hi*
soul ! m a perfectly selfish man, if such a one could be
found, it would not awaken adiciration, but sirtply con-
tempt. Xenophon tells ns, in the second book of his
"Anabasis," that Menon the Thessalian considered
honesty and truth to \x nothing else than stupidity or
folly. A Platonist would explain this by saving thai all
traces of the Divine ideas of truth and Justice hsd,
through the love of gain or love of power, become
obliterated from his souL Plato taught that the oidy
way in which men can rise in wisdom and virtue is
by striving to restore the lost ideas snd to make their
minds approximate the mind of God.

Plato appeara to have made himself thoroughly ac-
quainted with all the previous philosophic systems which
had appeared in Greece. He had not only diligently
studied the doctrines of Heracli'tua, Pyth^orat, and
Socrates, but also thoae of Anaxagoras, Parmenidot, and
others of less note. "He reduced," says Ritter, "into
a beautiful whole the scattered results of the earlier
Greek philosophy, recondling their seeming difierencet
snd conflicting tendencies. . . . When, indeed, we con-
pare the t>arrenneas of the earlier philosophers with the
fertility of Plato, that love, which he knows so well how
to inspire in ns, warms almost to veneration, so ricti, so
varied, and so abundant ate hia obeervadons, and so
profound his knowledge of man and of ttie world. . . .
To such richneti of materials Plato united the iare«t
skill of langosge and composition to s degree which ha*
never since been equalled."

Respecting Plsto s intellectusl power as a philosopher,
Mr. EmersoD grandly observes that " his strength is like
tlie momentum of a falling t^anet, and his discretion
the return of its doe and Defect curve." Agaiu he says,
"The way to know hhn [Plato] i* to compare him, not
with nature, but with other men. How many ages have
gone by, and he remains unapproached I" (" Represents-
-»e Men.")

The philosophic writings of Plato are, with some
slight exceptions, in the form of dialogues, in all of
which, save one, ("The I^wa,") Socrates i* one of the
chief interlocutors. The different dialc^ea have been
distributed by Schleiermacher into three division*.

The first division, in which Ihe development of the
dialogistic method is the chief object, indudet the
"Phaedrus," "Lysis," " Protagoraa," "Laches," "Clutf-
mides," " Euthyphro," and " Parmenlde*,*' to which are
added, by way of appendix or supplement the "Apolcoy
of Socratea," " Crilos," " Ion," " Hippiat Ulnor," " Hip-
parcbus," "Minos," and "Aldbiades IL" The second
divi^on, in which the predominant subject it the expla-
nation of knowledge, including the difference between
philosophical and common knowledgei*comp[i*es the

to hive belicTed ml that Iha loot hu iIwiti eaalsd

a or amUng like it. bul llut aa Ood
aa Hia thaafhli and pvrpoiea an
— '— >-i nid to faxTt ahnya U aa to*

■ ati; ^tiit;%hard; guj; a,iUK.fil'i''iii: v,MataI; K,triUai; iaat; ihi»i\

f*"- (i^See Explanation*, p. 3^.'
Digitized ay CjOOQ I C

PLATO

'Oori^iu,'' "Tbewtelm," "Heno," "Ealhrdcmiu,*'
"Cm^liw," "SophiitM," "Politieus," (" Statearaan,")
" Sjapouam,'* (" Banqnet,") " Pluedo," (or " Pbtedon,")
uid "Fliilebiu," with an appendix containing the "The-
ans," " Eraitae," "AldHade* L," "Meneienos," "Hip-
pias Major," and "ClHophon," The third divUion
conilita <A inch ai contain an objective acientilic ex-
poaltioD, — in other woida, combine practical science
with specnladTe philotophj : tbeie are the " Republic,"
"Tlnuena," and "Critiaa," to which mar be added "The
L«««." The fir*t edition of Plato*! entire works wai
that pnblitbed in Venice bj Aldn* in

plan were Tcry popular in Ma own time, and are gei-
erally admired by modem critici. Hia elegance, re-

Tols. umo, 1826.) Jowett'a "Dialogue* of Plato," in ]
Tola^ is the best Engliah translation of Plata

Sk FaiaoBiCH An, "Plato'* Lcban ami Scbiiftco," Lapdc,
tills ; Stallbauh, "Dapotttia de Plitonii ^u, Ingcnia «1
Scnplii," prtfiied to hii edition of PLUo'i worki ; RiTran, " Hit
l«T of Andsit PhilsiopliTi" liuililad br A. J. W, Mousoh. 4

IHilogiia of Plato," tmnlated br Wh. Dohdh, i tdI. Sto, Cub-
bridie, iSj6i Cohuld Lasik, "Ontio de Vita PlatooU," ts3*;
"Rtuifki so tbi Lih asdWiitiiigi of PlUo," Ediobuigh, iMo^
CoMiai'DoviiaDs, "EauiliiMariqii«aiirFlilon,"eti;., itoIi., 1S119:
A. Foucn, "DiaKrailiod(VinPUlonl*,"in7; Ahi»< Dacir,
" Pialo'i LdHD, sat oaa Blbem Auaba umn philaKphiachui
I>abnlIM, aoi dm FnWTWachwi," iSs: I, OomHiKi, "Panda
« Plato: InqidBtio hiatorica « philoaophici." iSjS: T. tan Swi
••n^^. J. B « dpdido in Ltfiboa — ^-^ "" '

"OiMio da Platm

, da Plaiaie dptimo io

aattiWn^" ttot; alao the anidea oc "I — , — ,

Briuuilea," hi SHim*! " OhA aad Raman Biogi^ibT," <lc, and hi
- -"" ■■ "■ ■" " ' D tha pen oCDa. Hgspaa.

EscTdoiisffia
HenTallaBiosn|ilua04i)<nla," Iroai
Plato, [Gr. lUuTuf,] m eminent Athenian

poet of the old comedy, Sonrished about 428-390 B.C.,
and was contemporary with Aristophanes. He attacked
Cleon and other demagogues in his pla^, which dis-
played keen wit, vigour, and purity of style. Many
nagmenti of them have come down to us. According
to some critics, be wai a writer of the middle comedj.

Flatoi Flatov, or Flatoir, pll'tof, Hetman of the .
Cossacks, was bom on the Don about 1760. He served
as general in the Russian army which marched to the ,
aid of Pmsaia in 1S06. He harassed the retreatitig
French army In 1813, and entered Paris with a troop
of Cossacks m 1S14. Died in iSiS.

Platoa. See Plato.

Platen, pli'ton, (Lbfshih or LslfSCHiN,) an eminent
Russian prelate, born near Moscow in 1737. He dis-
tinguisheil himself as an eloquent pulpit orator, and be-
tame court preacher toCathetine II. He was appointed
Archbishop of Moscow in 1775, and Metropolitan of the
Rostiiui Church in 17B7. He published many sermons
and Geological works, which are bighljt commended.
Died in November, 1811.

Platone. See Plato.

Piatt, (Thomas Collier,) an American poli-
tician, was bom at Owego, New York, in 1833. He
was elected to Congress in 1873, and in 1881 lo the
Senate, but resigned, with his collenE"e Conkling, the
same year, through opposition to Garfield's policy of
civil-service reform. In 1S80 he became president of
Ihe United Slates Express Company, He was en-
gaged in other business, but devoted his time largely
to politics, and for years was the autocrat of the Re-
publican parly in New York. He was re-elected lo
the Senate in 1896. Died March 6, I910.

Flatto-Montagns, pllt'mdK'ttfl', (Matthiw tah
Plathen-Bhrch or PLATTKNBaitG,) a Flemish painter
and engraver, bom at Antwerp about 1606. He removed
to Paris, where he painted portraits and engraved land-
scapes. Died in 1660. His son Nicolas (1631-1706)
was also a painter and engraver.

PUnto. See Plaittus.

Planto. See PLAtmis.

PUn'tna, [Fr. Plaotk, pl5t; It Plauto, plOw'to.)
tTiTUS Maccmjs,) the moat celebrated of the Roman
comic poets, was a native of Sarsina, in Umbria. It
li supposed that he was born about 354, or, ae some
■av, in 1*4 B.C. In his youth he served a baker by
ninding com with a hand-mill. Uttle is known of his
bistorr. Accordiog to Cicero, he died in 184 B.C. His

his V

"Am. ....

"Captivi," "CuTculio," "Casina," " Cbtellaria," "Ept-
dicus," "Men«chmi," "Mercalor," "Miles Gloriosna,"
" Mostellaria," " Persa," " Potnulns," " Pseudolns," " Ro-
dens," "Stichos." "Tiinummns," and "Tmcuientos."
\ There is a good English versioo of Plantus by Bonnel
.Thornton. Tiae "Captivi" waa pronounced the naott
perfect of comedies by Leasing, who, as a critic, bad
j icarcely any superior.

' PlBT'fEdr, (John,) an eminent Scottish mathemati-
cian and astronomer, born at Benvie, Forfarshire, on the
I loth of March, 1748, waa educated at the Umvenity of
I Saint Andrew's. He became minister of the parishes of
i liff and Benvie in 1 773, and professor of mathematki
I in the University of Edinburgh in 1785. In 1S05 he
succeeded Professor Robtson as professor of natural
I philosophy in the same umvettity. He contributed to
the " Edinburgh Review" many artides, among which is
a review of La Place's "Trait* de Mrfcanique celeste,"
(1808.) Hepnblished " Elements of Geometry," ( 1 795,)
which was extensively used in schools, "Illustrations
of the Huttonian Theory of the Earth," (1S03,) and
"Outlines of Natural Philosophy," (a vols., t8ii.)
Among his contributions to the "Transactions" of the
Edinborelt Royal Society are " Remarka on the Astron-
omy of tV Brahmins." and " On the Solid* of Gre^cM
Attraction." DiediniSi9. " He pouessed in the highest
degree," sap Jeffrey, "all the characteristics both of a
fine and powerful understanding, at once penetrating and
vigilant, but more distinguished perhaps for the cantiou
and sureness (or success) of its march than for the bril-
liancy or rapidity of its movements."

Play'fair. (Lyon,) Lord, an English chemist,
born in Bengal, in India, in 1S19. He studied at
Sainl Andrew's, and at Giessen under Liebig. He be-
,. of chemisti • ■ - ■

Manchester.

veisily of Edinburgh. He was for a time postmaster-
general and then Deputy-Speaker of the House of
Commons, and was made vice-president of the Council
in 1SS6. He was made a Knight Commander of the
Balh in 18S3, and a peer in 1E93.

Playfoir, (William,) a Scottish political writer and
ingenious inventor, born near Dundee in 1759, wu ■
brother of Professor John Playbir. He made several
useful mechanical inventions. About 1S14 he became
editor of Galignani's " Messenger," in Parts. He after-
wards resided in London. Among his numerous works
are a " llistorj of Jacobinism," (1795,) and "British
Family Antiqaity," (9 vols., 1S09-13.) Died in 1813.

Pieaa'9n-.t9ii, (Alfred,) an American general, bom
in Washington, I). C, in 1824, graduated at West Point
in 1S44, served with distinction in the Mexican war and
against the Indians in the West and in Florida, and in the.
civil war became in t86l a brigadier-general of voltin-
teers. He commanded a body of cavalry at Antietam,
Chanceltorsville, (1S63,) and^ had the chief
command of the Union cavalry at Gettysburg, July 1-3,
1S63. He served in Missouri when that State was in-
vaded bv General Price in 1S64, and ^ the end of the
war was btevetted brigadier-general for eminent services.
In l388 he went on the retired list with the rank of colo-
nel. Died in Washington, February 17, 1897.

Pleg'miuid, an English prelate under the reign cf
Alfred the Great, was made Archbishop of Canterb-jry
In 890 A.D. He was distinguished for his learning and
virtues, and was honxured with the friendship eS the
king, l^te is supposed to have had a part in the com-
pilation of the "Saxon Chronicle."

PteladM plee'n-dtz, (Gr. ICUtUt or -OiKtiiAEii; Pr.
PlAiadbs, pfl'e-fd'i Eng, Pleuds, ptee'^fds,) the
daughters of Alias and Fleione, were sever m nutdber,
— -■ —ere said to be sisters of the Hyades. Their names
Elects*. Maia. Tavgetk, Alcyone, Q.-Kut»o.

ne, less prolonged; il, S, 1, 6, 0, y, jAort; *, f. (, ft a*i™«f,- fir, fill, fit; m(t; nfit; gd6d; m«6ni

d by Google

PLEMPIUS ig

SmOFE. and MuOPB. According to one legend, (hej
wert attendant* of Diana, and, to protect Iben from the
■moram pnranit of Orion, were changed ii>to doves and
placed among the itan. They ifere nmetiines called

ATUNTtDta.

n«mplna. See Pi.ufP.

Plenok, Ton, fon pKnk. (JoacpH Jakob,) a Gemua
Mirgeon and boUnist, born at Vienna m 1738. He pnb-
lislied, besides other works, one "On Diseases of the
Eye*," ("De Morbia Ocnlornm," 1777,) and "Fibres
ot Medicinal Plants," ("Icones Plantaram medidna-
Uum," 7 TOls., 1783-1304.) Died in 1807.

S« If BDiBt, "GslehRa DnlKblud."

FlaMtot plCs'aing, (FUEDUCH Victok Lusbcht,)
a German philosopher, born near H^deburg '— •"-

IMedlniSo&

PlauU. Sea Dtrruasis and Richmubu.

PlewlB.plls'see', (Josbph Octavi,) a Canadian arcb-
Imhop, born at Montreal, Uarch 3, 1762. In i8oi he
was consecrated Bishop of Canats m partita, and made
coadjutor to the Bishop of Quebec. This act gave rise
to a loi^ controversy with the British goreminent, for
Ibe crown had hitherto claimed and exeidicd the right
of presentation to the Roman Catholic bishoprics of
Canada. In 1806 he succeeded as Bishop of Quebec,
and in i3i9 hi* see was made archiepiacopal. Died ai
Quebec, December 4, 1835.

FloMla d'AigentrA. See AroxntsI, d'.

FleselB-UomaT. See Moknav.

FlMaU-pTaaliii. See Choisrui.

Flayel, pli'tl', (Joseph Etirnmx Cauille,) a com-

Ker and pianist, was born at Strasbnig aboat 1790.
became a partner of Kalkbrenner in Uie labricatioD
of pianos in Paris. Died in 1855.

Fleyel, (Madame Makib FeucitI Dekus Moke,)
a French pianist, wife of the preceding, was bora
Paris, July 4, iSll. Frocnan earljags herextr:
gifts attracted the attention of musicians. She . .__
tour of the principal European cities, and in 1848 went
to Beiliu as teacher at the Conservator ium, a position
which she retained until 1871. Died March 30, 1S75.

Playl, pUl, or Flayel, plT'fl, (Ignaz,) a celebrated
Cranposer, lather of J. E. C. PleyeC born at Rupperslhal,
near Vienna, in 1756 or 17^7. Having studied under
Haydn and subseaoently visited Italy, he was appointed,
after his return, chapel -master at Strasburg. In 1795
he settled in Paris, where he established a piano-manu-
bctoiy and published the " Bibliothique Husicale." His
works are Chiefly pieces of instrumental mn^c, which
were very popular m hi* time. Died in 1S31. ,

Flim'aoU, (Samuel,) an English philinthropisi,
bom at Bristol in 1S14. He become prosperous as a
coal merchant, and in 1S68 began to champion the
cause of seamen. In "Our Seamen" he attacked
ship-owners so vigourously that the public look up the
cause. In 1S74 he brought io a bill to establish a
fixed load-line, and advocated it so earnestly against
vested interests that he won. Since then " Plimsolt's
' has been marked on every English merchant-

Died

Pllna. See Puny.

Pllnlo. See Pliny,

PUnlna, See Puny.

PUal-ua Tf-le-il.4')inn, the reputed author of a
awdiml work called "Medicinae PliniauK Libri quinqne."
It is sopposed to have been compiled several centuries
after the ChiistiBn era.

Flla'jr [FT. Puke, plin ; It Pukio, plee'ne-ol the
Elder, (or, more loUy, Ca'lna Plln'tna Seotm'daa,)
a celebcated Roman naturalist, was bom at Verona, or,
aocordliu to tonte authoritiea. Novum Comnm, (the
modem Cimo,) in 13 a.I>. He served in the arm* in
Germany, nnder Ludns Pompoaius, and retnmea to
Rome about the age of thirty. He aladled law, and
practised as a pleader ft>r a few yeara. He was after-
wards procuiator in Spain in the rdgn of Nero, and

became alHend and fitvonred officer of V__^ ...

poaaea* but little other information of his putdlc life,
except that at the lime of hia death he had command
of a fleet stadoned at Hilenimi. In August, 79 A.lk,
occurred a great eruption of Vesuvius. Observing tho
immense cloud of smoke which arose In tlie form of a
tree from the volcano, he embarked at Misenum on a
vessel and approached nearer to the scene of danger.
He calmly noted the variations of the poitenloiM phe-
OMBenon, amidst the abower of cindcra and pumice-
stone* which fell arouid his vessel, and landed at StaUa.
In the ensaJng nkht he attempted to return to the vessel,
bat he perunea on land, snfixated h ashes or snl-
phwoua exhalatioM. TUs wa* probably the eruption
which deatroyed the dtie* of Ponp^ and Hercalanenm.

He left historical and grammatical works, which are
loat. The only work of I^ny that has come down to na
is his "Natiual History," ("NatorK Historiaram libri
XXXVIL,") which is thus chatscteriied by Cuvier, (in
the " Biogrsphie Universelle :") " It is at the same time
one o( the moat precious monumenta that anti<iaity has left
for us, and the evidence of an erudition very wondeiful in
a warrior and statesman. In order to appreciate justly
this vast and celelmited oomposltioD, it Is necessary ro
direct our attention to tbe plan, the ficta, and the style.
The plan Is immense. ... He indtidea astronomy,
natural philosophy, geography, agricaltare, commerce,
medldne, and t&e wta, a* well as nataral history properly
so called. . . . Pliny wal not an observer like Aristotle;
still less was he a man of eenios, capable, like that ^eat
philosopher, of tracing the lawa and relatiiHis in ac-
cordance with which the works of nature are formed
and srtanged, (co-fnbmUt,) In ^oeral, be is only a
comiHler. ... A comparison of his extracts with the
originals which are extant, especially with Aristotle,
convinces us that Pliny did not prefer to take from the
authors he consulted that which was most important
or most exact In general, he prefers the singular and
marvellous. . . . It Pliny has for us little merit as a
naturalist and critic. It is fiu otherwise in respect to his
talent as a writer, and the vast treasun of LJtln terms
and locutions which have made his work one of the rich-
est depositories of the langnase of the Romans." He
was a decided pantheist, and had no EUth in the liitare
existence of the human souL His style is vigorotn,
condensed, pointed, and aboond* in antitheals. Among
the beat etfitions of Pliny is that published by Sillw,
Hamburg. " Hi* profound eruditian," saya Buffbn, " is
enhanced by elevation of ideas and nobleness of styl&
He not only knew all that could be known in his time,
but he had that huge bcnlty of thinking which multi-
plies science, be had that deucaey (Jbttat) of reflection
on which depend elegance and taste, end he imparts to
his reader a certain freedom of B;»rit and boldness of
thought, which is the germ of phflosophy."

Saa SiiuiAiiin, "Rurdmious PlimUB," i6>9i A. JcK A
Tuiou RmoHico, "DbqilddmiM PHiriua," 1 niA, fib*^:
Paul Ebu, "DiMrlada de Vina PIJDii." ijs«: A. L. A.n^
"Sbs* dc plisakNiKinliiU," itii; BXhx, ''G*«h>clua da
RjlmiKbai Utouor;" "NoBTclla Bk«n|iliia G^nftala."

Pliny TB* VouKGEE, [Fr. Punb LS Jeitmb, pitn 1«h
shun.] (or, more full;, Cnl'tia Flln'inB CsoU'liia S*-
Oim'diiB,) a Latin author and orator, bom at Comnm,
(now Como,) on Lake Larius, (Lake Como,) in 61 or Ca
A.D., waa a nephew and adopted son of the preceding.
He was a son of Cains CaHatius and Plinia, a sister
of Pliny the Elder. At the age of fenrtecn he wrote a
Greek tragedy. He studied rhetoric nnder Qutntillan,
and practised law at Rome. After he had held other
high offices, he became, in 103, governor or proconanl
of^Bithynia. He wrote to Trajan a bmoos letter, in
which he bore testimony to the good morality of
tbe Christians and requested directions in relation to
their treatment Although he was a man of humane
dispcsition, be enft>rccd the law which condemned to
death those who refiised to abjure their reliElon. He
wa* a friend of the historian Tadtns. Plbiy wroK,
besides several works which are lost, a " Panegyric on
Trajan," which is greatly admired, and left a collecdon
of Letters, in ten books, which, after those of Cicero, are
perhaps the meet predoui relics of Roman epistolary
J .t. t J — . Theyhava

orrespondence that have come down t(

»',i"

; \hard; ^as^.-O, H,K,fHt/urai; r

i.,trilUd; SasL-thasinMii. (|^*See Explanations, p. 3^1

Digitized ay CjOOQ IC

1 G«rau Tcniaii of bn Epiillei, elc, iBaSi Oir*,
"ununnutio ds C Plbx) Stcnndo," etc. ijBti Juus Jahih,
"Plioa Ic Jeima M QmndUa," itjl: "Nountlt Biopiiiiu* Gia^

putt (GusTAV Lkopold.) > German divine, born at
Genin, March 27, 1S36. He studied at Erluigen and
Berlin, and in iji67 became professor of church hiBtory
at Erlaneen. lie published " Einleitung in die Augut-
Oni," (1867-6S,) a " Ufe o( Luther," (iSSj.J and other
works. Died at Erlangen, September 10, t8Sa

Flooa Tan AiiiBtot,ple* vtn Im'atfl, (Cosnkus,) a
Dutch amatear engraver and designer, bom at Amster-
dam in 17S6. He imitated manj drawings of old Italian,
Flemiah, Dnt^ and German masters, and made a nch
collection of the engravings of those artists. Died about
tSoo. A collection of his imitations was pablished b
iSat.

Plot, (RoBBRT,) an English natatalist and antiquary,
bom in Kent in 1641. He oecame professor of chemistrr
at Oxford about 1^4. and historiograpber-raTal in 16S&
He published a "Natural Histoiy of Oxfordshire,"
'-'^»,l anda"Natural Historf of Staffordshire," (1686.)

i^i

1696.

PlottD. See Flotinus.

Flo-O'n^ (POUPKIA,) (he wife of the emperor Tra-
jan, is represented as a woman of excellent character.
She died in the reign of Hadrian, who erected a temple
in her hononr.

Plo-Q'nna, [Gr.IUtinipoc; Fr. PLOTINi plo'tlN'j G«r,
pLOTtN, plo-teen',] an eminent Greek philosopher of the

sages, he accompanied the expedition of Gordian against
Parthia in 343. He tanght philosophv at Rome from
Z45 A.a until his death, and enjojea the favour of the
emperor Gallienns, He had manj disciples. He died
about ayo a.d., leaving fifty-four books on abstract sub-
jects of philosophy and metaphysics, which are extant
and have exerted an important influence in modem
timea. His life was written 1^ Porphyry, who was his
disdple. Flotinus was prelerrra by Lvnginus, who knew
bim well, to alt other philosophers of that time. " He
was intensely religious," savs Hallam, "and if he had
come a century later vioata, instead of a heathen phi-
losopher, have been one of the first names among the
saints of the Church."

Sk PoBnnnv " Ufc of PlotiniiB." (in GrKk ;) KncHHn. " Did
PkilciHicihic da Ploliii," iSu; Daumas. "Plolin cl HDoctriii*,"

Plonoqnet, ploolti', (Godefkoi.) a metaphysician,
bom at Stuttgart in 1716. He obtained in 1750 the
chair of logic, etc. at Tubingen. Among his numerous
works is "Ground- Work of Speculative Philosophy,"
(" Fundamenta Philosophic speculative," 1 759,) in which
he expounds the system of Leibniti. Died in 1790.

Ss* J. L. Hum, " Plaucqasl'i Denkmil," 1790.

Floogoulm, ploo'goolm', (Pisrri Anbkoisi,) a
French judge, Ixirnal Rouen in 1796. He was for many
years procuVeur-giniral, and Ijecame a counsellor to the

bom in Shropshire about IS17, was a lealoas Roman
Catholic. He became a serjeant-at-law in the reign of
Queen Mary, and left " Reports or Commentaries" of
cases tried in the reigns of Edward VL, Mary, and Eliza-
beth,— a work of high reputation. Died in 1585.

Sh ALUBon, "DiOioDUT of Authcn."

PlD'vrden, (FRANCta,) an Irish historian and barrister,
wrote, besidea other works, a " History of Ireland,*
ItSii.) Having been prosecuted for libel, he retired to
Fiance, where he died m 18*9.

Sc« " E<llTib<iT(h lUricw'-Ebr October. iSoi ; " MontblrKcvlew"
far May and Juuiiry, 1746.

Ploolie, plOah, (NoiL Ahtoimb,) an ingenious French
writer and naturalist, bom at Rheims in 16SS. He
became a priest or abb^, and lectured on history and
feography at Paris. In 1731 he published a description

I, i. f , a. B. V, ifnjr: i. *. 4. same, less prolonged; i, i, 1, 9, B, T. ti^rt; », f, 1, 9, giteun; fir. All, 111; mtt; nBt; gdid; m«Bn;

PLUMPTRB

on cosmogony, entitled
("Hiatoire du Ciel," 1 vols.. 1
and produced a versio
mended. Died in 1761

Saa R. fiTramm. " Sldfc da Plocha."
Plok'^nat, (LsoNABD,) an English botanist, bom
in 1643. IJttle is known of the events of his life, except
that in his old aee he was appointed by Queen Mary
director of thegaraen at Hampton Cotlrt. He published
a work of some merit, entitled " Phytographia," (1691-
96,) also " Almagestnt; Botanicnm," (1G9G,) and " Amal-
thcnm Botanicum," (1705.)

Pltun'fr, (William,) an American Governor, bore
at Newbury, Massachusett*, in June, IT59. He studied
law, and was elected a member of the legislature of
New Hampshire eight times, was a Senator of the Vidted
States from 1S03 to 1807, and was chosen Governor of
New Hampshire in 1811. He was re-elected in 1S16,
l8t7, and iSlS. Hia latter years were devoted to lite-
rary pursuits. Died at Epping, New Hampshire, in 1S5CL
Plnm'cr, (Wiluam Swan,) D.D., LI_D., an Ameri-
can Presbyterian divine, bom in Darlington, Beaver
county, Pennsylvania, July 35, 1803. He graduated at
Washington College, in Virginia, in 1825, and took his
theological course at Princeton. Most of his pastoral
work was done in the Southern cities. In 1854 he was
called to a theological professorship in Western Semi-
at Allegheny, Pennsylvania, and in tS66 he accepted
Hilar professorship in the seminary at Columbia,
South Carolina. He published a number of books, exe-
getical, devotional, etc Died October 33, iSSa

Plmnier, plii'me^^', (Charles,) a distingulsbed
French botanist, bom at Marseilles in 1646, was a pupil
of Toumefort. He explored the West Indies with Sn-
rian in 16S9, and, soon after his return, published k
" Description of the Plants of America," (1693, with loS
good plates ) which was very favourably received. By
'\k order of the king, he revisited America in ifS9] and
>9S. In 1703 he produced "New Genera of American
linta,"(" Nova Plantarum Americanarum Genera.") He
as about to sail for Peru, to make reseatchcs on the
ibject of quinquina, (Pemvian bark,) when he died
:ar Cadiz in 1704. Among his works is a "Treatise
I the Fems of America," (1705, with 173 plates, ez-
lisitelv engraved.) "This munificent collection," says
le "^iograpbie Univcrsclle, "is one of the moat
admirable monnments of skill and patience that can

Plttm'm^r, (John,) an English poet, bom in Loodoa
In 1831, removed to Northamptonshire. He published
tf volume entitled "Songs ol^ Labour," (i860,) and ■■
author of numerous essam

Plom'mf r, (Joseph B.,) an American general, bom
in Massachusetts about 1833, graduated at West Ptnnl
in 1841. He became a captain in 1851, and a brigadier-
general of volunteers in October, 1861. He served in
several actions In Missouri. Died at Corinth, Misus-
sippi, in October, 1S63.

Plarn'mer, (William Edward,) an English
astronomer, bom at Deptford in 1S49. He became
direclor of Liverpool Observatory in 1892, and ex-
aminer in astronomy. University of Edinburgh, in
1895. He wrote " On the Motion of the Solar Sys-
tem," " Researches in Cometary Astronomy," etc.

Pltfmp'trs, (Edward Haves,) D.D., an English
theologian, bom August 6, tSst. He studied at Kin|*a
College, London, and graduated in 1S44 at University
College, Oxford, becoming also a Fellow of Brascnose
College, and theological lecturer at King's College,
London, in which (1853) he was appointed professor of
pastoral theologv, and (1863) of New Testament exe-

Kiis, besides holding professorships in Queen's College,
ndon. In iSSi tie was appointed Dean of Wella.
ie wrote various theological and exegetical wotk^ vol-
nes of poetns, sermons, etc. Died m 1891.
Plflntp'tre, (jAuas,) an Etigllsb clergyman attd dram-
kt, born in 1770. He obtained the living of Great

db, Google

FLUMRIDGE

1971

PLUTO

GnuMaen in iSti. He wrote "0»*»y,'* (1795,)
utber drunai. and "Discoanes on the AmnsemeDti
or the StiKe," (1810.) Died in 1S31.

Plfim'iidKe, (Sir Jahis Hanwat,) an English ad-
miral, bora m London in 1787. He served as rear-
admiral in the Balticduring the Russian war, {1854-55.)
Died in 1S63.

Flfink'e^ (OLrvsK,) a Catholic prcbte, bom in the
county of Meath, Ireland, about 1610. He receiTed
from the pope the title of Primate of Ireland in l66().
He was executed a> Tyburn, on a charge of tteasc- —
16S1 ; but his innocence was afterwards prored.

Fllliik'ett or Plunkat^ (Wiluax Convhchau.)
first Lord Plankett, an eminent Irish orator and judge,
wae bnm at Enniskillen in July, 1764. He was educated

acquired i^stincdon by his impassioned speeches against
the union with England, in 180a He acted as consul
(or the insurgents who were eng^ed in the rebellion of
1798. He became solidtor-general for Ireland in 1803,
and atlomey-BieneTal in 1805, but retired from office
with the Whi^ in 1S07. In the same year he ■
elected to the British House of Commons, in which
roted with the Whigs and made a few speeches that
were greatly applauded. He WM returned to Parlia-
ment for the University of Dublin in iSia, and again in
iStS. He WM a zealous advocate of Catholic emanci-
pation. He was lord chief justice of the common pleas
in Ireland for three years, (iSiy-ja) About 1817 he
was created a peer of the United'^ Kingdom. He was
lord chancellor of Ireland from 1830 to 1841, excepting
■n interval of some months m 1S34-35. He died in 1854,
leaving the title to his

S« Iba "Life, Lnun-stt or L«d Plnnketl," Loodon, 1867;
*,"»>. Am. .86,.

FlunkeU, (WtUJAU Convhcham,) Lokix an Irish
archbishop, bom in 181S. He succeeded his father, the
third Lord Plunkett, in 1871. In 1S76 he became Bishop
of Meath, {Anglican,) and in i88j he succeeded Dr. R.
C. Trench as Archbishop of Dublin. Died in 1897.

FInqnet, plii'ki', (FKANgois AndrA Adkikn,) a
learned and jadidoas French writer, bom at Bayenz in
1716. Hejinblishedin i7S7an" Inquiry into Fatalism,"
(3 volt.,) which is commended. His best or most popu-
lar work is a "Dictionary of Heresies," {a vols., 1761)
He obtained in 1776 a chair of moral philosophy in the
College de France, Paris. He published a translatiOD
of the clastic books of the Chinese, collected by Pire
Noel, (7 volt,, 1786.) Died in 179a

5«« Qi;4iuitD, " La Fnnoe litlJnin:'* **Ndq

Plnqoat (FkIdAric,) an antiquary, born at Bayeu

in 1788, was a nephew of the precedin;^. He wrots
many works on French antiquities. Died in 1E34.

PlVtBTct), [Gr. IKoirnpioi; LaL PlDTAR'cHUti Ft.
PluTARQUI, nlii'tiak'; It. PLUTABCO, pioo-taRTto.J an
eminent Greek philosopher or moralist, and the greatest
[nographer of antiquity, was a native of ChKronea, In
BoKKia, He was bora probably about 50 A.D., aa, ac-
cotding to his own statement, he studied philosophy
DDder Amnooios, at Delphi, in 66 A.D. He passed some
time at Rxime, where he lectured on philosophy, jn the
reign of Vespasian or of one of his sons. "When I
was in Rome and other parts of Italy," sayi Plutarch,
" I had not leisure lo study the Latin tongue, on account
of the public commissions with which I was charged,
and the number of people that came lo be instructed by
me in philosophy. It was not, therefore, until a late

Ptiod in life that I began to read the Roman authors."
Life of Demosthenes.") Plutarch resided at his native
place in the latter part of his life, and filled several mu-
nicipal offices. "As to myself," says he, "I live in a
little town, and I dioose to live there, lest it should be-
come still less." He had a wife named Timoxena, and
several children. On the death of his infant daughter
he wrote to bis wife a consolatory letter, in whidk he
commemorated her conjagal and maternal virtues, with
an infosioD of the antique sentiments and poetic alla-
^om which render his writings so attractive. He wat

an admirer of the pUlotophj of Plato, and a dedded
opponent of Epicureanism. The date of bis death
is not known ; but it it supposed that he attained the
age of seventy or more.

Plutarch was a very prolific writer. Hb works, by
their extent and variety, constitaie perhaps the most
copious treasury of ^cts, ideas, and traditions which we
have inherited from antiquity. There is no unintfdred
Greek prose author whose works have found in modem

of each Greek is accompamed by the life of some Roman
aa a pendant, and the latter it followed by a rather minute
comparison, in which the two persons arc measured
together, trait ibr trait. The best English versions of
Plutarch's "Lives" are those of Sir Thomas North,
(161Z,} of Langhome, (1771,) and of Arthur Hugh
Clough, (1859.) Among the extant worlu of Plutarch
are many moral ettays, which were translated into
French by Amyot. His morality, less rigid than that
of the Stoics and less speculative than that of Plato, ■
generally pure and practical. Among his lost works are
a " Commentary on Homer," and biographies of Pindar,
Hesiod, Sdpio, Epiminondas, Augustus, Tiberias, Ca-
ligula, Claudius, and Nero.

Respecting Plutarch's merits as a writer, we extract
the following passage from an article in the " Biographle
Universelle,'' by M. Villemain. Alluding to Plutarch's
truthful and naive minuteness in the dehneation of hb
characters, that great critic remarks, " Perhaps this merit,
which all recognise in Plutarch, has diverted attention
from the picturesque beauty of his style ; but it Is this
double character of eloquence and Irath which has ren-
dered him so powerful over all vivid imaginations. . . .
This immortal vivadly of the style of Plutarch, seconded
by a happy choice of the noblest subjects that can occupy
the imagination and the thoughts, explains the prodigious
interest excited by his histoncal works. He has painted
man as he is ; he has worthily recorded the greatest
characters and most admirable actions of the human
spedes. The attraction of such reading will never pan
away ; it appeals to all ages and conditions of life ; it
kiniUes the enthusiasm of youth, and commends itself
to the sober wisdom erf sge."

Sn HsxaxH, "D* Fontibiia tt Anelcfiliiu Plutudu," ilia:
NrnsCH, "Dintabaila PlitBtho," iSu; XrmL "HluaQot
PhiloAoplir :" FABHiciD^ *'Bibliotli« Gmoi;" Scmosll, "Hi»-
Uire d* ta Littiranin Oncqiw 1" " Nnmlic Bid([n(ihia O^otaia r'
■Ik the " QoiRBlf Rnin^' hi Octobfr, iMi.

f IntarobiUL See PLtTTAktm.

Plutaroo. See PLirrAKCM.

Platarana. See PLirrARCH.

Pluto, tlie Italian of Plutus, which tee.

was also called Hadks, Orci;s, Dis, and AlDONBva.
He was said to be a son of Satnra (Cronus or Kronos)
and Rhea, and a brother of Jupiter and Neptune. Ac*
cording to the bble, these three brother* agreed to a
division of the worl^ and Pinto obtained at nil portioa
the tabteinuww regioii, the realm of shades, which wat
called Erebus or Hades, and the entrance of which win
gnaided by Cerberaa, a dof with three heads. Some
poets ima^ned that the realm of Plato wat divided into
two regions,— oamely, Tartarnt, in whidi the wicked
were confined and punished, and Elyalnm, or the Elyslaa
Fields, the abode of the good.

The most remarkable features hi the geogranhy of the
inferaal world were &ve rivers, — namely, Ach eroti, Co-
cy'tus, Swx, Phleg'ethon, and Le'the, (&. AjWt.) the riret
of Oblivion. Dquuted souls about to enter Elytinm
drank of the river Lethe andforgot all their troubles, or,
as some Bay, forgot all the past :

" Seeuia latica •! lonia otJiria poiuL"*

Vugil: ^anaC book Ti. 71].

The Styx wat said to encompass the kingdom of Plntu
seven or nine times with its circumvolutions, and wat
described as a sluggish itreaoi, for which reastm It whs
sometimea called t& Stygian pool or lake. The tovk

"HifT qiuif profowid ot

r/ ^hard; gas/; o, h, ^gutturat; N, natal; t.,trillrd; last: (h as \nM>.

(|||J See Eaptanatinns, p. 33.1
Digitized by CjOOQ I C

Chatoo. The god* lumllf Bwore br tl

PhlegelhoD WM described u a lirer en fiic, uiu v^ocjnB

H a branch or affluent of the StyX, which lee.

Among the moat celebnted adTentaies o( Pluto wat
the abducdon of Proserpine, whoa he married. The
poeta feigned that he poMCued a helmet which rendered
the wearer invisible. (See an ample and admirable de-
■criplion of Pluto'i aominiona in Vii^'i "iBneid,"
book vl fiasiim.)

Platon. See Pluto.

Platona. See Pmra

Pln'tna, {Gr. ILMror; It, Plfto, ploo'lo,] in the
Greek iajAo\<3gj, the god of riches, was said to be a soo
of laaion and Ceres. The poets relate thai Jupiter de-
prived him of i^ht in order that he miabt distribnte
ricbe* blindly and bestow hia Uvoan inditcriminately
on the evil and the good. He was represented as lame,
becanse he generally cornea so slowly to those who aeek
him ; yet he had wings, to indicate how swiftly he often
forsakes those whom he seems most to favour. (See
KvvtKA.)

FlnTinel, da, d^h plU've'nEl', (Ahtoinb,) a Frencli-
man. noted for his slull in horsemanship, was bom la
Daophin^ in 1555. ^' *"' under-gpvemor (taut-
(DMVrMnrJ of the dauphin, {Louis Xlll.,) and wrote a
work called « Manage Royal," (1623.) Died in i6iol

PlB'Tl-tls, (le. " the tainj,") a surname al Jupiter
among the Romans, who invoked him during long
droughts.

Plnymer, ploi'mfr, (Jan,) a mediocre Dutch poet,
bom at Amsterdam, wrote during the reign of William
IIL of England, and publi^ed a volume of verses in

Po, del, dSI po, (Phtko,) an Italian painter and en-
graver, born at Palermo in 1610, was a pupil of Domeni-
chino. Died at Naples in 1693. His ton GucoHO.
bom at Rome in 1654, was a painter. He wotlced at
Naples with success. Died in 17Z&

Po-OB-boii't^B, daughter of Powhatan, an Indian
chief of' Virginia, is celebrated for her heroism in inter-
ceding for the life of Captain Smith, who was con-
demned to death by her bther. She was afterwards
converted to Christianity, and married to John Rolfe,
an English gentleman. Among her descendanu in Vir-
^oia was the celebrated John Randolph. Died in ifiiy.

Poooetti, pot-chet'tee, properly Beknardino B&r-
liataUl, (baR-U-tel'lee,) a skilfiil Italian painter, bora at
Florence about IJ43. He painted figures, landscapes,
flowers, and draperies with success, and displayed a
neat fertility of invention. Among his works is " The
Uissioa of the Apostles." " He was considered," says
Miits, "the Paul Veronese of his school." Died al
Florence in 1611.

S« Lahzi, " Uiilon of Pilodiig in IuJt."

Poool, pot'chee, (Frani,) Count, a poet and de-
signer, of Italian origin, was born al Munich in 1S07.
He wrote verses and talcs. Died May 7, 1876.

Poobard, po'shiR', (Jkan,) a French ecclesiastic,
bora near Pontarliet in 171J. He wrote "Method far
the Guidance of Souli," (" M^hode pour la DirectiM)
des Ames," 177a.) Died in 1786L

Focholle, po'sbol', (Pikrrb Pomfonub AuiotB,)
French revolutionist, bom at Dieppe in 1764, was
member of the Convention of 179a. Died in iSu.

Fookela, pokOc^ls, (Kau FkiXDRiCH,) a Germa
moralist, bora near Halle in 17S7. He wrote, besides
other works, " An Essav on the Character of Women,"
(c vols., 1799-1S03,) and "Man," ("Der Hann,"4 vole.,

ti College. He passed about ^ years at Aleppo
as chaplain to the English merchania, (1630-36,) and
learaea Arabic, Svriac, Hebrew, etc In 1636 he be-
came the first prolessor of Arabic at Oxford. Pocock is
said 10 have been Ihe best Arabic scholar of his time in
Kigland. He was presented to the rectory of Childrey
in 1643, and obtained the chair of Hebrew at Oxford in
164& He published in 1648-50 " Specimen Historiae
Arabnm," consisting of extracts from the History of

of the entire Histoir of the same author, which was pnk
lished (with the onrinal text) b 1663, In two voloneft
Died at Oxford in 1691.

' Lifc of K. Pocock," pnflxod to

Pooook, (Edward,) an Oriental sdiolar, a son of ths
receding, was bom about t6^ He pnblkhed In 1671
le Arabic text, with a Latin version, of a work of
Ibn-Tolayl, "Self-Tai^ht Philosopher," ("PhUoMpfaus

itodidactoa.")

Fooock, (Isaac,) an English painter and draiPRttW,

iled In ^ypt,

_ ._. lished a"De.

scription of the East and of Some Other Countries," (3

Aboollaraj, (Abulpharaghis,) with a Latin vervioa s

Fooock, (Isaac,) an English painti
bom at Bristol in ijSi ; died in 1835.

Pooook*. po^ok, (Richard,) »~ '
bom at Southampton In 1704. He . .
Palestine, Syria, etc. in 1734-^1, and published a

^_.,__ _,.,._ ^_... -J ^^g, ".I " -■

" Description of the Giants'

Among his other works is a
Causeway." Died in 1765.

Pooaobat de, df h potch'o-boot, (MAxntf,) a Polish
astronomer, born near Grodno in 1719 ; died in 181a

Podestd:, po.dfa.t4', (GiAHBATnirA,) an Italian
Orientalist, bora In Istria. He became professor al
Arabic at Vienna in 1674, and published " GTammatica]
Course of Oriental Languagea," (" Cunus gramouticaBs
Ungnarum Orientalium," 3 vols., 1687-1701.)

Podlebrad. pod-yi'brfd, (Gbqbgk,) King of Bo-
hemia, born in 143a He commanded an army of
Hussites in Ihe civil war about 1450, and was elected
king in 1458^ with the concurrence of the Catholic
nobiea. In 1466 he was excommunicated by Pope Faal
IL, because be maintained the right of communion
under two forms. The pope also caused a crusade to
be preached against him. In 1467 be was involved in
a war against Matthias Corvinus, whom he defeated.
He is said to have been an able and patriotic ruler.
He died in 1471, and was succeeded b^ Ladislaus of '
Poland.

. , "Dm KSalctham Coor*

" Nntnlla Biocnphi* Ote^nlo.*'^

Poo, po, {Edgar Aixah,) a distinguished American
poet, bom in Boston, January 19, 1S09. He graduated
at the University of Virginia, and, having spent a year
In Europe, became successively editor of the "Sotitnera
Literary Messenger" al Charleston, and the "Gentle-
man's Magazine and "Graham's Magadne" at Phila-
delphia. In 1844 he took chaige of the "Broadway
Jouraal," New York. He died at Baltimore, in iS^
of delirium tremens. Among his prindpal prose works
are "The Fall of the House of Usher," "Tales of the
Grotesque and Arabesque," and " The Gold Bug." Hli
" Raven" and other small poems have been much admired.
He also wrote a collection of critical essays. " His
poems," says R. W. Griswold, "are constracted with
wonderful ingenuity and finished with consommaK ut
Thev illustrate a morbid sensitiveness of feeling a
■ludowy and gloomy Inu^nation, and a taste almtat
fsnltless in the apprehensiOD of that sort of beauty Most
agreeaUe to his temper."

S« Oamniiii, " PoMi ud Postrv of A
of Po«," prvAod lo 0 ^lleetkn aMu wt

GUtWDlAlB

OB worlu poblirficd bv R- 1

■ w»l«A[nLiSsSi"Nw

"Fnwi-* HsaubM" I

Pool, Tsn d«r, ^b dfr pool, (Ecrebt,) a Dntdk
painter, bom at Rotterdam about 1630. He painted
landscapes, interiors, and Doctonial oonfUgrations with
success. Died aboat 169a

Poelemborft poo'lfin-bSBi]', (Cornklis,) nmaiBed
n. Brusco and IL Satiro, an emincDt Dnich painlw,
bora at Utrecht in ijSfi, waa a pupil of Alnham Bloe-
maert Aflersp«ndiiigmany*earaatRomeaiidFloTence,
be was invited to England by Charles L, for wh<an he ,
painted some woika. He excelled in laodscape-pakitiaft
and also produced several historical pictuea. Died tt
Utrecht in 1660.

ShCkablb BLjui&"lAVi*dMNBM«>'*

PoaUta. SeePOLm.

fL,i.l.b,%J.l<^g:it.t.6.i3m

Tjiiged; i,*.I,S,iS,J,r**r*;»,t,i,9,«i«w»;flr,flll,flitjniet;nOtig»diBi«te

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

pOELLmrz I,

FodlnltK See PdujttTZ.
PoejnjlSi See Pflppic.

Poarfo, po-i're-o, (Caklo,) a liberal Italian poliiidan,
born at Naples in 1803. He was minister oT public in-
■ ' "Lt Naple* (bt a short time in 1848. He wai

prisonment and bard labour. The cruel treatment
mflicied on him and others was denounced by Mr.
Gladstone in a famous letter to Lord Aberdeen. He
MCapcd, or was released, about 185S, after which he
was a member of the Italian Chamber of Depaties.
Died in 1867.

Foerlo. (GluiSPFB,) an eloqaent Italian adrocaM,
bom at Catanzaro, was the &ther of the preceding. He
was an active supporter of the republic fbimed at Naples
In 1799. In 180S he was appointed proccreur-gju^ral
by Murat Died at Florence m 1S43.

Poemer. See P&knkr.

Poiftson.po'eK'sdN', (Chakles Franqois,) a French

K'nter of history, bom in Paris about 1651; died M
me in 1735.

Foey, pO'i, (AndrAs,) a Cobtai scientist, a son of
Felipe Poey, waa born at Havana b 1837. He wrote
man; works on meteorology. He pabliabed and edited
a Bcries of works called "La Bibliothiqne positiviste,"

Poey, (FELIPE,) a Cuban iool<^t, bom in Havana
in 1801. While a law-student in Madrid he had to es-
a Paris, being involved in some political conspiracy,
r 1830 he went to Havana, where be became pro-
fessor of natural history in the university. He publishwl
" L» Centurie des Lrfpidoptires," (1818,) works on Cuba,
{1840, 1843,) "Geografia universal," (1843,) "Memorias
•obre la HUloria de la Isla de Cuba," [1864,) etc He
published account* of more than two hundred and thirty
nedes of fithes before ondescribed, and has attained
i&tinction in general literature.

Fogga, Ia See Poodio.

X

1 philosophy s
He became L

Poesandorf; pog'gfn-doKf, (Jokamn Ckkistian,) i

uerman savant and professor of natur

Berlin, was born at Hamburg in 17^
1834 editor of the "Annats of Physics and Chemistry.
Among his principal works is a treatise "On the Mag>
netism of the Vololc Hie," In which he was the fint
to explain the prindplea of the mnltiplicator and its
application. Died January 14, 1877.

Poggl, de', di pod'jee, (Giuseppe,) Chetalibr, an
Italian writer, bom near Piacenza in 1761. He waa a
member of the French leinslative body from 181 f to 1814.
He wrote " On Sincere Reformation,^' (" I>elle Emende
sincere," 3 vols., 1791,) and other works. Died in
France in 1841.

Pogglanl, pod'jl'nee, (Giulio,) an Italian scholar,
Dorn at Suna, on Id.ke Haggiore, in 1511. He waa
•ecretary of Carlo Borromea He left " Epistles and
Ontions," in Latin, (4 vols., 1756-61,) which are said to
be elegant. Died in 156a

Pogeio Bi»ooiollnl, pod'jo brJt-cho-lee'nee, [Fr,

I PoOGE, If h poilt] (GiovANin FEAttcsaco,) a dis.

tgidsked Italian Knolar and reviver of learning, was

tingidsked

bom near Flonooe In

Ravenna,

reviver of learning, was
iras a pupil of John of
secretary kbont 1413,

It manuscripts, for which he searched in
monasteries. He discovered aeven orations of Cicero,

twelve plays of Plautus, the commentaries of Asconius

[e wrote satires against the monks
and clergy, and against Filelfo, with whom be was in-
volved in a long and acrimonious controversy, tn 143;
ke married a young lady named Selvaggia Buondetmonli.
After this event he resided many years at Florence, and
pablished in 1437 a collection of letters, which were
neuly admved. Having Dasaed aeveral years In Rook^
M retnmed to Florence about 1450, and waa app<rintMl
_. ■_ . .„ Among his works, which are
Dialogue on NoUlIty," (" De No-
liiaie Dialogus,") a " History of Florence from 1350
' '4SSi" (" Historia Florentina," etc, 1476,) and "Ob

the Mutability of Fortue," j" De VarieUle ForMMa;")
He died in Florence in October, 1459-

■■ C Ni

' Diocnitb) de F, Poc^ Brnxiafiiii Tin," iiii i
Pojgiiia." Mt, ■ toa., 17K1; Nrcfatw, "Ift
lAiiD, "LsGUdimeun dc li SipabBoiH dn L«
> BiAcraplu* Untnlt !" " Kdinbunli lUri**" *>

October, lijCi.

Fogodln, pg-s;9-deen', (Mikhail PETsovnCHj a
Russian historic^ writer, born at Moscow in i8oo> In
1833 he was appointed a professor in the Moscow Dni-
versily, and ten years later devoted himself to arclueo-
logical studies. Hit " Isledovania, Zamietchaniya i

dramas, and a celebrated series of panslavistie letten.
Died in 1875.
FoU, pQ, (Cakl Fekdinamd,] a German muucian,
ipoaei, and writer on music, born at Darmstadt, Sep-

bom near liegniti in 1706) died in 1780.

Pohl, (JoiLUiN Emanuel,) a German botanist, bom
at Vienna in 1784. He published, in Latin, " Dratrlp.
tions and Figures of Brazilian Plants," (3 vols., 1837731,)
and, in German, "Travels in Braril," (3 vols., 1831.)
Died in 1834,

in Rome and Paris, and engraved some works of Raphael,
Giulio Romano, and Pousain. In 1664 he received the
dtle of engraver to the king. Died in Paris in 1693.

P0III7, d«, (Jean Baptiste,) a skilful en^ver, ■
nephew of the preceding, was bom in Paris in 1669;
died in Paris in 1738.

F0III7, de, (Nicolas,) an engraver, bom at Abbe-
ville in 1626, was the lather of the preceding. He waa
not eqnal to hi* brother Franfi^ Died in i69$>

Polncore', pwtn'ka'rii', (Julu Hknry,) a French
physidst,bom in 1854. He became professor of mathe-
matics and Bstitraomy at the Sorbonoe, Paris, and s mem.
ber of the French Academy. He published *' Couis de
Physique Malhimatique, "(to vols.. )"LesMelhodes Noil-
YellesdelBM*chaniqiieCeleste,"(3vols.,)etc D. 19II.

FolnoarB', ( Kavmonu,) President of France, born at
Bar-le-Duc in 1S60. He served as minister of public
instruction in 1893 and 1S95, minister of finances 1894
and l()06, and became premier of France in 1913 and
president in 1913. Became a member of the French
Academy in 1909. He has written " Idies CoDtem-
poraioes," "Etudes et Figures Politiques," etc.

Foln'sett (J^''- RoBBKTS,) a distinguished Ameri-
can statesman and diplomatist, born at Charleston, SooA
Carolina, in 1779. Having been several times elected
to Congress, he was sent m 1835 as minister to Mexico
by President Adams. In the contest between the Nul-
lification and Union parties he became the leader of the
latter. He was appointed secretary of war by President
Van Buren in March, 1837. He retired from that office
In March, 1S41, after which ^e was not employed in the
public service. He wrote " Notes on Meiico." Died
In December, 1851.

Polnainet, pwlN'se'nf, ( Antoike Alexahdii
Hbnei,) a French drami^t, bom at Fontainebleau in
1735. He wrote several successful comedies and comic
t)peras, among which is "The Cirde, or Soiree it 1>
Mode," (1771.) He was acddentally drowned at Cor-
dova, in Spain, in 1769.

Polnalaat de Slvry, pwlN'se'nV d;b se'vfte'.

(1759,) and various other works of little merit. He
translated Pliny's "Natural History," (1771-81.) He
was a brother-in-law of PalissoL Died in 1S04.

Pofuso^ pwlrt'so', (Loins,) a French geometer, bon
in Paris in 1777. He publfahed in 1803 "Elements
of Statics," which presents new and ingenious ideas.
Among his other works is a " Memoir on the Applica-
tioo ttf Algebra to the Theory of Numbers," (iSsu.)

c as i; f as t: % hard; g as/',- c, h, KygtHtmral; v.matal; e, IrilUd; I as i; »h as in Mi.

|^~See Eiplanations, p. a^ |

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

tn iStj. In iSjj he became « tenator. Died in De-
cember, 1859.

Point, pwl'rl', (Tran Loina Makib,) a French
naturalUt, bom at Saint-Quentin about 175J. He pab-
liahed "Travela in BtihUj," {t vols., 17890 a worV of
merit, a "Botanical Dictionary," (so vols., 1789-18S3,)
which fbnna part of the "Encyclopidie Mithodiqne,"
■nd "The Fhllosophical, Literary, and EooDomical
Hlatary of the Useftit Plants of Europe," (7 vol*., 1S35
-«9.) Died in 1834.

Sh QufoAUV " La Fnaea Unftiin.'

Poliet, (FtUKK,] a Fiench philosopher and nyitical
niter, bom at Meti in 164& He became a Proteatant
minister, and preached at Hamburg and Amiterdam. Il
ia stated that he rejected the light and gnidance of
reason. He wrote, in Latin, besides man; other works,
" The Divine Economy," (7 vols., 1687.) Died in 1719.

SnNiciiHiH, "Uimarf:" " Novnll* BiofHiJiIa G^n^nlt."

Folrler, pwl're^', (Germain,) a French inimk, was
born in Puis in'~i734. He wrote a " HisCorjr of the
Reign of Henry L of France," Died in 1803.

Polraon, pw1k's6n', (ADCorra Simon Jkak Chry-
SOSTOME,) a French historian, bom in Paris in 1795. He
was principal of the College Charlemagne from 1837 to
i8<3. Hia chief works are a " History of Rome," (a
»ol»., 1814-361) and a " History of Henry IV,," (a vols.,
1857.) Died at Versailles, July 19, 1871.

Polnan, (Ikam Baptists,) a French ^ographer,
bom in the Vosgei in 176a. He excelled m the con*
struction of terreatrial globes. EHed in 1S31.

Fola, lie, Ifh pwl, (Antoinr,) a French numismatist,

tinguished phyaidan, bom at Nancy, France, In 151^
He published a work entitled "Book of Select Obaerra-
tiooi and Coanseta," ("Sclectionim ObserratlonDm el
CoDMlioruni Liber," 161S,) which, says Weiss, " -

cals. Among these is a remarkable treatise "On the
Invanability of the Mean Movements of the Grand
Planetary Ajks." It was in the domain of mathematical

S pities that the genius of Foisaon was moat signally
played. He brought this sdence to great perfection,
etpecially (n its application to static eleOricity and mag-
netism. In 1837 he was raised to the digni^ of a peer
of France, althongh he never was a politfdan. Died io
April, 1840.

Sm Amocu "NodoM biosniililqMm" torn IL: "Notke «i
ilwB." OtUiu, 1I40: "Hoindl*lBiDcnp(u>Cte<ra>k"
FolHonniM', pwt'so'nj*-^', (Pierre,) a Frendi
lemist and phyddan, ban at Difon In I7»<X He was
Tit I7 the fang aboi.t 1760 ■<a a aecret missioa ta Ettia-
.;th of Russia, and, on his 1 Knm, received the title of
coondllor of state. He inn nted an apparatua or pro-
cess to convert sea-water inU fresh water. In 1764 be
became inspector and director of medicine br all the
hospitals and maritime anenals of France^ Died in 1 79S.
Folterln, pwlf v1n',(Jac<(0bs,) a French astronomer,
bom al Montpellier in 1 74a- He pnblished " An Essay
I the Climate of Montpellier," (1803.) IMed in 1807.
Poitavln, (PiEEai Alexandre,) a French architect,
bom at Bordeaux in 178a ; died in 185^

himthe reputation of agreatphTliaan." Died in 1633.

Pola, lie, (Nicolas,) the kthcr of the prccediru

bom at Nancy in 1587, was a skilftil physician. Mi

published a good work "On the Knowledge and Core
of Diseases," (" De Cognoacendis el Cnrandis MorUs,"
iSSa) Died b 1587.

FcAse, pwlS, JFKBDINAND.)

poser, born at Nnnes in iSaS.

of sparkling operettas, chief among which are " La Sni
prise de TAmour" (1S7S) and "L'Amour H^dcdn,
(1880.) Died in Paris, May 13, 1891.

PolaettUla, pwl'nrF ot pwi'njh'yf, (Jban Loins
Marik,) a I^incb pby«dan and physiologist, bom in
Paris in 1799. He wrote, be«des other worica, "Re-
searches on the Course of the Blood in the Veins,"
{1831.) Died December 26, i86g.

Poluaat, pwl'sflN', (Thibaut,) a French sculptoi
bom near Cricy in 1605 ; died in 1660.

FoUaon, pwt'sAN', (Nicolas Joseph,) a French
ecclesiastic, bom in Paris in 1637, was a disdple of Des-
cartes. He published "Delectus Actomm EcdcMC
Universalis," (a vols., 1706.) Died in 1710.

Polsaon, (Raymond,) a popolar French comedian,
born in Paris in 1633 ; died in 1690. His (^andson,

FRANgnis Arnoul, (1696-17S3,) was a lavounte =-

RCtor of the Parisian stage.

FolBaon, (SiuAoh Denis,) an excellent and profound
French geometer, bom at Pithiviers (Loiret) on the aist
of Jnne, 1781. He entered the Polytechnic School in
179S, and attracted the notice of La Grange and La
l^ace. He became professor in the same school in
1801, a member of the Burean of Longitudes in 1S08, a
member of the Institate in iSia, and counsellor of the
University in iSao. In 1811 he published an excellent
treatise on mechanics, "Traits de Micanique," (a vols.)
In his "New Theory of Capillary Action" (1S31) he
completes the researches of La Place by superadding
■he consideration of the variation of density. He puo-
klshed a " Mathematical Theory of Heat," (i vols.. 1S35,)
and a treatise on the theory id probabilities applied to
judicial trials, " Recherche* sur la Probability des Juge.
tDCDts," etc., (1837.) He also contributed more tun

1,4 1, ^ a, f, J«V' L ^- ^ *""'<''" l>r*''*"'B<=^' ''' 'i' ^- '^ "■'■ '*'^- *■*-)■ ^ ^

„ , .^ .bomproba-

bly in Poitoii about t39a He was employed by the

Foltevln, (Robert,) a French piqrsidi

qaeen, and by Ainea Sorel. Died in 1474.

Folterlii aa URnremaii, pwlt'viN' dfb mO'ii'ydN',
(Casimib,) Vicomts, a French general, bom al Mont-

pellier in 1771. He d^tinguishM bi

m 1S05, and at Borodino, in iSta. Died in 1819.

Foltton, da, Piane.) See Dunk

Folvro, pwlvR, (Pierre,) a French traveller, bom at
Lyons in 1719. He visited China in 1740, after which
he became an agent of the French East India Company,
and went to the Moluccas, from which he transplanted
the nutmeg-tree and other spices to the lale of France
He was initHdaitt of the Isles of France and Bourbon
from 1767 to 1773. He is said to have exhibited there
an almost perfect model of an adminiatiatOT and pnUic
benefiuAor. Died in 17S6.

See Ddiwt na Hudvib, ^ NoHee nr la Tit <• U. Peln*,"
vfit, : A. BovLLlk, " Noon nir Perm." itjj.

Folvto, IiS, Ifh pwlvk, a geometer, bom at Mona
Belgium, lived about 1700. He wrote a "Treatise 00
Sections of a Cylinder and Cone," (1704.)

Foij^ pwl, (Antoine Claudk Doiunkiur Just,)
Comte de Noailles and Prince de Poix, a French diplo-
matist, bom in Paris in 1777 ; died in 1846-

Foi^ do, df h pwl, (Louis,) a teamed French monk,

im in the diocese of Amiens in 1714. He pablisbed
_ new version of the Psalms, (176*.) and " Principle*
discussed to bdlitate the Stndyof the PropheticBooka,"
(16 vols., 17SS-64-) Died "> i78»-

FojorBkl See Fozhahskl

Poioln, poliH', (HAT'Hmi Lambert,) a Belgian
historian, bom at Li^e in iSoS. His chief work is a
"History of IJeee," ("Histoire de I'anden Pajs de
Li^" a vols., I&44-48.] Died April 4, 1871.

PolMieOh po-llnlco, Ae name (» three good Spanish
painters, who were brothers and natives of Sevillei.
The latest work of Carlos Polanco is dated 1686.

FoOfiid, (Luke Potteh,) LL.D., an American rudg«t
bomat Westford, Vermont, November 1, iSlS- Hewaa
admitted to the bar in 1S36. In 1S48 be was made a
judge of the Vermont supreme court, and in 1S60 be-
came chief justice. He was United States Senator,
186S-66, and a ReprsMntntive to Coi^ress, iS6fr-73, and
agam, 1883-84- !>'='' Ju'y * "887.

Fol«. See Sutfole.

Pole^ ILat Pc/U7*,1 (Reginald,) a celebrated Eap-
lish cardmal and scholsr, was born in Stafibrdshire id
■500. His mother, Margaret Flantagenet, was a niece
lA Edward 1V„ a daughter of Geotjfe, Duke of Clar-
ence, and couain-german to Qaeen Eliiabeth who was
the mother of Henry VIII. He was educated at Oxford,
and became Dean of Exeter at the age of nineteen. He
pursued his studies at Padua, where he formed friend'
■hips with Erasmus, Bembo, and Sadolet, and returned
to England in IS^S- About 1531 he lot the favour of

r; IJr, fill, fit; m

FOLM 19

Henty VIIL b; hit oppodtkm to the Atotcc of Queen
Cutberine. HaTing retired to the continent for uftty,
be wrote a lainouB trutlBe "For the Unity of the
Charch," ("Pro Unitale Ecdetiie,") printed at Rome
without date, in which he controverted the pretension*
of Henry to be the head of the Chnrcb, His mother
mnd brother were executed bj order of the king, and he
was attainted. On the acceuion of Qneen Mary (1553)
he was sent b; the pope as legate to Ei^land. He suc-
ceeded Cranmer as ArchUshop of Canterbury in 1555
or l^5&i Historians are dinded in opinion in relation
to his complicity in the peisecntions of this reign \ and
bia character is commonly represented as mild and
humane. Died in 1558.

Sh Becadbuj, "Vim PoU Curdbutit," ijm n Euliihnr-
•iopof iIm lUBe, pnbllifaed brPnin i7«6: FuiTm, " Hutorr of
EHtaDdi" Thohas PHiLurn, "Life oT R. FoIb," itU; Hdu,
"HuhiTDf Enitludi" "NouTsllc Bidcnphio G^njnls."

Fola, (WlLUAM,) F.K.S., a versatile English author,
born in 1S14. He waa a professor of civil cDgineerine
in ElphinsCone College, Bombay, from 1S44 to 1S47, and
in University College, London, from l359 to 1S67, and
in the latter year graduated as doctor of music at Saint
John's College, Oifoid. Among his works are a " Trea-
tise of the Steam-Enrane," (i&Ht) " Ufe of Sir William
Fairbairn," (1S77,) "Philosophy of Music," (1879,) and
a celebrated treatise on whisL

Polemborg. See Poblembusg.

Pol'e-mo or Pol'a-mon, [Gr. IlaUuuv; Fr. FolA-
MON, poli'mAH',] a Greek philosopher, bom at Athens,
or in Attica. He succeeded Xenocrates as the head
of the old Academy about 315 B.C., and wrote several
works, which *ie not extant Among his disdples
were Zeno the Stoic, and Arceailaus. Died aooal

a " lile of Peter the Great," (4 volt., 1843,) reptfded m
the best life of that sovereign that ha* been written, tbi

published. He also tianalated " Hamlet,"

number of valuable critical esMy* on Rnuian litera-
ire. Died in 1846.

See " NoDveOc Biognphia Cjn^nle."

PoUiem, polTiSm, or Pollieliii, polTiSlm, (Kreoti)-
FUt,) a Swedish engineer and mechanician, bom in
Gothland in i66l. He invented several useful machines,
constructed the docks at Carlscrona, and obtained a title
of nobility. Died in 1751.

Poll, pi/lee, {GiusBPPB SAVEKio,)an Italian natural-
ist and physiologist, bom at MolfetUt, in the kingdom of
Naples, in 1746. He became professor of geography and

373 B.C.

■1 LAKKTIin.

SecFAi

Folemo, a Greek
liied between 100 and 350 a.ix He left a work on
PhvNognomy, which is extant He is quoted by Origen.

Folemo or Polmnon, snrnamed Fbbikge'tes, [Ft.
PotiuoN 1.B PlRiteiTE, poli'mAn' l;h pl're'i'zh|t',1
a Greek geographer, bom at Samos or Sil^on, obtaineil
the dtiienship of Athens, and lived about aoo P.C. He
wrote many works on geography, etc, of which fragments

PoloKO, or Polemo tlie Sophlat, a celebrated
Greek rbetoriciao, born ac Laodicea, flourished about
130 A.D. He taught rhetoric at Smyma, and obtained
the ^vour of Trajan and Hadrian. He wrote several
works, which are tost, except two orations. He died
at Ibeage of fifty-six.

See Phiubtxatui, "VltiB SophiiUnmi :" Faiucsui, " Bibtlo-

Pol^mon. See FotBUo.

Polenl, po-li'nce, (Giovakki,) Marquis, an Italian
natural philosopher, bom at Venice in 1683. He be-
■^me proicssor of physics at Padua in 171^, and suc-
ceeded N. Bcrnoulti as professor of mathematics in 1719^
Among his numerous works are a "Dialc^ue on Cdei.
tial Vortices," (1713,) and "On the Mixed Motion of
Water," ("De Motu Aquse mixto," 1717.) He was a
Fellow of the Royal Society of London. Died in 1761.

See P. CosMU, " Elogio del Profewor Poleni," 1813: FAMtom,
"VitJEltdaniniilocftiia eicellnilinia ;" G. GonrAMi, " Elovo w
UutheK G. Polcni," iSj}.

Polenta, da, dipo-lin'tl, (GuiDO Novello,) became
Lord of Ravenna m 1375. He befriended the exiled
Dante, who came to his court in 1319 and remained
there until his death in 13x1. Died in 1333.

Polentone, po-ltn'to'ni, [Lat Polento'hiis,] (Sbc-
tm or Xicco,) an Italian scholar and writer, bom at
Fadaa about 139a Among his works ate a " life of
Seneca," and a comedy called " Catinia," (1S43.) Died
■bout (463.

SeeJ. E. Kafp, "D™iBmiod«X.FoleolHiio,".7ij.

Polevoi, ponth-voi', (NiKOuii ALBXiKvrrcM, ) »
Rassian /Jft'/fBAiWr and journalist, bom in Siberia in 1796,
became in 1825 editor of the "Moscow Telegraph," a
periodical of great ability and influence, which was after-
wards suppressed by the government on account of its
liberal views. Among his works, which are very nmne-
rous, we may name a "life of Soov6ro^" (Sttwarow,)
cut: (as/'f ^n/.- j;ia/.'a, H,K,jrwAfrs/,- tt,tBUai: *.trilUd: I

nilitary scl
sent by tl

which he was sent $y the kin^ to France and England

examine educational institutions and procuie scientific

apparatus. He was the preceptor of the prince who

reigned as Francis L His repolation is chiefly founded

on an excellent work on testaceous mollusca, " Historv

and Anatomy of the Testacea of the Two Sicilies,

("Testacea ntriusque Sicilix eorumque Hisioria et

Anatome," I vols., 1791-95.) The third volume w*t

published in 1836. "This magnificent work," says Cu-

'er, " represents their anatomjp witb much accuracy, and

irows new light on their physiology." Died in 1S35.

Sm p. N. GiAHrioiA "Klcxia ^5. Poli," sity. Suuma

i-m, " BiofufAili Gl S. Pall,''^iljj; TiTAUn, " Biognfia dafU

ftliuii iUiiMn.''

Poll, (Martiho,) an Italian chemist, born at Lucca
I 1663 ; died at Paris in 1714.

FoOI-aa, [Gr. Udhif, from TiiM, 3. "city,"| (the " proiee-
_ess of cities,") a surname of Alhena. (Minerva.) Thera
was at Athens a celebrated temple of Athena Poliat.
PoUbto. See Polvbius.
PoUdoia See Carataogio.

Foliar, pole-4'> (Antoinb No*,) a Swiss writer,
born in 1713, was a friend of Voltaire. He became
pastor of Lausanne in 1^54, and wrote articles fur the

Augusts Jules Ar-
HAND Marie,) PkiWce, a French minister of state, bom

Versailles in 1780, His mother, the Duchess of Po-
lignac, was a favourite of Marie Aotdnette. He became
— inister of foreign afiairs in August, 1839, and the chief

inister before the end of the year. His ultramontane

and absolutist policy rendered bim very unpopular. In

aqnenceofthe victory of tbe liberaJs and insurgenu

QiarlesX. in iSto, he wasarTested,triedfor treason,

and condemned to imprisonment for life. He was re-
leased in 1836. and retired to England. Died in 1847.

See ■■ Qoertetlj Ra»iew'" for October, iBji, (by South**.)

PoU^tao, da, (Melchior,) a French diplomatist and
Latin poet bom at Puy-en-Velay (Upper Loire) in 1661.
He was sent in 1695 as ambassador to Poland, where
by his address he induced a majority of the electors to
choose the French prince De Conti as king in 1697. He
succeeded Bossael in the French Academy in 1704. In
1713 he was sent as plenipotentiary to the Congress of
Utrecht He became a cardinal in 1713. He acquired
a high literary reputation by his Latin poem (in refu-
tation of Lucretius) entitled " A nti- Lucretius, sive de
Deo et Natora Libri novera," (i74S-) Died in 174*.
Voltaire, in his "Temple do Goilt, praises Folignae
as a successful opponent of Lucretius, and as one wbe
combined the qualities of Virgil and Plato:
" R^unuunt Virgile ivec Plilcn,
Vengeur du Ci2 et nlnqueur rlt LuCriCa."

SeeCHBViosTOHi FAUom, " HiiUiredu Cudiul da njliaiuc"

'-., ijjT, DoiTDUi □■ Maiiah, "Elcse du ''■""-»' de to-

'iy. SAHfT-Siiioi', "Mimarei;" '•NouTelle Biocnphi*

PollnUre, pole'n^iR', (Pibkrk,) a French rattirRl
philosopher, born near Vire in 1671. He gained Ht-
tinction at the College of Harcourt as a teacher of natural
philosophy by the experimental method, and published
"Experiments in Physics," (1709.) Died in 1734.

FoUoroetea. See Dbmetrius Fouorcbtu.

PoUt, pole', Polite, polif , or La PoU, Iqh poV,

G^^e

>.' th asin/tti; (|^^See Explanations, p. sj.)

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

1976

POLUCH

ih'G-an, (IL PoLUUNO, po-lb-M-t'no ;
s; Ft. PoLrniN. po'le^sjiN',] (An-
ted Italian dauical ■chdar and poet,

iLat PoiyTOS,! O'*^') ■ Flemish poet, bom at or

near Liege atx>at 1554 ; died after 1601.
PoUtl, po-lee'lee, (Alhsahdbo,) an Italian (cholar,

born at Florence in 1679. He Ijecame pnrfeMot of
eloauence at Pisa in 1733. He publjabed, betidea ather
worlu, an edition of Eostalhint'* "Commentary on
HomcT," with a lAtin veraioo and notea, (3 vol*., 1730-
35-) Died ■ ~

PoUti, (Lancklot.) See CATHAKiHfS.

PoUt^ii, po-liah' "■ "

Lat. Politia'nus;
GELO.) ■ celebrated
born at MontepnlcUno, (Mona Politianna,) in TnscuiT, in

ET|i454. Hlabinil7namewM AiiBRoaiNL HeitDdied
hn under Cristofero Landfno, and Greek ander An.
dronicua of TheMalonica. About 146S he wrote atanzaa,
in Italian, in honour of (^uliano de' Medid, which were
mach admired. He was patronized by Lorcnxo de'
Hedtd, who employed him aa preceptor of hia aona and
treated him as a friend at long a> he lived. Aa pro.
feuor of Greek and Latin at Florence, he aeqaired a
hMi reputation. He produced el^ranl Latin verBions
oitfae History of Herodian, of the Hannal of Epictelua,
and of the " Charmides" of PlatOL He wrote notea on
Orld, Catullus, Pliny the Younger, and other Latin
aothors. Among his works are Latin odes and epi-

Gima, and a Latin poem called " RiisticuB." "In hia
tin poema," says Gingoeni, "we find the fire of an
Imagination tmly poetic, and that taate and elegance
which were the natnral attributes of hla mind." Died
at Florence in 1444.

"In 14S0 or 1483," sayaHallam, "Politian was placed
in the chair of Greek and I^tin eloquence at Florence,
a atation perhaps the most conspicuous and the most
honourable which any tchotar could occupy. It is
beyond controvertv that he stand* at the head of that
das* in the fifteenth centnrv. The enyy of some of bis
contemporaries attested hia superiority. In 14S9 be
published his once celebrated ' Miscellanea,' consiatrns
of one hundred observations illustrating passages cm
Latin authors," ("Introduction to the literature of
Europe,") He waa characterized by Erasmus a* "rarunt
Datura miraculum," ("a rare miracle of nature."!

SaaSabissi. "Vitadi A.PoliiiuKi;'' F, Orni Udkxbi, " His-
loiuViuiA.Poliduii," 17361 WiuJAiiP. GunnLL,"Ui»i<>in
af Angelui Politiuu," etc., itei ; Faihohi, "Elad di Duu. di
A.pDE>i>Tio,"«c. ihe: D. Uouaa, " D< PoUtiuKC' iM ; I-oxo-
tauaw, ■' Poeu uh) Pmlrjr of Kuropi ;" tJ, A. Bohafoui, " Dt
A Pdiiiani Via «i Operibu," 1*411 Batli, "Hinanal and
Cridcal DicdoDirr:" Tiaxnacai, "SnHi dcui Letunion lu-

PoUUiuiiM or FoUtiano. See PtiUTiAM.

Folltien. See Politian.

PoUtuB. See Pout.

paUtz or PoaUts. posits, (Kau. Hbinrich Lud-
Wio,) a German historian, born at Emstthal in 1771.
Hb became professor of history and statistics at Leipsii
in 1815. Among his numcrons works — * i.u:.. —
of Saxony --'■'-- -^ --'---'"■ »'

acd

1 tlie Duchy of Warsaw," q vols., 180&-10,)
"Political Sdences according to the Ideas of onr

Epoch," (s vols., 1813-38.) Died in 1838,

S*t BaocKM.us, ■■ Con«rMtiQQ..I.=£koo."

PoliBiaoo. See Politian.

Polk, pok, (Jaues Kmox.) the eleventh President
of the United States, was born in Mecklenburg county,
North Carolina, on the ad of November, 1795, and re-
moved with bis bther to Middle Tennessee In 180&
He graduated in the University of North Carolina
■bout 1816, and studied law. He was eleded a member
of Congress from Tennessee in iSij and at several suc-
ceeding elections. In 1S35 he was chosen Speaker of

the House of Representatives by the Democrat
was aiso Speaker of the twenty-fifth Congress, (1837-
In 1S39 he was elected Governor of Tennessee lor

years. At the election of 1S41 he was defeated by the
Whig candidate for Governor. In 1844 Polk and Dalla*
were nominated for the offices of President and Vice-
President by the Democratic National Convention, which
on the first ballot had not given Mr, Polk a single vote.
Hi* compelittH' was Henry Clay. The principal iaaua in
i,E. 1. 6, D, J,/<m/','i,i. A. same, less prolonged: Li, (.6, ^^.iktrl; \,<i,\, ^.iiArfwnc.-flr, fill, flit; tn(t;n

this eledioa wa* the anneiatioa of Texas, Khich Hr.
Polk was pledged to promote. He waa elected, receiving
one hundred and seventy electoral vole* out of two
hundred and seventy-five, which wa* the whole nuK-
ber. He appointed Jamea Buchanan secretary 1^ state,
and afterwards Ibe formal annexation of Tczaa to the
Union (1845) involved the country in an asgressive war
against Mexico, wbicb b^an in May, 184& The army
of the United States, commanded ^ Genoal Scott, after
several vidories, tocdt the dty of Mexico in September,
1S47. The Hexiauu obtaioed peace bj the «eMkm ec
Upper California and New Mexico. A dtonite wM tha
Briti*b government aboot the boundary of^ Or^oa was
settled during hi* adminbtration, by an agreement thai

tire<
June, 1849.

See L. Chasb. " Binnrr of >>>« AdairiMntion of JaiBM K.
Pclk,- iB^ : Lan Woodbuit. " Enlncyaa Jams K. Polk," iS,i>,

Folk, (LsoHtDAi,) an American who became l^oos
for hi* twofold character of bishop and general, was
bom at Raleigh, North Carolina, in 1806, and graduated
at West Point in 1837. He was ordained an E;riscop*]
deigyman about 1831, and was chosen Bishop of Loui-
siana in 1841. In 1861 be took arms a^inst the Union,
with the rank of roi^or-general, and distinguished him-
self by bis activity and leal in the Confederate service.
He occnpied Columbns, Kentucky, in September, 1861,
and evacuated it abont the ist of March, 18G1. He
commanded a division at the battle of ShQoh, Aprfl,
1863, and served a* lieatenant-general at the battle of
Stone River, whidi ended Tannaiy 1, 1863. He led ■
corps at the batUe of Chickamaoga, September Vi-to,
18^ He was killed near Keneaaw Mountain, Gemgii^
In June, 1S64.

Polk, (LSONIDAS L,,) agriculturist, was bom in

nson county, North Carolina, in 1837. He was in
the Confederate army during tlie war, began publish-
" The Progressive Farmer" in 18S6, and orgen-
in his Stale in 1887 five hundred dubs of the
era' Alliance. He presided over the conventions
of the Alliance in 1S90 and 1S91. Died in 1893.

Pol'ko, (Eliss,) a German novelist, a si*ter of
Eduard Voge], (q. v.) Sbe was bom at Minden, Jan-
uary 31, 1823. Among her works are "Musical
Sketches," (1852 tt lef.,) "New Novels," (1861 t(
leg.,) '• Fair Women." (1865-69,) etc.

Follajnolo, pol-U-yoo-o^o, (Antonio,) an eminent
Italian painter and scniptor, bom at Florence in 1436 or
1431, was also a skilfiil goldsmith. His mBater-[deoeof
painting is "The Martjrdom of Saint Sebastian." He
was invited to Rome by Innocent VIIL, for whom (with
the aid of hi* brother Pietro) he made a monament to
SixtnsIV. He excelled in composition and in knowledge
of anatomy. Died in 149S.

PollAJtiolo, (S1MONB-) See Cronaca.

Pollaid. (JosEFHiNE,) an American author, bom
at New York city about 1841. She early engaged in
literary work, writing religious and children's books;
also "Vagrant Verses," (1887,) "Favourite Birds,
and what Poets sing of them," (iSSS.) Died in 1S93.

Follat, pyV, (JonPK Micbel Anoe,) a French
sculptor, bom at Palermo in 1814. He became a re^-
dcnt of Paris abont 1844. ""^ obtained a first medal in
t8ta. His works adom the Tuileries and other imperial
alaces. Died December 31, 1870.

PoUat, (Victor Plorbncs,) a French painter and
engraver, bom in Paria about i8ia He gained by his
engravings the prize of Rome in 1838, and a medal of
the first dasa in 1S49. Died December 1 1, 18S3.

PoUloh, polOiK, (Jomann Adam,) a German natural-
._t, born at Lautem in 1740. He published a good Flora
or the Palatinate, " Hiatoria Planlarum in Palatinato
Etectoiali sponte nascendum," (1776.) Died in 17S0.

PoUloh, [lAt. PoLLicu'iirs,] (Maktin,) a German
pbysidan. eminent for learning, bom at MellerWad^
was an ancestor of the preceding. He became in 150]
professor of theology in the University of Wtttenbai,
of which he was the first rector. He pnbltshed "La-
conisml," {1504,) and other works. Died in 1513.

IgSSdiii

d by Google

POLLICHIUS 19

Pollloliliu. S«e FoLucH.

FoI'U^, (Ahkios.) ■ Bophlst or philMopher, barn at
Tralles, in Asia Minor. He Uught at Rcme aboat JO
BX^, and, according to Soidas, wrote a commeDtaiy od
Aristotle's treatise "On Animals.'*

PolTI-O, [Fr. PoLUON, pole'iN',] (Cakts Asinius,)
■n eminent Roman orator, author, and patron of litera-
tore, was bom at Rome in 76 B.C. He <n« a partiaan
of Ckwi in the dvil war which began b 49 B.a, and
eroMed the Rnblcoa with that chief He took part in
tbe battle Of Fharsalia, in 4S, and commanded io Spain
against Seitns Pompey at the time of Cxsar's death, 44
I.e. Having taken arms for Antony and Octavins, he
obtained the office of consul by their inSucnce in 40
B.C. and saved the patrimony of Virgil from confiscatioD,
Virgil addressed to him the fonrlh eclogue in 40 B.C.,
and the eighth eclogue soon after that date. FoUio
retired from the public Krvice about the year 38, and

poems, which were piused by VirgiL None of these
works are extant His excellence as an orator is attested
by QnintilJan and other ancient writers. He was also
dtstingoished as a critic He had a son named C. tai-
Bin* Callus. (See Gallhs.) Died in 4 A.D.

" ~ . "Commenlatio de C A. PoUionitVila « SlB-

' iIid; Eki

"Pi^l

_, Jo a»ili;" Dk Bu

d'Aivou," 4 lol*.. 180S ; " Noutellt

FolUo. (Tbibkllius;) a Roman historian who lived
b the reign of Constantine 1. He was one of thg
antbors of the " Htatoria Augusta," to which he con-
tribnted the lives of the two Valerians, of the two
GalUei^ of the Thirty Tyrants, and of Claudius.

Peilnltz or Poellnlt^ pot'nits, (Kakl Lddwio,) a
German adventurer and historical writer, bom at Isao-
Bin (Prussia} in 1693. Ha sought fortune at several
courts of Europe, and was appointed grand master of
ceremonies by Frederick the Great He wrote, besides
other works, " Saie galanie," (i737.) which narrates the
amours of King Augostus, and Memoirs of hii own
life and times, ("Mjmt»reB du Baron de Poellnitt," 3
voU., 1734.) Died in 177s.

Pollook, (CHANtnNC,) dramatist, bom at Wash-
ington in 1880. Became a journalist, and has written
stories and plays, the latter including "The Game ot
Hearts," "The Red Widow," etc., and several drama-
tizations.

ToVl^'k, (jAins,) an American Governor, bora iD
Pennsylvania, graduated at Princeton College in 1831.
He represented a district of Pennsylvania in Congrew
from 1843 to 1849, and was elected Governor of that
State by the People's party, or Republicans, for three
years, (1855-58.) Died April 19, 1890.

Pollock, (Walter Herriks,) an English author,
son of Sir Frederick, was bom at London in 1S50.
He became sub-editor of Ihe ''Saturday Review," and
was its editor 1884-94. He published several cajllec-
tJonsof poems, " Lectures on French Poets," etc., and,
with Walter Besant, "The Ball ad- Monger," a play.
His brother. Sir Frederick, was author of legal and

Foll9k, <&Di>ERT,) a British poet, bom at MnirluniM,
tn Renfrewshire^ SMtland, in 1798 or 1799. He studied
at tbe Universi^ 01 Glasgow, and chose the profession
of minister of the gospeL He obtained a license aa
■diUster in the United Secession Church In 1817, btit
Us health was already &tally impaired by excessive
itody. HIi reputation is founded on " The Course d
"nme," (1817,) a didactic poem, wbich found many ad-
mirers, especially among those who take an interest in
religions poetry. It contains some beautiful and many
powerful pass^es, but It has great defects, and is not
considered very attractive as a poem, apart from ita
religious and moral doctrines. "The Course of "nme,"
•ays Moir, "is a very extraordinary poem, vast in its
conception, vast in its plan, vast in its materials, and
vast, if very far from perfect, in its achievement." " The

Course of Time," says Professor Wilson, " lor so yntuf
a man, was a vast achievement. ... He had much to
learn in compoeitioD. . . . But the aoul of poetry ti
there, though often dimly enveloped i and many passage*
there are, and long ones too, that beave and hony
and glow along in a divine enthusiasm." He wrote^
In prose, "T^es of the Covenanters." Died near
Southampton in September, 1S37.

~ "Life oTR. FollDk." hf U> btMber, \tp; C

Polinx, a

other of Ci

Pollux, (Juuus,) a Greek grammarian, whose proper
name was FolvdbuCES, was Iiom at Naucratis, in Egypt,
about 130 A.IX He enjoyed the favour of Marcus Aiiro>
lius and Commodus, and taught rhetoric at Athens in
the reign of the latter. His works are all lost, except
his " Onomasljcon," a kind of dictionary of Greek wotdi^
(not in alphabetical order,) which ia highly prized. He
died at the ^e of lifty-eighC.

S« FAiiiain, "Biblblhea Graca."

Pollux; (Juui;a,] a Byzantine writer, who lived In
the tenth or eleventh century. He wrote a "Cbronkl^
or Universal History from the Creation to the Time of
Valens," which is extant.

Po^ (Gasfar Gil,} a Spanish poet and novelist,
born at valenda about the middle of the sixteenth
century. He was a lawyer and a professor of Greek.
He gained celebrity Imp a poetical romance, entitled
"Diana in Love," ("Diana enamorada,") wliich was
transUted Into English, French, and Latin.

Se* Lararatuw, " PkU sad PoMit of Snniia."

Polo, (jAYifK,} called THK Eldrb, a Spanish psinter,
bom at Borgoa In 1560, wae a good coloiisL Died

Polo> (Javmk,) the VotfttGUt, a painter, bom at
Burgos in 1630 ; died at Madrid in t6<5.

Polo, (Marco,) [Fr. Marc Pol, mbk pol, (or Paul,
pS,}] a frunous Venetian traveller, bom aixiut 1153,
was a son of Niccol6 Polo, a merdtant of noble rank.
About 1155 Niccot6 and bis brother Matteo, or Mafieo,
commenced an extensive expedition, with a stock of
predous stones, which they sold to a Tartar chief on
tbe Volga. They arrived in i>6t at Bokhara, where

angnage. Accepting the in*
' whom they met at Bcdiliaia,

east, f asr.-gilanf.' gas/,-a,H,K,f»fA(ra/,' n.tuuai; K,lrUUJ; iasi;

vitulon of a Persian envoy w

they accompanied him to the court of KooUai Khan,

the Great Mogol, who roled over China and Tartary.

'"■' iitce received them lavovrably, and acoeiUtM

hia ambassadors to tbe piqw, whom tie desired to
. _ . . Mm a hundred learned men to teach his Moi^d
subjects, lliey returned home in 1169, and found that
the pope had died in ia6S. His successor, who was
not elected until iiyt or 137a, gave them letters to
Kooblai Khan, to whom they returned accompanied by
yoimg Marca They arrived at the court of Kooblu
m 1375. Marco learned several Asiadc languages, and
obtained the fevour of the Khan, who sent him on im-
portant missioiks to Cbina and other provinces. He
was the first European that entered China, in which
he passed several years. Having obtained the consent
of Kooblai Khan, the three Venetians quitted his ser-
vice about 1393, and, embarking on the coast of China,
came to Ormoi by water, and reached Venice In 1395,
with many diamonds, mines, etc. of great value. Marco
GMomanded a galley In a battle ae^t the Genoese, by
whom he was taken i»risoner. During his long cap*
tivity he composed a narrative of hi* adventures, by the
aid of notes which he bad written previously. It is said
that a French voiion of Ids book was made under his
direction. His narrative produced a great sensatioi^
and was translated into many languages, bat for several
ages was regarded as a tisane t« Anions or gross e»
aggerations. The researches and revelations of suc-
cessive centuries have more and more confirmed his
veracity ; and it is now recognized that his services had
great infiaeace on the progress of navigation and com-
merce. "When in the long series of ages," says M.
Watckenaer, "we search for three men who Of the
Crandeot and influence of thUr discoveries have con-

intiit. ( j^^See Kwplanatlona, p. 33.)
..LnOOl^lc

POLONCEAU 19

Ifibaled lUMl to the progrett of geographj or of oqr
knowledge of the globe, the modest name of the
Vefkedao travetleT pruenU itself in the Mine line with
the luiiies of Alennder the Great and Christopher
Columbus." He died about IJIM- Among the best
editions of his book i> that of BaJdclli, "II Milione di
Messei Marco Polo," (4 vols., 1SZ7.) An English ver-
sion, by Marsden, WAS published in 1S18.

' - - Polo t dtjli Jlri .nlich^ VUg-

D," i8«ir G. Pautkim, uticl*

^..nhi« C6j<«I*."

Polonooati, poldH'sS'. (Antoinb Rlui,) a French
engineer, bom at Rheims in 177S. As engineer-in -chief
of the department of Mont Blanc, be constructed a road
over Mont Cents about 1811. Among his works is the
Pont du Carrousel at Paris, {1834.) He wrote several
professional works. Died m 1847. His son, J[kan Bak-

V&.1

Guise, in 1563. He was eiEcated the same year.

Foliuk See Pole.

PBtiis, a Sophist tS Agrigeatam, lived about 400 B.C.,
and was a disdple of GcrgtM. He wrote a work on
rhetoric.

PoltiB, (Matthsw.) See PooLi.

Polivlisle^ pol'wheel, (Rev. Richakd.) an English
sntiquarv and poe^ bcnu at Truro in 1759 or iTlJa
Among hi* works is a " History of Cornwall." Died
in 18^

Fi^yMniu, pol-e-ec'nn^ (IloUiaanc,] OvLAMFSACm,
was an eminent mathematiaan ; bat, having become a
friend and disciple of Epicurus, he renounced geometry,
as Dnworthy of his notice.

Folj)Klti«, a Macedonian writer, who lived ■boiU
iw K.a. He wrote a work on "Stratagems in War,"
wnidi he dedicated to Marcus Aurelios and Venis. It
is extant, and is prised for the numerous anecdotes and
(acts which he us collected, and which are not fbtmd
elsewhere.

Fol;b«. See Poltbius.

FolTblna. See Polvbus.

PoJjfbT^-n», [Or. IlaUfKv; Fr. Polvbi, poaiV; IL
Pdlibio, po-lee'be-o,] a celebrated Greek historian, bom
at Megalopolis, in Arcadia, about 306 B.C. He was a
SOD of Lycortas, who succeeded his friend Philopcemen
as general of the Achsean Leuue in l8s B.C Polybios
obtained in 169 B.C command of the cavalry raised to
fight for the Romans against Perseus ; bat his ser-
vices were declined by the Roman general , In 167 the
Romans transported to Italy, as hostages or exiles, one
thousand AchKans, among whom was Polybias. Ue
found a home in the house of Paulus j^milius, and
became the preceptor of his son Scipio, afterwards the
Cunous Sdpio Afncanus the younger. A warm friend-
ship was formed between this pupil and Polybius, who
accompanied him in all bis campaigns. He witnessed the
conquest and destruction of Carthage, (146 B.C.,) soon
after which he went to Greece and exerted his influence
with some success to procure favourable terms for the
cmquered Achxans. He afterwards devoted himself
to the completion of a general history, for which he had
been preparing himself few some years by studies and
by journeys to E^pt, Spain, Gaul, etc, The exact date
M bis death is uunown. Lucian alates that he died at
the age of eighty-two. His great work, entitled KaA>-
lii4, imu^ l0T^>i^ (" Univers^ History,") comprised the
period from iso to 146 B.C., and consisted of forty
books, the greater part of which are lost. We have the
first five book* entue, and many fragments and extracts
of several other books. His impartiality, his love of
truth, his sound judgment and experience in military
and dvil affairs, render this one of the most valuable
and reliable histories thai have ever been written bv an
uniiupired writer. He U thus briefly characteriied by
Cicero: "Polybius bonus auclor in primis." livy's
account of events after the second Punic war appears
to be much like a translation from Polybius. The latter
despised oc neglected rhetorical ornaments, and was
iefioent in In^igination. His style, consequently, is

FOLYCLETUS

He aimed only to inatnict, anil, acoonh
ing to some critic*, carried too £u- hi* didactic and
moraliring tendency. He wrote, also, a "Life of P~
1.^' and a "Treatise on Tactict" " Polvh

lop<Emen,^' and a "Treatise on Tactics." "Polybius
and Arrian," says Macaulay, " have given us authentic
accoonts of iaha ; and here their merit end*. They
were not men of comprehensive minds; Ihey had not
the art of telling a story in an interesting manner."
("Essay on History," 1828.) An English version of
Polybius, by Hampton, (1772,) is commended.

Sh K. W. MimcK. " FolTbiai uu Gwtikhtc laiUur PoLiiik,-
Bt, 1S41; L. F. HavD, "ViB PotrbiL" iSu; V*ii Unima,
"School TU Polybiui of GochiadkuDcIs ^oai Iha unabBdi
*""'" i£U.L'' " °°™^ "Pol^biiii^" 1*44; "NoonUa Bir

adopied tEdipus.

PolTboa fllalufcc] or Polvbliia, a pupil and •onJO'
law of Hippocrates, lived in the island of Cos about 40a
B.C He was one of the fonnders of the sect of DogmadcL
Several treatises usually printed with the works of Hip>
pocrates are ascribed to Polybus by many critic*.

Pol'Jf-o»rp,iGr. noM«vffDt;Lat, PoLYCAfc'PttSi Fr.
PoLVCAKPi, po'le'kiRp',1 an eminent martvr and Fatbet
of the Christian Church, of whose early history we
have no anthentic record. Irenxua states that Polycarp
had intercourse with ^ohn and others of the apostle*,
and was appointed Bishop of Smyrna by the apostles.
Accordins to some writers, be was ordained l^ Saint
John. He was Bishop of Smyrna when Ignatin* of
Antioch passed through that wj on his way to Roim^
which occoTted between toy and 116 a.Dl Polycaip
visited Rome in his old tm, and had a confttenoe with
Anicetm, the Bishop of Rome, who diflered from the
Eastern churches in relation to the time or the obaer-

Smyma on the tubjeci of bis death i* still extant. The
only work of Polycarp that remains is a short E[H*tle
to the Philippiana, which is priaed because
passage* of toe New Testament are quoted is

SeaTiLLSHOirT. "lUmoinstccUiiudqiHSi" Cave . . _ _
tiadE PolrcupiVils," ij^j: "Lilbof PotioinBiihopcifSaijnB,"
LDndon, 1B47 1 CoHTS M CoftfLCKIlDKT, " Vu da S. Igniu » «
S. Pelrcuin," iSfi,

Folyoaipo or Polyoarpiu. See PoLVCAk?.

Fol-;-«bai'mti*, filaJvjri^i^,] a Greek iculptor of
unknown date. Fiin^ mentions bis statue of "Venn*
washing herself" which was at Rome in his time.

FolTolaltiu. See Polvclktus.

Fol'f-olM, [IIiAnblvr,! a Greek sculptor, who lived
about 370 B.C., was probibly an AtheniaD. He i* men>
tioned by Pliny, who says he made a celebrated statue
of a hermaphrodite;

Another sculptw nanied Pol-vcLXS is mentioned by
Pliny as dourishing abotil 155 B.C. Panaania* notice*
some works of Pol^ea ; but it ia doubtful which of (he*e
two he refers to.

PoljoUta. See PoLVCLETtis.

Fol-Jf-olo'tu« or FoI-T-oU'ttu, [Gr. ricA&dsmjj;
Fr. PoLYCLtxK, poleTilJl',] a Greek sUtuary of great
celebrity, was also a sculptor and architect. He was a
native of Sicyon or Argos, and was a pupil of Aeeladas,
the Argive statuary, who was at the same time the mas-
ter of Phidias. The works of Polycletus were probably
executed between 45a and 413 B.C. He surpassed all
statuaries of his time except Phidias, and e<{uatled Ibe
latter in beauij if not in sublimity. He once gained
the first prize for a statue of an Amazon, in cuupetitiaa
with Phidias and other artists. His master-piece* in
bronie were a statue of a youoz man called "Diadn-
menos" binding his bead with a mlel, " Doiyphorus the
Spear- Bearer," Ibe Amazon noticed above, and a statue
called the Kovuv, ("Canon,") because it was recognised
as a perfect model of the human figure. Some critics
maintain that this last statue was the " Duryphoius."
None of hia work* was more celebrated tiian a colosaal
ivory and gold atatue of Juno, which adoroed a temple
near Aigos. He wa* architect of a theatre at Epidauroa,
which was, according to Pausanias, the most beautifal
in the woild. Cicero and Pliny agree in the ooinian

I, i, I, fi, ii, T, !»ng; Jl, i, A, same, less prolon

li 1, i, 1, 5. 0. f, ilmrt; (, c, i, 9, fbiatrti Or, (Ul, Qi; mCti aAtj t,Sb& mAOn

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

POLYCLETUS 19

'oIvdetM bnmght the art (rfituiiu7 to perfection.
ignitjHipilt were AriatkiM, Canachtu, Ath«no-

J Hkun:" flioaic David, "Vie* itt
•nw:" K. O. UDubk, "Hudbocb da

Polyolatiw, another alataarr of Argos, is mentioned
bfPausaniaa u a different penon from him "who made
the itatoe of Jooo," and m a pnpil of Naa^ei, (who
flourished about 410 B.C.) Several wortca are varioiulT
attributed to thU Polydetu* and to hit more celebrated

Polyolatu OF Iarissa, a Greek hiatorian of dq-
Icnowndate. He wrote a hiatoiy of Alexander the Grea^
which ii not eatanL

PolTOnite. See Polvckatu

Po-lfo'xf-tSI, [Gr. ILbtaiKpanrr ; Pr. PoLYCaATB,
pole^Klt',] tyrant of Samos, usurped the ro]ral power
aboDi 533 B.C. He formed a powerful naTV, and con-
quered lome other islands. He patronized literature
and the aria, and constnicted some grand poblic worlca.
His Gonrt wia the resort of eminent artists and poets,
among whom waa Anacreon. He defgnded Samoa with
ncceM against an attack of the Spartans and Corinthians.
In SM B.C he waa mdnced to go to Sardis by the aatrap
Ortttes, who treacherooslj put him to death.

5n HaiODOTus, " HUriorT," book Bi. ; ViBsn*, " pi—iuiit
bktDncadfrPoljGntaSuaH),''LB3i^ ForapopuUr JafiDdr«ap«tiiif
Po^cnio, ue Souuaa'spoam Miiiilad " DcrRini £■ Paljanta.

FolTOTRtas, an Athenian orator and Sophist, who
was a contemporary of Socratea. He taught at Athena
and Cyprns.

Fol'f-dM/tSi, [noliiJfcrw,] « Greek scnlptor, who
worlced at Rome in the first centnry after Chiiat

PoljdoiuwB. See Polldz.

Po^dor*. Se« Poltdokd&

Polydor* Vvtpl. See Vutsn.

Pol-f -dc/nw, (Gr. [laU&uat ; Fr. Polvdou, po*-
le'dox',] a son of Cadmns and Harmonia, waa King of
Thabea, and the &ther of Labdacus.

J3?_, ::._:__.

Biitted to the care of PolymestOT, King of Thrace, by hia
bther, who sent with him a large sum of money. Poly-
■keatoT IdUed the young prince and appropriated the

Puydonu, a king of Sparta, waa a son of Alca-
nenes, and the &ther of Eurycnites. He lived about
725 B.C

Polydonu, a acniptor of Rhodes, aided Agesander
(who is supposed to have been hi* bther) in the execn-
tion of the bmoua group of Laocoon. He is mentioned
by Pliny.

Pol-T-eSo'taa, [Gr. ngAinwror; Fr. Polvbucti, po'
ta'ukt',) an Athenian orator, lived ^lont 335 B.C. He
WM a politiia] friend of Demosthenes, and an adTcrsary
of Phodon.

PolyKiiote. See PoLyciforus.

Pol-yg-no'tUB, [Gr. IIoMjwjrof; Fr. Polyonots,
polbr'not'; Ger. Polvgnotos, po-lM-no'toa,] an excel-
lent Greek painter, bom in the island of Thiuos, was a
son and pupil of Aglaophon. He Bourished from about
460 to 430 B.C., «raa a contemporary of Phidias, attd was a
brother of the painter AriatophoD. He became a dtiien
of Athens and a friend of Cimon, who employed htm to
ornament the temple of Theseos. He painted gnitul*
tonslr (be Pcedle or portico of Athens. After the death
<^ Cimon (449 B.C) Fotygnotus probably retired from
Athens, and appHcd himself to the decoration of the
great temple at Delphi He is styled "the Homer of
pointine,'' because he treated his subjects in :
niher Uian a dramatic spirit. Pliny represents
the fim who painted women with transparent or shining
drapery, (liieida vtiie,) and the first who contributed
much to the piogtea of the art. He had imagination
in the highest degree. In allusion to the ideal charac-
ter and moral expression of his worlu, Aristotle calla
him an eMe painter. The same critic BI^s, in another
pasaage, Polygnotus represented men better than they

t as i(; c as /; g ion/,- ^ as /,' o, H, K,/>i)!n«ra/; r

79 POMASANCIC

Leadppua," the "Capture of Troy," and the " Visit of
Ulysses to the Lower Wrald."

S« PuHT, "Naliml Hbtar:'* PAmAtRAS. L, la., md m.;
Siujo, "Calikiiw Artikuu:" Sdidai, "Polroiotoi;" Otto
lAm, "Di> GunUd* da PolTEWto* in da Lu3m n DatpU."
1841! "HounlitBiacnplueGWtBlft"

Fol-f-bistoT, [IIiAtitorup,] (Alkxakder, or Alcx-
ANDRR Cornelius,) a Greek geographer and historiai^
bom in Pbrygia or Miletus, lived at Rome about So B.C.
He was BUtnamed Polyhistor on account of his great
learning, and is often quoted by Pliny the Elder. He
wrote a description of many countries, in forty books.
None of his works are extant.

Polyido. See PoLinDOS.

Pol-jP-b}m'nI-f or Po-lJFm'Dl-f, [from voMr.
" much," or " many," and C/ovc, a " hymn, or " song,"!
the name of the muse who presided over singing and
rhetoric, and was supposed to be the invcntresa of
harmony.

Pot J-rdtl». [Gr. noWMof ; Fr. PoLYlDX, pole'id',] a
soothsayer of classic mythology, who was tibled to have
restoreo to life Glaucua, a son of Mbos. This story
was a bvourite subject of ancient poets and artists.

Polyidna, JltcAvidof,] an Athenian poet, musidan, and
painter, lived about 400 B.C. Hia productions (dithy-
ramb*) were very popular.

Fol-f-mna'tor or Pol-ym-iiBa'tor, a fabulous king
of Thrace, was said to have been a son-in-law of Priam.
He murdered Poi^VDOKUS, which see. His story is related
with much variation by different writers, some of whom
say that he killed hia own son by mistake instead of

'olydor
Pol-)

Pol^iloa. See Polvnicis.

Fol-f-nl'oH or Pol-f -ncFoSI, [Gr. Htdiwcuw ; Fr.
POLYNICB, pole'ntsa'j a son of CEdipus, King ofThebe^
snd Jocasta. He made an agreement with his brother
Eteoclea that they shonld each reign one year alternately.
Eteoctes, having reigned the first year, refused to rcsini
the throne. The cause of Polynices was espoused by
Adrastus, Kingof Argos, who led the famous expeditioD
against Tliebes. Polynices and Eteodes killed each other
hi aingle comlut

Sh SoruocLB, "CEdipa ■ Cvlwui" Khsirdo, "Pbo-

PolTphAm*. See Polyphbuus.

Pol-f-phs'inTiB, [Gr. . noii^/BC ; Fr. Poi-VPHkHB,
po^e'fiiD',] a Cydou or giant of Sidly, who was said
to have one eye m his forehead, and waa called a son of
Neptune. Homer relates in the "Odyssey" a famous
adventure of Ulysses in the cave of Polyphemus. (Sec^
alsok Virgil's " Aneid," book iii. 617-676.)

Pol-^POi'cboil, [Gr. 'nt^innipx*"'i] a Macedonian
general, who in 333 B.C. obtained command of a division
m the phalanx of Alexander. He served in the cam-
palgn of India, and was second in command of a body
of veterans which Cratenis conducted home in 333 B.C.
During the absence of (he regent Antipater in 311, he
haJd the chief command in Macedonia and Greece.
He became regent in 310 B.C., at the death of Antipater,
who designated him as his successor. A coalition was
fdnned against him by Antigonus and Cassandcr, who
expelled him from Macedonia in 316 B.C. In 310 he
raised an army to obtain the crown for Heracles, (a son
of Alexander and Barsina,) but, having been corrupted
by Casaander, he procured the assassinadon of that
youth. Died after 303 B.a

Saa GaaTi, "Hiitorr af Gthcci" DinDOiin Sion-n, boalu
»H.-ii.i DiH>Y», "G(Mlikb;«dn'NscbfolKa' Alemdcn."

Polntrate. See Polystratus.

Po-l^tTf-ttu, [Gt. IlaUwTpiiTiir ; Fr. Polystratr,
polfstRlt',] a Greek E{rfcnrean philosopher, who sue-
ceeded Hermarchns as the bead of the school. He
lived probably about 3 Jo B.C.

Po-lfx'Mia, [Gr. iohi^im; Fr. PoLYxtaE, polik"-
•In',] a daughter of Priam, King of Troy, waa beloved
'tij Achilles. According to one tradition, she wss aaoi-
Seed by the Greeka on the tomb of Achilles.

PolyxtaiA. See Pdlyxbna.

FonuirMiolo, po-mi-rln'cho, thesurname of NiooolA
CtRCKWANI, (chiR<fatii-yi'nee,) an Italian painter, bora

ritltd: Itat; Aaa'mOu. (|^^ee£xplan«tiona,p. 33.)

Digitized by VjOOQIC

FOMAJiB

M Fomarancio, near Volterra. He worked in Rome, ind
aided Titian in the Belvedere of ttie Vaticui. One of
liit iMest wotIu is dited 1591.

Fomare, po-ml'ri, (AiHATA,) Qaeen of Tahiti,

bom about 1S22. Several chteta having in 1843 placed
the iiland under tlie protection oF France, ihe protested
agaiait the act. The Fiench admiral Du Petit-Thonan

• • ' rce, bat his act was dis-

She abdicated in lavoar

of her son, Tainatoa, in 1851

FomailnB, po-mi'ie-as, the Latin name of SAlltin.
BaUUCakten, (bfiwm'gaR'C^.) a German Protestant
minister and writer, born in 1624; died in 168].

Pombal, do, di pom-bSl' or pAN.bU', (Dom Skbas-
TtXo Jozi do Caxvalho — dl ksR-vU'jo,) Marquis^
Count of Deyras, an eminent Portuguese states
at Soura, near Coimbra, in 1699. He stadi
Coimbra, and was sent as envoy-eitraordinaiy to London
in 1739. He married a niece of the Austrian general
Dann, who gained the favour of the Queen of Portugal,
Bt her inliuence Carralho became minister of foreign
a&irs in 1750. He greatly increased the prosperity of
Portugal, bjtlie promotion of education, maniuacture*,
commerce, etc He reduced the power of the InquisitioD,
and banished the Jesuits in t^^ His administrative
talents appear to have been of anigh order. In 177c '
received the title of Marquis de Pombal. His reloi

the death of Joseph I., in 1777. Died i

Pomeranoio. Sec Roncalli.

FomaraiiiiB. See Bugbnhagbh.

Poin'aroy, (Marcus Mills,) an American jour-
nalist, bom al Elm ira. New York, in 1S33. He founded
a number of newspapers, and came to be known as
Brick Pomeroy, from his " Brickdust Sketches."
During part of the war he strongly denounced the

EciHcy of the government. In 187G he started a Green-
ack organ. His latest scheme was to tunnel the
Rocky Mountains, in which be failed after much woric
had been done. Died in 1S96.

ufcots A»..._,, J

ie* in 1619. He pab-
lished a work on mythology, " Mythological Pantheon,"
(l6j9,) and other works. Died in 1673.

P&m'frat, (John,) an English poet, bom in Bedford^
shire in 1667, became rector of Maiden. He wrote,
besides other poems, "The ChoicCi" which was once

e polar. " He pleases many." says Dr. Johnson ; "and
who pleases many must have merit" Died in 1703.

Pomnui^Tao, da, djh po'ml'rlk', (PtRBRK Paiju) »
French painter of miniatures, was bom in Porto-Rico
about lSiS> He worked in Paris, and obtained a medal
of Ihe first class in 184a. Died July 10, 1880.

PonunoT, pom'm?r, (Chhistoph FKiEDRtCH,) a Ger-
man physician, born in 1787 ; died in 1841.

Pommeraye, porn'r^', (1^*" Francois,) a Trench
monk, bom at Rouen in 1617. He wrote a "History
of the Archbishops of Rouen," I1667.) Died in 1687.

Ponunoreul, de, dfh pomrul', (Francis Riwi

ttAM,) Baron, a French general and politiaan, bom in
retagne in 1745 ; died in 1833.

Pommlor, po'm^', [Vicroft Louis AudDic,) a
French poet, was born at Lyons in 1S04. He obtained
several priies of the French Academy for poems 00 the
"Discovery of Steam Power," {1848,) and other sub-
jects. He published "Ponies," (1833,) "Oc^nideset
Pantaisies," 11839,) and other coUectionB. Died at Paris,
April 15, 1877.

Fo-mt/Df, [Fr. Fomohb, po'mon'; fiomp»mum, u
"apple,"] a Roman divinity supposed to preside over
the tirait which grows on trees.

Pompadour, de,d;hp&H'pi'doo]i',(Madsme Jeanne
ANToiNnTB PoissoN,) Marquisk, was bom m Paris
in 1721. She was married in 1741 to M. d'Etiolea, a
publican. About 1744 ber beauty and accompli shmen la
attracted the bvour of Louis XV., who gave her Ihe dlle
i>f Marqnise de Pompadour in 1745. She retained a
dominant influence over him until her death, in 1764.

80 POMPEY

She appointed minister* and generals, recdved aabi**
sadors, and maintained coneapoiideace iirith forciga
courts. Among her diplomatic acts was die coalhioQ of
France with Aostria against Frederick the Great, in 1756.

S« " HiWOfT of du tf uchleoMS »» Piupadaar," Loader ■
TOli.. 1T5S : SoDLATn, "Ifteoina di la Conr d* Fnu padaal
k FiTHT da llaauH d« P<iBpidD<D," i>«: tiAraruaAj- lUdaaa
da Ponqadonr^' i8j8 ; VotTArai, " Siiela da Luna XV :" I^ db
Cah^ " La GoQTHiiaiBent de MadanH i* PcmpBdoaT," (a tbs
"Ravosdia Dana Umdo," Jaamrr '!■ '^^

PompAa, the French for Fohpkv, which tee,

Pompel, pom-pi'ee, (Gieoluio,) an Italian HellenM
and translator, bom at Verona in 1731. He prodnced
some successful verses, entitled " Pastoral Songs," (" Can-
ami pastorali," 1766,) and several traj[edie». His repu-
tation is founded chieSy on an Italian translation of
Plutarch's "Lives," (177a,) which b the beat in that
language, and probably equal to the best version in anj
language. Died at Verona in 178S.

S« CoHTAHA. " De Vita at Scrlptia Riir. PeiapB," tne : Vat-
DUMDNTa, "Elii^o ilonco dl Ql Poapt^" 17S9; TlTAtBOt "Hs
iffi&x defili Italiud iBntri"

Pompeina, (Cimirs.) See FoMPBT Tta Gkbu.

Pom-ptt'Iiu, (Qirmras,) a Roman general and orator
was consul in 141 B.C. He commanded in Spain in 140^
and was defeated. In 131 B.C: be was elected CMUor.

PompeliiB, (RiTFUS Q.,) a eon or grandson of the
preceding, wa* tribune of the people in 100 B.C. and
praetor in 91. He became consul with L, Snila in SS
B.C., and was a partisan of Sulla in the civil war. He
was killed by his mndnons soldiers in 88 or 87 B.a

FompeluB Feataa. See Fsstus.

Pompelus Magnoa. See Poupey the Great.

Fotn-pe'lns Stranio, (Cneius,] an able Roman
general, was the Either of Pompey the IrinrnvJi. He
gained several victories in the Social war, and waa a
partisan of the aristocracy in the civil war between S~"~

and Marina. His avance and craell -" — ■*

odiona. He was killed by lightning in

Fompoliia Xroguo. See TaoGbt.

Fompeo. See Pohfev.

Pom'pey, (LaL Pompb'ius; Fr. Poufxb, pAifpt'i
lb FoMFEO,^om-pi'a,] (Cneius,) the eldest son of
Pompey the Great, was Wn about 78 B.C Hia motbei
was Muda. He commanded a deel for bis father in 48
B.C, and alter tbe death of the latter sailed to Spain,
where he raised an army of thirteen legions, In 4J B.a
this army encountered at Munda another, commaaded
by Cesar in person, who ^Ined a complete bat not aa
•w victory. Fompej was overtaken in his retreat

id killed.

Pompey, (Pomp«liiB,) (Sextus,) a son of the triom-
bOTn in 75 B.C. He waged war with some snc>

.ijtol/

chief admiral of the Beet In the senate; bat >ie wai
proscribed aa an outlaw by Antony and Odavios.

by sea. The officera of Sextae

gained several victories over the fleet of Oetavina, In
36 B.C. Agrippa debated Pompey, who fled to Aua and
— put to death in 35 B.CX by Ihe officers of Antony,
le Arnut, " BcIIbb Ciril*."

Pompey the Cheat, [Lat Pompe'ius MAo'imai
Fr. PoMFlE LE Gband, pitr'pl' l?h gRfiN,) (Cheiit^)
a famous Roman general and triumvir, was bom oa
Ihe 30th of September, 106 h.c, in the same year m
Cicero. He fought under his lather in the Soaal war,
(89 B.C,] and saved his father^ life when Cinna attempted
inale him in S7 B.C. He raised, without a cran-
. three legions to fight (or Sulla against the
party of Harins m %x B.C., and b^an to (fisplay hii
great military talents in the defeat of a hostile force
nnder Brutus. For this success Sulla sooted him with
Ihe title of kKferatar. He gained another victory over
the legates of Carbo in Sa B.C., reduced Nnmidia in 81,

id obtained the hononr of a triumph, although he

IB but a simple (qua.

In 76 B.C. he obtained command of an army sent to
Spain ^nst Sertt^ns, who defeated Pompey in two
, but was assassinated in the »ear 7», soon afte*

i.e.i.o,a,f,/<»>^;Ji,t.^s

SS prolonged; i, i,l, 6, fi, J, ihart; », e, j, ft obcw/y; fir, fill, ttt; otll; nSt; gttSd; mdOat

Digitized :^yC00^lc

POMPIGNAN

degree of populaiitjr, Pompejr returned to Italv in

•Dd «u elected consul (with CraMUs) for the fear 7

•llhoogh he had not held vaj di the lower civu oSc

le hnportant ■
on of the pow

tion of the powered the tr)bnoe«,t^ which healgnalLzed
hia defection from the ariato<Tatic paitf. He remained
at Rome inactive dnrine 69 and 68 B.C: In thr -*-*
Tear hia friends procnrea the passage of a law by
be was selected to conduct a war against the \

at Rome inactive dnrine 69 and 68 B.C: In the

r against the piraiea
(who Infested the Mediterranean in great numbers) and

tion of the Mithiidatic war, which had ,

Tor jrcars. His claims having been advocated by Cicero
in a long oration, (" Pro L^e Manilla,") he tu^ricded

._ ...; Roman army, Pompey turned aonthward, and
reduced Syria to a Roman [noTince in 64 B.C. After a
^ege of three months, he captured Jerusalem in 63, and
entered the sanctuary of the Temple. Having received
Intelligence of the death ef Mithridatea, and having re-
duced Pontns and Bithynia to subjection, he retomed to
Italy in 63 B.c, and was received with general enthusiasm.
The triomph which he obtained on thii occuion was the
most brilliant which the Romant had ever witnessed.
OSended by the tefiisal of the lenate to sanction hU

Cblic acta in Asia, he identified himaelf with the popD-
party, and formed with CKsar and Crasaus a coalition
or triumvirate, [59 B.a) Pompey, having divorced Uada,
U« third wife, married Jnlia, a (hnghtcr of Cieur. He
■ude DO eSirt to prevent the baniAiment of Cicero, bol
he aappoited the tall for Ua rettoratlon, in 57 mx. Hi*
popoUritr m* now on the decline. He had IcM Oh
COoGdeaoe of the senate by Ui coalWoa with CKsar, who
wa* hia nioceufril rival in TMpect to the &vonr of the
p«q>le. FompNTCOtildonlyobt^tliecoaaalthipinsJ
1,C. by the aid of Csesar, with whom he andCrassos haa
fitnuM another secret treaty or barvain.

Anttdpating the open boatOitr of Caesar to hia ambi-
Hone project*, Pompey renewed bto connection with the
nlatocracy, who accepted him as their leader in 51 B.C.
About the end of the next year the friends o( Pompey
obtained a deoee of the aenate that Ctesar should oil-
tMndhlaarmy. In defiance ofthis decree, Cseaarmarched
to Rome with a force which Pompey was unaUe to resist.
Hi* aelf-confidence wat snch that he bad neglected to
levy troops, and he was compelled to retreat to Eplnw,
where he collected an army. (See C'VSAK.) Ur^ on
by the civilians and nobles of bis camp, against his own
fadgmeai he ofiered battle to C«B»ar in the plain of
Fhahalia in August, 4S B.C and was completely defeated.
He escaped by sea, with his wife Cornelia, and sought
fefage in Egrpt, bat was murdered in the act of landing,
\tf order ofTheodoto* and Achillas, the chief minister*,
In September, 48 B.a His moral character is repre-
sented as better than that of the majority of Roman
ameraU in hU time. He was deficient in political

nlities, aitd was gnided by no fixed prlndple* aa a

!^i

SMVi.maat,"Vftt* VwrtsKf" G. Lom. " Tin Dcdina iK

tta Raman Rwnblk;" DioK Cassids, "HiiWrr;" Cicn(k''Oni-
llo pro L« BniDii:" Diumann, "Oachicbti Ronu:" AniAii,
'Bglhun Ctrils;" J, UrHAiiCK. "DiBtrlMiadt Ponpajs Minu,
■m; "NoanJIeBiOKnpbiiCMniial*."

Pomplgiuu), dn, d^ p4H'pin'y&N', (Jsan Gioroks
Ij FftANc,) a French prelate, bom at Monuaban in
1715. He became Archbishop of Vienne In 1774, and
a member of the States-General in 1789. He was the
head of that partv of the dergy whicn united with the
Tlera-AaL Died in 179a

Pom-* "- "

QUU, a

Mber of the preceding. He pre
•efnl tragedy of "Dido," ("Dl
lera entitled "Voyage de LangU'

Voyage dr Languedoc et de Provence."

81 PONCE

His "Sacred Poems" ("Pofties sacrjes stir divers
Sajets," 1751) were admired. He was admitted into the
French Academy in I759> and pronounced a dlsconrae
a{[Btnst the skeptical philosophers which provoked the
satire of Voltaire. He wrote varioos other poemi^
among which is a beaotiful "Ode on the Death of J.
a Rousseau." Died in 1784.

S«t BnnjiHD BakAu, " EIoki dc Lb rnnc it Pea^pm,"
tjiS'i GautTi "NotieedflLe Fnncdc Fompignm," pnftiH taint
SdticiWorkv iTolt, iSm; MAmonrai, " Mfinair™:" La Bxara
" Cam de LilUnlaR 1" " NoonUe Kograptiia GAiMa."

Fomponaoa. See Pouponazzi.

Pomponatliu. See Pouponazzl

PomponassL pom-po-nSt'see, [Lat. PoMPOHA'Tnn;
Fr. PoupoNACE, p6k po'ntss',] (Pistko,) an Italian
philosopher, bom at Mantua in 1461. He taught the

Ehilosopby of Aristotle at Padua, Ferrara, and Bol^;na.
a hia treatise "On the Immortality of the Soul" [Ijifi)
be gave oSence by affirming that Aristotle did not tnch
that doctrine. Among his work* is a " Treatise on Fate.
Free Will," etc., (1567.) Died about 1514.
Pompone. See Foutonhk.
Fomponlo ZiOto. See Pohfonius I.«Tin.
Pom-po'al-na, (Sixtus,) a Roman Jurist, who la

apposed to have livr^ =- *••- — ' fw-jj.-. —j

Intoninus IHos. Ma
found in the Digest.
Pomponlna Atttoiw. Sec Aincui.
Pom-po'iiI-iuIiCB'tua,(lee'tus,)[It.PoinoNioLxra,
'-- - a'to,] (JnLltJS,) an Italian antiquary and

ling, 1
uid o

Lorenzo Valla at Rome in 1457. and founded there an
- of Rom- --■'—"' -*

146S. He and* other members of this academy were
^rsecutedby Paul IL on a charge of treason and heresy.
Pope Sixtus IV. permitted him t» resume his chair m
the Roman College in 1411. Hew--'- - "' '' —

Pomponliu Mela. See Hsla.

Pomponne, da, deh pfiN'pon', (SIKON AutAtruv)
Makquis, a French minister of state, bom In 1618, was
a son of Robert Amauld d'Andilly. He became min-
iaier-secretary of state for foreign a^rs in 1671, and
w«* removed in 1679. He was recalled at the death of
Louvols, in 1691. He left a high reputation for probity
and for drill in diplomacy. Di«l in 1699.

Sh Saiht-Siiwi^ "Utmat " - "— ■

Porw, po'nl, (FtAKCISCO,) an Italian phyddan and
writer, t>om at Verona in IJ94. He gained distinctJm
as a writer of numerous works, among which were some
romances, dramas, scientific treatises, etc He received
the title of historiographer from the emperor Ferdinand
HI. Died after 1651.

FoQOo, p^Nss, (NICOLAS,) a French engraver, bom In
Paris in 1746. He wrote notices of several aitistt for
the " Biographie Universelle." Died in 1S31.

PoDoe, pAn'thli, (Prdko,) a Spanish Benedictine
monk, bom at VklladoUd about 1515. He is the reputed
inventor of the art of teaching the dumb to converse.
According to Amlvoaio UoralEs, be was very soccessfnl,
and framed bto pupil* to *|ieak vnni tw». No account
of Us method to extant Died in 1584.

Ponos d« Lfton, pAn'thi di Ii-6n', [sometime*
Anglidied in pronunciation aa pAnss de Ic'on,] (JVAH,)
a Spaniah discoverer of Florida, wa* bom m Leon.
He accompanied Columbns in hi* second voyage,
(1493,) ana served in Hlspaniol* nnder Orando. In
I $08 be commanded an expedition to Porto Rico, which
he conquered. Having heard an Indian tradition of
a fountam of rejuvenescence in one of the Bahama Isles,
he searched for that fountain in I Jia without success, but
he discovered Florida the same year. He was mortally
wounded in a fight with some native* of Florid* to
1511, and died in Cuba.

Sm HnuaA, "NmuOrbiir OnxDC^ "BkteifaiBwd."

«a*i; tasr; ^iarti; |ai/',' O.K. K. euffura!; H, tuual; t.,lr^led; last; th a

In tMi. (ll^^See Explanations, p. aj.)

Digitized 3, Google

Ponoe dtt Laon, (Lvis,) a Spaniih lyric poet, bom
at Graiudi in 1518. He became profeuor of theology

at Saluiunca aboot if ' " " " ' ' " ' ' " "

Imet)" two books d „ .

oTHorooe. He wrote odes reniBrkablG for beauty of
■tyla and eleralion of thoiiKbt, which are highly praised
by Mr. TidcDor. He is called by a critic in the " Edin-
burgh Review" "the greatest of the Spanish poets of
tbi* age, and perhaps one of the noblest lyric poets that
ever existed.'^ Died in 1591.

Sae TicKHcn, " Huioit of Spuiih LiMnian ;" LoHGmxaw.
"Phb ud Poelry of Zurope :" "Lrric Foetrr of Sixin," In lb*
" Kdiiibuiih Reriew" farjulj, 1R14.

Ponce de Iibod, (Rodbico,) Hirquii de Cadiz, a
bmoua Spanish general, born in 1443. He served in
many campaigiu against the Moors, surprised the for'
tress of Alhama in 1481, and took a prominent patt In
the conquest of Granada, which »a* effected in 1493.
Died in 1491.

PoDoa Pllkt& See Pilatk.

Foacelet; p6Hss1i', (FnAHgois FrSdIric,) a French
jniist, bom at Moiuay (Meuse) in 1790, He pub-
lished lereral works on Roman law. Died in Farii
tai843.

FoDcelBt, (jKiUi Victor,) bd eminent French geom-
eter and engineer, born at Meti in 178S. He served in
the army in Russia, (iSia.) He became a member of
the Insbtute, and, about iSu, professor of mechanics at
the Faculty of Sdences, Pans. In 1S48 he obtained the
rank of geneial of engineers, and was elected to the
Constituent Assembly. Among his works are "Trait^
de* PropriiSti^s projectives des Figures," {1S20,) and
a "Coarse of Mechanics applied to Machines," (1826.)
He rendered great service to the industrial arts by hli
Improvements in hydiaulis and practical mechanic*.
Died at Paris, December aj, 1867.

Ponoalet, (PoLVQUtPS,) a French rural economist,
born at Verdun, lived in the second half of the eighteenth
century. He wrote a "Natural History of Wheat,"
(1779,) and other work*.

Ponoelin, p6kss'I1n', {Jz/m Charles,) a French
editor and compiler, bom id Pcntou in 1746; died in
1828.

Fonoet S« U OniTe, p^N's^' df h 1i gRiv, (Guil-
LAUMi,) a French writer, bom at Carcassonne in 1735,
wrote a " Histqcy of the Royal Navy," (3 vols,, 1780,)
and other works. Died in 1803.

Fonobsr, pbtt'shi/, (Srimut,) a French prelate,
born at Tours in 1446. He became Bishop of Paris io

1015*4.

Pouohielll, pAn.kt411ee, (Amilcarb,) an Italian
musical composer, born near Cremona, September 1,1834.
Among his numerous operas the moat popular were " I
promessi Sposi," (first produced in 1856, bat entirely
rewritten in 187J,) " Giocooda," (1876,) and " II FigUud
pTodigo," (1S80.) Died January 19, 1886.

PoQotUno, pon-kee'no, (Giovanni Battista,) an
Italian painter, sometimes called Bozeatto or Bazzacco,
was bom al Caslel-Pranco about 1500. He was a pupil
of Titian. Died in ij7a

F0090I, de^ dfb p^k'soI', (Henbi Simon Joseph
ANSQUttK,) a French writer, born at Kemper in 1730;
died in 1^83.

paWsbed "Les Marines," (1843.} Died in 1S91.

Pood, (Enoch,) D.D., an American Congregational
divine, born at Wrentham, Massachusetts, in 1791. In
tSaS he edited the " Spirit of the Pilgrims," a religious
ioumai, in which he engaged in a controversy with the
Unitarians. He became in iSj6 president and profe

lendorf," (1839,) "Memoir of John Wickliflc," (1841,)
"The Morning of the Rcfoimation," (1S43,) "Plato, his
life. Works, Opinions, and Induence," (1S46,) and
anmerous other works. Died January at, 1S81.

Pond, (John,) an English astr<Hiomer, bom in Lon-
don about 1767, studied at Trinity College, Cambridge.

ij POJfS

After he left college he passed several years at Weat-
bury, near Bristol, where he made observations. Ha
was the Grst astronomer who depended on masses of
observations (or the determination of all Aindaniental
data. He succeeded Maskelyne a* astronomer-royal ic
iSl I, and directed his attention chiefly to a delemdna-
tion of the places of fixed stars. In 1833 he completad
a standard catalogne of 1113 filed stars. He has a high
reputation as an observer. Died in 1836-

Ponearville, da, df h pAN'zhlR'vil', (Jean BApnim
Anit Sanson,) a French poet, born at Abbeville in
1793. He produced in 1833 an excellent translation of
Lncretius's " De Remm Natnra" into verse, and waa
admitted into the French Academy in 1830. Among
his other publications are prose versions of Lucretius,
[1839,) Milton's " Paradise Lost," (183S,) and Virril's
"Aneid," (1S46,) which are commended. DtediniSTO.

Se« " Nouvcll* Bioffnphit G4n^nl«.'*

Ponlatowakl, po-ne-l-tov'skee, (Joseph Antont,)
Prince, an able Polish general, bom at Warsaw in 176),
was a nephew of Stanislas Aagostns, King of Poland.
His father, Andreas, was a general in the Austrian ser-

in 1 806 he raised an army of Poles to fight fbr Napoleon,
who had persoaded him that he intended to restore
the independence of Poland, He and his army of Poles
(ought against the Rnasians in 1807, and opposed the
Austriana with success in 1S09. He commanded a corps
of the grand army which invaded Russia in tSl3, and
rendered important services in that campaigti. In Oc-
tober, 1813, he became a marshal of Prance. He waa
wounded at Leipsic, and, in the retreat ftom that battle.
was drowned In the Elster, (1813.) '
S« - — -■ - -

CnoDE

"NoonUa Biatnf>>ii> Cta^

in Rome, of Polish parentage, Febmary so, tSitik
ras a nephew of Prince Joseph Antony Poniaiow-
ski. He produced a number of operas, among which
are " Giovanni da Prodda," (1838,] "Ruy Bias," (iMi)
" Pierre de MMids," (i860,) " L'Aventuner," (1S65,) elc-
Died July 3, 1873.

Ponlatowakl, (Stanisi-as,) Coont, a celebrated
Polish statesman, bom in 1677- He espoused the cansa
of Charles XIL ot Sweden, and Stanislas Leszczynski,
against Angmto* II. ofPoland, and accompanied Cbarlea
in his Russian campaign. After the defeat at Poltava
he was sent on a mission to Constantinople, where h«
promoted the interests of the Swedish king by indncing
the Sultan to make war upon Rossia- He was subse-
quently appdnted to several high offices by Augostoa
IIL of^Foland. Died in 1763.

Sea VoLTAia^ " HlHoir* de Chaitn XIL "

Ponlatowakl, (Stanislas Auotmrjs.) See Stam-
islas Augustus, King ofPoland.

Pontnakl, po-ntn'Aee, (A. L.,) a Polish {>oet, bom
In the seventeenth century. He wrote Latm poem^
"Opera Hermca," (1739-I Died in 174a.

Pourojr, pAN'Rwl', (Pierre Gasriel Arthur.) a
French liuiraleui; bom at Itsondnn in 1S16. He pro
luced several poems, dramas, etc. Died March 13, iSt&

Pona, pdN, (ANDRIt,) Comte de Rio, a French his-
torical writer, bom at Celte in 1771. He was prefect
of Lyons in 1815. Among his works is a "History of
the Residence of Napoleon at Elba." Died in 1S53.

Pona, (Jean Louis,) a French astronomer, born at
Peyres (Hautes-Alpes) in 1761. He became director of
the Observatory of Marseilles, where (according to th«
"Nouvelle Biographic G^nirale") he discovered twentj-
iree comets. In 1835 he was appointed director of an
observatory at Florence. Died m 1S31.

Pona, da, d^h p<iN, (Jean Francois,) a French ec-
clesiastic and writer, bom at Marfy-le-RiH in 16S3 ;
died in 173a.

Pona da Vaidnn. p6N d(h vlR'diiK', (Robert.) a
French revolutionist, bom at Verdun in 1 749, acquired
some distinction as a poeL He was a membn of tha
Convention, (1793-95.) Died in 1S44.

l.6,I,!S.fi.r,/«(f.-i,*.6,*a

i, less prolonged; i, i, 1, 5, {i, f , ihori; a. «, \i).i>iieun; Ox, fUl, Rll; mit; nAl; gS&di md>

Digitized by VjOOQ I C

PONSARD 19

Fonaord, pAn'sIk', (Francois,) ■ French dranuUic
poet, bom at Vienne (laire) in 1814. He produced t
■ucceBsfDl tragedy of " Lncrice," (1843,} and another
called " Charlotte Corday," (1850.) which ii admired.
Among his most popular works is a comedj of " Honoar
and ^foney," (" L'Honneur e( I'Argent," 1853,) which
opened to him the French Academy. Died in 1867.

Ponslndon, de, Atja piH'lil'dfiH', (Jomph Antoini
IIti>ouiN,)a French /itfAiUlwr', bom at Rheims in 1739;
died in 1S17.

PoIl'■9II-bJ^ (Sir Pudbbick Cavendish,] an Eng-
lUh officer, bom in 17S3, waa a brother of the Earl of
Besboroivh- He distingutshed himself in Spain, and
led a regiment of dragoons at Waterloo, where he was
lr'>anded. Died in 1837.

Poiwooby, (Gboboe,)4 lawyer, bom in Ireland in
1755. He became leader of the oppoMtlon In the Iriah
House of Commons, and in 1S06 was appointed lord
chanctUor of Ireland. About 1S07 he entered the British
House of Commons, in which he was the leader of the
Whig paity. Died in 1817.

Ponaoaliy, (John,) Baron, a diplomatist, boro in
t770> H« entered the British House of Lords in 1S06,
ud acted with the Whig party. He performed diplo-
matic mittioDs to Bnuil, Belgium, and Naples between
1S18 and 1833, and negotiated a treaty of commerce
with Turkey about 1838. He was minister at Vienna
from 1846 lo 1851. Died in 1E55.

Poiuonby, (Sir Wiluam,) a British general, bom
in 17SZ, was a younger brother of the preceding. He
was aide-de-camp of Wellington, and commanded a
brigade of cavid^ at Waterloo, wliere lie was lulled
in iSiS-

Ponaon dn Terroll, dtt, d(h pAn's6n' dli ti'rll',

SIXRRB Alkxis,) Viscount, a French noTelist, bom at
ontmaur, July 8, 1S29. He produced sensational and
very popular stories in immense numben, besides dramas,
etc. Died at Bordeaux, January 30, 1871.

Pantano, pon-tVno, fLat. Ponta'nus,] (Giovahki
GlOTlANO,} an eminent Italian author and itateanun,
bami at Cereto, in Umbda, in 1416. He liecame secre-
tary of Ferdinand L of Naples aboal 14^8, and prime
minister about 14S7. He bad the reputation of an able
' *' r in prose and

Hu''HistoiToftheV
Daks of Anno" (t;i<

I elegant _ _ _

le War between Ferdinand L and the
_ _ ijon" (1510) is

wrote, in Latin, moral esaay*, el^es, odes, and other
poems, among which is " Urania," an astronomical
poem. Died in Naples in 1503. "A ia superior name,"
Mji Hallan, " is that of Pontanus, to whom, if we attend
to some critics, we mnat award the palm above all the
Latin poets of the fifteenth century." (" Introdoctiosi to
the Literature of Eniope.")

Saa RosntTD DASAawOb " Vila J. J. FOBlBd," i;Si : F. Ceuw-
una, " Viu di C. G. Poouno," iliao ; Tiubkhi, " Storia Mh
LMtcntun IuUbu ;" Niciaon, "UfauoirBi" "MmiTtlli Biofr>-

roabBUUB, poa-ia'nuB, \jAM,'ja,} a jcsuu jmu uouuiv
^t, bom in Bohemia in 1543. He published " Progym-
DMmala Latinitatis," (4 vols., 158S,) "Poetic InsdtntM,"
(" Institudones PoeticK," 1 594,) and other works. Died
Uil6a6.

Pcmtaatta, pon-t&'nfts, (Johan Isaac,) a Danish phi-
lok^t and historian, Iwm at Elsinore about 1570, be-
came prolessor of physics and mathematics at Harderwyk
In 1604. He wrote a " History of Denmark," (in Latin,
163 1,) and several criticisms on the classics. Died in 1639.
Sc*''Viti FoDtml," UKBTmoai, 164a; Niciaov, " iUmcint.''
Fontaa, pAN'tl', (Jsan,) a French casuist, bom ii
the diocese of Avrancbes in 163S. His principal work
Is a " Dictionary of Casea of Conscience," (3 vols., 1715,)
which was highly esteemed. Died in 173S.
Pontatilt, do. See Bbauuiu, de. (StBASTiBN.)
Pontobartralii, do, d«h p6N'BhtR;tRlN', (Louis
PHlLmAUX,) CoMTE, a French minister of state, bora
in 1643. He was appointed controller-general of the
finances about 1690, and chancellor of France in 1699.
His talenta and virtues are eulogized by Saint-Simon,
who sayi " he performed more than he promised." He
was grandfiither of the prime minister Maurepas. Died

s M j).- c as 1: S iarj; ^ as/; O, M. K,gtMini/; n, nam

pojvr/s

Pontoltnrtiaiii, de^ (Paul TittumAvx,) Skmnbitr,
born at Blois, France, m 1569, was grandfather of the
preceding. He became secretary of state in 1610, and
wrote memoirs of events from 1610 to 163a, (i710>)
Died in t6ai.

Font de Vayle^ da, d^h p4N dfh v^l, (Antoine d*
Peulol — (Ir're ol',) CoHTK, a French dramatist, bora
' I 1697, was a brother of the Count of Argental. He
Tote three auccessful comedies, one of which is called
The Somnambulist," (" La Somnambnie," 1739.) He
as a member of the titeiaiy coundl of Voltaire. Died
I 1774.

Fonte, da. See Bassano, (Francuco and jACOPa)
Font^ da, di pon'tli, (Giovanni,) an eminent Ital-
in architect, bom in Venice in 151a. He built th«
fiunouB bridge of the Rialto across the Grand Canal,
the church of Santa Croce, and other fine edifices id
Venice. Died in 1597.

Pouts, dsL, II*t Pon'tico Vnv'sio,] [Lodovko^)
an Italian scholar, born at Belluno in 1467. He wrota
"Secret History of Italy," and other works. Died
. iSJa

Panto, da, (LoRRtizo.) See Da Pontb.

Ponte, da, di pon'li, (Luis,) a Spanish religiooa

riter, ix>m at Valladolid in 1^54. He wrote several

papular works, among which is "Meditations on the

"ygteries of the Faith," (1605.) Died in 16*4.

Fonta, do, dfh pbm, [LaL Poitta'nus,] (Piierz.)

Flemish philologist, born at Bmgea about 14&1, waa

blind from infancy. He published several works. Died

Fonteconlomt da, dfh pAN'ti'kool&N', (Gustavx
Donlost — dool'si',) CovTB, a French aatronomer, bom
about 1795. He served as an officer in the army, frcjm
which he retired about 1830. He published "Analytii.

beorv of the System of the Worid," (4 vols., 1839-46.)

id other works on astronomy, etc Died in 1874.

Fontteoulanl; d«, (Louis Gustavh Sonloet)
CouTB, a French Girondist, bom al Caen in 1766, waa
the &ther of the preceding. He was elected to the
Convention in 1791, was proscribed and outlawed in
1793, became a member of the senate in 1805, and a
liberal member of the Chamber of Peers in 1S19. He
left " M^moires," which were published in 1S63. Died
in 1853-

Pontedara, pon-ti-dS'rl, (Giuuo,) an Italian bota-
nist,bom alViccnzain 168SL He became in 1719 director
of die botanic garden and profeasor of botany at Padua,
He published a "Compendinm of Botanical Plates,"
("Compendium Tabulamm botanicsmm," 1718,) arid
"Anthology, or. On the Nature of the Flower," ("An-
thologia, Hve De Floris Natura," 1730.) The ^nus
Pontederia was named in his honour by linnKus. Died
in I7S7-

5« FAnon, "ritaIt*]oniii4setrbaaedlBin<iiii 1" OnntASi.
" Laien intonw la Vila dd A a Poatadan," irjS.

PoQ'tl-ao, a North American Indian chie^ of the
Ottawa tribe, bom about ITI3, was an ally of the Frepch.
In 1761 he formed a coalition of many western tribes,
vbicb, at his instigation, attacked various English gar-
risons and frontier settlements. He besieged Detroit
without success in 1763. He was killed in Illinois in

1769.

See Paiiuuii. "Hiitorr of the

i)ccame Bishop of Rome ii. _„_

by Maximin in 135, and died in edle soon after that dat<h

Fonttoo Vimnla See Pontr, da, (Lotwvico.)

Pontien. See FoNTiANUi.

PonUu-, p6N'te-&'. (Pierrs,) an able French surgeon,
bom at Ail (Provence) in 1711; died at Ail in 1789.
His son, FiKKRB Henri, was a chemist, and wrote
several scienlific treatises. Died at Aii in 1S36.

Poiitia,dB,dfh pon-teen', (MACNuaMARTiN.) a Swe-
dish physician, lx>m at Askeryd in 1781. He became
first physician lo the king in 1835. He published several
works in prose and verse. Died in 1858.

Fontla, de, d(h piN'tess', (Loins,) a French ^ntle-
man, bom in Provence in 1583, waa an officer in the
army. He left interesting Memoirs, (a vols., i67fiv) often
repnnted. Died in Paris in 1670.

■i/led: S as i.- ih as in Mil. (|ySee Explanations, p, 33.)

D,g,t,7ed::yC00t^le

Poatlns, poD'«hs3i, a deacon of th« chorch of Car-
than, lived about 150 a.i>. He waa the anthot of a
-iTfe of Cyprian."

PootlnB, pon'te-na, or Dv Pon^ (dii pi>«,) (FAm,) an
t FlemUh engraver, born at Antwerp in 1596 o"

of the Innocents," and manj portraits after Van Dyck.
Theee prints are greatly admired.

Pontliw de 1b FuBBtB.pon'te-ooa' di 11 fwln'lft, {Lai.
PoN'Tins Fon'ttus,] (Comstantins,) a Spanish Prot-
estant, who wrote in defence of the reformed doctrines,
and was sentenced to death, bat died in prison (before
die aentence was executed) In 15591

PodUiu PU«to. See PiiJiix

Pootnuutlii. da, dfh pAN'mla'tftit', (Akhand Au-
ousTIN Joseph Maris,) a French /ia/ratfur, bom at
Avigtion in 1811. He published several novels, and
" Caoseries litt jraires," (iSU.) Died in 1890.

Pontoppldan, pon-top'pe-djb, (Eric^) a Danish
poet and prelate, bom in Fonen about 1630. He wrote
maiw Latin poems, among which are "Aucnpium Se-
landlte," (1636.) " Sacred Pastorals," {" Bncolica Sacra,"
1643,] and "Florilegium Cimbricnm,^ I164&] He be-
came Bishop of Drontheim in 1673. Died in 1678.

Sse K»rT og NTxaor, " LitienntrlisieDtL"

Pontomiidan, (Erik,] the Younokr, a celebrated
Danish prelate, historian, and antiquary, born at Aarhaos,
In Jutland, in 1698. He was successively appointed
proteaooT of theology at Copenhagen in 1738, Bishop
of Bergen in 1748, and chancellor of the Univettity
■t Copenhagen. Among his principal works are his
" Annals of the Danish Church," " Theatre of Denmark,
AndenI and Modem," (1730,) "AcblevemenU of the
Danei ont of Denmark," (1740,) and a "Deacription
of Copenhagen," (all in Latin,) also a treatise on the
natural history of Norway, and a "Danish Atlas,"
("Danske Atlas," in 7 vols.,) in the Danish language.
Died In 1764.

Pontormo, da, dl pon-loR'mo, (Jacofo Cabucci or
Camrucci,) an eminent Florentine painter, bom at Pon-
tormo about 149S, was a pupil of Leonardo da Vinci and
Andrea del Sarto. He imitated Michael Angela He
had three mannen, the last of which waa an imitation
of that of Alb^ Dtirer. Among his works are a
" Descent from the CroM," a" Holy Family," and "The
Detnge," a fiesco at Florence. Died in 1558.

Ponm, pinth, (ANTONIO,) a Spanish painter, dlstin-
gnished as a writer on the fine arts, was bom in Valencia
El J715. He passed about ten veais at Rome (1751-60)
in the study of art and antiquities, Havine returned to
Madrid, he was commissioned by Charles IH. to painl
'ts of Spanish authors for the Escurial. He pub-

bheda

Died

bhed a valoable work entitled "Viage de EspaHa,'' {18
*^, 1771-94,) which treats of Spanish works of art,
topography, etc Died in 1791.

Ponxlo, pon'ie-o, a Tuscan sculptor, called by the
French Mattre Pomci, worked in France from 1530
to 1571.

Ponxto, (FlaMINIO,) an Italian architect, bom about
1575. He duigned the Capella Borehese at Rome, a-'
tM Falazio^ciaraon the Corso. lie was employed
P<qie Paul V. to continue the works of 1' " ' '
In which he constructed the double stai
about i6ao.

Poogatohe( Poiigatoh«C Pugmtsobe .
tBOhev, poo-gl-chtf, (Vbmelian,) a Cossack rebel and
impostor, bom in 17*6. Having been told that he re-
sembled Peter III., he nndertook to pass himself off for
that Czar, and incited the Cossacks to revolt in 1773.
He raised a large army, took several towns, gamed
some victoiies, and massacred thousands of people
He was taken prisoner and eieculed in 1775.

Pool, (Maria Louise,) an American writer, bor
at East Abington, Massachusetts, in 1S41. Of her
books, two — " Dolly" and " Against Human Nature"
—deal with life in the Carolina mountains. Others arc
" Rowena in Boston," " The Two Salomes," " Katha-
rine North," and "Friendship and Folly," (1898.)
She died in 189S.

FOOSHKIN

Pool«, (John,) an English dramatist and author,
born about 17S6. Among his numerous farces and
plays are "Hamlet Travestie," (1810,) "Who il
Who ?" (1815,) " Paul Piy," f 1825,) " Patrician and
Parvenu,^' (1B35,) etc. He also wrote works of hu-
mourous fiction, etc. Died in 1872.

Poola, pool, ILat Po'lus.I (Mattrew,) a leataed
English nonconformist divine, bom at Vork about 1634.
He was rector of the church of Saint HIchaeMo-

Saeme, London, from which he was ejected in i6&t
is principal work Is " Synopsis Criticorum Biblioo-
rum, (5 vols., 1669-76,) in which he designed to preaeol
a synopsis or abridgment of the writings and labonn
of former biblical critics of all ages and counbriea. It
is esteemed a valuable work. He also left "Annota-
tions on the Holy Bible," (> vols., 1685.) He died M
Amsterdam in 1679.

See A. Wood, " Fuu Ounienui ;" Nic^uw, " Uionira."

Foole, (Path. Falconer,) an English historical
painter, bom at Bristol In iSto. He is accounted ooa
of the moat original and successful English artisU of At
present time. He received in 1847 ■ priie of three
hundred pounds for his picture of " King Edward's
Generosity (o the People of Calais." He was elected
a Royal Academician in 1861. Died in 1879.

Pools, (Reginald Lane,) an English historian,
bom at London in 1857. His works include "A His-
tory of Ihe Huguenots of the Dispereion," (1880,)
" Sebastian Bach," (1882,) " Wycliffe and the Move-
ment for Reform," (1889,) " Historical Atlas of Mod-
em Europe," (1897 it stq.')

Foole, (William Fhbdehick,) librarian, was bom
at Salem, Massachusetts, in i8zi. He became libra*
rian of several institutions, going to the Newberry
Library in Chicago in 1SS7. His " Index to Reviews
and other Periodicals" of 1848 was followed b^ sev-
eral expanded editions and supplements, becoming in
its final form the well-known " Poole's Index." He
became president ol the American Library Assodation
in 18S5. Died in 1894.

Poole, wan, vtn pCI, (jQRiAit,) a Dutch portrait-
painter, bom at Amsterdam in 1666 ; died in 1745. Hia
wife, Rachel, bom in 1664, was an excellent painter of
flowers, frnits, etc. She was a daughter of Rnyadi th*
anatomist. Died In 175&

PooTB, (BRNjAutN PULIV,) an American JoonaUa^
bom at Newburypott, Massachusetts, November 1, i8sO)
became a printer, and was connected with various journals,
either as proprietor or editor, but especially a* bH'dgB
and Washington correspondent He was for a time
major of volunteers in the war of 1S61-65, and for many
years was clerk of printing records in Wsshingtoa.
Among his works are " Materials for American lUa-
torr in the French Archives," (1S48,) "The Rise and
Fall of Louis Philippe," (184S,) " Early Life of Nuo-
leon," (iSji,) "Federal and State Charters," (3 voU-
1877,) "Life of General Bnmside," (1883,) and several
novels. He edited the annual Abridgment of the United
States Public Uocumcnls for many years, and pre)iared
and published an annual "Congressional Directory,"
(1864 It itf.) Died May 39, 18U7.

Foo«takln, Pnahkln. Fonohcklua. Pnsohklii, <m
FonsolUdn, poosh'kin or pooahHttn, (ALKtANMOa
SEROBivrrCH,) a celebrated Russian poet, bom at Saint

Fetersburg in 1799. Having published several p

:oo liberal tendency, he waa banished to Odeasa,
where he held an office under the govemor-generaVCoont

-jntsoC Daring his presence in Southern Russia
he studied the Spanish and Italian langnages, and the
works of Byron, upon whose model he m» be said to
have formed himselC His 6r^t considerable poem, en-
titled "Ruslan and Liudmila," (iSai.) waa very well
received ; it was followed by the " Prisoner of the Cau-
casus," ("Plennik Kavkaskoi," i8»,) "The Fotutaln
of ^khtchisarai," (1834,) which brought him three
thousand rubles, " Eugene Onegin," a metrical romance.

IB recalled to Hoacow and appointed histariogr^>her.

1. e. i, 6, a, ?,/««■.- i, t, 6, same, leas prolonged; i.S,l. », tt, ?, /iw-r; », e, i, ft rfH««; fir, fill, at; in&i n6t( KflOd; m«k>

d by Google

Hi* onlf historical prodnction ia an ■

his B

Be was mortallj wounded ..

In "Blackwood's Magazine" alls him "oneof thai small
bat llluslrioua band whose wiitinn hare become part of
the vaiy household language oi their native land, and
whose expressions may be said, like those of Shakspeare.
ofUolitre, and ofCeivantcs, to have become the natiual
forms embodying the ideas which they hare expressed,
"ctated. In a word, Pooshkin "'"

Entially the great national poet of

ilia BiDinpliie Gintnit;"

•■SktKh of PMhkin't Uft .ni Workm," by T. *. Smaw, iSti:
[a Quaneilr RETieur" for May, ig]>; " Blidcwood'a Uica-

Poost or Foat, pSst, (Frans,) a Dutch painter, bom

■t Haarlem about 1615. He passed some vears
III, the scenery of which he painted. Died in l6sa
Foot; pst, (HUBKRT,) an eminent Dutch poet, bom

frmpEical 1

. r Delft in 16S9, was a cultiiatot of the
published a Tolume of poems tn 1716. He excelled in
Anacreontic poetry. Died in 1733.

ShPai}uot, '■H^moitui" Di Vim, "Hbinn de U FoM*
HoUimd^H."

P5pe, (Alsxandkr,) a popular English poet and
critic, bom in London on the 13d of May, t6SS, was a
■on of a linen-draper. His parents were Roman Cath-
olics. In consequence of his sickly constitution and
deformed person, he was unfitted for active life. During
his childhood he resolved to be a poet His precocity
was remarkable. He says himself that he began to write
▼eises farther back than he could well remember. At
(be age of eight he read with interest Ogilby's transla-
tfem of Homer. He wrote his " Pastonls" at the age
of sixteen; but they were not published until 1709.
Among his early productions are the "Essay - "-■^

cism," (T7ro,) which was pn

Rape of the Lock," (1711,)

was much admired. His "Messiah," an exquisite poem
in imitation of Virral's fourth eclogue, appeared in Ad-
dison's "Spectato?" in 1712. In 17111 he issued pro-
posals (or a subscription to a traralation of Komer's
"Iliad," which was completed in 17:8-20 and obtained
a great popularity. It is, however, br Irom being a
biOifuI tranalatton. " It is a fine poem," says Benlley,
"but not Homer." About 171S ne became estranged
from Addison, whom he accused of conspiring with
ricketl, who had produced (in part) a rival translation
of the "Iliad." Pope revenged himself bji writing the
keen, not to say malicious, satire on "Atticns." "He
was," says Macaulay, " a great master of invective and
sarcasm. He could dissect a character in terse and
sonorous couplets brilliant with antithesis." ("Essay
on the Life and Writings of Addison.") His talent for
satire is conspicuous in the ''Dunciad,"(i738,) apoetical
work of much critical merit He published in 1733 his
"Essay on Man," a philosophic poem, which has en-
joyed an extraordinary popularity, and which Bulwer
pronounces " unequalled in didactic solemnity and splen-
dour since Lucretius set to music the ^se creed of Epi-
curus." With the aid of Broome and Fenton, he translated
the "Odyncy," (172$.) He also produced admirable
"iBiititloRs of Horace." He wrote, in prose, a number
of eMays and letters, the style of which is considered
excellent "Pope's epistolary excellence," savs Dr.
Johnson, " had an open field : he had no EngUsh 1 ival,
Urini or dead." In the latter part oS his life ne lived at
Twickenham, where he had purchased a house. He fa-
TOUred the Tory party and the Roman Catholic Church.
Among his intimate friends were Swift, Atterbury, and
Lord Bolingbroke. Died in May, 1744. He possessed
little originality or creative imagination ; but he had a
rivid sense of the beautiful, and an exquisite tMte. He
owed much of his popularity to the easy harmony of his
ferae, the keenness of his sadie, and the brilliancy of
hk antithesis. and iur

"The Essay on Han," says Dr. Johnson, "afibrds an good w
tgregioos instance of the predominance of genins, the oorui

<Mi; f •*«; iJtarJ; ^atj; a,H,IL,giMmU; m.matal: n,trakd: las

POPMA

daxzlingBplendour of imagery, and theseducbve powen
of eloquence. Never was penury of luiowledge nod
vulgarity of sentiment so happily dii^uised. The readm
feels his mind fuii, though he learns notbtag, and, when
) it in its new array, no longer knows the talk
of his mother and his nurse." Th« same oritic pro-
the " Rape of the Lock" " the most ury. in-
and delightful of bis compositious, and the most
exquisite example of ludicrous poetry. ... He was
his attacks, and before Chandos,
ill, wai " ■■

n-.-j — -y—, -Jhom h

and then hated for being 3 ^ ,.
He was extremely addicted to artifice and insidious de-
sist. It has been said that "he hardly drank te*
without a stratagem." An edition of his works, with a
commentary, was published by Warbuttoik, (9 vols.,
-7S"-6o.)

%m JOKHSW, - u
JOWLUS, 1SD7; 1 "
of Pope'i Worka, t8ii
-8j7i "Life of Pope.'

Memoinoflhilifc

EiUT on the GsniiH

FSCM, (JOKN,) an American general, born in Louii-
tQIb, Kentucky, March 16, iSll. He graduated at West
Point in 184a, served in the Mexican war, (1846-47,) and
commanded an expedition sent to survey the route of
the Pacific Railroad in 1854-59. He obtained the rank
of captain in 1856, and became a brieadiei-general ol
volunteers in May, 1861. He captured New Madrid in
March, and Island No. 10 in April, 1863, with several
thousand prisoners. In June, tS6l, he was appointed
commander of the Army of Virginia, composed of three
corps. He was promottd to be a brigadier-gene ral in
the regular army In July, 186a. His army was defeated
by Stonewall Jackson at Manassas, or Bull Run, on the
agth and 30th of August 1862. He retreated to Wash-
faigton, and resigned the command, after which, until
1865, be was employed against the Indians in Minnesota.
He subsequently had command, successively, of several
military departments until his retirement, March 16,
1886. Died September 33, 1S93.

Fopo, (Waltbb,) an English physidan, bora in
Northamptonshire about i6ia He was professor of
astronomy at Oxford fifom 16& to 1687, and Fellow of the
Royal Society. He wrote "The Old Man's Wish," a
poem, (1603,) a "Life of Seth Ward," (1697,) and other
works. Died in 1714.

Fopelln, pop'laN', (Claudius,) a French artist
and author, bom at Paris in 1825, His paintings in-
clude some admirable allegorical works. He practised
the art of enamelling, which he described in several
works illustrated by himself. His literary labours
embrace "Cinq Octaves de Sonnets," (1875,) and
"Livre de Sonnets," tlSSS,) his sonnets being as
finely finished as his paintings and enamels. Died in
1892.

Fopellnttrfl^ d« la, dfh It pople'n^in', (Lanci-
LOT volaln — vwl'il.-*',) Sieub. a French historian,
bom in Poitou about 1540. He was an officer in the
Huguenot army, and wrote a " History of the Civil
War which began in 1 561," (1571,) awork of some merit
Died in 160S.

Fopham, pop'fm, (Sir Homb RiCios,} a British naval
officer, born in 1763. He commanded the naval forces
employed in the capture of the Cape of Good Hope and
Buenos Ayres in 1806. He became a rear.admiral in
1814. Died in 1820.

Fopham, (Sir John,) an English judge, bom in
Somersetshire in 1531, became chief justice of the king's
bench about 1593. He bad a high reputation as a lawyer.
Died in 1607.

Fopma, pop'ml, (AutONit/s,) a Dutch philolt^t
and jurist born in Fnesland in 1563. He published a
work on Latin synonyms, (" De Differentiis Vet-
1," 163s,) and other works. Died in 1613.

in tMit. la^See Explanations, p. ■«.'
Digitized by CjOOQ IC

modMlr. Died In 65 a.ix

Poppa, Ton, fbn pop'pfh, Jokavn Hbinkich Ho-
lm,) 1 Giemum sdeotiSc writer, bmn at GSttin^n in
1776. He published niuneroui wotIu, unoog which are

36.) Died in 1851.

Pop^ H. See MoKANDiNi.

P&ppl| or Povpplft pfii/piG, (Eduabd,) a German
naturalist and traveller, bom at Flauen, in Saxony, in
1797. H« Tinted the Weat Indies and North and South
America, where he made valuable zoological and botan-
ical collectiona. He published in 1835 his " Travels in
Chili, Pein, and on the Amaion." In 1845 he became
profiaior of toologv at Leipsic. Died in December,

mntai

," etc., (3 vols., 1835-45.)
Sh " Fcnlpi Qmrtdlr Rnin" Isr April, 1S1&.

Foppo, pop'po, (Ernst PitiaDaicH,) a German
•cholar, bom in Lower Lusada in 1794, publWied
editioni of Thnndides and other claufca, and aeveral
critical works. Died November 6, 186&

FoqnaUn. See Moutas.

Forlitu, poR'bna, (pRANa,) a Flemish painter, bora
At Bruges in 1540. He painted portraits, history, and
genre with snccess. Died about 15S3.

His bther, Petkr, bom a} Gouda about isto, was
painter of hiuory and portrait*. Died in i «84.

Pi»biu, (Funs,) TUB YouMGER, a skilful painter __
portrait* and historji, a son of Frans, noticed above, was
bom at Antwerp in 1570. He worked mostly in Faiia.
" Hia picture of the Last Supper," says the " Biographie
Univenelle,*' " is one of the finest production* of the
Flemish scfaooL" IMed in Pari* in 1633.

S« riusim, " Eniminii nr la Via doaPuntm."

Poroaoobl, poK-Uk^ee, (Touuaso,)

n iuTuBc , ' ,,

are "The Moat Famous Islands'of the World," (1571,)

•" - ■ - ■ -— -- ■ -• j^j 5igj

rattiir,bom ii

.. n Italian UtU-

''Tuscany about 153a AmonE his work*

; Famous Islands of the World," (r — '

and *■ Ancient Fanerals of Diver* Nation*," {1574.)

at Venice in 1585.

PoroeUlo, poR-chelle-o, (Pirnio,) an Italian poet
and histoiiao, m* secretary of Alfonso, King of Naplea,
in 145*.

PoToIuit, poR'shf, (Jkan jACguu,) a Swiss writer
and translator, bom near Geneva in 1800. He wrote
"The Mission 0/ Joan of Arc," a drama, in verse,
(1844,] and translated the complete works of Goethe
into French. Died March 2, 1864.

PotoImc, por'sbi', (Fkancis Pbysc,) H.D., an Amer-
feui pbytidan, bom in Saint John'* Berkeley, South
Carolina, December 14, 18*5, oF a family of Huguenot
descent, graduated with honours at the South Carolina
Collie iu 1S45, and b 1847 took the degree of U.D. at
ittt medical college at Charleston. He atadied also in
France and Italy, and served in the Confederate hos-
[Htala, 1861-6J. Hi* principal work is theinteresling
" Reaonrces of the Southern Fields and Forests," (1863.)
He also wrote "Medical Botany of South Carolina,"
(■S40,) "Illustrations of Disease,'' (i860,) "Clinical In-
vestigations," (tS6i,) etc. Died November 19, 1895.

Pcwoharon, poish'r&K', (Dom Placidc,) a French
Elenedictine monk, bom at Chftteauroux in 165a. He
edited a few old works. Died in 1694.

Porola or Portia, pSr'sh^^ [Fr. Porcib, poi'se',]
a Roman matron, eminent for her magnanimity, pru-
dence, and fortitude, was the daughter of Cato, and
the wife of Marcus Brntus. Plutarch relates that she
Inflicted ■ wound on herself to prove that she was
worthy to be the confidante of her husband in respect
to affairs of state. Died in 43 B.C.

Porden, (El.ranos Ahha.) See Franklin.

PordenonB, II, U poR'<l&-no'nil, an excellent Italian
painter, whose proper name was Giovanni Antonio
Udnlo (le-chee'ne-o) or Uoino, (le-chee'no,) bom at
Pordenone, in FHuli, in 1483. He assumed the name
of RxGlLLO. He iras an imitator of Giorgione, and a
rival of Titian. It is not known who was his master.

Piacenza. His btacam (which represent nbiect* from
the New Testament) in the cathedral of Cremona am
highly praised. Atoong his best (dl-palnting* i* Us *■ San
Lcn-enzo Giustiniani with John the Baptist," etc, ■•
Venice. He died at Ferrara in 1S40.

Sec Vabahi, "lirca of iba Painun;" Lahu, "Wuttnr at
hintini is lull t" Ridoui, " Vita di^ aiiaBl Pittsri Vnad.^

Pordenone, (Giuuo Licinio,) a akilfol painter, a
nephew and pnpil of the preceding, was bom at Venice
in ijoa He piainted some fi-escos at Angabnr^ wbera
he (Tied in 1561.

For^ po'il', (Chari.es,) a French Jesuit, bora near
Caen in 1675, was prolessor of rhetoiic M Pari* Sm
thirty years. Voltaire was his pupil. He published
Latin tragedies and orationa. Died in 1741.

Poi^e, (Charles Gabriel,) a brother of the pie-
ceding, was bom at Caen in 1685. He wrote " HiaMire
de Don Ranucdo d'Al^tis." {1736,) and other wofk*
Died in 1770.

Foifiiio, See Porphyry.

Poiller, poR-le-UR', (Don Jitah Dia^) Marqals de
Hatarou, a Spanish general, bom Id 1775. ^^ fbogbl
for the Cortes against the alNtdnttsIs, by whom be ««•
taken prisoner and shot in 1815.

FSroer or Foemer, piiR'nfr, (Karl Wilheix,) ■
German chemist, bom at Leipsic in 1 733. He published
several works on dtenistry and the art of dy^g. Died '

Poiphyre. See PoRpavRY.

PoipIiyiliH. See Porfuvrt.

FtMp^T7,por'le-re,[Gr.IIop*£p<i][; Lat. PORPKV*'-
IDs; Ft. Porphyry poRftK';lLPoKnRia,por-fee'ie-akJ
a celebrated Neo-Flatonic philosopher, bom at Bata-
nm, (Bashan,) in Syria, in 333 A.D. His original name
was MALCMus or Mklbch, the Hebrew and Syriac
for " king." Porphyrius signifies " purple," 01 " wearer
of purple." He was a pupil of Longinus, and perhaps
of Origen. About tlie an of thirty he went to Rom^
where be became a disaple and friend of Plolinn^
whose doctrine* and m}*ticism he adopted. He edited
(or corrected) aiul arran^ the works of Plotinua, at
his regnest. He wrote (in Greek] a famons work, in
fifteen books, againat the Christians, which isnoteatan^
the emperor Tfieododus having ordered it to tie burnt
in the tboith centniy. Among his e
" Life of Plotinus" and a " LUe of F
at Rome about 304 A.1X

Sea HoixmnD^ " Da Viuei Soiiidi Parphjn," 1

"UiatofyoTPIiilaaopliTi'' VALianii Pabuot, "D

tain d« PonhvTio, '■«; FAtaicius, "Biblioibaca Gi
Hocpn, anida id tha " Nourallt Biacimpbia Gfntolc."

Porpora, poR'po.rI,(NiccoL&,)a distinguished Italian
musidan and composer, born at Naples about 16S& He
composed soccesuul operas, among which is "Ariana e
Teseo," (171T,) also oratorios, masses, symphonies, and

obtained much success in England, where ho remained
aeveial years. Died at Naples in 1767.

Saa Fins. " Bioanphie Uninnalla daa Hiiwta*:" Bviwev,
Hinorrof Uuici" ■'MdutcUe Butnphie C&i^nia."
Porpoiati, poR-po-ri'tec, [Carlo Antonio,) an Ita>
in engraver of high reputation, born neat Turin in 174c
r 1741. He was admitted into the Academy at Paris in
1773. He engraved some of the works of Raphael, Coi-
■ss,\o, and other masters. Died at Turin in iSlfi.
Poiquet, poRlci', (Pierre Charles Fran^u;) a
.ediocreFrenchpoet,bomat Viroini7iS; diedini796L
Potto, pOT'ro, (GiROLAHO,) an Italian engraver, bora
at Padua about iSto. worked at Venice

FoiTO, (lOHAZio,) an Italian engineer, bom at Pi>
gneiol in 1795. He settled in Pahs about 185a H«
published a "Traits de Tachom^trie," (1847.)

For'ackoa or For-aen'nf, (Lars,) a bmous prince at
Cluiium, in Etruria. According to tradition, he marched
against Some to restore Che Tarquins about 5088.0., but
was checked by Hoiatius Codes, who defended a bridgw
over the Tiber. It is the opinion of the be«l historians
that Poisena actually made himself master of Rome.

I, fc 1, 8, 0, f , /«v>A (. ^ sane, less prolonged; i, e, I, S, 0, y, iA«rt; f, f, i, 9, (4(rwric; fir, fill, flc; mtt; uAt; giXid: tafRtn-

FORSENNA

_ _ _ SeePostiNA.

Poi^aoi^ (RichajlD,) a pre-eminent Greek tdiolaT
«nd critic, bom Id Notlbllc, England, December 15,
■759. He mi educated*! Eton, ind at Trinity College,
CiuDbridge, of whicli he wu elected a Fellow in 1781.
He friw^T'T lenm profeuot of Greek at Cambridge in
1790 at 179^ inth a salary of forty poimdf per annum,
nu tonplea acalnat aabKitption to the Thirtr-Nine
Aitlde* fndnceo Un to decline holy order*, and he waa
coBBpelled to reaign hi* Fellomhip in 1791. He had
ft prodigioua memonr and great critical acnmen, and waa
imurkible Ibr promty and love of tnilh. Alxint 179s
be married Mr*. Lanan, a wldoir. He edited "Seven
Tragedies of jEscbyliit,'' (1795,) and the " Hecnba,"
"Oreitea," "PhttniiaK," and "Medea" of Euripides,
11797-1801.] In 1805 be wa* appnnted librarian of the
LoDdon Inttitntion. Among hu works are " Leiteia to

_ Ih chapter of John** FirtiEpiilli

i* an interpolation, "Notes and Emendations on the
Gmk PoeB," I" Ad*ertaiia Note et Emendatianei in
Poeta* GrKcos," 181S,) and an editkm of the " Lexicon"
tt PhoUoa, (iSas.) Died in London in September, 1808.
Ha ia coMidered by the English achdan, and perhaps
br fordgnera, the greatest Tttfael edtic of modem times.
"11 najr tafelj b« conceded to coiamoD bme and partial
MendsUpi" says Dr. Thoaa* Young, " that he waa one
of the greatest nten, and the very greatest critic, of his
own or SB^ other ace." Ponon was, sccording to
aereral anflioritie*, addicted to intempeiance in drink.
IJke Dr. Johnaon, he could practise abetinence more
•aaily than a moderate oae <H wine or ardent apirita.
WondeHol stories sre . told of hit power* of menuvy.
He could repeat aeveral page* of a book after he had

nn£adaa o/O* Uuniy Qunetir at Potion," b; Cam Cahta-
iBMnsHB*. iSir 1 Alubohi, "KctKnurref Aiiilun:"''Edinbiir|h
Kwi— "hrNi latir. mi. —J July. i»6i; "romiuia," Le»
ioi, iBii: Snnnnt Wbstok, "Slutl Aeeoani or ibe Lat* K.
r<»iia,"tM.

Porta, poK'tl, (BuuutDO or Bkisardd,) an Italian
eomposerof opens, waa bom at Rome about 1755 j died
b Pari* in 1839.

Portm, (Caua) an Italian poet, bom at Milan in
1776, wrote aeveral popular poems. IKed in l83i.

Foita, (GiOTAKNi Battista,) a akilfhl Italian sculp-
tor, born at Porlixia in 154a ; died at Rome in 1S97.
Ha Is said to hm been a aon of Guglielmo, noticed
below.

Porta, (GtonFrBSALViATi,) an Italian painter, bom
■t Castel-NnoTO abont 1530, waa a pupil of F. Salviati,
whose name he assumed. He settled at Venice, where
he painted frracos with lacceaa. He waa emplored by
Titian to decorate the libriiY of Saint Mark. Among
Ui best (Hl-patnttnga b a "Descent from the Cross."
IKed in 1570, or, ai some say, in 1585.

Sh Ldum, "HiiMKT id Palatfait ti IBlfi" Ticoni, "Diiio-

ibont 1;

. d«lia, dil'il pOK'tl, (GucoMO,) a distin-
. _ Italian architect and aculptor, born at Milan
It 1535. He built in Rome the portal of Saint

* of Clement VIII., (1593-1605,) aged about

SMTAtAai, "LirMarilMhBiuiindScalpWni" PoirmAi,
-Uakmminim Ai^tff Ckoomau^ " SmIa ddU Scalnin ;"
QuA-naKtaa na Qvmcr, " DictioBmira J'ArebiWeHiw.

Porta, deUat, { GUMBArnn'A, ) an eminent Italian
BaOtal philoacniber, waa bom at Naples abaul 1540.
noted the progres* ,-■■■■

e progres* wT physical
log schools, and Dy experiments in optics.

itlangnagea.
d"l5egreti,^

which he founded

PORTER

of physical adence. He inraated

IM camera obsctita, and niade improTcments in ienaea.
Hb prlndpal work* are " Percpectiva," (1555,) " Natura.
Magic" (" Magi« Naturalis Libri XX.," 1S5S-89,) " PhT-
toenomonica,''^ (>S83, a treatise on plants,) an able
"Treafise on Physiognomy," {1586, often reprinted,)
" VillM LIbri XIL," (on nital economy, 1593,) and " Ob
Refraction a Part of Optica," (" De Refractione Opticea
Parte," 1593.) Died at Naples in 1615.

Sh MitJaoH, "Kim'Antr Oixauoit, "Hritnn Un^run
flttlia^ TiaAmcHi. "EuHadeUi Letuntun luKiiu;" O. H.
DocKincB, " Notia iiir li Vii •! Ik Onmn* de I. B. Pom."
ilaii CoLAXdiLa, "Via <K O. B. Pocta," liiB; "Nounlb Bis-

Porta, d«ll«, (GuoLULUo,) an able aculptor, bora
near ComoaboDt 1513, wuanephew of Giacomo, noticed
above. He worked at Rome abont 1550^ and made the
mausoleum of Paul IIL He was a bvourite pn]^ of
Michael Angelo. Died about 1577.

Portael*, poR-tlls', (Jean Fkai^ois,) a Bellas
painter, bom at Vilvorde (Brabant) in 183a He gained
the grand piiie of Rome in 1843- Died in 1895.

Portal, pox'tU', (Antoihi,] Baron, a distingt>>*'>^
French phnidan and anatomiat, bom at Gaillac (Tarn)
in 1741. He began to practise in Paria abont 17^ and
obtained the chair of medicine in the College of^ France
in 1770. He published an important work on the " His-
tory of Anatomy and Surgery," (7 vol*., 1770-7^) and
became professor of anatomy at the Jardin desFlanie*
in 1775. He waa first physician to Louis XVIIL and
Charles X. Among his chief worlu is "Course of
Medical Anatomy," ("Cours d' Anatomic mMicale," 5
vols., 1803.) Died in 1833.

S« Pauikt, " CU(i da Portal :"" Noi

Portal, (PiKRMK BarthIuui,) Bakon, a French
administrator, bom near Montanban in 1765. He waft
of ^e marine from December, 1818, to Deceia-

and liberal legislator, bom at La Ciotat in tSoi, was ■
nephew of lean Stienne Marie. He wrote " Essay* la
favour of Liberty of Worahip." Died in 1855.

Portalls, (Jean Etikhne Makie,) a ifiiiinKuiabed
French Jurist and minister of state, wa* bom al Baoaaet
(Var) in i^4S- He wa* an eloquent advocate heton
the Revolution, and was imprlaoned for his moderation
in the reign of terror. Id 1795 he becsme a member of
the Council of Elden, in which he advocated humane
measure*. He was one of the committee charged with
the rtdattiom of tlie Civil Code in iSoo, and became
minister of wonhip in 1804. Before (his date he had
acquitted himself with credit in the task of reorganiiina
the Roman Catholic Church in France. He published
seversl able political and legal work*, and was a membei
of the French Academy. Died in 1807.

Sh Bmno. " GnWrhnii—wU jnf dm Hiniiur Portdii.' iSsr 1
F. Haoqcih, "Elwe hialoriqnede PomUti" 1845; Loon Lali»
MAiTT, ''Kop d> f E. M. PoTUli*," 1861 ; " Nounll« Biotiaphii
Gbiiwiiti" Saxl LatollIe, "ForuliiM hi (Eutiel"

Portalla, (Joseph Marie.) Count, an eminent states-
man and judge, a ion of the preceding, was born at Alx
in February, 1778. He became councillor of state In
180S1 and director -zentral of the press and boolc-trade

(tiirairit) in iSlo. In 1819 he was raised to the peerage,
n the moderate ministry of Martignac he was keeper
of the seals from January, 1828, to Hay, 1819. He was
miniater' of foreign a&ira from that date to Auguac 7,
1839, and then became first president of the court of
cassation. He retained until 1853 this office,- (the highest
judicial position in France,) for which he was qu;Jified
by profound knowledge of public law and a union of
dignity in manner with suavity of temper. Died in iSjS.

Sh Uighit, " Uotice hinoriqoe tut la Vic d« M. le Comie ds
Poititii," i960; " Nooirllc Biotnphia Ctednlt."

Poite, do IsL, d;h 11 post, (Pierre,) a French courtier,
bom in 1603. was a &Tourite a^nt of Anne of Austria,
and a valet-de-chambrc of Louis XIV. He wrote "Mi-
moires," which were printed in 17)6. Died in 168a.

Porte, La. See Lapohte and La Pobtx.

POt't^r, (Alexander,) bom in Tyrone county, Ire-
land, in 1786, settled in Louisiana, where he acquired *

r; lior^- 1 •*>; O, a, K,piM>rnJ,- M, kom/; >, <niAA<,' i as i; tb ai

n tkit. (ir~See E>planadOM, p, ^)

Digitized by CjOOQ I C

u «leaed U

J British:

orihe lupteme court in iSat, and in 1S33
lh« United Sutei ScqiM. Died In 1S44-

PBr'tflT, (Anna Maria,) mi English novelist, born at
Durham, about 17S1, wrote many popular novela, among
which are " The Hungarian Brothers," (1807,) " Don
SebMlian," ( 1809.) etc. Died in 1832.

Porter, (David,) an American commodore, born aic
Boston in 1780. He became captain of the frigate Essex
in July, 1813, and in the same year captured the vessel- 1
of-war Alert and a number of British trading- vessela. .
He performed a cniise in the Pacific Ocean with the
Essex in 1813, and took many prizes. In March, 1814,
the Essex was attacked near Valparaiso by ' " ■■■ ■
Tessels, and, after a long and despei
captured. Porter served as a naval
1S15 to 1823, was sent as charg^d'aflaires to Turkey in
1831, and became minister resident at Constantinople i
in 1839. He died at Pera in 1843. He was the father
of Admiral D. D. Porter and Coaunodore William D. |
Porter. ,

FOTtar, (David D.,) an admiral, a son of the preccd*
ing, was bum in or near Philadelphia in Jane, 1813. He
entered the navy as midshipman in 1829, and became a
Kentenant about 1841. He served in the naval operaHoM
against the Meiicans in 1S46-47. In 1861 ha was pro-
moted to the ranli of commander. He commanded the
mortar-boats, twenty-one in number, which bombarded
Ports Jackson and Saint Philip, below New Orleans,
April tS-34, 1S63. These forts were surrendered to him
sn the 38th. In September or October, 1863, he took:
command of a ftolilla of gunboatt on the Mississippi
River. He nided the land army in the capture of Arkan-
sas Post, Janaary, 1S63, and co-operated with General
Grant in his opera*ions against Vicksbuiv. For his
•ervicea in the reduction of the last-named place he was
promoted to the rank of leai-admiral by a commission
dated July 4. 1863. Co-operating with General Banks
in an expedition against Shreveport, he ascended Red
River with a fleet 0? iron-dad gunboats to a point many
ailes above Grand Ecore, in April, 1S64. He com-
manded the naval forces in the attack on Fort Fisherl
in December, 1864, and bombarded the same fort with
success on the 14th and l^th of January, 1865. Ac-
cording to General Grant, this was " the most formidable
armada ever collected for concentration upon one given
point" He was appointed vice-admiral July 2%, iS6fit'
and admiral in August, 1870. a higher rank than wai
held by any other o£^r in the navy. Died Feb. 13, 1891-.

Porter, {Fitz-John,) an American general, bom In'
New Hampshire, graduated at West Point in 1S45. Hei
became a captain in 1856. and a colonel in 1S61. He|
commanded a corps at the battle of Gaines's Mill, June
■7, and at Malvern Hill, July I, 1S63, and for his bravery'
in these engagements, in which he had to sustain the
brunt of the enemy's attack, was appointed a major-:
general of volunteers the same month. His corps took
no part in the battle of Bull Run, August 19 and 30,
1863, although it was "within sight and sound of ttM:
tMttle." For this delinquency he was censured by G«n-I
eral Pope, tried by a court-maitial, cashiered in January,
1863, and dismissed from the service. In 1870 he ap*,
pealed to President Grant for a reversal of the decisioDi
of the court-martial. The charges were re-examined
under President Hayes, and he was found not guilty.
He was reinstated as colonel in 1886, and .at once
retired. He was police commissioner of New York
1884-88, fire commissioner 1889, and cashier of the
post-office 1893-97. Died May 21, 1901.

Portor, (Francis.) anlrlsh Catholic priest and writer, I
became a resident of Rome, where he died in 1703, '

Porter, (Genb Sthatton,) author and illustrator,
bom in Walnsh county, Indiana, in 186S. Shehasbeen
for years engaged as an illustrator and has wriltenj
"Freckles," "A Girl of the Limberloat," "The Har-
vester," and books on bird life.

Porter, (GzoiGi Richardson,) an Engliab writer on
trade, manufactures, etc., was bom in London in 1791.
He wrote a valuable work on "The Progress of the Na-
tiOD m its Social and Commerdai Relatiom," (3 vols..

of trade. He was the author or compiler of statistical
tables issued annually by that board, and wrote a treatiaa
"On the Manu&cture of Porcelain and Glass," (1842.)
Died in 1852 or 1855-

Porter, (Horacb.) diplomatist, was bom at Hunt-
ingdon, Pennsylvania, in 1837. He became a briga-
dier-general in the civil war, was private secretaiv to
Preddent Grant 1869-77, and was appointed ambas-
sador to France in 1S97. He wrote "Campaigning
with Grant."

Porter, (Jane,) an Enf^ish novelist, bom at Dnrhan
in 1776, was a sister of Sir Robert Ker Porter. Sita
lived with her mother and her sister Anna Maria until
the death of the former, in 1S31. She published in 1S03
her first novel, "Thaddeus of Warsaw," which was veir
successful Her historical novel of "The Scottish
Chie&" (1809) also found many admirers, although it is
very defective as a delineation df character and maimer*.
She succeeded in mysti^ing the public by her anony-
mous story "Sir Edward Seaward'* Diary," (i33L>
Died in iSjo.

5«"FnMr>tUlcuiw"fcr A|]fll, iljj, (whha pomit)

Porter, (Josias Lesub,) D.D., an Irish divine, bors
at Burt, county of Donegal, October 4, 1S33. Ho was
educated at the Universiliea of Glasgow and Edinbarvh,
and at the Free Church College, was ordained a Presby-
terian minister in 1846, and went in 1S49 as a missionan
to Syria. He was afterwards professor of biblic^ criti-
cism' in Assembly's College, Bellast. In 1879 he was
appointed president of Queen's College, Belfast. Among
his numerous books are " Five Years in Damascus,"
(1855,) "Giant Cities of Bashan," (1865,) "Through
Samaria," (1888,) etc. Died Match 16, 1889.

Porter, (Noah,) D.D., an able American writer on
psychology, was bom at Farmington, Connecticut, in
iSll. He graduated at Yale College in 1831, and in
1846 became professor of moral philosophy and meta-
physics in that institution, and its president 1871-86.
He published, besides other works, "The Humatt
Intellect," (1868,) "Books and Reading," (1870,)
"Moral Science," (1885,) etc. Died March 4.
1892.

Porter, (FrriR Burl,) an American general, bom at
Salisbury, Connecticut, in 1773- On the breaking out
of the war of 1812 he was appointed quartermaster-

Eeneral of New York. He distinguished himself in the
attics of Chippewa, Lundy's Lane, and the other prin-
cipal actions of the war, and obtained a gold medal from
Congress for his services. He was appointed secretary
of war in May, iSjSt General Porter was one of the
commissioners who explored a route for the Erie CanaL
Died in 1S44.

Porter, (Sir Robert Krr,) an English painter and
traveller, born at Durham about 1775, was a brother of
Anna Mari^ and Jane Porter. He liecame a student
of the Royal Academy, London, in 1790, and acauired
distincdon as a painter of battles. Among his works are
"The Siege of Acre" and "The Battle of Agiucourt,"
and an "Ecce Homo." He went to Russia in 1804, aiid

1820, he published " Travels in Georgia, Persia, Arme-
nia, Ancient Babylonia," etc., with engravings, (2 vols.,
1S22.) Died at Saint Petersburg in t£p.

S«ih( "CcDllunu'i I|uuinE"fat Julv. ilu; "McnlUylU.
Tiew"fbr SBplBmber, iftii.iiDa JuuuuvaDd ttbrvuTTt tSa^

Porter, (Robert P.,) an American journalist, was
bom in Norfolk, England, in 1852. He came 10 the
United Stales as a boy, engaged in journalism in 1872,
made statistical reports on the census of 1880, and was
superintendent of the census of 189O. He studied in-
dustrial conditions in Europe for New York and Phila-
delphia papers. He published "The West in 1880,"
" Municipal Ownership at Home and Abroad," (1S9S,)
"Industrial Cuba," (1899,) etc.

Porter. (Tiiumas Conrad,) D.D., LL.D., an Ameri
can botanist, was born at Alexandria, Pennsylvania, Jan-
nary 22, 1822. He Bradualed at Lafayette College in

^ g, I, a, a, J, toy; 1. i, i, same, less prolonged; a, *, 1, 6, ii, y, **tfrf; », f , [, 9, oi,m«; Or, fill, fit ; ni6t; nBti gd&d; tii«n;

ti», and at PriacMon Theolo^col Seninwr in i843-
•nd entered 6nt the Preibjrierian and then the Geicuui
Reformed ministTy. In 1S49 he bccams profeuor of

■utural (denix in Hanball CoUeee, MeiceTsbnrs, in

tSjj took the corresponding chair m Franklin College

at IJuicBMer, and In 1866 became proteuoT of bouny

1 loology in Laf»etta College at Eulon, Pennayl-

lia. He haa pubfiihed varioua biogimpbiea, hjrmns,

mi, etc, chieflT from Ibe German, bat w l>e»C linowii

„ t-. , — e profcttt. .. .,

and ioolog7 in LafMCtta College at Euion, Penniyl-

nuiia. He haa '-''-•--• — '— - ■-:—-■-"- >-

poemi, etc, chie_,

by his botanical ubouri and

Poiter, (WiiXiAU D,,) an Amecican naval officer,
bom in Neir Orleans in 1809, wai a son of Commodore
Itavid Porter, noticed above. Me entered the navy in
■S>3. In tSfit he took command of the iron-dad Essex
on the Misaiuippi River. He fought at Fon Henry,
where the Eaex wai disabled and Captain Porter was
aeverelf scalded, in Febmary, iS6z. in August, 1S63,
having repaired the Essejt, he destroyed the strong
lion-dad ram Arkansas, between Baton Rouge and Viclts-
bnrg. He was promoted to the rank of commodore.
Died in 1S64.

Sh T. T. Hraduv, "Famcul ud oui Nan] Comnunden."
iMt

Portos, Dbb. See Desportes.

PSi'te-Ha, (Brilby,) an English prelate of high repn-
taiion, was born at York in :73i. He was educated
at Cambridge, where he gained the Seaton's prize for an
English poem " On Deatn." He was successively rector
of Hunlon, prebendary of Peterborough, and rector of
Lambeth, (1767.) In 1769 he was appcunted chaplain
to George llL He became Bishop of Chester in 1776,
and Biabop of London in 17S7. His prindpal work is
a series of " Lecluics on the Gospel of Matthew," whidi
are highly esteemed. His works were published in five
volumes (tSll) by his nephew, Robert Hodgson, Died
iniSoS.

Sh "Litial Bohoii PorMu," bjK. Hoecsoh, iRii.

Portia. See PoaciA.

Portier, pok't^', (Hichau,} D.D., • bishop, bom
at Uontbrison, France, September 7, 179J, was ed>i-
cated at Lyons. In 1817 he came to the United State^
and in 181S became a Roman Catholic priest In iSm
he was consecrated titular Bishoii of Oieno and ap-
pointed Vicar- Apostolic of Florida. In 1830 he was
named Bishop of^ Mobile, where he died, May 14, 1859.

Portland, Duke of. See Bintinck.

Portland, Earlo?, See Wbston, (Richard.)

FSrtQook, (Toskfh Ellison,) Lieutxnant-Colo-
NBL, an English engineer and geologist, bom about
1795. He assisted Colby in the trigonometrical survey
of Ireland commenced about 1824. and produced an
able •' Report on the Geology of the County of London-
tJeny and of Parts of Tyrone and Fermanagh," {1843.)
He also wrote on Geognosy and Falnontolo^. He
was elected president of the G«olo«cal Sodety m 1S5G.
Died in 1864.

Porto -Alegie, pon'io i-li-'gik, (Manoel di
Araujo,) a Brazilian lyric poet, known also as an artist
and architect. He was bom at Rio Pardo, November
39, 1S06. He wrote popular comedies, " Colombo," an
epic, and " Brasilianas," a collection of aonga and short

Portogallo, poR-to-glllo, (Mjutco Antonio SiuXOt)

a Portuguese composer, born at Lisbon in 17G3. Ha
lived many jears in Italy, and composed successful
iHMras. "Fernando in Messico" is called his master-
piece. Died in 1819.

Port-Royaliata, a name popularly given to the mem-
bers of the celebrated convent or sodety of Port-Roval-
des. Champa, near Versailles. It fills a prominent place
in the history of the Jansenist controversy. The nuns
were removed to Pans about 1638, (or 1644, according
to Hallam,) after which the old convent of Port-Royal-
des-Champs became the residence of a community of
religious and learned men, who practised some monastic
austerities and were called "Lcs Solitaires de Port-
Royal." Among these recluses were Claude Lancelot,
Antoine Amatild, Le Maistie de Sacy, I^erre Nicole,
and Blaiae Pascal. They were leaders of the Jansenist
They iqiened a boarding-school which becaro«

le Pascal. They were leaders of the Jansei
f*TU. They iqiened a boarding-school which beca
celeorated, and published severd good works on graxa.'

FOSWIPPOS

The convent of nniu waa sappressed by Loaii

XIV. in 1709. The hiatory of Port-Royal has been

written by Racine, Readilin, Sainte-Benve, and otbert,

III " Edintmrgh RcTiEv" for JuIt. 1R4' : S*nrt>-Batnn,

Lie de Pon-Rojal," \y^., 1B40-A ; Mrtv AKua Schih-

JHIHCK, " HiHoiy cf Port-Kirril 1" Biabd, "FoR-Ror*l, •

ContritHiliDD id tb« Hiaforr of Rtligioo," iKi.

Portamotith, Duchess op. See Kerouai.

Portagal, da, di poR-too-gU', (Francisco,) CoobI
of Vimioso, a Portnguese nobleman and poet, bom at
Ev'ora about 149OJ died in 1549.

Fortunme. See Fortuunus.

Por-tam'ims or Por-ta'aua, ]Fr. Portomne, poR'-
tflmn',] a marine deity or genius among the Romans,

as regarded as the protector of ports and harbours,

id was Identified with the Fal^cuon of the Greek

ythology.

Porttmiis. See Portumnds.

Fortns, poR'loos, (i^MiLius,) an eminent critic and
editor, bom at Ferrara in 1550. He was professor of'
Greek at Lausanne from 1581 to 1591, soon aRer whicli
date he obtained the chair of Greek at Heidelbera. He
produced good editions (with LaHn versions) oT Tha-
cydides, Aristotle on Rhetoric, Xenophon, Euripides,'
and other Greek authors. Among his works is "Lexi-
con Doricum-Graeco-Larinum," (rfioj.) Died in 1610.

FortuB, (Francis.) an eminent philologist, hthei
of the preceding, was bom in Candia (Crete) in 1511.,
He became professor of Greek at Hddena in 1536, and
teacher of the sons of Renie, Duchess of Ferrara, in'
■ 542. Having been converted to the Protestant fiUth,
be removed to Geneva in 1561, and obtained there
a chair of Greek in 1562. He wrote commentaries
on Aristotle, Pindar, Lonnans, Thocydides, and other
Greeks. Died at Geneva In is8i.

S« TiiAMSCHi. "StwU lUl* L*ti««tan luUua;" Sax,

OnomutkoiL"

Fo'nw, [Gr. Itfapoc] a king of India, who reigned
between the Hydaspes and Acesinea when that country
was invaded by Alexander the Great, 326 B.C. He op>
posed the Mai^onians with an army composed partly
of elephants, was defeated in a great battle, and taken
prisoner. When asked by the victor how he wished to be
treated, he answered, " Like a king." (Plutarch.) He was
restored to his kingdom by Alexander. He was killed
\e} Eudamus (or Eudemos) in 317 B.C. Another Forus
reigned at the same time east of the Aceaines, (Chenib-)

Foiy, por're, t (John,) an English geographer, bom
about 1570^ He published a "Geographical History
of Africa, translated from Leo A&icanus," (i6o0k] la
1616 he went to Virginia and became secretary to thai
colony. Died after 16^

Poriio, poRt'se-o, (Li;c AirroNto,) an Italian phy-
aidan, bom near Amalfi in 1639. He taught In Romo,
and pnblished a work on the diseases and treatment of
soldiers, (1685, often reprinted.) Died in 1733.

Forzici or Porta, poR'tl, [Lat Por'tius,] (Siuone,)
an Italian philosopher, bom at Naples in 1497. He pnb
llshed a treatise "On the Human Mind,"("De Humana
Mente," 1551,) and other works. Died in tju.

Poaadaa, de laa, d^ l!ls po-sl'Dls, (Mioubl,) a
Spanish painter, born at Segorbe in 1711 ; died in 17J3.

Fo-BOl'don or Po-al'don, JGr. nMa^,] the Greek
name of the god of the sea. (See NeI>Tunb.)

Poeeldonftu. See Posidokius.

Fo'ley, (TuouAS,) an American general, bom on the
banks of the Potomac, in Virginia, in 1750. He became
a captain in I775, and served vrith distinction at the
battles near Saratoga and Stillwater, September 19 and
October 7, 1777. He took part in the capture of Stony
Point, July, 1770, and commanded a brigade of the army
which General Wayne led against the Indiana in tyga.
He was Governor of Indiana from 1813 to 1816. Died
fa> 1818.

S« Jahb Hall, '^Mcmoii of ThDmu P<ikt," la SrABU-s

Foiddimw. See Posidifpus.

Fov-tAp'piu, [Gr. nnndinwac; Fr. Posidippb, po'-

ze'dtp',) a Greek comic writer, bom at Cassandria, in

Macedonia. He began to write about 390 B.C. His

works are lost.

X, trillfd; i as s; th as in fhu. (I^See Explanatkuw, p. a^

Digitized by VjOOQIC

POSWONIUS ig

Po«-VdO'nI-tM or Pos^-do'nl^fc lUeond^nor,]
a Greek Stole philoaopher, bom at Apamea, in Sjrria,
about 13J I.C., wu a disciple of Fanxtiiu, whom be
■Moeeded ai head of the ichool. He taught at Rhodei,
had a h^h reputation, and wrote worka on ulronomy,
lualorj, geoirnphj, moral pbiloiophy, etc, all of which
are lost. He wat ntited at Rhodes by Pompejr about
68 B.C. Cleero, who vas one of hla pnpib, eiprewei a
VMj&voaraUeopinionorbiin. Lilte manyother Stoics,
Poaidonina held that pain is not an evil. According to
Snidaa, he removed to Rome in the consoUiiip of H.
Ifarcellm, (5a b.c.) " Was it not a fine acknowledgment
of the inherent sapremacy of wisdom, when the impe-
ratorial bsces were lowered, by command of Pompey,
before the pervon of Posidonius V (Arthur H. Hailam.)

S««RiTT¥ii, "HUtDiTofPhUo«phir;"FAmiciui,"B;bliothea
0CM>:" DlOCIHBS L*nTi».

PoaldonlTia op Alkxandru, a mathemaddaD, often
•onlbaiided with the preceding. He ii said to havebaen
a pppll of Zeno.

rOMcl, pos'sfl, (JoHANN,)> German phQologItt, ben
at Parchim in 151S. He published "Syntaxis Giaeca,"
(1J60,] and other worlcs. Died at Rostock in 1591,

POMel^ pos'sCIt, (Eknst Ludwic,) a German his-
torian, bom at Durlach, in Baden, in 17*^ He began
to liiae in 1795 "The Earopean ADnaU,"a periodica],
which he edited until 1S04, and which, aayt Depping,
"was the best German periodical work on history and
politics." He also published several works on German
and French liistorT. Died in 1S04.

Sm Schubaut, "L<ben Pouelt'i," iSoi; OlMim, "Ltbtnbc-
KbrdbianE Poa««ltt,^* i vdIl. iB^.

PoaavTliL See Posssvino.

Foaaerlne, pos-ali-veerno, tj->t Possm'HOs; Ft.
PotiivtH, pos'vftH' or pos'sfh-^N',] (Antohio,] an Ital-
ian Jesuit, negodalor, and writer, was bom at U^ntna in
1534. He was sent by the pope on important mission*
to Germany, Hungary, Sweden, Poland, and Rouia.
"*'"' works are "Select Library 1

, ' (■' Bibliotheca selecta de Radone
Studionun," a Tol^ 'SOSt) *^ "Apparalni aacar," (3
'vol*., 1603-06,) in wUcn he gives a list and review 01
the works of all ecclesiastical writers. Died in 1611.

ShJumd'Ouqhv, "Via d>Fo«anD," 1711; NKtHW. "lU-
mikmi- OiNCvn*. >*HlHiAi UaMn il'IuUsi" "nUmU*

PoMsrlmuk See FomriHa

Po«l; IFRAHcn;) See Poosr.

PoatM, poa'til', {Lat Pocru.'uis,] (Gdiuadiu,) a
Ft«nch TisionarTp bom in Normandy in ISIO, ia said to
havB been one of the most learned men <A his tiia& He
became profetaor of Oriental langoafea at Ptiia (n 1539,
but aoon resigned, and led a wandering lile. It appeara
that he aaatrted the power of reason to be anffioent to
demonstrate tlie dogmas of religion and to otrnvert all
nationa. His book " On the Harmony of the World"
("De Orbis Terne Concordia," 1544} ia called Us best
work. Died in Paris in 1581.

S«I>BHU,a«, "Novmux fldiirdm»«M m la Via in Po>-
Mk" irn: CHADnrii, ■■ Rmurqim bit PcMal;" A. PlaicAro,
"F. Wiboa, G, P»ul at LouU Culalntro," igjsi NictaoK,
"tHnBoaa-;' "Nounlla Biognphia G&iinls."

Foatelliw. See Po?tbl.

Foatletbwajt, pot'sl-thwit, (HAUum,) an English
writer on commerce, of whom little is known. It ia
supposed thai he was bom about 1707. He published,
besides other books, " The Merchant's Public Counting
House," (1750.) and "Great Britain's Trae System,"
(<757i) whidi are works of merit. Died in 17G7.

Poa'ta-mna or Foat^u-mna, a Roman general,
arhom Valerian appointed governor of GauL He was
proclaimed emperor by his army in 357 A.D. He waged
war against Gallicnus, and continued to rale GanI until
he was murdered by bis mutinous soldiers. In 367 a.I>.
He ia represented a* an able and virtuous ruler.

Saa UsaKBT, "Notka lu Puthumui," itrj.

Peff-mo or Pofa-mon, [IlOT^ittw,] a Platonic or
Eclectic philosopher of Alexandria, U supposed to have
Kved in the second or third century after Christ He
b sometimes called the founder of the Eclectic school.
His works are not extanL

See PoTAHO.

"History of Windsor Csstle." Died in 1787.

Fo-Ubaldil. [Ross. pron. pot-jon'kin,) (Gkbooi
Alexahdiovttcu,} Pkincb, a Russian field-marshal and
bvonrite of the empreaa Catherine IL, waa bom near
Smolensk in 171& He rose rapidly to the bigbeai offioea
and boDonra of die em^re, and eaerdted almoat nn-
boonded tnflaence in political aflair*. He induced the
empteas to engage in the Turkish war of 17*1, and in
the caoM>algn of 1787 was appointed to the diief coss-
mand of the Russian army. As arewardfbr hisservioes
hi taking several provinces from the Turks, Catherine
bestowed upon him a superb palara at Saint Petenbocg,
which she called Taarida, the name previously givea to
the conquered provinces. Died in 1791.

Saa Uauiu h Ctmrvtiu. "Via da PottmUB," itor^t:
"Priialldwi das rBntao Km Poumkin," Gilli, 1791: "Miiiiiiiill
of Princa PcKamkiii," Londgn, 1J14; " UodIUt Kaviaw" ia
Janmiy, iSij.

Pof fii-|[fr or Pof tin-ter, (John,) an Gn{^iab poet
and barrister, bom at Winchester in 1647; died In 1733.

Potgletar, pot'See'tfr, (Etirhakd JoBAimES,) a
Dutch mystical philosopher and lyric poet, bom at
Zwolle, June 17, i3o8. His genius and influence were
very considerable, and he was one of the orinnatora of
the romantic movement in Dutch lettera. Died Feb-
ruary 3, 1875.

Pothiar, po't^', (Robikt Joseph,) i
French Jurist, bom at Orleans in 1699. He was ap-

Klnted profMBOT of Ftench law at OrlJans In 1749,
lore which he had served as amtilUr an cfUUdtt. He
pabliabed a neat work on Roman law, entitled " Pan-
dects of Jnstintan digealed Into New Order," (*■ Pandectas
Justiniamc h) Novum Ordinem digests," 3 vola., 174S-
(a,) and several treatises on contracts. 'Hie compilers
of the Napoleonic Civil Code availed themselves of the
works of Pothier to a large estenL Died at Orl^am
toi773.

Saa Jones, " fioas da Pothiar," ini : P. BsaMASeAU, " Vka
daDuut, FiKfela at Pothiar," 17S91 Uvm, " DiaasRadan aor Is
Via a( lia Onrnna da PMUar," iSaj ; Faixairr, " Kadwickaa bi*.
Irai^qiias lar PcKhier," itj^

Fothoven, pot^o'v^n, (Hinu,) a Dutch painter of
portiaili and cabinel-pictnre*, bom at Amaterdan in

I7y; died about 1795.
Potlar, po't^', (Char:

I Frend

S38.

PotooU, po-tota'kee, (Claudia,) Count»% a patri-
otic Polish lady, bom in Posen in iSal, was noted fix
her bene&ctiona to ttie sick and wounded during the
war in iSt^-ij. Died in 1836L

Potookl, [Ignatius,) Coitht, a Polish patriot, bora
aboot 175a He was a coadjutor of Koadnsko in 1794.
Died in 1809.

Fotookl, (Jan,) ComrT, a Polish historian, bora in
1761, was the author of a "Primitive Histo^ of the
Russian People," " Chronicles, Hemoiia, and Reaeardtea
towards the Histoid of aU the Slavic Nationa," and
other works of the kind, in French. Died in 1815.

PotooU, {Stahislas Fkux,) Couirr.a Polish noble-
man, bom in 1750^ took sides with Russia in the Polish
revolution of 1791, and was made a field-marshal by
Catherine IL Died in iSm.

Potookl, (Stanisus Kostka,) Count, a Polish
patriot and statesman, bom in 1757. As a member of
the Diet of 1788-91, he waa celetmited for his elotiDeooB.
He was appointed in 1815 minister of public instmc-
tion. He wrote an admired treatiae " On Eloquence anij
Style." Died in iSai.

Saa I^ixweL, " Uiatolra da Palo(B4" 1I44.

Pot^ pot, (AuQtrer Fkudkich,) a German phOoio-
gist, bom near Hinden, in Hanover, in 1803. He be-
came pmfessoT of phtlolo^ at Halle to 183^ Among
his works are ** Seaearches m the Etymolagy M the Indo-
Germanic Langnagca," (1 vols., 1833-36,) and " Penonan-
Namen," (a treatise on proper names, |8S3-) I>. 1887.

Fot^ (JoHANN HIIHRICH,) a German <Aeinis^ born
at Halbeiatadt in 169a. He was profeaaor of diemiatf}

in Berlin, and was chiefly noted for his ai '' ~~

perimenta in search of clay for the r
porcelain. Died In 1777.

^ ^ ^ ^ •, r. Amv,- L i, 6, sama. tesa prolonged; I, «, I, », 0, ]r, a«r«; f, «, i, f, <4wHra; At, (Ul, 01; mCtt nSl;cMd; mn

Digitized by VjOOQ I C

Baitholomew^ Hoapital from 1749 to 1787, and made
impoTtant Impioremenli in the practice of sargerf. He
wnrte manj able wcirka, among which are a "Treatise
on Raptnrea," (1756,) ^'Obserrationa on Injaries of the
Head,'' (1760,) "Reinaikt on FittnU in Ado," (176;,)
and ** Remailcs on Fractnrea and DtalocatioDs," (176S.)
The atyle of hla writinga ia mach admiied. Died fn
i7Sa.

S« JohrKaiia "Shnrl Aeeonat dClba LiJanCF. PoR," in^
PottfT, (ALOinov) D.D., LL.D., an Anterlcan Epiaco-

Kbithop, born in DutdtSM coum, New Vorli, b iSoa
gndnated at Union College, where he waa elected in
l8>i profeiaor of mathenladca and nainra) philrwopby.
Kanng been ordained Ifae aame year, he l>ecame rector
«f Sunt Pad's Cbsrcb, Boaton, in i8a6, and in 1831
Tice-preaidenI and profeaaor of moral phUoaophy at
Union College. He waa conaecrated Biahop of Peno-
•jrlnnia <n 1845. He publiahed ''Political Economy,
hi ObiecU, Uaea, and Prindplea conddered," (iS4i>)
"Hand-Book for Readen and Stndenta," (1847,) and
other worka. Died in San Frandaco, Jniy 4, i86s-

Poft^r, (Bamnabas ot Bakhabt,) u EoiJIth prelate,
bom In Weatmoreiand in 1578. He wat appirfnted
Biahop of Carliale in i6aS. He waa an eloqaent preacher,
bat wai regarded by the high-chnrch party aa a Puritan.
Died in 1643.

Fottar, (CmtUTOPHlK,) a nephew of the preceding,
waa born near Kendal in ITOI. He became Dean
of Worcester In 1635, and vice-chancellor of Oxford
Univeraity in 1640. He was ■ pardaan of Charlet L in
tiie dvil war. He translated Saipt's " Hiitoiy of the
Qoarrels of Pope Paul V. with the State of Venice,"
(1636.) Died in 1646.

Pottar, (ClPalANl,) an eminent English mnaidan
am) cranposer, bom in London in 1791. He was prin-
dpal of the Royal Academy of Music in London for
many yean. He compoeed orertore*, symphoniea, daett,
trka, and irniatM for the piano, on which he waa a skilfol
Hii atyle li represented aa pnrely dasdcal.

H« became

of Waddinzrecn aiid Hnbiechtsambacbt. He lived at
Rome from 1409 to 1413, where be fell in with the worica
of Boccncdo, dter whom he compoaed a wonderfully
qnaiot and dever poem on the conrae of love, (" Dor
HinMD Loop.")

Fottar, (Edwakd Cubk,) scnlptor, bom at New
London, Coiinecticut, in iSjy. He has produced eques-
trian statues of I>e Soto, Wasbingtoo, Giant, Hooker,
etc, and othenmrksof statuary.

Pottor, (FRAH<:is,)an English mechanidan and clergy-
man, boin in 1594 ; died in 1678.

Pottar, (Hazard Arnold,) an American phytidaa
and aurgeon, bom in Vatea coDntjr, New York, in 181 1,
graduated at Bowdoin College in 1835. He subaequcntly
fettled at Geneva, New York, where he acquired a biga

He graduated al the Theological Seminary near Aiex-
andna, Virginia, in 1857, took orders in the Episcopal
Church, and held various rectoratups, of which the most
noteworthy was that of Grace Church, New York, (1858-
83.) In 1883 he was conaecrated Assistant Biahop of
Hew York, and Bishop in iSS?. Among his works
■re "The Gales of the East," (1876,) " Waymarks,"
(iSoa.) Died July 21, looS.

Fottar, (HoBATIO,) D.D., LL.D., brother of Aionao
Potter, was bom in Dutchess county. New York, in iSoa.
Me graduated at Union College, and in iSlS was ap-
pointed professor of mathematics and natural philosophy

1 vols., 1^)8,) often reprintf^ He

on tbeology, and editor of a good edition of Clemeni
AleiandriDw, (lyiS-) Died in 1T4T-

Pottar, pot^, (Paitl,) ■ celebrated Dntch paintet
of animals, waa bom at Enkhaysen in 1615. Among fata
master-pieces are a " Herdsman with Cattle," in the
galleiT of the Loavre, a " Bear-Hunt," in the Amater-
dam Htueum, and a landscape with cattle and figures,
in the collection of the Mar^uia of Westminster. Hii
pictoret are generally of cabinet sUei and are remark-
able fbr accurate of^ design and exquisite finish. He
alio produced a nnmber ot excellent engraving*. IM«d
in 1654.

Pottar, (Paul Muedith,) dramatist, bom at
Brighton, England, In 1853. He jcined tbe editorial
staff of the "Chicago Tribune" in 1888, and haa written
nDmetT>tu pUys, late one* bdng " Tbe Queen of the
Bloolin Rouge" and "The Giri 60m Rector's."

Pottar. (Robert,) an English poet and tranalator,
I)om in 1711, He became vicar of Scarning, prebendarv
of Norwich, and vicai of Loweatoft and Kessingland.
He pablished a volume of poems in 1774, and a tiana-
lation of iCschylns in 1777, which is commended. He
also translated Euripides [lySz) and Sophocles, (178&)
Died in 1804.

Pottar, Oet d^h pofter, (LoDis Joseph Antoinb,) a
Belgian histotiaa and liberal poHndan, bom al Bruges
in 1786. He published a rationalistic history of the
Church, entitled "Esprit de I'&ltse," (6 vols., 1811,)
which produced a great setisation. He was a chief
promoter of the union of Catholics with Liberals which
secured tbe succeaa of the revolt l^nsl the Kin^ of
Holland in 183a Among hit works is a " Philosophical,
Political, and Critical History of Chriatianity," (8 vols,
1836,) Died in 1859.

Pottler, po't^', (AndrA Ariodant,) a French ao<
tiquarj and savant, bom bt Paris In 1799, lived many
years at Rouen, Died April 26, 1867.

FottiBT, (FKimgois.) a French missionary, bom at
Loches in 1718, laboured in China. Died in 1791.

Fof tln-^qr, {Sir Hrhry,) BarL, G.C.B., a British
administrator, born in Down county, Ireland, In 178^
He entered die service of the East India Company at
his youth. About 1S40 he was sent 10 China a* ant-
baandor and superintendeni of the firitiah trade. He
negotiated in l&u a treaty which ended the opium war
in China. In 1846 he became Governor of tbe Capo
of Good Hope, and in 1S47 Governor and commander-
in-chief of Madras. He returned to England in 1854,
and died at Matu in 1S56.

S« " Gwtldim'i HwaiiiH" for Mtj, ilj^

Pottlnsar, (John.) See PorxHaER.

Potrin, po'vin', (Charlrs,] a Belgian author and
poet, one of the leader* of the liberal movement in Bel-
gian letters, was bom al Mons, Decemtier 3, 1818. Ho
was educated at Louvain, and became professor of na-
tional literature al Bruaaela. He wrote "Poiiines his*
toriqucs et tomantiquea," [1S40,) "Satire* el Fogies
diveraes," (iSji,) "L^Eglise et la Morale," (i8«8,)"Le
faux Mirade du s^ni SacrcmenI de Bruxellea, U876J
"Les Tablettea d'un Libre- Peoseur," (1879,) "Contea
de Madame Rose," (1879,) "Da Thtlire en Belgique,"
(iSSo^) and many other worka.

Ponoliaid, poo'shta', (Jdukh,) a French classical
scholar, bom near Domfront In 1656. He waa chief
editor of the "Journal dea Savant*," Died In 1705.

Ponohe^ poo'ahi', (Ffux AacHiHtDi,) an eminent
French naturalist and phjaioli^st, was bom at Rouen in
iSoo. He acquired great distlnclion by his numerous
works, among which are an " Elementary Treatise on
S°""Ti" ('835.) ■ "Natural History of the Animal
Kingdom," (a vols., 184I,) and a "Theory of SpoD-
taoeous Ovulation and Fecundation of Maminifeta,"
<l847,) He wasan advocate of the doctrine of sponta-
neous generation, on which he wrote Che following j

oiks has been Crans-

«ial; fast.- BA«^--ftu;/o.H,K,/M»«ni/,-ii,Mua/;R,Mifi!ry,- lass; (has in «fu. (tV-See ExplanaHona.D.si.1

dbyGoogle

POUCHKIN

bted Into EnglUh, with the tide " The UniTeiM : the
Inllnltelr GreM and Infinitely liule,-' (187a) Died
December 6, \%^^.

FonoUctii or Potuohkln. See Pooshxin.

Pongatohef or Ponsatoliev. See Poogatcbef.

issiw, de^ dfh poo'ih&N', (Haku Chaki.bs ju-
nra,) a French lUthataa; bom in Paris in 1755. H«
becaoM blind at the age or twenty-roar. He wrote,
beside* other worlu, " Tne Four Ages," a poem, I1S19,)
and " Philosophical Letters," (i8a&) He was a mem-
ber of the Academy of Inscriptions. Died in iSj).

Sh T. Loiuh. "Notki HIT Chule* ds Poagnu," 1(36; SiL-
wn* dkSacv, " Kotke Bur U Via dc M, 1* CbcTilieT de Pougeo^"

_ X, poo'ihi', (.Fkamcois Aiut,) a French priest,
t Hontpcliier in 1666, was vicar of Saint'Roch,
in Paris. He published a "Cat^hisme de Montpellier,"
<i7t>i,) which was adopted in all Fiance. Died in 1713,

Ponglii, poo'ihln', (AsTHua,) a French musician
and writer on music, bom at Chlteauroux, August 6,
1834. He has written a number of biographies of
licuQS, etc.. and contributed articles to the " Die
naire uniTerselle" of Larousse andtoFetis'*"BiDgraplue
oniverselle des Musiciena."

Fonillet, poo'vl', (CuuDi SutVAis Matthias,)
Prendl natural philosopher and elegant writer, born i
the department of Doubi in 1791. He was elected I
the Academy of Sciences in 1837, and obtained the
chair of physics at the Sorbonne in iS^. He pub-
lished, beudes other worka, " Elements of Enperimental
Physics and Meteorology," (a vols., 1827 j 7th edition,
i8j6,) which is said to oe the most complete and best
written treatise on that subject in French. Died in Paris,
lure 15, 1868.

Fonjonlat; poo'shoolf , (Jean Joseph Francois,) a
French littirataa; bom at La Fare (Bouchea du KhAne)
In iSoa He accompanied Michaud on a visit to the Le-
Tant,(l830,)and wrote, in partnershipwithhim," Oriental
Correspondence," ("L* Correapon dance d'Orient," 7
vols., 1S31-35.) He received priies from the French
Academy for his "History of Jerusalem" (1840) and
■History of Saint Aagnstine," (1844.) Died in 188a

Ponllatit-Diiptu-o, pooIlN' dB'plit'i (Avgustin
Marie,) a French jurist, bom at Rennes in 1703, was
a brother of Poallam de Saint-Foix. He wrote on the
laws of Breta^ni:, Died In 1781.

Fonllaln fle Grandprey, poollw' d(h gsfiN'piti',
(JosiPH Clement,) a French politician, bom near
Mlrecoort in 1744. He was a moderate republican
member of the Convention, t792-95. Died in i8z6.

PoqUbIu de Saint-Folx. See Saint-Foix.

Ponlla, pool, (Nicolas Louis,) a French pulpit
orator, bom at Avignon In 1703. He obtained the title
Of_preacher to Ihe king. Died in 1781.

Poolletler de la Salle, pooI'tM'dfh list?, (Frak-
CotB Paul Lvon,) a French physician and chemist, born
In Lyons in 1719. He founded three hospitals in Paris,

i aided Macqner m a "Dictionary of Chemistry,"

ralisl, bom at Reading in 1S56. He became Hope
professor of loology al the University of Onford in
1893. Among his works are "The Colours of Ani-
mals," (1890,) and "Charles Darwin and the Theory
of Natural Selection," (1896.)

Ponnda, (Johk,) an English philanthropist, bom a(
Portamouth in 1766, was a shoemaker, and the founder
of railed schools. He collected a ntimber of poor
children in his workshop and taught them gratia. Died
hi 1839.

Ponpftr^ poo'plk', (FkAKQOis,) a French naturalist
wd oiutomist, born at Hans in l6iSt ; died in 1709.

PouqnoTllle, pook'vtl', (Francois Ckaki.es Hu-
CUKS Laukknt,) a French writer of travels, was bom
in Ome in 1770. He published a work entitled "Travels
In the Morea," etc, ("Voyage en Mor^e, il Constanti-
nople et en Atbanie," 1805,) and "Travels in Greece,"
("Voyage en Grice," 5 voEs., 1830-aa.) Died in 1838.

PotiTOhot, pooB'sho', (Edhe,) a French philosopher,
bom at Poilly, near Sens, In 1651. He became about
1678 professor of philosophy in uie University of Parii,

)i fOWJSLL

oi which be was chosen rector seven times. He wm ■
friend of Bcdleao and Radne. He pablishcd *■ Philo-
sophical Institutes," ("lostitutioDCB Philosophic^,"

1695,) which was highly esteemed. It is said that he
was one of the first who taught philosophy by a latiooal
method. Died in 1734.

PombiuL See PoxBtii.

Povrfoni. See Pnrr, du.

PotiHiD, (Gasfkk) See DuoiOT.

PotUMln, poo'slN', (Nicolas,) an excellent Frendt
painter of histoid and landscapes, called "the Raphael
of France," was bom at or near Andelys, on tbe Sdne, in
Normandy, in 1594. He stadied design with Quenbn
Varin, of Amiens, and al the age of eighteen went to
Paris, where he received lessons ftota Ferdinand Elle.
Hiseailye£rortswereembanassedbypo*erty. Hemade
several attempts to visit Rome, which &ilecf for want of
funds. His long-cherished dedre to see that metropolis
of art was gratified in 1634. He there formed an inti
mai^ with the scniptor F. Duquesnoy, and studied the
works of Raphael with ardent adimration. He also
made de«gns or models of antique statues and bas-reiie&.
For Cardinal Barberint, who became hispatron, he
painted "The Death ofGermanicus," and "The Capture
of Jerusalem by Titus."

PoDWin married in 1630 Anne Marie Dughet, a ^ter
of Ihe eminent painter Gaspard Dughet surnamed Fous-
■in. Among the works which he pamted (in oil) at Rome
are a series of "The Seven Sacraments," "The Rape
of the Sabine Women," "The Triumph of Flora," and
"The Passage of the Red Sea." He had acquired a
wide celebrity when, about the end of 1640, be renmed
to France at the request of the king, who appiunted hin
his first painter. He painted for the king a bouitifal
altar-piece of " The Last Supper," but toon became dis-
gusted with Ihe intrigues of the court and the jealousy
of rival artists. In 1642 he returned to Rome, where
he remained until his death, November, 1665.

"With a laborioBs aiKl mieh^ grasp," says Hailitt,
"he put Nature uito Ihe mould oi the ioeal and antique,
and was among painters (more than any one cite) what
Millonnas among poets. There is In both somethii^
of the same pedantry, ihe same stiKiesa, the same ele-
vation, the same grandeur, Ihe same miatuie of art and
nature, the same richness of borrowed materials, tbe
same unil^of character." ("Table-Talk.")

" His life," says Delacroix, " was reHscted in his works,
and accorded with the beauty and nobleness of his in-
ventiODS." He is considered the greatest historical
painter that France has produced. " Poussin has a lu
greater power," says Ruskin, "and his landscapes, though
more limited in material, are hicomparably nobler, than
Claude's." The same critic calls him "the prindpal
master of the classical landscape^" ("Modern PainteTa.1

S« Chaklsi Blahc, " fltudo >ur N. PousiiD ;" Maua Gia-
KAH, "Ucmcdn of N. Pmann,'* aSaa,

PoTiteaa, poo'to', (Claudk.) a French surgeon,
bom at Lyons in 1724. He published several volumes
1 sui^ery. Died in 1775.

Pow'derly, (Terencb Vincent,) was bom at
Carbondale, Pennsylvania, in 1849. He became a
machinist, joined the Knights of Labour in 1874, and
was their general master workman 1879-93. He was
elected mayor of Scranton on tbe Labour ticket in
-:87s, 1S80, and 1883. He was admitted lo the bar in
1894, and was appointed United States commissioner-
jeneral of immigration in 1897.

P&w'ell, [The Rev. Baden,} F.R.S., an English phi-
loBopher and geometer, bom in or near London about
1798. He became in 1^7 Saviliin professor of geometry
at Oxford, of which he was a graduate. He contributed
to the " Philosophical Transactions" and " Philosophical
Magazine" able memoirs on optics and other s

Ihe Progress of Physical and Mathematical Sdences,"
(l voL, 1834,) "The Connection of Natural and Divine
Truth," [1838,) a " View of the Undulatory Theory as
ipplied to the Dispersion of Light," (1841,) "The Unity

■lit LSitt, ¥>'«¥> ^^^**'i'^''**P''°'°°S«li I,(,[,6,il,y,it'(ffr4,'ht>ii9i<^^'''-'flr, fUli1t;mEt;n&tjg0Sd;n

db,Google

POWELL 19

t£ World* wul of NUnre 1 Three Essay* on Ae Si^frit
of tbe Inductiva PhiloM^hj, the Plurality of Woridt,
BDtl the PhiloMiphjr of Creation," (1S56,) " Chr[siiani^
without Judaism," (1857,) and "The Order of Nature
oooiidErcd with ReferenM to the Clainaa ai Revelation,"
1lSS») Diedini86Q.

Ss< Ibi " Monli Brilish Rtfiaw" for Nnvamber. 1859.

POw'ell, (David,) a Welth historian, bom in Den-
bighahire about 1552, was vicar of Ruabon and rector
of Llaniyilin. He published Caradoc's "History of
Cambria,'' with notes, (15S4.) Died in 1 598.

Powell, (Edwakd,) an English Homan Catholic
pricEt, wrote against the divorce of ilcnry VIIL and
Catherine, and was hung in 1540 for that offence.

Powell, (Gabiubi,) a son of David, noticed abov^
was burn in 1575. He was distinguished for learning
■nd was author of some polemical worlu on theology.
Died in 161 1.

Powell, [Geokce,] an English actor and dramatist,
wrote " Alphonso," a *:iigedy. Died in 1714.

PBw'ell, (GBOftGB,) an American historical painter,
bom in New York in 18J3. Among his works is "The
Discovery of the Mississippi" Died October 6, 1879.

Powell, (GairriTH,) was born in Wales in 1561.
He became principal of Jesus College, Oxford. Died

Powell, (John Wbslev,) L1.D., an American eth-
nologist, bom at Mount Morris, New York, March 24,
1834. He removed to Wbconsin in 1343, was educated
W Oberlm and Wheaton Colleges, and served with dis-

tinction in the war of iS6i-6j, losing his right
Shitoh. He was afterwards professor of eeoTt^ ii
Dois Wealeyan University, and in the Illinois Norma]

94) director of the United Stales geological survey and
after 187^ of the bureau of etiioology. He wrote " The
Ezploraiiun of the Colorado River," {1S75,) "Geolcey
of the Uintah Mountains," (1876,) "Introduction to the
Study of Indian languages," (1877,1 " Lands of the Arid
Region," (1S79,) etc., and pamphlets on philosophy,
Indian sociology, evolution, etc. D. Sept. 23, 1901.
Powell, (Sir John,) a British jud^ noted Ibr bis
hoiteaty, was txmi in Carmarthenshire. He was de-

K rived of office by James II. about 1688 for his conduct
I the trial of the seven bishops. Died in 1696.

Poiveli(Wiu,lAi<,) an English actor, who performed
with success at Drnry Lane from 1 763 until 1767. Died
hii769.

Powell, fWiLLiAH Sahdil,) >n English parson,
bom at Colchester in 1V17, becaine archdeacon of that
place about 1766. Died in 1775.

F&^^r, (TVKOHE,) an Irish comic actor, bom in the
county of Waterford in 1795. He performed in the
United States in 18^ and took passage in the steamei
President, which left New York in March, 1S41, and
was never heard of afterwards.

PS'W'Qri, (Hiram,) an eminent American sculptor,
born at Woodstock, Vermont, in 1805. Having re-
moved to Cincinnati, Ohio, he employed himself for a
time in modelling basts in plaster, and subsequently
engaged in the same occupation at Washington. In
1837 ne was enabled to visit Italy, where he has resided
many years. His statue of " Eve ' was exhibited in 1838,
and was at once acknowledged as a mastet'piece. It
was fallowed soon after by his "Greek Slave," which
became widely celebrated and has placed the artist in
ihe first rank of living sculptors. Among his other
works may be named "II Penseroso," "The Fishe^
Boy," "California," "America," stataes of Washington
and Calhotio, and btists of Chief-Inatice Marshall,
Adams, Webster, and Van BureiL Died at Florence,
lone 37, 1873.

Sh TocKnuiAB, " Book of thi Aitliu."

Poweie, (HooATio Nilson,) D.D., an American
Episcopalian divine and litlfrottitr, bom at Amenia, New
York, April 30, iSafiL He graduated at Union College
in 1850. He published "Thranab the Year," (1875,)
and ''Poems Early and Late," (1876^) and was a con*
tributor to leading American periodicals. Died in 1890.

PBir^ft-ui', an Indian sachem who tuleil over a

tractofcoantryinthevidnity of James River Vi^nitL
Died in 161S. (See Pocahontas.)

PSiv'la, (WiLLIAU Hbrbbrt,) Earl or, an English
peer, who in his youth fought for Charles I. against the
I^liament. He was regarded as the chief of the Roman
Catholic aristocracy. He was swom of the privy council
in 1686, and, according to Macaulay, gave James IL
judicious and patriotic advice.

Powlett. See Pawlett and Paulkt.

Pfiw'aoU, (Tkouas,) an English governor and an*
tiquaty, bom at Lincoln in 173s. He oecame Governof
of Massachusetts Bay in 1757, and of New Jersey in
1759. He returned to Engfand in 1761. Among his
works is a "Description of^the Antiquities of the Pro-
vincia Romana of Gaul," (1788.) Died at Bath in 1805.

Poyot, pwl'yi', (BsHNAsr^) a French architect, born
at Dijon in 17*1; died at Paris in 1824.

Foj'nfit or Po'net, (John,) an English bishop, bora
in Kent about 1516, was a lealous advocate of the
Reformation. He became Bishop of Rochester in tUg,
and Bishop of Winchester in 1551. He wrote, besides
other works, a book called " King Edward's Catechism,"
U553-) Having gone into exile on the accession of Mary,
m 1553, he died at Strasburg iu 1556.

Poyii'lngs, (Sir Ei>wari>,) an English gentleman,
who in the reign of Henry VIL performed an important
Mrt in the suppression of the Irish rebellion of which
Desmond and Kildare were the leader*. Died in 1512.

Poyn'ter, (Edward John,) an English painter, bom
in Paris, March ao, 1836. In iSt6 he was made a full
Academician, in 1871 became professor of art in Univer-
sity College, London, and in 1896 was knighted and
elected president of the Royal Academy.

Poihankl or Pojankl, po-zhak'skee, (DHmti,)
Princb, a Russian general, bom in 1578, drove out the
Poles from Moscow in 1611. He is called by Prince
A. Gallitsin "oneof the most popular heroes of Russia."
Died in 1643.

Sh MAUHtniSKV, ~ Lift ef pKbir^" Cm Rinam) 'IiT'

PoxESttl, pot-set'tee, (Pokpiuo,) a Florentine writer
of biography, etc, bora in 1769; died in 1816.

PozzL pot'see, (Giovanni Battista,) an Italian
painter, txim at Milan, flourished about 1585. Died at
the age of twenty-eight.

Fozzl, (Giuseppe,) an Italian poet and physician,
bom at Bol(^3 about 1695 j died in 1751.

PosKO, pot'so, (Andrea,) an Italian painter and
architect, born at Trent In 1641, was a Jesuit He
excelled in colouring and perspective, and adorned the

Pouo, (MoDETTA.) See Fonte, (Moderata.)

Poazo, dal, dU pofao, (Cassiano,) an Italian an-
tiquary, born at Turin in 1584. He formed at Rome a
rich cabinet of antiquities, and was a friend and patron
of N. Ponssin. Died in 1657.

Poszo, dal, (Fbrdinando,) Count, an Italian lawyer
and political writer, bom in Piedmont in 1768. He wa*
elected to the French legislative body in 1803, and be-
came Erst president of the imperial court at Genoa in
1S09. Died at Turin in 1843.

FoBso, dal, (GiKOLAHO,) Count, an Italian archU
tect, bom at Verona in 1718, was a skilful amateur.

POESO di Boigo, pofso de boR'go, (Carlo Am-
drea,) an eminent diplomatist, bom at or near Ajacdo*
in Corsica, in 1764. He entered tbe service of Paidl
about I79C^ and was elected to the French Legislative
Assembly in 1791. He was secrMary of state in the
new government formed by Paoii in 1793. In 1803 he
entered the service of Russia, and devoted himself to
diplomacy, for which he was quali&ed by his penetration
and address. He performed a mission to Vienna in
1804 or 1805, and another to Turkey in 1807. He re-
garded Napoleon as a personal enemy, and contributed
10 his overthrow. In 1813 he took a prominent part at
the Congress of Frankfort, and composed the bmous
declaration of the allies. He acted as Russian commis-
uoner with the army of the allies in 1815, and signed

• ai4;cas',-|<ldr>f;ias/,'a,H,r guOufvi: ii,iiual; k,lrilled; lut; thaainlAii. (jQ^See Explanations, p. t].^

d by Google

PR AD EL 15

the treatr of Puii. He wu RoHiMi ambuMdor at
Paris from tSl5 to 183^ Died in 1843.

Pndftl, da, dth psfdCl', (Pibrrx Makii Michel
CouTULT,) a French poet and improvlaatenr, bom in
Paiit in 178T. He produced manj short poems. Died
•t Brawel* lit 1857.

Fndter, prf d^', (Jacques,) a French sculptor of
high reputation, was bom it Geneva in 1793. He gained
the pand prize of Rome (at Paris) in 1813, and studied
at Rome for Stb jears. He became a member of the
Inatitute in 1S37. Hia works are remarkable for soft-
new and grace. His imagination was vivid, his design
correct, his execution good ; and with more elevation of
thrle he would have raited himself to the highest rank
01 French scolptora. Among his best works are a
"Psyche," (1824,) "The Three Graces," (1831,) a mar-
ble group of " Venus and Cupid," (1836,) and a marble
■tatue of Sappho, (1851.} Died near Paris in 1S51.

Sea GHnoa Bau, " Pradiar." Puta, itu; "HoovdliBioanpU*

Prado, pr&'iio, lUAaiANO Icnacid,) a Peruvian presi-
dent, bom at Huinaco in 1836, took part in the insur-
rection of 1S54 which overthrew President Echenique,
and in 1865 headed the revolution which deposed Presi-
dent Pezet. Frado was proclaimed dictator, and gained

Tears, bat was expelled by Balta in 1868, and retired
to Chili, where he wa* made a genera] of division, and
was snboeqoently Peruvian minister. Elected president
a aecond time in 1876, he was in 1879 director of the
Pemvian and Bolivian armies in the war against ChilL
After severe levorae* and the low of the province of
Tarapac^ he went to Europe in December, 1879, to seek
aid, and in his absence was deposed from the presideacjr.

Fnido, dsl, d£l pai'oo, (Bla^) a Spanish painter,
bora at Toledo in 1544, waa patronized by Plulip IL
Died about l6o«.

Fzadon, ptti'd&It', (Nicolai,) a mediocre French
tragic poet, bom at Ronen in 1633. He produced In
167^ "pTraans and Thisbe," and attempted to rival
Raone in "Fhidte et Hippolyte," (1677,) which w**
applauded b; a certain partj or coAob. Died in 1698.

Sm " Htnvll* BkicniMi (Mirfnla."

Pnd^ de, dfb pRlt, (Abbi Domikiqiti Dufour.) ■
French diplomatiat and politica] writer, born in Auvergne
in 1759. He became almoner of Napoleon about 1804,
BUiop of Poitiers in 1805, and Ar^biahop of Maline*
in 1808. In i8i3 he was sent as ambassador to Waraaw,
and, according to some writers, incurred the diipleasare
of Napoleon, with whom he had a curious conversation
during his retreat frqm Moscow. He published manj
political and historical works, among which is a " His-
lai7of the Embassy to Warsaw," (1S15.) Died in 1S37.

Pni«d, piftd, (Rosa Carounr,) an Australian
novelist, was bom (Prior) in Queensland, Australia,
in 1851, and married Campbell Mackworth Ptaed in
1S73. Among bet novels are " An Australian Hero-
ine," (1880,) "The Bond of Wedlock," (1887,)
"December Roses," (1893,) "The Scourge Stick,"'

(.8

!,)ei

Pnad, prld, (Wikthrop Hacxworth,) on EngUih
poet and lawyer, bom in London in 1S03. He wa* the
chief contributor to "Ttie Etonian," a monthly paper
ittued in iSao; after which he entered Trinity College,
CKuturidge. He gained priiei for the Greek ode and
ejugram, and for English poems, entitled "Australia,"
(18*3,) and "Athena,'' (1824.) In 1829 he was called to
the bar. He was returned to Parliament about 1S3CV
iMipoaed the Reform bill, and was re-elected in 1S35.
He became a successtui debater and a icalous conserva-
tive. Died in 1S39. Hi* poem* ore highly commended
br wit and elegance.

FrUkpitX pr»-jl'p».a, Ifrom the Sanscrit /n$i<,
"jpeople/* or the " world," and psti, " master,"] In the
Hindoo mythology, a title given to certain divine per
aonues, called also Brahiudikas, among whom ara
Marichi, Bhrigu, Daksha, and Nirada.

So* WILBOH. '^SanKnt DicdonuT'"

FiMD, pklm, (CHMmAM HBNRiK»if,) a diitin-
gnitbed tittiratttr and joamalist, bom in Gnldbrands-
dal, in Norway, in 1756. He founded at Copenhagen
conjointly with RahMk, the periodical «ibtJed_ " llie
Minerva,'*' and in 1811 becaioe president of tl

(1^5,) and the tragedy of "Damon and Pythias." lie
also published several treatise* on political eccKicHny
and statisiiCB. HI* genius and character are eologiKd
by Oehlenschlager. Died in iSai.

SuEiESLn, " For&uu-LKkoD i" J. K-Hobt, "C H.PnBi
1iioini£ik OniTitU." iS» i Howitt, "Lilvalvi* and Rohimimb of
Nnthem Europe."

Froia'd-niBS, a great divinity of the old Uthnaniana.
He sent out the giants Wandu (wind) and Wejas (water)
todestroymankind wtthaflood. Bat, seeing a few people
00 a mountain-top, he took pity on them and sheltered
Ihcm In a nut-ahell, and thus preserved the human racc^

Praalln, de, dfh pRt^n', (Ciua Gabsiu. da
Cholaenl — dfh shwl'iul',) Due, a French minister of
stale, born in Paris in 1713, was a cousin of the Due
de Choiseul. He obtained in 174S the rank of lieutenant-
general, became minister of foreign a&ira In l-jfo, and
minister of the marine in 1766. He waa removed ia
1770. Died in 1785,

Prnt; dtL See Duprat.

Prati, pRl'tee, (Giovanni,) an Italian lyric poet, born
at Dascindo, In the province of Trent, in 1815. He
composed "Edmenegarda," a poem, {1841,) which waa
received with favour. Amotw ais other popular poema
are "A Hymn to Italy," "The Sor« of the Future,"
"Rodolfo," and "Count Riga," (" II Conte Riga," 1856.)
In 1861 he published a poem called " Ariberto," (3 volt.)
He was elected to the Italian Parliament in iSfii. and
created tenator In 1S7& Died Mav to, ttt

in the tragic art 'He i* regarded by some as the

inventor of the satiric drama.

Prfltoiitia, or PitMtoilaa, pR&to^re-dC*, (Uicharl.)
a German musical composer and writer on music, bom
at Creutzbur^ in Thurmgio, In 1571, His "Syntasma
Musicum" ("Huslcal Tieatise," in 3 vols.) la priied for
tti rarity and historical value. Diedin i6ai.

Prktt, (Ahnib,) an English botanist, bom at
Strood, near Rochester, in 1S06, She published
"Flowers and ' their Associations," " Poisonoa*
Plants," and other works. One of the best known ii
"Flowering Plants and Fem* of Great Britain."
Died in 1893.

Pmtt, (Brnjauin,) an American judge, bom at
Boston in 1709. He gained distinction as a lawyer,
and became chief justice of New Vorii. Died in 1763.

Prktt, ^Charlbs.) See Camdek, Earl of.

Pratt. (Sir Charlbs,) a British general, bom in
1 77 1 , served in the Peninsular war at Vitoria, Nivelles.
Orthes, etc. Died in 1839.

Fmtt, (Charles,) an American philanthropist,
bom at Watertown, Massachusetts, in 1830. He grew
wealthy and famous through the introduction and sale
of astral oil. Chief among bis charities was the W.
K. Pratt Institute in Brooklyn, (1SE7,) consisting of
library and industrial schools. He added to it an
immense tenement house, and left Ii by will an en*
dowment of $3,000,000. Died in 1891.

Pratt, (Enoch,) an American philanthropist, bom
at North Middleboro, Massachusetts, in 180S. He
grew wealthy in the iron business in Baltimore, and
founded various benevolent institutions, especially the
free public library of Baltimore, which he left endow-
ments aggregating over $!,ooo,ooo. Died in 1896.

Pratt, (Samdrl Jackson,) an English poet and novel-
ist, born In Huntingdonshire in 1749. He published,
under the assumed name of Coubtnev Helhoth,
"Sympathy," and other poems, and several snccessfol
novels, among which are "The Pupil of Pleasure,"
(1779,) and" Emma Corbett,"(l78l.) Died in 1814.

Prann, won, fbn pRiSwn, [Gboro Aiii>reas Srpti-

a,E,I,6,fl,y,/«(f;l,t,^8ame,lea*prolongedi«,^t6,il,ft**»*;»,«,l,9,#*»aw;(U,flll,at;meija»[ga6d;m«Bu;

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PSAXAGORAS

Prax-«^>Taa, ^^a^yofoi^ an etninent Greek pby
rician of Coi. lived about 300 B.C. He wai noted Tor hu
■kill in anatooiT, and appear* (o have been the fint who
explained the ciSerence beiween veint and arteriei. He
wrote lereral works, oT which only a few rragmenti are
•ztant. Among hia pnpili wai Herophilua.

Prax-un^ FIIp6{iMii,] a Greek lyric poeteu, born at
Kcyon, lived aboat 450 B.C. Her works are loaL

Praadphane. See Praxifhanbs.

Prulph'f-oH, (Gr. Qpofif&MK; Fr. Praxiphani,
pitka'e'dn',) a Greek philoaopher, born at Mitylane,
wai a pnfdl of Theophraitui, and a teacher of EpicamA.

S« PiMLLaa, " De Pniiphiw," it^i.

PnxMlA. See Praxitslxs.

Praz4f9-1H, (Gr. npafirOvr; Fr. Puxntu,

he lived three Eenerationi after Alcamenea. The
of hti muter hai not been preierved. Praxilelea ia
ngwded m the founder of a achool, or the author of a
■ew atyle <rf an. AndenI wtiten repreient him ■• cele-
brated for refinetnent and softneaa of contour, grace in
attitude, and deliocjr In the exptetaion of lender afiec>
tions. Cicero conaideted the expresaion whkh animated
the headi of Praxiteles as one of the most admirable
and difficnlt reanlts which human ikill could
Antong his t>eit work* In bronze were a itatoe <
das, a Satyr or Faun, and a statue of Apollo, called
"Sauroctonoa." Anandent copy (in marble) of the last
work is preserved in the Vatican. Hia master-piece w»*
a marUe statue of Venn* (of Cnidoa) without drapery,
which was destroyed by fire at Conitaotinoplc abont 475
A.Ik No work a Grecian sculptors, except tbe Jnpiter
of Pfai^as, appear* to have been so celebrated as thlt
Tenna of CnJdoa. He produced also a statae of Venus
dtaped, and a marble sislne of Cnpld, whkh was praised
by Pliny. His Btstne of Hermes was in 1S78 recovered
ii^m tlie rain* at Olympia. Of this statue the right arm
b loat It i« justly regarded u one of the moat predona
ralica of ancient art

8w ruH*. " Nitnnl HMoit;" K. a UDixn, "ArcMdiKk
dwKaMi" "NoanUaBiocnpUaGAiAvla."

PrB7, pitoi, (Gboroi.) a If ungarian hiatoiian, bom at
Fresburgin t733or 1714. He pablished"Annalaofthe
Aadent UuDa," (" Annalea veterum Hannomm," 1761,]
and a " Histoid of Hungarj from 997 to 1564," (s vols.,
1764-70.) Died in 1801.

Pirnr, (Isaac Clark,) an American author, bom in
Boston, Hasaachusetta, May 15, tStj. He ilndicd at

Harvard --■ '-- — -1'.-— __..,__ .

For mani

York, anc ... ._ __. .. __ _

nett, Gmuvm Brooke, Theresa Parodi, Catharine Hayes,
and Madame Rlsiori, and published five dramas, besidM
poems, etc He wss also a successful itace-manager and
actor. Died in New York, November 38, 1869.
Frten. See DirPRtAU.

Prtenl^ pB^'O', (AuausTC,) a French sculptor, bom
in Paria in 1S09. Among his works are a bust of N.
Poossin in the Louvre, Charlemagne, (1836,) and "Ophe-
Ua," a bas-relief, (1S49.) Died January 11. >S79,

Pnble, prib'l, (Edward,) a ccleWated American
commodore, bom in Maine in 1761. Having been made
B captain in 1799, he sailed in the Essex to Batavia,
wlience iie convoyed home a fleet of fourteen merchanl-
Teaaela. In 1S03 he was appointed to command a
•qnadroD sent sgaioat Tripoli, having for his ftag-ship
the ConstitDtion. He attacked the bailerlea and gun-
boat! which defended Tripoli several times in August
and Septemlier, 1804. He captured three gun-boats,
and itrnlt four others. For these services he received a
gold medal from Congress. Died in 1S07.

Sc( SpAaxs. " AnHricu BiocniiliT ;" " Niiioai] Portnit-Oi]-
Ibv af Dbdntniihsd Aamiani." voL il.
PredpUno, dl, de pRi-che-pe-l'no, (Huubrrt

»S PRENTISS

GmLLAUHE,) CoDNT, a prelate, bom at Beaanjmi In
t6l6. He became Archbishop of Halines in 1690, and
was an opponent of QoetneL Died in 1711.

Prter, do, dfh pRi'ae', (Louis Fxanqou P«niii—
-i^'rIn',) Comtr, an able French general, bom i

Lyons tor ab
against thiTbetieging army, and escaped Vl
Died in 183a

FreiBler or PraLtalar, pRliler, (GiOKs HartinJ ■
German en^ver and iwlnter, Dont at Nuremberg In
1700; died in 1754.

Pralnlar or Pr«lular, (Iohanh Danih,) a German
painter and designer, the uther of the preceding was
bom at Dresden in 1665. Died in 1737.

PralalaT or Prsiaaler, (Johanh Groro,) an engraver,
born at Copenhagen in 17S7, was aaonof Johann Juatii^
noticed below, pied in 1808.

Pralsl«r or Prelnalor, (Johann Jushh,) an engraver
and painter, bom at Nuremberg in 1698, wa* a brother
of Georg Martin, noticed above. He etched aone worln
of Rnbcnt. Died in 1771.

ProlBlor or PretMier, (Johahn Martin,) a skilliil
engraver, a brother of the preceding was bom at No-
•-emberg in 1715. He was appointed court engravw at
1. .- _i.;-i. 1. J ,_ YOt en-

a master-piece. He executed aome works of Raphael
and other masters. Died ia 1794.

PnlHlsr. See PRUlias.

PreilleT, pRell; r, (Frikdricu,) a German ardat, bon
U Eisenach in 1804. In 1831 lie became profcMor cf
painting at Wetmar. Hia principal work* are on rlaitifi
subjects, of which tbe most noted are hi* fretcoa and
cartoons at Weimar and Leipsic, representing iccnea firov
the Odyssey. Died April 13, 1878.

PraUer, pael1«r, ( Ludwio, ) a Gemvn datalcal
■chol^ and antiquanr, bom at Hamburg In 1S09. He
became professor at Jena in 1S41G. Among hii works are
a " History of Greek and Roman Philosophy," (183S,)
anda "Greek Mythology," (1 vols., 1854.) DicdiniUi.

Pttmnre, pai'mtk , (Joseph Hemri,) a French mis-
sionary, bom abont 1670. He went to China in 1698,
and atodied Chinese literature with success. He Wfotc
" Account of the Chinese LanRuage," [" Notitia LinguN
Sinic*,") and "Letters on China." Died at Fekii^
about 1735.

PrAmontrnl, pRi'mAx'vtt', the sssnmed name ol
AxDRi PiBRRi La GuAY, (gi,) a French writer, born al
CharenioD in 1716. He removed to Berlin in 1751, and
was elected a member of the Academy of Sdences of
that dty. He wrote " Uonogsmy," (" La Monogamie,"
3 vols., 1751,) and other worb. Died in 1764.

Pr«iiii«r, Ton, fon pHCn'nfr, (Ahton Joseph,) a Ger-
man painter and en^avcr, bom at Wallentdn in 1683,
He engraved the picturel of tha Belvedere gallery of
Vienna. Died hi 1743.

pTonnar, tou. (Gboro Caspar,) a painter and eiH
Braver, a nephew of the preceding, was bom in i7o8>
lie worked at Rome, where he died in 1766.

fonnded in 183 _

having removed to Kentucky, became in 1831 editor of

the "Louisville Toumal," wluch soon acquired the repn*

ion of one of the ablest and most brilliant Jowoala

tbe country. He publiahed a number of small poem*

of great beautr. A collection of his wittidsms, endtlcd

** I^enticeana," appeared in iS6a Died in 187a

Se« OunroLD^ " Pacts aad Poetry of AmorieL"

Pren'tdAR, (Benjamin M.,) an American general, boni

general in 1861. He wa* taken pritoiKr at Sbiloh, April
6,1863. Abont July 3, 1863, he defeated General* Holmes

lid Price. Died FebniBry 8, 1901.

PrsnUBR, (Elizabeth,) an American author, bom at
Portland, Maine, October 36, iSiS, a daughter of Edward
Paysoit, already noticed. In 1845 she was married to

«aai.-fssi;KAi>m/.'ta*/;o,H,K,j*aa(ni/;N,iiUM(/;R,lMiiW;lass; IhssinMtt li^— SeeEipUnationa,pi.^r

d by Google

chiafljr religious l«l« for the young, " Stepping Heaven-
w«rd" being the best known. Died in 1878.

Fr«Dtiaa, (Sbakobnt Smith,) an American orator,
boRi Rt Portland, Maine, in 1S08. He itudied law, and
beeaiae about itija a resident of Viduburg, Miiuuippi,
where he practiKd with luccess. He «u elected a
member of Congress by the Whig* in 1837. In 1S40 he
adTocated the election of General Harrison ^ aeveral
pablic spcechea. He had a h^h repnt^on as an
orator, and ai an advocate in junr-trialH was equal or
loperior to anv lawjai in the Southwestern State*.
Died near Natchez in iSfa

Frenbrcy, (Et)GENB W.,) dramatist, bom at Wil-
liamsburg, Massachusetts, in 1853. He has been actor
and manager, and has wriHen "Squinel Ion," " Mar-
celle," "Raffles," "A Scrap of Paper," etc

Piea'cott. (Gborgb Bahtlk-i-i,) iq American
electrician, bom a( Kingston, New York, in 1830.
He became an expert in telegraphy, and was the
practical man in introducing Edison's duplex and
quadruple! sysieme. He published " Electricity and
the Electric Telegraph," (1877,) "The Electric
TeJepbone," (1890,) etc. Died in 1894.

PiMWtok^ (OuVEK,) M.D., an American physician
and patriot of the Rerolution, bom at Groton, Has-
uchuaetts, in 1731. He served u an officer ia the
Revolutionary war. Died in 1S04.

Frercott, (William,) Colohkl, an Ameritan vfficer
ti the Revolnlion, bom at Groton, MassacboMlt*, in
17IS, waa a brother of Oliver, noticed above. He fought
imh disdngaished bravery at the battle of Bunker Hill,
iriiere he appear* to have had the chief command, aitd
tn other important engagements. Died in 1795.

Fieaoott^ (William,) LL.D., an American jurist,
•ODof the preoeding, waabornat Pepperell in 176a. He
I appointed In 1818 a judge of the ootut of

IMedin 1844.

PTMOoU,(Wiu.iAHHiCKLtNa,) an eminent American
Ullorian, a ion of the precedine, and grandson of Colonel
Ptetcon who commanded at BirokeT Hill, wai bom at
Salem, MauachnseltB, on the 4th of May, 1796. Both his
parents were remarkable for their high moral qualitie*.
His Either was distinguished for his manl^ beauty, as

a woman of great energy, vlvadty, awl

nevolence; and to her influence her ton appears to have
owed not only much of the happineaa of hii life, but also
•ome of those admirable monJ traits which formed the
ovwning ornament to his rare intellectual endowments.
In the uminer of IS08 his lather removed to Boston,
and the fbllowing autumn aent his son to what was then
regarded as the best classical school in New England. It
was kept by Dr. Gardiner, an excellent scholar, wlio had
been educated in England under the celebrated Dr. Parr.
In iSii young Frcscoti entered the Sophiimore das*
at Harvard College. In his knowledge ol Greek and
Latin he was lar in advance of most of the members of
hi* das*; bat he had no fondness for mathematics, and
never Mtait»sd any profidency in mathematical studies.
During hi* JorJor *ear at college an seddent befell him
which wa« deUined to inflaence the whole of his snbae-
quent life. One day In the Commons HaJI, while the
student*— OS too often happened after the professors had
left the table— were indulging in a rude Irolic, Prescott

At that instant' a hard piece of bread, thrown at

random, (track him on his left eye, which, under the
peculiar dicumuancea, having no warning, was open.
K> that nothing — not even the eyelid— was interposed
to mitigate the blow. He instantly fell prostrate and
powerless, as if the br^n itself had received a severe
teacunioo. After some weeks he was able to resume
hk stodtoa t but the sight of hi* left eye— though thia
«M to appearance onchanged — was gone forever.

the pursuit of his studies, teemed to eidte in him
more earnest and determined resolution to become
respectable scholar. He graduated in August, 1814,
after commenced the study of taw. Bat the

the organ, followed by opacity of the
cornea, so that for some week* the power of raion was
completely loaL

Among the many interesting and admiraUc tiaitl
in Mr. ^escott's character, perhaps noite ia more r»-
markable than the invindble cheerfulnas and beiMC
resignation with which he bMe the frcqaent and *eTcte
sutTering and the life-Umg privatimt to which he was
subjected in conse<|uence of the injury of bi* sight.

In the ho))e of improvii(g hi* general health, which
had been seriously impaired by confinement, and also of
indirectly benefiting his eyes, he was induced to under-
take a voyage to Europe. He set oat in the autumn of
1815. He remained abroad nearly two years, visiting
England, France, and Italy. Hts sight, though not
strong enough to permit him to read much, seems to
liavc been sufficient to give him a vivid en^c^ment of
the various scenes and places through which he trav-
elled i but his health appears not to have been benefited
by his foreign tour, and in the summer of 1817 he re-
turned to his native country. He now dedded to aban-
don the law and devote himself wholly to literature.
His eye, however, was ao irritable and fecDlo that he was
obliged to pass much of his dme in a darkened room,
witli barely light enough to admit of some one reading
10 him, — this being now his only means of cuttivatinf
an acquaintance with his Civourite authors.

In May, 1810, Mr. Prescott was married to Hiss Sns«n
Amory ; and the union appears to have been a singularly
happy one. About iSzi he commenced a syuasnatie
course of reading, (by the ear,) which was to entHrace
the works of the oesl English prose writers from Roger
Ascham to the present day, and afterwards the ^t
productions of (lie hteratures of France and Italy. He
appears to have enjoyed with a peculiar lest the great
works of Italian genius, and especially the " Divina Corn-
media" of Dante. He seems to have taken less delight
in the celebrated authors of France, though he admired
Montaigne and Pascal, and, above all, Lia Fontaine and
Moliire. In the autumn of 1814 he commenced in
earnest the study of that magnificent language and lite-
rature which have been immortalised by the genius Ol
Lopo de Vega and Cervantes. " This," says Mr. Tick-
nor, " wu the opening of Che Spanish campaign, which
ended only with bis life." He had at one time enter
tained the design of writing a sort of general history
o( Italian literature ; but tm* was now abandoned lor
labour in a diflereni field After "long chooeing," to
adopt the words of Milton, "and beginning late," he at
last decided, in January, 1826, to write the " History of
Ferdinand and Isabella," which, eleven year* later, waa
puUithMl, in three Svo volumes, simultaneously in Bos-
ton and in London. The success of the work was of the
most flattering kind, and at once placed him in the very
highest rank of contemporary historians. After nz

Sara of additional labour, appeared his " Conquest of
exico," (3 volt. Svo, 1843.) Four years afterward* ha
gave the world his "Conquest of Peru," (1 vols. Sro.)
In 1S45 appeared a volume of his " Miscellanies," coa-

e work was ifaaigned to
_ -le third volome wa* pub-
lished in the *umnier of 1858, after the occurrence at
his first slight apoplectic attack, (Febraary 4, 1858,) from
which he seemed speedily to recover. He resumed his
literary labours, but was forced to limit himself to IhM
lightest kind of work \ and he never afterward* bad thac
enjoyment in hit studies which tte had experienced ilk
prcvloua yeaia. On the 38lh of January, 1S59, he wa&

1,1 ^4fl,f.iW.'i^^ !■■<«. 1«**P alnnged; I,i,l.6,6,|r,i't«^. ».«, j.<},'^<i"-r,' 13t. ail ftt; miti n&t^KdUl;n

PRESL IS

Kued with B KcOBd ittKk of apopltzf, of trhleh he
died in aboat three honrB.

In per*on Hr. Prescott wai tall uid well fomed, with
tight-brown hair, a fine dear complexion, and an ez-
Jtrasion of countenance lingularty bright, genial, and
attractive. " His unile," sa^ Mr. Ticknor, " was abso-
iDtely tbe moil contagious I ever looked upon." His
disposition was in the liighesC degree social, generous.

he did ia^ by day, that attracted such regard and good
will (rom to many ; for, however few he might know,
there were very many [hat knew him, and watched him
with unspoken welcomes as he passed along."

Hr. Prescott's merits as a historian are of the verr
highest order. In vigour of thought and in grandeur ai
■tyle he has undoubtedly been surpassed by many of
the great masters of historical compo»tion ; but he poi-
•essed other quallHes, which, if less imposing, are ftx
more essential to the character of a perfect historian.
In that spirit of thorough research which never rests
■atisGed until every field has been explored and eveiy
accessible soarcc of tnrormalion consulted and ex-
hausted, he has had few if any superiors ; while in that
hnpartiality which proceeds from a high and scrupulous
•ense of justice and unswerving devotion to truth, he
has perhaps never been equalled — certainly never iur-
pM*ed — tiy any historian, of whatever age or coantrf.
Hit style, moreover, is for the most part remarkable for
Its animation, clearness, and grace ; and in the general
treatment of his inbiect he exhibits in an eminent de-
gree the "eloquence" and "ladd order" which the great
poet-cridc of aticient Rome tells us will not be wantii^
to him who knows how to choose bis subject wisely.

(For the opinions of vartoai eminent critics on the
works of Mr. Prescott, the reader is particularly re-
fcned to AlUbone*! "Dictionary of Authora.")

SM,alM,lti**diiiiiabh"UfasfWi]lii>n Hicklini Pracott," b*
OhmcTkumii, BaMoii.iS64iILW.Cainnui."P>«eWi1tEn
rf Aitrifi;" rnvxaux. "Critopodi* of Amtrian Liunnm,"
voLiL; "AnerieuCiKlopBilii:" '' Qouuri* Rit^ew" for I>«eio-
ki. 1B13, ud Stplamber, 1S47; "Nortti Amcricui Renn" <ca

PRBTl

Preal, pulsl, (Jan SwatoM-UIC,) a Bohemian botanist,
bom at Prague in 1791. He wrote "Symbols BotanicK,"
(iSia,) and other works. Died in ■&t9-

FT«sle, da, dfh psl], (Charles Marie Wladimik
BKllNET.t a French Hellenist, bom in Paris in 1809.
He published, besides other works, a "Critical Inquiry
Into the Succesaion of Egyptian Dynasties," (1S50,) and
"Greece since the Roman Conquest," (" La Grice de puis
la Conqujte Romaine," iS^g.) Died Sept. 12, 11175.

Freasens^ de, dfh pRi's&N'sii', (Edmond,) an emv
neni French Protestant divine and pulpit orator of the
m^ienl age. Among his works are a " History of the
First Three Centuries of the Church," "Tbe Religions
before Christ : being an Introdut^on to the History of
the First Three Centuries of the Church," (i86>,) and
"JewM Christ: his Times, Ufe, and Work," (1866.)
He sat is the national assembly, iSti-tS, and Id iSSi
was chosen senator for life. Died April 8, 1891.
His wife, {nie du Plessis,) was the author of a
number of charming stories for children, and of poems,
which have gone through many editions.

Preatel, psis'tfl, (Jokanh Gottukb,) a German
engtavei and portrait-painter, born at Griinbach, in
Snabia, in mg. He worked al Nuremberg for tome
rears. Died in 1808.

PrM't^r John or Jo&o, [Fr. Lb PKtTRB Jsan,
l(h prliR aheN.I ("the Priest John,") the title of an
fanagmary personage whom the Europeans of the middle
agea mppoaed to reign in ibe interior of Asia and to
have been converted to Christianity. Rubrnquis, a friar,
waa lent by Lonia IX. of Prance to search for Preiter
Tohn, in 13J3, and explored Central Tartary, but did ml
find him. The general belief in his existence originated

Khaps in a report of some Nestonan missionaries that
ig, (or Oungh,) a Khan of Taitary, had been con-
Tertcd by them.

S« S. Bahhs-Gouui. "CDiioii* Ujlhi of Ihs Middle Ago."

PrM't9it, (Hakribt W.,) an American liOinUair, bora

■t Danven, UamchuMtta. She has contributed to the

dtmblta

" Atlantic Monthly" and other inaL .

"Aspendale," "Love in the Nineteenth Centuryv''
"Meriio," a translation from Frederick Mistral, (18^)
and "Troubadours and Trouvires New and Old," (187&)

Pien't^o, (John,) an eminent English divine and
Puritan, born at Heyford, in Northamptonshire, in 1587,
adopted Calvinistic opinions. He waa chosen matter of
Emmanuel College, Cambridge, about 1631. He was th«
author of a "Treatise on 5ie Covenant," and otinr
works. Bv the Eivour of the Duke of Buckingham, b«
obtained toe lectureship of Trinity Church, Cambridge.
According to Fuller, he was "an excellent preacher, a
celebrated disputant, and a perfect politician." Died
in 1618.

Prea't^n, (John S.,) an American politldan, brother
of W. C. Preston, was born near Abingdon, Virginia, in
1809. He removed to South Carolina, where he was
elected 10 the State legislature. Soon after the electioa
of Mr. Lincoln to the Presidency, he joined tbe secea-
tlonists. DiedatColumbia, South Carolina, May i, i3£i.

Pieaton, (MAROAasT Junhin,) an American poetess,
daughter of George Tonkin, D.D., was born al Lexington,
Virginia, in 1838. She contributed to the leading maga-
zines, and published '■ Silver wood," (1856,) "Beechen-
brook," {1868,1 "Old Song and New," (187a,) "Car-
toons," (1876,) etc Died in Baltimore, March z8, 1897.

Preston, (Thomas,) an English dramatist, was a
Fellow of King's College, Cambridge. He wrote aboat
tj64 "A Lamentable Tragedy, mixed full of Pleasant
Mirth, containing the Life o? Cambyses, King of Persia."
Died in 159S.

PTMton, (Thomas Scott,) LL.D., MoNSicNoa, ao
American ctergyinan, born at Hartford, Connecticut,
julv 33, 1815. He graduated at Trinity College, Hart-
tord, in 1S43, entered the Episcopalian ministry in 1S46,
became a Romanist in 1849, and in 1850 was ordained a
priest. He was chosen vicar-general of the archdiocese
of New York, and in 1881 was appointed a domestic
prelate of the papal court Among bis very numeroot
books are " Reason and Revelation," (i86S,l " Protestant-
ism and the Church," (iSSi,) and "God and Reason,"
(1SS4.) Died in 1891.

Preston, (Wiu-IAM,) an American general, bom near
Louisville, Kentucky, in 1816. He practised law in
Louisville, and was sent as minister to Spain in 1S58.
He joined the disunionists in 1861, and waa appobted a
brigadier-general Died September 21, 1887.

Praaton, (William C.,) va American Senator and
orator, bom in Philadelphia in 1794. His grandmother
waa a sister of Patrick Henry. He studied in Edin-
burgh. About 1833 he removed to Columbia, South
Carolina, where he practised law and gained much dis-
tinction. He was dected a Senator of the United States
by the legislature of South Carolina in 183Z. He op-
posed the policy of John C. Calhoun, and resigned hia
seat about 1843. He was alierwards president of the
South Carolina College. Died at Columbia in 186a.

Fieaton-OraiiKe, Loan. See Grant, (PATRitut.)

Prest'wl'cli. (Sir Joseph,) an English geologist,
born at Pensbuty, near London, March 12, iSiz. He
was educated at Utyversily College, London, and be-
came an amateur geologist, publishing important
scientific papers, also " Geology," (3 vols., 1886 and
1888.) From 1874 to 1887 he was professor of geology
al Oxford. He was knighted m 1896. Died tbe

PratMider, Tbo Fliab See Jamis Fkamcu E^

WAMX
Proteuder, Tba Second. See CHARI.H Edwabd

PreU, pRi'tec, (Girolaho,) an Italian poet, bom la

Tuscany in 1582 1 died in 1626.

Pratl, (Mattia,) called II Calabre.w, an Italiau
painter, born in CaJabHa in 1613, was a pupil of Lan.
franc and Guercino. He worked in Rome, Naples, and
other places, preferring scriptural and tragiral subjects.
Among his works are frescos of the life of Saint An-
drew, at Rome. His design was vigorous rathei than
graceAil, and bis colottring sombre. Died in 1699.

SbPasooll "Viu di' Ruh! uodenii;" Lahu, "Huiotyel
PuDliai; in Italj."

« a*<; t**/,* |4tfri^; j[aa>,- 0,B,K,(Mftini/; H,fMM/,- R, tmU'iln/; laai;thas In l4it. (t^SeeExplaDationa,p.S3.

Digitized by VjOOQ I C

PREUSCHEN

199S

PRICE

i, pKoi'tbfn, (A. T.,> a Gemun Uulnda^
■nd ihcolonan, barn in H«Me in 1734. Among his
works U " Honuments of Ancient Phnical and Political
RcTolutioni in Gennan;," (1787-) He b*enttd typanU-
frit, or the art of printing {jam and map* with movable
tfMt. Died in 1803.

Preiu^ psoiw, (Jorann Davtd Ekdmanh,) a Ger-
man UatiHian, born al Landaberg, on the Warthe, in
1785. He published several works relating lo Frederick
the Great and his times, among which it ■ "Biosrapbr
of Fredeikk the Great," (iSja-j^) Died in 1868.

PrAral, de, dfh pBi'vU'; (Ciaudk Antouik Hip-
POLVTi,) VicoHfE, a French general, born at Satins
(Jura) in 1776. He became a lieutenant-general In 1S14.
and president of the committee of war in the council
c^ ttale in 1837. He ^ned distinction *• a writer on
BilitVT a&ira. Died in 1853.

PrtfTOBt, ^EuGfeNE Marcbl,) a French novelist,
bom al Paris in 1861. He was in a tobacco factory at
Lille until 1S91. His works embrace " Le Scorpion,"
(18S7,) " La Cousine Laura/' (1890.) " Le* Denii-
Vierges." (1894.) etc.

PrevoBt, prtv'ost, ?(SiT GiosGi,] an English gen-
eral, born in 1^7. He distinguished himself al the
attack on Martinique in 1S09, and became Governor-
General of the British possessions in North America in
1S13. He wa* defeated at Flattiburg in 1814, soon after
which he was recalled. Died in London in 1816.

Sh "SdBU Anouat of lb« Pvblic Llibof G*iHniI Sir Coxii
PrcmaL," LoqdoD, 1813.

Pr^oat, pU'vi/, (Isaac BENotr,) a Swiss natu-
ral philosopher, born at Geneva in 1755. He became
pTOKBBor of philosophv at Montauban in iSlo. Hja
chief work is a " Memoir on the Cause of the Caries of
Wheat, and of other Diseases of Plants," (1S07.} Died
In 1 819.

Sm p. Patrcm, " Natica aar I. B. Prtvou," iSn

FrrirroMi (Jban,) a Swiss medica] writer, born near
Bftle in 1585. He succeeded Alpini as professor of
botany at Padua in 1617, and wrote many works, which
were often reprinted. Died at Padua in 1631-.

Pr^TOBt, (Loots Constant,) an eminent French
geologist, born in Paris in 1787. He published in iSio
an important work " On the Geological Constitution of
die Basin of Vienna," (in Austria,) and became |)rofessor
of geology at the Sorbonne in 1831. Among hii works
are " Chronology of Rocks and Synchronism of Forma-
tlons," (1845,) and "Bearing of Andent Fossils in the
Basin of the Gironde." Died in 1856.

SH"NounII« Biocnphii GAitnle,"

Pl4T0*t,(PlB]tBE,)a Swiss natural philosopher, bom
at Geneva in iKii was eminent (or the varie^ and pro-
feundness of bis learning. He became professor of
philosophv al Berlin in 17S0, and professor of belles-
lettres at Geneva about 17S4. In ijSS he published a
work " On the Origin of Hagnetic Forces." He obtained
the chair of philosophy at Geneva in 1703, and that of
general physics in 1810. He published, besides other
works, " Researches on Heat," ( 1 793,) " Radiant Caloric,"
(1S09,) and an "Exposition of the indoles of Radiant
Heal," (183a,) which were highly esteemed. Died in 1S39.
IT P. Prtvott," b lh> "Bi-

have obtained," says PJri^, "only the second rank of
landscape-painters, if a new discoverer had not induced
bim 10 adopt a kind of painting in which he remains un-
rivalled." The invention of the panorama is ascribed
both to PrJvosC and to Robert Fulton. Died in 1833.

^dvoat, (ZachIe,) an eminent French engraver, bom
' ~ ' ■ 1 1797. He obuined a medal in 1817 for
It Cane Miienum." after Gerard, and a medal
: engraved "The Wedding
:. (1852.) Died in 1*61.
FrAwMt dXxlles, pR&'vy dek'stl', (Antoine Pram

SIS,) ■ Frendi writer, bom in Artois in 1697. He took
I nuNiaslic vows in his youth, but soon became dis-

iii Paris ii

gnsted with that life, and fled to Holland. He wrota
nearly two hundred volumesi indndlng manv works of
fiction, among which his novel entitled "Haooci Les-
cant" (1733) was especially celebrated. He pnbUshed a
'■GeneralHistoiyotVoyagca,"(so*ols.,t745-70.) Died
IniTfij.

died in 1793.

Fi4vast>.PBradaI, psi'vif pf rf dol', (Ldciin Ana-
TOUl,)a French litUralttir and orator of great eminence^
bum in Paris In 1819. He obtained from the Frendi
Academy in 1851 the price of cioquence for an "Clog*
de Bemardin de Saint- Pierre." In l8j6 he b^an to
write for the "Journal des IMbats," of which he was
for many years one of the ablest editors. He was ad-
mitted into the French Academy in 1S65, in place of
Ampiie. On this occasion Guizot addressed him in a
*eiy complimentary speech. He published a volume of
"Elssals de Politique et deLitt^raturc," (1859,) "Essais
de Politique el dc Morale." (1862.) and " Cludes sur le>
Moraliates Fransais," (1864.) He had a great talent fol
ironjr and raillery. In June, 1870, he wai appealed
minister to the United States. He committed swdde at
Washington, Julv 10 of the same year.

Preyer, pri'fr, (Johann Welhklm,) an eminent Ger-
' ' -, bom at Rheydt, Kbenish Prussia, in 1S03.

" " "7

He was educated at Dusseldort where he lived for m
years. Among his earlier pictures was the "Bock Bi .
in the New Pinakotbck al Municli. His chief repntation
was won as a painter of still life, in which department be
was almost unrivalled. Died in 1889. His son I^nl
and daughter Emilie also won distlnctifHi as artisia.
The elder Preyer was a dwari.

Prer'ei, (Thierry Wilhblm.) b German physi-
ologist, bom at Manchester, England, in 1841. He
studied in several German universities, and in 1869
became professor of physiology at Jena. His best-
known work is "The boul of the Child." Others are
"The Struggle for Eiistcnce," "On the Causes of
Sleep," etc.

Fri'Bin,(Gr. npf^uc; Lat FRi'Ainn; Pr. Pkiam,
. Re'&N',) a kmous king 6i Troy, in whose reign occurred
the siege of Troy, which is the tbeme of Homer's "Iliad"
He was a son of Laomedon, and the father of Hoctor,
Paris, and other heroes. According to Virgil, he was
killed by Pyrrhos at the capture of Troy.

Priamua. See Priail

^lap«. See Priafus.

Prl-X'pna, [Gr. npiamt; Fr. Pbiapk, paetp',] an
obscene idol of the Greek and Roman mythology, repre-
sented as a son of Bacchus and Venus, and worshipped
as the protector of flocks of sheep and goats, of gn^.
vines and i»rdens, and as the god of fertility.

Ptioe, (Bartkoloksw,) an English dei^yman and
mathematician, born In t8l8 at Coin Saint Dennis. He
graduated in 1840 at Pembroks College, Oxford, and
in 1S53 was appointed professor of natural philosophy
in bis university. His moat noted work is a "Treatiae
on the Infinitesimal Calculus," (5 vols., 1857-65.) Died
December ag, 1898.

Prioa, (Bonauy,] an English economist born b
Guernsey, May 23, 1807. In 1829 he graduated at Wor-
cester College, Ozford, in which university he became
in 1868 professor of political economy. Among his
works are "The Principles of Currency," (186%) "Of
Currency and Banking," (1876,) "Practical Political
Economy," (1878,) etc Died January 8, 1888.

Cora]

or.M

History from [he Death of the Aralrian Legislator t

the Accession of the Emperor Akbar," (4 vols., i8t t-2t.)

Died in 1835.

Frloo, (Eu K.,) an American laner, bom hi Brad-
ford, Chester county, Pennsylvania, July aa, 1797- He
was admitted to the bar in 1823. He published " Liens
and Limitations," (1857,) a book on the law of real

t, e, I, IS !>• ^ '"V-A ^ ^ eMue, leas prolonged; i, i, I, & 0. f , /A<>W; t, t, 1, 9, «««w>v; Or, fill, at; mtt; iifit; |Md) MO&a;

Digitized by CjOOQ I C

Mtate, (t874i) *nd Tadou other work*. INad at PUla*
ddphia, November tj, 1S84.

riloa, (Tauis,) an £ngUih chemiat or alchetniat, bom
In 1751. He committed micide in itSi.

FitcM, {Sir ToHN,) an Eng\]ab or Welt ,.,

arrote a " DeKnce of Brtttth Hhtorf," In Mumr

i6(NX He pobliabed cororoeDtarie*
in a convent at Rome in 1676.

Fries, (TOHN,) an Engliah divine, who waa chaplain
to General Monk, and became rector of Petworth, in
Sutsex, under th« reign of Charles II. He pobtished
"The Hystery and Method of his Majeaty'a Happj
Reatanration," etc., (London, 1660.) Died in 1691.

Sm ~ Ueok't Centcmpmrii^" by Gaiari.

Price, (RiCHAitpk) an eminent Englith dittentiitg min-
iMet and speculative philosopher, was bom at l^piCon,
fai Glamorransbire, in 1713. He ma chaplain to Mr.
Streathfield, or Sticitfield, fi-om 1743 to 1756, after
which he preached at Newington Green Chapel and the
Gnvel'Pit Meeting- Hoaae, at Hackney. He married
in 1737 a MLai Blundell. He advocated the caose of
American liberty in his " Observations on Civil Ubertv
■nd the Justice and Policy of the War with America,"
(■776,) nhich was a popnlar work. In 177S he was in-
vited by Congress to become a dtiien of the Uniied
States ; but he declined. He was an intimate friend of
Dr. Franklin and Dr. FrJeatle^. Among bis chief works
are a "Review of the Principal Questions and Diffi-
enlties in Morals," (1758,) "Fonr Dissertations, on
Providence, Prayer, the Slate of Virtuous Men after
Deatb,andChr;stianit]r,"(i766-6S,)andSermons. Died
In London m 1791.

SH"Liftiif K. Pria,"b7 W. UoacAJ), iSi),

Prfoa, (StSRUNC.) an American general, bom b
Virginia. He emigrated to Missoari, and represented a
district of that State in Congrets from 1845 to 1S47. He
waa Governor of Missouri &am 1S53 to 18J7, and joined
the disunionists in 1E61. He served as major^cneral at
Wilson's Creek in August, 1861, took Leiingion, Sep-
tember 30^ and retired to Springfield. He commanded
a division at Pea Ridge, March, 1S61, and at Corinth, in
October of that year. In September. 1864, he entered
Soatbeaslem Missonri with an annv, made a snccessliil
laid to Lexington, and, after several lights, returned by
a difierenl route to Arkansas about the end of October.
IHedhii867.

S« ■ Botka of SdHiiit Pric* In " Soulbcn Gsunli," lUj.

PriOB, (Rev. Thomas,} a distinguislied Welsh scholar,
bom at Fencaerelin, near Buillli, in i;r87. He became
vicarof Cwmdu iui83S. He wrote, besides other work&
"A Critical £ssay on the Language and Uteratare of
Walea," and (in Welsh) a " Hutory of Wales and the
Welah Nadon from the Early Ages to the Death of
Llewelyn ap Gni%dd," I1S3&-43,) which is said to be
the best work on the subject Died in 134S.

Prioe, (% UvKDAUt,) an English gentleman, bom in
Herefordshire in 1747. He made some improvements
in landacape-gardening, and wrote a work on that sub-
ject, entitled ^An Essay on the Picturesque as compared
with the SubUme and Beautiful ; and on the Use of
Studying Pictures for the Purpose of Improving Real
Lanocape," (>794-) An enlarged edition was publisbed
b a vola., 1747. I^ed in 1839.

Price, (WiLUAU,) an English Orientalist, bom in
17S0. He went to Perua in 1810 as secretary of the
ft'itish embassy. He pnUished a "Grammar of the
Hindoatanee, Persian, and Arabic Languages," (1813,)
and other works. Died hi 183a

Pricbvd, piltch'trd, CJamu Cowuis,) an eminent
English ethnol<^st and phyaiolo^^ bom at Roas,
Hetefordibire, in 1785. He graduated a* a phyaidan at
Bdinbor^ and b«n to mactise at Bristol about i8io>
In 1813 he pnhliatied " Reaearchea into the Physical
HIatory of hfanUnd," (i voL ; id edition, 5 vols^, 1849,)
a work of high reputation. He wrote a more popnlat
le subject, entitled " The Natural His-

|9 PRIESTLEY

Eastern Origin of the Celtic Natlona," (1831,) and a
■■TreatiBeonlDBanity,"(i834.) He removed from Biittol
to London in 1S45. Died in December, 1S48.

Sm CAiiimi, "Hc^dBiwhia SduifbuUer-LcokDii ;" "Qiuu>

iBj*:'

■"brNnm

Piiohnrd, pr1tch'»rd, (Rev. Rsca,) a Wdah poe^

bom in Carmaithensbire ; died In 1644.

Pridoan^ prtd'o or prld'ix, (HtrMPRRxr,] a teamed
English divine and historian, born at Padsiow, in Cora-
wall, in 1648. He was educated at DiTord, where be
published the inscriptions of the Arundel marblee in
1676. He became prebendary of Norwich in 1681, recttn
of Bladen in 1683, rector of Saham in 16S6, archdeacon
of Suffolk in 16SS, vicar of Trowse in l69iS, and Dean
of Norwich in 1701. He opposed the acts of James IL
which caused the revolution of 16S8. His principal
worka are "A Life of Mahomet," (1697,] once held in
high esteem, but now admitted to be very deficient in
impartiality as well as in true historical research, and a

" ' he Connection of the 01 _

s much esteemed

Pridean^ (John,) an English dhrine of great learn-
ing, was bom at Stowford, in Devonshire, In 157S. He
became in 1615 reglui professor of divinity at Oxford,
canon of Christ Church, and rector ofEwelme. In 1641
he waa appointed Kahop of Worcester. He suffered
much loss In consequence of his adherence to the royal-
ist party In the dvil war. He left many works on tne-
ology, tf^c, and other aulqecta. Died in tSsa

S** Wooi^ " Aihena OnDioiHi."

Ptieriaa. See Hazouni.

Prieaanlte pitees'nita, (Vikcuiz,) celebrated as the
founder of the *;^m of hydropathy, ( Kallwaatmir,
"cold-water cnre/^ was bom at Griifenberg, in Austrian
Silesia, In 1799. Having been severely injured by a
loaded carl Msdng over his body, ho was enabled to
effect a cure tty the application of cold water, which be
subaequeotty made use of as a besling agent in various
diseases when consulted by hta neighbours. In 1816
he opened a hydropathic institution at Grifenberg, which
was soon retorted to by invalida fmm diBi^rent parts of
Germany and other countries of Europe. The &me
of his successes became at length so great that the num-
ber of his annual guests exceeded one thousand. His
system excluded all mcdidne and stimulants of whatever
land, as well as blistering and depledon in any form,
relying only on the various applications of water, abun-
dant out-door exercise, wholesome diet, etc. He died
in 1S51. The water-cure has been received with hvour
in the principal countries of Europe, and in the United
Stales.

S« Diom-HiuuLmcH, "V. Frlndihi and £• Wiiwunr."
iS^j: SauHOO. " Vincoii Pnausiti," 1S51.

PrieaUajr, preeatO^ (Joskfh,) an eminent English

philosopher, chemist, and theologian, was born at TxtAA-
head, near Leeds, on the 13th of March, 1733, He

hf> had been educated as a CalvinlsL He preached tc
a small company of dissenters at Needham-Harket from
1755 to 1753, and then removed to Nantwich, Cheshire.
In 1761 he became tutor of languages and belles-lettres
academy of Warrington, and published "Th*

n which he rejects

Scripture Docnine of Re mi
the do^a of the atonement

Dunnga visit to London he formed an acquaintance
with I>r. Franklin, who encouraged him to write a " His-
tory of Electridty." He publttbed in 1767 a work with
this title, which was bvouraUy received. He was elected
aFellowoflheRoyalSode^ini766. In 1767 he took
charge of a dissenting coiwrention at Leeds, where he
wrote several works on Iheotogy and foui '
in experiments on pneontatic chemittiy.
in 1773 the Conlev medal for his "O--—
farentK

aaai; im*;\ktmli ^uj; a,M,x,gKtlKr»l; m,mmMl;m,lHlUd: laaa; thaabtf^ (l^^ee En^aaatfawa, p. aj.

dbyGoogle

PRIEVR M

mioB on tha blood, mod the tendenn of vegetation td
nttore to viliRted air its Ttvi^ng pnndple. He also
diacorered nitrous f^s, murUtic gas, and oxygen, which
he called "dephlogiadcated air." He obtained the last
in 1774 from red precipitate of mercury. "As a physicist
and chemist," says Cuvier, " the talents of Priestley were
of the first order. His issearches and writings ha**
contriboted much to the progress of the science.

He poblished in 1771-74 "Institutes of Natural and
Revealed Religion." He was librarian and literary
companion of the Earl of Shelburne from 1773 to 17S0,
during which period he published "Experiments and
Observations on Air," (5 vols., 1774-S0,) a " Defence of
Sodnianism," and other work*. In 1780 be settled al
Birmingham as minister of the principal dissenting con-
grezation. He incurred public odium by the heterodoi
ana liberal opinions expressed in his " History of the
Corruptions of Christianity," (1732,) "Familiar Letters
to the Inhabitants of Birmingham," (1790,) and "Reply
to Barke's Reflections on the French Revolution," (179 1.)
In July, 1791, his house was atucked and set on fire by
a mob, wto inflicted great damage on his library, appi-
ratns, etc., while he and his Orally escaped by Bight.
For the sake of a more tranquil lite, he emigrated with
his wife and children in 1794 to Northumberland, Penn-
sylvania, where he was coldly received, especially by the
Anti-Gallican party. Died in February, 1304.

Sea JoKH CoiKV. " Lifc of Priaular," ifoj ; " Autolxiignphk
Memoln," iRoS; Cuvna, "ElBfe de Pnmleii." iBot: Thomson,
" AduIi of Pluto*™hT," ToL I, iSii; J. P, Sutth, "DiKouneoo
ths Dalh of I. PneMie]'," iSoj; EDfUih tnuittntiaii o( Curia's
cnlon. in th> ''^itlwanvui Ripon" far igjS. P*«e ijS : Di. HosFxa,
" Hulsire d* la Chinit ;" T. IIbuhah, " DiniiiH aa Ihi D«tb
of Jaaeph PriHIleri" Allikhi. "Didionuyof Aulhon:" "Nou-
mIU Biographii Wuirale;" " Eiiiibuigh Rrriew" ibr OOobcr,
iSoS,(bT JsFPUv;) "Uonihly Reviaw" Iot AuguK, OctobB, asd

Pilettr, pre'uR', (BARTHtLEMV,) a French sculptor
and Huguenot. His chief work was a monument to
Constable Anne de Montmorency. Died in 1611.

PrieardelaMama, pie'uk'^dfh iSmlnn, a Ftench
revolutionist and lawyer, born in Champagne about
176a He was an active democratic member of the
Convention, and voted for the death of the king. In
Tone, 1794, be became ■ mondier of the committee of
public safety. Died at Bmsaels in 1817.

Prlaur-DuTemola, pRe'oK' dii'vlK'nwi', (Ci.AnDi
Ahtoinb,) a French repnblican, bom at Anxonne in
1763. He was chosen a member of the Convention in
1793, and of the committee of public safen in 1793.
He Is said to have shared with his friend Camot the
honour of having arganatd vittffry. The reform which
rendered weights and measure* uniform in France is
Hcribed mostly (a him. Died in 1S31.

Pilaiir,I«,I$h pue'uK', (Philippe,) a French scholar,
bom at Saint- VaasI, published a work "On Canonical
Letters," ("De Uteris canonicis," 167;.) Died in 16S0;

FTle>w), de, df h pKe'ilk', (Danibl,) a French advo-
cate and writer on law, politics, etc, was bom in Baa-
Limousin in 1500. He wis i member of the French
Academy. Diedin i66t. His son Solomon was author
of numerous works, among which is a " History of Ele-
phaals," (1650^)

FrUeeky, pie-llsncee, (Jokm Baptist,) a Jesuit, bom
in Hungary in 1709. He wrote several works, amons
which is "Account of the Holy Fathers who flourished
in the Two Fust Centuries," ("Notitia SS. Fatmm qui
duohus primis Seculis floruerunt," 1753.)

Prim, pRtin, (Joan.) Count de Reos and Marquis
de loB Castillejos, a Spanish general, bom in Catalonia
sbont 1814. He took arms against Espartero in 1S43,
and acted with the party of Progresistas. In 1859 or
1S60 he obtained Command of a division of the army
sent against Morocco, and was rewarded for hi* service*
at Marabout with the title of Marquis de Ids Caatiliejoa.
He commanded the Spaoish army which co-operated
with the French and British in the invasion of Mexico in
1661, and returned to Spain in [363. He was a leader
of the insurgentx who deposed Queen Isabel in Septem-
ber, 1868, and he became in the next November minister
of war and commander-in-diief of the army of Spain.
Prim and Senano were the moat powerfol and pronu-

00 PRINOLE

the insurgents ; and the former was the virtual dictator q(

Spain in 1869-70. Hewasa**as*in*ted,December, iSya

Primatloolo, pRe-ml-t(fdu>, [Fr. Lc PaiMATtn,

tf h pRe'mf tiss',1 (Francksco,) an Italian painter, sculp-
tor, and architect, bom at Bologna in 1490, He studied
design under Inruxxnao da Imola, B»nacavallo, and
Giulio Romano. In IJ31 he went to Prance, and wa*
employed by Francis L to adorn the chlteau of Fott-
tainebleau, in which he painted a number of large fr^co*.
Among these were pictures of scenes from the "Oi^w-
sey," which were much admired. He was patronised
by Henry II. and Francis II. Died at PaHs m IST*

Prime, (EtiWARD Dorr Grippim,} an American
author, a brother of S. L Prime, was born in Caml^dge,
New York, November j, 1814. He graduated at Union
College in 18^3, and in 1838 at Princeton Theological
Seminary. He afterwards became one of the editon
and proprietors of the " New York Observer." Among
his works are "Around the World," and "Forty Year*
in the Turkish Empire : Memoirs of W. Goodell, D.D.,"
(1875.) Died April 7, 1891.

Prime, (Sauuil iKEN^tus.) D.D., an American Pres-
byterian divine, born in Saratoga coonty. New York, m
1S13. He became editor ol (he "New York Observer"
m 1840. He published " Travels in Europe and th*
East," (3 vols,, 1855.) "The Power of Prayer," (1S59J
and various other works. Died July tS, 1S85.

Prime, (Williau Cowp«h,) ■ lawyer, a brother of
the preceding, was born in Washington county. New
Yorlc, in iSaj. He has published, among other works,
"The Old House W the lUver," (1853,) "Boat-life in
Egypt and Nubia," (iSjT,) and "Tent-Life in the Holy
Und." (1857.) Died f ehniary 13, 3905.

Primeroee or Frtoiroea^ prlm'rC^, (Gilbert,) an
ecclesiastic, bom in Scotland. He became chaplain to
the king, and canon of Windsor. Died in 1643.

Primeroee, (James,) a physician, a son of the pre-
ceding, was bom at Bordeaux. He practbed in York-
shire, and wrote several medical works, which are
commended. Died about l66a

Prlnoe, (Adelaide,) actress, was bom al Lon-
don, England, in 1866. She made her dibut on the
stage in 1888, in " A Possible Case," played with the
Augustin Daly company 1SS9-93, and starred after-
wards wilh. Creslon Clarke, whom she married in 1895.

Prlnoe, (Henry,) an American officer, bom at East
port, Maine, in 1811, fonght vrith distinction in the
Mexican war, and was made brigadier -general of volim-
teers in the United States army in l86t. Died in (892.

Prince, (John,) an English biographer, bom at As-
minster in 1643, was vicar of Totness. He wrote "Th*
Worthicf of Devon," (1710.) Died in 1733.

Pttnoe, (Morton, ) physidan, bom at Boston in
1854, He has been professor of nervous diseases at Tnfts
Collie since 1903, and has written " Nature of Mind
and Human Automatism, ""Dissolution of a Feraonal-
ity, " (a remarkable case of multiple consciousness,) etc.

Prince, (Oliver H. ,) an American jurist and United
States senator from Georgia, perished in the wreck of
the steamboat Home in 1837.

Prince, (Thomas,) anAmerican divine, born in New
England in 1687, wa^; the author of several historical and
religious works. Died in 175S.

Prlnglo, pring'BI, (Sir John,) a British phyaicuu:.
bom in Roxburghshire, Scotland, in 1707, He studied
at Leyden and in Paris, settled in Edinburgh about 1734,
and became physician to the Earl of Stair, who was
commander of the army on tbe continent, in 174a- In
1743 he wa* appmnied chief physician to the army in
Flanders. He held this office until the peace of 17481
after which he resided in London. He gained a Euro-
pean reputation by a valuable work " On the Diseases
of the Array," (1753.) In 1763 be was appointed phy-
licdao to the queetk. He wa* elected president of tbe
Royal Society in 1773, and became physidan-extnor-
dinary to George IIL in 1774. In 1778 he succeeded
Limueus as member of the Academy of Sdenoe* of
Paris. He correspoiuied with the most eroinent *<ien-
of Earope. Anoag his works w

membenof tbepravUoiu] government (imiied by entitled "Experimenl* do Septic Mid Aniueptic Std»>

l,« I, ^% ^i»r; ^ ^ A,*>aM^ Im pidongedi i, i, I A a. V'*'^; *.<■ i. Qv'A.am; ar,.fll1, flt; mitt i>Ot; Ka64t <»

d by Google

Sh A, Kirru. "Lifcof Slf JotiB Prinfla," ifii: COHnotOT,
"Bioge de Pri[«lai'"VicM>'AivR,''Slg«c d«J. PriiKk." 1787;
"BiDsnpfaic M^Kol*:" Chahuu, "Bwenpfiial DictiouiT al
Emiqcnt Scoumio.*

FxlnglB, (Thouas,) a meritorious Scottish pooubom
kt Blaiklaw, in Teviotdalc, in Januair. 17S9. During
bb in&ncy ui accidenl occurred which compelled bini
to use (TDtches tbc life. He wrote in 1816 "The Au-
lamnal Eicarsion," * poem, which procured for him the
friendihip of Sir Walter Scott. In iSiT he united witk
Lockhart, WUaon, and others in founding the "Edin-
burgh Monthly Magazine," of which for a short time
he wai the editor. Daring his connection with It the
name was changed to " Blackwood 'a Magaiint" He
emigrated in iSio to the Cape of Good Hope, where
he edited the "South Africaa Journal" and founded an
academy. His success having been hindered by the
enmity of the governor, he relumed to England in i3z6,
and published a very interesting " Narrative 0/ a Resi-
dence in South Africa." He wrote a number of poems,
which are admired for elegance. Died in 1S34.

See L. RiTCKii. "LiCsaf 'niomuPrin(le."pRfaedioliiiPiiem>i
QiAiisaas. ^' Biognpbka] Didiananr or Eminem Scoumeiv'* fSu^
^iB*Bt ;) J. CoHDO. " BiocnphicalSkelcta oT T. Pringle," iS)).

Fringabelm, prlngs'hlim, (Nathanael,] a German
(Jewish) botanist, born near Landsberg, in Silesia, No-
vember 3^ 1813. He was li-om 1864 to 1S68 botanical
professor in Jena. He has published many books and
papers setting forth his discoveries, chiefly in the minute
anatomy and reproduction of cryplogamous plants.

Prill*, pRtna, (J. H.,1 a Dutch painter, born at the
Hague in i^jS or 1759^ He painted views of the in*
teriora of dties. Died about 1S05.

Piim'sep, {CUAKLZS Robket,} an English political
economist, born about 1788, published an " Essay on
Honey." (181S,) and translated Say's " Political Econ-
omj" from the French. Died in 1S64.

Prinaap, (Hinkv Thobv,) an English Orientailt^
born in 171^ was a son of John Prinsep, M.P. He en-
tered the dvil service of the Kaat India Company, and
became a director in 1S49. Died Fcbruarv 11, 1S7S.

PiliiMp, (jAHKi,) an eminent English OrienUliat,
born in iSbo. He entered the service of the East India
Company in hii youth, passed some yean at Benares
u assay-master, and wrote "Sketches of Benares."
Having removed 10 Calcntts, he became in 1831 editor
of the " JoonuU of the Asiatic SodMy," for which he
wrote valuable utides on chemistry, Indian coins, and
Indian antiquities. Ho succeeded H. H. Wils<»i as
■ecrecary of the Asiatic Sodetv in iS3>. He made tome
important discoveries in the history of India bj; the aid
of inscriptions, which be deciphered, and which had
baffled other antiquaries. He died at sea, during a
Toyage to England, in ■&4a.

FrlxMBp, (VALBtrnxi C.,) an English painter, bon

himself with great sacceas to arL His paintings eahibil
Marked power and originality and great beauty of col-
imring. Hii most £unoui picture is " The AsMmblagc
of Delhi." He is author of "Imperia] India," a book
of travels. Died November II, 1904.

Prints, pslnta, ( Wolfcano Casfar, ) a German
compocer, born in the Palatinate in 1G41. He published
a "Historical Description of Song; and Music," (1690^)
•nd other works. I>ied at Soran in 1717.

Prtolo, pRe'olo', or Piloll, pKe'ole', (Benjamin,) a
French historian, of Italian extraction, was bom

PRITCHAR1>

bom in Dotactthire on tb* IIM of July, 1664
. ras educated, al the expense of the Earl of Dorset,
in Saint John's College, Camturidge, where he was ad.
mitted to his bachelor's degree in 16S6, and obtained ■
Fellowship. To ridicule Dryden's " Hind and Panltier,"
Prior and Charles Honti^e wrote a poem entitled
'liie City House and Countir House," (1637.] About
1690 he was initiated into public business as secretary
o the embassy which was sent to the Congress of the
Hague. He was secrctaiy (o the embassy wliich nego-
tiated the treaty of Ryswick, in 1697, and under-sec reiary
of state for a sliort time in 1699. In 1700 he produced
"Carmen Seculare," a poetical panegyric on William
IH-, which' Johnson calls "one of his most splendid
compositims." He entered Parliament in 1701, and,
deserting the Whigs, joined the Tory party, which,
having attained power, sent Prior to Pans privately with
propositions of peace in July, 1711. He was accredited
as ambassador at Paris in August, 1713, and obtained
the reputation of a skilful dIplomatisL The Whigs,
having come into power, recalled him in August, 1714,
and charged him with treason. He was imprisoned
about two years, (during which he wrote "Alnia," a
poem,) and was then released without trial. He died at
Wimpole in September, 1711. Among his poems ai«
" Solomon," an " Ode on the Battle of Ramillies," (1706,}
and several tales. " Prior has written with great variety,
says Dr. Johnson, " and his variety has made him popu-
lar. . . . If his poetrybegcncnlly considered, his praise
will be that of correctness and industry rather than of
compass of comprehension or activity of &ncy. Ha
lever made any effort of invention."

SaeJoHHSDH, "U¥e»DflhBPoeUi"CAHf™LL, "SpecilMHIlf

boBriliih PDMii" "Bkenphii Briunnica ;" Tmacicuav. "Tha
iiicliih Hunouriiu;" " Konb Biiuib Reriew" im November, iljr.

France from the Death of Louis XIII.," (ifi6i,) wl
b pnUsed by Bayle. Died in 1667,

Sm J. Xaomcs, "De Vha B. PtieO," \tipi.

Pri'pr, (Sir James,! an English bio^pher and snr-
geon, born in 1790, served many years in the navv. He
wrote ■ " Life of Edmund Burke," (1824,) regarded as the
best life of that great sUteaman thai has yet appeared,
and a "Life of Oliver Goldsmith," (1836.) Died in 1869

SccAuJSOHa, '•Diedoo»iTO''Anthom."'

Prior, (Hatthkw,) in English poet and diplomatist.

Pil'^, (Thomas,) an Irishman, noted for public
spirit, was bom at Ralhdowney, Queens county, in 1679.
He founded the Royal Dubbn Society, and published
" A List of Absentees, with Obaervattons on Trade,"
ett, (17*9.) Died in 1751.

PileoiMi. pnah'j^n, [Lat Pwscia'nus) Fr. Pais-
ciBN, pBe's^N',1 adistinguished Roman grammarian,
is supposed to have been a Christian, and native of
Cxsarea. He taught grammar at Constantinople about
5*5 A.D,, and left several worlcs, which are extant. His
work " De Arte Grammatica," or "Commentaria Gram-
matica," is the most complete and philosophic treatise
on that subject that has come down to us from antiqui^
Its value is enhanced by many qootatitms from works
which are losL

Sa* PAmoDS, " BiUiotbeea LMfaa.'" Blim. "Cescliiclm im
KBDUchen Ijientor."

Priaciaaiuk See PmiSCtAlf.

Priadon. See Prisciak.

Prls-cdlH-an, jLat PaisciLLiA'Nus; Fr. Piiscii,.
LIEN, pRe'sel^^ .1 a Spanish ecclesiastic, bom near
CorduM, (CdtSova,) is said to have professed the doc-
trines of the Gnostics and Manicheans. He was charged
with heresy and beheaded by Maximus about 385 A.Dk

Ssi B*vi& "Hiitstkia sod Critiesl DklianUT;" "NonvBa

PrfaoiUiautu. See Priscilliak.

Priaoilllen. Sec Prisciluan.

Ptla'ons, [Gr. Ilpitrsoc,] an able Byzantine historian,
bom at Paniam, In Thrace. He was sent by Theodosiui
on an embassy to Attila in 445 A.D. Ho wrote aa

470 A.
S«
Frisoaa, (C. Lutorius,) a Roman poet, composed a

Emon thedeathof G«niiaiucas, whldiwas veijpopa*
Died about si a.u
Prlaona, (Hrlvidius,) a Roman senator, distinguished
for his love of liberty and his boldness of speech. Ha
was banished by Nero in 66 A.l>., and became prxtor is
70, soon after which he was pat to death by Vespasian.
I^rlsoiu, (TARQUtNiirs.) See TARquiNiua.
Ptltoli'^d. (Andrsw,) an English naturalist and
microsci^ist of the present century. He published a

•as *,- 5 !■*.■ e ion^; 6 as;;,- o, M, K,f*«»nt/; N, «««/,■ «, *«frrf; 1

I ■; th as in OiU. (||^5ee Explanations, p. 13J

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

croBcopic CalHnet," (iS^s,) ■ *' Natural Hiitory or Ani-
mmlcales," (1834,) " Micrographia : Easap on IiHito-
•copes," (iS37,raTKl > "HUtoryof Infosona, Living and
FowO," (1841 ; 4th edition. t36i.) Died Not. X4, 1881.

Fmblurd, (CiUKUS,) D.D., an Englbh divine and
Wtionomer, born about 1S08. He gruluated at Saint
Iphn'i College, Cambridge, in 1S30, took orders in tbe
Established Church, and in 1S70 was appointed profcMOT
of Mtiononor at Oxford. He wrote important utronomi-
«al and mathematical papers. Died May iS, 1S9J.

Filttwiti and aaSran, von. Ton pril'ftits Mad
giPfTSn. (KoNRAD,) a German poet, known as Konkad
VON KBECKwm, WIS born near Nimptsch, in Silesia,
Angust I, 1826. He was educated at Brcslau. His Ivric
poems (1865, iS^S, 1881) are thotightfiil and weU-Snislied
prodnctiona, which attracted much attention. He alto
published some works of Inographf and criticiim.

Pilt^ pitils, (JOHAMM Gioao,) a Gemun Lalheiai)
minister, boni at Lwpaiciu 1663. He preached at Leip-

ProsBrasltM, pro-S-ree'sh;;^ [Gr. Upaaiffaiac,] >
teacher of rhetoric, bom in Armenia aboal 37SA.t>. H(

'biw, (Makcus AttUEUU^) an excellent Roman
emperor, boro at Sirmium about 135 A.D. He served
wllQ distinction in the armies of Valcnan and sacceeding
emperors, In Egypt, Arabia, Persia, and Gennany. He
received the command of all the legion* in the East from
Tadtns, at whose death, in 376 A.D., Frobua was pro-
claimed emperor by bis army. The senate coolirmed
their choice. He defeated the Germana In Gaol, and
his rivals Saluminus, Proculus, and Bonosus. He was
killed bf mutinous soldiers in aSa A.D., and left a very
high reputation for virtue and ability. It is said that
he had offended his troops by the e^iression of a hope
that the time was near when armies would be no lon^r
necessary.

S«GiBBi>, " Decline ud Pin of thaRoniaa Bm;^:" Ava>-
uiB Victor "D* Ccniibui*'uul*'Epitou."

Fiobna, (Makcus Valerius.) a Roman gnmmarian,
bom at BeiTtas, (Beyroot,) lived in tbe Rrst century of
OUT era. He is identified by some with the Probu* of
the next article.

Froboa, (Valekius.) an eminent Roman grammarian,
who flourished probably about loo *.a _ He wrote a
commentary on Virgil, often dted by Servios, and other

Procaooliil, pRo-klt-chee'nee, (Andrea,) an ItalEau
painter, bom in Rome aljout 1675. He became painter
to the King of Spain in 1710. Dted In Spain in 1734.

Prooaooliii, (Camillo,) a painter, bom at Bologna
In IJ45 or 1546, was axon and pupil of Ercole the Elder.
He wa* remarkaUe br bdlity and fi>r fecundity of in-
vention. "He had," says Lanzi, "a simplicity, grace,
and spirit which charm the eye, if they do not always
satis^the judgment" Among his works are a fresco
of "The Lost Judgment," at Reggio, and an oil-picture

"nt Rnr<-A rnrtnff thr. Sirt/*' Dinf in rAfl^

Prooaodnl, (Carlo AHraNio,} a painter, was a
younger brother of the preceding. He painted land-
scapes, fruits, and flowers with sncces*. Some of hi*

works are dated 1605.

Proaaoobll. (Ercole,) thi Elder, a painter, bom at
Bologna in 1510, was the lather of the preceding. His
style was accurate and free from mannerism, but his
design was rather minute. Among liis disciple* were
Sabbatini, Bertoja, his three sons, and other eminent
artists. He wa* living in 1591.

Set Lahii, " Hielorj of Piiiitiiic in Italr-"

Prooooolnl, (Ercole,) the Youngsb, b ton of Carlo

Prooaoolni. (Giulio Cksabe,) a brother of Camillo,
•ifticed above, was bom at Bol(«na in 1548, and was the
thleit punter of the family. He wa* one of the best
baitatora of the style of Correggio. Amonj hi* work*

Sea." His dengn was correct, hia compoaltioD inge-
nious, and hi* style noble, <» grandiose. He worked
mostly at Milan, where be died m i6a6.

3m Luoi, 'BSmarj al Pifatlv ia Italy."

Pioolda, di, de pRo'che-dl, (Giovanni,) an Italiai
conspirator, bom at Salerno about 1335, wat a partisan
of the bouse of Hohenttaufen. He entered the service
of Pedro of Ara^on, and wa* engaged in intrigues or
conspiracies against Charlet of Anpn, who had made
himself matter of Sidlj. He is sai j to have been tiw
master-sptrit of that masaaCTe of the French called the
Sicilian Vespen, (March 30^ laSa.) Died after 13a).

S« H. BincBMi, "Suno dib Via dt GkHBod S Praiida,'
iS^: AHAu.-UOaemMVMmSkilluHii'' "Novnll* Bw-
gnTbit (Wniiale," '

Pto-o111I>iu, a Roman historian, was a contemporary
of Cicero. His works are not extant

Fto'oIH, \nfiai3iiKA a skiUiil Greek engraver of
medalt, whose period is unknown. His name ia (band
on coins of Naxos and Catana.

Pro'oliu, [Gr. npiic^; Ger. Pro'klus,] an emfneDt
Greek philosopher of the Neo- Platonic schikl, wat bom
at Constantinople in 4)3 A.D., and was sornamed DiA-
DOCHUS, ("the Successor.") He studied nnder Hero
and Olympiodorua at Alexandria, and under Platarchut
alAtbens, where he afterwards succeeded Syrianusas the
head of the Neo-Platonic school He was very deficient
in judgment. Among hit numerous works are a Ireatiie
" On the Sphere," commentaries on the " Farmenidet"
and "Timxaa" of Plato, a treatise against tbe Chrit*
tlans.and" In stitntio Theologies," (£T<M;t:cfuav3«>^'>I^J
all of which are extant, (eiixpt part of the commentary
on the "Timgeus.") He died in 485 a.d. According to
the extravagant estimate of H. Cousin, all the philo-
sophic ray* which emanated from Pythagoras, Flato^
Aristotle, etc. were concentrated In Prvclus.

Sec Biucm, " HiilotT of PbilowphT ;" RiTTu, " HiMotv at
Philoeophv :' Tnoimmm, "GMchJihudei PhJlmnphM ;" "How
nlla BiafnpU. G6i4nk.-'

Prooliu, Saint, was Patriarch of Constantinopit
from 4^4 A.U until his death, in 44GL He left homitie*
and epistle*, which are extant

Proc'ii*, [Gr. Tlp6aim Fr. PROCNi, pROg'nV,] a
daughter of Fandi'on, King of Athens, a titter of Philo-
mela, and wife of Tereus. She was said to have been
changed into a swallow.

Prooope. See Procopius.

Prooope-CantMiT), pRO^op' koo'tS', a French phy>
sidan andcomid author, bom in Paria in 1684. His teal
name was HicHEL Coltelll Died in 1153.

Pro-oo'id-iia, a Roman general, bom m Cilida. He
aspired to supreme power m the East In 363 A.D., and
waged war against Valens, by whom he wat put to deatk
in 366.

Pro-oo'pl-im [Gt. IIpMAngr; Fr. pROCOn, pRO'-
kop',) an eminent Byzantine historian, bom at CKsarea,
in Palestine, about 49; A.D, He became in jay a.ix
secretary to Belisarios, whom he attended in his csm-
paigna aninst the Persisns, the Vatkdalt, (in AMcaJ
and the Goths. In the Gothic war he bad a high onm-
msnd in the nan. He retumed to Constandnople aboM

541 A.D., and obtained the favour of JnstiniBn, who ap-
pointed him a senator and in 563 prefect of the cafritaL
The question whether he wasaChristianoT a Pagan haa
been disputed by many modem writers- Hit pnndpal
work is 1 " History of 'tis Own Times," in eiriil books,
which is highly esteemed for veradty. Hia stjie It com.
mended lor vigour and elegance. There is extant a secret
and scandalous hlsttny oTtbe Byisntine court, entitled
'AidnioTo, which I* ascribed to Urn ; but his aDthorsUp
Is doubted. Died about 565 A.U

" - ■ ~ -,C*v» "

seventeenth century, which is commended. It wm
published by FabridtM in 1733 in hi* ^■*•■^■•--•---
Gr«!ca."

1, 41. 4 1, r, <bV'' *,i, A, taoM, lest prolofvedi i, i. 1, 6, fi, y, (i«rf;(, 9, i, 9, «*«>>»; llr. Oil, At; mCt; D(tti gfiSdi B

PROCOPiUS

F Gasa, « bibUcal
lahed about (50 a. D.

Fro-oo'ptiu Ba'sf, an able BobenUui ni»ral, :

OMded TJA*. in 1404 at the leadei of tbe Hmute

Taboritea. He deleated the AutriaM in a nnmber of
battles, and raraged Moravia, Awtria, and Saxonj; In
1431 he routed an imperial anny which liad inTaded
Boheaia. He waa Itilled In battle in 1434.

Pro-oritetU, [Gr. Il/M^pAargr,* Fr. PROCKUm, pRo^^
kaiiat',] (U. "the Stretcher,") a •nmaioe of Damaotu
or PoLvrRUON, a fanom robber, who compelled hi*

e they were too long or too alioTt.

PrOO'tyr, (ADlLAtlia AltHS.)
bom in LondoQ in 18J5, mi a daogbter of Bryan
Wallet Procter. She liecame in tSu a contribntor to
•• Honaehold Worda" and " All the Year Ronnd." and
pnbliihed " Legends and Lyrio. " Died in 1864.

Proctor, ( Bryan Wallbk,) an English poet, who
wrote under the aisunied name of Bakry Cornwall,
was bom about 1790. Stodied taw, and was called to
the bar in 1831. He acquired dittinction by a Tolume
entitled "Dramatic Semes, and other Poems," [\t
Hia tragedy of "Miiandola" (iSai) wupeifoimed
success. Among his other works are "The Flood of
Thessaly," " English Songs, and other Small Poems,"
" Essays and Tales in Prose, " etc. Died in 1S74.

ProotOT, (Makv,) astronomer, bom at Dublin, Ire-
land, daughter of Richard A. Proctor. She has ob>
served several solar eclipses, lectured widely on astron-
omy, and is the aatlxn of leTeral popidar works on
astronomy.

Prootor, (Ril>Fiuj>,) an American statesman, bom
at Froctorsville, Vt, in 1S31. Became a member of the
Venaont Legislature in iS67,lientenant-govemorini876,
andeovemor mi878. In iSS^he wasmadeaecretaiyof
war by President Harrison, and in 1891 became United
States senator from Vermont. Died March 4, 1908.

PiOO't9r, (Richard ANTHONY),adistinguiahed Eng-
liih astronomer, bom at Chelsea, March 33, 1S37. He
was educated at King's CoHege, London, and at Salni
John's, Cambridge, graduating in i860. He published a
neat nnmber of astronomical wotka and books of popu-
&r idence, including "Saturn and its System," {iSoO
" HaU-Hours with Ae Stars," (1869.) "Other Worlds
than Ours," (1870,) "A Treatise on (he Cycloid,"
(1878,) "Chance and Luck," (1887,) and others,
mostly on scientific subjects. Died at New York in
18S8.

pToo'a-Ins, an eminent Roman jnrist, was a contem-
porary <tfNerTa. He gave bit name to a school or sect,
(Procnlianl or ProculanL] Among the jurist* dted in
the Digest he Ii the second in order of time.

Proonlna, a Roman officer, who attempted to nanrp
hnperial power in Gaol in 180 A.D. He was defeated
by Probna, and pat to death.

PTed1«iia, [llfiUuor,] an eloquent Greek Sophist or
pUIosopber, bom In Ceos, lived about 430 B.C He
lectured at Atbena and other pUees. Among his pupils
or auditors were Isocrates, Enripldea, and perhaps Soc
rale*. He was accused of atheism without sufficient
evidence. He wrote a beautifhl apologue entitled "The
Choice of Hercnlea," an outline or abridgment of which
■at been preserved \ef Xenophon.

ProuUdea, prtt'e-dti, the datuhter* of PnMni, Klu
of Argolis or Argos, were named Lyaippe, Iphinoi!, and
XpUanasta. According to the &ble, th^ became insane
Mid imagined that thev were cowa.

PrcBtoi, pree'lM, [Gr. Ilfitffer,] a king of Argos, was
■ twin-broUier of AcrWus, bj whom he was deleated fai
« contest ibr tha throne. He afterwards recovered a
sbare of the kingdom, by the aid of Jobatea, He it
•aid to have given Helampnt a part of hit Ungdotn
Ibc cwing U* dam;hter of inaanity.

03 PROPERTIUS

ProkMOb-^hiteti, won, fbn pRoOJah os'tsn, ^ Antoh J
Baron, an Auatrian tUptomatItt, general, and able writer
bom at Grlti, (n Styna, in 1795. He was aent as am-
bassador to Athens In iSu, to Berlin in 1849^ and M
Constantinople in 1855. He published "Hemoirt and
Souvenirs of the Orient," (1836,) and " Hiatory of tha
Decline of the Greeks in Turkey," (1874) Died in 1876.

pToUoa. Sec Froclits.

Prokns. See Procnr.

Prokoflef or ProkopbleC pro-ko'fe-t( (Ivan Pro-
KoviRvrnTH,) a Russian sculptor, born In Saint Peters-
burg in 1758, waaa pupil of lulien, of Pari*. He worked
with success at his native places Died in 1818.

Pro-ko'po-Tltoll, (TiiBOFKANSS,)a Rnswan prelate^
bora at Kiev in 1681. He became Bishop of Pskof in
1715, and composed, at the lequett of Peter the Great,
an ecdesiastiial code, in which priests are treated as
employees of the dvil power. Died in 1736.

S« TCHrsTovm^ "Thia{ihai« PndLDporlicb et ThtepblUci:

rro-me'iJia-nB, \mx. up^^wif; «r. WMXVBxa,
pRo'mi'ti',1 a personiec of the Greek mythology, was a
son of lapetus. Accordingto one tradition, he stole fir*
Grom heaven, fbr which <mence Jupiter chained him to
a rock or pillar, and an eagle daily devoured his liver,
which was nightly restored. iGschylos represents him
as an immortal being, a benefactor of men, the giver of
fire, and a heroic sufferer, who was oppretaed by the
power of Jupiter, but maintained an inflexible spirit
until he was Uberated by Hercules. His name tignifiet
"forethought" Some authors relate that he created a
man out <S clay and animated him with fire which he
stole from heaven, and that he was the husband of Pan*
doia. (See jGschylus, " Prometheus Bound.")

S«*, ^», Lamadue, "Pronnhmi di* Si(* uod ihr 9am,'
i>»

Pro-mo'tiin, (Auu^) a phytldan of Alexandria
whose period Is unknown. It it tupposed that he lived
before the Christian era. Some of his works are extant
in manuscript,

Frompunlt, pnAH'sft', (Jban Henri Rouain,] a
French ecclesiastical writer, bom at Mont^limart in
1798. He published a "Dictionary of Canon Law,"
and several works on grammar. Died in 1S58.

in order to compose logarithms or mathematical tablet
adapted to the decimal division of the drcle, a work of
great labotir and utility, IniTgi he was appt^n led chief
engineer of bridges and causeways. He became abont
1794 professor w mechanics hi the Polytechnic School, a
member of the Bureau of Longitude^ and a memt)er of
Che Inatitnle. In 1798 he was invited bv Bonaparte to
join the expedition to Egypt, but dedined. He received
the Utie of baron in iSzS, and became a peer of France
in 1835. Among his prindpal works are "Hydraulic

" Hydrograpbk and Statistical Descriptiaa
," (i8a3,) which is a work of
a number of artidc* fbr the
"Biographie Univeiselle." Died in 1839.

Sh Abmol " Notiaa binnptuquH," lorn* OL: "ttogi <tt
Pini]>,"lvC.l>vriu;">Iaindl*fii^niIihi<GiBfaiU.''

pTopero& See Proprrtivs.

Proporthia, pro-pfr'sh^3s, (Fr. Paopxsci, pne^-
pttaa'i IL Profrrzio, pRo-ptRt'te-o,] (Srxtus Ai;u
Lias,) an enunent Roman elegiac poet, bom in Umbrta
about JO B.t^ He inform* nt that he was bom in Umbri^
on theoorderof Elmria. His paternal estate was confis-
cated by Octavius because hii niher had been a partisaa
of Antony. He began early to write poetry, became a reai-
dent of Rome, and obtained the patronage ^ MKcenas.
Hi* life appears to have been that of "a man of wii
and pleasure about town." His career as a poet was
influenced by a paaaion for Cjrnthia, a poeteas and lady
of superior lalenta, who fhmiahed a theme fbr his early
elegies. He choae Callimachua a* bit model, and be-

«Mi,-«

i!\kmi:iiatj:(i.ii.^pMiirml;ji,tiaMU;\,tritUd!l^t:'iAt»'iaMt. (t^See Eiplanation* p.1}^

d by Google

PROPERZIO a<

came a rilber pedantic imitator of the Greeks. Hia
ttyle ii censured as too ajtifictal. Both andenl and
modem critics, however, assign to him a high ranlc as
• poet. H* enjoyed the friendship of Ovid. The time
ofhi* dealh is unknown. Four boolts of elegies are the
only worlds of Propertius that are now extant. A cor-
~"t English version of hi* first book was poblished
'-) in 1781. Anion|i the best editions of the

onymously ir
tt Is that of I

It of Lachmann, (Leipsic, 1816.)

Sh "Viu Propertii." in Lachh*hh's edidon, igi6: GiLtsTBi
MoivB^"LiV<c« IdAmonn it PrDptrce." iju; "MoDTcUa
MocimiAitG^iilrmle;" "WmtnifiiiUT Rsvi(w''br JinuuT, itM.

Propeislo. See PRorEKTius.

Pioplac, de, dfh pro'pe'lk', (Catherine Joseph
Ferdinand Girard,) a French lilUraleur, bom at
Dijon in 17S9 ; died in 1813.

Pros'ar-iAiie, IGr. nmot^owj, (Perttfk'aiu ;) Fr
pROSEKi>iNE, pRo itK'pin'; Lat. Froserfi'ha,] the
goddess and queen of the infernal regions, was said
to hav* been a daughter of Jupiter and Ceres, and the
wife of Pluto. The poets feigned that as she was gather-
ing flowers near Enna she was alxlucled by Plutu ; that
Ceies, not knowing what had become of her, searched
for her with torches in all oarls of (he earth for nine
day* ) that Helios revealed the secret of her abduction ;
that Jupiler, mduced by the impoilunily of Ceres, re-
auested Pluto to restore her, andlhat Pluto consented
tj)at she should spend two-thirds of the year with the

Eis above, and the other third in the loner world,
ter writers say that she was to pass the half of her
time in Hades and the other baif in the regions of light
Sh« is supposed to be a symbol of vegetation, and of
the creative and deatnicdve power of heat.

Froake, pros'kth, (Kakl,) a German musical archie-
ologiat, born at Griibinfc in Upper Silesia, in 1794. He
edited a celebrated collection of ancient church music,
called " Musica Divina." Died December 30, 1S61.

ProapoT, pRos'paiK', sumamcd Aquita'hds, ("of
Aquitaine,") a theologian, born at Bordeaux, in Gaul,
about 404 A.D. He was a zealous opponent of the Semi-
Pelagians, and wrote in defence of the doctrines of Sainl
Augustine. His works, among which are some poeius,
arc still extant. Died after 463 a.d.

Frtw'per Tl'ro or Tfro, a poet, who Is often con-
fotlnded with Prosper Aquitanus, was born in Gaul, and
lived about 400 a.d. He wrote a " Poem of a Husband

1764 ; died in 1834.

Proat d0 Ro^, pao d(h rwS'yi', (Antoins Fkan-
Cois,) a French jurist, bom at Lyons in 1719 ; died in
1784-

Pro-tag'o-rfa, [Gr. Ilpunijifipac; Fr, Piotagore,

U said to have been a pupil of Democritus ; but this
is doubted by some, because Protagoras was probably
older than bis supposed master. According (o Plato
and Diogenes, he was the first who adopted the name
of Sophnt and taught for pay. He [aught oratory al
Athens and other aties. He was banished £i>m Auena
becanse bs said that he did not know whether the gods
eiislnd or not. His worka, which treated on ethics,
physic*, etc., are lost, but his peculiar doctrines are ex-
plained in the "Thestetus" lA Plata He readied (he
age of seven^ or more, and died about 41a B.C. I( was
a maxim of Fro(agoras that " man is the measure of the
□niverse or of all things, and (hat whatever be judgea to
be true Is tme." Cicero says, " Putel id cuique verum
Mseqnodcniqnevideatut." ("QnawtionesAcadcraiae.")

8«» PlATo"! dialofiM entitled "Prompji™:" Gsorm, " PluoiDd
thi otbar (^omiiaaiiin* of Socnla," % rok., i84j: HanasT, "Da
PrQOgaru Lebcn und Sopfaiidk," etc, iSu: J. Faaj, "Qucttioad
PtotuorcK," Bonn. iSij; ViTBrnQA, " Diuuiitllo it PiDUeara
Yiu ti PhiJo«iAi»7' i8S3i C MALurr, - Elude. ptiikwiphiqiK.,"
IDim Ii: Giora, "tiidorr of Giwa," chip. IniL

Protagor«. See Pkotacoras.

Protalu, pRo'tlN', (Jean Cqhstahtik,) a French
architect, bom in Paris in 1769. He was employed in

Egypt In 1798-99 as architect to the '—' ' — '-

and sdencei, and became a n
Cairo in i8ot. Died in 1837.

er of the I

04 PROVT

Protals, pao'ti', iPaiti. Alkxahdrb,^ x French
painter, born in Paris in 1836. He followed the French
armies in the Crimean war and in the Italian campaint
of 1859, and from the first his art was almost en(irelf
devoted to military subject*. Died January 17, 1890.
Piotas. See Prcttbus.

Prot«t, pRo'ti', (Adguste LtoFOLD,) a Frendi rear-
admiral, bom at Saint-Servan about l8ia He was
Governor of Senegal from 1850 to l8ss, during which
period he made an exploration of that region. He was
killed in a battle against the Taepines of China, in 1861.
Pro'ts-oa, [Gr. npurrtr; Fr. pRortK, pRo'ti'.l a
divinity of the Greek mythology, was sometimes called
a son of Neptune and a king ^ Egypt. He was repre-
sented as a prophetic old man, who lived in the sea ud
could foretell future events, but eluded those who selied
and importuned him to prophesy, by transforming him-
self into a great variety of shapes. If his efforts 10
escape were baffled, he reaimied his original or usual form
and revealed hi* secre( knowledge. His occupation was
to tend the Bode* of seals or sea-calves belonging t«
Neptune-
Sea Kaiaa,"Od]M*T." book iv.i Vn«n, "Caoriich" bocA

iv- a»7-j*»-

FrotoEtoa. See Pkotooikb.

Pro-tcA'e-iiil, [Gr. npuniyfwK; Fr. pROTociii^
pRO'lo'zhin',] a Greek painter of great celebrity, was a
native of Cannus, in Caria. He flourished about 331
B.C., was a contemporary of Apelles, and lived mostly
at Rhodes. The name of his master is not known. His
advancement in fame and fortune was retarded by hi*
modesty, until Apelles visited Rhodes and purchased, at
(he enormous price of fifty talent each, several of his
pictures, which he proposed to sell as his own works.
(See Apelles.) In the opinion of some, Protogene*
' ' ' ' ' ' of^ his works to a fault; but

carried the elaboration (

His master-piece was a pictore of lalystia, 01
is said to have expended seven years. One of the ad-
mirable parts of (his picture was the foam at the mouth
of a hound, "which, says Pliny, "be produced, after
many vain efforts, by throwing a sponge at the plac^
under the impulse of vexation or despair."

S« Pliht. " Miranl KiitiirT," book ixxv. : Simui, " Pmts-
tmo;'' R. O, MOluib, " Aichsoloipf dv Kmut"

Prondbon, psoo'ddN', sometiines written Fnidliai!^
{Jean Baftiste Victor,) a French jurist, bom in
Franche-Comtj in 1758. He was for many years pro-
fessor of law at Dijon. He published, besides other
works, an excellent treatise on the laws of Usnfraot,
etc, "Traitrf des Droits d'Usufniit, d'Usagje, d'Habita-
tion ct dc Superficie," (g vols., 1813-J5,) said to be the
beat work on that subject. Died in 1S3S.

Sac LOBAiH. " flat* huuriqu d* H. Proudbon," iSm.

Prond2ion, (Piebre Joseph,) a French socialist and
polilical writer, born at BesanfOn in 1809. In 1S48 be
became editor of " The Representative of the People,"
and was elected to the Constituent Assembly. He made
a motion which a large majority of the Assembly rejected
as "an odious attack on public morality and subversive
of the rights of property. He published several work*
on sodal and political economy. In his essay entitled
"What is Properly P" (■' (^u'est-ce que la Propriiti/">
he affirms that "property is robbery," ["La proprijt^
c'est le vol.") Died in 1865.

S<« J. Vmir, "Proodboo ct ton CcoiHanie politique.'* iSh;
QulBAiD, " La Ynaa LilUralre ;" " NooreUe BiocnpUe Cfcl-
nJ*:" " Blickwoad'i Uifaxme" for Huch, iSt^.

Fronat, pRoo, (Ixiuis Joseph,) a French chemist,
born at Angers about 176a He was admitted into the
Institute in tSi6. He contributed many memoiis on
chemistry to various periodicals, and distinguished Um-
self as a supporter of the theory of equivalents or definite
proportions. Died in t8l6.

Froiwtekn, pRoo'ld', (Guillau«e,) a French jurist,
bom at Tours iiv 1628. He founded a public library at
Orleans, and wrote legal works. Died in 171 J.

Proitt, ptQwt, IEbenezeb,) an English muucal com-
poser and critic, bom at Ouodle, NorthamptoDshire, in
1835. He was editor of the "Monthly Musical
Record," afterwards musical critic of the "Athe-
o«eum," and professor of music at Dublin in 1894.

I. S, 1, 4 fl, ^ /^V- 1< ti ^ aame, less proltmgedi I, C. I, S, 0. f , aWT; a, (, i, q, 0^nirr; Or, fill, Oti mfai nftt; ga&d; ndSn

n,,l,/ed:^;,C00^lc

PR OUT so

Prout, Fathek, the iMumcd name of Fkancu lfA>

HONV. (See Uahont.)

Froot, prowt, (Samukl,) a •kiUbl Engliih painter
of architecture, sceDerr, etc, was bom at Plymouth in
178^ Me publiched about 1816 "Viem in the Nartb
and West of England," " Rudiments of Landscape," and
other succeasfar works. He acquired dUtinction as a
painter in waler-coiourB. a delineaior of mediKval archl-
lectare, and a lilho^pher. After a tour on the conti-
nent, he published lithtMraphic " Fac-Similea of Sketches
Biaile in Flanders and Germany," and "Slcelches in
France, Switzerland, and Italy," {1S39.) Died in iSja.
ftnsldn prono«ooeshim"aTei7BieHt man, whoi though,
partly 1^ chance and partlv 1>7 choice, limited in range
at snojcxt, poMened for that subject the profonndest
and noblest svinpathy. ... In reality he Is to be nom-
bered amoi« the tme masters of the nobler picturesque."
("Modem Painters.")

S« J, Ruufix, "Uunoirof S. Prom,"!" ila "Ait Jonn^"

Pron^ (WiLUAM,) an embeni English chemist and
physician, was Ijorn in 178& He practised in London,
and was probably the first physician who applied the
doctiinei of chemistry to the explanation of the phe-
nomena of disease. Among his Important works are
■me " On the Nature and Treatment of Stomach and
Renal Diseases ; being an Inqnlry Into the Connection
et IMabete*, Calcnltia, etc. with Indlieation,'' Md
"ChemistiT, Heteorologr, and the Function oT Dlfe»
lion considered with Reference to Natural TTieoIafr.^
The latter is one of the" BridgewaterTrealbea." Died
in London in iSjo.

ProTBHa, pio-vl'nl, (Amdrka,) an Italian admiral,
bom in Piedmont in 1511 ; died in 1593.

ProT«nsale, pio-vin-zl^li, (Harcsllo,) an Italian
painter in mosaic, born at Cento in 1575. Among hia
works is a portrait of Paul V. Died in 1639.

Provoost, pro'vSst, ? (Samukl,) D.D., an American
divine, t>om in New York in 1742, was diapbdn to the
Continental Congress and iubscauently to the United
State* Senate. He was elected Biabop of New Ywk fai
17S6. Died in 1815.

Provoataje, de la, dfh II pRo'vo^ttl', (Fudinamd
HkrvI,) a French natnial philosopher, bom at Rodon
In iSii. He wrote on optics, heat, etc Died in 1S63.

Proyart pRwi'ytn', {Abbi Utm BoHAVBHTUaa,)
a French historian, bom at Arras in 1743, pabllsheil
bc^es other works, a " History of Stanislas, King of
Poland," (7 vols., 1783,} which is commended. Died
in i3o3.

Pmdflaoe. See PRUDBHTtus.

Prudent, prii'd^N', (Cmile,) a French composet

Eianist, bom at AngQulfme in 1817. Among his works
. " Fantaisie sur Lucie," (1843.) Died May 14, 1S63.

Pradentlna, pru-dtn'sht^ or Prn'danoa, Saint,
a learned bishop, born in Spain. He became Bishop of
Troves about 841I He wrote against Erigena on pre-
desttnation. Died in 86t.

Sh La Cianc. "Via ia Saisl-PnulnDa,'' ii8«; Baivaa, "Vi*
4a Saint- Prudence" 171J.

pTttdan'tlna (pru-dSn'shg3Bl [Fr. Prudknci, pafl'-
dANss'l Clem'eiw, IAorbuus,) a Latin Christian poet,
was bom in Spain in J48 A.tt _ He practised law, and
became a judge of a dnl and criminal court. He wrote.
In barbarous or unclassical Latin, hymns, and other re-
ligious poems, which procnied for him a high reputation
fa) the middle ages and are admired by some modem
critics. He risited Rome about 405, and passed his
laller years in Spain. Erasmus thought that his piety
and learning entitled him to a place among the doctors
of the Church.

Set LuDiwin "Dimrt»tio d« Via A. Pmdmtii dtmi
t6^-j TituuoHT, " UdmcdrH Bcd4aiunqii£i."

Pmdliomme, pmU'dom', (Loun Makik,) a French
TevolntioniBt,bOTn at Lyons in 1753. He issued an ullra-
lepnblican journal in ftris in 1789. Among his works
k a " History of the French Revolution," (6 vols., 1796,)
wM^ it of little value. Died in 1830.

Prudbomma, or SuIlr-PrtidlioiiiiiM, sttlf drU'-
dom', (RENt FKAHgois AauAKD.) a French pDet,^m
In Pans, March 16, 1839. He was one o' the original

PRZHEVALSKl

''Pamawieni,°<w''<i»i>«/naf«^''a'e«lof yonng anibon
who ptofMsed a peculiar devndon to art for art's takch
Hia" Stances et Paynes" Indnde that eJuf^wmm, "La
VasefEU." He puldished several volmnei of [Ailosophic
"eise, including a translation of a part of Locretiut's
De Natnra," with a very able pre^ce. His "Exprea-
DD in the Fine Arts" (l^) has a high value. He has
been chosen to the Academy. Died SqMember 7, 1907,
Pmdlioii, Jkan Baptutb Victor.) See ProD'

Pmdlion, pttt'dAH', (Pibrrx Paul,) a French hlsUiT-
ical painter, was bom at Cluny (SaOoe-et-Loire) in lyiA
Havii^ studied in Rome, he settled hi Paris in 17S9,
and obtained a high reputation. Among his works are
"Veuoa and Adonia," "The Atiducdon of Psyche," and
"Jostice and Divine Vengeance pursuing Crime." The
gracefulness of his style has procured mr him the sor-
-- woe of "the French Correggio." Died in 1813.

Sh Aastus HotnaArs. " PtulaoiilwT* and Aentma," vol, iL 1
iiAiT, "Node* hBUriqiia nr U \n> d* Pnid'kn," iSh : Qva-
[BMku M QuiHcr. " Noiia w F. P. Pnd'lioii," 18*4; " Moo-
Uc BidETipbii G^u^nlfl."

PmnaUa, DRU'nCl', (CutKRNT Franqois Vicrom
Gabrihl,) a French physician, bom at La Tour dn Pin
" ' ■ ■ -77. He lectured at MonlpcHier ' ■"'-

which he had visited Syria and ottier parts w the Le-
vanL He afterwards returned to Enrope. Among hia
works are " Man in Space and Time," (iSS9>> and " The
Carthaginians in France," {xijo.) Died in 1S8).

Pmaiaa, prff shg^s, IGr. UpaiaiacA I. King of Bithy-
nla, was a grandson of Nicomedes L He began to reign
abo« ia& B.C., and gained a great vicloiy over the GauJa
iii>i&. He aided Philip of Macedon in his first war
against the Romans, but liecanM the ally of the li^tter
about 190 B.C. The power and praaperity of tbe lung-
Increaaed by liis ability as a ruler. Ife
lacked tbe virtue or courage to refiise when the Roman*
demanded the surrender of Hannibal, who had taken

iliige in his dominions.

Sea Poi-viiyt, "Hi»KB7i" ArriAH, "Syniei."

Pnistas JL or Bitkvnia was the son and successor
of the preceding. He liegan to reign about 180 B.C. He

was neutral in

ir between the Romans and Perseus,

brother-in-law. In i;6-i54 he waged war against

Having rende

J .. ._ .[illed by his subjects in .,

Fnib^ pRiJ5ts, {RoHWT Erhst,) a German poet and

by his cmelty, tie was killed by bis sublet

self odious

irose writer, born at Stettin in 1S16. He became pro-
lessor of literary history at Halle in 1S49. Among his
works are "Poems," (1841,) "Political and Uterary
Essays," (a vols, 1847,) and "Dramatic Works," (4
vols., 1S47-49.} Died June 11, 187a.

Frynue, prln, (Wiluah,) an English Puritan poli-
tician and antiqoary, was born near Bath in i6oa He
published in 163a a scurrilous pamphlet, entitled " Hii-
trio-Maatix, or a Scourge for Stage-Players," for which
the court of the Star-Chamber sentenced bim (o pay «
large fine, to lie exposed in a pillory, to lose his ears,
and to be imprisoned lor life. He was released by a
warrant front tlie Speaker of tlie Commons in 1641, and
elected to the l^mg Parliament He was an opponent
of Cromweil's, and was ejected Irom the House of*
Commons by the army in 1648. He compiled several
a of Records. Died in 1669.

S« A

" Dinusu, "C*-

liinitiH of Author!,"
Prfpr, (Roger A.,) an American Confederate gen-
al, born in Dbiwiddie county, Virginia, July 19, tsaS.
[e was editor of several papers issued at Petersburg

and Ridunond, and was elected to Congress in 1859,

He challenged John F. Potter, M.C., in i860, but refused

.- a-L. _:.r .1 apons —'-'-'- ■>-- ' ■

general, m the dvil war.

Prxhvvalakl, or FrJeraliU. juU-vll'skf, (Colonel
N ,) a Russian traveller, born in 1839. He tjccains

to fight with the weapons which the latter selected. He
fbugbt against the Union, with the rank of brigadler-

««aJ'Ca*«; %kard; i*tj:a,ii,K,gtatmrml; M,maiaJ;w,lriUiJ;i»»i; thasiudw. <|^^SeeExplaaatiMW,pLS3J

db, Google

PJtZIPCOVIUS

a utay officer, ftod wm »

J of Homer, UilEon, Virgil Horace, etc

Died in 1S19.

pHlmuMsai, ul-mf-nrzir, (Gbokck,) the Mfniiied
aMM of a litemy impcstor, born ibont 1670, probably
in tbe tooth of France. He paasedbii joatfaasaTan*
bond, pretended to be a native of FonnoM, and p&
U^ed in England a fictidoaa account of that itland,(i704.)
Abont tbe age of thirtjr-two be renoonced hi* evil haUt^
•*»"■»• reliBloo«,andaj>plied himaelf dilij™-''- *"■*-■'-

own life, (t7<SO Hi« proper nam
Died in Landon In 1753 or 1763.

Haw

P—mnwitltafc mn-me-nl'tna, [Gr. ira/i/i^itnf ; Ti.
FMUMftNm, parmf ntt',) King of Egypt, aucceeded
fak bther, Amaua, in K36 B.C. He wat conqnered and
depoaed in 515 b.c. by Cambnca. Soon aAer thia event
he waa acoued of Inciting tbe Egyptiana to revolt, and
wai pnt to death.

Pummatlchtw or PMmetlk. See FiAMurnCHua.

pMunmla, aam'mia, [Gr, i%iv,] King of Egypt, a
ton of Paammitichv*, reigned from 601 to {95 B.C, and
waa ancceeded by hu aon Apricii

Paanunltlohiia, lam-mit'e.lcna, or Pannuaetlolitia,
•am-met'e-kua, [Gr. ■taiuunxat or ifafi/dr"XPt ! Fr. PlAH-
umQUK, naf me'ttk' ; Egyptian, PsAMmx,] a king of
Egypt, and fbnnder of the »dtic dvnaaty, began to reign
abont 670 B.C According to Herodotna, he reignad G%-
fcar yeara. During hii reign, which waa an Important
epocn, the Greeka were fiiat introdnced into Egypt.

SMHnicooTira,"HiibiiT:" Gnon, " Hinorr of Oma."

PHmmUiqne. See FSAMUtnctitia.

PseUna, aelloa, [-MMoc,] {Michakl,) a Greek acholai
of the ninth centoiy, waa a native of Androa, and emi.
uent for learning.

PssUna, (IhCHABL CoHSTAWTiMni, ) a celelnated
Greek writer, bom at Conatantinople In loso a.ix He
I» aaid to have been the moit excellent acholar of hia
time. He wrote in proie and vetae on various sobjects,
and received from aeveral emperors the title of "ftince
of Philoaopheri." He was living in lioj.

Payohe, sl'lte, [Gr. tuj;*; Fr. PsvcH*. paeTti'.l the
name given by andent Greek poets and Etboliata to a
personification of the human bouL Having gained the
affectiona of the god of Love, (Amor,) ihe lived happily
with him ontil her curiosity to know who he was de-
prived her of his presence. Wandering in search of
Amor, she entered the palace of Venus, who reduced
her to slavery, from which she waa finally liberated^ by
the return of herfint love. According to a beantifiil,
tUlegory of Apuleias, Psyche was a daoghter of a king,
and her beauty excited the jealousy of Venus, who per-
aecuted her. She was represented in works of art at ■
maiden with the wings of a butterfly.

Sec THoaLACiDl, " Diiquintio artlialafici di Pirche M Cn-
pidjna," tSoi.

payobriatna, sl-kris'toi) o

from 4S7 to 474 _

Ptoleiiisaa. See ProLun,

PtolemHiw and PtolamMw. See Ftolbuy.

PtoUnuto. See Ptolemy.

Ptolemy, tol'e-me, [Gr. Ilnhlaiiiloc; Lat PTOUt-
ujefas ; Fr. ProLftMli, ptoli'ml' ; Ger. PtoucmSus,

?to-lth-nii'te, plural PToi.»iJ(Eit, pto-lfh-ml'er ; It
OLOMBO, to-lo-mi'o, plaral Toloubi, to-lo-mi'ee,] L,
tumamed SoTUt, or "Savionr," the ton of Lagus, was

itplayed^gn
ae of tbe p

ent lor po-
I aacceeaed

afi PTOLEMY

the Ibaader of tbe dynasty ol Greek Unp of Eaypt
It It supposed that be waa a aon of Philip IL of iZaoe-
don, at nil mother waa a concubine of tiial king. He
* * biph command in tbe army of Alexander, and
great abilities *■ a geneial in India. He ws«
e peisonal attendants of Alenuider, wbo u>
pears to have regarded him with great (avoor. At tibe
distribution of provinces which followed Ihe death of the
king, (313 B.c,) Ptolemy obtained the government ol
Enpt He raised a large army, and formed a secael
alliance wt^ Antipater against nrdiccaa, who invadn]
EJmit in 311 and was defeated. As the ally of Caa-
•ander, Scleucns, and Lysimachus, he waged by sea
and land a long war agunst AnCiKonns. This war b^an
in 315, and was ended by the defeat of Anti|ranut it
Iptus, in 301 B.a By hia able admimitration Ptoleny
rendered the kingdom prosperoni and powerfiil. Ha
promoted commerce, science, and literature, and invited
many Greek philosoplien and authon to bis court
Historians generally represent him as eminent lor p
Btical wisdom. He died in 383 b.c;, and w
by hit son, Ptolemy Philadelphut.

5m Qmia, "D* Pinlisiri Li^te Viu at Scfipdi;>* Abdak
" J-jt—jy' boob ■.TO. ; DiMMROt Suaiun, " HiMor," baola
XT3.-U. i uauKAin, "nimimlii da Kdu ""'— —t— ." itii.

Ptolemy (Ptolemtoiu) H., commonly called Ptol*
amy PbUadelphiu,* [Pr. ProutHAs Philadelphia

Sli'mi' felfdSlf,] a aon of the preceding, waa
n at Coa in 309 B.a Hb mother was Bereni'ce.
The partial favour of bis fiuher aecnred the throne (bt
him In prelercnce to tbe eldest son, P. Ceraunns. He
pursued a pacific policy, promoted foreign commerce,
and employed bis vast resources in the patronage <A
literature and science and the construction oF public
worka. He founded a gre^t library at Alexandria, and
a museum which was the resort of eminent philosoptierB.
He had received a learned education, and nuuiifcxted a
special intereit in natural hiitory. Among tbe celebrated
men whom he attracted to lus ooart were the poet The-
ocritus, Hegesia* tbe philoaopher, Eodid tbe geotneter,
aad Atatua the aatronomer. According to a tradition
whidi ii credited bv many, the Holy Scriptures were
translated into Greek by hit eommana His dominiona
included Cyprus, Lyci*, Csria, Cmle'Syria, and parts
of Arabia and of Libya. During his rdgn Egypt was
raised to a high degree of power and proapenty. He
died hi 347 B.C.

SmJostw, "I0u«7," books stH. and nil.; DaoraK "IW-
Ihuhdib ;" Gaoao Gasaii, ** DiiMMiiiD dt PtolBun (II.) PUa-
dclpbi^'* i67«i DanxAim, " Dimmilo it Rtbus PtalHiwnniw,"

Ptolamy (Ptolemteaa) m., tumamed EmB'oEn^
(the " Benefactor, ") [Fr. ProLtuAE EvBKctrE, ptoll'-
mi' i'viB'ihif ,] was a aon of tbe preceding, whom be
tucceeded in 047 B.C. To aven« thedealhof his ristei
Bereni'ce, he invaded Syria about 04; B.C., defeated
SeleucuB Callini'cus, took Babylon, and subjected many
large provinces of hie enemy. Hia victorious career was
interrupted by a sedition in ^ypt, t-^ -'•!'■'

Alexandria. His rt
died in 333 B.C. Ai
by hia son, Ptolemy Pbilopato
S« jDma, "iniUiT,''biKik am.

Ptolamy (Ptolammna] IT, tnrnamed PHiLaKA-
TO>i,t the eldest son of the preceding, b^an to refgn ia
333 B.C. He was greatly inferior to bis oredecessort in
ability, and was notorious for cruel^ ana seiuoal vice»
He pot to death his mother and his Drotber Ha^as. Hit
■nny defeated Antiochot the Great at Rapma, neit
Gaza, in 317 b.c: He died in 305 ■-&, leaving one mm,
Ptolemy V.

0 which he re-

•7.*. "brathtr-leriiic,*
dadid Va bnthtrCoH-
odM* of Ms - '^

t I.t. " &ilHr-lgTiiii:." »MTl>d IrcnksUT bacaoK he «u
(ibaifh [voboblr withmt nffidHil fnniidi} of bnioc poi

l,ikI,e^fl,y.'«V/^^^"'^>''"P'i>'<>'V«<li'>'i><>'^<'>^'^'^>*>C<t>9>'**^*^>''^>A11.atimat:nStiti)6d:maa|

Digitized by VjOOQ I C

a

PTOLEMY ao

PtoUmr (PtolMBMBs) V, aiimunei] Enni'AKn,
(tbe " ninatrloiii,'^ socceeded hli bther in 105 B.C, when
be wu mir fire yean old. Daring his minority Antio-
ins tbe Greil coooiwKd Cttle-Syria, Fbaenieii, and
ladea, bat wat dMclied in hi* encroadmentt 1^ tbe
ntemntioii of the Romaiu. At bi* coronation, in 196
B.C, a decree waa iMoed vhich has been preMrred in
the bmooi inacriptlon oF the Roselta Stone. In hl«
lein tike power of tbe ^rptian oionarcbj dedloed
npidly. He died (it it Mid, t^ pobon) in tSi B.C.

Ptolamj (Ptolenueiu) VX, lurnamed PHiLOln'*
T0>. wu an inbnt wh«n be lucceeded hii father, Ptolemt
v., in iSi B.c; Hia mothcT, Ctecniatra, wu regent nntU
her death, in 173. Antlochiu of Syria invaded Egypt
in 171 I.e., reduced aeveral dtiea, and toolc the yoni^
king pfjaooei. The title of Ung waa then anumed 1^
a yonnger brother, Ptolemy Energete* 01 Phyecoit.
Hukoietor wu tooa Telcateo, and reigned jointly with
Ue brother Ibr teveral yeue. DSnenaiooi having ariaen
between them, aboot 164 ■.<! Philooietor invoked the
mediatioD of the Rooian acnate, who retlored him to tbe
•ole aoTCreignty of Ernit Aa an all;^ of Demetrina IL,
he led an army Into^yrla, took Andoch, and defeated
Alexander Boll*, In tV>B.C At thia battle he waa fually
injured by a lall from nle bone^

., icea, tbe peopl

bomt hb palace, and drove bim oat of EsTpt In 130 B.C.
7, and died in 117 B.C.

toleiny Eu'pator, the tnbOit beir of the late kinr.

d bvhla cruelty and vice*, tbe people revolted,

__ ii palace, and drave bim " '

He recovered Ae throne in 117,

PtolWBT (PtOlM
and more freqaentl
Lathvu; ptoll'i
Ptolemy VlL, In ■

m) Timsiimamed So'TBK II.,

Lathvu; .

"- ' VIL, In ■ 1 7 B.C He reigned Jointly with bit
motner, Cleopatra, antQ 107, when the procnred hit es-
pnltton In order to raise to the throne her bvoarita aoa,
Alennder. Ftdemj reigned in Cyprnt ontil tbe death
of bit mother, (89 B.O and wat then rettored to the
throne of Egypt He died in 8l >x;, leaving a danghtei,
Berenice, who tncceeded him, and a natural ton, PtoleniT

The Alkxandb> mentioned In the preceding para-
graph ia Btyled Ptolemy DL by tome wilteta.
Sm Jditik " HiWT," book mil.

Ftalamw (FttdamMna) X, (aometimea called Al«»
■odw n,) the ton of Ptolenj VIII., wat killed by the
Alexandrhuia oa account of hit ooel^,

Ptolsmy (PtcdeiiUMM) XI, tnmamed AvlV^tu
(•:.■. tbe " Piper,") [Fr. PtoUkU AwiAit, ptoll'mi'
yiil',] alto anrnamed Nb'v> Dtotn'iut, wu a ton of
Ptolemy VIIL He began to reign hi 80 B.C He wu
one of the wortt Unga of the race of Ptolemiea, and
wu dethroned b* hit tabjecta in <8 B.a In 55 he wu
rettored by the Koman [vooonmil Gabinina. He hod
two tont named Ptolemy, and a daughter, tbe &moaa
Cleopatra. Died in 51 B.C.

Sa Dm Cakidi, " Hiitorr af KaoL**

FtolamT (Ptolemtma) ^IL of Egypt waa the
eldeat ton of tbe preceding. According to his fiilber't
will, he reigned Jointly with Cleopatra from 51 to 48 b.G
Dittention* between tbe minister Potbinus and the
young queen resulted in her expulsion. Ptolemy wu
involved in war with CKsar, who entered Egypt in 48
B.C, and he wu drowned in a retreat from a fight with
the Rommi about the end of that year.

His brother ProLaHV received from CBsar the title
of king in conjunction with Cleopatra ; but his reign wat
nominaL He wat put to death by Cleopatra in 43 B.C.

Sm C^a, " Btanm avOL"

Ftolam^, (PtoleauBUB,) a nephew of Anttgonns,
King of Aria. He obtained ia 315 B.C command of one
of the armiea of Antigoont, and defeated the generala of
Catsander In Atia Minor and Greece. He wet pot to
death by Ptolemy Sotei in 309 bX.

Epjrti*, bom in 19; B.C, wu a prince of great pramW
m wu left in charge of Epinii when hit Cither ted the
eapeditioD againtt Italy, in aSo. He wu alain in •
combat againtt the Spartant, in 373 b.c

Ptol'Muf (PtolenuB'ne) 9»-nn'iiiia. (Gr. AEi^aa-
r<r,l King cm Macedonia, wu a ton of Ptolemy L of
'Vjgjtlt by his wife EurydiCK Having been disinberited
^ tiie ntber, he retired to Thrace. He murdered
Seleucttt of Uaoedonia, and usurped his throne, In sSo
B.C About a year later he wu killed in battle by tbe
Gauls, who hsd Invaded Macedonia.

Ptol'a-my (Ptolemee'iu] CUn'dl-ns, [Or. nruAa.
wSa^ EloUiac; Fr. ProutuiB Ciaudb, ptolVmi'
USd,] a celebrated Greek utionomer and geosnphet,
■*» I nadve of Egypt, and lived at Alexandra. Hit
latnre life probaHy extended from 115 to about 160
.Dl Of hie pertonal hiatory we know rwithii^ He
'U the meet celebrated, but not the greatest, aatronoHMV
r antiquln. His contemporaries and commentatoi*
usually added to hk name tbe epithet "admirable" or
"divine." He wu alio a great mathematician. Hbprln-
-ipal work is a treatise on astronomy, entitled lI(}4X)r
'.imi^ng'tLaTpaii^i^.xa which the AraUan tiantlatoia
gave Ae name of "Almagest," composed of tbe Arabic
article «r and the Greek ficTlani, LA "greatest" In thia
work he avsited hhnself of tbe observatlcrfu and dis-
coveries of Hlpparcbns. to whom he gives the credit wlA
commendtble candour. Indeed, it is chiefly through the
laedinm of the "Almagest" that the merit of Hipparchne
hu bran recognised l>y the modern*. Ptolemy main-

._,__j .,._. .,._ — J. I 1 — d that tbe aun and

wUdi it fixed ia

in the Almagett,"

tayt Delambre, "a clear expoeltioo of the mtem of the
world, of the arrangement of the celeatisf bodies and
th^ Ttvolotiofu, ■ complete treatise of rectilinear and
ipherical trigonometry, and all tbe phenomena of diur-
nal motion explained and calculated with remarkable

s_i._ Suchwu tbe 'Syntaiit,' ('Almagest,') a

_. great value at the present day, linoe It

alone cootaint Uie verified (aoM) history of tbe adenD*,
■ltd the whole utronomlcal knowledge of his timet."
HU sstTonomlcal theory It called the Ptolemaic lyitem.
He alto wrote a work on general geography, (Tb*-
Tpa^uo) Tf^^iToit.) which for many ages wu the chief
aathoritj on that subject, snd did not become obsolete
until the fifteenth century. He gave spcdal attention
to liie detertdnation of the latitudes and lon^tndn
of places t^ mathematical procette*, but r ■ - • -'
descriptive part of ge^wrapbr.

Sm SCHADKko, ^&t ia, G

Ftolemy LagJI, (or the ton of Lagut.) See Ptol
bhyL Sotek.

Fnb-lio'o-1% (I. Guuits.) a Roman general, wm
elected contul in 71 >.C, and wu defeated In battle bf
Spaitacut. He supported Cicero in oppotition to Cati-
line Died soon after 55 B.C.

PnbUoOla, (PirauuB Valxkivs,} one of the founders
of the Roman republic, was consul with Bratui In 509
R.C, and wa* aiithor of laws which protected the lltier-
tiet of the common people, who nve hint the surname
of PtrSLICOLA, " the people's (Heno." He wu reelected
consul in 508 and 507 B.C, and fought against Porten^
who attempted to reetore the Tarqoint. It it tnppoted
that he wu killed at the battle of RegUInt, (496 B.C)

ange in 1
opTe In ^
,. Bater ftee^
FnVU-tuSfni>,ai

lographer, bom in
uliut Cattti. He

, __. „ xhibitcd by C«aar

in 45 B.C Pabliua excelled all competitors u a composei
of mimes. There Is extant a collection of proverbs w
moral uytngi atcribed to him.

Pnoei poof cbee, (Ahtdhiov) a comic poet of Italy Ib
the lowteeBth century. He wrote a dironide ("Ceali'

mmk; %m*; tiord; ttB;;i

al!M,lHatd;ti»t;t)mi»M*. (ar-SeeExplanMioM.p.a»

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

FVCCI

soqoio") in triplets, tnany hittorlcal poems, ("S
tMi,") legendarj poems. (" Reina d'Orfenle," " Ap-
dj Tiro,''^" Bel GWudioo,';) etc,

. ^ , ^ »," " Apollonta

U Tiro,"^"Bel GWudioo,';) etc.

FdooL poofchee, [Lat Puc'cras,) (Francesoo,) in
Italian theolorian, bom at Florence ; died in 1600.

PnooinsllC pootche-nel'lee, (Placioo,} an Italian
Iric^apher, bom in Tuscany about 1609 ; died in lG35.

^(wUa d'Orl6Biu. See Joan of Arc.

Puohta, pd6K'tl, (Gborg Friedrich,) a Gennan
}«riit, born at Cadoliburg in 179S. He published an
excellent work on Roman law, "Cursns der Insdto-
tlonen," {3 vols., 1841-47,) and a " Manual of the Pan-
dects," (5th edition, 1854.) Died at Berlin in 1S46.

Pnohta, (WoLTOAHG Hbinrich,) a Gennan jnriat,
Either of the preceding, was born near Eriangen in 1 769 1
died in 184;.

Pndtta, poo-Chtf tl, (ViNCtHZO,) an Italian muaica:
compoMt, bMU in Rome in 177S. He produced Iwenty-
Aree operas, and other composidons.' Died in i86r.

Puccini, pool-chee'nee, (Giacomo,) an Italian
composer, bom at Locca in 1S53. Became professor of
composition in the Milan Conservatory of Music in 1893.
He composed the operas "La Villa," "Edgar,"
" Manon Locaut," "Tosca," and "Madama Butterfly, "

PflChlBT-Uiuikaii, pVk1;r mdSelcdw, (Hermann
LVDWia Hbinrich,) Prince of, a German writer of
travel born at Muskau, in Lusatia, in 17B5. He visited
England, France, Northern Africa, and Asia, and gave
■n account of those countries in a work entitled "Let-
ters of a Defunct," {"Briefo eines Versiofbenen," iSja)
This was followed by "Semilasso in Africa," {'836,} and
other sketches of traTel. Died \a 1871.

•m "QaiutiT Rtrifw" fi> Joim; iBsti "'on^ Qwirtnjj
R«in>" S>r Mar. "85". May, 183* wAi'Aj. 183S.

Pnecb-Dapont, piisb dU'pitj', (LiONABO,) a French
natnralist and anatomist, b(»n at Bayeux in 1795 ; died
InlS3&

Fnfendoit poo'f^-doRf, written also PiiSeadori^
(ESAIAS,) a German writer, born in i6aS, was a brother
of Samuel He is supposed to be the author o( a satirical
work entitled " Anecdotes of Sweden." Died in ibSg.

PofendorC (Samuki.) See Puffendorf.

PHTf^a-dorC [Ger. Pufehiwrf, poo'f(n-doRf; Lat
Pofemdor'fius,] (Samuel,) Baron, an eminent Ger-
man jurist and publicist, born near Chemnit^ in Saxony,
in 163a. He studied at Leipsic and Jena, giving his
attention chieSy to the political works of Grotius and
Hobbea. He published in 1660 his "Elements of Uni-
versal Jurisprudence," (in Latin,] which was received
with general favour. Puffendorf was soon aRer appointed
by the Elector-Palatine, Charles Ixiuis, professor of the
law d nature and of nations at Heidelberg, that chait
having been created expressly for him. He ex^Hiced the
absurdities of the constitution of the Germanic empire
in his work "De Statu Imperii Germanid," published
andet the name of "Severini de Moiambano," (i6€7,)
which attracted great attention. On the invitation of
Charles XL of Sweden, he accepted a similar professor-
ship at Lund in 1670. He brought out in 167a Us
greatest work, entitled "On the Law of Nature and of
Nations," (" De Jure Natura et Gentium.") This treat-
ise is regarded as superior in some respects to that of
Grotius. The new principles which he advocated were
vioIentlT opposed by some of his contemporaries ; bat
the work procured tor him a durable European teputa-
tion. He was subsequently appointed historiographer
to the King of Sweden, aim made a baron. Died at
Berlin in 1694.

See JnraciL "Viu Fsfciidor%" iSn: Daxm Miruaa,
" Laitda PufendDrfii," ir*v

PttgatolioL See PoooATCHBr.

m portraits. Died in 1707,

Paget, (Hn-AKioH Paul Francois Bibnvbnd,) a
French general, bom in Paris in 1754. He had a high
command in the campaign against Spain in 1793. Died
In 181S.

Puget, (Loisa,) a French musical composer, born

38 PUISIEUX

Fnget, (LoDii,] a French Batoraliat, bom at Ljonsin
1619. He gained distinction by researches on magnetiMB-
Diedinl709.

Pugot, (PixRBE,) an eminent French sculptor, archi-
tect, and painter, born at Maiaeiltes in 1633, was a pnpH
of ^etro da Cortona, with whom he worked at Rome.
He worked as architect at Marseilles, where he also
painted some historical pieces. About 1655 he renounced
painting, on account of ill health, and devoted himself to
scalpture, on which his celebrity is fbanded. At Genoa,
where he passed some years, he executed an admiraUe
statue of Saint Sebastian, a bas-relief of the Assumption,
and other works. Having been invited by Colbert, be
returned to France in 1669, after which he produced, as
sculptor, " Alexander and Dioeenes," and " Hilo of Cro-
tona," which is regarded as his master-piece. He has
been called "the Michael Angelo of France." Died at
Marseilles in 1694.

SHCicocHAak, "SlorndellaScDlIan!" SHsaic-DATiu, "Vm
de P. PuKcl. Fdiinx"BK.. iS«a; FfoAim. "^ffioat tiialoricTDc di
P.PiEct.'^'i&iTi A Rah*, "EJom de P. Psci>." itor : Nob-
nlle Biatnptiie G^D^nle."

Pnghe, pn, (Williak Owbb,) a Welsh philolorist
and antiquary, born in Merionethshire in 1759 Ha
published a " Welsh-and-English Dictionary, (1793-
1S03,) a collection of old Welsh' poetry and chronidea,
entitled "Myvyrian Arcbaiology of Wales," (180 l-«7.i
and "Cambrian Biography," (1803,) Died in 1835,

Poglii, pU'ihld', (AfGtrnijs,) an eminent arduiec-
tural draftsman, bom in Normandy about 176c, emi-
grated to London in his youth. He published, beside*
other works, "Specimens of Gothic Architecture, se-
lected from VarioDS Ancient Edifices of England," ()
vols., 1831-13.) »nd " Specimens of the Ardiitectnnl
Antiquities of Normandy," (1S15-23.) Died in 1S3I.

Pn'feln. (Augustus Nortkmore Wblbv.) an able
English architect, born in London In iSii, was a ion
of the preceding. He was a sealous Roman Catholic,
and an admirer of the medixva] Gothic style of arclu-
tecture. He designed the Cathedral of Saint Marie at
Derby, and a great number of Roman Catholic churcbc*
at Liverpool, Oxford, Cambridge, Reading, Newcastle,
and other places. It appears that his zeal would not
permit him to build a Trotestant church. His writings,
one ofwhichiBentitled"TheTrae Principles of Pointed
or Christian Architecture," (1841,) contributed much to
the prevalence of the Gothic style of churches. He
mined his constitution by excessive labour, was sent to
a lunatic-asylum, and died in 1S53.

Sec B. FmiiKV. "RfcoUectiani of A. N. WcIIit Puk(b and Ar
EntuiPugio;" ^'Bladnnut'i Uipxini^' Ibr DKuibv, iUl

Ptigiii, (Edward Wbi^v,) an architect, and a son c<

whicli his father had commenced Died June 5, 187$.

PngUo. See Puuao.

Pngnanl, poon-vl'nec, (Gabtamo,) an ItaHan com-
poser, bom at Tnrln in 173S ; died in 1798.

Puguetpiln'vi', (Jean FBANgois Xavier,) a French
medical writer, bom at Lyons b 176J, was chief phy-
sician of a hospital at Dunkirk &om i8o<; to iSai. Died
In 1846.

Pulbusqne, dft dfh pii-e'biisk', (Adolphb Louu,]
a French littfraUtir, born in Paris in iSoi. He obtained
a prite of the French Acadeiny for his "Comparative
History of the Spanish and French Literatures," (1
vols., 1S43.) Died May 31, 1863.

Fulaaye, de, d^ pii-e'li', (Josbph GENKVitTE,)
■..OUNT, a French royalist genei^, bom in 1754. He
commanded the army of emigrants and Chouans which

completely defeated at Quiberon in 1794. He died
in England in 1817.

Fobeiuc pil-e'iuh', (Victor Albxandrk,) a French
mathematician, bom at Argenteuil in iSao. He became
iniSS7 professor of astronomy at the Faculty of Sciences
tn Paris. Died September 17, 1S83.

Pnlslenz, do, deh pil-e'z^h', (Madklbikb d' Ar-
rant,) a French authoress, born in Paris In 1730^ wrota
■* Les Caracttres," and other works. Died in t70&

Pnlsletix, de, (Pibrrb Brulart,) Vicottn^ Uarqais
de Sillery, a French diplouutist, bom in Pteii in ijSj.
He was employed in important missions in the reign

t,I,{tkl,%/My;k,t, A, same, less prolonged; i,i,l<S,a,]r,«4«r^,-f,f,l,9,«t(nwv,-nr,fl^] At; roh; nAt; (Md: bMb

d by Google

PUJSSANT 90

at Louii XIIL, with wboa be bid mndi inflDcnoe.
Died in i64(x

FnlBaMit, pfl-«'«AN', (Loms,) ■ French nuitheiiMii-
dan, bom nMir CblMlet (Seine-et-Manie) in 1769. He
devoted himMlf chiefir to Keodety. in which he acquired
eminenoe, and tueceedcd Xa Place In the Academf of
S<ience> Id 181& Among hit worki is a " Treatise on
Geode^'," (1S05.) Died in 1843.

Fnjatt, poo-jl'tee, (Giusbppb Ahtokio,) ad Italian
phnician, bom in FHoli in 1701. He became profeaaor
at Padita in tfu. Died ia 176a

Pnjol, pfi'ihol', (Alucandkk Dxhii Absl,] called
AsBL DK Pujol, a French hiitoiica! painter, bom at
Valendennee in itSj, wa* a pupil of Darid. He f^ined
Ibe fii«t prize in 1811, and went to Rome with a pension.
Among nia best works are " Saint Stephen preaching
the Gaapet,''"CBur en the Ides of March," and a large
picture of the " Renaissance of the Arts," painted on a
ceiling in the LouTre. He was chosen a member of the
Academy in 183$. Died in 1S61.

■h " Noonll* BiocniiU* OColnltv"

Piljol, (Alixis,) a French medical writer, bom near
BMers in 1739. His best work is an "Euaf on Chronic
InRammations of the Viscera," (1791.) Died in 1S04.

Fnjool]^ pU'thoo', (JiAN Bapmstk.) a mediocre
FrendtJKMAWw.bom tnGironde in 1761 ; died In 1811.

Pulaski, pS-las'ke, [Polish pron, poo-lblice,) (Coimt
Cxaiun,) a celebrated Polish officer, was bom in I7f7.
He was a son of the patriotic Count Pnlaild wlio
formed the Confederation of Barr in 1768. Casimb
took arm* In that jtit against the Rossian Invadef^
commanded in manv battles and sieges, and performed
many daring exploit*. "Never waa there a warrior,"*
■aysRnthiire, "who posaessed greater dexterity in eiery
kind of service." He went into exile in 1773. and en-
tered the •enrtce of the United States in 1777. Fow
day* after the battle of Brandvwine he was appointed
commander of the cavalry, with the rank of bnga(Uer>
general He resigned this command in March, 1778, and
raised a body called Pulaski's Legion, which was ordered
to Sondi Carolina m February, 1779. He was killed io
the autumn of that year, at the siege of Savannah.

See SrAUCf, " Ameiicu Biogi^ilv," wL it. of Hemid HnSK

Pnl-«he'il-^ |Gr. HooX^tfia; Fr. FulckIub, pHI'-
■hk're',] Empress of the East, born in 399 A-IX, wsa a
daoghter of Arcadius. She Kovcmed the empire in the
name of her brother Theodotio* from 414 until his
death, in 4<o A.D., and In her own name irom that •
until her death, in 4C3 a.ix She was canonited
•aim by the Greek Chnrch.

Sm GisaoB, "Dadu sad FiU of iba Kaou Eniin;"
ivoa,*'Vlls4*ll'lBpBiiria Puicbdiii." irj4.

Pnloi, pool'che^ (BunaioX),) an Italian poet, bom
■t Florence about 142$, was a brother of Lnigi, noticed
below. He cnmslated Virgil's "Bncolics," (14B1,) and
wrote several Regies. He was living in 1494.

Pnlol, (LiiCA,) an Italian poet, was a brother of the
preceding. He wrote "D Ciriffo Calvaneo," and other

Polo], (Ltnoi,) an Italian poet, was bom at Florence
h ttil- He lived on lamiliar terms with Lorento de'
Me^, to whom his wit rendered him an agreeaUe com-

KIoTL Hi* principal work i* "Morgante Maggiore,"
!i,) a romantic poem, in which the •eriona and ludi-
crovs are Mended, and which contains some beautiful
pasMget. It ii sometimes styled a heroico^omic poem.
He employed the idioms and niceties of the Tosean
bngnage with much aldlL His style was commended
as a model by MacbiaveL Died about 1487.

tee TiBAiocHi, "Storia ddla Lctuiuan Italiua:" Loxc-
nu.ow, "Po«u and PoetiT of Eonipc" Gufcuin^ "HuiDin
Lin^nind'ItiiIia:""UTBof du luliu P«ti,"bTKaT. Hmai
BTnaiHoi "North Amencan Raritiir" lor Oaobv, iSm, irtidi
" Italian Huiatiw pDrtry," (bjr PaiiaiTT.}

PulgaT, del, dCl pool-^a', (Hkrkando,) a Spanish
Ustorian of high reputation, was bom at Pulear, near
Toledo, about 1436. He was appdnted In 1483 histo-
riographer of Castile by Qneen Isabella, whom he served
H lecretaTT and attended in various Journeys and cam-
paign*. He wrote a " History of the Reign of Ferdinand
■ad lubellk," (1565,) which, however, does not e;ctend
qaile to iLe capture of Granada. Among his work* it

} PUMPBLLY

collection of biographiea, entitled " Claros Varones de
Espafia," C niustriooa Hen of Spain," ■S14.) He died
abont t49a

Pullan, (Hbnrv William,) an English anihot,
bom in 1S36. He entered (he church, and was chap-

o the Alert in the Arctic expedition of 1875-76.

rrote "The Fight at Dame Europa's School,"
(1870,) which had an immense sale, " Modem
Christianity," (1871,) and various later works. Edited
Murray's Hand-books to Italy, Rome, and Greece,

6.)

Fall'mon, (Gkokcb Mobtiubr,) an American
inventor, bom in Chautauqua county. New York, in
1S31. His first field of labour was the moving of
large buildings and the lifting of Chicago to a higher
level. Tlie next was the invention of the sleeping-
He began to manufactnre Pullman cars in 1863,
and devised the vealibule train in 1887. The (own of
Pullman, Illinois, was founded in 1S80 for his shops
and workmen. Died in 1897.

PulltiB or Pnl'lAii, (Robert,) an English car-
dinul, noted as a promoter of learning. Died about
150.

Pulazkj, pool'ske, (Fsancis Aurelius.) a Hnnea-
an writer and patriot, bom at Eperies in 1814. HavTna
made the tour of Great Britain and Ireland, he published

1837 " Extracts from the Journal of a Hungarian trav'
elting in Great Britain," (m German.) He took a promi-
nent part in the revolution of 1S4S, and was appointed
Under-Secretary of state for Hungry. After the defeat
of (he Hungarians he accompanied Kossuth as an inti-
mate friend to America, and published in 1S51 an account
of the journey, entitled " Red, White, and Black," (ia
Engh'sh,) in which his wife had a part She was also a
lontributor to his " Tales and Traditions of Hun-
iary," and wrote " Memoirs of a Hungarian Lady,"
1851.) He was pardoned and retumed to Hungary
n 1867, and was director of (he Peslh Museum
869^4. Died in 1897.

Pulteney, plilt'ne, (Ricbard,] an English botant**
ind physician, bom in Leiceaterslure in 1730. He wrote
I "General View of the Writings ot Linnmis," (i78»,)
and " Sketches of the Pnwress of Botany in England,'^'
(1 vols., 1790.) Died bt iSoi.

Pulteney. (Williau,) Earl of Bath, an Englltb
. jtesman and orator, bom in (683, descended from ao
old family of Leicestershire. He began his public lile
asaWbig, entered Parliament about 1705, was appointed
secretary at wm on the accession of George I., in 1715,
--'' beeameabrilliantdebaterin Parliament He ceased
~ ad with the ministry b r7i5, after which he was a
determined opponent of Walpole. As the leader of
the opposition, or the " patriots," he enjmed great
popularity for a number of years. He contributed to
""nie Craftsman," edited by Lord Bolingbrokc. "He
became," says Lord Macaulay, "the greatest leader of
Qppoaition that the House of Commons had ever seen."
(Review of Thackeray's "life of Chatham.") When
Walpole was removed from power, in 1743, Pulteney
ought have been his successor. The formation of a new
ministry was intmsted to tiim, bu^ from timidity or some
other reason, he declined the office of prime minister,
and recommended (he incompetent Lord Wilmington.
lie same lime he sacrificed his own popularity by
accepting the title of Earl of Bath. The composition
of the new cal^t wa* nnsatislactory to his par^ and
to the public. His rival, Walpole, meeting him in the
House ot Lords, said, " Here we are, my lord, the two
most ioMgnificant fellows in England." Died in 1764.

Pol'took, IRoBBax.) an English author of the eigh-
teenth century. Very little is known of his lifh. He
published in 1750 "The Ufe and Adventures of Peter
Wilkina." a romance, which was praised by Southcy.

Pulsono, pool-io'ni, (Scipionb,) a skilftil Italian
painter, bom at Gaeta in 1550; died abont 1590.

Pnm-psli;, (Rapkau,) an American geologist, bom
at Owego, New York, September 8, 1837. He studied
in France and in (he German universities, and was em
ployed by the Japanese and Chinese governmenu to

«Mi;caat,-f<Ur^.'Aaa(;G,H,K./t3am>/;ii,iutti;;i.friiVAf;iasi; thaiindir. (ly-See Explanations, p. 3}. )

Digitized ay

Gooi^lc

PUNSHON so

exanfaie the ninenl TCaonicei «i their mfxctlve conn-
taiei. In 1866 he became proftstor of miniDg en^neer-
ing in Hunrd UnlTcnit7. He wm emplowd in the
geoli^cal suTTey of Hichigui, 1870-71, and m* etale
geologist of Missouri, 1871-73. He was engaged on
the United States Geological Surrey i879-£i and
1884-91. He wrote " Acrou America and Asia," etc.

PVn'slipn, (William Hoeuv,) LI.D., an English
We*le;an miniiler, bom at Doncaiier in i3a4. At the
age <ri twenty-one he had earned a reputation u u elo-
quent orator. In 1868 be left England for Canada, and
mairied bit deceued wife'a aiiter, but shortl; after her
death, in 1871, he returned to England, «nd in 1S74 waa
elected president of the Wesleyan Conference for the
•nsnlng yeai, Manv of hii sermons «nd lectnrei were
very popular. Died at Buiton, April 14, tSSt.

Pa>pl^niw HuE^miw, (Clodius,) a
officer, who was elected (338 a-D.) emperor with Balbinua,
He was killed in ng b; his enntinoua soldiers.

Partni, pi)6-ri'nt, a Sanacrit word, sIgniMng " an-
cient," and applied to certain sacred books of the Hin-
doos, treating of the creation, destracllon, and renoTatioa
of worlda, and of the bisloiy of gods and heroea. There
are eighteen recognized as emmentljr sacred. The pu-
rlnai are Tcry *o1aminons, comprising, according to
Professor Wilson, lout huntbed thonaand stanas.

Sh Wiuok'i PnftecU hia imuluioii 1/ ib* VhIibb FnriM.

Porbsoli, w>oB'bftE,or Psnrbnoli,poik'blx,[GBOKa,)
■n eminent German astronomer, born at Peurbach, in
Austria, in 1413. He atadied at Vienna and lubsequentl;
bi Itaij, and, after his retum, sticceeded Gmunden as
professor of aaCionomj at Vienna. He wroU sn ex-
planation of the first uz books of the "Almagest" of
Ptolemy, and a work entitled " New Theoriea of the
Planets," ["Theori« none Flanetarnm,") which had a
lugh reputation in hia time. The celebrated Hiiller
(RedomontanD*) waa his po^il. Died in 1461.

ni'OttU, (HSMKY,) an eminent English mu^dan and
composer, born, probably in Westminster, In 1658, was
a pupil of Captain Cook. He became organist of West-
minster Abbey in 1676, and one of the orj^anists of the
chapel royal in 16S3. Hia first compositions were an-
tlieina, which were greatly admired. He displayed
greater genius in dramatic music and other secular
music. In 1690 tie produced the muuc of Lee's "Tiie-
odoeina ; or. The Force of Love," and that of the
"Tempest" aa altered I7 Dryden. He composed many
songs, cantatas, sonatas, duets, glees, etc. Among his
popular works are the song "Genius of England,"
"Britons, strike Home," (in "Bonduca,") the cantata
of "Ifad Bess," and several songa in Dryden's "King
Arthur." He is considered by some critics the most
excellent composer that England has produced. Died
in NoTember, 1695.

Pnr-oell', (John Baptist,) D.D., an archbishop, bora
In Hallow, Ireland, February 36, iSocl He was edn-
cated in Maryland, and in the Sulpitian Seminary of
Paris, and in 1816 was ordained to the Roman Catholic
priesthood. He became president of the college at £m<
mittaburg, and in 1833 was consecrated Bishop of Cin-
cinnati. In 1850 be waa promoted to be archbishop and
metropolitan. The latter years of his lite were rendered
burdensome bf ^eat financial difficulties, caused by his
systeoi of receiving money on deposit. In i38o he re-
tired from the active duties of his position. Died at
Gaint Martin's, Ohio, July 4, i^3-

FflT'ob^ (Samubl,) an EngHsh compiler of travels,
was bom at Thaxted, in Essex, in 1S77. He became
rector of Saint Martin's, Ludgate, in London, and chap-
lain to Archbishop Abbott. He published "Purchas
his Pilgrimage ; or. Relations of the World and the Re-
ligions observed in all Ages and Places," etc, (1613,)

pU're', (Datid,) a Swiss phUanthro

physioli
toPrag

10 PUTNAM

PmlcMll^ t>oo-rD.che11ee, (Pkarciscsi,) an ItaHtD
poet, bom at Milan about 1657 ; died in 1738.

FniloelU, (GioVANNt Pwito,) an Italian scholar and
prieat, bom m tlie Hilaneae in 1589. He published
" Ambroaianm llediolanm Basilicse Honnmenta," {164s-)
Died in 16(9.

FurUnJa, pooi'kin-yi, (Jan Etanoxluta.) an emt
nent Bohemian phyaiologist, born at Leitmeritz, Decem-
ber 17, 17187. He became a priest, but took a decree in
medicine at Pr^ue in 1819. He held profcaaorsiiips uT
-*- iology at Prague and Breslau, and in 1853 retnrnod
ague. He was bmous as a skilful teaclier,and wan
Loe instructor of many excellent physidant. His dis-
coveries in phTStol<^ were of great importance. Ito
published, besides valuable pro^sional papera, Ciech
translations of Tasso's " Jemsalem Delivered" (183s)
and of Schiller's lyrics, (lS4',) '"'' translated manjr
Ciech songs into the Polish. Died Julv aS, 1860,

Pttntt, (Frxdirick,) a diatingnished botaniat, boni St
Tobolsk, in Siberia, in 1774. He resided in the United
States from 179910 181 1, and in the latter year went to
Euidand. He published a valuable work on the plants
of North America, entitled *' Flora America Septentrio-
nalis," (London, 1814.) Died at Montreal in iSaa

Por'Tfi, (Akthonv,) an English linguist, bom in
Hampshire about 170a, was a minister of the Sodety
of Friends. He studied Greek and Hebrew, and pro-
duced a new version of the Old and New TeatamMt,
which he published (1764) hy the aid of Dr. FothernlL
Died in 1777. Purver's translation (rf the Bitile hae
lieen pronounced superior to all others for *■ dosencM to
the original "

Pni'vin. (RoiKBT,) an American abolitionist, of
Moorish descent on his mother's side, was bom at
Charleston in 1810. His father was a successful cotton
merchant. He aided in founding the American Anti-
Stavery Sodety of Philadelphia in 1833, and was long
its vice-president. His house was one of the prind-
pal stations on the underground railroad. He snd
Whittier were mobbed on one occasion. Later he
became vice-president of the Woman's Suffrage So-
dety. DiediniS98.

ntfty, (Edward Boitvxki^) D.D., tlie finukder of
Fuseyism, was bora in iSoft His father, Philip Boa-
varie, was a brother of the Earl of Radnor, and aasnmed
the name of PusxY. He graduated at Oxford in iSs^
became Fellow of Oriel College, canon of Christ Chnch,
and Regius professor of Hebrew in iSaS. Inconjtwcdoa
with totaa Henry Newman, he wrote "Tracts fiir the

on the encharist, which hepreadied in 1S43.

He bvours auricular conieaaloa and sevsral doctrines
and practices of the Roman Catholic Church. Died
.September 16, 188s.

Pnser, (Philip,) an agriculturist, a brotiier cf Dm
preceding, was born in 1799. He inherited an estate
in Berkshire, which county he represented in Parliament
from 1S34 to 1851. His political prindples were con-
servative. He wrote several essays on agriculture^ and
edited the " Journal of the Royal Agricultural Soctety."
Died in 18$ J.

Posbkin. See Pooshkin.

Pntoanns. See Dwptrv.

antiquary and historian, bom at Venloo in 1574. He
became m 1606 profesBor of andent literature at Lon-
rain. Died in 1646.

PntlltB, pd6t^its, (GtinAV Hunuch Gans,) a Gcr>
man nobleman and littlrattttr, bom in i8ai, pnbliahed
several dramas, and a collection of charming tales, en-
titled "What the Forest tells ItselC ("Waa sich der
Wald erilhlt") Died in 1890.

Ftif nfm, (FrkdbkjcxWard,) an American naturalist
and archteologist, bom at Salem, Massachuaetta, AjMfl

\,i,\,^%%lang;^k,b,tamt,^»^<AavSS^^^i,\^>,^'^,^herl;^,^\,fh'll'f>'rl:^,&Xi,i!K^\vA^\TXA\^S(^

d by Google

PUTNASf 3

1874 was made corator of the' Peabody Mnieum,
Harraid UnivenJIjr. He was also professoT o( archa-
olon and ellinolog]', Harvard, and curator ol
antSropolog]', American Mateum of Natural Histotjr.
He was president of the American Association in
■89S. He wrote largely on anthropology, soology,

. 0, (Gbokob PALun,) an American pablisher,

bmn at Bninawick, Maine, Febniarj at, 1814. He be-
came • bookseller and pnbtisher of New York, and
lcrande(l''Putnam't Magazine." He published a " Chro-
BologT," (1833,) called In the editions later than i "
World's Progress, a DJctioaarf of Datea," "Th
In Europe," (1838,) " American Facts," (1845,) and othe*
works. Died »t New York, December ao, 1872.

His SOD, Gbobgb Havkn, bom in 1844, sacceeded
to tbe head of Ihe publishing business, and was very
actire and efficient in the passage of the copyright
Uw of 1891. He wrote "Authors and their Public
in Ancient Times," " Books and their Maki
Middle Ages," etc.

Putnam, (Herbert,) librarian, was bom at New
York city in 1S61. He wu librarian in Minnespoli
18S4-91, in the Boston Public Library 1S95-99, and
was appointed libiariaD of the Library of Congress
at Washington in March, 1890.

PW^nfm, (IiBAn,) a celebrated American general
•f the Rerolntioa, born at Salem, Massachusetts, in
IT18. Ha distingiuahed bioself in the French war by
hia reckless coarage and adventorous spirit, and, being
captnred bylhe Indiana in the neighbourhood ofllcon-
derc^ in 1758, was only saved from being burned aiivc
by the interposition of a French officer. On the breaking
oat of the Revotntlonary war, he embraced with ardoui
die cause of the patriot*, and was cona^caous for kis
skill and braTCty at the battle of Bunker HilL He
waa made a major.general in 1775. In May, 1777, he
wu appointed commander of the army of the Highland*
In New York. He superintended tbe construction of
tike IbttificatioDa at West PoinL Died in 1790. Among
fcb exidoits was a light widi a wtdfl which he followed
hto a dark cavern with a torch and killed with a gun.
The apertnre of the caveni being tery small, he crept
in head-foremou, and had a rope Mstened to his lega, by
which hia companiooa drew Urn ottt This occarnd at
Pou&et, Connecticat, whera he resided, Acoordiog to
Preaideot Dwight, he waa a "man whose nneioaitv was
■" • who raised him*

I prorerbial, w

ringnlar, whoae honesty was prove
iW to anlTenal eateem and Office* <
bf peraottal worth and a usefiil life^'

8h "EtHToi thtLiliof Oaian]PaDiui,"IqrD. Hinaraaan.

Pvtnam, (HAky Lowell.) an American writer, a
daughter of Charles Lowell, (q. v.,} sister of J. R. Low-
ell, (q. V.,) and mother of W. L. Putnam, (q. ».) She
was bom in Boston, December 3, 1810, and married Mr.
S. R. Putnam in 1S31. Among her book* are " Record
of an Obacure Man," (1861,) "Tragedy of Errora,"
1860,) "Tragedy of Success." j 186a,) a " Life" of W. U
Pntnam, etc. She is distingnished as a polyglot linguist.

Patuam, (Rurui,) an American general of the Re*«-
hnioD, born at Sutton, Massachusetts, in 1738, waa one
of the first settlers of the State of Ohio. In 1788. in
nmipany with a considerable number of colonists from
New England, he founded the dty of Marietta. He
was appomted in 1796 aurveyor-general of United Slates
lands. Died in 1834.

Patnam, {Wiujam Lowell,) an Americaii oScar,
born in Boston in 1S40, was a nephew of the poet James
R. LowelL He graduated at HaiVard College, andeave
promise of extraordinary genius. HaTing enlistM a*
a Beuunant, he wa* killed at the battle of Ball's Blul^
October, 1861.

Putaohitu, pBt'aKe-ns, (Elui,) a Flemiah philolo-
gist, bom at Antwerp about isElo. He published a
valaable work on tM ancient grammarians, entitled
"Grammaticx Latinn Aoctoret antiqui," {1605.) Died
at Stade in 160&

II PYM

born about 1533. He wrote "Partbeniadea," and "Tte
Aft of Poesie," (1589.) Died about i6oa

Pttttar or FttetMr, pHt'ter, (Jobann Stefbah,)
celebrated German publicist, bom at Iserlohn, in West-

Ehalia, in 1715. He became in 1757 prolessor of public
iw at Gtittingen, where he lectured more than forty
years. Among bis numerous works are " Institutes
of German Public Law," (" Institntionea Jnii* pnblid
Germanid," 1770,) and a " Historical Development et
the Constitution of Ihe German Empire," (3 vol*., 178&)
Died at Gattingen in 1807.

Pnvea da Chavanaaa, (Pibskb,) a French
painter, bom at Lyons in 1834. He was distinguished
tor his mural decorations in many French building*
and in the Boston Public Library. Died in 1S9S.

Ptivla, (Maec Antoine,) a French agriculturist,
bom at Cuisesux (Sa8ne-et- Loire) in 1776. He
rendered important services by his experiments and
writings on agriculture. Died in 1S51.
Pn;, do. See Dupuv.

Fn7a4sni'rda,(AKUANDMABiETACQUBadoCauat*-
not— -d;h shit'ni',) Mabqvis, a French general, bom
in 1751. He waa a tealoo* advocate of animal magnet-
lam, on which he wrote several work*. Died in lUJ.

PaTa^SOT, do, (Jacques FKAt«90is de Chastenbt,)

Marquis, an aUe French general, born in Pari* in

1636. He was sent to Spain in 1703, with tbe title of

director-general of the Iroopa, and was raised to the

rank of lieutenant-general in 1704. In 1734 he received

marshal's blton. Died in 1743. He left a "Treatise

nth* Art of War." His father, Jacques, bom in 160a,

a* a general of aome distinction. Died In tfiSa.

Pyat; pef, (FiuxJ a French iAMnmrnr, bom at

Vlenon (Cher) in i8iO| conpoaed aevetal dramaa and

contribuled to various JooroaU H« was a radical in

politics, and Mned Ledrn-Rollin in a teditiou* plot in

Jnne, 1849, after which he lived in exile until 1869. He

u a Commnnlsi leader In iSyi. Died Aagnat 3, 1889.

Vy, pi, (Hbnky James,) an Engliih poel, bom in

ondon in 174S- He tran^ted Aristotle** " Poetic*,"

_k1 wrote many poems, among which are " Tbe Progress

of Refinement," (1783,) and "Alfi^d," an epic poem,

<l8os.) H* became poet-laureate in 1790^ and wa* a

member of Parliament Died In 1813.

rOiQoHM,) an English engraver of landacapes, waa

at Birmingham in 1783. He engraved with siiirii**

I picture* of Tomer, among which are "Pope^

VllU," and "The Temple of Jupiter." He published

„-_. ,„_..,_. ..„,_*... „. ■■„,8j^

-.,„ . 1 — ,, ,, lythology, a

king of Cyprus, who i* *aid to have &lkn in love with
-^ ivory iniue of a young woman which he had formed,

id wUcb Veno* at his request endowed with life.

FypnaUon, (called PUmellon in some inscriptions,)

of Dido, or Elissa, who founded Carthage^
S« Viaen.'i " iSneid," boek L

PrgmiM or PysmML See Pvomibs.

Pfg'mlea, [Gr. OyniaUn; Lat PyaiL«i, pig-mee'l;

r. PvGHils, p^mi',) a bbalous nation oTdwarEL
whom [he andenu supposed to live near the sources erf
Ihe Nile, or in India. According to Homer, they waged
against Ihe crane* a warfare which wa* anniully re-
newed. Some writer* relate that an army of pygmie*

ice aasailed Hercule* when he wa* asleep.

Fyladft See Pvlades.

PtFf-dSi,JGr. -OsiJAK ; Fr. Pylade, pelld',] a aon
of Strophius, King of Phod*, was a cousin and intimate
friend of Orestes, whose sister Electra he married. The
friendihip of Fylade* and Oreste* wa* proverbial. (See

PylO, pll, (Howard,) an American artiat and writer,

born in Wilmington, Delaware, March 5, 1853. He hat

devoted himself chiefly to art, and especudlytothe illu*

' <n of books. He has publiahea "The Merry Ad

ires of Robin Hood," (1883,) and many illustrated

artidcs in periodicals. Died November 9, 1911.

Pjfm, (John,) an eminent British sWesmui and

atoT, bom at Brymorc, In Somersetshire, in ts&4. Ha

«asi,- {a*/; \kard; ^aaj:a,a,K,pitlttr«i; V,iuual; x,triUid; la**; «ha*lni!U(. (iap~SeeEaplaiialk«*,p.33.)

d by Google

iintry

party, tnd so •trcimoiul; opposed the meMares of the
court that Kinp Tame* L •tignutiied him aa " ■ Terv ill'
tempered spirit.'' He lepteierted Tavistock in all the
Parfiamenu held in the Tcign of Charles I. In i6a6 he
was one of the managers ofan impeachment against the
Dnke of Backinghatfi, and made a speech for which he
was imprisoned by the court He was released on his
electioe to the third Parliament ^e was once a friend
of Wentworth, who, having resolved to desert the pop-
nlar cause, obtained a private interview with Pym and
began to sound him in a set speech. Pym, undeistand-
ing his drift, stopped him short with these words : " You
need not use all this art to tell me that you have a mind
to leave u»; but, temeraber what I (ell you, I will never
leave you while your head is on your shoulders I" In
the Parliament which met in April, 1640^ Pym made a
long and celebrated speech on grievancea. "A more
massive document," says Forater, "was never given to
history," Pym and Hampden were the meet eminent
leaders of the popular parW when the Long Parliament
met, in November, 1640. He attacked Wentworth (now
Earl of Strafford) in a powerful speech, which had such
an effect that he was unanimausiy, and without delay,
impeached of high treason. "The result," sa^ Forater,
"proved this to have been, what Pym anticipated, the
master-stroke of the time. It struck instant terror into
every quarter of the court, and left the king, for a lime,
powerless and alone." At the triai irf Strafford he ap-
peared as accuser. His influence is thus estimated by
Clarendon! "I think Mr. Pym was at this time [1641)
the most popular man, and the most able to do hurt,
that hath lived in any time." On the aid of November,
1641, he presented to the House the Grand Remon-
strance, a final appeal to the people. In January, 1&43,
the king attempted to arrest Pym and foor other m«n>
bers of the House; but they escaped. (See Chablxs
L, and Haupdrh.) Pym had received, ttirongh Lady
Carlisle, timely notice of this attempt At a conference
of the two Houses on the subject of grievances, in the
same month, Pym made a celebrated speech. He waa
nicknamed " King Pym" by the royalists. He was ap-
pointed lieutenant-general of the ordnance of the king-
dom in November, 1643. He died in December of th^
year, leaving several children. Pym was a consummate
masterof parliamentary science and political tactics. He
was not extreme in his opinions, and did not partake
of tbe Fnritanic foruiality and rigorism which prevailed
among the members of hit party. "There is nothing
more remarkable in the speeches of Pym," says Foister,
"than what maybe emphatically termed their nitdtm.
. . The wisdom I have spoken of was, as it always
is with the greatest men, a junction of the plain and
practical with the profound and contemplative ; to such
an extent, however, in liis case, and in such perfection,
as may not be equalled in that of any other speaker of
andent or modem times, with the dogle exception
ofBurke."

Pyin, (Sir Wiluam,) an Eng^sh physidant bom In
Edinburgh or in Warwickshire about 17T5. He served

"Treatise c
1861.

Pyiutckar. See Pynaiuv,

Quaker or Pyiiftoker, pl'nl'kfr, (Adau,) a skilful
Dutch landscape-painter, bom at Pynakei, between Delfi
and Schiedam, in 1631. He studied at Rome, and re-
turned to Holland. " In his small compositions," says
die " Kographie Universelle," " he shows himself a skil-
ful artist We distinguish the form and aspect of (he
diSerent spedes of trees ; his ciriour ts always beautiful
and true ; his distances and akiei are vapoiv," etc
Died about 167&

P^'ob^ii, (Thomas Ruooles,) D.D., LI.D., an
American clergyman, bom at New Haven, Connecticut^

Church, and waa a profe^r in Trinity College, 1855-74,
and its president 1874-83.

Ffn'ob^D, (WILLIAM,) an Anglo-Aiserkan writer
on theology, bom about 1591. He emigrated from
England in 1630, and waa one of the first settlers of
Springfield, Massachoselts. Died in Bucidnghamsbire

Fyne, pin, (Jaum E,) an able English landscape-
painter, born at Bristol in iSoo. He became a resident
of London about 1835, and visited Italy and Switsetlaod
in 1846. In 1853 ho published somebeautifnl landscapes
in a volume entitled " Tbe Eodish Lake District" tfli
style is vigorous and brilliant Ml not free imm manner,
ism. He was vice-president of the Society of Britisb
Artists bt many years. Died in iSyo.

Pyne, (Louisa Fankv,) an English soprano-nnget
born in 183Z- With her elder sisler, His. Galton, she
visited the United States in 1S54, and was received with
favor. In 1S6S she martied Frank Uodda, a singer, and
shortly after retired from the stage.

Pjtitt, (WiLUAti HiNxT,} an English painter and
writer, bom in London in 1770. He painted portraits
and landscapes with same success, bnt gained more
distinction by his publications, viz., "The Microcon^
or a Picturesque Delineation of the Arts, Manufacture^
etc. of Great Britain," (iSot,) a " History of the Royal
Residences," (3 vols., iSig,] and "Wine and Walnnts,"
(1813.) Died in 1843.

Sec "AuiDbufnphy af WilUui Jgnba," veL iL cbapL vii

P^n'spn, (RiCKARD,) an early printer, who was bom
in Normandy, and lived in Bneland about 1500. He was
king's printer in the reign of Henry VIL

^o^ peV, Ukan Jacques Richard,) a French phy.
1, bom at Isomes (Haute-Uarne) in 1792; died m

PJper*. 5

,,.. . ^I'ptrs, (P]BTBK.)'a Dutch poet, born at
Amerafooit in 1749. He wrote several short poems,
and produced many drainus, some of which were trans-
Utedor imitated Irom the French. Died in 1S05.
Sm Vam nui Aa, " Biotmihueli WcoideiibaEk."
Pyra, pee'rl, (Jacob Emanhil,) a German poet Iwni
I Lnaatia in i7ij. He wrote "The Temple of True
oeBy," and other poems. Died in 1744.
Pfi'f-miia, IFr, Pvkams, pe'rtm',] See Tbube.
Pyiard, pe'in', (Fban^ois,) a French voyager, bom

commended. Died in i6ai.

Pyr-gofa-lSi, [Otfimra^,] an excellent Greek en-
graver of gems, lived about 330 B.C. An edict of Alex-
ander the Great designated him aa the only artist who
waa permitted to engrave the royal aeal-rings or gems
Tbe extant works asoibedtohimare probably forgeries.

Pyrker, pAR'k^r, (Johahh Ladislaw,) a German
>et, bom at Langh, in Hungary, in 1773. He became
Archbishop of Erlau in 1811. Among his poems is one
entitled " Pearls of the Good Old Time," (" Ferlen det
heiligen Vorreit" 1813.) Died in 1847.

Py-rom'a-cliiu, riIif)6fi<Eto(,] sometimes written
FhTTOinaohaa or Philomaclina, a Greek statuary,
who is supposed to have flourished about 300 or ijo
B.C A famous statue of Asclepius is ascribed to bim.

Pj^rlla,adaughlerof Epimethens and Pandora,*

"e of DeucalioD. According to tradition, she and
her husband were saved in an ark whep mankind were

generally drowned by a deluge. (See Dbucalion.)

PJi'rlio or Pyr'rlion. [Ifiif^,] a Greek philosopher

and skeptic, waa a native of Elis, and was Dotn about

B.C. He was a pupil of Anaxarchus or Anaxan-

k It is said that he accompanied Alexander tbe

It to India. His writinjp, if he left any, are not

nt He had numerous disciples, and is regarded sa

the founder of a skeptical school, the doctrines of w" '

are called Pyrrhonism. He recommended a

of judgment and cultivated a halnlUBl con

, liarti h (, j, 0, abteurt; Eir, fill, lit; mkx; ntH; gi)6dl B jSn

L f, I. B. <U *.Jinv,- i. C &, same, lesa prolonged; t, i, T, 6, G, y.

inuia DC nccuna DigQ-pnen ii CAU. uiKa bixidi ue
■ge of miMtf.

Sh a Malut, X tnia pfailnKriihiaM," mbm B. : Diocdih
LAamui: UOhck. "Da NotioiH *t IndidaScapiKism nmninWfan
^TT^Hnv^" '797! "NoavflUa Kdgr^ihia Gm«U."

PyxThon. S«e PruiHa

PyirhoB. See NioPTOLaMU^

Ffi'iliaB, [n«^,] King of Epinii, a ton of King
Aaddes and Phlhia, was born about 318 B.C Hia
&thei wa« killed in battle while Pvnrhus wat a child.
The fonng prince himself was eapelled by the Epirotes
at the age of seventeen, and then joined the army of
DemetriaSt who was his brother-in-law. He signalized
his coutage at the battle of Ipsus, (^01 B.C.) Haiing
raised a small army, he entered Epirus, and obtained
the throne in 195 B.C. His courage and generosity
rendered him nry popular. Ambition appears to have
been hi* ruling paiaion. In 191 B.c he was involved in
a war against Demetrius, his brother-in-law, for the poa-
•eaaion of Macedonia, wliich he invaded in 187 B.C The
army which Demetrioa led against him, impelled by ad-
miration of the character of Fyrrhus, deserted to him in
a tiody, and Demetrius fled from the kingdom. Pyrrhus
divided his conquest with his ally Lytimachua, who (oon
made himsalf matter of all Macedonia. An trretlttible
tem^tion wai preaented to the ambition of Prrrhiis by
the Taicntines, who in aSi B.C. solicited his aid in a war

in hb traveia would seem to have no atber groand than
the drcomstance that certain doctrines of his l>ear a.
atriUfig reaemblanoe (o some of those held by the Indian
Brahmin* or Booddhists. He not only taught the doc-
trine of metempsvchosis, (or transmigration of souls,)
bnt, like the Hmdoos, made this the ground for incul.
eating the duty of kindness —-■ •--■* ' -"-

*, uid otafastine

tenderness towarda
from their flesh. It is related
I he interceded to prevent a
dog from being beaten, saying that he recognized in it*
cries Che voice of one of his fncnda who had died. Py-
thagoras attached a great importance to the study at
maUiematica. He is regarded as the inventor of several
important geometrical theorems, among which may he
named the following: that the three angles of a triangle
are together eqoal to two right angles, and that in any
right-angled triangle the square formed on the hypo-
cenose is equal to the sum of the squares of the two
sides. He 1* said also to have been the inventor of
stringed musical instruments.

It IS said that Pythagoras lirst made use of the word
philosopher, {^Mao^,) applying it to himseU He had,
we are told, witnessed tiie various pnblic ^mes of
Greece, and came at length to Phlius, in Achaia. Leon,
the king of that countrr, was delighted with his ingenuity
and eloquence, and asked him what art or profession be

db,Google

IT of his religious and philosophic tenet*. " None
of his writings aie extant j and what we know of hit
philosophy is derived roainlf from writer* who under-
•Mod it very imperfectly.

B« Amiii DAau, "Viadi ^rthigcn," iM: A. PomiMu,
'LncB viD P^Ftliigoiu." 17141 HAHUHn " DiHcrtuio da Via
M Sjnibglii Pinba«aiB." iM: EiUTSOt. '■ HluoriMJi-kritiidis
I,(ln(>aii^twdHaP]'tlMf(ifM,"i7j6i Tnnsili

;|G«Mhid>tti]irPiFtli^artiMlMo Hiila-

FUloioplusit I

.,„, HSICH RlTTMl, , ,

[Gr. UMar; Fr. Trmiu, pe'tM ofUu.

QUASLBS

It Greek naTigator of nnkiMHn

sailed to the western and northern parts of Eorop*^
and wrote an account of his dticovenea, which is not
extant Ha described a place called Thule, composed
-' - —'-'— Qf earth, sea, and air. His statements

PfUil-f, the name of the prtoMeM of Apollo it
Delphi, where she ottered orades.

PytUM. See Damon.

Pftbl-VB, [nMmc.I * *nrt)Mne of ApoUo, applied to
him becaose he was worshipped at Delphi, the ancient
name of which was Pytho.

Pythliu. See pHiuus.

Python, [nMuv,] the name of a bboloDs drason of
Delphi, killed t^ Apollo.

Q.

IMed December 34, iS8i.
Qoaok'en-boa, (John Duncan,) an American
author, WM bom at New York city in 1848. He be-
came a physician, was professor of rhetoric at
Columbia College 1S91-95, and at Barnard College
for Women 1891-93. His works are many and
Taried, some of them being school-books, others

Qwd-ri'tiu, ]Gt. Ks4><^,] an early Christian min-
ister, who, according to Siint Jerome, was chosen Bishop
of Athens in lis A.U He presented an Apology for
the Christian religion to Adrian in 136 a.ix

Qtuuiii Icwl'dRee, (Antonio,) an Italian writer 00
Itatittict and political economy, was bom at Vicenza in
1777. He obtuned in 1S15 the office ofieeretary of the
government at Venice.

Qoadrl, (Giovanni Lodovtco.) an Italian architect
and eneraver, bom at Bologna in 1 700 ; died in 1 748.

QtuUl-tl-^'rl-tu, (QuiNTus Claudius,) * Roman
historian, lived about 80 B.C He wrote Roman Annals,
some extracts from which are preserved by Aulus
OeUins.

Qtladilo, kwl'die-o, (Fkancbbco Savbrio,) a learned
*' " ' suit and critic, bom in Valtellina in 169J. He
..oyed as profeuor at Padua, Bologna, Venice,
..e published, besides other works, a seneral his-
tory of poetry of all nations, |" Storia e Kagione d'ognl
Vaftia." 1 vols.. iTio-CO.) a work of irmt labour and

Died in 175&
_ _ ■ ■ rll'yo, (Anoklo.) an aoie scene-p
wu a broiherj)r the following. Died in iSi^

employed
He pub:

Qtia^llo,

r, born at Munich in
... .N Canalbtto, He

acquired a. wide reputation u a painter of architecture.
Among his works i* a picture of the Ratiibon CathedraL
He contributed much to revive a taste for the archi-
tecture of the middle ages. Died in 1837. His &ther.
GiUSE»E, born in 1747, was a skilful scene-painter.
Died at Munich in 1818.
SmNui

.814-.

Quagllo, (Giuuo.) an Italian fresco-painter, born at
Laino, was the ancestor of several artist*, noticed above
and belnw. Died In 1800.

QDagllo, (Loeenzo,) an architect, botn at Laino la
I730t was a son of Giovanni Maria, an architect, who
worked at Vienna. Lorenio designed theatres at Man-
heim and Frankfort He died at Munich in 1804. He
was an uncle of Giuseppe, noticed above, and &ther of
Giovanni Uasia, a pointer of architecture and dm-
nutic sceoety, lAo wa* bom in 1773.

10, smoiea in ram. na uutjng^uwDco
lessor of anatomy and physiology in Ae
rsity, now called University College, and
cwltton in 1836. His chief work b " Ele-

Mallov .

himseir a* professor

London University, 1

resigned this position in 1836-

menti of Anatomy." (6th edition, 1856,) which is sakl to

be better than any English work prcviooaly pu'ldished

~~ systematic anatomy. Died in iMs-

,^ — .- ,D \ ^ vonng- '---'- '

University College, Ltnidon, aboot 1836.
pointed professor of cUnical salary at the Universlly
College Hospital fn 1848. He pnHished an e>cellen(
work entitled "The Anatomy of the Arteries of tba
Human Body," (1845.) Died September 17, 1887.

QtMln, (Sir Richard,) a consm of the preceding, be-
came a physician to the Coruumption Hoapital, Bromp-
ton, and invented the Stethometer. Died in 1S98.

QnalBt kwt'nee, (FuMcnco,) an Italian plater,
bom at Bolwna iniSii, wa* particnlartysucces
painting architectural views. Died about l68a

Qiulai, (LoDOVicio,) a son of the preceding w«. .». B
at Bologna in 1643, and was a papil of Carlo (^gnmi,
whom he imitated. He is said to have painted the bnd-
•capes and architecture of some of Cignani's great woric*.
He worked in partnership with FrancescUni at Rome^
Genoa, etc, and painted some historical pictures com-
posed by himselt Died in 1717.

Quandt, kwlnt, (Jokann GoiTtOB,) a German writer
on fine arts, bom at Leipsic in 1787, became distin-
guished as an amateur and collector of iNCtnre*. Among
hii works are "KicoiaicmB in the Domain of Art," aria
■■ Lecture* on iCtthetica." Died in i8m.

Qitui^ kwlnta, (JoHAim Joachim,) a German co«n-
poser, bom near Gfittingen Ic 1697 ; died in 1 773.

Qnarangbl, kwl-rCn'tee, (Giaoomo n. Cavaukm.)
an Italian architect, bom at Bergamo In 1744- Invited
by the empress Catherine, he went to Saint Petersburg
and acquired a high reputation by works erected in that
dty. Among these are the Exchange, and the Theatre
of the Hermitage. Died in 1817.

Se* NAQiaa, " AUtBBOiiti "--'—-' — tw- ■

Quarfn, kwl-reen', (JosiPH,} a German piqpteian,
bom at Vienna in 1733. He gained distlnctioa bv
his writings on Fevers and Inflammations, (1774,] and
became first physician to the emperor Joseph IL Died

: emperor Joseph I,

Quarle*, kwfitli, (Francis,} a quaint but popolar
' ~ ■ I. He was secretary

..^ _ nd was then deprived

of his situation by the Irish rebellion. In the civil war
be favoured the royalist party. His most popular poem
Is entitled "Emblems," (1635,) and has been often re-
printed. Among his other works are "Divine Poems,"
"Hadassa," atufa "History of SamsoiL" "We Grtdin
Qnarles," says Headley, "original imagery, striking.

db, Google

qUARTLEY

QUERINI

•enUment, fertility of ezpreMlon, *xA bappf camUna-
tiona." Died in 1644.

S« " KMrnpcdin Rninw," toL »., (.S« i Wood, " AthmB
Quaiaus;" Alukhik "Dktiaiuja/ Autbon."

Qnarnay, (Arthub,) ui Ameiicaii »rUit, bom &t
Puu, France, in iSjg. He lived in Baltimore, ind
tsDcht himBcir the art of punting. Id 1S75 he remored
to New York, where he wai choeen >n uiodate of the
National Atsdemj of Deaign. His piindpal piclnrea
■re DMrioe and coast views. " A Stotm off the Iilei of
Shwda" baa been called hii beat picture. Died in 1886.
~ ' ~ ■ da Brsao, d*, d«h kltB'fkh' d;h bsS.

iuUND,) a Piench naturalitt, bom in the

dbputnMnt of Card in iSia He became profeaior of

(Tbah Loiris AuuND,) a Piench naturalitt, bom
deputnMnt of Card in iSia He became profeai
anatomy and ethnology at Ibe Hutenm of Natncal Hii-
tory, pMia. Hi* fovourite Ktence wa* loalc^. He
wrot* numeiooB worka, among which are "Souvenin
of a Naturalist," (1S54,) "Crania Ethaica," (1875-
8a,) " L'Espece humaine," (1877,) " Les Pygmies,"
(1887,) "Darwin et lei Piecuisenis Franfais,"
(1891,) and "Thfoties Tiansfonnistes," (1892.)
Died January ti, 1S91.

Qoktramto^ kttR'tnaiK', LBTiBNitB Hakc,) an emi-
nent French Orientaliat, bom la Paria, Joly 13, i]>8a. He
wai admitted iolo the Academy of Inscriptions in 1S15,
and became profeiior of Hebrew, Syrian etc at the
CoUeg^ '" ■ " ■ ■■

■ Reseaiches on the Lannv- ..

uid Historical Memoirs
*< Histoiy of the Mon-
|ols^'Persia,"(i836.) Died in 1857.

QoMbmnfcn d« QuIdot, Utt'taaiB' dfh kiiCae',
(Antoikb Chrysoiiomr.) a French arctueolodst and

Eerpt," (1808,) '■ Getyaphicaraj
oTEcypC," (3 roll., iSlo,) and a
foUaper-i-"'-"-'^' '^■-■■-

tnra" in 17S8. Id 1791 he wai elected to the Lerisiatfi*
AsaemblT, and in 1797 wa* condemned to de^rtation
u a royalist ; bat be escaped. He waa appointed In-
tendaot of art* and pnblic tnonatnenta in iStS, and
perpetoal tecretaiy of the Academy of ^ne Arts in tSifi.
Among hit work* are " Lftten to Canova on the Elgin
Marbles," I1818,} an " Essay on the Nature, Object, and
Means of Imitation In the Fine Arts," (1833,) and a
"History of the Life and Works of Raphael," (1834-)
Died in 184^

Qtutramire-DtajonT*!, klts'malR' de'thdifvll',
(Dkhu Birnard^) a naturalist, bom in Paris about
1754, was a brother ot Quatrcmire de Quincy. He was
very eccentric, and was confined for some year* in an
Myfum for the insane. Died in 1S30.

QaatowBtes-RoUay, kttk'itiaiit' iwl'se', (Jran
Nicolas,) a French writer of biocnpby and tales, bom
Id Paris in 1754, was an uncle of Etienne Hare, above
noticed. Died in 1834.

Qnattromani, kidt-tao-ml'nee, [Sbrtdhio,] an Ital-
ian writer, bom at Cosenia in 1541; died in t6ii.

Q11B7, kwa, (Mattkbw Stanlby,) an American
politician, wasbomaCDillsbuig, York county, Pennsyl-
Tania, in 1833. He Kraduated at Jefferson College,
wa* admitted to the oar, took part in the civil wai,
becoming colonel of volunteers, and was afterwards
private secretary to the Governor ot Pennsylvania.
He wa* elected to the legislature in 1865, was secre-
tary of the Commonwealth 1S73-7S and 1879-82,
recorder of Philadelphia 1878-79, and State tieas-
nrer 1885. He was elected United Sutes Senator in
1887, and from that time forward held autocratic
control over the Republican party in Pennsylvania.
In 1S99 he failed of a re-election, was tried for mis-
appropristioQ of public fund* and acquitted, and was
Mipointed United Slates Senator by Governor Stone.
This appointment was rejected by the Senate in 1900,
hut he was suhsequentiy elected, and remained in the
Senate till his deUh, May aS, 1904.

Qnavnl^T-rt, IWilliah Uodguis,) fbnrth Dukk
or, and Earl of Uarcn, a Scottish peer, born about 1734,
was notorious for his vices. He became Duke of Queen*-
berry about 1778, and inherited a large fortune. Died,
wtlhont issue, in iSio,

QnatroB, da, di k^-r6s, or Qnlroa, da, dl kee'rta,
{Pbdro Fernandb^T* Spanish or Portuguese navi-
gator, bom about i<|6o, commanded an explonng
eipeditian sent from Callao in 1605. He discovered
Tahiti, the New Hebrides, and other small islanda cf
the Pacific, and wrote a nanatiTe of his voyage. Died
at Panama in 1614.

Qnekatt, kwlk'et, (John,) an Engliah mitrotcopist,
bom in Somersetshire m iSi j. He published a ''T^e•^
ise on the Use of the Microscope," and "Lectures on
Histoloav." (1844.) He succeeded Professor Owen as
« Hnnterian Museum in London. Died

int86i.

Qnaleu, da, dfh kehlftN', (Hyacinthb Loins,) ■
French prelate, bom in Paris in 177S. He becaiae
Archbishop of Paris In 1811, and a member of tka
French Academy in 18x4. IHed in 1839.

S« Hamio*, " Vlo el TrmiB de U. d« Qaako," il«» i Bm>
IMas, "lA. de Qnaleu pcbduit diz Aru," iS^Ok

QnelUnru- See Qcieu-yn.

Q1MU711, kwll-no', (Abtus,) a Flemiah sculptor, bora
at Antwerp in 1630, was a nephew of Erasmus, noticed
betow. Died in 1715.

Qnallyn, [Lat Quelli'iius,) {Ebasuus,) an eminent
Flemiah painter of history and landscapes, bom at Ant-
werp in 1607. Hi* design, colour, and distribution of
light and shade arc commended. Amoiw his vrorka
are a " Repose In Esypt," a " Last Supper," and " Tte
Gnardian AngeL" Died b) 1678.

QnaUyn, \\ti» Erauiiis,] a son' of the preceding
was bom at Antwerp in i6m or 1630, and waa a good
painter of bistorr. He worked in hia native dty and
other towns of Flanders. A picture of "Christ healinf
the Sick" is called his master-piece. "Some of Us
works," says Descamps, "may be compared to Ihoae
of Paul Veronese." Died in 1715.

Sh Descaur, " Via dsa Feislis Flamud^" Me.

Qoenstadt, kwtn'stit, (Johanm Andrbas^) a Ger-
man Lutheran theologian, bom at Quedllnburg in 1617.
He was professor of theology at Wittenberg, and pub-
lished several works. Died m 16SS.

Qnautal. do, do ktH-iil', (Babtholohbu,) a PoT>
tngueae theologian, bom in one of the Azores In 1636.
He was the author of work* which are s^d to be wdl
written. Died in 1698.

Qnentel or Qnaatall, kwEn'tfl, (Hbinricei,} a cele*
brated printer of Cologne, floniisbed in the fifteenth

Qnenttn, kfiir't&N', (Nicouu,) a French painter, bom
■t Dijon, where he died in 1636.

Qnei 7 Marttnaa, kaiB e maa-tee'nCth, (Joc^) a
Spanish botanist, bom at Perpignan in 1695. He pa^
lished a Flon of Spain according to the system of Tooras-
fort, — "Flora Espallota, o Historia de las Plantas <]■•
se crian en Espafia," (6 vola. 1763-84.) He Is aaid to
have been the firat Spaniard who published a work on
Spanish plants. Died in 1764.

Qnitard, ki'Hbt', (Josbph Maris,) a French UblU
ographer, bom at Rennes In 1797- He published a
Important work on French lMbli(wrap' ''"' ' "'

France Littriraire, ou Dictionnaire b:"
vols., I836-43.) He left sei
about December i, 1865.

Sh " Li<9 u>d Work, of J. M. Oirfnrd." br O. Hunr, LoBdo^
>S6;; QufauiD, "La FnmaLitiaiii^" loBexL

Qnacbeoil da, dfh kta'buf, (Yvbs HATHirBiN Ha-
BIB,) a French litUrattia; bom at Landemean in 1716;
died about 1799.

Qnercetanna, the Latin of Duchbsnb, which see

Qnorcla, della. dll'li kweR'chl U*COK>.) "> 'We
Italian sculptor, born near Sienna about 1378. He
decorated the Duomo or Cathedral of Florence with
some bas-relieb, and sculptured the ornament* of the
door-way of San Pctronio at Bologna. Died in 144X.

QneraoEbl, kwl-rin'gee. (ANTONIO,) an Italian poet,
bom at Padua in 1546. He was secretary of the Sacred
College at Rome under Gve popes. He wrote verses te
Latin and Italian. Died in 1633.

Qaerlnl, kwi-ree'nee, or Qtimnl, kwe-ree'itee, p«t
Ouaai'NUS,] {Angblo Maria,) Cardinal, an eminent
' — -'*-T, bom of a noble family at Venice In ifiSo.

l^rench lublicwraphy, entitled "La
Dictionnaire Dibliographlqne," (10
ift several nnfinisbM woru. Died

Italian w

«aa4; fasi; t "^^i t "J: °> ^ E,/Mami/; K, Mwaf; r, irUltd; i a*

<M

-See

v-ni

d by Google

QUERLON

QUILLINAN

b«S^ I'/sii Tifl
•cUa Biocnpbia G<ii

H« pablblied on the litargj of the Greek Church a '
vork entitled "Offidnm Qnadtigesimale GnBconim,"
(t7».) About 1733 hems made Archbishop of Corfli.
He was translated to the see of Brescia in 171S, soon
•ftcr which he became librarian of the Vatican. Among
bis works are "Specimen of Bretcian Literature,"
("Spednien literalurte Brixiana;," 1739,) and man*
lAtin Epistles, 11^43-49.] Voltaire dedicated h<s "S^mi-
ramis" to Quenni, who wis remarkable for his amiable
Tlrtoes. Died in 1755,

■d A. M, Qoeriouni,''» •olt.p ij«; Bi«mi*PPT. " Gochichte dn
'-"■^-^ Querini," .7j. J C. F. HomiAM, - Promm™ dE QuiriMi
- " -i; SAii»ucA,"Lil«i»in«inKnll4KootdolC»rdin»l
- .T.. " Bififln£a decli Italiui Ulidtri:" "Nou-

Qnerlon, da, dfh kiRldn', [Annb Oabriel Mrits-
NiBB,) a French editor and compiler, born at Nantes in
170a. He edited liie works of manj ancient and mod-
em authors, and was for twenty years editor of > journal
entitled "Les Petltea Affiches.'' Died In 1780.

Quamo, kwlii'no, (Cauillo,) an Italian poet, born
at Monopoli about 1470. He wrote a Latin poem en-
titled "Alexias." Died at Naples in 1538.

Qnoronallla. See Kekoual, de, {Louibi.)

QnuuaT, k&'nt', (FRAHgois,) a French physidui,
distinguished as a political economist, was bom at Mi rci,
near Montforl I'Amaury, in 1694. He was self-educated,
and settled in Paris about 1737. He purchased the
office of phytic! an -in-ordinaiy to tlie king about 174S.
He advocated the abolition axcorvhs, free trade in grain,
and other reforois, which have been since adopted.
Amone his worlis was one entitled "Economic Pic-
ture," ("Tableaa iconomique," 1758.) Ho was called
ttie chief of the sect of A«fM(in!ci, whose favourite maxim
was " LaisseE faite et laissei passer," (" Let things take
care of Ihetnselves.") Died in 1774. Tnrgot was one
of his disciples.

Sea " Vic di Qnvmar." prefiied to bu vorlu ; GkjUvdjkiv db
FoucHV. "Elogc de Quuutj" Alboh, "Elate hiilutique da IL

Qtieand, ki'ni', (Jacques Salbigoton,) a French
litUratatr, bom at Favilly in 17781 died is 1S59.
So "ConfeuiaDi da J. S. Qaeint," j •olm., iaiS..3j.

Qnaane, dn. See Duquesnb.

QuBsnal, ki'nll', (FsAHgots,) a painter, of French
ori^n, born at Edinboi^h about 1544 { died in Paris in
1619-

Qnesnel, (Francois Jean Baftiste.) Bakoh, a
French general, bom at Saini-GermaiD-en-Laye in 1765;
died in 1S19.

Quaanel, (Louis Fkan^is,) a French general, bom
hi Paris in 1773. He distinguished himself in Spain,
(1808-11.) Died in 1815.

Qneanel, (Fasquikr.) a French Jansenist writer, bom
in Paris in 1634. He became a priest of the Oratory,
from which he was expelled in 1684 because he refused
to sign a formulary which condemned Jansenism. To
escape persecution, he retired to Brussels in 16S5, and

Snblished bis work on the New Testament, called " 9jt-
exions morales," etc, (1694,) which was condemned
by the spiritual and temporal powers and at\a[hemaCiied
by tbe pope in the famous bull "Unisenitus," (I7r3,j
Quesnel wrote other works, and, aiier the death of Ar-
nauld, was regarded as the chief of tbe Jansenists. He
died at Amsterdam in 1719.

See I'Ciuul^uaDdluna." BniHel^.i;<L|,! Moijlu, "DiOioa-

Quesnai, (Pierke,) a French writer, born at Dieppe
about 1699, He wrote a " Histoty of the Jesuits," (4
vols., 1740.) in which he shows himself hostile to that
society. Died abotit '774-

Qnamojr, do. See Duqi;esnoy.

Qnaatel, ki'til', (Charles Aucustb,) a French
architect, born in Paris in 1S07. He obtained medals
of the arst class in 1S51 and 1855. Died in 188S.

Qnetaut, k(h-tflM', (Antoink FRAitgois,) a French
dramatic author, bom in Paris in 1733 ; died in 1833.

Qaatelat, kft-li', (Lambert Adolphi Jacques,) a
Belgian astronomer, born at Ghent in 1796. He became
director of the Royal Observatory of Brussels in 1818,
tad perpetoal secretary of the Royal Academy in 1S34.

Amone h

of Belginm," (1831,) "Elements of Astronomy," (4th

edition, 1S4S,) and" Annals of the Ronl Observato ~

very p.
("Visi

Among hla numerous works are "Criminal Statiitica
' ~ - -~ ■ - - ■ ., ,^

(14 v<^s., 1843-59.) He contribnteif many adantfEc
articles to varioui jonrnals. Died Febraaty 17, 1S74.

Qnirtit kfh-tir, (Jacqitxs), ■ learned French Do-
minican monk, bom in Paris in 1618. He wrote
"Scriptores Ordinis Prasdicaloram recensiti," (avoli^
1719-rzi,) which contains notices of many Dofainicant
who were authors. Died in 1698.

Qnevedo. See Mauzinho.

Quevado 7 TUlegaa, de, dft ki-rt'oo e vtl-yl'gli,
osasHy called simply Queredo, (Frahcisco Ck>m«»—
go'mith,) an eminent and original Spanish author and
satirist, born in Madrid in September, i53a He was
brought up in the royal palace by his mother, who was a
lady of the bed-chamber, and learned the ancient lan-
guages at AlcalL HewaadistinenisbedforhisgallantiT,
was an expert swordsman, and longht several dnels. In
the prime of life he was employee in important aflairs
■t Naples by the viceroy, the Duke of OssuSa. He
wrote in prose and verse a variety of works, which were
popular. Among his prose woriis are " Sueiioa,"
isions," or "Dreams," 1649,) which are KTcally ad-
mired for their wit and humour, and " Life of the Great
Knave," (" Vida del gtan Tacano,") a romance. He
wrote dramas, (which are lost,) odes, sonnets, satires, etc.
He is said to have resembled Voltaire in bis talent
for ridicule, his versatility, and the skill with which be
arraigned abuses before the tribunal of public opioiotL
Me suffered much political persecution, and was im-
prisoned several years. Died in 1645.

Queverdo, k; ii-vJR'do', (Franqois Marie IsiDotsJ
a French designer and etcher, born in Bretague iu 1740:
died in iSoS.

Qnlohara^ (Louis,) a lexicographer, a brother of the
preceding, was bom in Paris in 1799. He published an
excellent "Poetical Treasury of the Latin Language,"
{l^'Thcsaurus poeticos Linguae Latinx," 1836!) a Latin-
French Dictionary, (1844,) and a French-Latin Dictionary,
(iS;S.) Died in 18S4.

Quioh, (John,) an English nonconformist minister,
born at Plymouth in 1636. He wrote, besides other
works, "Synodlcon in Gallia reformats," (1692.) He
preached in London for many years. Died in 170&

Qnlok, (John,) an English cumedian, born in London
m 1748; died in 1S31.

Qnick, (John Herbert,) editor, bom in Grundy
county, Iowa, in 1861. He practised law 1S90-1909,
wasassocittteeditorof" La Follette's Weekly," 1908-09,
editor of "Farm and Fireside" since 1909. He is
author of " In the Fairyland of America," ■' The Broken
Lance," " Yellowstone Nights," etc.

Qai-e''tua, a Roman, who in 260 A.D. was sup-
ported by part of Ibe army as emperor ra paltner of his
brother Macrianus in imperial power. He was pnt to
death in Asia by Odenatus in 362 A.D.

QolB'ley, (James Edward,) archbishop, bom at
Oshawa, Canada, in 1854. Became a Rtxnan Catholic
priest in 1S79, was bishop of Bofiklo 1S97-1903, and
was installed archbishop of Chicago iu 1903.

Qnlller- Couch, kootch, (Sir Arthur Thomas,)
author, bom in Cornwall, England, in 1863. As a
novelist he writes under the signature "Q." He bsi
published numerous stories, also volumes of vei^e, etc.

Qolllet. ke'yi', (Cij^ude,) a French writer erf Latin
poetry, sometimes called Calvidus Latus, waa bom at
Chinon, in Touraine, in 1601. He wrote a poem entitled
"."6"'"

which was generally admired. Died in t66l.

QuiUiard, ke'e-ylR', (Pierre Antoini,) a French
painter and etcher, bom in Paris in 1 7 1 1 ; died in 1 733.

Qnil'linan, (Edward), British poet, bora at C^iocto,
of Irish parents, August 1 3, 1791. He entered the British
army as on officer. Among his works are " Dunlnce
Castle," {1814,) "The Consplratora," (1846,) ■■ Ele-
giac Verses," (i847i) "Poems," (1853,) aad a trans-
lation of the " Lusiad." Died in i8si.

%.i,\,h,%%l»iit;k,t>,b,i*miAt^n^oion%sdil,i,l,l,it,i,iMt^^,^\,<),tticmn:ai,aa,a^wlliiV^^»AiWi^

d by Google

QUIN

QUINTANA

„ 1 eminent Enslish icbir, born in
I 1693, was a grandsoD of Maik

QdId, (Jaues,) an eminent Ensl
Limdon in 1693, was a grandson of
mayor of Dublin. He Mgan to perform at Drury Lane
about 1716, obtained great ancccM in the rtU<A "Fal-
Maff" in 1710, and ma the moitpopalar actor of England
until he was anrpassed bj Ganiclc He tanght clocntion
to Prince George, (afterwardi George III.) On hearing
that king's first speech from the throne, Quin exclaimed,
■■ I taaght the b<^ to apeak." He once released the poei
Thomson from prison bj payment of the debt for wtiicb
he was confined. He retired Irom the itage in 174S.
Died at Bath in 1766.

See fl *'Lifa of Quhi,"aiKiDTinaqi^ 1766.

Quinanlt, ke'cy, (Jzah Baptistk MAtruts^l ■
French comic actor, born in Paris aboat l6go; med
In 1744.

Qoinaalt, (Jbannk Frani^isi,] * comic
■ sister of the preceding, was born about 1700 ; died
tn 1783.

Qumaul^ (PhiupfK,) a French dramatic poet, born
In Paris In 1035. He produced in his yoath several
tragedies and comedies, among which is "La Mire
Coquette," (1664,) and was admitted into the French
Academy in 167a His reputation is founded chiefly on
bis operas, the music of which was composed by Lullt.
Between 1671 and 1686 Quinault and Lalli produced
fourteen operas, among which "Armfde" (l6SiS) is the
master-piece. Others are entitled " Cadmus," " Alceste,"
"Isis," "Persie," "Roland," etc He is called bj
some the first writer of French operas. " What can be
more bcautirul, and even sublime," says Voltaire, "than
this chorus in ' Alceste,"Taut mortel dtnt id paraltre' ?"
Mc Died in 16S8.

Qiilii«iilt-Dnfr«Bne, ke'ny dU'fMN', (Abkaham
Alexis,) a popular French actor, bom at Verdun-sur
U-Doubs in 10Q3. He performed in tragedy and higL
corned*. He was a brother of Jean B. M. Quinauit,
noticed above. Died in 1767.

Qnln'bjP, (Isaac F.,) an American general, bora _
New Jersey in iSai, gradnated at West Point about
1B43. He became a brigadier-general of volunteers early
in [S63, and commanded a division of General Grant's
army at Viclisburg in 1863. Died September 18, 1S91.

Qulncer. D& See De Quihcbv.

QalnctUliiaaa. See Quintiliah.

Quliioy, quin'zl, (Edhund,) in American writer and
opponent of slavery, a son of Josiah Quincy, noticed
below, was bcnrn in Boston in iSoS. He contributed to
several neTrspapers and periodicals, and wrote "Wens-
ley, a Story without a Moral," (1854.) Died in 1877.
Solnc^, (John,) an English medical writer, practised
icine in London. Among his works is "Lexicon
Physico-Medicum," Died in 1723,

Quincy, (Joijiah,) an American orator and patriot,
born in Massachusetts in 1744, was a son of Josiah
Qoincy, a merchant of Boston. He became a lawyer,
and began about 17G7 to write political essays against
the measures of the British ministry. He also rendered

e Boston Port Bill, with Thoughts
on Civil Government," etc, {1774-) He gave pi

moral courage by defending Captain " — " ^

soldiers in their trial for killing cei
Boston massacre of March, 177a To promote the pablic
welfare and the cause of liberty, he made a voyage to
England in October, 1774. He heard and reported a
celebrated speech made by Lord Chatham In defence
of the Americans, January ao, 1775. He conferred with
Dr. Franklin and other friends of the cause in England,
and hastened to return with counsels and plans wbjch it
was not prudent to commit to writing; but before the
end of his voyage he died at sea, April, 1775- He wa*
deeply lamentea by the public

S«e ' "Lilt of Joiiiih QiukTi Jr.," bjhitHn Josiah, iSij.

Q11I11C7, (Josiah,) an eminent statesman and scholar,
born in Boston on the 4th of February, 1772, was a son
of the preceding. He graduated at Hajrard College in

During this period he opposed the
E as ,(.- ; as s: g hard; ft a*/; a, H, K,f

dominant party with great energy a
made a celebrated speech gainst the bill for the admis*
sion of X.ODisiana in iSll, and opposed the war of iSia.
" He was equal to the emergency," says R. W. Griswold,
"and sustained himself on all occasions with manly in-
dependence, sound argument, and fervid declamation."
He was a member of the Senate of Massachusetts from
1814 to 1810, became a judge of the municipal court of
Boston in iSaz, and served as mayor of Boston fro»
1833 to 1839. In 1819 he was elected president of Har-
vard University. He published, besides other works^
a "Memoir of Josiah Quincy, Jr.," (1825,) a "History
of Harvard University," (a vols., 1840,) "Speedies in
Congress and Orations," and a " Life of John Q. Aduns^"
(1853.) He resigned the presidency of Harvard in 1845.
In 1856 he publicly advocated the election of Colond
Fremont to the Presidency, He died in July, l8&4,lg«d

. Eduuhd QviHcv: R.
;" DuvottBcit. 'Crdv

Qnlnc;, de, dfh klN'se', (Chari.es S«v1i] — sfh-
•An',) Marquis, a French general and military writer,
born near Meaui in 1666. He wrote a " Military His-
tory of the Reign of Louis XIV.," (8 vols., lyafi.) Died
in 1736-
Qnlnoy, de, (QuATREwiRB.) See QuATRsutRK
Qnlnet, ke'n}', (Edoar,) a French writer and phi-
losopher, bom at Bouig (Ain) in 1803, became a friend
of MicheleL He obtained in 1842 in the College of
France a chair of southern literatures, (litttrvliira wttn-
diotala.) He acted with the re publ leans f/j-frAwjmvlf^
in the Constituent and Legislative Assemblies of \%ifi~^
Among his various works arc " Prometheus," a poem,
(1838,) "Germany and luly; Philosophy and Poetey,"
(1839,) "The Genius of Religions." (1843.) and ';The

S« Cha

!&■■

';k. QninH, ^y

■• Bava

-■iSiS

Qnlnetta. ke'nif , (Nicoias Marie,) a French rero-
Intionist, born at Soissons in 1762. He was elected to
the Convention in 1793, and was one of the four com-
missaries sent to arrest Dumouriea, who seiied and
delivered them to the Austrians, (April, 1793.) He was
minister of the interior for a short time in 1799. Died
in 1811.

QnlQlfij, (John,) D.D., a bishop, bom at Cloyne, In
Ireland, came to the United States when eighteen year*
old, studied at Emmittsburg, Maryland, was a Roman
Catholic priest of Ohio, and in 18(9 was consecrated
Bishop of Mobile. Died March a 13^3.

Qulfionea, de^ di ktn-yo'nts, sometimec written
Qnlgnoaas, (Francisco,) a Spanish cardinal, bom in
the kingdom of Leon, became confessor to Charles V.
He negotiated the release of Pope Clement VIL, de-
tained or besieged by the Spanish army, in 1517. He
"ubliahed "Breviarium Romannm," (iS3S-) Died in
S40.

Qoinaoaaa, de, dfh kLs'so'nls', (Francis Duoaa^)

French poet, bom at Lyons in 1719, wrote epigrams
■gainst Voltaire. Died in 176S.

Qolitt, (Alonzo Hall,) D.D., a Congregationalist
divine, bom at Barnstead, New Hampshire, March M,
1818. He graduated at Dartmouth College in 184& Ho
held pastorships in Massachusetts, and acquired fame as
a writer chiefly on genealogical and denominational sub'

Qtilntana, ktn-tl'nl, (Manuel Josl,] an emioMit
Spanish poet and patriot, was bom in Maidrid in ApiU.
1772. He studied law at Salamanca, where be fbnaed
a friendship with Melendei and CienAiegos, He began
to write verses about ijoa His "Ode to the Sea"
(179S) is one of the most beautilul in (he Spanish lan-
guage. He wrote other excellent odes, one of which
IS "On the Battle of Trafalgar," In tSo? he published
the first volume of the " Lives of Celebrated Spaniards,"

■al; N, luuaJ; r, Irillfd: i as

inthii. (l^nSee Explanations, p. 13.'

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

QUINTARD

QUITMAPf

nanifeatuea ka the oaliaii*! partf. ThcM serirlcetweM
rewarded with rigorom impriMnment for six Tean
(1S14-30) tn Feidinand VIL, wbo was offended becaoM
Quintana advocated liberal principles. He propitialed
Ae king by an ode in honoui of his mairiue m iSaS;
and wag permitted to return to Madrid. In 1835 be
was appointed director-general of public instruction,
and became a senator. He directed the educatiOD
of the joung queen in tS4r>-43. He wa« mibliclT
crowned with laurel b; the queen in 1855. Died In
March, 1857-

S« TicicHo^ "MiiURT of Spiniili Uieraiuni" Knmast.
"llcid(niP«aof Spiin;" " NouTclla Biofniiliia Gfalial*."

Qnin-tard', (Cmaklbi Todd,) S.T.D, LLD., an
American bishop, bom Id Stamford, Connecticat, De-
cember 33, 1834. He graduated M.D. at Ihe New Voik
University in 1846. In 1S51 he was appointed professor
of anatomy and physiology in the Mistical College of
Memphis, Tenneseee. In 1856 he was ordained a pres-
b)ter of the Episcopal Church, and in 186; he was con-
secrated Bishop of Tennessee. Died February 15, 1S9S.
Qnlnte-Curoe. SecQuitmii Curtiub.
Qnln-tUT-^ii, [Lat. Quintilia'nus or QiTiNtrnUA'-
Nus ! Fr. QuiNTiLiKM, kirr'ten^iH',1 (Marcus FaannJ
a celebrated Roman critic and teacher of rhetori<^
bom probably between 40 and 50 A.D. Jerome St
that he was a native of Calagurris, (Calahorra,) in
northern part of Spain; but somomodem writers think
he was bom in Rome. He obtained a high reputation
at a pleader, and was the first public instructor who
receiTCd from the imperial treasury a regular lalair.
Amon^ his pupils was the Younger Pliny. He taught
rhetoric for twenty years, and retired from that pro-
fession in the reign of Domilian, who appointed nim
preceptor of his grand-nephews. His chief work is a
treatise on the education of an orator, " Institulio Ora-
toria," divided into twelve books. This is the most
comptcle and methodical treatise on rhetoric that ha*
come down to us from antiqaity. An entire copy of it
was found by Poggio at Saint Gall in 1417. His style
ia clear, elegant, and highly polished. His practicai

details of the education and classic studies of the
cients. His merit consists in sound judgment, proprietj^
and good taste, rather than in originality or elevation of
mind. He is supposed to have died about 118
wrote a work on the corruption or decadence of elo-
quence, "De Caosis Corruptse EloqnentiK," which Is
notextanL His "Inslitutio" has been translated iota
English by Guthrie (1756) and Patsall, (1774.)

Sh RO[>imi."Da QDiniiliua PxiU{ogo," iSjn: V. Otto,

QumtiJito." iSjSi HuKHii, " Qmnliltini Vita," i
KHgiaphii G^iiiEialt."

QuintUlMiiu. See Quintclian.

QuliitUl«a. See Quintiuan.

Qnlntlole, d« la, dfh IS kftH'tc'ne', gi
(keni French gardener and writer on gardening, was bora

a Greek poet, known only ■• the author of one poem, li
supposed to have lived about soo A.a He m called
Calabbr because a mantwoipt of his work was fonnd
in Calabria. Accordbg to his own itatement, be was a
native of Smyrna. He wrote a continuatiDn of Hobmt^
"Iliad," fC^npov nflpoAiirifie»ii,) which coutaJM aona
beaBtifnl paaaages. Tbe sal^ecta of it an thoae evetiit
of the Trojan war which are i>ot related tn Honer,
Qnliltiu dandlna QtiadtlgmTlQi. See Qdadm-

Quin'tu* Cni'tiiu (kur'sh^^) Rfffii^ [Fr. Quint*.
CuECi, kint ktlHss; IL (juiHTO CuRZio^ kurinto
kooRt'ie-o,] a Roman hisionaa of uncertain period, la
supposed to have lived after the Augustan i^ge; Nothicig
~ known of kis birthplace or personal historv. We

id in andent writers no passage which certainly refers
.- him. He is the author of a " History of Alexan-
der the Great," (■• De Rebu* Alexandri Magni Regis
ICacedonum,") in ten books, of which the first and sccmd
are lost. The merit of this history is variously estimated.
Hi* style is easy, clear, and rhetorical. He is deficient
in critical judgment and in a knowledge of geography
and military tactics. Among his modern admirers are
Vooius, Bayle, Rai»n, UrBboacbl, and La Haipe. Hii
work has been translated Into English by Brende and
Digby.

3m Buttkahh, " U«ber dai L^^vn i

at Chabanais (Aneoamois) in 1616. He was appointed
inlendani of the truit-gardens of the king at Versailles
fai 167^ He

of fhiit-trees, and led a work which was for a tone time
Ihe guide of French cultivators. Il is entitled "Direc-
tioita for Fruit and Kitchen Gardens," (" Instructions
pour les Jardins fruitiers et potagers," 169a) Died in
1688.

QniDto Cttrzla See Quitmis CuRTIiJa.

Qidii'taa CaJVber or Q. SmTT-Dsa'tu, (smir.
tne^nt,) [Fr. QtritfTUS D< Calabre, klN'tiiss' d(h kf -
kite', oc QviKTUS DK SifVRNi, klN'tiiis' d«h smtMi,)

Cuttia Rbjo," i6g] \ ADOiri

J. K. UOun, "PiwuiBa In

Qnlntiu de CHlabre or de BmTiae. See QuiK-
TtlE Calabbr.

Qolattu loUlna. See Gdichard.

Qulot dTi Fauaga, ke'o' dS pralili', fJtidMi
Joachim,} a French general, bom at Alixan (Dtome) in
!77S ; died in 1849-

Qiltrt.lt See QlTERIKI.

QtdtiDtia, a Buiname of Roiiin.0S^ (which see.)

Qniroga. ke-rygl, (Jost,) a Spanish Jesuit, bora ta
Galicia in 1707. About 174^ he was sent by the Unt
of Spain to explore Fata^oma. He wrote a journal of
his voyage, which was inserted by Charlevoix in his
" History of Paraguay." Died in 17S4.

QnlroA, kce'r&g, (Lorenzo,) a Spanish painter, bom
in Eslremadura in 1717. He worked at Seville, and
imitated Hurillo with success. Died in 1789.

Quiros, (Pedro.) See Queiros.

member of the Convention, {1793-95-) In the trial of
Ihe king he voted for imprisonment Died in 1830.

Qnlatorp, kwis'toRp, (Johann,) a German Lutheran
divine and biblical commentalor, bom yt Rostock in
15S4. He became professor of trinity in hii ludva
aty in 1614. Died In 164S.

Qnlatoip, von, fon kms'toap, (Johamn CBUsriAit,)
_ German jurist, bom at Rostock in 1737, became pn^
(essoT of law at Biitzow. Died in 1 795.
• Qulta, kee'tl, (DoMiNOOS ix» Rus,! a Portugueee
poet, born in 1738. He wrote " Inei cle Castro," and
other tragedies. Died in I77(X

8h LoHonLLOW, " Pnaii ud PnatiT of Kampa."

QnlfiUfii, (John Anthony,) an American general
and Democratic politician, bom in Dutchess aaaiXf,
New York, in 17^ Appwnted to the command of a
brigade in 1S46, he fongtit with distinction in the prin-
cipal engagements of (be Mexican war, and was subse-
quently elected Govemor of MissisuppL He was chosen
amemberofCiH)greasini8s5andini857. Died in 1858.

SMCL*iso«u»a."Ufcof J. A.QiBtmia,"iMB.

i.«,I,(sQ,J,A»(r.kft.A,sa

JR prolonged; &, I, f, 6. i J, liort.-^f. i.g, otiiure; lir, fill. OX; mtt; uStigKdi mdaai

Digitized by VjOOQ I C

R.

Ba, rt, — - — — o „. .

■omelimes cooloDnded (or, more correctly, compounded)
witii AuMON, (q. T.,) or Amen, whence the name Amun-
Ra. RawatmoteextenMveljrworahippedlhaninyolbei
Egrptian deity except Osins.

Kaabe, (Wilmilm,) a German novelist, bom at
Eicbershausen, Brunswick, in 1S31. He wrote under
the name of Jakob Carvinu». Died in 1910.

RmUK rtr, {Anjov,) a German lenoi-ain^er, born In
1714, at Holzem, near Bonn. He was deitined for the
priesthood, but his fine voice attracted the attention of the
Elector Clement Augustas, who had him trained for the
operatic stage. He sang with great success in the prin-
cipal German cities, and also in Naples, whither he ac-
companied Farinclli in 1759. Died in Munich, May 37,

Saban Manr. !iee Rabanus.

Rabarnu Maniiu Magneotliu. rA-bl'nOs ■niSw'-
rta tnlg-nCn'se-Co, [Fr. Raban Maub, rt1>flii' m6R,] a
German theoli^an, bom at or near Menti about 7S6 or
776 A.l>. He l^came Archbishop of Menti in S47. He
wrote commentariea on Scriptore, and was regarded a>
one of the greateat (cholart and writer* of hi* time.
Died in 856 a.ix

S«"GlUbCtiri>li»si;" "KniTilla Biocnphig CMotella.'

Rabant rtTjy, (Pahl,) an eminent French Proteitanl
minister, bom at Bjdarleui in tTlS. He preached many
Tears at Ntmes, and waa much persecuted. Died at
Ntmes in 1794.

S« J. FoHS. " Notice idt P. Ribul," iSoS.

Rabant-Fonunler, rf by pc/me-t', (Jacqiiu An-
TOINE,) a French Girondist, bom al~!}tmes in 1744, wal
t son of the preceding. He wat elected to the Conven-
tion in 1792, was proscribed in I793i and imprisoned
until the 9th Thermidor, 1794. In iSoi be became pas-
tor of the Protestant Church of Paris. Some French
writer! claim for him the honour of the discovery of
vaccination. Died in 1810.

S« HxAO, " La Fnna protea

Rabant-Salnt-lhleiuiai T^fhl/ slN'ti'te-in', (Jkan
Paul,) a brother of the preceding, waa born at Ntmes in
■ 743, and was a Protestant nunialcr before the Revolu-
He distinguished himself bj his eloquence in the

Constituent Assembly, (1739-92,) and voted gainst the
death of the king in the Convention. Having taken aide
whh the Ginmdists, be waa outlawed in Juh'. and exe-

cuted in December, 1793. He left teveral able historical
•nd political works.

S« CoLUM m PuMCT, "Nodca da IUh*iit-Sunt-Sii«BBi,'*
prefiaed to hit worlu, 1S16! Haag, "La Fraaca pnt^MMaitf*
'• NnmUt Biopaphie GJntnJb"

Rabbet rib, (Alphonse,) a French ttaJratrur, bom
at Riez, in Provence, in 17S6L He was one of the editors
of the " Bio^phie univetselle dca Contemporains," by
Rabbe, Boisioliii, and Saint-Preuve. Died in 183CL

IUb«), rrbll', (Damiil,) a French painter of por-
traits and Aowera, waa bom about 157S ; died after t63a

Babel, (Jkan,) a painter and engraver, bom at Beau-
vais, wai the father of the preceding. He painted
portrait! of several kings and queena. Died in Pari!
mifci.

RaBeUealos. See Rabslais.

Rabelais, rrbfli-li' or rlb'li', [LaL Rabei^'sius,|
(FKANgois,) a fiimoiu and humorous Frendi satirist,
born at Chinon, in Tooratnc, in 1495, or, as some say, in
1483, At an early age he joined the order o( Franciscan!,
bat, finding the monastic life incompatible with his genial
dispoaition, he quitted the convent without the consent
ol his superiors. He had made himselt master of Greek.
I^tin, and other languages. He vras also veised in
several sciences. It is diificult or impossible to diatin-
gaish the real events of his life amidst the multitude of
nrange adventures and ludicrous anecdotes which are
told respecting him. He began to study medicine at
Monlpellier i£oul 1530, after which he practised at

*t*i: fti: iiard: its/: a.H,s.,fiMurai: U,iiaBiJ;i,lnlUd;lmt

Lyons. In 1 536 he accompanied to Rome the iiaha!
sador Cardinal Du Bellay, who had been his friend 1*
early life. He obtained absolution bom the pope for his
neglect of the monastic vows, and took his degree in
medicine at Montpellier in iS37- His chief work ia a
humorous romance, entitled "The Pleasant Story of the
Giant (^gantua and his Son Pantagruel," (" Le* Faits
et Diets du G^ant Gar^nlua et de son Flls Panu-
gmel,") in which he satirizes all classes of society, es-
pecially the monks. He obtained from Frands I. r

The work was denounced a* heretical 1^ the deigj

■ ' IS protected by Francis L

1 about luc. Died ab
celebrated," says Hallam, " and certainly

iks, but the author was protected by Francis L

'" ' njed about IJ53.

.e of Meudon al

brilliant performance in the path of fiction that
IwlonKi to this age is that of Rabelais. Pew books are
less likely to obtain the praise of a rigorous critic ; but
few have more the stamp of originality, or show a more
redundant fertility always of language and sometime* of
imagination." ("Introduction to the Literature of Eu-
rope.") " Beyond a doubt," says Coleridge, " he wa«
among the deepest as well a* boldest thinkers t>f his
age. ... I class Rabelais with the great creative minds,
Shakipeare, Danto, Cervantes, etc.

A good edition of his chief work was pnblialied bf
Burgaud dcs Marcts and Rathery, {2 vola., 1858.)

S« DaLict-un, "F. Ribclaii," iS4t: F. Lacioix. "Via da
Kabclaih" iSn; E. Noti. "LtpaAa Fraifaiu*; Raliclaia,"
iSn. AuiqgDT, "IMucnalio dc Vila at Scriplia F. Rabelwi,"
iSjS: "UvM ^ the Mo« £inii>ci]i Fccncfa Wrilar^" by Mai.
SHiLLfv^ "Noutella Bioerapbie G^D^nlo;" "FDrdgn Quarterl*
Bcnw" fei Julj 1S41 : '- BHiuh Quartetlj Rariaw" br Norembar,
1S4;; " Fraicr'i Magaiitia" for HDicmber. 1*39.

BabsiieT, rl'bfh-ntr, (Gottueb Wii.heu<,) a popu-
lar German writet, bom near Leipsic in i7T4t was aa
Intimate friend of Gellert He published a collection
of satires in the form of letters, (1751,) also " Friendly
Leilera." He was employed many years at Dresden a*
counsellor in the department of customs. Died in 1771,

Sm Muaa. " An Rabaoira Sduttan," 1

Ra-ldr^-na, (Caius,) a Roman poet, was a contem-
porary of Virgil. He wrote a poem on the battle of
Actium, fragments of which are extanL

Rablrlua, (Caius,) a Roman, who was accused of
cotnplidty in the death of Satuminus. He was defended
by Cicero (63 B.C.) in a speech, part of which is extant

RabotOKU, rTbo'iy, (Pikrrk Paul,) a French poet,
bom at La Rochellc in 1765; died in 1825.

RaboQ, rfboo', (Ciuujcs,) a. French novelist and
Jonmaliat, bom in Paris in 1803 ; died Feb, i, 1871.

Rabiu^ri^-!!', (Claude,) a French matbematiciaii
bom at Ponte-de-Vesle in 1669 ; died at Lyons in ini.

Rabna, rSlwa, (PiETiit,) a Dutch poet, born at Rot-
terdam in 166a He wrote " Britain Delivered,"!" Ver*
lost Britannie," 1689,) and some prose works. &ed in
lyoa.

Rabntln. See BuBsv-RABimH.

Rabntln, d«, df h rTbii'ttH', (FkanQOU,) a Freiidi
historical writer, was a grandfather of Busn-RabottB,
He wrote a " History of the War between Henry IL

and Charles V.," (I555-) Died in 1582.

Rao««iil, rS-kin'^ee, (Giovawni.) an Italian pr^
fessor of physical sciences, bom near Voghera in 1741.
He wrote "Theory of Fluids," ("Teorica de' Fluiiu,"
1779.) Died at Milan in iSai.

Kaoan, da, d«h rt^Qf', (Honobat de Bnell— d^
bul or buh'vft) Makquis, a French poet, born in To*-
raine in 1539, was a friend of Maiherbe. He wrote
" Les Bergeries," (" Pastorals," 1628,) and other poems.
" Racan had more genius than Malherbe," says Boilaaa,
"bat he was more negligenL" He was a member of tb*
French Academy, IXea in 167c.

Sec " NwTalla Biocrapluc G^oinU. '

in Ml.

ly See Expbuiation*. p. ay

Digitized ay CjOOQ IC

RACCHETTl

SaoOlMttl, rlk-ket'tee, (Bumakdo,) ui lulian
painter, born at Milan in 1639 1 died in 1701.

RTebal, [Hetk ^ni; It Rackuz, ri-kilA,] ti He-
br«w matron, wai a daaghter of Laban, and the &*oarite
<mfe of the patriarch Jacob.

S« Gocu "", nx., mL, and mr.

lUohel. rfshll', (GusABnu Rachcl FtLtX,) a
French trifle actress, bom in the canton of Argoiie,
Switzerlantt in iSlc, was a daughter of a Jewish ped-
lar. She made her d^bul at the ThMtre Prancais
of Paris in 1S3S, and pcTfonned parts in the tragedies
of Comeille and Racine irith great sncccM. Her gait,
ttJtudea, gestures, and Toice concurred to produce power-
fill effects with a great simptidtjr of means. She was
much applauded In the rlut of " Marie Stuart" and

" ' ' ' linNewYoA,

ir Canne* (Var)

la-Koait," ittfi: "Noimll* Bio-

TALUT, " RacbdM It N

lUohel, rlK'fl, (JOACHlll,) a German aatirical poet,
bom at Lunden, HoUtein, in 1618. He was rector of
collegea at Norden and Sletwick, and wrote len tadre*,
(1664,) in which he imitated Juvenal and PerMOS witfa
■ome SDCcess. Died in 1669.

S*a GunHiK, " Hidaciilliuntiir."

Raoliettt ri-kEt'tee, or Raoohottl, rlk-keftee,
(ViNCBNZO,) an Italian pbTSidan, bom at Crema in
1777. He wrote a " Theorr of the Physical Proaperit;
tt Nation*," (1802.) Died in 1S19.

Raolnflh irstn', (Bonavsntdke,) a FYencb Jamenlrt
•cdeaiastic, bom in tfac dioceae of Noyon in 1708, waa a
relative of the poet Radne. He pahlished an * Eccle-
tiaatical History," (13 »oU., 1748-56.) Died in 175}.

Radne, rasseen' or trsen', Jkan,) an eaouTcot
French dramatic poet, born at FerM-Milon (Aisne) De-
cember ai, 1639. His parents, who were imirBou. died
before he was four ' ' "---'■ j

of Beauvaia, and
Royal, in which he passed three yeara, (1655-58.) He
beoune a good Latin and Greek scholar. He MOn lu«
poetical career bji " I^ Nymphe de la Seine," (1060,) an
ode on occasion of the marriage erf' Lonis XIV., which
procured for him a small pension. Having become dis-
gusted with the study of theology, which an uncle had
persuaded him to pursue, be went to Paris, and formed
friendships with Boileau and Holitre. He produced in
■664 the tragedy of >■ La Thjb^de, on les Frtres enne-
mis," which had some success. The first work which
revealed the power and peculiar character of liis genius
was " Andromaque," (1667-) In 166S he surprisM ttie
public by a comedy called " The Litigants," {" Les Plai-
aeura,") which was very successful. He afterwards pro-
duced the tragedies oF " Britannicus," (1669,) " Biii-
nice," (167a,) "Bajizet," (1672,) " Mithridale," (1673,)
"Ipbiginie," (1674,) and " Phidre," (1677.) "lavow,"
says Voltaire, "that I regard 'Iphig^nie' as the tM^
faitrt of the stage." He was admitted into the
French Academy in 1673.

At the age of thirty-eight he resolved to renonnce
dramatic composition. This resolution is Tarionaly
aicrit>ed to religioo* scruples, wounded lensitnlities, or
disgust ezdted or envious intrigues and maiidous criti-
dims. He marned in 1677 a pious young woman of
Amiens, named Catherine Romanet, and was appointed
Uatoriaerapher by Louis XIV. In compliance with the
wish of Madame de Mainlenon, Radne wrote "Esther,"
■ drama, {16S9,) and "Athalic," (16^1,) which was his
last, and, in the opinion of Boileau, bis best, drama. In
Ule latter part of his life he waa gentleman-in-ordinary
(o the king, who often conversed with him, and treated
bim with favour. Among his intimate ftiends were
Boileau, La Fontaine, and La Bruyiie. Radne wrote
about 1695 a "History of Port-Royal," the atvle of
which is so neat and perspicuous that it entitles him to
rank in the list of those authors who have succeeded
IxMh in verse and prose His natural disposition was
rather melancholy and tender. During the last twenty
yean of his life he was a devout member of the Church.
He died on the list of A[Mil, 1G99.

» RADCLIFPB

It is usual to compare Radne witb Comeille as a tinl
poet. " Voltaire, ta Harpc, ana m general the later
French critics," says Hallam, "have given tlie prefer-
ence to Radne. I presume to joinmyiuflra^ tolheba.
Radne appears to me the superior tragedian; and I
must add that I think him next to ShalupMK among
all the modem*. The comparison witb Euripides is so
natural that it can liardly be avoided. Certainly no
tragedy of the Greek poet is so skilful or perfect as
'Athalie' or 'Britannicus.' . . . The style of Radne i*
exquisite. Perhaps he is second only to Virgil amoiw
all poets. But I will give the praise ttf this in the wonu
of a native critic: 'If we consider that his perfection in
these respects may be opposed to that ot Virfpl, and
that be spolte a language 1^ Oexible, leas poeti^ aitd
less harmonious, we shall readily believe that Radne ia,
of all mankind, the one to whom nature bat given tba
greatest talent lor veisiGcation.' (La Harpe.) "

Sed"Uanoiiiof J. Radnft,'*b;r bl^KA Looii. \'ju], LaHabk
"cl<«* de RwDC." 1771; SAUR-Bauva, " CiuKiica do Lsadt:'^
LoHcreLLOw, "PaeauidFoMf7orEurtiK;"''NouTeUeBi<ienipUi
O^nfnli:" L. A. C Bina. "Kadiit « Stuknwan." xela.iRi)-
•I! Niiisnii. "ytMir. .... H vi* de Rwo*. ' 1781; ViLUaunL
LiTH <d Uh Uom EmiBBt Fr^

RaoiiiB, (Louis,J the second son of the precediu
ra* bom in Pari* in 1693, and was a poet and critic S

Grlce," (i7ao,) and another entitled "La Religion,"
(■743,) which was highly praised by J. R Roinaean,
and paated through sixty eiUtiona. He was emplt^pcd
for many year* aa derk or collector of taxes, (dirtciewr
ia firma.) In ly^j bis son waa drowned at Cadiz by
the earthquake wtuw nearly destroyed Lialxm. Died
in 1763.

Rnokham, (Artkus.,) illustrator, bom S«itembei
19, 1867. Art education, at the Lambelh Scfaotd of Art
Gold medal, Milan, 1906 ; Barcelona, 1911, Illustrated

Quiober of volumes of folkloie and tales for children.

Raole, rikt, (LIonakd,) a French architect, bom in
jijoD in 1736. He was employed at Femey by Voltaire,
who recommended bim to the prime minister Choiscnl,
Died in 1791.

Ratisyiukl, rl-chin'skee, (ATKAKASitfS,) a Polish

liter on art, born in 17SS. He was Prussian mlnlittr
at Copenhagen, Lisbon, and Madrid from 1S40 to 1853.
He wrote (In French) a "History of Modem Artm
Germany," (3 vols., 1836-43,] which it a work of some

eriL Died August 21, 1874.

RaosTnakl, (Eduakd,) a Polish count and writer,
bom al Posen in 1786, was a brother of the preceding
(resented to his native dty a library of twenty thon-
volumes. Among his publications arc "Travels in
the Ottoman Empire," (iSai,) and a "Cabinet of Polish
Medals," (4 volt., 1841-45.) He committed suidde in

EUd'bf r^ [Fr. pron. rldTjain',] (Pasckase,) a French

monk, bom near Soissons. He wrote several worltL

one of which is "On the Eucharist." He advocated

the dogma of transubstantiation. Died in S65 A.D.

Radollffe or BadoljSe, rad'klii; (Ann,) a popular

nglish novelist, born in London in 1764. Her maiden

ime was Ward. She was married about 1786 to Wil-

im Radcliffe, editor of the "English Chronide." Her

oat snccessful works are "The Romance of the Forest,"

(1791,) and "The Mysteries of Udolpho," (1794,) The

terrible, sombre, m^terious, and marvellous predoni-

-ite in her compositions. Died in 1813.

See Sii Waltu ScoTft UucelliDeeiu Pnee Week*; Maa
' Enfdaod froa die

>Dto[T." nLS.,ig4]: "EdiDbnnk
oaMi RgTi»r» far itwt. tn*, mat

Renew" far Jul*, iSu; '
"•rch. 1797.

RadolUfa, jAins.) See DaaWEirrwAnR.

RadoUfte, (John,) a aucccssful English physidan,
born at Wakefield, Yorkshire, in 1650^ was educated at
Oxford. He settled in London in 1684, and soon ob-
1 a bu-gc practice, to whid his talent for pleanntry
and wittidMis it taid to have coatribuied. He bconta

1 E. 1, 6. Q, F, /m^; t, t, A, tame, less prolonged; i, i, 1, 5, ii, f , r.fivf; h (, j, 9, ofAWTir; Or, fill, at; mil; nSt; gMd; mA

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

Mtt be «M empIoTcd profeciianaU; by Kiag WillUm,
whom he once oflended hj hU rodeiten or treedom of
•peech. He died in Noranber, 1714- He bequeathed
ftfifioo to build or found * libniy at Oxford which
bean bit oame^ and other large soma far charitable

_ 'iUbo

)hk Brinimici."

BadaIlff0 or RatolUb, (Tkomas,) Eail of Soaws,
M Engliih itatetman, bora aboat 1^6, vat a son of
Henry, Earl of Sussex. He was sent to Spain to nenv
liale Uie nrnriage between Queen Mai; and Philip fl.,
and on hit retnm became lord depot]' of Ireluid. In
1569 he wat appointed president of the North. He
rendered important serrices in the auppressioa of the
wirttiern reliellion. He became lord chamberlain about
15^ Died in 15S3.

Raddl, rld'dee. (GtaniTB,) an Italian botanist, bom
■t Florence in 1770. He ma aatociated in 1838 with
RowllinI and Champollion in a mission to Egypt When
■boot to return home, be died at Rluxlea in 1839.

Sh O. Sati, - Alls Henoria dl C. RiAli," iIjp.
R*d0gMt; rft'd^gkt', the many-headed war-god of
die ancient StaTfc

lUdar
^ffi-gilw , „ , ,

made captive and forced to become hi* wife. She was
noted for piety, and abounded In works of charity to (he
poor. She escaped from Clothaire about 544 a.d., be-
came a nun, and founded a large convent at Pcdtien.
Died In 5S7 A.IX

Sta Ed. m FLnntT, " Vii Ai SiinW-RiiUtDn^" ilu : " Nod-
(■Of Kccnphii QtBin\t."

Rkdemaoher, rl'dfh-mlK'f r, or Radwromhw, rf-
dfr-mlK'fr, (J. C. M.,) ■ Dutch geographer, bom in 1741.
He founded the Society of Sdencea at Batavia in 1778.
Died at sea in 17^

Rftdamaolier, ^'df h-mix'^, (Johann GormuKD,)
* ■•■-•'- — 'ihod German phpictan, born *l Haaun iii

a diatiDEuished German ph^
trri ; died In 1849.
Sadenuiaha', rl'dfh-mi'i

dfh-mi'ictT, (JosiMi,] D.l>.,

Seminary, Pittsburg, was ordained (o the Roman
Catholic priesthood in 1863, in 1883 was eon«ecrated
Bishop ol Nashville, Tennessee, and in 1893 of Fort
Wsrne, Indiana. Died January 11, 1900.

RadotiMOkai. See Rapkhskct.

Rademaker, rl'd^h-makVi written also Rad»
mnokar, (Abkahau,) a Dutch landacape-oainter and
cr^raverofhigh reputation, born at Anuteroam In 1675.
He painted in oil and in water-colonra. Hia landacape*
are adorned with figures, luins, and buildings. He pro-
dnced after hia own designs many engravings, which are
highly prized. Died in 1735.

8h Daacuin, " via d» Pentm Fluamd^ HDlluiibi^- Mb

Rad«iiMker or Rndetnaokei, (GuLUti\) an eml-
nenl painter of history and architcctoie, bora at Amtter-
dun in 1671, ia suppcaed to have been a brother of the
precetUne- He studied in Rome, and returned to Holland,
He excelled in invention, in Polity of execution, and in
perspective. Died In 1711.

5« DaKAHFS. "Vila da Fnintra numtwK Holludili,'' Me.

Rader, rl'dfr, [Lat. Rade'kus,] (MatthXus,) a
kamed Jesuit, bom in the Tyrol in 1561. He wrtrte
— '-- -1 Quintus Corlius and Martial, and several

original works, among which is " Bavaria Sancta," [3
— ._ _,__ — > Died at Munich in 1614.

r, ri'd^r, (Jacob Todi,) a military

i6iS-a7-)

Rndet; rfdi', (Etisnhe,) a French general, bora at
Stenay in 1761. He wat nude a general of brigade hi
1800 by Bonaparte, who gave htm the chief command
of ail cne gmdamuTi^, (araied police.) In 1S09 he wa*
ordered to Rome. In July of that year he aireated the
pope in hU palace and conducted hint to Florence. He
received the title of baron, (1S09,) and became a general
of dhriaian in 1S13. Died in 1815.

8h - KoanlU Bioamiiiic afatnk.-

ces In 17(7,
ay in 17O3.
ar," (176C)

of 17SS-89, and subsequently against the French 01

Rhine and in Italy. For his distinguished bravery at
the battle of Wagram be was made lieutetunt-Geld -mar-
shal, and he took an active part in the campaigns brM
1813 to 1815. In the revolution of 1S48 he effected a
masterly retreat from Milan, then in open revolt against
Austria, and, having soon after gained several advantagea
over the Sardinians under Charles Albert, signally de-
feated them at Novara in March, 1E49. He next took
possession of Venice, after an obstinate siege, and waa
appointed governor-general and military commander tt
XjppeT Italy. He had bean created a Geld-marthal ia
1830^ and had received the order of Maria Theresa and
the principal military orders of Borope. Died in 185S.
ScaGuvRAimiKv, "BiocnpUtdM SUn audi ilea sipaM
iei*Uii,"(ie,Snltnn, ili>: Pinca Taumncii. "LmC«>-
puCiia it EtsdMiIir, iHi; "Jihibscb tarn ConTcnuioeB-LKi

Bad'ford, (WlLUAM,) an American naval oAcar,
bora In Virginia. He entered the navy in 181^ and
commanded the Ironsides in the attack on Fort Flsliei
in December, 1864. He was appointed rear-admiral b
July, iSM. Died January S, 1&90.

Mdlor, du. See Drutx du RADna.

RadonvUUera, do, dfh rf dAN've'ye^', (CLAUSa
Francois Lysarde,) a French writer, born in Paiia la
1709. He became sub- preceptor of the princes In lyw,
and was admitted into the French Academj !i ~~

Among his works is a "Treatise o" " "

Died in 1789.

RBdcy«rlti,TOii,fonrt'do-ft[ts', (Joseph,) a Prustfan
statesman and general, bora at Blankenburg in 1797,
became orofessor of mathematics at the militarf school
at Catscl, and was subsequently appointed teacher to
Prince Albert He was minister- plenipotentiary to (be
Diet at Frankfort in 1836. He |>ubtished several worica
on mathemadcB and military affairs. Died in 1853.

RadalwiU, rld'ie-«il, (Chki^ofher,) a Lithuanian
general, bom in 1585. He commanded a Polish army
which held Gustavus Adolphus in check in Livonia and
Courlind. Died in 1640.

Rodslwlll, (Gkorqe,) a Lithuanian general, bom in
1480. He gained a number of victories over the Mns-
covites and Tartar^ and in 1533 obtained the rank of
grand general. Died in I54I.

Rauiwlll, (Nicolas,) a Lithuanian nobleman, born
about 1515. He was palatin of Wilna, and a Kalont
tapiMrter of the Reformation. Died about 1565.

lUe, rl, (John,) M.D., a British traveller, bom in the
Orkney Islands in 181J. He studied meftidne at tha
University of Edinburgh, 1819-33, went to the Hudson
Bay forts as a ahip's surgeon, lived as surgeon at Hooae
Fort, 1S35-4J, and led the Arctic survey expedition to
Repulse Bay m 1846-4T. He accompanied Richardson^
Franklin search expedition in 1849-51^ and himself led
expeditions for the tame object in 1851-sa and i8S]-Ui
the last of which b; its succets earned lor hit partf IM
reward of j^io,ooo. He also took charge of a tele^aph
survey, via Faroe, Iceland, and Greenland, In 1860^ utd
of another across the Rocky Mountains m 186^ He
published a " Narrative of the Expedition of i846-47>"
(1850,) etc. Died July 24, 1893.

Rao. (William Frasbh,) an English author, bora
in 1835. He wrote numerous works, including novels,
books of travel, works on Canada, " Egypt To-Day,"
(1891,) "Sheridan," (1896,) etc. Died in 1905.

Raabnni, rtlnira, (Sir HaNRY,) a Mtith portrall
painter, Iwm at or near Edinburgh in 175& He studied
m Italy, from which he returned to Edinburgh in 1787.
He Wis afterwards the moet eminent portTait-painter
ofthat city or of all Scotland. In 1S15 he wat chosen a
member of the Royal Academy of LonUon. AmouE his
works are portraits of Sir Walter Scott, Lord Jefre;,
and James WatL The heads of bis portraita are es-
pecially admired. Died in 1833.

ShCkahios, " Biapsplriail DioliMiTiif Kiiimn Sw— ."

^aat: g inrrf; g as /; o, H, K,;iiM(r>i/,- v,natal;%,lrilUd;%»at; thas

(B3

■See Eiplanationa, p. a^;

db,Google

Raeder. See RXdek.

tUemoad. See RriuoKD.

Haapsaat rlp'slt, (Jean Josbfh.) * B«leJan hiato-
rian,bornml7(Ck Hentinthtter^t^giildh/otTimce
bom 1S03 to iSlj. His cbief work is "An Analysis of
the Origin and Progress of the Civil, Political, and Re-
ligions Laws of the Belgians and Gauts." Died in 1831.

S>e CoRHEUssiui. " Sii6a xir U. RHpsM," lijt.

RaethcL See RX-nm.

KaB, rlf, (JossFH Joachim,} ■ Swiss mnucal com-
poser, bom SI Lachen. Ms]p 17, 1833. His compositions
are numerous and embrace a great varietf. Died in iSSl.

R«l&ieUe or Raf&Mllo. See Raphael.

RaAelll, rir-fS-ellee, (Giusrffe,) an Italian advo-
cate and jurist, bom in Calabria in l7Sa He succeeded
Beccaria in tlie chair of public law at Milan iu iSoi. His
chief work Is "Nomotesia Penale," (; vols., iSlo-lJ.)
Died St Naples in iga6.

Raffaelllno aol C0II& See Colls, dai.

RaSaelUno d«l Oarbo, TJT-fl-CI-lee'no del gak'bo, a
painter, twm at Florence in 1466, His style is said to
nsve degenerated inconsequence of the haste with which
lie worked after he liegan to be pressed witli the care
ot a &mily. Died in 1534.

RaSeL rlf-ni'ee, (Stbfano,) an Italian antiqnaiy, born
b Tuscany in 1711 ; died in 1788,

RaffBDoan-DBUlo, rtf nS' dfh-Itl', (AUKE.) a French
botanist, born at Versailles in 177$. He was sssodated
with the savants who accompanied the expedition to
Egypt in 179S, and performed a sdentitic mission to the
United SUtes in 1803. He wrote a " Flora of Egypt,"
and other works. Died at Montpellier in 1850.

Raffsnal, rlTnCl', (Anns Jkah Baptistc,) a French
trsTeller, bom at Versailles in iSog. He published
"Travels in Western Africa, comprising the Eapl oration
Of the Senegal," (1846,1 and a description of Soodan,
entitled " New journey in the Country of the Negroes,"
(" Nonveau Voyage dans le Pays des Nigres," a vola..

Bala, rUi, (Carl CHumAR,) a Danish antlqwuy,

distinguished as a lover o( Icelandic literstnre, was
born m the island of Fiinen tu 179^ He publlslied
"Heroic Traditions of the North," (3 vols., 1835- 30>)
"Nordlanda," (3 vols., 1839-30,) and "American An-
tiquities," (" Antionitates Americans," 1837,) which
contains evidence that the Icelanders or Scandinaviant
discovered America in the tenth century. He resided
at Copenhagen. Died In 186$.

SmKibuiw, ~Viiift onr C Rufa'i Lnut," tS^t,mai"rtr-

Raggl, rid^, (Nicolas Bsuf aks.) a scalptiw, born
at Carrara in 1791, worked at Paris. Among his worka
are statues of Henry IV., "Bayard dying," and "Meta-
bus. King of the Volsd." Died in 1861.

Rag'lfii,(jAiiEs HknbvFitzrov Somirsbt,) Babon,
an English general, born in 1788, was a yonnger son irf
Henry, filth Duke of Beauibrt His mother was s
daughter of Admiral Boscawen. He served as aide-de-
camp to the Duke of Wellington in the Peninsula frooi
1809 to 1S14. and at Waterloo, where he lost his right
arm. In 1819 tie becaniB military secretary to the Dnks
of Wellington, whom he accompanied to the CtHisress
of Viennaandthatof Verona, (1833.) He was appointed
■naster-general of the ordnance in 1853, and raised to
the peerage as Baron Raglan. Before this proiiiotiaB

tember. His army suffered great disasters daring tM
lor^ «ege of Sebastopol, {i8S4-;S,) for want of pro-
visiona, etc He was painfullv affected by the repidsai
and losses of the allies, and died in the camp in Jim^
1855, leaving his title to bis son, Richard Henry Flanj.
9— K. TSnaii, "Us HoBasi da la Outn d'OritDM Lqrt
ftiWlu." iSm ; " Biscnplual Sketehu," by U. UAiTiHaAu.

lUgnar, rig'ntr, (or lUgnar Iiodbrok— lUOwOkJ

written also R«B'n«r, a famous l^endary hero of the

Northmen, is suppoaed to have been the son of Kii^

■ Denis,) a French liOiratnu; bom Sisard of Sweden, and to have lived about 8oa a.ix

Ib 1797 ; died at Athens in if^7. He is reBarded as the most striking type of the andem

Rsffat, rfU', (Denis Aucustk Mabii,) a Frendi vikings of the North. There is a legendary history of

designer and painter, born in Paris in 1804. He pub- blm, entitled " History of King Ragnar Lodbrok and bli

lished many lithographs of battles and other martial '' — " ••"• '" '■■ -. ^ . . -

scenes. Died in i86a

Raf&M, raf Ifli, (Thomas,) D.D., Lt.D., an EngUah
lUssentine; minister, bom in London in 1788, was ■
cousin of Sir Stamford Raffles. He became minister
of a Congregational church in Great George Street
Liverpool, about t8i3, and acaufred a wide repntatioB
S3 a preacher. He continued to occupy that pulpit
about fifty years. He published a number of sermons
■ad lectures. Died in Liverpool in 1863.

RafllM, (Sir Thomas Stamfokd,) an English natu-
rsllst and administrator, born at sea, off Jamaica, in

SSt. He was appointed secretary of the government
the East India Company at Pulo-Penang about 1806,

and became in 181I lieutenant-governor of Java, to the

capture of which he had greatly contributed. He made

rasearchea into the geography and natural history of

that island, and published a " History of Java," (1 vols.,

1817.) In l8l8 he was appointed lieutenant-governor

al Bencoolen, in Sumatra, in the zoology of which he

made some discoveries. He made a large collection

of animals, plants, etc., many of which, with his papers

and drawing were destroyed by fire on board of a ship,

(1834.) His loss was estimated at £10,000. tie re-

Kgned in 1834, and died in England in 1S3G.

Se< "lldnoir of Sir Tbomu Somfiird RilSa," b* tat wUl
iRjo: "(iDuwJLe Bi«npliie G*nird.;" "Qu.n.ri, iftvim." kit
Miircb. iSjo! "UtiiilCl7R>ri(w"lar AuEVtCiSiB.

Rafineaqne, rffe'nisk', (Constahtihk Smaltz,)
bom near Constantinople, of French parents, in 17S4,
became professor of botany and natural history at Tran-
sylvania Untversiti^ Leiington, Kentucky, and sabac-
quently settled in Philadelphia. He published s book
(H travels and several botanical works. Died September
18,1843.

Raffoit, rf foK', (Ettinhb,) a French painter, bom

at CUUoDs-tdT-SaOne about 1805. He paiitled land-

■—— ~a-ports, etc critic, bora at Copenhagen in i-jfio. He became pro-

1. 2, 1, «, fl, y, limg! i, k, 6, same, less prolonged; 1, i, 1, 9, ii, T, thtrt; ^ «, i, 9, titmrt; fir, fill, Ot; mtt; nh; fSU; mSM*

literature, — thai is, about the tenth century.

RagnBTook. See Loki.

Bago'na. (Domknico,) an Italian 1
born at Palermo in 1S20. After visitiog and investi-
gating the principal observatories of Europe, he was
made director of the observatory at Palermo, and in
1S60 of that at Modena. He published numerous
valuable papers on meteorology and devised many
new instiuments, and is regarded as one of the ablest
of meteorologists.
^Bagotaky. See RAKdczv.

RBs'osin, (ZtNAiDB ALSxtiBVNA,) a Russian
author, who in 1S74 became a natursliied ciliien of
the United States. She wrote the stories of Chaldea ;
Assyria; Media, Babylon, and Persia; and Vediclndia
for the " Stories of the Nations" series; also " Sieg-
fried, the Hero of the Netherlands," " Beowulf, die
Hero of the Anglo-Saxons," etc.

Ragnenet 't^iV. (Francis,) s French ptieat and
tiltiraUuT, bom at Rouen about 16601 He published a
** Life of Cromwell, "(1691,) "The Montunentt of Rome,'
(l7O0,)andB"LifcofTntenne,"(l73a.l Died in 1793.

Saguat; rfgi', \ (Condv,) an American diplomatist
bom at Philadelphia in 17S4, was appointed
■ ■ "' ' " was the author of B

in iSm CI

lul at Rio Jan

Free Trade," and other works. Died in
Xtaso**! DuKK OF. Sec Marmont.
Ra^D»B. ril;goo'U, (GiKOtiiHo,) a learned Jesal^

fauor of Kalhetia to hU natlTe dtjr in tT^a He wrote
dmnati Ule*, and Ijric poems, and tcanilated mun
Englisli works. AmonK his best work* b "The Duiitn
Spectator," ■ periodkal, (i791-i8o&) He wu • iadi-
dous and etnold cHtic. His wriiinp are »aid to Kare

mtUictt
Died in 183a

Ralil, [Kakl HmtKiCH,) a German
■ear Heidelberg in 1779, was a member of the Actdemr
of Arts at Vienna. Among bis master-ptecet are printa
after Rapbael'i " Saint Hargaret," Correffiio't " Night,"
■nd the "Madonna" <rf Perugino. Dieoin 1843.

Ratan, lin, (Joiunn Hiinrich,) a Swiss phnidai^

*" II Zaii^ 1b 1749, was noted for hi* benettcence.

aworki. Died in 1S12.

SAhn, (ToHAMN HUNRiCH,) a Swiss hisloriaii, born
al Zniich In 1646. He wrote in German, betides other
works, a "History of SwitKrland," (169a) Died la
170S.

Rilm, rl'hdA, in the Hindoo mTthoIogy, a mightr
fiant, the son of Kasyapa and Did, (or, accordinc •"
e authorities, the son of SinhikA,) wa* snppoaea

1 origin 1 rdin

bble b doabtless astronomical
^piiGes also the "ascending node.'

RalboUuL See Funcia.

Raldel, ri'dCI, [Lit Raidi'uus,] (Gioio Haktin,)
a German savant, bom at Nuremberg in 1703, wrote
ft work " On the Gei^aphj of Ptolemr," etc, (" De
Ptolemxi Gaograpbia ejosqne Codidbo*, 1737.} Died
in 174'-

■iriUu, (ROBKKT,) an English philaDthroplsL

Mm at Gtoncester in 1735 o
the editor of the " Glonce —
tb« founder of Simday-M

the editor of the " Gloucester joamal." He is noted a
'ay-achoola. In 1 " '

._ .jach a number o. .__,

n the Btiaeta of Gloucester. Died m tSii.

1 women to teach a number

1781 be ei
of ragged

"TheVi

illaze:

, . . a l)api! of J. HalL

nate friend of Willtie, who emplored hi
■V wEidk m

1776. «

mber of his paintings, amoiw wEidk are

— -'olitidims,""TheRent-Dat,^(l8l6,)and

"BUndman^ BuEL" These engraYlng* are nighiT priied.
Died la 1843. He left an autoblfwraphf, pnbli^ed In
■843. entitled " Memoirs and Recollections.*'

tulmond. See RAVMONa

Balmondi n-mon'dee, (Anhibalx,) an Kalian
natbematician, bom at Verona in 1505. He published
a "Treatise on the Flow and Ebb of the Sea,"
("Trattato del Flusso e RefluEso del Mare," 1589.)

Ralmondi, (Antonio,) an Italian explorer, was
bom at Milan in 1S35. He went to Peni in 1850, and
•pent twenty years in exploring every part of that
country. The result appeared in " El Peru," (3 vols.,
1874-80.) Other Tolumes, dealing with the scientific
atpecl» of the counliv, were to follow, but a complete
edition of the fourth volume was destro]red by the
Cliilian invaders, and was never replaced. Died in

33 SAKOCZY

property and removed to Bologna, wbere he ooMIimM
until his death, wbicit is variously dated 1534 and I54t.
One of his printa Is dated 15391

Raimond^ (Piktko,) an Italian musical composer,
bom at Rome in 17S6. He produced operas, ballets,
oratorios, aod au immense variety of minor pieces, etc.
Died October 3<^ 1853.

Ralmtud, rI'miS&it, (Fudihahd,) a German Utth
raUur, bom at Vienna in 1791, published a nmnber of
dramatic works and poems. Died in 1836.

Ralmimd, (Goux) See DAHMmBSKO.

Kaliuldl, rf-nlKdee, (Caklo,) an lUlian architect
bom at Rome in t6ti. He designed the old Aeadi^
mie de France at Rome, the church of Saint Agnes, th«
church of Sanu Maria di Miracoli, and that of Santa
Maria del Monte Santo. The last two are on the Plana
del Popolo at Rome. Died in 1691.

Hslncldl, (FKANCxscOk) an Italian Tetuit. bom ta
the match of Ancona in 160a He puUtshed " Food
for the Soul," CCibo dell'Aidma," 1637,) and oQnai
works. Died in 1677.

Ralnaldl, (Girolahdw) an arddtect, bora at Robm
in 1570, wa* the &ther of Carlo, noticed above. AmoM
hi* works were the ducal palace of Parma, and tkt
Falano PamlUi (or PampUU) at Rome. Diwl in iCjC

Ralnaldl, (Oduic) See Rinauh, (OoKKioa)

Raluet rin, (Jahks,) an English antiquary, bom h
Ovington, Vorlcriiire, in 1791, became rector of Meldon
'' 1831. He published a " History of North Dnrham,"

Raln«, (WiujAM McLiod,) autbttf, bom aL

don in 1871, aune to tbe United States in 1S81, subie-
qOCTitly became a jooinalisl in Denver, and ha* written
"Ridgway of Montana," "A Texas Ranger," and
other novels, with many short stories and twvelettes.

Rainer, n'ner, (Jdsifk Johann Michael Franz
HiERONVHtis,) Archduke of Austria, and seventh son of
emperor Leopold II., was bom in 17S3. He became
Viceroy of Austrian Italy in 1818. Died 1853.

\, (Giotahhi Battista,) an Italian Orl-
aalalisl, bom at Cremona about t54a He was director
id an eatablishment of Oriental typography at Roum,
and printed in Arabic tbe Gospels (1591) and Euclid.
(im4.) Died about i6ia

Sabnondl, (MAkCAMTonio,) an excellent Italian en.
paver, bom at Bolt^a about i475. or, as some say, in
■48S. He studied design under Raibolini called Franda.
He went to Rome about 1510, and formed a friendship
or acquaintance with Raphael, who employed him to
engrave some of his paintings. He engraved for that
master "The E>eath of Lacretia," "The Judgment ol
Faiia," " Tbe Massacre of the Innocents," " Saint Ce-
dlia," "The Last Supper," " Parnassus," " Saint Paul
preachinj; at Athena, and other works. He was the
Biat Italian engraver who acquired great celebrity. He
was a correct designer, and rendered the ootlinCs with
ideljty. When Rome was taken and pillaged by tbe
■nny a( CoostaUe Bourbon, in 1537, Raimmdl loat hi*

Halnolda, rtn'oldii (John,) an English theolosian,
bora near Exeter in 15*9. He waa proli:«*or of divinity
-' Oxford, and favoured the Puritan doctrines. He wa*

le of the person* who assisted in translating the Bible

to English by order of James L Died in 1607.

RaJnolda, (Wiixiau,) a brother of the preceding,

came a Fellow of New Collu;e, Oxford, in 1563. He
was afterward* professor of Hetncw at Rhdna, France.
Died in 1594,

Ralna, rain*, (Gabukl Jamks,) an American general,
born in North Carolina in 1S03, paduated at We«t Point
in 1S37. He served in tbe Mexican war and against tbe
Indians, but in 1861 joined the Confederate army a*
brigadier-general. Died Srptember 6, 18S1.

KBliuaaiit, iIh'sAn', (Fiiuti,) a French nnni^
matist, bom at Rheims abotit 1640^ He becaine ke^er
'the royal cabinet of medals. Died In 1689.

Rain or Rata, do, d«h riss, (GiLLBS de Laval— deh
tfvU',) Loap, a Frendi baron, notorious for his prodi-
gality and crimes, wa* bom about 140^^ and hhented a
great estate. He entered the army, and became a mar>
shal of Fiance about the age of twenly-lhre& He wa*
accused of sorcery and M sacrificing children in difr
bolical rite*. He waa executed in 144a.

Ralaaon, ri's&H', (Hokaci NapolIon,) a Fiendi
UtUtattur, bom in Pans in 1 79S. He published a " TGm-
toiy of Napoleon," (10 vols., 1S30,) and other works on
recent French history. Died in 1854.

Raltoh, rt'itcb or titch, a Servian historian, bom

. Karloviu in lyid fte pnblished > "History of

le Slavonians and Servians." Di«d in iSoi.

SdkAoay, ri'k5l-se, written also Raoooxl and
Ragotskj, (Fkahz Liopold,) Prince aS Transylvania
bom near Patak In 1676. He commanded the Hun-
garian insurgents who revtdted against Austria in 1 70^
He was defeated in a dedsiva action in 170! Died in
exile at Rodoato in 1735.

• aai;(aB<.'Biitn/'ftaa/.'0 ti.x.gulhinii; »,muai; t^triJUJ: In*: \\ia*'mau. (gV-SeeExp1aratioiM,p.a^

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

HAKSHA ao

SAk'ahf, or Rik'shf-if, in Hindoo mjrtbology a
name given to certain evil spirita, hideout, cruel, and mii-
chie*oua,who often attend on Kuv«ra, the god of riches.
They ue often of montlronl shape, bat on aaaume anj
brni. They are regarded aa the enemies of eveiything
good. The name may be allied to the the Sanscrit raktS,
to "apare," (compare Parc^) or to the root of riA, to
" deatroy." (See Vaksma.)

Rtl* or Raalo, tU, (SiuniBM,) a French Jesnil and
■DiuionaiT, bom in Fnuiche-Comt j in i6jS. He was
•eot on a mission to the Indiana of Canada in 16E9, and
laboured nearly thirty years at Korndgcwock, on the
Kennebec River. He gained great inauence over the
Indiana, and, according to aome authoritiea, Instigated
tbem to hostile acts against the Eiwliab colonists of
Ifassachosetts, who regarded him as their worst enemy.
He was killed by a party of English soldieis who sur-
prised the village at Norridgewo^ in 1724.

8h Dwtbb Fuukm, "ti(i<tf ScbHduKaU."

Ralaigli, rawHe, (Auduhdik,) D.D., a British divine,
born near Castle Douglas, Scotland, January 3, i%lf.
He was educated at the Lancashire Independent College,
and held various Congregation il pastorates In Scotland
■nd in London. He pabliihed "The Slorrof Jonah,"
"The Little Sanctuary," "Quiet Resting- Places," etc.
Died April 19,1880.

RaMKh, raw^e, (Cakkw,) • ton of Sir Walter, was
burn in the Tower of London in 1604. He was educated
at Oxford. After the accession of Charles L an act was
passed to " restore him in blood ;" but he failed to obtain
the paternal estate. He wrote a vindication of his father,
(1645,) and a "Brief Relation of Sir Walter Raleigh's
TrouUea." In 1659 he was appointed Governor of
Jersey. Died in 1666,

Balelgh or Ralegh, (Sir Walter,) a bmous Enelish
navigator, author, courtier, and commander, waa bom
at Hayes, in Devonshire, in 155a. He waa a son of
Walter Raleigh, Esq., and Catherine Champei

Oxford, and in 1560 joined a company of volunteers,
with wbiMn he fbngnt for the Hugnenots in France for
five yean. He took part in several great battles of that
war. In IjSOi aa commander of a company, he served
with distinction against the Irish insargenls. He is
■apposed to have gained the bvour of Queen Elizabeth
by anact of gallantry, of which we have no evidence but
tradition. According to this tradition, the queen, in ber
progress Irom the royal bai^ to the palace, came to a
•pot where the ground was so wet that she hesitated.
Raleigh immediately covered the place with his richly-
embroidered cloak, on whicfa she stepiied with much
complacency. It is staled that he received a grant of
twelve thousand acres of forfeited land in Ireland soon
after he attracted the notice of the queen. One of his
biographert observes that " all the more important and
interesting transactions and occurrences of his life are
Involved in obscurity or perplexed with doubt"

In 15S4 he obtained a royal patent investing blm with
■mple powers to coloniie and govern any territories he
night acqaireintheunoccupied parts of North America.
An exploring party in his service discovered in 1584 a
region to which the queen gave the name of Virgil '

e killed
by the natives. In 1589 he transferred his patent and
colonial privileges to a company of merchants. Accord-
Ing to some writers, he distinguished himself in several
contests with the Spanish Armada in 158E, and rendered
important services to the queen as a member of Parlia-
ment The introduction trf the potato and tobacco into
Europe is generally attributed to him.

About 1590 he became intimate with the poet Spenser,
and married privately a daughter of Sir Nicholas Throg-
morton. She was a maid of honour to the (jneen, who
•bowed ber resentment by confining Raleigh in the
Tower for several weeks. Being excluded from the
royal Eivour through his marriage, his ambitions and

>,£ 1,0, a, ];,/lB•f;!t,t,^ same, less prolonged; !,;,(,&, it, y,f4i^; »,;,), 9, Bftrrvrr; Or, Oil, ftt;niet;nAi;g()6d:n

adventaroos s|rirlt waa attracted hj a pnrfecl tat ck*
discovery and conqneat of El Dorado, ■ bbied paradise
of gold-aeekers, wnfch wa^ Mtppoaed to exist in South
America. He sailed from Ptymootb with five veneU in
February, 1595, and ascended the Orinoco in boatsaboat
sixty leagues, "but his brther progrea* i^ aaid to have
been prevented by the sudden rise of the water. Having
returned to England before the end nS IS9S, be puUished
a rather faboloua narrative, entitled " The Disoovety of
the Large, Rich, and BeautUiil Empira <rf Guiana."

Raleigh was restored to the royal favoar •oon after
his return, and aerved a^ rear-a^«iral at the captura
□f Cadiz, in (J96, to whidi his akill greatly contrilnited.
He had the chief command of the fleet which iook Fayal
in 1597. He was appointed Captain of the Guard and
Governor of Jersey about 1597. It ta stated by some of
his biographers that he received larn lums of money
from the condemned partisans of the Earl of Essex, who
bribed him to intercede for them with the qneeru The
death of Elizabeth terminated the prosperity of Raleigh,
who had rendered himself very unpopular by his enmity
to Essex snd perhaps by his habitual haughty demeanour.
It appeaia that James I. was prejudiced againat him by
the insinuations of his rival Cedl. Accused of com-
plicity in Lord Cobham's treason. Sir Walter was
arrested in July, 160a, and convicted, without snffident
proo^ in ificn. During bis trial the public sentiment
waa converted from hostility to warm sympathy and
admiration.

In expectation of a speed; death, he wrote to his wile
an affecting letter, which is praised by William Penn.
Near the dose of it he wntea thus 1 " I can say iio
more : Time and Death call me awav. The everlasting

He V

e, and send us to n

red, and

. "Prieved,
confined in the Tower, where he remamea thirteen ji
and wrote his diief work, "The History <rf the World,"
(from the creation to the rear 150 B.C.) "The Greek
and Roman story," says HaJlam, " is told more fiilly and
exactly than by any earlier English writer, and with a
plain eloquence which has given this book a classical
reputation in our lanenage.
(rf , .

andent style." He wrote several short poema, which ara
admired.

In 1615 he obtained his release by bribery and by aa
ofier to open a mine of gold in Guiana. He conducted
a fleet of thirteen vessels to Guiana in 1617, and aent an
exploring party up the OrinocOL They encountered at
Saint Thomas abody of Spaniards, in a fight with whom
Raleigh's son Walter waa killed ; but their aearch for
the gold-mine was unauccessfiiL Raleigh sailed for Ncw-
fbondland, iniendine to refit and to obtain provision*;
bnt be was forced oy his mutinous crew to return tn
England, where he arrived in July, 161S. He was aooa
after arrested, and a demand was made by the Spanish
court that he should be punished for the attack on Saint
Thomas. The king at that time courted tlie alliance of
the Spanish monarch, and sacrificed the required victim
to promote his policy. He resolved to execute the
sentence which had been passed on him in 1603, and
for which pardon had never been granted. Raleigh waa
beheaded m October, 1618. His stature was tall, bk
features handsome, and his presence impooing. Ifii
moral character seems to have been deformed by several
vices. Impartial writers agree that truth and protaty
were not always his guiding principles.

"file name of Sir Walter Raleigh," say* the "Bdln-
bnrgh Review," "is unquestionably one of the moat
renowned and attractive, and, in some respects, the moat

ual and practical power, and of anobserving, reflective,
and philosophical with a highly imaginative or poetical
temperament"

An able French critic aud geographer, M. Walckenaer,
defends Raleigh from the cnarge of falsehood and ex-
aggeration! "The details which he has published oo
his voyage |to Guiana in 1595] include nothing which

db, Google

i»."Lilaof IUIagh,"iR
Weigh," iSoj; wTOlDV:

RALPH

bM not been confirmed by iDDsequent explorera : titn
are definite, exact, important, and ■'" >"•"""' ••* »-•
ngadi]' u well a« hU truthfulneu."

Sh UACntr Nafir. "Lord Bmn unil ^ WilMr RilaU,"

- _-, -., AorilKUftofSir

W. RilBgV' igjo; P. Fbasb TvTLZi, " Life of Sir W. RaWgh,""
Mc, i8}i: J' Bahow, "MemoinaflheNinlWantiiHor QoH
niabclE'i Reign," 1845; CAuruLi, "Lii™ of Ihc Britiih Ai
Brir.1!;" Di Thoo, " Hitloire uniwrwllrjj" Hum. " Hutmj of
EnEl^nd, " jATticubilr dupa, kIt. and ilviiL ; Gaithhh, '* HittoTr
of England ft™n i6c^ lo 1616," chip. ii. ; " Edinbmsli Review'*
fcr April. 1840; "FiHer*! Uiguiiur' tot July, iK^.

Ralph OF EscuKES, an English prelate, who was
elecled Archbishop of Canterbnry in 1114. He had a
high leputaiion for leiming and virtue. Died in iiaa.

See W. F. MooiE, " LiTea of Ihe Arehbiihopi of Canteibuiy,"

Ralph, (Jauks,) an English pamphleteer and poetas-
ter, botn at Philadelphia. He etnlgcaied to England
n 1715 in company with Benjamin Franklin, and pub-
T_i._j_ non "Niffht'* in T7aJi. whirh warn ridirulwl

liihed a poem on "Night" in 1738, which wai ridiculed
by Pope in these lines of the "Dundad:"

" Sileita, ya wolvet, whDa Ralph id CVnihii hawU
And nukM nifht hidedui : uuiiiir him. n owli r
He afterwards wrote severa] drannas and political pam-
phlets. His continoation of Guthrie's "History of
England" (a *ols., 1744-46) \» a work of some valne.
Died in 1762.

Ralph. (Julian,) an American author, was born
at New York in 1853. He became a journalist on I
"Daily Graphic" in 1875, and served on other Ni
Vork papers until 1896, being a correspondent
South Africa in 1900. He wrote several books
travel and description, as " Alone in China," (lS9(
"Dixie," (1896,) etc. Died January 20, 1903.

RalBtoo, rawl'atqn, {Wii.U*M Ralston Shkddsn,)
an English author, bom in iSaS. He graduated
Trinity College, Cambridge, was an assistant librarian
the British Museum, 1853-75, and devoted himself larg ^
to Russian lilerilure. He published " KrilolT and hit
Fables," (1869,) " Liza," (1869, a translation of his friend
Turgeneffa novel "Dvoryanakoe Gnyeido,") "Songa
of the Russian People," "Russian Folk-Talea," and
" Early History of Russia." Died August 8, iSSo.
Rim. SeeRlMA.

Ram, de, dfh tSn, {Fibrkx Francois Xavier,) a
Belgian historian, bom at Louvain in 1804, published"ST-
nodicoti Belgicum," (1S38-5S,) etc Died in 1S65.

Ram&, ri'mfi, often called Rim (rbn) In the modem
Hindoos, |a Sanscrit word sig;nifying " pleasmg," " dear,"
"beloved, from the verb rdm, to " plav,) called also
Rftma Cnilndi^ (chun'dr^) in the Hmdoo mythology,
the name of the seventh avatar of Vishnu, who on this
occasion appeared as a great hero and warrior. It is
generally supposed that, with the exception of Krishna,
this is the most glorious of all the manifestations of the
preserving deity. The great Hindoo epic entitled RS-
miyinil (rl.mS'y^-n*) is chiefly occupied with the ad-
ventures and exploits of Rama and his famous minister
HlnumSn, the monkey king. The consort of Rama wai
SItl, (see'ti,) eminent for her purity and other virtues.
Her deliverance from the power of the great giant Rt-
vana, and the triumphant toaue of the ordeal bv fire, by
which her perfect virtue was completely established, form
perhaps the most interesting portion of the great poem
or romance above named. They are also among the
moat popular subjects for pictures among the Hindoo*.
Ramage, ram'fj, (Adam,) a distinguished mechani-
cian, born in Scotland in 1^70, settled in America. He
was th« inventor of a printmg-press called by hii name.
Died io 1850.

Rauan4jaor Ramanondja, rl-mt-aoo'j^ a Hindoo

Shilosopber, a votary of Vishnu and adversary of Bood-
liisiii. He is supposed to have lived in the tenth centurr
RAmftyaua. See R£ua, and VjUmikl
Hamaiilnl, rB-mit-see'nee, (Bbknardo or Bernar-
dino,} an eminent Italian physidan, bom at Carpi in
1633. He became professor of medidne at M6dena
aboDt i68<x and removed to Padua in 1700. He ob-
bided the first chair of medidm at Padna in 1708. He

which was often reprinted, and was translated inn
^endi by Fonrcroy. Died to 1714.

Sm BttmDlua, "ViadeB. Ruwrini,'* iiii: B"lIaiKiit of
Saminlni," mILud lo hii aoUecud woriu (''Opera Omnia") h«
hn Mphaw, Babt. RAMAmiR, London, 1116 ; FAaaom, " Vila

ItalonuB doctriH •aaOaatiam ;>' Nicteon. ''Udmdn*."

Rambaldl, rlm-bU'dee, (Carlo,) an Italian painlai
of history, bom at Bologna io 1680 ; died in 1717.

Rambaad, (Alfred Nicolas,) a French histo-
rian, born at BesHnjon in 1842. He became minister
of public instruction in 1896, He wrote works on
Russia and France, and, with Lavisse, " Histoire
Generale du IV. Siecle," {^J. vols., 1893 et kj.)

Rambers. rlm'btao, (Jokakn Hkinkich,) aGermaa
panter and engraver, bom at Hanover in 1763, studied
in London under Sir Joshua Reynolds. He was after-
wards appointed court painter at Hanover. He excelled
in caricature, and produced, among other works, illus-
trations of " Reioeke Fuchs." Died in 184a

Ram'bhft' or Rem'bha', I modem Hindoo prou.
rtimb'hl',1 sometimes incorrectly written Rhttmba, [ety-
mology obscore,] the name, in the Hindoo mytholfmr,
of a famous Apsari, produced by the churning of Uko
ocean. (See AfsarA and KOrua) Rambht U some-
times identified with LakshmL

Rambouillet; d«, d? h rfiNTjoo'yi', (Cathirimk As
TlTOmie— dffa ve'von',) MarQuisk, a French lady,
born in 1588, became mistress of the Hfltel Rambouillet,
in which she presided over a celebrated reunion of the
llitt of Paris, the first which In France united the ari«-
laaacy of rank and of genius in one dicle. Her hODsa
was frequented by Malherbe, La Rochefoucauld, Voitare,
Balxac, Comeille, and many other literati of sucMStI*a
generations. The court over which she presided wm
recognized as the arbiter of taste and propriety in
language, manners, etc Died in 1665. Her daughler,

itJLiA d'Ahghnnbs, (dON'ihtn',) uras celebrated fbi
er beauty and accomplishments. She was married to
the Duke of Montausier. (See Montausiek.)
See " NoDRlle BiuripUe 04n«nla."
Rambour. rftNTiooR', (Abraham,) a French Prol
. jtanl minister, born at Sedan about 1590. He became
professor of Hebrew at Sedan in i6za, and published
iveral works. Died in 1651.

Rambntaan, de, d(h rftNTju'to', (Claude Philibbrt
Barthelot— btRtIo',) Count, a French admmistratof,
bom at Chamay in 1781. He was prefect of the depart-
ment of Seine from 1833 to 1848, Died April 83, 1869,
Ramean, rfmy, (Jean Pmilippr,) a celebrated
French composer and writer on mnsic, vras bora at
Dijon in October, 1683. He received his first lesson*
In music fi-ora his father, and visited Milan in 1701.
Having joined a company of itinerant actors or singers,
he performed on the violin in various dties of France.
He became organist of the cathedral of Clermont (An-
vergne) about 1718, and settled in Paris in 17M. He
established his reputation as a theorist by a "Treatise
on Harmony," (17JI,) and "New System of TheoreBc
Music," (1726,) in which he developed his theory of
hatii fiitdoHoitali. In 1733 he composed the mu^
of the opera " Hippolyle el Aride," which was very
successliil and produced a great eidtement in the
musical world. The partisans of Lulli were Indignant
at the innovations of Rameau. He produced in 1737
the opera of "Castor and Pollux," which is called hn
master-piece. Among his numerous operas are " Dar-
danus," (1739,1 and "Zoroaster," (1749.) Died in 17&4.
SeeMAHT, *'£lcwe hiaiDriquflde Rvnanii," itM; F^i^"Bio>
tphie UniTcnaUa dot Hiiaiaau :" " NonnDa Bia(n|iUt Oiiii-

RamAe, rf mt', (Daniel,) an architect, bom at Ham-
burg in 1806, was a son of Joseph Jacques. He re-
Elored the cathedrals of Noyon, Senlis, and Beauvais.
He published a " Manual of the History of Arcbilec-
— re," (2 vols., 1843 J and other works. Died in 1887.

Ram^B. Iia. See Rauus^

RameL See Nogarbt, dr, (J<ic<}UES.j

Ramel, ri'mll', (Jean Pierre.) a French general,
bomatCahorsinl7G«, was assassinated in Augnst, tSlJ,
at Toulouse, of wMch he was then the cc -*—'

« as i; 9 aa r.- g hard; isa/.a, K, VL,guitural! n, natal: R. IrHlrd: i as i.- th as in thit. (liV~See Ezplapations, p 93.)

dbyGoogle

KAMELLI

\, rl-menee, (Agoshno,) u Italian mecha-
waMD. born at Milan about ijm served as engineer in
Ibe aTiD7 c^ Chaclea V. Died m 1590.

WattmiH (Felice,] an Italian pHeat and painter in
mlniatDTG, born in Fiedmont in 1666. He worked at
Rome. Died in 1740.

RunanghL See BaohacavaUjO.

Ram'9-aSI, Ram'*el, or lU-niM'sH, \i.t., "rising
san.") The name of thirteen ^yptian monarch*.
Ramisu t., the first king of the nineteenth drnasty,
IJTed, according to Lepsins and Mariette, In the Bneenih
centun B.a Raubsbs II., his grandson, ma the ^reat-
Mt ol^ the Egyptian kings. He conquered Ethiopia,
deleated the Hittite contederates, captured ^eiusatem,
and reigned sia^^sii years at Thebes, where his mammj
was discovered in 1881. Rahssbs IIL, the »econd king
of the twentieth dynast;, was also a lulet of great mag-
^ficence and a &r-conquering soldier. The other kings
of this name were comparatively unimportant Ramesea
XI1I-, the last of them, died about 1000 B.C.

Ramnr, rf mi', (Claude,) a French scalptor, bom
It Kjon Id 1754. He gained the grand prize In 1781.
Among hia works are Btatue* of Napoleon and Riche-
Ueo. Died in Paris in 1838. His son, Etibhnk Jules,
bom in 1796, was also a succeaaful sculptor. He adorned
the Lonvre with several works, and was admitted Into
the Inititate in 1829. Died in 1853.

Ramlra^ rl-mee'rf th, (Jost,) a Spanish painter, bom
at Valencia in 1634 ; died m 1693.

Rainlro {rl-mee'io) L, King of Asturias, was a son
of Bcrmudei. He began to reign in 84a A.D., and
defeated the Normans in 843. Died in Sjcl

Ramiro II, King of Astuiias and Ceon, began to
reign about 930 a.d. He defeated a large army of the
caliph Abderrahman III. in 939 A.Dt on the plain of

bom at Kolberg, on the Baltic Sea, in 1735. He
many years professor of beltes-lcttre* at Berlin, nis
works are chiefly lyrics, and are remarkable for elegance
of language. Hit "Death of Jesus," one of his moat
esteemed pieces, was set to music by Grann. He also
translated Horace, Martial, Catullus, and Sappho'~ '"*"
Died in Berlin in 1798.

S« Humiin. " BiiiitniphiH
nixow, " Poei* und Poen o(

ia DEBOdieB Dicbtung/ Hi ,

Hndbudi:" " NoutcUc Biopipbis O^njnla.'

Ram'mo-tittii' R07, (Rajah,) also called IUjjI RAm
|f»>lniii R^ a Hindoo reformer and linguist, was boin
near Burdwan, in Bengal, in 1773. His parents were
Brahmans of high rank. He wa* master (^ Sanscrit,
Persian, Arabic, Hindostanee, and English. At an early
age he renounced the Brahmanical religion. He believed
in Christ as a divine teacher, but held Arian or Unitarian
views. He wrote several works agunat the prevailing
■uperstilions of India, and published in iSao " The Pre-
cepts of Jesns the Guide to Peace and Happiness," which
contista of selections from the New Testament. In 1S30
he founded a society which was afterwards developed
into the famous Brahmo Somli, (or Brihma Samij.) In
the same year he was sent by the King of Delhi aa
' '0 Ixtndon. Died near Bristol in 1S33.

Kjyiili RaiDmohun Rov." edited tn Uai
1(67: "BlieliiiDod'i Mataiine" ror^orei

Rnmond de CorboimUre*, HfmdN' dfh klR'bo'.
ne^iii', (Louis FnAtigois, ) Baron, a distingnished
French savant and politician, born at Strasburg id 1755.
He was elected to the Legislative Assembly in 1701,
and sat in the corft U^laSf from iSoo to i3o6. He
snote several able saentinc and descriptive woikt^
among which ia "Travels in the Pyrenees," (tSoi,)
which treab of geology, etc. Died m 1837. Cuvier
wrote a enlogy on him.

RunondlHl, rl-mon-dee'nee, (Vimcknio,) an Italian
naturalist, bom at Messina in 1758, was profeaaor at
Naples. Died in 1811.

RjunoriDO. See REUORixa

Raooo, rl'mda, (Ensiqdx,] a Spaniah writer, bom
I Alicante in 1738, waa an offices of the

wrote succeasfiil tragediea, named "GunaM," (lySOb)

lean, in bis "Art PoMiqne," mentions among authon
longer read in hia time. Died aWt i6Ga
. . rftm'pfn, (HtHDKiK,) a Flemish iheoli^an,
bom at Hui In 1571 ; died at Lonvatn in 1641.
REmplnalll, rftm-pcnellee, (Rakieo,) an Italiaa
lathematidan, bom at Bresda in 1697 ; died at Milan
In 1759.

He distingaished himself as general of brigade
Montenotte, Roveredo, and Areola, (1796.) For hi*
services at the battle of the Pyramids and in Syria he
was made general of division in iSoa Died in 1843.

RamsB7, ram'ie, JAlexandbk,) bom in England
about 1760, emigrated to America, where he tKed in
1834. He published an " Anatomy of the Heart, Brato,
eta." {1813.)

Rainaa7, ram'ze, (Aixan,) a diitingnished Scottish
poet, born of poor parents in Lanarkshire in 1685. He
was successivelv a Itarber and bookseller in Edinbnrgh.
He published m 1731 a volume of poems, which were
well received. Hia principal work is a pastoral poem
called "The Gentle Shepherd," (1719,] which has been
greatly admired Died in 1758:.

S4eCHAHBViu,"Biogi>phica]DicIionaTT<WBmiDttit Smmnm^
CAMruLL, " Speciineni of Briiieh Poe» ; AujaoMA " Dicti—r|
of Anthon;" '' If onthlr RerieV' for Much, 1761.

Ranuay, (Aixan,) a portrait.pidnter, a son of the
preceding, was bom in Edinbnrgh in 1713. He b
prindpal painter to George IIL in 1767, and snq
most of his British contemporaries in his art He wrote
several political tracts, and visited Rome four timet.
On his retnm from bis last journey he died at Dover, In
1784, tearing a son, who became a general in the srmy.

Sh Chahsoi*, " BiopaiilDal DictianirrofKBdiKiit Seotiaen.'

Banuay, (Sir Andkew Ckohbib,) a Scottiah w^o.
giat, born at Glasgow, January 31, 1S14. In 1^1 ha
went npon the British geological survey, of which he wai
nude director in 1S4S and director-general In [873. In
:848 he became pralessor of geology in University Col-
lege, London, and in 1851 took the geological chair in
the School of Mines. He was author of ecveral workt,
chiefly on Bridah geography. Died December 9. 1R91.

RanuaT, [Fr. pron. r&N'itM (Andrew Michau,)
called Cketaliek Rahsat, waa born at Ayr, in Scot-
land, in 16S6, He was converted by Fjnelon from
skepticism to Roman Catholicism about 1709, and be-
came tutor to the Prince de Turenne. He acquired
distinction by his writings, which are In French and
re admired for purity of style. His chief works are
Travels of Cyrut," (''Voyagea de Cyrus," 17*7.) whiti
1 an imitation of Finelons " Telemachas," a valnaUe

Life of F*nelon," (1713,) and & "life of Tnrenne,"
{1735,) Died in France in 1743-

SesCHAiuns, "Binni^icalDietioDuyef KmneBt SaNnass;'
Kocnphi* BriDmiiia.^

Ramsaf, ram'ze, (DAViD,)an American historian and
physician, bom in Lancaster county, Pennsylvania, in
1749. Having graduated in 1765 at Princeton College,
he studied mcdidne in Philadelphia under Dr. Rush.
He toon after removed to Charleston, and became a
member of the legislature of South Carolina, and in 17S3
waa eleaed to the Continental Congress. He published
in 1785 hia " History of the Revolution in South Caro-
lina," which was followed in 1790 by the "History of
the American Revolution," His "Life of Washington"
appeared in iSoi. He also wrote a "Eulogium on Dr.
Rush," and other works on various subject*. He was
mortally wounded by a lunatic in the streets of Charles-
ton in 1S15. His work entitled ^ Universal History
Americanized" was published after his death. He wroto
"Memoirs of Martha Laurens Ramsay."

See Ihe " Nidoul PaRnil-Mlerr of Di>tia(iiiehad AuiiiIl-^
voL iii. ; Aujioin, " DicIHury of Authon."

Ramsay, (Edward Banneshan,) * Scottish writer,
bom about 1793. He became an Episcopal minister ia
Edinlnrgb In 183a Among his worfca are "Reminlt-
cences of SootOrii life and Character." (iBjy,) kA

ante in 1730, waa an omcci 01 ine army, ne cences of Soottlali UM and ^.liaracter," IIHJ?,) ana
3. F- '"■;.' ^ i. ^ same, less prolonged; L 1^ I. &, il, ]f, f'ter/.- ?.«. j. ?. •<#in'».' fSr, fill, Ot; inCli D6t;£d&dt ■na'

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

li.1.

JlAAfSAY ae

■*ThoiD>* Chalmera, D.D., ■ Biographual Notke,"
(1S67.} Died December a?, 187a.

Ranua;, (Gbokob tmd JAHKa.) S«e Dauiousik.

REunsay, (Williau,) an eminent clauicil icholar,
bom at Edinbargh in tEo6. He became professor of
humanitj in Ihe Univenitj of Glasgow in 1S31, and
published, besides other works, a "Manual of Roman
Antiqaities," (1851.) He was one of the principal con-
tiibatora to Smith's " Dictkmar]' of Greek and RaaMn
Biography." Died in 1S65.

Ramaay, (Wiluau,) > British chemist, was bom
at Glasgow, October 2, 1851. He became prolessor
of chemistry ia Uoirersit; College, London, in 1SS7.
Id 1S94 he shared with Lord Rayleigh the honour of
the discovci^ of argon, and in 1S95 obtained helium
from the mineral cleveite.

Bamaay, (William Mitchell,) a British geogra-
pher, wai bom at Glasgow in 1851. He travetied
widely in Asiatic Turkey 1880-91, and wrote "The
Historical Geography of Asia Minor," (1S90,) " Im-
preisioDS of Turkey," (1897,) and works of Biblical
geography- He was made professor of classical art
in Oxford University in 1SS5, and Levering lecturer
in Johns Hopkins University in 1894.

KamS'dvn, (Jissi,) an eminent English ootidan and
maker of astronomioJ instnimenia, was Wn neat
HaliEu. Yorkshire, in 1735. He settled in London
about 1755, married a daughter of Mr. Doltond, and
became master of a manufactory of instruments about
1764. He improved the sextant, and invented a dividing
machine (bi tiie graduation of instruments, for which he
received a premium of sbi hundred and fifteen pounds
from the board of longitude in 1777. Among his le-
Karkable productions were telescopes erected at the
Obaervatorie* of Blenheim, Paris, Goiha, and Dnblin.
He improved the theodolite, equatorial, micrometer,
barometer, etc He was elected Fellow of the Royal
Society in 17S6. Died at Brighton in i8oa

3« Tmuiscw, "HistoiT of lia Ro}*! SodEijii" "KsBid*
Biocnlphla Gtnjnle."

RamBea. See Ramisrs.

SamuB, if mils', (Joseph Marius,) a French sctUp-
lor, born at Aii in 1805. Me obtained a first medal m
1839, and other decoration*. Died June 3, 1SS8.

Rajnoa, rS'raiia'. (Pite*,) or Plarre de la B*-
■n^ pe-ais' d(h It rfmi', a French philosopher and
classic^ scholar, born in Vcrmandois in 1515, or, as
others say, in iwt. He was a son of poor parents,
who employed him to tend sheep in his boyhood.
Prompted by a thirst of knowledge, he ran away from
home and entered the College of Navarre, in Pari*, ai
a tervanL He showed his independence of mind at
collup bf writing a thesis to prove that Aristotle wai
not inlalhble. lie incurred much peisccntion ftom the
partisans of Aristotle, and wa» accused of impiety. In
1543 he published a "Treatise on Logic," which ob-
tained great success- He was appointed by the king
profiessor of philosophy and eloquence in the College of
France tn 1551. About 1562 he avowed his attachment
to tiie Reformed religion. He published many works
on grammar, mathematics, philosophy, theology, etc,
among which is " Dialectique," ('SSS-l ^^'s disdples,
called Raraists, were numerous in France and England.
He perished in the Massacre of Saint Bartholomew, al
Paris, in 1573, He ia called Ihe precursor of Descartes.

Ramnslo, rl-moo'ftc-o, or Raimaslo, rln-noo'ie-o,
' I Italian compiler and translator,

Mcretary ti

liahcd a valuable collection of narratives of voyages and
diacoreriei made in ancient and modern times, entitled
"Collection of Navigations and Journeys," ("Raccolta
41 Navigaaoni e Viaggi," 3 vols., iS5o-S9-J He trans-
lated into Italian those narrative* which were written in
Other languages, and inserted some pre&ces and dis-
^.1.- 1 i.i_..ir rti^A .'.. .i-ri

RAlfDOLPH

boo'te'yp-^',) a French abb^ born in Pari* b
1617, was noted as the relormer of the monk* of Lt
Trappe. He subjected them to the practice of great
austerities and the endurance of extreme OTiTaUoafc
His fcllowers are called "Trappists of the Ranc^ re-
form." Died in 170a
Rouotaln. rfiN'shiN', (Francois,) a French pbyudan^
>rn at Monlpellier in 15641 died in 1641.
RoDOonat, da, d^h rflNTio'ni', (Aihar,) a learned
■ ■ "' ■ 'mut 1498, WM a

" Treasure of tha

D Jeak I« BonthQ-

Hand,{EDWARD Spkagui,) an American lai

Hegradn-

School in 1857. BeaiJes a volume of poems, (1859,) ha
published " flowers for the Parlor and Garden," "Gardca
Flowers," "Greenhouse Plants," "Orchids," i

ated at Harvard College

Randa, rln'dl, (Antonio,) an Italian painter, ban
at BoloEoa, painted sacred history. Died m 1650.

Ron'c^il, (Geokgk Haxwbll,) D.D., an Americaa
bishop, boin at Warren, Rhode Island, November a3,
1810, graduated at Brown University in 183S, and at the
General Theological Seminary, New York, in 1838. In
1S39 he was ordained a presbyter of the Episcopal
Church, and in 1865 was consecrated Bishop of Colo
rado. Died at Denver, September 18, 1873.

Randall, (James Rvdeb,) an American journalist and
poet, born in Baltimore, Maryland, January 1, 1839. Hk
spirited lyric " My Maryland," written in 1861, was very
popular during the civil war. Died Jan. 14, 190S.

Ran'dall, (John.) an English divine, bom in Bucka.
He was chosen a Fellow of Lincoln Collie, Oxford, tn
1587, after which he preached in London. He pub-
lished Sermons and other works. Died in 163a.

Randall, (Samuel Jackson,) an American Demo-
cratic statesman, born in Philadelphia, October 10, 1S28.
He enlisted in the Federal army in the dvil war, and
was chosen lo Congress in 1S61, aiter which time he waa
elected until his death. He wa* Speaker
of the House from 1876 to iSSa. Died April 13. 189a

Etaodall, (Samuel 5.,) an American lawver and
author, bom at Norwich, New York, May 17, ISOQ- He
was educated at Hamilton College. He was for many
years a prominent officer of the public school system*
of New York dty, of Brooklyn, and of the State of
New York. Among his works are "Mental and Moral
Culture," (1844,) "Digest and Code of Ihe Educational
Laws of New York," {1851,) "Popular Education,"
(1868,} "Hiatoryof the School System of New York,"
(1871,) "Conduct and Character," a series of school
reading-books, etc Died in New York, June 3, 1881.

Raodi, rln'dce, (LoasKm,) an Italian cardinal, bom
at Bagnacavallo, June 13, 1818, in 1S75 was created a
cardinal-deacon.

Ran'dolpb, [ALnxD Magill,) D.D., an American
bishop, born at Winchester, Virginia, August 3r, 1836.
He graduated at William and Mary College in iS;;, and
at the Virginia Theological Seminary in 1S5S. ife took
orders as a presbyter of the Episcopal Church in iS6a
In 1883 he was consecrated Assistant Bishop of Virginia.

Ran'dolph, (Edmund,) a son of John Randolph,
(who leR the country with L«rd Dunmore at the breaking

formed the Federal Constitution in 1787. In 1789 he waa
appointed attorney-general. He was a politic^d friend
of Jetferson, whom he succeeded as secretary of state in
January, 1794. Having been accused of bnbery and a
corrupt intrigue on the evidence of an intercepted de-
spatct from Fauchet, the French envoy, he resigned in
August, 1795, and published a vindication of his courae.
Died in 1S13.

Randolph, (George W.,] an American polilida^
bom in King George county, Virginia, March le^ 18181
was a son orGovernor Thomas M. Randolph. He waa
a lawyer before the civil war, took arms against tha
Union in 1S61, and became a brigadier-general. Hs
was secretary of war of the ConC^erate States from
March to November, 1863. Died April lOt 1878.

cast; (a*/; e.iari/;£asr,'0,H,K,j>anira/; n,iuiai; M,lnlUJ; t

In tiu. (B^^See Explanations, pt a%.1

db, Google

RANDOLPH

of Oxford in 1799, of Bangor Tn 1807, wid of London
(OT York) in 1809. Died id 1S13.

RAndolpb, (JoHH,) OP RoANOKi, an Ameilcui orUot,
born at Camoiu, in ChcateiGeld county, Virginia, in

ene, i773,«u&saiiof rohnRondolph. He claimed to
■ descendant of Focahontaa the Indian princess. He
(Indied ai Princeton and Columbia College, New York,
for short periods. In 1799 he was elecled a member of
Congress to lepresent the Charlotte district He was
a Democrat, a pattisaa of Sute rights, and a political
friend of Jefierson. He was re-elected many times to
Congress, and gained a high reputation as a debater.
About the end of 1804 he was appointed chief manager
lo conduct the trial of Judge Chase, who was impeached
before the Senate. He became estranged from Jefferson
■bout 1806, separated from his political associates, tried
lo defeat the election of Hadison, and opposed the war
of 1S13. He was defeated at the next election, (1S13,)
but was again elected in 1814 or 1815. He opposed the
charter of the United States Bank in 1816. In a letter
dated September, iSiS, he says, " When I speak of my
country, I mean the commonwealth of Virginia," He
spoke against the Missouri Compromise bill of tSao,
because it prohibited the eitension of slavery north of
the line sS^so". At the same time he stiematized the
Northern members who voted for it as " dough -faces,"
a term which has since come into general ose in the

Snited Sutes. He was elected a Senator of the United
tatcs in December, 1814, to till a vacancy for two years.
In a speech against the President in 1836, he insulted
\b. Ciay by allusion to a "combination of the Puritan
with the blackleg," His apologist Garland admits^that

__ „ IbyMr.l „ -_

Randolph's pistol went off before the word. Clay fired
without effect, and his adversary then threw away his
fire. He was defeated in the election of Senator in 18*7.
In a letter dated May 17, 1818. he wrote, " The country
is ruined, thanks to Mr. Jefferson and Mr. Ritchie." He
■upporied General Jackson for the Presidency in iSiS,
and was appointed minister to Russia in 1830. He re-
turned home, in very feeble iieallh, in the autumn of 1831.
He sympathiied with the nuUiSers of South Carolina,
and in December, 1832, denounced the proclamation of
I^esidcnl Jackson, which he called "the ferocious and
bloodlhiisty proclamation of our Djeixar Pacha." He
died, in 1833! in Philadelphia, to which he went to take
passage for Europe. He was never married. He owned
about three hundred slaves, whom he manumitted tnr his
last will. In 1803, as chairman of a committee of Con-

tress, he reported against the inlroduction of slaves into
ndiana, as not calculated to promote the prosperity of
the territory. He was a man of decided genius, and was

distinguished for his ready wit, which, 'y.

nasteiT of the weapons of sarcasm and in

dered him a Ibrmidable opponent in debate. " He was

like an Ishmaelite," says Garland, — "bis hand against

every man, and every man's hand against him."

>K HuoH A. Ga«u*¥i., "LLIi of John Riodolph." ■ TOlt,
1(50: J*M«i Pa«™i. "F.mmi AmtricmDi of Reoot 'nmH,-'
airi: ''NiiIdiuI Fortnit-GlJIeiT arD^linguUt"^ Annmn." «L
iv.: "Edinburvh Review" fer Ociubir, 1B07; "North ADcricn
Rnin" Ibr Ji3r, 1966.

Rmudolpb, {Pettoh,) an American jurist and states-
Man, born in Virginia in 1^13, was first president of
the American Congress which met in 1774- He was
re-elected president of that body in May, 1775. Died
b Philadelphia, Octt^r, 1775.

Randolph, (Sir Thomas,) an able British diploma-
tist, born in Kent abont 1515. He performed many
Missions to Scotland, France, and Russia in the reign
of Elizabeth, and was an adept in political intrigues.
He married a sister of Walsmgham. Died in 1590-
His Letters, which are of great historical imporUnce,
■re preserved in the British Museum, and are largely
qnoted by Froude in his " History of England."

Randolph, (ThoXAS.) an English poet, bom in
Northamptonshire fn 1605. On leaving college he b^
came a resident of London and a friend or proteg< of

(8 RANKINE

Ben Jonson, He wrote, besidea other poems, M:««tal
dramas, among which is " The Muses' Looking-GbMS,"
(1G38.} His habits were disupated. Died in t6)4-

Randolph, (Thomas,) an English theolc^ian, bora
at Canterbury in 1701. He became professor of divfaiitr
at Oxford in 1768. He published several worfci oa
theology, among which is "Christian Faith," (1744.)
Died in 1783.

Randon, (Jacqdbs Louis CIsar Alkxandk^)
Count, a French general, bora at Grenoble In lygj
He became a colonel in 183S, served in Algeria, and
obtained the rank of general of division In 1847. He
was appointed minister of war in January, 1851, and
Governor-General of Algeria in December of that year.
In 1856 he was made a marshal of France. He was
minUter of war from 1S59 to 1&67. Died in 1871.

Randon-Dolaalo;, rCH'dftw' dii'lSHwl', {CHAaLM
PRAHQOIS,) Count, a French general, born at Laon in
1764. As general of division, he distinguished himself
at Eyiau, Friedland, Lutien, uul Dresden. Died in 1831.

Rangabi. See Riso Kilu4CAB&

Ranger. (Henry Wakd,) artist, bom in westm
New York in 1858. He is represented by works in tha
Corcoran Gallery, the Metropolitan Museum, and othtl
important art collections.

Ranlaii, li-ne-i'ree, (Antonio,) an Italian writer,
bom at Naples in 1806. He wrote " ffinevra," a tale,
(1838,) and a " History of Italy from Theodosioi to
CharlemagnV (1841.) Died in iSSS.

Ranleri-BtsoiB, rl-ne-S'ree bee'sht, (Luici.) an Ital-
ian poet, bom in Tuscany in 1744. He wrote a poem
"On the Cultivation of Anise," (1 77»,)'and other works.
Died about 1824.

Ranjit Slnh. See Runjikt Singh.

Rank, rink, (To»PB,) a German writer of tales, bora
near Neumark, Bohemia, in 1815. He wrote, besides
other works, " Aus dem Boehmerwalde," (3 volt., iSjlJ
and " Florian." (1853.) Died in 1896.

Ranks, rlnk'^h, (Friedrich Heikrick.) a distin-
guished Protestant theologian and preacher, brother of
the historian Leopold, was born in 1797. He became
professor at Erlangen in iS4a Died September 4, 1S7&

Ranker (Kau. Ferdinand,) a brother of the pro-
ceding, was bom In 1801. He ppblished several educa-
tional and philological works. Died March yi, 1S7&

Ranker (Leopold,) one of the most eminent German
historians of recent times, was bom at Wiehe, in Thtirin-
ga, in 179J, He published in 18Z4 a "History of the
Roman and German People from 1494 to 1 53;," and was
appointed the following year professor-extraordinary of
history at Berlin. To this succeeded his " Prince* and
Nations of Southern Europe in the Sixteenth and Seven-
teenth Centuries," (1837,) "The Servian Revolutioo."
(1819,) and "The Conspiracy against Venice in iSStt"
(1831.) His "Popes of Rome, their Church and State
in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries," (3 vols.,
1834.) and "German History during the Refomutjon,"
(5 vols., 1839-43,) are among his most popular worlo,
and have become widely known by the admuable trans-
lations of Mrs. Austin. Besidea the above-naaae^ ha
published "Nine Books of Pms^n History," fj ™a,
1S47,) which has been translated tn Sir Alexander and
Lady Doff Gordon, a " History of Prance in the S

teenth and Seventeenth Centuries," (1851,) "History of
Wallenslein," (1869,) "The German Powers and the
League of Princes ; being a History of Germany from
--'■ " ■-■-' ' -^71,) "A Histoi7 of England.

-,-. . J79O," (vol. i,. ... „ .. 4. "

principally in the Seventeenth Century," (English ti
lation, Svols., 1S75,) and " Friedrich der Crosse : Fried-
rich Wilhelm der Vierte," I1S7S.) Died May 13, ies&
Ran'klii, (Aktkur McKes,) an actor, born at Sand-
wich, in Upper Canada, February 6, 1844. He was edu-
cated at a college in Toronto, bnt went very early upon
the stage at RoEbester, N. Y. In 1869 he married Miss
Kitty Blanchard, a talented actress. Died April, I914.

Ranlrlna, rank'in, (William John HACQtroaitJ
F.R.S., a British dvil engineer, dittingiushed «i a
writer on heat, elasticity, mechanics, etc. He becaiM
professor of dvil engineering and mechardcs at GlawoW
about 1855, and wrote a " Manual of Applied Mechanic^''
(1S58,) "On Energetics," etc Died iTecember 14. iSt^

!,•,[.& D,f./<»rf,-l,t,^ same, less prolonged; i,e,I,d,n,y,M<»-/,'a,f,i.g,<4if»rv,-11r.tll1,at;met:nlk:g

d by Google

HANKING

Bank'ltiK, (Boyd Mohtgouerib Maurice,)
English aattior, bom in Sussex, Janoaiy 19, 1841. He
was called to the bai at the IncierTemple in 1866. He
pnbtished " Fair Romnond," a volome ol poems, and
lereral Toiumes of selected stories. IMed in 1 88S.

RAnaeqain, rui'aeh-kin, Ren'kln or Raniie-
quln, (SwALM,) a hydraulic engineer, bom at Liige
in 1644, He constructed the machiue of Marly, near
Versailles in France. Died in 1708.

Ran'ouB, (Dora Kkowlton,) bom at Ashfield,
Masswhuselts. She has been largely engaged as an
editor and tianslalor of French and Italian works.

RwiB'fpTd, (Edwin,) an English barytone-si oger,
(ong-wriier, andmasical composer, born in Glooceatet-
shire in 1805. Died July 11, 1876,

Rau'som, (Mathew Whitaksr,) an American
statesman, born in Warren county, NoKh Carolina, i:
1826. He was attorney-general of North Carolina i:
185J, member of the legislature 1858-60, and becam
a major-general in the Confederate army. He was i
the United States Senate from 1872 to 1895, and min
ister to Meiico 1895-97. Died in 1904.

Ran'B^iii, (Thomas E&ward Grbbkfibld,) a brar
and skiKul American general, born at Norwich, Vei
mont, in November, 1B34. He was a civil engineer i
Illinois before the civil war. in July, 1B61, he becam
a lieutenant-colonel, and in February, 1862, he was at
verely wounded at Fori Donclson. ile commanded
regiment at Shitoh in April, 1863, obtained the rank of
brigadier -RBneral in January, 1863. and served under
General Banlia in the Red River expedition. He wa*
disabled by a wound at Sabine Crosa- Roads, Louisiana,
in April, 1864. He joined the army of Sherman aitei
his wound had healed, and took command of a division
or icrps just before the capture of Atlanta, (September*.)
He died at Rome. Georgia, in October, 1864.

RtuuonDettc^ rON'so'nIf, (Charles Nicolas,)
French engraver, bom in Paris in 1797. He engraved
plaiea for several books of traveL

Rajitonl, ran'tool, (Robert,) a distingaished states-
man fA the Democratic party, was born in Beverly,
Massachusetts, in 1S05. He was admitted to the bar
in 1837, and was elected in 1834 to the legislature.
In 1845 he was appointed a district attorney of the
United Slates, in 1851 succeeded Daniel Webster as
Senator for a short term, and was afterwards elected
to Congress. Died in August, 1852,

Rantsaii, de, dfb rAm'sS', (Josias,) Count, a mar-
thai of France, bom in Denmark in 1609. He com-
manded a French army with success in Flandeis from
1643 to 1649. Died in 1650.

RantsBQ, von, fon r&i('s5w, (Johahn,) Coukt,
German general, bom in 149X He entered the serri
of the Duke of Holslein, (afterwards Frederick I, 1
Denmark,) for whom he conquered Denmark about
1535. Died in 1565.

Sonxanl, rln-zS'nee, (Camillo Arbate.) an eminent
Italian naturalist, bom at Boli^na in 1775. "
■ppmnted professor of natural history in the _ ^

of his native city in 1803. About iSio he visited Paris,
where he was treated with much attention by Ci
He began in 1819 to publish a great work entitled '
menta of Zoology," which he was not able to finish.
About twelve voTomes of it have been published. Died
IniS4i.

Raoiil, rfool', or Rodolptl^ ro'dolf, (Lat, Ra-
DUl'fus,! Duke of Burgundy, married Emma,a daughter
of Robert, Duke of France. In 933 he was chosen king
by the barons who deposed Charles II L He waged war
■Kiyiitt the Normans onder RoUo. Died !n 936.
JElBOTil. See Rollo.

Raool de Hondwio, rI'ooI' dfh oo'dfiNk', a French
poet and herald, who Sonrished aboat 1335. Among his
extant works are " Roman des Eles," (" Romance of the
Winga,") "Mirangisde Porllesguei," and, perhaps, the
"Vengeance de R^uidel," He was one of the first
poet! of his time.
R«om-Roohette. See Rocrkitb.

• aai,' cas/; \hanl; iMj;OtH,K,paitinil; ti,i%ataJ; Ktnlled; iiai; thai

19 RAPJffAEL

Raon^ rToo', (Jban,) ■ French painter, born ■!
Uontpellier in 1677. He.obtuned some vogne as t

portrait-painter. Died in 1734.

Saonx, (SopiON Gdouard,) a Swiss lOUraiaa; bora
at Mens (Isire) in 1817, became pTofeuoT at Lansanike,

Bapettl, rS-pet'tee, (Louis Nicolas,) a distinguished

jurist and biographer, bom at BJrgamo in 1811. He
wrote for the "Nouvelle Bicsraphie G^n^rale" a notice
of Napoleon I. He lectured on Roman law in the Col-
lege of France from 1841 to 1S48. Died in 1885.

Raphael (rit'ft-el or rfPl-ell [IL Raffablle, r*f-fl-
elli] Sanzio, s3n'ze-o, (RAFPARi.to,) the most illus-
trious of modern painters, was bom at Urbino, in the
Papal States, April 6, 1483. He was the only son of
Giovanni di Santi (or Sanzio) and Magfa Ciarla. After
he had received the first lessons in design from hi*
father, who was a painter of moderate talents, he became
about 1495 a pupil of Perugino, whom he imitated so
well that when that master and Raphael worked on the
same canvas the resnlt seemed to be the product of ons
hand. Among his earliest works are a " Holy Family,"
(1500,) the "Adoration of the Magi," "The Coronation
of the Virgin," (now in the Vatican,) and "The Marriage
of the Virgin," ("Sposalizio,") dated 1^04, which is now
at Milan. "The Virgin," says Lann, "is a model of
celestial beauty." In the autumn of 1504 he visited
Florence, where he painted several works and formed
friendships with Fra Bartolommeo and Ridotfo Ghir>
landata During the period from 1505 to 1508, which
he passed at Perugia and Florence, he produced a
Christ in glory, the "Madonna del Gran Duca," and
other Madonnas. These works show that his style had
been modified by his studies in Florence.

Having received from Julius H. an invitation to orna-
ment the Vatican, he nrent [a Rome in 1508. Here he
studied the remains of Grecian genius, associated with

ninent scholars, among whom were Bembo, Ariosto,

id Sadoleto, and entered into a rivalry with Michael
Angela Raphael painted in the Vatican (in fresco) the
large and noble composition called "Diaputa del Sacra-
mento," the admirable " School of Athens," " Parnassus,"
(1511,) "The Miracle ofBoIsena,""Attila repelled from
Rome," and other frescos. , "In the composition and
execution of the 'School of Athens,'" says Qqairemire
de Quincy. "Raphael had recovered, so to speak, the
tong^ost thread of the manner and taste of anticinity,
and had at length connected with the eternal models of
the true and bcautifiil the chain of modem inventions."
He also painted in oil numerous works, among whi^
are the "Madonna d! Foligno," (ijtt,) and a portrait
of Julius II. Soon after his arrival at Rome he adopted
what is called his third style.

Like all great painters of the sixteenth centnry,
Raphael was a skilful architect In 1515 the pope ap-
pcnnted him chief architect of Saint Peter's Church, In
compliance with the dying request of Bramante. Raphael
made a model or design for this edifice ; but it was not
executed. He designed the Pandolfini palace at Flor-
ence, of which an able critic remarks, "There is not !n
architecture a palatial design more noble, of a purer
style, of a more judicious distribution." About i;i5 he
produced the celebrated Cartoons, ten designs lOr the
tapestry of the pope's chapel, seven of which are now
at Hampton Conrt, England. They represent " The
Charge to Peter," "Saint Paul preaching at Athens,"
and other scenes from sacred history.

Among his later oil-paintings are " Saint Cecilia," (at
Bol^na,) lhe"Madonnadel Peace," (or "del Pel,") (at
the Sicurial,) the "Madonna di San Sisto," (the glory
of the gallery of Dresden,) and the " Transfiguration,"
which some consider his master-piece, and which is
' in the Vatican. His great power was in the el-
ision of passion and character. He also excelled in
iposition, invention, and design ; bnt as a colorlst
he vras inferior to Titian and others. It is asserted thai
in all hia endless inventions a single repetition of him-
self is not to be (bund. He died at Rome on the 6th
He wie

n Ikii, (B^^See Explanations, p. 33,)

D,g,i,..ed=yG00'^le

ttutt ideal beauty, grace, fnd expreMion, the most
refined and difficult province of painCing. . . . Ra&elle
la bj common conaent placed at the head of bi« art.''
" Ra&elle was Boleljr a painter," sajra Hailitt ; " bnt In
that one art he seemed to poor out ail the treasures and
Taiioaa excellence of nature, — grandeur and scope of
design, exquisite finishing, force, grace, delican, the
strength of man, the softnes* of woman, the playfolness
of infancy, thought, /eeling, invention, etc He recelied
his inspiration from without, and his genios caught the
lambenl flames of peace, of truth and grandeur, which
are reflected in his worlis with a light clear, transparent,
and unfading." " If Michael Angelo is the first of
draughtsmen," says Qnatremire de Quincy, "Raphael
U the Grst of painters. . . . His 'Galatea' is a work
which explains, iu better than any language of onis,
the diversLiy between Michael Angelo and Raphael,
manifesting the exquisite refinement of the latter, and
his tendency towards that pure, noble, gracefnl manner
which constituted the beau-ideal of the ancient Greeks."
Among the numerous eminent pupils of Raphael were
Giulio Romano^ Fenni called II Fattore, Perino del
Vagi, Pellegrino da Miidena, Gani&lo, and PoUdoro da

Raphaal of Voltacra. Se« Maffu, (RArrABLLo.)

Raphall, rl'fU, (Hokus Jacob,) a learned Jewish
rabbi, born at Stockholm, Sweden, in 179S. He studied
st Copenhagen, in England, and at Giesaen, and in 1835
removed to England, where he founded the "Hebrew
Review" and took an active part in the literary, political,
and educational work of his time. He was pastor of a
nnagogue in New York Irom 1849 to 186S. He pub-
lished a " Post-Biblical History of the Jews," (1856,)
"Literature of the Jews in Spain," "Social Conditim
of the Jews," and other wxKkt. !Med Jnne at, tB6&.

RaphiOenB rl'^h-llng', Raphaaoft ^lfh-lin|',
written also Hanlengtwi, (Fkanci^) a leanted printv,
born near Lille in 1539, was a son-in-law of t^antiiL
He worked at Antwerp, taught Hebrew at Leyden, and
published an AraUc Lexicon. Died in ($97.

RaphellnK See RAranjtNO.

R^)lii, Hrpln', (Nicolas,) a French poet, bom at
Fontenay-te-Comte about 1540^ He fought for Heniy
tV. against the League, and wrote part of the ianioiM
■Sadre M^nipp^" {See Liboy, (PintKiJ and Du-
KANT.) He produced. In Latin and French, a number
of odes, epigranu, elegies, etc., which were admirod.
Died in 160S.

Rapin, (RiNt.) a French Jesuit, distinnlshed as a
Latin poet, was bom at Tours In i6ai. He composed,
bewdea many other works, a series of " Parallels of
Great Men 01 Antiquity," (Homer, Virgil, IDemoathenei,
Cicero, Plato, and Aristotle,] (1669-71.) His chief pro-
duction is an in^nious Latin ^oem "On Gaidena,"
("Hortomm Libn IV.," i66j,) which was translated into
English by Evelyn. " For skill in varying and adorning
1^ snbjects," says Hallam, " for a truly Virgilian spirfi
of expression, for the exclusion of feeble, prosaic, or
awkward lines, be may perhaps be equal to any p*^-"
to Sannanuius bimselC" (" Introduction to the Litera-
lore of Europe.") Died in Paris in 1687.

Sh Bavui. "Hiuorial and CHlical DicdauiT ;" BoomnL
*'VKdeRudn,"iiilw"Pa«BUa,"ifij: VKimcm, " Uiatbrn.''

Rafdii, da, d;h rap^n or rTplN', (Paul,) Sienr de
Thoyraa, a French historian, bom of a Protestant Gunily
at Castres in 1661. He entered the service irf Williain,
Prince of Orange, with whom be went to England in

169& In 1734 he published, in French, a " Histonr of
England from the Roman Conquest to the Death of
Charles I.," (S vols.,) a work of considerable merit.
According to Voltaire, it was the best history of Eng-
land that had then appeared. It was translated into
English by Tindal, who also wrote a continnadon of
Rapin's work. (See Tindal) Died at Wesel in lyaS-
Sh Kjiao, "Li Piuu pnlBtintc^' ",NounU< Blogiaplii*

Rapopoxt, rfl'po-noRt', (Solomon Jekudah,) a Jew-
ish sdiolar and rabbi, bom at Lemberg, in Germany,
in 179a He published, in Hebrew, a number of hit-
tiirical and antiquarian treatises, and translated Radne^

Esther" into Hebrew. Died at Prague, October 16
S67. He was regarded at the ablest Hebrew scholai

Rapp, (GiOKGK,) the founder of the sect of Hai^
moniats or Rappites, bom at WUitemberg, Germany,
in 177a He emigrated in 1803 to the United Slates,
and founded a community at Economy, Beaver county,
Pennsylvania. Died in 1847.

Rtippk rip, (Jean,) Count, an able French general,
born at Colmar in 177a. He was aide-de-camp of De-
saix at Marengo, and on his death became an aide to
Bonaparte, whose confidence he acquired. For his ser-
vices at Austerlitz (180J) he was raised to the rank of a
general of division. He received his ninth wound at
Gol^in, (1S06,) obtained the chief command at Dant*

(1811.) In 1S15 he was appointed by Napoleon com-

mander of the army of the Rhine, and Ibucht s
actions against the allies. He is said to nave
noted for his humanity and moderation. Died in

la of GcDEnl Coonl Kipp, Ftiil Aids-da-CaiBp ■■

RapiMport. See Rapofokt.

Rappo, rap, (Lovis Amadous.) D.D., a btshopi ban
Aodrehem, Pas -de-Calais, France, February i, 1801,
of a peasant family, was educated at Boulogne and Aria^
and became a Roman Catholic priest in 1819, was chu>>
lain of the Ursultnea at Boulogne, i834-4a, cante to tu
United Stales in 1S40, was employed on missions in the
Northwest of Ohio, 1^1-47, and in 1S47 was conseoated
Bishop of Cleveland, the first of that title. In 1S70 be
resigned the diocese. Died at Burlington, Vennon^
September 3, 1877. Bishop Rappe was a very laborlotM
"an, distinguished as a friend of total abstinence.

Rappoldl, rlp-pol'dee, (Edi;ari>,) an Austrian mn«-
dan and composer, born in Vienna, February 3i, 1839.
He has produced symphonies, quartets, sonatas, and
songs, but is best known as a violinist In 1874 he mar-
riea Miss Laura Kahrer, a &mous pianiste, (bom in
Vienna in 1S53.) Rappoldi has been since 1S76 concert-
— eiater at Dresden and chief leacber in the Conacrva<

RS'rey, (John S.,] a celebrated American hotM-
tamer, born at Madison, Franklin county, Ohio, aboat
1815. He was very successful in subduing tbe mimt
ricious animals by substituting kindness and scientific
skill for the turshness osuallv employed on such occa-
sions. Died in 1866.

Raaatlo, rl-U're-o, [Lat. RASA'sitn,] [Giaubat-
nsTA,) an Italian physidan, bom in the province of
Novatiin Ijiy. He was professor of Greek and rhetoric
at Venice for twenty.two years. He translated boai
Greek into Latin some works of Pachymeres, QrlbatiiM,
and Galen. Died at Pavia b IS78.

RuMtltia. See Rasakiol

Rmcm, itslds', (PiBRRB Antoini,) Slenr de Banr-

I, a French antiquary, bom at Aix about IS67. M»

u keeper of the cabinet of Henry IV., and wrote «

eatise on medals. Died in 1630

RMohe^ ^h'fh, (Johann Christoph,) a Genaan
numismatist, born near Eisenach, in Saxony, in 1703.
He published, besides other works, "Lexicon of the
Monetary Affairs of the Andents," (" Lexicon nnivena
Reinumari3BVeteniDi,"6vola., irts-94-) Died in 181^

Rasohl, (Rabbi Solomon.) See Takchl

Ranohld, AL See HAROON-AL-KASCHiIk

I, E, 1. 0,0, 7, /i)iv,-i,(,A,same, less prolonged; a,J!,I,6,G,r,Mvrr;*,(,i,9,(>fnwrt;rir,ait,at;niEt;nSt;gS6d;n

RASHEED ao

Raab«od-Edde«u or Raaohld-Bddln, ift-shced'
cd-deen', a Peraian historian, bora at Hamulan in Ibe
duitMnth century. Died about ijaci
Rashl. See TAkCHL
RaalB. Sec Razcs.

Riuts or Rases. See Razbe.

Rask, rSsk, (Ramus ot Rasmus Chrixtian,) an emi-
nenl Danish linguist, was born near Odense, in the isle
of Fonen, in 1787. He gave much attention lo com-
paiativ&philoliwy, in the ptoseculioo of which atady he
Tisited Russia, Persia, India, etc, jlBlj-ai.) He be-
came professor of literary history at Copenhagen in 1835,
and pTofeasor of Oriental languages ai the same unlver-
^tj ui iSaS. Amsng hja works are an "Anelo-Sazoa
Grammar," (1817,) "Researches on the Origin of the
Icelandic Language," (tStS,) and "On the ^jc and
Authenticity oTthe Zend-Avesta," (1816.) He possessed
• rare talent for linguistic reiearches. Died in 183a.

S« P. L. MwiJsK, " R. K. Raiki" EuLn, "Forbtter- Leu-
Ma;" "Noutelk Blogiiptn<G«n«n1>."

SaainnBaen, rls'moos'sf n, 0ANUS Lassbn,) a Dan-
ish Orientalist, bom at Vestenkov in 17S5. Hepablished
a *■ Historv of the Kingdoms oC the Arabs," (" Historia
Arabum Regnonim," 1S17,) "Annilt of the Hoelems,"
("Anniles Islaniiae," 1815,) and other works. Died
about iSza

Raaorl, rl-to'ree, (Giotanni,) an eminent Italian
physician, bom at Parma in 1766 or 1767. He became
professor at PaWa about 1796, and settled at Milan in
iSoo. He was author of a new medical doctrine, called
"theory of the Counter-Sttmuloa," and wrote sereral
medical works. He died in 1S37-

S» 0. PniHi, "Ccnui mnillcBIt & a Raori," >>}T I Cn-
tPTA. " DcUi Viu di a Rucni," i8]S.

RaqiaU, rts'pC or rta'pfyf, (FKUtgois Vihcbtt,)
•n able French chemist and politician, bom at Carpen-
tras in 1794. He took artns against Charles X. in 1S30,
and became a leader of the republicans. In 1831 be
published the first volume of his able " Course of Agri-
culture and Rural Economy." At the revolution of
February, 1848, be piodaimed a republic at the HAtel
de Villc before the formation of a provisional govern-
menL In March, 184^1, he was condemned to six yeara'
imprisonment for conspiracy against the new rM;ime.
Among his works is a " New System of Organic Chem-
istry," [ad edition, 3 vols., 1838,) which has been trans-
lated into English, and "The Natural History of Health
and Disease of Plants and Animals, espeaally Man,"
(3 vols., 184G.] He was elected to the csrfi Ugitlati/
in 1869. IMed February 8. 1878.

See Cruub Makhal. 'Bunphiada F. V. Rupul," iMi
QviaAio, " Li FraDsa IJnJnin ?' ** NunnDa KoKiaiilu QtoA-

RoSM, rls'Hh, (RoiMLra Eric,) a German rati,
qnary, born at Hanover in 1737 ; died in Ireland in 1^94.

Raiponl, rls-po'nee, (Cesare,) an Italian cardioal
and negotiator, bom at Ravenna in i6t J ; died in 1675-

Raasam,rite-slm',(HoKMUZD,)adi>lingnishedarchB>
ologist, born in i8a6, at Mosul, in Mesopotamia, of a
Chaldaean Christian ^mily. Ha assisted Layard in his
Assyrian researches, l84W7 snd 184^51. Rusam
conducted the important British Museum eiplorationB
^ iSSl-SH. aod was afterwards in the British govern,
menl service at Aden and Muscat, and in Abyssinia,
where he was imprisoned and kept nearljr two year* in
chains by King Theodore. Rassam carried on, at his
own expense, highly important and fruitful explorations
In Mesopotamia, Armenia, etc, 1876-83. His principal
published work is a "Narrative of the British Missioo
U Theodore," (1869.} Died in 1910.

Bwwoomov*^, rl-Boo-mov'ike, (Andkias Kvril-
LovrrcH,) a Russian nobleman, bom in the Ukraine, of
bumble {>arenta^, in 1752. He served in the English
and Russian navies, rose to the rank of admiral, and was
Russian ambassador at various foreign courts. He is
b^t known, however, as the friend and patron of Bee-
thoven, who dedicated 10 him, among other works, the
famous " Raasoomovsky Quartets."

KiM'tcU ot Raa'teU, (John,) an EnglUh printer,
was a native or citizen of London, One of the first
boofcs which he printed it dated 1517. He was
vetted to the Protestant religion by J. Frith. He wa;

JiATTAZZI

rcpated author of " Chronide of the Kings of Engtand,"
(" Anglorum R^nm Chronicon," 1539.) I>iedini53&

Raat-Manpaa, ris-mCpA', (Tiah Louis,) a French
rural economist, bom at LaVoalte in 1731. He fbonded
the Crndttian dts Srlei, and made several tudul invea-
lions. Died at Lyons in iSai.

RaatopoMiL See RoffroFTCHiN.

RaatralU, rls-laellee, (Joseph,) a German comiraser
and musician, born it Dresden in 1799. He composed
"Salvator Rosa," (1831,) and other operas. Died 184a.

Ratallar, ift-ti'ifr, (Gborg^) a Dutch philologiil
and jurist, bom at Leeuwarden in 1538. He translated
into Latin verse Hesiod'E great i)oem and the tragedies
of Sophocles. He became president of the coandl at
Utrecbt about 1570. Died in 1581.

Rataaai. See Rattazii.

Ratob'fotd, (Michael D.,) trade unionist, bom at
Clare, Ireland, in i860. He came to the United States
in 187a, worked in the Ohio coal mines, became a
trade union president in 1890, generalorganiz«rin 1893,
and was president of the United Mine Workers <rf
America 1897-98. He established the eight-hour day
in the bituminous section and instituted relations between
workers and operators which have largely averted strikes.
Was commissioner of labour statistics of Ohio 1900-08.
Ratb'bome, (St. Gbobge,) author, bom at Cov-
ington, Kentucky, in 1S54. He has been an editor £ra
years in Chicsgo and New York, and bas been vei;
prolific in story writing, cbiefiy for boys.

Ratbel or Raetbel, rS'tel, (Wolfgang Ckris-
TOPH, ) a German scholar, boni at Selbitx in 1663 ; died
in lyag.

Rattaerliu. See Ratkier.

Rathior, rftj;^', [Lat. Rathe'rids,] a learned ec-
clesiastic was bom at Liege. He became Biahop of
Verona in 931 JuO. Died about 974 A.IV

Ratbold, rftt'holt, written also Ratdolt, (Ebbau^)
a German printer, bom at Augsburg. He settled at
Venice in 1475, where he published excellent editions
of Appian, Euclid, and other dasaica. Died about 151&

RSt% written idso Rati [modera Hindoo pron.riU%]
■ Ramu-ril waM ramihinir "naaainn." "■emai deaire.^

"passion," "sexual desire,"

a Sanscrit word ligni^ng " _ .

and forming, in the Hindoo mythology, the name of tht

consort of Klmad£va, or the Indian god Of love.

See WiiAHi, " Sanicrit DictioovT."

RatiDT, rftg;;^', (Ftux StvKKiN,) a French madical
writer, was bom in Paris in 1797. He published nu-
merous works. Died February 8, 1866.

Batramila, rttrtm', [LaL Ratxau'mus,) a teamed
French monk of the ninth century, belonged to the
abbey of Coilne. He wrote a treatise "On the Body
and Blood of the Lord," (" De Corpore et Sanguiite
Domini,") which was primed in 1(31 and 1711, H-
ia sometimes called Bbktkam. Died after 868 A.a

Rabamniis. See Ratramne.

Rattaaxl, riitlfsee, (Marie Studouiihb,) wife d
Urbano Rattaizi, was bitm at Watetford, Ireland, in
183a She was a daughter of Sir Thomas Wvse, by
Ltetitii, a daughter of Lnden Bonaparte. She was
(1850-p) the wife of one F. Solms, from whom she was
divorced. She married Rattasn in 1860. She published

He gained distinction as an advocate, was elected to the
Chamber of Deputies at Turin in 184S, and became a
leader of the democratic party. About the end of 184S
he was introsted with the formation of a new ministry,
which was dissolved in consequence of the disastrous
battle of Novara, March, 1849. He was appointed min-
ister of justice in 1854, was prime minister a short time
in 1859, uid succeeded Ricasoli as prime minister about
Hatch I, t86a. His opponents denounced him as sub-
servient to the policy of the French emperor. He went
out of power about Decemticr 1, 1863, and became prim*
minister again in April, 1867, but resigned in the (allow
ing October, Died at Ftoainone, June 5, 1S73.

(,- 2 AarJ; ^ as/; G, K, K, jMOuro/; N, natai; R, triilti; i ai

■; thasinriir. (J^^See Explanations, p. 33.>

njiiednGoOl^lc

the transit of Venni in 1761. Died in 1805.

S<a J. POITWIK, " Slog« i't. YL ag Rilt*" 1805-

RattI, rlt'lee, {Niccoiji,! an Italian «ntiquary, bom
M Rome in 17J9, published several biOE^phiea and
antiquarian treati»es. Died in 1333.

Hau, (CHKlsTtAN.) See Ravius.

B«ii, iftw, 0OHANN Jakob,) a Gennan pliTsldan,
bom at Baden, in Siutbia, in i663, was a snccetafal
UtbolomisL H« became pTofesaor of anatomy at Lejnlan
in 1713. Died in 1719.

Rao, (Kaki. Hkinrich,) a Gennan political eomio-
nist, bom at Eilangen in 1793, became in iSas profeasor
of political economy and financial science at Heidelberg
His principal work la a "Manual of Political Economy/*
(3 vols., 1816-33,) which is highly commended. Died

Ran, (Sebalo Foulquis Jan,) an Orientalist, a son
of the preceding, was bom at Utrecht in 1765. He be-
cttDeministerorachuTdi>tLeydenlni7gS. DiediniSo?.

Ranob, rSwK, (Chriot'Iah,) one of the most eminent
German acutolora, born at Arolsen, in the principality
of Waldeck, m 1777. He studied for a time nnder Pro-
fessor Rnhl, at Cassel, and In 1S04 was enabled to visit
Rome, where he was paltoniied by W. von Humboldt
and accjuired the fHend»hip of Thorwaldsen. While at
Rome ne executed the bas-relie&of "Hippolytos and
Phxdra," and " Mars and Venus wounded by Diomed,"
also a colossal bust of the King of Prussia, a life-siie
bust of his queen Louise, and a portrait bast of Raphael
Henge. In 1813 he completed the monument of the
Queen of Prussia, at Chartoltenburg, which is esteemed
one of the most admirable works oT the kind. During
a second visit to Rome he executed statues of Generals
Scfaamhont and Biilow, and a great number of bosu of
celebrated persons. After his return to Prussia he pro-
duced two colossal bronze statues of Marshal BlUcher,
a statue of Goethe, regarded as the most perfect re-
semblance to that great writer, a monument to Albert
DUrer, and statues of Luther, Schiller, and other eminent
Germans. In iSsi he finished his monument to Fred-
Crick the Great, with an equestrian statue, at Berlin,
upon which he was employed more than ten years, and
which is esteemed his greatest work. Died in 1S57.

S« Nacur. " AOnnwhia KBD«Ier-Lai]Kin i" " Noimlle Bio
(nphia Gfntnia ;" "VJahrbndi nun CoDTcnllioiil-Lcdkan," iS5>

Ranch, (Fr[bdricii August,) a GermaA- American
divine, born at Kirchbracht, in Hesse, July 37, 1S06. He
graduated at Marburg in 1S17, held professorships in
Giessen and Heidelbei^, came in 1S31 to America, and
became in 1835 president of Marshall College, Mercers-
burg, Pennsylvania, where he died, March 3, 1S41.
Among his works are " Psvcholop," (1840,) and"The

Hew

:r U(e of the Christian,'' (1856,)
Reformed minister.

RaolBiiglan. See Raphklsno.

-Millii,r5"' ' ■"

in Paris
ooseology.

RaallB, (Jean,) a French professor of theology at
Paris, bom at Tool In 1443 ; died in t;i4.

Ranlln, (Joseph,) a French physician, bom near Audi
in 170S. He became physician to the king, and wrote
several able medical works. He was a Fellow of the
Royal Sodety of London. Died in Paris in 1784.

RBtuner, voo, fon rSw'm^r, (Feibdrich Ludwig
Georg,) an eminent German historian, bom near Dr-
sau in 17S1. He studied law and finandal science _.
Halle and Gbttingen, and in 1S19 became professor of
history and political economy at Berlin. He published
In iSlo a treatise "On the British System ofTazation,"
and in 1S13 a " Manual of Remarkable Passages fron.
the Latin Historians of the Middle Ages." His "His-
tory of the Hohenstaufen and their Times" (6 vols.,
1833) was very well received, and ts esteemed a standard
work. Among his other productions may be named ~

tnry," (1831,) " England in 1835," which w

by Mrs. Austin, and "The United States of Ncnth

America," (1845.) Died in 1873.

Sse "HoBvdls Bincn^ila Gjn^nki" BaocniAe^ "Omt*-
^liau-LciikoD ;" "QuirUdr Kniow" tar July. 1*%$: "Fonip
QiiArUily RevicV far Juwj, iS>9, and April, iBis.

Ranmer, Ton, (GiORa Wilheiji,) a German jurist

id historical writer, bom at Berlin about 17901 died

igj6.

w,

,ve ,.„. — ,

story and mineralogy at Eriangen. He was a brother
the eminent histonan. Died June % 1865.
Ranmar, von, (Rudolf,) son of the preceding, was
>rn at BtesUu in 1815. He became professor of phi-
logy at Eriangen in igw. Died August 30, 1871SL
Rattpaota, rSw'plK, (Ernst Beniamin Solouok,) a
ipular dramatic poet, bom near LJnnitz, in Silesia, in
_ ;84. After residing several years in Russia as a teadier,
he became proiessor of German literature at Saint Peters-
burg in 1817. His works, which are very numerotu
and include both tragedy and comedy, were published
' 18 vols., 1830-44. Died in 1833.

Sta PADunKAiTFACH. " Rupadi ; Inoci^diiidM SUn^" Am ■
Ranacbar, von, fon rSw'sbfr, (Joseph Othmar,) an
Austrian cardinal, bom in Vienna, October 6, 1797. He
was made Princc'Eishop of Seckau in 1849, Archbishop
of Vienna in 1S53, and a cardinal in iS^J. He was an
enemy of the dogma of papal inbl1ibi1ity,1^t after its for-
mat promulgation submitted. Died November 14, 1875.
Ranter, rfiw'tfr or ro'taiR', (Jacques FutoiRic;) a
French jurist, bom at Strasburg in 1T84. He was pro-
fessor o( law in his native city. Died in 1S54.

RantrolC rSw'ftolf, (Leohhard,) a German botanist,
born at AugaburBi He visited the Levant In I $73, in
order to study and identify the plants noticed by Puoy,
Galen, Dioscoridcs, etc. After bia return he published
a valaable " Narrative of a Journey in Syria, Jnde^
Arabia, Mesopotamia," etc, (1583.) Died in 1596.

S» if. Adah, "Vila HedieonuB;" "MotmlU Sian|ilai
Giatn[t.-

RanxKlnl, rSwt-see'nee, (Vbnahzio,) an Italian ainger
and musical composer, born in Rome in 1747. Alter
singing successfully in Vienna and Munich, be settled in
England, giving a number of brilliant concerts in Lon-
don, and distinguishing himself also as a teacher of
singing. He composed operas, sonatas, and sonn.
Died at Bath in i8ia His brother Mattko, bomtn
ilSAi "bo followed him to England, was also known M
a singer and teacher. Died in 1791.

RavalUao, rTvU'vlk' or rrvTylk', (FRANfotS,) a
French assassin and lanatic, bom at AnioalSnia m 1578.
He approached the royal carriage, which was stopped
in the street by a number of wagons, and stabbed Henry
IV. mortally, in May, i6to. At his examination he de-
nied that he had any accomplice. He was executed ia

RaTalBMon, rfvi'sdN', (Jean Gasfard FdLix,) a
French philosopher, born at Namur in 1813. He was
admitted into the Academy of Inscriptions in 1849, and
became a member of the imperial council of pablie
instruction in 1853. He wrote an " Essay on the Met*-
physics of Aristotle," (3 vols., 1837-46.)

RiTSna," rl'v^-nf, or Ravanen, in the Hindoo mj'
thology, the name of a bmons many-headed giant, Una
of Ceylon, who was killed by Rlma. (See RXku.)
" ■■ ■■ Hindu PanlhcOD."

. --,- 1885.

Ravouot, rtv'ni', [Siuon FRAttgois,) an emineu
French engraver, bom in Paris about 1708, removed ta
Ei»land in 175a. Died in 1774.

Ravenet, (Simon Francois,) an engraver, boro In
London about 17S5, was a son of the preceding. H*
went to Parma, and engraved the wor)^ of Correggio.
Died about iSia.

Ravenna, da, dl rt-ven'nS, (Marco,) an able ItaUan
engraver, bom at Ravenna about 1496, was a pu)Hl of

i, E, I, sa.T,/<»v; I, i,^ same, less prolonged; i, «,!, 6, fi, J, i*»*; »,*,(, ft «*«»"*; fir, (Wl atiiDlIiBat!g«d;n

RAVENNA

A woTla of lUphael. Died

■dL H«aigraTed

eana, d^ de rl-vto'nl, (GrovANHi Malpa-
SHiHO,) Ml lUlian claMiol scholar, bofn at Ravtiini.
He wu emplojvd t^ Petrarch u x cop^t, and after-
wards taught the dataio at Florence Died aboat 144%

Ri'Tf lu-oroft, ( Thomas, ) an English compowr,
bom In 1503. He published in 1611 a collection of
Mmga called "Melumata, Hnaiol Phaniic>,"etc,and in
1631 " The Whole Book of Pialnu, composed into Four
Parts bj Sundry Authors to such Several Tunes as are
Muallj sung in England," eta He was the compOMt
of lome of IbesE tones.

Ra'7enateln, (ErnkstGborgk,) a German geog-
rapher, bom at Frankfurt -am- Main in 1834. He was
pToIcssoi of geography at Bedford College, England,
1882-83. He published "The Russians on the Amur,"
(1861,) "Mapof Equatorial Africa," (1884,) "Vaseo
de Gama's First Voyage," (189S,) etc.

Rav ta^tija, van, vfa t&'vfh-atIn',(HtmKT,)aDutch
painter, bom at Dart about 1645, painted fairs, interiors
of shops, etc

HavoateTH. Tan, (Jan,) a Datcb portrait'painter,
born at the Hague about 1575. His worka are highly
praised br Deacampi and othera. Died at the Hague in
1657. His son Aknold (i6i;-67) was a portrait-painter.

Sh OuBLas Blahc, " Hituin it» PemtTH."

Ravmtevn, thi, (Nikolaas,) a relative of the pre-
ceding, was born at Bommel in 1661. He painted por-
traits and history with success. Died at Bommel in 1750.

Havlna, rl've-Os, Rave, ri'v^h, or Ran, rSw, (Chkis-
TIAN,) a German Orientalist, born at Berlin in 1603, or,
as otheis say, in 1613, He went lo the Levant in 1639,
and studied the Turkish, Persian, Italian, Modern Greek,
etc. at Smyrna. In 1644 he obtained the chair of Oriental
lanniagea at Utrecht, and in 1651 became professor of
Ar^c at Upsal. Among his works are a Latin version
of part of the Koran," Primx trededm Partium Alcora-
ni, etc, (1646,) and a " Grammar of the Hebrew, Syriac,
Arabic, andChaldaic Languages," {1650.) Died in 1677.

Ra'7l>Ba,.ra-vtt's& or rl-vif si, (Dohehico,) an Ital-
ian writer, born in the Abruzzi in 1707 ; died in 1767.

Bwordon. Loru See Hayings. Marquis or.

Ravrle, rawl, (Francis,) legal author, bom tn
MifRin county, Pennsylvania, in 1346. He was ad-
mitted to the bar in Philadelphia in I S7 1 , has been ireas-
urer aod president of the American Bar Association, and
was overseer of Harvard University 1S90-190I, He
revised two editions of " Bouvicr*! Law Dictionalr, "
1883, 1898.

RawlOk rawl, (William,) a distii^nished American
jurist, born in Philadelphia in 1759, was appointed by
Washington district attorney of Pennsylvania. He drew
up tl'e new dvit code of Pennsylvania, and wrote several
legal works. Died in 1S36.

Rawlelsb. See Raleigh.

R^iW^ey, (William,) an English clergyman, born at
Norwich about 1588. He became chaplain to Lord
Bacon and to Chailea I. He wrote a " Ijfe of Bacon,"
which Hallam calls "the best authority we have," and
edited the works of Bacon, (1657.) Died In 1667.

Raw^lini, 0ohk A.,) a distinguished American
general, born in Jo Daviess county, Illinois, in 1S31, was
a lawyer before the dvii war. He became assistant
adjnunt-gencral of General Grant in Septerober, 1861,
and served as such in the campaigns of 186a and 1863.
In March, i86(, he was appointed chief of General
Grant's itaS; with the rank of brigadier-general in the
Kgular army. He became secretary of war in March
1%. Died in September, 1869.

Rawnin-a^n, (CHsmOFHU,) an English antiquary,
bom In Essex in 1677. He published an edition of^KIng
Alfred's Saxon version of Boethins"De Coniolatione
Phflosophie," (169&) Died in 1731L

Ra'wUiwon, (Rev. George,) an English scholar, bom
about iSi<, was educated at Oaford, and was choaen a
Fellow ofExeter College in 184a. He became professor
of andent history at Oxford in 1861. He poblished a

33 SAY_

Five Great Monarchies of the Andent Easlem World,"
(4 vols., i86»-6S,) and other works on the ancient
history of Asia. In 1S72 he was mode a canon of
Canterbury. Died October 6, 1903.

RawUuBon, (Sir Henry Creswicke,) an English
Orientalist, a brother of the preceding, was born in
Oxfordshire in i8ia He entered the military eerrica
of the East India Company about 1826^ and served in
Fer^a some years, during which he studied the Persian
cnneiform inscriptions with success. In 1843 he became
political resident, 01 agent, at Bagdtd. He dedpbered
(he cuneiform inscriptions at Nineveh, and wrote sev-
eral works conceming them, also " England and Rus-
sia in the East," (1875.) He was sent as British
ambassador 10 the court of Persia in 1E59, served in
Parliament from 1S65 to 186S, and became vice-presi-
dent of the council of India in 1876. He was made a

m London about 169a Hepntilislicd a " Lite of Anthony
Wood,''(i7ii,)and"The Efnglish Topographer," (17*0,1
Died in I7SS.

books, and is supposed to have been the original of
Addison's character of " Tom Folio." (See the " Tader,"
No. 158.) Died in 1725.

Rair's^n, (Albert LawsonJ LL,D., an American
author, born al Chester, Vermont, October IJ, 1819.
He travelled extensively, and made a pilgrimage to
Mecca in dissuise. As an artist, he illostnued nany
books. He also wrote a lar^ number of books, chiefly
on Biblical and religions subjects.

Rair'apii, (Sir William,) an Englbb surgeon and
oculist, born tn Cornwall. His 6mily name was Aimms,
which he exchanged for Kawson when he became hetr
to s person of that name. He settled In London tn iSta
Died in 181a

Raxla, rtk'siss', (Ga^an,) Comte de Plassans, s
French publidst, bom at Bedouin in 1760. He pub
lished, besides oilier works, a " History of French
Diplomacy," (6 vols., 1808.] Died in Paris in 1S45.

RE;, (ISAAC,) M.D., an American physldan, bom at
Beverly, Massachusetts, in tSoy, was appointed In 1841
superintendent of the State Insane Hospital at AugusU,
Maine, and in 1S45 of (he Butler Hospital for the In>
une at Providence, Rhode Island. He published " Med-
ical Jurisprudence of Insanity," (rSjS.) In 1867 he
removed lo Philadelphia, where he died, March 31, 1881,

Riy or Wra7, (John,) an eminent English tniaiiisl
and zoologist, bom near Braintree, in Essex, on the

B(h of November, i6aS, was the son of a blacksmith,
c studied in Trinity College, Cambridge, where he
became Greek lecturer at the age of twenty-three. In
1660 he published a "Catalogue of Plants pvwlng
around Cambrit^e." He was ordained as a pnesi, bnl
dedined to snbscribe to the Act of Uniformity of t66a;
and never performed derlcal (iinctiona. He found a
friend and patron in Francis Willonghby, in company
with whom he made sdentific excursions In France,
Germany, and Italy in 1663-66. In 1667 he was chosen
a Fellow of the Royal Sodety. He published a "Cata-
logue of the Plants of England." ("Catalogns Plan.
■ "■■" 1677.) and ir -"*- - " "—

tarum Angliae," 1670 or 1677,) and in i68j a "New
Method of Plants," ("Methodns Plantarum Nova,") !«
which he proposed a new method of classification. - 0(
this work Cuvier and Du Petit-Thooars {" Biof^phis
Universelle") remark, " We find the natural families of
plants better defined, and the grand division of mono-
cotyledons and bicotyledons liiTljf established ; he gave
the characters of many dasses with much precision, and
introduced several technical terms which are very nse-
fiil ; finally, he established many principles and general
laws of classification which have since been adopted."
His prindpal or largest botanical work is " Universal
History of Plants," (" Historia Plantarum Universalis,"
3 vols., 1686-1704.) Ray is said to have been the first
modem aoologist who made use of comparative anal-
omv. He published in 1G93 " Synopsis of Quadrupeds
and Serpents," (" Synopsis Animalmm Quadrnpedum

•■■ it; S ■• t; I llmd; { as/; O^ H, K, gKtftral; h, natat; r, irilUJ: I as

in thit. (my See Explanations, p. i^.^
Digitized by CjOOQ IC

Hit distribation of the daua of qaatlrupeds and birds
bM tieen followed by the English naturalUls almost to
onr own days." He wrote other works. Died in 1705.
SoDiL D»HA>i,-'5«)cctReiniuni<ifJ. Kit." I7«<>; "Memo
itlmr ). Axj." tn Edwin LAHmsnit, S>i^ 1844: " Biognpfaii

Gtn^nle;" AuiBom, "Didiaiuiirof Aulhon."

Rftf, (Joseph,) an American mathematician, born in
1807. He was an eminent teacher, employed in various
jriaces, and published seierat worl^ on alget»a and
arithmetic. Died in Cincinnati, Ohio, in iSsj.

Ray, (WiLUAH,) an American poet, bom at Salis-
burr. Conneaicat, in 1771 ) died in 1S37.

Kay«T, rfji', (PiiRRB Francois Olive,) a French
physician, bom at Saint-Sytvain (Calvados) In 174^. "
practised in Paris, and in 1S53 was comprised ir
medical service of the bousehold of tbe emperor,
published several work*. Died September 10, 1S6,.

Rayleigli, ri'l?, (John Wiu.iau Stmtt.) Lord, an
English mathernatiaan and physicist, bom November
11, 1842. He was a near relative of the late Captain
Hedley Vicara. He graduated, M senior wrangler, at
Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1865, and sncce^ed to
the peerage Ui 1873. Id 1884 he was preudent of the
Brituh Assodktion. He pnblished KientiGc papers of

S[li value, also "Tbe Theory of Sound," (j *<^,
7T-78>) He wa* ^crfeMor of eaperimental pl^iks in
the Univenity of Cambridge 1879-^5, of natural pbilbt-
ophy in the Royal InslituCioa 1SS&-1905. chancellor of
Cambridge after 1908. In 1895, in association '''
William Runiay, he discovered a new element ii
atmosphere whidi they named aigon, and for which thej
received the ^10,000 Hodgkins priie.

Rly'mftld (or Ralmond) I, Cotant of Toolons^
succeeded his brother Fredclon in 851 A.Ii> Died in
864 or 865.

Rvymond {ot Brtmond) n. succeeded his father,
Eudes, in 918. He gained a Ttctoiy over tbe Normans
m (Hj A.Ik Died the tame jrear.

Rajmond m, called Ravhond Pons, a son of
the preceding, be^n to reign in 933. Hit dominions
included the lai^e terriloty extending from the Loire
to the Pyrenees and cattward to the Rhone. Died
about 95o>

Raymond IT, called Rayuohd de Saiht^Gilles,
became Count of Toulouse about 1090, about the age of
forty-five. He was one of the most powerfiil princes of
Southem Europe, and wa* a famous leader in the first
antade. In 1096 be led a large army (about 100,000
men) by land to Ada. Jerusalem was taken in 1099 by
the cruadert, who appreciated so highly the talents and

}4 KAYNAL

BSj'mfa^ (Hen tT Jakvis,) an atde Americaii Jooi-
nalist, bom b Livingston cowtty. New York, in iSaa
He tiecamo assodite editor of the "New York Cooriet
and Enquirer" in 1843, and iu 1851 founded the "New
York 'Hmes." Ha was elected Lieutenant-Govenux
of the State in 1S54. ond, as a leader of the Republicaa
party, bvoured the election of Ht. Lincoln in i86ol
The " New York Times," which he continued to edit
until his death, was very successful. In 18&4 he wa*
elected a member of Congress by the Republican voter*
of New York City. He published "Tbe Life, Public
Services, and State Papers of Abraham Lincoln," (1865.)
He look a prominent part in the National Conven-
tion of the friends of Andrew Johnson which met in
Philadelphia in the summer of 1866 fcH- the purpose of

forming a new political party, writing an address to tha

people. The enterprise proved a failure. Died in 1869.
Saymond, (Evklyn Hinrr,) bom at Watertown,

New York, in 1843. She has been a prolific writer o(

' renile fiction.

RaTmond. ri'mAN', (Jean AKRAtm,) a Fkancfa
architect, bom at Toulouse In 174a, wasa membwof
thr Institute. Died in 1811.

Raymoad. <Jban Michel,) a Prendi chemn^ bora

Saint-Vallier (Drftme) in 1766. He wat profenor ol
cheaiitiry at Lyons. About 1810 he discovered a cdon
called iUtfRaymmd, br which he received a present of
8000 francs from the novemmeot Died in 1837.

Raymood, (Michel Joachih Mamie,) an able
French general, bom near Anch in 1755. He entered
the service of the Nitim of Deccan about 1786^ and
' nght against the EoglJdi and Mahrattai^ Died at

[yderabad bi t79&

Raymond, (Uihbk,) D.D., a Methodist preacber
and educator, bom in New York dly, Aogutt 1% iSii.
" — as principal of the WUbcaham Academy, 1848-1^

incceeded by Us ton Bertrand.

St* UoLoiB DB Smrr-YoH, " Hltiofaj da Camf iIsTmiIii—^"

Rayinond T., a grandson ^ the preceding, bom in
1 134, Decame Count of Toulouse in 1 14& He married
Constance, a sister of Louis VIL of France. Henry IL
of England invaded his dominions and besieged Ton-
louse about 1160, but Raymond, aided by Louis of
France, made a snccettfn) resistance. Died in 1194.

R^mood Tl, Count of Touloose, bom in itj6,
succeeded hit father, Raymond V., in 1 194. Hit reini
was disturbed by wars and crusades instigated 1^ the
pope in order to extermirvate the Alblgenses, who were
very numerous in Provence. Raymond was disposed to
protect or tolerate these sul^jecu. and was excommu-
nicated several tiroes. His dominions were invaded by
t large array of crusaders under Simon de Monttbrt
In lata Raymond □{jposed them bravely in several
battles, but was decisively defeated in 1113, and loat
his throne. He was restored in laiy. Died in i»a.

■aHoLuanSAiHT-YaH. "Hi>lDindE.Canna(liT<nl«iH,"
4 vek., iMi : - HaoTclk Biofnphic G^n^nla."

1, the last Count of Toulouse, a son of the

persecutor of the Alblgenset. Died in 1149.

about 1673, wa* chief ju*lice of tbe king's bench in
the reign of George L, and a privy councillor. Ria
" Reports" were pnblished in 3 vol*. Died in 1733.

Raymond, (Rossitbr Wokthincton,) PIlD., aa

American author, bom in Cincinnati. April 17, 1841:^

was educated at Brooklyn Polytechnic Institute, and at

Heidelberg, Munich, and Freiberg, Germany, served in

the United States army, 1863-64, and was United States

— imissioner of mining statistics, 1868-76^ and lecturer

economic geology at Lafavette College, Hrjo^la.

wrote several works on tne mining industries,

rave Hearts," a novel, (1873,) "The Man in the

on, and Other People,'' (1874,) "The Book of

Job," (1878,) etc.

Raymond, (Waltbb,) a British novelist, bom at
Yeovil in 1852. Among his works are " Misterton's
Mistake," (1S90,) "Love and Quiet Life," (1894,)
" Charity Chance," (1897,) and "Two Men o' Men-

ip." (1898.)

Raymona, (Xavier,) a French journalist, bom in
Pari*, June 30, iSia. He became an editor of tha
"Journal des Dibats" about 1838, and published worka
entitled " L' Afghanistan," " LTnde," "The Navie* of
France and of England," etc Died in 1886.

Raymond-BArangar. See BtuotasR.

Raymond LoIU. See Lulu.

Raymond (Raimood, ri-mSnd', orRamon, rl-mGn' |
do Pefialort, (Pegnafort.) dl pki'yft-foRt', a Spanish
anonisi and Dominican, bom at Barcelona in 1175 or
tS6. He compiled the "Decretals." Died in 117 j.

RaymondL See Raihondl

Raynal, ri'nil', (Guillauhe Thouas FaAN^ia,)
L'Abb^ a French philosa[>her and historian, bom at
Saint-Geniei, in Ronergue, in 1711. He was a priest in
his youth, but renounud that profession soon after his
removal to Paris, (1747.) He published aeveral mediocre
histories, and became mtimatc with Helvetius and Baron
Holbach. He aojulred tempora^ celebrity by a " Hi»-

iry of the Colonies planted by Europeani in America

Id India, and of their Influence on the Political Con.

1i.I.0il 1 JHwt~t.A,same, less prolonged; i,i,I,fi,u, )F,i^<7rf,'^f, j,9, f^fur-'iflr, nUI.Eltimt';nAl;£9tid,'mAB

rf.jGooi^lc

RAYNAL 30

dition. Commerce, and ProiperitT of Earope," ("HU-
toire philosopbique et politique del £tablisteroenti et
da Commerce dea Enrop^ns dans les deux Indes," 4
To!s.. 1770.I Tt ia said that Diderot wrote lome of the
tUileit passage! of this work, which abounds in declaiDX-
tions against the political and religious institntiont of
France. The Parliament in 1781 ordered the book to
be buinl and the anthor to be arretted ; but be escaped,
Mid passed about six year* in exile. Died in Puu in
1796.

SuA. J«T "NolieetaiDfnBluqiunuIUrBiL'-iSHiCiraailAL-
Hoimiii, " slon pfaOoaoiiliHiiH di KmbiU. in( 1 " Nonwlls

READ

UrnaL do, d«h r^'nO', (Locit Hbckis Ckaudku,)
a r'rcnch historian, born at Bourges in 1S05, wrote a
" Historjof Beni," (4»ols., 1844-47.) IM<d May 9, 1891.

RaTiiand, ri'ny, written also Ralnand and
tuin^ (ri-nSw'do,) (Ti^phii.^) an Italian Jcmit,
born in the c:oanty of Nice in 1583. He wrote man*
works on theology, irtiich obtamed success, though
they are said to be tiivlal ftnd prolix. Died in 1663.

Sm MmuEu. " PkliiiiHirj Hbtsriqw."

RaTnawal, de> deh rin'vtl', (Alfkohsi GIkard,) a
FTcndl diplomatiat, bom in Pans in 1S13. He was ap-
" " ' ' " ' lo repreaent the French goTernmeot at the ■"

raised to the rank of ambassador in iS^l, and remained
•t Rome in that capacity six years. Died in 1^8.

RayneTal. de, (Francis Haxihiukn GtRAiD^)
the blher of the preceding, was bom in 1778. He was
•ent OS ambaasador to Vienna in 1819, ana lo Madrid in
iBji. Died at Madrid in 1836.

His btlier, TosBPU, (1746-1813,) wa* antbor erf a
"Treatise on the Law of Nature and of Nations," (3d
edition, 1S32,) and "On the Uberty of the Seas," (1
roll., iSii.)

Baynolds. See RAmoUM;

RaTDOoard, r|'noo-ts', (Fran^I) Jvstb Makib.) a
French author and philologist, bom at Brignoles (Pro-
vence) in 1761. He practised law in hi* youth, was im-
prisoned as a Girondist io 1793, and became a resident
of Paris about iSoa He [woduced in iSoC a tragedy
(in TBrte) entitled "The Templan," ("Les Templieri,^
which was very luccessfiil, and opened to him the door*
of the French Academy, (iSor,) of which be became
perpetual secretary in 1817. He wa* a member of the
legislatiTe body aora tSoiS to 1813. He wrote other
dramas, and philologica] treatises, among which is a
" Dictiouary of the Language of the Troubadonra," (6
vols., 183S-44.) Died in 183GL

So C LAirm, Bodea of Rifnotiud in tiu " Rrnw dca Dm
MgndH." ribnUT i. iBir; lUimMiaA "A li If^mdn ia
F. J. H. R^BOiBrd," iS]9 : " Noanlle Kii(npUi G4ifnle."

R— — or Rm^ Al, U-ri'iee or ar-rl'(ee, [written in
Latin RA'zia,RA'iis,or Ra'sks,] ( Ahm«d-Ib&'Moli>m-
iiied-Ibii-Hoo«a,lor-Uflaa,)lH'medIb'nnK>-hlm'med
fb'n moo's*,) an Arabiwi historian, bora at C^rdoTa, in
Spain, about 866 a.ix He wrote a "History of the
Conquest of Spain br the Arabs." Only portion* of his
works are cztaat There appears to hare been another
Aratilan 01 Hocxrlsh historian bearing the tame name.

Sea Ai^llAKKARt, " HImdtt of Iba HohuuDcdu Prnudia la
S|WD," UihIBbI br Gatawh*; nJ. L p. 314-

Ra'aaa, Rha'sea, or Ra'sla, Latin forms of the *ur.
name RXm, rl'iee, (or, rather, Ak-Razu or Ak-RazI,)
of a celebrated Arabian physician, whose proper name
was UOHAiIMUvIaN-ZAKAKiA-ABOo-BxKE, (mo-hlm'-
med IVn il-ktree'» V\»Bt, bCkr'.) He was bom in
Irlk-Ajemee aboat the middle of tlie ninth century. He
pntctbed at Bagdtd, and travelled into aeveral foreign
coontrie*. Among Us nameronsworlcs are "AI-Hawt,"
or "Continens," and a treatise on the smallpox and
meaale^ He is said to have been the first who de-
scribed the smallpox accimteiy. Died about 930 A.D.

S« Ibh-Khaujkaii, "BiccnfUal Dictjourr;" Spumin,
"fimliiihli ilcr Uedidn ^' "KounDa Biocnpfaia G^nlnU."

Raxin. See RJtzBL

RaaoomoUd 01 RaxonmovnU, rl-ioo-mofakee,
written also RammoTfldJ, (Giegokv,) a Russian
savant, published in French several worlca on mineralogy.

le sur le Nord de I'Europe,"

and " Conp-d'CEil gtognoetlqiie sur I
[i3i&) IMed in Horavja in 1S37.

Raxon^ rfEoy, (Jeak NicoIjis,) a French general,
bom at I^ris in 1773. He distinguished himself as
geaeral of dlviiioo at Borodino (tSll) and at Dreisden,
(1S13.) Died in 1830.

Rai^ rit'tee, or Bassl, (Giovanni Antonio,)
Cavaukai, Bumamed IL Sodoha, ((1 so-do'mi,) an
able Italian painter, bom at VercelU, in Piedmont, or at
Ve^lli, near Sienna, about 1479. He painted in th«
Vattcan *ome works which were e^cea bv order of
Julius IL to make room for those of RaphaeL Th*
palace called Pamesina, at Rome, contains his picture
of "The Hairiage of Roxana." He afterwards worked
ai Sienna. A piciuie of " The Scourrine of Christ" (at
Sienna) i* called hi* master-piece. Died about 155a

Basel, (GiROLAUO,) afterwards called Silvano, *£!■
vfi'no, an Italian monk and writer, born at Florence
about 1530. He produced several dramas and biogra-
phies. Died in 161 1.

Re^ ri, (FiLiPPO,) an Italian agriculturist, born at
Reggio in 1763. He published In 179S an excellent
work on agricuTture,"Elementi d'Agricoltura," (> vols.,)
and became professor of agriculture at Bologna in 1803.
He was author of other works on rural economy, etc
Died in 1817.

R«, (Giovanni Fkancisco,] an Italian botanist and
physician, bom near Susa in 1773. He published a
" Flora of Susa," (iSo5,)aDda " Flora of Turin," (1
vols., 1835,) both in Latin. Died at Turin in 1833.

Raaoh, (Angus Bethunk,) a Scottish author and
joumaliat, bom at Inverness in 1811. He wrote a novel
entitled " Clement Lorimer," and conttibuted to vaiioua
periodicals. Died in lSs&

RSad, (Abher,) an American naval officer, bom in
Ohio about 183a He served in the dvil war with dia>
tinction, and gained the rank of commander. He wi«
killed near Donald*onTille, Lonlwana, In July, 1863.

SaaTnim, "HOiliiT HktsirDf tka Rilidlion," p. 7«).

RSad, (Alrxahder,) a Scottish medical writer, grad-
nated at Oxford in 1630 ; died about 1680.

Read, (Georgc,) an Anterican patriot and signer of
the Declaration of Independence, bom in Maryland in
1733. He wa* elected to the Congress of 1774, and
was tnhaequently a member of the Convention whidi
Iramed the United States Constitntion, and chief jnaticA
of the supreme court of tlie State of Delaware. Died
inl798.

Read, (John Mirrdith,) an American lawyer, born
in Philadelphia in 1797, was a grandson of the pre-
ceding. He was called 10 the bar in iSiS, and became
a district attomeyof the United States. In iSjihewa*
•saodated with Thaddeus Stevens as covtisel for the
defence In the celebrated trial of C. Hanway for coo
atructive treaaon. About 1S54 he began to advocate the
principles of the Republican party l^ his speeches and
writings. About tSbO he was elected a judge erf thu
■npjeme court of Pennsylvania. Died Nov. 39, 1874.

Read, (John Mbrrdith,) an American lawyer, a son
of the preceding, was bom in Philadelphia, Febraary 31,
■837. He graduated at Brown University in 18^ and
Bl the Albany Law School in 1SS9, afterwards studying
law in Europe. He served in the war of 1861-65, at-
taining the rank of brigadier-general. In 1S68 he was
appointed consul-general at Paria, acting also as consul-
"— "ral for Germany (in France) during the Franco-
lan war of 1870-71. He was United State* minister
to Greece, 1873-79, Died December 37, 1896.

Bead, (Nathan,) an American mechanician, bom in
Worcester county, Massachusetts, in 1759. He invented
a machine for cutting nails which formed heads on the
nwls by the same operation. In iBoo he was elected s
IDember of Congress. He made some improvements
in the steam-engine about 1790. Died in Maine in 1849.
Bead, (Opir, ) author, bom at Nashville, Tennessee,
in lSj2. She engaged in newspaper work in 1878, ea-
tabUshed and conducted the " Arkausss Traveller"
1883-gi, aod has written " A Kentucky Colonel," "A5
Arkansas Planter," "The Carpetbagger," " The Mys-
tery of Margaret," etc.

9mi;tt*t;iiarJ;ia»j;a,H,it,giiaurai;i!i,muaJ;m,triUtJ;l*»M;iii»i

aOii. (|irSM£iI>laiiatkHM,p.^

Digitized ay CjOOQ I C

R«ad, (Thomas Buchanan,) a dntingiiiilied Amer-
ican poet uid srtUt, bom in Che«teT connty, Pennrri-
Tania, in 1831. Herailed Italy in iSsCand snbseqnentlv
■pent Bome time in England, where he published a col-
lection of poems, which were very fevourably received.
He afterwards resided seTeral veata al Florence and
Rome, whence he letnrned in 1858. Among his worlu
may be named his prose romance " The Pilgrims of the
Great Saint Bernard." and his poems of "The Home
by the Sea," ■' The New Pastoral," (1S55,) " Sylvia, or the
Lost Shepherd " etc. (1857.) and "The Waionet of the
Alleghenies, a Poem," (186a.) Among tats best picture*
■ic his group ot " Longfellow's Children," and " Sheri-
dan's Ride," illostrating one ol his most popular poemt.
He died Hay 11, 1873.

R«ade, reed, (Chaklks,) a popular English novelist,

1835. He established his TepulaCion bj "Peg Wof-
gton" (iSqi) and " Christie Johnstone," (1S53.) In
■SS6 he published " Never too Late to Mend." Amonic

R«Bde, reed, (Chaklks.) a popular English novelist,
bom in 1814, graduated at Magdalene College, OxfOTd,

in 1835. He er--'^'^-'^-' "^^ ' ■" — '

fington" {i85il
iSs6 he publish .

his other novels are "Love me Little, Love me Long,'
(1859,) "The Cloister and the Hearth," (1S61,) "Very
Hard Cash," (1863,) "Griffith Gaunt," (1866,) "Fool
Play," (1868,) (written conioinlly with Boucicault.) "Put
Vouiaelf in his Place," (1870,) "A Terrible Tempta-
tion," (1871,) etc Died Apnl 1 1, 1SS4.

Rsad^ (John Edmund,) an English poet and novel-
ist, born in 180S ; died in 187a

Roode, (William Winwood,) an English author and
traveller, born at Ipsden, Oxfordshire, in 1839. He
travelled in Africa, 1861-63, >868-70, and 1873-74.
Among his works are " Savage Africa," (1863,) "Mar-
tyrdom of Man," (187J,) "African Sltetch-Book," (1873,)
" Story of the Ashantee Campaign," (1875,) and several
novel*. Died at Wimbledon, April u, 1875.

Reading, rid'ing, (John,) an Engliah clergyman, corn
in Buckinghamshire in 1588. He was chaplam to Charles
L, and Tavoored the royalist cause in the civil war. fie
wrote several works on theology. Died in 1667.

Rtel, d«, d^h rill', (Gaspaid.) Seigneur de Curban,
a French publicist, bom at Sisteron in 168s. He wrote
an able work "On the Science of Government," (S
Tols., 1751-44.) Died at Paris in 175a.

Real, de, (PiuiHi Francois,) Count, a French poli-
tician and lawyer, born near Paris about 1760. He was
a partisan of Danton in 1793, and contributed actively
Id >799 to the success of Bonaparte, who appointed him
a cotmdlloi of state and gave him in 1S08 the title of
ootint. Died in 1S34.

RiaX, SalDt See SAiNT-RtAi.

ReelC rllf, (Richard,) a poet, born at Framfield,
Sussex, England, June 14, 1834, in very humble life.
He published "Guesses at the Beautiiul" (poems) in
1851, and in 1854 came to the United States. In 1S56
he went to Kansas, and was there an associate with John
Brown. He served, 1861-66, in the United States vol-
unteers, and was, 1868-70, in the United States civil
service. He afterwards became a lecturer and journalist,
and died by suicide at Oakland, California, October 28,
1878 Reairs poetry, like his personality, had strongly-
marked and chatacteiislic features, bul it was the product
of a true, though somewhat erratic and uncouth, genius.
A remarkable succession of misfortunes followed htm

3, ri-l-lee'no, (Bbkhakdino,) a learned Italisa

Iesuit, bom at Carpi in iMa He wrote notes on Catnl-
js and other ancient aut'hors. Died in 1616.

Ream. (Vinnib,) an American sculptor, bom at
Madison, Wisconsin, in 1847. She married Richard
L. Hoxie. She modelled, on order, a life-size statue
of Abraham Lincoln when only fifteen years of age.
The heroic statue of Farragut, in Farragut Square,
Washington, was made by her on an order from Con-
gress. She produced a number of ideal statues.

lUanmtir, da, d(h ri'S'milR', (Ren* Antoine Fer-
CKAULT,) a celebrated French natural philosopher and
entomologist, born at Rochelle in February, 1683. He
Inherited an easy or independent fortune, and'became
a resident of Paris in 1703. By some memoirs on
leometry be obtained admission into the Academy of

(6 REBOULET

Sdenoes in 1708. His &voDrite studies were genenl
physics, natural history, and the industrial arts. Ht
made important discoveries or improvements in the Uh
ricationofsteel, and published in lyaa a "Treatise on tbs
Art of Converting Iron into Steel," for which he received
a pension of 11,000 livrea. He made succcaafol experi-
ments on the artificial incubation of ^gs and on tlia
manu&cttne of tin wares. His most important coDtriba-
tion to Bcneral physics was the thermometer, which he

invented In IT31. He divided the interval between the
'reenng and imlii^ points of water into eighty degr
The most remarkable of the works of R Jaumur,*' 1

Cnvier, "are bit 'Memoirs Illustrating the History of
Insect*,' ('Mimoires pour servir \ I'Kistoire des In-
sectes,' 6 vols., 1734-43.) The anthor here exhibits the
highest degree of sagacity in the observation and dis>
corery of all those instincts, so complicated and so
constant in each species, irtdch maintain these feeble
~-'-' "" ""istantly excites our curiosity by nf~

__ ., . _. " "NooTdh Btomptai*

QtattAti."

Rebeoqne. See Constant.

Rabecqul, r^h.hl'ke', (Francois TROPmHi,) ■
French Girondist, born at Marseilles about 176a He
was a member of the Convention, was proscribed hi
June, 1793, and escaped (o Marseilles. Having learned
the fate ol his colleagues, he drowned himself m the sea
in Tune, 1791.

Rebel, rfh'btl', (Jkan FaaxT,] a Frendi mosidan
and composer, bom in Paris in 1669. He is chiefly
remembered for his violin-solos. Died in 1747. His
son Francois, bom in 1701, produced in cottaboratioa
with Francis Franccear a number of operas that were
successful in their day. Died in 1775.

RebentlBOh, rllifn-tish', (Johann Friicricu,) a
German botanist, bom at Landsberg in 1773. He pab-
lished a Catalogue of Plants' growing near Benin, (1805.)
Died in iSia

RAber, rilialE', (Napoleon Henri,) a French ma-
sician and composer, bom at Mulhouse In 1807. He
composed meltxlies lor a single voice, and comic operi^
entitled "Christmas Eve," {1848,) "Le Pire (Millard,'

Lebkow or Rspkow, von, fon rgpTio, [Lat Rn>-
KO'vius,] (Eyke,) a German jurist, born in Thuringis,
flourished about 1210-40. He compiled a code or col-
lection of laws, entitled "Speculum Saxonicum," whidi
was extensively used in Germany. His German trans-
lation of it, called " Sachsenspiegel," was printed in the
fifteenth century.

Rebolledo, de, dl r&-bol-yi't>o, (Bernardino,)
Count, a Spanish poet and commander, born at Leon
in 1597- He distinguished himself at the capture of
Nice, (1636,) commanded a corps of lancers in Flandera
in 1631, and was the leader of a force sent in 1636 tn
aid the emperor Ferdinand H., who rewarded his ser-
vices with ine title of count of the empire. He was sent
as ambassador to the court of Denmark aboDt 1650 ot
164& He showed respectable talents as s poet in Ui
"Militairand Political Gn>*«t,''?(''Selvas miKtsres 7
poUticas/' i6S3,) "Selvas Danicas," (1655,) and "SctvM
sagradas," (1657.) Died at Madrid in i6}iS.

^» Ticiotai, " Hluory of Spuiiib Litcniu

Rebonl, r^h-bool', (Henri Paul Ir4n<e,) a Frenck
savant, bom at Vtiixna in 1763. He assisted Lavoisier
in his sdentiGc labours, and wrote several treatises oa
^ology and other sciences. He was appointed admin-
istrator of Lombardy hy Bonaparte about 1798. Died
in 1839.

Reboal, (Jean,) a French poet, born at Ntmes In
1796. He produced in iSaS a poem called "The Angd
and the Inbnt," which was much praised. He after-
wards wrote other succeaifiil poems. Died in '1864.

5k CaLLOMHST, " Ktada Inographiqua nr RcbonU" iSm.

Rebonlat^ r;h-boo1i', (Simon,) a French historian,
born at Avignon in 1687, He wrote a mediocre " Hie-
tory of the Reign of Louis XIV.,' (3 vols., I74>-44J
Died in 1753.

I, t, t, A, 0, f , Ivi^: &, t, 6, same, less prolonged; i, i, 1, 5, u, J, short; ^ ;, j. i;>, obiairt; fir, (111, At; mCl; oAt; gKd; mdB

Digitized .yGoOgIc

Rabiifl, i(h-Wte', (PiUKi,) an eminent FnoA
hiTist, bom near Mtmtpellier in 1487. He lectured on
liw at Bourns and Paris, and publiahed aereral work*.
Died in Pani in 1557.

IUcaiiil«r, rllif m^', (Jeakni FRANgoiSK JUUi
AdAlaidb Bbenard,) a beiutirul and acconipliahed
French Udf, tKim at Lyons in 1777. She iras married
to M. Ricamiec, a rich banker, in 1793, after which she
became an intimate friend oC Madame dc SCael. She
was courted in vain by Napoleon in 1805. In conse-
quence of the bankniptcy of her husband, (18°^) *^'
went to reside with Madame de Stael at Coppet There
■he captivated the heart of Prince August of Prusaia, and
save him a promise of marriage ; but her compassion
fer her fint husband, who was living, prevailed on her
to break the engagement. In 181 1 she was banished
from Paris by Napoleon, on account of her intimac;
and sympathy with Madame de Stael and other enemies
of the emperor. Having returned to Paris after the
restoration, she lived in intimate relations with Chi-
teaubriand antit his death. Her salon at L'Abbaye-aoi-
Bols was the most celebrated of those which flourished
between 1815 and 1840. There was a remarkable dia-
)>roportion between the modesty of her life and the

Keatness of her &me. Died in 1849. "We think with
Snlte respect of one who, having an unequalled in-
fluence over the hearts and wills of men, scorned to ask
a bvour, and endured poverty . . . and exile, which felt
with tenfold severity on one so beloved and admired,
without the smallest sacrifice of dienity and independ-
ence." ("Edinburgh Review" tor January, l86a)

Sat " Ueawin and CaiTBpniiltDCC iirUadiBiaRiciiiiia',"tiiii*-

' from the FmEhuHl Mited br Hut LtnrsTBi. Bmub, i»t;

aqucnEj^-WTinea trtide on Madut* R^cuuer ud he*

" "■ ■ th» "ChriUia Kniriiw" IM Hit, 1867; "Altaattc

~ - iS»4: W. H. Adaw, -'Fuioa Buotua

_ Quirtcr]:r Ite<ri«'"»r April. iSCoi "PfB.

IBf V Uftf^uiAa" Sor Septsmbcr. iS^Q.

Rteamler, (Joscfh Claddb AMTHKLtis,) a French
physician, bom near Belley (Ain) in 1774. He was
physician (wtJdain ardiwdrt) at the HAtel-Dleu, Paris,
for forty years, (1806-46,) and succeeded Laennec a^
professor at the College of France in 1S37. He was
deprived of this plan ^ tbe revolution of iSsa Died
In iSjS.

RaooU. rek^ee, (Nauk> Antonio,) an Italian bota-
nist and physician, bom at HoDtecorvo, lived about
iSSO-8a He prepared anabrtdffmentof tbe manuscripts
left by Hernandez. After the death «f Recchi this work
was published under tbe title of "Treasury of the Ma-
teria Medica of New Spain," ("Remm medldnaliuai
Nov« HispaniK Thesaurus," 1651.)

Frindi." in^.

MDnthlj" l« Odoba. i«64: W. H.

He published, besides other works.

Church from ils Foundatioa until the Pontificate of

GregoiT XVI.," (S vols., 1840-47] Died in 1S54.

Reonberger, rCK'blsQ'^, (FuN^l an emiiwnt Ger-
man designer, landscape-painter, and etcher, bom in
Vienna in 1771. His etchinn of landscapes are said
to be beauiitut and spirited. Died about 1843.

Reoke, von der, fon d^r rtklifh, (Elisabeth
duRunri Constantia,) a German authoress, bom
in Courland in 1754. She was for a time a believer
in Cagliostro's pretensions of holding intercourse with
the (bad, but aubsequenlly wrote a work entitled
"Caglioslro Unmasked," [17S7.) She also published
"Travels in Italy," and several poems. Died in 1833.

Reclam, rtk'llm, (Friedrich,) a German painter
and enaraver, bom at Magdeburg in 17341 died in 1774.
Reclam, (Pierhk ChrKtIen FatDiRlc,) a Protest-
er, of French orinn, born at Magdeburg in
ster (? a church in Berlin in 1767.

Recaiw, rfh-kitt', (fiuB Akhahd Ebrnkezer,) a
brother of J. J. filial Rectni^ was bom at Orthes, March
■3, 1843. "' became a naval officer, and assisted in M.
dc Lesseps's Panama Canal surveys, and has published
various reports on the same. Paul, his younger brother,
bom in 1847, is a distinguished surgeon of Paris; and
three sisters arc actively engaged in literary work,

%MJt; fa»t; giard; ittj; a,H,ti,liMuroi: H^Htttai; KfriOtii; taa

REDESDALE

., (Jkan Jacques ElisIe,) a distinguished
French geographer, born at Salnte-Foy-la-Gruidc, of
Protestant parents, March ij, 1830. Having traveled
extensively, he in 1857 began to publish various books
of travel. Among his works are " I.a Terre," (1867-6S,)
"Les Phjnomines terrestrea," etc, (187s,) "Nourelle
G^raphie universetle," (1875 '' "?■•) ^^^ P°' bearing
aims for the Paris Commune of 1871 he wai aentenced
to death, but was finally pardoned. In iSSa he became
conspicuous for his aoti-marriagc agitation, and two of
his daughters were made examples of bis devotton to
this new theory. He died July 4, 11)05.

Reoloo, (Michel Cur,) a brother of the foregoiu
was bom at Sainte-Foy-la-Grande, Tune 16, 1817. He
studied FroteitaDt theology, bat aevoted fainuelf to
soda! reforms, and in 1871 was condemned for bnjnf
been appointed director of the National library nodM
the Commune. He was distinguished as a writer
under various pseudonyms. Died February 16, 1904.

Beoliw, (ONtsiME,) a brother of the preceding, was
born at Oithez in 1837. He was a soldier and traveller,
and published " La France et ses Colonies," (1873,)
" La Terre k Vol d'Oiseau," (1879,) etc

Rftoorde, rek'grd, ? (Robert,) an eminent British
mathematidan, bom in Pembrokeshire about ijoo. He
studied at Oxford, and look the degree of M.D. at Cam-
bridge in 1545- He also (aught mathematics at Oxford,
and published several works, amone which are "The
Ground of Arts, teaching the Work and Practice of
Arithmetic," (1540,) and "The Castle of Knowledge,"
(1556.) The latter treats on astronomy. He was phy-
sician to Edward VI. and to Queen Mary. He is said
to have invented Ihe sign of equality in algebra. Died
in a debtor's prisMi in 1558.

See Wood. "Athena Ommieniet ;" Hottoh. " Maihcmidcjl
DictionaiT-"

L Italian
in>803.

Reoupero, (Giuseite,} an Italian minetalogist, born
at Catania in 173c, was a brother of the j}ieceaiiig. Ha
wrote a "Natural History of Etna," [1S15.) Died In
1778 or 1787.

Rectut, rfh-kiia', (Adrien SarnagA Athanase,)
a French physician and republican, born at Lastalle
(Hautes-iyinieB) in 1797. He was elected to tbe
Constitaent Assembly in 1848, and became minister of
the interior on the iilh of May. He was minister of
public works in 1848. Died November 7, 1873.

Redak. Sec Kihchi.

Rad-BsBid, (BubMoaaa.) See Frbdbkick L

Rod'dlng, (Cvrus,) an English journalist and poet,
born at Peniyn about 1785. He was assodated with Ihe
poet Campbell in the editorship of ihe " New Monthly
Hagaane" fttatt i8jo to 1830. He published, besides
other works, a "History of Modem Wines," (1833,)
"Literary Reminiscences and Memoirs of Thomas
Campbell," (4 vols., 1859,) and " Fast Celebrities whom
I have known," (1 vols., 1865.) Died in 1870.

Redan, von, Xrm ri'dfn, (Friedrich Wilhelu
Orro LUDWiG,) Baron, an eminent German writer on
statistics, was born in Lippe-Detmold in 1804. Among
his works are "General and Comparative Stattsttcs ci
Rnances," (a vols., 1851-56,) and "Statistics of the
Products and Commerce of Prussia," {3 vols., 1S54.)
Died in 1857.

%tt BaoCKHnDS, "CoDvnittoiii-Laikaii,"

Redem, von, ion ri'dcm, (Sioisuond Ehrenrbich,)
Count, a Prussian diplomatist, born in Berlin in 1755.
He became a partner of Saint-Simon, the French so-
dalist, in speculadons. Died in 1835.

Radwdalev Baron. See Mittord, (John Freeman.)

Redeadala, reedi'dil, (John Thouas Fr«aman>
Hltford,) Earl op, a British nobleman, a son of the
first Lord Redesdale, (see Mitford.) He was bom in
Ireland, September 9, 1805, was educated at Eton and
at New College, Oxford, and In 1830 succeeded as baron.
In 1851 he became deputy Speaker of the House of
Lords, in which body he exercised great influence, es-
pecially in legislatioo upon private rails. His pnUio-
lioDS are diiefly on religious subjects. In 1876 he was
advanced to the earldom. Died In 1SS6.

M EiplaoationB, p, 93
rfnGoOl^lc

REDFIELD «

Red'flsld, (Edward Willis,) artist, bom ■! Bridge-
*iUe, Delaware, id 1 868. He haj received a Dumber of
gold medals and hii wrak* are repreaented in many gal-

R«a'S«Id, (Isaac FLrrcHBH,] LI.D., aa Aomlctt)
ioTiit, bom at Weatherafield, Vecroont, April lo, 1804.
He gndoated at Dartmouth College in 1S35, wu a jadge
of tM Veimont supreme court, 1035-51, and its chief
Ipitice, 1S51-60, piorcssoT or inedi<al jiuisprudence in
Dartmouth College, 1858-61, and United Stales special
(Iwal) commissioner in Europe, 1867-69. Among bis
work* are " La* of Railways,'^ (1857.) " Law of Wills,"
(iS64,)<'LaworCarriera," (1S69,) etc. Died In Boston
ID March, 1876.

Rad'flsld, (WnxiAU C.,) an Amerlcao geolo^t and
ncteoroli^at, born Id Mlddtetown, ConneOicat, in 1789,
became a reaideot of New York about iSlJ. He con-
tributed articlra on mcleoiologj to several periodicals,
ind wrote on steam -navigatioii. Died in February, 1S57.

Red'crave, (Richard,) an English painter uf land'
scapes, domestic scenes, etc, was bom in London in
1804. He eahibiled in 1837 a successful picture of " Gul-
liver on the Parmer's Table." His bvourile subjecti
in a nbaeqnent period were illastrationa of the trials
of the poor, such aa "The SempatrcM" and "The Fooi
Teacher." Among his other works are " The Country
Cousins," "Ophelia," and "Little Red- Riding- Hood."
He was elected a Royal Academician in 1S51. Died
December 14, 1888.

Redl, ^'dee, (Fkancesco.) an eminent Italian natu-
ralist and po«t, born at Areizo in 1636. He practised
medicine at Florence with a high reputation, and wrote
poetry with anccess. In phiioaophy be belonged to tiie
tcboM of Galileo. He is ranked among the greatest
obaerrers of his age^ Among hia works are "Experi-
ment* on the Generation of Insects," (166S,) a poem on
the wine of Tuscany, called "Bacchus in Tuscany,"
("Bacco in Toscana,* 1685,) and "Letter* on Pbiloso-
phy. Natural Historv," etc, (1 vols., 1714-17.I " Fen
have done ao much in any part of science," says Hal-
lam, "who have also shone ao brightly in the walks
of tastc; The lonneta of Redl are esteemed ; but hit
bmoos dithyramblc ' Bacco in Toacana' is adinltted ti.
be the first poem of that kind fn modem language."
("Introduction to the Literature of Europe.") Dica at
Pisa about 1695.

SnGoiAin, "ElBgf A das Qlmtri Seapriloii (Knli e Bandini,")
i7»i A. Fauohi. "^ViUB lulonim illumium;" Loucfilidw,
"FneUand Pccn oT Europe :" Nic^iok, " Mjiuoini;" G. V. U.
Fabohi, " Elogio iloncadi Y, Rcdi," in&; TllAKSCHI, " Sunii
Ml* Lcltnatun loUiiwi ;" " Noiinllc lAocnphw G^tiJnle."

Rsdl, (TouKAso or GiusE^nt,) an Italian painter of
history and poitiaita, born at Florence in 1M5, was a
pupil of Carlo Maratta. Died in 1716.

Reding, tod, fon ri'ding, (Alovs,) a Swiss officer,
born in 1755. He commanded the Swiss troops that
checked the French army at Moi^rten in Hay, 1798,
and was elected Landamman in 1801. He was the chief
of the tmfldMt, the aristocratic and anti-Gallican party.
Died in 181B-

Rad Jaok'e^ or 8a-fO-r«-wat-lia, ("Keeper-
Awake,") a celebrated Indian chief of the Senecas, born
In Western New York about 1759. He was noted for
bis eloquence, and earnestly opposed the treaty between
the Sii Nations and the United States for ihe cession
of lands. General Washingtcni bestowed upon him a
^ver medal. Died in 1830^

SMlhe "Life ind Tim™ df Sl-(a-;vw*l'lu, or Rod Jicliit,"
■S41, by William L. Stohs.

Red'mui or Red'mfiyiia, (John,) an English divine,
born in Yortcsliire in 1499. He was chosen maslet
of Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1547, and became
archdeacon of Taunton. He wrote several works on
theolMH'. Died in 1551.

Red m^ (John,) an American physician, born in
Phiiadeljihta in 1721, graduated al Leyden. He acquired
a high reputation in his profession, and was Ihe first
— iBident of the College of Physicians of Philadelphia.

biedir

1808.

RedonO, rfb-doo'tk', (Fitsss Juseph.)
French painter of flowers, bom at Saint-Hubert, nnar
Liege, in 1 759. He worked mostly in Paris, and received

die tide of painter of ths cabinet of Queen Matte An-
toinette. He published an admirable " Hoaoenpbr of
the Roses," (" Monographie de* Roees," 3 vols., tBiT-
14.) In 1831 he became professor of iconographv al
the Jardin &A Plantet, Pans. Died in 1840.

and printer. He was Kansas tx.
York "Tribune," 1855-57, was still later Haitian conaol
in Philadelphia, and emigratioa agent for HartL Aftei
1S65 he was supetintendcnt of schools at Cbarlestoik
South Carolina, where he founded schools for coloured
people. In iSiSS he established a lecture bureau at
Boston, and later on he was connected with the home-
mle movement in Ireland. Among his works are a
" Life of John Brown," " Guide to Hayti," " Echoes of
Harper's Fetiy," etc. Died Febraary lo^ 1891.

Redsohid. See Reshird Faska.

Redwita, or Rodwita-Sohmalta, tod, fbn rCd'-
Ai»-ahmelts, (Oskas,) Bakon, aiko called Bakok von
RiDEVlz, ri'd;h-Gts', a German poet, " the modem Hin>
nesinger," bom at Uchtenau, June 18, 1813, He studied
at Munich, and in 1851 became professor of literary his-
tory at Vienna. Among his works are "Amaranth,"
(1849,) an cilremely popular religious epic^ "Tales of
the Forest-Brook and the Pine," poems, tragedies, etc,
" Hermann Slark," 1868.) and " Lay of the New German
Empire," (1871-) Died July 6, 1891.

RMd, (Andbrv,) D.D., an English dissenter and
philanthropist, bom in London in 1787. He was senl
on a mission lo the churches of the United Stales in 1834
by the Congr^jatlonalists. He preached at Wycliile
Chapel, Stepney, for fifty years, and founded two orphan-
asylums and a hospital for incurables. Died iu l86>.

3« " UiBMJn of Ih* lil^ Mc sf Aadm It«ed." LosdcB, iKj.

Reed, (Sir Edwakd Jaubs,) an English author,
bom in 1830. He studied naval conslmction, aod
was chief coastmclor of tjie navy 1863-70, lord of the
treiuury 1886, and member of Parliament 1874-95. "^
wrote on Japan and on naval subjects. Died in 1906.

Heed, (Henkt,) a distinguished American scholar
and writer, bom in PhiladelphJa in iSoS. He graduated
in [8*5 at the University of Pennsylvania, became assist-
ant professor of moral philosophy in 1831, and in 183^
[itolessor of rhetoric and Englisn literature, iu that inati-
tulion. In 1854 he visited Europe, and, having embarked
in Ihe steamship Arctic, was lost on the voyage home.
He was the author of "Leciures on English Literaliue
from Chaucer to Tennyson," (1855,) '* Lectures OO the
British Poets," (a vols., 1857,) " Lectures on Engliih
History," etc., and edited a number of worlcs.

Reed. (Isaac,) an English editor, critiq and bi^ra*
phet, bom in London in 1741. He wrote biographical
notices for Dodsley's "Collection," (6 vols., 1782,)
contributed to the "Gentleman's Magaiine," and
edited, among other works, "Bii^aphia Dramatics,"
(1781,) and Shakspeare's Work^ (10 vols., 17^5.) I>ied
in 1807.

Reed, (JosKPn,) an American officer of die Revo*
lution, born at Trenton, New Jersey, in 1741. He *aa
president of the first provincial convenlion held in Penrt-
sylvania, (1775,) and was sohsequcnlly aide-de-camp
and secretary to General Washington, He was made
adjutant-general in 1776, and in 1778 became president
of the supreme executive council of Pennsylvania. He
died in 17S5-

Reed, (Thomas Brackrtt,) an American C<m-
gressman, was bom at Portland, Maine, in 1S39. He
studied law, and was in the Maine leg;is]ature 1S6S-70,
and attomey- general of the Slate 1870-71. He entered
CoDgress in 1877, and was Speaker of the House in
the Fifly-tirst, Fifty-fourth, and Fifty-fifth Congresses,
becoming widely known for bis energy and arbitrary
BClion. He was a prominent candidate for the Presi-
dency in 1896. He resigned his seat in Congress in
August, 1S99, and engaged in legal business in New
York. Died December 7, 190a.

I LI,fi, a, T,^«*Hvi,t. A. same, less prolonged; i,ii.T,d,il,)!,(itf^.-».«,i.Q.<^»r-^,- fir, f3]l,flU;mlt:nAtigMd:m

d by Google

R«ed, (Thomas Ckkuan,) u

direcud tbe prodaction of Engliih opera
London theatrei. In r*" " - i .-■

Ilortoo, ■ well-known vi

known a* " Hr.

detigned to affocd unoMTnent lo the class of pcisom who
object to theatrical repretentations. Died in i SSS.

H*«d4 Tit», (HoLOiK Chkistian,) a Danish min-
iiier of itat«,born at Odcnse in tSoo. He was minister
or foreign aSain IVoiq August, 1850, to Dectmber, 1S51.
Itied in 1857-

Rsaa, reess, (Abraham.) an English encrclopcdiit,
bom in North Wales in 1743. He became minister of
B dissenting congregation in London ibont 1768. He
edited "Chamber*'* CTclopxdia," (4 'ol*- >77B-85.)
and tued that u the Duia of a more extcnsire and
citremelT valuable work pablishcd and«T th« title of
" Reea'i Cyclopaedia," (4j vol*., i8o»-ja) Died in 1S15.

Sm "Owlciiuii'i Uipiiiia'' fcr Anpni, iSij.

Raera, reer, (Clara,) an English aathoresa, i>arn

teprlated. Among her works is "The Progres* of Ro-
mance through Time*, Coontriea, and Manners," (a
vols., 1785.) Died in 1803.

Raave, (Lovell,) an English conchologist, born
■1>ont 1S14. He published "Conchoiogia Systematica,
or a Complete System of Concho1ogy,"(London,a vols.

{to, iSfjL) and "Conchoiogia Iconica, or Figures and
tetoriptiona of the Shells of Molluscous Animals, with
Critical Remarks," ecc^ (1S56.) Died in 1865.

Reave, reev, (Tapping.) an eminent American lawyer,
born on Long Island in 1744. He began to practise at
IJlchfield, Connecticut, in 1773, and marriea a slater
of Aaron Burr. In 1793 he opened a law school, which
he taoght far man* yaar« at Litchfield. He became a
Jodxe of the supenor court in 179S. Died in 1813.
Rasre, (William,) an English

Eng]
ler, born In 1757. He produced a great number of
-..matic compositions, many of them in collaboration
with other musicians. Died June aa, 1815.

ber tales are " Comin' through the Rye," (1875.) "Cherry
Ripe," (1877,) "The Land of the Leal," (1878,)
"FoundOut,"(i88s,)"TheFateofFenella,"{l89J,)
"A Man of To-Day," (1894,) etc.

Revrea, recvi, (John.) an EnEllsh lawyer, bom b
I^ndon In 1751. He wrote, besides other works, a
"History of English Laws," (1783.) He was a deter-
mined opponent of reform. Died in 1839.

Reeros, (John Sims,) an English tenor-singer, bom
at Shooter's Hiil, Kent, in 1818. He appeared first as
a baiytone-singer in 1839, but, the true quality of his
Twce naving asserted itself he went abroad lo prosecute
Us stadies, and when he returned in 1847 he at once
took bis place as the RtsI of English tenors. He sp.
peared in opera, both comic and serious, in oralorius,
and in concerts. He married in 1850 Miss Emma Lu-
combe, B well-knowD soprano-singer. Died in 1900.

Re«T««, (WiLUAM,) ao English clergyman, Irarn in
1668. He was vicar of Saint Mark's, Reading. Several
Tolnmes of his sermons were pablishcd, ( 1 704-^) Died
inyafi.

Ro^ ri'gl or i«'h1, (Hbnri Josbfh,) a Plemlsb
physician, bom at Louvain In 169a His reputation is
■banded on a work "On Sympathy," (" De Sympathia,"
■731.) Died at Louvain in 1754.

S«K*iiTai«,"NoliaB3l.Vi«doH. J. R(gii."ii4o; Mm-
omn, "K^ B Vm M HI Eoili," iM-

RAgamar, tl'gt'mV, (Clib FiLix,) a French artist,
bom at Crenelle, August 7, 1S44. He very early acquired
fame as an illustrator and caricaturist, chiefly working
forioumals. Died May S, 1907.

R^gamey, (Faitiisic.) a brother of the preceding,
was born In Paris, luiy 4, 1849. He is known as a
painter, etcher, and illustrator.

R4cun*T, (GifiLLAVHK Pibrrb Urbaim.) a French
painter, a brother of the preceding, was bom in Paris.

September 33, 1837. His chief works are mtlitary scaaes.
Died in Paris, January 3, 1875.

Saganhao, de, d; h r^ h-gfntk', (GiRAUD Valtt.) >
French lyric poet, bom at or near Cahors in 1719 ; died
in 1784-

Regglo, DtncB of. See Oudikot.

Regglo, rid'jo, (Francbsco,) an Italian astronomer,
bom at Genoa m 1743. He wrote several memoirs on
astronomy, and aided in the triangnUtlon of Northern
Italy, Eniahed in 1794. Died in 1804.

Hoggio, da, (Luca.) See Fbbrabl

RegUlo. See Pordenone.

Re-^'no, [Fr. Rtcwox, ri'ihe'ndN',] aleamcd monk
of the ninth century, was Abbot of Pram, In the diocese
of Treves. He wrote a chronicle, which has been printed.

Reglo, ri'jo, (Rafvaello,) an Italian claswcal scholar,
bom at B^gamo \ died in i5za

Reglomontan. See Reoiouontanus.

Re-^-o-mon-tS'nna or R»eloi>ioi>t*'>i ril'Be-o-mob-
tin', a celebrated German aatronomer, whoso propei
name was Jokahn MUller, (mIDItr,) was bom in Jnn«
1436, probably near Konigsberg, ISaie-Hildbarghauaen.)
The Latin name Regiomontanus Is derived from Kbnlgs-
berg. Doppelmayer and othera Rive KSnigshofen, ia
Franconia, aa the place of his &rth. He wrote hi*
own name sometimes Johannes Gbrwanus db Rkiio>
MOHTB. About the age of fifteen he began to study
astronomy under Purbach, in the University of Vienna.
In 1463 he went to Rome, where he (todled Greek and
bought or copied Greek manuacripts on his bvourita
sdencb He passed aeveral years in Rome, Padua, and
Venice, whence he returned to Vienna and becama

Srofessor of mathematics. About 1471 he removed to
ruremberg, where, by the liberal aid of a rich dtiKn>
'Bernard Walter, he was enabled to construct instm-
ments, and tnade a series of observations. He published
there, with his own press, his " Ephemeridea" for thirty
years, (I47;-I506,) and other works, among which was a
^ New Calendar" (" Kalendarium Novum") for theyeara
147$, 1494, and 1511. This ia aupposed to have been the
first almanac pubfished in Europe. Pope Siitos IV. in-
vited him to Rome 10 reform the calendar, and offered him
the bishopric of Rattsbon. About a year after his arrival
in Rome he died there, in 1476. "He was a man of
great sagacity and enterprise," says Delambre, " by whose

firemsture death astronomy siisbUned s loss which for a
ong time was not repaired." A treatise " On Triinglea,
Plane and Spherical, ("DeTrlangalisPlanlsetSpheri-
ds tibri V.,") composed about 1464, bat not published
nntil more than fifty years after his death, is pnmoanced
by Delambre hi* most interesting work.

5h E. RHnHHOLT, "Ontiode J. KcsiomonniBa." igw ; Faw-
^x. " BraduWckc lu J. Kcgiaiaaatia'i Cebtn," iT^ii.

Regit, rl'jiss, (Francesco,) sn Italian professor at
Greek, bom near HondovL He prodaced a good Ilal-
bn version of Xenophon's "Cyropcdia," (1809.) DM
at Turin In 181 1.

He spent several years in executing a map <S Chin* for
the emperor. Died in China in 1737.

RAgia, (Jean FxANgois,) a French Jesuit, bom in the
diocese of Karbonne in 1597. He gave to the poor
large sums of money which he collected by begging.
Died in 1640. He was canonized in 1737.

S» D'AuHHTon, " Vic ie SaiDl-Fnotnu-Kigii," ijxii A.
BamT, " Viti J, y, Ricit," 169s.

RAglB, (Pierre,) a French physidan, bom at Mont
pellier in l6s6; died at Amsterdam in 1716..

RAgla, (SvLVAiH, or Jkam Svlvain,) a French Car.
tesian philosopher, was "born near Agen in 1633. Ha
propagated the doctrines of Descartes by lectures at
Toulouse and Paris. His chief work is a " System of
Philosophy according to the Prindples of Descartes,"
(3 vols., 169a) Died in Paris In i^. "No one hat
left," says Hallam, "so comprehensive a statement and
defence of Cartcsianism as Jean Sylvaln R<gts." {■* In*
Iroduction to the Ulcratnre of Europe.")

S« Bavu, " Hittarial and Critioil DictianvT ;" Hicfaoa,
"Utaami" FoHTaniua. " filogi dc K«eu."

•aai; caB#,- Biar^,- itti:a,U,%,pritimU; n,mMl! ^triOid; las

■sin Mil. (sy~SeeEBpIaiiatk>Qa,p.^)

d by Google

ReglQs. See Luov.
Runard, rfh-nls', .. _

French comic poet, bom in Paris in 1655,

lard, rfh-nlK', (JuH FBAngoiS,) a popular
comic poet, bom ID Paris in 1655, was a son of
rchinl, who left him a handsome ic

Toyage between Civiu Vecchia and Toulon, Regnard
aiid ■ ladj whom he loved were captured in 1678 bjr
Algerine pirate*, who told them as slave*. They were
ransoined after a captivity of two years. It ii said he
was oa the point of marrying the lady when the Uct
trani[»red that her first hotband wai living. In 1681
and 1GS2 he performed a tour through Sweden and Lap-

land aj lar a* the Fro^

UaVAi

ving returned t

perhaps ii
him to su

Truk are but few. Of these the best
is acknowledged to be 'The Gambler,' ('Le Joueor,'
1696.} Rcrnatd, taught by his own experience, has
here admirably delineated the character of an inveterate
gamester." (" Introduction to the Literature of Eu-
rope.") Among his moat admired worlcs are " The
Absent-Miiided7'("Le Distrait," 1697,) and "The Unf-
veraal L^atee," (170S.) His comedies are characteriMd
by an In^ianstible fond of humoroui sallies. Died in
September, 1709.

SnOiLnr, "tftoci da Kifnrd," 1IJ7: "Atknlx Monlhlr"
Ihr lioM, lUji SAima-BaoTa, "CwuBiadu Lnmti:" Nic^aoH,
"U^iDnret;" La HAiin, "Comi d» LiHintiiiei" "Moowlt.
Bioinpfaic Gfaitnik."

RAguaad, rfh-na', (Fibbri fiTitNNB,) a French
political writer, bom In Paris in 1736, was a constant
adherent of the Bourbon*. Died about 181a

Regnaud (or Racnanltl de Btdnt-Jean-d'An-
pAly.* rfh'aO' dfh An this d&N'EhiilE', (Augusta.
Michel ^tieNnk,) CotlHT, a French general, born in
I^rii in 1794. He served as a volunteer in the Morea
In iSaS, became general of brigade in 1841, and general
of division in July, 1S4S. He commanded the imperial

Kiaid at the battle of Magenta, Tune 4, 1859, and on
e neat day was made a manhal of France. Died
February 2, 1S70.

RegiMind (or RAgnanlt) de Salnt^ean-d' Angrily,
{MtcHEL Louis Stiknnb,) Count, the father of the
preceding, was bom at Saint-Fargeau (Yonne) in 1763.
He was a moderate member of the Assembly in 1790^
and became a member of the coundl of state in iBoo.
He was employed in important affairs during the

the French Academy. Died in 1819-

RogiiaaldlnorR«giMndln,Tfh'nO'dlN', (Thomas.)
■ French sculptor, bom at Moulin* in 161^. He exe-
cuted some works for Louis XIV. at Versailles. Died

Regnanlt. See Rkcnaud.

Regnanl^ r^-ny, (Alias,) a French historian, born
In Pans about tSoi- He published, besides other works,
• "History of Napoleon,'' (1347.) Died in 1868.

Regnaiilt, (Hbhri Victok,) a distinenished French
chemist and natural philosopher, was bom at Aix-la-
Chapelle in iSia He was admitted into the Academy
of Sciences In 1S40, and obtained a chair of physio
the College of France in 1841. He wrote memoir*
the compreMitHlity of elastic fluids, on the elastic fbi ...
of aqueous vapour at different temperatures, and on the
law* and numerical data which enter into the calculations

Regnault, (Jean Baptiste,) Baron, a French painter
of history, born in Paris in 1754. He gained the first
prize in 1776. Among his best works are a " Descent

^ulhoritiM an divided is

B PitTlOH {or PlTHl

(1783.) He was a member of the Institute. Died Id
829.

See C Bl*mc " Hj>i«>c dc PoiattM."

ReguBolt, (Jean Baftittb Sminci,) a French phy-
idan, born at Niort in 1759, was conmlting physidao
to Louis XVIII. Died in 1S36.

RegnatiJt, (NoKl,) a French natural pUloaopher and
Cartesian, bom at Arras in 16S3- He wrote a popnlw
work entitled " Conversations of Ariate and Endoze on
Philosophy," ("Entretien* phpiqnei d'Ariste," etc, 3
vols., 1719.) Died in 176a.

Rognaalt-Wailn, rfh'nfi' yf rlN', (Jean BAPTI?rB
Joseph,) a mediocre French liafrabitr, bom at Bar-le-
Dui
(1824,) and many other works.

Ragnet. See Raohak.

Regner van Ooataiga, rec'nfr tIo Os-tCR'gl, (or fls-
tEft'Kl,) (CvpRiAN,) a Dutch jurist, bom in Friesland ia
1614; died at Utrecht in 1687.

R^^«r, reh^ng^', (Claddi Ambroiie,) Due da
Massa, (mt'sr,) aFrench minister of state, bom at
Blamont, in Lorraine, in i73fi> As a member of the
Council of Elder*, he suppOTted Bonaparte on the iStb
Brumaire, 1709. Durinir the consulate he was one of the
rUacteun of^lhe Civil Code. He was appointed ^nM^
fun (minister of justice) in 1801, and received the title
of Due de Massa In 1S09. Died in 1814.

Sh " KouTcUa Biofnphia Giii«nl>,"

RAgnlar, (Edue,) a French mechanidaD, bom M
S^mur-en-Auiois in 17$!. He invented a number of
machines or instruments. Died in Paris in 1825.

Regnler, General. See Rbynibr.

Regnler, (Jacques AudttSTE Adoli>Re,) a Fren^
philologist, bom at Menti in 1804. He became tn 1843
preceptor of the Count de Paris, whom he followed into
exiie in 184S. He was admitted into the Institute in
1855. Among his works are a "German Dittjonary,"
(1841.) in which he was aided by Shuster, and the " Prt-
tisSkya" of the "Rig- Veda," Sanscrit teat, with n«ndl
version, (3 vols., 1856-78.) Died ia 1884.

Regnlor, (Jacques AuoumH,) a French landscape-
painter, bom in Paris in 1787 ; died in 1860.

Regnier, (Louis,) Sieur de la Planche, a FMnch
Huguenot, noted as a negotiator and writer. He wrote
a "History of France in the Reign of FrandalL," (1576.)
which is commended. Died about 1580.

Regular. (Mathurin,) a French satirical poet, bom
at Chartres in 1573, was a nephew of the poet P. Dea-
portes. He obtained a canonirate at Chartres in 1694.
but he was licentious in morals. His works consist of six-
teen satires, and some elegies, odes, etc, the first edition
of which was dated 160S. He imitated Horace, Juvenal,
■nd Martial, His style is natural and remarkable for
(adiit*. " The satires of Regnier," says Hallam, " hav«
been hiehly praised by Boileau, — a competent Judge, no
doubt, in such matters. Some have preferred Raider
even to himself, and found In this old jDvenal of France
a certain stamp of satirical genius which the more pol-
ished critic wanted." ("Introduction to the Literatnra
of Europe. ") Died at Rouen in 1613.

Sea BaiwnTTE. " Na1i» >i<r Regniar," prrflTBd ta n idiliaa at
Kn wo^fc^ t7»; Mon*nr, "DioinnnMre Hitionqne:" NicdaOK
;■ MJnioiret ;'; SAiMTS-BBinriL "Tahkiu At l« Poiia Fnnt^"-

Regnier-Deamarmls, r; h-n^' di'mf rf, (Franqoi*
SiRAPKiN,) a French poet aits' grammarian, bom in
Paris in 1&32, He was appointed prior of Grammoat
by the king in 1668, and admitted into the French Acad-
emy in 1670. He was one of the prindpal authors or
editors of the Dictionary of the French Acadenn.
Among his works are a good "Treatise on Fren^
" T," {1705,) and "Poems in French, Italian,

—J T ,.r. M /,_„ ) Di ■ ■ : ;

rmtKea d« I'Acad&flia Fna-

Hegiil«-DoBtotitbat,r(h-ne-J'dl'tooR'bi',(HiPf^
LYTE Francois,) a French HtttrSltur, bom at Langm
in 1S04, wrote dramas, talcs, etc. Died in Paris in 183a.

Reg'n-liw, (Marcus Atillius,) a Roman general,
distinguished in the first Punic w— " '

i, ^ I, ft 8, y, /#v. i. *. 4. •»™*^ •«" P^°''>"8"' J ••*■•• ^ **• ^ '*'**•■ ^ * t »• '*'''^' '*'■*'■ '^S '^'' **' **^- ■'*^

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

SEHAN 20

far the Mcood time in Ij6 B.a, >nd gained * na**l *l»

Wl^ over the Carthaginians. Having invaded Africa truthful pictures of German do'meslic life'. Died De-

be defeated the enemy and advanced neailj to Carthage, cetnber iS, 1S79.

He WM defeated in turn, and taltM prisoner, in 255. Heiohonbaoh, (HkinMCH Gottliu LuDWIO.) pro-

The victors wnt btm with some ambassadors W Rome fe^, (,t natural hUtorr in the Surgical Academy al

to iiegotiale a peace, on condition that he should return XntfA^a. was bom al Leipaic in 1793. He published a

If the Roman senate should re;ect their terms. He , «[r,o„ Ceimanica," (in 15 vols., 1853,) and agreat work

advised the senate not to nuke pe»ce. and returned to j^cej ,„ bijj, ^nd mammalia. Died March 17, 1879.

Cutliuc. This act of patriotism was much celebrated ; -»a_.,,h_„»,„„i; __„ /„„ jj-„ vii-» 1 (-w.— i 1

Sri'iie'it^'^i'iiri'"" ^'^'" "'•" •iGe^r':°^Sa^d:rbo^"ar5s;i-^in'?7Trif:

riram to the i^ueltT of his captors^^ | „„|,ii,i,ed at Munich a {[real manufactory of telescopcl

RaBan, (Ada,) a i»pn I ar^ actress, was bom at md oilier optica] and philosophical instruments of su

Limerick, Ireland, in 1859. She was connected for
man; years with the Auguslin Daly Company. She
was much esteemed in ibe Shaltspcarian characters
Katharine, Rosalind, and Viola, and as Lady Teazle,
etc.

Rfthberg, ri'biRO, (AuCDfr Wilhblu,) a German
pubHcbt, boin at Hanover in 1757 ; died in 1836.

R«hfaea, too. Ton iK'fiis, (Philipf Jostrti,} a Ger-
man writer and journalist, bom at Tiibingen in 1779.
He was for a time associate editor of the " Morgcnblatt"
He published in 1813 his work on Spain, which WM
translated into French by GuiioL Died in 1843.

Rehm, rim, (FrIBDBiCH,) a German historian, bom
in Hesse In 1791. He wrote a " History of the Middl*
Ages," (8 vols., rS2o-3S.) Died in 1847-

Ratumlejfild, rSn'chold, (Ca«l Gustav,) Codht
ov. a Swedish general, born al Stralsund in i6ji. Ha
gained a victory over the King of Poland at Traoen-
Btadt, (1703,) and accompanied Charles XII. in the
invasion of Russia. After Charles wa* womided at
Pultowa, (1709,) RehnskjSId took conuDand of the army,
and was made a prisoner. Died in l^a>

Re-bo-bo'^m, (Heb. DJiam: Fr, Roboam, rtf-
tM/AH',] Kinsof Judah, succeeded his &ther Solomon
'~ B.C. By liis rash and ungracious answer to

, Fraunhofer was his al

Died in 1816.
Retohenbaoh, von, (Karl,) Baron, a Geimaa

chemist, t»rn at Stuttgart in 1788. He discovered
paraifin and creosote, and wrote, tiesides other works,
"Geological Researches in Moravia," (1834.) He main-
tained tne existence of an imponderable agent, which

ign

Kalolia, iI'kI, (Anton,) a German composer and
•nineni writer on mn^ was bom at Prague in 17^
Be produced a symphony which was performed witli
auccess at Paris in 1799. About 1803 he went to Vienna,
where he became Intimate with Haydn and Beethoven,
and composed, besides other works, ihirty-six fugues for
the piano. He resided In Paris from iBoS until hia
death. His reputation is founded chiefly on his "Treat-
be on Melody," ("Traitj de M^lodie,'* 1814,) and hb
"System of Harmony," ("Trail* complet et raiiotuti
d'Harmouie pratique,^' tSlS.) Died In 1836.

B« FiTii, " BiHraphie UBiKntlli de* Mundnu;" "NnivsOt
Hofnphit G<i> Jnk ;' DaLAtaa, " Notka lur Rtidii, Muudn,"

••tr.

Ralohard, rfKSxt, (CminiAN Gottliib.) a Ger-
man geographer, bom at Scbleii in 1758. He published
a nnmber of valuable maps and charts, among which
we may name the "Chart of the World according to
Hercaior'a Projection," and "Chart of Gaul" for tha
explanation of Caesar's writings. Died In 1837.

Reloliaid, (Hiinrich Ai;av3T,)aGennanfiaAniftwr,
bom at Gotha in 1751. He wrote dramas, political
treatisea, descriptive works, and a "Traveller's tJuide"
(or Europe, (1793,) which was very snccessfiil. Died
In 183&

HetohMJ, (Hbihrich Gottpried.) a German phi-
lologist, born at Schleii In 174^ He produced a Liatlii
vei^n of the New Testament, (1799,) the style of which
b praised for purity. Died in 1801.

Ratobardt; n'Rant, (Johahn FRiBDRtcn,) a Ger-
man composer and writer on music, was Ixim at KQnigs-
berg in 1751. He was patronii«d ijy Frederick the
Great, who appointed him chapel-master al Berlin on
the death of GraniL Among his master-pieces is a
fcoeral hymn (ThattrcmUattfltx Frederick the Great.
Died in 1814.

Sa* nns, " Blogtaplila UoinnaDe du Mundnn."

Relclieaaa. (Rudolf,) a popular Germ
bom at Marienwerder In 1817. I

Died in 1869,

Ralohatadt rfK'sUt, Dinti of, { NapolAon It.,)
King of Rome, the only son of Napoleon I. and Maria
I — .- — . |^f„ j„ p„i5 (,n (hj j(j(h of Match, iSii.
nas NapolAon FaANCoia Ckarlu

His full I _ .. . . ^

JosEFH. In tSi4 Napoleon I. abdicated in favour of hb
sod; but Louis XVIIL was preferred by the senate,
and the young Napoleon was taken to Austria by Maria
Looiia. He received the title of Duke or Reichstadt
from the Emperor of Austria in 1818. He entered tlia
Austrian army, and oblaiued the rank of lieutenant-
colonel in 1831. His physical organiiation was feebly
bat his inlellect was active, and be is said to have po»
sessed a rare aptitude fbr the acquisition of languagM.
Died near Vienna in July, 183a.

Raid, (Christian,) the pen-name of Frances
Fisher Tieman, an American novelist, bom in North
Carolina. She has written, since 1880, "Valerie
Aylmer," "Hearts of Steel," "The Land of the
Sun," and a dozen other novels.

Raid, reed, (David Bosweu.,) M.D., a Scottlsli
chemist and writer, bom in Edinburgh in 1805. He
began to lecture on chemistry in Eclinburgh in 1S33.
He invented an improved method of venlitation, and
was employed about five years in Ihe ventilation or the
new Houses of Parliament, He published, besides other
works, a "Ten-Book for Students of Chemistry." (1834.)
About 1S56 he removed to the United States. Died in
Washington in April, 1863.

Raid, (^Sir Georcb,) a British painter, bom at
Aberdeen in 1841. In 1891 he became president of
the Royal Scottish Academy, and was knighted. He
is best known as a port rait- painter-
Raid, reed, (Mayni,) a novelist, born in Ihe norlh ol
Ireland in 1818. He began about 1S38 a toor in Mexicoi
Texas, etc In 1846 and 1S47 he fougbt as captain in
the army of Ibe United States against the Mexicans. He
wrote a large number of successful novels and juveniles,
beginning with " The RiSe Rangers" in 1849, and ending
■with " Gwen Wynn" in 1877, Died October zi, 1883.
Raid, reed, (SauuklChestsr,) Caftain, an Ameri-
can naval officer, bom at Norwich, Connecticut, in 1783.
He commanded the brig General Armstrong in a fight
against tbree British vessels al Fayalin September, 1 8t^
Died at New York in 1861.

Raid, (Thomas,) a Scottish divine and eminent writer
on mental philosophy, was bom at Strachan, in Kin-
cardineshire, in April, 171a He studied at Marischal
College, Aberdeen, and became minister of New Machar
in 1737- ^n ITJZ he was appointed prorcssor of moral
philosophy at lung's College, Aberdeen. He succeeded
Adam Smith as professor of moral philosophy at Glas-

Siw in 1763, and published an " Inquiry into the Humaa
ind," (1764,) which was designed to neutralize the
skeptical doctrines which Hume had advocated as de-
ductions from the ideal system of Berkeley. His olhet
principal works arc "Essays on the Inlelleclual Powers
lerman author, . of Man," (178J,) and "Essavs on the Active Power of
books, chiefly the Human Mind." (1788.) bied atGlaagowin October.

M k; f a* /; e hard; % as/'; g, h, K,guaiirai; h, maal; R, trilltd: I as t; th as in thii. (ST'See Explanations, p. 33. j

d by Google

REW ao

1796L In T«pl7 to ■ome wiitera who are dfspoied to
den> Ihe name of phflceopher to Reid, MackintMh
obserm, " Aa there »re too many who seem more wi»o
tbin they are, 10 it wa« the more uncommon fault of
Reid to appear leu a philosopher than he ceall; waa."
In another place he calls Reid "a patient, modest, and
deep tbbker," Hume himaelf appean to have enter-
tained a similar estimate of Rrid, allhongh differing from
bim so widely in his philosophical viewt.

S« 1 "Lib of Dr. Rdil,"b]i DmjiLD STtttAiT, pnfiied to ■
ulhumou edition of hii "Xmtn:" Chakhiw, "Bingnpbkil
DiclinuT ef £aitiiHit Scatnen;" Hacxihtosh, "View of Iha
Protr— of EtlikaJ PUlocMibT," in hit pRliinirLur nniuki «
DufM Suwut; AlUMttK, ''DiOiaaary ot ADthon."

Beld, (Whitbiaw,) an American ioainalisi, born
near Xenia, Ohio. October 17, iSjj. He graduated at
Miami University in lSs& During the dvU war be was
correspondent of the Cincinnati " Gazelle," iS6o-63,
•nd in 1863-% librarian of the United Slates House of
Representatives. In 1S68 he was called to the staff of
the New York "Tribune," of which in 1872 he became
chief editor and principal proprietor. In 1S7S he was
choaen a resent (lor life) of the University of the State
of New York. From 18^ to 1892 he was United Stale*
minister to France, and in 1892 was the Republican can*
didate for Vice-President on the ticket with Mr. Harri-
son. He was a member of the Peace Commission in
Paris in 1S98, and ambassador to England after 1905.
He poblished ■' After the War," (1866,) " The Scholar
in Politics," (1873,) elc Died December 15, 191a.

Reld, (Sir William,] Majok-Genibal, F.R.S., a
British engineer and scientific writer, bom in Fileahire
in 1791. He served as an officer of engineers in Spain,
America, etc, became Governor of Bermuda in iSiS,
and commanding engineer at Woolwich in 1849. Ha
published a work entitled "An Attempt to Develop the
Law of Storms by Means of Facts arranged according
10 Place and Hine,'' (1838;) which attracted much at-
tention. In 1849 he produced "The Progress of the
Development of the Law of Stonns," etc He waa
Governor of Malta from 1S51 to 1S5S. Died in London
in October, 1858.

ReUfenborg, da, dfh rTFifn-bCito', (FsiDiuc Ao-
«ti5TK Fekdihand Thomas,) Bakoh, » Belgian lUI/-
raaur, bom at Mona in 1 795. He wrote a " History of

- "■ ' ■' " ■* 1 rieeee,"(i830,)«nd I '

n 185a

Sh LuTwaaaAM. " Modamr M. k Baran <l» RnfaibBrfc" a ft ;
QumuT, ~Ho6c*HrP. A.F. T.BwndaKaiJhBlMiK^ilSL

~ larHhotd, rfrf(r-«Md', (Kakl Wilriui An-

„ a Gernun philologist, born at Bonn, October 3,

1S35. He held professors hips of classical philologj' and
of eloquence at Bonn and at Brealau. He has published
many texts, chiefly of late Roman and early Christian
Latin anlhora, besides numerous papers upon historical,
literary, and mythological subjecta. Died in 1887.

B0l|;t>7i lin'rC, (Louis Asm. Bbttroi,) called
Cousin Jacques, an eccentric French writer of plays
and burlesque works, wu bom at Laon in 1757; died

Hell, nl, (JottARH CHU9TUN,) a Dutch or German
physician, bom at Randen, in East Friesland, in I7S^
He became professor of therapeutic! at Halle in I73S>
He published a number of esteemed medical works.
Died in 1813.

Raille, ^ or r|'n, (HoHORi Charles Michel
Joseph,) Count, a nench general, bom at Antibes
(Var) in 1775. He commandml a brigade at the battle
of Jena, (1S06,) soon after which he &came 1 general
of division, and aide-de-camp lo Napoleon. He con-
tributed to the victory at Friedland, (1807,) distinguished
himself at Wagram, (1S09,) and obtained command of
the anny of Portagal in iSlz. In 1815 he fought for
Napoleon at Waterloo, where he commanded a corps-
d'arm^e. Ho became a maiahal of France in 1S47. Died
inlSea

Sh "Noanll* Bi<«rM>U« GfatnlL'

Rally, rile, (Wiluam McClbllah,} an American
clergyman, bom at York, Pennsylvania, August 8, 1S37.
He graduated at Pennsylvania College, Gettysburg, in
185^^ studied at Princeton and Andover, and at Berlin

(he Order of the Golden Fleece," |

and other German universities^ became a paitai in tha
German Reformed Church, and for sevenl jean ma
professor ol languages at Palatinate College, of iriilch

■n 1883 he was appomted presi'"— "■- =— ' — ~-^

I "The Artist and his HiMton
Ralmai. See Rsimakus.

in 1694, became professor of Hebrew and mathematic*
' 1 his native dty. He was the author of the celebrated
WolfenbUttel Fragment*," a series of easayi published
by Leasing in 1777. (See Lbssino.) Reimama was a
son-in-law of J. A, Fabridns, whom he saeisled in sev-
eral of his philolocical works. He also wrote a treatise
" On the PrindpaJ Truths of Natural Religion," (17U,)
and "Obeervations on tbe Instinct of Animal*," (iJUl)
Died En 1765 or 1768.

Stt J. G. BIlicH, "lluiwrii Rdmil," 11691 Hnscmnn
" K>>toritdi-UttnH>d>a Hudbodi."

RalmBTOa, (Jokann Albkbcitt Heinricr,) a Ger-
man philoeopher and economist, bom at Harobnig in
1739, was a son of (be preceding. He practiaed medi-
cine at Hamburg, and wrote several works on oommerca
and political economy. Died In 1814.

Reimoi, ti'mfr, (GeoBO AtiDMAS^) a German book-

moat important in Germany. Among the works il

. and other Germans n
and science, to which we may add Schlegel'a tranala*
tion of Shakspeare. Died in 1S43.

Rrtitimann, rtm'mln, (Jajcob Fiiedkich,) a Geiaaa
bibliographer, bom at Groninnn in 1668. He becana
minister of a church at Hildesheim in 1717. Among
his works are " An Essay of an Introduction to Literaiy
History," (6 vols., 1703-13,) and " Idea of the Literal?
System of Aniiqni^," ("Idea Systcmati* Aniiqiiiota
liteiariK," 1718L) Died in 1743.

Sw "NoDirfla BJofiaphleG^DtnU:" Ramiuia, flaliiM^
nplir, (" Ei|«B* LabKcbaAnabBBc" ettj) i7«j.

Xtoto, tin, (Johannes TusTU^) aGenun geogr^ber,
bom at Rauenheim, in Hesse, Jaouaij ZJ, 1835. He
was educated at Gieasen, travelled Id Eslhonia, Finland,
Scandinavia, etc, visited Bennuds, tbe United Sbtca,
New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Morocco, and the Ca-
nariea, and lived for some yean in JapuL In 1S76 ha
became profesaor of geo^apfay in the Ifarlwug Uidver-
Nty. His principal work IS a treatise 00 Japan, (1880-83.)

Rdna, r^-n^r (Francesco,) an Italian Stt/rwea^,
born in the |>roviDC« of Como in 1771. He edited tka
works of Ariosto, Zanot(i and other Italian antfaor^
Died in 1836.

Reinagla, rin')-g«l, } (Georqi Phiup,) an escelleat
English marine painter, bom in London about iSo^ wm
a son of R. Ramsay Reinagle. Among hi* work* la
" Tbe Battle of NavarinoL" He witneased this actian.
Died in 1835.

Rttlnaglat (Philip,) an able English painter of land-
scapes, hundng-scenes, and animals, bom about lyjo^
was a pupil of Allan Ramsay. He wa* elected a ineM-
ber of the Royal Academy in 1811. Among hi* work*
is the " Sportsmen's Cabinet" Died in 1833.

He was elected Royal Academician in 181s.
nsuutnd, rl'nfi', (JOSEPH Toussaiht,) a FnaA
OrientaliK, bom at Lambesc (Bonches-du-RliOne) in
1795. He was admitted into the Academy of Inscrip-
tions in 183a, and succeeded Silvestre deSaey as pro-
fessor of Arabic at Pari* in 1838. In 1S54 be b

Ninth, and Tenth Centuries," (1S36.) Ntd in J

1S67.

Sm " KouTcll* BioEnphw GAi4nW."
Relnbaok, rin'btk, (Jqhahn Gubtav,) a

^l,l,flkfi,T,f«VTi.^^ ••>»«• ■«" prolonged; i,(,\,6,^y,*iM-/;^^\,it,atiain;ar,m,ai;mlXtBX*;^6d}M

d by Google

miniater m the chnrch of Saint Peter. Berlin, (or it Co-
iogne OD the Spree,) in 1717. He wrote, betide* other
vorki, " Coniidentions on the Divine Truth* cont>m«l
In the Confe*donorAiigibiu'g,"(4vols., 1731-41.) I^^<^
1111743.

Radudel, iln'dfl, (ALBKECKr,) a Germui engraver,
born at Nurembci^ <n 1784, nambered among hia papilr

Roliioooliu, rl-ntfae-aa, (Chkistian,] a German
theologian, bom in the prindpalitj of Anhait-Zerbat in
166S. He wrote, in Latin, a " Hebrew Key (Jhima) to
tbe Old Tettament," (1733.) Ditd in 1751.

Rdnaok, rl'nCk, [Lat RUNic'crus,] (Rbinik,) a
German hialorUn, bom at ot near Fulerbom tn 1541.
He Ungbt beileB-letlrea at FranUbrI and Helnutedt.
Amcmc hia worka ia " Sjmtagma hertdcnm, continent
Hitlonam CbaldKoram, Aa^omm," etc, I3 voli.,
tS94>) "bich treats of the hiatoij of the Chald^na and
Aaajnians. Died in 1595.

Sat HXaaauH, " Da HuMiA llsida," itc, inH ; Tbbib,
"Klog»."

Reln«oks, ri'ntk-kfh, (Johann Fkikdkich,) a noted
German actor, bom at Helmtiedt in 17^7 ; died in 1787.

1 at Allona in 1837. As a pianist lie
made toun of the principal European cities. His belt
cooipoiitions are tbosefor the piano. Died in IiflO.

Raiueeea, r^'nCei or ri'nllu, (Jakob,) a German
^traidanTbom at ^slcben in 1744. Me practiaed at
Tifiia, in Georgia, and wrote a "Deicription of Can-

cwoa." Died at Saint Peteraborg in 1793.

Ralnar, Tpnfr, (WnnxL Lokehz,) a German painter,
bom at Prague in i'"' " ■-■■■- . .. 1

•capei with auccesa,

bom at Prague in 1686. He painted hiMotr and land-
•capea with auccesa, both In oil and h-etca Hia desigo
and colour are much praised. Died at Fraeue In 1743.
— _. .__^ rt-ni'ie-to, (Thomas.) a German phy-

jaan piddic phjraician at Altenburg, attd sabseqnently
fcmored to Lelpaic. About the same time he was made
m coondllor tj the Elector of Saxony. Amoiig hia
DBBeTons works maj be named " On the S^an Gods,"
(1633,) "Sjntagma of Andent Imcriptiona," (■6Sl,]
"Critical Diiseitatian on the Sibfllioe Oracles," li1P»,)
and "Obaerrationa on Suidas," (all in Latin.) He also
wrote anaccouDtofhis life, (in German.) Died in 1667.
Saa BATUt, "Hidariei] and Cillial DictioDaij;" Mieiain,

Ralnliard, ifn'htkt, (CKStsnAN Tobias Efhkaim,)
■ German phyiidan, born at Cameni in 1719; died in

firiDhrd, (Fkanz Voucuab,) a Proteatant theolo-
gian and ditttnguiahed poliut oralm, bom at Vohen-
•traw*^ in Bavaria, in 1753. He became professor of
theology at Wittenberg in iiSa, and in 179a chief coart
preacher at Dresden. He died En iSii, leaving a nnm-
Der of sermons and religious treatisea. His "System of
Christian Morality" (5 vols., 1788-1815) it regarded aa
a valttable and i«ofband work.

5« IU>L AticittT BOmoai^ "F. y. fUinhariL" alt, ilij:
" NonaUa Biofrapliia dainia 1" POun, " Sanliard aaA iibim
Lcba and WiAcn," 1813.

Ralnhaxd, (Kau. Fkikdiuck,) a diplomatist, bom in
Wiirtemberg in 1761. He became French minister of
foreign a&ira in July, 1 799, and was employed in several
MisMOOt by Bonq^te from iSoo to 1S14. He owed hit
promotioii to the bvour of Talleyrand. Died in Paris
in 1837.

BMJolUTd, von, fon i1i/hA«t, (Adolf Fiiidkich,)
a GeniUB philosopber, liom at Streliti in 173&, He
wrote a treatise "On Optimiam," (1755,) and other
works. EHed at Wetilar in 1783.

Rfllnhai^ iln'bltLfflKNjAUiN Fkanklin,) an Amer-
ican tttis^ bom near Waynetburg, Pennsylvania, in 1829.
After taking up the profession of pMtrait-paintinK, he
ltn<Ued genre art in Europe, an<f lived in En^and,
1861-68, after which he settled in New Vork. D. 18S5.

guLshed as a very successful illuitratot of book* and
periodicals. Died August 30. 1896.

Rsinlutft, rfnOilKt, (Jokakn CKRinuH,) a German
landscape-painter and engraver, bom at Hof in 1761.
Some of bis best pictures are to be seen in the Massimi
palace at Kome. His " Landscape in a Storm,** one of
his master-pieces in engraving, was dedicated to Schiller.
Died in 1847.

Reinliold, nn'hoit, (Christian Eknst Gotrua
Jbns,) a philcMopher, a son of Karl Leonhard, noticed
below, was bom at Jena in 17^. He became professor
of logic and metaphysics in his native city, and wrote,
besides other works, a "History of Philosophy," (a
vols., 1838-39.) Ci«d in >855.
[nliold. II.aL RuiKHoi/niii

for some years at the Oniversity of'^ Wittenberg, from
which he removed in 1552. He published a "Com-

i^)
Copem

,) and table* formed from ttie obeervalions of
apemicos compared with those of Hipparchus and
Ptolemy, "Tables of the Motion* of the Heavenly
Bodies,'' ("Prutenioe Tabul» Ccelestium Motuum,"
1551,) in which he dearly explains the equation of time.
Died in 1553. His son, Ekaswus, was a phytidan and

Rednhold, (Kau. I^onrakd^) a German philoa^

Sher, bom at Vienna in 175S. Having married th«
aughter of Wieland, he became assodated with him as
editor of the " E>entBChen Hercor." In 1794 he becana
professor of philosophy at Kiel He was the author of
'' Letters on the IMiilosophy of Kant," and other worka.
Died in 1833.

oS'rala."

Reinlioldtia. See Rkinhold, (Ekashus.)

Rotniok, if'nik, (RoanT,) a German painter and
poet, bom at Dantac in 1805 1 died in 1853.

Rirink^'"ffi rinOifna, (JonPK Hubert,) a German
bishop, bom at Burtacbeid, March 1, 1831. He became

Roman Catholic iMriest, and divinity profiMSor at Bres-
. in, bat in 1870 left tbe Romanists, )oined the " Old
Catholics," and in 1871 was consecrated tusbop of that
body by the JaiisenisI bishop of Deventei. >le published
various controversial worlds. Died Ja,nuaiy 4, 1896.

Ralnoao, ri-e-no'so, (Antonio Garcia,) a Spuilsh
painter, bom at Cabral in 1633, waa alao an architect
He died at Cordova in 1677.

bom in Silesia in 1S15. She wrote many talcs and novril,
which are said to display a rich imagination and mndl
knowledge of human nature. Among them are " Sketchea
of the Great World," (1845,) " Antonio Foscarini," (1850,)
and "Clotilda," (1855.) She died in 1876,

Raliivrardt, rln'Mat, (Caspar Gsoro Cau,) a
naturalist, bom at LUttriDghansen, in Germany, in 177a.
He wrote " Observations on the Gold-Mines and Natural
History of the Moluccas." Died at Leyden in 1854.

Ralaoti, ilsh, (Gioro,) a German savant and eocteti-
astic, lived in tbe second half of the fifteenth centurv.
He was confessor to the emperor Maximilian L He
wrote "Margarita philoaophica," ("Philosophic Pearl,"
1496,) often reprinted.

Redaen, rl'ifn, (Charles C,) an able engraver of

Sims, bom in London about 1695, was the son of a
anish artist. Died in London in i;*;,
Ralaer, (Anton.) See Mokftz, (Karl Philiff.)
Rolaet, do, dqh r^'zi', (Marie Ahtoihi,) VicoWtb,
a French general, born at Colmar in 1775. He distio-
gnished himself at the battle of Dresden, (1813.) Died
in 1S3&

Sa* " NMk* m Jattjoa* •« JUtoin* 4a lUiaal." i>ii.

BMJ.-caaA-|<lwt/;ftas/,-0,H,K,p«A(ni/;N.fituii//R,(r-£iM,'lasi,-(hasin/lu. l)^SeeExplaDatlai)a,p.a3.>

Ralai^ rl'iio, (Kakl CHRimAH,) > German philolO'
gbt, Wn at Weissensee in 1701. He was proKuoc ot
ftncicnl literalure at Halle. He wrote "VorlelDngeD
Sber Lateinische Sprachwissenschafk," ( " Pnelectioni
on Latin Philology.'') Died at Venice in iSag^

Retake, rls'ktn, (Johann,) a German teacher and
writer on various inbjects, born at Geta in 1641 ; died

BeUh*. (Lat Rbis'eius,) (Johahn Jakob,) a G«i-
man physiaan and Orientalist, born near Ldpeic in
1716. At the Universi^oF Leipaic he devoted bimself
cnieflj to the study of Arabic, and lubsequently viaited
Leyden, where he was patronized by Bormann and other
learned men. On his return to Leipsic he obtained
the title of professor of Arabic, and became rector of
the College of Saint Nicholas. Among his works are
Latin translations of the " Geography" of Abulfeda, the
"Moslem Annals" of the same writer, and a German
translation of the poems of Hootenabbee, (Motenabbi,)

Snpublished,) also editions of Theocritus, (1766.) "The
reek Orators," (is vols., 1770-75,) Plutarch's Works,
(13 vols., 1774-791) Dionysius of Halicamassns, {6 vols.,
1774-77,) ^d other Greeic and Latin classics. Died
in 1774.

His wife, EitNESTiHa Christihi MOllir, born near
Wittenberg, vras distinguished for her love of learning,
and rendered him important assistance in his literary
labours. After his death she completed several of hit
works. She also published a work enlilled " Hellas,"
(I vols., 1778.) Died in 179S, aged about sixty-three.

Sh ReUu'* Aulobtognphj, LcJpM. iiSjj 3, F. N. Mord^
"Viu Rdikii," 1777: Miuui, " Gtl<^hna DnlKUukd 1" Hii-
KHiHa,"HUisriadt-lli*nriK)iBH>Ddb<idi.''

RelskloB, See Reiske.

ReUolger, i1'sio-fr, (KAkL Gottlibb,) a German
musician and composer, born near Wittenberg in 179S.
He was appointed first chapel-master at Dresden in
I&17. He composed religious music, and a number
of operas, among which are "Didone," (1833,) and
"Tnrandot." Died in 1859.

HeliMiuuiii, rts'mln, (AtJcmT,) a German historian
and musician, born at Frankenstein, in Silesia, Norember
14, 1835. His books mclude a "General History of
Huaic," (3 vols., 1864,) 'Science of Musical Composition,*'
(3 vols., iS66-7c^) " History of German Song," (1S74,)
" Lectures on the History of Music," (1877J many wmIu
of biography, etc He also composed mudt mu«&

R«ix or Relts, rtts, (Johahn Pribdrich,) a
German philologist, bom at Sraunfels in 1695 ; died at
Utrecht in 1778.

Rejane. (Gabribllb,) b French actress, bora in
1S57. She is best known in the characters of Nora,
in " A Doll's House," and Madame Ssns-Gene. In
the latter she has gained a great reputation.

Rsluid, rilUnt, [Lat Reum'dus,] {AoRrAAN,) an
eminent Dutch Orientalist, bom at Rvp, near Allcmaar,
in 1676. He was versed in Greek and Roman antiquities,
aa well as in many Oriental languages. He became pro-
fessor of Oriental languages and ecclesiastical history at
Utrecht in 1700. His principal works are an "Accouiii
of the Moslem Religion," {" De Reli^one Mohammedica
iibri duo," 1705,) and " Palestine illustrated by Monu-
ments," i" Paleatina ex Monumentls veteribus illustrata,"
a vols., 1714,) which is highly commended. He died at
Utrecht in February, 1718.

S« HicliOH, "MJnMina;" Paquot,

nlla Biocnphis G*n«nih;" ** '

Kalai>di,->^>7i8.

'"Ontio In 6uiiu

Reland, {Pibter,) a brother of the preceding, was a
pugistrate of Haarlem. He wrote a work entitled
"Consular Calendar*," (" Fasti Contulare*,") publiahed
In 1715. He died before that date.

Relondiut. See Reland.

Relhan, rtl'^, {Richard,) an English botanist, bora
■bout 175^ He became rector of Hunningsby, Lin-
colnshire, in 1791. He wrote a " Flora Canlabtigensis,"
(1785.) Died in 1823.

Rallablb, rCl'stlp, (Liidwig,) a German lUUraOur,
born at Berlin in 1799, published romances, dranuw,
and critical essays. Died at Berlin in i36a

Bamak, rtm'lk, (Roibrt,) a German pbysldan, bon
at Foaen, of Jewish parents, July 30, 1815. He grada-
ated In medicine at Berlin in 1838, and in 1S61 waa called
to a professorship in his university. Hia works incloda
"Diagnostic and Pathogenic Rescarchea," (>S45,) "The
Development of Vertebrates," l8si-SS<) ""1 "Galvano-
Therapeutics,'' (1858.) The investigation and treatment
of nerve-diseases was hia specialty. Died at Kissinger^
Aagiul 37, 1865.

RambU. See RambhA.

Rembrandt van Ryn or Rljn, rbn'bilnt vin ifa,
or Rembrandt Oerrita, rtm'bnlnt Htr'rits, {Paul,)
a celebrated Dutch painter of history and portraits, was
born on the Rhine, near Leyden, June 1^, i6o6l He was
a son ofamiller named Hermann Gerriti His masters
in design were P. I-astmann and Jacob Pinus, to whom
some add George Scbooten. He became a citizen of
Amsterdam in 1630, and soon acquired celebrity by the
originalih? of his style, formed by the siody of nature.
In i6» he painted ''The Lecture on Anatomy of Dr,
Tnlp. He married in 1^4. He became the master
of a numerous school, and, it is said, sold the copiea
painted by his pupils as original works, after he had
retouched them. His biographers represent him as
avaricious, and some of them affirm that he contracted
thehabitsofamiser; butthisctuu^isnot subatantiated.
He derived a very large Income from the sale of hia
etchings, the fees of his pupils, and the sale of copiea
of his works made by his pupils ; yet he became insol-
vent in 1656.

Rembrandt was a brilliant colviat, and a consammate
master of chiaroscuro. He imitated the e&cts of light
with great success, but waa deficient in design and taate.
He neglected or despised the antique. Among his cele-
bratedjptctures are "Tobit and the Angel Raphael,''
"The Wmnan taken ia Aduherv," "The Round of the
Night," "The Syndics of the Merchant Draper*," and
a portrait of himself with his wile. Hi* portraits aia
by soma critics considered more admirable than hi* his-
torical work*. He produced a greatnumber of etching*,
some of which command enormous prices, (100 guinea*
each.) As an engraver in aquafortis he has never been
surpassed. Among his engravings are a " Descent from
the Cross," "Christ healing the .Sick," "The Raising
of Laiams," and portraits of Van Coppenol and Van
Thol. He died at Amsterdam in October. 1669.

S« ■ " Lifcof Rembrandl,'' b? J. Ritrhit. 1B4S ; P. Schiltuia,
"Rtdnoering nvtr li« Lstcd an it Verdiemten ™b RtmbranA
vu Rijn." iSu; DmCfHn, "VU> du Fcinins Flimuiili." etc

RsmbrantB, rlm'bRlnts, (Thibrry,) a Dutch as-
tronomer, born near the Zayderaee about 1615; did
after 1677.

RatnAnyl, rtm^n-ve, (EDWAan^) a Hunga
1, bom at Ueves in 1830. He took part in £c
of 184S, and then fled to America, bat aoon returned ta

ungariaa

Europe. He subseqaenlly attained very great bme va
concert- and partour-per former. Died in 18S7.

Ramar, i%'mi;r, (JuUDs AuotrsT,) a German histortai^
bornat Brnntwickin 1736. He published a " Manual (rf
UntverMl Historjr," {[3 vol*., 1783,) which waa received
with favour. Died in 1803.

Re'may, (George Collibr,) an American naval
officer, bora at Burlington, Iowa, in 1841. He gradu-
ated at the Naval Academy in 1859, served in arid
after the civil war, and was promoted commodore in
1897 and rear-admiral in 1899. He commanded the
naval base, Key West, during the war with Spain, and
the United Slates squadron at Taka, China, in the
afiair of 1900.

RAml, or Rdmy, la'me', [Lat. Riwigius.] Saint, tk*
"ApoatlB of the Franks," was bom at Cerny-en-I^oa
nais about 439 A.D. He became Bishop of Rheims, bap
tiaed Clovis, (q. v.,) and was noted for his eloquence
and successful labonr* in converting the Franks. IHed
at Rheims, June 13, 533.

Rami or B^mtginM, a French prelate, was Arck-
bishop of Lyons. Died in 875 a.d.

Rami {or Rvmlglaa) of Auxrrrb, a French monk,
who wrote on theology and grammar. He is said la
have been the first doctor who taught publicly in Paris.
Died about 908.

t, S, I, o, Q, J, limg; i, k, 6, same, less prolonged; ), i, 1, $, ii, fithert; «, ^ |, 9, eitain; Bn, All, &t; mil; nOt| gd6d; JoSDa;

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REMBRANDT VAN RVN.

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lUmi.Tt'nie', (Joseph HoHOst,) « French .
bom at Recniremont in 1738; died in Parii '~
Ramlglah A--'- '*

irantUted Ovid't "Heroic Epiitle*," ■

I 1738;

,, {fioi

Nepo*. Ui(
Bwnlglni

VeiMilles seven times between 1S37 uid 1855, ufd
■ member of the Chamber of Deputies from 1839 to
1S4S. I ie wu a modcraie republican in the ConMitDait
Assembly of 1S48. Died May 9, 1S75.

Rem'tngton, (Frederick,) an American author
and sculptor, bom in St. Lawrence counly, New
Vorli, in 1S61. His best-known works in sculpture
arc "Tlie Broncho Busier" and "The Wounded
Bunkie." He wrote "Pony Tracks," "Crooked
Trails," " Frontier Sketches,' etc.

It«iii'liiB-t(iii. (Joseph Pkice,) ■ dUttngDished Aiper-
lean pharmacist, son of Dr. Isuc Remineton, was bora
in Philadelphia, March 16, 1847. He had the rare good
fortune to be for about three Tears under the imme-
diate tnatmctlon of Di. Edward R. Squibb, of Brooklyn,
who bai been styled the lather of American pharmacy.
He was also a pupil of Professor William Procter,
who aided greatly in raising the standard of phar-
macy. On the death of Mr. Procter, in 1874, Mr.
Remington succeeded bim as professor in the Phila-
delphia College of Pharmacy. In the preparation oi
Ibe late revised editions of the United States Phar-
macopceia Professsot Remington has taken an im-
portant part, and is also the author of a " Treatise on
the Practice of Pharmacy," (1885; 3d edition, 189+.)

Rteioiid, rk'rndN', (Francois,) a French Jesuit
poec, born at Dijon in 155S ; died at Mantua m 1631

Rimond, da^ dfh ri'mAit', written also Rtomond,
(Flokimond,) a French bi«torian, bom at Aeen about
lUO. He wrote a *• Hialory of the Rise and Frogreas
itf Heresy in this Century," (^1605.) Died in 160a.

RAmond de Baliite-.AJbli>e, ii'm6N' dfh iImi
Vbtn', (PiERRi.) a French critic, bom in Paris in 1699.
He wrote a work entitled "Le ComMien," (1747.)
Died in 1778.
Ramondlnl, rl-mon-dee'nee, (Baldassake Maeia,)
" "" ' I al Basaano in 1698, was

luarr,

Bishop of Zwile. He wrote a work "On the Antiqui-
lie* of Zanie," (1756.) Died in 1777.

Remoiliio, ri-mo-ree'no, (Giovanki Pietro.)
aometimes improperly written Ramoilno, (Jbkomb,)
an Italian general, born at Genoa about 1790. He o
nianded a division of the Sardinian army at Novari
1849. He was tried for disloyalty t^ a military court,
and shot, in May, 1849.
Ram'san, (Iea,) H.D., Ph.D., an American ebembt,
a New York dtr, Febinary 10, 1846. He was
ed in New York, Munich, GSttingen, and TU-
Ungen, graduating a* M.D. fn (he New York College of
Phynaans and Surgeons, and as Ph.D. at Gottingen in
1870, was professor of ctiemistry at Williams College,
1872-76, and at Johns Hopkins University after 1876;
has been president of Johns Hopkins since 1901. Among
his woilts is "Principles of Theoretical Chemistry,"
(1876; 3d edition, 1883.)

Ra'iniu, one of the founders of Rome, wae a brother
•f RouULus, which ace.

HtoMfat, ri'mU'zf, (Jean PnUBB Asn,) an emi-
nent French Orientalist, bom in Paris in September,
17SS. He studied medidne in compliance with the
wish of his ^her, and learned the Chinese language
without a teacher. In 181 ■ he published an " Essay on
Ihe Chinese Language and Literature." He obtained an
tiemplion from the conscription of 1S13 by the infloence
of hii friend Silvestre de Sacy, and became professor of
Chinese in the College of France in 1814. In i8» he
bunded the Asiatic Society of Paris. Among his chief
works are " Researches into the Tartar Laneuages,"
(iSai^) and " Elements of the Chinese Grammar," (i3».)
"This vaat and important work," says Henri Thiers, "is

Abel R^nnni i" Aurkn,
uveUe Biofr^ihis

« M i; f as i; 8 ion/; t as ;; B, H, K„ps!him;; N, nun/,- E, /raOn/,- 1 al

45 RENARD

the true monaraent of the reputation acquired by Abel
R^usat." He wrote articles for the " Bic^phlc

Univeraelle." Died in 1833.

3« SiLVUTii n Sacv, "iXon d'
"Notia lur Abel tUmiuat" in tht "k..^ .
Nomnbtf I, iflia, ud Na««mb(r 11. iSii; "I
Gdntnla."

Rimtuat, de, d«h rt'mU'^, (Auousti LauibntJ
Count, a French politidan and advocate, bom in
Provence in 1761. lie became first chamberlain of
Napoleon in 1804. Died in t8l3.

RdmivMt, dfl, (Charles,) Count, a n«nch philoso-
pher and minister of state, born in Paris in 1797, was a
son of the preceding. He was elected in iB30 to the
Chamber of Deputies, in which he acted with the con-
servatives. He was minister of the interior from March
to October, 1840. In t843 he published "Essays on
Philosophy," which were received with favour. He wu
admitted into the French Academy in 1846, in place of
Royer -Col lard. In the Constituent and Legislative As-
semblies of 1848 and 1840 he voted with the friends erf
order, {droiti mixiirit.) He was a frequent contribuloi
to the " Revue des Deux Moiides," Among hisworlrsara
a "Treatise on German Philosophy," (1S45,) " Abe lard,"
(a vols., 1845,) "Bacon, sa Vie, son Temps," etc, (185W
"Philosophie Religieuse," (1864.) and "L'Hisloire de
la Philosophie anglaise de Bacon k Locke," (1875.) ^
died June 6, 187s.

JUmoaRt, da, (Claire EusABrra Jeanne,) Cotiirr-
Ess, the mother of the preceding, was bora in Paris Is
1780. She was a companion (damt du paiab) of the
empress Josephine, and wrote an " Essay on the Edu-
cation of Women," (1814.) Died in 1811.

Ramjr, t(h.me', Jules,) a French traveller and
uaturalist, bora near CbUons-sar-Marne in \ia&. He
spent several yeara in the exploration of Braiil, Pen,
Chili, the Sandwich Isles, California, Utah, etc. He
published, besides other works, a " Journey to the Coun-
try of the Mormons," (z vols., i860,) and a " History of
the Sandwich Isles," (1862.) Died December 5, 1893.

Benan, rfh-n&n', (ErkeOT,) an eminent French
writer, Orientalist, and critic, bora al Trrfguier (Cfltes
da Nord) in 1813. He began to study for the priesthood,
but renounced that profession because he doubted the
truth of the orthodox creed. He displayed much learn-
ing in his "General History of the Semitic Languages,"
(18^,) was admitted into the Academy of Inscriptions
in 1856, and was sent to Syria in tS6o to search for relics
of andent learning and dvilication. Soon alter his return
he was appointed professor of Hebrew in the Collie of
France, but he was suspended in 1861, in deference to the
will of those who considered him unsound in &ith. He
admitted the excellence of the Christian religion, but dis-
credited its supernatural origin and rejected the miracles.
Amonc his works is a "Life of Jesus," (1863,) the suc-
cess of which is attributed partly to the perfection of his
^le. It has been denounced as impious by several
nench prelates. This was followed by a number of
works imder the general title of " History of the Origin
of ChristUnily," erobradng "The AposUes," (1866,)
'■ Saint Paul and his Mission," ( 1867,) " Antichrist,"
(1873,) and "The Christian Church," (1879.) His
latest literary work ot importance was " History of
the People of Israel," (5 vols., 1887-94.) He wrote
many works of a more general character, such as
" History of the Semitic Languages," (1854,) "The
Future of Science," (1890,) "Brother and Sister,"
(189s,) etc. Died October 2, 1892.

Sh ScKnn. "M«!>nE'>:" "NootfIIc Biognipliii CMntnlti'
"Ettinbunih RcTicw" \tn A|?ril. 1864; '' Blickirood • Uuaibe" ibt
Na.tmb«, lS£i : " Briliih fiuAnirl, Review- (or July and OcWba.
iS«i, audOelobei, iS«6: "Weilmiiiiigr Review" for October. iSU;
" ^ftTth Brilith Review" fci FnhrLUir. iSfi^

Renud. rfh-nSR', 0ean Augustin.) a French archi-
tect, born in Paris in 1744. , lie studied in Rome, and
was patronized by the king. Among his work* was the

K' ss roof (comilt) of the Salon d'Eiposition of the
uvre. Died in 1807.

Renaid, (Jean Baptists Bruno,) a Bel^an miliUry
writer, bom at Tournai in 1804. Among his works is a
" Political and Military History of Belgium," l3 Tob.,
1847-51.) He died at Brussels, July 3, 1S79.

in Aii, (l^^See Eiplanadona, p. 93,'
Digitized ay CjOOQ IC

RENARD aa

R«nard, (Simon.) a diplomatist, born it Vetonl, in
France, enieted the service of Pliilip II. of Spain, who
tmpjajrcd him ai an ambauador. He was an enemj of
Cardinal Gnnvelle, Died al Madrid in 1575.

Rouata. Sec RENia.

Ranatm. See Rent.

b'vesacls or

, ,„ ,, „ « *" bom-

baided in 16S0. He directed the sie^e oi Gibraltar in
1704, ID the cerricc oI Philip V. of Spain. He pabliihed
a "Thiorie de la Manceuvre dee Vaisseaux," (16S9.)
XNedin 1719.

" Noimllt Bicignphie Ciainlt."

Ronaad. See Reshaud.

Renandlo, da la, dfh ll rfh-nS'de', (GoDsntoi,) a
French Huguenot, was the leader oF a conspiracy againlt
the &mily of Gnise, called " the conspiracy of Amboiae."
The design having been betrayed, he was killed In a
Gght with the partisans of (he Guisea, in 156a

Sh Diitila. "Ibi Cinl Wut of Fiuea:" "NoBnll* Bw.
pipUt Otainit."

SenaudUre, La. See La RsNAUDitRs.

Renandln, r^h-nS'diN', (Jkak Francois,} a French
admiral, born in Suntonge in 17J7. He dlsdnpibhcd
hiouelf as captain of Le Vengenr in a battle against (he
English on the 1st of June, 1794. His ahip wai *nnk
in tliis action. Died in 1E09.

SHVAi(TA>Ac;"Hii(are(k la Muina ;" " NouyoUs Biocn-
pliie Gte^nle. "

Renandin, (Uopold,) ■ French JacoUn, bom In
Lorraine in 1749, was. a partiaan of Robespierre. He
iras guillotined with Fonqnier-Tinville in 1795.

Renandot, rfh-nS'do', (Claodi,) a French hiatotian,
born at Veaonl about 1730, wrote "The Revolntiona
of Empires," (3 vol*., 1709,) and other works. Died
about 1780.

S« QviiAiD, " Ll FiMca Linjrtlrt."

Senandot, (EustBE,) AsBi, a French OrientalUt
and writer on the history of the Eastern Chnrch, a
grandson of Thtephraste, noticed below, waa bora in
Paris in 164GL He was versed in the Syriac and Arabic
languages. In 1689 he waa chosen a member of the
French Academy. Among his principal works are a
"History uf (he Patriarchs of Alexandria," (1713,)
which is said to be the moat complete work on the
ecclesiastic history of Christian ^ypt, and a "Col-
lection of Oriental Liturgies," (a vola., 171&.) Died

." DicdoaDiIra HiUDhque i"

tjao.

Sh NicfaoH, '- Utauana :" h
"Hninlk Biocnpbit C^olnli.'

Raoaudot (THioFHEArn,) * French physician and
journalist, born at Loudun in 1584. was the grandfather
of the preceding. He founded m 1631 the "Gazette de
France," the hTst of French newspapers, which be
continued to paljish in Paris until his death, in t6<3.
After his death it was pulilished t^ his sons, Eusibe
and Isaac

sician in the army during the e

e Louis Philippe. He
wrote articles for the "Bioffraphie Universelle," and a
"Sketch of the History of Hedidne," (iSil.] Died
in 1859.

See Sachaili, " La UMcam de Piru."

Reuaxal, rli-nlfsee, (Filiffo Makia,) an Italian
iurist. born at Rome in 1743. He was professor of
enminil law at Rome about thirty-four years. Me pub-
lished " Elements of Criminal Law," (3 vols., 1773-81,)
which was highly esteemed and often reprinted. Died
In 1808.

See HaHTAHAal, "EliKt dell'ATracua F. M. Renuii," it>6;
■— ■ [lo diTTM. Rnumi." iBi*

Ren'dfl, (Jauu Meadows,) an English c

46 RENEE

was distingnlshed as a conatmctor of bridges, dodki^
harbours, and bydraolic works. He settled in Londoa
in 1S38. Among his works are the harbour* of HoIt-
head and Portland, and the docks at Birkenhead. In
185s he was employed by the senate of Hamburg ttt
protect the ^tt of that dty from the accumulatioii of
Band. Died m November, tSjfi.

Rauda, r&H'dii', (Aubkoisb Makik Modbsti,) a
Frenchman, noted as the organizer of primary instrac-
tion in France, was bom in 1778. He was appointed a
member of the coundl of the university in 1809, and
was fbr many years superintendent of primary schools
He wrote several works on education, morals, etc Died
in 186a

Sea Euoam Rdidd. "AmliraH Reoda et i'UniTcniM li
Fnma." 1S61: "Hounll* Koinpfaii O^ntnle."

Rendu, (EtrotNE,) a publicist, a son of the preoedfa^
was bora in Paris in 1S14. He has written ou edtK>>
tion, and on the political relations of France, Italy, and

Rendu, Qbahnk Marib,) called Sister RosALti, a
French nun and philanthropiat, bom at Comfort in 1787.
She lived in Pans, and was eminent for her charitabw
deeds. Several sovereigns selected her as the dispenact
of their alms. Died in 1856.

Sea Euckn Rindu. "Ifalice nr li Scenr Roolie Roidi,"
lirt; VicoH-n m Maun), "Vie de la Sceur Roulie," iSn;
BissiiR. PAiiKn,"TiKlfe Biatnpliicil Skalchea:" "NomlL
Bwsnphic G^^nlo.^'

Readti, (Louis,) a French prelate and writer, bon
at Meyrin in 1789, was a first-consin of the preceding
He became Bishop of Annecy in 1843. He wrote sev.
era! sdentiGc works, and a "Treatise on the Infioenca
of Laws on Morals, and of Morals on Laws," (1833.)
Died in 1859.

Rendu, |Vicn)R,) a French writer 00 raral economy,
bom in Pans, May 3, 1809, was a son of Ambroise Marie,
noticed above. He wrote "Nouvein Spectacle de la
Nature," (to vols., 1S39.) Died in June, 1877.

Rani, rfh-ni', |Lat Rkna'tus,] of Anjou, Duke of
Anjou and Lorraine, King of Naples, Jerusalem, and
Sicily, and Count of Provence, etc, called "the good
Xing Reni," was bom in 1409. He was a son of Louis
II., Duke of Anjou and Count of Provence. He suc-
ceeded his brother, Louis III., in 1434, and bj the will
of Oneen Joanna, who died in 143;, he became heir to
the llironc of Naples. This throne, however, was claimed
by Alfonso of Aragon, who drove Reni ont of Naples in
1441 and remained master of (hat kingdom. Ren^ was
an ally of Charles VII. of France in his war against the
English. He found recreation in art and literature ; he
was a poet, and is said, on doubtful authority, to have
been a painter and sculptor. His daughter Margaret
was the wife of Henry VL of England, He di«I in
148a Four quarto volume* of his works have been
pnblisfaed.

Sh U. n TiiumuTa-BAKaMaiiT, " Hietein ik RcnJ d-An-
Ji>g.")n)le., 1B15: Co>D*uja-DaLAiiDUS,"R«<d'Aiijoa,"iBji:
I^COT na u Uahciu, " Le Roi RcdI," i»rj.

Ranaanlma, rfh-nom', (Michu. Loaia,] a French
botanist, bora at Blois about 1675. He became a mem-
ber of the Academy of Sciences, and was charged tw
his colleagues to revise and publish the manuscnpts of
Toumefort, but appears not to have performed that task.
Died in 1739.

Reneatume, de, d^h rfh-n%n', (Paul,) a French
botanist and physidan, born at Blois about ij6a He
published "Specimen of the History of Plants," ("Speci-
men Historic Planiarnm," 1611.} Died in 1614.

RenAa^ [It Rxnata, rjk-nl'tl,] or RenAe de IVonoa^
tfh-ni' dfh faAHss, a daughter of Louis XII., was born
in i5io,snd was married m 1517 to the Dnke of Ferratx
She was eminent for talents and learning, and was a
liberal patron of literary men. She was converted ti

Protestantism by Calvin about 15*5. Alter the death

of her husband (lS59) she resided in F

targis, where she displayed Grn

France, at Mon-
„ . and courage in

protecting the persecuted Huguenots, Died in 157J

on 576.

Saa CA-mAU-CAttBTiu^ "Vie da Ranfa da France," iilt;

MOhck, "Renfa nn Eat," iSji ; " Unwinak of Rnfe -d Fib^

Doehaaa of Ferran," Lowto, iSj^

ILL 6. &.«./;•«« i.tA,!a

IS prolonged; i, i,[,6,ii,]f,f^i<rt,'f,f,),o><>^i«ri',-nU',fllt,lli;ni£t:natigd6din

db, Google

In 18491 '"^ chief editor of the " Coiutitolionnel" in
18(7. He wrote utjcles for the " NoDielle BioRraphie
Gcn^ral^" and published lereral worlu, one otwiiich
k entitled "The Nieces of Mazarin," (3 vol*., 1S56.)
Died in NoTCmber, 1859.

RenJ, (GviDO.) Se« Gvrao.

Hcnler, rfh-n^', (CHAUjra Alphonsi IA>n,) a
FMnch antiquary, bom at Charleville (Ardennes) in
■809. He became a member of the Academy of In-
tcriptioD* in 1856. His researches in Latin inscriptions
were so aaccessfut that a chair of Roman antiquities and
•pisraphy was founded for him at Paris in 1861. In
1855 he was elected president of the Imperial Sodety
•f ADtiqaarics. Died in 18S5.

Raaler, rli-ne-ai*', (Stetano Andrka,) an Italian
nataralitt, bora at Chioggia, near Venice, in 1759. He
obtained the chaii of natural history at Padua m 1806.
He wrote "Tables of Zoology," a "Catilogne of Shell-
Fish," (180a,) and " Elements of If ineralogy," (1335-3&.}
IKed in 1830.

S(C Caicackd, " Ekifla lUiiko fi S. A. Reahr," iBjg.

t, rl-ne-frec, (VlNCSmo,) an Italian istrou-
« bom at Genoa. He was » pupil of Galileo^
who, when his sight foiled in 1637, committed to his care
■otae observations on the lalelliles of Jupiter. Renieii
published these, under the title of "Tabulge Medice*
onivenalea," (s toIs., 1639-47.) Died at Pisa b 1648.

Rankla, (Swalm.) See Rannbquin,

Rsiui«fort, de, dfh rCnTos', (Ukbain Souchu,) a
French traveller, born about 1630. He pnblisbed

"History ..

R«lui«l See Renkku.

Rvn'n^U or Ran'tifl, (jAtm,) a British
and eminent geographer, was bom near Chodleigh, in
DcTanahire, In 1743. Aa an engineer of the East India
Company, he terTed In the campaigns of Lord Clire,
obtained the rank of major, and became surreyor-gene-
ral of Bengal. Having relumed to England about 1781,
He published an excdient map of Hmdostan, accom-
panied bj a Memoir, (1783.) He was elected about
17S3 a Fellow of the Royal Society. His reputation
was widely extended by "The Geographical S^tem of
Herodotus Examined and Explained," (1800,) a work of
great meriL Among his other works are " Itlustratioos,
chiefly Geographical, of the History of the Expedition
of the Yoangcr Cyrus from Sardis to llabylon, and the
Retreat of the Tea Thousand," (l8t6,) and a "Treatise

n Atlas, (1S31.) Died^

ni830.

H. ReniuU," latTT^HiMTcllg Bidcnphi* G«n^>l<
Reinew" Jar Deccrabv, 1S00,

Oitrruet A
;" "Momhl

Rannell, (Thomas,) an English portrait-painter, bom
inDevonshirein 1718; died m 1788,

Rennell, (Thoiias,) an eloquent English preacher,
bom in 1753. He became Dean ofWlndiester in 1805.
^- " laid iThI William Ellt called him the "Demos-

thenes of the pulpit." A volume of
puUished. Died in 184a

his s

r HaniMd, (Thomas,) a teamed English
tbeologian, born at Windiesler in 17S7. He became
vkar of Kensington in t8itit and prebendary of Salis-
bury in 1833. He wrote several works on theology.
Died in 1814-

ReimoTille, de, dfh rin'vil', {RzHt Auoutte Con-
WAKTIN,) a French lUt/raieur, bora at Caen about 165a
He was confined in the Bastille from 170a to 1713, on a
cliarge tiiat he was a spy. He wrote a " History of the
Bastille," I1715,) and several poems. Died in 1723.

HeoDle, ren'ne, (Giorge,) a civil and mechanical
engineer, born in Surrey in 1791, was a son of John,
noticed below. He formed a partnership with his
brother John. They built docks at Deptford, Chaihan,
and Plymouth, the East and West India Docks at
London, the harbour of Liverpool, and other harbours.
They constructed steam-engines for many vessels-of-
war and for the steamers of the Peninsular and Oiienial
KaTJgation Company. Among their works are several

Friction of Solids," and " On Hydraulics." Died in i864

Ronnie, (John,) a distinguished British dvil engineer,
architect, and mechanician, bom at Fhantassie, in Had-
dingtonshire, Scotland, in June, 1761. He removed to
London about 17SZ, and was lirst employed in the labri-
otion of steam-engines and other machinery. About
iSoo he erected a tine bridge al Kelso. He was after-
wards employed as engineer of many public worka,
among which are the Kennet and Avon Canal, the Sootb-
wark Bridge over the Thames, the London Docks, the

ier at Holyhead, and the Waterloo Bridge. D. iSll.

Remil*, (Sir John,) F.R.S., a younger son of tb«
preceding, was bom about 179& He was architect of
the London Bridge, which was finished in 1831. He
ceased to be a partner of his brother in i34<, after
which he devoted his time to architecture. Died 1874.

Ren'ol-lqr, written also Shanger, (Mickakl,) an
English clergyman and Lalin poet, born in Hampshire
in 15S9. He was one of the chaplains of Queen Eliza-
beth, and Archdeacon of Winchester. Died in 1609.

Re'oo, (JBSSK L.,) an American general, bom in Vii-
„-nia in i £15, graduated at West Point in t34& He
served as an officer in the Mexican war, (1846-47,) and
became a captain in l86a He commanded a brigade
of Ihe Union army at Roanoke Island and at Newbem,
March, iMl. He served with the rank of major-gene-
ral at (he second tiaitle of Bull Run, August 39 and 30
of the taroe year. He rendered important services at
South Mountain, where he was killed, September 14,
i86>.

Ranon, r(h-noo', (Antoine,) a French painter and
versifier, born in Paris in 1731. He translated Dufres-
noy's lAtin poem on Painting, (1789,) and Taaso's "Je-
rusalem Delivered." Died in 1S06.

Ranonard, reh-noo'tn', (Antoink Aucuctin,] a
French Inbliographer, born in Paris in 1 765, was a book-
seller. He published, besides other work^ " Annals of
the Printing-press ol Aldus, or a History of the Three

Hanutii and their Editions," (1S03,) and a " History of
the Family of Estienne (Stephanus) and of their Edi-
tions," (183&) Died in i8s3-

son of the preceding, was bom m IT94. He became ■
peer of France in 1846. He published a " Treatise oe
the Rights of Authors In Literature," etc., (a vols., 1838J
and other works. Died August 17, iSyi

Renonard, (Nicolas,) a French translator, bom in
Berry, lived about 1615-40. He produced a versioa
of Ovid's "Metamorphoses," (1615,) which was veiy

Renonf, reh'noof, (Ekile,) painter, bom at Paris
In 1845. He devoted himself to game, landscape and
marine pictures. He was awarded the Cross of the
Legion of Honour in iSSg.

Renonf, (Sir Petbr lk Pagk.) a British scholar,
bom on the isle of GuemEcy in 1824, He studied at
Pembroke College, Oxford, became a Roman Catholic
in 1842, and in 1855 was appoinled a professor of
ancient history and Eastern languages in the Catholic
University, Dublin. He was keeper ol Egyptian and
Assyrian anliquities at the British Mnseum 1885-91.
Among his works are "Noieson Egypiian Philology,"
(1866,) "Lectures on the Origin and Growth of Re-
ligion," (iSSo,) etc Knighted in 1S96, died in 1897.
"Reuonvler, r^h-noo'v^^', (Chaiii.es Bbr'nard,) a
French writer on politics and philosophy, born in 1S15,
joined the radical parly. Among his works are a
'•Manual of Ancient Philosophy," (2 vols., 1S44,) and
"Essays of General Criticism,'' (" Essais de Critiqne
g^n^rale," 1854.)

Reaonviet, (Jules.) a French archxologist, born al
Montpeltier in 1804. He was a republican member of
the Constituent Assembly of 1848, and an opponent rf
Louis Napoleon in 1850. He wrote, besides other work*
" Notes on the Gothic Monuments of Pisa, Florence
Rome, and Naples," (1341,] and a valuable treatise oi
engraving, entitled "Des Types et des Manitre* dtt

»mi; t—i:tAani; tt»j;a,ii,x,^iiatirai; n,Hiuai; K,trilbi/;iaai; thaaiaHu. fg^^ee Explanations, p. ajj

6M"tIoiiTcIliBi<«Taphh(Mi>Jnlg."

Reu'Bhaw, (Wiixiam B.,) an American naval officer,
bom in New Votk State, entered the navy in iSjl. He
became a lieatenant in 1841, and a commander in 1861.
In the latter part of 1S63 he obtained command of a
tqaadron which blockaded Galveston. He blew np
bf> ship, which had run aground near Galveston, rather
than •urtender it, and was killed by the explosion
Janiuu^, 1S63.

Sea TtMHn, " MlilaiT and KiTil HiMory of Ihe Rd«Uioii

RoDtl or Renty, da, dfh iSH'te', (Gaston Ji
Bajtists,} Bakon, a French ascetic; born near Baycux
in i6tl, waa noted for piety. Died in 1648.

S« P. DB SAnn^IuRi. "Vit de H. ds Renir." iSji. (Thii
«u abridged by JbhoWmslkv.)

Ren^, de. See Renti, de.

Rennccl, ri-nont'chee, (Francesco Ottaviano,) i
Italian historian, born in Corsica in 1767. He wrote _
"History of Corsica from 1789 to 1830," (1834.) Died

Raniuson, de, d^h r^h-nU'sdN', (Philipfe,} a French
jurist, bom at Mans in 1631 ; died in 1669. The French
biographer who gives the dates as above says, " At tt
age of forty-nine he passed for one of the ablest jnrists

R«ii'wlck, (James,) a Scottish preacher, called
inaTtyi of the Covenant, was bom in Dumfries-shi
about 1661. He was an active and sncompromising
promoler of the cause of the Covenanter*. He was
executed in i6S3.

Ren'wlck, (James,) LL.D., an American savant,
bom in 1792, became in i8>a professor of chemistry and
physics at Columbia Ciillege, New York. He published
"Treatise on the Steam Engine," (1830,) "Oullinea
of Natural Phitosophy," (iBis.) " Outlines of Geology,"
(1838,) a "Memoir of De Witt Clinton," (1840.) and
Ljves of Kobert Fulton, David Rillenhouae, and Count
Rnmford, in Sparka's "American Bitmaphy." Died '
New York in 1863.

Renzl, rin'zee, (Antonio,) an Italian scholar and
critic, born at CastelsalG in 17S0. He edited the works
of Dante, Ariosto, and Petrarch. Died in 1S33.

Bepelaer van IM«1, if'pfh-llR' vin dReel, (Oi
XBR,) a Dutch statesman, bom at Dort In 1759; died
In 1S32.

Repnia, rlp-nftn' or rip-neen', written also Repnlu*,
(Nicholas Vasilikvitch,) Prince, a Ruaaian general
and diplomatist, born in 1734, was a nephew of Count
Panin. He was sent as ambassador to Poland in 1764,
and gave much offence to the Poles by hia arrogance
and by hia eSbrls to destroy their nationality. In 1774
he signed with the Turkishvizier the treaty of Koutchouk*
Kainardji, Having oiitained command of the arm) oi
the Ukraine, he defeated the Turks at MaUin in 1791.
He was raised to the rank of field-marshal in 1796.
Died in 1801.

Repp, r!p, (TuoRLBiy Guduuhdsson,} an Icelandic
linguist, bom at Reykiadal in 1794. Among bis
works are an "Historical Treatise on the Trial by
Jury," in English, (1S32,) and " Dano- Hungarian
Discoveries," (1843-) He died December 4, 1857.

Rep'plieT, (Agnes,) an American essayist, born
at Philadelphia in 1858. Her works include " Book;

etc.

Repaold,r!p'solt,(JoHANNGBORG,) a German mecha-
nician, born in the kingdom of Hanover in 1770, became
noted for the excellence of his astronomical and other
instruments. Died in 1830.

R8p't9n, (HUMFHRV,) an English landscape-gardenei,
born at Bury Saint Edmund's in 175J. He was a nu-.r.
chant in hia youth, but, having failed in bu5in<

a Spanish antiquary and writer on Gne arts, was bom at
Granada about 173a (Another writer says be was born
at Calatraho in 1743.) He became a resident of Ronu
about 1767. He produced > treatjae on ancient painting
entitled " Essay on the Restoration of Ancient Art|"
C Saggio sul Ristabilimento dell'antica Arte," etc., 17S4.)
Died about 180;.

Reqaesaiu, ri'kl-slns', (Luis de Znlllga — tboaa-
yee'^) a Spanish commander, bom in 1522. He dia-
tinguished himself as lieutenant of Don John of Austria
at the battle of Lepanto, and succeeded the Duke of
Alva in 1573 as Governor of the Netheriands,thepeo[rf«
of which were then in arms gainst the Spanish domi-
nation. His army gained a victory over Ixiuts <k Nassau
near Nymwegen ; but this advantage was neutralised by a
mutinyofthe Spaniards. While his armyvras beriegfng
Ziriaet, he died, in 1576. He was an able gennal, ana
inclined to moderation In the use of power.

Sr Monjcr'i " Hielsr; oC the Dutch Republic;" toI. U.

Reqolor, r(h.k£;J', ? (Augustus Julian,) an Amen
can politician and writer, waa bom at Charleston, South
Carolina, in 1835, On the secession of Alabama, in l86t,
he was appointed district attomey for the (oMhem
district of that State. He wrote levcral poems and
dramas. Died March 19, 1SS7.

Reqnler, rf h-k^', (Jean Baptist^) a French writer
and translator, born at Pignana in 1715 ; died in 1799.

RatjxtlD, rfh-kAN', (Achillb Pierre,] a French inedi-
cal wnter, txnn at Lyons in 1803 ; died in Paris in i8j^

Renaby, reers^ (Sir John,] an English loyalist
and member of Parliament, wrote " Memoirs containtng
several Private and Remarkable Transactions from the
Restoration to the Revolution inclusively," (1734.]

See'-Ufaoir«de 5ii Tohn Rereebr," Pari*; "Monk'tCoB-
■ ■■■ '■- - ■'R-lTii.DefliTeR.Ti™."!

Si.dli

ReabBcq, da, d$h ris'blk', (AmLPHE Cuaklju
TfttoDOSB Fontaine,} a French writer, bom at UUi
' 1813. He published many books. Died in 1865.

Reeohld. See Resheed.

Reaends, da, dl ri-stn'di, (GAkciA,) a Portuguese

Blorian, bom at Evora about 147a He wrote a " His'

ry of John U.," (1545.) Died in 1554.

Resenda, de, (L. Andrea,} a Portuguese antiquary
and poet, bom at Evora in 149^ He wrote, baidea
other works, " Antiquities of Portugal," (" Antiquitatea
Lu^taniae," 1593-} He opened a school at Evor^ ia
which many eminent scholars were educated. According
•- M, Weiss, he was "the restorer of learning in Por-
■ Died in 1573.

i'ne-Oa

aaanltia, ri-s&'ni

H Paul.) a Danish theo-

theology at Copenhagen, and translated the Bible
ilo Danish. Died in 1638.

BeaenluB, (Petek,) a grandson of the preceding, waa
bom at Copenhagen in im$. He obtained a chair of law
in the University of that city in 1663. He puUished
" Copenhagen Inscriptions, Latin, Danish, and German,"
("Inscriptiones Hafnienset, Latinae, Dantcae el (jernu-
Irae," 1668,) and some legal vrorks, Died in i688.
5u NictaoH. "KHnnin."

Reaheed {or Reoobld] Pasha, reh-sheed'p&'ahl',
called also Muatafk {mSbi'tl-fl) Realieed, a Turkish
1 vizier and reformer, born at Constantinople about
, was a brother-in-law of Alee Pasha He obtained
the rank of pasha in 1S34, and was sent as ambassador
to Paris and London. He was grand virier fur a short
time in 1S37, and waa appointed minister of forelKo
affairs in 1839, and afterwards ably and constancy

Eromoted the political and social reforms begun t^
[ahmood IL Died in 1858.

Resnel du Bellay, dii, dU rfntl' dti bVW, (Jkam
Francis,} AbbA, a French poet and translator, born at
Rouen in 1692, became canon of a church in Paris in
1724. He produced poetical versions of Pope's "Essay
on Criticism" (1730) and "Essay on Man," (1737,) In
which, it is said, he was aided by Voltaire. He waa ad-
mitted into the French Academy inl 74a. Died In 1761.
See " MDUnUe Bkcraphie GAitrale."

Reataurand, rfe'tS'rBN', (Raymond,) a FVencb

1. 1, 1, % S, I, long; *, *, 6. same, less prolonged; i, t, 1, 6, E, f, liort; », e, j, 9, eiicure; fir, fill, fit; mCt; nfil; fWd; ■

medical mitw, bom at Pont Salnt-Esprit *boot 1617 ,
died in 168a.

Rastant, rfa'ti/, (Pierre,) » French grammarian and
advocate, born al Beauvais in 1696. lie wrote an ele-
mentarv "Treatise on French G «mmar." {1730,) which
the University adopted a» classic Died in 1764.

Restont, lEt'Ioo', (Jeah.J a French painter, bom at
Rouen in iSga, was » pupil and nephew of Jouvenet
His wotIcs were more admired by hii cuntemporariea
than they are now Died in 1768.

Reatont, [Jean Bernard,) a painter, bom in Parb
In 1731, was a aon of the preceding. He gained the
first priie in 1758, after which he studied at Rome.
Di^iniM? . . , -■

RaaUEe, DK raih'ke', (jEAtt,) tenor (inger, bom at
Wanaw in 1853, appeBred in Lortdon Id 1S75, aodlater
became a leading tenor in grand opera in the United
Stales, his chief pans being " Faust,'' "Kadames" and
"Vaaco." — His brother EdouARd, bus singer, bom in

both of which were greatly admired. About 1S40 he
removed to Frankfort. Among hia chief works are a
■eries of frescos at Aix-1a-ChapeI1e, representing (he
exploits of Charlemagne, and "The Passitge of the Alps
by Hannibal." He was an excellent designer His last
years were passed at Rome, where he died in iSjo.

Hea See Rati

RAtlf or Reattr de la Bretonna. ti'itr dfh II bR«b-
ton', (Nicolas Edhe,) a prolific and licentious French
writer of 6ction, born near Auxerre in 1734 , died poor,
in Paris, in 1806.

Rettberg, ritTilRC, (Friedrich Wilkelm,) a Ger-

man theologian and professor of theology at Marburg,
bom at Celle in 1S05. Hia principal work Is an " Eccte-
wastical Historjr of Germany," {lS4G>) Died In 1S49.

Rati, r^ (N.,) a French mediod writer, born
Anas. He obtained the title of physidan to the king
about 179a. Died about iSia

Reti^ d«, dfh riss, (Albert de Oondl— dfh gAH*-
de'.) a French courtier and general, bom at Florence in
1521, was a grandfather of Cardinal de Retz. He be-
came a bvourlte of Charles IX., and was one of the
initigatoraof the Massacre of Saint Bartholomew, (1572.1
Diedln tfioi.

Rota, do, (GiLLis.) See Rais.

Rati, fits, de, IFr. pron. d«h tisi,] (JSAtt Francis
Padl DC Condi,) Cardinal, an ambitious French prel-
ate, distinguished (or his talents and factious intrigues,
was bom of a noble family at Montnurail in 1614. He
attempted, by debaucheries and scandalous actions, to
frustrate the purpose of his family, who destined him
for the church. Ha studied, however, with ardour,
eained distinction as a disputant, and courted popularity
by profuse donations to the poor. In 1643 he was
nominitpd coadjutor of the Archbishop of Parts, who
was his uncle. The civil war of the Fronde, which
began in 1649, afforded him an opportunitv to gratify
his ambition to be the chief of a party. He became
the master-spirit of the Frondeura, but is said to have
opposed the more violent tendencies of that faction

■654. He went to Rome and took part in the

of a nevr pope After he had passed some years in the
Low Countries, he was permitted to return to France.
He paid his debts, which were very large, and spent the
rest of his life in retirement. It appears that his moral
character was somewhat reformed after his imprison-
ment He died m 1679, leaving some interesting " M^.
moires,"(i7i7,) which have been translated into English.
SM*'Mi<niiin du Cirdinal ic Ren," Hnt'Drinttd >b > vcHi..
nn: VotTAiia, "Sitdt d* Lo-ii XtV" Muiir-Pathat.

* Rschtrchei htttoriiinei nr Ii Cardiiul iJiReii,''iSsnBiid4iala.
iSn, Ennliih innilidoQ o( Rru'i "M^rnoirtt," 1711. SAim-
Biuvii,-Ciu>«indiiUndi:" Michii.it, "Hiitoin de Fnm:"
SKHflHDt, "Hiiloira da Fiui{iiil" "NuTtUi Dkicni^ue Gfa^

Retilno, rlt'se-Os, (Anders Johan,) a Swedish n«tii-
mlist, born at Chriiitianstadt in 1742, was a pupil of
Unnaeus. He became professor of natural history at
Lund in 1777, and published a good work on the plant)
of Sweden, Norway, etc, entitled " Flor« Scandinavia
Piodromus," (1779-] I^'* treatise on botany, "Obteri
vationes botanicae," (1779-91,) is called hi* capital worlb
Died In 1811.

See Gaxauut, " Biacnpbbkt-LevcoD."

RetzliiB, (Anders Olop or Adolf,) a Swedish phj*
slcian, bom at Lund in 1796, was » son of the preceding.
He become professor of anatomy at I..nnd about 1814.
He wrote important works on medicine and natural
history Dieti at Stockholm in t86o,

Remaa, (MAGNt;3 Christian,) an able nedical
writer, a brother of the preceding, was born at Lund
about 1794. He became professor of chemistry at
Stockholm about 1810. Died October 6, 1871

Retzaoh, rttsh. (MORrn.) an eminent German de<
signer and painter, born at Dresden in 1779. He studied
at the Academy of Arts in that city, where he becama
professor of painting In 1S14. His etchings illoatrating
Goethe's "Faust," published In 1811, establtihed hU
reputation both In Germany and other countries. They
were followed by illustrations of Schiller and Shakspetre,
of Burger's "Lenore" and "Ballads," and other popular
works. As a portralt'painler, also, Retisch Is highly
esteemed. He was pre-eminent as an original designer
in outline among the artists of his time 1 his illustra-
tiona of Goethe's " Faust," in particular, have probably
never been surpassed by any works of the kind. Died
at Dresden In 1857

Sn .Naclw. "Aniemdne* KBiMlcr Leiilun:" "Toniti
thiinerlj Review" liii Jane, ili^ October, iSjj, «sd Oclobn',

ReDbeU. SeeREWBiU.

ReO'bfln. [HebL piUli Fr. Rueen, tVnAn'.] tha
eldest son of the Hebrew patriarch Jacob, was the uk-
cestor of one of the twelve tribes of IsiaeL

Sea Gentili xxix. ji, um n, ud arnL

Raaehlin,rolK.teen',[Lat.RRUCHi.l'NUS,]HelTenlKd
as Capoio, kip'ne-o, (JohannO an eminent GermM
writer, born at Pforzheim in 1455. He became an
excellent Greek and Latin scholar, and studied law at
Orljaiu, He was patronized by Eberhard, Duke of
VVUrtemberK, who employed him as secretary. Havinf
accompanied Eberhard to Rome, he became acquainted
with Pohtian and other eminent Italian literati. Ha
resided mostly at Stuttgart, where he was appointed
assessor of the supreme court about 1484. He was sub-
jected to persecution because he opposed a proposition
to burn all Hebrew books except the Bible, and waa
involved in a long controversy with 'he monks and bigots
on this subject He defended bis opinions 10 telatioD
) Hebrew books in his "Ocular Mirror." ("Speculum

fublished a " Hebrew Lexicon," and several other works,
le contributed much to the revival of classical learning;
Died at Stuttgart in 151I.

SeeM»LAi<™TKOH,"HijtortiReoch!im,"is!>. J H H*nFS,

" - ■■- ■ III. nnd irine ZeV

'Vlu Reu

' iMt ■ MovSRHOpr, " Rfuchlin '

Gti.i'.

Lahiv, '■ lohana Reuchlio," iS«> P Baih*ii, "Life ud
I nf ReucMin," tS4i Caauut. " DuKrtuio de J RvxIiliiMi,''
M Adhh, ^Vita Fhilouphotuni 1" "Hauv^lt BiognpUa

Bii^piua

Reuchllnua. See RlUCKLtN.

Heullly. ruh'ye*, (Jean,) a French traveller, born In
Picardy in ijSa He published "Travels in the Crimea
in 1803," [1806.) Died at Pisa in t8io

Ratimont, von, fon roi'moiit, (Alfred,) a German
diplumalist and lilllratmr. bom at Alx-la-Chapelie io
1S08, was employed on missions to Florence and Rome.
He wrote several works on Italian history and art, among
which are "Roman Letters," ("Romische llriefe,"4VoU.,
1840-44,) and "Benvenuio Cellini," (1846.) Dieil tSSy.

Reuauer, roit'nfr, jLaL Reusne'hus,] [Nikolau^

ihasiatlu. (3y~Sec EaplawUloiH,pka3.)

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

REUSS

■ German poet tnd Jnnit, bom at Lemberg, In Sileita, in
lU^ He wa* profiuiot of law at Scrubarg and at Jena.
He publiahed nnmcTDUt poem* and trealiset on law.
Died at Jena in 1601.

Sea JctUHi) WUT^ ■■ rua H. Kmnni," ifaj : " Noavtll* Bin-
papUa Gfatnla."

Bams, roiu, (Eddamd Wilriui Euoin,) a Protei-
lant theologian, born at Stra«barg, in AUace, July 18,
1804. He alodied at Gdttingen, Halle, and Pans, and
tn 1838 waa cdled to a profetionhip at Stnuburg.
After the ealabliahnient of the new German Univentty
at Stnabnrg be was called to a profesaonhip In it His
writinga, partly In French and paitlr in German, Include
• "HJatorrof the New Testament Scripture*," "Hiaiory
rf Christian TheoloCTi" " History of the Canon," and a
Ftench translation of tbe Bible, Died April 15, 1891.

Rontar, roi'tfr, (Fkitz.) a distinguished German

eiet, born at Stavenhagen, in Heckle nburg-Schwerin,
orember 7, 1810. He studied Jurisprudence at Ros-
tock, and in 1S31 went to Jena, where be joined (he
BurteAtKuhaJt,* (the assodation of German atadents,)
and the next year was arrested In Prussia snd con*
demned to death ; but the lentence was commuted to
lhlitTyears'_ imprisonment He waa, however, released
In 1040^ having been included in the general amnesty.
He wrote, in the Low German ( PlaltituUek) dialect,
various poems, comedies, and novels, which In their day
were much admired. Died July 13, 1874.

Rantor. (Julius,) a German, born in 1S39, gained
diatinclion as the institutor of a telegraphic system.
He was the first who furnished (clegrams of political
or general news to the public journals of Europe, His
business grew imioeDsely and extended to the re-
molest regions. Died in 1S99.

Reateidahl, roi'ttr-dll', (Henkik,) a Swedish theo-
logian, born at Malmd in 179$. He waa appointed
profeuorof theology St Lund in 1844. Among his works
are an " Introduction to Theology," (1837,) and a " His-
tory of (he Swedish Church," (i8}8rf/>7.} Died 1870.
.... ,« EH,) a Daleh painter, bom at

torroftheSw _ . ....

Rmtran, ruh'vjn, (Pikter,) a
Lerden In 1650 ; died in 1718,

Rair " ■" —

Ranwans, rol'vens, (Caspak Taoob CtniCTiAH,) a

nlch antiquary, born at the Hague In 1793. He
Decame proleHor of history and arcbsology at Lerden
In tSiS, and wrota several aniiquarian treitlte^ Died
la 1837.

Sm LanuHi^ - IpirtoU da VIls Kannult" iSfl.

RanTana, (Jan Evikaakd,) an emloent Dutch jurist,
born at Haarlem in 1763, wailhe father of the preceding.
He became a counsellor of the tapreme court at Pans
■bout iSio^and was author of the criminal code of Hol-
land. Died in i8i5.

Rara^, rl'voi, (Nicholas,) a Hunnrian poet and
philolorst, born in 1751. He wa» prdesaor of litera-
ture at PestK Died in 1S07.

HdTaUld-Paiiaa, ril'vi'yi' prrii*, (Josipb HHr«r,)
a French medical writer, bom at Nevera in 1782. He
practised En Paris, and wrote, besides other works,
" Researches on the Physique, Habits, and Diseases of
Literary Men," (i83<,) which gained the Montyon prl«
in 1S3J and is called a model treatise. Died in 1851

Sn CALLniH. " tftdidmKlui Schfilliieller-LmDioii."

RaTsI, rfh-vtl', (Gabriel,) a French painter, bom
at Chtteau-Thierry in 1643 ; died in 1711.

Rav'f-lay, (Willsv,) an English architect and an-
tiquary. According to severe authorities, he completed
ibe "Antiquities ^ Athens," left unfinished by StuuL

Ravar, rfh-vk'. (Masts FsAitCon Gillks,) a Prendi
antiquary, bom at Dol in 1753 j died in 1S28.

Revarobon, rfh-TlK'shftN*, (Jacqiiks, ) a French
Jacobin, bom in 1746, wai a member of the Convention,

SO REY

QT9*-95t) of the Council of Five Hundred, and of tha
Council of Elders. Died In i8>8.

Ravara, ri-vi'ri, (Giuseppe,) an Italian writer, bore
at Trieste in 1S13. He published between 1S19 and
1S40 four popular dramas, one of which is cnlllled '' Lo>
renro de' Medici," and another "The Mirquta of Bed*
mar." He also wrote some sonnets. Died in 1889.

Rarare, re-veer', (Paul,) an American patriot of
(he Revolution, and one of the earliest American en-
graver*, was born at Boston in 173^ Among his best
print* are "The Seventeen Resandera," and "The
Boston Massacre," He took an active part In tha
destmctiDn of the tea in Boston harbour, aitd was con-
spicuous for his patriotism in the political movement*
(u the time. His midnight expedition to Concord, to

S've notice of the intended attack of General Gage,
rms the subject of one of the poems in Longfellow's
•■ Wayside Inn." Died in iSiS.
Heraioni, ri- vi-ro'nee. (Jacques Ai«TOtNE,) a Frendi

RoTaa, da, d;h ri'vts, [Lat. Re'vius,] (Jakob,) a
Dutch Protestant divine, born at Deventer in 15S6. H«
became pro/etior of iheoloffy at Leyden about i64cvand
wrote several works. Died in 1658,

Rav'att, (Nicholas,) an English andquajy and archi-
lect, was bora in Suffolk in 1711. In company with
James Stuart, he went to Greeca about 1750 and spent
two years in exploring and delineating the ruins of
Athens. He was a partner of Stuart in tbe important
work entitled the "Antiquities of Athena," (3 vols.,
176a, 1790^ 1794.) He also produced, with Chandler,
"Ionian Ant)quitie*,"(i769.) After hi* retum to£qg>
land he practued a* an architect Died In 1S04.

Rarloskjr, ri'vits-ke, \ (Karl Ewsrich,) Coimr or,
a Hungarian linguist and diplomatist, bom in 1737. He
published an edition of Petronius, (1784,) snd a Cata*
logueof his own library, (Berlin, 1784.) Died in 1793.

RavlUa, (ALBXKT,)BFrench theologian, was bom

Dieppe in 1836, became pastor of the Walloon

Church at Rotterdam in 1851, and professor of re-

bislory. College of France, in iSSo. Among

h» works are volumes on the history of religion in

Mexico, Peru, Chins, etc. Died in 1906.

Bavins. See Rkves, (Jakob.)

Raroll, rfh-vwil', (Pierre Henri,) a French painter
of history and genre, bom at Lyons in 1776, was a pnpti
of David. He was professor of design m the Academr
of Lyons. Ha compoaed tongs and other rerset with
-- ime succe**. Died in l84>.

Rawbell or Ranball, roh'btl', (Jean Baptists.) a
French republican and Director, bom at Colmar, near
the Rhine, about 174&1 He was a member of the Con-
stituent Assembly ana of the Convention, in which he
mostly voted with the radicals; but after the gth Ther-
midor he becane an opponent of the Jacobins. In 179s
he was chosen a member of the Directory, and assumed
control of foreign affairs. He acted with the vtctonoua

itnichifl tlul Sand

,. ^ . I8o^

Hex'ford, (EbenT:u< ■ ■ ■

It Johnshurgh, Nev

n many stories, poems, works on floriculture,
ind the popular songs " Silver Threads among
the Gold" and "Only a Pansy Blossom."

Xtofi rk (Antoine Gabeiel Vehancf,] a French
general, bom in Rouergue in 1768. He became a gene<
lal of division in 1793 or 1794, and commanded with
(uccess in several actions in Spain between 180S and
1813. Died in 183&

Ray, (GulLLAUux,) a French medical writer, bom !■

By, practised in Lyons. Died in 175S.

Ray, (Jean,) a French physician and chemist, bonl

Bugue, in Ptrigord. He published in 1630 " EiaafS

ascertain the Cause why Tin and Lead Increaae in
Weight when they are calcined." He maintains that
this increase is the result of a combination of the metal
with atmospheric air. Died about 1645.

Bbj, (Jean,) a French writer and manufacturer, bom
at Monipellier in 1773. He subatiiuted the form* o(
flowers for the faniastic desigris of the Orienuls in tha

I, e, 1, 0, fl, r, J«y'; I, i, ^ sam^ less prolonged; i, £, 1, 6, C, jr.ritvf; a, & f , 9, <>Atc»v; lar. Oil, at; mtt; nfit; gSOd; tD<^

d by Google

Rmr.tjEAN BAFnsTE,] > French compMer, born in
imbeeune ■■ - ■ ■ . . .. -

e director of the enipeior's dupel in 1804.

[ Philippe,) a. French «

edocaiion, etc., wu born ai Grenoble in 1799. Amons
Theory and Practice of Social Science,"
(J vols.. 1341.) Died December 18; 1855.

his woilu is "Theory

aeybaad, rJ'bO', (Chakuu,) a French liulmititr,
bom at MarseiJles in 1801, wu a brother of Marie Roch
Louis, noticed below. Died October 16, 1864.

Reybaud, (tlENRirrTE Amaud,) a French oorel-
ill, born at Aries, December 13, tSot, became the wife
of the preceding. Died January I, 1871.

Reyband, [Marie Roch Louis,) a popular French
aathor, born at Maraeilles in t79<k He began life aa •
merchant, and lettled in Paris aooDt 1830. ta 1841 he

wor)i Is ■ novel called " Jirftme Palurol in Search of a
Social Position," (1S43,) to which he added a teqoel,
" Mrftme Palurol in Search of the Best of Republics,"

mnd mathetDatica, was bom In Saion* in 16^5. He pub*
llshed "Hathetia Moaaico-Biblica," (1G7S,] and other
trorlci. Died at Kiel In 1714.

Reyii, da, d^h tf n, (Jban,) a Flemish painter, bom
at Dankirk abont iCtO, was a pupit of Van Dyck, whom
he Is said to have iinitated with success. He worked in
I^ngtand for Van Dyck j but after the death of (he latter
he returned to Dunkirk. "The majority of bis pictures,"
asyi PJrits, "have often passed for the worlii of his
master." Died in 1678.
HcTiiB, do, di ril'nl

Spanish translator of th . .

o have been a Protestant. His version of the Bible,

K'nled at Bftle In ise9, waa the first in the Spanish
Ruage. Died at FVankforl In 1594.
Se7IUiiid, rfntC, (Ahtoike ANDiti Loms,) Bakon,
a French mathematician, bom In Parts In 1771. He was
amploj-ed about thftty years in the Polytechnic School
aa teacher and examiner. He pablished a namber of
Btandard works on geometry and algebra, which were In-
troduced as teat-booksintopnbllctchooU. Diedfni844.

Sm OvtaAao, " La rnan LllUrain !* *■ Noanlli Bioinphia

Beyiuiud, (Jean Ettmsr^ a French pbiloaoiiher,
bom at Lyons in 1806. In 1836 he became assoaated
with KerreLeroiutaa editor of the "EncycIopjdieNou-
Telie." He wa* a moderate democrat In the Assembly
of 1S48, and inpported Caraignac. His chief woil^
entitled "Earth and Heaven," (•'Terre et Ciel," 1854.)
had great success. Died June 28, 1863.

St* ** KcBTtD* Blognphit CteAak."

R«7noan, ri'tiVj (Charles RenI,) a French ge-
ometer, bom at Bnssac, In Anjou, in 1656. lie wa*
professor In a college at Angers, lie published
'Analysis Demonstrated," (lyoS,) and "Element* of
Hathemalics," (1714.) Died in 1728.

Rejner, ri'nfr, r (Edward,) an English Puritan
minister, bom in Yorkshire In 1600 He preached at
Lincoln. Died about 167&

Kayniar, rft'n^', (Avoustin BenoTt.) a Belgian
poet, born at Uege m 1759; died at Cologne in 1791.

Rernlar, rl'nM'> (Jean Louis,) a French general,
was bom at Lausanne In 1771. As chierofiheitaRof Mo-
rean, he displayed skill at Rastadt, Fiiedberg, Biberach,
and In the famous retreat of 1796. He commanded al
thesjegeof Acre In the temporary absence of Bonaparte,
and is said to have decided the victory at Hctiopotis,
(■799-) fn 1807 be had command of the army of Joseph,
King of Naples. He was taken prisoner at Leipsic,
(1813.) Died in 1814.

RerpleT, ri'ng^', (Jean Loins Airroir^E.) a Swiss
naturalist, born at Lausanne In if6s, was a brother of
the preceding. He accompanied the expedition to

on the Public and Koral Economy of the Celts and
Germans," {1808,) of the "Arabs and Jews.''jt830,) of tha
" Persian* and Phoenldans," (1S19,) etc Died to 181^

Sejmold do dunvaooy, d«, dfh rf ool'dfh Ms^
vSN'se', (Ckakles,) a French naval officer, bom at Pont
de Veyls (AIn) iti 1810. He produced a work on mari-
dme signal*, entitled "Code de Signanx, T^jgrapble
naatiqne polyglotte," (1856,) which has beeit adopted
by seventeen maritime powers. Died Sept. 9, 1877,

RoTaolda, rEn'^lz, (Edwakd,) an English bishop)
bom at Southampton in 1599. He favoured the Ptm-
byterians during the civil war, and took the Covenant
In 1648 be be^me Dean of Christ Church and vtce-
chancellor of the University of Oxford. He waa ejected
from these position* about iCjO, aOer which he preached
in London. He waa appointed Bishop of Norwich in
i66a He publithedanumber of religious worlc*^ which
ate highly esteemed. Died in 1676.

Reynolds, (Elmer Robbkt,) an American anti-
quarian and author, bom at Dansville, New York, in
18416. He served in the civil war and in the dvil
service, and explored the Indian antiquities of Mary-
land and Virginia. He was knighted by King Hum-
belt of Italy in 18S7. He published monographs of
his discoveries, several romances, etc.

Reynolds. (Jambs Embkson,) an Irish chemist,
bom in county Dublin in 1S44. In 1875 he became
professor of chemislry in the University of Dublin.
He made many discoveries in organic chemistry. His
principal work is " General Experimental Chemistry."

Reynotda, (John.) Sec Rainoldi.

Rsynolds, (John Folton,) an American genera]
bom at Lancaster, Pennsylvania, in iSzo, graduated at
West Point in 1S41, He served a* first He atenant in
the Mexican war, (1846-47,) and obtained the rank of
captain in 1SS5. He commanded a brigade In the Seven
Days' battle* near Richmond In Jane. 1861, and for his
services there received brevets as colonel and briRadier>
general in the regular army. In January, 1863, he waa
appointed a najor-senerat of volunteers. Ills corps
formed the vanguard of the army at Gettysburg, whcnra
he was killed on the isl of July, 1863.

Seg Tamtiv. " UUilair asd Nmal UIiuct tt th* IUb■nlla^■*

Reynolds, (Johk Hauiltoh,) an English poet, bom
In 179s, was a member of the legal profession. He
wrote a poem called " Safie." Died at Newport in 1851,

Reynolda, (Sir Joshua,) the most celebrated por-
trait-painter that England has produced, was bom at
Plymplon, In Devonshire, on the i6th of July, 1713. He
of the Rev. Samuel Reynolds. At the age of

Rome, Florence, Venice, and other cities of Italy,
When he first saw the works of Raphael in the Vatican,
he felt moch disappointment, — which he attributed to
his own Ignorance. The works of Titian and Tintoretto
contributed more to the formation of his style than those
of the Roman school He returned to England in the
aotumn of 1753, soon after which he acquired a li%b
reputation t? a portrait of Commodore KeppeL In
1760 he raised his price to twenty-five guineas for a
head, and one hundred guiiteaa for a whore-lenKlh por-
trait. He painted in 1763 a pictnrs of "Garrick between
Tragedy and Comedy."

In 1764 Mr, Reynold* and Dr. Johnson, who had
become intimate friends, founded the Literary Clnb^
composed of twelve members, among whom were Burke
and Goldsmith. He was chosen president of the Roval
Academy in 1768, and was knighted on that occasion.
He delivered before the Academy a series of" Lecture*
on Painting;," which were generallv admired and were
translated into several language*. In 178^ he produced
a beautiful allegorical portrait of " Mrs. Siddons si th*
Tragic Muse," and received the title of prlDdpat painter
to the lung. He painted for the Empress M Rnaiiaa

«asi/;ss(;|4<ird'; fcas/;cH.K.fuffiMni/,- »,nasal;^Ml!ei; la**,- thasln/lii; (|^-See Explanation*, p. 13.)

REYNOLDS «

ptenu« Af" The In&Dt Hercules strangling the Ser-
penta," (178^) wWch il one othis best historical works.
He w*s never married. His career was a remirliable
iMtance of continnal prosperity. He died in February,
■793, leiTing an estate of about ;£So,ooa

Sir Joshiui is considered as the founder or ^e head
oflbeBritishschoolof painting. Heobtained powerful
effects tn a rich and harmonious colour and b^ his
distribntion of light and shade. His historical pieces
indicate that be was deficient in the grand style of design.
"Sir Joshaa Reynolds Is the most invulnerable man I
know,''iajr»Dr.Johnaon,— "the man with whom if jron
should quarrel, you will find the most ditficnity how to
abuse." "Reynolds, swineil of painters, was gentlest
of companions," saya Rnikbit "so, also, Velasquei,
Titiait, and Veronese."

br JcoBm FAamranxf, rnxmoDii, lei
ApHludiBlr, ilUt "EdidnuihRei

BeynOldB, (Richard,) an Eniliih bene&ctor, bom
In Brist^ In 1735, was a member of the Society of
Friends. He married Hannah Darby in 1757, and be*
came a partner in the iron and coal works at Ketlcy.
Id 1763 Iw removed to Coalbiook Dale, where he super-

,,_ m o{ railways. His business afforded him a

Isfge Income, a great part of which he expended in deeds

ofcharir^. He removed to Bristol in 1804- Died in 1816.

SM''I,«(trtoriUchud Rayno]ili,wiihaMEnu»rof hii Life."

tj hit pandduihia-, Hajcmah Uary IUthioiii, Philadelphia

number ofthe works of Horace VemeL Died in 1SJ5.

ReTDOBO. See Rewoso.

Reyrao, dv, d;h ri'rik', (FitANgoiS FHiLrppE Du<
UUKENS,) % French poet and priest, bom In Limousin
In 1734. He wrote"Rural Poeins,"and a"Hyron to
the Sun," 0777i} ■» poetical prase, wbicb was often
reprinted Died m 1781.

S*e B*i«HCw». * Etof* dc Rgrne," irl(

BeyTfl, rain, (Abb^ Joseph.) a French leacker and
writer of Juvenile books, was bom In Provence la 1735 ;
died in iSia.

and £

Beuano, rCt-sS'ni^ (Francesco,] a mediocre Italian
poet, bom at Como in 1731 ; died in 1780.

ResBonico, rCt-so-nee'ko, (Antonio GitrsEPPi;)
Coant de la Tour, (or della Torre, delli tor'ri,) u
Italian tUUrataar, bom at Como in 1709, became an
officer in the Spanish army. His chief work is "Re-
searches into the Life and writings of Pliny," (" Disqul-
utiones Plinianae," 3 vols, in fol., 1763-«7,) which is
praised as a model of critidsm. Died at Parma in 1785.

SMTii-ALogt "BkcnfiadeiUlaliad illinui."

R«»onioo, (Caua) See Clement XltL
Rauonlco, (Caklo Gaston t>ELLA Torre,) Cotrarr,
an Italian poet and prose writer, bom at Como in 1743,
waa a.son of Antonio C^useppe, noticed above. Among
bis works is a poem entitled "The Ruin of Como,
which is admired. Died at Naples In 1796.
SMG.fi.OiOTio,"D«llaVita£C. Raumico," iSu

Bhaflaitiante. See Rhadamanthus.

Bhad-a-man'tbtiB, [Gr. Tcu^uvftf; Fr. Rhada-
ManTE, rrdl'mBNt',1 a son of Jupiter and Europa, and
a brother of Minos. According to tradition, he married
.Alcmena, the mother of Hercules, was eminent for bis
justice, and after death became one of the chief judges
of the lower world, or Elysiuin.

RhalllB, rSI'lis, (George Alexander.) a modem
Greek jurist, bom at Constantinople in 1804. He be-
came minister of iustice of Greece in 1841, and after-

wards president ol the Areopagus, or court of cassation.
He publUhed several leeal wotlci. Died Sept. 15, 1SS3.

RJum, rSm, (Rev. William Lewis,) an enunent
writer on agriculture, bom at Utrecht In 1778. He waa
educated at Edinburgh and at Cambridge Univcrsily,
and became rector of Fersfield, Norfolk. He wrote
many articles for the " Penny Cyclopsedia," which were
published separately tinder the title of " Dictionary of
the Farm." Died in 1843.

RhangaM. See Rno RhamOabi;

Rho'?, [Gr. Teid, T£o, Ttiij, or Toj ; Fr. RhAa, AT,]

Soddess of classic mytholt^, whom the Romans
cd Ops or Cybele. According to Hesiod, she was a
daughter of Uianus and Ge, or Cnlns and Terra, the
wife of Cronos, (Saturn,) and the mother of lupiter,
Neptune, Pluto, Juno, Ceres, and Vesta. She wai
called "the Great Mother," and ''the Mother of the
Gods." The principal seat of ber worship was P
in Galatla. (See CvBELE.)

Se* Smith's "DktioiiaiT of Grtdi aad Ri
HjnboloET."

Rbo'a SQ'vI-f, or I11-(, JFr. RtA (or RhAa) SILVIA,
ri'l' sil've'i', or luE, ele',1 in Roman mythology, waa
a daughter of Numitor, and mother of Romulus and
Remus, whose father wis supposed to be Mars. The
king Amulius had compelled her to become a vestal
virgin to prevent hei from having of&pring, and aRer
the birth of her sons he drowned her in the river. The
poets feigned that she was changed into a goddess and
became the wife of the Anio.

Rheede, van, vln ri'dfh, (Hendrik Adriaas
DrBakenatetcv— dKi'kcn-stIn',) a Dutch naturalist, who
became Governor-General of the Malabar coast. Htt
collected materials for a costly work on ihe plant* of
India, entitled " Hortus Indicus Malabaricus," (ix
vols., 1670-1703,) in which he was aided by Casearios,
Commelm, and others. He died about I70(X

Rbesafl. See Rhigas.

Rbe&iek, ri'nik, (Chbistoph,) a German moslcal
composer, bom at Mcmmlngen in 17481 was aatbor of
several operas. Died in 1 796,

Rbelta, von, fon rl'tl, (Anton Maria SomtLX,) a
German astronomer, born in Bohemia about 1597. Ha
constracted a telescope with fbu^ lenses. Died at B%>
venni in i66c^

Rhenaniu, (Beatus.) See Beatd&

Rhenferd, rJn'fiRI, (Jakob,) a German Orientalist

bom in 1654. He became professor of Oriental Ian-
Frar ' "' " ""

I, } (Tohn David,) M.D., a phn*

_ „ , „. taosht

school in Italy, and published a number of works in IM

juages at Francker. Died in 1713.
jQieBS, rees, ? (John David,) SLD., a phHoIofis^
born in the island of Anglesey In 1534- He ^oght

language. Died in 1609.

Rbet^-ctts, [Ger. pron. li'te-kOs,] 'he surname of tn
astronomer, whose proper name was George Joachim.
He was bom al Feldkireh, near the Rhine.in 1514. He
became a pupil and assistant of Copernicus in IS39 ot
1540, and advocated [he Copemican system in his ■'Nar-
ratio de Libris Revolutionum Copemici," (1^40.) In
1541 he obtained a chair of mathematics al Wittenbei|^
He left a work of great labour, entitled " Opos Palaiiniun
de Triangulis," (1596,1 which contain^ besides a treatiM
on trigonometry, a table of sines^ costnea, tangents, etc;
Died in 1576.

Rhatt, (Kobebt Barkveli,) an American politician,
bom at Beaufort, South Carolina, in 180a Being elected
In 1833 attorney-general of the State, he acted with Ihe
Nulli^tion party, and in 1850 became a United State*
Senator. On ihe election of Mr. Lincoln, in lS6o,he was
a member of the Slate Convention wfiich passed an
ordinance of secession, and drew up Ihe add ess giving
reasons for this measure. Died Seplctnber r4, 1S76.

RhI-a'ntia, a Greek poet, bom in Crete, lived about
aw or MS B,a He wrote five or more poems, two of ,
which areentilled"Heracle!a"and'*Thesulica." Frag-
ments of hii works are extant.

Rhlgaa, rce'gSs, written also Rli«go and Rlgash
a modern Greek patriot and vrriter, bom in Thessaly
about i76ch He formed in early life a design to liberate
Greece from Ihe Turkish yoke, and, in order to promota
this design, organized a secret society, wrote popnlaf

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

RHTNTHON ao

•ongB, founded k Journal, published educational works,
etc. All these were In the modem Gieek language.
In 17^ he tns arrested at Trieste, delivered Ey the
Autiiani to (he Tarka, and drowned in the Danube
by tbe latter.

Rliln'Uioii, ['Ptsfcn',1 a Greek dramatic poet, bom at
Sjrracuse or Tarentam, Uved about 300 B.C. His works
are not extant

IU1I20S Rhansavla. See Rizo RkamoaxI;

tUio, Tfi, (A^^SAHDRO,) an Italian jurist, bom at
Milan in 1543 ; died in 1637.

Rhod«, n/d^h, or Rhodlns, ro'de-Os, (Johann,) i
Danish medical vrriter and antiquary, bom at Copen.
bagen about 1587; d:ed at Padua in 1659.

Rhode, ro'dth, (Jomank Georc,) a German Drien-
taltsi of Breslau. was noted for his researches in the
antiqaities and natural history of India. Died in 1827.

Rbodea. (Cecil John,) a South African stales-
man and promoter, was bora at Bishop- Storlford,
England, Julys, '^53- Going to Natal for his health,
he became ialerested in diamond mining, and in time
gained a controlling interest in the Kimberley mines.
He became a member of the Assembly at Capetown,
and entered the ministry there in tS&t, declining to
accompany his (riend General Gordon to Khartum.
He was prime minister of Cape Colony 1S90-96,
when be resigned on account of charges of his con-
nection with the Jameson raid into the Transvaal.
He secured in 1889 a charter for the British South
Africa Company, in 1893 conducted the war in Bechu-
arialand with Lobengula, and in 1S96 put down a
formidable rising of Uie Malabeles. His services in
securingthisregioatoGreat Britain were acknowledged
in its title of Rhodesia. His policy was to develop a
federal South African dominion under British control,
and he had formed the ambitious project of building a
continuons railway from Cairo to Capetown. He was
in Kimberley during its siege in 1899 by the Boers,
who sought to capture him as a leading agency in the
war. Died March z6, igos.

Rhodea, (James Ford), historian, bora at Oeve-
land, Ohio, in 1848. He has written " History of the
United States from the Compromise of 1850," (7 vols.,)
uid " Historical Essays."

Rhodlgiiias, ro-de-iee'noos, (CdLius,) an Italian

Ehilologist, whose family name was RicCHieitl (rtk-ke-
'ree) or RlccHEltl, (rtk-lti'ree,) was horn at Rovi^o
about 14JO. He became professor of Greek and Latin
at Milan m Ijt;. Hischief work is "Ancient Readings,"

Rhodomtum. See Rhodomaknus.

Rhodomatuiaa, ro-do-mln'nOa, or Rhodoinaiiii,|
ro'do-min', (Laurektius,) a German Hellenist, bom
at Sasftawerf, in Saxony, in 1546. He was prcfessor of!
Creek at Jena, and aucrwaids lectured on history at
Wittenberg. He wrote Greek verse with tcllity. and is
called one of the restorers of the Greek language in
Germany. Among his worlcs are a '* Life of Luther, In
Greek Verse," (1579,) and "Christian Poem on Pales-
tine," (" Foe^ ChHstiaiu Palestiiue," 1589.) Died In
160&.

Rhniikeii. See RuhhkeM-

Rhr'mQr, Thomna the, or Thomaa of Ercil-
dotuie, a Scottish poet, flourished between 1250 and
1300. He had the reputation of a prophet.

Rbyodaceous or RliyndaoonuH. See Lascakis.

Rhjne, Ten, t(n ri'n(h, (WiLLiM,) a Dutch natu-
ralist, twrn at Deventer about 1640^ He practised
nedicine at Batavia, explored the plants of Java, and
aided Van Rheede in composing hi* "Hortus Mala-

Bh7B. (Ernest,) an English author, bora at
London in 1859. He was a mining engineer in Dur-
ham 1877-85. He published the "Camelol" series,
(77 vols., 18S6-91,) " The Lyric Poets," {12 vols.,
1894-98,) " The Fiddler of Carae," (1896,) " Welsh
Ballads," (1898,) etc.

Rhys, reess, (John,) a Welsh philologist, bom at

53 RISES

Aberceiro, io Cardiganshire, June 21, 1840. In 1877
he was appointed professor of Celtic at Oxford, in 18S1
a Fellow of Jesus College, end in 1S95 its principal.
He is the author of " Lectures on Welsh Philol<^y,"
('877,) "Arthurian Legend," (1891,) etc.

RtayzelluM, re-iile-ua, (Andreas,) a Swedish an-
tiguary, bora in Weslgothland in 1677. He becune
Bishop of LinkJlping, and wrote several works 1

c — a!.\ ,:«..:■:-. nj^J ^t^at

. See Ml

- ieienei

Imola, a nephew of Pope Sixtus IV^, was bora about
1441. He was an enemy of Lorenro de' Medici and of
the family of Colonna, He was aaaasainated by his own
guards in t^

Hlaiio, (Pisnto,) Cabdinai, a brother of tbe pio>
ceding, was bom in 1445. He was a cormpt bvourita
of Sixtus IV., who appointed him Archbishop of Flor*

ence. He had great in

:e at thejiapal court, and was

inter, born at Castellonde la Plana in I55t .._
studied the vrorics of Raphael and Sebastian del Piomto
in Rome, and settled in Valencia. His design, colour,
and composition are highly commended. Among hi*
worlts are a "Last Supper," " "iini" Fumiu >r«« "
"The Entombment of ' "
mist. Died in i6z3.

Ribalta, da, &k re-sU't], (Juan,) a son of tbe pre>
ceding, was born at Valencia in 1597. He wasapajnler

6z8.

Ribas, de, d;h ree'bis, posEPH.j born at Naplea
about 1735, entered the service of Russia, and became
an admiral. He commanded a fleet which operated
against the Turks in 179a

Ribault or RflMiat, reliC, (Jean,) a French Prot-
estant navigator, born at Dieppe about 152a He com-
manded a party sent by Colignl in 1561 to explore and
colonize some parts of North America. He explored
Port Royal, South Carolina, built a fort there, and re-
lumed to France. In 1565 he obtained command of a
fort and colony which the French had planted on the
Saint John's River, Florida. He had seven vessels under
his command. The French were attacked by a Spanish
fleet jusi after the arrival of RibaulL He was about to
bring his vessels into action, when a storm drove thetn
ashore. Ribaalt and his men escaped to land, but wera
massacred by the Spaniards.

Ribault, reliy, (J. F,) a French engraver, bom la
Paris in 1767; died in 182a

RlbblngTon Iieuven, ril/bing Ton loi'vfn, ? (Adolph
LuDwiG,) a Swedish conspirator, bora at Stockholm
in 1764. He was an accomplicr -' ■"■ —
Gusiavus IIL, and » — »-— --'■
Paris In 1843.

Blbelro or Ribeyro, re-t^-ro, (Berharsik,) a
Portuguese pastoral poet of the sixteenth century, was
born at Torrlo, in Alemtejo. He is pronounced by
Longfellow " one of the best poets of Portugal, and tbe
first Fortnguese writer who ^ned a high reputation at
a pastoral poet"

S*e LoKorsLtow, " PoMi and Poetry of Karope."

Ribeiro doa Santoa, re-bi^-ro d6s sln'tAs, (Amto-
NIo,) a Portuguese poet of the present century, has pab*
lished, among other works, an "Ode to the Inbnte DoB
Henrique," which It greatly admired.

5m LoHcnLLOW, "PmU aad P0M17 gf Xonp^"

Ribeia. See SFACNOLma

Bibera, re-Bi'rl, (CARLOS Luis,) a Spanish palntcf,
the son of a distinguished artist, was bom in Koma
about 1812. Died in 1891.

RlbvTB, (Francisco,) a Spanish Jesalt and comnen*
tator, born in Segovia in lej?. He wrote Comtnentartes
on the minor prophets and on the Gospel of John. Died
at Salamanca in 1591.

Ribera, (tosa.) See Spagnolxtto.

Ribara, de^ dji rc-Bi'rl, (Anastasio PamtaleonJ a
Spanish wit and burlesque poet, born at Saragossa la
158a He was assassinated at Madrid in 1629.

Rlbaa, r(b, (Fran^dis,) a French surgeon, boin al

«Mi; 9as«; %kard: ^aa>,-o,H,K,/M0Kra/,- s.mtsai; ^triiM; tass; tiiMialiit. (H^See Eiplanatians,p.a3.)

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RICHELIBU

of Anttria, be lupported with ■ labtidir Ihe Protettanis
of Germanv, who were waging war aEainst the emperor,
and uied hii influence to defeat the negotiaiioni for
peace. Ha alto ordered » Urge body of French troops
to co-operale «ri(h the Swedes on the Rhine in 163^
AboDt thi* time hii armies opposed the Spaniards tn
Flander* and Itaij, but without much success. In 163J
be founded and endowed Ihe French Academy, the most
•plendid literary Institution of Europe. In the same
jrear he made a treaty with Holland, which became his
•11^ in a war againit Philip IV. of Spain. The French
gamed several Victoria in Germany and Italy in 164*-
4^ During hi* administration Alsace, Artots, and Rous.
■illon were aniMBed to F/ance. Richelieu detected a
dangeront conspiracy formed by Cinq-MiM and Gaston
of Orleans, the former of whom was executed in Sep-
tember, 164a. Hb died in Paris on the 4ih of December,
1641. Tho people expressed by boit&res their joy Ibr
bis death.

Richelieu bad some literary taste, and was a liberal
patron of autbora, artista, etc. He was the reputed
anlhor of several works, among which are "HJmoires
du Cardinal de Richelieu," first printed in iSaj; and his
■"Political Testament," ("Testament politique,") the
authenticity of which was discredited Bv Voltaire and
defended by Foncemagne. Although Richelieu was a
~reat and successful statesman, he is not a general
-jvonrite with ths French, like H«nry IV. or Louis XIV.
Many modem French writers argue that his policy did
not conduce to .the real aoddurable prosperifyof the
nation. His system ii severely criticised by De Tocque-
tnic, (In his I'Anden R^nme et la R^olutJon,") by
Qoinei and by Charlea de lUmnsat

Sc*AusUV."HJiKw»diiCirdiinIde RkhclitB," («Ao . Jat,
" Hiiloin da lIIniMtra d> Richeliin :" Cannaui. " Ricbtliau ct
Uiurin/' iS]6; Hav " " -

■rrr, "Hlildl™ da Fr
ItiiJi^n,"i%ar J. I

Ridnlim.-STck.iK.. , .,

R<>hom.iSm! SDu.v."M«ii»irli:" OaoiKAL Da RsT« "U<-
noiiui" "Namllt Bloinpbia G^otnla."

Rlolielioii. de, (Louis FaxNgois ARMAHti nu Plks-
■IS,) a brilliant and profligate counier.bom in 1696, was
a grand-nephew of Cardinal Richelieu. Ite was a son
ofArmand Jean Vignerod, Due de Richelieu. His in-
trigues and libertinism caused him to be thrice confined
In the Bastille. He obuined the bvour of Louis XV.,
and distinguished himjelf aa a general at Fontenoy in
I745. About 174S he was made a marshal of France.
He disgraced himself by his cupidity, arrogance, and
Icandalouy vices. Died la lySS.

mohepaiua or Rlchapanoe, rish'p6Nst', (An*
TOiNE,) a French general, born at Meti in 1770- He
became a general of brigade in 1796, and a general
of division in 1799. Havbg obtained command of '
division of the army of Moreatt, he contributed to th .
nctory of Uohenlindeiit (1800.) Died at Guadeloupe
in iSn.

Rionopln, (Jkan,) a Freocb poet, novelist, and
dramatist, born at Medeah, Algeria, in 1S49. He was
of poor family, and served as soldier, sailor, and actor
until 1872, when his first romance appeared.

Rlotiar, re'shJt', {Lat. RiCHE'ftus,]a French chroni-
cler, who flourished about 9S0-1000. He wrote (in
Latin) a history of the period from 888 to 995, which
is highly prised. The manuscript of this work was dik
covered in 1833 by Perti and Boehmer.

Richer, (ADllTEK,)a French biographer and historian,
born at Avranches in 1720. He wrote "The Lives of
Celebrated Mariners," (13 vols., 1780-86,) and other
works. Died at Paris in 1798.

RiohoT, (Claitde,) a French mathematldan, bom at
AuKerre in 1680; died in 1756,

moher, (Edmohd,) a French canonist, bom in Cham-

Egne in 1559 or \%fa. He became an adherent of
:nry IV. about 1590, and syndic of the Faculty of
Theology at Paris in i(>o8. He defended the privileges
of Ihe Galilean Church, and published a work "On
Ecclesiastical and Political Power," (161 ij which sub-
jected him to persecution. Died in 1631. "His fame, "
says Hii lam, "has risen in later times.''

Richer, (Edouarh.) a French author, bora in La

59 RICHMOND

Vendue in 179a. He produced a poem entitled "Victor
et Amjlie," (1816,) and a"Historr of Brittany," (iSat,)
which is commended. Having been converted to the
doctrines of Swedenborg, he published a work called
"The New Jerusalem," (S vols., i83»-t6.) Died al
Nantes in iju.

Richer, (Francis,) a French jurist, a brother of
Adrien, noticed above, was bom at Avranches in itiSL
He wrote a "Treatise on Civil Death," (I'De la Mort
civile," 1755.) '"'* "Celebrated Tiials," (la vols., 177*
-88.) Diedin"i79Ci.

Richer, (Henri,) a, mediocre French writer, bom U
Longueii in 1685. Among his works are "Fables in
Verse," (1729,) and a " Life of M«cenas," (1746.) Died
in 1748.

Richer, (JeaH.) a French astronomer, was sent to
Cayenne in 1671 to observe the parallax of the sun.
Died in 169&

Richer d'Aube, re'sh^' dSb, (Francis;) a French
jnrist, bom at Rouen in 16S6, was a nephew of Fonta-
nel le. Died in 17^3.

Rlcherand, rfsh'r&K', (Anthelme.) art eminettt
French physidait and surgeon, born at Belley, in llugey,
in 1779. He published "Elements of Physiology,"
(tSot ; loth edition, 18)1,} which had great success, and
became professor in the Faculty of Hedidne in Farii
in l3o& He wrote articles ibr the "Biograpbie Uiii>
verselle." Died in 184a

Bichema. See Richbk.

Riohet. re'sha', (CitAKi.cs,) a French physiolt^ist,
born in 1S50. Professor of phy&iologyat tiie Medical
Faculty of Pails, president of the Society for Interna-
tional Arbitration, in 1905 President of the Sodely for
Psychical Research of London. He has made impor-
tant discoveries in physiology, and written on this subject,
on "Les Guerres et laPaix," and on romance and poetry.
He has long been editor of the " Revue Sdenlifique."

RIobier, re'sh^', (Lioieit,) askilfol French sculptor,
bom in Lorraine about 150% He studied in Rumt^
and returned to Lorraine while he was still youn^
Died about 157a.

S«* " Nounlt* Riocn|iti<> (Mo^k.'

of natural history at Saint Petersburg in 1745. He '
killed by lightning, white repealing the experiment of
Dr. Frankl^ in 1753.

Rloh'myncl, (Charles Gordoh Linhox.) Dines
OP, bom in London In 1791, was a son of Charles
Lennox, (1764-1819.) He wa» a member of the privy
council, and of the caUnet formed by Earl Grey In 183 1.
Died in 1861.

board of trade in 1867 and tS6S, and after 1870 leader
of the Conservatives in the Honse of Lords. D. in 1903.

Richmond, (Chaslis Lennox,) Duke op, born
in 1G71, was a son of Charles IL and the Duchess of
Portsmouth. He served In the army under William
IIL in Flanders. He died in 1733, and left the title to
his son Charles.

Richmond, (Ckaues I-enhox,) Duke op. a British
general, born in 1735, was a grandson of a natural ion
of King Charles IL He was a friend of liberty and
reform, and a man of superior talents. In 1778 he pro-
posed to recogniw the independence of ide revolted
American colonies. He became master of the ordnance
in 1782. Died in 1806. His sister, Sarah Lennox,
became the wife of George Napier and mother of tho
famous commanders of that namt

Riohmond, (Charles Lennox.) Dvkb op, a British
peer, bom in 1764. He entered the army in his youth.
In i3o6 he Inherited the dilkedom at the death of his
uncle. He was appointed lord lieutenant of Ireland in
1808, and govemor-general of the British possessions in
North America about tSi& He died in Canada, of
hydrophoUa, in 1819, and was succeeded by lii* aoa
Charles.

«M«/gaB/;gAinf;tas/;c^ii,K,pMri>;;ii,MW/;ii,MSn/;iassy(ha*lndA; (|ir«ee£ap1anallon^p.Qj

Digitized by CjOOQ I C

RICHMOND

I, Eabl or.. See Hsnry VII. of Eng-
land

RlOlUBond, (GborCC.) an English portrait-painter,
born about 1809. He became popular as a painter in
water-colours in London. [lis more recent works are
chiefly portraits in oiL He wu elected an associate of
the Royal Academy in 1857. Died March 19, 1896,

His son, Sir WtLLtAH Blakh Richmond, bom at
London in 1843, became a painter of portraits and
mythological subjects, was elected a member of the
Royal Academy in 1896, and n$ knighted in 1897.
The St. Paul mosaics were done by him.

Rlohmond. (Lkch,) an English clergyman, bom In
Liverpool in 177*. He was educated at Cambridge, and
obtained a curacy in the Isle of Wight, from which he
removed to London in 1&35 and became chaplain of the
Lock Hospital. He was presented to the rectory of
Tarvey, in Bedfordshire, about 1808. He published
"Annals of the Poor," containing "The Dairyman's
Dauehter" and other narratives, which obtained a wide
drculalion : also, "The Fathers of the English Church,"
(8 vols., 1S07-11.) Died in 1827.

>H " UuBoir of du RtT. Lcfh RichmaBd," h; Rev. T. S.

ClIIUKAW.

Bloh'mpnd mnd Lea'npx; (LuDOVic Sti7art,) mc-
ond Duke op, born In 1574, wa« a son of the first Dnlw
of Lennox, and a cousin of James L of England. He

« lined the favour of that king, who created him Duka of
ichmond in 1633. He died, without issue, in 1614.

lUchonuno, re'shom', (Joseph THtoDOKE,) an etni-
nent French engraver, born in Paris in 17S5. He gained
the grand prize m 1S06 or i8i6> He engraved a number
of work! after RaphaeL Died In 1849.

Rlcbter, riK'i;r, (ADOLTU.) a German painter, born
at Thorn in 1813.

lUchtor, (Adbiah Ludwig,) an eminent German
painter and engraver, bom at Dresden in 1803, His
works are chiemr landscapes representing German and
Italian scenes. Died in June, 1884.

JEUobter, (j^Miuus Lud wig J professor of canon law
at Harburg, bom at Slolpen in 1808, published a
" Manual of Catholic and Evangelical Canon I^w,"
(1841-) Died at Berlin, May 8, 1864.

KltJitor, (August G0TTI.O8, 1 a German surgeon, born
In Saxony in 1741. He was professor of surgery at Ciit-
tingen for more than forty years, and wrote several work*
on that subject. Died in iSi3.

Rlohter, [Geoko Gottujb,) a German phyridan,
born at Schncebur^ m Misnia, in 1694, He became

Eofeasor of medicine at Giittingen in 1736, and pub-
hed many medical treatises. Died in I773.

Rlolitoi, (GusTAV,) a German painter, born In Berlin,
August 31, 1813. One of his greatest pictures was
"The Raising of Jairus's Daughter." He became a
professor of art at Berlin, fend executed some masterly
portraits. Died in Berlin, April 4, 1SS4.

Hiohter, rik't^, (Henbv,) an Englbh painter ol
genre and occasionally of history, born in 177a, was
of German extraction. He resided mostly in London,
where he died in 1857. His most important historical
work i« " Christ Restoring Sight to the Blind," now in
a church at Greenwich, England.

Riohtar, (Hehrv Joseph,) D.D., a bishop, bom at
Neuenkirchen, Oldenburg, Germany, April 9, 1S3S, came
to America in 18^6, studied at Mount Saint Mary's Col-
lege in Cincinnati, and at the American College in Rome,
graduating as D.D. at ihe Propaganda in 1365, became
a Ifeman Catholic priest, and held a theological profes-
sorship at Cincinnati, 1S65-70. In 1S83 he was conse-
crated Bishop of Grand Rapids, the first of that title,

Rlchter, (Hermann Eberhard,) a German phy-
dcian, born at Leipsic fn 1808, published a number
of medical and botanical works. Died in 1876.

Richter, i\%*.n Paul Fkiedkich,) commonly called
Jean Patil, a popular, quaint, and original German
author, bom at Wunsiedel, near Baireuth, (Bavaria,) on
Ibe aist of March, 1763. His father was a subaltern
teacher in the gymnasium of that place, and afterwards a
clergyman. Ilii early education was defective. He had,
however, made good progress in Latin and Greek when
-he entered the University of Leipsic, in 1780. He was

io RICHTER

destined for theology, but a strong predilection for poetry
and philosophy caused him to neglect, and at length to
abandon, his appointed profession. During his attend*
ance at the university he was reduced to extreme indi-
gence. To supply his urgent want of funds, he wrote a
work entitled " Greenland Lawsuits," (l7St,)''which but
slightlv improved his pecuniary affairs. He also wrote
a "Selection from the Papers of the Devil," ("Auswabl
aus des Teufels Papieren," 1788.) He quitted Leipsic
in 1 78;, after which he lived some time with his mother
at Hut He was afterwards a tutor in a family of rank,
and in 1793 became teacher of a school at Schwarzen-
biek He produced in 1793 "The Invisible Lodge,"

i" Die unsichtbare Loge,") which was received with
ivour. His " Hesperus," a novel, (4 vols., 1794,) was
f-eatly admired. "By degrees," says Carlyle, "Jean
aul began to beconsidered, not a strange crack-brained
mixture of enthusiast and buffoon, but a man of infinite
humour, sensibility, force, and penetration." He changed
his residence frequently, living successively at Leipsic^
Weimar, Heiningen, etc. In 1798 be published "Tha
Valley of Campan, or a Discourse on the Immortality
of the Soul," ("Das Campanerthal, oder die Unsterb-
lichkeit der Seel&") He manied Caroline Mayer, of
Berlin, in iSoi, soon after which he settled at Baireuth.
The prince-primate Carl von Dalbcrg granted him la
iSoo an annual pension of 1000 florins. According to
CarWIe, he received a pension from the King of Bavaria
fniSoa. RIchter is represented as having been eminently
happy in his domestic relations. DiM at Baireuth in
November, 1835.

Among bis principal works are novels entitled "Qoin-
tus Fixlein," (1796,) "Parson In Jubilee," j"' Der tiihel
Senior," 1797.) "Titan," (i8oo-o}.) and "Flegeljalire,'*
(which may be translated "Wild Oats," 1805.) "Titan,"
which he considered his master-piece, has been trans^
laied into English, (1863.} He also wrote two works
of high order, entitled " Introduction to Esthetics,"
("Vorschule der ^Esthetik," 3 vols., 1804,) and "Le-
vana," (1807,) a profound philosophical essay on educa-
tion. He left an autobiography, "Wahrheit aus Jean
Paul's Leben, (8 vols., tSa&~j3,) the last part of t*hich
was written by Dr. Otto. " Except by name," said Car-
lyle in 1837, "Richter is little known out of t^rmanj;
The only thing connected with him, we think, that hat
reached this country is his saying imported by Madame
de Staiil and thankfully pocketed by most newspaper
critics; 'Providence has given to the French the empire
of the land, to the English that of the sea, and to tlw
Germans that of— the ur !' Of this last element, indeed,
his own genius might easily aeem to have been adeniiea.
His thoughts, his feelings, the creations of his spirit,
walk before us embodied under wondrous shape*, in
motley and ever- fluctuating groups; but his essential
character, however he disguised \X, is that of ■ philoso-
pher and moral poet, . , . whose delight and best
endeavour arc with all ijiat is beautiful and lender and
mysteriously sublime in the fate or history of man." As
a humourist, he is pre-eminent - among the Germans.
Portions of his writings have been translated into English
by C. T. Brooks, E. H. Noel, and pthers.

Sh Cahlvlx. " Euayi," noU. i. ind iL ; E. Foarrsa, ''LiA of
lean Piul Richiir," iS6>; DtfRirio. "L>ben und Charaktoutik J.
P. Richitn," iS^s: R. 0. SrAuin, "Inn Piul Ridiiu: <in tMf
inphiuhei Coniniehur lu uineD Wtrken," I idIi.. iSij; Z.
FUHCK. "Koiiu lur Tun Piul Bicliin,'' iSji: L. !!»■■><«
"Denkrtda luf J. P. f. Richlcr," iSaii "Nouvilta KocraphM
G^n^nle ;" Eu» Ln. » Lift (T J. P. F. Richlcr," Boiian, iHm:
" Edinburgh Renew" Icijiui^ 1S17; "Briiiih Qumcrlr Rtvini"
for Novcnbcr, A^i;

Ricbter, fjEREUIAS Beniauin,) a Prussian chemist
born at Hirschberg, in Silesia, in 1761. He publUhsd,
besides other works, "Rudiments of the Art of Meaaurii^
Chemical Elements," [4 vols., I79*-94-) It is stated that
ke discovered the law of multiple proportions. Died
101807.

Sh Msuiai, "CsUbrla Duuchlud."

Blcbtor, (Karl Fbiedrich.) a German Orientalist,
born at Freyberg in 1773 ; died in 1806.

Rlchtor, von, fon riK't?r, (Oiro FalsnuCH.) •
Russian traveller, born in 179a. He vlsi^ £(7Pt^
Syria, etf. Died at Smyrna in 1816 or 1817.

C,!, 1. 0| fl, ;, /«iv; !>• ti ^ BUie, less prolonged; i, j, 1, 0, iS,]), rjiirr,- 1, f , 1, 9, 0f mHv; fir, nUI, Ot,- tntt; nSt; gjKd: n

d by Google

RICHTOFEN

io6i

RIEDINGBR

Richtofeii.voD,fbnittK'to-(i;n,(FEBDmANi>,) Baron,
■ celebrated German geologist and traveller in China

i Central Asia, was bom in tSU- His publii
Ihe eeoeraphy and gcologj ol i~' '
talne. Wed October

on the eeoeraphy and gcologj ol China aie oi high
»a]ne. Wed October 7, 1905.
Blol-m«r, an amMdons general of the Koman armv,

BU . Vlnll.!..^l.l.f U- J-_ J »— -. I — ^

aGoIhicchieC He deposed Avitus about 457 A.D.,
and raised to the throne Majorian, whom be put to
death in 461. He obtained imperial power, though he
did not assume the title or emperor. In 472 a.d. he
eaptared Rome, and 'caosed Anlbemioi to be kilted.
He died the same yeiT,

Set GinoN, "KiiiaiT oTtba Dedlo« and Fill of tfia Renao,
Xmpini" LaBaAD, "UiMoiradu Bu-Empirat" "HouTaDa Bio-!
■nphitCJnJnki"

Riok'atta, (Jauu B,) an American general, boni fn
Ihe dtf of New York. He graduated at West Point ii
l839,«nd became acaptain in 185^ "- - ' '

and manrr, bom In Northumberland near the beginning
of the aiiteenth century. He was educated ai Pembroke
College, Cambridge, and obtained a high reputation as
1 preacher. Ab^t 1540 he became chaplain to Ihe
king. He was app<nnled Bishop oC Rochester in 1547,
and auccceded Bonner as Bishop of L.ondon In IS50-
He assisted Cranmer in composing roriy-one or forty-
i (wo articles of lailh in 1551, attempted to convert iba
princess Mary, and induced King Edward 10 found
several hospiuls in London, On the death of Edwaid
VL be advocated the claim of Lady Jane Grey. He
was committed to the Tower by Queen Mary in Jnly,
'553. »"d *»» removed in 1554 to O;tford, where he
took part in 1 disputation on the questions which divided
the Protestants from the Roman Catholics. Having
I been condemned as a heretic, he suSered death bj firo
jwith fortitude on the l6lb of October, 1555.

SHGuiucErmRiDLXT, "UEeorBithapRidln," \-fii;'&via,
MiuorT of Engliud;" "Mouihtj Rivin" for l>eDni^, ij^ft

disabled by a severe wound at the battle of Cedar Creek,
Virginia, October 19, 1S64. Died Sepiemljer %%, 1887.

Kiakman, (Gioaa Wilhblm.) See Rickhann.

Riok'nuui, (Thomas,) an English architect and
eminent writer on Gothic architecture, was bom at
Maidenhead in 1776. He published " An Attempt ■
discriminate the Styles of Architecture in England,
(1817,) which is a standard work. He was the arch
tect of many Gothic churches and of the New Court of
Ssint John's College, Cambridge. Died in 1S41.

Rioord. relcoK', (Phiupfe,) a skilful physician, of
French parentage, bom at Baltimore, United States, in
■80a He became diief surgeon of the Hfipital da

Midi, Paris, inlSj I, and gave special itienli- "

realdiseasexion which he wrote with great sui. .

practice <ras immense: it was probably not surpassed by
that uf anT other physician in Paris. Among his work*
are " Letters on Syphilis." Died October 31, iSSg.

RiddeU', (Ckahlottk Eliza Lawson,) b British
novelist, bom (Cowan) at Carrickfergns about 1S37.
She published in all over forty novels and tales, the
best known being "George Geith," (1S65,) and
"Austin Friars," (1870.)

Bld'daIl,(HEK'ii'v Scott,) a Scottish clergyman, bom
at Sorbie, in Dumfriesshire, September 13, 1798, a shep-
berd't son. He was educated at the University of Ed<
inbutgh, and became the minister of Teviolhead. He
was a prolific writer, but is now chiefly remembered for
Us songs and border-tales. Died July 30, 1870.

Rlde'lng, (William Hbnhv.) an American editor
and author, was bom at Liverpool, England, in 1S53.
He served as associate editor of " North American
Review," "Youth's Companion," and other periodi-
cals, and was the author of several books for boys,
descriptive works, etc.

Ri'dvr, (John,) a Protestant tushop, bom in Cheshire
about ijGo. He became Bishop of Killaloe, in Ireland,
b i6ts. Among his work* is "An English-Latin and
Ijltin-&lgliah Dictionary," (1589.) Dtedin 1611.

Ridar, (Rev. William.) an English histonan, pub-
Bshed a " History of England." Died in 1 7S5.

Rldg'way, (Robert,) an American ornithologist,
bom at Mount Carmcl, Illinois, in 185a. He was zoolo-
gist on the geoli^CBl exploration of the fortieth par-
allel 1867-69, and, after 1880, curator of birds in
the United States National Museum. He wrote, with
Baird and Brewer, "A History of North American
Birds," (5 vols.,) other works on birds, and numerous
papers.

Ridley, (Gloucester,) an Encusn clergyman, bom
M sea, on board the "Gloucester East Indiaman, in
170a. He wrote a " life of Dr. Nicholas Ridley, Bishop
•f London," (1763,) and several poems, one of which
<ras called *• Psyche," (1782.) Died in 1774.

Bldley, (James,) a son of the preceding, wjs a chap-
lain in the army. He wrote ■■ Tales of the Genii,"
often reprinted. Died pi ■ ■

ndjui _. . .

Rldl^, (Sir Thomas,) an English civilian, liom at
Ely. He wrote a " View of the Civil and Ecdesiastica)
Law." Died in 1629.

Rldolfi, re-dol'foe, (CARLO,) an able pa'nter of tha
Venetian school, was bom at or near Vicenza about
1598. He avoided the degenerate style which prevailed
among his contemporaries, A "Visitation" which he
painted for a church in Venice is especialljr admired.
He wrote "The Lives of the Venetian Painters," {3
vols., 1648,) which is a work of much literary and critical
merit. Died about 1660^

Rldolfl, (Claudio,) an Italian painter, born atV»
rona in 1560, was a pupil of Paul Veronese. He \a
said to have been a good colorist. Died in 1644,

RidolQ, (LoBENZO.) a popular Florentine statesman,
who in 1415 rendered an important service to the re-
public by inducing the Venetians to form an allianc*
with Florence against the Duke of Milan.

RldolQ, dl, de re-dol'lee, (Coslmo,) Mabquis^ an
Italian agriculturist, born at Florence in 1794. Ha
founded an agricultural school at Meleto, and wrotv
articles for the "Journal of Agriculture," founded bj
himself and a few others in 1827. He was minister M
the interior and president of the council for a ihort
time In 1847 and 1S4S. Died March J, 1865.

Rid'path, (John Clark,) LL.D,, an American author,

born in Putnam county, Indiana, April 36, 1840. Ho
graduated at Asbury Univeraity in 1863, and was pro-
fessor of history, etc., 1869-85, in his alma mater,
(now called De Pauw University.) He edited the
"Arena," 1897-98, and published several works on
United States history, biographies of Gar6eld and
Blaine, "Cyclopaedia of Universal History," "The
Gr^at Races of Mankind," etc. Died July 31, I900.

his travels in Greece, etc, (" Remarques d'nn Voyagetu

German lady, born at Brandenburv in 174&
ane went to the United States in 1777 with herhusband,
an officer in the British service. She wrote Letters on
the campaign which she witnessed in New York, Died
in Beriin in iSoS,

S« Ih* " Nonb Americao Rgtkit" fcr Juoarr. ilal.

Ried«Ml, won, (Friedrich Aimlph.) Bakoit, a
German officer, bom in 1738, was the husband of the
preceding. He served In the British army against the
Americans, (1777-83,) and obtained the rank of generU.
Died in iSock

See " MEnwIis. L«l«^ iiDd Joonuli of Mi}or,G«inil R]cd».
•al" mnslaicd frwa tb* Gerau bv Wiluah L. Stoni, (New
York. !»&,)

r Rldinger, ree'ding-(r, (JokanW

lent German designer and engraver,

.695. His delineations of animals, e**

;s, are unsurpassed for accuracy and

^ Among his master-pieces are'"Obser.

ild Animals," {40 copper,plalcS,| "Fablea

of Animals." (16 platesj and "Paradise," (11 plates.)

;ed mostly at Augsburg. Died in 1767.

fUedlnser
Elias.) an ei
bom at Ulm i
pedally
edelity t.

Wild

ca*i;;a*f;Siarr/,'gas/,'0, K,K,;»Mmi/; v,nam/; ^trilltJ; Sal

t; th as inrfu. (Mr"See Explanation*, p^ ^)

Digitized by VjOOQIC

RIEGGER

T, von, Ton reeg'gfr, <JosirH Airroit,) i G«r>
mim juiist and writei on canon \vm. H« became
professor of Uw at Vienna in 1764. Died in 1795.

Klego yHufiea, doL dil r«-i'go e noon'yfth, a Span-
ish general and palrio^ born in Asturias about 1785.
He vraa a leader of ihe insurgents who in January, IMCS
took arms for the Constitution of 1813. l^Ie was afler-
vards appointed Captain-General of Asiurias, or of
Aragoit and president of the Cortes, He resisted the
French armyofintenrentlonin iSi3,was taken prisoner,
and executed in November of that year.

Riehl, Ton, (Wilhblm Hbinrich,) a German
faistorian, bom at Biebrich in 1823. He became pro-
fessor of history at Munich in 1853, and in 1885 di-
rector of the National Museum of Bavaria. His works
on the history of civilization and manners were numer-
ous. He alsowTOte historical novels. Died in 1897.

Hlem. reeni, (Tohann,) a German rvral economist
bom at Frankenthal, on the Rhine, in 1739. He wrote
on the methods of railing bees and obtaining honey.
Died in 1807.

Riemer, ree'mtr, (FtiiEDRrcH Wilhelm,) a German
■cholar and writer, born at Glatz in 1774. He was
employed as a tutor in the family of W. von Humboldt,
Uid suDsequenily <n (hat of Goethe. He became first
librarian at Weimar in iSzS. He published a " Greek-
German Kand-Lejucon," and a number of poems. Died
1111845.

Rlenooort^ de^ dfh r^gjilcooR', (S(Uon,) a French
kistorian, bom about i6oj, in Paris, published a " His-
tor* of the French Monarchy under the Reign of Louii
XlV.," (a vols., 1688,) and a " HUioty of Loula XIIL "
(160J.) Died in 1693.

Rlenzl, re-tn'iee, or RlenBO, re-ln'zo, (NiCOLA Ga>
aitmt,) called Colas t>i Riehzi, ko'llsdeere-in'zee, an
eloquent Roman tribune, was bom probably at Rome.
He received a liberal education, and became a friend of
Petrarch about 1540. At that period anarchy prevailed
In Rome, the citiieni of which were robbed and out-
raged by barons who occupied fortified castles. Riend
was a colleague of Felrarch in a deputation sent by the
Romans to Avignon in 1343 to persuade the pope to
return to Rome. In 134^, by the popular favour, he
obtained power, with the title of tribune, and made some
reforms. He soon became elated with success, and dis-
gusted Ihe people by his vain pomp and extravagance.

1347, after he had been anathematized a> a rebel and
heretic by the legate of the pope. Having passed seven
years as a fugitive in Germany, etc, he was arrested and
taken to Avignon, aa a captive or culprit, in 1352. In
■354 he was cent to Rome, with the title of senator, by the

Kpe, who proposed to use the talents and influence of
enii for (he restoration of order in that capital. Before
the end of the year be was killed In ■ tumult fomented
by the barons. " Never, perhaps," says Gibbon, " has the
cnern and eflect ofa single mind been more remarkably
felt than in the sudden though transient reformation
of Rome by the tribune Rienzi. , , , More eloquent
than judicious, more enterprising than resolute, the
Acuities of Riend were not balanced by cool and com-
manding reason." Byron apostrophi™ f i— " -- •»■-

■* Riend M

ofRinn.'

Hm triad of Pcmrdi,— hop* d Iliirv—
Kituil lut of Romuii 1"

CliiUi Hantd, canto It. Ruua cxi*.
The history of Riend forma the basis of one of Bul-
wer^ most popular novels.

Sm OltKM, " Dtdiia Bid Fill of tlH ]>■»« Vank^" •■>] k

Chi> in. 1 ScKiuai, " HiuoTgr of RcbsUh

h FrtDcik tn Du CaactAU, i;u; (Ubiihi, -uotm

Wndi Rwn»."i<oS;Zinaii«>RC"LaViiidi Ri«

Rlopentuituaii, ree'pen-bSw'ifn, (Fiam^) aa emi-
nent German painter of iiistory, and engraver, bom at
GOttlngen in 1786L He went to Rome about 1S07 with
his brother Johann. They produced several oil-paintings,
and designs to illustrate the poems of Goethe and Schil-
ler i also a *■ Iiistory of Painting in Italy," 0 vola., iSso,
with iwenty-fboT engravings after Italian masteri.) He

illiaitative of the 1; .._..,

" Vita di RafTaetlo," (1834.) Died at Rome in lS6a

Ri«s. reess, (Fbrdinand,) a German composer and
pianist, bom at Bonn in 1784, was a pupil of Beethoven.
He visited Paris, Stockholm, Saint Petersburg, and
London, and in the last-named city was received with
distinguished &vour. His compositions Include sym-
phonies,instrumentpiece»,lndoperasj also an oratoria
called "David." Died ini 838.

Sm FAna, " Blocnrphie Unlnnctk dn Moielaii.'*

ZUet«r, ree'l^r, (Henri,) a Swiss landscape-painter,
bom at Winterlhur in 17J1, He worked at Beme, and
painted Swiss scenery with success. He published coU
onred engravings of the same subjects. Died in 181&

Rletschel, reet'sh^l, (Erhst,) an eminent German
sculptor, and professor in the Academy of Arts at Dres-
den, was bom at Pulsniti in 1804. He studied onder
Ranch at Berlin, and subsequently In Italy. Among hia
master-pieces we may name " Mary Kneeling over the
Dead Body of Christ," a bnst of Luther, a " Cerea,"
colossal statues of Goethe and Schiller, (at Weinui,)
and the " Christ-AngeL" Died at Dresden in 1861.

Sm " Biotnpha Umvemlk."

JUetaohooi; reet'sK&f, (Hehdrik,) a akilfii] Dntch
painter of marine views, was bom in 1678L

Rietaoboot, (Jan Kxaasz,) a Dutch painter o( ma-
rine views, born at Hoorn in 1652, wai father <A th*
preceding. Died in 1710.

Rleuz, de, df h r^h', (Jeah,) a marshal of France
who was bom in 134*. He aerred with distinction under
Charles VI., and became marshal In 1397. Died in 1417.

Rletix, de, (Pierre,) a French general, a sod of tbe
preceding, was called MarAchal de Rochefott, and
was born at Ancenis in 13S9. He fought fer Charles
VH. against the English. Died in 1438.

Rlffiiilt, re'fy, (JEAW Ren» Demis,) a Frendi chem-
ist, bom at Saumnr In 1751. He improved the method
of mailing gunpowder, and wrote, besides other worka, a
"Manual of Chemistry," (tSaj.) Died at Paris in 183&,

BUfaut or Rlflntut, re'lS*, (Adouhx PukkiJ a
French engraver, bom in Paris In 1811. He obtwned
a medal of the first class in 185$. Died in 1859.

Rlgal, re'gll', (Jeah Jacques,) a French sorgeon aikd
writer, born at Cossac tn lysSi died in 1833.

RlEBltltu. See Rioavlt.

Rigaa. See Rhioas.

RigatI or Rigand, re'sS', (AirroiNE,) a French gen^
ral, bom at Ann in 175S. He commanded the depart,
ment of the Mame when Napoleon retnrned fmm Elba.
Having been condemned to death for hia defection from
■t\K cause of the Bourbons In 1815, he escaped to tbe
United Slatea. He died In iiaa.

Rigadd, (Htacinthe,) an eminent FVench portndt-
painier, bom at Petpignan in 1659, was a pnril of Ranc
and of other masters. He painted Fhilip v. of Spain.
in ITOO, and Louis XIV. in ITOi, soon after wbldi he
received the title of court painter. Among his works'
are portraits of Bossuet and Lebrun. Hb touch Is bold
and free and his design correct, ' He has been called
"Ihe French Van Dyck." Hia portraits have been
engraved by Edelinck and Aodran. Died In 1743.

Sw FoHTaMAT.''I>IakiDDaIn da Aitlmsr C Bum; "HI^
loin dM PdBUn.'*

Rlgnnd. (PiiRiK AtremriN, often called Atramr^
a French bbulist and merchant, bom at MontpetOer in
176& He paUished, be^dea aeveral poems, a nriwM
of Fables, (1813,) by which he Is said to have Boqmred
a durable reputation. Died In 183$.

Rlgand, re'ga', f (STEPHEN Pn^} F.R.S, an aUa
English astronomer, bom at Richmond, SotKy. in 177^
He became Sanlian professor of gewnetry at Oxford
in i8ia In 1S17 he was appointed director of tbe Rad*
ctiffe Ohaervatory, and Savdian professor of aatTonony
at Oxford. He wrote papers for several adentific pe-
riodicals on astronomy and other phydcal sdences, and
edited the " Miscellaneoos Works and Com ■*—

^rtespondencn
a tnithftn****^^

•.<.1^^fl.K^/-Li.^(*m,leMproIongedti.«.I,6.a.^'A<>r';f.hi.O.<>i<r»nr;ar.fUI,llt[mltin«tiBAdin

d by Google

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RINGELBERGR

Rlgkult, re'fB', (Airat HnTOLYTi,) an tble Ftencb
littiritiiu; born at Saint-Gennaiii-en-LaTe Id tSil. H«
became an editor of the " Joarnal de* iMbata" in 1853.
lie wrote a " Hbtoire de U Qaerelie de* ADdena el
dee Moderaoa," (iSjf^) wluch gained the prin of the
Frencli Academr* Died in December, 1858.

Rlgkii]^ |L^ RiGAL'-nut,) (Nicolas,) ■ French
pbilolosist and able critic, bom in Paris in 1C77, lie
•ucceeoed Caaaubon u keeper of the King'j Librarr
about l6l0k and obtained the office of procureur-g^n^ral
•I Nancy alter 1633. He edited Martial, JoTenal, and
Terlallian. Among bit worka are an ingenioni aati
called "FDnua Paraiiticum," (1601,) and acontinuati<
of the*'Hi>tor7"of DaThoa,(l6a&) Died In 1654.

Rlptult de Oanonmy, re'gft' dfh ah«h-noo'Te',
(Charlks,) a French admiral, born in 1807. He ob-
tained the rank of rear-admiral in 1S54. and aerved in
the Crimean war. He commanded the naval diviiion
which co-nperated with the British in the capture of
Canton in tS57- Died Mar 4, 1873.

lU^y, (Edwaxa) an English phnlotoglit, born
Norwich in 1747. He produced, besides other warl_,
an "Easajp on the Theory of the Prodnction of Animal
Heat," (1785.) Died in iSat.

tati. (James Harrison,) D.D., an EngUth Wetleran
niniiler, born at Newcutle-opon-Tpe In iSai. He
became a preacher in 1845, and in 1S6S principal rf the
Normal CrJIege at Weitniintter. He published a large
Dumber of denominational boolca.

RlggB,(EuAS,)D.D., U.D,, an American minlonaty,

aiy, residing chiefly at Smyrna and Cocstantinople. Hi
published several works on Asiatic philol(^ an^ramtuar
and translated the Bible into Armenian and ButgariHo.
Died in 1901.

Hlghlnl, re-gee'nee, (Visceoto.) an aMe Italian

composer, born at Bologna about lysS. Ha composed,
besides other operas, "Armlda" and "Hgrane," which
are commended. Died In iSii.
RlniT, do, d(h itn'ye', (^HiNRi GADTlABIt,) COMTt,

able French admiral, bom at Tool hi I78s._ He
commanded the French fleet which defeated tn«
It Navarinoln October, 1837-

SIgol«T de Jttvignjr, i^vAV de ihO'vtn'ye', (Jkan
AirroiNi,) a mediocre French liafratair, wrote " On the
Decadence of Letters .and Morals since the Time* of
the Greek* and Roman^" (1787.) Ked

Rigollot re'eono', (Marc ]tAbM*,) a French anti-
quary and phyilcian, bom at Doulleos in 1796, wrote
•event trealisei on French antiquities. Died in 1S54.

of Philip Annutos of France^ Died in 1107.

R^ord, (Jkan Pierre,) a French antiquary, bom at
Uaiwillea In i6s6 1 died in 1 7i7.

Rita, (Jacob AuGtisr,) author, bora at Ribe, Den-
mark, in 1849. Going to the United States, he became
police reporter on the " New York Sun," and grew ac-
tive in local reforms. He published " How the Olher
Half Lives," " Children of the Tenements," and other

Bt1*7i (Chaklej Valentine,) Ph.D., an cntomoIo>
ftst, born in London, England, September 18, 18^3.
To the United Suits when seventeen years old,

Rilay, (James,) an American sea-captain, bom at
Middletown, Connecticut. He was wrecked on the
western coast of Africa in 1S15, and afterwards pub-
lished a " Narrative" of his captivity among the Arabs,
which enjoyed a great popularity. Died in 1840.

Riley, (Jambs Whitcomb,) an American poet,
bom at Greenfield, Indiana, in 1853. In 1873 he
began contributing poems to newspapers in the West-
ern dialect. Among his published volumes are " The
Old Swimmin' Hole and 'Leveo More Poems,"
(1883,) "Aiterwhiles," (1887,) " Rhymes of Child-
hood Days," C1891,) "A Child World," (1896,) elc.

RI1«y, (John,) an English portrait-painter, bom In
London in 1646, took Van Dyck as hi* model He
was patronised by Charles IL, James IL, and William
III. \U is considered the best English portrait-painter
t«fbre Sir Joshua Reynolds. Died In 1691.

Rlleyat te-ll'et written also Rylojew, RiUsK and
Rlle«t (KoHEAD,) a Rusnan poet and republioui, was
a leader of a secret society formed about lojoto liberata
Russia from sbsolute power. Ho was hong In iSj&

ROIelt SceRtLETIF.

Rlm'baiilt; (Edward FRAifCi^) LL.D., aa Engltta
antiquarian and writer on musical subjects, bom In i8i6>
He was one of the council of the Musical Antiquarian
Society, and edited its most Important paUication*. HIr
worka on the piano-forte and the organ art renrded M
standard anthoritfea. Died September 16^ 1S7&

Rimfaxl or Simian. See NOnvL

Rlminaiai, re.me-nlKdee, (DOMBNIOO,) an Italian
sculptor h) wood, wa* born at Pt*a bi 15951 dM in
1637.

wimtn.tm (Orazio,) an Italian painter of aacred
isiorv, bom at Hsa Ut 159S, waa a pronUaing artiat
rhenhe died, in 163a

Rlm'mor, (Wiixui^) aa abia arttat, bora In Uver»
pool, Euglaud, Fobruaiy zo, 1816, and taken by his
' ilher to Boston, Massachusetts, in lSz6. He became

physician and inventor, and afterwards a painter and
nilptor, his best works being of high value. He

as also a successful teacher of art. Died in 1879.

Rinaldl, re-nll'dee, (Oderico,) an Italian ecde^
astical historian, bom at Treviso in 1505. He wrote a
continuation of Baronlus's " EccleaiastiMl Annals," to
which he added ten volumes, (1646-77,) extending the

irrativo to 1564. Died in 1671.

Blnokhart^ rink'hlat, (MARnrt.) a German hymn.
writer, who in 1636 wrote the celebrated hymn "Nun
danket alia Cott," ("Now thank we all our God.")

Bloofx^ del, dCl r(n-kan^ [ANToNroJ a Spanish
painter, bom at Gnadalaxara about ■446. He aban-
doned tha Golhicstyle, promoted a revolution in Spanish
art, and wa* considered the best Spanish painter of hia
time. He aas court painter to Ferdinand the Catholic;
Died at Seville in 1500. Hia son Fsrhamdo waa also a
skilful painter.

Hine'hait, (Maky Robkrts,) antlior, bom at Pitts-
burgh, Fennsylvaoia, ID 1876. She has written "The
Circular Sl« tease," "The Window at the While Cat,"
' Amaring Adventures of Letitia Caiberry," etc, also
" Double Ufe," and other plays.

Rlne'hait, (William Henry,} an American sculp-
or, bom In Frederick county, Maryland, September 13,
■825. He became a tlone- and marble-cutler of Balti-
more, studied sculpture in Eonqie, 1855-58, and made
many good portrait-hosts, and some picellent ideal
pieces, mainly on classical subjects. Died in 1874.

IU0& (John.) an English surgeon snd writer, bom

far Salislmryln 1751. He published a "Tranilatloa
of the Work* of A^rgil," partly original and partly
altered from Drvden and Pitt, (tSio.) Died In 1821.

R1d& van, vln ring, (FiETER,) a Dutch paintir of
atill lire, flourished about 1650.

RingalbeTeh, van, vtn nng'^I-blRc', [Lat Rinobl-
ber'gius,! (Ioaciiiu Sterck or Joachim FoRTtns^) a
Flemish phiioaopher and professor of Greek, bom al
Aniweip about ijoa He was the author M varioui
well written works. Died in IS3&.

ports, etc., and several valuable books. Died in 1S95.
I KIlay, (HiMKY ChauhCkyJ D.D„ a bishop, bom in
Santiago, Clull, December li, 1835. He graduated at
ColumUa College, New Vor^ in 1858, studied divinity
In England, wa* ordained a presbyter of the Episcopal
Cbnrcli In i86£t and weni as a missionary to Mexico.
In 1879 be waa consecrated Bishop of the Valley of
Wexko. far tba organisation (Eptscotolian) known a*
Iba " CLorch of Jesoa." He expended bis large private
fortune in the work of this Church, but, diipuies having
arisen, he in 18S4 resigned the position.

• mkiia»4:%*ardi%njsQ,^Tt,fu:iiinaiif,m*ai:»,lriiUJi*»»t!\^M\M,tJiu. (|^See ExplBnatkmt, [b Sj.)

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RmCELBER GiaS

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flUngelbargliu. See Rincelbekch.

Rlnc'eSld, (Mijor Samuel.) in American oflicer,
born in Wuhin^on counii^, Maryland, in iSoo^ served
trilh distinction in the Mexican war. He wa* mortallj
wounded at the battle of Palo Alto, [Majr S, 1846,) and
died * Tew dap after.

Rlngll, ring^e^ written abo BIoBlr and RlnggU,
jGothard,) a 5wi» painter and engraver, bom at
Zurich in 1C7;, passed most of hii life at Berne. His
works are highly commended. Died in 163;.

BiOKWaldt, rina'AJllt, (BabtholomXus,) b Geman

CreachCr and lacrea poet, bom at Fnnkfort-on-lhe-Oder
I 1530; died in 159SL

nnk or RlDOk, rink, (Eucmariui GoTTuei,) ■
German btograph«' and nDmtsmatist, bom in Saxony in
167D. Among hit work* are a treatise "On the Value
■nd Quality of Ancient Monejr," ("De ceteris Numis-
matii Potentia et Qualitate," 1701,) and ■ "Life of
Leopold the Great," (170S.) Died In 174;.

Set KisH«m, " Lebeubeichrcibtiiii E. O, Rinktnt," 1749.

Blnk, (JoHAWw CHRisTiArt Heimbick.) a German
organist and compoier, bom in the duchy of Saxe-Gotha
tn 1770. He became court organist at Darmstadt in
1813. Hia reputation ia founded on hit compositiona
for the organ. Died in 1846.

Rlnm«Qii,rin'mln,(SvEH,] a Swedish mineralogist,
wrote a "History of Iron," (1731,) and other worka.
Died In iKn, aged seventy-three.

Rlntoni, rin'tool, (Robert Stiphem.) a British editor,
bom near Perth in 1787, became a resident of London
about iSiJ. Fie was tlie founder and editor of the
"Spectator," a liberal JoomaL Died in lSs&

Set " FraKr-a Hi(utiii" lor Uir, iSjS.

BintiootaJ, re-nool-chee'nee, (AlahannOi) an Italian
Icholar and translator of Greek antbois, was bom at
Florence in 1426 ; died in 1504.

Rlnnocinl, (Ottavio,) an Italian poet, bom at Flor-
ence about 1565. He was one of the inventor* of the
iTrical drama, and excelled in the anacreontic verse^
Among his worlcs are pastorala or operas entitled "£a-
ridice," (1600,) and "Arianna," [1608.) Died in 1611,

Sm CTHsviiti, "HtaiAn UcUnin d'llalii" TuuKaou,
" Sioria dtUt Lnunlini Italian*."

Rio, reeV, (Alexis FRANgotIi) a French writer, bom
1b the island of Are, May 30, 1^7. He graduated at
the College of Vannea, where he was appointed profissor
of classic*. Among hia works are "An Eisav on the
History of the Human Mind in Ancient Times,'' (i vols.,
tSaS-Jo,) " Christian Art," (2 vols., 1841-55.) and " The
Andenl Ideal and the Christian Ideal," (1873.} Died at
Paris, July it, 1874.

Rio, ex. de ree'o, (Ntccol6,) Coum*, an Italian
geologist, born In 176J. He was president of the Faculty
of Philosophy in the University of Padua. Died in 1845.

Stt SAnrr-UAUaici-CAuirv, " Li Conti N. it Ka," ilu

Rioja, d«, dl re-o'Hl, (Francisco,) a Spanish poet,
bnm at Seville in i6oa He wa* librarian to the Duke
of Olivarei while he wa* prime minister. He wrote ■
□umber of short poems wiiich are regarded a* models
of elegance Died in 165S.

Stt LOHCraLLOW, " Pott> tod PoetiT of Eiraps."

ich poK-
r 01 tho

d of L^ de Vega.
in 1658.
^ >lHn. re'ot&N'. (Tian.I a lean

Paris.

Medicine," ("Ijni
Died in 1606.

Riolaiii, (Jean,) an able anatomist and medical writer,
born in Paris about 1578. was a son of the preceding.
He was chief physician to Queen Marie de Medicis. lie
wrote, besides other work), "Anaiomy of the Human
Body," ("AnatORie Corporis humani,'' 1610,) and was
an adversary of the doctrine of the circulation of the
blood Died in 1657,

Stt "Kdiniphit Mtdicile.'

Hloii*,de,d?hre'4N',(FBANgoisHECTCSD' Albert,)
CouTE, a French navalofficer, bom at Avignon'" ""-"
died in iSoa. «

RloomantMof or RJumansow, ryoo-mln'tso^

sometime* written BioamiSLiiteoC Roiiuuin>( and
RonuuitEo^ (Alcxani^er,) a Russian dlplomali*^
bom in (680^ was a bvonrite of Peter L Died in 1749^
Rloomantsof or Romamso^ (written in Polish
RuMiAHCOW,) (Nicholas,) a minister of state and

Catron of learning bom in 1754, was a son of the fol-
iwin^ He became minister of foreign affairs in 1S07,
At his expense Koticbue sailed on a sdeniiGc and
exploring expedition in 1815-1S- Died in (E16.

Rloomantaot-Zsidoonaiald, rvoo-mjn'isof sA-doo-
nl'skee. written also Riotimlantxof- (ot Rninlan-
00V-) Zsdiinalaki (Peter.) Count, a Russian general,
bom in I73S, wa* sutnamed thr Ri;ssiah Turrhhs.
He gained a great victorvover the Turk* on the Kagool
in t77Ci,and negotiated the famous treaty of Koulchoak-
Kainardji. Died in 1796L

Rlordan, (Patrick Wiluam,) R. C. prelate, bom
in New Brunswick in 1841. He became professM of
theology at Chicago, held several pastorates in litinois,
and was ordained bishop of Sui Fnndsco in 1S84.

Rio*, de loa, d;h Ite ree'ds, (Jean FRAifi^oisJ %
Flemish bibliographer, bom at Antwerp in 1718. Hft
published notices of rare book* in a work called " Blblio-

•^■-■-tructive," etc., (Lyons, 1777.) Died In 183a

ElosBB, de loa, di lia ree'As e rysls, (AN*
TONIO,) a Spanish poliddan and minister of stale,
bora at Ronda in iSix. He opposed Esparlero and
the progresistas. He became minister of the taterior
■ ig56L Died November 4, tSy.

Rioofle, re'oor, (HonorI,) Baron, a Trench p
.-dan, bom at Rouen in 1764, was a member
Trtbtinat, (1800-1804.) I3>«'^ 'a 1813.

Sm FAnisn-, " Notica rar Riodti" Bno^ "HMk* ta b
BaioB ttimSt," ill),

RlOult, re'Do", (Louis Edouard,) a French painter,
bom et Montdidier in 1790; died in 1855.

RlonmiantBof. See Rioomantsof.

Rlpamonte, re-dl-mon'tV (Giuseppe,) an ItaOn
historian, born at Tignone In 1573 ; died In I&4I.

Rlpanlt See DESORUEAtnc

Blpaolt, re'py, (LOUIS Madbuine,) a French OU-

tkur and Orientalist, born at Orleans In 1775, was a
nephew of Desormeaux, He was a member of fha

„„ n of the Monumenta of UppCf

Egypt," (tSoo,) also a " History o( Uarcus AnrdiMk*
[4 vols., 1820.) Died tn 1813.

RIpert. See Monclar, dk.

Rlp^ey, (Elrazar Wkrelock,) an American officar,
born at Hanover, New Hampshire, In 1781, served wMi
distinction in the war of t6ia,andwaa made amajoi^
general. Died in 1839.

Hipley, (Geob '

alchemist, w
In 1490.

Ripley. (George,) an able American editor and
scholar, bom at Greenfield, Massachusetts, in iSoo.
Among his publication* are "Edited Spectmeru of
Foreign Standard Literature," {14 »ols., 1838-44,) and
" Hand-Book of Literature and the Fine Arts," (iSsa-
a,) conjointly with Bayard Taylor. In 1S49 he becama
literary editor of the New York "Tribune." lie was
assodated aa chief editor with Mr. C. A. Dana in the

Kblication of Appleton's" New American CnJopsedia.'
: died July 4, 18S0.
Sta Aujiam, " DlEtuHrr of Authon."

lUpley, (Henry Jones,) D.D., an Amerkan Baptlai
divine, born at Boston in 1798, became professor of
biblical literature at the Newton Theological Instttutloi^
Massachusetts, He published " Notes on the Four Go^
pels," and other theological works. Died May 11, 187S,

Ripley, (lioswELL S.,) an American general, bora m
Ohio about 1814, graduated at West Point in 1843. ^^"
published "The War in Mexico," {2 vols.. 1849.) He
was an uiTiccr in the Confederaie army during the war,
and afierwards resided in London. Died in 1887.

Rlp'on, (Frederick John Robinson,) lirn EaU
OF. an English minister of state, bom in I.ondon la
1782, was a younger son of Lord Grantham. He b»an
public life as a moderate Tory. He became a memW

I. (. I, a. 0, ?,/»»■ 4, t. 6, same, less prolonged; I, «, It ^ <S.y. '*<»*;». fe t ft 'i''™"; '!'. fl"". O'i »*'; n*! S»<'J ■

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RJPON

3065

RITSON

of the board of admiraUv <n 1810, and vice-president of
the board of trade In iSit. In Januarr. 1823. he wai
Cppoinicd ehsncellot of the exchequer, when Canning
became prime minUter, in 1817, he abtained the office of
colonial seorctarj, and entered the House of Lords, with
the title of Lord Goderich. He was prime minister
from tb« death of Canning, August, ^'&^^. to January,
183S. In the Whig ministrr formed in iSjO he was
colonial lecretary and lord privr teal. He was created
Earl of Ripon about 1833, and resigned office in 1834.
In 1S41 he accepted the presidency of the biiard of trade
from Sir Robert Peel, nho appointed him president
of the Indian board in lS43> "« teaigned with Peel in
18416. Died in 1859.

Sm WiluM) JniiuH, " Mm I hin known.*' LanAm, 1H6.

Ripen, (GioitGt Fkkduick Samusl Sobiiuoo,)
Marquis of, an English nobleman, a ion of the first
Earl of Ripon, (q. v.} He was born in London, October
34, iStT. He entered Parliament as a Liberal in iSjz,
■pcceeded to his father's titles in 18^9. became aecreiary
for war in 1863, and secretary for India in t866. He was
lord president of the council 1S68-73, viceroy ot India
1880-84, first lord of the admiralty 18S6, and secretary
for the colonies 1891-9;.

Rlpoao, n. See FiCHERKtU.

RIpp«rda, do, dth rin-pfK'dl, (Jan Willku,) Duei,
an adventurer and diplomatist, was bom at Groningen
(Holland) in 16S0. He served In the Dutch army, and
■nained the rank of colonel. About 1715 he was sent
as envoy to Madrid to negotiate a commercial treaty.
Having acquired the favour oF Albetoni and the Kins
of Spun, he abjured the Protestant religion in 171!!, and
I appointed director of the royal manufactories. He

prison, from which he escaped about 1719. lie entered
the aerrice of Ihe King of Morocco about 1731. Died
atTetulnin 1737.

S<* " Vh Aa Doc dc RIppcrdi," par P. If. B., ith. which
tnndued inio Rngliih b; Johh OxrHLi. itn: " Vi&dd Dinin
iiRippcrdi."M»lr>(l,iT4o; G. Moou, "UiMofCudiiu] AJb^
nai aad Iha Duki dt Rippuda," 1B06.

Rlp'pOD, (John,) an English Baptist minister, bom
at Tiverton, April ag^ 1751. He is chiefly remembered
for his hymns. Died December 17, 183&

Hlquot See Carakan, dc

Rlqnet, retii', (Pikbks Paul,) Baton de Bonrepo*,
a French engineer, born at Bjiiera in 1604, was a rela-
tive of the lamous Mirabeau. He acquired honourable
distinction as the projector and ensmeer of the great
canal of Languedoc, wntch extends from the Garonne
to the Mediterranean. It was commenced in 1667 and
finished about i6Sa Died in t6S&

Sm AmntKinT, '• HUioIrt du ChhI du Midi .-" Dkaw^ " Clg|.
it P. llii)iHi," i>ii.

RliiiifttL See Hiiabud.

*"-nl«T, r^li^', (GuiKAirr,) a French poet, called

■>94. He

Alfonso X. of CasUle.

RUbAOlc, rls'blk, (Casta*,) a German onbliclst, bom

near Mcnti in 1749 or 17J0. His reputation U founded
on " Letters of a French Traveller about 6ei
vols., 178],) in which he exposed with ability tl , .
and social evil* which prevailed in that country. Died
ini7S6.

Set J. Pun, " BiocrapluKtiii Dnhniall. C RidiKk'i," it16,

RU'dfo, (Tristkam.) an English topographer, bom
Id Devonshire in 15S0; died in 164a,

IUah1,a Sanscrit word, signifying "saint" or "sage,"
and applied in the Hindoo mythology to certain sages
or demi-gods, among whom Kasyapa, Viswlmitra, and
Gautama are perhaps the most worthy of mieolion.

5h lloua," Hindu puHwoB."

RlBlfT. (Thohai,) an English Puritan preacher,
born near Warrington in 163a He was ejected m ■
nonconformist in i66l. Died in 1716.

IUh6, ris'so, (Antonio,) a distinguished Italian

natoraUst, born at Nice in 1777. He made d
in the xoology of the Mediivrraiiean, and published, be-
sides other works, "The Ichthyology of Nice," (tSioJ
and a *' Natural History of the Principal Productlona
of Southern Europe," etc., (5 vols., t8i6,) both in French.
Died in 1845.

Ris^ rl»t, (JoHANH,) a once popular German poet.
born near Ilambur^ in 160^. He wrote dramas and
religious poems, which are said by a French critic to ba
elegant in style but devoid of sentiment Died in 1667.

Riatorf, ris-to'ree, (Adelaide,) a celebrated Italian
actress, bom in Venetia in i8ji. She performed with
greatapplausebothin tragedy and comedy. She visited
the United States in September, 1866. " In according to
Ristori the highest order of dramatic genius, ne merely
allow what has long Since t>een decided beyond appeal
by the critical tribunaJs of France, Italy, Germany,

"" ■ ' "" .~. . jpeaxe is among dmm-

[" Atlantic Monthly,"
April, 1867.) Died October 9, 1906.

RltueOo, re-sirtn'yo, written also Riivenao, (/OSf,)
_ Spanish painter and sculptor, born at Granada fa
16^, was a pupil of Atonio Cano. Died in 1711.

Rltohia, ritch'e, originally Ogden, (Mrs. Akna Cora
MowATT,) an American authoress and actress, bom t«
Bordeaux, France, of American parents, about iSsa.
'"~t was married first to a Mr. Mowatt, and afterward*
.- Mr. W, Ritchie, an editor, of Richmond, Virginia,
about 1854. She published, besides other wo^kl^
" Pelayo, or the C«vern nf Covadonga," a poem, a
. jmedy entitled "Fashion," (1845.) and "Armand," »
drama, (1847-) She made her d^but as an actress about
1845. Died in 1870.

Sh "AinabioiTiphr of aa Acitmi.'' bf AmiA C Rrrcattl

Gbiwtold, " Feinata Poeu o( Anwriea."

tUt'ohltt, (Anna Isabeixa,) a daughter of the novel-
ist W. M. Thackeray, was bora in London <n 1837- In
1877 ahe married Mr. Richmond Ritchie. Her writings
include "The Story of Eliiabelh,"li863.) "Tailors and
Spinstert," " Five Old Friends and ■ YctinB Prince,"
"Miss Angel," (1875,) "Miss Williamson's Divagations,"
(1881,) "Mrs. Dynoood," (1885,) "Chapters from
Some Memoirs," (1894,) and many other works.

Rltohis, (David Gborgb,) a British writer, bom
at Jedburgh in 1853. Among his works are "Dar-
winism and Politics," (18S9,) " Principles of Stale
Interference," (1891,) " Darwin and Hegel," (1893,)
- Natural Rights," (1895,) etc. _

Rltohis, ntch'e, (Leitch,) a British journalist and
..3velist, bom at Greenock about 1800, Among his
novels are " Schinderhannes, or the Robber of Iho
Rhine," (1848,) "The Game of Ufe," (1851,) and "Tho
Magician," (3 vols., 1853.) He contributed lo severd
London joarnals and magaiines. In the latter part of
his life he was an editor of " Chambers's Jonmai" U
Edinburgh. Died in 186$.

Rltouo, (Thouas,) an American ionroalisi and poli-
tician of the Democratic party, was bom at Tappahan-
nock, Virginia, in 1778. In 1804 he became editor of the
"Richmond Enquirer," over which he continued b>
preside for forty years, and which, under his editorships
was, for a time, the most Influential Journal of hia party.
Died in 1854-

Rlfnqr, (JoscPH,) an American Governor, bora near

, Me served in the legis-
„. to 1837, and waa nomi-
nated for the office of Governor by the Anti-Masonic
party in 18^ but was not elected. In 1S35 he was
chosen Governor for three years. He was an efSdent

Eromoter of common schools, and was distinguished fbt
is opposition to slavery Died in 1869.
Hitachi, rltsh'1, (Friksrich WiLHtuf,) a Geratan
philologist, and professor of ctas^cal literature at Bonn,
was born in Thuringia in 1806. He published aeveral
critical ircatisei on the classics, and a number of anti-
quarian works. His edition of Plautns (3 vola., 1848-
53) is highly praised. Died November 9, 187&
Sec " Nwvdk Biofraplin Gdolnl*,''

«a*A,*tuf;S4anf,-tu/VOt>>.K,fHA»w/;it,i«aw/;B,/Fi7J<^;la*s;ihasin«Ufc m^Sw Ear>lanatIoaa.CkS>t

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

Ritaon, (Joseph,) an Eiwlish antiquuj and potdcal
Clitic, born ai Stockton (Durham) in 1752, resided mostly
in London. He published many works, among which
vt "ObMrvatioos on (Waitoa'iJ HU1017 of English
FoetTf," (1733,) "Andent Songs from the Time of
Henry III. to iMS," (179°.) and " Robin Hood," (1795.)
Died in 1803.

See Sia N. Hunus Ntcous, " Ule tni LMIn af J. Ulaon,"
■Sj}: HAiLiwooa, "Life of J. Rioan," 1EI14; "Edinburib Re-
TieH" (or liniurj. 1B116: "Fiuer'i Mifuint" lot Uiy, 1S34;
■'MoiilhJ;^!**™*" far SepWnber, iSoj

Rif t^n-hoasa, (Davcd.) an eminent American as-
tronomer and mathematician, bom at Gennantown, near
Philadelphia, on the 8ih of April, 1731. He worked on
his father's fann in his early youth, learned to make
clocks without instruction, and made himself master of
Newton's *' Prindpia" about 17JO. It is stated that he
discovered the method of fiunons befor« the age of
nineteen. He learned Latin after he was nineteen or
twenty years old. He worked for some years at the
trade of dock-maker at Norriton, in Mbntgomery
county, Pennsylvania. Aboot 1767 he constructed an
orrery, which was purchased by Princeton College.
He also made mathematical instruments of a superior

Juality. His first commuiuea.tion to the American
hilosophical Sodety was a calculation of the transit
of Venus which occurred on the 3d of June, 1769. and
which he observed with success. In [764 he married
Eleanor Colston. He was elected treasurer of Fenn-
•ylvania in 1777, and continued to fill that office until
17S9. During this period he was employed to determine
the boundaries of Pennsylvania. He w.is chosen presi-
dent of (he American Philosophical Sodety in 17^1,
and became first director of the Mint, at Philadelphia,
In 179a. In 1795 he WIS chosen a Fellow of the Royal
Society of London. Having lost his first wife, he mar-
ried Hannah Jacobs, of Philadelphia, about 1774. On
■ccotint of ill health, he resigned in 179; the direction
of (be Mint, which he bad organiied by arduous and
■ucceisfu] efforts. He contributed numerous sdentific
treatises to the "Transactions of the Anurican Ptulo-
■ophical Sodety." Died in Philadelphia, June, IT96.
* Were we called upon," says Renwick, " to assign him
a rank among the philosophers whom America has
produced, we ahoald place him, in point of scientific
merit >s second to Franklin alone. ... He had shown
himself the equal, in point of leamina; and skill as an
observer, to any practical astronomer then living."
_ SHjAiRsRDiwicE.^''Li&ofDa^(lRinenhoiiK." In £»■!(■;■

lUtWDhooK"^!); " WJiiooal Jannii-Gallpj of Diitinpiitlud
AneriaoA," voL IL

filtter. rit'tfr. (HKmRicH,] a German philosopher
and historian, bom at Zerlist in 1791. He became pro-
feasor of philosophy at Berlin about 1814, and removed
to GQttingen in 1837. lie published a numlier of works
on philosophy, etc His principal work is a " History
of Philosophy," C Geschichte der Philosophic," la vols.,
1839-J3,) which is highly esteemed. It has been well
translated into English by A. J. W. Morrison, (4 vols.
Svo, 1838-46.) Ritter is called an Eclectic philoaopher.
Died at Goliinffen, February 3, 18691

Hlrt^r, (HlKRY,) an artist, bom at Montreal, In
Canada, about 1815, studied painting at Hamburg and
Dosseldort Among his principal works may be named
" Indians Flying from a Burning Prairie." Uied in 1853.

RltteiT, (JoHANN Daniel,) a. German scholar and
writer on Roman antiquities, etc., was bom near Cres-
Ian in 1709; died at Wittenberg in 1775.

Ritter, (JoHANS WiLHELM.) a Gemian natural phi-
losopher, bom at SamiU, in Silesia, in 1776. He wrote
"Memoirs on Physics and Chemistry," (3 vols., 1S06.)
and an autoluography, [1 vols., tSlo.) Died at Munich

IUtt«T, (Joseph Icnaz,) a German Catholic theo-
i^an, bom near Grlinebei^ in 17S7. He became in
l&ti professor of ecdesiastical history at Bonn. Died
In 1857.

Hitter, (Kakl,1 an eminent German geof^pher, bom
at Quedlinburg in 1779. Having travelled in Swiuer-
landi France, and Italy, he succeeded Schlosscr as pro-
feasor of hlMory at Frankfort-on-the-Main in 1S19. His

IS a good
Phcdma,

ib SIVA UP

" Portico of I History of the Enropean Natknu befbr*
Herodotus" came ont In iSsa In 1813 he published
the first volume of the second and enlarged edition of
his "Geography in Relation to the Nature and History
of Man," ("Die Erdeknnde im Verhiatniss lor Natui
nnd zur Geschichte des Meitsdien," 18 vols., iS»-;9,)
which is esteemed his greatest work. Among his other
producUons we may name "A GlanM at Palestine and
Its Christian Population," "The Coloniiation of New
Zealand," (1S43,) and " The Jordan and the Navigation
of the Dead Sn," (1850.) Ritter was a member of the
Academy of Sdences of Berlin, and of the Royal So>
dety of London. He has been called (be foonder of
the sdence of comparative geography. Died in Berlio

Ssa W. I. Caol -Lib of Kiri Rinv," Mew York, a(n\
"Foreign QuirMil^ Review" (brOcubii, 1S17; "NouneU* Bi»
piptiie Cjstnlc."^

KitteialiiiTa, rit'tfrs-hois', or RlttaralMinaan, rit'*
t(rs-h6w'i?n,lLat Rittersmo'sius,] (Conhad.) a Ger-
man jurist and able critic, bom at Brunswick in 156a

He became professor of law at AltorC He w ■"

classical scholar, and wrote commentaries on
Oppian, and other authors. Died in 1613.

S» "Vita C RJttenliuii." by his un GioHI,- U. Adam
"Vit2 Genoanonud JuHicDiuulUiruiD."

RitteraliiiTS, (Nikoiau^) a son of the preceding
was bom at Altorf in 1597. He wrote " Genealogy of
Emperors, Kings," eta, ("Genealogia Imperatono^
Regum, eta, 1400-1664," 1674.) Died in 167a

Ritzio. See Rizzio.

Rivail. See Rivault.

RlvalUna, See Rivault.

Rivals re'vil', (Antoink.) a French painter wsA
engi^ver, bom at Toulouse in l6£^ ; died in 1735.

His father, Jsan Pierri, bom in 163J, was a pajntei
at Toulouse, where be died in 1706.

Rivard, re'vlR', (Denis,) a French snrKon and
lithotomist, bom at Nenfchlteau, practised at Lon^villft
Died in 1746L

RlTard, (DoMTKTQUi Francois,) a French mathe-
matician, bom at Neafchlteau in 1697. He was professof
in the College of Beauvais for forty yeara, and published
several valuable works on geometry and mathenaticfc
Died in Paris in 1778.

RiToroI, re'vf rol', (Antoihe,) a witty and satirical
French writer, born at Bagnols, in Langucdoc, in lyjj
assumed the title of Count de RivaroL He was cele-
brated for his colloquial powers, and abounded In that
ready wii which goes far to justify alt pretensions and
to excuse all excesses of audadty. lie produced in
1784 an able "Essay on the Universality of the French
Language," and a free translation of Dante's " Inferno,"
which had a great success. His talent for satire, irony,
and persiflage was displayed in a series of lampoons
against living authon, entitled "Uttle Almanac of
Great Men," ("Petit Almanach des grands tlommes,"
17S8.) He also gained distinction as a joumaljol^ ji*
married an English lady named Flint Having identi-
fied himself with the royalist party, he emigrated in
1791. Died in Beriin In iSoi.

Sh CuBitmo^AuifasADx. "Vie da RI«n^** iftai; IinnT

Da LA PiATiiiia. "Vie di Ri«rol," iSol- ' ■■ "^

"Rinnil,u Vieel lemOumiH," igiS; Saii
rici Aa LundL" lome v.: Lncuni. 'Mllirol

iiwi(<i)<ii; '

bOo-

IUtsioI, (CLAtrDE FRAN^ots.) a brother of tSe pir
ceding, was bom at Bagnols in 1761. He was a captain
in (he army, and a royalist emigrant in 1791. Having
returned to Fans as a secret agent of the Boorbooa,
he was imprisoned twenty-two months, (1795-97.) Us
wrote dramas, verses, etc. Died in i843L

Rlvarola, re-vJ-roOl, (Alfonso,) a promising Itanan

Eiinler, bom at Ferrara in 1607, was a pupil of Qsfy»
ononi. Among his works is "The Braien Serpent.*
Died in 1640.
KlTaa, de, DuKX. See Saavedra.
Slvatid de la Rnfflnltee. re'vO' dfh 11 iVKn^'L',
(Olivier Macoux,) a French general, bom in FoKO*
in 1766. He served with distinction at Marengo md
Austerlitz. Died in 1839.

1, 4 1.9^ 0, ;, /m;.- 1, i, 6, sam^ less prolot^i i, ^ 1, 6, &, ^ /Asrf; t,f, i, 9, aJMwr*; (Jr, fJU, eUi mbi iifcigdMi nOtot

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SIVAULT i

Xlvanlt re'vft', |L»L Rivai.'liiis,| (Avhak,) wrim
tlio Rival], a French jurist, born about 1490. He wi
counsellor to the pariiament of Grenoble, and wrote _
" Histor; of the Civil or Roman Law," (" Histaria Juris
Civilis." 107.)

RlvKDlt, (DAVtn,) a French writer, bom at Laval
about 1571. He vras appointed preceptor to the young
king Louis XIIL In 1613. He published, beiidet other
work*. " Minerva Armed, or the Union of Literature
and Arnw," ("Minerra annsta, sive de Conjungendii
Uteris et Armi*," iClO^) and "Archimcdis Opera,'
fi6lO Died in t6t6.

Blvu, dflh dfh re'vl^ (Pikkri Joixph,) a Swisi
mechanist and inventor, bom at Saint Gingolpb, on the
Lake of Geneva, in 1711; died in 1771.

Rlve^ riv, (Joseph Jkan,) a French InbllogTapher,
twrn'at Apt in 17301 He wrote nuraeroos works, and
■as librarian to the Due de la Vallitte. Died in 1791.

Si« " Noaidit Biccnphia GAitnlt."

HIT*, da la, (AuGUsn.) See La RtVK, db.

RlTora, re-vi'rl, (Jos4 Fructuoso.) a South Amer.
■can general, bom about 1790, was a Gaucho, He was
elected president of the repuUic of Uruguay in 1830
for (bar years. Died in 1854.

RlTerlos. See RiviIks.

RlT'vra, (Amthony WooDvtLLK or WVDtvnxK.)
Eahi. op, an accomplished English peer, bom in 14^3
was ■ brother of the queen of Edward IV. After tht
death of that king he had charge of the young heir to
the throne. He wke beheaded bv Richard IIL, without
a form of trial. In 1483. He left some original poems
and translations from the classics, which are commended.
{Cunningham's "Hisloryof England," vol. i.)

Hlv'^re, (William J.,) born at Charleston, South
Carolina, in 1S33, became professor of Greek literature
at South Carolina College In 1856. He bat published
•everal works. In iirose and verse.

Rtves, (AMtLiB,) an American novelist, bom at
Richmond, Virginia, in 1863. She married John A.
Chanlcr, of New York, and, after divorce. Prince
Troubeiikoi, of Russia. Her works include "Th(
Quick or the Dead ?" (188S,) "Witness of the Sun,"
(18S9,) " Athelwold," (1893,) etc.

HlTM, (Wlu-IAK C.) an American Senator, bom In
Melson county. Virginia, in May, 1 793. He studied law,
ud wat eleaed a member of Congress in 1S13. He was
•ent at minister lo France in 1810, returned b 1832, and
was then elected to the Senaie of the United Stales Iw the
legislature of Virginia. Having resigned his seat in 1834,
be waa reelected in 1835. In 1^ he was electeda
Senator for a third term. Ho was minister to France
lUain from 1S49 to 1853, He published the " Life and
Timei of James Madison," (3 vols,, 1859-68, unfinished.)
lie was a ntember of the Conledeiate Congress from
Februaiy, 186a, mtil the end of the rebellion. Died in
April, 1868.

' m" tor JaiiBUT. 183S. ("ilh ■ paw

HlTot re'vl', [Lat Rivr'tus,] (Andr*,) ■ French
ftotestant minaier and biblical critic, born at Saint-
Maxent In twa or 1573. He became professor of
theology at Leyden in iSlo, and was governor of the

Bung Prince of Orange, (William IlE of England.)
s wrote several works on theology. Died at Breda
bi 1651. " Rivet," says Hallam, " was the highest name
among the Calvinuta," {f.t. in the department of sacred
criticism.)

Hivet d« Cl»mpveraoJi, re'vi' df h shBti'vtR'nflN'
(GuiUJtyMR,) a Froleslanl minister, bom at Saint-
IjSOiWas a brother of the preceding; He
ogy. Died in 1651.

- — Gttaaffi, re'vl' dfh llgRONzh.JAKTOiNR,)

aleamed French Benedictine. born at Confolens in 1683.
He wa* punished for opposition to the bull " Unigenilus"
by confinement in a monaslery at Mans. He projected
a great work eniiited " The Literary History of France,"
Of which he composed 9 vols., (I7i3-S0-) He died in
I74» His work was continued by dliinencet and others.
■k.^ £ K^*'^V*!I'".^^■" ^'"RJ.hino™!" •!" Dom Bi>«." ia
•eninih vohirne 01 Ibe " LiItrsTrHaiDij irf Frmce."

BiTiere.ree v;-ak', (Briton,) a distingtdshed English
animal -painter, born in London, August 14, 1S4& Ha
graduated at Oxford In 1867. He was elected a full
Academician in 1S81.

RiTl6re. re-v^ia', [Lat Rrra'aitrs,] (Lazari.) a
French medical writer, bom at Montpellier In 1589,
His "Praxis Medica" ("Medical Practice," 1640) was
often repiinled. Died in 1655.

RlTiiro, de. dfh re'vMiR', (Charlhs Franqois Cm
lUflaidean— dfh re'flR^a',) Due, a French royalist
oSicer, born at FertJ-sur-Cher in 1763. He waa sen-
tenced to de&th as an accomplice of Pichegm in 1804,
but his life waa saved by the empress Josephine. Died

Falaise ; died in Paris in 1605.

Rlvieren, van, vin re-vee^(n, [Lat. Rnr'ius.l (Jrak.)
a Belgian monk, bom at Louvain in 1599. He wrote ■
"Life ofSainlAugostine,- {1646.) Died in l66j.

RlT'lng-tpn, (Jamrs.) an English jirinter and book-
seller, born in t/indon about 1TJ4, emigrated to Amer*
i«, and founded in New York a journal entitled Iho

< ai *; f as i,- g torf; ( is/; o, a^X,giittunl; v, naial; r, triiUJ; I as «; «b a

consequence of his denunciations of the patriots, his
press was destroyed in 1775 by a party of American
soldiers. He saMequently resumed the publication of
his journal, under the title of the " Royal Oaiette," After
the evacuation of New York by the British he changed
the name of his paper to " Rivington's New York Ga<
lette and Univenal Advertiser." Died in iBoj.

See DuvcKINCic, "CydoiixdiiDf Ameriaa LiIentur^"nL t.

tUvlntiB, re-vee'nds, (Andreas,) a German philolo.
gist and physician, bom at Halle in t6oo or i6ai. His
proper name was Bachmann. He was professor of
poetry and medicine at Leipsic Died in iG5ii

Sn KaoKATia, " ProRnRuia id Fuam A. Riviai," i6j6>

RlTlnUB, (AucusT QuiRiNirs,) an eminent botanist
id anatomist, son of the preceding, was born at Leiptie
in 1653. He became professor of physiology and botany
in his native city in 1691. His chief work is "General
Introduction to Botany," ('■ Introductio generalis in Rem
Herbariank," 1690,) In which he proposed a classifies.
tion of plants founded on the fonn of the corolla. Died
in 1733.

Sm G.. F. JnicHBH, "Procrunu hi A. Q. RiTfait OV^anJ
■"*;. B'jyraph,. UniT««n.;" NK4aoH, "kHaioir«i" "Bfc.

Blvius. See Rivieren.

RlToll, Duke of. See Hasssna.

Rlsd, XK-thitt*,} (FRAKasco,) Don, a Spanish painter,
bom in Madrid in 1608, was a pnpil of Carduccio. Ha
became first painter to Philip tV. about i6s6l He had
great fertility of invention and facility of execution, but
contributed to the decline of art by his superficial habits.
Died in 1685.

lUzo-RIiajigabi, ree'io rln'gl-be, (AutXAHDKK,)
BO written RhJso«-RIiaiieavla, an eminent Greek
, xt, orator, and statesman, was born about 181CL He
published a collection of poems, (1837,) followed by
" Hellenic Antiquities," (" Antiquitii Helliniques,") in
French, (voL t., 1841; voLii., 1855,) translations ofSee-
mann's "Antiquities of T«™" (1874) and " Plutarch'*
Lives," (1864-66^) and a "Literary History of Modern
Greece," (1867.) In 1845 he was appointed prolessor
of archaeology at Athena, He was minister of foreign
affairs from 1S56 lo 1859, and was appointed minister to
the Uniicd Slates in 1867, to Constantinople in t869,aod
to Paris in 1S70. Died at Athens, Jannary aS, 1893.

BlzElo or Rltslo, rit'se.t^ written also Rtcolo,
(David,) an Italian musician, bora in Kedmont about
He went to Edinburgh about 1563, in the train
imbassador from Savoy, and gained the bvour
of Mary Queen of Scots, who employed him as her
French secretary, "He became," says Froude, "the
queen's inseparable companion in the coundl-room and
(he cabinet She kept late houn, and he was often alone
ilh her till midnighL He had the control of alt the

' in Ihit, (B7~Sm Explanations, p. ^)

Digitized 3,G00gle

bdsincsB or the stale." The same historian, alluding to
the Injurious Influence of Riuio over tixtj Sloan, tayi,

• Bcmw, " HiitoiT of Seoiliqd.'' toL It. cbipa, iHEi ud
WT. 1 RouKnoH, " Hluory of ScMtuHL"

Rotibia,della, deni rot/be-1, (AKOitVA,) an Italian
•nilptor, bom at Florence In 1444. II« worked In
naxDle and enamelled terra-cotta. Died in t$XJ.

Hto ion Giovanni, bom in 1470, waa a sculptor.
Another ton, GirolaIio, went to France, and was
employed by Francis L He made a uaible statce of
Catherine de HMid* at Saint-Denia.

Sh BAanr na Jotnr, " Lb Delia Robbia, tmia."

RobbU, della, (LvcA,) a &moui tculptor and
worker in enamelled terra-cotta, bom at Florence about
I w or 1400^ was a brother or an uncle of Andrea,
He adorned nith bassi-rilievi the Campanile of th«
Cathedral of Florence, and made a bronze door for the
jacristj of the same. He invented the enamelled terra-
cotta, and acquired a European reputation bv ihe fabri-
cation of fignret of Ibii BMlerial, which are Calted " della
RobUa" ware. Dted In 1463, or, as some say, 1481.

SayASUi, "litwof tbi Painunui) Sculplon:" "NoovtD*

RobHjliu, (AsuoR,) an American lawyet and statei-
man, bont at Welhersfield, Connecticut, In 1757, set(led
bi Rhode Island, and was elected to the United States
Senate in 1835. He served in the Senate fourteen year*.
Died in 1845.

Kobbloa, [Ellbn,] an American artist, wai bora at
Watcrlown, Massachusetts, in iSaS, and studied art with
S. S. Tnckerman. She attained distinction as a waler-

oatisl^ born at Mlcon In 17S3, was a republican member
of the Convention, (1791.) With Bonnier and Debry, he
represented France at the Car^^ress of Rastadt, in 1799.
He was assassinated by Austrian soldiers just after he
departed from Rastadl, In April of that year.

RoVsrt OP Bataria; born in 135*, was elected Em-
peror of^ Germany hi 1400. He attempted to con<;Der
the Milanese, but waa defeated by Visconti In 1401.
Died in 1410.

RoVf rt [Fr. pron, ro'b^R't Lat Rober'tui ; It.
R0BERTO,-n»b{R'to1 I, King of France, was the second
■on of Robert the Strong, Duke of France, ARer the
death of his brother Eudes, S9S a.T>., the throne was
obtained by Charles the Simple. In 923 the malcontent
baroni revolted against Chariet, and proclaimed Rulicrl
as hit BQCceasor. In 023 the army of Robert gained a
victory over that of hfs rivM i but Robert was killed In
the action.

Robert II, King of France, bom at Origans In 971,
was a son of Hugh Capet, whom he succeeded- In 996.
He was reputed to be very devout, but was excommu-
nicated bv the pope for his marriage with a cousin In
the fourth degree. In 10x4 he refused Ihe imperial
crown, oflered to. hira b;the Italians. His reicn was
pacific. He died In 1031,. and left the throne to his son

Sh RAOtTL Qlubl 'Qmtlqaif' "Nonmlt* Biocnpliit
{Wntnlt."

Robert OF Atooff, King of Naples, bom about 1175,
was a ton of Charles IL He began to reign in 1309,
and waged war against the emperor Henry VIL He
was the judge selected to decide whether Petrarch was
qualified to receive Ihe crown of poet-laureate. Died
(n t343-
Robert 1 of Scoti-ahd. See Bruce, (Robert.)
RoV^ IL, King of Scotland, born in 13(6, was the
£nt king of the House of Stewart or Stuart The family
name was originally Allan, or Alan. (See Stuart
pAMlLV.) His mother, Marjory, was a daughter of
Robert Bruce, and his father, Walter Allan, was the
high aleward of Scotland. He acted as regent from
1338 to 1341, andaeain while David It. was held as
a prisoner by Ihe English, (1346-57.) He succeeded
David IL In 1371. Among the imporuni events of his

reign were a war against the Engliib, and Ihe battle o(
Oiterbome, (13SS.) Died in 139a

St* Bcrrmi, " Hiturj tit Scnksd," nL lit dup. znl
Robert III, Klne of Scotland, bom about 134a, was
a ton of Robert if. His baptismal name was John)
bat John Baliol (called " King John") had rendered thla
fo unpopular that it was changed to Robert He begin
to reign in itoo> Hostilities «ere renewed between the
Scotch and Endlsb In 1399, and the former were de-
feated at Honildon Hill, In 1403. Robert died in 1406,
leaving Ihe throne IQ his ton, Jamet L
So BUKTOM. "UinoiT of SeailanA" chalk UtL
Robert |Fr. pron. ro-baiR'l L, Duke of Nonnandf,
lunumed lb Diarle, Ifh de'fbl', ("the Devil,") was a
ton of Richard IL He succeeded his brother, Richard
HI., In 1017. In 103S he made ■ pilgrimage to tb«
Holy Land, on his return from which he died at Nicaea
in July, 1035. He was succeeded by hi* ton, WiUiam
the Conqueror of EnglancL

Sh Derrim, -Hiuoln i, NonMBfiet" A. Danu^ "Mode*
biMonqii* nr ftotwn ]• Dialils," ■*]&

Robert IL, Duke nf Kormandy. aiimaiDed Cdrt>
Hose or Short-Shan^ bom aboal 1051, was the eld-

guished himself at the siege of Antlochand at the battle
of DorylKum, (1097,) and returned home in iiool In
hit absence hi* vounger brother, Henry, obtained paa>
session of the throne of England, left vacant by the
death of William Rufu*. ,Io the war that ensued between
Robert and Henry, the 'former was defeated and taken
prisoner In 1 10& He wa* coaGned at Cardiff until U»
death, in 113s,

S« DsmMo. " HTticrir* ^ Kconudltr OaouiCDaVrTAUl,
Hiilory of NomuiHlT."

Robert X, Count of Artola, bom In 1116, wa* a too
of Louis Vlli. of France. IJe accompanied hit brother,
Salnl Louis, in a cru.iade against The Saracens, and waa
killed at Mansourah in lljo.

His son ROBERT) bom m lajo, gained a victory ovvr
the F.nglish near Dax in 1396, and over the Fleminga
at Furnes in 1397. He was killed in battle in 1303.

Robert IIL, Count of Anols, a grandson of the pre*
cedinc, was bom in ilS?. He was banished by Fhiltp
VI. of Francein 1331, and entered the •enlce of Edward
III. of England. Died In 1343.

Robert roliaiR', (CftsAR ALPKOKIlt,) a French too
geon and medical writer, bora at Marseilles In iSol.
lie became a resident of Paris. l>ied December t, it6t,

Robert, (Claudk,) a French eccte^astical historian.
born near Bai-aui-Seine in 1564 or 1565. His chief
work is " Christian Gaul," (" Gallia Christiana," l6l6.>
which was continued by the Benedictines and extended
to thirteen volumes, (17S5.) Died In 1637.

Sh E. Socabd, " Notica batoriqD* itit Chudo Retet"

Robert, ro'bCRt, (Ernst Friedrkhi LudwtoJ a
German liaJratttrr, of Jewish extraction, bom at Berlin
in 177S, was a brother of Rahel Vamhagen von Ense.
He was the author of poems, tales, and dramas. Died
in T833.

Robert (Fraw^is.) a French rtographer, bom near
Chllons-sur-Sa6neini737. He published, besides olher
works, a "Geognphiul Dlctlonaiy," {iSiS.) Died in
1S19.

Robert, (Hubert,^ an excellent French painter of

He painted views of the m

Afler his return to Paris he was appointed keeper of
the royal cabinet tnd dminaleur oS the royal gardens
Died in Paris in 1808.

Sc« " NuTtni BioBMpU* Cfainlt,"

Robert, (Louis IJoroLO,) an eminent painter, htm
at Chaux-le-Fonds, In Ihe canton of Neufchltel, in 1794.
tie was a pupil of Glrardel and of David. Tn iSiS
he went to iialy. In which he passed the remainder of
his life. He represented Italian life and scenery with

iming which are "The

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ROBERTSON «

Rob«rtaon, (Jakes Bukton,] Ph.D., an Engliih
historian, bofn in London, November 15, iSoa H« was
educated at (he Sloman Catholic College of Saint Ed-
mund, near Ware. Id tS^5 Dr. Newman, rector of the
Roman Catholic Univertiiy at Dublin, appointed him
profeuorof geography and modern hisloty, to which the
chair of English literature was subsequently added. The
lectures here delivered were subsequently published in
a aeries of books that were highly soccessful. Among
these may be named " Lectures on Various Subjects ot
Andent and Modern History," {'SjS,) "Lectures on the
life, Writings, and Timti of Edmund Burke," (1868,)
etc Died in Dublin, February 14, 1877.

RobeitBOO, (James Ckaioie.) D.D., a British divine,
born It Aberdeen in 1813. He graduated in iSjd at
Trinity College, Cambridge, was made a canon of Can*
tetbury in ]S59. and in 1S1S4 was appointed professor of
church history in Kine'a College, London. Among bis
works are " History oT the Christian Church," (1853 a
«j.,Ja"Lifeof Becket," (1859,) " History of the ReFor-
nuition," (1S66,) and a shorter " Church History," (iS6a]
Died July 9, 1882.

RobAttaon. (Jambs Logib,) a British author, bom
in Scotland in 184G. His works (under pen-name of
Hugh Haljburton) consist of ae»eral volumes of poem;
and of Scottish stories, "History of English Litera-
ture," (1894,) etc. He edited the poems of Ramsay,
Bums, Thomson, and Scott.

Robertson, (Rev. Joseph,) an English writer, bom
In 17*6. He wrote an "Essay on Punctuation," and
translated "Telemachus," (I79S;) "ied in 1803.

Robertaon, (Patrick,) a Scottish judge, versifier,
and lawyer, noted for his wit and humour, was bom in
1794. He was elected Dean of the Faculty of Advocates
in 1S41. Died in 1855.

RoWrtaon, (Thomas,) an English grammarian, borfl
■I or near Wakelield. He became a Fellow of Magda-
lene College, Oxford, in 1531, and Dean of Durham about
IS57- Died aboul lj6o.

Robertson, (Thumas William,) an English actoi
and dramatist, born January 9, iSzo. Among his plays
are "David Garrick," "Society,'" "Ours,'' "Caste,"
" Play," " School," " For Love," " War," etc; Died in
Lonclon, February 3, 1871.

Robartaon, (William,) often called Principal Rob-
KRTSOK, a celebrated Scottish historian, was born at
Borthwick,in Edinburghshire, (Mtd-Lothian.) September
Iih 1721. His father, the Rev. William Robertson, - -
minister at Borthwick when his son was born. _..
afterwards removed to Edinburgh. Young Robertson
manifested an ardent devotion to literature from a very
eariy age. He began to preach before he was twenty

Sars old. He was presented to the living of Cladsr '
East Lothian, in 1743, and acquired a nigh reput:
as' an elequer^t pulpit orator. He took a prominent ,
in the debates of the General Assembly of the Church
of Scotland, and obtained great influence In ecclesiastical
affairs. He was the leader of what was called the mode-
rate party, and was more inclined to liberality and lole*
ranee than many other members of his church. He has,
however, been charged, perhaps not without reason, with
preferring the interests of literature 10 those of religion.
In i7S9he published a "History of -Scotland during the
Reigns of Mary and of James VI. till his Accession to
(he Crown ol England," which was received with great
and general favour. It was extolled by Hume, Burke,
and other eminent critics. He removed to Edinburgh
about 1759, became one of the Icing's chaplains in 1761,
and principal of the University of Edinburgh in 1762.
tlis reputation was increased by his "history of the
Emperor Charles V., with a Sketch of the Political and
Social Slate of Europe," etc., (3 vols., 1769,) which is
considered his Capital work. He afterwards published
a " History of America," (3 vols., 1777.) He is gene-
rally accurate and impartial In the narration ofeventi
and judicious in the estimation of character. His style
b elegant, clear, and vigorous, with occasional passages
of great beauty. As a writer he is remarkable (or a
austained unlmpassioned dignity of manner, which, how-
ever, too often approaches monotony. In politics be

70 ROBESPIERRE

Wa< a Whig, with a strong leaning towards repubUcanisnt,

He died in June, 1793.

_S« DitcALD Stewait, "AKinml of dM UA UHlWiHiian of

W. Roberuon," iSo: ; Suaid, " Nollce Wr la Vi< M to £cnu d«
Dr. Robtruoni" " Memoiri of Ailam Smith, W. Robtnion, and
Thomu Rcid," iSii 1 BiIHOT Cure, "Ucmoir of W. RotHrtMa,"

G»T^ 111.;" CHAUBaas, '*Biofnphical DaakiiuiT of Emibcnt
ScDIsmen;" Aluboki, " Dlctioiuiy of Aulhoi*," ''Uoolhljr R»

view" fcr July and Augiul, ijij.

Robenral, de, d;h ro'bJR'vll', (Giles Pfimnnrtn
piit'son', or Fenonler, pSn'so'n^',) a French mathe-
matician, was born at Roberval, near Sentis, in 16a*.

lOved to Paris in 1627. and formed an intimacy

Brsenne. About 1633 he obtained the chair of

mathematics founded by Ramus at the Collige de

nth Men

France. He discovered about 1636 a method to deter-
mine the area of a cycloid, and a method to determine
the direction of a tangent at any point of a curve line.
Among his works are a "Treatise on Indivisibles,"
("Traiij des Indivisibles,") and "On the World's Mo-
tions and Parts, according to the System of Aristarchus
the Samian," ("Aristarchi Samii de Mundi Systemate
Partibua et Molibus," 1644.) It is related that, having
been asked how he liked a dramatical performance
which he hid just witnessed, he answered, "Qu'est-ce
que cela prouvef" {"What does that prove?") Died in
(•aris in 1675.

RoImboh, (Georce Maxwell,) an American
lawyer, bom at Belvidere, New Jersey, in 18*9. He
became attorney-general of New Jersey in 1867, and
secretary of the navy in 1S69. He served for some
lime as secretary of war in 1876, and was in Congress
from 1878 to 1883. Died in 1897.

Robeaplerre, ro'bts'pe^iR', (AvctrsTin Bom Jo.
SEPH,) called THE YoiiND, a brother of the dictator,
was born at Arras In 1764. He was elected to the
National Convention in 1792. When the Convention
ordered the arrest of his brother, he exclaimed, "In-
clude me with him; I partake his crimes I" He was
executed July 28, 1794-

Robeaplerre, rob'(s-peer, [Ft. pron. ro'bSs'ps^iR',]
(Maximilieh Marie Isidori,) a French demagogue
and Jacobin, was born at Arra* on the 6th of May,
1758. He was sent to the College of Arras, from which
le passed in IT70 to the College Louls-le-Grand, in
Pans. His habit* at college were studious and regular.
He studied taw, acquired some distinction as an advo-
cate at Arras, and was seni to the States-General in
May, 1789, as one of the sixteen representatives of the
province of Artola. He waa a person tA amill statute,
and had nothing attractive or imposing in his aspect.
His voice was weak, his complexion "sea-green, hie
disposition reserved and timid, and his moral habits t^m-
ite and regular. According to M. £tienne Dumonl^
ladasinisier aspect, and a continual blinking f'f/^tule-
\t) of the eyes. In political opinions he was a radical
democraL He spoke often in the Constituent Asscmblv
and in the Jacobm Club, over which he soon acquirea
a predominant influence. While men of greater Ulenu
wasted their energies in vain eflbrls to reform the old
regime by half-way measures and temporiiing expedients,
he seems to have perceived the necessity of a radical
revolution. "He will go far," tayt Mirabeaa; "for he
believes all he says."

In the Constituent Assembly he maintained a {Kisilbn
somewhat independent of patty. He defended with real
■' ' the inferior clergy, advocated the abo-

May, 1791,) and made a
;-electlon of the membera
of the Constituent Assembly to the Legislative Assem-
bly, on which question he differed from the othei chicls
01 ihefDucJr. On critical occasions he usually presented
himself to the people as a resigned and devoted victim
whom nefarious persons designed to Immolate because
he loved the people too well. Thus, after he had de-
nounced the king, the ministry, etc, June it, 1791, he
said, " I know that 1 sharpen against myself a thousand
daggers ; but if in the first stage of the Revolution, when
1 was scarcely known in the National Assembly, I offered
' life as a sacrifice to truth, now that the approbation
mv fellow-citizens has rewarded me for this sacrifice.

». *. 1. 6i u, y, hits; i. t, 6, same, less prolonged; i, *, I. iS, 11. J, ri»rf; »,(, j, 9, lAuKti; (Jr, Oil, Oti mit; ti6t; gdM; mSta

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revenl me bom wilnesiing the public calamilies which
b>resee to be inevitable." In Uccnnbcc, 17911 be
opposed in a speech the declaration uf war against
the Emperor of Germanjr nhicb was proposed bj the
Girondists. Althoush not a great orator, he was
always plausible, and more logical ihan the most of his
competitofi. He never look an >cii*e or open part
in the violent acts and outrages of the populace, such
as the atlaclt on the Tuileries, August, 1792.

In September, 1792, he was elected to the Convention
M a deputyfrom Paris. A few days after '

began, several Girondist deputies accused him of aspiring

" " ' ' ' ' ' ;he responsibility of

s of Paris. These

a dictatorship, and cast on him the responsibility

le prist

charges were repeated by Louvet in a long speech,
(October 19.) to which Robespierre read an artful
and mccessful defence, The result of this affair was
that Robespierre became the accepted chief of the
Mountain and the implacable enemy of the Girondists.
The first victim of his unscrupulous policy was the
king, whom the Girondists wished to save. He said,
(December 2, 1792.) "I pronounce with regret this
BUal truth ; but Louis must die that the country may
Uve," ("Louis doit mourir parcequ'it but que la patiie
Tive.") Aided by the commune of Paris and the mob,
he triumphed over the Girondists about June 1, 1793.
Then began the Reign of Terror, during which, as presi-
dent of the committee of public safety, (or salvation,)
Robespierre exercised almost unlimited power. Two

just (o admit that they defended France with great
vieour and ability against the allied armies of nearly
all Europe and the Vendean royalist insurgents.
In March, 1794, Hubert and the Heliertistl were

Sillotined as exagMi or ultra -revolutionary. It is stated
It when the committee of public safety determined
to destroy Danton and his friends, Robespierre at lirst
opposed the measure ; but he supported, by a speech in
the Convention, Saint-Just's motion for their arrest, and
Danton, with Desmoulins and others, was executed in
April, 1794. But the death of a powerful rival did not
render bis own position secure. His statesmanship was
not adeouate to solve the enigma of the Revolution. He
presided as a high-print and pronounced an oration at
a public ceremony called the Festival of the Supreme
Being, in June, 1794- I" 'he mean time, multitudes ol
innocent persons, of both sexes, perished diSiy by the
goillotine. This excessive crtieity provoked against him
a combination of various parties, afterwards called
** Thermidorfens," Including Tallien, Barras, Billaud-
Varennes, Fouchrf, and CarnoL The Convention ordered
the arrest of Robespierre on the oth Thermidor. His
partisans rallied in the night and released him from
anest He was then declared an outlaw by the Convene
tion, and was guillotined, with twenty of his parliians, on
the loth Thermidor, (2Sth of July,) 1794, He was stit-
named " the In torruplible," because he was proof against

Gcuniary temptations. " Robespierre," says Macaulay,
his article on Bartre, "was a vain, envious, and sus-
picious man, with a hard heart, weak nerves, and a
gloomy temper. But we cannot with truth deny thai he
was, in the vulgar sense of the word, disinterested, thaJ
bis private life was correct, or that he was sincerely

ViuT., "Cmb
PaovAiT, "VieiM
lonr ol MaiimiHui
1 Cinmdiut" Ek-

k, iUt; Carlvlk
HOTT'-HgiDJRde
irtt^ft Triumph upd

Rabilaiit,d«, d? h roTjelSn', ? (Esparr BENorr Nico-
las,) an engineer and writer on metallurgy, etc, born at
Turin in 1714. He was a son of Count Joseph Robilant,
authorofan able work on Strategy, (1744.] IKedin iSoi,

RoblD.ro'blN', (Charles Philippk.) a French atiato-
uisl and microscopist, bom at Jasserun (Ain) in 1S31.
He became professor of anatomy at Paris (profisiair

to the study of anatomy and the inliOH
tissues. He published a number of pro
amonu which is "Traill de Chimie anal
stologiqiie, normale et pathologiquc." j
Robin, (j£AN,) a French botanist, b
1550. He was patronized by Henry IV
garden which was the finest in Paris,
work on the plants which grow near Pa
Slirplum tarn indlgenarum quam exo
(1601.) The genus Robinia was named
Died in 1629.

5« HAixaa, " BibUnthici BotiDicL"
Robtn, (Vespasibn,) abotani£t,bom I
was a son of the preceding. He succeed
the title oiaricriilf du roi, and lectured 0
Jardin Royal Died in i66». ■
Robtn Hood. See Hood, (Robin.)
PnMnnau. <!ef> n»TIHniB-
1 t Frei

boi He

Royal Society at the age of twenty. His
"New Principles <A Gunnery," (174a.)
pointed chief engineer of the East Ini^a
1749, and died at Madras in 17J1. --< -.t
<^. n>. WiuoH, " lil* of Bnju^ fteUiMi
(Supplement)

Staffordshire about 150a

Windsor,and chaplain to Henry VIIL He

script several treatises on the Fixed Sta.

isd

Rob^HSQti, (Aoi«ES Maky Frances,)
poet and novelist, bom at Leamington, Febn
She waa educated on the Continent, and 1
College, London. She married Proti
Darmesteter. Her numerous works incl
novels, biographies, historical sketches, e
them arc "An Italian Garden, a Book
(1886,) "A Medijeval Garland," (1897,
de Renan," (189S,) etc. Her siste
Mabel, has written "A Woman of i.
(1890,) "Chimera," ("895.) "d other n

Roblniibii, (ANNts Dooglab,) an Amei

.843. Her maiden name was Grken. I
include " Picture Poems," (187a,) " Peier at
story, 1876,) and many fugitive poems.

Robiuaoa, (Charles Seymour,) D.D., :
Presbyterian divine, born ai Bennington, Ver
31, 1829. He graduated at Williams Coll-
and studied theology in New York and a
Besides volumes ofsermons, etc., he pub
hymn-compilations. Died in 1899.

Rob'ta-cfui, (Edwasd,) an eminent Am
cal scholar, born at Southington, Connectii
He graduated at Hamilton College, New Y.
and went to Europe in 1826, after which
Oriental languages at Paris and Halle. Ah
married a daughter of Professor Jacobi or
of Halle. He began to edit the " Biblical
in iSjT. was appointed professor of biblic
in the Union Theological Seminary, in the
York, in 1837. and travelled in Palestine i
1841 he published his principal vrork, "1
searches in Palestine, Mount Sinai, and Aral
(3 vols. 1 which is considered the best ih
been published on that subject. "The worl
niied,'' says R. W. Griswold, "as one c
learned and judicious produced in the w<
century.'' He received for this work the go

c as t; ( aai ; ihard; ^niiQ, h, K,£Kttural; k, muo/; r, IrilitJ; last; th as in Hit. (]tT~See Eiplan

other work* is "The Harmony or lh« Four Gospel*," in
Greek, (1B45,) and '* Bibliolhoca Sacra." Died in New
York in January, 1863.

Robinson, (Ezekiel Gilman.) Bapdst ^v!ae,
bom at Attleborough, MassachuselU, March 23, 1S15.
He gradnated at Brown UniTersity in l!J3S, and WM
president of thii institation 1872-S9, after holding pro-
leasonhips of theology in several seminaries. In 1S9I
he t>ecame professor of ethics in the University of Chi-
Ogo, Died in 1S94.

RoSinaon, (PrbdbrickJ.) See Ripon, Eablop.

Bobinaon, (Fkbdbkick William,) an English
novelist, bom at Spitol fields in 1830. He pub-
lished about fifty novels, including " Grand m other" «
Money," {i860,) "The Courting of Mary Smith,"
(t886,) " Woman in the Darlt," (1895,) etc.

Soblason, (Henby Crabb,) an English lawyer and
writer, bom at Burr Saint Edmund's, was an intimate
fiiend of Coleridge, Wordsworth, and other eminent per-
•onf of his time. He died in London in 1867, at the age
•( nilKty-one, leaving a very interesting " Diaiy, Remi-
(dlcencn, and Correspondence," (j vols., London, 1S69.)

RoblnaoD, (Hsscolbs Georcb Robert.) See

ROSUSAD, LOBD.

Robinson (James Karviv,) educator, bom st
Bloomington, Illinois, in l86j. He lectnred on history
•t the University of Pennsylvania, was history □rofeisor
at ColnmbiaUniveisity, and wBsdeanof Barnard College
1900-01. Hewasauthorof worktonEtiropeaa history.

Robinaen, (Jo^"') >■> Engliib ditsentingminister,
born in 157s, was educated at Cambridge. To escape
from persecution, he emigrated to Holland with the — -

Sregation of which be was pastor, in 160S. He and they
•etded at Leyden, where they remained eleven year*.
A portion of his society emigrated 10 Plvmouth. Hassa-

chosclls, in
follow them, but w
Independent ai
several religion.

Robinson, (John,) an English prelate, born in Vort
•hire in 1650. He became Bishop of Bristol in lyio^
and was one of the plenipotentiaries who formed the
treaty ofUtrecht, (1713.) He was transfetred to the see
«f London in 1714. Died in 1713.

- ■ ■ n. (John C,) an Ameri

-...„ , New York, in 1817. --- -- , .

brigadier -Keneral about April, 1B61, and served at the
battle of Gaines's Mill, June 17, and at Malvern Hilt,
July I, 1S63. He commanded a division at the battle
of Gettysburg, July, 1863, and at that of the Wilderness,
May, 1S64. In (he advance from the WUdemess lo
Spotisylvania Court-House be was severely wounded.
May?. He died February 18. 1897.

Robinson, (John H.,) an able English line-engraver,
bom at Bolton, Lancashire, in 179a He engraved s
portrait of Sir Waller Scott, after Lawrence, Leslie's
« Mother and Child," Murillo's " Flower-Girl," *■ Napo-
leon and Pius VIL," after Wilkie, Landseer's "LitUe
Red Riding-Hood," Vandyke's " Portrait of Rubens,"
and other celebrated pictures. He was apupilof Jamel
Heath. Died October 31, 1871.

Koblnson, (Philip,) an author and journalist,
bom al Chun ar, India, in 1849. He became a news-
paper correspondent in various wars, and wrote " In
my Indian Garden," (1878,) "Sinners and Saints,"
(1883,) "Some Country Sights and Sounds," (1893,)
*' In Garden, Orchard, and Spinney," (1897,) etc.

Robinson, [Richard,] Archlnshop of Armagh, and
Baron Roket^, was bom in Yorkshire in 1709. He
founded a public library and a school at Armagli. Died
In 1794-

Roblnaon, (Robert.) an English Baptist minister,
bom at Swaffbam, in Norfolk, in 1735. He preached
at Cambridge from 1759 lo 1773, and then removed to
CheslerUtn. He was an eloquent preacher. la (he
latter part of his life he adopied Socinian doctrines.
He wrote, beside* other religious works, a " History of
Baptism." (1790.) Died in 1790.

College in 1836 and at Princeton Seminar* in 1S41, and
held prominent pastorates in Virginia, Kentuc'
Maryland. He also edited v

and published "The Church an Essential Element of
the Gospel," "Discourses of Redemption," etc Died
October 5, iSSi.

RobinsoQ. (Tancked,) an English jihysidan and
writer, received the title of physician-iD-ordinary to
George I. Died In 1748.

Robinson, (Thkress ALBKBTOtm Louisa) wife of
Dr. £. Robinson, noticed above, was bora at Ilall^
Germany, in 1797. She published a collectioit of tales
under the signaiure of Talvi, and translated a number
of poems from the Servian language, entitled "Volki-
lieder der Serben." She has also translated into Ger-
man Pickering's treatise "On the Indian Tongues of
North America." Among her other work* may b«
named a " Historical View of the Languages and Lite-
rature of the Slavic Nations, with a Sketch of their
Popular Poetry." Died in 187O.

Robinson, (Rev. Thomas,) an Englisli naturalist,
wrote an " Essay toward the Natural History of West*
Inoreland and Cumberland." Died in 1719.

Robinson, (Thomas,) an English divine, bom at
Wakefield in ty*9. He preached at Leicester for man*
years, and pnbltsKed "The Christian System Unfolded*
Died in 1 81 3.

Robinson, (WtLUAM E.,) a t>olitieus andjournalia^
bom at Unagh, Ireland, May 6, 1814. In 1836 he m-
moved to the United Stales. He graduated at Vale
College in 1S41, and won distinction as a newspaper
- -■--- being well known by his signature of RiCHB-

He was admiiied to the bar in 1854. In 1866
a sent lo Congress from New York, and w
Died January 33, 1891

iiral phiioeopner, born at B<«ba11, coonty of Stirlin|^
at Rosehatl, rear Glasgow, in 1739. He succeeded
Dr. Black *• prolifsaor of chemistry at Glasgow in 1767,
and was appointed professor of natural philosophy at
the University of Edinburgh in 17^4. His pnndpal
work is "Element* of Mechanical Philosophy,' (4 vols.,
1823.) Died <n Edinburgh in 1805.

work ibaT* nunHl ; CHAMsas), " Biocnphkal DKtKwuy of Ea^
nenl ScotBObfiB."

Robown. See Rchoboail

Roboitello, ro-boR-tello, {TutVctsco.) an Italian
philologist and antiquary, born at Udine In 10& He
was professor of rhetoric at Venice, and taught Greek
and Latin at Padua. Among his works are " Annotattons
of Various Passage*," (*■ Variorum Loconun Annota*
tione*," 1543,) and "De Facoltate kistoriea," (1548.)
Died In 1567.

Rob R07, a Scottish adTentnrer, whose original
name was Macgrxgor. bora about 1660, was a partisan
of the Pretender in the rebellion of 1715. The Dnke

(^ Montrose having seized his lands, Rob Roy a

on a war of reprisal for many years, and became widely

celebrated for his exploits. He is the hero of one of

Sir Walter Scott's most popular novels. Died in 174].

Rob'son, (Eleanor Eusk,) actress, boro at Wigan,
England, first appeared at the Califiimia Theatre in 1897
and hu since taken leading parts in many plays, inclod-
ing "Ariiona," "Merely Mary Ann," "Vera, the
Medium," etc., ber greatest success being in " The
Dawn of a To-mocrow." She 'mairied August Bel-
mont, New York banker, in 1910.

Robaon, (Gborob Fcnnbl.) sn English landscape*
punter, boro at Durham, worked in London. Died in
1833.

Robeson, (Stuart,) an American actor, bom at
Annapolis, Maryland, in 1836. He first appeared on
the stage in 1852, and played in association with W.
H. Crane, 1870-89, in " Our Boarding-House," "The
Henrietta," " A Comedy of Errors," etc D. in 1903.

Robiiatl. See Tintoretto.

^e,I,{s!i>F>^'^;i>i>^sune,Ie*sprolsnged;i,i,I,5,a,j!,jAar«;t,t,|,9i«dw»rT,-llt,fllI,atimtt;ntt;gd&d;Didaoi

ROCHEJA QUELEIN

a wm and pnpil of the great piinter Untoretta He
painted hittory and portraits «lth luccess. Amon^ hi*
worlca tue an "Annunciation" and a " Nativitj of Chnst"
XHed in 1637.

HobtiBti, (Marietta,) an excellent Italian portrait-
painter, bom in 15601 wai a daughter of Tintoretto. She
£ed In iS9a

Robyn, (Alfred Gsorci,) composer, bom at Sl
Louis in 1S60. He became a pianist, composed mndc
for piano, oi^n, and orchestra, wrote several ontorjoi
and the operas "Yankee Consul," "Gypsy Giil,"
"Yankee Tourist," "The Girl from Frisco," etc

Rooabertl, do, di fo-ki-b*ii'tee, {Juam Tommaso,)
m Spanish prelate, bom at Perelada about iSac. He
tdrocated the infallibility of the pope in his worlc " On
the Authority of the Roman Ponliff," {"De Roman!
Pontifida Auctotitate," 1693.) Died in 1699-

RoCOB, rokld, (Angklo,) an Italian scholar, bom at
KoccaContraU in 1545. He founded at Rome a pnbli
library called Bibliolheca Angelica. Died in l6«x

Rocb, Tok, Saiht, bom at Montpeltier, in France, In
1195, waa renowned for his charity and his humane
attentiona to the dck. Died in 1327-

Rodwrnbean, de, d^h ro'sh6(rt)«', (DoNATieM(do'.
nf se^n') Maris Joseph da Vlmonr — d?h ve'muR',)
VicoMTB, a French general, bom near Vendfime in
1750. He went to Saint Domingo with Lederc, at
whose death, in iSoa, he became commaiider-in-cIiiGt
He was killed at Leipaic in tSi}.

RoohambMiti, de, (Jean BAmsn Donatieh
VtUEUB.) a French marshal, born at VendSme in 17

He commanded an armyof lix thotuand men sent
the United States in l7So,and contributed to (he victory
at Yorkiownin October, 17S1. In 1791 he obtained the
bltoa of marshal. He commanded an army against the
Austrians in 1791^ but reaigncd in the same year. Died
b 1S07.

SM"U*ni)ba

Rooho, roab, (Achille.) a French political and his-
torical writer, born in Paris in iSoi, was a republican.
He wrote " Albert Renaud," (4 vols., 1815.) »"<! • " His-
tonr of the French Revolution." (1815.) Died in 1834.

Roche, (Jambs Jepprey,) an editor and poet,
bom at Mount Mellick, Ireland, in 1847. He was
associate editor of the " Pilot," Boston, 1S83-90, and
full editor after 1S90. He published "Songs and
Satires," " Ballads of Blue Waler". D. in t908.

Roobe, rOtcfa, ? (Maria Rbcina,') an English
novelist, botn in 1764. She wrote " Tbe Children of
the Abbey," and other tales. Died in 1S45.

Roebeohoout. See Mohtes?an, d^ and Mon>-

HAKT, I>B.

Roobelbrt, f Henri,) Vicomie de Lufay, (dfb IB'sf ,)
a French repuDlican agiltator, bom January yt, 1S30.
He became editor of the "Lanteme," in which he so
vlolentlyassailed the imperial policy that he was banished.
Having returned to Paris, he began to issue a journal
called "The Marseillaise," and waa elected a member
of the legislative body in 1S69. He published offensive
remarks and lampooni on Napoleon HI., for which he
was in 1870 sentenced to an imprisonment of sixmonthi.
He became a member of the provisional government,
September 4, 1S70, but resigned about the ist of No-
TenbcT. In 1871 he was banished to New Caledonia,
but escaped in 1874. He relumed to Paris in iS&>,
and issued " L'Intiansigeant," in which he ^owed
hit old spirit. His support of Boulangism led
flight to London in 1889, returning lo Pari* in ]
Died July I, 1913.

Roobefort, da, dfh roah'foa', (Guiiuumb DUBoit,)
a French writer and translator, born at Lyons In 1711
He wrote asainst the MaieriatUta, and translated Hi

Roobsfort, d6, (Hekri Louis lyAioiONY,) Mai^
QUis, a French general, who became marshal of FtanCi
in 1G75. Died in 1676.

Rochafoooauld, d« la, dfh II rosh'fooOiS', fFaAir.
coil,) Prince de Marsillac, (maa'se-yik',) a French
Huguenot leader, waa a brother-in-law of the Prince of
Condi He foughfat Cliartres and Jarnac, (1569.) He
perished in the Massacre of SL Bartholomew, in Pa/isi
August 24. T571.

Roohsfoaoattld, de la, (Francois,) Due, Prince de
Marsillac, a celebrated French moralist and courtier,
bom in December, 1613. He mamed Mademoiselle de

"■ about 1637- •" '>'» y<""^ ''« "»* =ng»Scd at

the confidential agent of the queen in mtriguef

against Richelieu. He formed In 164S a liaUmt with
Madame de Longueville, and in the war of the Fronde
) of the chiefs of the party which opposed the
He waa severely wounded at the battle near
Paris In l6s>. »**=' which he renounced inirignes and fac-
tious enterprises. He produced in 1665 his "Maxima,"
("Reflexions, ou Sentences el Maiimei morales,") which,
according to Voltaire, is one of the works which con-
tributed most to form and rectify the national taste.
The easential principle of this book is that self love or
interest is the chief motive of human actions. In hi*
latter years he enjoyed the friendship of Madame de La
Fayette and Madame de Siv\gnt. Died in 168a

Srt hii luUbiocnpIlk "Mlmoirli," iMll SU'SD, "Notic* «t
URodicf™«i.1ii,* 17B1: MAD*«i D«S«»ici.*," Ltiim;" SBiBTa.
Bnivi,"£nida n» U RochirwnuU." i»S3: C. H. DirriiMk
"Netic* >ur h Vic n \e* Ovrnxn il* La RochtfoiniiM," il>i|
"Li™ of tin Hm Emincnl Frtnch Wiiitim." by K*%. Shilut.

Roohefoacauld, de la, (Fr£d<ric Charles,) Earl
ofDfford,a French general, born in 1633. was aiealoua
ProIcstanL Died at Bath, England, in 169a

Rocbafoncaold, de la, (Louis Alexandre,) Due
de la Roche-Guyon, [d?h 19 rosh ge'in',) a French
patriot, born in 1743. He favoured the popular cause in
the Revolution, and was an active member of the States-
General in 1789. He waa massacred at Gisors in 179a.

Rochefoucsuld-Iiiaacourt de la, d<h lit roiV-
fooTiC le'BN'kooR', (KRAKgois Alejcandre FatnlRiC,)
Due, a liberal French peer and philanthropist, bom in
1747, was a cousin of the preceding. He was a member
of the Constituent Assemnly in 1789-90, and went into
ixile In 1792, after which lie travelled in the United

the Constituent Assemnly in 1789-90, and went
ile In 1792, after which lie travelled in the U
States. He returned to Paris in 1799. He founded iha
school of ArU et Metiers, (at ChSlons.) and the first
saving-fund in France. He published "Travels In thft
United States of America," (8 vols., iSoo.) Died in 1S37.
His son, FkAdAric GaAtaii, Marquis de la Rochefon-
cauld-Uan court, born at Uancourt in 1779, author at
poems, dramas, and historical works, died In 1S63.

Se*G>tTAiiinuRi»firouCADUi,''VkdiiDiicd>laKoeb*>
Ibsciuld-LiuuHn," ilir: " Biotnphta UaivnaUi."

Rocbejaqnelelii, de la, deh IS rosh'ihikliN'
(Hekri du VergflT— dii vjR'ibi',) Count, a French
royalist chief of the Vendean war, was bom In Poitou in
177a, He took command of a band of peasants in 1793,
and was victorious in several small battlea. He said to
hiamen, "If I advance, follow me; if I retreat, kill me;
if Idieiavenfreme." InOctober, 1793, he was appointed
general-in<hief of the insurgents. He gained a victory
at Entramea, October 37, but was defeated with great
loss at Mans, December 13. He waa killed in batUe at
Nouailtj in March, 1794.

Sq THioDoaa Uuarr, " Vm popnbin da B. d( la RoO^sqiu*
Wo," .S.t

Rocbejaqualalii. de la, (Louis,) a brother of the
preceding, was born in 1777. He wai an officer In^the

XvTit flemras kiUed in ai> actioa at Pont des Hathis
in June of that year.

Sh MaDAHS Di u KooujAQUBun^ " Utetlni i" "Qnaiurif
Review" for April, 1S1&

Roobejaqneleln, de la, (Marie Louise ViCTOtai
de Don n1 naan— dfh do'ne^N',) MARguiSB, was borit,
at Versailles in 177a. She married in 1790 the Marquia
de Lescure, who wai killed at the battle of CholleL
About iSoo she became the wife of Louis de la Roches
laqnetein, noticed above. She wrote "M^moires" of

«a*i;taa/;tAar^,'tatA-G,u,K,/MaWrB/;N,nMi/';R,ftiEfi^;laBi;iha*iiiMM, (iiy-SeeEiplanaibiis,p.s3.>

d by Google

ROCHBRS

ker own Kfe tnd of the explolu of thoie wboae
she bore, (1815.) Died in 1857.

S« AmuD NBTTMHurr, " Vic da Miriane St b
Wb.'iIm: "Ediobv^ Rnim" for FcbniaiT,iBi(>

RoohwB. Dm, See Desrocheks.

Bocbea, Dea. See Desroches.

Roobwt*!. See Hyde, (Lawrfnce.)

RoohMter, BcsHOF or. See Fisher.

Rooti'f*-t9T, (JoKK WiLMOT,) Earl op, a witfy uid
profligate English coatlier, born in Oirordshtre in 1647,
was a son of Heniy, Earl of Rochester. He became a
fi*oiiriie of Charles IL, and indulged in debaucher; and
drunkenness to such excess that his constitution was
e*entnall]r mined. In 1665 he entered the navy, and
■ignaliieil hi* courage in several actions. He wrote a
number of sonesisatires, etc. Be died in 16S0, professing
penitence fur his sins.

Rocbet, ro'shy, (Louis,) a French •cnlptot, bora in
r«ris in 1817. Died January 3i, ■S?^-

Rochette, ro'shit', (D&irA Raoul,) an eminent
French archzotagist, born at Salnt-Amand (Cher] in
179a He manied a daughter of Houdon the sculptor,
mnd succeeded Guiiot as professor of modern history in
1815. He became professor of archaeology in Paris in
i8iCand acquired much popularity as a lecturer. In
1838 or 1839 he was elected perpetual secretary of the
Academy of Fine Arts. He published, besides other
works, a "Critical History of the Greek Colonies," (4
YOls., 1815,) and "Memoirs of Comparative Archaeology,
Asiatic, Greek,and Etruscan," (1848.) HeleftunGoisbed
a " Hijtory of Ancient Art" Died in 1854. , ,

Rocblit^ roK'lits, (Friedrich,) a German liufratiur,
born at Leipsic in 1769 or 1770, published a number of
bles and musical treatises, among which is "Blicke in
das Gcbiet der Kiinste." Died in 1842.

Rochon. lo'shdN', (Alexis Marie,) a French as-
tronomer and navigator, born at Brest in 174I, He was
appointed astronomer of the marine in I766, and made
a voyage to the East Indies, of which he published an
«counl, (3 vols., 1791.) He wrote an "Essay on An-
cient and Modern Coins," (1791,) treatise* on optica,
etc. Died in 1817.

Rocboa da Cbabumei, roVh^N' dfh shfbSn',
<Marc Ahtoins Jacques,) a French dramatist, bonr
in Paris in 1730L He wrote some successful comedi
Died in lEoa

Roohoa. See Roch^ Saint.

BocK (Daniel,) D.D., a Roman Catholic divine,
bom in Ijverpool, England, in 1799. He was educated
at Rome, and in 185a became Canon of Southwark.
His works include "Hierurgia," {1S33,) "The Church
of our Fathers," (1S49-54,) etc; Died at Kensington,
England, November 38, 1871.

Rook''efaUar. (John Davison,) an American
capitalist, was born at Ricbford, New York, in 1839.
In 1857 he became clerk in a smiJI oil-retinery at
Cleveland, Ohio, and soon after paMner in a firm en-
gaged in the oil business. The business of this firm
was consolidated with others as the Standard Oil
Company in 1870, and in i88z the Standard Oil
Trust, controlling the whole vast oil trade of America,
was formed. The trust was dissolved in 1892, but
Mr. Rockefeller remained at the head of the entire
business. He is one of the wealthiest men in the
world, and bas donated over #33,000,000 to the Univer-
sity of Chicago, $43,000,000 to Ibe General Education
BtNird, and large Sums to other public purposes.

RockinBham. rok'ing.»m,(CHARLES Watson Wiwr.
WORTH,) second Mar«i;is op, an English Whig states,
■nan, was born in 1 730. He succeeded to the marqulsate
in 1750, and Inherited a large fortune, which, joined with
an honourable character, rendered him a person of great
influence. He became prime minister in July, 1765, and
look Edmund Burke into his service as private secretary.
The notorious Stamp Act was repealed by this ministry,
which by the enmity of the king was driven from pnvrer
inJu'Tii?^ He opposed the meisureiby which Lord
Morth provoked the American colonies to revolL When
North resigned, [in March, I7!t2.1 the king wa* reduced

n of lb« Maiquii fif RodriM
mm, -Hiuon of EvtHd?*

t, 1781, leaving ni

Sh Lean Auhai . . ....

■am," I mil, itu: Lam Mawmi, "Hiuon nT E

"EdinbutghRniiW'&rJiilr, iS^

Rook'well, (jAMn Om,) an American poet, bora

in Lebanon, Connecticut, in iSoy, He became associala

editor of the Boston "Statesman," and in 1819 assumed

duu^ of the FrorideDce " Patriot. " He died in 1831.

Among his poems we may lume "The Lost at Sea,"

and lines "To the Ice-Moimtain."

RookiTflll, (WiLUAU WooDviLLK,) an American
diplomatist, was born at Philadelphia in 1S54. He
was in the diplomatic service at Peking and in
Corea 1884-87, snd made two journeys of eiploralioa
in China, Mongolia, and Thibet 188^2. He was in
the United Slates Department of Sute as clerk and
assistant secretary 1893-97, minister to Greece,
Roumania, and Servia 1897-99, and was sent as
a special commissioner to China in 1900. He wrote
various works on Oriental subjects.

Rod, (Edouabd,) a French author, i>om at Nyon,
in Vaud, in 18J7. He published s large number of
novels, including " La chute de Misi Topsy," (1S82,)
" Les sens de la Vie," (1889,) " Le demier refuge,"
(1S96,) etc. Died in 1910.

RodboTttu, TodUR'tSSs, (Kabl,) a Gerinan social-
ist, political economist, and politician, bom in i8o(,died
in 1S75. He is called the father of sdentiflc aoculism,
and is considered the ablest writer of his school
Rode, ro'dfh, (Christian Bernhard,) a German

K'nter and engraver, born at Berlin in 173$- He painted
tory and portraits. Among his prints are illustralion*
of Gellerl'a " Fables." Died in 1797.
Rode, rod, (Pierre,) a French violinist and com-

...0*, which ai
Rod'fr-io o

luch admi

n 1830.

belted against Witiia and usurped the throne in 709 or
708 A.D. Soon after this event his dominions were invaded
by an army of Arabs or Berber*, under Tarik, whose aid
was perhaps solicited by the sons of Witiia. Roderic
was defeated and killed by these invaders in 711. Ma
was the last of the Visigoths that reigned in Spain. Hi*
atory forms the subject of one of Southcy's most popular
poems, entitled " Roderick the Goth,"
. See CoiiD^ " HiUoria da 1* Domludaa dt kx Anbei i" H^

Rodvrious. See Sanchu dx Armvauk and K»-

VtKVtZ.

Rad't«r, (Alexahdu,) a Scottish writer of humor-
ous songs, t>orn at East Calder, July iG, 178^ He was
successively a weaver, a pawnbroker, and a Glasgow
joumalisL Died September 36, 184&

Rodgeta, (John,) an American commodore, bom
in Maryland about 1S09. He entered the navy in
1S25. He served with distinction in the civil war, and
in 1S70 was raised to the rank of rear-admira].
Died May S, 1882.

Rfidigai, Ro'de-Cfr, (Ehil,) a German scliolar, bora
at Sangerhausen, October 13, 1801. In iStj he wa*
appointed professor of Semitic languages In lialle, and
in i860 he was transferred to Berlin, where be dieij^
June 15, 1874- He published " SyriscbeChrestomathK,"
(l8lS,| and " Himjaritische Schnrtmonumeote," (1S41J
ana edited artd completed several of Gesenius'* moce
important worlt*.

Rodiln, lO'daN', (AirctmE,) an eounent scolptai,
bom at Fans in 1840. His productions have been
numerous and of strikiog fidelity to natuK and original-
ity of conception. Among them are " The Creation of
Man," "The Gate of Hell," "Spring," " Psycbe,"
"The Thinker," etc.

Rod'nwii, (Isaac Peace.) an American general, bora
at South Kingston, Rhode Island, in i8m. He served

i, e, I, S, il. ;, /™f ; &, i, 6, aane, less prolonged; i, i, 1, 0, ii, ;, ^i<ir(; », t, ), 9, iiAwif rr^Or, nUI, EiLt ; mtt; nOtj gd&l; mOOni

d by Google

^ RODNEY «

Rod'na;, (CiESAS,] one of the signers of the Decia*
ration of American Independence, was born at Ddvct,
in Detawiie, alxiaC 1 730. He became a member of the
Continental Congreis of 1774, and in 1777 was elected
President of the State of Delaware. Died in 1783.

S« *' Li*ei of Ihe Sitnen of tlia Dcdintion oT Iiiilepmlcnn."

nod'ner, (Geokge Brvdces,) Loud, a British ad-
miral, bom at Walion-upon-Thames in 1718. He obtained
the rank of rear-admiral in 1759, and that of admiral of
the white in 17^8. He defealecfa Spanish fleet near Cape
Saint Vincent m itSo. Having been raised to the rank
of vice-admiral of England, he gained an important viC'
loiTF over the French admiral De GrasM in the West
Indies, April la, 1783. He was raised to the peerage, as
Baroti Rodney. Died in 1791.

S«MUHUT. "Ufcii4'I.onlRi>ibeji"CAMruLL,*'LimDrtht

Rodolph OP HAi-SBDitG. See RUDOLPM.

Rodolphe, the French for RuDOLPH, which see.

Rodon, de. See Derodon.

RodrlguM, ro'dRtg*, (Benjamin OuNtie,) a French
•ocialist.born at Bordeaux in 1794. He became a favour-
ite disciple of Saint-Simon, who bequeathed to him his
DanuBctipts. Died in 1850.

RodiiKUM, TO-dRce'gith, [Lat KostRt'cirs.] (Al-
fonso,) a Spanish theologian, born at Vatladolid in 1 tz6.
He wrote awork on "Christian Perfection," (1614,)
which was often reprinted and translated. Died in 1616.

RodrlgUOi, (Vemtura,) an eminent Spanish archi-
tect, born at Cienpozuelos in 1717. He designed or
constructed churches, palaces, and colleges at Saragossa,
Toledo, Malaga, Granada, etc. He became professor of
architecture at Madrid in 175a. Died in 1785.

Sk Pom. "Vuko it Eipafa."

Roe, [AzKL Stevens,) an American author, bom id
New York city, August 16, 1798. He was in early life
a merchant He published a large number of novels,
many of which have been exceedingly popular. D. 18S6.

Roe, (Edward Patson.) an American novelist, bom
■t New Windsor, New York, March 7, 1838, was educated
at Williams College and at Auburn Theological School,
and became a Presbyterian minister. He was, 1874-S4,
\ nurseryman and fruil-grower at Cornwall on [he Hud-
ton. Hjs principal works are " Barriers Burned Away,"
(1871.) " What Can She Do V (1873,) " Play and Profit
hi the Garden," (1873,) " Opening of a Chestnut Burr,"
(1874.) "Near to Nature's Heart," (1S75,) "Culture of
Small Fruits," (1S7G,) " From Jest to Earnest," (1S76,)
"Success with Small Fruits," (1S80,) " Wilhouta Home,"
I18S1,) "His Sombre Rivals," and "Nature's Serial
Story," (1884.) Died July 19. 1888.

Roe, ro, (Sir Thomas,) an English ambassador, bom
in Essex about itSa He was sent on an embassy to
the Great Mogul mi6i4,and to Constantinople in lut.
Died in 1644.

1806. in 1831 be settled in Western Pennaylvar
He became distinguished as a constructor of suspensi

bridges, for

wire ropes on an extensive scale. The Niagara suspei.-
tion bndce, and that between New York and Brooklyn,
were designed by him. He wrote " Long and Short
Span Bridges," (1S69.) Died in Brooklyn, New York,
July 33, 1869.

RoebllOE. [Washington Auoustus,) an American
engineer, son of J. A. Roebling, was bom at Saxonburg,
Pennsylvania, May 36, 1836, and graduated at Rensselaer
Polytechnic Institute, Troy, in 1857- He served as an
cngmeer-officer in the wai of 1S61-65, aluining the rank
of colonel, was an assistant to his father in constructing
Ihc suspensirm bridges at Pittsburg and Cincinnati, in
1869 was made engineer of the East Kiver bridge at
Hew York, and was its chief engineer during the period
"' " He published numeioua ~

nrtaster, born in Sheffield in ijtS, practised medicine in
Birmingham. He invented a method of procuring sul-
phuric add at a great ly-reduced cost, and about 1760
CslabliKhed at Carron exlen»ve iron-works, in which he

< IS >; ( as t; g hard; g as/; C, h, Vi,sullural; N, nasal; r, triUed; I ai

75 ROGER

Improved the method of smelting Iron. Ht was con-
nected with James Watt in bis early experiments on tho
steam-engine. Died in 1794.

Roebuck, (John .\hthur,) a British politician,
grandson of the preceding, was bom at Mailras In iBoi.

in the House of Commons until he was defeated in 1S6&
He originated ihr motion on the conduct of the Crimean
war which resulted in the defeat and removal WT the
Aberdeen ministry. He displayed a violent hostility to
the United Slates and sympathy with the slavcholaing
Confederacy during the great civil war. In 1874 he was
returned to Parliament, and became a member of the
privy council in 1878. Died November 30, 1879,

Roader«i,r5'df h-rf r or rJi'dtb-raiit',(JsAN Gsobces.)
a French physician, born at Strasburg in 1736. He
became professor of midwifery at Gottingen in 1751.
He published "Elements of the Obstetric Art," ("Be-
menla Artis obstetriciae," 1753,) "On Mucous Disease,"
("De Morbo mucoso," 1763,) and other woiks. Died
in 1763.

S« " Bloffnphi« Mcdicsle."

Roederer, [Pierre Louis,) Comt^ a French states-
man, was born at Metz in 1754. As a member of tho
National Assembly, (1790,) he advocated liberty and
equality. He was elected a member of the Institut«
in 179C. promoted the accession of Bonaparte to power
in 179-., and became a senator in 1801. In 1806 Juseph
Bonaparte appointed him minister of finance in Naples.
He held no office under the Bourbons. He wrote an
able "Memoir on Polite Society in France," (181S.I
Died in 1835. '

ShMiomt, "R<Kdirer,u^nttliHTraniux."igjg:SAIirn^
Bitmi. "CaiiurieidiiLiini9i,"and "LiCuniuik Rocdtret," itjlt
"NBiYtll,Biosr.pJ.ieC*n<rilt" ^'

Roelaa, da las, dji lis ro-I'tla, (Juan.) an excellent
Spanish painter, born at Seville about 1560, was called
El Clerico Roelas. He worked Cor some time in
Madrid, and removed to Olivares about 1614. The
churches of Seville are adorned with many of his works.
Among his master-pieces are " El Transito" of San Isi-
dore, a "Holy Familv," and "Santiago," Died ini^c,

RoelL SeeRCLL,

Roemei. See RtiueR.

Roeime. See ROnne.

Raepel, roo'pfl, (Conrad,) a Dutch painter of flower*
and fruits, born at the Hague in 1679 ; died in 1748.

RiSer or Roeer, ro'^r, (Hans llEiNRtcii EnuAxn.)
a Gernian Orientalist, born at Brunswick in 1S05. In
1839 he visited Calcutta, and became in 1S46 one of
the secretaries of the Asiatic Society. About the same
time he founded the " Bibliolheca Indica," to which he
contributed translations from the Sanscrit, Arabic, and
Persic Died at Brunswick, March 17, 1866.

Roeatraten, roos'tnl't^n, (Pikter,) a Dutch painter
of portraits and still life, born at Haarlem in 1637. lis
worked for some years in London, where he died in

a Latin name of Rochester, and belongs to a^l Usbops ol
that English see.)

Roi'fr, {IL RucciERO, rood-^'ro,! Count of Sicily,
born in Normandy in 1031, was an enterprising warrior.
He conquered Sicily from the Saracens. Died in iioi.

S«"NouvcII< Biipiphie G^B^rale."

Roger I, King of Sicily, born about 1096, was a
son and successor of the preceding. At the death of
his cousin, Duke of Apulia, he obtained possession et
Apulia and Calabria, (1117.) He took arms against
Pope Innocent IL, and made him prisoner, in 113^
By recognizing Roger as King of Sicily, etc, the poiie
obtained his liberty. Roger was an able and powerful
prince. Died in 1154.

S« MunAToi, "ArniiH d'liili.;" ORDnicin VrrAUi, " Hi*.
toria Eu1iii»tkai" " Nouvelte Biosrapliie OiahAt."

Rog'^r, Bishop of Salisbury, a powerful English prel-
ate. iMcame prime minister of Henry I. about 1107.
Died ill

IbasinMA. (1)3— SeeExplanaUons,p.33.)

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

Rogar, tt/tW, (Adolphb.) a French painter oT his-
lory, born (t Palaiseau in 1800 ; died in iSSo.

Boger, (GusTAVE Hifpolvte,) > French vocxlitt,
born in Paris in 1S15 ; died Sepletnber 1^ 1879.

Roger, (Jean Francois,) a Fiench dramatist, born
at Langrei in ■77& He produced "The Lawyer,"
{"L'Avocat," 1806,) and other luccessful cotnedicB. Id
lSt6 he became aecretary-f eneral of the post-office. He
*M admitted into tiie French Academy in 1817. Died
In 1843.

$« " NovTClIt BiompU* Cfojnk."

Roger, (FiERKE.) See Cleiunt VL

Roger Suooa. See Ducos.

Roger di lATia. See Loria, ol

Roger (or Richard) of Hoxtaimi, an English chronl-
der, «M prior of a convent at Hexham about 1 1 5a

Roger of Hoveden. See Hoveden, ds.

Roger of Wendover, an English chronicler, wrote
"Flowers of History," {"Flores Historiarum,") which
commencea at tlie creation. Died in 1237.

Ro^fil, (Benjamin,) an English composer of sacred
music, bom at Windsor; died about 169S.

RogeiB, (Chakl£S,) an English aatiquar]p, bom in
Westminster in 1711 ; died in i;S4-

Rogers, (Daniel,) an English scholar and diplo-
matist, born at Aston about 1540^ wax a pupil of Me-
lanchthon. He was employed bv Queen Eliaabeth in
cmbassie* to Germany, etc Died in tjgo.

Rogers, (Fairman,) an American engineer, bom
at Philadelphia io 1833. He was lecturer on mechan-
ics at the Franklin Institute 1853-65, and professor of
civil engineering at the University of Pennsylvania
1855-70, He was one of the original members of the
National Academy of Sciences. In addition to scien-
tific works, he published a superb " Manual of Coach-
ing," in which art he was an adept. Died August 23,

Rogers, (George,) an English theological writer,
bom in 1741. He was rector of Sproughion for about
fifhr years. Died in 1835.

JRogers, (Henry,) a distinguished English essayist,
bom at Saint Alban's in 1806, was an Independent min-
ister in early life. He contributed to the ** Edinburgh
Review" a number of essays and biographical not!™"

wMrh Mprr TTnuhti-ihrrl in iKcn. H(- Tv aiilhni (if " '

iihotof"The
of other works, some of
that philosophy and

which were republished

Eclipse of Faiih," (1852,)

which are designed to pt

vealed religion are in accordance with each other. He
became principal of an Independent College near Man-
chester in iSjy. In 1S66 he published " Reason and
Faith, with otlier Essays." Died August ao, 1877.

Rofe'fri, (HSNBV Dakwik.) an eminent American
geologist, bom at Philadelphia in iSo^ He made a
survey ot the Slaleof New Jersey, of which he published
a report, and z geological map, in 1835. His report on
the geology of Pennsylvania came out in 1858, (a vols.
' ' '' 'ligh reputation for thoroughness and

" New Philo-
sophical Journal," Edinburgh, and contributed to various
Other periodicals. Died in Glasgow in May, 1S66.

Rogers, (Jambs Edwin Tkorold,) an English
economist, bom at West Meon in 1S23. He gradu-
ated at Oxford in 1S46, and was professor of political
economy there 1863-67. He was in Parliament lS8o~
86. His greatest work is his " Histonr of Agriculture
and Prices in England," (8 vols., 1866-93.) Died
October I a, 1S90.

Rogera, (John,) an English martyr, was in. hi* youth
B Roman Catholic priesL Having been converted at
Antwerp, he settled at Wittenberg as pastor of a Prot-
estant charch. He relumed to England in the reign of
Edward VL, and became prebendary of Saint Paul's,
He was committed to prison in 1553 or 1554, condemned
•s a heretic by Bonner and GaT<Uner, and burned at
Soithfield in 1555, refuung to save Us life by
fioB the trulk

76 ROGGEWEEN

Rogviv, (John,) an American sculptor, bom at Salem,
Massachusetts, October 30, 1829. In early Ufe be was
a machinist, bot, becoming inspired with a love for pUatk
art, he visited Pari* and Rome in 1857. After his retnn
he pcifccted the art of modelling in a new day cosapo-
sidon, in which he executed great numbers of statuette
groups. His genre was singularly original, homely, and
unconventional, but enlLrely true to nature. Amonghis
best-known groups are "Ine Checker-Players," "The
Charity Patient," "The Town-Pump," "The Counlrr
Post-Office," and a larse number of tepresentatioos oT
war-subjects. His larger works include an equestrian
statue of General Reynolds, at Philadelphia, and a
statue of Abraham Lincoln. Died July 27, 1904.

Rogers, (John Raphael,) inventor, bom at Rose-
ville, Illinois, in 1856. He patented the Refers Typo-
graph, a type-setting machine, in 1888, and has taken
out over 40a patents on type-setting machines. Ispied-
dent of the International Typograph Company.

RMers, (Randolph,) an American sculptor, bom in
New York (State) in 1825. His early art-studies were
made chiefly in Rome, where be for the most part resided.
Among the best-known of his works ate a bronze door ia
the Capitol at Washington, with scenes in ih: career
of Columbus in relief, a statue of Lincoln in Fairmount
Park, Philadelphia, and various memorial monaments
and statues in different cities. Died January 15, 1892.

Rogers, (Robert Empie.) M.D., brother of Henry
Darwin, noticed above, was bom at Baltimore in 1814.
He graduaied at the Univer^ty of Pennsylvania, where
he became in 1852 professor of chemistry. lie was
lubsequently appointed dean of the meiucal Acuity
in that institution. Died September 6, 18S4.

Rogers, (Samuel,) an eminent English poet, bora at
Newington Green, a suburb of London, on the jotb of
July, 1761. He was the third son of Thomas Rogers, a
London banker. After leaving school be became sw-
cessively * clerk and a partner in his Other's banking*
house. He published in 1786 a volume entitled "An
Ode to Superstition, and other Poems," which attracted
little notice. In 1792 he produced his "Pleasures of
Memory," a beautiful and highly-finished poem, which
was received with much lavour. He removed in 1803
to a fine house in Saint James Place, in which he passed
the rest of hit long life. This house was celebrated as
a resort of eminent literary and political character*,
including Scott, Byron, Moore, Wordsworth, Southey,
and Coleridge. He retired from buuness in the prime
of life, with an ample foitan^ of which he made a gen-
erous use. He gave liberally to artists and literary men
who were in pecuniary distress^ His reputation was fiillr

aintained, o

. . perhaps Increased, by "Human LiBe,"
I poem, (1819.) In i8za he produced the first part of
an admirable poem, entitled "Italy," which is hi* most
extensive work. Died in 1S55.

Se> "RacoIUctin of IM Tsbte-Tilk of Sumd ftocn," iMt
lanuv ~ UiHtUuiea ;" "HodvcH* fiioeni*!* Gfatnl* :" " b-
nbiDili Vumrtf far Ocubn, itii, ud Hudk ill*: '-QMrlHlr
Rnin>" far Mlreh, ilo: "Fnw'a UifuiH" lor Apnl, ilfSl
ALIJK»«,"DicIiaau7ol'Aiiihoni" "Msnb BHliih RzviHi" tar
Aucun, (IsO : " Hiscniihial SkddHi,'' by H. Jf nanHSAO.

Rogers, (William Auci;stu5,) an American
physicist, was bom atWateriord, Connecticut, in 183a.
He graduated at Brown University in 1857, became
professor of mathematics at Albert University in 1859,
assistant professor of astronomy at Harvard in 1875,
- - » -• *■ w__; 1 — . — ,^^(j^uy at O""""" "" '

physioioj^ and phy^an, of French extraction, bora
In I770,jgradaated a* H.IX at Edinburgh in 179& H«
settled in London, and was secretary to the Royd
Socnety. Hi* reputation Is founded on an able work
entitled "Animal and Vegetable Hiysiology,** (1834^
which is one of the " Bridgewater Treatises." He b
author of other scientific works, and of a "ITienara*
of En^ish Words and Phrase*," (1853.) Died t«

-wSn', (Jacob,) a Dntd Ba«t<

September, 1S69.
™>88*wattn, rog^h-

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Sn in .

Hoghman, ....

painter, born at Amsterdam in 1597. He paltiled Dutch
and German uenery. He also ;>rc)duced some Giie
elchinfn of landscapes. Died in i636>

Ro^er, ro'zh^', (Chari.es Latouk,) a Belgian
Matesman, was born at Sain t-Qucn tin in iSoo. He was
a prominent member of the provisional govcrnmen*
formed in iS3a In 1831 be was appointed minister o(
Ihe interior, and in 184a minister of public works.
He became aeain in 1847 minister of the interior in a
cabinet of which (he king confided to bim the formation.
Having retired in 1853, ne was reappointed to the same
ofiice in 1857, and became minister of forei^ affairs )n
1S61. He was a leader of the Uberat party. H« died
■tRrasseli, in 133$.

RognetU, rAn-ytftI, (Fiuppo,) an Italian medical
writer, born about 1805, praaised in Paris, Died at
Naples in 1S57.

Hoetiiat. 'on'ytS'' (Joseph,) Bakon, a French gene-
ibI of engineers, boin at Saint-Priest in 1776. lie wai
chief engineer oflbe erand army in iSia. Died in 1840.

Rohan, de. See boumsE.

Rotaan, de, d; .1 lo'tti', (A.s'ne,) a French Protestant
lady, distinguished for her piety and learning, bom In
15S4. was a sister of Henri, Due de Ruhan. She was
mistress of the Hebrew and other andent languages.
Died in Pari s in 1646,

Roban, de, (KeiJki,] Due, Prince de Leon, an able
French Huguenot chief, born in Uritlany in IJ7Q, was a
son of Ren^c, noticed below. He married in 1605
kfargueiite de B^ihune, daughter of the Due de Sully.
He commanded an army which fought for religious
liberty in the civil war Which began m iGzl, was sus-
|iendcd by a treaty in 1613, renewed in 1617, and ended
m 1619, Having lelited to Venice, he was appointed
general -in-chief of the Venetian army in 1630. and was
chosen by Cardinal Richelieu to direct the war in the
Valielline. He defeated the Imperialists in 1635 at
Luvino and Tirano. He was mortally woundecf at
RheinfelJen, where he fought for his h-iend Bernard
of Saie-Weimar, in 1638. He 1^ Memoirs of events
which occurred in France from 161Q to 1629, and a
treatise on war, — "Le parfiil Capitaine," (1G3&)

Sc* CoviTiu Di Saheras, "Hiilain Kcrtte du Due K. da
BDhiii,"i(oi.H*A(i "Li FraDM prDiMimu;" Baiih, " Hkiuf t
dcLnuuXMT;" " Nninlle Biocriiuhie »n<ia1a."

Roban, ds, (Louis.) Prince, a Frenchman, noted
for his gallantry and intrigues, was born about 1635.
He was a son of Louis de Rohan, Prince de Guzmen!.
Having engaged in a conspiracy ;^ainst Louis XIV., he
was executed in 1G74.

Rohan, de, (Louis RenC SoouAitn.) rdiNcs Cak-
DiNAL, was born in Paris in 1734. lie was sent as
ambassador to Vienna in 1772, but. having offended
Maria Theresa, he was recalled in 1774. He became
a cardinal in 1778. He was a patron of Cagli
and was scandalously implicated in the affair of the
"Diamond Necklace," (17B4,) in which he was the dupe
of Madame La Motle, who, bv forged letters, signed
• Marie Antoinette," persoadea the cardinal to buy a
necklace as a present to the queeik For this he was
tried and acquitted. Died in 1S03.

5«"N<Hi>ci;( Biocnphic Gjntnta."

Rohan, de, (Marie.) See Chbvreuse, nw.

Rohan, do, (RsNfic,) VicaMra, Sieur de Pontivy
ct de Frontenay, a French Protestant, born in 1550,
was one of the most valiant captains of his time. He
married the celebrated Catherine de Parthenay-Larche-
irfque. Died in 15S6L

Sec Bavle, "Hiiiotkal ud Critical DIctioDur;" HAAa,"Li

Robault, ro'y, (Jacques,) a French natoral philoso-
pher, bom at Amiens in 1610, was a teacher of Cartesian
philosophy. I le wrote a " Treatise on Ph>-slcs," (" Trait*

dePhysique,"i67i,) which was for a longtime! standard
work on that subject. Died in 1675.

S« Moiitai. "Dldlonnilre HiMonqnev-

Rohault de rieury, ro'C d(h Buh're', (Chakus,)

; ROLAND

French architect, born in Paris in 1801. The govern-
*nt committed to hiro the construction of the Museum
of Natnral History about 1S10, Died Ausust 11, 187?

Rahlnt, ro'hl-nee', [etymology obscure,) in ihe
Hindoo mythology, the name of one of the daughter
of Daksha, said to be the favourite wffe of Chandra, (or
the moon.*) She is the bright star in the bull's eve,
called in Arabic AldebarSn, (or Al Dabarln.) Other
surs regarded as the sisters of Rfthint are also num-
bered among the wives of Chandra.

RohllB, (Mrs. Chaklbs.) See Grkbn, (Anna
Katharine.)

Roblfs, rfllfs, (Gerhard,) a German explorer, born
at Vegesack, April 14, 1834. Having studied medicine
at Wiirzburg, lleide{berg, and Ootiincen, he entered Ihe
French military service in Africa, anifin 1861 went upon
a long series of journeys in Northern, and Central Africa.
He published many volumes in which the very imporlinl
results of these journeys are recorded. Died in iSg6.

Rohmartn, ro'min, (JOrcen Lindecaard,) a Danish
historian and poet, born in Ihe island of Seeland in 1757.
He published several works on Danish history, and be-
came Bishop of Filnen. Died in 1855.

R&hr or Roebr, roR, (Johann Frtedrich,) a Get-
man theologian, born near Naumburg in 177T. He was
identified with Ihe rationalistic school, and published
several work* on theology. He resided at Weimar,
where he died in 1843.

Rohrbacher, roRlifshaia', (REKt Fraki^ois,) a
French ecclesiastical writer, born at Langatte in 1789.
He vrtote a "General History of the Catholic Church,"
[ig vols., 1849-53.) I^ied in 1856.

Rojaa or HoiaB, do. di ro'uia, (Fernando,) a cete-
brated Spanish author, who flourished about 1500. Hia
dramatic romance "Celeslina" obtained great popu-
larity. The first edition of it was dated 1500.

Rojaa or Hojaa-Zorilla. de,- di ro'Kis tho-rM'yl.
(Francisco,) an eminent Spanish dramaiist, born at
Toledo inl6oi. Among his dramas are "CArcIa del Cas-
tanar,""EI Dcsden vcngado," ("The Insult Avenged,")
" Progne y Filomena," and " Entre Bobos anda el Tuego."

RokOB, roTtSs, (Hesrv,) called Zoro, a skilful Dutch

Eiinier, born al Rotterdam in 1611, was a pupil of
avid Teniers. Died in iGSz.

RokitanskT, ro-ke -tin's ke, (Karl,) a distinguished
physician and pathologist, born at Koniggriitz, in Bo-
hemia, in 1804. He became in 1844 professor of paiho-
logical anatomy at Vienna, and subsequently a member
of the Academy of Sciences and rector of the University
in that city. lie was the projector of the great Vienna
Hospital. He published a "Manual of Pathological
Anatomy," (1842.) which is regarded as a standard and
has been translated into English. Died July 23, 1878.

Rokmeny. See RukminI,

Roland, |LaL Rtrru^N'otrs; IL Orundo or Ro-
lando,! > ''^'^ celebrated in the romances of chivalry,
was supposed to have been a nephew of Charlemagne.
He was killed at the battle of Roncesvalles, in 77S A.a

Roland, rolSN', a brave and able leader of the
French Camisards, was born in Gard in 1G75. He
gained several victories about 1703 over the royal forces,
who could noi capture him unlit he was betrayed by one
of his party. He was shot In 1704.

RoTand. tFr. pron. rolfiN',) Madamr, (originall*
Marie Jf.anse Pbllpon (He'piN') or Phlllpon. (fe'-
le'pif*'.) also called Manok Phlipon,) one of^ihe most
noble and highly-gifted women that France ha.i produced,
was born in Pans, March 17, 1754. She was the only
child of an engraver, and was liberally educated. Latin
and music were included in the list ot her studies. She
was fond of books in early childhood, and received a
tasting influence from Plutarch, who was her bvourite
author when she was nine yean of age. In youth she
was an enthusiastic devotee of the Catholic Church, and
about Ihe age of twelve persuaded her parents to send

II attend with interest the celebra.

« aa *; ( a**; J hard; fe as/; o, H. ^.gHttMTtd; n.som/; r, tnlled; S as i; ih as in tkii. (jySee Explanation*, p* s].

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tion of divine vorship when it i* condocted with dtgnltjr.
I Torgel the qaackerj of (he prints, their ridiculoas
fablei, and their absurd mysteries. . , , The vott of
minklnd, the consoling hope of an a11-poi*eirut Remune-
rator, occupy my ihoughtj ; all other fancies vanish ; the
■ense of duty is qaickened," etc. After she had arrived
at womanhood, though her bith in the Church was
shaken, she preferred studious retirement to the hollow
and frivolous pleasures of tiie gay world. She rejected
tnany successive suitors, whom her beauty attracted in
such numbers that ah e compared them toaAiiA/MMiuv,
and resolveil to marry none but a philosopher.

About I77f she was introduced to M. Roland, whom
•he characteriies as " un veritable homme de bien," (" a
truly good man."] He took several years to consider
the subject, and when he oBered his hand her father
tefused his consent, although he {M. Phlipon] was re-
cently ruined in fortune by his dissipated habits. Before
this time, it appears, she had lost her mother, who was
an excellent woman. Her father's house having ceased
to be a desirable, or even tolerable, residence, she retired
to the convent In Paris In which she had formerly passed
■ year. Alter she had lived here five months, M. Roland
renewed his oRer, which was accepted. They were mar-
Tied In 1780, after which they resided successively at
Paris, Amiens, and Lyons. She visited England with
her husband in 1784, and SwitMrland tn 1787. She
was an enthusiastic votary of republican liberty, and in
the first stage of the Revolution enlisted in tne cause
withdirdour, although she expressed a presentiment that
she would be placed in the foilorn hope of the army.
By her fascinating manners, commanding genius, and
great conversational powers, she acquired such an influ-
ence in the councils of the Girondists that she has been
called the "inspiring soul" of that party. She assisted
M. Roland in his ofGcial duties tvhile he was minister of
the interior, in 1791.- He found that the literary success
of his reports,'etc. was in an exact ratio to the part that
■he took In their composition, and people were surprised
at the amount of work which he despatched. She com-

Eed the Important letter addressed by her husband to
lUXVI. inMay. 179Z.

About this time she became deeply interested — too
deeply for her own peace — in Buzot, a young Girondist
of noble character and handsome person, to whom the
allndes in this passage of her "mmoires;" "1 honour
and cherish my husl»nd as a sensible girl loves a vir-
toous father, to whom she would sacrifice even her
lover i but I have found a man who might be this lover ;
and, remaining faithful to my duties, my ingenuity has
failed to conceal the feelings or passion which for the
■ake of duty I subdued." She adds that her husband
became jealous, and they were both unhappv.

M. Roland, having been proscribed by the Jacobins,
retired to the country in May, 179] ; but his wife pre-
ferred to remain in Paris, and was committed to prison
about the iit of June. She seems to have considered
, the prison as an asylum from the suspicion of a jealous
husband, and her Imprisonment as a relief from the

combining love and duly. Ah 1 do not pity me ! Othe.,
may admire my courage,— you alone can apprccinle my
ioy." She improved her time In prison by writing her
'■ Mimoires," which are enlivened by many anecdotes
■nd portraits of eminent persons, ller style is admi-
rable and graceful in the highest degree. "I never
heard any woman," said Count Beugnol, "speak with
so much accuracy and elegance." In the passage from
the prison to the s[:aFfol(f she had a full view of the
house in which she had spent many ha|ipy years In
youth. There was the window from which she had often

f;axed on the son setting behind the distant hills. Her
1st words, according to a popular slaiement, were, " O
Lilteriy I what crimes are committed in thy name I" She
was beheaded on the gih of November, 1793. She left
one child, Eudora, born in 17S1

"According to our modern notions," says the " Edin-
burgh Review" for April, 1S65, "she was neither gentle,
nor pious, nor delicate, nor even virtuous. . . . But,
viewed by that strange tight of her own times, she stands

K.'JS.S

out in noble and lofty pre-eminence. Of her Ereatne**,
if heroism is greatness, there can be no doubt. '

9h C A. Davsait " tuit nit HailiiM Roland «■ xm Tautt,
nhlt dM Lntna d« MaduM Roland t Batoi," iKt; "Minuirta
-liDdfcrt - ^- ■^-" '--^ -

t«e|»r

lartiH

,-, , publi**. awe if* nowt'pir C. A.~ D*u»i», 1B641

;AiiTm-Bivn,"Partniui" "Edinburgh Revinr" (or April, iMif
' N«i*ell« Hocnphit Giiiin.]e -.•■ •• Mimoini de Madam* Rolind^
br MM. BaRviLta and BiirhiIks ; " Appul 10 Imputial Pouaitj,"

etc. lirHADAHa ROLAKS.

Roland, (PHarppa LAUKBtrr,) an able French aculp-
tor, bom at Marcq-en-BarcEul (Nord) in 1746. He was
a member of the Institute of Paris, and was commissioned
by the government to make statues of Homer, Solon, and
Malesherbes. Died in Paris in i8t6.

Roland dXroeTlIle. See Roliand.

t>om near Villefranche (Beaujotais) in 1734. lie was
inspector-general of manufactures before the Revolution.
His house in Paris was the head-quarters of the party
of the Gironde in 1791-02. He became minister of the
interior in March, 1791, but was dismissed from office in
June of the same year, in consequence of a famous letter
addressed to the king. This letter was composed by
his wife. (See Roland, Madams, noticed above.) He
again acted as minister of the interior from August It^
■7^9, to January 33, 1793, when he resigned, having
vamly striven against the reign of anarchv and violence^
He retired to Rouen in May, and, on hearing of the
death of his wife, committed suicide, in November, 179^

"Mfmc

• Lamji

ottheGirODdiiu:" "Nouvdle Biognphi>C4nJnl*."

Rolander, ro-11n'dfr, (Danikl,) a Swedish nature*
ist, born in Smlland, explored the txitany and zoologr
of Surinam in 1755, and returned home in l?;^ He died
soon after, before "he could publish his manuscripts.

Rolandlno, ro-lln-dee'no, an Italian chronicler, bora
at Padua about tioa. He wrote a Latin chronicle of
events which occurred from tzoo to 1160. Diedini)7&
Rolando, ro-1Sn'do, (LulCi,) an eminent Italian anat-
omist, bom at Turin in 1773, became professor of anatomy

8«CAiu>Git.UNCui,''E)i»ki tloricodtl PtoAmoi* L. k»
laodo;" "Biofnpliii UaiTcnelte.^'

Roldan, roi-djn', (Pedro,) a Spanish sculptor, bom
at Seville in 1G24, worked at Rome, Madrid, and Serill^
where he died in 170a

Rolewlnck, ro'lch-ftink'. (Wbbner,) a Germaa
monk, born in 1*15, wrote a popular history of the wori4
called " Fasciculus Temporum," (1474.] Died in 150L

Rolfe, (R. MoNSEY.) See CRAnwoBTH, Loaix

Rolfe, (William James,] an American editor and
teacher, bom at Newburyport, Massachusetts, December
10, 1827, was educated at Amherst College, became tn
instructor, and was one of the authors of the " Cambridge
Course of Physics," (6 vols., iS67-*9.) but Is best known
as the editor of Shakspeare's complete works, In forty
small volumes, adapted to use in schools. This editloa
of Shakspeare has had a marvellous popularity. He
has also prepared select school editions of the wotki of
Gray, Goldsmith, etc.

Rolflnk, rol'ftnk, (Wkrnes,) a German medical
writer, born at Hamburg in 1599 ; died at Jena tn 1673,

Roll, rBI, (Albert Philiffe,) a French painter, born
In Paris, March 10, 1847. He was a pupil of Bonnat and
G^rAme, Among his works are " Malte-ll 1" a military
scene, (187&,) "The Flood in the Banlieueof Toutouse.'*
(1B77,) and " The Strike of the Miners," {i88o.> His
" Feast of Silenus" is in the Flemish manner. He haa

Protestant divine, born at Doelberg in 1653. He
was professor of theology at Utrecht, (1704-18,} and
wrote several commentaries on Scripture. Died in 171S.
Rolland (or Roland) d1baBYille,ro16N'diius'vtl',
(BABTHtLEUi Gauriii!,) a French writer and judg^
born in IT34, was an adversary of the Jesuits. He was
executed)^ the terrorists in 1794.

■.d I, I^D,^/<M;f;i,t,d, name, less prolonged; k.t,\,6,v,J,s/iari;t,^,\,i),eiic«re;(li,(ii\,fi(imtt'iDH;glS^imSa<ii

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EOLLE 20

Rollo, fol, I (Dehis,) M.P., »n opulent Engliahmin,
Don) in DcTonihire in 1715. He parchased a large trad
tn Florida, and there planted a color^, (about 1766,)
Which was toon abandoned. Died in ETngland in 1797.

RoUe, (Hbhbv,) an English judge, bom in Devon-
shire in 15S9. He compiled a digest, which nas published
with the title of "Rolle's AbridgmenL" In 164S hi

fiised to preiide at the trial of Charles L Died in 1656.
"He was," aayi Sir Matthew Hale, "a neison of gieai
learning in the common taw, profound judgment, great
moderation, iuitice, andintegritj." (Preiace to "Rolls'*
Abridgment. )

Sm Lobs CAMmu, " Una of ibi Oilaf JuBce^" *6L L
RoUo, rol'tfh, (JoHANM Hbinrich,) a German com-
puser of church music, bom at Quedlinburg jn 1718.
He succeeded hia father as director of music at Mag-
deburg in t7;x. Among his principal works are the
toHoa of the "Death of Abet" and "Abraham on

Mount Horiah." Died In 17S5.

Bolle, (Torn,) Lord, an Engliio 1 ory poJinaan, 00m
In Devonshire In 1751. He was raised lo ihe peerage
In 1796. He is taid to have used a large fortune liberalW,
and to have been the lubject of "The Kolliad," apolitical
•atire, written bf several Whigs. Died In 1343.

Rolls, rol, {MiCHKL.) a French tnalhematician, bom
at Ambett in 1651; died in Faris in 1749. "He ren-
dered," says ponlenelle, "great service to science,"

Roll«, (PiESiii NicoiAS.) a French writer, born at
Chi tillon-sar- Seine in 1770, was author of " Researches
into the Worship of Bacchus," (3 vols., tSj^.) Died in
iSjS. Hia son, Jacques Hippolvte, bom at Dijon in
1B04, became an able journalist of Paris. Died in 1SS3.

RoUoobuBii, ron^n-hl'S^, (Ceorc.) a German
fabulist and didactic poet, bom at Bemau in 1543 ; died
In 1609-

RoUi, rolOee, (Paolo Antonio,] an Italian poet, bom
In 16S7. He went to England about 1715, and taught
Italian to the princesses of the ro^al familj. He trans-
lated " Paradise Lost" into Italian vene, (1719,) and
wrote tome origioid poems, which were popniar. Died
b Italy In 1767.

RolUn, tollin or roliK', (Chaklks,) an eminent
French historian and professor of belles-lettres, was
bom tn Pari* In Januaiy, 1661. He became professor
of rhetoric at the College du Plessis in 16S7, and ob-
tained the chair of eloquence at the College de France
in 1688. He was rector of the Universin about two
years, (1694-96.) He revived the study 01 Greek, and
made reforms in the STStem of education. In 1716 he
published a good work on the Siudj of BelEes-Lettrea,
("Traiti de la Maniite d'itadier et d'enseigner les
Belles-Letlres,") He also wrote a " History ofRome,'
(1738,1 and an " Ancient History," ("Ilistoire r-- '

English. According to Voltaire, Rollin was one of Ihe
first French aathon who wrote a good style In prose.
Died in 1741,

His diaracter w

> amiable ai

jllia,"iaiSlSj

BogsMH DK MAiiwr,"EiHl (ur \* Vic da Kollia;" Ni
"M^iKoimi" "N(nin)le Biognphit Unjnlfi."

RoUlu, (Ii»dni.) See LsDiu-ROLLUt.

Rollina, (Alice Wbllincton,) an American poe^
bom in Massachusetts, June iz, 1S47. Before her mar-
tiage in 1S76 her name was Alicb Marland Wrllino-

ic of the finest
of her time. Died in 1S97.

Rollina, (Ellen Ckafuan,) an American authoress,
Dom at Wakefield, New Hampshire, April ^a i8]i.
Her maiden name was Hobbs. She was mairied to £.
A. Rollins. Her principal publications were " New
England Bygonea" (tSSs) and "Old-Time Child-Life.'*
Pied in Philadelphia, May 19, iSSi.

R0II0, Ron, roo, or Hrolf, [Fr. Rollon, roH^N',
and RaOIXI, rt'ool',] first Duke of Normandy, bom
about 860 A.11. lie was originally a Norwegian vilfing or
pirate, and was noted for sirength and martial prowess.

«a«i,-{aa/;g4dn/;ta*yVo>H,K,/nM(rs/,-|i,MiW,-B,^nVJf)/;lasi; thasInMu. (By See Eiplauatloiu, (^ «],)

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

r9 ROMANINO

In the reign of Charles the Bald be ascended the Seine
and took Rouen, which be kept as a base of operations.
He gained a number of victories over the Franks, and
extorted from Charles IIL in 913 the cession of.tho
province since called Normandy. By the famous treaty
which Charles and Rollo signed at this time the latter
agreed to adopt the Christian religion. Died about 930,

SccLaCiHUT, "Rionl I, Dm di Normiadia," * Tab., itSi)

■ Dmiein Vitaus, " Uixaiu."

Rolloa See Rollo.

Rolph, (John A-,) an English artist and engraver
of landscapes, bom in Essex In 179& He emigrated
to the United States in 1833. and worked in New York
City. Died in Brooklyn in 186a.
RSlt, (Richard,) an English writer of history, biog-
.phy, etc, was born in 1724 or I715. Among hu
orks is a " Historv of the General War" which ended
... 174S, 4 rots., and "Cambria," a poem, (1749.) Died
In 17701.
RomagDomI, ro-min-yo'tee, (Giovanni Domenico,)
I eminent Italian jurist and publicist, bom near Pia-
inza in 17G1. He published in 1791 tn able work on
penal legislation, "Genesis of Penal Law," ("Genesi
del Diritto penale.") About 1S06 he and other jurists
farmed a new Italian criminal code at Milan. He wrote
numeroua legal works, and lectored on taw at Milan for
many years. Died in 1835.
Romoln. See Romanus.

Romala, ro'mlN', (Adrian,) a Flemish geometer
and physician, bom at Louvun in 1561. He wrote oa
geometry, etc. Died at Menti in 1615.
Romain, (Jules,) the French name of Gnn-io Ro>

Homain de EooRlia; See HooOK.

RomBima, ro-min', (William,] an eminent English
Calvinistic theologian of the Anglican Churcti, bom at
Hartlepool in 1714- He became a popular preacher In
London, married a Miss Price in 1755, and was apnointed
»..-in,. nf nui-irivii,..' in , jj^ Hc preachcd at this place

Faith," (179;.) Died in 1795.

Sm V. B. Cadocah, " Life of T. RonuliiL" inC; Thohas

Awui. " Life of [he Re*. W. Jtomaln.," vm-

Roman, ro'mfiN', (Jean BAPrmr Lonis,) a French
rtalnary, bom in Paris in 1793, gained the grand prise
b 181& Died in 183;.

Bomana, de la, di II ro-ml'nl, (Don Pedeo Caro
7 Sureda — ki'ro e soo-rfi'Dl,} Marquis, a Spanish
general, bom in Majorca In 1761. He served with dis-
tinction In the war against the French, (1793-95 *n<l
1809-10.) Died in iSii.

Bomanelll, ro-ml-nellee, (Domenico.) an Italian
antiquary, born in the Abruzzi in i7S6i died in 1S19.

RomanelU, (Giovanni Francesco.) an eminent
painter of the Roman school, born at Viterbo in 1617,
was a pupil of Pietro da Cortona. He was employed
at Pans by Louis XIV. and Cardinal Mazarin. lie
also adorned several churches of Rome with his worksi
Died in 166} His son Uebano, bom in 1653, wa* a
painter. Died in i68z.

RomBQ'ea, (George John,) an English biologist,
boro Bl Kingston, Canada, in 1848. He was educated
at Cambridge University, became FuUerian professor
in the Royal Institution, London, and inlSgo removed
to Oxford, where he founded the Romanes lectureship
in 1891, He was an advanced Darwinian in bis
views, which he gave in " Darwin and after Darwin,"
his latest work. He published works also on " Mental
Evolution," "Animal Intelligence," etc. Died in
1894.

Romanet, n/mf nl', (Antoine Lonis,) a French
line^ngraver, bom tn Pari* In 1748. He engraved
successfully tome works of Raphael and Titian, Died
iniSo?.

RomanL See Rouanino, (GiKOLAUa)

Romanlno, ro-ml-nee'no, (Giorcio,) an able Italian
painter, bom at Rome about isoa He wa* inrited 10
France, and painted some frescoi in the Louvie. Ilia
deugn and colour are highly praised.

ROMAmNO «

BOBUUilao or Rommnl, ro-ml'nee, (Girolamo,) an
Italian painter, born at Brescia ibool 1490, imilaied
Titian, and waa a good coloritt. H« painted tome
frescos In the Louvre, Paris. Died about t56o>

Romano. See Giuuo Romano.

Romuto, da, dl ro-ml'no, (Ezzelino, It-ti-Iee'no,
or ECCELIKO, (t-cU-lee'no,) an able commander and a
famous Ghibeiine leader, remarkable far hii reckless

IS excommunicated by the pope about laja, ... .
league wal formed against him b; several atiei ind

Crincei orLombardj. He died, or was killed in battle,
1 1359.
Ronaaot RomauoT, or Romanow, ro-ml'nof,

emperoi
rsold. I

with the Swede* by the cession of Ingria and Kareli

ira^ed against the Poles a defensive war,

h ended in 1619. He promoted the civilication of

d afterwards wa^ed

Us subjects, and made reforms in the laws. He died ir
1G45, and was succeeded by his son Alexis.

Sh WicMiiAin^ " UrkuHk Qbci di> Wibl Midud Romanon.

Ro-mX'nna Z., Emperor of the East, called Leca-
VKNUS, [Fr. RoMAiN LicAPiHE, ro'miH' U'kfpin',]
was a native of Armenia, and father-in-law of Consian-
tine VII., who made Romanus bis colleague in the
empire In 919- Died in 948.

Bonuuana H, a grandson of the preceding and ton
of Constantine^II., was bom in 939. He poisoned hw
father and obtained the throne In ^9. Dim in 963.

Romamum.ATgy'nia.lFr. KOMAiNARCYitK.to'-
■hIn' SR'zhtit',1 was bom about 96S. He married Zoft
a daughter of Conitantine IX,, whom he succeeded In
1033. He was poisoned bj Zoe, his wife, in 1034.

Romaniu XV, Dlogenea, obtained the throne by
marriage with Eudocia, the widow of Constantlne Uucas,
In 1067 or 106S. He gained several victories over the
Turks In Asia Minor, bat was defeated by Alp Arslln
In Armenia. He was deposed by Michael VIL, by
whose order he was put to death about [07s.

Sh La Biau, "Hiuoin ia Bai-XiDpin;" Gi»ni, "Didii
■nd PaD of the Ronun Emprg."

Romanni, (.Cgidius.) See Colonna, (Eoidio.)

Ro-mB'nns, (Fr. Romain, ro'mSN',) Pope, born nei
Civita Caslellana, in Italy. He was elected pope i
September, S97 A.D. Died in 898.

RomansoC See Rioomantsop.

RombaTg, romttRC, (Andreas,) a German violinist
and composer, bom in I76t> became director of masic
at Gotha in iSiJ. He produced several sacred piecet
and operas, and set to music Scbiller't " Song of the
Bell" and other poems. Died in iBil.

RomboTBi (Bernhard,] a cousin of Andreas, bom
at Bonn in 177O1 was celebrated for hi* performance on
the viotoncella He was appointed professor at tbe
Conservatory of Music in Paris in iSoi. Died in 1S41.

Bombon^rom'b6wt,(J.,}aDutch landscape-painter,
lived about 1670.

Rombouta, romlvOwts, (Theodore,) an excellent
Flemish painter of history, t>om-at Antwera in 1597,
was a pupil of A. ^anssent. He worked in Rome and
Florence, from which he returned to Antwerp in 1635.
Aneng hit works are "The Sacrifice of Abraham,"
*'Thc Oath of Hannibal," and a "Descent from the
Cross," Died In 1637.

5« Da9CAHrt,"Vi«<lMp(iBeia Flmmili," itc

RomA de Zdale, (or de tlalo,) ro'mi' dfh lU'. 0iiAK
Battittr Louis,) a French mineralogist, bom at Grai

of the angles at which the faces of crystals meet, and,
observing further that many of them appear in several
different shapes, first conceived the idea that these
shapes might be reducible to one, appropriated

peculiar manner to each tututaiut and modified br strict
geometrical laws." (Sir John F. W. Herschel, "Dls-
~ >urse on the Study of Natural Philosophy.")

Romogaa, ro'mi'gls', (Mathurih D'AuR-LESCOtTT,

rtii'rlN^ dS'lisltoo',) a brave French knight of the

iler of Malta, which he joined in 1547. He distin-
guished himself in battle against the pirates and Ibt
Turks. He was appointed commander of the galleys,
and lieutenant-general. Died in 1581.

Rfimer or Roomer, rd'mfr, (Olap or OladsJ a
Danish astronomer, bom at Aarhuus on the 15th of
September, 1G44. He went to Paris in 1671, and aided
Picard, who procured for him the office 01 tutor to thtt
dauphin. In 1675 he made (at Parts) the Important
discovery of the velocity of light by observations of the
eclipses of Jupiter's satellites. He became professor irf
mathematics in the University of Copenhagen In 1681.
He first applied the epicycloidal curve in the formatioQ
of the teeth of wheels. RiSmer held several high civil
office*. Diediniyia

Romaio, (Matias,) a Mexican diplomatist, bom
at Oaxaca, Mexico, in 1837. He was in tbe diplo-
matic service of Mexico at Washington after 1859,
and was minister there 1863-68. He subsequently
served as secretary of the treasury and postmaster-
general under President Juares, and returned to
Washington as minisler in i88z, remaining there,
with a brief interval as secretary of the treasury in
1S92, until his death in 189S. He was a somewhat
voluminous author, official, historical, and descriptive.

Romey. ro'mj', (Charles Octavi,) a French his-
torian, bom in Paris in 1804, wrote, besides other work*
a " History of Spain," (1838-48.) Died in 1874-

Romejn, ro'min, (Theodoric D.,) an fnfhiential
minister of the Dutch Reformed Church, was bom at

removed in 1784. He it said to have been the principal

founder of Union College, Schenectady. Died in 1804,

Romion, do, dfh ro'ne.uh', (Marie,) a French poel-

id prose writer, lived at Viviers. Died after 1584.

mlguibToa, ro'me'ge^iR', (Teak Douikiqde Jo

H Louit,) aFrench advocati^ oom at Toulouse r

RomlguibToa, ro'me'ge^iR', (Teak Douikiqde Jo-

_._ . '- "--ch advocate, Iwm at Toulouse in

adherent of the liberal party. IMed

11847.

RomiUy, lo'me'ye', (Jrak Edme, ) a Swiss Protest-
ant minister, born at Cieneva in 1739, was a friend of
Rousseau. Died in 1779. His fainer, Jbak, born In
1714, was a skilful watchmaker. Died in Paris in 179&

Rom'U-iy, (lOHK,) Baron, an English lawyer, a aoa
of Sir Samuel Romilly, was bom in I^ondoa 1n iSol.
He was elected to Parliament as a Uberal in 1831, wa*
appointed solicitor-general in 1848, and attorney-general
in 1S50. In 1851 he became master of the rolls, and «■>
raised to the peerage, as Baron Romilly, in 186& Died
December 33, 1S74.

Romilly, (Sir Sauuei,) a celebrated English lawyer
and statesman, born in London on the ist of Marct^
1747. He was a son of Peter Romilly. ajeweller, whose
father was a French Protestant exiled for hit religioik
His education at school was defective, but he studied
Latin after he was fifteen years of age, and became a
good self-taught scholar. He entered himself at Gray^
Inn as a student of law in 1778, and was called to the bar
in 1783. In 17S4 he became acquainted with the famous
Mirabeau, who introduced him to a Mr. Vaaghan. By the
favour of the latter, Romilly made the acquaintance of

eery. In politics he was a Whig and advanced tiberaL
In 1806 he was elected to Parliament and apptnnlcd
solid tor-general. He acquired great reputation by hit
eloquent speed) against the slave-trade. In 1S07 he was
removed from office in consequence of the dissolutioll
of the Whig ministry. He afterward* directed his -''-^-

a of variont

grades were punishable by death. He procured the pa*
sage of a bill, about 1809, to repeal the statute whidi

l,C,t, A, a,;,/<in;;Ji,(,6,same,les* prolonged; l,i,!r,6, 6, J, jAiirt;n,i, 9.****«;Q'. 11'. Qti "'*'!'>'*'; SSWiWdOB-

Digitized

b, Google

ROMME

908 1

ce distinguiahcd thui

Although hii (^l(

d limpliaty, the —

_. ,. . Uiidnrcb II ' '

mice, prejndke, tuid pMt; spirit. He made an imiac-
ccasflileffonin iSlotarepealtheitatnte which poniihed
with death the crime of stealing &omaiho|i goods valued
at five shillinga. He opposed in an eloquent apeech the
decUiation of war against Napoleon on his Tctuia bom
Elba in 1815. He was a zealous advocate of Roman

CathoUc Emindpalion. In his '

bave been more successful and
anj olher Englishman of his li:
WM remarkable for plainness ...
pteaalTeness of hi* speeches was, we are lold, almost
nuparaUeled. lit 1S18 he wai returned, at the bead of
the poll, by the roters of Westminster. His wife died in
October, 1818. In a fit of detiriam or insanity, he put
an end to his own life in Norember, iSlS. He was
author of "Observations on the Criminal Law of Eng-
land," (iSto.)

3m "Tba Lifc of ^ Suand Ktadfir, writttn br bimiaie" a^ud
^ Iw HU, I vol*,, iS^a; Bkkiahih Cohitaht, "EIdc* lU "'
Suiod Rogdnr.xilia; Kskoil ■■ U>a -^ Em;..«., Rr^S.h i^
nri:" "NsanD* BHcn^iia tMotnlg
far FibniBr, tliJi "WimBsMi Rnw

Rommet rom, (Ckaklu,) a French geometer, bom
■t Riom about 1744. He wrote sereral — '"' " " —
savigation, etc. Died In 1S05.

Bomiiia, jGlLBBBT,) a brother of the preceding, bom
U Riom in 1750, was a Jacotnn and an active membat
of the Convention. Having been condemned to deatt
by the Thermidoriena, he killed himself in 1795.

Rommel, rorn'mfl, (DimiCH Ckkistoph,} a Ger.
toon historian, born at Cassel in 1781, became In 1815
professor of history at Marburg;, He wrote a " History
of Hesse since (he Peace of Wet'"''.ii. " i.a», 1 n;.-»

Rom'ney, {George,) an eminent English historical
and portrait painter, wu born at Dalton, in Ijincashire,
In December, 1734. In hia youth he worked in the shop
of his bther, a catiinet'maker. He married Mary Al>.
bot in 1756. After he had studied and practUed paint-
ing at Kendal for five years, he settled in LondiHi in V^a,
b«t left his wife and cnitdren in the connlry, where they
remained neglected while hewii prosperoDS aod tamons.
He obtained rapid aucceu in his protessioo, and became
the rival of Rejmolds. He passed about two years
(1773-75) '" ™"» 'o several dties of Italy. At Rome
U painted a " Wood Nymph," which was greatly ad-
ndred. He gradually raised ' ' ' '
tUrnr-five gmneas for a be

wbole-length. Among his

Danghterv," " Nature unveiling herself to Shakspeare,'
and portruts of Cowper the poet, Warren Hastings,
I^rd Chatham, and William Pitt About 179S he was
compelled to diesist from work by ill health and nervous
dejection. He removed in 1799 to KerHaL where he
was nursed by his patient and forgiving wlft until he
died, in November, iSoa.

So HAYin, " Lila of O. R»ntT," ifea: J. Roiiinv, (bii
■m.) "Mcmgin of the Lift ind Woiki cf C. Ranuv," i(is:
Aluk Cdhhuhhiak. "Lin «f Bhliai Piinurh"

RonuMT, (Hknev SiDim,) Eail of. See Sidnev.

Rom'n-laa, called also Qal-ii'nQB, the founder of
Rome, a semi-&bulous personage, supposed to have
lived about 7S0 b.c According lo tradition, Romulas
and Remai were the twin sons of Mara and Rhea Silvia,
who was a daughter of Nomilor, Kins of Alba. Amn-
lini dethroned Numi tor and ordered the jouns twina to
be exposed lo destruction ; but they were ludiled by ■
wolf and educated by Faustulus, a shepherd of the king.
After they were grown op and informed of the secret of
their birth, the^ killed Amolios, restored Nnmitor, and
founded (he aty of Rome. Remus was punished with
death by Romulus for jumping, in derision, over the wall
of the new dty, and Romulus became the Grst and sole
king of Rome, the population of which was increased
by exiles, outlaws, and furtive slaves invited from ad-

Eent states. The deficiency of wives was remedied
Ihe abduction of Sabine maidens who assembled at
ne as spectators of a public festival. The Sabinet
sraged war against Rome on this account, but peace wai
restored by the mediation of the Sabine wives, and the
Romans and Sabinea were tuited into one atate, whicti
Romnloa and the SaUns Tatiu* ttded jointly. Romulas

to tradition, he disappeared myttetioaaly during a Ibnn-
der.storm which occurred as he was reviewing his anny
in the Campus Martins, and the opinion prevailed thai
he was carried Up to heaven.
_ Sh Niai
J.

Qalorv of
^" ia«; 1

-'RAifCn,) F.R.S., an English inventor,
bom fai London, Febmary jt, 17SS. His inventions ta
connection with the electric telegraph earned him the
honour of knighthood. Died August 8, 1873.

Ronoaglla, ron-Ul'yl, (CoMSTAtmiro,) an Italian
writer on theology, etc., bom at Lucca In 1677; died
in "737-

RonowlU, ron-klllee, (Cbutofoko,) called PouE'
KANCio or PoHAKAHCio, an excellent painter of the
Florentine school, bom at Pomerance in Ijsa, wa* ■
pupil of N. Cirdgnani. He worked at Rome, Genoa,
etc, and painted the cupola of the church st Loretto,
Died al Rome in 1616.

Rondanl, ron.d3'nee, (Fkanosco Maria,} an Ital-
ian painter, bom at Parma about 1490, was a popil of
Correggio. Died about 1548.

Rondel, do, dii ThvifAW, (Jacques,) a French phl>
loKiphet, bom about 1630, was profeeaor of Greek at
Sedan from 1664 to i68t. He published a "Ule of
Epicuma," (1679,) and other work*. Barie, who was
his friend, alls him (under the article "Epicurus") a
good poet aikd a good Greek scholar. Died at Macsbicbt
mi7iS.

9h Haag, -Li Fism* t«»1HM«."

RondaUt, rdNdOf or r&H'd«h-ll', (Guiludub,) a
French natiualist, boro at Montpeltier in 1507. He
practised medidne and lectured in that dty. He pub-
lished a treatise " On Sea-Fisb," (" De Piadbns marinia,"
'554,) *nd several medical works. Died b 1566.

Sn MictniL '■ Mteaira ;■' SAam-UAaTH^ "tinwmf
■Bigcnpbk wSals.- ^ ^^*

Rondelal; (J>'^>) ■ French architect, born m Lyon*
in 1734, or, as some say, in 1*43. He was a pupil of
Souffiot, and became in 1781 ni* successor as architect
of the Panlh^n, or church of Sainte-Geneviive.at I^t.
He built Ihe dome of (hte edifice. He published an
important treatise on architecture, ** Tralt^ de I'Art de
Bttit," (5 vols., 1809-17,) which is called a classical
work. Died in Paris in 1839.

S« VADDoraa, "DinnnnTliTaiibid* J. Roudalit," iS>^
Rondet, rou'd}', (Lavrsnt £tibnn^) a French

riter on religiMi and n - ■

died in 178$.

Rondo< tAK'do', (Hataus,) a French w
editor, bom a( Saint-Qoentia Ln i8ti.
Rongv, (ong'tb, OoHAMNES,) a eel
.<-. CathoUca, bwit ill Silesia in 1S13.

d morality, bora in I^iis in I7I7[

publkbed • letter denonndng the exhibition of the
'' holy coat," which Amoldi, Buhop >A Treves, had juil
proclaimed. Although excommunicaled by the chapter
of Breslao, Ronge rapidlr gained adherenta, and in
1845 a German Catholic Cnnrch, independent of that of
Rome, was fbanded. In the revolution of 18^ he took
refuge in England, and many of the new sodetica were
auppteaaed Died October sy, 18S7.

S«e "VmdieatiDn af J. Roaf^" trtiwlMcd fr«m tha Gomn bjr
osuTTAyioa,ia49;Ei>vUDDui,Ln, "J. Ronn uDddiefrn*
irctie," 1S49; "* Autobiofiiphj of J. Roou," traiuuitcd ftom Uh
emSD bf JoHir Loid, London, 1S461 " WntuinalBf Ravie*" lot
ecambtr, 1145, (vtkla " Ganua llMalacT."}
RBiUM at Roenne, won, ton rSn'nfh, (Lcdwio
MoRiTZ Peter,) a German jurist, bom bi Holsiein in
~So4. He became about 1843 a judge or councillor in
He published " The PollticarLaw of the Ftua-

Ronaard, de, dfh ratrstR', (Pibbri,) an etnineni
French poet, bom in IbeVenddmois 101534. He learned
tospeak English, German, and Italian, and waa ioslmcted
in Greek t? Dorat and Toraiba. He irrote odes, epi<

( as i,- 1 as /; 2 iard; J as/; O, H, ^guttural; W, mual: a, /nVW; 3 at

^See EiplanatloB*, p, a^

Digitized ay CjOOQ IC

RONTGEN

ROQVELAURE

imnB, hymns, edogim, etc, and
newt popular poet of bii time. Malherbe and Bol-
leaa, honeveT, did not appreciate turn highly. Ronsard
conceived tlie idea of grouping leven French poeta,
including himself into a conatellation called the f^HaJi.
The other aix were hia imitatora. Died in 15S5.

SSntgan, von, (Wilhblm Konrai},) b German
physicist, bora at Lennep, Prussia, io 1845. He
iludied at Zurich, and was professor of physics at
Stnwburg, Giessen, and (after 1885) at WUnburg,
In 1895 ^' made the signal discovery of Ibe X-ray,
usually called the RSntgen ray, a peculiar form of
light which can past through the human body and re-
veal [he presence of any opaque extraneous substance
and the tnie condition and position of tbe bones; it it
therefore of inestimable ralue in surgery.

Ron'tho, (Matthew,) a monk and Latin poet, bom
In Greece, translated Dante's "Divina Conmedia" talo
Latin verse. Died at Sienna in 1443.

Roo'dji-kao, Rudokl, or Rndagl roo'd^-kee, an
eminent Persian poet, who lived in the reign of Nasr,
(aboat 940 A.D.) He was blind from his birtli, but wrote
iplendid lyrics, some of which are extant Roodakee
•eenu to have drawn largely upon the literature and folk-
lore of India for hia materials.

RoodtHas,refH-B«,(jAKAuKKT,)*Dntchpartnut-
painter, bom at Hoom in 1G15 or 1617 ) died in 1674.

Roolca, rook, (Sir George,) an English admiral,
bom near Canterbury in 1650. Entering the navy, he
became successively post captain and vice-admiral, was
made " lieutenant of uie admiralty" in 1702, and wilh Sir
Cloudsby Shovel captured Gibraltar in 1704. D. 1709.

BoonUb room, (Edwaid,) an Eoglith lawyer and
•atirist. He offended Pope by a aatire entitled "Paa-
quin." and wrote "The Jovial Crew," a drama. Died
In 1719'

RoomoGikl. RoamoTsky, or Bumowmky, roo-
moFskee, (Stephen,) a Russian astronomer, born in
Vladimir in 1734. He became professor of astronomy
at Saint Petersburg in 1763, and vice-president of the
Academy of Sciences in iSoo. He published sereral
■athematical works, and tranalated the "Annalt" c'
Tacitus into Russian, (1808.) Died about 1814-

Roon, TOn, fon r&n, (Albkbcht Theodok Euil,) a
E^mssiao general and writer, bom at Kolber^ about 1803.
He became a major-genera! in 1856, and mmister of war
bl 1859. He rendered important services by the re-
orgaiiliation of the army. The Prussian Chambers in
1866 voted 1,500,000 thalers as a national recompense to
aix men, among whom was Von Roan. He publiahed
treatises on geography and ethnologr. Died in 1879.

RoordK vnn Eyslnnt, rQR'dS vin t'iing-l, (Piitkk
Thcoixire,) a Dutch Orientalist, bora at Leeuwarden
about 1790. He published, besides other works, a Dutch-
Javanese Dictionary, (1855.) Died ~ •"-

" -•- -■-'- ro'rfh, (J/ '

RooM'Tott, (Thbodorb,) an United States Pre*-
dent, was bom in New York, October 17, 185S, and
graduated at Harvard in 1880. He became a member
of the New York Assembly in 1883, ran on the Re-
publican ticket for mayor of New York dty in 1886,
served as civil service commissioner 18S9-95, and was

Kesidenl of the New York police board 1895-97.
e was assistant secretaiy of the navy 1897-98, re-
signing to take part in the vrar in Cuba as lieutenant-
colonel and subsequently colonel of the First United
States Cavalry Volunteers, usually known as the Rou^
Riders. He became the popular hero of the war. 1^

1899 be was elected Governor of New York, and ia

1900 was elected Vice-President of the United Stales,
succeeding as President on the assassination of Presi-
dent McKinley in September, 1901. ]n 1904 he was
the Republican candidate for President, and was
elected with a majority of ig6 electoral votes. In 1908
he declined to be ■ candidate, but strongly nippMted
Taft's candidacy. In 1909 ha went on a hunting eicat-
sion to East Africa and was received enthusiastically in
Europe on his return. In 191a he again entered the
political field snd, losing the Republican nomination, or-
ganised a new " Progressive" party, of which he be-
ne the candidate. He was shot, but not seriously
lunded, in the campaign, and was defeaisd in the

election. Has been an editor on " The OutIook"since
1909. He is the author of valuable works on history,
biography, etc.

BooBtom, Ro(Mtem,RooBtain, RoBtem, or Riu-
. im, rd6s'tf m, written also Ronatem, Ronatam. and
RoBtain, tbe moat illustrious of Persian heroes, is sup-
posed to have lived about Goo years b.c He was <&»
son of the celebrated warrior ZtTor Zllzer and an Indian
princess named Rudiba. The eiploits of RdSstam form
the favourite theme of the Persian poets and romanee-
— '''trs ; and it is difficult to determine what is historical
wbal is Sction in the accounts of him which have
e down to us. Sir William Jones savs, " Rostam
certainly a commander under Cyrus, [the GreaLl"
RdGstam forms the most prominent figure in Flrdouaee'B
gFcal epic, the "Shth Nimeh," or "Book of Kinga."

Roostnm- (BotMtam- or RttBtnm-) PastM, rAa'-
tfm pi'shft', an able and anscrupnlons Tnrkish ministei
ojf state, became grand viiier tinder Solyman the Mag-
nificent, who reigned from 1510 to I566> '

Root, (Elihu,) an American lawyer, was born at
Clinton, New York, in 1845- He studied law, was
United States district attorney for the southern district
t^ork 1883-85, secretarv of war in the Mc-
Kioley and Roosevelt cabinets 1899-1904, secretary of
stale under Roosevelt 1905-09, U. S. senator from Ke"
York since 1909. He is pre^dent of the Carnegie Peace
Endowment and of other institutions.

Roora, de, d^h ro'rfh.

a Flemish painter.

HilNRiCH.) a celebrated German
painter of landscapes and animals, and a skitfiil engraver,

■"- -iorfinl63l. "-->->-'- -^— —■ —

prices. I>i<

ROOS, (JOHANN MXLCHIOR,) a painter

It Frankfort ii

I in 1685.
of lanJscap4

command high prices.

ROOft, (JOHANN MELufiiuk,; 4 punLci ui jitu

and antmak,bom at Frankfort in 1G59, was a son of tbe

Seceding. Hewoinotequalto his brother Philip Petet.
led in 1 73 1.

Roon, (Phiup Petir,] snrnamed Rosa da Tivoli, a
skilful painter of animals and landscapes, bom at Frank-
fort about 165s, was a son of Johann Heintich, noticed
abov& He worked many years at Tivoti : hence his sur-
name. He painted with great fadlity. His touch is said
to be broad and mellow. Among his works are many
pastoral landscapes. His backgrounds and skies are
admirable for fidelity to nature. Died at Rome In 1705.

Boon, (TiDODOK,) a German painter, bom at Wesel
in 1638, was a brother of lobann Ileinrich, noticed above.
Hepainled portraits ana landscapes. Died in 1698.

Rooae. See LrKuAicKKR, '"'

r,K?o

Root, (Gec

was the author of many popular songs, as " Rosalie,
-' e Prairie Flower," " Haiel Dell," " Tramp, Tramp,

ramp," etc. Died in 1895.

RopH, (John Codman,] an American historian,

IS bom at St. Petersburg, Russia, in 1836. He

rote several works on the military Itistory of the
United Stales and of France under Napoleon, and
had just published vol. ii. of his "Story of the Civil
War" at his death, October 38, 1899.

Roqua, Saint, See Rock.

Roquo, de k, dfh It rok, (Antoinl) a FKach Hi-
UraUur, bom at Marsnilea in 167a, edited the ** Uetcv*
de France" from \ni until 1744. Died in 1744.

Roqne, Oa la, (Gilles ANDRt,) a French

:h genealoRist,
lis works ■ a

his

: Nobilitv."^

Noblesse," 1678.) Died in

BoqasIatiTa, da, dfh rok^CR', (Antoink,) Bakoh,
a French marshal, bom in 1544, was a ctmstant adherent
of Henry IV. He was in the carriage with that kin|
when the latter was killed, (1610.) DwdiniSas.

i.5.1.5,

0. 1. long: ^ ^> ^ ■">ie, less prolonged; \, £, T, 6, B, f , iKeri; t, f, j, 9> «Afr>"v; f&r, fill, fit; mCl; nOtj gdSd; mdl

,ed:^yC00<^lc

KOQUEPLAN

ROSCOB

Ro^aaplui, rok'plftN', (Camillk Jcsktk Etiknni,)
Ui eminent French painter of Undscapel and genre, bom
at MartemoTt in iSoa, was a pupil of Gro* and Abel 4e
PujoL He obtained a medal of the first dan in t8a&
Uainr of hit workt are illiutrative of Roaatean'i " Con-
fessions" and Sir Walter Scott's Novels. Died in

tfoqnvplan, (Louis Victok Nbstos,) a lUthatmr,
a brotner of the preceding, wai born at Marlemort In
1804. He became editon of the " Figaro" abont 1827,
and was director of the Opera of Fui* from 1847 to
■854. Died in 18m.

ItoqTiM, Tok, (PIBKRE,) > Frcnch Protestant
bornatLaCannein 1685. He became pastor of a chareh
at Btle In i7to, and pnbliihed, besldea other " "'

RvaDfffllifAlPutor. frT3?.l9nr1 anftveriitin

3«Pi

"VitibPklnltoqitg*," vfi^.

Ro^Bsttet da, ifeh rolclf, (Gabkiel,) a Frendi
Bcclesiastic, born at Toulouse in 1G23, became Bishop
of Antun In 1666. He was notorious as tbe prototjrpe
of MoUire's " Tartuflc." Died in 1707.

Roraiio, ro-rl're-o, [Lat. Roka'rius,] (Giroi^uio,)
sn Italian ecclesiastic and wriier, bom at Pordenone in
1485. He wrote a cnriona treatise "Thai Bnites often
reason better than Man," (" Quod Animalia brata SKpe
Ratione utantur melius Homine," 164S.) Died "
1556.

Rorailaa. See Rorakio.

Roaa. ro'U, (CRinoroRO,) a painter of tbe Venetian
school, born at firesda. He excelled in perepectije,
and painted the architecture in some works of Titian.
Died in ijrt

Roaa, ^iCTRO,} a son of the preceding, was a bvoar-
Ite pupil of Titian. He was a good colorisL He died
ronng. in IS76.

Roaa, (Salvatob,) [Anglicized in pronunciation as
sU-TA'tor To'if,] a famous Italian painter of history,
landscapes, and battles, was bom at Arenella, near
Naples, on the 10th of June, 1615. He received lessons
In art from F. Francanzani, his brother-in-law, aad was
a diligent student of nature. About 1G35 he went to
Rome, where he worked and attained a high reputaUon.
In 1647 he took part in the revolt at Naples, and fought
for Masaniello. After the final defeat of the insurgents,
SalvaCor escaped to Florence, where he was patronised
trr the grand duke. He was partial to wild!, romanlji^
and desolate scenery. His imagination was morbid,
doom;, and extravagant. After he had worked at
Florence for several jeaia, he returned lo Rome, where
he exhibited some pictures in 1661. He produced at
Rone his " Conspiracy of Catiline," which is accounted
Us master-piece. He made for himself enemies at
Rome by his poetical satires. Died in March, 1673.
" Salvator possessed real genius," savs Raskin, " bat
was crashed by miseir in his youth. ... In heart
disdainfal, in temper adventurous, consdoos of power,
bapaticnl of labour, ... he fled to the Calabrian hills,
seeking not knowledge, but freedom. , , , He had not
the sacred sense, — the sense of colour t all the loveliest
hnca of the CaLabrian air were invisible to Um. He

w only what was gross and terrible. ... I see in him.

S«CAin«. "

if Eiir<^ie."

*i>Mi Lu)

I., tSu, which v wid 10 H t raiuDC^
I, " Ifiilorr or Piintmi in lutr:''
' PAmi. '■ VlU dt' pTilori ;" 60-
ii)M BiDfraphia

K KoM, iMoioa. ■ vol
«r ronuntk faiofn^hy; Lah
KmKiH, "Uodm HiMsn: -.^ — ^ — .
viHicr, "Viu di> MtWrl Hipokliiil:" "Noi
GAi Jr^u" " ■rthbenh R«i«i^' fcc Jolr, iRi«.

Ro'a^ Saint, known as Saint Rose op Lima,, a
Peruvian relif^oas, born In Lima in 1586. Her parents
named her Isabh. Havingtost their property, her family
were sostained by her labours as a servant. She aFter-
warda became a Dominican tertiary and recluse. She
died August 14, 1617, and was canoniied in 1671.

SoM da nvoli See Roos, (Philip Pmit.)

Roaa, de la, (F. Martiniz.) See Martiniz.

Roaalba Carilan, ro-UlId kir-re-i'ri, a famous
Italian portrait-painter, often called simply Rosalba, was
bom at or near Venice about 1674. She is said to have

been the moat ezcelletit artlilof her time in the nsa «f
the oayon or pastel Her Madonnas were much ad<
Ddred. ShevisitedFBrislnt7«>,andobtainedtheregreal
Sttoceaa. Abont VJih she became blind. Died in 1757.

Rommol, de, dfh ro'sTmCI', (Claudk Ckarlu
Harix Dnoamp«~-dll'k&Np',) a French admiral, bora
at Trencq in 1774- He was minister of marine from
September, (836, to March, 1839. Died in 1848.

Roa'f-mond, [Fr. Roseuondi, roi'mditd', or Rosa.
MONDi, ro'ii'mANd',] often called The Fair Rosamond^
was a daughter of Walter, Lord Clifford. She became a
bvourile of Henry IL of England, and mother of twi
sons, William Longaword, and Jeffery, Archbishop ol
York. Died in 1177.

Roaaplna, ro-ta-pee'dl, or Rosaaploa, ro-U-spee'-
nl, (Francesco,) an Italian engraver, born at Bolt^na
about 1761. Among his chief works is "La Pinacoteca,"
a series of seventy-two engravings of tbe finest pictures
of the gallery of Bologna. Died in 1841.

Rosaa, da, d& n/sls, (Juan Manuel Oxtla— or-
tilh',) a South American dictator, bom in Buenos Ayres
in 1793. He lived as a Gaucho in his youth, and was an
active partisan of the Federals In the dvil war against
the Unitarians. In 1819 he was elected Governor of
the Argentine Republic, or Buenoe Avres. He bi
dictator in 1835. By some writers he Is reprei
as a monster 01 cruelty. His sdministration, however,
was beneSdal in respect to trade and finance. He was
defeated in battle by an army under General Urooita
in Pebnury, 1851, after which he lived in exile. Died
March 14, 1877.

S« " NfMttlle BioiniitiiB G^dAiIl"

Roaatl, ro-U'tee, (Joseph,) D.D., a bishop, bom at
Sara, Italy, Januair 30, 1789- He became a Laiarfal

friest at Rome. In 1816 he was sent to the United
tates, and became a professor in the theological school
it " the Barrens," (or Saint Mary's.) Missouri, and waa
afterwards the superior of the Lazarists of Missouri. In
1S14 he was consecrated Bishop of Tanagra, and in 1837
was made Bishop of Saint Louis, the first of that name.
Died in Rome, September sj, 1S43.

RoBceUn, rosIlN', written also RnsaUn, [Lat. Ros.
Csu'nus or Roscklu'nus,] a famous French theologian
and schoolman, bom at or near Compiigne. He was a
Nominalist, and was ibr some time regarded as the
Inventor of Nominalism. In 1093 he was condenuied
a a heretic by a coundl at Soissons. Died about itll.
S«a B. HauiIau, " D* Is P1ulo»piuc leidMtiqiw ;" Cuunn^
D* Vinci HkihI K«ulini," 1716.
RoacallnuB or Roaeellliiiia. See Roscsun.
Roaohar, rosh'fr, (Wilhelm,) a German political
economist, bom at Hanover In 1817. He became pro-
fessor of political science, etc at Leipsic in 1848. He
published " System derVoUcswirthscIiait," (1854-86,)
- Politik," (1892,) etc. Died in 1894.
Roaohfd, (or Roaobd.) Zbn. See AvekroIEs.
Rliaohlaab or RoeaolUaaD, rfishlSwp, ( AhoriaiJ
German medical writer, born in 176S; aied in 1S35.
Roaoioa, rosh'^i^s, (Quimtus,) a celebrated Roman
. ijtor, was bom near Lanuvium. He amassed 1 large
fortune by bis performance on the stage. His name
overbial for excellence that Garrick was styled
tish Roscius." An orstion which Cicero pro-
nounced for Roscius in a dvU suit is extant. Died
about 60 B.C.

Roa'cSa, (Henrv,) an English lawyer and wriier,
bom in 1800, waa a soo of the hlstonaa. He wrota
a " Ufe of WillUm Roscoe," (1833,) and "The Lives of
Eminent British Lawyers," in Ludner's " CydopMdia."
Died in 183&

Roaoo«, (Sir Hsitay ENnELD^) an English chemist
son of Henry Roscoe, (q. v.,) was bom In London, January
7, 1S33. He studied at University College, London, ana
graduated at London University id 1853, studying after-
wards at Heidelberg with Bunsen. In 1857 he was made
~<ralessor of chemistry in Owens College, Manchester.
It was one of the founders of Victoria University. He
I the author of several treatises on chemistnp, and ol
many sdenii£c papers. He waa knighted in 1884.
RoaocMt (James,) an English poet snd lawyer, bora

■Sit; (asi.* %kard: (as/; o, h, K,^«lVKni/.' h, natal ; tL-triUeii: ias

in/<tu. (g^^See Eiplanaliona, p. >3.1
Digitized by CjOOQ IC

ibodt 1791. He TMided at Knutsrord, CtiMhire, foi
Dcarl]' flny jean. He contributed to *' Blackwood')
HwaEine''an(iI other periodicaii. Died in H>7, 1S614.

HoBOtM, (Robert,) ■ barriiter, a brother of Henry,
AOticed above, was bom about i-jgo. He wrote poenu
of aome merit Died in 1850.

Ramooe, (Thomas,) an Englith author and traailator,
a brother of (be preceding, wa« bora about 179a He
produced tCTeral poema and tales, a "Tour in the Isle
of Wight," and other illustrated worka, and traialated
Siamondi'* " Literature of Southern Europe," SiWo
Pellico's "Memoirs," etc Died September 14, 1871.

RoKMM, (WiLUAM,) an eminent English historian
and poet, bom at or near LiTerpool on the gth of March,
'753- He practised as an attorney in his early lile. and
married Miss Griffiths in 1781. He wrote several pam-
phleta against the slave-trade, and a poem on the same
■ubject His reputation is chiefly founded on bis " Life
of Loreoza de' Mcdid, called the Magnificent," (3 toU.,
1796,) which waa tett successful and was translated into
French, German, and Italian. He rctiied from boainess
** an allomey about iSoo, became partner iu a banking-
house, and purchased an estate in land. In 1S05 he pub-
lished an interesting and popnlar work, " The Uk and
Pontificaie of Leo X." He became a Whig roember ct
Parliament (for Liverpool) in 1806. He was the prin-
cipal founder of the RoyaJ Institution of Ijverpool.
In 1816 the banldng-honse with which be was connected
ftlled, and he was under the necessity of parting with
hi* magnificent library. He died in June, lajt, leaving
Ibor sons, noticed in Ihia work. As a historian, Roscoe
h«* been censuretl by some critic* (or a too great indul-
pace shown to the character of Leo X. and to the rices
of hia court, and particularly for his defence of Lacrctia
Boma. (See, on Ihia anbiect, the "Edinburgh Review"
fcr January, 1806 ; also Dr. Hoeler's article on A1.BX-
ANDU VI, in the "Nouvelle Biographic G^nirale.")

Sh KnniT Roicoa. " Lite of ^mUua Roaecn,' ■ nb.. ilu ;
"Ljtoi of DittincniAhvd Ndrtbanu," by HArrLar CouaiPGa;
Aujaom, "DiOHmUT <f Astbon;" "Edinbaiih BsTin" in
IbIt, _>( j3 ; " FiHo'a llapuu" (■ DKubsr, itM < irilb ■

RoMwa, (W. S.,) an Engliah poet, bom in 1781, was
a son of the preceding. He was author of a votuBie of
poemt. Died in 1843.

Rtw-oom'mpn, (wkntworth D]ux>t<,] Eakl op,
an English poet, born In Ireland about 1633, was the son
of James Dillon, third Earl of Roscommon, and a Ro-
man Catholic. Hia mother was a sister of the bmous
Earl of Strafford. When the latter was impeached, young
Kllon was sent to study at Caen, under Bochart. He
returned to England about 1660, became master of the
hotae to the Duchess of York, and married Frances, a
daughter of the Earl of Burlington. He wrote odes,
prologues, epilogue!, and an "Essay on Translated
Verse," (l6Sa) He alao translated Horace's " Art of
Poetry" into blank verso, (1680.) Died in 16S4.

$« JoHnoli, " Lim et Ih* KniJiili Poeli."

BBle, (GsoROK.) a British politician, bom at Brechin,
Scotland, in 1744, was noted for business talents and
practical ssgaaty. He wai secretary of the treaaoiy
from itSa to 1801, and was a constant adherent of Mr,
Pitt, who in 1804 appointed him joint paymaster-general
of the fbrcea. In ifcy he became treasurer of the navy.
He was a grandhther of General Sit Hugh Heoiy Rose.
Died in 181&

8m " Dtiuia ud CotTHponileiiM of OMm R"^" 1 "Isa
■Mo:CHAiiuai, "Bkcnphical DioiaurTof EnuncnlSeDBUHK-"
"JMitibiuf b KoAn" te Jatt, iS6a.

Rose, (GxoROK,) an English humourist, (better known
uider his assumed name of Arthuk Skbtchlev,) bom
in London in 1817. He entered holy orders, but l>ecame
• Romanist at about the same time as Newman, — '
was for five years tutor to the Duke of Norfolk.
humorous works, embodying the opinions and adventures
of one ** Mrs. Brown," were ven successful ; he also
wrote a number of playa. Died November 11, iSSa.

Rom. roi, IL«t Rossx'us.J (Guillaumk,) a French
nelate, nolonous for bis Actions violence, was bom st
Chauntont about l$4>. He was a partisan of the League
■gainst Henry III. and Henry IV. Died in i6o».

34 XOSECJiANS

Rom, n/afh, (Guitat,) a dblingnished Gcnasa
mineralocnst, a brother of Heinrich, noticed below, was
bom at Berlin in 179S. He became (iSm) keeper c(
the mineral collection and profesMr of mineralogy (183^
at Berlin. He wrote " fflementa of CryatalIof|Tapky,*'
and contributed the geognoatic and mineralogical put
to the " Journey to the Ural and Altai Monntaim,'
etc, which be made with Humboldt and Ehrenberg
In 1819. Died at Berlin, July ifc 1873.

Rom, (HuNRICH,) son of Valentin the Younger, born
at Berlin in I795i was a pupil of Berzeltna at Sto^oln.
He became, after his return, prolessor of chemistry la
his natii* dty, in 183$. Hb principal work, entitled
"Manuid of Analytic«rCbeniirtry," (1 vols., 1851,) hs*
been translated into aevetal langnagea. Ai a practical
anahrat in the department of inoi^amc dieauatry be was
h^hly distinguished. He discoirared in 1844 the Mli-
sluice callea Niobium. Hs died Januaiy Vf, 186^

Koae, (HsHxv Joait,) an Eagrwh divine, brother o(
Hugh James Rose, was bom at Udt&eld in iSoi. He
graduated at Saint John's College, Cambridge, tu iSll,
was prindpsl editor of the " Encyclopedia HetropoH-
tana and of " Rose's Biographical Dictionary," and
published "The Law of Moses," (the Hulsean Lecture
for 1833,) a " History of the Christian Church," (iScgJ
and a translation of Neander'a "Church Hiatoiy." Died
at Bedford, January 31, 1S73.

ROM^ (Sit HtrOH Hrnkt,) an able British general,
boT^ In 18^ His bther, Sir George H. Rose, wia
British minister at Berlin. He commanded a dinsioii
in India, (1857-60^) and contribated to the suppresaion
of the mutiny of tae Sepoy*. In 1S66 he waa raised to
the peerage, as Baron Stralbnairn. Died Oct. 16, iSSS-

RoMk (HtKiB Jams^) an English divine, born si
liltle Borsted, Surrey, in 179$. He gradoated U
Trinity College, CamMidge, in 1817, and in 1S36 be-
came prindpiL of King's College, London. He v~~
S online
reek »

im.

RoacCJiAN BAmsT>.laFrench priest and wiiterM
morala, born in Fraoche-Comt^ in 1714 ; died in iSoj.

Roae, (Valbhtin,) thi Eldkr, a German pharma-
dal, born at Neu-Ruppin in 1735. was assessor of the
medical college a( Berlin. Died in 1771.

Roa*. (Vauintir,) thb Votmcu, a son of (he
preceding, was bom at Berlin in 176*. He studied
chemistry under Ktaproth, and was author of seveial
Dseful chemical treatises. Died in 1807.

Rosa, (WnxiAH SnwAKT,) a Scoltiah poet, scholai,
and translator, bom in 1775, was a friend of Sir Waller
ScotL He was the author of a " Naval History of the
Late War," (l8oa,) and translated " Amadi* de Gaul"
from the French, and the "Orlando Innamorato" (1813)
and " Orlando Furioso" (18*3-31) *""■ '*" Italian. Thtst
translation* are tiighly commended. Died in 184^

RoHbory, taPbtr-*. (Archibau) Philip Fita>
roan,) Earl or, a British oobleman, born in London,
May 7, 1847. He was educated at Eton, and at ChriM
Church, Oriord, and succeeded to his titles in 1S68. la
[S78 he married Hannah, only daughter of Baron Meyer
de Rothschild. He became promineni as a friend of
education, and as a leading liberal in the House of Lonh.
In iS8s he was appointed lord privy seal in GiadsMoe^
cabinet. He was secretary for foreign affairs in iSSC,
and again in 1892-94, and was prime minister, ai
successor to Gladstone, 1894-95. ^' resigned (he
Liberal leadership in 1S96.

RoaeoraiM, rOi'krana, (Svlvutir H.,) an Amerieu
bishop, a brother of General W. S. Rosecrans, was boiB
at Homer, Ohio, February 5, 1837. He studied st
Kenyon College, but became a Roman Catholic, and in
1840 graduated at Saint John's College, Fordham, New
York. He studied five years a( the Propaganda in Rome.
In lij;* he was ordained a priest, and became an editu
and theological profeasoi in CindnnatL In 1861 be was
consecrated titular Biahop of Pompeiopolis and mad*
auxiliary Bishop of Cindnnati, and in i863 he was liana-
laled to the see of Columbua. Died October 31, 187&

Rooaoimna, rbHcrana, (Wiluam Stark,) an Ameri-
can general, bom at Kingsl<Ri, Delaware county, Ohio, ui

1 i,I,Cfi,;,J<>iY;t,t, 6, same, less prolonged; i,j,!,e,<i.T, Mi>rr;*,t,j,9,«4

I. at; mCt; nAt) gdbdi mOn

d by Google

r,i8i9- Hewwe(lQmed>(Wea(Pobt,«4teTe
he nadoatcd in 1S43. He ml employ u engineer
oDbl 1854, when he ruigneil his place in the army.
In the anminer of 1861 he vas appointed ■ brigadiei-
general and lent to Western Virginia. He defeated the
Insurgent! at Rich Mountain in July, I S61, after which
be commanded in Weit Virginia lor several monlhi. He
obtained command of the army of the MiMitnppi in
Jane, 1S61, and gained a decisive victory at Corinlh
(October 4) over Van Dom and Price. He commanded
the Union army at the great battle of Stone River, near
HurA-eesboro', which ended on the id of January, 1863.
General Bragg retreated by night, leaving Roaecrans
MUter of the field. The Union lou was 1533 killed
ud 7345 womided. General Roaecrans in June moved
hb armj soatheaitward in pursuit of Bragg, who retired
into Georgia, and the Umon army occupied Chattanooga
about the 9th of September. Bragg, having been rein-
breed, turned back and attacked R^ecraai on the 19th
And aoth of September at Chicbamau^a. This battle
was disastrous lo the Union army, which retreated to
Chattanooga. Rosccrans was relieved from the com-
mand about the 30th of October, 1863, and was appointed
commander of the district of Missouri in January, 1864.
He was minister to Meiico for a short time, 1868-69, 'hen
resided in California, sat in Congress, iSSl-Sj, was reg-
ister of the treasury, 1885-93, and was retired from the
army, 1S89, with the rank of brigadier-generaL D. 189S.

RaMtngnTe, ro'iin-gitv, t (Thomas,) an Irish mn-
ddao, went lo Rome to study In 171a He became
oreanist of the church of Saint George, London, in 1735.
Died in 1750.

RBattl or Roeaal, ro'iei, (August Torank,) a Ger-
man painter and naturalist, bom near Amatadt in lyoj.
lit received the title of VoH Rosknhoi. He published
a periodical on insect*, with good figures, (4 vols., 1746
-•I.) Diedini7S9-

RomUL ro-tellee, or Rou«Ul, (Cosiho,) an emi-
nent FloteotiDe painter, bom at Ftorence in 1439. He
painted fresco* m the Sistine Chapel at Rome, which
gsined the ptiie ofieted by the pope, when among hi*
CCHUpedtOTB were Pemgino and Ghirlandaio. He inc*
ceeded by a proAue uae of gold and ultramarine,
■Ithoogh be was inferior to his competitora. Died
■Act IU&

Sm Vasabi, " Livf* of 111* Pilnun;" Lahsi, " HiuorT of Pimt-
kCBllal|>:" BALDimct]. "Notin."

Roadll or RoHelU, (Uattio,) an Italian painter,
ban) at Florence in tjyS, was a pupil of PaganL He
opened at Florence a school, in which several able artists
were formed Died in 1650.

RoMllinl, ros'el-lee'nee or ro-UI-lee'nee, (Iptolito,)
Cataussi, an eminent Italian antiquary and writer on
Egyptian antiquities, bom In August, i8oa He became
prolessor of Oriental languages at Pisa in lBi4. tn [817
he wsB oommissloned by the Grand Duke of Tuscany 10
explore the monuments of Egypt, assisted by sii com-
panions, some of whom were artists. He co-operated
with Champotlion, who at (he same time was sent to
Egypt by the French goveraroent They rctamed in
1830, and, Champollion having died in 1831, the resolti
of their researches were published by Roseliini in a
capita] work entitled "The Monuments of Egypt and
Nubia Explained and Illustrated," (" I Monumenti dell'
Egitto e delU Nutria," etc, to vols., 1831-40.) He
obtained the chair of universal bisiory at nsa in 1S40.
Died in June, 184J.

tm Bunauj, "Bigfn£i del Profevon I. RoHlliDl," i>4i;
0>D«,"Blomfndel ProloHrc I. KsHlliai." 18411 C CAVDom,
"Hvnta d-1. RowUhi," i^s-

RonwBonflff. See Rosahoni>.

RoaWtt, ro'ifn, (Fribdrick Aucust,) a celebrated
German Orientalist and philologist, bom at Hanover
on the 3d of September, 1805. He was educated at the
University of Leipsic and that of Berlin, the latter of
which he entered in lS>^ He gave special attention
lo Sanscrit and the Semitic languages, and published an
bnponaot work entitled "Sanscrit Roots,*' ("Radices
SaiucritK,'* 1837.) In 183S he became processor of
Oriental languages in the University of London, since
called University College. He was appointed secretary

to the Oriental Translation Committee, and in the lattei
part of hia lite was professor of Sanscrit in the college
above named. He wrote the articles relating to Oriental
literature for the "Penny Cyclopedia." Among his
numerous pnblications is" Rig- Veoz Specimen," (iSm)
and a valuable fragment of the "Rig- Veda," "Sanhita
Liber primus, Sanscrile et Latine," (183S, unfinished.)
He died prematurely in September, 1837.

Sac "Kosnphie UniicricllE." (new tdiliDO.)

RoMD, (Geoeg,) a German Oricntalid, bom at
Detmold in l8ai j died October 19, 1891.

RoBWi, ro'if n, (Nikolaus,) a Swedish medical writer,
bom near Gothenburg in 1706. He was ennobled in
1761, and his name was then changed to RosiNSTUN.
Died in 1773.

Roafln, von, fbn n/ifn, (Grobcc,) Baron, a Russian
poet, born in Saint Petersburg about 1805, was an inti-
mate friend of Pooshkin. He produced, besides other
poems, "Ivan the Terrible," (1833,) and "BtBtaaaaW
(l83&) Died in i860.

RoMnblnt ro'i^n-bim', (Hans,) sometime* called
RosiNBR, a German poet and dramatic writer of the
fifteenth century.

Roaenhot won. See R&sau

Rftmnkranm, ro'ifn-k alms', (Johamn Karl Fkiku-
UCH,) professor of philosophy at Kbnigsberg, was bom
at Hagdebnrg in iSoc He publishra a number of
works in frivonr of Hegel's philosophv- Among his
works is a " Genera] History of Poetry,'' (3 vol*., 1833,)
and a " Life of Hegel," (iSu) Died June It, 1879.

RoMoknlUlar, ro'Efn-mlll^, (Ernst Friedrich
Karl,) an eminent German Orientalist, bom near Hild-
burghausen in 1768. He studied at Leipsic, where ha
became in 1813 professor of Oriental literature. He
waa the author of "Scholia on the Old Testament,"
(" Scholia in Vetus Testamentum," aj vols., 1788-1835,)
"Manual for the literature of Biblical Criticism and

(4 *oI*., 1833.) IHed at Leiptie in 1835.

8h - BhvMii* UnivwHlK' (am sAimd.)

RoaenmtlUer, (Johank CHRiffriAN,} a distinguished
anatomist, a brother of the preceding, was bom at He**-
berg In 1771. He became professor of anatomy and
Burgary at Leipeic, and proaector at the Anaiomieal
Theatre. He published leveral anatomical and sdentific
works. IXed in i&kx

RoMinmttllar, (Johahn Gboro,) a German Prot-

t Urn:

,^.. the bther of the preceding. He

became auccesaively professor of theology at Erlangen,
at Giessen, and at Leipaic. He publisMd "Scholia in
Novum Testamentum,'' (6vi^,l777-iSo7,) and a "His-
tory of the Interpretation of the Sacred Books in th*
Christian Church from the Age of tiie Apostles to tb*
Restoration of Letters," (in Ijiiin, $ vols., I79|t-i8t4d
also several religion* treatise* bi German. Died at
Leipaic in 1S15.

SaOia. Dou, "J. a RoMuUIWi Labn," i*i6: "BIiip»
pUt UDivmltft"

Roaeoatain. See Rouh, (Nikoiaub.)

RoawT>t-h»l, ro'sfn-tU', (Frisdrich Chriitlui,) ■
German anatomist and writer, bom at Greibwatde in
1779. He published several profe*«ional worha. Died
in 1839.

Rosantlial. ^Moriz,) an Austrian pianist, bom. at
Lemberg in 1S63. He studied under JoseSy and
LisEl, and had a triumphant career alike in Europe
and America.

RoB«ttL See Rossrtl

RDSattl, ro-tet'tee, (CoNffTAimNi,) a poet, bom it
Bucharest (WalUchia) about 1816. A liberal in politic^
be was exiled about 1848, but returned and becunc ndn-
iitcr of public iitstruction in 1861. In 1876 he t>ecam*
Preaident of the Chamber of Deputies, and forced Ron-
mania to ally herself with Russia against Turkey. Wa*
miniiler of the interior irom 1S78 lo iSSa Died in 1885.

Roabd. (or Roahed,) Iba See AvkeioKs.

RoaloT, ro'i^', (Jusrfh Beknakd,) a French dra-
matic author, born in Paris in 1S04, wrote a comedy called
" Le Mari de ma Femme," (1830,) etc Died hi iSSa

tut; ftai; ^iard; it»/;o,u,K,eMaiiTal; n.naal; »,lrilled; lut; thuiatiu. (g^— See Explanatlooa, p. 33.)

HOSTN 20

RMln. See Rosinus.

Realnl, ro-lee'nee, (Carlo Makia,) *n Italiu
(Tchisologist and bishop, bom at Naplei in 174S. H«
dedpheted and published some laanascripts of MercD-
luenm, and wrote other worki. Died in 1836L

Sm pKOamO lULLA Roia, "ViudiC. U. Ranni," il^T.

Rontnt, (Giovanni,) > dUtinguished Italian poet and
Bor«1itt, bom at Ludgnano, in Tuscany in 1776. He
was professor of Italian literature at Pisa from 1803
antil 1S49. Among his naraerous works «re "Luisa
Stroxn," (4 vols., 1833,) "Torquato Tasso," a drama,
(1S35,) and a "Htstorjr of Italian Painting," (7 vola.,
1B38-54.) He wrote an " Easa^ on the Life and Worlcs
of Canova," (iSs;,) and published a good edition of
Tasso's works, (30 vols., i830-3a) Died in 1S5;.

Saa FonoLiHi. "Vitt di C. Rcaoi," t!)i; Althd von Riv
KOHT, "G. Rnini's Lcben." iSte; " Biofripbie UniTcntUBl"
** FenifB QDirteriy Review" for Augut, ili^

Ro-ai'mia, {Ger. pron. ro-iee'nAs ; Fr. Rosin, ro'-
dtN'i] (JOHAtlN,) a German antiquary, whose proper
name was Rossfeld or Roszfild, was 'bom at Eisenach
In ijji. He published a "Complete Bod^ of Roman
Antiquities," ("Antiqultltum Romanorum Corpus abso-
lutissimam," 1583.) Died in i6z6.

Roalln, ros-leen', (Alhxandkb,) a Swedish portrait-
painter, born at MalmS about 1718. He worked for
aumy years in Paris, where be obtained great success.
He was admitted into the French Academy of Art iu
1753. Died at Paris in 1793,

RoB'msad, (Hebcules Gbobgb Robinson,)
Lord, an English colonial governor, bom in counlj
Westmealh, Ireland, in 1S24. He became Governor
of Hong-Kong in 1859, New South Wales in 1871,
Ceylon in 1875, New Zealand in 1878, and Cape Colony
in iSEo and again in 1S95. He retired in 1S97. He
wBt made a knigbl in 1S59, a baronet in iSgo, and
' raised to (he peerage a* Lord Rosmead in 1896. Died
in 1897.

R<»iiilnt dtf, dt ros-mee'itee, (Caklo,) an Italian
bionapher, bom at Roveredoin 1758. He published,
betides other works, a "Life of Ovid," (1789,) a " Life
of Seneca," (1703,) a " Life of Victorino da Feltro," (4
*ols., 1801,) and a " Histoi^ of Milan," (" Storia di Mi-
lano," 4 vols., i8ia) Hi* works are commended aa
accurate and impartial Died at Milan in 1S17.

Rownlnl-Sorbatl, roe.mee'nee sBR-bl'tce, (Ahto-
MIO,) an eminent Italian ecclesiastic and philoaopher,
bom at Roveredo, Marcb 35, 1797. He produced "new
Eraar oa the Origin of Ideas," ("J1 nuovo Saggic
■ull XJrigine delle Idee," 1830,) and propoanded a new
system of philosophy. He wrote numerous other works,
on ethics, theology, education, etc Died in iSji;. (Se<
'The Philosophical System of Roamini-Seibaii," trans-
lated by Thomas Davidson, (1883,) with notes.)

Rouiy, d«, d;h rS'nf, tLtoN,) a French ethnog-
rapher and Orientalist, bmrn at Loos, August $, 1837.
Trained In the£coledes LanguesOrientales, be became
professor of Japanese in the Imperial Library, and ii
1B63 was named interpreter (o a Japanese embassy ii
Europe. He has published many worKs on the Japanese

1 '"'ictionnaire d"" " '"" ■"' ^"

, , 4-67,) work*

_ »ay, do. See Suu-v,

RoBjdglloaL See Clbhint IX.

ttauM, (ALnuHDiK,) a Scottish divine and writtt,
bom at Aberdeen in i;90. He was a lealoni partisan
of Charles I. in the avil war, (1G43-49.) Among his
aamerous works are a "View of All Religions," and
"Virgilii Evangeliiantis ChristiBs," (1634.) Died in
16S4.

Roas, (Alkxandbr.) a Scottish poet and teacher,
bom in Aberdeenshire In 1699. He wrote " Helenore,
or the Fortunate Shepherde*^" (176S.} Died in 1784.

Sd Chauseu, *' BioKnphical IKcdinirf oTEmiDRit SeDBmu."

RMS, (Ai.xxAHtiiK Hilton,) M.D., a Canadian
naturalist, bom at Belleville, Ontario, December 13,
1833. He served for a time in the United States army
as a surgeon during the war of 1861-65. He made
large collections of the birds, fishes, insects, and plants
of Canada, and wrote many works on natural history

and other subjects, including " Memoirs of a Re-
former," (1893.) Died in 1^7.

ROBB, (Fredsrick Augustus,) a Presbyterian min-
istcT, bom at Richmond, Virginia, iu 1796. He became

RoNO, (Georgs,) an American patriot and signer of
the Declaration of Independence, was bom at New Cat-
tle, Delaware, in 173a He waa a member of Congrett
from 1774 until 1777. He was appointed in 1779 ajut^e

iSoa He serred his ancle. Sir John Ross, a* midthip>
man in his first voyage in search of a Northwest Passl^
(181SL) Between 1819 and 1895 he made three voyages
under Captain E. Parry. He took a prominent part in
Sir John Ross's second voyage, (1839-33,) and was
raised to the rank of post-captain in iSu. In 1839 be
was appointed commander of an expedidon sent with
two vessels, the Erebus and Terror, to explore the Ant-
arctic regions with special reference to the sdenoe of
magnetism. He reached the seventy-eighth degree ol
south latitude, and discovered an ice-bound continent
to which he gave the name of Victoria Land, and tEM
coast of which his party traced for seven hundred mOet;
After a highly sucMsaful voyage of four years, he arrived
St England in September, 1843. He published a "Voy-
age <rf Discovery and Research in the Southern iisd
Antarctic Regions," etc, (a vols., 1S47.) He was ra^ed
to the rank of rear-admiral in 185& Died in 1863.

S« WiLUjiH JnDAN, "Uia I ban kDvm." LoDdoo, iMSi
"■dnborgh Rni(«"f6r Harch, iSif. taajaif. 'tis: "Qiuitcfb

Bridrfi Hmn" (br NDioibw, iU7-

Sow, (Sir John,] Rear- Admiral, a hrooaa Arctic
navigator, bom at Baltarroch, (county of Wigton,) Scot-
land, in 1777, waa an nnde of the preceding. He served
a* an officer in several naval actions against the Preocfa
and Spaniards between t8oo and 1S14. In iSt8 be was
appointed commander of the first expedition sent to
search for a Northwest Passage. Lieutenant Parry wa*
the aecond in command. He passed through Baffin's
""' *' Lancaster Sound, where he imagined he saw

"" -' tains interposed, and he returned

nome in tne same year. (See Parrv, Captain.) In
1819 he renewed the enterprise in the Victory, entered
Prince Regent Inlet, and was fi-oien up in the Gulf of
Boothia in October, 1829. His party passed about four
yeara of privation and peril in the Arctic seas, and
abandoned the Victory m 183a. Captain Ross dis-
covered in 1831 a point which he believed to be the
Northem M^nctic Pole. He and his party rctumol
by boats to Lancaster Sound, where they were rescued
m a whaling- vessel, and arrived home in September,
1833. He pabUshcd in 183s a --».--- -i

vonge. Died in iSs&

Rom, written also Ron
as " the Antiquary of Wa
Kings of England," (in Latin, 1716.) Died in 1491.

Rosa, (John,) Bishop of Elxeter, an English writer,
bom in Herefordshire. He edited Cicero's " Familiar
Letters," ("Episiola Famillares," 1749.) Died in 179*

. roas, (LuDWio,) a German antiquary, t>om m
Holstein in 1^06, became in 1837 professor of arche-
ology in the Otto University at Athens, and subsequently
filled the same chair at Halle. Died Augusl 6, 1859.

Ross, (William,) a Gaelic poet, born at Broadford,
Isle of Skye, In 176] ; died at Gairloch in 1790. Hii
poems were published in 1834. He it known a* "iIm
Highland Bums."

Ross, (Sir WtuuM Cmarlh^) R.A., s p<^slsi
English miniature-painter, bom in Londca in Jbdc,
1794, wa* a nephew of Anker Smith, die er '- '-

II fksblonable artist of Us tine, b

(, f, t, JS, 0, ;, /«V,- 1, (, A, same, less prolonged; i, i, 1, 5, ii, ]», J Jn^; h t, L 9i ^Anorv; Ar, nUl, fit : mCt; n&t i gtlbd; mdBi

Digitized by VjOOQIC

1037 I™ ■'■■ SFponiica mmimnira-punieT ni ini
H« nimdapriM of ;£iM for ■ picture of "Th
Riiikaeldiicotiraliigwith AduD,"(iS43.) Died

Ro«, (WiLUAH SnwAKT,) > ScottiBh poet, bom at
Kirkbean, Galloway, March so, t&^. H« wai educated
M theUniverntTMCIa^oir. Betide* many text-book*
for ■chools,he hai written tales and romancei and aome
TOlmnet of poelty. In 187s be became a publisher in
London.

Boaueiu. See Roai, {Guiluuhe.)

Ro*»-ChiiTOh, (Florence Harbvat,) a daugbiet of
Oaptain Frederick Marryal, (q. v.,} was born at Brighton,
Iul]| 9, 1837. In 1S73 ihe became editor of "London
Society." She married Colonel Ross-Church and
afterwards Colonel Francis Lean. Among her numer-
ous books, chiefly noreiB, ire " Too Good for Him,"
(1865,) "Her Lord and Master," (1870,) "Tom
Tiddler's Ground," (1886,) " How Like a Womanl"
(1S93,) "The Hampstead Mystery," (1S94,) etc.
"There is no Death," (1891,} and several other
works deal with the subject of spiritualism. She died
October 37, 1S99.

RoM«, Toca, (WiLUAU Pabsons,) third Eakl or, u
eminent Engliih practical utrMiomer, bom in Tune, iSoot
was educated at the Uniieralty of Oxford. He becante
1 Fellow of the Royal Sociepr in 1^1,

hU lather it

;e in 1841.

a acquired a wide

'. Thia telescope, which
kn aperture of aii feet and a length of fiftj-sii Ceet,
ta looted near t^aonstown, Kinsa county, Ireland. He
. waa dected president of the Royal Sadety in 1849.
Died In October, 1867.

RowMl, da, deh ro'sU', (Susabeth Paul Gdovari^)
Chitauir, a French navigator, bom at Sen* <n 176^
lie accompanied D'Entrecasieanx in hi* expedition in
•earch of La Mron*e, and tucceeded to the chief com-
oiaikd in 1744. He wai taken prisoner by the English
fat 179}, and released about 1801. In 1809 he published
the " Voyage of D'Entrecasteauz in Search irf La P^
ronae," [3 vob.,) containing a good treatise on naalical
•sttonoiiiy. Died In 1S39.

Sh " Hinml]* Kci|n[iU* Oiatnl*."

PowUL SeeRofiLU.

RoMeUtno, ro*-ail-lee'na, or ROHoUlnl, io«-*ll-
lee'iwe, (Antonio.) an *Ue Italian acnlptor, whoM
bmpy name was GAUBAaKLLi, m* b<nii at Floreiwe
about IA37. Among hi* wiM'k* are *«Teral atatuM of
the Madonna. Died in 1440.

RoaaaUlno or Roaaollinl, (Bkbnakdo,) an architect
and Bcolptor, bom at Florence in 1400, was a brother of
the ptecetUng. He was patronized Of Pope Nicbolaa
V^ and deigned or reatored several chorcbet of Romei
DM abont 147a

RoMOttt, ro*.»eftee, (Christina Giokoika,) an
Engliah contemporary poete**, sister of Dante G^riel,
waa bom in 1830. She wrote "Goblin Market," (1863,)
"The Prince's Progress," (1866,} " Commonplace, and
other Shoti Stories in Ptoac," (1870,) "Sing-Song, a
Nursery Rhyme- Book," (1872.) •' Speaking IJkenesses,"
tlS74,> "Annus Domini," (1874.) "A Pageant, and other
Poems," (18S1,) etc Died December 39, 1894.

RoMOttl, (Danti Gabriel,) an English punter and
poet, bom in London about 183S, was a son of Gabriel
RoweltL He was the leader of the movement called
Pre-Raphaelltisin, an attempt to revive the st^le of Italian
'■"■■" produced

paintera who preceded Raphael la 1S63 he pi
"The Early Italian Poet^ from Cnillo d'Alc
Dante," a leriet of translations in the original metres,
reproduced hi 1873 a* *■ Dante and hi* Circle." He
pnldiahed a volume of original pocma In iSycs and
" Ballada, and other Poems," In 1881. Died April tl.

King'* Ctdlqp, London, and well known
tUor on Danl& Died in 1854.

Ho— ta, lMA«tA Fkaiw^Ca,) an Entftoh ttadier

«a*i,- {a*i,- iAartl; |aa/VG, K,K,/Maun>/,- V.iuuaJ; U,trii/eJ: 9a*

ana antnor, utter M (Jhrlttina U. Koaael
London, February 17, 1837. Her beat-
* A Shallow of Dante, being an Essay to
Himself, hi* World, and ■>& Pilgrimage,'
November 34, 1876.

RoMettl, {William Michael,) an E;
son of Gabriel Rosselti, was born in Lon<
3^, 1S39, and entered the English dvil se
hisworksarea"LifeofPercyBy>sheSlu
1869,) and a blank-verse translation of
ferno," besides several volume* of critt
phiea, etc. He is especially noteworthy ■
of literature and art. His wife Lucy,
daughter of the artist Ford Madoi Browt
number of striking paintings.

Rowthlrt, ros'hMat, (Kohbad FkanI
jurist and author of legal worlu, bom at Bai
waa proteator of law at Heidelberg. Died

RoMl, roi'see, (Antonio,) an Italian )
at Zoldo about the end of the fourteenth 1
ia said lo have been the first master of Tit!

Roanl, (Antokio,) an Italian painter, bat
about 1700 ; died about 17SO-

RoMl, (Ernesto,) an Italian actor, h
horn in 1839. He studied law, but adopCi
as a profession, and soon became famous 1
He was the author of plays and " Remli
Died in 1896.

Ro«al, {Francesco.) See Salviatl

Roaa^ (Giovanni Antonio,) an Italiai
bom at Rome in i6i6l Among his wofi
Palazzo Rinucdni, and the church of San
Rome. Died in 1695.

Row], [Lat Ertthr.v'us,] (Giotamki '
an Italian scholar, noted as a Latinist, was boi
in i$jj, Among his work* It "Hnacotheca
il]uatnumViroram,"{" Gallery of Portraits of
Men," 1643-48.) Died in 1647.

SuKic^Kw, "lfteoir«*.-"TuASOK>i, "Staritd

Roul, (GnoLAMO,) an Italian hitiorian
Ravenna tn ijm VBm Lttia name was B
De Rubus. He wrote, in Latin, a good " I

, bora at Nottingham in 1763, waa
origin. He gained Ihe gold medal at Londoi
after wUch he ttndled at Rome, and retumei
He became tcnlptor to William IV. His b<
are monamenU of Lord Comwalli*, Lord H
Captain Rioti, Captain Faulkner, and Lord R
Samt Paul** Cathedral Died tn 1819.

Roaal, (Ltnoi,) an Italian musician, bom .
about 1590. He composed cantatas, etc I
1640-

Roial, (Ottatio.) sn Italian writer, bom 1
fa 157a AiBong Ut wotka la "Bretdtn k
("Mraiotte Breedane," 161&) Died in i$jo.

■oMl, (PAaguALX.) See Pasovalino.

Roul, (Peluqkiko Lvkm Odoardo,) C
Italian orator, miidater of atate, and writer on
bora at Carrara In 1787. Aa a partisan of ll
t^gime and of Horat, he was exiled in 1815. H
profettor of Roman law at Geneva In 1S19, a
U*bed hit reputation at a jurist by his "Tt
Penal Law," (Pari^ t vol*., 1835.) In tSt
appointed professor of politital economy In th
de France, Paris. He was nominated a peer 1
in 1839, and sent as ambassador to Rome In
September, 1S48, be wat appointed chief m
state l>y the pope. He wa« u»a*«inBtcd, Novi
18^ 1^ hit politieal anemiea.

RoMl, dtp, (GunrANNi Batiuta,) an Italii
ologitt, bora at Rome, Febroarr 33, 1813. Hi
tkmi include "Inacriptione* Chntiianse Urt
Septimo SmcuIo Antiquiores," (1861 ttiej.,) an
lotteranea crlstiana," (1866 tl m;.,)— both wotl
value. Died September 3Ck 1894.

RoMl, ds*, (Giovanni Beenaedo.) an It
entalist, bora in Piedmont In 1741. Among hie 1

in/*u. (U

!e Eiplanatio

XOSS/ JO

works ii " VarioDi Readlnn of the Old Totament,"

£Virte LcctionM Veteris Testimenti," 4 tdIi., I784~
) He WM for 11UU17 Tcan profeMor of Orleatsl
bngBigc* at Pinna. Dledlo 1831.

Rcwai, dfl*, (Giovanni Ghkkardo,) an Italian writer
and antiiiiiary, bom in Rome in 1754. H« diipliycd
Imagination, leaniing, and taste in namerons woikl.

among which are aeveral comedies, a " Life of G. lU-
kr," (1791,) and "Poetical and Pictorial Sports,"
(" Scheni poetici e pittorid," 1795.) Died in 1837.

Sh TittLoa. " Biognfii dcgli Imliui Dluun."

RosBt de', (PxopiRZU,) a ikilfiil Italian sculptor and
nnsidan, born at Bologna aboal 14^ Her master-
piece is a bas-relief of " Tosaph rejectiDE the Orcrturts
of Fotiphar't Wiie." She made beaatiliil cameoa of
peach-stones. Died in 1530.

Hoaal, do', (Rosso.) See Rouo.

RohIsdoI, ro'stn'^oK, (JiAN Ahtotnr,) a French
Jtcobin, born in Paris in 1759. He obtained command
of an arm; sent against (he Vendeans in 1793, bat was
Temored for incapadtr in 1794. He was banished in
l8ot, and died on the African island of Anjouan in 1S03.

RoMlgDol, (Jkah Joskph,] a French J^esuii and
writer, bOTn in 17x6. Me wrote several scientific wotka.
Died at Toiin in 1817-

Roaalgnol, [Jkan Piekki,) a French scholar, bom
al Sailat about iSoc He became a member of tbe
InstitDte in i8j3, and professor of Greek in the ColUge
de France in 185;. He produced, besides otbei worlu,
"Virgite et Constantin le Grand," (1846^) and a Latin
poem called "Scholastic Life," ("Viu Scholutica,''
1S36.) Died in 1893.

Roaalnl. nis-see'nee, (Gioachino Antonio,) the
most celebrated composer of the present time, was born
at Pesaro, in the Papal States, on the a9th of February,
1793. His father was a hom-blower, and his mother
an actress or singer, in an itinerant opera-companr. He
received some initniction in music from Padre Mattei,
of Bologna ; but he formed his style chiefly by the study
ol Mozart and Haydn. In 1811 he produced "The
Fortunate Deceit," ("L'loganno fclice,") and several
Other operas. Hta wit famous work was the opera of
"Tancredi," (1813.) which, performed fiiat at Venice,
was received witb great enthusiasm and innouticed the
aidventofanewepwihindramaticniiisic. Ini8ishewas
engaged Ibr a term of seven years as musical director
of the theatre of San Carlo at Naples. He produced
many operas in rapid succession. In l3l6 appeared
"The Barber of Seville," ("11 Baibiete di ScTiglia,")
which Is perhaps the most popular of all his worki, and
has been peiibrmed in many languages and in every
tbntre of tbe dviliied world His " Hosi in Egitto*'
(181S) was perlbrmed with success. He married Hade-
■olielle Colbrao or Colbrand, a aingcr, about iSa^
luA left Italy in 181J. He was director of the Italian
Open in Pans from 1S14 (o 183a. In 1839 he produced
the original and tncompatable opera of " William Tell,"
which, says Dr. Hoefcr, "was pronounced by all con-
Doineurs tbe mo«[ beaudfulof^I the work* 01 Rossini."
llwaa also his last, except the " Subat Mater," (184a.)
H« resolved .to compose no mote, saying, "Another
nceess would add nothing to my celebrity, and a failure
^nlgiif imMit It" The revolution of 1830 deprived him
of the office of director or intendant-general in Paris,
far wUdh Us indoleiK« rendered him incompetent. In
1836 he retntned to Italy, and resided for many years at
Bologiub Afker 18(5 he lived tn Faria, where oe died
November 13, 1868.

Sh Smna, (or SnnuKL,) "Vw dt Kobu," 1 nit., iSij.
aod KiHbsh Tcrun of Uh BUDB, iSu! "Ufaof ttaHiiii."bT H. S.
Sdwaidi. tOt: AnOum Adah, "Drniitn Sonnmn d'on Mmi-
■in,"iSn: L. n Loii«iin."lf.RciHnu.pwim HammfdeRifli."
.«.-.■ riiii. "Hiiiaiiiiliii Hill III mIWiIih Mini riini'Tw Hoan^
wSel* B &• "MmveU^ BiacnpUa Gfoinli.-

RcM'Bl-tfT, (Tho»**s P-.) "> American painter, bom
■t New Haven, Connecticut, September ag, 1818. He
Studied much in Europe. His pictures were chiefly
scriptaral and historical. Died at Cold Spring, New
York, Hay 17, 1871.

Rou^n, Eaei, or. See Weddkibvrk.

RoMOfn, (James Saint Clair Ekskinb.) Earl

J3 ROSTOPTCHIN

or, a general, bom aboot 176s, was a sosi of Genera
Harry Erskine, aitd a nephew of A. Wedderbam, Eail
of Rostlyn. He became a major-geneial in 1798, and

805. In i8lg he was appointed keeper o_

privy seal. He was president of the council in tbe
cabinet of Peel from December, 1834, to April, 1S35.
Died in 1837.

RoMmiaalOT or Hoaanwamlar, roas'mtsstfr
(Eua Adolf.) a German naturalist, bom at Leipeic in
1B0& Hepublished"IconographTofIheEnropeanLand
and Fresh-Water Mollnsks," (with siitT plates, 1835.)
Died at Leipsic, April 8, 1867.

Rowo, dal, dfl tos'so, (GitUEPrs,) an Italian archi-
tect, bom in Rome in 17G0, lived lot many years In
Florence. He pablltbed many work* on architectnrtL
DiediniS3l.

Roasa, del, (Paolo,) an Italian writer, bom at Flor-
ence, was author of "Physics," ("La risiea," 1578,) *
poem. Died in 1569.

Roaao, n, tl roa'so, or del Rosso, d<l ros'so,
(Giovanni Battista,) an eminent Italian

Fontainebleau with his works. His %\, .,

bold. Died in France in 1541.

Rouotto, roi-sot'to,(AKDUA,)an Italian Uogtapber,
bom at Mondovl in l6le^ wrote " Indea of Piedmontese
Writers," ("Syllabus Scriptorum Pedemontii," 1667.)
Died in 1667.

RoBt, tost, (FaiEDRicH WiLHBLH Ehkknfruo,) 1
German philologist, bom at Budissin b iffA. He
became rector of the "Thomasschule" at Leipuc, and
published several critical works on the Greek and Latia
classics. Died in 1835.

RoBt UoHANN CHKtaroPH,) a German litthmiim;
bom at Leipsic in 1717, published a number of UUes,
poems, and satires. Died in 176^

Rost, (Rkwhold,) a German philologist, bom il
Eisenberg^ February a, iSaa. Me was educated at Jena,
and in iSja became professor of Oriental languages
in Saint Augustine's College at Canterbury, but in iSfig
was appointed librarian to tbe India Office. His writinji*
ore mostly on the Asiatic languan*. Died Feb. 7, 1896.

Roa^ (VAUDfTm Cmiutian FuamiCH,) a r;«nBaB
leiicographer, bom near Gotha in iTga Amuag hi*
prindpal works are a "Greek Grammar," a "Gfeeh-
German Dictionary," and a " Gertnan-Greek Dlctiunaiy,"
(iStl.) Died in 1861.

Rostkn, los'tAN', (Loom Uoit,) a French medical
writer, bom at Saint-MaximiD (Var) In 1700, beeaM*
professor of medicine in Pari* in 1833. Died m iSK

Boetand, ros'tsN', (Edmond.j dramatist, bom at
Marseilles, Fnmce, in lS6g. He has been a member of
the French Academy since 1901. Among his works sre
"Cyrano de Bergerac," "L'Aiglon," "La Princesj
Loutaine," and "Chanlider," (plays,) also "Les
Masardises," " Pour la Grice," etc. (poems.)

Roatgaard, da, dfh roaf gSad or roef nut, (Fkxd-
KKIC,] a learned Danish writer, bom at Kraagcrup m
1671. He held several high dvit offices. He published,
besides other works, " Beauties of tbe Danish Poets,"
("DeliciK Poetarum Danorum," a vols., 1693.) Died
•01745.

Roatoptohln, ros-top-cbbi' or ros-lop-dieen', wrilteB
also RaatopohlD and Rostoptachin, (Fiodok Vab>
UKvrrcX,) CoDNT, a Russian general, boin in the
province of Orel in 176$. He was minister of forein
aflairs for a short time under Paul L In May, 1812, M
wa* appointed governor of Moecow. According to the
French acconnts, be iras the author of the confla«ratioa
of that cinp. He disclaimed his responsibility for tliat
event, and affirmed that it was burned partly by th*
French and partly, perhaps, by some Russians acting
without order*. He waa removed from the office 01
governor in 1814. He published, besides other work*)
"Memoir* of Count Roeloptchin, written in Ten Mm-

1, 1 1 6. fl. Ji !»»g. il, i, *, same, less prolonged; i, i, i, 6, S, '^,'hort: ?,(, \,<t,et»nirt; fir, fill, ftl; mBt; njl; gMd; nSSn

d by Google

XOSWJSSDE

— Om^uu. Suuoir, "Nnie* fw la Csbu Brniiiinhiin."

Honroiaa or Ronr^da, rot'ltfi^h, (Hembmt.)
& Dutch jMoit, bom >C Utredit In 1569. He wrote, be-
-'^» other Korki, "Livca of the Fithera," etc, (" VitM

Ro»aUUL SeeRofiMDi,

Rota, To'tl, {BBUtAKDINO.) u Italian poet, bom at
H^det in 1509. He wrote Latin al^et, Italian lonneta
in Imitatioa of Petrarch, and eclofuet of the aea, entitled
•■ Piacatorie," (is6a) Died in 1575.

Sh TiiAKtcin, "Storii delli Lcitenhin lunBu;" Lohd-
nuoit, " Poiti nd Ptntrrof Europe."

Rota, (Maktik,) a sldlfal engraver and dengner,
bom at Sebenico, in Dalmitia, floariahed between 1550
and i<9o. He worked at Rome and Venice. He en-

E'cd lome worka of Utian md Raphael, and " The
I judgment," after Michael Angelo. Bryan aayi he
waa bom about 15401

Rota. (VmONio,) an Italian poet, bom at Fadu In
1703 ; died in 178$.

S« F. Fjuruoct " Uioaria (nUino iD'AbbM V. RMa." inK

Rotarl, ro-tl'ree, (Pictko,) Cocnt, an Italian painter
of historj and portraita, bom at Verona In 1707. H*
worked at Vienna, Dresden, and Saint Peterabnrg,
Died aboQt 1761.

Rotambonn

French general, b „ — , . ,. ._

with dittinctioD at Lateen, Bautzen, and Dreaden, with
ijw rank of genera] of brigade, in i8i>-i3. Died in 1857.

Rotgana, rot'glni or rot'Htns, (LucAt,) an eminent
Dntdi poet, bom at Amaterdam in 164J. He wrote
"The life of William IIL," in veree, and some other
poenu. Died in 171a

Sat Chauiot. " Uocnp

Rotb, rSt, (JouAMH Rddolp,) a German natnraliat,
bom at Nnienberg in 181$. travelled In Syria and
HindoaUn, and snbseqnentiy accompanied Hanis's
w^editioD to AbyMfaiUL He cootiibated the botanical,
geological, and Mcdogkal portiona to "The HigblaiMli
i)t ttlio^" ViVtU^^ bf Htioi Hixri*. HeJUedin
FUcMIm In iSsSb whUa on aaotber )oam«7 to the Baek

dte "Vedic Literatnie and Hiatorr," tiS^) and the

RotltV^ ^"B °t the Lombards, bega
la 636 A.D. He conquered Genoa and Ugaria. Died
In 65a.

Rothn, rytfh, (RlCHAan,) a German dirine, bom at
Poaen, Jannaij 38> t799. He held professorahipi at
Wittenberg, Bonn, i-' ■'-'>-••■ — "- ----—>
works are^"Die An j,

" (3 Tota,, 1845-48), and
J. Angnrt

■O, I607-

StrtbaUn. da, dfh rotlAN', (Charui d'OkuUni,)
Aaai, a French antiqaary, noted a* a collector of medala
and manuscripta, bom in Paris in 1691 ; died in 1744.

Rothanhamar. See Rottshhamihk.

Rotb'fr-^m, (John,) a minister of the Anglican
Church, was born In Cumberland. He wrote seven]
religious works. Died In 1 788.

RoUianm, (Johh.) an English physician, wrote a
"Philosophical Inauii^ into the Nature and Properties
of Water." Died m 1787.

Rotharham, loib'^izo, alias Boott, (Thomas,)
Archbishop of York, wasl>orn in 1433. He became lord

works are " Die An&nge der chnstlichen Kii
(1837,) "Theologische Ethik," (3 Tola,, 1845-48),
*Zur Dogmatik,^ (1863.) Died at HeidelbMg. A

diancellor of England in I474. Died ^__.

Rotb'fi-mal, (ParzK F.,) an eminent American

painter, bom In Laieme coonty, Pennsylvania, in iSiy.
Among hia principal works are "De Soto discover*
ing it^ Mississippi," "Colombas before Isabella the
Catholic," "Chr&tabel," and the "Christian Martyr*,"
finished in the early part of 1864. and exhibited at like
ereat Sanitary Pair held in Philadelphia in June and
July of that year. He was employed by the le^islalars
of PennsylTsnia to paint a grand hiatorical piece, tb*
"Battle of Gettysburg." Died August ij, 1895-

Roth'iook, (JosBPH Tkimblk,) an American
botanist, bom at McVeytown, Pennsylvania, in 1839.
He became professor of botany in the University of
Pennsylvania in 1877, and later waa made commis-
sioncr of forestry for Pennsylvania. He published
many papers on the preservation of American forests.

ReOi'sar or Hotheaay, (Datid,) lint Duxx or,
bom In 1378, waa the eldest son of Robert HL of Scot-
land. He contracted proBigate and disorderly habits.
His uncle the Duke of Albuiy procured from the aged
king an order lor hia conSnenent in prison, where he
died in 140a. It it supposed that he died of starvation.

Roth'Baj, DoEE OF, one of the title* of Prince Albert,
tbe heir-apparent to the throne of Great Britain.

Rothaonlld, roa'chtld, [Ger. pton, rSf shUt,] (Uayik
(or MayxK) Amsklm,) a bmoos Jewish banker, and the
founder of the great monetarr bOBse of Rothschild, wai
bom at Frankfort in 1743. He commenced business on
a smalt scale m an eichange-brokei, and acquired a
Ugh reputation lot probity. He died in 181a, leaving
C>e too*,— -Amsklm, who was bom in 1773, settled at
Frankfort, and died in 1855 ; Solomon, who wa« born
ki 1774, became banker at Vienna, and died in 185$;
Nathan Maybr, (see separate article 1) Carl, who was
bom in 1788, and died at Naples in 185$ ; and Ji^tn*,
bom in 1791, died in November, 1868. These l>rotheTB
operated aa members of one firm.

RothaohUd, (Nathan Hath or Hkvki,) an emi-
nent financier and milUon^re, born at Fraiikfart-on-tha>
Main in 1777. He settled in London about 1800^ and
after tbe death of his &ther was the head of the bo«*e
of Rothschild. He engaged in large financial opera-
liona, was very successiiiT ss negotiator of loan* for
various European powers, and became the foremoat
capitalist of the world. He died in 1836, and was
succeeded by his eldest son, LioKiL Nathan, Baron de
Rothschild, bom in 1S08. Lionel was elected several
tinea a member of Parliament for London, but was not
admitted to a seat until 18(8, b
tend to members wss such as ■
died June 3, 1879.

Sh MioiAnD ■ TiunAVi, " I
* la FihU* <K KottaKUM," iltf-

Rotf oti, d^ dfh n/tMN/, (JtAN,) a popular French
_ ■ ' - ■ ■ ' ■ "the

w could not take. He

■uccessful tragedies and comedies, and was patronised
by Cardinal RichetieiL His tragedy of "Venceslas"
was highly commended by Voltaire. Amons his other
works are "Cosrois" and "Antigone." He wa» a
friend of Cmneille, who called Rotron his master. Died
in 1650^

Rottaok. Ton, fbn rof t«t, (Karl,) an eminent Ger-
man historian, statesman, and jurist, bom at Freiburg
fn 1775. He studied in his native town, where h«
became in 1798 professor of history. In 1819 he repre-
sented hit university in the first chsmber of the States
tJ Baden, where he distinguished himself h^ hit liberal
views and his eloquent sdvocacy of political reform.
Having eidted the hostility of the conservative party,
he was fbrWdden by the government to edit anj new^
paper for five years, snd to lecture in the university.
The persecution to which he was exposed hastened hit
death, which occurred in 18+0. Rolleck's " Universal
History" (9 vols., l8a7) is perhaps the roost popular
work of the kind that has yet appeared, and m l84t
bad reached fifteen editions. It was translated into the
principal languages of Europe, and a eondnuatioi^ in
two volumes, was published by Hermes in 1841. Rot-
teck also wrote a number of valuable treatises on legal,
Ultorical, and political snt^ects.

Sa* MOiKH, "Caclnn Ronack inehildcrt." cic iSji,

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

X 0 TTENHAMMER ao

Rottentuunmor, rot'tfn-hlm'iiitr, written ilao Ro-
tlMabaiiior, {Iohank,) k eetebraled Genntn painter,
bom tX Munich in 1564. He studied lor * time under
Tintoretto at Venice, and aftennrdi viiiCed Rome,
wheTB be produced Mreral hiitorlcal piecea of great
excellence. Among hia maiter-piecea ii "The Feaal
of the Goda," painted for the emperor Rudolph II.
Died about tfiso.

Sat NiuiuB, "AJIgHiKfiMi KaiiR]ir-I.«llaiii."

RoUmaiui, rot'mAn, (Kakl,) a diatlngulahed Ger-
man landacape-painter, bom near Heidelberg in 1798.
He adorned with Ireicos the arcadca of the Hofgarten
■t Munich, and painted aeveral worka foi the Pina-
kothelc Hi* "fwld of Marathon" ia much admired.
Died in iSjo.

Ron, too, (Jkam,) a French Protestant writer, bom
In Paria in 1G3S, lired in England and Holland. He
became in 1689 secretair and interpreter to the Statei-
Genenl. Hepablished, besides other work^ "Seduction
AToided," ("La Seduction iludie,") a aeries of letters
exchanged between Bossuet, on the one hand, and De
Vrillac and Rou on the other. Died in 1711. He left
*■ M^moires," which were first published in a Tols., 1857.

BonDaud, Too'bO', (Pierre Tosepk AndkA,) a
French writer 00 grammar and history, was bom at
Avignon in 1730. Among hia works ia "New French
Synonyms," ("Nonveaux Synonymes Francis," 4 vols.,
178J.) which ia commended. Died in 1791.

RoTibllUo, roo'be^Ejk', sometime* written Ron-
blllao, (Locis Fkan^ois,) an eminent French sculptor,
bora at Lyons in 1695. He passed a large part of his
life In England, where he worked with Ereat succesa.
Among his works, which arc remarkable tor minntenesa
of finish, are > statue of Sir Isaac Newton, at Cambridge,

■nd given by him to the British Museum. Died
doom 1761.

RonblUaa See Roubiuac

Ronohor, roo'shi', (Jean Antoime,) a French poet,
born at Montpellier in 1745. He published a poem en-
titled " On the Months," {"Des Mois," 1779.) _ He was
Imprisoned in Paris for seven months, and goUlotiiied,
with his friend Andrj Ch^nier, in Jul;, 1794.

Sh RnuDD, "Klocede Roucbfr," lOsr: ~ MourtUs Biacnplu
Gfatnle."

Romolleh rooll', (GtriLUVMB Francois.) a French
diemist, bom near Caen in 1703, waa the father-in-law
of J. Darcet. The celebrated Lavoisier waa one of his
pupils. He contributed greatly to popularise chemistry
by his lectures in Paris, and exerted, says Dr. Hoefer, a
great influence 00 the progress of that science. _ He was
professor or d/mmuiraieur at the Jardin du RoL Died

See "Biognphw Ui^Ttnelle:" Paul Antoihs Cat, "Nosn-
Bl^Cliiiidque: KoiHlle," 1I4J; "Nouidlt Bld(nphi» Gfojnbi'*
HovsB, "Hinoin it liCtiiimi."

Ronslle, (Hilaikk Marin,) a French chemist, bora
In 171S, was a brother of the preceding, whom he suc-
ceeded in 176S at the Jardin da RoL Died in 1779.

RougA, da, d(h roo'ihi', (Olivier Ckajlles Ca-
MILLK,) a French archseologist, bom in Paris in tSll.
He disttnguished himself as an Egyptologist, and waa
admitted Into the Iiulilute in 18J3. Among his works
la " Chrestomatbie £gyptienn&" He became professor
of Egyptian archKology, etc. in the College of France
in tMo. Died December ay, 1873.

Rougemont, d«^ dfh looih'mAN', (FrAdIric Con-
stant,) a Swiss ProteaUnt author, born at Neofchltel,
July 38, 1S28. He studied at Berne, Gdttingen, and
Berlin, and became a writer on politics, theology, phi-
losophy, gct^rapby, etc He was of profoundly religious
character. Among his numerous works are " Geography
and Statiatics," (1837,) " History of the Eaith," 0856,)
"The Primeval People," (1857.) "A HUtory of As-
■ronomv," (1861,) "Two Cities," (1 vols,, 1874,— an un-
iDbhetf work on the history of philosophy,) some com-
mentaries on Scripture, and " A Mystery 01 the Passion,"
(i8;&) Med April 3, 187&

1. 2, T, S, fi, ;,/»¥'' ^ *• ^ "iiiB, less prolonged; i, £, I, i, fi, y, iAsr<; t, f, i, 9> ''fciw-^; fir, fUl, lit i mil; nOt; gS6d: niMni

s ROULLIARD

Soog«t, roo'shi', [GBORaBS,] a Frencb painter ol

J Si. He gabied
April 9, iSte

Roaget d« Liala. (or Dellala^) roo'ihi' dfh U,
(CtAtiDK JasxpK,) a French poet and mnsidan, bom al
Lons-te-Sanlnterin 176a He was sn ofiicerof enginees*
tn the army when the Revolution began. Just after the
declaration of war in April, 179a, be dined with tht
mayor of Strasbourg, where a wish was expressed thai
some poetical inspiration might respond to, or appeal
to, the national enthusiasm. In the ensuing evening
he composed for this purpose the lamous war-aoo|
called the "MarMillaise." He was imprisoned during
the reign of terror, snd wounded at Quiberon, in 1 795,
Ho was author of numerous ballads, mn«cal afra, etc
Died near Paris in 1836.

Sea LoHomxow. "pMuaijil Fumy of Kuraa:" Huumin',
"Blenaphit d* Booiti-Ddiala." iS4i! Ftui FriT, "La Hii«
a^lw, Bvec vat HcHia Xtt^nin lor RoasM-Daliili^'- H^i
"Neindla Biacnphic Gte^nls."

Ronglar, roo'zh^', (Louis Adoust*,) a French
medksl writer, bom at Lyons in 1793. He published
several valuable medical works. Died in 1863.

Rongier da Ik BoTKerls. roo'ih^;^' d(h If b*Rih're',
(Jean BaitiSTx,) a French writer on agriculture, was
bom at Beaulieu in 1757. Among his numerous works
are "Ft«nch Georgics," a poem, (a vols., 1S04,) and a
"History of the Andent Agriculture of the Romans,'
(1834.) Died in 1S3GL

Botignon, roon'yAN', (Nicolas Fean^is,) a French
medical writer, born in Frsnche-Comttf in 1727; died
in 1799.

Rouber, roo^', (EuaftNS,) an eloquent Frencb ad-
vocate and minister of staM, bora at RIom in 1814.
Raving made profession of republican prindptea, he was
elected to the Constituent AMcmtdy in 1848. He sac-
ceeded Odillon-Barrot as minister of justice in October,
1849, and reUred from office in October, 1851. He was
afterwards vice-president of the council of state, and in
Febmary, 1855, was appointed minister of agriculture,
commerce, and public works. In June, 1863, he ex*
changed that office for the position of president of the
council. He became minister of slate October 19, iS6j,
and as such had precedence of all the other ministers.
In January or February, 1S67, he was sppointed minister
of finance. Ronher waa the chief organ of the govern-
ment in the torpt Ugiilatif. In July, 1869, he ceased to
be minister of state, and became president of the senate,
which was abolished in September, 187a In 187a be
was relumed to the National Assembly for Coraica, and
in 1876 was elected to sit for Riom. Died Feb. 3, 1884.

Ronlll^, roo'yi', (Pierre.) Sei^ur de Marbeut, a
French diplomatist, bom in Pans in 1657. He wss
sent ss ambassador to Portugal in 1697, and n^otiated
a treaty of alliance, offensive and defensive, between
France and that power. In 1709 he was sent to Hollsud
■ for s gener '

RonlllA (Pierre Juuen,) a French Jesuit, bom «l
Tours in 1681. He waa one of the authors or compilen
of the " M^moires de Tiiroax." Died in 1740.

RoujoiLx, de, dth roo'ihoo', (Prudence GmL-
hUMi,) Baron, s French historian, bom at Ldnder-
:au in 1779. He published, besides other works, a
translation of LJngard's "History of England," (14
vols., 1825-11.) Died in 1836.

Rouland^ roolAN', (Gustave,) a French minister

state, bom st Yvetot in iSoa. He was appointed

advocate-general of the court of cassation in 1847, and

was minister of public instruction and worship ^om

■856 to 1S63. Died December la, 1S78.

RooUn, rooIlN', (FRANgois DisiRi,) a French nat-
uralist, born at Rennes in 1796. He contributed to
several scientific journjls, and was One of the editora of
an edition of Cuvier's "Rigne animal," Died in 1874.

ROQlIet, rooli', (Jean Louis,) a French engraver,
bora at Aries in 164$. He engraved after the Italia*
asters. Died in Pari* in 1699.

RonlUarO, rool^^R', (SiBASniN,] a Ftendi lawyer
snd pedantic writer, was born at Melnn. He died in
Paris, at an advanced age, in 1639.

db,Google

About tSlO h« wu appointed profesior of philosophy In
die Unlrenitj of France^ He adopted an eclectic tyl-
lem of pbilosophy, and beoune the foonder of a adiool
called the Dtttrmvrt. Hit lyatem of philosophy if th*
tame u the SpintnaUnii of Keid. Jou&oy and Cootir
were hi* most eminent dlsdples.

Id 1815 he was appointed president of the commissiot
of public instruction, and elected to the Chamber of
Deputies, in which he lapported liberal measures. He
preferred a moderate and middle coutse between that
of the oltra-royaiisU and that of the Bonaparlists and
democrats. He was admitted into the French AcadecoT
tn igi;r, and was elected president of the Chamber of
Deputies in iSiS. In 1S30 he presented to Charles X.
the address of two handred and twenty-one deputies
who protested against the arbitrary measures of the
oonrL He died in September, iS4j(, tearing a fair repu-
taukm for integrity, firmness, and aric Tirtoes. His last
words were, "There is nothing solid or snbetantial in
this world eicept religions ideas."

ShBauwts, "Vh palitiq»d« RaTV-Calknt," STali., lUi ;
l^iurra. "Xorer-CiillHl" 1S61 1 Da RiuDSAT, "llofa di
KoTH-Collud;" M. M LAOiKsa, "Via Aa R«cr-CiiUuil,>^iH]:
OiHTT D* Bum, " HJnHins nr RonrCollInJ ;" L,I«LMlfMta,
-M. RoTvCollud, Mr un Koboh At Rim," 1S411 "Nmialli
Honulna HitakaifJ' " North Briliili Kariaw" EgrAaciul, i9<j.
a English bota-

Royla, rcnl, [Joi

, . . „ » FOEBKS,) M.D..
nltt, bom at Cawnpore about 1799. He was educated
at Edinburgh, and entered the service of the East India
Company as assistant surgeon. He made a large collec-
tion of the plant* of Hindostan. Having returned to
England about 1831, he published an important work
•Dlitled " Ulustrations of the Botany and other Branches
of Natural History of the Himalaya Monntain*," (1 vols.,
iSw) He was profeMor of materia medJca in King^a
College, London, and published a "Manual of Materia
Medica." Died near London in 1838.

ROTOn, kwI'too', (Jacques Corbntin,) a French
historian and advocate, bom at Quimper about 1745.
He published a "Roman History," U vols., i3o^) a
" History of France," (6 virf*., 1819,) and other histones ;
also the " Fault- Finder,'' (" Frondenr,"} a comedy,
(1819.) Died in i8z8.

Ro^on, (Thomas Maukick,) AbbI, a journalist, bom
at Qmmper aboot 1740, was a brother of the preceding.
He was professor of philosophy at the Collie Loois-le-
Grand for twenty years, and editor of the " Ami da Roi,"
a royalist joumal of Paria, (i790-^>.> Died in 17^

Rom, roc, (Nicolas,) a French pliilanthropist of
Harseille*, bom in 1671, was a merchant in his youth.
His name was rendered memorable by his devoted and
courageous conduct during the prevalence of the plague
•t Marseilles in 173a Died In 1733.

Roia,(Niooiju,)ABBi, a French composer of sacred
malic, bcnn at Bourg-Neuf in 1745. He was appointed
tsoftv J* ck^tlU to the First Consul, but decimed the
office because he was an ecclesiastic Died in 1S19.

RosAa, to'zk', Uadkiioisillk, a Dutch artiat, bom
at Leyden in 1633. She produced landscapes, portraits,
etc embroidered with silk floss. Died in i6Sa.

Roast, ro'it', (Claudk Antoin*,) a French Ke<do-

et, bom at Chauvart (Mame) In 1798. He published,
Jdea other works, "Travels in Algeria,'* (3 vol*.,
1831.) Died in 1858.

Roxlar, ro'ie-is (Pkancois,) AbbI, a French bota-
oist and writer on agriculture, bom at Lyona in 1734.
He edited at Paris the " Joumal de Physique" for ten
years, (1771-S0.) His principal work ii a treatise on
agricnitare, "Coars complet d' Agriculture th^orlque et

Etiqne,"(9vo1s., 1781-93,) whica w«* highly esteemed.
was killed in his house by a bomb during the siege
of Lyons, in September, 1793.

SaeA, oa Bouum, "i\aa in F. Raiiat," iBu; Cochud,
"Mirtict .hiitonc)ua nr IL I'AbM F. Roder," iSji; "Nwinlli

RoaUra, da la, dfh II ro'a^ia', (Louit FttAtt-
^IS Gatlat— klaiy,) Makquis, a French general
and writer on military tactics, was bom near Charleville
in 1735. He served in the Seven Years' war with
diatinction, became mar^hal-de-camp tn 17S1, and
emigrated in 1791, after which be fought against thi

95 RUBENS

French republic He wrote, bendea other woikB,''Tha
Campaign of the Prince of Condi bi Flanders in 1674,"
(1765.) Died at Lisbon in 1S08.
S« " Nouvalli BiocrM>i> Gfatnl*.**

RoKit, da, dth ro'swl', (BarmabI Fakmadi,) ■
mediocre French litt/ratnr, bom in PatH tn 17^3, was
B royalist in the Revolution. He was gnillotined ift
179a.

RoBolr, du. See Du Rozoia.

Rnaldus. See Ruault.

Rtiar, royir, |LaL RuA'kus,] (Martin,) a leamU
German controversial writer, bom in Holsteln In 15881
was a Protestant minister. Died near Dantilc in 1657.
"His *Epistles,'" says Hallam, "throw much light on
the theological opinions of the age." (" Introductian tn
the Literature of Europe.")

S«e Bavlb. " Hiitoridt uid Cribol DkliaiurT-'*

Roanu. See Roar.

Ruanlt rii'3', (Lat. Rual'dits,) (TRAtf,> a French
classical scholar, bom at Coutances about I57<|. He was
twice elected rector of the University of Pans, and he
became professor of belles-lettres at the College Royal
in 1639. He published a good edition of Flntarclw
(1614.) Died in 1636.

Rnbbl, root/bee, (Andrea.) an Italian scholar and
mediocre poet, bom at Venice in 1738. He edited
" Pamasso Italiano," (56 vols., 1784-91,) which is s col-
lection of Italian fotin. Among his best works 1* a
*■ Dictionary of Sacretl and Pro&ne Antiqnitles," (16
mis., 1793-1805.) Died in 1817.

S«a TiTALSO, " Bliaiala datU llaliul IIlairL"

RabsiB or RuImha See Ross((BBKi(Aaoo IL dr.)

Rabm, the French of Rrdben, which see.

Rabon, rootia, (CHRivroPH,) director of the Acad-
emy of Arts at Vienna, was bom at Treves in iSoc He
studied painting under Cornelius. Died July S, 1875,

Rnbana, roo'bfns, [Fr. pton. riil^aN', J (Albert,) an
antiquary, bom at Antwerp in 1614, was a son of the
great painter. He wrote " On the Clothing Material
of the Ancients," ("De Re Vestiaria Vetemm," 1665,)
which was edited t^ Gnevius. Died in 1657.

RabeiiB, (Pnu Favl,) the most celebrated of the
Flemish painters, was bom at Siegen (not, as often slated,
at ColoKne) in 1577. His birth is variously dated la
May and on the 39th of Inne^ He was the son of John
Rubens, a lawyer, and Mary Pypcling, both Datives of
Antwerp, to which, after the death of John Rubens, his
iridow returned with her children in 1587. His early
masters in art were A. van Noort and Otto van Veen,
(or Otto Veniiis.! In 1600 he went to Italy, where he
passed abont eight years at Venice, Mantua, Rome,
Florence, and C^noa, and painted numerous works.
He returned to Antwerp in 1608, was appointed court
painter to the archduke Albert, and married Isabelle
Brant or Brandt in 1609. Soon after this date he pro-
duced his "Descent from the Cross," which is con-
sidered by many bis master-piece and is now is the
cathedral of Antwerp. He rose rapidly to bme and
affluence, and was employed in diplomatic missions by
Oie Flenush court. In IM9 he was sent as ambassador
to England, where he painted for Charles L the alle-

EiricaT picture of "War and Peace." Ho succeeded
his mission, the obfect of which was to restore peace
between England and Spain. Having lost his first
wife, he married Helena Forman or Fourment, (1630,)
who was onlv sixteen years of age. He received
the honour of knighthood in t^o from Charlet^ L of

a tide on horseback.

In the

jurpaasedin technical skill and facility of ej.. .

tion, but was deficient in a taste for form. Among his
famous prodactioni are "The Last Judgment," at Mu-
nich, "The Battle of the Amazons," "The Rape of the
Sabines," and " The Judgment of Paris," in London. It
is stated that the gallery of Munich containa no leas than
ninety-five of his works. He died at Antwerp in May,

ak; qat: ^hard; iiiai; a,K.Tt,pitfiral; H.Hotal: %.lrilUd: la*t; ^Am'iDtidt. ()^See Explanations, p^ 31-

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

1096

RUDDER

rt4a His piindpa] pa{Hls were V»n Dyck, Jontient,
Van ThBldcD, Diepenbeck, and Qaelljn. "Rubent,"
Mfi Rnakin, "wu an hoooorable and entirely well-
fattntioned man. He to a beaithy, worthy, Idnd-bearted,

dien. . . . We saw how Veronese painted hinuelT and
hia family at worahipptng the Madonna. Rubens alto
painted binueif and nil laniilj in an eqaally elaborate
piece. Bat they are not vnrtA^piHg the Madonna 1
they are ptrfBrwUmr the Madonna and her taintly
•ntoorage. ("Modem Paintera.")

5« A. TAK HAauLT, " Kiitnn da Suban^" 1840; G. Altdl
"Vi. de Rubeu," tiip: Waaow, "P. P. RobBW, Hu Lriw i^
0(Dini.''it4o,(cnuUitdiiiioKii^whbTR.IL NoaL ;)A. Mroo" •
■■Riibeni>t]'KcoLail'Aiinn,"iau:G. FuiKin, "RabBai,ii
M HI <EB>ra," iBu ; A. Snur, "Ripbul M Rubm," itn:
NoKL SAiHSBvav, OnEuul UnpabliBbfid Papan iUuttradva d
LifcoTSir P»t=r Pinl *^^ ■' ' *" -- --"••-■

' Oripnil Un|Hb1iBbad P^ara iUuttradva cj tba
lol Rnbani,'' itn: Wiaa-n, "P. P. Rsbeni,"

RnbaoB, (Pnn.ip,) 1

Flemiih philologut, bom at
' :r of the preceding. He
: by the senate of Antwerp
In 1609. Died in i6it.

Rnblnl, too-bee'nee, (Giovanni BATnTTA,) a popu-
lar Italian vocaliat, bom at Romano, near B^rnno, in
iTgS- He performed with sacceaa in Pari* and London.
He wat repiited the fiiat Italian tenor of bto time. Died
toi8s+

Baa " Biocnphia Uninnella," (ho adWoD.)

Snblnl, (Fimto,) an Italian medical writer, bom
Farms in 1760. Hewaaprofetaorof medicine at Parma.
Died in 1S19.

Rnbliuteln, roo^in-sQn', (Antoh,) a Rntttan mo-
ndan, bom in Bessarabia, November ip, 1819. He ««•
■rf Jewish &mily, but was bred ■ Christian. He wai
edncated at Moscow. He acquired world-wide &me as
a pianiaL Among his compositions are the operas
" Dmitri Donski," ( 1849,) " The Children of the Steppe,"

o^;~ — ~ " " ■'

vast number of lymphi

.. .. For some years he w__ _ , .

Saint Petersburg Conservatory Died Nov. ao, 1894.

Rablo,ro(^be-o,(LuiGi,) an Italian punttrofhiatory,
born at Rome in 1797. He settled at Geneva about

■*gi.

Robrttquia, da, d;h rfi'bR'Ulciss', ( GinuAUHi, )

•ometimes called Da BnyabToek (roisHnook) or Ry*-

bmok, (:1s'bii%k,) a medieval traveller and mitatonsTy,

'\ Brabant about iiM or 1130. In iaS3 he and

o Tarlary by Loui»_ IX. of

two other friars wei . ^ .^ . .

France, who charged them to propagate Chritlianity
among the Tartars, to search for Prester John, and to
Tiait Sartach, a Tartar chief who wat repotted to be a
Christian. Rubrnqois perlbrmed this arduous enterprise
bravely, and, returning through Peraia and Asia Wnor,
reached home in August, 1155. He wrote a narrative,
ia which the Caspian Sea is correctly descrilied.

S« " Ncmvdla Hiocimphie GtBtnic."

RnoaUoi, roo-chSl-lI', {Lat. Okicklxa'rius,] (Bbk-
NASDO,) an Italian writer, bom of a noble fiunily at
Florence in I449> He married Nannina, a ritter of
X.orenio tlie Magni&cenL He wat a liberal patron
of the Platonic Academy. Hto chief work to entitled
" On the City of Rome," (" De Utbe Rotna,") written
In elegart Latin. Died in 1514.

Saa TiiASCKHi, "Stofii daOi Lttwntun ItnUin*."

BnoallBl, (GiOVAttNi,) an eminent poet, bom at
Florence tn 1475, was a aon ot the preceding, and a
eooain.german to Pope Leo X He wrote " Rosmunda,"
■ drama, (1515,) and a poem on beea,(*'Le Api,1) which
to regarded as his finest production. It was printed in
tS39. He was aent as nnndo to France \ij Leo X.
Ked In 1515.

Sn MicfaoK. "Htewcai" GiwnnHt. "Hkuo* Lin^iain
rilaU*."

Roobat, rifahf , (Abuham,) a Swiss writer, bom
about 1680, taught theology at the Academy of Lau-

Died

"Htotory of the B
of Switserland, 1516-56," (6 vol*., 1737-401)

Rnoliel, TOO, fbn rMc'^l, (Ekhst Fucdkich Wn,
HKLM,) a Prussian general, bom in Pomerania in 1754.
He commanded a dinsioc at the battle of Jena, (i&)6i.)
Died in 1831.

BaObrat^ rS&K'rIt, (called Johanh voq Waa«I—
fbn M'sfl,) a German Reformer, bom at Ober-WeseL
on the Rhine, about 1410. He became a ptolesaor of
divinity at Erfurt, and afterwards preached at Worms
for aeventeen years. He wrote a " Treatise against
Indulgencea," and a work "Concerning the Anthoritr,
Doty, and Power of Pastori." He was accused of
here^, tried before the InqnisitioD in 1479, aod. In
escape death or torture, recanted. Died in 1481.

RSokMt, rllkOitrt, (Fkiiduch,] a popular German
lyric poet and Oriental scholar, brari at Schweinftirt in
17S3. He atudied at Jena, and in 1818 vUited Rome,
In 1836 be became professor of Oriental languages at
Eriangen. His "German Poema" came out in 1814,
and were followed by "Napoleon; a Political Comedy,"
(1816,) "The Crown of the Time," (1817,) and "Eaatera
Roses," (1S32.) He also published "Legends and Tales
of the East," (1837,) "Brahman Tales," (1839,) and a
translation of Haieeree't (HariK't) "Makamat," under
the title of " MetamorphoMS of Abn-Seid." His poems
are remarkable for beauty of (eraiQcation as well as tha
great varie^ of forma of'^which he is a master, and he
resembles m glowing &ncy and inventive power the
Eastern poets whom he made his itody. He was pro-
fettOT in the University of Berlin from 1840 to 1849.
Died January 31, 1S66.

S«e LoHonusw. "Poali and Pc>an> of EnMpai" "ABulk
Monthlr" (or Jnli, 1K6; G, Pricn, "UhLutd at* RtMuit;
liritiAcher Venndl,'' 1837; "BinfnphiE UDlTenella."

Rfiokait, (HaiNRiCH,) a German hittotian, aon of
the preceding, was born at Coburg in 1813. He pub-
lished "Annals of German History," (1850,) and other
works. Died September 11, 1875.

Bndbeok, rood'bfk, [LaL Rude ick'i tit,] Johan,)
a learned and meritorious Swedish prelate and R«<
limner, bom at Oerebro abont 1580. He was chaplain
to Gostavna Adolphus, and Bishop of Weslerta. Died

Radbeok, |Lat. Rudbeck'hts,) (Olaus or Oiap,}
an eminent Swedish anatomist and botanist, born at
Westerit in 1630, was a son of the preceding. He dis-
covered the lymphatic vessels about 1650^ after which
be became professor at UpaaL Hit principal works are
"Atlantica," {4 volt., 1675-98.) in which, with great
learning and ingenuity, he maintains Ibat Sweden it the
"Atlantis" of Plaio, and a botanical treatise called
"Elysian Fields," ("Campi Elysii," 1 vols., 1701.) He
was remarkable for venatility and activity of mind.
The genus Rudbeckto was named in his honour. Died

Sw NiciaoH, "IMmsina!'' Sax, " Onamulieiiii :" "Biocn-

liakt'LaucDD mtt nanokiuajte Sveniks llln.'*

Rndbaok, (Olaifs,) thk YouNOUt, a naturalist and
philologist, born at Upsal in 1660, wat a ton of the pre-
ceding. He succeeded hi* &thei as professor of botany
and anatomy at Upsal, and i>ubliBhed some works on
botany, etc. He assisted his fiither in writing the
" Campi Eiysii" Died in 1 740.

8« C K. Bsaca, "Oiua Ridbcck') UfrttiMibskii6iii«,

Radbocft rood'bisg, (Fikdeik,) a Swedish natn

was the author of a nomber of able treatise* on ptu-
loaophy, and ascertained the rate of the expansion of air
by heat. Died in 1839.
Rttd'bvrne or Rod'bumflh (THOMAt,) an English

ui Enslis

. and became Bishop of Saint David's in 1433. He
boilt the tower and gateway of Heiton College, Oziofd.
Died about 1443.

Rudder, da, d^h rfi'dait', (Louis Hknu,) a French
painter of history, bom in "Pxdt in 1S07. He glioed a
medal of the second class in 1848. Died in i88[.

I.I,LS,a,f,/0V'^^^*"De, lets prolonged; I,i,I,0,fi,)F,M»r/t,t,i,9,«AKMra;ar, a]l,at;metinai:gd6d-n

d by Google

^:

RUDDIMAN M

Rad'^m^ (Tmohai,) ui emiTnnl Scottish gram-
mariin and critic, bcvn to the pirith of Boyndfe, conn^
of BmC in October. 1674, wu educated U King'* Col-
ten, Aberdwn. He paMithed in 1714 hit " Rndimenl*
or the Latin Tonnie,'' > popnlw Mhool-book. Amau
hb oUwr works U " Inititnte* of Ladn Gnmnur,"
(" Grannatiai Latiatt Intthotiane*,'' ITSS-ja.) IHed
b 1757.

Rnde, TUd, (Fkancou.) an eminent Frendi tcntplor,
bom at Dijon in 1784. He went to Rome in i8i3 to
me his (tadiei, and returned to Puis about 1817.
adorned with aome figniea the Arc de I'Btoile at
. Paiit. At the Exposition of 1855 he gained the grand
d^al of honour. Among bis work* are a marble
•talue of Joan of Arc in the LoiembourR, and bionn
statues of Monge and Marshal Nej. Died in 1855.

See " Rudt, •> Via, •sGlDTna," ile.,(uioa|niiow,)Piirii, iljti
"Buicn[^ UnmneUe."

Rad«l, ril'dtl', (GEOFnoi,) a French poet of the
latter part of the twelfth centitry, wat Prince of Blaje
and a tavontite of Geoffrey PlantageneL He was bom
about 1140, and died about 117^ He was bmons for
his bntattic passion for the Countess of TYipoti, whom
he never saw till he was dying.

Bndolbaoh.roo'dfl-Uk', (Amdebas,) b Danish the-
ologian, bom at Copenhagen in 179s. He published
a number of dogmatic works, in which be adrocatet the
orthodox Lutheran creed. He became superintendent
St Glanchan, Saxony, in 1E39. Died in 1861.

Hfldlgw, rli'dic-fr, (FioDOK Vasilibvitch,] Count,
a RuMJan general, born about 17S5. Ife commanded a
division in the war against the Turks b 183S, and gained
several victories aver the Poles in 1831. Having obtained
command of a corpa-d'anD^c in the Hnngarian war, he
defeated Gitigcl, who torrendered to him at Vilagoa in
August, 1849. DiediDiS5&

Ra'dlDft (Re*. RoGtas,] an English antiquary and
mumiimatitt, bom at Leicester in 1751. He became
vicar of MaJdon, in Surrey, in 1793. He published an
Important work, enb'tled "Annate of the Coinage of
Britain and ita Dependencies," (4 vola., 1S17.) Died
kii8ia

RndoU See Rudolfk.

Rudolph or Rudolf OF Ems, a medieval German
poet or minnesinger, bom in Switzerland, flourished
between iiM and 1150. His works are highly extolled
by some critics.

Rn'dolpli (or Rti'dOU) [Lat. Rddol'phds ; It Rl-
DOLTO, re-dol'fol or Habsbuko, [Ft. RODOLnu mi
HABSaoDKO, ro'dolF dfh hIbs'booK',] Emperor of Ger-
many, and founder of the Austrian empire, was bom In
13)8. He was the son of Albert IV., Count of Haba-
borg, and at an early aae (ought under Frederick IL in
Italy. In 1355 he assisted Ottocar, King of Bohemia,
in lus crusade against the pagan* of Prussia. On the
death of hit father, in 1140, he had succeeded to his
poasession*, and was invoWed in manv contests with the
Mdal baron* of the country, in whicb he was generally
vlctariotts. His high reputation for courage and love
of JDSlice caused him to be elected b 1373 Emperor
of Germany, and he was soon after crowned at Aix-la-
Chapelle. He procured from Pope Gregory X. the
ratification of his right, which had been contested by
Alfonso of Castile and Oltocar of Bohemia i and, after
a war with the latter, a treaty was concluded by which
Rudolph confirmed hbn in the possession of Bohemia and
Uoravia. He had pTevioDsly given two of his daughtcrB
in marrisfc to Albeit, Duke of Saxony, and the Connt
PalatJne Louis of Bavaria. Having secured himself on
the throne, he gave liis attention to various reforms in
dw govemment snd to restraining the power of the
turbulent nobles, nearly seventy of whose castles in
Thuringia he is said to have destroyed. He afterwards
gave one of his daughten in marriage to Weniet, the
yonng king of Bohenua. He died u 1191, having beep
onaUe tosecure tbe election of hi* son Albert at emperu,
and was tucoeeded by Adolphn* of Nassau.

Sm J. J. PfsaoK " Biocrsphi) Xodclph's L vao Hitabtni."
17S4; HimaLBa, "Rodolpbe dfl HtbiboDri XippvflDr," ttciAj; I
E. H. voM I^CHHOwsiiv. "GachkMe in Hauio Hibibtoi." S
nil., iij6-4i; L. Mnnn. " K>iKr Rudolph ion HdKbuit"
■fSji liAtuTH. "Hinoin d'AuDichc."

Rndolpli (Rudolf) H, Emperor of Gennanv, bon
in ■j5S,_wss the son of Maximilian IL, and wasedncatod
He ascended the throne in Oo-

Stndf of astrolo^ and ilchcmy, he neelecled the aSair*
of hU empire, which was subject to tnucli disorder during
U* reign. To protect themselves agaiiut persecutioti,
Ibe Protestant princes of Germany formed in 1608 a
confederation, of which Che Elector Palatine Frederick
IV. was the head. Between 1608 and 1611 his brotkei
Matthias extorted from Rudolph successively the sove-
reignty of Austria, Moravia, Hnngan, Bohemia, ate
He died, without iaau«^ b January, toi3, and was tuC'
ceeded by Matthias.

Sea P. SAimaio, "Vin £ RidoUb IL > Maniu iDpenuri,"

i6a«: r. S. Knai, "OniaiBCb oowi R-'-'-'- ■* -- - '

■" "DiHcnidB d« Rndelplui IIV'

ipb won Bothoubai^
, . German toldiet and mmnemnger, lived n
the reign of the emperor Frederick IL

Sk LewiRU^rw, " Pgsta ud Yaan "i KampL"

Rudotpbl, loo-dolTee, (Cakl Asmitnd,) an aid*
Swedish naturalist and physiologist, born at Stockhoin
in 1771. He became proieaaor of anatomy and physi-
ology at Berlin b iSia Among his numerous works
are "The Anatomy of Plants," (1S07,) "The Natural
History of Entoaoa," (3 vols.. 1808-10,} and " The Prin.
dples of Physiology," (3 vola., i8at-a8.) Died in Berlb
iniSji.

S« J. HtlLUa, -OdUehtniKRiik uf C A. Rndiilphi," iSvi
"NDOTclle UDfraphie G^o^nle."

RudrK, rKd'tf, [etymology nncertain,] in the Hindoo
mythology, a name of Siva, also applied to certain mani>
testations of Siva in his character of fate or destiny.
The eleven Rudra* appear to correspond b the main,
though not In number, to the Paroe of the Roman*
and Uie Moirs (Uolpa') of the Greek*. (See Siva.)

S«a Uooi, " Hindu Puilhaoa :" Wiuoh, " Sniucnt ItictiaBWT.*

Rfid'TfTd, (Sir Benjamin,) an English gentlemaa
and elegant scholar, bom in 1573. He became an influ-
ential and eloquent member o{ the Long Parliament, in
which he acted with Hampden and Pym. In the civil
war which began in 1643 he was a moderate partisan
of the Parliament, and often raised hi* voice for peace.
Some of his spseche* and poems have been published.
Died m 1658.

Rue, da Ib. (Charles.) See La Rdk

Rua, da la, d^h It rtl, (Chailxs,) a French Bene-
dictine and eminent scholar, bom at Corbie, Picardy, m
16S4. He published a good edidon of the works of
Origen, (3 vols., 1733.) Died in Paris in 1739. Hb
nephew, Vikcknt db la Rob, bon in 1^7, published
the 4th volume of Origen In 1759, Died in 1763.

Ru«, de U, (Gbbvais.) See Dblabub.

Ruadst, da, (Lopk.) See Lopb db Rubda.

Ruadigar. See RVdicbk.

Ruehla TOO IiUietutara. See RUhlb.

Rnal, rii'el', (Lat Rubl'uu^) (Jbak,) a French pny*
sidan and botanist, bom at Soiisons in 1479- He was
to Ftands L, and wrote, besides other works,
<n the Nature of Plants," ("De Natnra Stirpium,"

sff

RuappalL See ROtpkli.

Ruffoacd, (OwBN,) an English bairister and writer,
bom in Westminster about 173]. Among his works la
s "Life of Alexander Pope." Died in 1^9.

BxifQ or Ru^, da, dfh rti'fe', (Antoinb,) a French
historian, born at Uai-seilles b 1607, wrote a " History
of Marseille^" (1641) Died in 1689.

Roffl or Rnffr, da, (Louis Antoinb,) a historian, a
son of the preceding, was bom at Marsailles in 1657;
died in 1734.

Rtiffln. rii'fib', (Fram^ii,) Coitnt, a French genera^
born at Bolbec in 1771. He served with distinction at
Auslerlits in 1805, and at Eylau. He became a general
of division about iSoS, after which he was employed ia
Spain. Ho was mortally wounded near Cadis m iSii.

■si;; as <: t.kard; gas/; a, h. li.guttuTal; h, nojal; K, trilled; lasi,'(b as i

. tkii. (I^^See Explanationt, p. M%.)
Digitized ayCjOOQiC

Bnflln, |Lit Rufti'nus,] (Piirrb Jban Mabii,}
diplomaliit and lingniit, of French eilt*ctlon, born U
Salonica, in Tarkejv in 174^ He became intetpreMr

to tbe king for Oriental language* at Paria In

•nd chargt-d'affiire* at Constantinople in 1798.
In 1814.

Sm BrAHon, " NodEa Uitoriqiw m M. KuBm," ili}.

Rnfflnl, Too-fiee'nec, (Giovanni Dominico,) a. _._
ian noirelist, bom at Genoa in 1S07. He studied law,
■nd was admitted to practice in 1S30, bat three years
later he emigrated, from political catise*, going Scat to
France, then to Switzerland, and in 1836 to England.
Here he devoted himself to a careful studj of the Eng-
lisb language. In 1S43 be left England for Paris, and in
1S4S, on the promatgation of the Suiute of Piedmont,
returned to Italji. tn 1S51 he began hia literary carcei
by the pubticatioD, in London, of an English novel en
titled " Lorenzo Benoni," which waa followed, at long
intetvals, b; " Doctor Antonio," " Livlnia," " Cajlino^''
and other works. Died November 3, iSSi.

~ ~ I, (Paoio,) an Ilalisn mathematidan, bom

Rnfllnim, See Rufinus, and Ruppin.

Buffo, roof fo, (DiONioi Fabrizio,) an Italian cardinal
and general, bora at Naples, or in Calabria, abont 1744.
He raised in Calabria a large body of royalists, called
the armv of tbe Holy Faitti, which, under his command,
expelled the Freach and republicans irom the country
In 1799 and reatored King Ferdinand IV. to the throne.
He took at Naples a nambcr of republican chieb ai
prisoners of war, who were treacherously put to death
by order of (he king. Died in 1817.

Saa LACCHDntu, "Hamoric nJlaVits cS r. D. RuBh," il]6,'
" Nomclle Biotnplue Gtatnli."

RtiffOh (Fabrizio,) Prince of Castelcicala, an Italian
diplomatist, born at Naples about 1755. He wa* »c-
ceaiary to the judicial murder of (he republfcane who
were taken prisoner! and executed in I799- He waa
Neapolitan ambassador at Paria from 181$ until his
deatD, which occurred fo iSja.

Sj^Ij. See Rvpfi.

Rafln. See Rufinus.

Rnflno, roo-fee'no, (Casimir RonNO Ruiz,) ■ Span-
tah economiit, bom at Soto de Cameroa in t8o& He
published, besides other works, "The Universal History
of Commerce," {" La Historia mercantil untvetssl," a
vols., 1851-J3.)

Rn-fFntu, [Fr. Rtjpra, ril'SN',] an ambitious Roman
courtier, bora at EInsa, in Gaul, abont 33^ A.D. He
gained the lavour of the emperor Theodosms at Con-
stantinople, and became in 394 chief minister. He
rendered himself odious by hia cruelty, and engaged in
a disloyal intrigue with Alaric the Visigoth, in order to
diwart Stilico, who was his rivaL He was assas^nated
in 395 by a aoldler, at the Instigation of Gainaa, a friend
of Stilleo. He was the satject of Claudian's poem
"In Rofinum,"

■npbia G^D^nl*.*

Rnflnns, anmamed Tora'nius, Tora'nus, Ttran'-
Kius, or TuRRA'Nins, a theologian and monk, bom
about 3JO A.DL He is supposed to have been a tiative
of Aqiuleia. In early life he wa* a Mend of Saint
Jerome. He went to Palestine in 377, and built a mon-
astery on Mount Olivet, where he parsed many years,
and translated some works of Origen, whose doctrines
be fiivoured. On this subject he waa involved in a con-
troversy with Saint Jerome, who denounced him with
extreme animosity. KuSnus wrote, besides other works,
an "Explanation of the Apostles' Creed," and translated
Into utin several works of the Greek Fathers. He .
was an able writer. Died in 410.

Sh Fohtahihi, "HiMoria litDisrli AqaOiju^;" "SoartOt

98 RUHLM

Ruflntia, (Licmive,) a Roman jurist, who flovrisbed
about si; a.d.

Rn'fna or Rn'^nu, an andent Graek medical writer
eS EpheauB, called RUPUS EPHSSKTI, of wbom little it
known. According to Snidas, he Hved in tbe tdgn of
Trajan, (98-117 A.i>.) He wrote, beddea odier worha
an interesting treatise on anatomy, entitled "On the
Names of the Paiti of the Human Body," vHikh b
extant and was printed at Paris in 1554.

Sm SpmraBL, "Hinoin dala Mticdna."

Rnfiu, (M. Ccnlins,) a Roman orator, bom at PnteoU
In Si B.C., WIS a friend of Cicero, who calls him " adole*-
centem illustri ingenia" In the year 56 he was accused
of an attempt to poison Clodia, a woman of depraved
morals. He was delended bv Cicero and acquitted. He
became tribune of the people in 51 B.C., ana tnpportad
Milo gainst Clodlus. In 49 b.c he wa* a parttsaa of
Cnsar. Died in 48 B.ti

S«a Cicaii^ "Ontlo pro U. Calia."

Rnfiu, (RuniJUB,) a Roman orator, who becam*
consnl in 10^ b.c and was banished nnjusUy Id 9a b,c

Rnfns Frn'tna or Bez'tua "Bax'ttM, a Latin hia.

lis liberal c
Colonos"
associated with 'Echtermeyer 1

\ editor of the " Halli.

Reform," and represented Sreilaa in the FtankJbrt
Parliament In 1850 b* repaired Co London, where be
wrote a Gennan translation of the " Letters of Junlns"
and the works of P. Courier. Died January 1, i&Si.

RngsnOaa, roo-geu'dls, (Groro Philipp,) one of
(he greatest battle-punters of Germany, waa b«mi at
Augsburg in 1666. He visited Rome and Venice, and
after his return became director of the Academv of
Augsburg in 171a. He al*o produced a number of en-
gravings, among which is "The Siege of Augsbor^"
of which he was an eye-witness. Died in 1743.

C. FOhu, " Labn Gacn PhiUpp Ranadu," >7<R ; C
— ...-, HiMobid«Paiitr«r'NAain.''AlJ((udii«KaHdw>

RngvndMa, (Gboro Pinupp,)apaintsrand engraver,
bom at Augsburg In 1701, was a son of the prece<fii4
Died in 1774. i-™™.*

Rngondaii, (Johahh CmiffnAN,) a akilfiil engraves,
bom at Augsburg in 1708, was a brother of the pre-
ceding. Died in 1781.

Rngendna, (Johann MoRm,) a German painter
and designer, a relative of the preceding, waa bom at
Augsboi^ about t8oa He spent man* years In Soatk
America, and published in 1837 "A ninter^ Jonmey
in BraiiL" His collection of nearly three IhooaaDd
jdcturea and design* waa purchased by the Bavarian

leslgn*
Died In

Ro^laTl, rood-ji'ree, (CottnAifTtN.) an Italian jAI-
loloffist and antiquary, bom near Ravenna in 17141
died in lye^

RoK'^e, (GiOROR,) an Englbh dramatist, bom at
Lavenham In 1575, was a Fellow of a college at Can-
bridge. He wrote a satirical play entitled " Ignoramus'
(1614.) Died in 1631.

Rtigslofl, mg^la, (DANm,) an American general in
the Confederate service, bora in Uaaaachnsetta about
iSlo; died June i, 1897.

RnM, rool, (Johann Christian,) a German acntptM
and painter, bom atCassel in 1764; died in 184a.

Rahl, rili. (Priufpi Jacques,} a French Jacobin and
member of the Convention, was bom near Strasbnrg.
He killed himself in May, 179;.

RflMa Ton LUlenatem, rUblf h fon leene-en-atCso'i

SOHANK Iakob Otto AnotiST,) a Prussian general and
latinguisbed writer, born at Berlin In 1780^ served i>

1, ft 1,4 8, J, /»»(r; i, i, 4. same, less prolonged; Ji, «, L 6, a, y, f Atfrt; ^ «, j, ft flAjoB-^- Br, nUI, at; m*t; n6t; gSadi m«n-

d by Google

RUHMKORFF ao

the campaigns a[ 1813-15. He published several mili-
tary and historical worlis, amonK "Wch » a " Historical
Sketch of the PniRsian Nation/' {1837.) Died in 184J.

S» BncKSADi, " CfaTcnMilDU-Ladkoo."

RnhmkoiQ r^mlf oii( {Hkihrich Danibl,) a mech-
anician, born in Germany in iSc^ He settled in Paris,
•nd gained distinction as a loaker of electro-magnetic
appaiatos, etc. Died in Paris, December 19, 1B77.

Riihuk«n, rASn'ken, or Rtilmekeii, roo'nfh-ktn,
[I.aL RtniKKB'KIus.l (David,) an eminent German
philolodat and critic, born at Stoipe, in Pomerania, in
1733. He studied hiatorr, law, and classical literature
at Wittenberg. Through the influence of bis friend
the celebrated Hemsterhuys, he was appointed in 1757
lector of the Greek language in the University of Ley-
den, and in 1761 socceeded Ondendorp as professor of
history, eloquence, and antiquities in that city. Among
hi* nnmeroos and valuable worlci are editions of the
" Lexicon of "^rnxus," of Velleius Fateiculos, Homei'l
"Hymn to Ceres," with a Latin translation and com-
nentaty, (1780,] and the works of Muretns, (4 toU.,
17S9.} He also wrote several Latin essav* of remark-
able elegance, among which we may ttame his " EpIstolK
Critiae,^' (1751.) "Eulogy on Hemstethny*,*'jt76^) and
"Dissertation on the Life and Writing! of Longinus,"

Kt/MFORD

Writlngi of Longinus,
in 1797, with the reputa-
I and l^tiD writers dl the

<t776.) He died at Leydt
tion of one of the first ciit
eighteenth century.

S» D. Wtttshuck. "Vita Kolukaiii," ifM; RmK, "T.
HcnnerhuTi nnd □. Rnhngken," iSoi: Hnrau. "Loikm;"
BrDCHiHG. " Hiiuniicfa-limiiadiH HsbiDidgIi:" "Notmlla Bin
■nphie Uafnle."

Rdbnkenlns. See Ruhnkkm.

RUhfl or Raoho, rils, (Chiistofh Flibdkich,) a
German histoiian, tram in Pomerania in 1780^ twcame
professor of history in BerliiL He wrote, besides other
works, a " History of Sweden," (5 vol*., 1S03-13,) which
is commended, and a " Manual of MMJKval Htitory,"
(1816.) Died in iSio.

RalDait, rii-e'niR', (TuitiiBi,) Don, a learned French
writer and Benedictine monk, bom at Rheima in i657<
He became a pupil and coadjutor of Mabillon. In IW9
he published the " Acts of the First Martyrs," (" Acta
primomm Martyrum." He took a large part in the
— iposttion of HablUon's "Acta Sanctorum," (170a)

IMeJ:

1709.

t pnrchasei
Died in t:

'ITiia F-

Sea "Hoonlla Bhifiiphi* Ginjnila."
Rnlaoll or Ranoli, roisK, (Fudkiic,) an eminent
Dutch anatomist, bom at the Hague in 163S. He was

Srofessor of anatomy at Amsterdam from 1665 until his
eath. He discovered a mode of preserving dead
bodies for manv yean. He made several diicoverie*
in anatomy, ana published an "Anatomical Treasury,"
("Thesaurus anatomicus." iToi-it.) which is aaid to
purchased his
anatomical collection for 30,000 florins.

Sm Fuji i —am, "Sldgi i» T ' '

RnlKh," in>; Hl^KOB, "Vibaoam."

Rnlsoh or Rtijrsoh, (RACmiL,) a ifcilfiil Dutch
flower-painter, born in Amsterdam in 1664, wm ■
daughter of the preceding. She married a painter
named Juriaen Pool in 169J. Her woria comnaad
hi^ prices. Died in 1750.

HtUadael. See RinrsDAZi.

Rultoi, cle. See Ruytbr, dk.

Bnlx, roo-ith', Joan,) Archpriest of Hits, a Spaniah

Kt and satirist, Sam probably at Alcali de Henares,
wai imprisoned thirteen yeart, (1333747-) One of
Ua principal poems is entitled '' Prabe ofLittle Women."

8«* LoHcrauDW, "PoeBud PoMry oHqrops."

RokmenL See RincHiNf.

Rokmlut r96k'ml-nee', written also, bat less cor-
nctly, Rokmanr and Rnkmrai, [^ "golden" or
" posMssing sola," In allowon pertupe to Lakshmt
bdne the goddeM of riches,] the name of an avatar of
Laksnint, who nnder this form was the bvourite wife
of Krishna, (an avatar of Viilinn.)

RulliUr*, d», dfh rUlgjiR', (CLAtiDB Carlohan,)
a French historian, was born at Bondy, near Paris, in
1735. He accompanied the Baron de Breteuil to Russia
as secretary of embassy in 1760, and wrote "Anecdotes
tii the Revolution of Russia in 1762," {1797.) In 17S7
he was admitted into the French Acndemy, Hia chief
work is a " History of the Anarchy of Poland and of
the Partition of that Repablic," {4 vols., 1S07.) Died

Carthage, New York, April 34, 1843. He grad-
t the General Seminary (Episcopalian) in New
nd in 1876 became rector of a chnrch at Cleve-

11791.

See DAtwoIl, " Noliea nr Rnlhitre:" Qo(iard, "Li Fruci
Litltnlre;" "Nonvelle Biognphie Gfotrale."

Snll-apn, [Nilson S.,) D.D., an American bishop^
born at Carthage, New York, April 34, 1843. He gr-^

uated at the Genera" " " '"

York, and in 1876 b

land, Ohio. In 1S84 he 1 .. ._

Bishop of Central Pennsylvania. Died in 1897.

RnllUra, r1i1e«iK', (Joseph MAKCiLLitt,) a French
general, bom In Hante-Loire in 1787. He commanded
an army in Algeria in iSiS. and was minister of war
from December, 1848, until October, 1849. Died 1863,

Rmnanoovr, See Rioohantsop.

Rnm'bold. (Colonel Rccuakd,) an English repub-
lican, was implicated in the Rye-House Plot, (1681,) and
was owner of the building from which that plot <IerimI
Its name. He escaped to Holland, and In 1685 followed
Argyll in his expedition to Scotland, where he was mor-
tally wounded, and, after a hurried trial, executed.

Rllm'f^rd, (BiNjAHiN ^lompioii,) Codnt, a cele-
brated natural philosopher and economist, born at
Wobum, Massachusetta, March 36, 1753 or lyjl.
Hia mother was named Ruth Simonds. After he left
school, about the age of fourteen, he was employed for a
short time as a clerk by a merchant in Salem. In 1770
he attended lectures on experimental philosophy at
Harvard University. He was school-master at Rumtord,
(now Concord,] New Hampshire, for about two years,
'1710-73.) In 1771 he married a rich widow of Rum-
brd, named Mra. Rolfe, and removed with her to Wo-
bom. He was a person of tall stature, a model of manly
beau^ in form and feature, and had the manners of a
courtier. According to Renwick, he fought at Lexington,
and applied for a commission in the Continental army
in 1775, but bis services were rejected. Renwick speaks
of his "loyalty, manifested by actual service at the
battle of Lexington," but does not say on which side

that Rumford would have fought fbrindependenc*
if prejudice and persecution had not driven him bto the
ranks of the royalista. He was regarded as a tory by his
fellow -dtiiens, and was pursued by a mob with threats
of violence. Having resorted for safety to the royalist
camp at Boston, he was sent to England in the autumn
of 1775 ss a bearer of despatches to Lord George Ger-
main, who appointed him a clerk in the foreign office.
In the course of fonr years he rendered such services
that he obtained in 1780 the important position of nnder-
secretary of state. He returned to the United States in
1781 or 17S3 with a commission as major or lientenant-
colonel in the British army, but never took put in any
action of the war.

The next scene of his eventfiil and prosperon* career
.^ns at Munich, whither he went In 17S4. He soon
became aide-de-camp and chamberlain to the reigning
prince of Bavaria. Having reformed the military es-
tablishment and rendered important public services,
he was rewarded trith the ranlt of major-general, and
appointed a councillor of state. Rising by rapid gta-

early life. He supprewed mendidty at Munich by the
eatanlishment of work-houses in which beggars were
compelled to earn thcb subsistence^ In <£vising the
means to wami and clothe the poor with economy, he
was led to experiments on heat and light which resulted
in important discoveries. He proved that gases are
non-conductors, and £utds very imperfect conductors, of
heat, — explained that heal is propagated in liiguid* only
by convection, or the continuous transposition of the

wki ^a^f.Xhr^: i»x,j:a,i\,t^gHtttml; v.hmoI: R,(n//fi/,- las i; thai

nihil. (li^^See Explanations, p. a^l

D,g,i,..ed=yG00'^le

RUM FORD 11

MTtldci of the llqi^ *nd that a HaoBe In opan ah gtrea
Mt little heat except to bodie* placed above It. He made
bnpTorementi in the conatniction of cbimnejt and in
tlw apparatm for beating and lighting hoiues. In 1795
ha visited London, where he pabliihed tome eauys on
thaaabjecta above mentianed. He retamed to Munich
\ and wai appointed ambaasador to London in

in 1796, «i
179S; bot

; bot the English court would
that capadtj, because he was a British anUecL He
formed the plan of the Royal Institution of London,
founded aboot iSoa His power and influence at the
conn of Munich hivii^ ceased, in conseqaence of the
death of the Clectot, in 1799, he removed to Frances
Hia firat wife, whom he left b the Uni»d States when
ha fiiat crossed the Atlantic wi* no longer Unng. He
married the widow of I^ToiaieTj the great chemist, in
1805 ; bot they soon separated, from mutual repulsion.
He died at Antcnil in Angnst, 181^ Hia "Eaaav^ Po-
litical, Economical, and Philosophical," were published
injvols., (1793-1S06.) The Rnmford medal of the Royal
Society derive* it* name bom him.

"It IS a matter of jnsl national pride that the two men
who firat demonstrated the capital propodtloiii of pore
idence, that lightning ia bnt a case of common elec-
Iridty, and that beat is bnt a mode of iiMtioo,--who firat
converted these conjectuiei of bncy to fodt of icienca,
—were not only Americans by birth and education, but
I eminently representative of the peculiarities of

and Conservation of Forces,")

S« CtTin. "Itlcce da Rumlbrd:" Jawb IlSKWtac "Lihof
Count RumlbTd,*' m SfASics't "Am^iem Btoynptn^' vol. v.,
second Hria: "Novalla Biocnplua OtnAila;" ' Edinbnnh
RETiew" fer Jo)t, 1804.

Riunford, d«, dfh riiK'foK', (Marie Annc Pieiratta
Panlae — pe'l'tit* p5li,) Countess, a French lady of
superior talent, was born at Montbrison in 17S& She
was married to Lavoisier, the chemist, in 1771. She
aided him in experiments, and, having learned the art
of engraving, she engraved plates far his treatise on
Chemistry. In 1805 she became the wife of Count
Rumford, from whom she separated in 1S09. Died
in 1836.
^ 5« GuuoT. '; HvUiH^da RBolbTd," il4>. ""d U> •nida in dw

RamlaDt>ov or Rumlantsoir. See Rioomahtsof.

Rflmker, rBmlt^, (Karl,) a German astronomer,
bom at Stargard in 178SL He made observations at
Paramatta, in Australia, from iSia to 1831, and was
afterwards director of the Observatory at Hamburg
for many years. Among his works is a " Manual of
Navigation," (Jth ediHon, iSjO.) Died in 1861.

Rnmohr, rao'mSB, (Karl Frirdrich Ludwtc Fl-
ux,) a German writer on art, bom near Dresden in
17S5, was a pupil of Fiorillo, a painter. He made the
tour of Italy in 1804, and revisited that country in 1816
and i8»a. His " lulian Researches" (3 vols.) came out
in iSay. It is a critical history of the origin and de-
velopment of modern painting, composed from original
documents, and is esteemed a standard wotIl He like-
: published a " History of the Royal Collection of

Schrilttn," iSh: BaociEHum, " CanTcnaiicaa-Lviksn."

RnmoiralEy. See Roomopski.

Rnmph, rAmf, [LaL Rum'pkids,] (Grorc Ev<-
KARDk) a German naturalist, bom at Hanau in 1637. He
passed some years at Ambovna. where he was consul
or counsellor to the Dutch £ut India Company. He
was author of a botanical work entitled "Herbarium
Amboinense," (7 vols., 1741-55.) Died in 170&

Rmnphliu. See RtrupR.

Rfim'ley, James,) an American mechanician, born
in Cecil county, Maryland, in 1743, was the inventor of
a Bteamboat, which he exhibited on the Potomac in 1786.
A company called by his name was formed in Philadelphia
for the purpose of promoting his projects. In 1 791 he
nude a successful trial of his steamboat on the Thames,

and was preparing for another, when he died In Dimnn
ber of the same year.
Rfln'ol-m^ (AucXANDiR,) a Scottish hlstoriol

from Onian. His st^e Is e>tT«TR>
gant Died in 1785.

roo'nfh-bEig', (Jdhan LtiDWio,) a very

About 1840 he became a teacher of Greek at Borgl, (or
BoTKo.) Among his principal prodnctions arc "Na-
deschda," a poetical tale, (1841,) "Knne Flalar," (1S44,)
and "Stories of Ensign Stil," (TinriE StUs Signer.")
He died May 6, [877.

Rtuig«, rdbng'f h, (Otto Phiupp,) a German painMr,
bom jn the latter part of the eighteenth centui7, Ibr*
'shed illustrations to "Ossian." His son. Otto Sicff-

und, studied sculpture under Thorwaldsen at Rome.

RnnliM, roo'ne-Os, (Tohan,) a popular Swedish poM,
born in West Gothland in 1679 ; died in 1713.

Ronjeot Blngb, rfin-jeer sing, (or sinali,) caDed
Haua Rajah, m»-bl' rl'ji, {Lt, " Great Rajah,") an am-

By a aeriea of aggreasions against feeble and unwarlike
chieb he extended his dominions. He received the
province of Lahore a* a gift from the Shah of Afghan-
wian in 1799, and obtained Cashmere by conquest In
1819. In 1S09 he made a treaty with the British, with
whom he alwaya maintained peaceliil relations. Died
In 1839.

Rnu'jon. (Thbodorb,) an American statesman,
born at Somerville, New Jersey, in 1833. He became
a general in the New Jersey National Guard and com-
manded a brigade in the ciril war. He was elected
mayor of Newark in 1864, was chancellor of New
Jersey 1873-87, and was appointed minister to Ger-
many in 1S93. Died in 1896.

Snpert, roo'pfrt, [Ger. RnpRacm, nx/pRCKt,)
Prince, sometimes called Robert op Bataria, son
of the Elector Palatine Frederick V. and Elisabeth,
daughter of James I. of England, was bom at Pra^e in
1619. Haring pTcrioosly served against the Impenaliats
in the Thirty Years' war, he entered the royalist army
in England, and was appointed by his uncle, Charles L,
commander of ■ regiment of cavalry. He distinguished
himself by his energy and headlong courage at Worcester
and Edgehill, and took Bristol ) but he was signally de-
bated at Marston Moor in 1644. Being made general
of all the royal forces, he commanded the left wing at
Naseby in 1&45. Owing to his rash pursuit of a part of
Cromwell's army while the main body remained on tlM
Geld, the day was lost, and be soon after surrendered
Bristol, afier a short defence. He was, in consequence.

mond on the roast of Ireland. In 16^ he was blockaded
in the harbour of Kinsale by the parliamentary squadron
under Blake. Haring forced his way out, he sleeted for
Portugal, where he was protected by the king of that
country. In 1651 Blake attacked his fleet and destroyed
all but five of bis vessels. Rupert subsisted for soow
time by piracy in the West Indies. After the restoration
of 1660, he served as admiral against the Dutch. IKed
in i6S>.

S*c''Hi»ancil Hamon of Prinaa Rupert," LondoD. iGSi; E,
WAaiuaToB, "Mamom of Prioca Hupart," i voU, iSu; Cua.
iNpw. " Hition of ifaa Gnai Raballiu :■• Hok^ " HinocT at
'-iRlud :" -' Lixaa oT tha Wanion of the Dnl Wn of FnDce ad

igiaiid." br Sia Edwaid Cutt, London, 1)67.

Rn-por'tna or RapTaaht, roo'pitSKt, called ^so
Rliodbort, one of the early apostles of Christianity
in Germany, was Bishop of Worms, and lived in th«
:venth century.

Rflppall or RnnipeU, rVp'pfl, (Wilhilm Pktxr
Eduars SiuoN.) a German naturalist, bom at Frank-
foTt-on-the-MMn in 1794. He visited Arabia, Nubii,
and other parts of Africa, and {>ublished in ■ 819 " Travels
in Nubia, KordoOn, and AraUa Petrva." He also gave

I, <, f, S, u, ;, /oiy; i, t, A, same, less prolonged^ i, •(, 1, 6, ii, f, ''b^; f. t. i> 9- <■''»"■' 1r, fill, Ot; mCt ; nAt; gjISdi n

Digitized by VjOOQ I C

JOHN RUSKIN.

Digitized by VjOOQ I C

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

RUPPRECHT >i

n Mcoant of the triidi of Northern uul EMteni Afttei,
■nd made valuable contrlbotion* to the Senkenberg
HnMnm, at Fnnkfort. Died December lo. 1884.
Ropprflotat, rffip'pitKt, (Fukdbich Kaki,) a Ger-

Rnpreolit See Ropnr.

Rnilk, nx/rilc, [Fr. RotrtDC, roo'rtk',] the founder
of the Rus^ftQ eminre, wu origmilly a Scandinavian.
He invaded Rwna about 863 A.D., defeated the nativei,
who were contmanded bv Vadim, and selected Novogo-
rod u hie capital. He died in 879, leaving a ion, Igor,

Rtubroak. See RtrTiBKOiK.

Rtiaoa, rooalcl, (Caku> Fkancuco.) an Italian
portrait-painter, bom at Lugano Id 1701 ; died in 1769^

Rtuok, riti'ht', [F. Dominiqdb,) born nev Nice in
1761. became a general in the French anof. He con-
tribated to the victory at Lodi, and ww nude a general
of division in 1796. He wai cooiinander of ElM from
l8(M to iSoj. He wai killed at SdMona in 1814.

Riuoa, (GiovANHi ALtasANDKO,) > learned Italian
monic and writer, bom at Turin abont i6cx) 1 died in i6Sa.

RmoalU, roo-ahellee, (GmoiAHO,) an Italian scholar
and prolific writer, bom at Viterbo. Among his works
■le "On the Art of makine Verae," ("Del Modo di
comporre In Verti," 1559,) and " Illoatriooa Enterprises,"
("Imprese aiuslri," 1566.) Died at Venice in 1566.

Riwotisvrejh, rS88h'5h-*r, {Fibdinahd,) an emi-
nent German engraver, bom at Mecklenburg, commenced
bis studies about i8o3. and went to Rome In 1808. He
engraved some work* of Raptuel, (Hollo Romano, Over-
beck, and others.

Rtuoonl, rooa-ko'nee, (Camiua,) ■ skiliy Italian
•calptor, born at HDan about 1658L Among his works
Is the maosoleom of Gregory XUL la Saint Peter's at
Rome. Died in 172&

Rnab, (Benjamin,) an eminent American physician
and philaiUbro[MSt, bom near Philadelphia, December
94, 1745. He graduated at Princeton Collese, New
Teraey, In 1760, and afterwards studied medidne in
Edinbargb, Lotvdon, and Paris. He was elected pro-
fessor of chemistry in the Medical College of Ptdladelphla
in 17(19. He waa an active supporter of the popnlai
cause ni the RevolutiDn, was elected a member of Con-
gress i> 1776^ >nd tigned the Dedantion of Independ-
ence. In the same year he married Julia Stockton, a
danghMr of Judge Richard Stockton, of New Jersey.

In 1777 he was ipp<toted inrsMffi^neral and phy-
•idan-ceoeral of the army. He acqaired distinction as a
writer on medidtte, philosophy, political a^n, etc. He
voted for the adoption of tbe Constitution of the United
States iB tbe S^te convention which met in 178^. In
1789 be became professor of the theory and practice of
medidntt in the medical college of FUladelpbia. He
was appointed professor of tbe iBSlilutei of medidne In
the Unmtaity of Pennsylvania In 1791, when the medical
collie was mited with ttw Universltj. He was a popu*
lar lecturer, and vras emiitently qoalified as a teacher of
medical sdence by hia flnen<7 of expression as well M
his profound learning. His reputaliDn was increased by
his successful treatment of case* of yellow fever, which
prevailed in Pbiladelplua in 1793. It ia stated that he
visited and prescribed for one hundred patients in orte
day. His remedies for yellow fever were purging and
bleeding. He was ireasmrer of the Mint durii^ the last
fourteen years of hia life, waa president of the sodety
for the abolition of slavery, and vice-president of the
BiUe Society of Riiladelphia. He was distineuishcd
for his industry, benevolence, and pie^. In iSii the
Emperor of Russia sent him a dlamana ring as a testi-
monial of respect for his medical skill. Among his
writings are "Hedical Inqniriei and Observations," (3
trola., 178S-93,) and a "Treatise on LHseases ol the
Hind,' (iSii.) He died in PhiUdelphia in April, 1813.
leaving about nine children, among whom was Richard
Rush, the statesman.

S» THjicHn,"Ha&id KoEnptri" 9. D. Ohm*. "Una «<
Anwtlcn PhTMOam," iSSi i DuTauw™. " C>dopjBdi» of ABai.
on Lil«nre,"Tol. L; ~ Matimul Pomil Gilkrr of DiidnioI^iJ
Amcrlcwi," TOL ilL

easit; %a»i: %hard: i^^j: 0,H,K,gtiUKrai; ti,natal: a. D

RUSKIN

Riuh, (Jacob,) LL.D., an American jurist, bom in
1746, was a brother of the celebrated Dr. Rush. He was
president of the court of common pleas for Philadelphia.
Died in iSao.

RnBh, (Jambs.) a son of Dr. Benjamin Rush, bom In
Philadelphia in 1786, waa author of a treatise entitied
" Philosophy of the Hnman Voke," (1897 > 6th edition,
1SIS7,) and of other woAs. About 1840 he married Mist
Rit^ay, daughter of Jacob Ridgway, a noted millionaire.
He died Haf a6, 1869, leaving property to the value of
about one million dollars, with which waa establkhed
the "Ridgwa7 Branch of the Philadelphia Library."

Riwh, (Richard,) an American statesman, bom ta
Ptailaddphia in August, 1780, waa a son of Dr. Benjamin
Rush. He graduated at Princeton College in 1797,
studied law, and was appointed comptroller of the trcaa.
nry by President Madtion. He waa attomn^neral ol
the United States from Pebmaiy, 1814. to March, 1817.
In the latter year he was sent to England by President
Monroe as minister-plenipotentiaij. After he bad ne

fotiated several important treatiea, he returned in 1835.
Ee served as secretary of the treasniyfrom Marcli, iSl^
to March, 1839. He waa nominated for the Vice-Presl-
dennlnthe friends of John Qnincy Adams In iSaS, and
receivea dghty-three electoral voles, but was not elected.
In 1836 he was sent lo England as a special agent or
commissioner by the President He was appointed min*
later to France in 1S47. and was tbe first of the foreign
ministers at Paris to recogniie the French reputmc
formed in 184& He resigned hie office in 18^9, and
retired from the public service. He published in 1833
" Memorials of a Residence at ttie Court of Saint
James." another volume on the same subject in 184^
and "Washington in Domestic life." (1857.) Died m
Philadelphia in July, 1859.
RtMh'tpn, (EdwaU),) an Engliah Roman Catholic

friest, bom in Lancashire, graduated at Oiford in 157*.
le published Sanders's work "On the Anglican Schism,"
("De Schismate Anglicano," 1585,) with additions. Died
at Louvain in 15S6.

Rflah'wortb, (John,) an English lawyer, distin-
guished as a compiler of materials for history, was bora

m Northumberland about 1607, He was

derk

to the House of Commons during the Long Parliament
He diligently parsaed the practice of taking notes of
public transactions, and reported. In short-hand, the
speeches of members of Parliament He served Sir T.
Fairfax as secretary from 1645 to 16S0, during whicb
period Fairfax was commander-in-chieC He published
"Historical Collections of Private Passages of Ststa,
Weighty Matters in Law," etc, (8 vols., 1659-1701.)
Died in 1690,

Rnak, (Jbrehiak McLain,) bo American states-
man, was bora in Morgan county, Ohio, in 1830. He
was sent to the Wisconsin legislHlure in 1855, served
three years in the war, and was mustered out as*
brevet brigadier-general. He was elected to Con-
gress in 1871, 1873, and 1875, and when the
back-pay salary bill was passed, refused to accept
the extra salary. He was elected Governor of Wis-
consin tS8i, 1S84, and 1SS6, was a candidate for the
Republican presideolial nomination in 1888, and was
appointed secretary of agriculture in Harrison's cabi-
net. Died in 1893.

Rusk, (TH0HA3 J.,) an American ofBcer and pcdltldaa,
bom in South Carolina in 1S03. He removed to Teiat
about 1835, was the first secretary of war of tbe republic
of Texas, and commanded the army after General Hoti
ton was wounded
he was elected a

legislature of Texas. He was re-elected Senator about
Tji. Died at Nacogdoches in 1S56.
Riu'kl " -....■

I,) an English 3
wnier on arc ana nature, iras bom in London in Feb-
ruary. t8ig. He waa the only child of a wine-merchant,
and inherited an ample foriune. "The first thing which
I remember a* an event in life," says he, "was beina
taken by my nurse to the brow of Knar's Crag 01

wf-ntwalRT." T ■■->-" J <---■--'--' -

~See Explanations, p, t\\

db, Google

xass II

fodb joamejringi, wheoevei tbef bronght me near hills.
Hid in all niDunbun ground and •cenerf, I bad a pleasure,
as earl; as I can remember, and contimiing till 1 waa
eighteen or twenty, iofinitelj greater thin anjr which bis
been tince possible to me ia anything. . . . Althoaih
there was no definite religious sentiment mingled with
It, there was a continual perception oT sanctity in the
whole of nature, from the slightest thing to the vastest,
— «n instinctive awe mixed with delight ; an indefinable
thrill tach as we sometimes imagine to indicate the
presence of a disembodied spirit." (" Modem Painters,"
»ol. ilL chap. »yii.f He was edncated at Christ Church,
Oxford, gained the Newdigale prize in 1S39 for an
English poem entitled "Saisetto and Elephuita," and
graduated in 1S43. He received lessons in drawing and

Eainling from Copley, Fieldii^, and J. D. Harding, and
ecame an ardent admireT of Tunier. Todefend Turner
from hostile critics, he wrote the first volume of his
"Modern Painters," {it43, by a Graduate of Oxford.)
This work, which was expanded into a treatise on art,
nature, etc and extended to five volumes, established
his reputation as the greatest art-critic of England,
although many of his opinions are paradoxicaL It dis-
eht •■ ' ■ -

plays a

faculty of olMervatlon, a rich imaginatioi

and ^at mastery of lannage. He discusses many
questions of ethics and pnilosophir in an earnest but
rather impulsive and wayward spirit. He devoted sev-
eral years to the study of art in Italy, especially in Venice.
In 1S49 he produced "The Seven L-ainps (i Architec-
ture," and afterwards an eloquent and brilliant work
on "The Stones of Venice," {3 vols., 1S51-S3.) He
advocated the cause of the Pre-Raphaeliles in a pam-
phlet entitled " Pre-Raphaelitism," (1S51.) In lS$4 1^
puUished "Lectures on Architecture and Painting,"
(delivered at Edinburgh.) In i860 he contributed ^ the
*'Conihill Magazine" a series of essays on political
economy. Among his other works are "Sesame and
Lilies," (1S64,) "The Ethics of the Dusti Ten Lectures
to Little Housewives 00 the Elements of Crystalliza-
tion," (1865.) "The Crown of Wild Olive : Three Lec-
tures on Work. Traffic, and War," (1866.) " The Queen
of the Air : being a Study of the Greek Mvths of Cloud
and Storm," (1W9,) "Frondes Agrestes,'' (1875,) and
" Arrows of the Chace," (1SS3.) He built a number of
model houses for the poor, in London. He was elected
professor of art at Oxford in 1869, and agun in 1876.

In 1871 he began to publish Tors Clavigeia," i
monthly paper, devoted to the conservation and eleva-
tion of the lodal life of the people, and especially to the
rescue of the laboring- classes from the evils which have
resulted from the modern industrial system. He
spent large sums in founding the St. George's Guild,
a kind of primitive agricultural community, which did
not prove a success. Died January 20, 1900.

RBbb, (John Denison,) M.D., an American phyridan
•and philanthropist, bom at Essex, Massachusetts, in
1801. He was appointed in i83» superintendent of the
New York Institution for the Blind. He was also one
of the vice-presidents of the New York Prison Associa-
tion, and was connected with various other charitable
institutions. Died March I, 1S81.

Rnia, rd6ss, {Karl.) a German historical painter.
born in Vienna in 1779, was patronized by the archduke

{ahn of Austria. He etched some of his own pictures,
lied in 1843.

Rfia'aell, (Albxander,) F.R.S., a Scottish physician
and naturalist, bom in Edinburgh. He was appointed
physician to the English Factory at Aleppo in 174a In
1754 he relumed to England, and published a " Natural
History of Aleppo," (I7SS.) which was received with
favour. He afterwards practised In London. Died

Rlbs'aeU, (Benjamin,) an American journalist of the
Revolution, was bom at Boston in 1701. In 1784 he
founded the " Columbia Centinel," a leading journal of
ihe Federal parly. Died in l84S-

ROa'Hll, (Chaklbs William,} D.D., an Irish Cath-
olic theologian and antiquary, born at Killougb, county
of Down, in 1811. He studied for the priesthood at

aa RUSSELL

Mayoooth, where at the age of twenty-three he waa
cImmd professor of humanity. Before he was thirty hit
reputation had extended to Oxford, where he stood high
among the tractarian leader*. He corresponded with
Newman in 1841, and was largely instrumental in bring-
ing him over to the Catholic Church. Dr. Russell wa*
selected by Cardinal Wiseman a* his chief coadjutor in
the conduct of the " Dublin Review," for which he wrote
many able articles: He was the author of ■ " Life
of Cardinal Meuo&ntt,"Ji8s8,> a "Calendar of State
Papers, Ireland, Tames L/Uvola., 1S73-77,} etc Died
February 16, iSfo.

RusmU, (David A.,) an American general, a son of
David Russell, M.C., of Salem, New York, was born
about 1811. He graduated at West Point in 1S45, served
in the Mexican war, and became a captain in lSS4- He
commanded a division at Gettysbnrg, July 1-3, 1863,
and at the battle of the Wilderness, May 5 and S, 1S64.
He was killed at the battle of Opequan Creek, neai
Winchester, in September, 1864.

So Timnv. " Miliuuy Hiitorr of ilu RebelHon," p. rgn.

Rila'MU, (Edward,) Earl of Orford, an English
admiral, bom In tfiji, was a nephew of the first Dulu
of Bedford. He was a prominent Whig chief in the
revolution of 1688. About 1690 he was appointed
commander of the combined navies of England and
Holland ; but, not satisfied with this honour, he 1* said
to have secretly conspired to restore James IL In
1693 he gained a great victory over the French off L4
Hogue. He became first lord of the admiralty in 1693,
after which he comnunded with success in the Me^ter*
ranean. He was created Earl of Oifbrd and Viscount
Barfleur in 1697. Died in 1717.

Sa llACAmjtv, "HiRotyof England."

RiumU, (Filahcis,) seventh Duke of Bedford, bora
in 1788, was a brother of Lord John (Earl) RusseU. He
was an active supporter of the Whig measures in Bar-
liament He devoted mach attention to agricultan, ia
which he i* said to have made important improvententa.
Died in iS6t.

Rnuell, (GioaoB,) an English poet and paiaoa,
bom in Minorca in 17*8; died in 1767.

Rosaell, (Sir Henry,) an English judB:e, bmn ■
1751. He was appointed chief justice of Bengal ia
1727- Died in 1836.

Riua«U, (John,) first Earl of Bedford, obtuned s
high position at court in 1505. He served with distiiH^
,!-_ f_ .k i!ri„^ ^hich Henry VIIL led against

He was appointed lord high admiral and created Eari
01" Bedford in 1550. EHed m 1555.

Sm J-H. WirFU, "Hkloricalllimoinsf tbaHooMitf Km-
Mil." ISU.

Riua«U, (John,) fourth Duke of Bedford, an E14-
lish statesman, born in 1710, succeeded to the dukedom
in 1 733. He became secretary of slate in 1 74S, and ne-
gotiated in 1761 a treaty of peace with France. He was
president of the conndi in theGrenville ministry, (1763-
65.) He was a man of good intentions, but was misled
by a set of political jobbers, called the " Bloomsbury
gang." Died in 1771.

Su DitTiD Rosa, " Skctdi of tha Hiuory of Ihe Honi* of Rm

the iSth of August, 1793. He was the third son of tbs
siilh Duke of Bedford. His mother was a daughter ol

the fourth Visci'unt Torrlngton. He studied first at the
'" ' School, firom which he passed to the Uni

Playfiur. He was elected to Parliament for Tavistock in
1813, and began his career as a member of the Whig party,
which iras then in the opposition. He soon became
a zealouB advocate of Parliamentary reform, and made
motions for the suppression of rotten boroughs, which
ho repeated year alter year. In 1811 he puUisbed " An
Essay on the History of the English Government and
Constitution," and in iSai "Don Carlos, or Persecn-

Ki I 0,B.E hmm

nngedi i. i, 1, 6, u, f, iktrt; », ?■ 1, 9, "iuure; fir, Oil, f&H mtt; tAH; g

d by Google

SUSSMLt

tton,"* tragedf. Ue procured b i8s8 the repeal of Uie
Teat *cti which Mibiected ProteiUnt diuenter* to dvil
diubilities. On the acceuion <rf the Whig party to
power In 1S30, Lord John wu appDiDted payniaiter o(
the forces, and a member of the committee of four by
which the celebrated Refcnn bfll was prepared. RuueH
b reputed to be the prlndpal author of this bill, which
waa Introdnccd In Harcb, 1S31, and waa rejected by a
•mall Qujoritr. Tba minittera, having disaoloed Parlia-
ment ana appeakd to the conntiy, obtained a large ma-
jority in tlie new Kanae of Commoiu, and, after a long
and Tiolenl oiaia, caised bj the hoctjlitjr of the Hooae
of Lorda, the Reform Ull became a law in iSu. Lord
Tohn waa Iha leader of the Wlug party In the Hoose of
Common* after 1834. and waa appointed secretary for
the home department by Lord HelboaTne in April, 1835.
He nanied in 1835 Adelaide, the widow of Lord Ribbles-
dale and the daughter of Thoroa* Lister. He represented
Stroud in Parliament from 1834 to 1S41, and was lecre-
taiy for the colonies from Angnst, 1S39, to September,
1841. In the latter year he was chosen one of the metn-
beis for the city of London, and reugned office with hi*
GOlleBBuea. He contributed in 1S4J to the repeal of the
Com Laws. The Whig party havrng been restored to
power by the defeat of Sir Robert Peel, RosmH became
Mime minister in July, 1846. He resigned office in
February or March, 1S53, aod in December of that year
entered the ministry of Lord Aberdeen a* secretary for
foreign affiUra. Having retired fi'om this position Id
February, 1853, he waa president of the council from
April or June, 1854, to Janoary, 185;. He served under
Palmerston a* coloidal secretary for a ahort time in 1855.

On the fbrmadon of a new ministry by Lord Palmer-
■ton in Jnne, 1859, Lord John was appointed aecretary
for foreign a^irs. In July, 1861, he was raised to the
peerage, as Earl Ruaaell of Klngaton-RoMell, and passed
Into the House of Lords. Darmg the dvil war in Amer-
ica he pursued a policy of neatnJity and non-interven-
tion. Like many other European statesmen, he hastily
lodged that the Union waa doomed to a premature
dissolution. Id October, 186$, he was called by public
opinion and the will of the aueen to the office of prime
miniaicr, vacated by the death of Lord PalmeraloiL The
cabinet on this occasion was reorganized by the admi>>
aion of a few new membera. His principal colleagoe*
were W. E. Gladstone, chancellor of the cxchuaer.
Lord Clarendon, secretary for foreign afUrs, Lord Gran-
ville, president of the coundl, the Duke of Somerset,
Grit lord of the admiralty, Edward Cardwelt, secretary
for the colonies, and Milnet Gibson, president of the
board of trade. In the early part of the session of 1866
the ministry introduced a bill for the extensioo of the
elective franchise, with which they pledged themselves
to Bland or falL In this Reform bill they proposed to
give the franchise to every dliien of a bm-ough who
occupied, as owner or tenant, a house of the clear
yearly value of seven ponnda. A long and exdted
debate followed. Although the professed Liberals
were a large majority of tie House, the bill was de-
feated by a majority of eleven, Jnne 18, 1866, and the
ministry resigned. He died Hay sS, 137S.

HuMsU, (JOHN Scott,) F.RS., a British engineer
and naval architect, was bam in the Vale of Clyde, in
Scotland, in 1808. He settled in London " -^ "
Jistinguished himself by his experiments t(

form of ships which will encounter the least

•nd adopted the theory that a ship should resemble
form a "wave of translation." The Great Eastern
constructed according to his system. Died June 8, 18I

RttMell, (Michael,) LL.D., Bishop of Glasgow, .._
able writer, bom in Edinbargb in 1781. He oecame
■ ''■ l.teith, ■

J 103

incumbent of Saint Jan

s Chapel, i

\ about 1810.

.'gl

\ brother of Alexander, noticed above.
eeeded his brother in 17J4 as physidan at Aleppo, where

he witnessed the prev^en

.e great plague of 176a

JtVST

n excellent "Treatise •:

H« published in 1791 ai
Plague." Died in iSoj.

RowmU. (Lady Rachel Wrioth«al«jr— rot'fs-le,)
bom about 1636, was a daughter of the url of Sonth-
ainpton, and one of the most lovelvand noble of womML
Her 6rst husband was Lord Vanghan. In 1669 she was
married to Lord William Russell, at whose trial she
served him as amanuensis. Her conduct on this oce*>
non eidted general admiration and sympathy. IHed
in I7>3.

BtusbU, (Thouas,) an English poet, bom at Beamin-
Iter, Dorsetshire, in 1763; died prematurely inl788. A
volume of his sonnets appeared in 1789, and waa highly
praised by Sonthey and Wordsworth.

Rtuaell, (William,) fifth Eakl, and afterwards Duke
of Bedford, born about 1614, inherited the earldom at
the death of his father, in 1641. He was an adherent
of the Parliament io the bepnningof the civil war, hot
became a royalist in 1643. He was the faiher of Lord
WilHam Russell who waa beheaded in 16S3. In 1694
he was created Duke of Bedford. Died in tyoo.

Rusaell, (William,) 1x>rd, an English paitiot, son of
the preceding, was born in 1639. He entered Parliament
in 1660, and married in 1669 the widow of Lord Vaughan,
(see Russell, Lady,) with whom be passed many happy
years. By his honourable character and high rank he
acquired great political influence, which he employed In
defence of dvil and religious liberty. He was appointed
by Charles II. a member of a new coundl of ministers
formed in 1670. In 1680 he and his friends procured
the passage of a bill for the exdusion of the Doke of
York from the throne because he was a papist The
trill was rejected by the peers. A conspiracy against the
king, called the Rye-House Plot, was formed by some
inferior partisans. This plot having been delected. Lord
Russell waa accused of complidn in it, and unjostl*
condemned to death. He was beheaded on the 33d o?

^vensach proo&of an undaunted courage and
irmness," saya Burnet, "that no man m that

ime nad so entire a credit in the nation as he had."
3h Lau) JoKK Rinnu, " Life of Winimm Lord KdocU," itiq:

'Lord R^tl'i

if the Hiitory of tha

TH

o( KuwU," ita ,

•• UonthTir Rer^' for U^'iba'

RiUMll, (Wiluam,) LLD., a British historian, bora
in the count)^ of Selkirk in 1741. He became a resident
of London in 1767, and published various works in
prose and verae. His moat popular work is a '* Histoid
of Modern Europe," (J vols., 1779-84.) Died in 1793.

Set laviHic, "Lire of WiUIim XvmU," iteii "BlK:kwDod>(
lugume" tor Julj, iSiA,

RnsBoll, (William Clark,) an English novelist,
bom in 1S44. Most of his books are sea-tales,
written with spirit and originality. " The Wreck of
the GroBvenor" is hi) best story. Died in tgil.

RnaseU. (Sir William Howard,) an Irish writer,
noted as correspondent ol the London " Times," was
born at Dublin in 1821. He accompaoied the British
array to the Crimea in 1834, and wrote letters on the
Crimean war, which attracted great attention and
were collected in two volumes, (1856.) He was
"Timea" correspondent in the American dvil war
1861, and in several later wars, and was knighted in
1895. His books include "The Adventures of Dr.
Brady," (a novel. 1868,) " A Visit to Chile," (1890,)
and "The Great War with Rnsna." Died in 1907.

Rauell of Klllowan, (Charles,) Baron, a
distinguished English jurist, was bom at Killowen,
Ireland, in 1832. He graduated at Trinity College,
Dublin, became a barrister at Lincoln's Inn in 1859,
and was attorney- general of England 1886 and 1892-
94. He was in Parliament for Dondalk 1880-85. 1°
1894 he was appointed lord chief justice of England,
and raised to the peerage as Baton Russell of Kill-
owen. Died August 10, 1900.

Rust. (GBORas,) an English divine, bom at Corn-

eas it; {ast; ^kard; gas/Vo, H,K,guttural; v,iiaial; t,lrilUd; lasi,- thai

Explanations, p. 33.)

db, Google

db,Google

RVXTON «

in i6S6t and died in 1689, leaviDg a Mm, who «m a
bmoua genecaL (S«e Galway, Eau. or.)

S« Haao. "La Ftuc* prouuuu."

ROz'toii, (GiOKaK Fkiduick,) an English traTcller,
bom in laao, became a lieutenant in the Britith army.
He wrote "AdrcttMrea in die Rock* Manntaint and
Uesko," and "LUe in the Far We*L^ Died at Saint
Looii, Missouri in 184&

Rarabroek. See Rubbuquis.

RnysbroAk, de, dfh rois'bKoolc, (Jan,) called the
Ecstatic Doctok, a Flemiah myatic and writer, born
•boot 1394; died in 13S1.

S« Bkcuhadit, "RiefaudTOaStVieasBdJan Rurrt^^«k."

r Rniodasl, r

111, (JA

I at Haarlem about 1630. Hii birth ia Tariously
dated 1635, 1630, and 1635. He was a &iend of Nicholaa
fiergbeoi, Irom whom perhaps he received insimction
in art He imitated nature with fidelity. Hit bTourite
•object* were ajrivan tcenes, cascades, and marine viewi.
Among hi* maaler-piec«» ia "The Stag-Hant," in the
gallerr of Drcaakn. Died in 1681.

Rtijtar or Rnltar, de, d«h rl't^, [Dntch pron. dfh
roi'ttr.l (MiCHAEi. Adriaanzoon.) a celebrated Dntch
kdmiral, born at Flushing in 1607. He obtained tbc
rank of rear-admiral in I045, and fonght an indecisive
battle against the English near Plymouth in 1653.

Blake. In tlw service of the King of Denmark he de-
feated the Swedes in 16(9. He uiled op the Thames
in 1667 and destroyed the sliipping at Sneemeas. In
1671 he comnianded a fleet which the combined fleets
of England and France were not able to defeat He
waa mortally wounded in a Gght againat the French
admiral Duqnesne in the Mediterranean in 1675.

Sm G. Buhdt, "Ltnn an Bsdiflf ns IL na Ruitcr," i6Sf:
Otto Klopp, "Lcben iindTtunca in Adnsnbda KuiUr," iRji;
Last, " Lcteh nn M. A. ■>■ Rnrlu," itui " Life of M. A. ^
KiTts''" Loidoa, i6>ti BiuMiit "HiiUa *« dm Adminal da
RoTUr." ■>>;.

Rnvvui, thu, vtn Toi'v^n, (Pcnx,) a Dutch bii-
toricaT painter, bora in 1650. waa a pnpil of Jordaeni.

the throne rA Delhi in 1136. On one occasion her Either
had appointed her regent during hia absence on a dia>
tani campaign. When asiied ^ hi* officera why be

EJerred his daughter toanyof ht**oaa,he replied that
older sons gave tbeoMelvea op to wine and every
■iceaa, — that she, thoagh a woman, waa better than
twenty auch ton*. At fiiat (he ruled the empire with
great prudence aa well a* ability. But her partiality to
ooe of her officera, who waa an Abyasinian, ereaUjr
offended her noblea, in conaequence of which the waa
dethroned and put to death in iS39i after a reign of only
three years and six months.

Hy'«n. (Patrick John,) a Catholic prelate, waa
bom near Thurles, Ireland, in 1831. He graduated
in theology in Cariow College, went to the United
States, became professor of English literature at the
theological seminary in St. Louis, was ordained priest
in 1853, made rector of the cathedral in 1856, and
consecialed bishop in 1871 and arcbbishop in 1SS3.
In 1884 he waa transferred from St. Louis to the see
of Philadelphia. Died in 191 1.

Ry'fn, {Stkphbn Vnaautr,) D.D., a biahop, born b
Canada, Jannarr i, 18x6. He was educated at Phila-
delphia and in Hiaaonri, and in 1S49 became a Roman
CaUioHc priest He entered the Vineentian Congtega-
tion, and waa preaideot of Saint Vincent'* College at
" t Girardeau. In iStiS he was consecrated Biahop

>S RYLAJfD

death •• the penalty ctf preaching the Protestant doc
trines. He had great influence, and restranied his peo-
ple from raah and deaperate meaanrea. Died in 1795.

Rjraant or Rloatit, relty, i (Sir Paul,) F.R.S., an
English diplomatist and historical writer, born in London,
gradnated at Cambridge in 165a He was secretary
of embassy at Constantinople from 1661 to 1669. He
published "The Present State of the Ottoman Empire,"
(1670,) a " History of the Turkish Empire from 1693
to 1677," {16S0,) and other works. In 1690 he wM
appointed resident at the Hanae Towns. Died in i7«x

Ryokaert, rik'lat, (David,) askilliil Flemish painter,
born at Antwerp in 1615. He painted interiors, bin,

istic gatherings, mnsical parties, etc Died in 1677.

Ryokuir^ (MAiTtN,) a landscape-painter, born at

ntwerp in 1591, waa the father of the preceding.

e studied in Italy, and returned to Antwerp. Di«l

R7clEe,de^df h rl'k^h, (Lat Ric'quius or Rvi/quhis,!
(JossE,) a Flemish poet and antiooary, born at Ghent in
1587. Among his works are "TWO Books of Odes,"
("Odirum Ljbtt duo," 1614,) and "On the Roman
Capital," (" De Capitolio Romano," 1617.) Died in
1647.

Rycke, veui, vln rllcf h, (Thkoimrb,) a Dntch critic,
born at Arnhem in 1640. He was professor of history
at the University of Leyden, and poblished an edition
of Tacitus, (16S7.) Died in 169a

RycquloB. See Rvckb.

RydbwK ridtjiKg, (Abraham Victor,) a Swedish
novelist and poet, bom at Jonkoping, December ig, 1839.
He graduated at the University of Lund, and became a
jonroalisL Ilia best novel is *'The Last of the Atho*
niana," (1859.) He has written works 00 chronology
and theology, and pabliahed a " HiMoty at Uagic in the
Middle Ages." Died in 1895.

Rydfr, (Albert P.,) an American painter, bom
at New Bedford, Massachusetts, Match 10, 1847. He
became distinguished as a painter of imaginative
pieces, esteemed for eicellence in sentiment and in

Rydar. (Hbnry,) D.D., an English prelate, bom
in 1777, was a younger son of the Earl of Harrowby.
He became Bishop of Lichfield and Coventry in 1824.
Died in 1S36.

Ryd«r. (John Adaus,) an American embiyo1o>
gist, bom near Loudon, Pennsylvania, in iSjz. He
became a student of science at the Academy of Nat-
uraJ Sciences of Philadelphia, was afterwards embty-
oiogist to the United Slates Fish Commission, and in
1886 was made professor of comparative embryology
at the University of Penn^Ivania. He became most
widely known through his investigations into the arti-
hcial propagation of the oyster. Died Match 26,
1895.

RydqTttt, rid'kwlat, (Johah Erik,) % Swedish
critic and writer, bom at Gothenburg in lioo. H«

rablished, besides other works, *■ The Laws of the
wedish Language," (s vols., 18^57.) Died in 1877.
Ryer, Dn. See Du Ryxb.

Ryk, rlk, (Juuu* CoNsrAirriRB,) ■ Dntch nanl
officer, born in Amsterdam in 1787. He became a
rear-admiral in 1838. minister of the marine in 1843,
and vice-admiral in 1844.

Rfl^d, (John,) an eminent English Baptist mii
ter, born at Warwick m 1753, was a son ol Re*. J

Jape Girard
)f Bofli^o.

Rybant or Rlbatit Te1>6', (Paul,) an excellent
French Protestant minister, born near Montpellier in
1718. He lived in caves and huts in the forest, where
he preached for many years while the law denounced

Heb

'. J. C.

_ ,. -.. locamo

the Broadmead Chapel, Bristol, in 1793, and
wrote a "Life of Andrew Fuller," (1816.) Died in iSas-
R^^and, UoHN,) a Baptist minister, preached at
Northampton. He wrote "The Christian Student and
Pastor," and other works, and was prindpil of an
academy at Enfield, where he died in 1793.

Rylnnd, (William Wvnkr,) an able Engliah en.
graver, bora in London in 1731, was a pupil of Le Ba%
of Paris. He waa appointed engraver to George IIL
with a pension of ;£300 per annum, and engaged m bual'
ness as a dealer in prints. He introduced the chalk at

w*; (asr; %harJ: i»»j;Q,H,^g«'l«ra.

N, iiaiai: r, trilltd; I a*

,- «h as in thit. (g^See Explanations, p. 4)

d by Google

RYLE ai

•tipple method Into EngUnd. He was coiiTlcted o4
foreery of ■ bill of jf aio on the Eatt India Company,
and was executed in 1783. He auetled liii Innocence

to the last. According to Struit, " ■"

■pected and belored *-
him,'' He excelled ~
Onrntrioed.

Ryle, ril, (John Chailxs.) D.D., an English bishop,
born in 1816. He was educated at Eton, and at Christ
Chorch, Oxford, graduating with honoun in 1S3& In 1S41
betook «dera, and in 1861 was made rector of SHadtn-olce,
canon ol Norwich, and rural dean of Home. In 18S0
he was named Dean of Salisbury, and in the same jear
was consecrated Bishop of Liverpool, Ihe first of that
title in the Anglican Charch. Bishop Ryle is celebrated
as a writer of tracts and as a Low-Church champitm.
Among hit works are " Expository Thoughts on the
Gospels, " {1856-59,) " Plain Speakma," " Bishops and
Clergy of Other Day»," (1869,) "Chuich-Reform Papers,"
(iStoO etc.

Bylejew. See RiutvKP.

Rfmer. See Hrvh.

R^mf r, (Tkouas,) an English antiquary and editor,
bom in Yorkshire in 1638 or 1639, was a son of Ralph
R^er, who was executed for insurrection in 1663. He
■ra* appointed historiographer to William III. in 1692,
with a salary of ;£300, and was charged to collect and
edit, under the auspices of Lord Somers and Mr. Mon-
tagu, the documents relating to transactions between
England and foreign powers. The first volume of this
important work, ^led " Rymer't Fadera," appeared
bi 1703, and was tbltowed by tiiteen other volnmes.
Died in 1714.

S« " NoDTElla Bio«nplii« G4ii<nl( ;" Ciuimss. " BicEnpli-

Rrsbnok. rli0>ttlk, written alio HTBbnMok, (Hi-

>6 SAADEE

CHAKL or John Mitriun,) an eminent Flemish scn][»
tor, bom at Antwerp about 1694, was a son of Peter,
noticed below. He settled in London in 1730, and soon
became the most popular or snccessfiil sculptor in Eng
land except Roubiliac Among his best works are a
monument to Sir Isaac Nqwton in Westminster Abbey,
and a monument to the Duke of Marlborough at Blen-
heim. Died io 177a

Ryabraok, Rrsbiaaok, or RyBbraAah, sonw
times written Rrsbreolita, (Pstul,) an able landscape-
painter, born at Antwerp in 1657, was the Either of the'
preceding. He imitated the styie of N. Pooisin wWi
success. He excelled in colouring and in boldneM and
freedom of touch. Died in 1716.

Ryabraeok. See Rysbxack.

Rjabrechta. See Rysbsack.

Ryabtoek. See Ruysbboek.

Ryrea, Aiz, (Bkuno,) a minister of the Anglican
Church, born in Dorseiahite, became chaplain of Uxg-
dalene College, Oxford, in 1616. He was afterwards
chaplain to Charles L, and was persecuted dorinir the
dvil war. Died in 1677.

Ryre^ (Sir Thomas,) an English dviltan, became a
Fellow of New Collie, Oxford, in 1598, and a mastef
in chancery in 1618. He sras in the avil war a xealona .
partisan of Charles I., whom he assisted in the treaty <rf
the Isle of Wight: He wrote " Ancient Naval HisKxy,"
("Historia navalis antiqQa,'^ and other works. Ehed

RMWoatd, Rxewnakr, shl-*oas^, wthtcD also
RMwleakjr, (Wxnceslas,} a Polish general and noble-
man, bom in 1705, was noted for his literary attainments.
He was imprisoned six Tears at Smolensk and Kaloua
for hi« opposition to the election of Stanislaa Poi£-
towski, in 1767. Ha wrote paeans, drama*, ate Died
ioi77».

8.

Saa, d«, di at, (Euandil,} a Porlagneae JeaaK, bom
Id ■ S30, became professor of divini^ at Rome, and was
■mployed by Pins V. to superintend s new edition of the
Vulgate. Died in 1596.

Baa da Mlratida, See Miranda.

Ba da Bandelra, de, di si dl bln-dj^-tl, (Bu-
HAKDO,) a Portuguese soldier and statesman, bom in
1796, fought against the French in the Peninsular war,
and sabeequently became a partisan of Dom Pedro. He
wss prime minister, 1865-69. Died January 6, 1S76.

Snad-ed-Doeo or Baad-Eddbi, sl'^ ed-deen',
(Uotuunmed ESendJ, mO'hlm'med ef-fen'dee,) an
eminent Turkish historian, born in 1J36, wa* educated
at the court of the Sultan Selim L He became pro-
fessor of theology and jurisprodence in the college
sttached to the mosque of Saint Sophia, and in l<73 was
appointed by Selim IL khoja or preceptor to bis son,
Amurath II L He also enjoyedthebvour of Mohammed
IIL, the successor of Amurath, and in 1598 was raised
to the disnity of grand maftL He had previously been
appointed by Amurath imperial hittonographer, — an
office aeated expressly for him. His pnnopal work,
•ntitled "The Crown of Historiea," ("T*i-al-Towl-
rikh,") ia regarded by the Turks as a model of elegance
in s^lc, and is highly commended by Sii William Jonea.
Itwai tranalatedinla ItalianbyVuicenioBratutti Died
to 1599.

Baadee, Baadl, or Bftdl, sl't-dee or sl'dee, (Una-
Ub^d-Deen,* (or -eddln,) mins'liii ed-deen',) a cele-
brated Persian poet, born at Shirti about 1184. He
early manifested a remarkable spirit of devotion, and he
la Slid to have made during hi* life no fewer than fifteen
^grimage* to Mecca, besides which he Tisited in hb

• Miullh (« HodOi) III

" psdfiator." Hvs-

travels Bagdld, Damascna, Jerusalem, Morocco, EgyM
Abysstnta, Hindoetsn, and other countries. Amoi^ bi*
other adventures, he was taken prisoner in battle with
the crusaders, by whom he was held for some time in
captivity. On his mum fi^m his extended peregiina-
tions he took np his abode in hit native dty, wher^
chiefly on account of hi* religious character, he appears
to have been regarded with the highest respect and
veneration. Princes snd nobles are taid often to have
visited him, bringing him presents. He died in 1391,
having, it it taid, attained the extraordinary age of one
hundred and seven years, or, as the Mcalem writer*
state it, of one hundred and ten (lunar) yean. After hi*
death he wa* regarded at a saint, and tradition ascribed
to him the power of working mirscles.

The works of Saadee are probably more extensively
read than those of any other Persian writer, Firdousea
(the Homer of Persia) not excepted. Hi* "Gnlistln"
(" Rose-Garden") is deaerredlj the most popular of all
hb works. It consists of ttoiies, anecdotes, and moral
observation* and reflections, parti* In proee and partly
In verse, and poaaesses, bewde* other mertta, the cbana
of andlea* variety. The religioua character of his mind
is conapicuont in bis writings ; he appears, mcowover, to
have poatetsed a kindly and humane spirit, and Ua
moral lentiinent* may be said to be for the moat part
elevated and pure, with one important exception, hia
enoatiragitig_ or conniving at deceit, which, like moat
other Asiatic*, he seems to have regarded at often a
venial &ult and sometimes as a virtue of high order.
Among Saadee's other writinga is the " Boslioi'^C Fruit-
Gsrden,") which is a reli^ous and moral poem, divided
into ten books. Saadee is greatly admired by hia ctmii-
trymen as a lyric poet.

The style of Sudee is usually dear, umple, and ani-
mated : he is sometimes eloquent and highly poeticaL

A^^fuJinV tft th^ nnlninn «f mr,wnm CQUa^nt CtltlCa, li#

Accwding to the opinitm of si

t,a.I.S,a,;,/Mitf/i,^A,same, less prolonged; l,i,I,fi, Ci,;,jAtff«; f,f, j,9,<ifowrr,' flr,ail,ai; mCl;nStigJRid: 11

Digitized by VjOOQ I C

SAADIA *i

Make* a mdre (paring nie tA hyperbole ud metaphor
than moat cither Oriental writera. Hii lang^oage, bow-
ever, differ* from that of Firdooiee in containing fewer
worda from the original Peratan, and ■ TDDch larger
admixture of Arabic terma and pbrasea.

ShL.1I. Lamol**. " Nobet lor li Vh M In OnmcH da
Sa'idr." iiboiu iSio: D'Hrnaun, " BiUicKlitqua OrfcnBli:"
Ounm, "Kornphiol Kntkaodhi P«niu PoMi i" SiLVanaa
M Sact, "Noiica;" Vw Hahhu, "Goduchu itgr ■chBDMi

SaadU, tl'dee^ (Ben Joseph,) a celebrated Jewiah
Ibeolosian and philosopher, aometiniet called Saadias-
Gaon, Dom at Fayoom, in Enpt, in 893. He wa« teacher
of the Jewish academy at Sura, and made an Arabic
translatioo of the Pentateuch. He also wrote, in Arabic,
ft trealite " On Religions and Doctrines." Died in 943.

Baas, »)s, (Team,) a French ecclesiastic and bibliogra-
pher, bom al Rouen in 1703 ; died in 1774.

Saavedra. de. See Cbrvahtss-

SuTedra. de,dl sI-vI'drI, (ANaKL,) Duke of Riiraa,
ft distinguished Spanish poet, italeaman, and soldier,
born al C6[dova in 1791. He fought against the French
at Talavera, and was severely wounded at the battle of
Ocafia, In 1S09. On the French invasion of 1S13, he
repaired to London, and subeequcntlj id Malta, where
he devoted himself (o the study of English literature.
Soon alter his retnm he was ippoinl^ t^"" "^ '^*
kingdom, and became a member of the ministry under
laturix in 1S36. He was afierwarda ambaaaador to
Naples, and oiled other important officea. Among his

Alvaro," (1835,) "La Horisca de Alajuar," a drama,
(1843,) and a hiatorv of Masanfello'a bisorrectioQ at
Haj^ Died at Madrid, June 36, 1865.

5« LomnLLow, " Poiti Hid Poatrv of Europe ;" KnnKDT,

Saaredra 7 Fajardo, (or Fucurdo,) al-vi'Dil e 9-
HaR'do, (DiaOO,] a Spanish diplomatist arid distingniahed
irriter, born in the province of Murda in 1584. He waa
sent on diplomatic missions to several courts of Germany
and Italy. Hia prindnal works are an " Idea of a Chris-
tian Prince," ("Idea de un Frindpe politico Christiano,"
' ., 1640,) consisting chiefly of a collection of political

' " ^ ' ioua critique of andent and

"Republica LJteraria," (1670.)
viea in 1040.

811^ or BIlHu^ JSMiv,] • Greek monk of high
reputation, bom in Cappadoda aboat 439 a.d. He
founded a monastery near the river Jordan. He waa an
opponent of the Monophyaites. Dted in 531 A.D.

Bab'f-09D or SaVf-Of, [Gr. lataaiv,] King of
Ethiopia, invaded Egypt, alew fioochotis, ita king, and
feigned many years over that conniry. He lived probably
about 7S0 or Soo B.C. Hi* Egyptian name is Shabak.

Babas. See Saba.

Being made prisoner by the Turks, he saved his life by
embracing Mohammedanism. Died in 1676.

Bnbatlar, sfbf t^', (ANDKi HVAaNm,] a French
lyric poet, was bom at Cavaillon in 1716; died at
Avignon in 180&

Babatlar, (Louis Augdste,) a Protestant theo-
logian, was bom at Vallon, France, in 1S39, and be-
came a professor at Slraiburg in 186S and at Paris in
187^. He wrote "L-Apfitre Paul," (1870,) " Les
originet littfraires de 1' Apocalypse," {18S8,) and
" L'fivangile de Pierre," (1893.) Died '

SabaUer, (Rafhasl Bibnvkhu,) a French suri
born in Paris in 1731, waa royal censor of the Academy
of Sdenccs, and re<^ved from Bonaparte the cross of
the legion of honour. He published several able surgical
treatise*. Died In 181 1.

BabatJer do CaatrM, sffaTt^' dfh ktstK, (An-
TOINE,) a French writer, waa born at Caatres In 1743.
He published a work entitled "The Three Age* of
French Literature," etc, (3 vote., 1 772,) in oppositton
to the doctrinea of Hdvetiua. He alto wrote "The
Heathen Age*, or Uythologfcal, Political. Uterary,

SABINIANUS

and Ge<^raphical Dictionary of Punn Aotiqal^," (3
vols., 1784,) and other work*. Died in iSty.

S« QvIbaid. " Li Fnna UDdivn;" " MonwiU* BiegnjMi

Babatinl, al-bl-lee'nee, (Fkanckco,) ■ diatinguiahed
Italian architect, bom al Palermo in 1713, was a son*
in-law of Vanvltelli, whom he asalMed in building the
palace of Caserta near Naples. He afterwards settled
at Madrid, where he built the custom-house, (AJtuma,)
the gate of Alcali, and that of San Vincente. Died

Sabbathala ZwL See Sabaiyi Sevl

Babbathl«r, sfU't^', (Francois,) a French nds-
cellaneoua writer, bom at Condom in 1735. Hit
chief work it " Dictionnaire pour I'Intelligence dea
Auteurs Grec* et Latins," (37 vols., 1766-181 j,) which '
treat* of andent history, geography, mytholof^, etc.
and presents a coj^ious analysis of the Greek and Latin
historians. Died in 1807.

Babbathlai, (Pikrui.) See Sabatieb.

Babbatiiil, slb-bl-tee'nee, ( Andkea, ) an Italian
painter, sometimes called Andbia da Salebno, bom
about i4Sc^ was a pupil of Raphael. He settled at
Naples, where several of hi* master-pieces are to be
seen. He is regarded as the best painter of the Nea-
politan school. Died in 1545.

ShLahii, "HitUtrfelViiaABt^ laltf"

Sabbatdul, (Lobbnzo,) an Italian punter, called
LoBENZA DA BoLOGNA, wa* bom in tnat d^ aboirt
1540; died in 1577.

Sabbatlnl, (P. Ludovico Antonio,) an Italian
musidan and writer of the eighteenth century, is some-
time* called Sabbatini or Padua. Died in 180^

Sa-b«11I-oiu, (Marcus Antonius Cocciua,) origin-
ally Makcantonio Coccio, (kot'cho,) an Italian hiata*
rian and scholar, bom in the Campagna di Roma in
1436. He became profeaaor of eloquence at Venice.
His prindpal work is a "History of the Republic tt
Venice," (In lAtin, 1487.) Died in 150S.

Sea VoHiT^ " Da Hiatdtidi Latinii ■" Bavls, " Hiitorical ud
Critkn] Dicdanair;" NtciaON. "tMmaiiH."

Ba-belll-oa, an African bishop or presbyter, who
lived about 350-370 A.D. and dissented irom the ortho-
dox creed in relation to the Trinity. His doctrines were
adopted by a oumeroo* aect, called Sabellians. Little is
known of nis personal history. He taught that there it
only one hyfwtam, or person, in the Divine nature.

Em SHrtH, " Dictiaaary of Gnaknid Souu BiagnfitiT."

Sf-U'na, a Roman emprea*, was married to the
emperor Hadrian about lOo A.D., and received the
title of Ai^Data, Having been ill treated by Hadiiait.
the committed snidde about 137 A.D.

BaUna, (Popr.AA.) See Popfaa.

BCblaa, (Sir Edwako,) an English general and
Fellow of the Royal Sodety, born in October, t;88,
accompanied Parrv'a expedition to the Arctic region*
in 1819. He published in the " Fhiloiopbical Tranc
action*," after ni* return, the teanlt of hia observation*
on the action of the magnetic needle. In i8)3 he made
to Africa aiuT North and South America, of
an account in his "Pendulum Ezp«.
oiaon," (1&5.) He also wrote "Reports on Munelie
and Meteorological Observation*," and other iTmilai
works. He became pretident of the Royal Socieiy in
1861. Died June 36, 1883.

Bablne, (joibpr,) an Engliah aavant, bom In 1774
waa a Fellow of the Royal Sodety, and filled the po*l
of vice-president of the Zoological Sodety, and other
important offices. Died in 1837.

Bab'Iiw, (LoKEMto,) an American writer, bom al
Lisbon, New Hampshire, Petmiary aS, 180^ He li««d
Ibr a time in Eattport, Maine, and then In Boeton. H*
wrote a " Life of FreUe," (1847J " Biographical Sketcha
of American Ltwallat^" (1847; enlarged, 1B64,) etc
Died in Boston, April 14, 1877.

B^btn-I-I'mu [Fr. Sabinien, •tl>e'neAN'J suc-
ceeded Gregon I. aa Pope of Rome in 604 A.IX He
survived bis election only dghleen monltw, and Boai-
bc«IILwai

hiX^e

U\kari; ^aj; a,i/i,ti.fiitltirai; v.nsial; ti,triiM; last; thaaluMu. ({^^See EapUnatioa*,p.>3.)

db, Google

Di uvio, ana ine auinor oi £.piaiies, or ■■ neroioes, m
replj to those of Orid. Onlr three of them are extant

Sablniu, (Caltisivs,) a Roman commander, waa an
adherent of Ckwu' in the d*il war. He obtained the
province of Africa in 4; B.C., ma consnl in 39, and
commanded the fle«t o( OctaTiiu in 38 B.C.

BmUhiu, (Cocuui M.,) a. Roman jurist, flourished in
tfae r«gn of Veapaaiui, and became consul in 69 \.D.

SatHDna, (Flavids.) a Roman general of high repu-
tation, i«u a brother of the empecor Vespasian. He held
the high office of jfrafrdia urtii from 58 to 69 A.IX
Having been taken prisoner by the loldiera of Viteltins,
he wit massacred at Rome in 69 A.D.

SablQiu, sl-bee'oAs, (Gborg,) a German scholar and
- Latin poet, whose original name was Sch0lir, (shiilf t,]
wai bom at Btandenbutg in 1508. He was a son-in-law
of Melanchthon. He became profetscr of poetry and
eloauence at Franldbrt-on-the-Oder, and in 1544 rector
of the University of Konigaberg. Among hia works we
ma; name his Latin elegies, entitled " Sabini Cannina."
Died in 1560.

S« P. Alsihu^ "Tils C. SsbliL" ,m: U. W. Hivrm,
"Bnonnniw in G. Slblinu," iSm! A. F(lnTWH«DrT. "Oxsi
Babuwt," 1I49.

Bcblnna, (Julcds,) a Gallic chieftain of the district
of the Ungones, caased himself to be proclaimed Cxsai
about 70 A.IX, and invaded the territory of the Ssqnaid
He was S[>on after arrested and pat to death by orOer ol
Vespasian.

Sabluna, (Massubius or Hasurivs.) an eminent
Roman Jurist, lived in the reigns of Tiberius and Ca-
ligula. He was a pupil a( Capito, and the founder of
a school of jurists called SabinianL He wrote an im-

Knanl treatise on dvil law, on which Pomponina,
ulus, and Ulpian wrote commeDtaries.

Sh Citimui. " Vita JariieiHiulunim /' Abhtibi, "Dt Ut-
•aria Sabino," ijil,

Bftbller, sfl^l^', (Chaujo,) a French writer, bom
In Paris in 1693. He wrote, besides several dramas,
"An Essay on Languaf^ in general, and the French
Inparticu1»r,"(i777,) Died in 1786,

Sabllira, de U. deh It arble3iii', (AtrrotNE Ram-
bonlllat — rftirTxxi'yi',) a French poet, bom aboot
161J, inherited a large fortane. ' Tie wrote a namber trf'
madrints, which were praised by Voltaire, (" Siicle de
Lonis XIV," 1751, tome iL) He died in i68a

His wife, Hadamr db la SABLifai, was celebrated
for her talents and accompllahments. She was a IHeiMl
and benebctor of La Fontaine. Died in ite],

Sabran. A*, dfh st^R&M', Conirms, a French lady,
bom in 175a Her first husbaml, H. de Sabran, tlied
when she was Toung, and in 1797 she married Stanislas

of considerable literary value.

Babtondtt. See Sebonde.

Sao'f'daa [XBudat] or Abcoi, an eminent Greek
moaidan and |Mct, lived about too B.a He excelled as
a Sute-pUyer.

aaoohettl, •Ik-ket'tee, (Franco,) an Italian Dorellat
and poet, bom at Florence about t33e, was contempo-
rary with Bo(x;acdo. Aa a novelist, he was regarded
by his countrymen as only aecond in genius to that
celebrated writer. Died in 141a

Baoobatd, (GtAHBAinn'A,) a distinguished archi-
tect, born at Turin in 173& He was patroniied by
Philip V. of Spain, who employed him to build the new
palace at Madrid. He aAerwaida became director of the
public school of architecture in that city. Died in 1764.

Saoohl, slk'kee, (Ahdrra,) an eminent Italian
painter of the Roman school, was txKn near Rome
about 159S. He was patroniied by Urban VIII., who
employed him to painl one of the great altar-pieces of
Saint Peter's. Among his other works we may name a
fresco in the Barberini palace representing "Divine
'Wisdom," eight pictures from the lile of John the
Baptist, the "Miracle of Saint Anthony," and "Saint

See Paihii, " Tilt it' Kusri :" Lum, " HiUckt al FuBtiii( ■

Baoolil, (Pixrao FRANCiacx>,) an Italian paintei,
born at Favi*. He began to work in Milan about nfio.
Many years after that date he lived at Genoa.

Satxibl, or Baochlml, sU-kee'nec, (JirvEMAt,} an
Italian writer on music, bom at Milan m 1736, was ■
monk or priest. He wrote, betides other works, an
"Euayon the Music of the Andent Greeks," (1778.)
Died in iT3g.

BaoeUnl, slk-kee'nee, (Aktohio Makta Gasparo,)
an Italian composer of great celebrity in his time, bom
at Naples in 1715, was a pupil of Durante. Among hit
best works are the operas of^'tEdipe a Colone," "Mon-
tezuma," "The Cid," and "Olympia." He passed about
eight years in England, whither he went in 1772. He
wrote with parity and elegance, and accomplished great
effects by simple means. Died in Paris in 1786.

Sea F««ii««T, "Klo(* de Sialiiiu," ij8i; F*™. "Biocruihii
UninrKUe de> Uoieieiu;- " Nnn^t mccnphu G&i«t>lt-

SaacUiii, (Francesco,) an Italian Jesnit, bom
near Perugia in 1570, was professor of rhetoric in the
Jesuits' College at Rome. He wrote a continoatioa
of Otlandino'i History of hia Order, and other woilcst
Died in 1635.

Baotiar-Uaaooh, voo. fbn •I'Sft^tiJl'soK, (Lao-
POLD,) an Austrian novelist, bom at Lember^ Januaiy

a 1836. He was educated at Lemberg, Praaue, and
atx. AiDonK his works are novels entitled A Gall-
dan Story," "Love," "Proper^," "The Law's Inherit-
ance," "The State," (the last tour formins part of the
series called "Caui's Inheritance,") "Falae Ermine,"
"The Modem Job," etc He also wrote several dramas
Though extremely unequal, Sacher-Masoch was a writer
of uncommon ability and force. He may be regarded aa
the principal spokesman of the Slavic and Anti-German
party at Vienna. Died tn 1895.

SaobavarcD, sf-shiv't-rfl, [Hei4RY,) an Englfsh
churchman, notorious as a partisan of Toryism, was bora
about 1671, and was edncated at Oxford. He was ap
ptnnted preacher at Saint StTionr's, Southwark, in 170J,
and preached in 1709 two political sermons which were
ofiensive to the ministry and the majority of ParliamenL
He was impeached for litxl by the House of Commons,
and convicted in 1710 by the peers, who sentenced him
to snspenuon from the ministry for three years. Tha
clergy and country squires siraipathiied with him as the
champion of the Church. The eidtement occasioned
by his trial contributed to the defeat of the Whigs in the
next general election, and to the removal of Godolphin
and his colleague* from power, (tyio.) Queen Anna
rewarded him with the valuable rectory of Saint An-
drew's, Holbom, in 1713. Died in 1714.

Bacha. See Hans Sachs.

Baolis, VOD. (Julius,) a German boiani&i, bom at
Breslau in 1832. He became professor of botany at
Freiburg in 1S67 and at WUriburg in 1S6S, and made
many important experiments on tbe inSuence of light
and heat on plants, etc. Died in 1897.

Baohaan, tod, (Moriti.) See Saxe, (Hermami
Haubice.)

Baohtlaran, slxt-U'vf n, or Zaobtleran, iJEt-li'-
vfn, (Cornelis,) a Dutch painter, born at Rotterdam
in )6o6 or 1612- His subjects are generally taken from
low life, and painted in the style of Branwer and Teniera.
Died in iSSj.

Bachtleren, (HaRUAN,) a Dutch lanilscape-painier
of great merit, born at Rotterdam in 1609, was a duih]
of f van Goyen. He painted many scenes on the Rhuia
and Meuse. Died in 1685.

Bad See Limaistre dr Sacl

Back, sU, (Fribdrich Samuel Gottfried,) a G«i^
man theologian, bom at Magdeburg in 1738, was tha
anthor of a treatiae " On the Union of the Two Plot-

db,Google

SACK 91

^incipal part of Blair's "SenDOiw" into Gennan. Died
Id 1817.

Saok, (JouANN AuovsT,) an able Pnuuin idminii-
trator, bom at Cleves in 1764. He waa appoinled in
iSoo privy conndllor of finance at Berliti, fOirrfiium-
ratk, J anain 1S13 became dvil governor of all the country
between the Elbe and the Oder. Died in 1831.

Back, (Karl Heinsich,) ■ aon of Friednch Samuel
Gottfried, noticed aboTe, waa born at Berlin in 179a
He became profeuor of theology it Bonn in 1813, utd
published leieral Iheological woika. Died in 1875.

Sackbom. See Sauus, (CHKinvrK.)

Sacken. See Ostin-Sackin.

SacliTlUe, (Charlxs.) See Doeset, Eau. or.

Baclcvllls, (Edwabd.) See Douet, Eau, or.

Baok'TlIla, ( George, ) Viscount, called Lord
Gkokgx Gebmain, son of the Dake of Donet, was bom
m 1716L He aerred in the Seven Years' war, and at
the battle of Minden, in 1759, commanded the British
forces nnder Prince Ferdinand of Branawick. Having
dltobcyed the prince's order*, he was tried in EnaUnd
bv a court-martial and dismiased the aervice. Under
George IIL he became in t77( secretair of itate for
the coloniei. In thi> capacity he directed the militatr
operations in the American war. Havir^ inherited
the estates of Lady Germain, he asaimied that name in
1770. Died in 1785.

5« R. CvummiMia, "ChancMrgf Lad O. Ottawa," it»t.

Saoro-Boaoo. See Molwood.

B«oy, d«, dfh sfse', {Airroina Isaac Silvxctre,)
Bakom, oftoi called simply Silvrstki di Sacv, an
eminent French Orientalist, bom in Paris on the aist
of September, 1758. He was a son of J. Abraham Sil-
vestre, a notary. After he had become a good classical
scholar, he Itadied Hebrew, Syriac, Chaldee, Arabic,
and Persian. He was also versed In German, English.
Italian, and Spanish. In 17S5 he was adtnitted into
the Academy of Inscriptions, and wrote a "Memoir on
the History of the Arabs before Mohammed." He con-
tributed to the Academy four able " Memoirs on Divers
Antiquities of Feriia," printed in 179J. He was ap-
pointed pro ressor of Arabic in a school founded at Pans
In 1795. In 1799 he pablished his " Principles of Gen-
eral Giammar," which is one of his best works. He
became professor of Persian in the College of Prance
In 1806, and published in the same year a work called
" Chreslomathie Arabe," consisting of extracts from
Arabian authors, with French versions and notes. He
wrote many articles for the " Biographie Universelle"
and the " Journal Asiatique.'' In the reign of Louis
XVIIL he was a member of the council of public in-
struction. S. de Sacy and Abel R^musal founded the
Asiatic Society in 1813. He became a member of the
Chamber of Peers in 1831, and perpetual secretary of
the Academy of Inscriptions in 1833. Among his works
•re an Arabic Grammar, (iSlo.) and " Pend-Nameh,"
Id Persian and French, (1819.) Died in February, 1838.

Sea KuNAdD, " Notice hiHoHquc eI litl^niiE nr Silnttn da
Sacf," ttlS; Daufou. " Cloce da Silw
-"- "^ — -■-^- 'HatnitT' "Foreii

nlla Bininphie G^ninlc;'

a Quanarlr Rtviaw"

B«07, de, d;h sfse', (LotJts,) a French advocate and
Uttiraitur, born in 1654, was a member of the French
Academy. He pablished * " Treatise on Friendshii .
and translated some works of Pliny the Voangei. Died
In 1737-

BooT, da^ [Lotris Isaac.) See Lehaictrx.

Brot, da, (Samuel Ustaza Silvestrx,) a French
journalist, a son of the eminent Orientalist, was born
Paris in iSoi. He was one of the principal contributors
tDthe "Journal des D<!bats." In tSu he was elected
Uie French Academy. It is sUled that from 1&18
1848 he furnished two-thirds of the political articles <
the "Journal des Dibata." Died February 14, 1879.

Bade, da, d«h sId, (Donatien Alphonsk Francois,)
Marquis, a profligate French novelist, a nephew of the
following, was bom in Paris in 1740; died in 1S14.

Bada, de^ (Jacquis Francois Paul Alfbohsi,)

o be a work of much merit Died

,) See Ckandieu.
Badaler, sl'dfh-lfr, (Giles,) a Flemish engraver
jrn at Antwerp in 1570, was a brother or nephew of
Jean, noticed below. He engraved after the Italian
masters. Among his works are "Vestiges of Romat
Antiquities-'' Ened in 1639. He is said to have bees
the best engraver of the bmily.

Sadeler, (Jean,) an able Flemish engraver and
designer, bom at Brussels in 155a He studied and
worked In Italy, and engraved many works of Italian
masters. Among his prints are scriptural subjects, por.
trii^, and landscapes. He died at Venice about 1601

Badalar, (Raphabl,) a skiilul Flemish engraver,
brother of the preceding, wss bom in ij;; ; died
in ifit&
Sa da Mlrasda. See Hieahda.

adL See Saadee.
dOfr, (Anthony,) an English divine, bom m Wm-
•hire, became chaplain to Cbwies II. He published a
number of sermons, and a work entitled a "Divine
""asque." Died in i68a

BadlsT, UoHN,) an English writer, bom in Shropshire

1615. He published " Rights of the Kingdom, or
Customs of our Ancestors." Died in 1674.

>adl«r, (Michael Thomas,) an English phllanthro-
and statesman, bom in Derbyshire in 178CX He
. .._ twice elected to Parliament for Newark-upon-Ttent,
and in 1831 represented Aldborough, in Yorkshire. He
laboured earnestly to improve the condition of the poof
and of the children employed in lactories. He wrote a
work entitled " Ireland : its Evils and their Remedies,"
and "The Law of Population." Died in 1S35.

S» -MaiKc^ of ttH Ub of M. T, Sadlar," ibii "Blscfc.
mod's Uaoiioa" fci FubrnDV, iSji : " Hnjttaiii nd Sadtar," ia
■iH " Quncrl* Kariaw" to April, 11)1 1 " Fmaa's lUt^^J' fa
Stpleniber. \%n.

Badler, (Sir Ralfr,) was bom in Middlesex, Eng-
land, in Ijoy. At sn early age he obtained the notice
and patronage cA Henry VIII., who employed him In
varlouB important missions. For his courage at the
battle of Pinkie he was made knight-banneret on the
field. After the accession of Elisabeth he became a
member of her first Parliament, and. on the imprison-
ment of Mary Queen of Scola at Tuttmry, wasappointed
her keeper. He died in 1587. His " State Papers and
Letters," edited by Arthur Clifford, appeared in 1S09.

S«e Sra WAL-rm Scdtt, UiKaUunnis Pniac Worka ; Frodds.
" Hiitorj of Eaclud ;" Bubtoh. " Hihiht of Sortlaiid ;" " BdiB-
bofih llaTiaw"lir Aofiial, iBis.

Sadlar, (William Windham,) an English aeronaut
and chemist, who crossed the Irish Channel from Dub-
lin to Wales, and made manv other voyages of the kluL
He was subsequentlv killed by a lall from his balloon, in
1814, at the age of al>oul twcnty-eighL

Badllar, afele-l', ? (Mary Anne,) a writer of fiction,
whose original name was Madden, was born in the
county of Cavan, Ireland, in iSao. Having emigrated
to Canada, she married a Mr. Sadlier, and published a
number of tales in favour of Catholicism.

Sa'doo or Zfi'dok, a learned Jew, who lived about
150 B.C., was the disciple of Antigonus Sochieus, and
became the principal founder of the sect of Sadduceca.

Badolet. See Sadoleto.

Sadoleto, sl-do-li'to, or BadolettL sl-do-Iel'tee,
(Fr. Sadolbt, sfdoHi',] (Jacopo,) an eminent Italian
writer and cardinal, bom at MAdena in 1477, was a friend
of Bembo. He became secretary to Leo X. about 1514,
and was appointed Bishop of Carpentras in 1517. He was
employed as secretary by Clement VH., and was made a
cardinal by Paul III. about 1536, after which he passed
the most of his time at Rome. In 1541 he was sent as
ambassador to Francis I. of France. He is represented
as a man of noble character, pious, modest, and liberal.
Among his principal works are a treatise on education,
entitled " De Liberia recti Instituendis," (1533.) "On
the Merits of Philosophy," {" Phadms, sive de LJiudibos
PhilosophifB," 1538,) and " Latin Poems," (1548.) Died
at Rome in tu?. "There were two," says Hallam,
"Bembo and Sadolet, who had by common conlession
reached a copsnmmate elegance of style, in comparison

IS 4; C as >; X hard; ^ as/; o, H, X,pMinii; H, natot; R, tHlted; 1 as t; Ih a> in Mt. (|^See Eiplanationa, p. q.)

Digitized ay CjOOQ IC

db,Google

SAINTAMAND ai

Saint Am'fnd, (Jambs,) ui Engliih tdiolar, made
ft Taluable collection of Imoki and mannacripta, which
U hiB death, in 1754, he bequeathed to the Bodleian

Salnt-Aioaiu, de, dfh ■iK'tl'niAN', (Jkaw Flo-
RIMOND BOUDON,) ■ French aatiqaarr >nd naturalist,
WM born at Agen In IT48. He published numeious
trealnet on agncallure, Dotvijp, and antiquities. Died
tn 1831.

Sh QoAuid, ** La FmiM UtUnln."

Balnt-Amant ilN'tf m&N', (Marc Antoihk G1-

odea, idyls, satiies, etc. Died to 1661.

S« "NooKUa Kocnphii GfntniK"

Saint-Ajnonr, sitj'tjfmooR', (Louis,) a doctor of
Aieologj of the Sorbonne, and a distinguished advocate
of Jansenism, was born fo Paiis in 1619; died in 1687.

Balnt-AmouT, d«, d;h slN'lf idoor', (Guillaume,)
a French philosopher and theoloaiin, bom at Saint-
Amour, in Franche-Comti. He became professor of
philosophy in Paris, and rector of the University. His
name is chiefly memorable on account of the prominent
part he performed in defending the privileges of the
University against (he Dominicans, who were bvoured
by the pope. He was the author of a work entitled
"Perils of the Latter "nmes," ("De Periculis novissi-
mornm Temporum.") Died in 1271.

S(i DariM, "Hincua da Cwlnneiui daiu \» trBiito>t

BAlnt-AndrA, (Jean Bon.) See Jkan Bok Saint-

BEdnt-Andri, de, df h siM'tfiH'dRi', (Jacques d'Al-
bon — dtl'bAK',) Marshal, a French commander, who
aniled with ihe Due de Guise and Constable Mont-
morency to form a triumvirate against the Huguenots.
He was killed in battle in the civiT war in 1561.

Bnint-AiiB*, da, dfh liH'tSKzh', (Anoe FsANgaia
FAaiAll,) a French poet, born at Blois in 1747. He
produced a French version of Ovid's " Metamorphoses,"
{1778-89,) which was received with bvoor. He trans-
lated other poems of Ovid, and was admitted to th^
French Academy in iSia Died in Paris in i8ia

Sm "NauitUe Biognphit Gjntnlc."

Salnt-Aznaud. See Lsroy de Saint-Aknaud.

Saint-Anbla, siit'tff'biN', (Jean.) a phjrsidan of
Meti, assisted Foes in his translation of Hippocrates,
and wrote a work on tbe plastie. Died In 1597.

Balnt-Anblii, de^ dfh siN'19'biN', (Augu^tin,) a
French engraver, bom in Paris in 173& He engraved
fine portruts and ngnettes ibr books. His works are
extremely nnmeiont. Died in 1S07.

Salat^Anbtn, da, (Chaklei Germaih,) a des^er
and engraver, bom in Paris in 1731, was a brother of
the preceding. Died in 1786.

Balnt-AtiDln, de, (GABBist Jacques,) a painter and
engraver, born in Paris in 1734, was a brother of the
preceding. Died in 1780.

Balnt-Aabtn, de, (Jbak,) a French Jesuit, bom in
1587, wrote a "History of the City of Lyons, Ancient
and Modem." Died in l66a

SKlnt-Bris. See Lambket, de, (Henrl)

Sklnb-CIiamaiu, da, dfh slx'sht'm&K', (Auguste,)
Viscount, a French Jurist and statesman, born in P^rl-
Bord in 1777, pabliahed several political and miscel-
laneotu works. Died December 7, i860.

Balnt-CUlT, sqnt klir or sinHdair, (Aetkue,) a f[en-
etal, bom in Edinburgh in 1735. He became a dliien
<rf Pennsylvania, and served ss brigadier-general at the
battle* (d Trenton and Princeton, In the winter of 1776
-77. He was appcnnted a major-general in Febniarj,
1777, elected a member of Congress in 17SJ, and Presi-
dent of CoivgresB in 1787. In 1789 he was appointed
Governor ot Ohia He commanded an army which
was sent against the Hismi Indians, and was dcfealed
In Ohio, near die Miami River, with heavy loss, in No-
vember, 1791. He ceased to be Governor of Ohio in
iSoa. Died in igiS.

Sof llw "Kulaiii] Portnil-OiiIlaTaf Dicdncidabtd AmariEU^'

*l»i!fm;iiarJ; i*»f;a,a,li,giaiira/; «,iiaial; t,traitd; I

1 1 SAINTE- CLAIR E-DE VILLB

■alnt Claix, tlnlil^, (George,) an Engll^ aotbor
bora ir London, April 9, 1S36. He becanu a popular
lecturer on science, and studied, 1S60-64, in Regent's
Park College, after which he was ordained s Baptist
minister. Among his works are " Darwinism and De-
sign" and "Our Earthly House and ita Builder." The
position of Mr. Saint Clair is that of an orthodox
Christian evolndonist

Balnt-ClcMt, da, dfh siN^losf, or Baint-OIoiid,
de, dfh slN'kloo', (PsRROsor Pibrbs,) a French writer
of the thirteenth century, whose principal work is an
allegorical poem entitled *' The Romance of the Fox."

EMlnt'CTTBii. See Ditveegie*.

Ssinta-Aulaire, da, d^h slN'tSllR', (CAue Joseth
de Beaupail — d^h bo'pwU',) Count, s French royal-
ist, bom about 1743, served against France during and
after the Revolution, and attained the rank of lientenant-
geneial in 1814. Died in 1821.

Salnta-Aaudre, de, (Francis Joseph de Beai;-
poiL,] Marquis, a French poet and member of the
French Academy, bom in the Limousin in 1643. He
wrote madrigals and amatory verses. Died in 1743.

Bainta'Aolaire, da, (Louis Ciair de Beaijpoil,)
CoMTE, a French writer and diplomatist, bom in P^ci-
gord in 177S. He was a member of the Chamber of
Deputies ftom 1818 to 1814, entered the Chamber of
Peers about 1S30, and was sent as ambassador to Vienna
in 1833. In 1841 he was elected a member of the
French Academy. He was minister at London ftom
1841 10 1847. His chief work is a " History of the
Fronde," (3 vols., 1817.) Died in 1S54.

S«DiBAKArfTa,"£liide*hutDriqiieiBtUoenphiqiiEL"

Balnte-Aulaire, de, (Martiai. Louis db Beav-
roiLi) a French prelate, born in 1720, became Bishop of
Poitiers, and was a deputy of the clergy from Poilou to
the Sutes-General in 1789. Died in 179S.

Btdnta-BenTa, slNt'buv', (Charles Augvstin,)
one of the most eminent of French critics, was born at
Boulogne-snr-Mer on the Z3d of December, 1S04. Hewsa
educated in several colleges of Paris, and stufUed medi-
cine, which he practised several years. He was succes-
sively a contributor to (he " Globe," the " Revue des Deni
Mondes," and the " National." He published in 1818 his
" Historical and Critical Piclnre of French Poetry and the
French Theatre in the Sixteenth Century," and in i8m

E«ms entitled " Life, Poetry, and Thoughts of Joseph
clorme:." His other prindpal works are "Consola-
tions," s collection of poems, (1830^) "Uterary Por-
traits," (g vols., 1S13-39,) a series of criticisms which
first appeared in the reviews, an excellent " History
of Port-Royal," (4 vols., [840-^) and a series of able
critiques entitled " Causeries du Londi," (13 vols., 1851-
57,) which first appeared in the " Constitutionnel." He
was admitted into the French Academy in 1S45. In
1853 he was appointed professor of Latin poetry in the
Collie of France, and in 1837 nuiUre da tei^fraiat
fai the Normal SchooL In 1&55 he was raised lo the
dignity of a senator. Among liis (fther works are "£luda
sni Virgile," (1 vols., 1857,] and "Nouveaux Londis,"
(lS6r) Died in October, 1S69.

"The peculiarity and excellence of his critidsm is
its disinterestedness, its singnlai power of appreciating
whatever may be good in the most opposite schools,
and its wonderfiil faculty for penetrating into the secret*
of the most strangely diflerenl natures. And now, if we
turn from the man's works to the man himself, we see
great natural power, a mind ori^nally oliable, subtle,
and comprehensive to the very highest degree, curious
and penetrative, impartial to a fault." (" Qoarlerly
Review" for January, 1S66.)

Sec L. H Loutoia. " H. SuDta-BgoTa, par n HoonH ila
Rien," 1S41 ; pLAHCHa, "Partnlti Hn^nimi" "NanvcIIa Ko-
(lapliia CMn^nJe."

Balnta-BenTa, (Jacques,) a French casuist, bom in
Paris in 1S13. He was professor of theology in the
Sorbonne from 1643 to 1G54. Died in 1677.

Salute -Clalra-DevUla, slNt'kljR^ d(h-vtl'.

tsinCUf. l|ar~See Explanations, p. •].)

D.gtoed.y Google

SAINTE- CLAIR B-DE VILLE > 1 1 3

SAINT' GERMAN

BalDte-aialrs-DeyOls, {Hknbi.) m Frencli cbemltt,
brother of Ihe preceding, wa« bom at Sunt Thomw in
1818. He stuoied in France, and in iS;t lucceeded
Balard as profenor of chemiitrf in the Noimal School.
He ii chiefly distinguished for having invented a
■nethnd of produdng in consideraUe quontitiet the
tnela] aluminum, fint discovered by WShler in 1^7.
He published an account of hia eiprriments in the "An-
nales de Chimie el de Phvsiqne." Died July 9, 1881.

SalntD-Crolx da dfh slNtTuiwJ', (GuiLLAUm
Emanvkl Josifh OuUhBin da ClarmoDt-IiOdinra —
gelCn' d?h kliR'aifiK' lo'div*,) Baron, a French and-
quarr and acholar, born at Mormoiroa in 1746L He

Kublished, besides other works, "Historical Researches
ito Ihe Mysteries of Paganism," {17S4,} and a "Critical
Examination of the Historians of Alexander the Great,"
(1S04.) which are praised by ^Ivestie de Sacy. He was
a member of the Institute. Died in 1809^

Sec DAcna, "KIdec &t SiinUi-Crabi ;" SiLvamia Da Sikcv,
"Nolicf lurli Via ciTh Osvtuh it M. An Samle-Crgu." tfat:
"Ncni'ilie BioKTiphie G^ii«nl>.'^

Balnto-Bdme, slu'ttdm', [properly Edue TkIo-
DORB Bouts — booit,) a French polidcal writer and
Uographer, bom in Paris in 17S5. He wrote against
Ihe Bourbons and Ij^uis Philippe. In conjunction
with Sarrut, he published " Bic«raphy of living Men,"
("Biogtaphie des Hommes du Jour," 6 vols., 1835-43.)
He committed suidde in Paris in 185Z.

See QuiaAiD. " La Fiuiee Lillinin."

Salnta-HIma, slu'tClm', (Ida,) a French coariesan,
whose real name was Elzkuha Toutoi Vanavi. dk
VoncH, was bom in i;78l She was the author of
"Memoirs of a Contemporary, or Recollections of the
Principal Personages ot the Republic, the Consulate,
the Empire, and the Restoration," (g vols., 1S17.) Died
In 1845.

Balnta-Fol, slNf fivi', (Eloi Toukdan,] a Fretidi
theologian, born at Beanfort in 1806, pnbli^ed sertnl
religious worlia. Died at Paris, November 90, >86i.

Bklnta-BfulA, slNfmfre', (Stiemhi,) a French
physician, born near Lyons in 1777, published several
mMical works. Died in iSm.

Snlnto-MMtlie, da, deh siiff mtRt', (Abbl,) ■ French
lawyer and Latin poet, born at Loudun in 1566^ was
a son of Scivole, noticed below. He was appointed a
councillor of state by Louis XHL Died in 1652.

Satuta-Uarthe, de, (Abel Loais,) a French theo-
logian, born in Paris in i63i, was a son of Sc^ole the
Younger. He became general of the Oratory in 1673.
He wrote a work entitled "The Christian World,"
(''OrbisChristianas,"9 vols., manuscript.) Diedinifigy.

S« Niatimi, "UJmnm."

BalntfrJUartlia, ds, (Charlbs,) a French poet, bom
a( Fontevrautt He taught Hebrew and Greek al Lyons,
afler he had been imprisoned two years on suspicion of
being a Lutheran. Died after 1561.

Salnta-UartJiB, de, (Dinis,) a theologian, bom In
Paris in i6;a He published, besidei other works,
"Gallia Chnstiana," (4 vols., i7ij-aS.) Died in 17*5.

5«e Moitai. " Diaionixire Hnionque."

Salote-UarUi*, detlLat. Sammartha'nus,] (Sci-
VOU or Gaucher,) a French writer and Latin poet,
bom at Loudun in 1536, was a nephew of Charles. He
held several high offices under Henry III. and Henry
IV., and was an opponent of the League. He wrote
"Piedotrophia," ana other Latin poems, whjch were
BDCh admired. Died in 1613.

See La Ri

"Vie de S^inW-HKthB," i6b; L1oi>
le Saiule-Uanhe." iSj]: "Nouveile
Biosntphie G^o^rala-"

SHiuM-Martlia, d«, (SctvoLS and Louis,) twin
brothers, bom at Loudun in 1571, were sons of the pre-
ceding. They produced an account of French bishops,
entitled "Gallia Christiana," (4 vols., 1656L] Sc^vole
died in 1650 \ Louis died in 1656.

See NiciKM, •'Vitaaxt^"

Balnto-Uanre, See MoNTAUsm, (Dtrc I>K)

Balnte-FoUye, da, d^h slNf ptll', (Jeah Bai^sti
DK Lacukni,] a (Usdnguisbed writer, and a member of
the French Academy, was born at Auxerre in 1697. He

■,>,^&>.T.'bY.'i,i.A,same, less prolonged; i,i,I, A, 0,]^, j,W«;f, f, j,«iiAKifrv;nr,ail,flt)mlt;DftigttdiiBM

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

published "Hemoit* of Andeul Cbivalrr," (j volt.
'7S9-^'t) <*hich was translated into English, and col-
lected materials for a "History of the Troabadoort,"
which was published by Mtllot, (1774.) EMed in 17S1.

See Siomn, "Elwe de LKume dc SuBM-Palan" \*t
"Nouvell* Biocnpfaie (Mnjnle."

Salnta-SnsBime, de, d^h slM'sS'itn', (^unr
Joseph Martin Bmnataan — bRttn'ty,) Cohti, 1
French general, born near Poivre (Aube) in 17601 He
became a genenU of division in 1796, and count In tSon
Died in i&x

Salnt-SUeniM. See Rajiaut.

Saint-Brs, slN'tiv', (Jeak Marib,) a tkilfid French
engraver, born in Lyons in iSio- Hairing gained (t>
grand prise In 1S40, he went to Rome with a pensic^
and engraved some works of Raphael, Andrea del Saito.
and Ary Scheffer. Died in 1S56.

Baint-l^vrenioiid. See SvRRWONa

Balnt-FoTgean. Sec Lb PEmriRR.

Balnt-FAIU. da. dfh alN'A'lfcks'. (Jm^) cdW
also FAlix d'Amorrux, a French poet and novAit
bom at VAs in i3o6. Died at Paris, May 38, 1874,

Balnt-Foiz, de^ d^h sltr'fwi', (Germain FiAitgon
PODIXAIH,) a French lOtlraitm; bom at Rennes, in
Brittany, in 1698, was the author of "Turkish Letters,"
(l730>) liid several dramas and other works. He was I
bmons duellist. Died in 1776.

See DnxcFinuT, "Aiic*^ S^l-roii,'' 1777 1 " tf mdle Bit
fnphie CMd^iI*."

Baint-Fond. See Faujas db Saint-Fond,

Baint-OaadailB, (Auoustits,) an American
sculptor, bom at Dublin, Ireland, In 1S48. He came
young to New York, and opened a studio there in 1871,
af^er studying in Paris and Rome. His works include
" Hiawslhs," "The Puritan," statues of Admiral Psr-
raeul and Abraham Lincoln, etc Died in 1907.

Balnt-Oalaia, da, dfh slN'ihfh-li', (MEixni,) a
French ecclesiastic, bom at An^oulSme in 149), pub-
lished a number of poems In Latin and French. Died
in 155S. He was a nephew (or, as some aay, a son) of
Octavien, noticed below.

See NiciioM. "U^nunnt;" Castauns, "Notia hi let Siiit
Geliii." iBj6.

Baint-OalalB, de, (Octaviih,) a French poet aad

E relate, bom at Cognac in 1466. He was appdnted
ishop of Angoulfme in 1494. His principal work Is
"The Abode of Honour," ("Le S^jour d'Honncnr.")
Died in IJ03.

Baint-Oenlte, slK'difh-n£:^', (Jean,) a Frenck
scholar and Latin poet, wa* t>arn at Avignon In 1607.
He wrote elegies, idyls, and satires, (1654,) which an
commended. Died in 1663.

Balut-Qaorgaa, slN'ihoRsh', (N.,) CnrAUBt, s
composer and violinist, born at Guadeloupe in I745>
His mother was a midatto. He was an expert fenoet
He composed several operas. Died in Paris in 179^

Salmt-Oaor^aa, da, (Jdlu Hunti Vbbnov,) s
French drsmaust, bom in Paris in 1801, published nnmet-
OUB dramatic works and romances. Died Dec 13, 187^

Salot-Oannalii, stir'zhiR'mlN', Count, a notorima
adventurer, sometimes called THS Uakquis db Betuar,
is supposed (o have been a Portuguese. About 1770
he appeared at the Parisian court, where he made a
great sensation by his various accomplish nwnts and
pretended skill in alchemy. He professed to be tbres
hundred and fifty years old, and to possess tbe dixir of
life and the philosopher's stone. Died in 1795.

Sa* "thchHchUn tcu Onbn SaiBI-GemuuB," ifBo.

Salut-Oennalii. de, d«h sln'ahiE'miN', (Cutuv
Lftins,) CoMTi, a French general, bom near LoDs4e-
Saulnier In I7a7, He served as general in the Sena
Years' war, (I75f-ti3,) and afterwards passed several
years in the Danish service, in which he obtained the
rank of field-marshal. He became minister of war is
France in 1773, and made important reform* In that

■ ' Heresignedin 1777. Died in 1778.

LA MoHTiUim. "U^maim ia CeBla de SeiM-
Bnifraphia Gtetai)*;'' Sonant,

department

SAINT-HAOUEN

Salnt-Haoawi, eiN'JI'wfiN', (Yvu HAKtaGABun.
Piuss I«a(Mt— tf h-ko'f,) Bakon, born in Brittany in
(756, enteied the nkvy » >n e*il<r >«, and Krred ^^ainll
the English in seTcral campaigni 01 the ReTolntlon. He
«aa mue an officer of the legion of honour in \ia^ and
•nfaMquentljr ■ rear-admiraL Died In iS>6.

Salnt-Hualt*. See Gboftkov SAiNT-HitjUB&

Saliit^HUalra,ilN'teiaR',(jEAN Hinu.) aometiinca
called Jauui Saimt-Hilahi, a Ftench botanist, bom
at Grasse in 1772. A genus or composite plants was
mined Jaumea in his honoar. Died in 1845.

Salnt-HiUlra. (JULU BAaTHlLucv.) See Bak-thI-

Saint-HUair*, de, d;h slN'teHlK', (Ancun-E.) a
French nataralist, born at Orleans in I77<h (BOinc author-
ities aaj 1799.) spent six jevs in a botanical exploration
of Braiil, to which he irent in 1S16. His principal
works are his " Flora Biaailie Meridional is," (tSaSi
with 193 coloured plates,) "Trarels in Iho Provinces
of Rio Janeiro and Minas Geraes," (1830J " History of
the Mo«t Remarkabla Plants of Brazil and Paraguay,"
"lonntej'tothe Diamond District of Braiil," (1833.) and
"Lectures on Botany," {"Le;ons de Sotanique.'' 184I.)
He became a member of the Itulitute in i830. Died
in 1853.

Sh " HoanUi BiacnpUs G4d<i*1«.''

SRlnt-BUalTo^ d^ (CMrLB Makc Hilaikk,) some-
dmea called Maico db Saiht-Hilaiu, a French
niMt, bom about 1790, became at an early age one
erf the pages of the emperor Napoleon. He published
■■ Recollections of the Private life of Napoleon," (iSig,)

Italy, and in the principal Austrian campaigns. He died
of a wound received at Essling in 1S09.

BalDtaabertl, tlN'Att'biR'ie', (Ahhi AirroiNKm
Clavcl,) a bvoorite French acness, bom about 175&

HycoliithehslN'te't'BlNf , (HvACIirruc Cor-

16S4. He wrote, besides other works, a satire called
"The Master-Piece of an Unknown Author," {"Le
Chef-d'(£uTre d'nn Inconnu," 1714.) He was a Prot-
estant, and an adversary of Voltaire; Died in 1746.
~ -- -■G<i<nk;--Ulf.HAAa."UPnB(s

SalnUntt, alN'tin', (Ike aammed name of JoavB
Xav»r Bonlfnoe,) a dtotiMniished French writer, bom
In Paris in 1798. He pubtished drsmaa, poems, and
romances, a collection of philosophical stones, entitled
Monathan the Visionary," (1837,) and "Hislory of the
Wars in Italy." His most popular work is the tale of
" Rcdola," which received the Montyon prise in 1837.
patsed through ten editions in eight years, and was trans-
utad into seversl langusxra. Died January 31, 186c.

Balnt-jTM or Ba&t-TTMk Av'xW, (Charle^ an
eminent French oculist, born near Rocroy in 1667. His
principal work, entitled "New Treatise on Diseases of
the Eye," (173a,) was translated into English and Ger-
man. Died in 1733.

Salat-Jaoqnea de 8ylTab«Ue, de, d^ ■ln'zblk'
d^h sirvfbtl', (GuiLWUMt,) a French savant, and
director of the oDMrvatory at Marseilles, was bom in
: dty in )73x He published numerous treatisct on

painter, bom at Lyons in 1S08 ; died July 3, l86a
Sklat Jolin. See Bounchrore.
Balnt John, popularly called tin'f«n, (Batlk,) loa

13 SATNT-JUST

of James Aogostu*, noticed below, was bom In London
in i83x. He published, amonr other wcnrks, "Adven-
tores in the Libyan Desert," " Tht, Subalplne Kli^dom,"
" Purple Tints of Paris," and " The Turks in Borope,"
(1853.) Diedini8s9.

Balut Jobn, (HoRAO Roscoi,) a son cf J. A. Saint
John, was bom in Norrasndy, July t, 1833. He wrote
a "History of British Conquests in India," (1S53,) "His-
lorr of the Indian Archipelago," (1853,) a "Ule sA
Columbus," etc Died Febmary 39. iStk His wife, a
grand-daughter o[ the historian William Rtiacoe, wa*
also a writer of aome distinction.

about the beginiiiiig of the nineteenth century.
for a time associated with J. S. Buckingham as editor
of the "Oriental Herald," for which he wrote a history
of British dominion in India. Having visited Egypt
Malta, and Italy, he published in 1834 a "Description
of Egypt and Nubia." He wrote seversl other
works, including " History of the Manners and Cus-
toms o( the Ancient Greeks," (3 vols., 1841,) and
two novels. Died in 1E75.

Balnt Jobn, (John Fiekce,) an American publi-
dst, was bora at Brookvllte, Indiana, in 1S33. He
took part in the civil war, becoming colonel, settled
in Kansas, was Slate senator 1873-74, Governor of
Kansas 1S79-S3, and candidate of the Prohibition
party for President 1884.

Baint Johih (Olivxr,) an Engluh judge and re-

fiublican, bom in Bedfordshire about 1596, was an able
awyer. He was elected to Parliament about 1628, and
became a leader of the cooolry party. He was counsel
for Hampden in the Ship-monev case, (1637,) and then
" delivered the finest argument that had ever been heard
in Westininster Hall." (Lord Campbell.) In 1640 he
became a member of the Long Parliament. According
to Lord Campbell, "he was the first Englishman that
seriously planned the establishment of a republican form
of government in this country." He was appointed
(didtor -general in 1641, and was inftuenlial in ptocnrilg
the condemnation of tne Earl of Strafford. In 1648 he
became chief justice of the common pleas. He retained
that position till the restoration, (i66a) He was an.
ptrinted a member of Cromwell's House of Lords In
1657. Hlslifewassparedat
that he should ne
Clarendon says " . .

dark and cloaded countenance, very proud, and c
verting with very lew." He was a great-grandbther «f
Henry Saint John, Lord Bolingbroke.

Sh LoanCAiiriau, "Lira of tin OuaT JvidtM," *^l-
Balnt Jolm, (Putcy Bounbbrokk,) an English
writer, a son ofj. A. Saint John, already noticed, was bora
at Plymouth, March 4, 1831. He travelled extenilvetj
in various parts of the world, served In the Texan navy
and army, and dien became a writer by profession.
Among ^^ very numerous books are many novels, talM

Crusoe," etc Di«i in 1889.

Balnt John, (Sir Sprnsu,) an English sutbor, a
brother of P. R Saint John, was born in London, De>
cember33,i8i& He served in Borneo as a secretary to
the Rajah Brooke, and then as British consul -general,
and afterwards was sent successively a* British minister
to Hayli and to Peru, in 18S4 lo Mexico, and in 1893
to Stockholm. His principal works are a " Life of
Sir James Brooke," " Life in the Forests o[ the Far
East," and " Hayti, the Black Republic."

Balnt-Jtillien, slN'ihUlgAii', (BartkAlrmi SidU
Barom, a French diplomatisf; was patronized by Fran-
cis I., who employed him in several embassies^ Died
in 1597.

BaintJiiat. See Fretbad.

Balut-Jnat, fie, d(h slN'ibHsl', (Aittoinr Louh
LioN,) a French revolutionist, born at Dedxe in 1767
or 1768, was an intimate friend of Robespierre, through
whose influence lie became a member of tbe Natioas]

iai;t—j;g4afrf/|aa/;Q,H.K,/»fl>»fw/;M,i»g«/,-R.fr»fW,-lass; tbasinrftfc (U

« Exph

p. 33.'

dbyGoogle

SAINT-JUST

SAINT-MARTIif

Conventioo la 1799. H« voted Ibrlhe daith of the king
■Itbont dclij or ippMl to the poople, and dlatinguiBhed
himaclf u odb of the most Tiolcol of the jMoUn party.
He hid a prominent put in the down&U of the Giron-
dist*, and, icamember of the committM of pnUic tafety,
wai Mnt with Lebaa to the Rhine, where he cacabliihed
the nlllotine and pot to death great nnmbeia of the
pteople. Appomled pteddent of the ConrentioD in 1794,
be contributed miinlv to the defeat of Dantoo'a partf,
and became, with RoDeaptene and Coathon, one of the
trimivinle of the reign of terror. He waa involved
in the rain of Robeapierre and Iiia aaiociatei, with whom
be waa encnted in Jnlf, 1794. He left a namber of
political worlta.

Sw Pumr. -S*fait-JiiM m Ii Tonw," ■ nk., iRji: K. Ha-
im, "HiMoin da Snl-JoR," iln: 'nnn*, " HlMorr tX At
Pnadi RmlatluD;" LAiumin. ^HHIsty^ Iba Gimfnai"
" NonnUa Biofnphia GJn^nl*."

H«lnt-jTiati da, (C. Godaid d'Anooor— dJfkooK',)
Bahok, a French diimatiil, bom Id Parii in 1769, waa
the antbOT of tragediei, comediea, and comic operaa.
Among the laal-named the "Caliph of Bagdad" waa
verr locceaafiil. Died in 1S36.

B«dot4«mbert do, dfh •iMn&H'baii', <CiUkLU
FSAHgois,) Hakquii^ a French poet and infidel pbi-
loiiopher, bom at V^ieliae, In Lomine, in 1716 or
1717. He waa a contrlbntor to the " EnCTClopMie,''
and an Intimate friend of Voltaire, who commenda hb
poema In extravagant termi. The prindpal of thee^
entitled "Tbe Seaaona," (1769,) procnred Ibr Um ad<
miaaion to the French Academy. He af"" --■-"-'---■
"Unlveraal Catechism," (179S,) and other
woriu. Died in 1803.

Sh PovUAicn, " Saini-LiiDbcit/' T(«a ; QnfaAui, " Id Fnaa
Utl^niTai" ■' Noanib Blufiaphie GfalnK."

Balnt-LBTtraut s&irlS'rSii', (Kokbkr, nAN^ii',)
a French diamatiit, pnbliibed a nnmber of popniar
vandeviilea. Died in 1833.

Balnt IiAgar, often pronounced lilll-ifr or aillln-jfr,
(Barkv,) a British soldier, who entered tne aimjr in 175&
He served at Lonlsburg in i^;8, and waa with Wolie at

Suebec He co-operated with Buigovne In the State
New VmIi in 1777, haviDg the local rank of a briga-
dier. Died in 1780.

Balnt-Ei^Kler, de, dfh tliTlk'idi^', (Jian Giokoki
Lauiknt,) a French tUthaOitr, bom In the latter part
of the eighteenth oentnry.

Balat XiKMiarda, afnt ItnVdi, [Edwasd Buktih-
■HAwSuGDUt,)BAKON,anEngliahjariatandsUtesman,
bom In London la 17S1. He became a member of Par-
liament for Weymouth in 1818, and in 1819 waa appointed
solidtor-general under the Dnlie of Wellington, and made
a knight He waa lord chancellor of Ireland from 1841 to
1846, and in tSSi waa created a peer and lord chancellor
of England. Among hi* prindpal woriu are "Practical
rreatueon Powers,* (iSoS,)" A Series of Letters to a
Man of Property on Sales, Pnrchasea, Mortgages," etc.,
(1809,) and "Treatise on the Law of Property a* admln<
istered in the House of Lords," (1849) Died in 1875.

Balnt-IiM^ de, Ducbessil See Hoitehu Bkav-

Balot-Lo, d«, d(h sliHo', (Alkxis,) a French Ca-

Eliaabeth, and held other Important office*. Died about

iS6c,
Balat I«ttl«. See Lotrii IX. of Fkahcc
Baint-Zino, da, d^h alN^iik', (Fkanqois d'Estuiat,)

a French soldier of the sixteenth c«ntary, was appCMnted

grand master of artillei^ by Henry IV. He was killed

nhal, son of the preceding, waa born aboot 1580.

died In 1644.

BalntJiuro, da. dfh altt'mtsk', (Craxui Huoinu
LxrXBVKi,) a French writer, bora in Paris in 169S. His
prindpal work la a "Chronological Abridgment of tbe

History of Italy from &« DownM of the WeatecB
Empbe," (6 vol*., I76i-7a) Died in 1769.

Salat-Marade. (JuK Paul Andk* daa Baalii*—
di rt'dlM',) HAMfDis, a French lyric and diauatic poe^
bora in tlie province of Guieone la lyaSL Hi* open
of "Adilc de Ponthien" met with brilliant MMceet, nrf
was set to music by KcdnL Died in 1818.

Baim-Bbre-Olnwdln, alN'mtak'ahe'rtK'diii', a
French writer and statesman, bom in Paris in iBot. Ha

of Lettera about 183a and was appointed i
public Instrnction In 184S. He pnblnhed " A Coarse of
Dramatic Literature," (1S43,) " Essaya on Literature and
Morals," {1844,) and other woriM, and contriboted to
the "Joamal des IMbais" and the "Revoe dei Detut
Uondes." He was elected to the French Academy in
1844. Died April I, 1S73.

Salnt-Maroaati^ d^ dfh slx'mla'afi', (Rntt,) (in
fiill, CHAaLBi RiNi de Faol da SaintJIaroaaax) a
French sculptor, bom M Rheim* in Septembet, 1845.
He was a pupil of the ficole de* Beau-Art*, and of

Ugh rank among recent ai
"- slN'mtxa^iN', (Jban Vicrot,) a
er ananafrattwr, bora in 1791, served in tha
ip^gn of 1813. He fell in a duel in 1S19.
-' See RtMOifD DK Saint-Mauil

Touflroy,

Clatania da Coortlru,] Makchionkss, a French
novelist, known in literature as Thb Countiss Dask.
She was born at Poitiers, August a, 1804, of * noble
£unily. She married verv young, and rererae* of fbrtwne
compiled her to tn a lileraiy life. She produced an
enormon* ntunber 01 romances, mostly tale* of high Ufa
or of French hjuory. She poeaesied an easy and gracdnl
style. Died In Paris, September ti, 1873.

Balnt-Maiawi. de, dfh slH'mfta's&n', [AMTODia
Maui Phiuppb Aainatl— fze'nf re',] Makquh, bora
at Turin in 1^1, was appointed by Napoleon in l8og
minister - plenipotentiary to Berlin, and was wtbae-
quently minister of war under Victor EmanaeL Died
in 1818.

Balnb-HarUii, ON'mfe'tlN', fANTOim Jsan,) a
French Orientalist, bora in Paris m lyoi, waa a diadpte
of Siivestre de Sacy, through whoee influence he becaine
in i8ao a member of tbe Academv of Inscriptiona. H*
was afterwards assoditcd with Abel lUmusat aa editor
of tbe absolntisl loimial " LIJniveraeL" He waa'tht
author of several historical worics, and published a
good edition of Lebean'a " HiMoiie du Bas-Empire,"
(21 vols., 1824-36,) Died in 1832.

Baint-Mnrtln, (Jian Baptists Posinato,) an
Italian savant, bora in the province of Treviso in 1739,
published a number of treatises oo agricutture and
natural science. Died in 1800.

Balnt-Maitln, (Vivikn,) a French geographer,
bom in i8oa. He wrote various worts on geogra|Ay,
was editor of the " Annie Geographique," ( 1863-73,)
end of the " Nouveau DieUonnsire de Geographic
Univeraelle," (1876-96.) Died in 1897.

SalBt-Sbutin, do, dfh siN'mtK'lta', (Jean DiDm,)
a French missionary to China, boro in Paria in 174^
tranalated into Chinese the ** Imitation of Christ," and
other works. Died in 1801.

Salnt-Martlii, da^ (Lorn* CLAims,) Mar<}iti>, a
French mystic, sometime* called "the Unknown Rii-
Io«>pher," (" Le Philosophe Inconnu,") waa bom at Am-
bdse in 1743. He was a warm admirer of the writinp
of Jacob Bohme, a number of which he tranalated inb>
French. Among Saint- Marti n'a prindpal worka arc Ui
treatise "On Errors and on Truth," (1775.) "Natural
View of the Relations which exist between God, Man

a GncB, "Nt

■iRDirVtaM

prindpal work ia a "Chronological Abridgment of the -s™i-Maitw.l»i-aui»n>B«n«MB,-iBM.

l,tl,J^i.J,JiiV;i.^^t»»e.lewP'ol™Bedii.«,I,B.l.fc««»*;fcf,i,fl,***n«w;(lr,flUI,ftti»*tin4tiga8dfni<fc;

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

SAINT-MARTIN

«iiS

SAINT'PSIMST

■■Int-Martlii da la Uotta, de^ dfh dM'intK'tlM'
U/b It mot, (FCux,) Coun, ■ PiedntontMe Jorut and
Mdaitlift, born at Tnriii, wu created b]r Nap(de<xi -
rnaot and Knalor. Died in 181&

Balnt-ManK See Durst dk Saint-Haitb.

Balnt-MBUiiOi^ de, dfh tlN ' mS'itn', (Cbakus
R. E.,) ■ French hlatorian and noveliat, born abont 1796.
AjooDg hi* work* i* a " HUtoir of the Cniudet," (I&H-)

BadntJUtanite. d*, deh ■lii'inO'rtn', (J>an,) a
French iurist, born at DUe about 1495, becanw pro-
faaor of law in hia natlTc dt;. Ued in 1555.

B«ltit-Mot7«, Aa, dgh aic'ino're', ?(ETtBMini Bon
wviofVUlait— booiah'irtM' ve'lllR',) Coin^
French writer, bom in Parla in 1771, pnbliahed aeteral
poUtlcil and miacellaneoiH worka. Died in 1817.

BalntJron, da. d«h •In'qAn', (Juh Claddb Ri-
CBAMS,) Abb^ a French amatenr artitt, bom to Paria
ia 1797. He pnbUabed In 1781 "Vofage pittorMave
de Naples et de Sidle," hi 5 Ttda., lUoatrated with 6m
Mpamga. Died in 1791

Baint-Olon. See Pm

BaintOTin
-*he'yo',rbon

work* and poem* on Tanoni tnajccm.
daoghter of Madame de Gomoi, also
writer. Died in 1718.

" , deb aln-tooa', (Ji .. _

at Genera abont 17561 died In 1809.

Salnt>Par4, da, dfb ■iN'ola', (Rbkbs Nicolm
Blotaana — rfn Uo'dk',) Abbb, bora near liege
'34, atndied in Paiia, where be waa amKunted hon-
oraiT canon. He wrote a number of religioB* worka.
Died in 1S94,

Saint Paul, (the Apoatle.) See Paul, (Saint.}

Saint-Panl, da. See Saiht-Pol, dl

Salnt-Patil, da, d^h ■In'pSl', (Fram^ou Paul Bak-
Lnn,) a French acholar, bom in Paiit lo 1734, became

fiobi^o^ of hellu-lettTea at SwoTi^ in Spain, in iTVa
e wa* the anthor of leTenl edncattoaal worki. Died

I Pibkrx,)

in 1734, *1

Balnt-Ptrain, day dfh ata'pf tIn', (Dbhh Sanouik,)
a Frendi poet, bom in Paria, wai a prieat or abb& Hi*
work* ar« chieflj aonncta, Bpi*tlc*, and epigram*. Died

Salnt^aiavl, d& d; b *iN'ptb-rr*e', (J>an Nico-
la* Hakcblun GuiKtNBAV,) a French poet and nu-
callaneoos writer, bom at JanvUle fa 1733 ; died in 1789.

Saiut-Poni, do, deh •iN'pCBn', (Butkand,) a
Ftvnch aoldier, born m Brittany, wa* a friend and
companian-in-anna of the &mona Da Gueadia. He
Itred about i33»-£Oi.

Balnt-Pani, day (Judu Vincknt,) Hakquii^
frendi lieutenant-Rooal, bom fa 1G94, terved in Fu
der* oodcr HaraharSaie,«nd*ub*eqiientl]rm tlwSevea
Vcara' war. Died to 1761.

Baint PUUpk Uabquu OF. SeeBAOCALASTSAmu.

BalntPlana, da^ deb ■tit'pjjiK', (Crarus IkA*
R<K CASm,) a French writer and pneit, bora near
Barfleur, la Normandy, fa 1658^ waa a friend of Fon*
lenelle. He wa* eccentric and eminentlr benerotent.
It It *aid that he wa* the first who u*ed the word Mm.
fyUoHttt ("beneficence.'^ In 1695 be wa* admitted into
the Frencn Academy. He wrote a Damtwr ti worlu on
pcriitica, morality, and political economy. Hi* bTovrhe
\obby wai a project to maintain peqietual peaca by

'olyrraodle," {1718,) be

- T- )■ J- ROBMOBO BB-
f the opinion that ■* he waa an honour to hi* ige
and to hi* *pecie*.'' Died m 1743.

Sh D'AtBMMBT, "fkif* ia rAbH d* 3*iii»-FW

AUBn,"RtMad'uUaiaaMd*Bi*ii,aaVMiili]MM,

dal'MU da Mm-Kstl" xni; Gonn,"iaim r U ^la di
I-AIM ia Saafittn'' ,Uj: Pniran^Pujuiou " £(
rAbW ■ - ■ - ^ -- -1. . _

^'k^T'' 1

t, dot (EtrsTACHi,) a noble dtiien td
Calaia, who, aa Froistart relate*, when that dty wa*
beaieMd by Edward UL at England, ofiered hinuelf

Balnt-Plana. da, (Jacqok* Hmu 1
bla'ntK''dt)(',) a celelavted French writer, wa* bom al
Havre on the igth of January, 1737. Having finithMl
hi* atodica with diatinction at the College of Ronen, ha
entered the army aa a aiilitary engineer, bnt lie waa wiob
after diimiaaed Uie lerTlce for an act of inaubordinatia&
He BubMquently went to Ruaiia, where he remainad
ibuT yBar*. employed aa an engineer. Haring returaed
to France in 1766, be obtatoed acommiaiion a*en|^nBer
for the I*]e of France. After a reeidenoe of three yeais
m thai country, he let out to 1771 for Park, wtiere b*
reaolved to devote liinuelf to literature, and formed aa
intimacy with Rouateau and other dt*tugai*hed wiiiers
of the time. He pnblitbed in 1773 hu "Voyup to
the Isle of France,'' etc., and in int4 hi* "Studio* of
Nature," which waa very bvonntdy received. It wa*
followed in 1788 by the charming tale of "Paul and
Virginia," which pai*ed rapidly throngh nnmBron* adi-
lion* and wa* tranalated into the pnndpal Uiwowea
of Europe Among hia other work* bib "Tbe DmSbb
' - Solitary," {-Lea Vmuz d'un SoUtaire," 1789,}

' *■ """ " 'i79i,)"Harmoni**af Nitnre,'

— ___j — .... ...oMcan." Satot-Herre enjoyed

the patronage of Loola XVL, Toaeph Bonaparte, and
the emperor Napoleon. He diea in January, 1814. Ha
ii r^arded aa otte of the beat proae writera of Prance^
and hia " Paul and Virginia" ia pronoonoed by a Fren^
critic not only the tlii^-tmtmm of the author, but oa*
of the ekt/i-i'mmm irf the language. H« married a
danghter of Pierre F. Didot, book-puUiaher of hrl*,
and tiad two children, named Paul and Virginie.

S« LoDB AiKB-MArRK, "Ti« i» Btreutfa da Sain

pctfiiud n Ua cgnclcu work*, 11 tbIi., itir-n. iIk, "

aor la Via da B. da Sahii-Piam," ilii j Fat», =^Iliio da & 4*
Siiii-n*n&" 1S16: SAiim-BiVTB. "PonniB Unjnina:" A.
Flbobt, " Via da BanurdiB da Samt-Karr^" iSu : " MoovaUa
Btcpibhia Gfa^nla}" "Nnrib Amaiku R(ri»r^<lbr Jalr, ibi,
Ov aIU Knanr ij •■ Uoallilir Rtnaw" tat Fabniif]> udHudi

Salst-Pol, do. See Luxbmbouko, di, (Louts,)

BBlst-Fol,de. dfh atN'poI', (Antoini MohtbbtoiiP
a French marahal of the atiteenth century, wa* an ad-
herent of the (Sniaei, and took an active part in Aa
wara of the League. He wa* trcacberously Baaa*ain-
Bted by the Ehike of Guiie, son of Henry of Lorraine,
about 1594.

Baint-Pol or Balnt-Paol, d^ (Fkanqois da Boitr.
boa-ToDddina — d(h booK'b&K' vftN'dOm',) Comt^ b
French soldier, bom ia Picardy ia 1491, waa a friend of
the Count of Angoidtme, aftBrwardi Franda L, wbooi
he accompanied in hi* prindpal military expedition*.
Died in i MJ-

Balnt-Fra*t or Salat-Prtt^ da, df h ■iN'pti', (Jium
Yves,) a Freach jnriit, waa director of the poTit

jemy founded at Paria in 1710 1^ H. de Torn.
4e Kir the pupila of thia inatitution a "Hi

^iatory

of the TreatiB* made between the Difierent European
Power*, from the Reign of Henry IV, to the Peace of
Nymwegen, to 167^" Died to vna.

Solut-Moat, da. df h On']; te^f , (Alsx ts.) Coum,
a [Splomatist and HotraUnr, of French extraction, bora
at Saint Peterabnrg in i8oj, wa* a nephew of GnillanmB
Emmanuel, noticed below. He wa* auccBBrivBly French
— t j._ .. ..___!i n_^ — . ._. ^ , „ 1^

... , oFaU

of the Teaniti to the EightBeoth Century," (1844,) "Hi*-
tory o( the Coaqnest u Naple* hj Charlea of Anjou,"
(I&I7,) wbkh procured him admWon to the Frendi
Academy to 1849, and "Diplomatic and Literary
Stndle*,* {1850.) Died BtUoooow in 1851.

Saa Da BuuwTB. "H«6« aar H. la Coaia A. d« SatM-PifaaL"

Balnt-FilaBt do, (Emhahuil Lotti* Uaui Oat

noticed below. He fboght in the Rnaiian army at Ana-
tBTliti and Lutzen. He became French ambaiatdor at
Berlin in i83«, and wa« minister at Madrid from 1837
to 1831. Died October 37, 1881.

Sh Da BAiAMTC. " Ctudca hiiiorigeaa al biognnhiqiiaa ;" " No*
•alia Bu«npUa OlalnU"

Balnt-Prtaat do, (Fban^u Emmandu,) Cokt^ a

«a«it,- faar; fiiarJ: %t»J;a,n.'K,ftMmvl: n,Katal; t,triatd; tat; •baatoMw- (|V~S«*

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SAINT-SIMON ai

b« woAi of the kind. An abridged English venion was

pnblkhed b; Bayle Saint John in 1857. Died in 1755.

ShA. LartTu-FDirTAUi, "DiKoan nrli Vi( tt InCEgna

it S»ini-Siiiion," iSji; SAiimi-8nn™, 'CuicriEailuLiiiidii" V.

TiaHBLAV, " Biofraiiia duDucdaSuat-SiiiKiD,"iSn: "Nosnlla
BisciphiE Gtn^ralc;" *' FonigD QuirUrly Ririn" fH Juuafy.
■>ji: Fthu'i UiiiiiiuH"fc« MoTunbcr, As)-

Salnt-Slman, da, {Maxiuilibn Hxnri,) Marqdis,
a French litUraitur, bom about 1730, wu a brother of
CliMlea Francois, Bishop of Agde:. He puUiahed sev-
eial hiitorical woiks, and translated Pope's " Essay on
Han." Died neai Utrecht in 1799.

Salnt-BorlliL See Dbhauts di Saint-Soruh.

Balnt-Unln, do, df h slx'tttB'tiN', <MAUt,) a French
phyiidan and medical *ri(er, born at Cbartras in 17631
aied in iSiS.

Salnt-Venmat, do^ d;h six'Tfh-n&H', Madahb, a
French novelist, bom in the eighteenth century; died
iniSi5.

Salnt-Tletor, d«, d^h siN'vtk'toK', (Jacques Bm.
lAMIM BiHtSB,) CoHTK, » French BOfrateur, born In
ITT*. He pnblislwd Taiiooi work* in prose and verse,
and translated the Odes of Anacreon into verse, (iSio.)
Died In iSfS.

Balnt-viotor, da, (PAtiL,t Count, a French author
■nd crhic^ bora in Paris in 1&17. He was educated at
Freiburg and at Rome. He early acquired a high repu-
tation as a dramatic critic and stylist. He pabtished
" Hommes et Dieux," (1867,] " Les Femmes de Goethe,"
(tS6)h) and " Les deux Masaoes," a history of the stage,
jvoL i^ i8Sa) He ww a brillianl writer, bnt wu deficient
in brMdth of view and in knowledge of his sabieca.
Died in 1S81.

Balnt-Vlotor, da^ (WALm,) a mystic and scholastic
philosopher and theologian, who taught at the abbey of
Skint- Victor, in Paris, near the end of the eleventh o
tury- He was the immediate successor of Rickakd

dislectidans. These three teachers and their foliowers
are known as " the Victorines."

Balnt-Vmoeaitda, dfh sAh'vIn'sAn', (Alsxandks
Jdlis Ahtoihb VKaxim--$SxhM',) bod of the following,
was bom at Aix in 1750. He made lorn additions to
the valuable collection of medal* formed try hi* Gitber,
and wrote namcroua treatises on nuniisnuUic* and the
andeM moauments of France. Died in tSi^

Balnt-Tfuoana, da, (Julu Fkancoh Paul F
aii,) a French antiquary, bora at Aix in 171S, publis
several treatises on numismatici. Died in ino-
Bmlnt Vinoeat, Eakl or. See JuViS. (John.)
Balnt-Tiaoent, sIn'vIn'sAh', (GiiaooKy,liB Flemish
MaAematiciin, bom at Bruges In 1584, waa a pupil of
CUvio*. Hts^'OpusaeomeiricumQuadTatuneCirculi,"
Mu (1647) ia highly commended by Ifontncla. Died in
1667.

Salnta'blii-y, (Gbobgb Edwabd Batbuan,) an
English author, bom at Southampton in 1S45, and
educated at King's College, London, and Merton
College, Oxford. He became professor of English
literature at Edinburgh in 1S95, after gaining a high
reputation as a critical writer. Among his works are
"Histoff of Eliiabethan Literature," (1887,) "Es-
says on French Novelists," (1891,) "The Flourishing
of Romance and Rise of Allegory," (1897,) etc.

BalWBti •t'sfi (Emilb Eduond,) a French philo-
•ophical srriter, bom at Montpsllier in t8i4. He became
in 1856 professor of the history of philosophy at tha
Sorbonne. Among his principal works is a complete
history of skepticbm, entitled "iCn^sidime," (1840;)
he also contriboted to the " Dictioonure des Sciences
philoBOphiques" and to other periodicals a nnmber ol
pbilMophical essay* of great merit Died in 1863.

SawwnU. d«, d«h Mis'vtt', (Ci.audk Loins,) Mak-
QUIS, boin in 17S4, attained the rank of mar^hal-ide-
camp in the French army. He wrote a number of
treatise* an politics and finance; Died about >8ao.

Salaaj, s^'se', (Jian Antoihe,) a French surgeon
and anatomist, born near GtHM^ in Provence, in 1756;
died in 1832.

17 SAL A DIN

SaivX, written slso Sholva, the name applied by
the Hindoos to the worshippers of Siva, whidi see.

8aix;dti,diisi, (Lu. Saxa'nus,! (AwToiNB,)aFrench
ecclesiastic, bom st Bourg in 151$, wrote seveial (••
ligious and moral works. Died about 1579^

aBkat&yana, si-kf-tl']^-nf, a ver^ andent Sanscrit
grammarian, quoted by PSnini. His writings are believed
to be lost. Another grammarian of this name was a
Jain, cf lather recent but uncertain date. Hi* writings

mythology, was the daughter of the sage Viswimitr^
(q> T.,) and of Menaka, a waler-nymph or Apsaia, |q. v^
She became the wife of DushvanU, (q. v.,) and molhui
of the great Bhlrata. (See HahXbhXkata.) Her ro-
mantic story, dramatised by the poet Ktlidt**, (q. v.,) ia
perhaps the finest product of Hindoo geniu*. [Saa
ttanslatloo by ProL Monier Williams.)

J^ AT 7/ or .Jff-(A^ T"/, written also .y/* C7/ [modem
Hindoo pron. stik'tee or ihuk'iee,] a Sanscrit word de-
noting " power" or " energy," ofien applied in the Hindoo
mythology to the wives or consorts of the chief deities j
or, to *pe>k more dcGnitelyi the power of each of tba
mile deities waa supposed tobe personified in hit contort

Bakja Mtml or BaJcya Bingba. See GAin'AMA.

Bala, sill, (Angiolo,) an Italian chemist, bora H
Vicenza, flonriahed about 1610-40. He lived in Holland
from 1613 (o 1617, removed to Hamburg about ifiao^

Bala, [George Ain;uSTUS,) an English lia/ratttir.

travel, including " Rome and
Venice," C'*69>) "America Revisited," (18S3,)
" Right around the Worid," (1888,) etc. His latest
works were "Things I have Seen," (1894,) and
" Life and Adventures," (1S9J.) Died December 8,
1895.

Bala, (NiccoiA) >n Italian composer and writer oa
music, born at Naples about 1701. He produced " Re-
golc del Contrapnnto pratico," (1794-) Died in 1800.

Bala, (Vftau,) an Itali«n painter, bom near Cano la
1803 ; died in 1S35.

SaUb«ri7, do, dfh ttirbt're', (Ckablu Haui
dTnunbany — de'rCn^'rc',) Coutb, a French roy-
alist, bora In Paris in 1766, became a member of tH
Chamber of Deputies in 1815. He was afterwards aa-
sodated with Ch&leaubriand a* editor of the " Cooter-
valeur." He published several political and historical
works, and was a contributor to the "Bic^apU*
Univertelle." Died in 1847.

Bil'f-din, [ Fr. pron. sfirdiN',] the common Encliah
and French form of Balali-ad-Daaii or Salali-tt

»Sb(,) a &mout SultMi of Egypt, bora at the c
Tekrit, on the Tigrit, in 1 137, was a son of Aiyooo, a
Koord, who had a high rank in the army of Koor-ed-
Deen, In 1 16S he became vioer of Egypt, then under
Noor-ed-Deen. Saladtn. however, refused to obey him,
and assumed the sovereigu power. After the death of
Noor-ed-Deen, |i»7J.} he made hJmaelf master of Soath-
_» c-ria. His ambitious effbrii to extend bis canqootts
irooght him into collision with the Christian* of
_ . . Jae, irtMND he defeated in the great battle of Tlbo-
tiaa or HitMn itt July, I1S7. Jerusalem surrendered to

tt:lMard;^atj;<i,a,%,piltKrat;v,tuuaIi%,triatd:l»at:Aaii^tku, (j^-SeeEiplanationa,p.33.)

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SALADIN

^■din b October of the tai
piwreit wu urcated by (he u
fedV RIchud I. of Englan '

w Tear. His victoriooi

UM of the third cruwde,

^ „ ind Philip Aoguslu* of

France. Thecnisaden commenced in 1189 tbe memo-
rable (iege of Acre, which wu defended by Saladtn widi
neat Talour, bat wai lalien m July, 1191. He exdted
Uie admiration even of his enemies by his chivalrous
■pirit and maimanimity. In September, 1193, Saladin
and Richard Coaur dc Lion suspended hostilitie* by a
trace of three years. The former remained master of
Jeraaalem. He treated with homanity the numerous
Christian prisoners that fell into his power. He died at
DamMcos in March, 1193, leaving three or more sons,
unoi^ whcMQ his vast dominions were divided.

S« ASDOUU)*, "LiEtafSilJidiii;"BoiiADIi<, " SaluGni ^u M

"Nodn nr Is Vie di SiluUu," iSit; A. Schvltdh. "SdidiBt
Vta,"irM;Win, ■'G™chiehMil«rCli»liftii."»til. iii. ; MicM*on,
■' HlM«T of lb* CnHdn ;" " Nounlla Biognplut GAuJnle."

Saladln or 8al«h-ed-D«Ml H, Saltan of Aleppo
born in 11S9, was a great-Krandson of the precedino.
His dominions were invaded by the Moneois, who took
Aleppo in 1160. Saladin was killed by Hoolagoo, tbe
chief of the Mongols, in 1161.

SBladln, anrdlN', (Jean BAmsra Michkl,) a
French lawyer, waa a member of the Convenlian, (179I'
aj,) and opposed the ezcessea of the Jacobins. Died
m 1813.

BmlAdln, (NI03LA3 Josbfh,} a French mathematician,
bom at La Bass^ in 1743. He became profEStor of
mathematics and physics at Doaai in 1791. Died in

iSuJlno.

._ _ See Saiadin.

SaladlatUL See Saiadin.

aalogny, do^ dfh sfltn'ye', (Giomoi,) a French
Jnritt, born in 13161 died in 1374.

SaIata-«d-I>aMi, (cv ••ddln.) See Saiadin.

Sklal, sl-ll', or BalalDO, a-U'no, (Andua.) an
Italian painter, of remarkable personal beaaty, was bom
U Milan aboat 1475. He wsa a popU of Leonardo da
Vkd, whom be £requently served as a model. H« pro-
duced several sdmired works in the style of Da Viiui.

8aaVA*Aai,"Iinioftha Puatm;" Lakh, "HiMonPt'hiBi-

Salainuioa, sl-ll-mln'kl, (Antonio,) an Italian
dealer in prints, floorished at Rome about 1540-50. He
published many engravings, and <s supposed to have

MohamiiMd,) an Arab poet, bom at Bagdtd
died in tooi.

Balunon, do^ dqh itlS'mAN', (Louis StnttiM Jo-
■BTH FoNCKOsl,] a French eccl«dastic, bom M '*

traa in 1759, was appointed Blsbop irf Belley
and of Sunt>F]our m iSst. Died in 18*9.

in 1817,

. I-lftn'daee, (Pkixiqiino,) an Italian poet,
it R^^o in 17*3, He wrote sonncta and other
short poems, the style of which is said to b« pure and
dqrant Diedh)I77i.

flalaa, sllli, (Guooiig I-XtNCisco,) a Spanish pas-
toral poet, born in Eitremadnra in 1740; died In 180S.

BUK^ slllt, (Jakqb,) a German philosopher and
Catholic priest, bom at Abbtsgmthid In 1766. He be-
came pr^essor of moral phUosophv M Landshut in
1S07, and paUished numerotis wwks on philoaophy,
laychology, etc Died in 1851.

B*I«t st-Uf , (Don TosA,] a Spanish Jurist and writtr,
bom at Ccrvera m 1761 ; died about 1838.

8«]«Tm«, snr*(1', (Jun BAmtn,) a French
writer, bom at Saint-Uger in 1755, paUisbed an
"Essay on Duelling," and several political worka.
Died in <83S.

Balaaa, d^ di sl-11'thl, (CAmtO Lets,] historiogra-
pher of Charles II. of Spain, lived about 1680. He
pabliahed, among other works, a "Genealogical Hiatory
of the House of Silva," (16S5.)

Balaaar, d*. See MsNixnA, di, (Pkdio.)

Saluu ▼ Tom*, de, di a-ll-thU' e tor'rls, (Ao-
OtrsTiN,) a Spanish poet, born at Soria in 1642. He
wrote comedies, one of which is entided "Segvnda
CclestinB,'' and lyric pocnu. Died in 1675.

d marshal, was bom at Arinbaga about 1791. Ha
. ^randson of tbe &noas Marquis de Pomhal. In
1835 he was appconted minister of Ibreien aSaiia, and
■nbaeqnently minister of war under Dom PedroL After
tbe breaking out of the insurrection at Oporto^ he
became conjointly with Palmella commander-in-chief
of the constitutional armv. With the assistance of tba
Duke of Terceira, he gamed several victories over tbe
Miguelists in 1833. He was prime minister Ertmi 1851
to Tune, 1856, and sfter 1870. Diedini876.

Sulden, gal'den, [LbL Salde'nds,] (Willem,) a
Dutch theologian, was H native of UtiediL Hepublished
a number of learned worksinLatinand Dutch. D. 1694.

Saldsn^ won, fon sU'dSiUL (Fukduch CuKUrorii,)
a Prussian general and akjlful tactician, bom in 1719,
served in the Seven Years' war. He published "In-
iaxXrj Tactics," and other military works. Died in 1785.

Bilo, (Giobci,) an English Orientalist, bom in 1680.
His principal work is an excellent English translation
of the Koran, (1734,) with explanalon' note* bva tha

ost approved commentatora. He also contributed U
le "Universal History^ edited by Swinton and othera,
id to the "General Jjictionary" published in Liaidan

1734- Died in 1736.

B«leh (Sir Robut Hkkrv,) an eminent British g:ene-
ral, bom in 1781. He became a captain in 1B06, and ft
major in 1813. After he had served many years in India,
he gained distinction in the A^hao war, which bmn
about 183^ and became a major-general in 184CX H«
commanded the army which stormed the Khoord Cabool
Pass in 18411 and defended Jelalabad in s long si^e,
from November, 18^1, till April, 184:*. For his conduct
at the capture of Cabool he was knighted. He waa killed

a battle against the Sikhs at Hookee in 1S45.

Biltt-BBTker, (Li;cv, nk DavlM,) a Britisb author-
est, bom in 1841. She was a niece of tbe Eart of Perth,
and her firat husband was a Colonel Villiers. She haa
publisbed many hooks, chiefly far tiw yo«u^

Saleabj, f Calib Wiluaks,) author, Ijom at Wor-
thing, England, in 1878. He has written " Tbe Cycle
of Life," "Evolutioat The Master Key," "An Oat-
line of Eugenics," etc

8al«b-]ibti-ll»lwla. Sec Sauh-ibm-Namau.

Salal, OSVSl', (Hdiidbs,) a French poet and sBClsJ
astic, bora in 1504, waa p«troniiad by Francis L

SalvnLOn or *»-'—""i sK'm&N', (JuM BArnvn,) ■
French OMfrnAwr, bora at Nancy in 1744 : died in 1814-

Balmioii, ' sl-Ut-mAn', or Balmoii, sll-mte', (Don
UANiraL GoNSALH,) a Spanish statesman, bora at
Cadiz in 1778, was employed in important mir~ — *"
Portugal, France, and Saxony, and waa appo
Ferdinand VII., in 1830^ first saCTetaiy of el
minister of Coreign affiurs. Died in 183a.

Salem*, sTlUn', (Fkan^is,) a Fren* ,

and osinraliat, bom at Otlians, translated Ray's ** Oni-
thology." Died in 1 760.

sJm, dot dfh sB, (Chaklbs,) brother of the fal-
lowing, was bom St Thorens in i6is> In 1A65 be was
appointed by Louis XIV. Viceroy of Saint Christopher
and the adjacent islands, and was killed in 1666.

Salea, &t, (Chakuu Auautn,) nephew of SaM
Fruids de Sales, bom in Savoy in 1606, Mcsme Bishop
and Prince of Geneva, He wrote "Tbe life of Sainl
Frands de Sales," (in Latin and French,) and othci
works. Died in 1660.

Balai, da, dfh sti or sSIEs, [sometimei Anglidnd
in pron. as sSIe,] (Saint FuNCia,) an excellent bisbop
and writer, bom at Sales, in Savoy, on the 3ist ot
August, 1567, was a son of the Count de Sales. Ha
entered the College of [he Jesuits, in Paris, in 157^
and studied Greek, with philosophy and theolon. He
afterwards studied law at Padu, where he alsaibecame
a popil of Antonio Possevino. Having resolved to
renounce the wcnid, ha waa wdained a priest in 1593,
and became not only an eloquent prescher but a model
of humility and other Christtaa virtaes. He was sooa
employed as a missionary among the Calviniats of Ge-

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ncva and ChabUia, nany of whom ha i* tald to bare
caoTcrted. Abont t6o3 he viaited Pari* and preached
before Henij IV. He waa appointed BWtop <a Geneia
inforced atiict diadpline, refbimed the
1 aboanded in worta of charity to the
«nn. Mil .uwt> he published an "IntroducboD to a
Iteligioiw Life," which waa hwhly eateemed. He wia
oflered the dignity of a cardinal, bnt he declined it
Among the eminent penona conTorted by bim wis
Uanbal Leadigoiiies. He wrote, heaidea other worka,
a "Trealiae on tbe Love of God," ("Traill de I'AinoiiT
de Dieu," i6i&t He died at Lyon* b December, i6m,
and wia canoniied in 166;.

Sm ** HiMain da Fiufou da Salta." bj hb sctihaw. Cm waa
Aoonn am Saum, i^i Jaui Piiaaa Cahiii, "Eifrit di
Sabu-FiaBaobdaSala^"!^! Lotna &■ u RmtaL-Vlad*&
rnnfak da Sulo," 16M ; Gaujua, "La Vin dl STrnDeaaee d|
Salo," iTii: llABDLuaa, "Via da
■faa, (aod KiM^iak lantau of Aa auna,
lllitrrliti d>a hiilltaii Fnn *ob Salaa,'

SaIm, de, (Loun,) a Catholic theologian, horn Id
Saroy in 1564, waa a cotiain of the celelmted Sdat
Franda de Sidea. Died in 1635.

BnlM, d«, (LoiWi) Conn, a brother of Saint Ftaa-

■ ■ " ' ■ ."■■■■-' ■■- —„^

Ilia

aa," ittl

da de Salea, waa bom In Chablals in 1577.

aa general of the annr of the Dolce of Savoy.

excellent Died in 1654.
5aa Bufnaa, " Via d* Loidi di Salaa," iril.

Balfl. aU'fee, (Fsancisco.) an Italian phtloaopher
and Hairatttir, bom at Coaenn, in Calabna, in 175-

SALISBURY

ftlieillDatrioaiF^eloK

t London from 1573 to 1575, and

was afterward* sent on a miaslon to Madrid aj Henty
IV. Died in 1599.

BUib-Ibn-Naliala, bSIIh Ib'n niHil-ll, sontetiiaea
written Salih- (or Balali-) Ban-Bablali, a cdebrated
physician of Bagdtd, lived in the reign of Harotunal-
Rasdiid. According to Abnlphangitia, (AboolbnJ,) be
was a native of India.

BallmbAiil, sl-ltm-fai'nee, written also S«UmbaiUk
(AscufoiOLO,) sn eminent Italian painter, bon abotU
1536, was a native of Sienna.

"^aUmbonl, (Vkntuka,) a painter, a son of the prft-
ceiUng, waa bora at Sienna in 1557. " '' -

He eiecntnl a

Im

"Abraham and tlie Angels." He is si.

BKnuoQUA, after his patron the cardinal of &al ni
Died in 1613.

Saa Ijum, -Wmtn tt Pafattac fa iMlyr

a Spanish

lislory o
Died I

a nnmber of dramas, aromg which are " Medo," " Idiv
meneo," and " Saul," and critical eaaays, and wrote a
eondnoation of Gingaenj'a " Literary .Hfslorraf "*'7t''
(1834.) He waa also a contributor to the " nograpliH
Utdverselle." Died near Paris In 1833.

Saa AHoaLO Rnm, " HdiMbv am la Via politiiiBa at Hudttff* <k
r. SaH" ilsa : L. Oasn, "THa lattamte oaab AaalU daD* OfWf*
« r. 84" i»m.

SalgiiM, atlg, (Jacqubs BArrHAtxUT,] a French
UtiraUm- and loumallst, bom at Sens about 1760^
Amoi^ hia works la " Memoirs towards tbe Hisi
France nnder Napoleon," (9 vols., 1814-sS.)
■83a

Balian, ■tIe'SN', (Jacqoc*,) a French Jeanit, btvn in
t f57, was rector of the College of Besan^on. He wrote
" Ecclesiattical Annala," (in Latin.) Died In 164a

Balloet See SAUCsra

Balioetl, il-le-chi'tee, (Ainiujo,) an Italian jnrlst,
born in the Abmzio in 1804, filled seveial important
office* nnder the government Died In 186s.

Balloatl, [Fr. pron. srie'sli'le',] (CHaisropm,) bom
at ftutia, in Corsica, in 17J7, waa a depn» to the French
National Convention in 17^ and voted lor the death ol
the king. He was subsequently a member of the Coun-
cil of Five Hundred, and minister of war at Naples under
Joseph Bonaparte. Died in 1&09.

Saa " NmiTiOa SkftipUa Gtahtit."

BaUoeto, sl-le-cbi'to, [Lat PLAcntn'Nns ; Fr.
Sauctt, srle's4',l (Gugukluo,) an Italian phvaician.
bcnrn at Piacenaa, waa the author of a treatise "On Sar-
gery," (1476,) and other me(Ucal works. In Latin, which
were highly eateemed in his time. The celebrated Lan-
franc waa one of hit diaciplea. Died in 138a

Balleri, si-le4'iee, (Antonio,) a celebrated Italian
composer, born at L^nano, in the Venetian Statea, in
1750. He atudicd under Gassmann at Vienna, where
be made the acquaintance of Gluck, at whose request
he composed the opera of " Les Danalde^" for tbe Royal
Academy erf' Music in Paris. This work was received
wtththegre*testfavotir,and was followed tn " La Grolta
de Ttofonlo^" "Tarare," "Aasur Roi d'Ormua," and
odier popolai opeiaa. Died in 1S15.

S« UtOL, " Ufa and Worin of Stliari," Go Ganaa,} On:
nna, " BksnpUa UatraraaUa dta Maajriiai;" "MamUa Bio-
(DVU* C4a£ila."

SalUe or Ballw^ de^ dfh st^^', (Aittoihitti
Salvan,) a French authoress, born at Alhy in l£38.
Her works comprise poems, historical romances, and
fellgiotu essays. Died in 173a

SaUnaa, day dl sl-lee^ila, (FkAttCiaco,) a ,
mnsidan and writer on the tbewrof modc^waa bonat
Bargot about 151% and «■• blind from hia Infancy. He
pobliahed In 1577 hi* celebrated treatiee •• De Muslea,"
m seven books. Died In 159a

Ballnaa j Oordora, d*. dk tl-lee'nls e koa'do-vl,
^OHATKHTURA,) a Frandacan monit, bom at Linia, bi
I Peru, became vkar-general of Us order for the provinces
of New Spsin, Florida, snd the Pbnin>ines. Died in
1653. Hi* brother Duoo was hi*tori^phar of Ui
order bi Sooth America.

Bnl-l4il'tor, (H. Linin,) a Roman general, waa
omaal whb I. Amilin Panlna fai 319 ■.& He was
again elccMd oonsnl In 907, aa a coIleMme of C Claodins
Nero, who wa* U* peraonal enemy. Tbe conanls, bow-
ever, co-cqMrated hk opjMslog theCartIuv''>'anlnvadei«,
and gained a dedaive victory over Haadraba] «a the
lletaoma, (307 B.C.) He beome censor in M4 S.C.,
and pnl s tai on salt : hence his snmame Saukatob.

Balina, tM, d^ sI14n', (Huoints,) a Frendi p^
Aaaa aod antiquarian writer, bom at Beaime in 103I1
died in 1710.

Balio, a'\t-a, (GnnHm,) an Italian tittinitmr, bora
at Padua in 1700, His principal work is a sacred poem
on tbe Meaaiah. Died & 1737.

BallB, de, deh sflb*', (Cmarlu Ulvisb,) a SwIm
writer, bom at MsrecUina in 171S. He waa appt^led
French minister for the Giisons in 176S. H« published
several historical works. Died ui i8oa

Balla, d4 dfh sfUss', (Roi>ot.FHi Antoikb Hu-
HKT,) Bakon, bom in 1713, entered the French acrvice,
and obtained the rank erf marjchal-de-camp. Died In

Balia, da, (Tatids Rodolmii GilbutJ a French
royalist, bom in Lorraine in 175s, became a member of
the Chamber of Depatie* for Ardennes. Died in iSao.

Balla, de, (Ulviu,) Baron, a Swiaa soldier snd
writer, bom in 1594, dutingnished himself at the siege
of La Rochelle and in other important enn«cmenti.
He died b 1674, leavfau a collection of "Hemoli^'
written in Italian, whicS are highly commended by
Hailer.

SallabniT, Eaml of. See C■CI^ (RolBBT.)

Baliabmr, (Johm of,) thk Eli>kk. See John of

SALISBUmY.

SaUabtUT, sanli^r-e, (JoiiM OF,) thk Yovmoul
an Englitb Jssuit, born alxHit 157J, translated several
reli^ouB works into Welsh. Died in 1635.

Ballabuiy, (Kichakd ANTHOHy,) an Bnglbh bot-
anist, born in ITIS^ contributed a nnmber of treatiiM
to the " Acta" of the Linniean Society, of which be
wa* a member.

B«Il>bnr7, (Robbbt Arthitr Talbot G

CmU,) Harquii or, an eminent Britiah sUtt

at Hatfield In 1830, He was edacatcd al Eton, and at
CbritI Church, Oxford, where be graduated in l8S3i snd
wa* chcmn a Fellow of All Souls' College. He sal la
Parliament for Stamford, 1853-68. He wa* fot many
years known aa Lord Robrrt Crcii, and ftum i8<5 to
186S was t^ courtesy called Visconnt CaAMBOtrBKB.

■ \lmrd; tasy; a,H,X,/MnvBf; K,maMi: ^IrHUd; lass; ShasinMu; (ly-See EiplaMtlaM,pt.Q.>

dby"Google

pnaaaUj the leader of the ConferenM of CotuUnti-
nople. Id 187B he was ippoinled forei^ tecretuy, uid.
»itb Lord Besconsfield, took a pronineiit part in the
Congrcw of Berlin. He was after Bcaconsfield'a death
tlM prindpaJ leader of the Conaervativea In the House
o( Lords. In ^une, 1885, he became prime minisler
for a brief period, and in August, iSa6, again look
office. He wasdefeated in the election of 1893, but
after the fall of the Rosebeiy adminiitration in 1S95
Lord Salisburji became for Che third lime prime min-
itter, holding office through the Egpytian and South
African wan. Resigned in 1902. Died Aug. 22, 1903,
BaUabai^ or SalMbnir, iMJiHifr-e, t (Wiluah,)
a WeMi wnter, born in Denbighthirc^ pabliahed a

ai profesaor o( Hebrew in the Rojral Collie, and w>*
afterwarda appointed keeper of the manoscnpti io the
Royat Library. He was elected to the French Acadcnn
ID t7l9> and waa a member of the Royal Sodetlei trf
London and Berlin. His works are chiefly critical and
antiqaarian treatises. Died in 1761.

Balller-Chaintmt. stl^' •hfrnAti', {Gni Uaui,!
« French writer, born about 175a He was appainted
hi 1814 master of requests, and che*alier of the l^oa
of booonr. Died about iS4o>

BalUn, atniN', (Mauiicb.) a SaToyard artist, skDhd
h acalptnrc and engraTiog, bom in 1760; died in iSoQt

Balllor, slOe'oR^ (Marib Francis,) a French pcdi-
tician and writer, bom at Veraaille* about 1740; dkd

db,Google

SALLUSTIUS

. ... e AnthMcrf' anezUnt wmk "On theGodt
ud the World."

BsUnsUiu, ■ CtdIc pUUMopber, bom In Syrii, lirsd
prolMblj between 450 ud joo A.D. He gtUned dlttinc-

atued Genuui

Cria^iu, (Caius.) a Roroin kntahi tuid
»......, -_ _ grand-nephew of Sallust the hwtonan,

whoae luge foitune he Inherited. He waa a eun Mf
Mperiot nuenta Tor pablic affaira, and became one of the
moat bvonred and inflaentiil advisera of Augnstna. He
•ko obtatned the confidence of Tlberina. Dl^iniOA.U

~ ' " III a peat and Terjr wealthy hinilv of nwdi-
ji pnncea and connta, The Eunilj indDdea
of Salm-Salm, (q. t.,) Saui-Hooo.
SALM-KyRBUKO, SAUi-HokSTiut, (the
onlj Proteatant btancb,) SALM-RiiFFiucHUtiT-
KaAtrrHxiM, and SAijt-RKirruscHiiDT-DYCK. Of
theae housea, certain princea ha*e the titie3 of Rhin-
grar. Wildgrai; Altgral; etc

Salm, i^n, a French general, bom hi the depart-
■aent of Voages In 1768, MTTed under Fichegro in 1794,
and anbacquentl; In Italy and Spidn. He waa morn^
wo«inded at the ai^e of Ollvo, u 181 1.

Bilnuudiu, aU-mi'ih^-u, (Cuvdius,) [Ft. Cuudb
tn Saitmaiu, kIBd dfb afi'mii'.] a celebnted French
■cholar, bom at Senior in 158& He ia aaid to have
written Latin and Gieek'venea and to have read Pin*
dar at the age of ten. While pnraning Ua atttdlcB in
Parla, he acqalred the friendaUp «f Caaanboo, by wbooa
he waa Induced to ttecome a Proteatant He ■r'~~~
qoently atndled at H^delberi^ where be becaim _.
^Minted with Grater, to whoea be dedkaied hia editioii
of Florae, pnbliabed In 160^ lUa waa locceeded \^
Ua "Hiatoria Aonme Scriptora Sex," (i63dt> a con-
tlniwtion of the "TweWe Cmmk" of Sneloolna ; ed)-
tfoM of TertalUan'a " De PiUlo," of AcbDlea TaHna, and
other deaaica. Hia greataat work ia entitled " Pliniana
EaerdtationeaiDC J.Sotinl Pol7hiaia(ia,''(sTola., 1619.)
The Immenae and varied learning (UaplaTed in tUa
prodnction ndaed Ma reptitatian to the htgheat poinL
and he rcceited ioTitationa Irani aereral ptincca of
Enrope to Mitle In tlidr leapective coMatriea^ In 163a

n of Qneen Chriatina. At the reqneat of
Charlea II., then in Holland, Salma^ua wrote hia " De-
fensio Rena pro Carolo I.," (1649,) bdor a defence
of monarchy and of the UnaCharlet L, wno had Jnat
been put to death. TUa call^ forth Mllton'a celebrated
refrif entitled " Defen^o pro Popolo Anglicano," which
Salmaatn* waa about to anawer, when he died, bi 1653.

" But the sreateat" aaja Hallan, ■* in thia prorince of
Oteratnre [pnildogT] waa Claude Sanmaiae, beat known
(n the Latm fom Sdmaaliia, whom the general anfliage
of hia compeera placed at tbeir head. An hictedUde
cntdhion, ao that h waa a^ what Salmaaina did not
know waa bejpond tiie bouodiof Imowledge,— amemoiy
aneh aa none bttt thcee great acholara M former ttmea
•eem to luvepaeaeaaed,— « life paased, naturally enonglt,
Jn aoliiary labour, — were aufficient to establish hia Cuie
among the learned." {" Introduction to the literature of
Europe.")

Sa A. CLiimrr, - VIHi Silinu,"or " Vk di SmnuiH." itjfi;
Moilu, -IKcdaniuinHInisiqiHi'' " MoyieUi Biatnph» Cini-

Solm-Dyok, sUm'dtk', (CoxsTAifCB Marie,) Prih.
cua or, a French poeteaa and miacellaaeoua writer,
whoae original name waa TiiAii^ bom at Nanlea in 1767,
waa tlie author of the lyric tragedy of " Sappho," act to
music by Martini, "Epiatle to Women," "Eulogy on
Lalande, and "Hy Political and Literary Renunis*
«en<«a," (1833.) Died in 1845.

Sm HlCHU. Bna, " NMk* ur li Prinmw da SiliB ;" A. Hoif
T^inwr. ■■ Notice WIT !■ PKmBg il* Salm-Dr^" 1S4J ;" Mounai*
lie Giiiinle."

1, all'inbl'jl, (EttKA,) an Italian punter,
I, Talpiho, was a native of Birgamo. He
•tndied at Rome under Raphael, and became am of hia
nKWt ancceaafiil imitators. Among hia best productions
•re the aitar.iHecea in the churchea of Santa Marta and

« aai; t aa i: B hard; ( aa/; O, H, X,gultMral; N, tiaial; R, Mllid; I as (,- th a« in liii. (CT~See Explanaliona, p. 3} 1

ti SALMSALJK

Santa Grata at Urgamo. He wrote a
Painting." Died bt iMb, at an advancet:

Sm Lanii, " tUnorr oT PilBtli« is Ittlf."

IgnatlDS Loyola. He pnbliahed several theological works,
and had a prominent part in foundingthe order ofjesuita.
He w*« one of the orators of the Coundl of Tieot, to
xhlch he wu tent by Pope Paul III. Died in 158$.

S« RiuDBmiBji, " Viu Sahoemila ;" N. AfrromOk " BibSv-
Umo Hiqwu SmJ'

Balmeron, (Cristoval GARaA,) a Spanish painter,
bom at Cuenca in 1603 ; died in 1666.

Salm-Kyrbnrft de^ dfh sllm-ktR'bilB', (FRtcfRtc
Zuivn Otto,) PkikO, bom in Paris in 17S9, served
ht the arrny^ of Hapoleon in the campaign of 1807, a '

bonne, bom in ParU in 1677, published a "Tieatiee on
the Study of the Conodte," (1714-) Died In t73&

Salmon, tl'iiioD. (GiORoa,) D.D., an Iriah matlwDu-
tidan, bom in Dublin in i8i9> He waa educated at Cork,
and at Trinity College, Dulilin, where be graduated in
iSm Havii^ become an Anglioui dergyman, be waa in
iSwrnadeprofeaaorof divinityinhlauniveraity. Bealdet
volumes of aermona, lie baa published " Conic Sections,"
"Hi^e -—-..P. .™.. •!

H Hin autbor of Latin odes, which were highly esteemi
_.. Ui tCiae. Died In t$yj. His ton Charlri was like-
iriH noted for hia leammg, and waa preceptor to Cathe-
rine of Bonrboo, fitter <M Hcniy IV. He periahed in
the Maaaacre of Saint Bartholomew, in 157a.

Balmon, (Louia Adolphi,) a French engraver, bora
in Pari* In 1806. Among his woriu are plate* after
" ihael, Michael Angelo. and Da VInd.

ialmoa. al'm^n, (NATHAifin^) an English divina
and antiquary, bom in Bedfordshire. He published a
"History of Hertliwdahire," "Survey of the Roman
tations in Britain, according to the Roman Itinerary,"
(1711,) " Survey of the Roman Stations in the Midlud
Counttet," (lyrt,) "Antiqoitie* of Surrey," (1736,) and
other worka. Died in 1741.

Sainton, (RoBUtr,) an English mechanidan, bora ia
Warwickshire in 1763; died in 1811.

Salmon, (Thomas,) brother of Nathaniel, noticed
above, was the author of "The Chronidogical Histo-
rian," "Examination of Burnet'* Hiatoryof hia Own
Times," and other similar worka. INed about 174J.

Salmon, (WnxiAU.) a celebrated English empiric
pablithed "A Univeraal Herbal," "Compendium M the
Theory and Practice of Physic," and (cveral other worln.
Died in 170a

BalmonAe. See Salmonsus.

BU-mo'neBa, [Gr. ZaX^wi^,- Fr. SALHOirftB, all'-
mo'ni',1 in classic mythohuTi a aon of McAv*, a brother
of Sisyphus, and akingof Eiit. The poets relate that he
claimed divine honoura, Imitated thunder and tightnii^
by drivinp his chariot over a braien brid^ and vj
throwing barning torches, etc, for which imptety ha waa
killed by a thunderbolt (iom Jupiter.

Sh Viacii, " Mtiini," book ri., jSj.

aalm-RelSersebaldt ailm rii'lfr-shlf, (Nicholas
Count, a dlslingnished general in ttie Austrian service,
was present at the battle of Pavia, and look prisoner the
French king, Frands L In 1530 he defended Vienna
against the Turks under Solyman TL, but he was mor-
tally wounded during the last attack.

Balm-Salm, slim slim, (Felix,) Princi, was bom
a distinguished Austrian familv, December iS, 1S18.
iS6a he married Mademoiselle Le Clcrq, of New
York, which act offended his family and caused hi*
exdusion from the Austrian court. He served with
distinction in the Federal army during the dvil war,
towards the doae of which he was made post-commandn
-It Atlanta. He accompanied Maximilian to Mexico la
864, and was appointed by him aide-de-camp and chief
of his household. Ailer the downfall and death of Ma:d-

db,Google

SALSOVB

iBilinn, to whom he remuaed ftfthfol to the last, he ■«■
iQrtied to Europe. Hinng entered the Pmuian lemce,
■s major in the fourth r^jment of grenadierB, he wai
killed at the battle of Gravelotte, Aognil 16-17, i^JO-

Balnov«, do, d«b sU'dot', (Robbbt,) a French miter
on the art of huii|jn{(, mxi a favourite al the conrt of
LouU XIII. Hu principal work ia entitled " V^nerie
rojale," (1655.)

OB-lo'in^ [Gr, IaU^,1 an artfol and cruel wo
who WM a liiter of Herod the Great By calumnioni

accnsatloni ahe induced Herod to pat to death hei

huitiand, JoBephui, and Maiiamne ttie wifit of Herod.
Died about la A.D.

Sulomon, the French for Solomon, which lee.

Btklomon, itno'tiidH', {FuNgois Hehu.) a French
littiraUtir of little merit, born at Bordeaoa in 1619, be-
came a member of the French Academy in 16^ having
for hii compedtor the great Comeille, Died in 1670.

Bal'o-mou or Bol'o-mon, (FKKDSkiCX,) a general,
bom in Prusiia in lSa6. He emigrated to the United
State*, and worked aa an engineer in Wiiconain before
tlie civil war. He w» appranted a brigadier-general
about July, 1S63.

BKlomon, »11o-mon', (Gotthold,) ■ Jewiah iheo>
logian and preacher al HamburEi bom in 1784, wrote
Goimnentarie* on Haggai and ZecTiariah. Died m 1S63.

Balonon, (Jokanh Pktbr.) a celebrated German
compoaet and violinist, born al Bonn in 1745. After
viaiting Berlin and Parii, be aettled in London, where
he be^n aboni 1790 a aerie* of tubccription concerts,
for which Haydn produced hii twelve grand lymphoniea,
generally known aa "compoaed iat Sakimon's Concerta,"
Haydn'a oratorio of " The Creation" waa brought out
in 179S by Salomon at the Opera concert-room. Died
In 181J.

Sal'O-mfHil, (Davii>,) a Jewish magistrate and italea-
tnan, born in London in iSoi. He was elected to Par-
lisment for Greenwica in 1851, and in 1855 becaioe
lord mayor of London, being the fint Je« who bi'
erer filled that office. Died July iS, 1S73.

Bftl-Q-nl'Df, (PUBUA LiCIHIA JUUA CORNEI.IA,>

Roman empress, waa the wife of Gallienna, to whom
ibe was married about 140 A.D. Died about 3&&

Bf ■lo'iil-iw, a French prelate of the fifth century, wai
the son of ibe Biahop of Lyons.

BalomaT, d«, df b stloR'ni', (J KAN,) a French eccle-
siastic who became BiahopofMlcon. Died about 1445.

BU^ (HbHKY,) an En^iah antiaoary and savant, bom
m Yorkshire, accompanied in iSoi Lord Valcntia m
secretary and draughtiman on an eipedition to Ej
Abyssinia, and Hindostan. He discovered the
brated inscription at Axoom, in Abyssinia, and gave
an accoraie Mcription of the grand obelisk and other
monument* of that city. About 1815 be wa* appointed
English consul in Egypt, where be prosecuted hi* anti-
quarian researches, and wa* treated with diaiinguished
favour by Uehemet Alee, He died in 1837, while en-
gaged on a work relating to Egyptian antiquities and
bleroglyphica. He had previouiTy pubMahed a aplendid
atlas of cnrravino, entitled "Twenty- Four Laige View*
taken in Saint Helena, the Cape, Abyssinia, Egrpt,
etc," (1S09,) and an "Account of a Voyage to Aoya-
ainia, and Travel* in the Interior of that Country," (1814.)

6«]^ (Sir Titus,) Bakt., an Engliah manubcturer,
born at Morley in 1803. He introduced into England
the numufacture of alpaca, built the town of Saltaire,
and wa* distingui*hed for hu liberalitr and philanthropy.
Died December v^ 1876.

SU'tfT, (Sauvrl,) an Engliah divine and Greek
scholar, was born at Norwich. He became rector of
Sunt Bartholomew, London, in 1756, and master of the
Charter-House in vfix. He wa* one of the writers of
the "Athenian Letters." (See V:Ork*, Chau.es.) Died
^1 1778.

BUta

19 SALVANDY

where ia iSgi be ezbiUlcd a plctDrc, *■ SocnU* belore
the Jnd^ of the Court of the Areopagna^" which ob>
tained taj* election a* a member of the Acadeaqp of
Florence. In 1833 he relumed to England, and nndw-
took his elaborate porlrait-pictiue coamemotallve of
the annnal " Waterloo Banquet" at Apsler Houe, wd

•evend treatises in favour of Anlinomianiinv
which were replied to by Galaker. Died in 1647.

BU't^n-stiU, (GuKDON,) an American PresWteiian
divine, bom at HaTerfaill, Hasaachnaett*, in 1666, wa*
elected GotamorafCoDoecticat in 1707. Died in 171^

Baltonn, tU'toon or aU'tgn, (Aldandks Giobgi

13, and dtstingnubed himself in the defanoe of Hongoa-
mont, near Waterloo, in June, 1815. Died in 1853.

SnJ'toa, (Edgar Evkstson,) an American author,
bom at New York in 1S5S. He graduated in law al
Columbia College in 1880. He published "The
Philosophy of Disenchaniment," (18S5,) and "The
Anatomy of Negation," (1SS6,) works of humour,
and "The Pace that Kills," (1889,) "Madame
Sipphira," (1893,) "When Dreams Come Trae,"
(1895,) and other novels.

Snlao«B. See Saluzzo.

BalooM, d«, d$h stili*', (DnODOHNtl,) Co«nte«a
of Revel, an Italian poeteac, bom at Turin in tyyj,
wrote both in French and Italian. Her principal work
ia entitled " Hypatia," (" Ippaiia," 1817.) Died in 1840.

Bnlntnto. See Cotnocio.

Saliuao dl MsniWi^lo, st-loot'so de mi-noo-
stl'yo, [Fr. Saldcu, sTltt*',] <GlDnm Angiu),)
Count, an Italian chemiat and general, bom at Sa-
luiia in 1734. He made diacovene* in ga*e*, and wa*
one of the founders of the Academy w Sciences of
Turin, for which he wrote several able mevoira. Died

S« Oaun, " Ek^ itiiriB lU Cou* G. A. Salmis Ik U^a-

learned SpanJah booltaeller of recent times, w

of Valenda. He became professor of Greek at the
Univeni^ of Alcali. He published editiona of Mcn-
doia'* " History of the Wars of Granada," and other
ilandard works in Spanish, and a translation of Cor-

mamiacripL) Died in 1736. His brother Josi wa* abo
a distinguished botanist and inatomist, aMWM « mem-
ber of the Royal Medical Academyof Sptun. Died in
1771. The senni Salvadora wa* natnea in honour of
this bmily of naturalists, who rendered great aeivice to
botanical adenoe in Spain.

SnlTaSor 7 Bo«oa, sU-vS-d&e' e bos^kl, (Don
Juan,) a Spanish botanist, bom in Catalonia in 159^
— the bther of the preceding. Died in 16S1.

Boerhaave, and ottier eminent savanta. Died in 174a.

BnlTuidy, Ott, d«h sU'vAN'de', (Narcissk Achillb.)
CoHTB, a French *tate*nun and litt/rattttr, was bom al
Condom in 1795. He became master of requests ia
the State Council in 1819, having previously published
"The Coalition and France," and other political pam-
phlet*. He waa elected to the French Academy in 1835,
and was minister of public instruction firom April, if^y,
to March, 1B39. Among bis prindpal works are "Dm
Alonin. or Strain '> a Dohtical romance. (iSla.) a •■ Hi*-

^^l,9tB,f>A*V>')ui,A,aame,leuprolongedii,i,f,<S,Ii,]),/<tBrt;(,f,i,9k«AKMrr,-ar,flll,at;lDtt(nAt;g<&d(B

d by Google

SALVE MINI

BoUwU," (3 Toli., 1817-M,) Hid " Sixteen Itoatht, or
die lUTotnticni of 1830." Cried in 1S5G.

" H. d* Salnnd*, pv m Hoon dt Rkn,"

5m I.

■•4i:Cn
"Hand]

Bnlv«mlnL See CAsmxoN, dk.

BalTMta^ ita'TeKf, (ANin Jonrn Eirstn Bacoh-
MiftKi,) a French UtUnUtur uid ttUeunan, bom In
Parle In 1771. He beoune ■ member of the Chamber
of Depntiei for the deputment of Seine in 1838; and
voted with the oppontioih He wat the author of a
' IJtetarr Plctnre oT France In the Sghteenth CenlniT,"
liSoQi) "HlatoricBl and Phlloupbical Em^ on the
Rame* lA U«n, Nationa, and Placea," etc., (1814,) and
other wotlci. Died b 1839.

1605. Hit plctore* of the Vii^n and Child are portlca-
larly admired ; alio the altar-piece in the cathedral of
Hontefiaacone repreaenting the death of Saint Joaepli.
Died in i68s-

SnLAim. "HIMiiiiTBfF^rtliSb Itdf."

Salvl, (NiccoLb^l an Italian architect, bom in 1699.
Hia gieateat work ia the fovntaln of tVeri, at Rome,
txecBted hf order of Clement XIL Died in 1751.

SalTtaul, •ll-ve-1'Dee, (Ippolito,) an Italian nataral-
lei, and phfaldan to Pope JnUiu IIL, wa* bom at CitU
dl Cattello io 1514. Hii principal work ia entitled
" Hiatorv of Water Anlmala.*' {" Aaua

ail-Tl-I'niu, [Ft. Salvibn, all'vg^',] a preafajter
of UaiadUaa, tappoaed to ha*e been a native of Cologne,
ibwiiriwd in the fifth centoty. He «aa the anthot of a
" Treatiae uainat Awice," and one " On the Govern-
■ent of Go^" which are written in elqani Latin.

BalvtaU, all-v»-Jt-tee, (AjfroHio.) a diatinniiab
Italian artiat in moaaic, bom tk Verona in l8i& I
waa educated at Padu and Vienna, and becaae _
atndent of Middle-Age art. He later eataUiahed a Ubo>
fatorjrfor noaaicaon the Mandof Uarano, near Venice.
He waa alao one of tlie reatoreia of the manolactare of
Unraneaeglaaa. Htamoaaica arcknown inalmoateveif
part of EoriqM. IMed In 1S90.

BalTlatl. Ol-ve-l'tee, (Bbknakdo.) an Italian canU-
nal, bom at Florence before icoo; died in 15G&

B^TlMtL (FRAMcnco RoMl dA-roa'aee dl,} called
■lao Ckco (chUt^o) Roast, an cmiikent Italian painter,
bom at Florence in loc^ waa patronized by Cardinal
SalviaiL who cooJerred opoo him hia name. He waa a
pnpil of Andrea del Sarto and of BandinellL He waa
alao the intimate friend of Vaiari, who waa his fellow-
■tndent at Rome. Among his maater-piecei are " The
Battlea and Triumph of Camillui," in the Paluio Vec-
chio at Florence, "The Taking down front the Crosa,"
fai the church of the Celeatlnea in Paiia, and the freicca
representing the history of Psyche hi the Palazzo Grl-
maoL Died at Rome in 1563. .

S« Vauhi, "Lina of Ih> PdnUnj" LAin, "Ulitorj of
P^llnf in lulj;^' Ticou^ " DiiHikaria."

SaMfttl, (GiOTAitMl,) an Italian cardinal, bom at
Florence in 1490^ waa a brother of Bernardo, noticed
above, and a graiidson of Lorenzo the Magnificent He
waa a liberal patron of teaming and the artt. Died in
»5S3-

Sh Paou> Owno, " KlocI*-"

BaMAtl, (GiusKPPi.) See Pobta.

Balvlatl, (Lbonakdo,) an Italian scholar and littira-
Mtwr, bora at Florence in 1540, waa an adTeiaary of
Tasao, and caused the Academj Delta Cmsca to snare
hia hoatility against that poet He wrote comedies and
treatises on luigmu^ rhetoric, etc. Hia " Awertimenti
deUa lingua *opraTDecamerone"(i vols., 1584^-86) waa
highly esteemed. Died in 15S9.

Sh Nkii. ■• Soinnri FiomtiDi :" Tiuaomi, - Sucb lUli
LMcnmnluHiui" "NounLI* Biocnphi* GJii4nU«"

BalTian. See Saltianus.

n SAiiBLANCAI

Batvliil, ali-vee'neth (Antonio Haua.) an italin
philologiat and writer, bom at Florence b 1651. Ha
translated several Greek and Latin aothora Into'ltaliaiL
Id 1676 he became professor of Greek at Florence; Ha
wrote, beaidea many other worka, "Academic Dia-
conraea," (3 vol*, 1695-1733.) "Proae sacre," (i?!^^)
and"Sonetti,"(i7»8.) DieTin 1739.

BclTlnl, (SALViNcg a brother of the preceding, waa
bora at Florence In 16G7. He was the author of aevenl
learned works, among which is " Fasti oonsolaii dell
Accademia norenHna," (1717.) IMed in ivfi.

BaMn^ (ToMiuaot) an Italian tragedian, bora ai
Milan, January 1, 183% He had already won bme, when
in l84() he entered the patriot army, where he served
with distinction. He afterwards won lantets in every
civilized land, and was universally recognized as one
of the few great actors of his lime. He published
"Leaves /rom my Autobiography," (1893,) and
"Ricordi," (1895.) His son, Alkxandbk, gained
some note as an actor, especially in the "Three
Guardsmen." Died in 1896.

BBlvlnodacUAiiuf " -

tnry, is snppoaed b
— ictaclea,— -'^— '

the Chineae appear to have oaed

BalTOllnl, all-vo-lee'nee, {Fbahcuco.) an Italian
Orientaliit, bora at Faenza in i8p9i wis a papH of the
celebrated hfezzobntL He published a "Grammatical
AnalvKS of the Different Andent Egyptian Teita,"
(1^) Ned in 1^

Salvoal, sU-vo'Dee, [PiXKO Bbinakdo,) an Italiaa
poet, bora at Parma in 1713 ; died in 17S4.

Baly, sllc', (jACQUBa FaANgon Josefh,) a Fren^
acnlptor, bom at Valenciennes in 1717, worked about
twenty yeara at Copenhagen. Hia chief wok ia an
equestrian statue of n^derick V. of Denmark. Died

Balaa, Ton, fon allt^al, (Hbxhahh,) a German diplo-
aaatisl and aoldier, boro abont 1180; died in 1139.

Salxnuuin, aUta'tnIn, (Chkutiah Gotthilf,) a
German Protestant divine and edncatiotial writer, bora
near ErAut in 1744, He founded in 17S4, at Schnep-
fenthal, a school on the ayatem of Basedow and Rotw-

thkli became widely popular. DiediniSii.

.kePSee, (0

i, (Okazio,) an ItaUas

- - ij^ of Pelle-

nAechnrdi

Bamaoohinl, sl>mlk>ki
,>ainter, bora at Bolwna I ,„
grino. His pictnre of the " Purine
of Saint Jamea at Bologna, la e)
Died fai 1577.

Banuui or Banuuil Sc« Sauanidki;

SnauutldaK See Samanidu;

Bnianntdsn. See Sauanidks.

Rnmanlilc aam'a-i>idz or sl>man^id^ sing. Bun ■•
Dlda, [Fr. pron. sf mf ntd'; Ger. Sahahidkh, sl-mlU
nce'dfn; Lat Sahan'ux.^] the name of a Peraiaa
dynaanr, which rated in the ttnth centory. Ita founder
was Slmln, (si'mAn',) who flourished about 930. The
laat prince of thia line waa assassinated in the reifpi of
Hahmood the Gamevlde, about the beginning <u the
eleventh century.

Banuuilego, al-ml-ne-i'go, (FXUX Makia,) a dia-
tingoiahed abolist, sometimea otlled "the Spanish La
Fontaine," boro at Bilbao about 1743. Hia works ars
entilled " Fablea in Verae." Died abont 1S04.

S« Ticmoi. " Hinorr of Siiaiuih liMnten."

BanutiT, sf mf re', (Phiuppe,) a French Jesoit and
poet, txnn at Carcassonne in 1731 ; died in 1803.

Bsmbba, a surname of SiVA, (which see.)

8amblMf,alm-be-l'lee, (FKAHCBaco,)an Italian mis-
sionary to China, bora at Cosenzain 1581; died in 1649.

Swnbln, sOii'blK', (Huodks,) a French architect

and pupil of Michael Angela, was bora at Dijon. H*

-~- "On the Terms used in Architecture," (157a.)

■ ■ ' -n-H-J-u 'fACQlTM Dl

I, bora In the
nee und

Charlea VIIL. Louis

X^ant

<aBi,-faai;SAan//t!aa/;a^ll,K,;>a»mi/,-N,isafa/;a,/r>i2n«;laa(;lhasindu. (|^~See£iplanBtioDs,p,S4,)

d by Google

SAMBUCUS

eoaed oT pecDiation by the queen-mother, the Duchess
of Angoutfme, he m* executed in 1^37.

Bun-bn'ona, (John,) a diitinguiahed scholar, boni
at Trman, in Haagar7, in 1531. He was historiogra-
pher to the emperor Mazinulian IL, and was also
patroniied by bis •accessor, Rndolph IL He wrote, in
Ladn, a continuatiou of the " Hlstorf of Hungary" of
Bonfinius ; also commCDtaries on vaiions daasica. Died

HnmmnTthaiiii« See Sainti-Haktui:.

Baimuartliio, slm-maK-tee'no, (HATno,] Count of
Vische, bom in I^edmont In 1494, was the author of
" Eclogues" and other poems ; also " Grammatical and
Poetical Observation* on the Italian Language."

Bunmea, samt, ^Avlitt,) an English antiquary, who
wrote " The Antiquities of Ancient Britsin dmvea from
the Phccnictans." Died in 1679.

Sammlohsll. See Sakhicheli.

Suiqt'apii, {Henby,) an Eni^tish pbyaiciaD and noa-
conformist divine, l>orn in Noitinghanuhire, studied at
Lnden and Padua, and became a member of the College
of Physicians. Diedini;os.

Bampaon, (ThomaSj) an English Puritan diWne and
lheol<^ian, bom in Suffolk in 1517; died in 1589.

Sampson. (William Thomas,) an American
admiral, was bom at Palmyra, New York, Febniary
9, 1840. He entered tlie United Slates Naval Acsd-
emy, graduating in 1S60, snd look part in the civil
war, being eieculive officer of the iron- clad Pa-
tsptco when it was blown up by a mine in Charles-
town harbour. He was promoted captain in 1SS9,
was superintendent of the Naval Academy 1886-90,
and in 1898 was made president of the board of
inquiry into the cause of the destruction of the Maine.
In the war with Spain be commanded the North
Atlantic squadron as acting rear-admiral, and was
promoted rear-admiral in September, 1S9S. He waa
m command of (be fleet that blockaded Santiago har-
bour, but was absent on other duty at the destruction
of tlie Spanish squadron under Admiral Cerrera. He
was a member of the commission lor the eracuation
ol Cuba. Died May 6, 1901.

Bamal-Ttil IT, or »»«"" *"*""■ "", YSng ol Aa-
ayria, was the son and auccessor of Shalmanesn IL,
who died B.C. 815. Samsi-Vul was a greii warrior. He
conquered Media, and defeated Harudal^ (Herodach,)
King of Babylon, compelling him (o cede large pror-
Incea. He ified about 8ii «.&, and was sueceeded by
his son, Vul-Nirari IIL

Sam Sllok. See HAUBtntTOM.

BuuaB*^ atm-aiffh, {Ol> loUAN,) a Danish writer,
bom at Nestved in 1759. His principal works are
"Frlthiof" and other Scandinarian tales, and the trage^
of "Dyrecke," which was verysuccestfoL Diedini79o.

SMn'aon, [Heb. pVDV,] one of the jadges of Isncl,
of the tnbe of Dan, and the son of Manoah, was
bom about 1155 b.c, and at an early age gave proof
of snpemataraf bodily strength. After perlonning
•STcnu woodetfiil sctions, he was made prisoner and
deprtTcd of his sight by the Philistine*, a great number
of wliom he subaeqnently destroyed, along with him-
•elt In' pulling down the temple in which they were

a, sAn'sAn', (Tosbfh Isidobi,) a French actor

at Si' - ■ ■

1134

SANCHEZ

it-Deni* ir

d 1871.

and dramatist, bora _. „ _,„ , . ... -

Bamnel [Heb. *7K1I3P<] )i Hebrew prophet and iu(%e,
ora about 1155 or 1170 B.C., was the son of Elkanah
and Hannah. About the age of forty he became judge
ot chief ruler of Israel. Hiving been urgently requested
by the elder* (o give them a lung, he anointed Saul to
reign over IsraeL He afterwards prophesied against
Saul, and anointed David as his successor. He died
about the age of ninety-five. His name has been given
to two historical books of Scripture. He is supposed
to have written the first twenty-lour chapters of the first
book of Samuel, which see.

Bam'ti-^a,(EiiwAaDAucufrvt,)»n American natu-
ralist, bom in Boston, July 4, 1836. His prind;»l works
are " Ornithology and Oology of New England" and
"AJnoog the Birds."

Bamnel'aon. (Jambs,) a
traveller, bom at Hull in l8i ,
the "Popular Science Review," and in 1864 the
" Quarterly Journal of Science," which he edited for
eight years. His travels led to descriptive works on
Roumanja, Bulgaria, and India, and he wrote several
works of popular science. In 1893 he visited Greece,
and published a description of its finances and in-

BSmimd, si'md&nd, a distinguished scholar and Ua-
larian, born in Iceland about 1056. His prindpalwork
was a " History of the Norwegian Kinp from Harold
Haar&ger to Magnus the Good," which was hizhly
esteemed 1^ his contemporaries. He to suppcaed t^
some writer* to have been one of the anthora of tbe
"Edda." Died b 1133.

San, s&N or sin, (GtBABD Xatiib,) a Belgian Ue-
toHcal painter, born at Bmges in IT54 ; died in iSja

Banadon, sTnTddN', (NoiL Etienhi,) a learned
French Teaatt, born at Rouen in 1676, was appcinted
in 1738 librarian of the College of Louis le Grand la
E^ris. He to chiefly known t^ his French tranalatkm
of Horace, (in prose, 1738,) which was highly cstccned
at that time. He also wrote elegant Latin poema. IMed
in 1733-

Sa* Hoaiii, "DktiHaiin HiMsriqaa.'*

SanatrooA^ (Banadnc.) Sea AuAcn XL oi

Parthia.

Ban'bom, (Katknuhb Abbott,) an Americsn
author, under the name of Kate Sanborn, born at
Hanover, Mew Hampshire, in 1839. She was pr(»-
fessor of literature at Smith College for several year*
and a lectuier for over twenty years. Her works in-
clude Christmas books, "The Wit of Women,"
" Shadows of Genius," etc.

Ban Carlo*, aln kailte, (Josv Uioon. ds Cters-
)al— kat-vl-Hll',) DuKi or, a statesman and tD^toma-
tUt, bom at IJma, in South America, in 1771. Havfaif
be«i educated in Spain, he was appointed govaraor to
the Prince of Aattirla*, afterwards Ferdinand VTL, aad
in 1807 became Viceroy of Navarre.

" *■- SeeSAMCHo.

Sanohei, tln'chCth, [Lat Sanc'tius,J (FkAHCMOOt)
an eminent Spaiush scholar, bom tU uu Bro^aa, te
Estremadnra, in 1533, became professor of the Greek
and Latin languages and rhetoric at Salamanca. He
pnblished edibons of several Latin classics, and a num-
ber of original treatises in Latin, among wbidi we may
name his "Minerva, sen deCautis Lingtue LatinteCoo-
mentarius," ("Commentary on the PriiKiple* of iIm
Latin Tongue,'^ which wa* e*teeined ■ standard wotk
Died In 1601.

S« N. Aimnfia. " KhllMba Hhpua Nova"

Banoliem, (Gaspabi^) a Spanish Jesnit and bibliol
critic, born at Cifucntc* about 1551, became profeaaot
of theology at AlcalL Died in i^

Sanobez, (Pkdbo Antonio,) a Spantoh ecdesiaati^
bom inGalicia in 1 740, wa* celebrated for his eloqoenca.
He wrote a number of religious works, and filled the
chair of divinity in the University of Sanliaio de Com
postella. Died in 1796.

Sanohea, (Tomu,) a Spanish Jesuit and tbeologiaiw
born at C6rdova in 155a His prindpal work to en-
titled " DisputatioTU concerning the Holv Sacrament of
Marriage," (" Disputatione* de Sancto MatrimMiii Sa-
crameuto," 160a.) Died in 1610.

Banoha^ (Touu Antokio,) a Spanish scliolar and
antiquary, txim in 1730, published a "Collection of
Castilian loetry before the Fifteenth Century." Died
in 1798.

Banohei de Arevalo, sln'chCth dl l-ri-rftlo, {Ro-
□RiGO,) |LaL RoDEKi'cus Samc'tiits,] a learned Sp»i*h
ecclesiastic, born in the diocese of Segovia in 1404. Ha
was appointed by Pope Paul IL governor of the castle
of Sant' Angcio, and Bishop successively of Zamoi^
Calahorra, and Palencia. He wrote a number of work*
in Latin, among which may be named hia " Mirror of
Honuut life," ("Speculum VitK HomanK,") and a
" History of Spain." Died in 1470.

1,2, 1, S, Q, J, /tn^.'l, i, ^ same, le** prolonged) 3, {, 1, 0, Q, ?, ^40T<; f, f, i, ^ <>jjcii»; fir, till, fit; mCt; nfit; gtSSd; m£

Digitized by VjOOQ I C

sCoallo. SeeCOKLLO.

SmioIio, dD'cha or stn'cho, [Vi. Sancmb, lOHth,] £,
King of LeoD, •nccceded his brother, Ordofio IIL, in
95>|.A.I>. Died ia 967.

Sanolio n, King of Cutile and Leon, bom about
to^S- ^' ■iwceedea hi* bther, Perdinuid L, in 1065.

bena to
Sanot

_.. J „ — He became

king at the death of Alfonio, in 1384. Died in 1395.
He wu lucceeded bj hia aon, Fernando IV.

Sanoho m. King of Navarre, called thi Gisat,
wa« bom about 965 a.ix, and incceeded hb bthei,
Garda IL, about looa He wai a wailike prince, and
cstended hi* donUDioni bj conqseat Died m 1035.

San'oho [Port pron. iln'ahol L, King of Portagal,
bom in 1154, ancceedcd hi* fiilher, AJfbnu I., in 1185.
He is said to Iutb been a prodent and beneficent riUer.
Died In I3ia.

Buiaho, sln'cho or uuk'o, (Ignatius,) a negro
poet and miscellaneous writer, bom on board a ilsve-
■hip In 173^ waa taken to England, where he was
educated, and acquired the IHendship of Dr. Johnson,
Garrid^ and other distingnished person*. He pablished
poeatM, dramatic works, and ** Letters," Died in i7Sa

Sm dM ** UmltilT Ririn" te Dscanbsr, 178].

Bui-ttho-Dl'f-tli9n or S«i>-«bii-iil>-tlioii, |Gt.
ZajX""'*^'^) * Phcenldan writer, supposed to have
been a native of Ber'ytus, and to have flourished about
fotuteen centarie* b.c. His principal work is a " His-
tocj of Phoenicia," which was tranalated into Greek from
Iho Phceiudan )^ Fhilo of BjblBs. The manuscript of
thia tranalatlon t* said to have been found In Portugal In
1835; but It la DOW generally believed to be spoiiona.

toT^mian bj Wagtnteld, (1836,)

Gnm:" F. L. Vraa, "Ceaam-
-Nonill* BHfnfihia Gta^tlm."

B*a Ooneordle, da, dl dn kon-koK'de-o, IBakto-
LOHHiO,} an Italian ecclealaaUc, bom near Ksa in lata.
Hia work entitled " Amnaeattuaentl dcgli Antichi" la a
banalation from the Tt'^^t of the ancient philoaophcra,
and la esteemed a model of elegance In atyle.

Bui'orott, (WiujAH.) an eminent uigliah prelate
and nonjuror, born in Snflblk in 161& roae through
various preferments to be ArcbUshop ot Canterburv in
1678. AAer Jamc* IL had iwued his edict of loleraiion,
Sancroft and *ix other bishop* prcMnied a petition
uunal it, and were, in consequence, imprisonttl for a
lime in the Tower. Having refused to take the oaths
on the accession of William and Maiy, (1689,} he wa*
superseded in his office by Archbishop Tillotson. Died
in 1693.

Sea Ihe " Life of WUiim Sucnft," ^ Gaoao D'Onn, Le^
iaa,at6; Hacaulat, " Himoit of E^nd ;" MisSTuOLUm,
"limerth* Sn*n BStbapt-"

Banotla, de, di slnk'tts, (FaAHCUCO,) an Italian
author and atatesman, bom at Horn Irjnno, March aS,
1817. He entered the Neapolitan militaiv and civil
•erricfc In 1850 be was Imprisoned for a tnrec years'
term, after whiui he wa* baniahed. In 1856 he became

of excellent abUltle*. His politic*] pothjon was nsnallj
between that of the radicals and the moderate liberal*.
Hb principal book* are "Sag^ oidd," "Nnovi Saggi
CTitid," and •■ Stotia della Letteratura Italiana," (" His-
loiT of Italian UteratnTe.*^ Died in 1884.
Sanotlaa. See Sahchb, (FEAxasca)
Bano-to'Tl-iM, an eminent Italian phyaician, whose
original name was Santomo, (tln-to'i«^) was bom at
Capo d'Istria b 1561. He was appointed in 1611 pro>
feasor of the tbeor; of medicine at Padua. He publislied

several valuable laedical works, the noat Impoetaat el
which is entitled "Ara de StaticA Medidnl Sectionlbw
Aphorlamomm Septem Comprehenta." Thia treatk^
which was translated into seVeral langiu^e*, gives Aa
result of a seriea of experiment* mi insensible pera^Ta<
tion. Died In i63(L

Sh a. Cahiu "D* V!n Snslorii," itsb; Halus, "Bftbr
Ihaa MiAa :" ludca in iba " Biopapbu U&icak, " (b]i BooHUj

3ana7, d«, dqb sOx'se', (Nicouu Harlay.) a
French statesman, bom In lufi, rose to be supeiintead*
ent of finance under Henrr III. Died In 1619.
Band, alnt, (Lat SAH'Dtns,) (CHaiSTopR,) a Ger-
an theologian, bom at Kfinlgabew In 1644, published
vera! work* in bvonr of Soaaiantsm. Died In ttSo.
Band, [Fr. pron. s&Hd,) (GiORQB,) (he aasnmed luiBa
of Akantinb* Lirrau Auaoac Duhh, {fmBw'ttn'
lll'sU'0'nw'dB'piN',) Madame DudeTant,(dU'dfh.vlhi'J
a celebrated French novelist, was bom in Paris, Julj j,
1804. Her bther, Maurice Dnfdn, an officer of the
army, was a son of M. Dnpln dc FrancodI, who mar>
ried a dai^hter of the &mous Usurice de Saxe. Tlw
Bobject of this article was thus a great-granddaughter of
Maurice de Saxe, who was a natural son of Augostaa
IL of Poland. Her bther having died in iSoS, she waa.
educated by her grandmother, lladanw Dnpin, at lb*
chltcan de Nohant, In the department of Indre, whera
she had full liberw to Indulge and develop her romantic
and wayward tendencies. She passed three year* (tSt^
30) in the convent of the Augiutine* Anglaiaes, Panii
and was for a time a lealoua devotee, accepting tha
mysteries of Catholicism with ecstasy, which waa lol*
lowed by a morbid reaction. She tormented heisclf
with acruples, accused herself of constant sin, and be-
came very despondent. In iSio she left the convent
and retnrned to Nobant, where her love and taste for
natural scenery were fostered and developed. She
delighted in horseback-excursiont, and studied phUoa-
ophy In the work* of Aristotle, Leibnitz, and Locke 1
bat Kousseau was her prime favonrite among authors.

She inherited the estate of Nohant on the death of her
nandmother, in iSai, and was married in iSaa to U.
Dadevant, a retired officer of the army. They had two
children, Maurice and Solange. After living togelhef
about ten years, they separated by mutual consent, be-
cauae their tastes or tempers were incompatible. She
becatne a resident of Paris, and, having given up her for-
tune to her husband, adopted the profession of literatore
for a BubsUtence. In conjunction with her friend Jule*
Sandcau, she wrote " Rose et Blanche," a tale, (j vols.,
1831.] She alone produced in iS3aa novel called "In-

the most typical of ber novels. It is to an Engliili
reader, and jadged of from the point of view of common
sense, one of the moat incoherent, fooliih, morUd, blaa*
phemous, and useleu books that have been sent acroaa
the Channel during the present century." The aaroa
critic remarks, ** She has a true and a wide appreciation
of beauty, a constant command of rich and glowiu
language, and a considerable bcnltv of self-analyalS
and Bcu-redectlon. ... In spite of all her defecta, abe
awakens an admiration which cannot be reasoned away."
(See article "GeorKe Sand" in the "National Review,"
reprinted in the "fjving Age" of February ij, 1858.)

She afterwards produced "Metella," {1833,) "Leone
Leoni,"(i834,) "Jacques," (1834.) «nd "Mauprat," (a
vols., 1836,) which, with other tales, appeared first in the
"Revue del Deux Mondes." Her "Spiridion" (1839)
and "Consuelo" (1844) are said to have been written
onder the inspiration of her fi-iend Pierre Leronx.
Between iS44and i8soshc published pastoral romance*
enticed "La Mare an Diable," (1846,) "Francois le
Champi," (1840,) and " La petite Fadelte," which wer*
v1j_,..j j.i. .* . .„y[e of fiction.

mo^ adnured, as models of a

• The "Noortll* — .r-i — -
AaMANDimi PiBn*! "tJDivtrsJ-LnuDD u
an tha oUwr nihcntia^ fndsdiiii VipHHB, b

Bsi; f asi,- giorrf; ta*>; O, h, ■.fwatwW; K,Matal; »,trilUd; ia**; (haainMM <|V~See Explanatkiaa,p^a^l

dbyGoogle

riw, from dedxmabon, from indelicmcj. Tbej more m
with m qnlet flow that U ineaiitiblj bKtntting, and »re
(dU of beutic* of lingiuge to which it li impoMible lo
do judoe."

GeornSudwuuMtniKed liberal in polidci. Aboat
tbebqjnningof her lilenij cueei •■» MtDnMd tlw oo«-
taUDA 5 til* maic HK She pfofested lo be a MCtal^t,
ud deDOODced lli* conTCDlloital •jwtem of mnriage.
She wu an ardeDt partiMii of the revolution of i&A
after which the edited a democratic weekly paper for a
•hort time. She wu the author of i number of drama*,
among which are "Claadie," (tSjl,) "Moliire," (i8m<>
"Flaminio," (iS54,)aad"Lade,"(iS56.) In i8$4 ane
pabliihed her aatobio^ph;, " Ilistoire de oa Vie," (to
voh.,) in which the disappointed public found too little
of puaonalilies and anecdotee and too much of pajcbol-
OST. Among ber later worlu are " Constance Verrier,"
(i860,) " Flavie." (i860,) " Tamarii," (1861,) " Antonia,"
(1861,) " Laura," (1S64,) "Monaieor Srlveatre," (1866,)
■■ Pltrre qui R<nile," (1S69,) " Lc Bean Lanience," (i^Oi)

^ , , ■ She hai had the

ori^nal merit lb perceive and ez^reai the poeti7 of the
landtcape* of Ftance. . . . But it b by her atyle thai
•he e«pecially excela," Died June 8, ia7&

Sh R. Wauh, " Oaori* Shi4" iSjt i SAnm-BairTa, " Can-
■riM dn Landir' LoiubiK ^Oaltri* da Cdalnixinln :"
" Fonin QoaitatT Rnin" be Dacxabtr, ilM, JhduTi ■■41
JalKil44.aad April. it4&.

Sand, land or lint, (KaSL LUDWia,) the murderer of
Kotiebue, bom at Wonaledel in 1795. While a atudeni
at Jena he embraced with ardour the cause of the patriot),
and, eiaaperaied by Kotiebue'a ridicule of the liberal
party.atabbedhimathitteaidenceinUannhdmin i8t^
He was executed io 1830.

Sh " Uui^ itf OuriH LaakSnd:" ** HootU* ilnitw" to

Sf PaaHasBK,"L«b«i H. SaadvV" ii«4; 0~iK"UbN
H. Sudcr^" ijtt.

&an'dfrl, (Wiluam P.,) an Auericugienera], bom
in Kentuckj about 1833, araduated at West Pdnl la
1856. He looght for ue UnioD as an officer of cavalry
in several campaigns, and was kUled near KnoxvOI^
Teaneaiee, in November, 1863.

Bu'd^ or Bann'dnl^ [Lat SANDa'atn,] Mtca-
OLu,) an English Catholic theologian, bom in Surre*
in 1517, publiahed several comrovertial works. Diad
about I jSo.

BaarAvtt, (Kobikt,) a Scottish tittirataa', bora at
Breadalbane in 1717. He published "The Newpta
Calendar," (1764,] and other worka. IMed in 1783.

San'd^-afn. (John,) an American Httlratatr, bna
at Carlisle, Pennsylvania, in 1785. He was one of tha
aathot* of the " Btogiapbv of (be Sinvera of the Decia>
ration of Independence,'* (1817.) In 1835 be virited
Prance, and publiabed, after bia retnm, "Sketches o(
Pari*," etc., which was afterwards enlarged and eutlHed
" The American in Paris.'' It was very bvonrably re-
ceived, ai>d was translated into French by Jules Janln,
About 1836 he was appointed profesaor m the Latin
and Greek languages in the Philadelphia High Schotd.
EKedin 1844.

Bau'dfr-a^n. (Tohh Sccrrr Btirdon-,) H.D., an
English phyaician, bom at Newcastle-on-Tyne in iSsB.
He was educated at the Univeintf of Edinburgh, waa
profeiaar of phyaioli^ at University College, London,
1874-83, and in iS8a wa« choun to the same profewor-
■hip in th* Univcrtilyof Osfnrd. He pablished a large
number of papers on phjruology, di*ea«es of cattle,
public health, and other subject^ besides a " Hand-Book
of the Sphygmograpb."

Ban'dtr-aoD, (Robut,] an EiwlEsh prelate, bora
al Rotherham. in Vorkahirc, hi 1(87. He Rradoi

dbyGoogle

I ■nuomj ano pajnoiogj m nu n

B aty.

B«adliiL •In-dee'oM, (Antonio,) an luihn writer,
•nd pio&tMH' of ecdetiMtical hiitory tt Padoa, born xt
Vicendno In 1693. Hs ww the author of the "Livet
of the Roman PontiSa," (in Latin,) and other works.
Died in 1751.

Saadliis. See Sah^ (CakinoPH.)

Sandoval, &a, dl aln-do-iil', (Gonulo,) a brare

"He waa," aa;* Prescott, "in many reapecta the moet

•minent of the great captaina Ibrmed under the eye of

Cortea." Died m 1538, aoon after hia relnm to Spain.

8h pKittoi>TT, " HidEiT <^ A* CoaqnHi of Haxka," nli. 1.

S«adoT«], de^ (Fray Psddkmcio,) a Spaniah prelate
and bistotian, born at Valladolid ahont 156a He wai
appointed hiatoriograipher to Philip III., who employed
um to ctmtinue the "Cronlca General" of Ambrosia
Moralea, which appeared andcr the title of "Hiatwy
of the Kinga of Caaiile and Leon." Among hi* other
work* are a "Hiaton of the Life and Dead* of tbe
Emperor Charlea V., which i* esteemed a ttandard
work, and ha* been tranalated into 1l.ttMa\ and a
"Chronide of the niuatriom Emperor of Sp^n, Don
AloDio VIL" Sandoval wat created Biahop of Pampe>
hina in i6ta. Died in iGai.

m^' V, AirroKM^

Bandrart toii. fbn •an'driTt or dn'dKSit, (Joa>
CBtH,) ■ Germaa painter, enpaver, and art-hictoHan,
botn at FraakbHrt-on-the-Hain in 1606. He atndied
paindDg at Utredtt under Gerard Konthorat, and aub>
aeqaentty ipent leTeral yean in Italy, where he eMcnied
a number of wotktfw Cardinal BarbninL Aftcrraudii^
for a tine at Amaterdaro, lie aettltd at Nuremberg, witere
hs died in 1688. Sandrart'a jucturea and engranaga liad
a liigh repntatitKi in hia time ; but hi* bme re*U uiefly
on his work entitled " German Academy of Archileonre,
Sculpture, and Painting," (" Die Deutsche Academie
der Baa, Bildhauer and HalerkunBt," 2 vol*., 1675,) a
part of which haa been translated bto Latin, nnder the
title of " Academia Aitia Pictiir«."

BandTM. See Covnnz di Sakdmk
Bandraa, sfiit'dKts', (Clauds Maui STANiaiAs,) a
French phyaidan, bora at Rocroy in 180a. He pub-
lished a "History of the Cholera," and other medical
works. Died va 1856.

B»a-aro-C0Vti^]Gr,2iBidpimrnif; Sanscrit, Cran'-
DRACm^A, modern Hindoo pron. chQn-drf^d^t?,] an
Indian Idng, who reigned over llie le^oa wataied bj
tbe Ganges about 316-391 B.C Hi* capital was Pali-
bothra, (now Patna.) He reaisicd, with succesa, Sclencus
Micator, who invaded bit dominions. He is the Chan-
dragopta of Sanscrit writers. He was of low caste, and
hia history is especially interesting as marking the

S't^eas ot that great revolntion which accompanied
e introdndion (rf Booddhism into India. (See GaU-
TAUA.)

Bandl, (RoBBKT Charus,) a distinguished Ameri-
can journalist and lUttratmr, born in New York City or
at natbush, Long Island, in 1799. He graduated at
Columbia College, and published in iSao the poem of
''Yaraoyden," written conjointly with his friend James
Walli* Eatttmm. He snbscqaenily became associated
with the poet Bryant and Mr. 0. C, Verplanck as a
writer for "The Talisman," a literary annual of a high
character. He waa editor for a time of the "Atlantic
Uagaiine," and in tSay became aisodate editor of the
New York " Commercial Advertiser." Aniong hia other
works are a " Hialorical Notice of Heman Cortex," and
tiw " life and Correspondence of John Paul Jones." He
was also a contributor to the "Tale* of Glaober Spa,"
published in ig3a. Died in iSta.

S<e G. C VupLAHCK, ~Llft of K. C Sands:" Gainrouit

of the Scriptures
oaeof theconmiii
Died in ijSS.

Sm WBiTAxaa, " Lib (f Uab Sm^

Sandya, (Sir Enwiit,) ion of the preceding, wa« ban
In Worcestershire about 1561. He wa* employed by
Jame* L on aevetal misaiotu, and wa* tbe author of a
wMk entitled " EnrOpK Speculum," being an account
of the rellgloa* condition of Europe. Died in 1619.

BanAjm, {Gbokoi,) an English poet, bora at Vort
In 1577, waa a aon of Dr. Sandya, Archbishop of YorL
noticed above. In 1610 lie visited Palestine, Bgml. ud
Torkej, of wbich be pubUabed an accooui after his re-
turn. Among Id* other worlts are paiapbn
-" '- thebookr" "^ «.-.-..

.kofJob,B ,__

Song of Solmom etc., and a traiwlatlon of Ovid'*
"Metamorphaeea." Hi* poetry i* enlogjied bv Dryii)**,
Pope, Walton, and other eminent writer*. Died abo«t
1044-

8m H. J. ToDi^ " IbBsir of ih* Lift af O. Sutn" i*n : Sn
K. BiiVBd^ "(^«»m Litoaria;" WiujiorT, "Uvs* it tha
balsh Sund Poms."

Baadyii sandi, (John Edwin,) an Eng&sh scholar,
bora Hay 19, 18A4. He waa educated at Saint John's
College, Cambridge, of which he became a Fellow and
tutor. In 1876 he wa* chosen puUic orator of tbe Uiii<
veraity. He tia* edited several Greek Kit*, «hh notM

BuiA, *f ni', (Jacqub* NoIl,) Bakoh, aa eminaat
French naval engineer, born at Brcet in 174a He wa*
call*d"the VanCanof tbeuavy." [Hed in 1831.

BanfeUoa dl Aoqiuwalla, aln-A-lee'cfat dt l-kwl-
velll, (GuQUKLHO,} an Italian cardinal, born In 1S36.
In 1878 he wa* coniecrated Aicbbiahep of Naples, and
in 1884 wa* created a cardinal -priett.

SanY9cd, (Edwakd,) an American poet, bora in the
d^ of New York In 180S, was a aon of Nathan, noticed
below. He atudicd law, but dedined to practise. He
wa* editor of the " Standard," a Democratic journal of
New York, and afterwards one of the editors of the
"Glolje" at Washington. Among hu poem*, which are
distinguished for grace, vivadty, and delicate humoor,
we may name the "Lines to a Moeqaito," and the ad-
dress " To Black-Hawk." Died in 187&

Sh DwcmHCE, " CwOopttSi at AmrAemn LbtiUwi," nl iL;
CaiswoLA " P«a uhI PMUy sTAnerica."

Sanford, (Nathan,) an American Jurist and states-
man, born on Long Island in 1779. He was elected
to the United Slates Senate in iSlG, and in 1S13 be-
came chancellor of the State of New York. Died is
1838.

Ban Oallo, da, d! sin glllo, (Antonio,] an eminent
Italian architect, whose original name was PiocOHI,
(ptk-ko'nee,) a nephew of Antonio Giamberti, waa bom
at Hogello about 14S3. Under the patronage of Alei-
ander Famese, afterwards Paul HI., he constructed a
number of magnificent edifices at Rome, among which
we may name the Palazzo Sacchetti, and the church of

model at great cost; but it was not approved by Michael
Angclo, and waa finally rejected. The Palazzo Farnest
In which he was assisted by Michael Angclo, is esteemetl
one of hia best works. Died in 1546.

QuiHCT, "Viet'dt* ArehitceiMi" Ticoai, "Diiioiurio."

Ban Oallo, da, (Antonio Battista Gobbo,) brother
of the preceding, was also distinguished a* an architect,
and assisted in most of tbe important works of his

Ban Oallo or Bannllo, da, (Antohio GuMBBm,]
an Italian architect and scntplor, born ai Florence in tlu)

(a>fc9aB(;|iafri';taa/,-a,H,K,/wmtr>/,-N,i«ajK/;B,frafW,-iass;thasin/Ui; (|^-Se*Explanalhn*.pL3;k)

of th* Hadoniim at Montepoldino, dwfbrtntiofCtTiUi
CaMeUuia, and the culle of Suit' Angela, (brmeflr the
mtHHolewn of Hadrian. He wu a brother of GldUita,
DotlcMl below. DlediniS34'

San IMlot dM, (BAtrUMO,} aa Italian pdntv, and
reladTe of the pncedii^, bom at Florence Id 1481 ;
dka in 1J51.

San OulOt Am, or BuicnIIat (GinjAHo^) an emi>
DSnt Italian architect, whoae proper name wa* Giuliano
GlAMBKKTl, waa bom at Florence in 1443. He waa
pturonlied bj Lorenzo de' MetUd, (or whoni be baUt a
Mlice or Tills >l Pofgio Cajano, and • large convent at
Florence, near the gate of San Gallo, Irom which he
derived hit name. Among hi> worlu wu a palaoe al
Savona for Pope Juliut IL He wa* (elected l^ Leo X.

FVederick, King of Naples, and accompanied that a

SM"Ltnaaf aaI^I»FaMi.'*lirKs*. H. Snmuni Low-
r*LUm, " Peit> nd Poan of Bmpc :" Cbufo, " Via di Snn
■no," ijlj i J. A. Vot»i, " SmiimHi Vh« ;■■ T. Counomfl, " Vm

mphia ( ifatrdi :" TntAHaPD, " Stak dda Lrttntan luhna :>•
'^KMrnuMdn R«ww," nL &. Ci«M-)

Ban-^fttroa, [Za*v«pfu)>,) an Athenian comic poet,
aouriihed abont 4O&-375 M.C., and wu a contempafary
of Ariitopbanei^

Ban Bniti°". ■An-ro-mln', (MtOUKL.) a FemviaB

Sneral, bom in iSco. He had obtained a high rank la
t anuT, when he wai dected Preaident ol Fcta in

dbyGoogle

SANTA ANA

, e pomaiu. In 1S71 he wu made a
fall Academician.

SanU AOK. (or Anna.) A», dk aln'tl In'nl, (Anto-
nio Lofh,) a Mexican Preaident and general, bom in
Heiico or Jalapa about 1798. He (baght again*! Itur-
bide In 1813, agunst Fedraxa In 1S2S, and agalnat Bn*-
tamente In 183a He mu chosen President in 1833, and
becune dictator in 1835. Th« Tenna revcdtcd a^lon
Santa Anna, who wm defeated and taken priaoner at
San Jadnto in April, 1836, bjr General Hooiton. H«
waa released in 1837, snd lom a leg in a battle againat
the French in December, 183S. He recovered power in
1841, was banlahed in 184;, bat reinmed In IB46, and
became general-in*chieC He ■wta defeated \q General
Tayloi at Bnena Vista in Febmaiy, 1847, and at Cerro
Gordo t^ General Scott in Apiil of that year. About
this lime lie was uain chosen Preaident ; but, the
American anuf bamig taken the caidtal of Mexico in
September, 1847, be weat into eifle. In 1S53 be le-
tamed, and was appointed dictator fat life. After h«
bad rated with despotic power about two Tears, ~
" " ■ •■■ ■ ■ - - — taAerwl

mpellcd to abdfaata In Angnsi^ t]

rSscaJ
alter

1, Jnne, 1867, Santa Anna letatDed and made
aaatmnpt andnat the repultUc, bnl Uled, and was made
a fwieoMi. Died Jnne 30, 187&

S« "MMnl* BtosmiU* Cfalnl*:" "Nonk Aoiaicu R*
rtn" te Jdj, iSiB.

Baata Oca%, sin'tl knoos, (or liKooth,) <Andr1s,) a
South American statesman and soldier, born in Peru
about 1794, served in Ihe war or independence in 1833,
and in i8a9 succeeded General Sucre as President of
BoliTia. He waa defeated at Yangai in 1839, and com-
pelled to leave the countrr. In 1849 he becune miniiter-
pleaipoteniiirT from Bolivia to London, Paris, Rome,
and Madrid. Died at Saint-Nuaire in 1865.

Santa Cnii^ de, di sln'tl kKooth, or Sain to-Ctoi%
siMtltKwft', (Don Alvakez da Baaaano— di bft-si'-
M),) Makqdu, a Spanish admiral, born about 1510,
distingaishod himself si the battle of Lepanto. He
WM amointed about 15S7 to the chief command of the
Invindtile Armada, Imt died kieforc it was teadjr for

Banta Cnu da Mar— nado, Am, di aln'tl IcRooth
dk maa-tht-nl'DO, (Alvar da Navla Osoilo, U-via'
dk nl-'vee'l o>so're-o,) Harquis, a Spanish officer and
■illtarv writer, \Mn in 1687, served in the war of the
Spanish succession, and became governor of Orln. He

E'nter, bom at Naples in 156a He worked mostly in
nadve dty. Died in i6u.
Santandar, aln-ttn-d^R', (Franciscx) da Paula—

di pfiw'U,) a Sonth American statesman, bom hi New
Craaada In 1791. He fbnght against S^n in the war
of independence, and was elected Vice-President of the
tqiDblicofColoaitHain 1811. Havine conspired against
Bolivar about 1S18, be wsa buiished. In 1S31 he was
•Iscted Preddent of New Granada. Died In 184a

BantarSlll, aln-tl-rellee, (Giovanni Antonio.) an
Italian engraver, boro In the Abruxti in 1759, worked
In Room ud Florence. Died in 1836.

_l blR'T^i e aC'il.) Viscount,

Portuguese diplomatist and writer, born at Lisbon in
1790^ was appointed minister- plenipotentiary to Copen-
hagen, and in 1817 became minister of state. He was
he author of an " Essay on the History of Cosmography
and Cartography daring the Middle Ages," {18^} and
other worb. Died in 1S56.

Sautfln, van, vtn sln't^n, (Laukint,) a Dutch phi-
lologist, born at Amsterdam in 17^ He resided mostly
at I^den. He edited several ancient Greek and L^tin
works, on which he wrote critical notes. Died in 179S.

Santerre, sAn'taia', (Antoink Joskpr,) a French
revolutionist of the Jacobin party, bom in Paris In 1753,
had acquired a larae fortune as a brewer in the Faubourg
Saint-Antouie. He took an active part in the storming
of the Bastille, and in the subsequent insurrections oT

.__ .__ defeated by the Vendeans, nnder
Piron de la Varenne, in September, 1793. Died In 1808
or 1809.

S« Ciaaoi " SaaUn*. is Vw psbliqna at privfe." tl^i.

Santaira, (Jkan Baptistk,) a Frendi historical
painter, born near Pontcnse in 1651 ; died in 1717.

Bantenl, aAx'tuI', (Claud^) a French ecclesiastic
and Latin poet, bom In Paris in 1618, waa a hrother of
Jean, noUMd below. Died in 1684.

Santanl, sftN'nil', or SantanU, da, dfh sSh'idI',
(Jkak,) ILat Santo'liss,] an excellent Latin poet,
bom In Paris In 1630, was a canon regular of S
tor. He wrote Latin hymos, Died Tn 1697.

Bauti, sAn'iee, or Baiudo, aln'ie-o, (Giovanni,) aa
Italian poet and painter, born at Colbordolo, was the
fether 01 RaphaeL He painted Madonnas and otbai
refigiotis subjects. Died m 1494.

Sm VASASt, "LirMorilH P^itan;" Pasutaitt, "Ki&il >•■
rbioa BdsSi Tim, O. 8umL»

Santl dl nto or ntL SeeTiri.
BaatDlana. See Hbrdoia, (IRioo Lofr.)
Bantlfil, sln-tM'Dee, (Giovanni,) an Italian savant,
bom in Tuscany la 178& He became rector of die
Univeruty of Padua in 18S5, and was afterwards ap-
pointed professor of astronomy and director of math*-
tnalioU studies in that institntimi. He was a cortcnM»d-
Ing member of Ihe French Institute, and publiabed aev-
eral acientific works. Died at Padua, Juna 36, 1877.
Baatollna. See Sahtrii.
Santoilal, sln-to-ree'nee, (Giovanni Dominico,)
1 Italian anatomist, born at Vesica in 1681. He wrote
•everal able works on anatomy and medians. Died ts

tm •BTin^nrStoiu dnDa Vita « & D. llaaWiliil,- iiSj.

Bantorlo. See SANCTOkna.

Bantaa-Dnuioiit, (Alberto,) aeronaut, b<»n in
Brazil la 1S73. He began experiments with dirigible
aiiships at Paris in 189S, and bsJd great success, winning
a prize of 100,000 francs in 1901 by making a trip of
eight miles in which he encircled the EiflTel Tower. He
wrote "My Airships! a Story of My Life," (1904-)

Baaato, sl-noo'to, (Lino,) an Italian geognpher of
the siiteenlh century 1 died before ij8S.

SanatOh (Marino,) called Torullo^ (toR-se11c^) s
Venetian traveller, who visited the Levant and wrote tba
"Book of Faithfid Secreta concerning the Recovery
of the Holy Land," (" liber Seeretorua Gdelium super
TerTE Sanctm Recuperatione."} Died after 1330.

3«* PoRAinQu^ "Da Huino Saontc^" ils6: Tikahkbi,
Storia daDi Lalunlun Italiua."

Banato, (Marino^) thi Youngbr, an Italian his-
torian, born in Venice in 1466, was » member of the
Academy founded by Aldus Manutius. He wrote, in
Italian, a history of the Republic of Venice, which was
published in 1733 in Muratori's "Italise Scriptorea,"
under the title oT "Lives of the Doges of Venice,"
{" Vit« Ducum Venetorum.") Died in 1533.

SegRAWDaH Bmni, "IUi(iu(U Mils Viuc idle Opera di II.
SuuO)." 1 vol*., iSjT-jl: TiKABoaCHi, "Storia dall* LHlannta

BanvitaIfl,sln-ve-tl'11,(GiACOMoANTONio,)Coinn,
an Italian poet snd diplomatist, bom ai Parma in i699>
He published numerous poems, one of which is entitled
"Poem* Parabolica," (1746,) Died in 1780.

Bans, slnth, (AucimiK,) a Spanish architect, bom
at Sats^piasa in 1734, was appointed in 1793 director of
the Academy of San Luia, Among his best works are
the chnrch of Santa Cmi and the theatre at Saragoaaa.
Died in 1801.

Sausio, (RArVARixa) See Raphah.

Baphlr, al'ISta, (Mosm,) a distinguished «

" Der HumorisL"

%l»k;%»»t;\hard;i*»i;^1i,ti,iiMitral; V,iiasaI;%,tTiilrJ; last,- *haain All/. (I^^See Eiptanitions, p. 33. '

!db,Googk

Duaenbtbliothck," uid Ui "Dicthmur of Wit and
Hnmonr," (" Convenatjoni-Luikon fitr Gcbt, Witt and
Hamor."} Died in tS5&

3« r.nmwTw*. -U. a. SapUr imd B«8a," ila>; Buck-

K

Sapl«li% slp-yilit, (JOHN PiTU,) ■ Poliih tnilitUT
commuider, born in 15C91 tliitiiiEiiiihed hinudf in the
van with Sweden and Rouia. Diedini6ti.

ftkfdelui, (Lio,) Ugh chancellor of Litboania, bom
in ISS7t Mfred against the Rossiani nnder Stephen
Bathori in 1579, and aabuqaentlf condoded a Maw of
twenty yewB with the Caar. AAer the death ofBathoti
be pronoted the electioa of the Swedish king, Sigia
mnnd IIL, to the throne of Poland Died in 1633.

Bi'por IPeiaian, Sairook ot ShapOb. ahl'poor'] I,
•on 01 Artazerxei, ancceeded to ^e throne of Peiiia in
ajS A.D. He conquered Meaopotamia and Syria, and
canaed the emperor Valerian to be pat lo death. He
was eventually aasaaiinated by hi* satraps, ()69 a.d.)

Bapor n. succeeded Homtsdas II. as King of Fer^
He was engaged in war* with the Romans, and dislin-

lished himself by his persecotion of the Christians

ied In 380 a.d.

Bmppto, taph'o, [Gr. Xanf^ Rmtire Zoir^oer; Lat
Sappho, genitiTe Sapphus ; Ital.^ppo, aiffo,] wrilten
ibo fiapbo, a Greek lyric poetess of great celebrity, was
bom at Mitjlenc or Eiesos, in the island of Lesbos, about
te; B.C. We have little podtive knowledge of the
•vents of her life, but it is known that she lived about
teo B.C. and was a friend of the poet AlcKna. The
popular tradition that she cherished an unrequited love
for Phaon, and that she th^w herself in detpaii from
the Leucadian rock Into the sea, is rejected by modem
critia. She belonged to the ^olian race, the women
€f which were not kept in so strict seclusion ss the
lopiana. She wrote hymns, elegies, and erotic odes of
eaqulstte besuty. It is admitted that she has never been
surpassed ia sweetness and grace by any lyric poet,
snaeni or modern. Her works are lost, except a hymn
lo Venus and short fragments of other poems, "Among
Ihe mutilated poets of antiquity," says Addison, "there
is none whose fragments are so beautiful a* those of
S^pho. . . . One may see, bv what is left of lliem, that
the followed natnie in all her thoughts, without descend-
ing to those little pioints, conceits, and turns of wit with
wmch msny of our modem lyrics are to miserably in-
fected. Her soul seems lo have been made up of love
and poetry. She fell the passion in all its warmth and
described it in all Its symptoms. She iscalled by ancient
authors the tenth muse.^ (Seethe "Spectator," No.
313, which contains an Engluh version of her hymn lo
Venus.) Versions of her ode to Lesbjs, by Calullns,
fioileau, and A. Philips, may be Ibond In Ihe " Spectator,"
Na M9.

S«a F. G. WaLOcn. " Sappho von (jntn hcmchendcn Vonu^
thiil beMt" itit: HPuaa, "liumBra af AdokiI Gthu,"
Tol. 1.1 K-THHia, "SapiAuVUa n Cstmiiia," iBip Rtorrsa,

Saraolno, sl-rt-chee'no, 01
(CAkLO,) an Italian pain'
painted frescos in the vat:

IT Baiaoeol, sS-ii'Chi'nee,

■, born al Venice in 1585,

Jied in il&s.

-.--. -- .. . „ /""l?.] a He-

brew matron, was the wife of Abraham, and Ihe mother
of Isaac. Her name signifies " princess."

Se* Gauna n. ■«, viL, itiL, irii. ij-si, iriL, ix., ai

Barnpl*. See Ss&APis.

Saroaltt. See Sakkasih.

S&r'&a-iplt^ [modem Hindoo pron. siiT'ttt-wQt'ee,
from SdriUuOt, a Sanscrit word, signi^ng "juicy,"
"ncj," "flowing," »lso "elegant,") the name of the
consort of Brahma, and the goddess of speech, elo-
qnence, and music She wss regarded as the inventiess
of the Sanscrit Isnguage and of the DEvanlgait alphabet
(See Intioductioik, p. 11.) As the ^alroness of music,
slie has by some writers been identified with Minerva,
('AArtd,)who was sometimes snrnamed Miuice, (movouv,)
and who is said to have been Ihe inventor of the flute.
Sir William Jonet addressed lo SaraswatI a hymn, in
whfdl he speaks of her as one

" WboH d«h ii monc, nd ncti tesr a peuL"

SHHooa,'*HiBdnPaDtilsaB,"^ "l*''^-

JO SARGANT

BwawlM, a-rl-vee'ft or tTiTve'r, (Haduah A^) ■
Protestant Ibeolo^an, of Spaniah extraction, bom at
Artms, in Franc^ in 1531, beaune professor of divinity
at Leyden, Having settled in England in 15S7, he wst
made prebendary of Westminster. He was an intimate
friend of the celebrated Hooker, and wst one of ths
divines emplmd by James L in the translalioa of the
Bible. Died & 1613.

Banudn or Bainulii, sf rf ilir', (Jacwu,) a French
scolptor, bom at Noyon in isga He resided many
years at Rome, where be was patronised by Csrdiau
Aldobrandini, for whom be executed Ihe colossal statoM
of Atlas snd Polyphemus at the Villa FiascatL Among
his master>piece* in Fsris may be nanted Ihe Haoso-
leum tA CsrdiDSl Bemlle, "Group of Children playing
with Goats," "The Four Cardinal Virtnes," in the
chtirch of Saint Louis, and t^e Uansoleiun of Henri de
Bonrbon-Condi. Died in 16M.

Sarajdn, (Jban.) See SAUustN;

Barbiavliu. See SABBinrsKi.

SarbiewBkl, aas-be.tv'akee^ (Lat. Sakbir'tids,)
(ICatthiai Kasimir.) a Polish Jesuit and poet, bom ia
1595, became cotut preacher to Ladislaus IV. He was
Ihe author of I^dn lyrics snd other poenia, which ob-
tainedfor hin thenanwof tbeSsrmatianHorBCi!. Died
in 1&40.

(S«in»«t>CKBe) In 183& Among Ua
worka are a collection of tale* eatilled " Le Nouvean
Seicneur" artd " Le Mot ct la Choae," (tS6a,) " fitienns
Moret," (;t876,) ■■ Les Misses de Ho-Fi," (1883,)
"Souvenirs de Jeunesse," (1884,) and "Souvenirs
d'Age Mflr," (1891.) Died in 1899.

Baromaafiia. See Schurtzplsisch.

Bardan^alat See Sasdanapalds

Sar-df-iw^ltia, IGr. 2<vdm-teBJto[; Fr. Sakoana-
PAt.E,«ttK'A'nf|^';Atayrian,AssuB-BAMI-PAt,|akii9
of Assyria, noted for the weakness and eflemman of his
character, is supposed to have died in fiaj B.C. Acoord-
ins lo the Greek story, hit sstrap Arbacca having con-
spired with the Medes against Um and besieged NinevelL
Sardanapalui defended hit capital wiA neat contage and
resolnlfMi Dearly two years. At length, finding rcdstancs
vain, he set file to his palace and consumed biinsel(
together with his women snd his tresaure*. Hb brtories
have been made the subject of one of Lord Byron's beat
tragedies. The Greek story is bbulous : il is supported
by no authority except Clesiaa; but in some respects il
corresponds rather loosely with the hislorr of Saracos,
the last king of Assyria, and with that of Saulmngina.

It is quite certain that Ihe name Sardanapalua repte-
sents that of Assnr-bani-pal, Ihe Sineladnot of Ptolemy,
a large part of whose library, made of day laUets, >
now m the British Museum. He was the greatest mon-
arch Astvria ever had. Bnt his wars and conqoeats
eihausted the country, and his subjects everywhere roae
in revolt, but were finally conquered. He was cmet and
sensual, but was a great patron of art and iettera. He
united the kingdoms of Aissyria and Babylonia.

Sardl, saR'dee, (Aussahdbo,) an Italian aniiqnary,
born at Fcriara about 1510. Anong his works it a
" Treatise on Coins," (1579.) Died in 1588.

Bardon, sla'doo*, (Victobibm,) a French dramatist,
bom in Paris in 1831. Heprodoced Dnmerooa succeasfal
dramas, among which are " Nos Intimes," (1S61,)
"La Patrie," (1869,) " Rabsgas," fiS?!,) "Fe-
dora," (1883,) "La Tosca," (1887,) " Cl^opatre
Gismondi," (1894,) "Spiritjsme," (1897,) and, with
Moreau, " Madame Sans-Gene." He was elected ■
member of the French Academy in 1877. D. 1508.

Sai/gant, (Wiluau Ldcas.) an English snthor, bom
in Birmingham, October 1, 1809, was educated at Cam-
bridge. Among his works are " Science of Sodal Opa
lence," (1856,) "Economy of the laboaring ClasBes,"
(1857.) "Sodal Innovators," (1858,) "life of Robert
Owen," (1S60,) "Recent Foiiticsl Economy," (1867,)
" Essays of s Birmingham MsnuEactnrer," (4 vols., 1869
-7a,) "Taxation," etc., (1874.) Died in 1889.

• In Sir Dnid Uaimf% "TIith

L e, I, fi, S. J, l-tg: *,*,*, same, less prolongedj I, i, 1, 6, Q, f.

thtrt; f, f, i, 9. tbiairt: Or, fill. At; mil; nSt; g96d; mOi

Digitized .y Google

Dom in itoMon, MMiacnatem, apni 84, 1841. neg
Dated u Hamrd Collqp Id 1S63, tervM m a vola
■taS oficM in the war of t86i-65, and aAeniarda «n
made director fiiat of tlie botanic garden and tbea of
tbe arboretam of HarvanI UniTcraitT, and profnaor of
arboricnltan; Hia chief jwUlcatioQ u tlw able " Special
Report" on tbe fbreata of North America, nude for tbe
tenth censni- He was made ■ membei of tbe National
Academjr of Sciences in 1895, and w» editor of
•' Garden and Foteal" 1887-97,

Sar'KWit (Ens, (pa,) an American jonmaliat and
misceUaneoDi writer, born at GlonceiteT, Huuchnaetli,
b 1S13. He was incceaaivelv editor of tbe New York
"Mirror" and the Boatoo "Evening Tranacript" He
pnbliihed "Velaaco," a tragedy, and lereral other dramas,
** Songa of the Sea, and other Poemi," " Arctic Adven-
tare* 07 Sea and Lud," (1857,) and a number of excel-
lent educational worka. Died December 30, tSSo.

Sm GudRiLD, 'Pnm Wihoi gl Aavica."
Bftrgent, (Horacb Binney,) an American lawrer and
litttrattttr, a aon of Lacina Manliui Sargent, waa bom at
Quincy, Massachusetta, in iSai ; died in 1867.

Sargent, (John Stngbk,) a painter, bom at
Florence, Italy, in 1S56, the son of an AmericBo
doctor. He was elected a member of the Royal
Academy of Great Blitaia in 1S97.

Sutant^ (Ltx:ii;i Mahuui,) an aUe and popular
American writer, bom at Boston in 1784 He pnb-
liihed a leriea of "Temperance Tales," which were
veiT bvonrablv received, a work endtled " Dealings
with the Dead, by a Sexton of the Old School," (a
Tola., 1856,) and a number of poema. Died in 1S67.

Bar'gon, a king of AHyria, ascended the throne tn
711 B.c He conquered sereral adjoining nations, cap-
tared Samaria, and carried away many laraelites a
captivea. Died tn 704 kc

Bax'goa, a great king of Babylonia, concerning whom
little is known. Much that b told of him seems mylh-
IcaL He was a great la«|pTer, and a lealoa* patron
of literature. He founded the great library of Agane,
near Sippara, fiunoas for its works on astrology and
astronomy, ilc lived at a very early date.

Bu'jMiit or BwjMnt (John,) a Catholic prfeat
bom in Llncolnalure about tfot. became aecretaiy M
the tecalar clergy in England. He publiahed a gr«a(
■umber of controversial woriu. Died in 1707.

SarmiMitcy saR-me-in'to, (DoMiiteo FAumNO,] a
Spanish- American statesman, bom at San Juan de la
Frontera, (now in the Argentine Republic,) February 1$,
1811. He became a celabiatcd instructor and joumaliat,
and in 1845 waa sent by Chili to Europe and North
America to observe and report on primary schools. He
waa afterwards a minister u the government of the Ar-
gentina RepaUic, waa its minister to the United States,
■864-68, and ita president, 1868-74. He published "De
la Educadoa popular," " Viaeea,'' " Vida de Abran Lin-
coln," " Las Escnelas," etc. Ho died Sept. 8, 1888, and
was buried at Buenos Ayres with distinguished honours.
BannieDta, aas-me^n'to, (Mabtin,) a Spanish
•cholar and teacher, bom at Segovia in 1692. He wrote
several literary works. Died at Madrid in 1770.

Bannlento, Se. di 5aB-me4n'to, (Juan,) a Spanish
historian, who lived about 1550, travelled in Pern, and
wrote a work entitled " Account of tbe Government of
the Incas," (" Rdadon de la Snceaion j Govfemo de las
Ingas," etc, in manuscript.) He ia pnised by Prescott
fi>r his candour and accuracy and the humane sririt he
BanifeslB towards the natives. He bdd the office of
president of the Council of the Indies.

Sarnelll,saB-nel1ee, {PoHPEo,) an Italian writer and
ecclesiastic, bom at Polignano in 1649. He wrote various
worka, In prose and veiae. Died In 17x4.

Saron or Barron. Sec Bocrart db Sakkon.

Sar-po'doii, [Or. tofarlfStiii ; Fr. SarfAdon, stft'pji'-
iAti',\ a persona^ in the Greek mythology, regarded
•■ the son of Jupiter and Europa, and a brother of MI-

« an i; t as t; | kard; t as/,- o, n, K,gtiatinil; n, rtatai; m, trOltJ: I

reorea (o i^oa, 01 wnwB ne necame icmg.

BarpeOcNi, a hero and prince of Lycia, mentioDed
in the "Iliad," sapposed to have been a son of Jnpiter
and Laodami'a. Accordiiig to Homer, he foi^ht far the
Trojans and was killed by Tatroclna.

Buid, saB'pee, (Paolo,) an eminent Italian wriiar
and tbeol^an, bom at Venice in 1553, is generally
known as nA Paolo, or Fathsb Pavi. He eDterad
tlie order of Servitc* at an eariy age, was sabaeqaenlly
appointed professor of philosophy at Venice, and in
1579 waa elected general of his order. Being isada
procureor-general in 1585, he went to reside at Rome,
where he acquired the friendship of Cardinal Bellarmine
and other distinguished men ; bat, liavinct been suspected
of heretical opinions and threatened with tbe Inqniil-
tlon, be returned to Venice. He was chosen In 1605
conaulting theolo«an of the republic daring it* conteat
with Pope Paul V., and defended its canse with signal
ability and success. Repeated attempts on his lifh, and
the entreatica of his frienda, induced him to retire to a
convent, where he died in 1623. His "History of the
Council of Trent" ("Istoria del Coocilio Tridentino,"
1619) is his moat celebrated work, and waa translated
into Latin and several other languages. In his WTitiiu|s
Father Paul has boldly attacked the inbllibilitv of the
pope and condemned his usurpations of temporal power.
He is alao sapposed to have favoured Protestantism,

Bairans, sfrAH', (Bbsnabd,) a French joomallsl and
ilitlcal writer, bora near ToaTouie In 1795, became
"La Nouvelle Minervo" abont 1830. He
I a treatlae "On tbe Spanish War and the
of tbe Bourbons," "History of BemadotK^
Sweden," (184S,) etc. Died April 7, 1S74.

~ -._ j-ff ,|„»j (jjji^ Pkanqois,)

giMishet
lOngof :

eairaaln. ^iVtXs', M

s French liairaUtr, bom near Caen In ifoj,
was the author of a ■■ History of tbe Siege of Dunkirk,^
(■649,} "The Conspiracy of Wallenatein," and other
works, in proae and veisc. He ' waa scCTetary to the
Prince de Conti, and a litaraiy rival of Vdtara. Died
bi6S4-

Sanudn, (Gabribl,) a French anthor, born at
Laval in 1S53. He wrote "Les Pontes Modemes
d'Angletene," (1^85,) "La Renaissance de la
Poesic Anglaise," (1W9,) "Les MJmoires d'un
Centiure," (1894,) " Le Roi de la Mer," (1897,)

I, (jACQun.) See Sabaein,
dn, slfrf litJ', (Ikan,) a French general, bora
I 1770. He obtained the rank of general of brigade
about 1800, alter which he served in several campaigns
In iSio he deserted to the British. Died about 1840.

Bamia, sf rile', (P. F.,) a n-encb mathematician,
bom in the department of Aveyron about 1795- He
became professor of analysia at Stiasboorg. Died i86t.

BaiTDt, sl'rli', (Guuain,) a French UUfratair, bom
_. Toulouse in i8oc^ published a number of political and
miscellaneous works. Died October 30, 1883.

Bars, (GiosG Ossian,) an eminent Norwegian aoolo

gist, a "

ciaJly ,

of the conductors of importaot sea-dredging expeditions.

Barn, (Michau,) an eminent soolocist, bom at Ber-
oJn, in Norway, August 30, 1805. In 1830 he was
pastor of Kinn, and in 1840 of Manger, on the coast of
Norw^, He published in 1846 the first part of hia
"Fauna Uttonlia NorvegiK," which eatabllshed bis
reputation. In iSu he became professor of geology in
the Univerwty of Chrlatlania, whkh office be fitled with
great honour to his country until bis death. Hi* " VU-
Bidre pour scrvir it la Connalssance de* CrinoYdes vl>
vants" attracted much atteatioa by ahowing that the
iliM," supposed to have Men long
extinct, occur In a living state in the abysae* of tbe
Atiantic Ocean. Died October iz, 1869.

Baxs'fleld, (Patkick,) an able Irish commander and

Roman Catholic, who waa a partisan of James IL He

took a prominent part in the battle of the Boyne, (1690.)

the confidence of the Irish Jacobites in an emi.

^See Eiplanatiotia,p.a3.>

lUled M the bttUe of Landen,

puiT nim to r ranee
Loni* XIV. He ■
Id 1693.

Butaln, nj-tin', (John,) ■ diBtingoished aigi^vtr,
born in London in 180S, emigrated to America in iSjCh
and Killed In Philadelphia. He waa the tint to in-
trodnce meuotinto cnparing into the United StaCet.
In 1849 he established " Sartain"* Union Magaiine," (pub-
lUbed moothlT,) of which he waa for tome time editor.
Betides engraving, Mi. Sartain gave considerable atten-
tion to painting in oil and 10 architectare. Among his
worka in the latter field we may mention the lofty
granite monument in Monnment Cemetery, Fhiladel-
phia, in which city, also, the colossal medallion por-
traiti of Washing^Ion and La Fayette were cast in
bronze from his models. Died Octoher 34, 1S97,

SartL MR'tee, (GnrnmE,) an Italian composer, bom
at Faenza abont 1730. He became aacceuiTely chapel-
masler at the court of Copenhagen, the Conserratorio
della Pietl, at Venice, and the Conservatory of Kate-
rinoataf, in Russia. The empress Catherine II. also
conferred upon him ■ munificent aalary, and created him
a noble of the fiiM rank. His works are principally
MCred music and opera* : of the latter, his " Gislio Sa-
Uno" k most esteemed. Died tn iSoa.

Butt (Maitro,) an Italian scholar, bom at Bolonw
In 1709, wat a monk of the order of Camaldulea. He
wrote, bcaidea other works, a *■ History of the Untrer-
siW of Bolojna," in Latin, (s toIb., 1769-71.) Died in

fiutlno, do, dfh ttK'ttn', ( Antoinb Ratmokd JuN
Gdauut Gamiu.) Comte d'Alby, a French sdminls-
trator, bom in 1719. He became rieuienant-general of
police {Id IVris) in 17U, and was mtmtter of Marine
fcotn 1774 tintil 178a Died in i8ot.

Suto, Ovl, del san'to, (Ahdbxa Vwineohl— H-
Book'kee,) a cdebrated punter of the FloreatiDe achool,
bom at Flwence In 14SS. He studied under ^tro di
Co«im<^ and sabeequently nailed Rome. Among Ma
master-pieces at Florence are his "Madonna di San
Francesco^" in the Florentine gallery, *'The Last Sap-
per," (a fresco,) and "Descent of Che Holy Ghost," tn
the monastery of the Salvi. He also executed several
w(fflu for the French lung, Francis L Sarto li distin-
guished for correctness of design, haraionioo* colouring,
and skill in chiaroscuro. Died in 1530.

Sar-to'rls, (Adilaidk,) an English aathor, a daughter
of Charles Kemble, was bom in 1S1& She went upon
the stace, snd won 1 high reputation as a singer. She
married Mr. Sartoris in 1843. Among her writings ate
" A Week in a French Country- House, 'Ml 847,) " Medusa,
and other Tales," etc Died August 6, 1S79.

Sartorliu, saK-to're-As, (Ernst Wilhslm Crsis-
TiAN,J a Gernian theologian and religious writer, bom
at Darmstadt in 1797 ; died in 1S59.

Butorlns, (GiORC,) Baron von WalierahauBen,bom
al Cassel in 1765, wrote a " Historr ol the Hanseatic
League," (iSoa,) and other works, Died in 1838.

Swf well, (HiNsv FAiXut,) an American botanist,
bom at Pitcsfietd, Massachuset^ April iS, 1791. He
waa for many years a phyaidan of Penn Van, New Vork,
and was a lealous collector of plants. His principal

BUteation was an unfinished work on the genna Cart*.
ed at Penn Van, KoTember 15, 1867.
Saa'nat^ (WiixtAK J.,) D.D., an American Method-
ist di*ine and writer, bom in Georgia in iSao. He waa
an eminent pulpit ontor, and president of a college at

B«BU, aartee, ii.ai. AAX'ini,j (uivskpfb amtoxh^)
an Italian scholar and writer, bora at Milan in 167^ 01
1675. H* wrote on the antiqaitiea of Milan, and aided
his friend Muratori in hit great work. Died in 1751.

tFAxnix),) an Oalian poe^ bora at H6dena

> >S*7-

See Salti, (GuMBATTiaTA.)

Buaone, IL See Haau, Uomamm Adolf.)

Bthaa. sl'thls, (KoNnAKTUtoa,) s Greek tchtdar,
bom at Alhena in 184a, was educated at the nniTcr-
aity of that dty. Among his writings are " Anecdota
GiKca," " History of Greek Utcrature after the Fall of
the Empire," " History of Greece under the Tnrka,"
" History of the Greek Language," etc.

Blta Bnf M, or Buf t*«, Imodem Hindoo peon.
*&f ee', the feminine form of the Sanscrit adjective afl;

liineral pile of their husbanda, from the belief not
merely that no true or good wife will marry a aecond
time, but that no devoted wife ought to survive her huf
bantl. According to one of the Hindoo legenda, Sid
was the name of a daughter of Dakiha and wife of
Siva ! Ihroash indignation on account of aome disre.
sped shown by her nther to Siva or to heracl( ahe caM
herself into a aacrificial fire, and waa conaomed

8« Hooa, "Hinita PuHwcil"

SMtolll, (Fkahcis,) a Roman Catholic prelate,
was bom at Perugia, Italy, in 1841. He became sn
assistant priest to Pope Leo XIII., was made arch-
bishop of Lepanto, was appointed apostolic delegate
to the United Slates in 18S3, was sent to Baltimore
in 1S89 to act for the pope in the matter of the Catholic
University at Washington, and was made a cardinal
b 1896. Died Januarys. tQIO.

Bkfutn. |Gr. Kptfc; Lat Sat(tk'nus or CKCmn;
Ft-. Satubki, sl'ttiBn^] a god of dasaic nytholagy
and a mythical king of Italy, waa called a son of Uraniw
and Ge, (or Ccelus and Terra,) the husband of Rhea,
and the &ther of Jupiter, Neptune, Plnlo, Jnno, Cerca,
and Vesta. Tlie poets feigned that he dethroned Uranoa,
and devoured hia own children aa soon as they wel«
bom ; bat Rhea deceived him by giving him atones,
(wraMied in a cloth,) whidi he*wB]lowa],andahe that
•aved the live* of thoae above named. He was do.
tbroaedbvjopiter, took refiige in Italy, and wa* kindly
received tty Jaoni^ the king of ttat country, who nvo
him a akaie of the rtnral power. Satwn ia aaid la hav*
dvilised thepeofrieof Italy and to havetaoght them uri-
cnltnre and naefnl arta. Hia reign was to mild, paofi^
and beneficent that it iraa called the Golden Age.

The Romana, in honour of Saturn, celebrated an an-
nual festival called Satm-malia, daring which geoeial
mirth and license prevailed and alavca were waited ob
at table by theb maater^ with whom they were allowed
to Jeat with tmpimitv. Saturn was represented as an
old tnan, holding in oia band a scythe or pruning-knife,
with a serpent biting it* own tail, (the emblon of ctemi^,)

BattmuUa. See SATtiKN.

Botnnia. See Satukn.

Satamln. See Saturkinus.

Bat-w-nl'iinB or SatamUna, one of the earlieal
of the Syrian Gnostics, flourished about 135 A.I>-

Sat-or-nl'iiun, (t^LAUDius,) a Roman jurist, the time
of whose turth is unknown, is (he supposed aathor tf a
work entitled " De Pccnia Paganorum."

IFr. Satuhnik, sftiia'nln'.l (Lucin

dbyGoogle

SATTX

■TltR'.] Tbe Satyra were hbnlow being*,

■Modated with tbe worahip of Bacchus, and sap].

to have been tbe o&pring of Mercury. Ther were rep-
Tcaented aa harine a bodT like a man, with tbe lega and
feet of a ^t, and amall homa on the head. They were
fond or wine, iteep, and aentiul pleatore, and were con-
foonded or identified by aome with the Fanni of the
Roman mythology. The older Satyn were called Siltni,

8«^T« or fiatynu. See Satvr.

BMDOerotts, ada'rof, (Nicolas,) » French aurgica]
writer, bora at Lanjville in 1741, wu chief anrgeoa of
a French anny from 1794 to 179a. Died in 1814.

Hl« nandson, Antoinx Constant Saucirottx,
born at Uoacow in 1805, became a physician at Loo^
rilte. He wrote aeveral wotka on medidne and natural
hiatory. Died at Lnn^viile, November 3, 1884.

Banda, sl-oo'da, an Urdu (or Hmdoatance) poet,
bom at Delhi about 1700; died at Lucknow in 1780.
Kia wdrea are the beat bit coanliy haa produced.

Banl, [Heti. ^mr,l the ton of Kiah, and of the tribe
of BeDJaiDin,waa aaoliiledfint king of the laraelitea, bf
SanueL He WMed war ancoeMraly anln*t the Am-
monJtet and PUI&llnM, andia a battle with tbe Amalek^
ilea look capdvo tbeir Un^ Agag. HaTing through
diMbedience iacarred tb« diapleaanre of JeboTah, he

Banl of Ihtana. See Paul, SAiifT.

Banloj, da, dfh tfi'te', (Louis FiuatN Josiph
Oalgnait— kAn'yfa',) a French archaeologist, bom at
LQle In 1S07. He pnbliahed in 1836 >» "EaMV
aaMific«ti<m of Bj^nthie Coina,5w'-'-^ -1—

Mionnetaa 1

and in 1859 _._ ,

tine b iSy), be paMiihcd hia " Tmvela aroond the Dead
Saa and In tbe Biblical Land*," (iSss.) He wrote other
•orka on iinmiaiiiatica, etc. Died November 4, 188a

Sm •• Nonrik BhvipU* Otatnit."

Batilmtigliia, a brotlMr of Aaaar-bant-pal, King of
Aaayrla, (see Sakdanapalus,) who nude him titalar
K)i» of Batiylon. Sanlmagina, tiied of hia vaaaaiage to
Ua brolheT, conat^ted with the kinga of Elam and made
war ininat Attyria, Imt was finally overcome. He then
ahnt bimieir up in hia palace. According to George
Smith and moat other Auyriologina, be aet fire to the
palace and periahed in llie fiamet. Lenormant layi
llut he waa pardoned at tbe iotercet^on of hia dater ;
Fox Talbot, that he wa* either devoured l>]r Ikaw or
baraed to death in a fbmaoft

Sanlx da Tarannaa. See Tavamnm.
See SALUAaius^

or Saoamara^ da, dch atfrnf ti',
tjAMsa,) Loan, a Britiah admiral, of French eatraction,
Dom on the iiland of Gnemaey in 1 757. Having aerred
for a time in America, and aubaequently agunit the
Dutch in 1781, he waa appcdnled in 1793 to the com-
nand of Che Creicent, and diatlngaiahed himself in
•Overal engagement* with the Frencb. As commander
of tbe Orion, he as«i*tcd in gaining the victory over the
Spanish fleet off Saint Vincent in 1797, and waa after-
ward* second in command at tbe battle of the Nile.
Having been made rear-admiral of the blue in tSoi, he
was appointed to command the squadron ofl' Cadii, and
•oon after gained a signal victory over the united French
aad Spanish fleet, for which achievement the order of
ttie Bath was conferred npon him. In the subsequent
war with Russia be comnunded the Baltic fleet, and
afiet peace waa restored was created in iSai vice-ad-
miral of Great Britain. He was made a peer, with the
title of Baroa de Sauamarei, in 1831. Died in 1S3&

5h S» toHK ttou, " Monoin, Mc oF Admin] Loid da Su-
aim," iSiS; Cahfdll. " lira of the Brilidi Adminlv"

Saiui'dfil, (Sir Edmund,) an Enstisb jurist undei
the reign of Charles IL, rose to be chief justice of tbe
court ofking's bench in 16S3. Died in l6Sj.

Bannden, (John Cunkinghau,) an English sur-
geon and ocolist, bom in Devonshire in 1773, published

tut; fiMi; tltarJ; ^maj; a,tLX.ftttt>tm/; Vjnatal; 1L,M/Jtj,- S

Sanndora, (John,) an English novelist, born at
Bamslaple in iSri. In 1846 he founded "The Peo-
ple's Journal," the first illustrated magazine. Of his
many novels, the beat was "Abel Drake's Wife,"
which be diamsliied. He died in 1S95. His daughter,
Katharinb Saunders Coopbr, was the author of
" Gideon's Rock" and other novels-

Banndara, (Wiluam.) H.D., born in 1743, was ap-
pointed senior phytidan to Guy's Hospital, London.
He wrote several medical works. Died in 1819.

Bann'd^-apa, (Nichoiju,] an EnKliah acholar and
mathematician, bom in Yorkahlre in tSSi. He lost hia
sight at Che age of twelve months, but, notwithstanding
this misfortune, he made rapid progress both in the
classics and the enct science*. In 1711 he *ucce«ded
Whiston as Lacaaian professor of mathematlca at Cant-
bri^e, having pteviomly received the degree of M.A.,
and IB 1738 be waa made Doctor of Lawa. He was the
aathor 0[ treatiae* on the "Elements of Algebra" and
** On Fluxion*. " He waa a friend of Newton and other
eminent phllosophera of the tim& Died in 1739.

Batippa^ s&wp'p^ (Hekuahn,) a German scholar,
bom at Wesensteln, in Saiony, December g, 1S09. In
1838 he waa appointed a profeuor in the Zurich Univer>
ain, and in 18^6 was made profeasor of philoloiy at
GBttingen. He edited manv testa of Greek and Latia
authora, with notea. Died September 16, 1893.

Saorao, von, fon sS'rfi', (Fkamz,) Count, an Ana-
trian statesman, lx>m in Vienna In 17(0. H* was ap-
pointed govemor of the province of Aiutria in iSic^ and
governor of Lonbardy in 1815. Id the laat-aaaied year
be becaoM ib« chief cf all tha clkaneeiie* of the empira.
Died aboat itjo.

Batlria, ■Jfrtn', (ButKAKD JoaaPR,) a French drama-
tb^ boro b Pari* in 1706, was a aoa of Joseph Sanria,
aotked below. He wa* the anchor of "Spartacua," a
tragedy, ( I nSo.) "The Uannersof the Time," ("Hmura
da Temp*,") and other comediaa. Ha waa a member of
the French Academy, aad numbered among hia frienda
Voltaire and Uoniesquien. IMed b 1781.

Sm "NmnOs BiocnpbM GAkfnk."

Sanilii, (EuAS,) a French ProteManI df*iiie,bani ia
16391 wa* tlie aotltor <rf " Reflection* on the Rigkt* of
Coiwdence," and other aimilar worka. Died in 170^

Batuln, (Iacqubs.) a French Proteatant divbe and
eloauent pumit orator, bom at Ntmca in 1677. Having
atudied at Geneva, be becaaie in 1701 pastor of the
Walloon church in London, and aabaeqtientljr redded
at the Hagae, In Holland, where he preaoied (or twenqr-
five years with the higbeat repatanoo. He poUishM
a large collection of aeraona, sooae of which have been
translated into Engliah, a treatiae "On the State of
Christianity in France," (1715,) and "Discourses, His-
torical. Theological, and Uoral, on tbe Principal Event*
of the Old and New Testamenta." Died in 1730.

SnCHAiua Wiis>,"Naticii nn 1* V!i da T. Slorin," iImi
I. P. Rohan, " Etui Ht Siimu," i»#; Haac ^ Li Fnua pnt-
t~unu;" "UdhiMt K<Tinr"lbr Uuth.i7S): "NoUTdl* EUo-

SarnlD, (Josant,) s French mathematician, brother
of Ellas, noticed above, waa born at Courtatson in 1659.
In 1707 he was elected to the Academy of Sdencea, to
whidi he contributed a number of valuable scientific
essays. He was originally a Catvinist minister, but Bab>
sequently became aCatholic Died in 1737.

Sk Haao, "Id Fn» pnuiBata."

Ban'rlQ, (William,) an Irish jurist and stateamaa,
bom in 1767, became attorney-general for Ireland in
1S07. Died Id 1840.

Sanamaraa, See Sauuarez.

Banaaay, s5's4', (AndrI,) a French ecclesiastic, bom
in Puis about 1595, was appointed preacher- in-ordi nary
to Louis XIIL, and made Bishop of Toul in 1649. H*

Eablisbed a work entitled "Martyrologium Gallicanum."
lied in 1675.

Satuaaya, tia. See La Saussaye, db.
Satuatira, (ALBuriNa Adiiknnk.) See Nickek.

t.-timintlUt. (||^~SeeExplanatioaa,p.93.,

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SAC/SSC/XE

1, do, dfh (CrtK', (HoiAcx BtntNcr,) an

eminent Swin nitaralnt, bom at Genera in PebnutT>
174a He was aasiated in his sdentiGc iludies b; his
maternal ancle. Bonnet, and bj the pelebrated Haller,
and at the age of twentj-two became proressor of philoa-
ophjin the Collie of Genera. Having made namerona
•icartiona among the Alps, Jura, andother mountain-
chains, with the Tiew of exploring their natural phe-
MNnena, he ascended in 17SS to the summit of Mont
Blanc. Hit most important work, entitled "Voyages
dans lea Alpes," was published in 4 rots, in ij^
Among his other vnitinga we may name a " Phyiical
Dissertation on Firo," (i7S9> '" Latin,) " Essajn on Hy-

rometry," (1783,) and " Relation abiiMe d'nn Voyage
la CIme da Mont Blanc en Aodt, 1787," (17S7.) He
was the InTcntor of Jnatrnnienta called tbe cyanometer
and the diaphanometcr, for ascertaining tbe transparency
of the air at different heights, and also made improve-
ments in the thermometer, hygrometer, etc. Of Saua-
SUTC, Cuvier observes, "The new (acts which he has
signalized, and the errors he has destroyed, will alwaya
render his Ubonrs infinitely valoable to natoraliaCS, and
irill make of them the pnndpal base and Ime touch-
stone of the ayattms one can imagine for the (ntnTe."
Died at Geneva in 1799.

Sh Cim>^ " £la|a d* Saiunn :" SamHaa, " mmojia ki»-
eoriqaa nir la Via «I la KcriB ds SaoBan," iIdi : " N«itell*
Blainphie Oieinit."

Banaanre, do, (Ntcoi.AS,) a Swiss rural economist,
born at Geneva in 1709, was the ^therofthe preceding.
He published several worka on rural economy. Died
in 1790-

Batuann, de, (Nicolas ThIodosb,) a chembt and
Datnraliit, btnm at Getter* in 1767, waa a son of Horace
BinMict, noticed above. He published " Chemical Re-
searches on Vegetation," (180^) and contributed many
memoira to several tdenbfic jonrnals. In iSlo he waa
dacted a corraponding memlier of the French Institute.
IMed in 1845.

Saat«I, aC'tll', (FmaR Juw,) a French Jesuit and
Latin poet, bom at Valence in 1613. He wrote several
elegant Latin poems. Died in 166a.

SanTage.ifi'vlih', (Dinis,) Sieur Du Pare, a Frend)
Uttiraittir, bora abont 1530, became hiatoriogra^er to
Henry IL He edited the work* of Froissart, Comjnea,
and Monstrelet. Died about 1587.

Bamagft, sS'Ttifa', (Etikmnk NoKl TosxrH,) a Bel-
gian advocate, born at Liege in 1789. He was ministei
of the interior from March to Anguat, 1831, and became
president of the court of cassation in iSja. Died 1867.

BanTasna, ds, d; h sCvkb', (Franqoii Boissisr,) •
French medical writer and botanut, bora at Alais (Gard)
in 17061 He became professor at Monlpellier about
1740, and published, betides other works, " Methodical
Nosology,'' ("Noaologta Usthodica," 5 vols., 1763.}
Died in 1767.

5n Barimtk, "Ctoda nn-BciiBindc Saunfo," 1791: "Bio-
inphia IMdiala ;" " Homdla Biocnpfai* Giniait."

fianval, sS'vtl', (Hbnri,) a French historian, born
In Paris about i6»o. He wrote a " History of the An-
tiquities of Paris," (3 vols., 1 714-) Died in 1669 or i6;70.

BauTetir, aS'vua', (Joseph,) a French mathematician
and philosopher, bom at La Fliche in 1653. He waa
appointed in 16S0 teacher to the pages of the dauphin-
ess, and in 16S6 professor of mathcmalics in the Royal
College at Faril. He was elected to the Academy of
Sciences in 1696. He was especially distinguished for
his improvements in the science of acoustics, upon which
ba puUisbed a number of CMlys. Died in 1716.

^FonaHBua, " dc«is 1" HorrvcLA, " Hiuiira dai

Sanx, d«, dfh sS, (Sophii,) a French artist, known
professionally as Hwbiktti Beownl She was bom
in Paris in 1819, the daughter of the Count de Bouteii-
lon, and became tbe wife of Jules de Saux. She has
acquired distinction chiefly as a genre-painter.

Baazet, *6'ii', (Jian Pikrkk Paui,} an eloquent
French advocate and politician, bom at Lyons in iSoo.
He sained distinction ai counsel for the defence in
politiCBl trials, and waa elected to the Chamber ctf

Depatiet la 1834. He waa mlitiater ot Jostlce froH
February to September, 1836. Between 1^9 and 1848
he was elected President M the Chamber « Deputies
ten times. He presided during tbe revolutioa of rdira-
ary, 1S48, and resisted the insn^enls who imaded the
chamber. After that event he took no part in public
life. Died at Lyons, July it, 1876.

Sh Coumn, " LItr* do Orttsais i" Leon Bla>c " Riian
<k dix Ah ;" " NiMvdla Bii«npUa CMnJiak."

BaVagOk (Edwaki^) an American painter and en-
graver, bora at Princeton, Uataacfansetts, in 1761, was
a pupil of Benjamin West He pidoled the uunily of
Washington. IMed in tSiy.

Savag*, QOKM,) an Engliah divine of the righteenth
century, publiBhed a "Collection of Letters of the Ad-
dents, wherebr is lUscovered the Morality, Wit, Hu-
mour, etc. of the Greeks and Romans." Died in 1747.

Savage, tJOBN,) an American jurist, bora about 1780.
He was chief Justice of thesnpremecourt of NewYort
for Iburteea years. Died st Utica in October, 1863.

Bavagflh (John,) an Iriah-American aothor, bom in
Dublin, December 13, i8s8. He went to the United
States in 1848; and became a jonmaltst in New York.

Fenian Heroes and Martyra," (t86S,}
" Eva, a' Goblin Romance," " Faith and Fancy," {poems,
1S64,) "Sibyl, a Drama," (1865.) etc.

a«v«sa,iMAUllON W.,)an Irish novelist, bom abont
1815. In 1856 he removed from Dublin to London and
became editor of the "Examiner." Among his books
are "The Falcon Family," (1S45,) "The Bachelivof tba
Albany," (1S49,) "My Unde the Curate," "Reubea
Medlicott," (185a,) " A Woman of Business," (iStc^) etc.
Died at Toronay, May 1, 1873.

SaTage, (Hinot Tudsoh,) an Aiaeticaa dergyaun,
bora at NortidgewocK, Maine, June 10| 1841. Ha grad-
uated at Bangor TheologiGal Seminary in 1864, aad be*
came a Congr^ationaliat praachcr, but afterwards joined
the Unitarian denomination, and was pastor o( tbe
Church of tbe Unity in Boston 1S74-96, and subse-
quently of the Church of the Messiah, New York.
He became widely known as an advocate of radical
evolutionary views. He published numerous works,
largely of erolutionaiy theology. His " Life after
Death," (1899,) gave (acts in support of his beliel in
spiritualism. His son, Fhilif Hbnry, bora 1S6S,
died 1S99, was the author of two volumes of poems.

Savage, (Ricrakd,) an Enriish poet, noted for hii
misbrtunes and for hi* diiaohte halnts, was bora fa
London in 1698. Ha it believed to have been a natoral
son of the Countess of Hacdetfield and die Earl of
Rivers. He waa abandoned br liit mother and placed
with a nurae, who was chargea to bring him up in Ig-
norance of hit tnrth. Having subseqaently discovered
the secret of hit parentage, ha made many incfiectual
attemptt to obtain recognition and support from La^
Macclesfield He was befriended by Sir Richard Steele
and Dr. Johnson. Among his works were "The Wan-
derer," a poem, (17*9,) and several dramas. He killed
a man in a brawl in i;^7, and was condemned to deatk
bat was pardtmed. Died in 1743.

BaTaga, (Richard Hbnrv,} an American author,
bora at Utica, New York, in 1S46. He graduated at
the United States Military Academy in 1868, va» in the
Egyptian army 1871-74, a railroad engineer 1874-84,
then lawyer and author. His works embrace poems,
novels, etc. Died October 11, 1903.

Santie da ManlAon, srvrnf d(h mSni'^N'. a
French baron and troubadour, about 1300 became Grand
SeneKhal of Aquitainc, and fonght with the Albigenses
a^nst Simon de Montfbrt He was a manof vacfllating
disposition, but was noted for hit tonga called taamu.
Died about 1330.

BaTBTon, sf vf rAN', (Tun,) a French bistorian aad
political writer, born at Clermont in l5Sa He was an
advocate of the rights of the titn-ilat, {third estate,) and
wrote, besides other works, a " History of the Statca>
Oener^," {1615.) Died in 1633.

1 4 1.6. «, J. /i«V; *,*. ik tame, leas prolonged; i, i, 1, 6. il,y, /i«rt; ♦,?, L ft •*«»^; Oi. fl'I. **»; "*'i "*>•; f»«li "»<*"■

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SAVART 11

8«T*rt afTfa', (PtLix,) a French unnt, born at
M^iiru in 1791, wu ■ phjnidan. He (occeeded Am-
pere M professor of physital philoeo^hjp in the College
9f France. He wTx>te on the nbraboni of bodies and
the Ian of theii commnnicsiion. Died in Puis in 1841.

S« " Noinlls Biompbk G&ifnls."

Bavaiy, itvtie, (Anni Jean Hakii Rkn*,) Due
&t Rovigo, an able French general and diplomatist,
bom at Marcq (Ardennes) in 1774. He entered the
srmj in 1790, served as captain nnder Morean in 17961
and was aide-de-camp of Dcsaix in Egypt in 1798-iteo.
He became aide-de-camp to Bonaparte in iBoo, a gen-
eral of brigade in 1S03, and general of division in 1S05.
Having obtained command of a corps, he gained a vic-
tory over the Rnssians at Ostrotenka in 1S07. In 1S08
he received the title of Due de Rovigo, and was sent on
a diplomatic mission to Madrid. He succeeded Foncbj
M minister of police in June, 1810. He adhered to Bona-
parte ifier his defeat at Waterloo, and ofiered to accom-
pany him to Saint Helena, but vras detained in prison
at Malta seven months, lie tnote autobiographic " H^-
moires," {S vols., l&tS.) In iS^l he obtained the chief
command of the umj in Algeria. Died in 1S33.

S(e AcuLu Kdoo, "D«UU. la Doc da Rons* at Is Prios
da TaHarrud/' iSu: THiiai. "Hiuorrof iha Ccunlala and tbs
bopin;" "NmiiaUa BiseniJilt Gtn^nte."

SavaiT, (Frak^ii.) See BrAvis, V%,

Bavaiy, (Jacquu,) a French writer on cemmerc^

bom in Anjon in i6ai. U* pnblisfaed a work entitled

"The Complete Merchant," ("l-e parlait N^ociant,")

which was translated into the ptiitcipal European lan-

2[ea. Died in 1693^
•▼■ly, (Nicolas,) a French tnveller, bora at Vitr^
■D Biittan V, in 1 7J0. He set ont in 1 776 for Egjpt, where
he passed Ibtee years, and anbtequently visited the
Grecian Archipalaga. On his relom to France he pob-
Ibbed a translatitm of the Konut, accompanied with
note*, and a Life of Mohammed, which ia esteemed the
best in the French language. His " Letters on "E^gf^"'
came ont in 1785, and obtained great popularity, bavins
been translaied mto English, German, Dutch, and Swed-
ish. His "Letters on Grsece" came oat a abort tsme
•fker his death, which took place in 17SS. He also trans-
lated from the Arabic a tale entitled "The Loves of
Ana* ElODJoad and Ouardi," (17891)
BaTuy dM Bmloiu, at'vt're' di bkU'lAN',

SACQtns,) a son of Jacqnea Savtry, notica] above, was
>m in 1657. He was appointed inspector-Keneral ol
manufactures in 168& With the aid of his b'Other
Philemon Louis, he compiled a " Dictionary of Com-
merce, Arts, and Trades," (3 vols., 1733-30.) Died in
1716. PkiiAuom Louis was bom in 1654; died ini7a7.

BavaUL See Hokorids IIL

SEtvarlan, stv'rg^N', (Alkxandui,] a French savant
and writer, bom al Aries about 173a, was a naval en-
gineer, (it^fniair dt marint.) He wrote, beside* other
works, a " Marine Dictionary," (" Dictionnaire de Ma-
rine," 1758,) and a " History of Modern Philoeopher*,"
(4 vols., 1760-73.) Died in Paris in 1S05.

SAVONAROLA

gnagea.

BaTsrlo. See Xavikr, (FkancuO

8BTS17, stv're', (Roland,) an eminent Flemish
landscape-painter, born at Courtiay in 1576, was a pnpU
of his father. He was patronized by the emperor Ku<
dolph II., for whom he worked at Prague. He removed
to Utrecht in 1612. Many of his pictures ate rocky land-
scapes adorned with Ggures of animals. Died in 1639.

Bi'Tfr-f , (Thomas,) Captain, an English engineer,
and one of the inventor* of the steam-engine. He was
•uodated with Newcomen as patentee of the invention
for producing a vacuum under the piston. Died in 1715.

Bavlgnv, von, Ion sfvtn'ye', (Fkibdsich Kami,) an
eminent German jurist, of French extraction, boro at
Fruikfori-onthe Main in 1779. He published in l8c«
an important work entitled " Right of Possession,
(" Kecht des Besitzes.") In 1S04 he married Miss Breo>
tano, a sister of the poet of that name^ He became
professor of law at Landshut in 1S08, and, obtained in
iSio a chair in the University of Berlin, which he filled

conndl of state about 1S17. His principal works are
a "History of Roman Law during the Middle Age*," (6
vol*., 1S1S-31,) and "System of Hodera Roman Law,"

("Sj^ni des heotigeo RSroisdiBn Rechts," S v
1S40-48.) In 1841 he was appwnted minister of justice
ofPmsaia. " His idess havemiade thetoorof the world,"
saya I^bonlave ; " they have translbrmed the sdenca"
Died in October, 1861.

Sea {.AKiuuTa, " F. C ilt Eatiita]r." iSfa; RuM*rr, "Kria-
naniBi an Ssviciij," iSSs ; Smoiii^ " F. C nn Savip)'," iMa ;
" NouTalle BioanJAia GMiala."

Bavlla or Bawllla, (Gboksi.) See Halifax, Mak-

Bavilc^ •av'il, (Sir Hkhkv,) an English mathemati
dan and clasdcsl scholar, born in Yorkshire in 1549.
He graduated at Oxford in 1570^ and, after his return
from a tour on the continent, became tutor in the Greek
tanniage and mathematics to Queen Elisabeth. He was
made provost of Eton College in 1596, and was subse-
quently luughted by James I. He was the founder of two
Erofessoiships in theUniversity of Oxford, besides other
beral donations to that InstitaHon, to which he also
bequeathed a valuable library. Among his prindpsl
pnblications sre " Lectures on the I^rst Book of^Enclid's
Elements," s collection of English historians, entitled
"Remm Anglicamm Scriptores post Bedam," (1596,)
and an exceUent edition of the works of Saint Corn-

si^lan c^ his time. " We mayjostly deem him," says
Hallam, "the most learned Englishman in profane liter-
ature of the reign of Elisabeth.

BavloU, sl-veH/lee, (Ldtoi Viciom,} an Italian poe^
bom at Bologna in 1719. He wrote Anacreontic poems,
entitled "Amori," (1791;.) Died ir ""*"

has been twice minister of war, and for a lime was head
of the Military Academy of SoRa. The Bulgarian army
owes its modem organiiaiion to him, and Its great suc-
cess in the war of lSi3 is attributed to his leadership.

BMWOnaroIa, sl-vo-nl-ro^l, (Giotakni Micmoi.)
an eminent Italian physician, bora at Padua in i3S4,was
a grand&tbei of Girofamo, noticed below. He became
professor <rf medicine st Ferrara, and published several
medical works. Died in 1461.

Bavonarola, IFr. Satonarols, sfvo'nfrol',] (Gl-
KOLAUO,) a celebrated Italian reformer and pul^
orator, bora at Ferrara in 1451. He became a Dominican
monk in 147J. Hi* first attempts to preadi proved a
feilure ; biit he persevered until he became an eloquent
and popular preacher. He boldly denounced the cor-
ruptiona of the Church, and the vlcea of priest* and
monies- He also sdvocated repubHcanlam or political
liberty. In 1491 he was chosen prior of the convent of
Saint Mark at Florence, where he effected important

1497. The popular enthusiasm grew cool, a reaction
ensued, and tne enemies of Savonarola gained the ascend-
ency in Florence. He wa* arrested, tortured, condemned,
and strangled in May, 1498. A few years later, Raphael
painted his portrait in the Vatican among the saints and
doctors of the Church. Savonarola published, berides
other works, "The Triumph of the Cross," etc
("Tnumphus Cruds de Veritale Fidei," 1497) His
complete works were published at Lyons, (1633-40.)
S(sT.NsBi,''Apolo^inDilait dall>Dotltin*diO.S**0M
' ■ "■- iDSttjiMiirAiiijoL*, "ViaS»«Barota,"i«T4; S.
Lcban. Lahn dhI Tod SaTOnirala," ijjj: Buai.

IJ64: P)ca DSttjtM

raaaq, " Lcban. Lahn dhI Tod SaTOnirola," isjt: BuaLAiuo-
_ji, " Vita A C. Sanoarob," itA* : Rudblbach, '' SafDnamla imd
Kioa Zait,"ilu: Fa. Kail Maias, "G. SavDnarola." itjb; X.
Haiioii or ftfiuuN. "Vic Ai J. SiTi»an>l^" tg»; P. T. Caku,
"Hi«Dini]eSBVonim1a."iSu: MADDor '• LIta and Uanyrdw

KoiUih br Honiraa, lUj.)

tti;f»»i:Hant;iit»j;o,H,ti,XKaunit;ti,MaiiU;t.tri/lai;laat:tha*mtia. d^'Sc Eiplanitlona,p.33.1

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SAYCE

BKjoa,iii, (Akchibalo Hv<bv,) an eminent English
■cholir, bom at Shirehampton, Sepiember 25, 1846. He
WIS educated at Grosvenor Collie, Bath, and Queen']
College, Oxford, of which hetMcame a Fellow in t»69and
a tutor in 1870^ in which year he look orders in the An-
glican Church. In 1S76 he was made a profeslor of
comparative philology in his university. Among his
numerous writing* are an " Assyrian Grammar," (187a ;
another in 1875,) " Principles of Comparalive Philology,"
(1874,) " Inirodnction to the Science of Language,"
(lS8a,) "The Ancient Empires of the East," (1884,)
"The Hittites," (1889,) "The Higher Criticism and
the Monuments," (1894,) elc. Edited " Records of
the Past," (ad series. 1888-91,) " Eariy HiMory of
the Hebrews," (189S,) etc,

Baytt and Sele. See Fiennu, (William.)

Bajr'fit, (Frank,) an English physician and writer,
born in London in 1763. He published "Dramatic
Sketches of the Ancient Northern Mythology," (1790,)
" Disquisitiona, Metaphysical and Literary," (1793,) and
odier work*. Died in 1817.

SsToaa, sIVk/, (Fikkks AHDRt,) a Swiss littir»-
lair, born at GencTa in 1808. He published, be«dea
other works, a " History of French Literature among
FoTdgo Nadons," (1S53.) Died February 23, iS7a

a*77ld Alunadi^-veed' ih'm^, a Moslem religion-
bt of India, bom in ij^l, lived at Delhi. He became
a Wahabee hnatic, and in 1839 led in a holy war against
the SiUu. In this war he captured Peshawur, but in iSil
he waa defeated and slain. He wrote very inSueniial
leligiou* work* in Persian, and it regarded as a Mussul-
nan reformer.

abniTsttI, ibir-rCflee, (Enka.) a cardinal, born in
Spoleto, Dalmatia, January 37, 1800, was created a car-
dinal-deacon in 1877, and was made prefect of ecooomy
In the Congregation of the Propaganda. Died in 1884.

BoaooU, aktt^ee, (FotruHATO,) an Italian anti-
tjuary and monk, bom at Ancona about 1573. He pnb-
Inbed " Sacroram ElaeocfarismatniD Myrouecia," [3 volsb,
1635-37.) Died in 1643.

S«*d^aok. IjAHn;) a Scottisb mfnor poet, bom ai
Paisley, October y, 17711. He was an accomplished
copperplate ei^^ver. IJied July 4, 1818.

Bomroiim, ■er'o-lf, {Fr, SctvoLi, al'vo „
cms,) a Roman, who, according to the antlent ft

fay the guards of the kin^, who ordered him to be pot to
death. Scxvola, it is said, held his right hand in a fire,
which was at hand, until it waa consumed, so that Poi-
fcna, struck with admiration at his extraordinary forti-
tude, spared his life. From this drramstance he is said
to have received the aumame of ScKTola, or "left-
handed."

Boarwola, (Puilidi Hucius,) a Roman Jurist, was
elected CMisul in 133 i.c, and two yeart after wat created
poniifei maxiinu*. He was (be author of tevera] legal

Bomrcia, (QolHTtts Csrtidiui,) a Roman jurist,
Kved under the rdgn of Marcus Antoninus. He

in the Digest of Justinian.

So»ToIn,lQuiNTusMBCtDs,)iumamedTHeAue0R,
became a Roman consul, with L. Cecilius Kleiellus, 117
■.C He was eminent as a jurist, and was one of the
tcachcn of Cicero, who has introduced him into his
treatises ** De Oratore," " De Amicitia," and " De Re-
(Hibiica.'' His wife was a daughter of C. Lislius Sapiens.
Died after 88 B.C.

Sowvola, (QiTiHTDS Mucins,) snmamed PotrriFKX,
waa the son of Publius, noticed above. He was chosen
coniul In 95 B.C, and was subsequently proconsul of
Aaia, and ponlifea maaimus. He enjoyed a high repu-
tation as a jurist and orator, and wrote several l^al
works, which are not extant. Having been proacribed
by the younger Marius, he was killed in the temple of
Vesta, &B.C. Hisvirtnes are highly extolled by Ctceio.

BtMla, skill, (BAmTOLOHMBii,) an Italian writer,

*ti; fi; g*arJ: iaaj; ti,H,K. guOtroi; n.muaJ; lL,lril/ai; latt; An

j7 SCAUGEH

bora in 14301 jHibtished a " History of the Florentine
Republic" His daughter Alessandra was distinguMied
as a classical scholar, and became the wife of &k poet

Marutlus. Died in 1497.

ibout 1190. was a prominent leader of the Ghibe-
line Action in Lombardy. He died in 1339, having been
mier over Verona nearly twenty years. He was a liberal
patron of literature and the fine arts, and has been cele-
brated by Dante, who found an asylum at his coiut

BoalM, della, (Mastino,) an uncle of the preceding..
became Podesti of Verona about 136a He was assas-
sbated about 1375.

BcaloH akllltee, (Sofia,) a distinguished Italian
central to- singer, born at Turin in 1850. Her fine voice
and eminent histrionic talents have been recognized in
all the European capitals and in America. Her d^but
was made in 1S6&

8cal1-i(r, ILaL Scal'icbi, genitive Scal'igeki,)
(TbSEPH Justus,) a celebrated philologist, a son of Julius
Cesar, noticed below, was born at Agen, in France, in
August, 1540. Under the instruction of hia father ha
early became a proficient in the Latin language, and
subaetjuently studied Greek and the Oriental languages
in Paris. He became professor of belles-lettres at Che
University of Leyden in 1593, and numbered among his
pupils the celebrated Grotius. Among his numerous
works, which are cbaracteriied by the most profound
learning and critical acumen, we may name bis treatise
"De Emendatione Temporum," (1583,) being an ex-
planation of the Julian period, " Thesaurus Temporum,"
(1606,) Latin poems and epistles, a Latin translation of
Arabian proverbs, betides commentaries on Ausonius,
Varro, and other classic*. He adopted the Protestant
religion in his youth, and took an active part in the dvil
war about 1568. He was generally recognized as the
most eminent scholar of his time. Died at Leyden in
1609, " Scaliger," says Niebuhr, "stood on the summit
of nnivciaal solid philological learning in a degree that
none have reacheo aince ) so high in every teanch 61
knowledge, that from the resources oF his own mind he
coutd comprehend, apply, and dedde on whatever came
b hit way." (Quoted in the " Quarterly Review," 186a)

"The two greatest scholars of the sixteenth century,"
tays Hallam, "are yet unnamedj Joseph Scaliger and
Isaac CasauboD. The former, son of Julius Caan
Scaliger, and, in the eiiimaiion at least of some, his in>
lerior in natural geniui, though much above Mm in
learning and judgment, was perhaps the tnosi eitraordi-
naiy master of general erudition that has ever lived. . . .
He was, in fact, conversant with all andent, and very
extensivelv with modern, literature. ... In the depart-
ment of philology he was conspicuous as an excellent
critic, both of the Latin and Greek languages; though
Bayle, In his own paradoxical but acute and truly judi-
cious spirit, has suggested that Scaliger's talenia and
learning were too great for a good commentator, — the
one making him discover in authors more hidden sense
than they possessed, the other leading him to perceive
a thonsand allusions which had never been designed."
("Introduction to the Literature of Europe.")

SHHiiHiin, "Onliana II. in ObiCun J.J. ScaEfBi," ifia«.
J. BniiAVi. "i J. Salian," Be.Ua iSji; -SaUswuia,'; Am-

XTlSad* '■' Jusra Lirw, "J. Scafigcr •tTcSunboo." i»j"
KiatHiii,"U*iiuit«;''"NaBinl|glliofnpbi*G4o<nt(:'' "Qw-
tnljRxrinr'-farJvlr. >«fo

Soallcar, (Ji;uus Casam,) a celebrated Italian
scholar and critic, father of the preceding, was bom on
Lago di Garda or at Padua on the 33d of April, 14&4.
His real name is said to have been Bokdokk. He pre-
tended 40 be descended from the noble family Della
Scala. He studied medidne, and practised some rears
Italy. Accordine to hit own account, he served sev-
eral campaigns in the army of the emperor Maximilian
in his youth. In 1J15 he removed to Agen. France, to
which he had been invited by the bishop of that diocese.
There he practised medidne and passed the rest of hia
'ife. He married Aiidiette de Roqucs-Lobejac about
538. Scaliger published, besides other works, "An
Oration against Erasmus," ("Adversus D. Erasmum

(l^'Sec Explanations, p. S3.)

Digitized by CjOOQ I C

db,Google

1 o( the prMediai^

_ , Pompey in the HithridaUc

war, *nd «fterwml« fiUed teienl Office* ta tbe repablic.

He wu duefl; noted for fate pnM^Kj and utrav*-

Eic«, and wot twice brought to trial tor hia cdmea,
ng on both oocMJona ddended bj Cicero.

BOKvnu, (HAHBBCVa,) a grandaon of the preoeding,
waadittingatehed aaapoetandontor. AccoMdofhlgn
beaaon and other criniea, he committed aoidde, u a.d.

SoAve, alT, (Havric^) a French poet, born at Ijoaa,
wai an advocate b; profewion. AmoBg hte worn are
"La Sanlaaje," (1547,) and "Le MicTOCoanM^ «n petit
Ifonde," (1563.) Died In 1564.

Bo4Toi& See Scavola.

BoIwa£ ahtf, (CBAKLas,) a German Orientalist, bom
In 1646, I ' ....... .

at Leyden
Diedm r,-^

Sohaok, Ton, fon ibtk, (ADOLF Fubduch.) a
German littiratatr, bom near Schwarin in 1815. He

CDblished a " Hittorr of Diamatic Literature and Art
I Spain," [1S45,) which haa a high reputation, and made
aereral uanaladona from the Penian. Died in 1894.

Sohad, ahjt or ahld, (Johank Baftut.) a German
philosopher, iram at Mnrabach in 1758. He ancceeded
Fichie aa profeasor of philoaophv at Jena aboat tSoo,
and obtained a chair of philOMphf at Kharko^ in Rub-
iia, in 1B04. He published aeTerat eateemsd works
designed to popularise the pblloaophy of Fichte. IHed
101834.

Stt hia ABIotHgntphTi ■ vokr, iHat-

aohadow, shl'do, (ToHAMN Gormtut,} a cele-
brated German sculptor, bom at Berlin In 1764. Havhig
•pent several years in Italy, he relnmed to Berlin in
178S, and was subsequently ai^)o(nted director of tlie
Academy of Arts. Among hte master-piaees are statues
of Frederidc the Great, Marshal BHkber, and General
Zicth«n, a gTonp of Queen Luise and her dster, the
Duchess of^Cnmbeiland, tlie monomenl of Luther at
Wiitenberg, and that of Taneuien at Breslau. He
numbered among his pupils Dannecker, Ranch, and
other eminent acnlptors, and he te regarded as the
founder of the modem school of sculpture in Gennany.
He waa the author ot aeveral valuable treatise* on art
Died in 1850.

S» hii niDbieannb*. ndllad " KuDftmik* and KonMu-
ridKCB," i&n: NtoLn, ''AU|«i«iiHa KButlv-Loikon."

BohadoW', (RUDOI.F,) a acnlptor, a son of the pre-
ceding, was l>om in 17S5. He wa* inatmcted by hte
btber, end afterwards visited Rome, where he lUed in
181a. Heleftseveial portrait-bust* and statues of great
beauty. Among the latter may be named " The Girl fut-
cning her Sandal."

history and portraits, a brother of the preceding,
bom at Berfln In 1T89. He studied at Rome nndet
Comelins and Overveck, whoae peculiar view* of ait
he adopted (See Coknujus and Ovbrbick.) Havinj-
Joined the Catholic Church while at Rome, he retumec
to Berlin, where he became professor in the Academyof
Fine Arts, and in 1816 succeeded Comeliu* a* director
of the Academy at DusaeldorC Among hte principal
btetorical picture* are the Four Evingelisla, in tha
Werder Chucch at Berlin, an " Aaceosion of Uary," ii
the Panlskirche at Aix-la-Cbapelle, and a aeries rcpre
•enting" Paradise," "Purpitoty," and "HelL" Sebadoi
UDmber* among lus pupils LcMin^ Schrttter, and other
d German antets. Me^ " " —

dtetinguished G

Uedin 1S63.

SohocSsr. SeeSciOvFUL

Boluiefliar, sbi'l^, (Crarlu FKBDntoc,) an Ameri-
can divine snd scholar, born at Germantown in 1807,
nadoated at the University of Pennsylvania in 18)7.
He pnbltehed, besides other works, a tianaUllon from
the German of Lechler** "Acts of the Apostles: an
Esegetica] Commentary," etc, (1S66.) He was chairman
or the fiuulty in the LuAeran Seminary In Philadelphi

tak: fa*/; %harJ: gui;a,lt,t,gKtlKral: n.iiaial; ii,trHled: la*

JOOFH,) a diatingnlahed phildogist and antiquary, ban
t Northern Hungary in 179$. Amimg Us works are a
■'Htetory of the Slavonic Langnan and Literattue,"
etc, (in German, 183&) "Slavonic Ethnology," and
"Bohemian Antiqnilie*." Died in 1861.

BohofsL See SiUtnr.

SoUUte, sbi'ffr, (Aknold^ a German htetorian, bom
at Seehansen, October \6, 1819. He was educated at
Leipdc, and held professoiahips of htetory at Greift walde
and Bonn. Ammg tus wotks are " Demoathenea and
hte Times" (3 vol*., 1856-58) and a "Htetory of the
Seven Year*' War," (1867-74.) I>led in 1SS3.

Sohllsr, (JoRANN WiunUf,) a brothei of Arnold
Schlfer, waa bom at Seehausen, September 17, 1S09,
He was educated at Leipaic, and wa* a teacher of Uterary
liistory at Bremen. He publtelied three work* on ttie
history of German literature, also a "Htetory of Genual
PoetiT," (1859^ Lives of Goethe (iSjo) and Schiller,
(■8S3t) *'<d * volume of Doema, " Liebe und Letm,'
(iSjS.) Died at Bremen, March a, iSSa

Bohaasha^ (Phiup,) D.D., a theologiaa and divine
of the Reformed (later of the Preabyterian) Church, was
biMn at Chnt, in Switserland, January i, 1819. He

Saduated at Berlin in 1841, and in 1844 emigrated to
meiica, and was appdntM professor of thiologr at
Herccrabnrg, Fcniwjrlvania. He polilished "The nin-
dples of Protestantistn," (in German and Englteli, 1845,)
a " History of the ApoctoUc Chord)," (in Gennan, i^i j
a "Htetory of the Christian Chnrch from the Birth of
Chrtet to Uie Rdn of ConMantine, A-K 1-311." (iSu,)
"The Peraoo of Christ the Uh-ade of Htetory," (1865,)
and msny otlm worlts. He became in iSyo professor
in Union Tbecrfogkal Seminary, New York, assteted in
the Bible Revision, and edited the "Schaff-Heraog En-
cydoptedia," (iSSs tt mv.)' Died October 30, 1893.

SoUUEur or BohASStr, shif iff, (Jatob CuustiamJ
a German natnraliat, bom at Qoerfiirt, Pru**i«, in 1718.
He vrrote tm entomology, bottny, etc., and waa sluUnl
in the iibricatlaD of optiod instruments. Died in 17901

BoliiilBa, (Albert Ebbrmakd Fhiedsich,) a
German economist, bom at NUttingen, Wiirtembei^,
in 1831. He wrote "The Quintessence of SodaJism, '
" Labour Protection," etc., but his most important
workcs are treatises on political economy and on the
framework of aodety.

Solusvti, Tnn, vtn sKl>p) or sKfHqn, {MoiaamA
a Dutch historical painter, bom at Alkmaar in l6t&
Among his works are interior* and converaallon-irieces.
Died in 1668.

BohalokoB, sKVkfn, (Godfrkv,) a Dntch nfaiter
of genre, bora at Dort In 1643, was a pnpil of Genrd
Dow. He painted the effects of candle-light with su&
cess. Died at the Hague in 170&

BotuOdunosa, ^ll'dfb-mo'sfh, (Fkiedkich Jv-
LIAN,) a Danteh Kttirttair, bom tn the Idand of Ftmia
in 1^3, made numerotts translatian* from the German,
English, French, and other langnagea, and pnbHshed
several original works. Died in 185^^

Boludl, shll, (JOHANN Adah,] a German Jesuit and
missionary, bom at Cologne In 1501. He went to China
in i6ss, and obtained Rivour at tne court of Pekli^ by
hi* sldll in astronomy and other adeitce*. Died in
Peldng in 1669.

BcnalL (Karl,) a Gennin dramattet, bom at Brealaa
in 1780, was the founder, and for inanv year* the editco-,
of (he "Breslau Zeltung." DiediniSjJ-

Boballor, shUl^r, (Aitton,) a German painter, bora
at Vienna in 177s ; died in 1844.

Beli«ll«r, (JORANN,) a brotlter of the preceding, was
bom In 1777. He became ta 1813 iwofesstu' (rf scalp-
Ittre in the Academy si Vletma. Died in 1847.

Boballar, (Joltos^) a German writer, bom at Uagds-
bwg tn iSiOk pnblisbec. a " History of Natural PbUos-
ophy from Bacon to the Present Time." Died ta 186S.

~ " * ■ n'mt a celebrated Jewish doctor of

em about 80-50 B.C., and was a rival

.' thaslnCUr. (|ySeeE>planation*.p.>3,t

Digitized ay CjOOQ I C

engineer, bom

AnMrican war, and wai lubsequcntljr employed

defence of the British cout againit the French. I

Hew

> the

nuide >diD<r>l of the blae<n i8ai. Died in 1^3.

Botumnat, ahln'nlt, (Jokann FRrEDRiCK,) ■ Ger-
num hiitorian, bom at Luiemburg in 1683. He wrote
•evetnl worki on German hislorj. Died in t739.

Sohard, shaat, (Simon,) a learned German 1
and compiler, born in Saiony in 1535, published "O^iu
hktoricam de Rebni Geimuiicu, (4 lolt^ 1 574-) Died
in 1573.

Bobarii (Gk>boi,) an Englnh aatbor and artiat, of
German {wcentage, bom in London, December 16, 1810
A* an wtkL hia principal repntation ia that of an abli
illualratoT of books. He wrote "History of the Chaiac
teriatics of Greek An," for Wordsworth's "Greece,'
" Attiatic and Descriptive Note*," and manT criticisini
on old portraits and historical pictures. Died in 1395-

Bnharilng, sbailinF, (Carl Ehilc,) a Danbh theo-
logian, born at Copenhagen in 1S03, He pubtiahed,
besides other worki, "The Theological Review," (1837
-49.1

SobBrUiiK(EDWABDAuoun'U3,) a chemiat, a brother
of the preceding; was born at Copenhagen in 1807.

Bottamhoiat too, fon •hasn'boRst, (Girkakd
David,) a PniWan commander and mllitarr

Hliidier'a ataff, diitingnisbed himaelf at Ejlaa

poiilion of chief of the staff ofBlilcher, he was teTereljr
wounded in the battle near GrostgArcben, and died from
the effecta of hia wonnd, in June, 1S13.

5« Bomt, " BaD<(> inr Kennnut ns SdunborM," ill]
CLADmm, '' Lcbaa na SdwnbaiH," iSja.

Bchatc, shits, (Gsorg,) a German writer, bom al
Gotha in 1763, published lable*. sonnets, and critical
eaaa^ ; he also made 1 translation oi Machiavelli's
"History of Florence," (unfinished.) Died in 1795.

BohatifllM', sh6«f flft, (W11.1.1AM Gottubr,) D.D.,
IA.D., a missionarr, born at Stutuart, Gemuny, August
as, i798.1iv«datO<feasa, Russia. t804-a6tatudieddiTmii*
at AndOTer, 1S26-30, was ordained a Congregational
minister in 1831, was a missionaiy at Conaiantiaople,
18^-7^ and returned to the United Sutea tn lS77.
His pnndpal literary worka are ** Meditationa on the
Lut Days of Christ," and translationa of the enlir
Bible into TnrUah and Into Spanish- Hebrew. Died i
New York, January 37, 1883.

Bofeanflaln or BohanlTalelii. See ScRBDrrsuN.

Bolianinbonri^ See L[ppb-Sckai;hiok&

BohodoDS. See Sckiimki.

Bohadool, ski-do'nee, (Pibtko,) an Italian philoao-
pher, bom In the dnchy of M6dena in 1759, published
ieveral works on moral philosophy. Died in 1835.

BollMie, sheet, [Sw. pron. shllleh,) (Cabl Wti^
HBt^.) an emineni Swedish chemist, born at Siralsnnd
In December, 1741. He served an apprenticeship to an
apothecary of Go^enburg, and devoted his leisure and
Us nights 10 the study of chemistry. About 1770 he l«~
moved to Upsal, where he formed mendshipa with Galin
•ndBergman. In 1774 he producedaTefnarkablBtnadM
on Man^nese. He discovered tartaric add, fluoric (or
flita^itiac) acid, barytes, chlorine, and several other
•nbstances. He settled as sn apothecary at Koping in
1771!. In 1777 he published his discovery of "empyreal
■>r." (oxygen.) This gas had been previously discovered
'riestley; but S^ietle was not aware of the hct
ras the first that aacertahied the composition of
prnssic add. Among his works Is a '■ Treatise on Ait
and Fire," (1777.) He was an excellent observer and
experimenter. Died at Kdping in 1786L

Sm Vico-d'Ajvs, "iioM lb SchnW." 1^1: Gsntsn,
-B«ianphiJi-Lt»c™:"F. fiosm,"Hinoir. it h OuBde:"
" NouTdlc Biomphie GAi^nk."

BolMelatrate, vsu, vtn sKSl'stRl'Ifh or shU'stRll,
or SobalatraRte, sKtl'stBftth, (Bmamuil,) a Flemish

a

ttipreniacy. Died in Rome in
. sKl'ml'ktrs, (Pm-ER.) a disiin-
gniahed sculptor, bora at Antwerp hi 1691, studied at
Rome, and anbaequently resided many years In England.
Among his prindpal worlts are the monuments to Shak-
speare and Drydcnin Westminster Abbey, and the statoe
of Lord Clive in the IniUa House. Died about 177a

Bohefar, shS'lfr, (Leofoij»,) a German phyak^
and litliratri^, born in Lower Lusatia in 1784, pubUsbed
numerous poems and novels. Died in i8u.

SoheBeL ▼on, fon shiPH^, (Josira Victok,) a veir
popular German poet, bom at Carismhe, Febreary \i,
iSa&. He studied at Heidelberg, Munich, and Berliiw
and graduated as a law-practitioner in 1847. He wrota
the "Trompeter von Siikkingen," a celebraied mock*
heroic epic, in 1853. " Gaudeamus," a collection of soiwSi
"Ekiuhard,"his most popular tale, " Fran Aventore,"!
aeries of poems, " Juniperus," a tide, " Hugideo," a ro-
mance, and " Berg Psalmea," (1869J a volune of hyMB*
and verves. Died April 10, 1S8&

Soheffar, sheff^r, (Arnold,) a brother of Ary
Scheffer, was born in Holland in 1796. He was for a
time associated with Armand Carrel as editor of the
" Nalionil" in Faria. He published (in French) " Po-
litical Pictures of Germany," " Easavs on Four Political
Questions," and other works. Died in 1853.

Bohatrar, (Abv,) an eminent painter, of French ez
traction, born at Dort, In Holland, in 1795, studied under
Gu^nn in Paris, He painted portraits of La Fayett^
Hjranger, and Lamartine. He worked chiefly in Paris.
Among his master-pieces are " Franceses da Rimini,"
(1835-) Byron's "Giaour," "Christ the Comfbtter."
(1836,) Goethe'a " Faust," " Margaret at the Spinning-
Wheel," and "Harnret at Church." He married the
widow of General Baudrand about iSjo. His works
are characterised «s sentimental and poeticaL Died
near Paris in i^S.

Sea Inn, -Ait SdHOar," il»: Hu Gion, "Lib of Arv
8dM&r." iMd: "NoimlUBkiinfUtG^alnle." '

BobaSar, (HittRr,) a painter, a brother of (he pr«-
ceding, was bom at the Hague in 1798. He studied fa
Paris under Gujrin. Amons his works we may nsme
"Chsrlotle Corday protected by the Members of tha
Section against the Fury of Ibe People," and " Parents
Weeping for the Death of thetr Child." Died in 186a.

Bobelfor, sheFf^r, (Henrv TuBontiLVs,) a grandson
of Johsnn Scheffer, noticed below, was bom at Stock-

Sdences in bis native dty. Died in 1759.

~ iCioHsniiT.'-AnBnilHTallMVBH.T Schcfltr,-ij«K
ihoffer, JoHANN,) a German scholar, bora al
Strasburg in i6it, published editions of numeioaa
dsssics, and a treatise " On the Naval Hilitia of the
Andenta." Died in 1679.

Btthalbal, ahllitl, [ToHAtiN GcnmiBci,) a Gcrmaa
Protestsnt tlieoloaiM, Dorn at Breslau in 1783. He be-
came proleasoT c? theology in bis native dty m tStiL
Died in 1843.

BiAeld, aKit, (LaL S<»ei'dius,] (Evbrard,) an

ninent Dntdi pbilologiat, bom at Arnhem in I741t

«ame profeasor of Oriental literature at Leyden.
Among his prindpal 'works are an Arabic Grammar,
" Uinerva. seu de Cansia Latinae LinguK," and " Ebn-
Doteydi Kassida, uve Idyllium Arabicum," etc I>ied
'-I I79S-

Bonaldliia, See Scheidt.

Bobaidt shtt, (Balthasab,) a German acholat and
theologian, bom at Strasburg in 1614, became professor
nf Oriental languages in his native dty. He wss Ibe
author of several learned works. Died m 167a

Soheldt, [LaL Stmii'Dius,] [Christiak Li;dwio,)
_ German Jurist, born at Waldenburg in 1709. H«
studied at Giittingen, and became professor of the taw
of nature and of nations si Copenhagen. He was the
author of several legal works, in Latin. Died in 1761.

Bobelnar, shl'nfr, (Christoph,) a German Jetuh
and savant, bom near Mundelsheim, in Saabia, in l57Si
beoune piofssaor of mathematics and astronomy U In-

l,)^t,&li,;,jW4r,'kt.&,aamc.lessprolonEed; l,i.I,6,<i,f,/i<>rf.-»,f>i.9ii>AK>'»>' Ar, Vll.Ot.meii n&tic<

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SCHELHAMMER si

gotoUdt He obcerved the ipoto on the tun in i6ii,
wrote a munber of scientific worlu, and wai tbe In-
Tentor of the inatramant called the pantograph. Died
la 165a

Sm " HDomii nofripbia G^nlnlfc"

BohaUwiumer, BhilHiliii'm^, (Guhtrir Cbus-
roPH,) a German physician and writer, bom at Jena in
■649, became prorcMor of medidne at Kiel, in Hotstein.
Ued in 1716.

Bohel^m, •hll'boKn, (Johaiih Gioro,) thi Eldbk,
a German theologian and acholai, boni at Heromingen
In 1694. He beome pastor of that town in 1734, and
poblished, beaides other worlu, "Literarj Amenttiet,"
<" Amttnitate* Uterarix," 7 vols., 173;.) He waa dia-
tinimlshed as a bibliographer. Died in 1773.

SollBUkOni, (JORANN GlOKfl,) THI YOIIHGRR, bom

BohoUer, ihetV, (Imhanuh. Joranh GnHAUk,)
a German lexjcograober, bom at Jhlow, in Saxony, in
1735. He ijQblished a "Complete Latin-German and
German .Ln tin Dictionaryj" jt vola., 1783.) a "Stnal]
Latin Dictionary," a " Labn (dammar," and other simi-
lar works. Died in 1803.

SoheUlag, TOO, fon shilling, (Friidkick Wil-
BKLM Joseph,) an eminent Gennan philosopher, bom
at Leonberg, near Stnitgait, on the 3Tth of January,
1]7J. Hit early education was directed by his father, *
diMmgiiished Orientalist, who became prelate at Maul-
bmnn. About 1790 he entered the Unirersity of Ttt-
Ungen, where he studied philosophy and theology and
remained until 179;. In the latter year be published a
treatise " On the Possibilit]^ of a Form of Philc«oplty,"
(" Ueber die MSglichkeit eiaer Form der Philae<^liie,"
«c,) and " On the Ego as the Prindplo of Philoaophy,"
(" Vom Ich als Princip der Fhiloaophie.") He removed
about 1 79 J M Leip^c where be was employed as tutor
to a young nobteman, and in 1798 became profeMor-
•xtraordlnary at Jen^ which wa* tiien the great fbcoa
of German philoaophy. Here he aModatedwilh Fkhte
and Hegel, and deMrered lectures mi philosophy wUcb
•adted great ■nthnaiasm and ditf^yed a remarkaUe
beauty of ati^e^ He produced, h) rapid succenion,
"Ideas [or a FhiloMphy of Hatnre," ("Ideen m einer
Hillosophie der Nstur," 1797,) "On the Soul of the
World,* etc, (" Von der Weltaeele, eine Hypotheae dec
hBhem Fhy»ik,"etc,i7oS,)a"First Sketch of a Syatem
of the Philosophy of Nature," (" Erale Entwurf einet
Sntems der Naturphitoaophie," 1799,) and a "System
of Tranacen dental Idealism," {"System de* transcen
dentalen Idealismnt," 180a)

In 1S03 he was appointed professor of philosophy at
Wilriburg, and in iMSbecameaeaetarr to the Academy
of Arts in Munich, where he remained until 1S41- Ho
obtained the chair of philosophy in the University of
Munich about 1S36. His celebrity as a lecturer attracted
multitudes of students from TRriou* countries of Eorupe;
He was appointed president of the Academy of Sciences,
and was ennobled bv the King of Bavaria. Having lost
his first wife, CaroUne Michaelis, in 1810, he manied
Pauline Gotter. He aucceeded Hegel at prolttaor of
pfailotophy at Berlin in 1&41.

Schelllngiaoncofthefoar chief nletaph7>ical philoao-

S'lers of Germany, His system, like ^oaeof Ftchte and
egel, was originallv a sort of idealistic pantheism ; but
In his later writings his views leem to approximate more
and more nearly to those which may be said to form
Hie philosophic tatis of Christianity. On his sncceeding
Henl, in 1841, he was huled as one who was dettincd
to deliver ndlosophy from the logic of pantheism and
lead her back to Christ Schelling is distlnruithed ftoro
Ae other great philosophers of Germany Dy hit com-
Uning with rare Intellectual power* poetic gifU of a
Ugh otder.

Among bb worici, betides those already mentioned, are
*■ Bmno, or the Divine and Natural Prindple ofTbings,"
C Bruno, oder fiber das gfittliche and natiirlidie Prindp
der Dinge," i8oi,l " Phiiosophy and Religion," C Phi-
losophie ond Religion," 1804,) and " On the Relation of
Art to Nature," ("Ueber das VerhiiltnisB der bildenden

Philosophic Retearchea on the Essence of Human
Liberty," [" Philotophischen Unterauchungen iiber dat
Wesen der menachlichen Freiheit," 1809.) He died at
Ragaz, in Switzerland, in August, 1854. leaving several
tons and danghtera. His collected works were pub>
lishcd at Stuttgart, in 14 vols. 8vo, 1856-61.

Sm RocawicaAHi, " SchtUing. Vorlxnngn (e'>*l>*'> in Soamif
1R41," lie-. 1843: Mattii, " SchelliiH, dd 1i Philouphia da h
Niton," mc, 184); L. m LmiHia, "H. Schtllini;. pur un Haamt
de RJu," itu : CoLaiiDca, '■ BlaKriphla Llientii :" Rirm^
" HiMofT of PhiUxopbiF ;" ApplMon'i " New Anwiou Crdo-

BoholUnkB, sxellinks, (Wilum,) a Dutch painter
of landscapes and tea-ports, bom at Anuierdam in 1631,
brother of Daniel, He worked in England. Ac-

cording to Bryan, he was a firtt-ri

Jan,) a Dotdi itatesman, bom at Deventer in 1761,
wat gland pensionary of Holland in 1805. He refuaed
to hold office under King Louis Bonaparte. Died in
i8»S.

Sm tl. C VAv Hall, "R. J. ScUiDBdpamiB^" etc., \ta:
"NouvtU* BlDinphii CtnJnl^-^

Salisiick,shCnk,<JoHANN,jaGerman medical writer,
btHTi in Biitgau in 1531, practised at Fribnrg. Died in
>S98.

Bobanok, (Johann Gkokc,) a medical writer, a son
of the preceding, bora at Friburg ; died about i6aa

Sohenok, skink, (Robkrt C.,) an American lawver
and general, born in Warren county, Ohio, in iSoo, He
represented a district of Ohio in Conneat from 1843 'o
1^1, and was nuDisler to Braiil in 1853-53. He com-
qwnded a brigade at Bull Run, July si, 1861, waa
wounded at the second battle of Bull Run, August 30^
i86>i and was raised to the rank of major-general ab^t
October of that year. He wat a Republican member
of Congress for the third district of Ohio from 1863 to
1869, and waa chairman of the committee <A way* and
mean* in the Fortieth and Forty-first Congrette*. Ht
wat United Stales minister at London from 1871 to iSTfi.
Died in Washington, D.C., March 1^ 1890.

Sohendol, Tui, vtn sKen'dfl, (Paraua,) a Belg^
painter of note, bom in 1806 ; died in 1870.

Elohonk, sKink, (Martin,) a Dutch soldier of for-
tune, noted for hit courage and ferocity, was bom in
Gelderlandin 1549. He served for a time under William
of Orange, but subseouently went over Co the Duke of
Parma. Dissatisfied, however, with bis treatment, and
thinking his services ill rewarded, be joined the patriots
in 1585, and performed many daring exploits, among
which wat the capture of Bonn. Having attempted to
take Nymwegen in 15S9, he was drowned while making
his retreat

S« UoTUT, " UidMd NMherUndi," vaL IL chipL Il-b.

Bohenkel, shEnk'fl, (Daniel,) a Swltt rationalistic
theologian, bom at Ddgeriin, December 11, 1S13. Edu-
cated at Basel and GSlttngen, he became in 1849 divinity-
Crofessor at Basel, and In iSjl at Heidelberg. He waa
mg prominent in Iheologicalioumalism, and published
a "Bibellexikon," (5 vols.,) "Das Wesen des Protettan-
tismut," (1846-51,) "Chrislliche Dogmatik," (1858-59.)
»Das CharakterlMld Jetu," (1S64,) "Das Chtistusbild
der Apoatel und der nachapostolischen Zeit," (1S75,)
and other works. Died in 1885.

Botunketo, sbtnk'; Is, [Lahbirt Thouaj^) a Dutch
grammarian, bom at Boit-le-Duc in 1547. He wrote on
grammar and mnemonics. Died about 163a

Bohenbandoit won, Ton shCnk'tn-doRf, (Max,)
born at Konigtberg about 17S4, wrote "Christian
Poems," and other poetical works. Died in 1817.

Soh^ar, shi'iaiR', (BARTHiLSMi Louis Joseph,) a
French general, bom at Delle (Haul-Rhin) in 1747. Ho
obtained the chief command of the army of the Pyrenees
in 1795, and defeated the Auatrians at Loano in Novem-
ber ^thi

if that year. He was n

r of war firom July,

\t;\har4ttMt;a,Ti,li,gmllmral;,K,natal;\,irUltd:\3»t;\\iVt'vitlut. (SySee Explanations. ti. a}.)

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» montlw. Died in 1804.

■ PrMcstanl c)eig]inan,>ndln 1845 wm DWid« piofettor
of exegesis at tbe Genev* Dirini^ School In 1871 he
wu chosen to the French Nation^ Auembly, where he
eieTdseii a great influence as a comerratiTe republican.
In 1875 he was made senator for life. He wrote scTeral
books, chicflf on religious subjects and haling Ibe view
ofa strongly orthodox Protestant clergyman. H. Scherei
takes rank as a critic of vigour andabillty, though he
was alwaja o^nionated, aiul aomewhat narrow Ui his
sympathies. INed Msrdi 16, 1889.

■eili«r«aohvsr*kT, ■hlr-f-ahtr'sbo, (Samitkl Iuac
JosuK.) D.D., a scholar and bishop, bom at Tanrt^-
gen, Rossian IjChuania, of Jewiah parents, May 6, 1S31,
was edacated in Ihe Jewish College at Zhttomeer, and in
tbe UniTarait* of BrcsUu, studied in Ihe Preibyteriin
Tlieological School at Pittabnrs, FennsylTania, and

ine of the translators of the Prayer
mpiled > Uongolian dictionary, and
aauaiBiED oaiDi pfark's Goapel fnlo tbe Mongolian
louM. In 1S83 he Tcaigned the Ushooric.
Seliwr.shiK or BhaiK,iJoHANNBi,)a German histo^ial^

nhip at Zntkh. Anottg bis wrltii^ are
bistoins of German, EngUsh, and general litaratnre, of
ralipon, etc., and Utss of Biticher, Schiller, and otbera,
beaidea works on social and public questions. D. 1S86.

Sohwr, ahla, (Thomas Iohaz,) a Gemum teacher
and educational writer, bom at HohenieclibeTg, In
WfirtembcrK, in iSoi, was the founder of the Institute
for tbe Deaf and Dumb at Zurich. Died March 10, 187&

Boh«n; shixts, {Josdr Gioko,) a German jurist
and antiquary, bom at Strasbarg in 1678; became pro-
laaaor ofiawat Hallein 1711. Died In 1754.

Sohsrvor, won, fbn shlKt'efr, (Kakl,) an Austrian
traveller, bom in Vienna, May i, iSai. A printer k^
trade, he travelled extensively, for the most part in con-
nection with Austrian government expeditions, was en-
nobled, and served as consul -gen era] at Smyrna, t>ondon,
and Leipsic successively, becoming also Austrian repre-
sentative to five of the small Thuringian prindpalitiea.
He published many volumes of reports on the expedi-
tions he was concerned in, besides works on staCiatics and
mde, and narratives of his travela.

Bohanoluar, shoiK'tsfr, (Johann,) a Swiss natural-
ist, bom at Zurich in 16S3, became piofeaaor of natural
hisloij in his native dty. He published a number of
botamcal works, in Latin. Diea in 1738.

Balteiioh)s«T,(JoHAMNjAKOB,) a Swiss natural island
physician, brother of the preceding, was bom at Zurich
In 167s. He was the author of several scientific works,
among which we name a " Natural History of Switzer-
land,'*^ (in German, 1 vols.. 1708,) and "Phyuca Sacra,"
or natural history ofthe BiUe, (S vols., 173X-37,) written
tn German and translated into French and Latin. Died
to 1733-

■■•->

Bobenoluwr, (Johakn Kasfak,) son of the pre-
ceding, was bom at Zurich in 170a. He translated
lUmpfer's " History of Japan" into English, and pub-
lished a "Treatise on Inoculation." DImI in 1739.

BohanffeUu, shoifff h-leen', or Sohaoffelfltii, sbolF-
l^-On', (Hans,) an eminent German painter and wood*
engraver, bom at Nuremberg about 1490, was a favourite

"Da TypH M iIm Usniteia da MatDa-

SCHTLLBS

. ahoi'ifn, (KAsrAB,) a German landacao*-
palnttr of the Duaaeldorf school, was born at Aixis*
Cbq>eUe bi iSio. Died in 1887.

Bohmtt^ shoitB, (Gbomu and EoWAKDh) two sdan-
tific Swedes, diatingnisbed a* inventon of a machine
diich ralfnlatfs mathematical taUes and prints the ri

suits. George waa bom ia 1785, and died m 187]. Ed-
ward is a son of George. A gold medal was awarded
to tbe inventon fay a CMnmlttee of the Exposition of
Paris in 1855.

SohlaiiiralU. ike-t-pt-rinee, (Giotamxi Wi*aana,\
a disdngnished Italian astronomer, b(»n at Savigniants
March 5, 1835. He waa educated diiefly at Tann, and
in l8te took cbaige of the obaetvatoiy at Milan. He
showed Ihe reladMiship between coiaetaiy and meteoric
matter in impo"^— i-i;-i.-j >_ .„rt __ ^ .=_.

BohlBTon^

Important papwra puWiabed in 1S66 and 1S71,
otner valuable nutiliratinaa D.July 15, 19 10-
'on^ ske-l-vo'nk, (Andrx*,) an ibUiaa

1533. Among his master-pieces are " Tba
Nativity of Chmt," and tbe " Assamption of the Virgin."
He excelled as a colorist, and waa emplovad bv Titian
in painting Ibe ceilings of the library of San ICaroot ia
Venice. Died in 15&1,

S« Vajaii. "LhM of the PiiaNn;" Laho, "HkUiT <*
Paintiiiiin )uly;"KiDOLn,''ViMiiaaPittDri V«Md."

BohlBTomttl, ske-i-TO-net'tee, (Loiat,) an Italian
engraver, bom at Bassano in 1765, was a friend of Bar-
tolUEi, whose style he imitated succeasbdly. He resided
many yeai* io liondoo, where be died In i8ia Among
his beat works are a "Hater Dolorosa," after Van Dyd^
and the " Nativity of Christ," after Coireggici.

SoUoh^ shlEI, (Johann Got-rFatED,) a Geraaaa
composer and writer on maaii^ waa born near Zlttan in
1753. Hia works are principally oratorios and other
saoed music Died in 1833.

SaUa^ shlk, (Gottukb,) a German painter, bocs
at Stuttgart ni 1779, atndied in Paris under Davii Hs
painted nistory and portraits, and acqaired a high rep*-
tation. Died tn i8i>.

BoUekud. sbikOcUt, or BoUokbard, aUk'Um,
(WtLHBLM,) a German Ortentalist and aatnmomer, ban

at Herrenberg, near Tttbioge" " '

pastor at "-— -
atTflbini

Tnbingen, in 1593. He t
(□rtingeD in i6i6i and proieisor of Hefasow
ingen in 1S19. He abo learned Arabia Persia^
and Turltiah witlioul a maater. He publistted severu
works OB Oriental languagM and on aatronony. Died
at Tubingen in 1635.
Ssi SCHHintna, " Ecfak

Sohldonl, ske-do'nee, or SoIwdonSb ski-do'nt,
(Baktolommko,) an Italian painter, ham at MMena in
156a He painted both hiatorical pieces and portraila
with success, and is esteemed one of the best imitatora
of Corrcggio. Died in 1615.

BoUkauader, ahee^l-nk'dfr, (Emamuil,) a Ger-
man dramatist, bom at Ratisbon Iniyei. His principal
work, the "Zanberftite," ("Magic Plate,") was set to
muatc by Moiart, and enjir^d great popularity. Died

Sohilder, shil'd^, (Chaklis Andkukvitch,) a Roa-
slan general, bom about t79«, waa dixUngnlshed as a
military engineer. Died in 1857.

SolUU, ▼on, Ion shll, (FaaiUNAND,) a Pnissisn pa^
tisan officer, bora near Pleas in 1773. He commanded
a reriment or ft'ee corpa, with which he fought against
Ihe French and performed daring exploita. He waa
attacked by the Dnich and Danes at Stralsnnd, and waa
killed In the defence of that place, in 1809.

Sh "SehOliuM." iSie-ia! Hakbi, -P««ii*ad ns SdriD,-
i>M '■ Daouia " Labni SdaOl'i." i>>>-

Bohlllar, TOD, fon ihiltfr, (Joranm CBmiSTOpfl
FaiasaiCH,) the great national poet of Germany, waa bom
atMarbach, November 10, 1759. His father was ibr a time
an army-surgeon, and waa afterwards employed by tba
Duke of WUrtemlwrg as inspector of his nurseries and
ornamental gardens. From his mother, whose maidesH
name was Kodweis, the poet appean to hare inherited
his sensitive and enthusiastic temperament and hia love
liir poetry. Hia parents having removed to Lodirigs-

k 6 1, S, S, T, JiHV'; i, ^ 4, same, less prolonged; I, j, 1, 5, fi, y, i^tiirf; h « i, 9, <4(rwnr; fir, fUl, At; mit; nAti gMd; miianf

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SCHILLER 91

OoiK, he wu MDt to the Latin KhtMl of thM towtt. Hii
mooer wiihcd him lo become a minister; Init bistaite*
tad liim in ■ different direction. At Gnt lie madecbwce
of the le^ ptofeasioii, bnt toon after tamed lui attention
to medicine. Later the work* of Shakipeare, RousaeaiL
and Goethe appear to haxe determined the direction of
hia mind to the dranu and general Ifieratnre. Le$aiB|,
Herder, and Klopatocic wem to ba*e had no animpotlul
hidnwice in the fomutioQofhialiteraiT character. Among
hii earliest ewam in composition were an epic poem
. entitled "lloae*,'*' and two dramaa, " Der Student von
Naaaan" and " Coamo Ton Medid," of which onlf a lew
fragment! have been preaerred In 1777, when only
eighteen Teais of age, he wrote "The Robbera," ("Die
Kmber,") a tragedy of extraordinaiy power, thongh he
Itiinaelfi at 1 later day, characteriied it aaa "monster for
which Ibrtnnately there was no original." It wu trans-
lated and read in erery part of Europe, and, having been
remodelled, was bronght ool on the stage at Mannheim
in 178a. The author, having gone autgnitt to witness
the reprcMntation, was aneaied, and the Duke of Wilr-
terobere stemlj' forbade him to write anything except
what related to the medical profession. To escape from
this intolerable thraldom, he fled to Mannheim, and after-
warda spent some time in Fitmconia, near Mdningen ;
(obacquentlr (in 1783) he was naNuraUsedasa sabjca of
the ElectOT-Palatine, and was thus frted from all control
of the Didu of Wiirtemberg. He took np his residence
■t Mannheim, where he beoune poet to the theatre. Abont
this time he wrote his tragedies of " Fiesco" and " Cabale
ond Llebe." He began in 1784 to edit the "Thalia,"

Carloa.'

irarv jonma], chiefly devoted to the stage, in which
pobTiahed the firat parts of hia tr^edy of " Don
as." In 1785 he left Mannheim for Leipsic, where he
made the acquaintance of Huber and the elder K5mer,
and wrote hia beautiful "Ode to Toy," ("Lied an die
Freode.") Hk tale entitled the " Chost-Seer" (" Geist-
Sieber^ was never finished. Having visited Weimar
itt 1787, be acqoired the friendship ot Goethe, Herder,
and WteUad, and, on the recommendation of Goetbe,
was appointed in lySgprofesiot of history st lena. The
neat year he married Cnarlotte von Lengefelo, alady of
fine mtellect and_cu]tQT& In 1791 he bronght out his
■ T Years' War," [pronoanced br
historical performance which

•■ Histon of the Thir^ Ye
Carlyle m 1814 aa the best I

Us

•■Wdienstein,"which was completed in 1799. It is per-
haps Ua greateU wmk, and Is regarded hj many ai the
finest tragedy In the German lanniage. It con^ta of
three parts, "The Camp of Wdlengtein," ("Wallen-
itein'a Lager,") "The Piccolomini," and the "Death of
Wallenstein," (" Wallenstdn'i Tod.") The second and
tbitd parts, rendered into English blank verse by Cole-
ridge, constitute one of the most admirable and perfect
translatioDs to be found in our language^ In 1799 Schiller
removed to Weimar. His growing intimacy with Goethe
appeara to have exerdaed a most happy Influence npoD
the productions of his genius. Between 1799 and iSol
he compoaed, besides smaller works, his dramas entitled
"The Maid of Orieans," (" Die Jungfran von Orleans,")
" Maiy Stuart," and " The Bnde of Messina," {" Die
Brant von Hessina.") He was associated with Goethe
k contribotions to the " Musen-Almanach," of which
for a time Schiller was the editor. Among his minor

gwms "The Song of the Bell" {" Das Lied von der
locke," iSoi) may claim the first place. Nothing more
admirable in its way has ever been written in any lan-
guage, ancient or modern. In it the three great events
of human lile — Birth, (or Christening,) Marriage, and
Death, all marked by the ringing of the bell — are touched
upon with an exquisite beauty and pathos which, had
the author composed nothing else bat this single poem,
would have secnred him a place among those rare poets
whose &me seema destined to be coeval with the exist-
ence of the human race. In 1804 Schiller produced hia
"William Tell," the most popular of all his dramas.
He died on the ath of Mav, 1S05, of an affection of the
hngs, under which he had suffered for many years. His
hst words, uttered a little before he expired, were,
* Many tliinga are growing plain and clear to me."
As a poet, Schiller is diaractented by strong feeling

13 SCHrNDERHANNBS

and intense ideality. Hia mind la eminently aubjectlTe,
all Us representations being strongly coloored with his
own individnallty, and in this one respect he is mneb
infierior as a dramatiat to Goethe ; but Us enthnsiastiG
laith in Ideal excellmce, and his deep and earnest svm-
puhy with all haman joy and sorrow, have given nim
an influence over the common heart of mukind not
possessed by his many-sided and more gifted jIvaL
There ia indeed between Schiller and Goethe somedw^
of the aasse Idnd of difierence that exists between Byroa
and Shakapeare, the one being characteriied by intenaa
concentrated feeling, the other b^ endless variety. Tbe
conipatisoii, however, fails to do justice to Schiller, wbo^
if be bad less passion, had far greater wealth of thongbt
and far blgher moral endowments than Byron. On the
other hand, Goethe, thongh scarcely yielding to Shak-
spesre in his profound knowledge of^the human heart
or in the ine;AaustiUe riches of his ideas, was yet infie-
rior to the great English dramatist In the very point ia
which he was inferior to Schiller, via., in a deep and
earnest sympathy witli universal humanity; and this
will explain whv the dramatic works of Goethe, though
giving proof of genius of tlie richeai and rarest order,
nave never possessed that stroiu; hold upon the popular
heart for which the dramas of Schiller and Shskapaare
are so remarkable.

, "Lift of ScUlUr," iSij: E. LvTTOB
la of SduUw," tSir; H. DOeiM, "F.
m* Ocnknul,'' 1831: ViAHA. "ScuUtr'i
\\ Hormirrac "Schilltr'i Laban,"!
Schiila uhI Ooetba iin XeoimkaiiipH,"

fWAi. " UrkuB Jo flber Sdullir and ■«•
b "FraKr'>Uw*iiiie"lbr HudkiRji,
ih Reritw" fn April, igii ; tmuUtioii*
'BlKkmod'i lfi«uina" far 5«tuBbar,
■■4). Ot Bdlwu;) "Monh AaMriota
, (by BucioFT.)

shilling, (pRiiDKicai Gi;tTAV,) a German
diamattc writer, born at Dresden in 17G6,
became a captain in the Saxon army. His works display
~ach OT^nality and talent for invention. Died in 1839.

BaUlUni^ (Gustat,) a German writer on music, born
In Hanover in 1S05, published a "Universal Dictiouaiy
of Music," ("Universal Lexikon der Tonknnst,"] and
other similar works. Died in iSSo.

BohlUlns (JoHAHH,) a German sculptor, bom at
Hittweida, Saxony, June aj, 1818- Anumg his works
are "Amor and Psyche," (1S51,) "Jnpiter andTenus,"
the Luther monument at Worms, and many others, of
which the most famous Is the "Grand NatioosI Ifonn*
ment" on the Niederwald, unveiled in 18S3 by th«
emperor William. Died In 1910.

Bohllt^, ihll'^, (ToHANN,) a German jurist, born

Bohiminelpeiuiijiok. See ScHUfmLPBNNiNCK.

Bohlmmelpeiuiiiiok, shim'mfl-pcn'nink, (Hakv
Anni,) an English authoress, originalW named Galton,
was bora at Birmingham in 1778. Her mother was a
Barclay, highly ^fied and a good scholar. Mary Anne
Galton was a cousin of Prtsdlla Gnrnej and of Mrs.
Fry. She waswellveisedin Latin, German,andFrench.
Itt i8o6slie married a Datchman named Lambert Schim*
melpenninck, who is said to have been a brother of the
penaionary or cfaief mler of Holland. She joined the
Moravian Church about 181S. She wrote, besides other
worlM, " Memoirs of Port-Royal," {> vols., 1853.) Died
in 1856.

Sm " LSfc af M. A. SehiiiuDalpBiunck." ■ nk., iSm the irM
Tolomaafwliuli it (ulobicicnphT : "LWhif Aca" Iin- April i^ 1I39.

eoblmpOT, shiN'paiR', (Guiixauub Phiuppi,) a
French naturalist, born in Alsace In 1808, published a
number of botanical treatises, and."F>lKontologica
Alaatica." Died March ao, iSSo.

SaUmpsr, shlm'pfr, (Wilhxlm,) a German nato-
ralisi and traveller, bom at Hannbeim bi 1S04, visited
^jpt, Arabia, and Abyssinia, and published in 1S34 his
"Travels in Algeria." Died April 13, 186S.

BoMaderbEumea, shln'dfi-hin'nts, or SchlndeT-
bauB, sh1n'd«r-htnsa', a German robber-chief of the
eighteenth century, who for several years infested with
his band the shores of the Rhine. He was taken and

• Mi!tasj;f Aarrf;gas/;B,H,K,/»iflKnj/;K,iidM^;«,fr*'W;laBi/«hasine«i. (n'-SeeExplanationa,p.a3.>

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

^CHINDLER %\

execated, wilh a number of hU companiout ia 1803.
Hi* ■dventDraa fonn Ihe sabject of a novel bj Leitch

Bohlndlor, •hlndOfr, (Valbhtini,) ■ Gennan
tcholar, and professor or Oriental langnaeei at Witten
berg, ma tb« author of " InatitntioDet Hebraioe," ind
other works. Died in 1611.

Sobinkal, shlnlc'^, (Karl Fkiidrich,) a German
ardutecl of great celebrity, born at Neu-Ruppin, in
Brandenburg, in March, 17S1, was a pupil of David
Gill;, of Berlin. He practised landscape -painting in
hi* eailT lile. About 1804 he visited ital;. Hanns
returned to Berlin in 1806, he became about 1815 arcbl-
lect 1^ the king, who employed him in the erection of
DoUic edifice* in hi* capitaL He designed the Royal
Moseum, a large building of tlie tonic order, which was
greatly admired, and the theatre in Berlin. Amoiw bis
other woric* waa a theatre at Hamburg. He preferred
the Greek style of archiuctore. Died in 1S41.

Sm F. KUCLBH. "K. F. SddaUi (Ih OuDilanutik," *tc.

BoblniieT, shin'nqr, (Matthkw,) a German or Swiss
t»Aop, called Cakdinai. de Sion, was bom in the
Valais about 147a He became a cardinal in i ji 1. He
Instigated the Swiss to fight against Frands L of France,
and took an active part in the battle of Marignano,
dStS-l Diedinisai.

Botalraob, von, fon tbee'rlK, (Gottlob Bikidict,)
a German historian, bom in Upper LuMtia in 1743.
In 1770 he became protessor of philosophy at Helm-
stcdL He published, among other works, a " Biography
of the Emperor Charles VI.," (1776.) for which ho was
ennobled by the empress Maria Theresa. He trans-
lated Plutarch's " Lives" into German. Died in 1S04.

Bohinner, shSR'm;r, Johann Wilhbu<,) a Ger-
man landscape-painter, thom at Jiilich in 1S07; died at
Carlsruhe, September 11, 1863.

SoblBOhkoir. See SuifHKoi'.

Sohlaglntwait, shlVsin-MHt', (ADour,) a German
traveller, born at Munich in tSl^. Haviiig explored
the AIds with his brother Hermann, he published hi iSf ~
t of their researches. In 1854 he set out f<

(bom iSj^} was a diltingaished Orientalist Anotb
titother, Eduard, (1831-66,) was a soldier and author.

SohUttor, shlaftfr, (Mickail,) a Swias divine and
missionary, bom at Saint Gait in 1716, emigrated to
America, where he assisted in oriranizing the synod of
the German Reforined Church. Died In 179a

Bohlogol, shli'gfl, (Johank A[x>lt,| a Gennan
divine and pulpit orator, born at Meissen in 1711,
became professor of theology at Zcrhst. He imblished
"Fable* and Talca," in verse, and "Spirimal Sot^s."
Died in 1793.

Bohlegol, (JoHANH EUAi,) elder brother of the pre-
ceding, was born at Heisaen in 1718. He pobliBhed the
tragedies of ** Hermann" and " Canata," and the com-
edy of " Dumb Beauty," (" Stomme ScbbnheiL") Died
In 1749.

Sh J. H. ScHUKat."UbaJ. E.Sdilv*Ii,"ir7a

Bohlegel, (JoHANN FR»i>Rical Wilhii.m,) son of
Ihe following;, was bom at Copenhagen in 1765, and
became prolesaor of law in his native dtj in 1800. He
wrote several legal works in Danish. Died in 1836.

Bohlegel, (JoHANN HiiNRicR,) a younger brother
vf Johann Adolf^ noticed above, was bom at Meissen in
1714. He became professor of history and royal his-
ti)TiogTa[>her at Copenhagen. He wrote a " History of
the Danish Kings of the House of Oldenburg," and
translated several 'of Thomson's dramas into Gennan.
Died in 178a

Bohlegal, (Tokanh Karl,) fourth brother of August
Wflhelm von Schlegel, noticed below, was born at Zerbst
In I7f8. He wrote " Ecdesiasiical History of North-
en Germany," (iSaS,) and other works. Died in 1831.

Boblegsl, (Kau. Gitstav MoRm,) brother of the
preceding, was bom at Hanover in 1756. He became
superintendent -general and first preacher at Harburg,
and wrote several theological works. Died in 1816.

14 SCHLEICHER

SoMagel, too, fen shlS'^, (Auaun WiliuliO>
celebrated German poet, Orientalist, and critic, bom at
Hanover on the 8th of September, 1767, wai a Ma of
Johann AdolC noticed above. He was a pupil of Heyna
at the Univeraity of Gottingen, which he qiutted m 1793.
In 1797 be became professor or teacher of Greek sjid
Latin at Jena. In the early part of hit life he formed a
friendship with Schiller. Abont 1798 Schlegel and hi*
brother Friedrich began to edit the " Athenzuro," a
critical review, which had great influence in propagating
the prindplea of the romantic school- He was a warm
admirer oif Shakspeare's works, of which he produced
a translation, (ii vols., 1798-1810.) He reaidnl in Bet-
Un from 180S (o 1805, and became a friend of Madame
de Sta^l, whom he accompanied in her travel*, as her
Instructor and as tutor to her children. He pasted a
number of yean in her aodety, and exerdted a deeded
Influence over her literary character. In 1808 be de-
livered at Vienna a course of lectures on dramatic
literature and art, which were greatly admired both in
Germany and foreign countries. They were Iranslaled
into English bv John BIsck, (1840.)

*> I wss St Vienna," says Madame de StaiO, " when W.
Schlegel gave his public course of lectures. I expected
only gooiT sense and instruction, where the object was
only to convey information. I wa* astoni*hed to hear a
critic as eloquent *■ an orator." In another place she
calls him "the first literary critic of Germany." (De
StaeTs " Germany.")

Schl^el served as secretary to Bemadotte, Crown*
Prince of Sweden, in 1813-14, and wrote several polil>
icat pamphlets. After the end of the war, in iSlj, be
remained with Madame de Stael until her death. He

which he became profidont He founded about
i8ad the "Indisdie Bibliolhek," a review devoted to
Indian languages and antiquities. Having lost his first
wife, whose nsme was Micnaelis, be married a daughter
of the eminent Professor Paulus, from whom he was
soon divorced. Among his remarkable production* are
a poem entitled "Arion," and a German version of m^
of Caideron's dramas, (1803-49.) He also wrote, ia

) publi^ied by Biickin^ (13

His complete work* 1
vols., 184&)

8*a Louu Dm Lo>i^ik. *'

d* RvB." <S4i ; - NMYClle ]

" Fortipi Qururiy Rcvitv" for April, iBji. aad Ooobar. it*}.'

SoUegel, ▼on, [Karl Wilhelm Fbixducii,] si
eminent German scholar and writer, a brother of the
preceding, was born at Hanover on the lotb of Harck
177J. Plis first imporiani worlt was "Greeks and
Romans," (" Griechen und Rdmer," 1797,) which was
received with favour. In 1799 he published the &■!
volume of " Ludnde," s navel, which has been cen-
sured as immoral. It was never finished. About i8oe
he married Madame Veit, a daughter of Mendelssohn.
Her first husband was living, but she obtained a divorce
in order to marry Schlegel. In 1803 he produced a
tragedy called "Alarkos." Having been converted to
the Roman Catholic religion about 1S08, he removed to
Vienna, where he became secretary 10 (he archduke
Charles in 1809. He composed the proclamations which
were issued to exdte the Austrian* against Napoleon.
He delivered at Vienna several courses of lectures,
(which were published,] and edited *> The German Mu-
seum," (l8t3-l3.j Among his works sre a " Historv of
AndenI and Modern Literature," [a vols., 1815,) "Lec-
ture* on the Philosophy of Life," (iSaS,) and " Lectures
on the Philosophy of History," (1 vols,, 18J9.) He
was an admirer of mediaeval life and institutions, and
belonged to the romantic school in literature. He w

« friend of Schleiermacher. Died at E

" Naoxnt Bisfnphi* OJnlnle ;" " Blsckwood't ]

in iSig.

S« •■ No . . _
for Aiwuit. tilt.

BtAlelchar, shll'sfr, (Aucvrr,) a German (cbolar,
born at Meiningen, February 19, iSii. He wss educated
at Leipaic, Tubingen, and Bonn, and graduated in ■■«&

l,^t,S lf,/i>v^>'ii^^**mc,Ie*sprolongedil,t,I,9,fi,|F,r:t«rf,'f,t,i,9,«Jfriinv;flr,fl]l,ttt;mI(iiittig36djm0BBi

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

SCHLEIDEN ii

He became ■ professoT of philology ai Bonn in i%ta,
and M Jeiti in 1S57, siving speaal attention to tbe
Slanc-Lettiah gionp of laneuagei. Died in 1S6S

Bohlelden, 8hB'd?n, (Matthias Jakob,) a German
pbTBidan and botaniac, bom at Hamburg in 1S04, pub-
litned " Elementi of Scientific Botany," (1S43,) "Plants
■od their lire," (iS50,)uk1 other worlM. Hebecamspro-
iEMOT-eztiaoTdiiuujat Jena 101839. Died Jane 31, i88t.

Sohlef^rmaoliar, shUV-miK'^r, (FfttEDRicH Eknst
Dahcbl,) a distinguished German author, critic, and
pulpit orator, was bom at Brealan on the list of No-
Tcmber, 1768. He wai sent to a Moravian school it
Barby toatudjrfbr the ministry. About 17S6 he entered
the UniversitT of Halle, where he devoted himself to
theology, philoeophj, and the ancient languages. He

•erera] yean at a tutor in a private family
linary in Berlin. In 1796 '

preacher to the hospital of Chantj in Berlin. He pub-
lished in 1799 an excellent work entitled "Discourses
on Religion," the doctrines of which were approved by
jHouB and ocihodox reader*. He removed to Stolpe in
1803, with the title of court preacher, and wrote there a
"Critique of all Past Sjttems of Ethics," ("Grundlinien
einei Kritik der bishengen Sittenlehre," 1803,] which I*
highly esteemed. In 1804 he became prolissoroftheology
and philosophy at Malle. He acquired great influence
Bi a theologian. The conquests of Napoleon having
separated Halle iiom the kingdom of Prussia, Schleier-
macher removed to Berlin about 1806. He produced an
excellent translation of a large portion of Plato's work^
(published in 3 voU., 1S04-38,) with an introduction,
which may be pronounced one of the most important
contributions towards the elucidation of Plato'* philo-
■ophic system (hat have been made in modem time*.
Id 1S09 he was appointed preacher of Trinity Church,
Berlin, and in 1810 became professor of theology in the
new university of that capital His profound Teaming
eloquent language, and original thoughts rendered him
very popular as a profe*u>r and preacher. He was
choten tecretary to the philoaophical section of the
Academy of Sciences in 1814. Others of his works
were "A CridcaJ Essay 00 tbe Writings of Luke,"
fi8i7,) and " Exhibition of the Christian Faiih,'
(1822.) Died in 1834.

■ oHtcdaa Bf hii IMtan, €BtiU*d '^Aoi SchUknutctiBr'a

" Lift of SehtABnoachH,

■letter all Lshrs," iSjSiP. DiusSck, "DerTcmriiu Schltkl-
BvhcT," liyj; "Bridih Qvanerlv Kiricw" bn mn, il4a:
"Fruet'i Uuuhia" far Jumirv, 1*61; "WatnuBttK K«k«''
bv Jnlr, iS6t.

SatUealDKar, *hli'zing-tr, (Wilhiui Rkinkick,) k
German painter, born at Frankfbit-on-the.Main about
1814. He became a resident of Paris. Died in 1893.

Schley. (WiNFiBLD Scott,) an American admiral,
born St Frederick, Maryland, in 1839. He graduated
at the Naval Academy in i860, served on the Gulf
Squadron in tbe civil war, and in 1871, as lieutenant-
commander, took part in the attack on the Salu River
forts in Corea, In 1884 he commanded the Greely
relief expedition and rescued Lieutenant Greely and
six companions at Cape Sabine, Greenland. He was
captain of the Baltimore at Valparaiso, Chili, in 1S91,
when several sailors of that vessel virere attacked by a
mob, giving rise to an international complication. In
the same year he carried Captain Ericsson's body to
Sweden, receiving a gold medal from the king of that
country. He was made commodore in February, 1898,
and commanded the Fiying Squadron in Cuban waters
during the war with Spain. Tbe absence of acting
admiral Sampson on other duty left him in immediate
command of (he blockading fleet at the destruction of
the Spanish fleet off Santiago, July 3, 1898. He was
made rear-admiral in August, 1898. Died Oct. 7, 1911.

ScUeyei, (Johann Martin,) a learned German
philologist, born at Oberlanda, in Baden, in 1831.
He devised a universal language, which he named
Volapuk, which for a time attracted much attention.
« M A; c HI «; S iisn^; t a* /; o, R, K,/Ktt(F)i/; H, imm/; B. friran/,- i a*

" sS vol*.,

r HiiuJiu- woJKS. Lfjeu in 102^
^ schllK'ting, or BobUobtliiBltia, ahllK'
Ims'Ie-as, (JoNxs,) a Polish Sodnian, apparently of
German extraction, was born at Bucowiec in 1596. Ha
wrote a "Confession of Paith," for which he was ban-
ished, and the work wa* publicly burnt Died In 1664,

Scjallainaiiii, shlee'mjln, (HutJiiCH,) a German
archzologiat, born at Ankcrsbagen, in Mecklenba^
Scbwerin,of poor parents, JantMry6, 1833. HeaeqidrM
wealth in a mercantile biumess, and In Us leisore lumn
learned several languages. After 1856 he defoted Um<
self to the study of ancient Greek Uteratore, and in
185S began a coni*« of Oriental travel, retirfaif bon
business in 1S63. In 1870, with his wife, a Gred lady,
he look up his residenc« in the Troad, where he b««B
those eitcnuve ezcavationa at Hisaarllk (the *npp
*ite of Troy) which made him wo bmons. He alsc
ried on aimilar researches at Uycenc, Tiryns, and other
pmnla. Among his works are *' La Chine ei le Japon,"
(1866,) " Ithaqae, le P^loponnise et Troie,"(iS69,) " Tro*
and its Remains," (1874,) "Mycenz," (1877,) "Ilioa,''
(1881,) " Orcbomenoa," (iSSl,) "Reise in tier Troa*,"
(i88i,) "Troja,"(i833,) '• Tiryns," (1886,) etc. D. 1S90.

Bchlosts«r. See .SchlCmir.

Sctaloaaer, shlos'scr, (Friedbic^i CHRintini,) a
celebrated Gwroan historian, bom at Jever in 1776, In
1793 he entered the University of Goltingen, where,
in addition to theology, history, and mathematics, he
applied himself to the study of English, Italian, and
^"■"'■ili literature. He published in iSia his " Histon
' ■ " 'the East Roman Empire;

of history at Heidefbe^

Spanial

of the Iconoclast Emperors of the East Roman Empire;
In 1817 be became professor of history at Heidefbe^
His chief works are a "History of the World in a Con-

of the Eighteenth Centory and Nineteenth till tbe Fall
of tbe French Em^re," (8 vol*., 1846,) which ha* been
translated bto EogUth. He also wrote a "Crilkal
Examination of Napoleon," and other work*. A* a hi*-
torian, Schloeser occupies a high rank and ha* acqaired
extensive popolarily. Died at Heidelberg In 1S61.

See BaocKKAus, "CcoiTcniiioiit-LeiilHn-." "Jilubiitb laa
CoDmntioat-Leiilion,'* iSCii: "FoRign Quarterly Rniaw" fai
April, 1S4] ; " WmmiBiicT Rmtw" for Scpumber, iS*j \ Geavi-
iltn, "Necnloe ScUoner'a," iSi>-

Soblosnei', (Johann Georo,) a German writer, bora
at Frajikfort-on-the-Main in 1739, was a Ixother-in-law
of Goethe. He published severalprose eseay*, and
made translation* from iGscbylns, Plato, and Anslotlo,
Died in 1799,

Sohlothvlni, tob, Ghi shlotHiIm, (Ernst Fuu^
UCH,) Babok, a German savant, bom in 1764, pnbliahed
several works on mineralogy. Died in 1S31.

Bohltaor or Sohloeser, too, ton •blot^sfr, (Au-
gust Lddwio,) an eminent German historian, Uxin In
the prindpality of Hohenlohe-Kirchbeiv in 173;. He
studied theology at Wittenberg and Gottingen. !■
•755 be went as a private teacher to Sweden, where he
wrote a " History of Commerce," (in Swedish.) He
was appointed in 1765 professor of Russian history at
the Academy of Saint Petenburg, and in 1767 of polincal
science at Gotlingen. His principal worlu are entitled
" General History of the North," {* vols., lyj*,) " Pre-
paratory History of the Worid for Children," (1790^
and " History of the World in Extracts and CoimecUon,"
(s vols., 1793.) He also translated, from the Russian,
Nestor's " Chronicle" to the year 980, and wrote leveral
able political treatises. He wa* ennobled by the Em-
peror of Russia iniSo4. HediediniSog. His daughter
DonoTHEA was highly distinguished for her talents and
acquirements, and the degree of doctor was conferred
upon her in 17S7. Died in iSaj.

Sec"A. L. tiiiiScUDHir'(Ub>ai."b*hiaK)ii,iSiS; HunKa
DOUHC " Uben A. L. nn ScUSur-a,'' i8]6 ; Ami.ni Bo™, "A.
L. SdilSur," 1S44.

BcblBzer, 7on. (Kurd,) a German hiEtorian and
diplomatist, was bom at Lfibeck, January 5, 182a.

^~See Explanatioa*, p^ q,)

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

ri46

SCHMUCKER

n* Genun mlalater to Uezico from tS£g to 1871,
nbMqoentl* «u mlaliter to the Uofted State*.

Gicrtnan trchitect and scalptar, bom aboat i£63, «a«
patToniied bf Frederick L of Prussia. He built scTcnl
(difioes at Berlin, where he alto executed a number of
■(billable work* in ■cnlptareL Died in 1714.

BohlTtor, tUii'ttr, <Cabl Johah,) an eminent Swe(l>
ish jnriit and legal writer, born at CailaciODa in itoc
beoune proleasor at the University of Land. Died iSw.

SohmKlta, shmllta, (MouTE Fbkdihand^ a GcnuM
Proteatant theologUtL bom near Dresden in vfli^ p^
Ifabed nnmwow Td^ona worfca. I»edini86a^^

Sobmala, (Th>odo> Anton Hknuch,) a Gwmw
fiifiat, bom at Hanover in 1760, published treatiae* utt
nw and political economy. Died in 1831.

Sobnunus, ihmSwBs, (Johann Taxob,) a .djitln-
nished German writer on public law, wm bom at
Landau, in AlMtia, in 1690. He became in 1734 pro-
fessar of the law of nature and ai nationa at Gttttinseb
Among his work* are a " Life of Charles XIL ol
Sweden," (iTSCs) and "Corpus Juris Gentium Acadeni-

niTTi " f* vnffl . 144A.\ V^\^A in T

"(iToIi., 193a) Died in 1757.

SabBMllw, shmel1«r, (Johann Anduai,} a Ger-
man philolorist, bom at Tii*chenreuth in t785, pub-
liahed"TheDialcctaof Bavaria," (iSai,) and a "BuTa-
rian Dictionary," (1S37.) Died in 1853.

BobllMrUii& won, fon ahmtkling, J Akton, ) au
Auatriao jurist and statesman, bom at Vienna in 1805,
rose to be pre^dent of the 6rst tribunal and court of
cassation at Vienna, (iSji,) and was appointed prime
obiister tn 1861. Died Hay 13, 1893.

Sobmettan, von, ton •hmet'tfiw, (SAinTXt,) a Prut-
dan commander, bom in 1684. He served nuder Prince
Etigene and Marlborough, and labaeqnently entered
the Austrian irmy and fought againat ibe Spaniard* in
Sidly. He was made a field-marshal in 1741, and was
afterward* employed by Fiederidi tlie Great in several
cmbutiei. Died in 1751,

Sm "LrtwMgndiiiAw Am Onfis <raa ScbsiMUD," Bcrib, ■■•4i

Sohmld, thmlt, (Kakl CuutnAN Eu us,} pro-
feMor of philosophy at Jena, waa bom neai Wdmai 1b
1761. He wrote sereral work* In bvonr of the »fMen
of Kant. Died in tSta^

Botuold, (Kabl Eknst,) ■ nephew of the precedii^
wa* bom at Weimar in 1774. He became profijasor 3i
biwat Jenaln 1809, wrote a number of legal treadaei, and

■xuuDia, (i^BoroLj^i a i^nnan (Konan tjauoiK)
UieoloEun, bora at Zurich, June 9, 1S08. After itody-
ingatTiiblntenaitd Haolcb, he held profNeorahtpt of
tlieology ancTphUaaophy at GieeeeiL ffis works (whidi

. D IntrodiKtlon to Phuoeophj," (" GrundaUie der

Mnmg in die Philoeophie." i860,) aikd "The Law of
Pci»onality," (■■I>>* Geeeti der PciaSnlichkelt," iStia.)
Died at Gietaen, December so, 1869L

Sohniid, (Runhoul) a Oermau Jurist, bora at Jena
in 1800. He pgbliihed a work "On the Theonr of
Civil Law," <i&48,) which to esteemed. Died In 1874.

SobiBid, TOD, 6m shmlt, (CmirrorH,) a Geraian
writer, bora at DinkelabUhl in 176S, publtohed a number
of moral and religiotia works for children and youth.
Died at Augsburg m 1854.

Sohmldel.shmee'd^ (Caiimik Chuitopr,) a Ger-
man botanist, bora at Baireuth in 1718. He pnbltohed
"Iconei Plantarum et Analyses Partium," (1747.) Died

Rnsua," and several historical works. Died in 1801.

Sotunld^ (Ehrhakd Ka&l Klaubr,) a German
poet and Gibulitt, bora at Halberstadt in 1746, waa an

fntimate fi lend of Gleim. He translated the " C des aai
Epodei"i< Horice. Died in 1814.

Soluuldb (SKAWin,) a German adidar, bora to
Miania in i<6o, became prolwtor of Greek aud math-
ematica at Wittenberg. He pobtiihed a " Concordum
to tlie Greek Testament," an edition t£ Pindir, with ■
Latin verrion and note*, and other woi^ Died in 163};

Solimid^ (Gioaa Fukouck,) a German engraiw^
bora at Berlin, e^xnted numerous uortraiU at greM
merit He was a member of the Awlemy irf Fine Am
in I^rit. Died in 1775.

Bohmldt (HUHUts Julian J a German critic hoti
_. Haiienwwder, March ;, 1S18. Educated at KS^
berg, he became a jonmaUtt and teadter, finally deroiug

himself to literature. Amoog hb writings are a" IGMory
of Romance," ("Getchkhte der Rowwarik In Zeiblitr

der E

Intellectual Life in G

Lebena b Deutachland,"} '■' I&Ioit of _

ture,"("Gesclilchteder dentachen literattir,") "IDstory
of Modem French literature," (" Geechichte der frsn-
liMtchen Literatnr telt Ludwls XVL.") " PIctnrei cf the
Intellectual life of our Time," {" Btlder ant dem gdttifea
LebenuniererZelt" 1870-70 and odier important workt,
chiefly on literary Uttoiy. Died March sy. t88&

CMunldt (IiAAK Jakob,) a German Orientaltat, bom
in 177a published a Grammar and a DictioDaiy of Oa
Mongol Language, also a " Thibetan Grammar," atid
made several trantlationa from the Mongol and Thibelic
He wa* a member of the Academy of Saint Peteraburg.
Died in 1847.

Sohinidl; (Johann Ahdrkas,) a German I^theraa
divine, bora at Worms In t6j3, became profeasor of the-
ology and ecclesiastical history at Helmstedt lb
translated Paidle's "Bements of Geometry" from
French Into Latin, and wrote several conlroveraia]
works. Died in 1716L

Botunldt (MiCHAiL loNAZ,) a German historian,
bom at Amstein in 1736^ was appointed director of the
archives at Vienna. He wrote a good " Hiatoiy of tbs

cillor at Vienna In lySa Died in 1794.

Bobmldt, (SUAniAN,) a German sdiolar of the
seventeenth century, was profeaaor of Oriental Isn-
at Stratbiuz. Died in 1697.

— . .. ^,

nr of tl

I'n^, (Fkikduch TakobJ
prole Si or of poIiticBl science at Gtessen, was bom to

luage* at Strai
ftlhinlth, a

ahmit, (NuaiOLAi,) a Himgarian Jeaoit
and hiatorical writer, waa rector of the o^Iege at Tyr-
nau. Died in 1767.
BobmlttbeiUMr, shmhniSn'n^, (Fkikduch TakobJ

i79& He pnUisbed several work* on philology, Us-

oniDia, or, iea> conccuj, ijmi»nv**»,

RBtflAHiN,) an eminent German hymn-writer, bom it
Brauchitachdor( December Si, ■67& He etudied tl
Leipric, and became a Protestant clergvman. Many li
hto hymns are still very popoUr. Died at Schweidtft^
Februaiy 11, 1737. ^_

Bohmnofc'fr, (Samubl M.,) an American wriHt
bom at New Market, Virginia, in 1833. He practisBd
law in Phnadelphia- He wrote a nnmber of lustotkal

at Princeton trinity School, and m iSm

waa ordained. For many yeara he was the champion of
" Low Church" Lutheran theologv in the United Sute*.
He pnbltohed a large number of Oteolagical work*. He
was the tother of S. M. Scbmncker. He wa* for maar
years a professor of theology at Get^buig, Penaifl-
vania, where he died, July 16; 1873.

t. i, I, Sv &, T,J;PV'' ^ ^ ^ •*">«• 1«M prolonged; i, i, 1, 5. ii, y, a#r«; f, f, {, 9, ii«MHr<,' Or, fill, f&tj mit; n(H;gAdj aAu

d by Google

SCHMUTZER ii

BobmiitMr, ihmffit'Bf r, (Jakob MATTHtAt,) a Ger-
man eiwraTcr, bom at Vienna in 1733, '*'<^"' director
of the Academy of Design in th«t eiW, and court en-

Baver. His print* after Rabeni »re nighly eileemed.
led In 1S13.

Scbnaass, shnl'zah, (Karl,) bom at Dantiic In
1798, published a " HiBtorr of the PlaHic Arta," (1843,)
and other similar worlu. Died Majp JO, 1S7J.

Sohneb'b^lie, (Jacob,) an English artist, born at
Westminster in i76c^ wa« apjMinted driughtsnian to
the Society of Antiquaries. Died in 1793.
SolmoldBr, shn4 dais', (AtrroiHK Viacn-K,) a French

Gneral, bom in ifSo. Ho was minister ai
IT, (839, to March, 1S40. Died in 1S47.

Sohneldar, shnl'dfr. (Conkad Victok,) a German
physician, born at Bitterfekl, in Saxony, in 1610, ma
the author of a nluable worlc entitled " De Catarrhis,"
In which he give* tn anatomiiral description of the ii
terioi atnictnre of the noflc. The lining of the e»Titi(
of the nose, which he first descritied, has been namci
In his hoDonr, the Schneiderian membrane. Died i
■680.

Sohneldar, (BtJotNB,) a French manufactnrer, bom
at Nancy in 1805. He became proprietor of a tctji
extensive mannfactoiy of machinery, locomotiTca, etc,
at Creuiot He was elected in 1S51 and in 1S57 a
member of the legislative body, of which he was presi-
dent from 1867 antil September 4, 187a Died in 1875.

Sotmaldar, sbn['d;r, (Johakn Chkistiah Frieiv
RICH,) a Gernun composer, born near Zittaa In 17S6.
His works comprise oratorios, operu, and Inttniment-
I^eces. Died in 1853 or 1854.

Bohnaldar, (Jokanm Gkoro. called afterward* Eu-
LOGIDS,) a German poet and montc, bom at Wipfeld, in
BaTajia,fn 1756. Having removed to Straabarg in 1791,
he became a violent revotutioniat, and caused many
pertotit to be put to death. He was guillotined in Pan*
m April, 1794.

S« Ham, " KoM nr Is Vis flnlsp SchodilB,

Solmaldar, (Jorann Gottlob,) a brother of Johann
Christian Friednch, noticed above, was born near Kttan
*as appointed court organist at Dreaden

j<.an<ieo ' ' ' ' "

Died

Bohnolder, (Johann Gottlob,) a German philolo'
gist and naturalist, bom near Wunen, in Saxony, in
1750. He itadied under Heype at GSttingen, and in
1776 became professor of ancient languages and elo-
quence at Frankfort-on-the-Oder. He publUhed edi-
tions of Nicander's " Aleiipharmaca," iKian'* "De
Naturl Animalium," Xenophon's Work*, the "Ar-

Sautica" of Orpheus, the " Politics" (^ AHsiotJe,

He

amone which we may name " Ichthyolm of the An-
denta/* (1781,) and " Phvsioloffv of Amphibions An
mala,"(I79a) His"GreeK-and<German Lexicon" (1797)
Is esteemed a standard work. Died in 1833.
Sea Cirnn. "Hiumr* dci Sdncu >uiur11«/'
Biognphia G^ninla."

Bohneldor, (Karl F.rnst Christoph,) a German
scholar, bom at Wtehe, in the duchy of Saxony, in 178&
He translated some of Plato's works, and published an
•dition of Caaar'a ''C<xnmentaries." Died in 1S56.

Bolueldawlii, shnl'dfh-Mn', (pRiEDRrcH WiL-
hrlh,) a German acholar, bom at Helmsted) in 1810.
II appointed in 184a professor of classic literature
" - "■ ' 1 "Critical Observations on
" Commentaries on Sopho-
cles," and other original works \ also editions of several
Greek and Latin clasaica. Died in 1856.

Bolmallar, thncll^r, (Julids Frakz Borqias^) a
historian, bom at Straaburg in 1777, wt:s the author of
several historical and dramatic works. Died in 1833.

stable de Bourbon," and " Christ calling Utile Children,"
far which, at the Universal Exposition of 1855, he gained
a medal of the first class. Died at Paris, March 15, 187a

SCHOFIBLD

Sohnltilar, shnlttlfr, (Jra» Hinri,) a ..._,
bum at Straaboaig in iSos. He published, betide*
other historical and statistical works, " General StatistlG*
of the Empire of Russia," (1S39,) "General, Methodical,
and Complete Sutistics of France," (1846,] and " An-
cient and Modern Russia," (1S54.) Died in 1871.

Bolmoii', shnoR, (Li;dwic Ferdinand,) an artist, *
brother of the following, was bom at Leipsic in lySa
He ii chiefly known from hi* illnatrations of GoeltM^
« Fanst" in the Belvedere GaUerr ■* Vienna. Died In
1853.

Holmort Ton Karolafald, shaoR fbn kl'rcda-IBtt'i
(Jduus,) an eminent painter, ton of Veit Hans, aotked
below, was bom at Leipsic in 1794. After stadving fe
• time at Vienna he visited Rome in 1818, and daring
his residence there executed the frescos in the ViU*
Massimi in conjunction with Cornelius and Overbeck
hcalsopainteda "Madonna and Child," " The Marriug
in Cana," "The Flight into Egypt," and other oil-pic-
ture* of great excellence. In iSa? he wo* appointed
professor of historical painting in the Academy of Arts
at Munich, aodwa* commissioned by Ludwig, afterward*
King of Bavaria, to decorate the new palace with frescos
illustrating the poem of the " Nibelungen." His next
productions were a series of pajntinga In encaustic in
the Fest-Saalbau, representing events from the histoir
of Charlemagne, Frederick Barbaroosa, and Rudolpn
of Habsburg. He became in 1846 prolessor in tna
Academy of Fine Arts and director of the Picture-
Gallery at Dresden. Schnorr al»o executed a aerie*

for hit mannerism. He died May 36, 1871.

Ste "BiDgnpbit UnixuHlla," (dm xfitiaoj Baoocun.

SotmoiT Ton B^olafeld, (Vrit Hans,) a German
painter, andiirofestor in the Academy of Art at Le^psiCi
born at Schneeberg in 1764, was the author of " lo-
ttniction in the Art of Detif^i-" ^ied in 1841.

Bohnorrar, *hn36r'rtr, (Christian Fbibdrich,) a
German Orientaliat, born at Cannstadt, in Wiirtemberg,
in 1741. He became professor of philosophy at Tilbin-
gen, (1770,) and chancellor of the university, (1805.) He

Eublished, among other works, a " Bibtiotheca Arablca."
lied in iSzl.

Bolioafiat. See Sch5ppbr.

Boboaloliar, shoI'K^r or sho'Cl'shaiR', (Victoil) r
French journalist and Uttirateur, born in Paris in 1804,
published several treatises on African slavery, (favor-
ing emandpalion,) a "Life of Handel," etc In 1875
he was chosen a senator for life. Died Dec 16, 1893.

Bohoell See SchOll.

BcboeiiiBiiiL See SchSmann.

Scboenbaln. See SchShbein.

Schoenlalii. See ScuCtHLiiN.

Schoenlng. See ScHiiNiHA

Schoept See ScHOrr.

Schoepflln. See ScHttPFUH.

SchliSer or Bohoe&ar, thOfffr, (Prtkr.) celebratad
for his improvement* in the art of printing, was bom al
Gernaheim, in Hesse- Darmstadt He invented puDChei
in types while in the employ of Giutenberg and raotl at
Ments, and after their separation became the partner
of Fautt, who was his father-in-law. Schiiffer continoad
the business aAer the death of Faust, and publithacL
among other booka, a Latin Bible, the Institntea o(
Justinian, and some of the worlc* of Saint Thoma*
Aooinas. Died about 1501.

Sec A. F. DiDOT'i iRicl* In lha''N«ivdW ffigmptug Ofat-
l»."

BohBffar, (Prtbr,) a printer, a son of the preceding,
worked at Worms several years, (1513-20,) removed to
Stratburg abont 1511, and to Venice in 1541

Stt Huaic. "NDiia mr P. Si^Stfcr SU," 1&1&.

Scho'fiald, (John McAllistrr.) an American gene-
ral, bom in Chautauqua county. New York, in 1831.
He was educated at the Military Academy at West Point,
where he graduated in 1853, in the (ame class with
P. H. Sheridan and J. B. McPherson. He obtained tbi
rank of captain in Hay, 1861, toon after which he be-
came the chief of the staff of General Lyotw, wiA

f ; K hard; % as/'; C, H. K. ftiitiiral; H, mual; R, trUltd; I

miku.

<|^*See ExpIanatiiNW, p^ aU

,-J:.,LnOOl^lC

SCHOLARIUS

whom he Mrred in Miuouri. In NorembeT, 1861, b«
ira* appointed > brigadier-general of Tolunteera, and
in the ipring of i86a he was selected to command the
diitrict of MisaouTl. He ic^igned this position in Sep-
tember, but wai restored to it in Mav. 1S63, with the
nok of major-general. The forces nnder his ccmmand
operated with succeaa in Arkansas after the captare of
Vickibwg, Mid took Little Rock. In February, 1864,
SchofieldwM appointed commander of the army of the
Ohio. He contributed to the sncceu lA Shennan"!
brilliant campaign which resulted in the capture of At-
lanta on the ad of September, 1864.

About the end of October he was sent with the
Twenty-third corps to Chattanooga, with orders to report
to General Thomaa at NashvUIe. He ccmimanded at
the battle of Fianklin, where be wa* atlacked by Hood
cm the 30th of November, and, having repulsed the
coemy, fell back towards Nashville dtuiiu the night In

of E>ecember. In February, 1865, tbe State of NmA

Caioluta was constitnted mto a milit — ■* — -" '

of which General Schofield waa appi^nl ,

with initmctioni to co-operate with General Sherman,
He captnred Pott Anderaon, occupied Wilningtoo on
the 3ad of Febrnaiy, and formed a jonctiim wl£ Sher-
nan at Goldsborousb, wketa be arrived on the atii of
UardL Ib the apnut of 1867 he waa appi^ted eoa-
■uuMlar of tho fiitt miuiaiy dieUic^ lAich compiiaed the
State of Virginia. He was secretary of war, May,
1868, to March, 1869, superintendent at West Point
1876-81, in charge of^the miiilaiy diviion of the Mis-
souri in 1S83, and commander-in-chief of the United
States anny 1888-95. ^" '^5 ^^ "^ made lieutenant-
general and retired. Died March 4, tgo^
BohoUurlnK. See Gkknasiui.

at Cambridge, and hi 1825 became regis* profeasor
Qa^k in that nnivenity. Amoi% hi* pabtications 1
an edition of jfiach^o* with note*, an edition of Middle-
ton's "Treatist on the Greek Article," and " Hints for
an Improved Translation of tbe New TettameoL" Died
fai8s3.

SohSll or BohoelL shfil, (Adol^) a German scholar,
bom at Britain in 180J, became professor of archeology
at Halle, in 1S4S. He pablished a translation of Hero-
dotos, and of tbe "Ajaz of Saphocles, and wrote numer-
ous critical essays. Died at Weimar, May 36, 1881.

SohSU or SohoeU, (Maximilian Sausoh Fkiu>.
■ICR,) a German historian and pablidst, bom in the
dachj of Saarbriick in 1766. He was Prussian secre-
tary of legation al Paris, (1S16-18,) and became privy
eoondllor at Berlin in 1S19. He published, bttidM
other works, a " History of Roman literature," in
Ftench, (Paris, 4 vols., 1815,) a " History of Greek Ut-
eratnre from its Origin," etc, ("Hisloirc de la littjra-
tare Grecqae profonedepais lonOrigine jnsqu" ' "

Uk Foiib>t,".Em1 urlaVlidt SiAhII,'' lUt.

fl^oltan, sEol't^, (JoHANHU Hbkdux,] a Dutch
divine, bom at VIeaten, August 17, iSit. He was a
diviniqp professor at Franeker, and u 1E43 was called to
the Univetsity of Leyden. He poblished maaj works
of textual and doctrinal criticism, a treatise on compara-
tive religion (" Geschiedenis der Godsdienst en Wijsbe-
peerte," 1853,) etc, which are characteriied by extreme
independence and breadth of view. He is r^arded ai
the lather of what is called the Leyden school of theology.
Died at Leyden, April 10, 1885.

BQholx, aholu, (JoHANK Martin Augustik,) a Ger-
man Catholic theologian and scholar, born near Breslan
In 1794- He visited Palestine and Syria in 1S21, and

48 SCHOMBURGK

pabliahedini8»aQaccoantof hisjoamey. Hebecame
professor of theology at Bonn in 1833. Among U*
other work* we may name his "Novam Testamentnm
Grzce," (3 vols., 1830,) and " Manual of Biblical Ardiis-
olOTy," (1834.) Died in 1853.

SobSmana or Bohoemuui, sbS'mSn, (GtORa
Fribdrick,) a German philologist, bom at Stralsond
in 1793, became professor of ancient literature and elo-
quence at Gieifsvralde. He published critical essays (in
Latin) on the Greek classics. Died March 35, 187^

SohomboT^ shom'bfrg, (Alkxandkk Ckowchki.)
an English divine, bom in I7;6, published a "Chrono-
logical View of the Roman Laws," and other similar
works. Died in 1793.

BohomboTK (Isaac,) an English naval officer,
served under Admind Rodney in the American war,
and sighaeqaently under Lord Howe in 179^ He was
the author of ''Naval Chrtmotogy," (5 vols.) DM
in 1813.

Bonombar^ da, de shom'bvrg <v deh shANlMtl^,

SIharus,) Doc d'Hsllnin, a marshal of Fianc^ bora
1601, was a aoo of Henry, noticed below. He gained
In September, 1637, a victory over the Spaniards at
Locate. Died in 165&

SohomlMrfr do, DvcHBSS. See HAimroiT, d'.

BobombttTB, shomnif^ d«, [Fr. pron. d^ sh6M'-
baik',] (HntBi,) Coum, an eminent French general
and statesman, bom in l^ui* in 1575, (or, •■ some sqTi
in 1583,) was a son of the following. He wa* .ap-
pointed superintendent of the finances in 1619, loan
alter which he gained victories over the Hngnenots^
He became a maishal of France in 1615, repnbed the
EnglUh at the Isle of Rh< hi 1637. and defeated the
insarfjenla nnder Montmorency at Castelnandary in iGsa,
Died in 1(13%

Sm BAcmr, "Tmbaa *a MbMibI dt Scbcobn," i«si: Da
CoDBCsuBL " DiElioDaiir* ds QIaittax Fnoait •, " NsanOa

Bohom'bfrK von, [Ger. pron. fon shoo^BO,) (Cas-
par,) a German general, bom in Saxony in I $401 He
ent^ed the service of the Ft«nch king, and fboght
against the Hwpenota about IS67-75. In 1(97 Schoo-
berg and De Thon prepared the bases of the edict of
Nantes. Died in 1599.

S^ombarB ▼on, fon shom'bCBa, (Fkuoricii Kl-
HAND HutJIANH,) a celebrated Protestant military
conunander, was bom at Heidelberg in i6i6l Havii^
served in the Swedish army in the Thirty Yeaia' war,
be fought anccettively in the amiea of the Netherlands
France, and Portugal, and attained the rank of manhal
'' " in 1675. He was driven ftom France by per-

in 1685. In 1688 he accompanied Williara.

Prince of Orange, to England, an""

chief of the forces in Ireland, wa* 1

the BoTMk in 169a "He was generally a , __^.

Macanla^, " the greatest living masttr of the art of war.
His rectitude and ^ety, tried bj strong tempbtiona and
never found wantins, commanded general respect and
confidence. Though a Protestant, he had been during

any years in the service of Louts, and liad, in spite of

e ill offices of the Jeaui^ extorted from ha employer,

r a series of great actions, the staS of manhaT of

ranee." (" Hlstoiy of England.")

d< U Vied! F. von SdioBbsK" br BSABOtlTBAD, >69<. :" NonS.
Bx«n|i)ila G6><n]t~

Bohombnrgk ihom'baiiRk, (Otto,) a German writer,
bom about 181a, wa* a brother of Sir Robert Hermann,
noticed below. He translated into German hia brotbo^
' Description of British Guiana." Died in 18S7.

Sobombnrgk, shom'bttrk, [Ger. pron. ahom'bd&Bk,]
(Sir RoBuiT HiRMANN.) a celebrated German traveller,
bom at Freiburg in 1S04. Having been sent in 1835
by tbe Gewraphical Sodety of London to explore the
interior of Guiana, he discovered the nufnificent water-
lily to which he gave the name of the Victoria Regia.
He published, after his return, a " Description c^ BriSah
Guiana," which wa* followed in 1847 by a " History of
Barbadoes." Appointed in 1848 British consul to ^ainl
Domingo, he contribqted to the Jonmal of the Gco-

I, I, !,«, a, n/pv;^^^*^«>l«** prolonged! i. 2,1, 5, 1S,]F,/A«rf; *,«,!, ft'^wv'v.- Or. fUl,Ekimet;nai:ita6d;m

d by Google

SCSON

iraphJcal Sodety a number of nloible articles on the
phydcal gH^aph; of that island. Schombarck was
elected a member of rarioiu learned societies in Europe,
created a cberalier of tbe legion of honour, and knight
of the Pnisiian order of the Red Eagle, and obtained
Mber timilar <lial>iKtioni. Died in 1865. The plant
called Schombnrgkia was named in hii honoor.

SoUbi or Botaoan, ahjjn, or SehougBtiar, ihon'-
^w'tr, (Maktin,) an eminent German painter, iraa a
native of Kolmbach or Ulm, and ia supposed to bare
been a pupil of Frani Stosa. He was called Buon Mak-
TINO b^the Italians, and was a friend of PietroPerugino
His pimcipal works are at Colmar, Vienna, Munich, and
Nuremberg. His " Madonna," in the minster at Colmar,
ranks among the most admirable productions of early
German art He also esemted a number of excellent
vngravinga. Died in 148S.
. S« Gauchoh, "H
pap4iH G^ndnlb**

SohoiuBtis. See ScttooN.

Bobfinbttln or Boboenbttln, thSn'Un, (CHKiaruit
Fkiedkich,) a German chemist, and the inventor of
nm-cotton, bom at Mitzingen in 17991 He became pro-
fessor at the Univenutj of Basle in ig>8. In 1839 he
discovered ozone, and aubseqnentlT made the discovery
erf nitTo-saccharin and nitro-fibrin "- '"-

Saxon and Protestant, partly Austrian and Catholic.
Bobonar, sho'nfr, qoHANN,) a German mathcma-

(1 49

SCHOPPB

0IH7-

tidan and astronomer, bom at Cailstadt in 1477
professor of mathematics at Nuremberg. Died ui

Bcbonganer. See SchOn.

aohCnlng or SohoanlitB ahi/ning, (Gekkakd,) .
Norwegian scb^ar, bom in Nordland m 1713, became
professor of hiitory and eloquence at Soriie. Died in
I7Sa

ScbSnlaln or Bohoanleln, thSn1!n. 0ohakn
LUKAS,) an en^nent German physician, bom at Bam-
berg in 1 793. He waa appointed professor of patholc^
ana therapeutics at Berlm in 1840^ and acquired a high
reputadon by his lectures. Died January 13, 1864.

S«a G. W. ScHAHLAV, " Dr. SehOnlab nod Hm Aalinii." itu;
kunde," lit, rsiij.

SoboooUiu, sKoHie-ns, or Bohoock, (Ktjk, (Hai-
'nN,)born at Utrecht in 1614, was professor of langnages,
bittory, etc. in his native dty, and at FrankJort-on-the-
Oder. He published several critical and historical
works. Died in 1669.

Sec NictaoK, " Utooink."

Bohoaloraft, skool'krUt, (Henry Rowe,} LL.D., a
distinguished Antericau traveller, ethnologist, and aden-
lific writer, bom near Albany, New Yorl^ in 179^ Id
1818 he made a geological sorvey of Missouri and
Arkansas, and published in 1819 his " View of the Lead-
Mines of Miasouri," etc In iSao, as geologist, he accom-
panied General Cass on his expedition to the Lake
Superior copper-region, of whicb he published a narra-
tive in 1831. Being appointed in iSaa agent for Indian
affiura, he resided several yeara in tbe vidnity of Lake
Superior, and in tSta. while on an embassy to some
Indian tribes near the head-waters of the Mississippi,
discovered the sources of that river in tbe Itasca Lake.
An account of this lour was published, entitled a " Nar-
rative of an Expedition to Itasca Lake," etc, (1834.) In
838 he founded the Michigan Historical Soaety, irf
whidi be was aAerwards president. Among his numer>
ous works are "Archives of Alioriginal Knowledge,"
(6 vols.,) "Note* on the Iroquois, or Conltibulions lo
American History, Antiquities, and General Ethnology,"
(1S4S,) " Algic Reseaiches," etc, •• Personal Memoirs
of a Residence of Thirty Years with the Indian Tribes

second wife waa Miss Mary Howard, of South Carolina,
herself an author.

" Mr. Schoolcraft's ethnological writings," says R. W.
Griswold, " are among the most important contribution*
that have been made to the literature of this country. . . .
His works abound in materials for the future artist and
man of letters, and will on this account continue to be
read when the greater portion of the popular literature
of the day is forgotten." He died at Washington, D.C.,
DecemlMr 10, 1S64.

Boboolonfl; (Laitkbtce,) Colonel, an American
officer, l>om in iTfio, was the &ther of the precedini^
He foujjht in the Revolutionarv war. It is stated that
the original hmily name was CalcrafL Died at Verona.
New York, in 1840.

Boboon, van, vtn sKQn, ILat SCHONiC'us,) (Corke-
UDS,) a Dutch dramatist and Latin poet, bom at Gouda
about 1540. He published " Carminum Libellus,"
{■570,) and "Terentius Chriatianns," (i6i4-) The latter
IS a collection of dramas in imitation of TerenM. Died
in 161 1.

BohoonJEuia, ssSn'ylns, (Anthonv,) a Flemish
painter, bom at Antwerp about 1650. He worked fa
Vienna and England. Died in Vienna In 17S&

Sohootsn, sKCtfn, (Frans.) a Dutch mathematidaa,
and professor of mathematics at Leyden. He published,
among other works, "Prindpia Matheseoa," and "Ma-
thematical Bxerdsea." Died in 1659.

BohopenhBUor. sho'pfn-hSw'fr, (Arthur,) a celw
brated pessimist philo«opher of Gnmany, a son of

Johanna, mentionul below, was bom at Dantdc in 1788.
le published "The World as Will and Appearanot
or Representation," ("Die Welt als Wille nnd Vof
ste11nng,"iSi9,) "The Two Ground-Problems of Ethics,"
(1841,) "On the Freedom of the Will," and a collectioa

itniven^ all else i* mere appearance. He taught, among
otber things, that tbe world is easenliaUy and radically
evil Died in iS6c

S«> OwiHHa. "ScboiiiDhinur'i LiDa ;" ~ Minbiirtli £»■■•'
for FibnauT, i&4i

Boboponbattar, (Johahma.) a German anibotess,
bom at Dantdc in 1770, pulili^ed a number of talci
and romances, the most popniar of which are "Gatxi
ele," " Die Tante," ("The Aunt,") and" Sidonia." Died
Id 1849.

S« "Yoaihfiil Lift ud Pien» of Tmal : Annbiscniitaf of

Bob&pf or Boboept shfipf^ (Albin,) a general, born
n Hungary about 1S13. He fought against Austria in
1S48 and 1S49, aSutt which he emigrated to the United
Stales. He was appiunted a brigadier-Mueral in 1861,
and defeated a body of insurgents at Camp Wild-Cat,
Kentucky, Odober n of that year. Died in 18S6.

BcMpSln or Soboajdlui, shBp'fleen, (JoHAim
Daniel,) a German historian, bom at Suiiburg in leMt
became proCenor of history and eloquence at StrasburK
(lyao.) He waa the author of " Alsatia Illustrata," S
vola., 1751-fil,) and other historical works. Died in 1 771.
"Without any doae contact," says Goethe, "he had
had a deep influence on me^ . . . He was one of thoaa
happy persons who are able lo unite the past and the

E resent, and know bow to knit (lie interest* of life and
istorlcal knowledge together. ... He came into cod-
tact with all (he scholars of his time; he entertained
princes; he gained the confidence of statesmen, elabo-
rated for them the moat profound deductions, and thus
found everywhere a theatre for hi* talenta." ["Anto>
tuogiaphy, vol. li. p. 34.)

J. D. ScbS^

Sobopln or Cboi>ln, sho'plN', (Henri FRdDisic,)
. painter, of French eitriction, bom at Lulieck in 1804,
was a pupil of Baron Gros. His works are prindpally
historical pidurea. He died October ao, 1880.

Schopp. See Scioffius.

Soboppe, shop'pfh, (Ahalia Emma,) bom on the
island of Femern, on the coast of Holstein, in 171)1,
published romances, tales, and historical works. Die£
in 1858.

easit; (asj; tiarJ; iati;G,M,K,£vaurai; v,Haial; x,trilUd; lass; (has

n Ihu. (2^~See Explanations, p. 3^'

,-j:.,Gooi^lc

aCHOREEL 2150

Bohorsal, sko-iU', ? Boooral, or Bohoral, ■Ko'rfl,

Sut,) a Dutch painter, bom near Alluoaar in 1495.
aving previoosljr vbited Falettine, he apent leveral
yean at Rome in tCndring the works of the Italian
naater*. Hia picture! enjoy a high reputation, bat tliej
•T* Terr Tare, owinE to the destruction of manv of them
b; the Iconoclaata in the diaturbancei of 1566. Died
ini56».

m)bor«L Sea Schorui.

Sohom, TOO, fon ahoBH, (Johank Karl Ludwic,)
a German writer upon ait, bom in Franconia in 1793,
became profettor M Kathetica and the hiitoiy of art at
Himich. Died in 1S4S.

Sohorn, von, (Karl,] a hiatorical painter, nephew
of the preceding, waa bom at Doaaeldorf in 1803.

BobatWHUiiKo-tft'naa, (Chkistian,) a Dutch divine,
born in Friealand in 1603, becama profesior of Greek and
ecclealaiticsl luilory at Franeker, He was the author
of a " Hiatory of Friealand down to 155S," and Beveral
other worka. Died in 1671.

■ohott, aKot, (Andreas,) an eminent Dutch scholar,
bom at Antwerp In 1(51. He stodied at Louvain, and
•abMqttenllTviwted Pari* and Spain. He wat appiunted
fai 1584 proKMor of Greek and rhetoric at Saragotaa,
and, baiiiw entered the order of {eaaita,wa« afterwards
isfjted to fill the ch^r of rhetoric in the Jesuits' College
at Rome. His works are very namerous, and display
profound ieambg; among the moat esteemed we may
name " Hiipania Ilioatrata," etc, a collection of the his-
torians of Spain, Portugal, India, etc, (4 vols., 1603-^)
'■HlspaniaBibliotheca,>'(l6oS,) being an account of the
Ubraiiea and state of letters in Spain, " Setecta Varioruni
Commentaria in Orationet Ciceronis," (3 vols., 1631,)
and " Adagia live Proverbia Graecorum ex Zenofaio,"
etc He also edited the works of Fomponios Mela,
Saint Basil, and other classics. Died in 1619.

ShNic<>on, "Ufanin*;" Ptux van Huisr, " A. Sdum,"
■>47 i Cormn, " Bibliothaa Bdiics."

Bobott shot, jHRiNRit:H Aucuit,) a learned wiiter
bom at Leipsic in 17S0, became successively professor
of philoaophy and theologr in hia native aty, and of
theology at Wittenberg and Jena. Died in 1835.

Sobott (Kaipai,) a German Jesuit and experimental
philosopher, bom in 160S. He published a number of
•dentl&c works, in Latin. Died in 1666.

Bohott, (WiLHRLH,) a German linguist, bom at Hay-
ence in 1809. He graduated at Halle in iSiT, ajid ms
appointed in 1840 to a professorship In the University
of Berlin. His published works relate to the Tchuvash,
TarUr-Finnic, Chinese, and Other languages, some of
then) first carefulty studied by him. Died rn 1889.

BohBttgen or Bohoattgvii, shof of n vt shot'gfn,
(Chkiftiah,) a German philologist, born in Saiony in
1^, published "HorE Hebraic^." Died in 1751.

flohooloi, skoo^, (James,) an American lawyer
and historian, a son of Genenil William Schouler, a
well-known journalist of Boston, was bom at Arling-
ton, Haasachuselts, March 10, 1839. He graduated at
Harvard College in 1859, and served In 1863 as a lieu-
tenant in the United Sutes signal service. His principal
law-books are "On Domeatic Relations," "On Husband
and Wife," "On Bailments," "On Eiecutonand Admin-
istrator*," and " On Personal Property," ^3 vols.) These
works are rec<^iaed as standard authorities. His " His-
tory of the United States under the Constitution" (5
voh., 1SS0-1891) is a well-written work, in which the
I>emocratic or state-rights view is ably maintained.

Bobotivaloll See SHOOVAl^r.

Bohonw, skfiw, (Joachim Fredkic,) s Daniah botan-
ist, bom at Copenhagen in 1789. He was appointed In
iSat professor of botany in hia native dty. In 1S35 he
represented the University in the Danish Assembly, of
which he was afterwards president He was the author
of "Elements of a Universal Geography of Plants,"
<l8ll.) " Delineations of Nature," (18^9,) " Earth, Plants,
and Man," and other worka. Died m 1%%%.

Bobrader, shRVd«r, (Ebrkhard,) a German Assyri-
Olo^st, born at Brunswick, January 5, 1836. He was
t Gottingcn, and held protessorships in the-

SCHRODER

o\osi successively in the Universities of Zurich, Giessen,
Jena, and Berlin. He wrote on Bsbylonian sod Aryan
antiquities.

Bobrader, (Frederick F.,) playwright, bom at
Hamburg, Germany, in 1S57. He became ajoumalist in
Denver and other cities, and wrote many plays, inclndii^
VTbeMaofroniTeias," " Marriage by Proxy," etc

Bohradu, ahRi'dfTj (Hsinsich Adolf,] a Genaaa
"'Ide^eiw hi

BDiuKaei, snKa'a^T, ^xiKirrxit;ii a

physician, botanist, and writer, bom ni

man jurist and writer on law, was bom at Hildesheini
in 1779; died In iS6a

Bolutider, (Julius,) a German painter, boro at Berlin
in 1815. Among his principal works are "The Death
of Leonardo da Vinci," "The Temptati(m,"and*'Hilt<M
Dictating to hi* Daughter."

Bohraudolph, shaSw'dotfl (Johann,) a German his-
torical painter, bom at Obersdorf in 180S. He painted
a number of frescos at Munich. Died May it, 1879.

8ohieb«r, von, fon shRl^r, (Jokann CHRiniAM
Danibl,) a German naturalist, born in ThuHngia In
■739, studied under Linnaeus at Upsal. He becaaM
professor of medidne and botanif at Erlangen in ijrf^
Among bis works is a " Description of the Grssses," (m
German, 1769-74.) Died in iSio.

Bohialber, shid'bfr, (Alovs Wilhklm,) s Germaa
hiatorian and miscellaneous vrriter, bom in the grand
dnchy of Baden in 1763 ; died in 1S41.

BdWelber, shri'b^r, (Charlotiii Elizabetii,) Ladt,
known l» her earlier name of Lady Ckarlottb GinsT,
an English lady, born in 181I. She was a daughter of
the Earl of Undsay, was, 1833-^3, the wife of Sir J.J,

. '833-53,
married a

ife of Sir J. J,

chreiber. Sha

Guest, and after his death married a Mr. Schre:
was the prindpal restorer of the Eisteddfod in Watea
She was the mother of Lord Wimbome. She published,
in English, "The Mabinogion," (3 vols., iS3S-<9,) from
the welsh of " the Red Book of HergeaL" Died In 1879.

Bcbret'niir, (Olive,) a South African novelist,
bom'Bt Capetown about 1S60, daughter of a Lutheran
clergyman. Her " Life on an African Farm," (1883,)
was a novel picture of Boer farm-life and eiposilion
□( soul problems. A second notable story was
"Trooper Peter Halltel of Mashonaland," (1897.)
She married a Mr. Cronwright in 1894. Her brother,
W. P. Schreiner, became premier of Cape Colony ia
1898.

Bcbrev«lltu, skre-veele-us, (Dutch pron. ikrA-tI'-
Ie-U9,i originally Sehrovel, sKRi'v^l, (Coknkus,) a
distinguished classical scholar, born at Haarlem, in Hot-
land, about 161S, was rector of s school at Leyden. His
most important work is his " Lexicon Manuale Gneco-
Latinum," (164^,) which passed through msn^ edhiocs.
He also publislied editions of numerous Lstin claarica.
Died about 1665.

Bobrarvr, shrl'qr, (Aikilpii,) a Gaman painter, bora
In Franklort in 1838. He is noted as a coloorist, and as
figure-painter of grest excellence, bat Us hone-pictDres
re especially spirited.

BdbrBoUi or Bohroeckh, shRok, Johann Hat-
HIAS,] s German scholar, bom at Vienna In 1733, was

contributor to the " Acta Ernditomm," and wrote two
valuable works on ecclesisstlcal histon'. Died in 1808.

BotirMai or Sohrooder, shR</dfr, (Priksrich
LuDWTO,) a celebrated German actor and dramatist, bora
at Schwerin In 1744. He wrote a number of comediea,
and made tranalationa from Shakspeare, wboae worka
he contribDted to make popular in Germany. IMed in
1816.

BobrBder or Bobio«d«r, (Jokahn Joachim,) a
German Orientalist, bom in Hesse-Cassel in 1680. Ha
visited Armenia, and published, after his return, hia
"Thesauros LinguK Amienics." Died in 1756.

SohrSdffr or flobrooder, (Sophie,) s Germaa
ictress, bom at Paderbom in 1781, attained the highest
teputadon in her profeaaion, particularly in tragic parts,
tier daughter, Wilhelmlne Schrbder-Devrient, was on*

1. B. 1, 8. tt, f , long; i, t, 4, same, less prolonged; i, i, I, », », J, iht*t; », ft fc 9. t^tatrt; ftr, (W, Ot; mtt; n*t; gSU; mOBo.'

d by Google

SCHRODERDE VRIENT

SCHULTZB

ofthe most dutingaUhedTDcaliniof Germanj. Sophie
died About 1856.

SohrCdeT-Derrlant (dlr'Te-AN',) (Wilkilmin^) a
popular singer, a daughter of the preceding, was bom in
Uamhure m 1805. She wai married in 1813 to Karl
Aogost Devrient, an actor. She pcrlbrmed in Paris,
London, and Saint PetcrBborg. Died in 1860.

SoliTodenia. See Seyttb.

8«l&Adt«r or Soliroedter, shsiil't;r, (Adolf,) a
German painter, born at Schwedt in iSoj ; died in 1875-

SohroeoklL See SchrOckh.

Sohroadn. See SchkOdu.

8t>hi0«d«r van d«r Kolk, iKiw/dtr vtn dcr kolk,
(Jacobus Lodkwijk Kobnrjud,) an eminent t>ntch

igcn. a

where he died in 1869.

SohiOter or BoluoatM', ■hsfi'l^, [Chbutofe
GOTTLiiB,) the inventor of the piano-forte, wai bom at
Hohenaieia, in Saxony, In 1699. He became organtit
at Minden, and afterwarda at Nordhanaen, where he died
In 17^

BohrSter or Sohroetor, (Tokahh Hiikonyubi,)
a German aitronomer, I>om at Erfurt in I74(. He con'
structed a telescope which Lalande declared one of the
beat that liad been made, and pabliahed several astro-
nomical works, Died in i8i6.

BotuyvMT, sKrFT«r, [Lat Sciivs'RnTi,] (Pcm.) a
Z>Dtch writer, bom at Haarlem In 1576, published a
nnmber of poema and critical treatises, to Latin ; also
*■ Antiqaitatmn Batavicamm Tabularianu"(l6o9.) Died
bl66a

SotaobBX^ shooOllRt, (CHKinUN FUKDklCH DANt

m,) a German Utthata^wiA poet, bom in 1739, founded
In 1774 ■ literary and political journal, entitled the
*■ Deutsche Chromic." He was the author of a "Hymn
to Frederick the GreaL" Died in 1791.

B« Davib F. 8t»ao», "SdiDbiirfi Lrfm la •dem Bmte."
iSwi L. A. ScKTBAn, "C F. D, SduibKfi Chuakt«," vfti^

Bebnbwt, »hooT)t»t, {PRAm,) an eminent German
compoaer, bora at Vienna in 1797. He became at an
evly age one of the singers of the court chapel, and
was saMequently inatrucUd in mvaic by Ruzicika and
Salieri He eserdsed himself In almost eirery specie*
of Bwrical composition ; bat bis reputation rests diieSy
OD hi* song* and ballads, which are ranked among the
■MMl aqoUte prodoctioM of Uw kind. Died tn i8s8. .

Sm " nut Scbidwt 1 ■ UiiBOal Bincnp^'" I'Mdea, itK

flohnbwt; (Pkiiduch Wilbxlm,) a German writet
on history and *tali*tica,wa* bom at K5nig*berg in 17991

DOS,) a German aatronomer, Iwm in tftSt He removed
to Saint Pelersborg aboal 178s, and became in i8cq
director of the observatory of the Academy of Sdencei
in that capital tn 1816 he was appointed coundllor
of state by (be Cia) of Rusua. Among his work* is a
"Treatise on Tbe<mtical Astronomy,"^ (in German, 3
vol*., 1708.) Died in 1835.

Sohntiert von, (Gottiiilf Hzinrick,) a German
naturalist and phjloaophical writer, bom at Hohenstein,
in Saxony, in iTSa He atudied at Leipsic and Jetta,
and became profesaor of natural sdence at Erlaogen.
He pabliahed "Views of the Night Side of Natwal

Bohn'bln, (Ossip,) the pen-

> Genr

, born

Died in 1S60.
ome of Lola Kirsch-

1853. Among her
IS," " Between Our-

"The Story of a Geni
selves," and "Boris Leniky."

Boh<toldiiBorSobn«Okliig,*hiik'ktng, (CnKlsrorH
BsaitHABD Lkvkn,) ■ German littimltur, born in 1S14,
wrote poema, dramas, and romances. Died SepL 1, 1SS3.

Solinannan. See Schukmann.

Bolitiata. SeeScHOrz.

Bohtilanbni^ too, fon shoon^-bd6ao', or Boho-
Iwnberft shooHtm-beKG', (Adolf Fbtsdkich.) Count,
a Pnissian general, bom at Wolfenbiittel in 168$, waa a
nephew of Johann Matthias, noticed below. He waa
killed at the battle of MoUwitz, where he
the cavalry, in April, 1741.

Botiiil«mboiirft

. Prussian genend,

1661, served in the Poliah wan

, jbseqaently became commander

in-chief of the Venetian army, and defended Corfu
againat the Tork*. Died about 1745.

5« "Embot SdUiBV <d dia Lul Fooi Ccalurit*," fer h
II1ICHIBLL, iWjl " Fruai'i llicuiu" fgr Anciut, 1S411.

Bohfllmr. See Sabinus, (Giaaa)

Bobill«t, shoo^^, (Charles Atiausrs,) an engravec,
bom at Strasbourg in 1804; died in 1859.

Sohnlteh sh961^h, (Johanm Fsikdkicu,) a German
"Old Catholic" theologian and canoniat, bom at Win-
tcrberg, April 93, 1897. He nadnated at Berlin in 1851,
and became a lawyer. In 185s he was made profoasor
of canon law at Pngne, and in 187a was called to Bonn.
Hia works indnde a " Syatem of Catholic Canon Law,"
" Manual of German Imperial and Legal History," etc

Bohtiltan^ szlSl'tfu*, (Albsrt,) an eminent DiMdl
Orientalist and theolcwian, bom at Groniiuen in 1(86,
He waa ordidned a mmister in 1708, and became pro-
fessoT of Hebrew and other Oriental languages at Le1^
den about 173a. He filled this chair until his deatL
He published, beaides other works, " Hebrew Root*,'
("Origines Hebrcse," 3 vols., 1714-3S,] "Older Hoan-
menti of Aralua," (" Monumenta vetuatlora ArabiM,"
1740,) and a "Life trf Saladin,'*in AraUc and Latin,
(I7SS-) Di«l in I7S0L

SolmltUM (HiMDiiK Alrrrt,) gnuxboa of tha
preceding, waa bom at Herbom in 1749. He atudiad
the classics and the Oriental tongue* at Leyden, and
afterwards spent some time in England. He was ap-
pointed in 1778 professor of the Oriental langui^ce* at
Leyden, and tiecame rector of the niuversity in 1787.
He puUisbed " On the Diligence of the Belgians in cnl*
tivaling AraUc literature," |"De Studio Belgarum in
Literi* Arabidn Eacolendi*," 1779,) " Part of the Arabic
Proverb* of Meidan, with NotM," ("Ueidanii Provef-
bioram Aratncomm Par*, Latint, cum Noti*," 179SJ
and other work*. Died in 1793.

Sea F, T. Kn>ac,"H.A&duilMiiia,"ir9)! KAimuuu. " Lof
ndt op H. A. Sduutsu," iN4-

Bobtiltana, (Jan Jacob,) an Orientalist, bora t

BdmltsrbUtt, the German name of SCATCrLa, {q. v.}

SolmltAt shAl'tit, |Lat ScoLTR'Tn*,] (Abrakah,;
a German Protestant divine, bom in Silesia in 1556 or
1566, became proleasot of theology at Heidelberg. He
waa the author of aeveral moral and theological worka.
Died in 1635.

Bohultliig, sKiil'ting, (Antoniub,) a Dutch jurlat and
legal writer, bom at Nymwegen in 1659. In 1713 he waa
associated with Noodt as professor of law at Leyden.
His greatest work is enlitied " Joxispmdence before tha
Time of Justinian," (" Jurispradentia Vetus ante-Juitl-
nianei."} Died in 1734.

Bohnltliig, (Cornelius,] a Dutch theologian, bora
at Steenwyck about 1(40. He published, besides otbet
works, " Bibliotheca Catholica contra Theologiam Cal-
vinianam," (1 vola., 160a.) Died in 1604.

Bobnlbs, shOSIta, [LaL Scultb'tusJ (Bartholo-
kXus.) a German astronomer, born at Gdrliu in lUo,
contributed to the reform of the calendar. Died in 161^

Sohnltx, (David,) a German Protestant theologian,
bom near Freistadt tn 1779. He published several
commentaries on the Scriphire*. Died in 1S54.

BohnltBi, (Friidbich,) a German novelist and his-
torical writer, bom at Magdeburg in 1763 ; died in 179S.

Bohnlts-Babnltxenataln, *hd6lts-*hiHlt'sfn-stIn',
(Karl Heinrich.) a German physiologist, bom at Alt
Rappin In 1798. He atudied at Berlin, where he became
professor of medicine in 1S31. Among hi* principal
work* are a treatise (in Fren^) " On the Circnlation and
Lactiferon* Vc**ei* in Plant*," (iSWi) »^ "Discoven
oftheTrueNoorisbment of Plants." He also pablisbed
the "Universal Doctrine of Disease," [1S44,) and other
valuable medical treatises. Died March B3, 1S71.

Bohnltiak sh361fsfh, (Johakn Abraham PnxL)

. Gennsn o

ST, bcttn at Lilnebarg In 1747.

i:tAanl!itti:a,«,K,gtittiral:s,iiaMl;ti,lrUU<i;ln%; thasinlliu. ()^~See ExnlanatloiiK p. 13.'

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

Bohnltsoh (Uax,) a Germui MologiM, bora about
iS>5. He beieame profeuor of anatoniT at Bonn.
Among hi* writingi are "On the Mntde-Corpo'clea,''
("Ueber Mnskelkdrpercben," 1860,] and "The Proto-
plaam of lUiicopod* and of Plant>Celli," (" Daa Proto-
plaama d« Rhiiopoden nnd der PfianienKllen," 1863.)
He farooghl forward Um doctrine of protoplaam. Died
■t Bonn, Jannarr 16, 187^

Setanl% ihSinti, (WtUOUJI,) a German political
writer, bom at Dirmstadt ta IT»; died Tan. 9, 1S60.

SolmlM or aahnltaa, thdeit'ieh, (Esnst.I a G«t-
Dun poet, bom at Celle in 1789. While a itndent M

Cantoa." Hia "Enchanted Rose" ("Die beiauberte
Roae," 1S18) i« esteemed hii maater-piece, and ha*
taken ita plan among Gemian daaiics. It wa* tnna-
lated into English bjr Caroline von Crespignj. He died
in 1817. A collection of his woriti, with a biograpbj
prefixed, wa* pnbliahedialSsabjhii friend BonterwelL

a German novelist

and poet, bom at Dresden in 17m aaSDmed the ayno-
■17m of FaiaiiKiCB Iaun. Died in iSm.

Boholza, (FKiEDRtCH GonTLOB,) a Gemian econo-
milt, bom near Meissen in 179J. He published seieial
works on political economy. Died in i860.

Solmlse, (GOTTLOB Ebn*t,) a Gennin philosopher,
born at Hclttungen, in Thnringia, in 1761, pabltsbed
se*eriJ treatises against the STStems of Kant and Rdn-
hoid. Died in 1833.

SohtllM^ (JOKANN,) a German scholar, and
la education, Iwrn in 17S6. He entered the rmasian
difl service, and became privv councillor. He directed
for many Tears, ending in 1840, the administration of
tiiB Prussian colle|;es, tmiversides, and pnbllc litiraries,
and waa the piinapal manuer of great scientific enter-
prises and Tojagca of ex|Horation. In these serrioes
he displmd neat wisdom and activitT. [Med In t8te.

Sohoua, (JoHANN HlIKKICH,) a German phT^dan
and anatomist, bom in the dnchv of Hagdebarg in 1687,
wrote " Hisloria Medidnoe ad Annum RomH 535,"
(173S,) and other works. Died in 1745.

BohnlM-DvlltHWll, sb«lt'sch diOItd^ (Hbr-
M ANN,] a German economist, born at Delitxscli, In Sax-
onj, Annst 39, iSoi. He was educated M Leipaic and
Halle. He had large experience in the Prussian and
imperial l^[lalatures, giruK ipedal attention to the

works, induding several ireatitei on co-operative

ties. He did much to establish " people's banlts" and
loan aodetiea. Hia ecooomic plans are for the most
part very sober and moderate, as compared with (hose
of Laasalle and Ifarz. Died in 1883.

flohumaoher, shoo'mir'^, (CtainiAN Andkkas,]
a Danish matlieniatidan and natural philoaopher, bom
in Seeland in l8i0k a nephew of Helnrich Christian,'
noticed below. Ha translsled Humboldt^ " Cosmos"
Into Danish.

BohimiBcher, (Hiimbich CmtisnAK,) an able
astronomer, bom at Bramstedt, Holstein, to 178a He
became professor of astronomf at Copenhagen in 1815,
a few Tears after which date he was appointed director
of the ObservatoTT of Altona. He edited for inanT
Tears a valuable periodical entitled '* Astronomische
Nachrichten." Died in 1850.

Botanmami, shoymln, (Robut,) a German musidao
and composer, bom si Zwickau in iSto, became in 1850
duipet -master at Dusseldorf. Among his best works is
tbe orstorio of " Paradise and the ^ri." He died in
1856. Hia wife, Clara Wieck, (b. 1819 ; d. 1896,) was
one of (be most distinguished female pianists of the

Schnaok, (Hbkrv Edward,) an English chemist,
bom at Manchester in tSzo. He made impoitant ob-
servations and discoveries in the cbemisliy of organic
colouring substances.

a pupil of NanteuiL He worked in Parts, where he died
in 170a. His son jAOQUn (1670-1751) wu a portnit

Sohai'man, (Jacob Gould,) an American edu-
cstoi, was bom at Freetown, Prince Edward Island,
in 1854. He studied in various European institutions,
was professor in Nova Scotia colleges iSSo-^, and
professor of philosophy in Cornell University 1886-91.
He became president of Comell in 1892, and was
appoinled in 1S99 president of the Philippine Com-
mission. He is Ihe author of several works on elhics,
etc., and editor of the " Pbilosopliicid Review."

Bohnr^ shaSrts, (Cau,) a German orator and gen-
eral, bom near Cologne in 1819, was UberaliT educated.
Ha took part In the revolntionaiy movements of 1849^
and when they were defeated he went into exile. Abnit
185a he emierated to the United States, and aettled «t
Hadison, Wiconsin. In 1856 be advocattd the election
ot Frenont bf pBbBc speecMs tn lbs Germaa Uiiiiiiiti
He afterwar<u made political speeches in EngUan, mi
acquired a high repatation a* an ontor. In iBte ha
addressed the people of varions States in fitvonr of the
election of Lincoln. He waaappdated rainisterto Spabi

I S61, and brigadier-general II

a divtaion at Chancellotsville, Haj, tS6 . .

Gettysburg, July t-3 of that year. In 1864 he resigned
from the army, and in t866 became editor of Ihe DMroit
"Post." In 1S68 be removed to Saint Louis, and in
1869 he was elected United States Senator from H3t<
souri. He was secretary of the interior, under Presi-
dent Hayes, 1877^1. He wrole lives of Henry Clay,
(1S87,) and Abtoham Lincoln, (1S92,) edited the New
Vork " Evening Post" 18S1-84, and was a contributor
10 " Harper's Weekly" 1S91-98, Died May 14, 1906.

Boliat sK&t, (CoKNKLius,) a Flemish painter, bom
■t Antwerp alxnit 1600, was a pupil of Rubens. Ha
had a brilliant imagination and great facility of execs*
lion. Died in 1649.

Sobttta or Sobm^ shRs, (Chmsitam GorrruKDk)
a German scholar, bom at Dnderatadt in 174^, was a*e
of the foundeta of the "Allgemeine Lileraturseitan^
at Jena, (17S5.) He pnldldted editions of JEat^m
and Cicero. Died In 1833.

SohOts, (Lat. SAOtTTA'uns,) (Hkinkich,) a Gemaa
composer and mosidan, bom in Voigtland in 1585. H»
studied at Venice, and became first chapel-maaler at
Dresden. His chnrdi music was highly esteemed by
his contemporaries, and he is said to have first intro-
duced the Italian Opera into Germany. Died in 1679.

BohtttM or BoboatM, shVt'ath, (Johahn Stk*
PHAN,) a Gemian Uttfratatr, bom near Magdebure in
1771, wrote tales, travels, and dramatic worlcs. Ined
faii939.

the law-school of Colomtna College, New York,
in 1863. In 1S67 he became United States consul at
Moscow, and b) 1869 consul at Reval, and the seoetary
of Ibe American legation to Russia. He travelled in Tor-
kisian In 1873, was secretary of Imtion and conBBl*ge>>
eral at Coosiantinople, 1876-78; {during which lime bt
travelled in Bulgaria and made an important oSdsl
report on the Turlcish atrodtiea in thai region,) after-
wards held consulships at Birmingham, Rome, etc,
and was still later American minister at Athens, and al
the same time was United States representative &r
Ronmania and Senna. Amou hia booliaara "Tnrkis-
tan," (1876,) "The Cossacks, 'M 1876, from the Rnaaiaa
of Tolstoi,) " Father and Sons," (1867, from the Ruswas
of Toorguenef,) and a " Life of Peter the Great," {3 vols.,
1884.) Died at Cairo, July iS, 1890.

SohnrlOT, skDer, (PHUjr,) an able American gen-
era] and Senator, bom at Albanv in November, 173%
He served in the war against Ihe French and Indiana u
1756. In June, I775i he was appranted commander el
an army in New York, with the rank of major-genaal.
He was Bt>out to move the army into Canada, bat be

i e,f.S,tl,T,/«v.'i^A,same, less prolonged; i,«, 1,6, tl,y,fib)rt;«.e,i, 9. ii^Kivr,- Or, Oil, flt;iDtt!nA(;Ka8d;

SCSfVAB

WM taken *idc, and tbe conunuid dm^ved in Scptei
ber on Generat HontgonieiT. In Angoit, 1777, he n
■npeiseded by Genenu Gate*, in coniequence of the a„
reasonable jealoua; with which Coogrew regarded him.
His conduct was vindicated by a court of bqaiiy. "-
afterward* rendered important terrices in militaiy a
attiiou^ he declined to take command oF an army. He
ma a member of the General Consreaa from 1778 to
1781, and waa elected a Senator of the United States Iiy
the lepalatare of New York In 17S9. He wa* again
eleetedaSenator, in place of Aaron Burr, in 1707. One
of hia dangbters waa tlie wift of Aleiaader HuniltDa.
Died at Albany lo Noranber, 1804.

Bohwab, abAlp, (Gustav.) a distinguished German
lUUraiair, bom at Stattgart in 179a. He liecame in
1817 profesaoT of andent literature in his native dty.
He pnbliahed a number of popular aongi and ballada,
also proae eaaaya on varioiu sobjecta, and an excellent
" Life of SduHeT," He wat for a time atsodated with
Chamlaao aa editor trf the " Hnaenalmanadt.'' Died in
1850.

SobwaUMT, ablWbar, betl

Latinised name of ChvUdooltia, kel-f-do^tt, a Ger-
man BenedicilDe monk, aamanKd HuiopiriLUS. He
wai a friend of Albert Ditrer, and wrote in Latin

led Virgin,'

- accompany the three aerie* of

Durer'a wood-cnt* on thoM topic*. He became abbot
of the ScboHen KbMter, near Vienna, in 1515, and died
therein tsai.

Boh-wan, (Thbodork,) an American Eeneral, bom
in Germany. He entered as private in the dvil war,
was promoted major in 1867 for services during the
war, and brigadier-general of volunteers in 1898. He
served in the Philippines in 1899.

Sohwann, shMn, rruiODOi,) U.D., a German
phynologiat, born at Neuaa, in the Rhine ProTinoe,
December 7, 1810. He studied with brilliant aoccesa at
the Universities of Bonn, Wttnborg, and Berlin, taking
his degree of H.D. and paaaing the ataW ezaminatitm in
1814. In 1839 he wai appunted piotaaaor of anatomy
In the Catbdic University of Lonvaii^ Belgium, where
he spent forty yeara in important wotL One of hit
earliest discoveries wa* that of pepsin in the nslric
juice. He made researches upon the nature and func-
tions of bile, and on the vivification of eggs, and demon-
strated the nnt«nablenes« of the theory Oi the "apouta-
neooa generation" of infusoria. Qied al Cologne,
January 11, iSSa.

Bohwauthaler, shMn'ttl^r, {Ludwig Michau,)
an eminent German artiit, bom at Munich in iSoS.
He studied for a short lime at Rome, and on bis return.
In 1836, executed two bas-relief friezes for the Glypto-
thek, and a statue of Shakspeare for the theatre. He
became in 1835 professor ol sculpture at the Academy
of Munich. Among the numerous works which he
produced within about twelve years, we may name the
relievo friese, over two hundred teet long, in the Barba-
rossa Hall, the twelve colossal statues of the ancestors
oftha houeof Wittclsbach. the " Hvth of AphnMUte,"
and the fiAaen ttatm* of tbe •■ Battle of Arminiiis,'' ^JBrv
mmm*-*MatMi.) in the northern pediment of the Wal-
Mlls at Ratiibon. Hi* colossal bronie *Utue of "Ba-
varia," in the Hall of Fame at Honich. estcemsd one of
Us master-piece*, is of greater magnitade than any other
nonp of modem •colptnie, the main figure being fifty-
»>nr leet high. Schwaothaler also oxecnted statues of
the emperor Rudolph, of Goethe, Mozart, and Jean Paul
Richter, as well aa numerous subjects from Gredan
ni);thalogy. He died in 1848. Among his most distin-
guished pupila are Brngger, Widmant), and Kriesmeyer.

Sobwuts, sh*iRt*, (Ckkistoth,] a German painter,
born at logolstadt about 1550, worked at Munich. Died
In 1594.

Bohwut^ shwaan, (Maub Sopuii,) a Swedish
novelist, bom at Boris, July 4, 1819. Her father was a
German, named Biralh. In 1S40 she married, and be-
came a widow in 1S5S. She published a vast number

SCHWARZENBERG

-— and otherworfca. Among berslorle* ara

"The Man of Family, and the Wife from the Peoi^"
(1858,) " Work ennobles a Man," (1859,) "The Nobte-
man's Daughter," (tS6o,) "The Organ-Grinder's Son,"
(1863,) "Gold and Name," (1863,) "A Child of tha
Time," (1873,) etc. Died at Stockholm, May )6, 1894.

Bobwuts, (WiUtKLu,) a German author, bom in
Berlin, September 4, iSsi. He was educated at Berlin
and Lcipaic Beside* *ome wiwk* on pedagogy, he
published a large number of books on mythology and
on popular superstidona. H« was orte of the fbundeia
of the sdence of comparative mythology.

Bobwart^ won, fen shMus, (Maku EsruAMC^ a
German writer, bom at Southgate, Enzland, of a German
family, Novembers^ 1811. Hetsecond husband was one
Schwartz, a rich banker of Hambiu^. Having left him,
she became a dose associate of uuibaldi, sharing hi*
dangers and imprisonments. In 1865 she became a
resident of Kolepha, in Crete. Her pseudonym of
Elpis Hklxma is a Greek translation of her name.
Most of her numerous books are descriptions of het
travels and adventures.

Bobtrarm, shMxts, (Bulthold^) called also CON*
STAimNKANClUJTZBN, (Ink'klit'sfn,) a German chemist
and Franciscan monk, bran at Freiburg, is said to have
invented gunpowder about 1330. A monument was
erected to him at Freiburg in 1853.

Bobwan or Bcbwarts, shftutts, (CHUrriAN Friei>-
kic:h,) an eminent German missionary, bom at Soonen-
burg, Prussia, jn 17x6. He went to India in 17 jo, and

mended by Bishop Heber. Died in India ir _

Bobwan, (Christian Gottlisb,) a learned German
writer and Ubliograpber, bom in Misnia in 1675, was
professor of eloquence at Altori Died in 1751.

Sobirara, (Fkiedricm Hkinhich Christian,) pro-
feaior of theology at Heidelberg, was born at Giessen
in 1766. He married a daughter of Jung-Stilling, and
published several educational worki. DlM in 1S37.

Siabwar^ (Karl Huhrich Wiuulh,) a German
rationalistic theologian, was bom at Wiek, in RUgen,
November 19, iSia. He was educated at Halle, Boni^
Berlin, and Grd&walde, and, alter figuring as a moder-
ate radical in poUtio, became in 1356 court preacher
Gotha. His writinp indnde "The Essence of Re-

Lessing as a Theoloeian," " History of the

" and aeveral vi

New Theolwy,

the Present Times." Died at Gotha, March 15, _,.

Sobwanenberg, shMRt's^n-bCRc', (Feux Ludwio
JOKANH Frikdrich,) an Austrian statesman and mili-
tary commander, bom at Kmman, in Bohemia, in iSoa
He waa made Ueutenant-field-marshal in 1848, and sab-
sequently became prime minister. Died in 1851.

Sobwutssnber^ von, fon ahftlrt'af n-bfRG , (Pried-
RiCH JoHANH JoatPH,) PRINCK, an Austrian prelate^
bom m 1S09. He became Archbishop of Salzburg ia
1836, cardinal in 1S43, and Archbishop of Prague in
i8ja He was a member of tbe Council of Rome in
tSoo-ra Died March 87, 1S85.

BobwaixenbarB, won, (Kari. PKiLtn,) Primc^
an Auitnan field-nuishal, barn at Vieotia in 1771. Ha
served against the French in tbe campdgns of 17^ and
■799, and wa* present at the battle of HohenlindeiL
where he succeeded in saving his own corps. In l8aC
he ma aent aa ambassador to Sunt PeterstMUK aikd In
l8tO became general of theAuitrian cavalry. After tha
peace of Vienna he wa* appointed to nenitiate ths

arria» of Napoleon with Maria Louisa. On the alii-

,ce of Austria with France, be was placed by Napoleon
the head of the Austrian forces in the Russian cam*

lign of iSta, and obtained for his services tbe rank
01 field-marshal. In 1813 he was made commander-
in-chief of the allied armies, and, having defeated tba
French at Leipsic, advanced to Paris. After the battle
of Waterloo he was appointed president of the imperial
coundl of war, and obtained many other distinctions.
Died in i8m.

»8i; (aar;|briif;2asy;a,H,K,;M»mi/; v.natal; t^trUUd; lass,- thai

<9^~See £xpUnatioaa,p, 2^)

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

SCffWATKA «i

Bol)w>tka, ihw6t^ (FkaoBRtCK,) an American
•splorer, bom at Galena, IlHnoit, September 19, 1849.
He gradoated at West Point in 1871, acTred uainat the
Imliin* Id Arizona, studied law, and wa* aiMutted to
practice in Nebraska in 1S75, studied medtdDe, and
endoated at Bellevue HoBpital Medical Colle^ in New
York, in iSt^^ rejoined bis renment, and participated in
variom eDngemenn witb the Indians, and then obtained
leave al absence to command the Franklin search expe-
dition in the Arctic Ocean, (iStS^iSSc^) which discov-
ered and buried many of Uie delelona of Sir John
Franklin's lost part;, and explored the conrse of the
Yukon River, in Alaska. He redgned hi* commission
in 1SS4. He published "Along Alaska's Great River,"
(1885,) "Nimrod in the Nwlh," (i88S,) "The Children
of the Cold," ft8S6.) Died at Portland, Oregon, No-
vember 3, 1891.

Scliw«glw, shM(/)^, (Albkbcht,] a German theo-
logian and disciple of Baur, born at Micbelbach, in
flftiteniberg, in 1819. He ^nblialied a "History of

"Church History" of Eueebius. Died in 1857.

Bohweidel, shlM'del, (Giokg Jakob,) a German
bibliographer, bom at Nuremberg about 169a, published
"Thesauma Bibliothec^is," (4 vote., 1739.) Died '

Bohwslgurd, shwPglRd, (Antony Martin,)

Norwegian jnrist, born at KragerJie in 1808,

pnnted professor of political

theUniverutyofChristiania. He published several worka
on law, finance, and statistics. Died February a, l8Ta

Sohvralgw-]>roheiifeId, too, fon shM'g^r ICk'-
Xtn-Itll', (Amand,) a populu Austrian author, bom in
Vienna, May 17, 1846. He became an anny-officer, and
after 1871 travelled extenaivelr, for the moat part in the
Balkan peninsula. Among his work* [in German) ate
"Under the Crescent," (1876,) "Armenia." (1878.)
"Bosnia," (iStS,) "Between Fontusand Adria," (i879<)
"Seraglio and Sublime Potte," (1879,) "The Ufe of
Women in Various I^nds," (18S0,) etc.

SchwelcihlnBBi, shMo'hoi'z^, (Juit GiOFraoi,)
an antiqoaiy, a son of the following, wa* bom at Straa-
burg in 1776; died in 1844.

^bwelghllnMr or Sohw«tghaeiiBar, shMc'hoi'-
tp, (JOHANN,) a German scholar, horn at Strasburg in
174Z, became in 1778 professor of Greek and Oriental
langu^ea in his native dtv. He published editions of
AppianuB, Polybins, Herodotus, and other classics. Died

Sec Cdtiis. " ItloEB da SchwnghiieiiHr." 1130; SnimiAaT,
"lloftdej. SdkmJtEMiiHr," iI)D.

Bohweinfiutlit ibAIn'l36at, (Gkoko Aiiousr,]

engaged in botanical expeditions in Africa, chieBy in
the Upper Nile regiona. Besides several volumes con-
taining the results of his botanical labours, he published
"Im Heraen von Afrika," (1874.) His botanical and
geographical discoveries were highly imporlanL

Bch^einlt^ de, de sbwi'nits, (Edhuno Alkx-
AHDER,) D.U., an American bishop, bom at Bethlehem,
Pennsylvania, March 10, 1 S15, was educated at Naiareth,
Bethlehem, and the University of Berlin. In 1S67 he
became president of the Moravian Theological School
at Belhleliem. In 1870 he was consecrated a Inshop of
the Moravian Church, and in 1S78 '

(iding bishop for the United States. His principal

— . *.^_ w ... .. '■■ "Lifcof Zeisber-

"The Mi ■

worlu are "The Moravian Manual,

Sr," "The Moravian Episcopaie," . .
anual," and " History of the Unita* Fralium." Died
December 18, 1887.

Bobwelnit^ von, (on shwl'iiits, (Lbwu DATtD,} aa
American botanist and Moravian minister, wa* bom at
Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, in it8o. He discovered more
than a thousand tKw species 01 plants, and wrote several
b-eatises on FnngL Died in 1834.

Soh^ralaac stift!t's;r, (Alexakdek,) a German the-
ologian of the Reformed Church, was bom at Murten
in iSoS. Died July 3. 1S88.

Sotawanklsld, shMnk'HIt, (Kaspak,) fbnnder at s
sect called by his name, was bom at Osdg, in SilMfa^ in
149a He embraced with zeal the caose of the Refbr
mation, but diScred from the other Froteatants ii

1560. A number of bis fbtlowen took refbge In Nor^
America in 1733.

Sohwerlii, von, fon «hMh-reen', (Kukt Chkis-
TOPH,) Count, a distingaished commander, bora in
Swedish Pomerania in 1684. He served nnder Eogtne
and Marlborough, and subsequently in the army of
Frederick the Great of Prussia, who raised him to the
rank of Geld-marshal and made him a coanL He gained
a signal victory over the Austrians at Mollwiti, In 174L
He was killed at the battle of Prague, in 1757,

Sk Vaiiihacih TOM Eno, " LebsB &• Gnftn tcd ScfaKris,"
1S411 Koamo,"Lebentb»chiBbt™ dn Gnfco too Sdmk,"
rroiPADLi. "L«b«d (nwr Hciaeoi" "Noovdle Bic«ri^

Sob-wetaohk*, shMtshOifh, (Kabi. Gustav,) a Ger-
man author, bom at Halle, April j, 1804. He was
educated at Heidelberg, and became a journalist sod
politician, apposing in 18^ bMb republicans and reac-
tionists. His writings, often satirical, include a "His-
tory of Printing at Halle," (1S40,) " Novae Epistoln Ob-
(curoiam Vtrorum," (1849,) " Nors Epi*tol« Claroruta
Viioram," (l8S5,) "Poems of a Protestant Friend," a
"BismarckiBd,''a"Variiniad,"and some comic political
•ones. His diief fune, however, ia that of a bibliog-
rapher. Died at Halle, October 4, t8Si.

SohwUguA, shvil'ri', (Jiah Baitiste,) a French
mechanician, bom at Strasburg in 1776. He invented
several uieful instruments, and reconatmcted the ad-
mirable mechaniim of the dock of the Strasborg Cathe-
dral. Died in litfi.

Bohjrle. See Rhifta, voN.

Bolslol^ shl-lo'yl or she-1-lo'yl, (AmoHio,} sn

Italian jurist, bom near Nap'" '" * ■-.,_» . 1 ..^-

dple* of Sooal Economv, ..

Salaipalloni. See Ckedi, di.

Bold'mora. (Eliza Ruhamak,) an Americu
authoi, bom at Madison, Wisconsin, in 1S56. She
published "Alaska," " Jinriltsha Days in Japan,"
•' Java, the Garden of the East," etc-

Bt:ind, she-nl', (Dohenico,) an eminent IbJIai
mathematician and scientific writer, bom at Palermo hi
176;, became professor of physics in his native dty. He
was the author of a " Report on the Fossil* of Mar-
dolce," etc, " Introduction to Experimental Physics,"
(1S03,) "Memoirs of the Life and Philosophy of Em-
pedode^" (1B13,) " Topography of Palermo and it*
Environs," (1818,) "View of the Literary Hfatoiy of
Italy in the Kghteenth Century," (3 vols., 1817,) "Ei-
penments and Discoveries in Electro-Magnetism," siid
-'her works, which are highly esteemed. Died in 1837.

St* S. CasTAHic^ " Vidt publics j priiuli de D. Selnl,*' lU ■-
Maimca, " Klogio di D. Stfci." lajS ; D, Avmuji, " EKq» sDi
-lunoriadlD. Sdnl,"iS3S.

Btriopptna, sise-op'pe-As, [Ger. Schopp, shop,) (Ca»-
AK,) a celebrated ciaaaical scholar, born at Nenmaiib
1 the Palatinate, in 1576. Having visited Ronie,b*
'as patronized by the pope and renounced the Prel*
itant religion. He was afterwards created a count
palatine bytheEmperorof Austria. Among his numer-
ous works we mav name his " Elements of Stoic Monl
Philosophy," ("Elemenu Philosophic StoioeMoralis.'l
■' De Arte Critica," etc., " Paradoia Literaria," and
Grammatica Philosophica," or Institutes of Latin Gram-
mar. He also wrote a number of controversial works
against the Protestants and their leaders, particnlariy
Henrf IV. of France and James L of England. Sdcp-
plus was one cf the iDO*t learned men of hia time; bol
be was equally cons;>icnons Ibr his Intolerance and
quarrelsome propensities. Died in 1649.

Bavu. "Hiitoriol ud CritiGai DiLoounr;*' Niatao^
._. »ra:"C NtuiD^ "Ls GtidiiUmn da la lUpubTnidM
L>llr«;" "NoDvelk Bingnpliit G^atnle."

Solplo,*1p'e-o, [Gr, Innru.) ; Fr. SciPlON, se'pe'&lC;
1l Scipione, she-pe-o'n^} the name of an illtutriogi
Roman family of the patriaan gens Cornelia. The word

L « t, «, Ck f, /<Htf,- 1, ^ 6, same, less prolonged; i. t, 1, 5, 0, IT. ''*<^.- *• t. !■ <h •>AnwFv,< fir, fill, at ; inCt; i>at; gKd; B

Digitized by VjOOQ I C

Se^inigm&em ■ "ilaff" or "atick." Tbe fini membet

borM bj the dictator Furius Ca.millui in 396 B.c
wu consalor or military tribune in 394, and interrei i
389 i-C A PuBUUS CoKNBLius SciFio, pTobabtv
■on of the preceding, w>* one of the carule editt
appointed in 366 B.C; LUCIUS Cornblius Scipio wai
coiunl in 3!iO B.c; PuBUUS Cornbuds Scipio Bak-
BATHS wu CBOMn dictator in 306 and pontifiex maxicnui
h 305 B^C Luctm CokNKUui Scirio Barbatus was
coninl in 198 B.c, and defeated the Etrutont. He
wa* the bther of Chbius Corhbuui SctPio AtiKA
(see separate article) and of Lucttis CORHKUUa, who
was consul in 2W B.c and defeated the Carthaginiana
In Sardinia and donica.

Bdplo, (Fr. ScinoN, se'pe'dN',] (Publtus Cobni-
1 iva,) a Roman commander, father of the great Sdpio,
(■aTnuned " AMcanns,") was consul in the first vear of
the accond Punic war, si8 b.c He commSTidcd the

Tidno, where he was defeated and severely
Soon ^ter this event the other consnl, Sempronius, took
command of the nrmj, which was again defeated, with
' — it loss, on the Trebia, aiS b.c Sdpio was sent

killed In

S<* Ltvr,' " UiuarT

Ma'

, .. liillT, Sdp^-o Af-iT-oS'nTW*

i^or, [Fr. SapiOH l'Apkiuin, se'pe'6ii' Iffite'

IcIn'J (PuBUOs CoRNBUUs,) an illustrious Roman 1

niindei, a son of the precedrag, was born in 135 or 134
B.C After he had assumed the toeavirilis, he was accus-
tomed to pass several hours each morning in the Capi-
tol in solitary devotion or meditation. He gained In his
youth the confidence of the people, who were persuaded
that he was a spedal favourite of the gods. It is also
stated that he professed to seek and receive divine coan-
■el, bj which his public conduct was directed. He fought
at the battle of the Tidno, and rescued his wounded father
there, in aiE b.c In 316, as military tribune, he took
part iD the battle of Cannae. Sdpio and Appius Claudius
were appointed commanders ofue iroops which escaped
from that battle. He was elected aedile in HI B. c, and
appointed commander-in-chief of the army in Spain in
3IO. He took New Carthage (Cariagena) in the first
campdgn, and his personal influence ot liberal policy
induced many native chiefs to become allies of Rome.
In 309 he gained a great victory over Hasdrubat in the
south of Spain, Another dedslve victory at Silpia,
Carmo, or Elinga, in 307, rendered him master of nearly
all Spain. Soon after this event he crossed over to
Africa with a few attendants, and attempted to gain the
alliance of Syphax. Havitig completed the conquest of
Spain, in 306 B.c he returned to Rome, and was elected
consnl for 305, although he was under the legal i^e. He
at once resolved to carrv the war into Africa, although
Hannibal still remained in Italj. This plan wu opposed
byFabiusMaximusand other senators. Sdpio obUlned
Sidly as his province, with permission to cross into
Africa ; hot the senate refused to grant him an army for
that purpose. He thereopon raised an army of volun-
teers, invaded Africa in 304, and was joined by Kine
Hastinissa. He defeated Hasdrubal (son of Cisco) and
Syphax in several battles, after which the Carthaginians
retried Hannibal for the defence of their capita). The
qnestion of peace was discussed by Scipio and Hanni-
Md hi a personal interview ; but they failed to agree on
die terms. In October, 103, Sdpio defeated Hantiibal
fa the memorable battle of Zama, wtncn deddcd the
bis of Carthage. On his return to Rome, in lot, be
was received with great enthusiasm, and obtained tbe
mmame of Af btcanus. The people propoaed Eo make
bim dictator for life ; but be declined the honour. He
waa chosen censor in 199, and consnl in 194 B.C

SS SCIFIO

Id tho year 190 he volunteered to serve as legate Ol
Us brother, Ludns Sdpio, who was then coiuut, and
who commanded in the war against Antiochus of Syria.
Tbe two Sdpios defeated Antiochus, and ended the was
by a treaty of peace. Aboat 187 b.c Afiricanus and Ui
brother were publidy accused of receiving bribes froas
Antiochus. Ludus wss first tried, and condemned to
pay a larse fine. Africanus, in defiance of the law, rea-
cned his brother from the officer who was drawing hisn
to prison. He was afterwards prosemted, ana made a
Bpeiech in his defence, which waa partially success^ as
bis enemies and judges abandoned the case. Deeply
affected by tbe ingratitude of the people, he lef) Rom^
oerar to retom, and died at Utemum m 1S3 b.c, in tbe
same year as Hannibal. He had married Emilia, a
daughter of L. jGmilius Paulus, and left two sons and
two daughters, one of whom was tbe famous ComeliiL
With the exception of Julius Cksst, (and perhaps ol
Sertorius,] Sdpio was probably the greatest militaiy

Skills that Rome ever produced. He cultivated the
reek language and literature. He had a high repv-
tatlon for ^nerosity and demency, but is censored by
some for his disregard of the forms of law.

PoLTKtiih "Hiiioij,'* books l-qov.: Livr, "

'•—•^-—t-Diii.; BMAHWiijiTour

,."Non«lU BioffijAis G<i

Elder Sdpio Alncuiu," t>T Riv. Edwabd Bn-

ofPubliui_._ _ , ._.

Sdpio. He was liberally educated, and was well versed
in Greek literature and philosophy. In t6S b.c he fcmght
at the battle of Fydna, where his father commanded.
He formed an Intimate friendship with the historian
Polybius, who became the companion of his studies and
military expeditions. As militaiy tribune, he went to
Spain m iji B.c, and signalised his courage in a single
combat vrith a gigantic Spanish chie£| whom he killed.
In the third Punic war, which began about 149, ha dis-
played great military ability In Africa. Having returned
to Rome in 14S, he was elected consnl for 147, and ob-
tained A&ica as his province; He finished the Punic war
by the capture and cestruction of the dty of Carthage in
146 B.c, and was granted a splendid triumph at Rome foi
this victory. In the year 143 he became censor with L.
Hummins. He endeavoured to restrain the growing
love of luxury of the Romans and to maintain tbe wmple
habits and austere virtues of their ancestors; but in this
~ t was not successfiil. Having been elected consnl, 134
-.C, be obtained the chief command in Spain, and took
Numantia,afier along and obstinatedefence, in 133. He
-ras an inflexible supporter of the aristocratic par^, and

pproved the execution of Tiberius Gracchus, althoogh
his wife Sempronia was a sister of that triboue. Heioai
bis popularity by hjs course in this afiair. He was fomtd
dead in his bed in 139 B.C The public suspected ths
be was murdered ; but no person wss convicted of the
crime. Sdpio was eminent for his learoins, and wtt
one of the most eloquent Roman orators of bis tim*
Cicero expresses tt high opinion of him in hi* book
"De Republics. " A report prenuled among the an-
dents that he assisted Terence in the compodtion of
his ptays.

See roLTSius. boeki iniL-mii. ; Cablo SnoNta " Ds Tin ■
Sdni iHti* P. Sdixooii," 1169: F. D. Guuck, ''Tod im P
C Sdtu ^niUisiiiu," iBMi !• NoaHAm, " Sdpw Africssss Ml

X," Upuli. ■SSST'' Msunlli BietnpUa CtaSnle."
S^ipl-O A-ri-art-Ctia or A-sI-a^e-nH [Fr. Sci-

lON l'Asiatique, se'pe'fiN' Ifie'ftik',] (Lucius Cor-
NRLIUS,) was a brother of Africanus Major. He was
chosen przlor in 193 B.c, and consul in 190, when he
obtmned^the province of Greece. With tbe aid of his
brother, he defeated Antiochus at Mount Sipylos in 104
a few years after which he waa Aned far taking a bribe
from that king.

Bdplo AMatloiu, (Lucius Corkujus,) was a par-
tisan of MariuB in the avil war, and became consul with
C. Norbanus in 83 B.C He marched against Sulla in
that year, bnt was deserted by his troops, and went Into
exile in 83 b.c

IB A; «a« j; g ian<: t •«>; O, H, K,/MM>ns/; N, <au^; B,»iEW; ■ as >;

tb as In Ikii. (l^'St* ExpbuMlluM^ p. 33.

Digitized by VjOOQIC

DbtaliWd commind of > fleet, and wu taken prisoner by
the Carthaginiin*. He became conanl uud in 354 B.C.
Hi»«on PuBUOBCORWKUUSWMConaul— — -'■ — '
Inierrex in 317.

Soip'lo Cml'TTia, (Cnkids Coknujus,) a Roman
genena, became comuI with IL Claudius Marcellui ~
t23 B.C. H« went to Spun in ai7 b.C u legate of t
brotlier, Poblint Comeliiu Sdpio, with whom he serred
•bont eight yean against the Cailhagimanainthciecand
Panic war. He was killed in Spain in ill B.C.

Soip'lo HlB^wlltn, (Cnbiui CoaHKUna,) a nephc
of the precedinib was consul in 171 b.c. He had a si
of tbe Mme name, who was piztor in 139 b.c.

Bo^iO Ma-d'Of, (PuBUUi CoKNSUUS.) a Roman
conanl and jnrlat, was a son of Cn. C. Sdpio Caivus, wh<
was killed in Spain In an B.C. He was pnetor in 194.
and serred with distinction in Spain in 193. Having
been diosen consnt for 191 B.C., he gained a victory ovei
the Boil. He died after 171 b.c

Soip'lo IVmI'oH COl'OU-llUB. (PUBLIUI COKNK-

Uus,) a son of the preceding, was an sble jurisL He
nairied a daughter of Sdpio Africanns Major. He was
censor in 159 B.c, and consul in 155. DurinRhit con-
sulship he procured the demolition of a new theatre, m
injurious to (he public morals. He became pontifca
mazimns in 150 B.c

Soip'lo ITaal'oa S»-rt'pI-o, (PuBUUS Corneuus,)
a son of the preceding, was a violent partisan of the
aristocracy. He became consul in 13S b.c with D.
Julius Bmlus, and was the leader of the party which
asustinated Tiberius Gracchus in 133.

His son, FuBuua Cokmbliui Scifio Nasica, 1
conanl in tii b.c He was greatly diatingolshed for
and humour. He left a son of the same name, who 1

K«lorin94 B.C This last was the father ofQ. Metellus
us Scipio, the father-in-law of Pompey the Great (See

MtTTKLLUS.)

bom in i8a^. He published several treatises on birda,
aqd edited "The Natural History Review."

Bolo'pla, (Count FBDaxiao,} an Italian senator and
lawyer, bom in Turin in 179S. He became

n generd, bom

._,ior- — ' —

to the emperor ^gismnnd. Died in 1416.

Bo^'Mid, (Clinton,) an American author, bom
at QiotoD, New Voik, in i860. He was professor of
literature in Hunillon College 188S-96. He pub-
lished lererol volumes of poems, also "Under Sum-
mer Skies," "A Man at Anns," etc.

SooOreL See Sckoresl.

Bao't>M, [ZiAiraf,] an eminent Gr«dan sculptor and
arcliitect, born in tbe island of Faros, is supposed to
have flourished after 400 B.c Among his master-pieces
in sculpture Pliny mentions a numl>er of figure*, repre-
senting Neptune, Thetis, the Nereid*, etc, mounted on
dolphins, and statues of Venus, Vesta, and Apollo. He
also assisted in executing the celebrated monument to
Hausolus about 350 B.c The temple irf Minerva Ale*
at Tegea was constructed by Scopas.

Sh ^uhv, "Nmural Hiuorv ;" Siiuo, "C«t«iofut Arti6enn:"
NACuk. "AllienioDa KfiuiIn^Ledlun;" " MeaTall* BiegiuiUt

SoOpoll, skop'o-lee, (Giotamhi Antonio,) a cel».
brated natorsJist, waa bom at Cavalese, in the Tyrol, in
1713, He became profcMorof mlneralofnratSchemnitf
In 1766, and in 1777 filled tbe duir of natural lustofy M
PavUu HewastbeantlMrof "EntomologiaCamioHcB,"
■■Flora Camiolica," (ITd^,) "CryitaUographia Hunga-
rica," (177A,) and other (cwntific work*. He was a fiiend
oif LinnBus, who named a plant in his honour. Died
lni78S.

Sh Maisohi da Powrm, " Eloglo del Dotton O. A. Scopoli,"
■SicTirAuxi, "Biofnfii dicli lialiiiu lUuitri."

56 SCOTT

SoBraltry, (William,) a celebrated English avU.
gatoij bom m Yorkshire in it6). Haring engaged b
the Greenland whale-fishery, he made hit first voy^t
in 1791. His voyaces, amounting to thirty In all, wers
eminenttv suecesshil, — he having retumea from one of
them with thirty-six whales. He made a number of
improvements in the apparatus for whale-fishin|b attd
invented the cylindrical observatory attached to the main-
top-mast, called the "round top^llant crow's-nest"
Died in 18J9.

SooTMby, (WiLUAM,) D.D., F.R.S., an Arctic "oavi.
gator, a son of tlie preceding, waa txini in 1789. In
1S06 be served as chief nuie to his lather in a voyage
which extended to latitude Si" 12', a point nearer^
north pole than any other navigator had reached. He
published hi iSao a valuable "Account of the Arctk
Regions, with a History of the Northern Whale-Fah-
ery." He ceased to follow the sea, studied at Cam-
bridge, graduated in 1834, and was ordained a priest He
became vicar of Bradford, Yorkshire. Amonghisworki
are " Memorials of the Sea," and " My Father : bdiu
Records of the Adventurous Life of William Scores^
(1851.] He wrote several paper* on magnetism and the
influence of iron ships on the mariner's compasa. Died
in 1857.

Soorsa, skoRd'il, (Sihibaldo,] an Italian painter,
bom at Voltaggio in 1589. He painted landscapes with
animala ; also mythological subjects. Died in 1631.

Soot, (Alkxandir, or Samdku,) "the Scottish
Anacreon," a poet, bom about 1501. He waa a Protes-
tant, but addressed "Ane New Vere Gift" to Maiy,
Qneen of Scots, in 1 56a. He is one of the most finishea
and pleasing writers of his time, Hsny good example*
of his verse are extant

Soot, (Riginald,) a learned English writer and Re-
former, published a work entitled " Tlie Diaooverie of
Witchcraft," In which he boldly condemn* the super-
stitions of tlie time. It was against this bo<^ and that
of Wierus, that James I. of England wrote Ids **De«on-
otorie," in which he saTs that Scot " i* not ashamed In
public print to deny that tliere can be *ach a thing a*
witchcraft." Died in 1599.

Soott. (Austin,) an American educator, was bom
Manmee, Ohio, in 1S48, and graduated at Vale in
{69. He was private secretary to Geor^ Bancroft,
the historian, 1872-73, and aided Mr. Bancroft in
arranging material for his " History of the Constitu-
tion of the United Stales" 1875-81. He was professor
of history at Rulgen College after 1883, and president
of that coUue 1S90-1906.

Scott, (Clement William,) an English author,
bom Bl London in 1841. He published several vol-
umes of poems and works of holiday travel in Eng-
■ ', also "Cheeiy Ceylon," (1893,) and "Picture*
e World," (1894.) Died June tS, '904-
ott, (David,) a Scottish writer of East LotUan,
(b. 1675, d. 174a,) was author of a "History of Scotland."
Sooti. (David,) a Scottish painter, bom at Edin-
burgh in 1806. He rended tor a time at Rome, where
he produced several large pictures. Among his best
works may be named " Vasco da Gama encoontered by
the Spirit of tbe Storm in passing the Cape," "The
Genius of Discord," and " Orestes pursued bj Furies."
He published "Essafs on the Characteristics i^ the
Great Masters," and other works on art Died in 1S49.
Soott, (Gbohoi GiUUT,) an eminent English archi-
ct bom near Buclringham about i8ia Among hii
ost admired edifices are tbe Gothic charch ot Saint

design for tbeHOtel de imie at Hamburg whidi may b*
considered one of the finest Gotluc stmctue* of rccenl
times. Mr. Scott was elected an assodate of the Rojral
Academy in iSjS- He published " A Plea for tbe Faith-
fill Restoration of onr Andent Cathedrals," (i8jo,) and
"Some Remarks on Secular and Domestic Architecture
Present and Future," (1857.) Hediedat London, March

JSoott, (Gn»0B Lswii,) a mathemaddan. ban at
Hanover, was appointed one of the preceptor* of Georg*

!,«. I. Mi, !,/<iiw;^tAs)W"tle** prolonged; l,i,I,S,(i,y,Mart;t,«,f,«,«Avwra;fIr,ait,at(mCt;n(k;g<t6dia

d by Google

SIR WALTER SCOTT.

dbyGoogle

db,Google

SCOTT I

m. H« «u a Fellow of tb* Rojnl Sockt;. Died in

vita.

Seott, (UsLXNiTS.) a Scottiih ph^idan and writer,
who retlded for lome timG in India, wai the aathor of
■ romance entitled "The AdTcntares of a Rape«." Died
In l8it.

800t..„

Boott; (John,) an English dinne, born In WDttbin
hi 1638, becante prebendw; of Saint Fanl'a, London.
He pnbtithed a worli entitled "The Cbrlelian Life."
IMedin 1694.

Boott or Amwbll, (John,) an English poet, born at
Bermondiey, near London, about 1736, was a member of
dte Sodcty of Friends. He wrote, besides other works,
* Amwcit, a DcsoiptlTe Poem," (1776.) Died in 17S3.

Beott, (TOHN.) an English jotunalist, and first editor of
the " London Magazine," was kilted, in iSai, in a diwl
resnlting from a dispute with the editor of " Blackwood's
Hansine.'' He published " A Visit to Paris In 1814."

EMOtt UVLIAH,) an American artist, bom at Johnson,
Vemont, February 14, 1S46. In 1861 he entered the
United States volunteer army, and while in the service
Diade sketches which won much attention. His principal
(rictnres are battle-icene*,— "Cedar Creek," (1S70.) in
th« Vermont State-hotue, " White-Oak Swamp," "Gold'
en's Farm," " Antietam," etc. He was appointed in
1S90 special government agent to report on the condi-
tion of severid tribes of Wesletn Indians.

Soott, (Lerov, ) author, bom al Fairmonat, Indiana,
in 1875. He eogaeed in newspaper work, and lias
written "The Walking Delq:ale," (1905,) "The
Shears of Destiny," (igio,) "The Connselfor the Di
fence," {1911,) etc.

, ILat Sct/TtJS,] (Sir IflCHAlL,) ■ ScottWi

] several year*

writer, celebrated for his learning, is sapposed to have

been a native of Fifeshire. He passed seve— '

In France, and at the court of the German
Frederick IL Among the mindpal works attnlmtet
to him are the " Philosopher's Banquet," ("Menaa Phi
loaophica,"] " Questio cuHosa de Natura Soils et Luna,'
a treatise on the transmutation of silver and gold, and
a " History of Animals," {In Latin.) His uncommon
attainments in science caused him to be rerarded as a
magician by his contemporaries j and Sir Walter Scott
has introduced the legends concenung him, with great
effect, into his " Iav of the Last MinsireL" He is also
■Unded to in Dante's " Inferno." Died about imo.

Soott (RoBKKT,) D,D., an English scholar, bom u
Devonshire in 1811. He graduated in 1833 al Chria
Church, Oxford, became a Fellow of Balliol, and in 1854
master of that college. In 1861 he was made professor
of exegesis at Oxford, and la 1870 Dean of Rochester.
He is well known as one of the anihon of " Liddell and
Scott's Greek Lexicon." Died December 3, 1SS7.

Scott, (ROBEBT Falcon,) polar explorer, bom at
Outlands, Deronport, England, in 1S6S. He became ■
naval officer, was commander of the Nstioiwl Antarctic
Expedition of 1900-06, was given the rank of captain
and headed the British AntarcticExpedition of t9io,senl
with the hope of reaching the pole. This he accoTO'
pliahed January 18, 1913, a month after Amundsen'i
discovery. He di«l bom hardship during his retumi
March 39, 1913.

Beott, (SakuxlJ a skilful English painter of land-
scape* and marine views. Died hi 1771.

Boott, IThohas,) sn English dissenting divine and
resident of Ipswich, published a poetical veralon of the
book of Job, (1774.)

Boott or Boot, (Thomas,) an English prelate. <See

ROTHKRHAM.)

Boott, (Thomas,) an English Calrinistic divine and
commentator, bom in Lincolnshire In 1747. He became
cnrote of Olney In itSi, vA rector of Aiton-Sandfbrd in
iSot. He associated with Cowper and Newton at Olney.
Ha pgblitbed, besides other religions works, a " Con-
mentary on the Bible," 41796^) which had an extensive
drcnlaUoD, andadefimce of Calvitusm, (1 voli., 1811.)
Died in iSai.

Sea " LUi Df T. Scon," (ptitiv utoblocnptaiaU tn Us m^
JOKH Scott, iS» ; ALuiom, " DiedsBuy af Anikm.'

57 SCOTT

Bootfc (% WALTm.) a celebrated novelist and poM,
was born In Edinburgh, August 15, 1771. H« was d»>
■cended from Walter Scott, the lamous freebooter, known
in border ttorya* "Anld Wat" His father, nanied also
Walter Scott was a writer to the aiainet ; hi* mother
Anne Rotherlord, waa the daughter of Dr. John Ruther-
ford, medical profinaor in the Universi^ of Edinburgh.
Walter was ttte seventh child in a family of twelve^
When he was abont eighteen months old, he was attacked
with a fever, which left him, after a few daya, with a
lameness that proved Incnrable. In 1779 he was sent to
the Edinburvh High School. In addition to the Instruc*
tion received atachool, he had atulorat home,by whon
he was taught writing, arithmetic, and French, and li-om
whom be may be sakl to have also taken lessons in tha
art of disputation. The pupil wasaTory and Cavalier,
the tntor a Whk and Rotmdbead, so tliat they never wei»
at a loss Ibcsnt^ecta about which to argue. "I '— ' —
iny politica at that period," i»i Scolt,*'MlUnK'
IL did hb reHgion, from an Mea that the QmJtt

studied Latin under the celebr

MMlonoftbetwo." Ha

sbated Dr. Adam, then re»
hheseei ■ ■

an ■pfN'i
the beaudes of the Roman daaalc*. " This w

r of the High School ; and, though he s<
J L_^ ,!^._ -■•-), for the details M syntax or prosody,
it that age, without an ■sfN'edallon of

jteaUy,"

from thistles ; nor shall I soon iar^ ue swelling of n»
little pride when the rector pronounced that though
many of my school-fellows understood Latin bettert
GuaitenuSeettma behind fiew in following and enjoyinjt

die author's

be,"I&id>l

i,"tm. ., ,

books of history or poetry, or voyage* and trav^ a*
chance presented to me, — not (orgetlhig the iwnal, or

says, "with a great qnanti^ of Raeral information, ill
arranged, bdeed, arid collected irithout svstem, yet
deeply impressed upon my mind, and gilded. If I may
be permitted to say so, by a vivid and active Imaglna-
tion." About this time he read Hoole's translation of
Taxso's "Jerusalem Delivered;" he likewise became
acquainted with Richardson'a novels, and other worka
of imagination. Having spent aome months at tha
house al a relative living at Kelso, the beauties of that

have awakened in his mind tl

beautilnl and picturesque in nature, for which he waa

afterwards so dlsllnguisned.

In 1783 ha entered the nnlveraity, and commenced
Greek under the learned and accomplished Profeasoc
Dalzell. But havingno prevloua acquaintance with that
tongue, he found himaelf fti behind the rest of the classi
"I could," he says, "hit upon no better mode of vindi-
cating my equally than by profeaslng my contempt lor
the language, and mv resoloHon not to leam It'' He
afterwards excited the ntmoal indignation of the pro-
fessor by writing a compoattion In which be endeavoured
to show that Aflotlo was superior to Homer. In wmm
of hii other coIle(date (tndle* he appear* to have bi
more sncceaafrU. In moral philosophy he bi ~
fortune to be instructed by DugaJd Slewa
striking and Impressive eloquence riveted the attentioft

en of the most volatiie student"*

In 1786 he was Indentutvd as an apprentice to hia
father, and "entered upon the dryand Mnen wildemeaa
of form* and conveyances." He did not however, di**
continue the peraaal of works of imaginatian. He even
studied Italian, and added an acquaintance with several
eminent authors in that tongue, as Dante, Boiardo, Pnlcl,
etc, to bis previous stores of romantic and historic lore.

egood

■whOM

llB iba lot of yoBth to psniN ilwH pe|i%
_.... _ir thalillsii«Adw dMtttnpMtSlI
■liood Ao uwmclmiitiia of lamaas lAich I bh*
11 thai throocB averr pen of av Iriemir anwl

fanou lo acqnira, Itb^ iIc£k b I e
a •DDBd faMMJalien of bonoc and 1

, pen of av IrieiiuT a

ipered bj my own laoweo; md .._ .
half lb* rtpuMlka 1 hav* bad dw nod
■o I cofddMtthan — ^' ' —

«aai;9aai;|ia>W;|aB/;a,B,K,/Ma*rw/,-N,Mu<i/;i,ArfUe^;I*as;tha*faiCUji (|^SeeExplanatioM,p^a).)

Digitized ayCjOOQiC

qaence of - - .

wceki conlined to his chamber ; daring thU tine
kmused himself br representing the battles >nd «iege* of
which he had read, by means of (hells, pebbles, or other

until near his death he enjoyed the most robust health.

In 1792 Scolt began the study of German, in which he
tfterwards made such proficiency that (in 1796) he pub'
tished poetical translations of Biirger's " Lenore" and
" Wild Huntsman." This was hi> Bnt appearance be-
fore the public aa an author.

Id December, 1797, he marrred Charlotte Marga/et
Carpenter, daughter of Jean Charpenlier, of Lyons, a
devoted French royalist She had Been educated in the
Protestant religion, and when her lather died, at the be-
ginning of the French ReYOlution. she and her mother
Bed to England, where (hey found 1 friend and protector
In the Marquis of Downshire, who had previously be-
come acquainted with the fomily during liiB travels on
the conlinenL In 179S Scott became acquainted with
IL G. Lewii, by whom he was prevailed on to famish
■ereral contributionB to the " Tales of Wonder," a mil
celtany gotten up under the auspices of Lewis. Scott'
traiulation of Goethe's famous historical drama, " Goeti
von Berlichingen of the Iron Hand," appeared in 1799.
The first two volumes of the " Minstrelsv of the Scot-
tish Border," a collection oF ancient ballads that had
occupied his attention for many yeais, were published
in 1803. In the following year appeared the third vol-
ome of the " Border Minstrelsy, consisting of original
ballads by Scott and others. He contrilrated dnrlne
the years 1803-04 several articles to the ** EdiabnrgS
Revjew." His poem " Sir Tristrem" was given to ths

nbllc in 1S04. The " Lay of the Last Hinstrel," which
1 been commenced several years befoie, made Its ap-
pearance in January, 1805, mm at once gave It* author
a ^acB among the most dwtingtiithed poets of (he age.
Its popularity was so great that more than forty thousand
copies were sold in Great Britain before 1830. " In the
history of British poetry," tay* Loclchart, (writing about
■^3il " nothing hat ever equalled the demand for the
'Lay of the Last Minstrel.'" In November, 1806, he
benn " Mansion ;" it was finished and ready for publi-
cation by the middle of Febnury, 180S. "Constable,"

ssy«Lockbart,''aflered a thousand gulneaa for the

shortly after it was b^un, and without having seei
line oi It I and Swtt, withotit hesitmtimi, accepted this
proposal." Two other booksellers, however. Miller and
Hanay, were admitted to the honour of sharing In the
paUicatioo of the new poem.

Scott was sealoDSlj engaged, in the Utter psri of 1S08,
In starting a new review, which, while espoasing diflereot
political views from those of the "Edinburgh," should, if

ridble, rival that journal in literary ability and auipan
hi moderation and impartiality. The resolt of these
sBbrts was die " London Quarterly," the first number
of which appeared b January, 1809. The " Lady of
the Lake," the last c^ Scott's three great poems, was
pabtished in Ma^ iSift In a critical notiee of it in
the " Edinburgh Review." Mr. Je&ey says, " Upon the
whole, we are inclined to think more highly of the ' Ladv
of the Lake* than of either of its author's former publi-
cations, . . . There is nothing so fine, perhape, as the
battle In ' Marmion.' or so pictoretque Msome of the
scattered sketdies of the ' Lay,' but there is a richness
and a spirit in the whole piece which does not pervade
either of those poems, — a prolusion of incident and a
shifting brilliancy of cotoonng that reminds us of the
witchery of Arioslo." According to Lockhart, " the
' Lay' is generally conwdered as the most natural and
original, 'Harmion' as the most powerfiil and splendid,
and the * Lady (^ the Lake' as the moet interesting, ro-
mantic, picturesque, and graceful, of his great poems."
" The Lady of the Lake," says Prescott, " was welcomed
with an enthasiasm snrpassmg (hat which attended any
odur of his poems. It seemed like the sweet bresthinn
of Us native [ribroch stealing over ^len and mountain
and callit» np all the delidoot assoaatlons of rural soli-
lade, rtfcli bewf "

SDtilblly contrasted with the din of battle

5S SCOTT

and the shrill 07 of the war-trumpet that stirred tin
soul in every page of his 'Harmion.'" Twenty IhoB-
sand copies of the " Lady of the I^e" were disposed
of within a year after its publication, and not less thaa
fifty thousand were sold in Great Britain before the mid-
dle of 183& In 181 1, encouraged by the eztraordituiy
success of the ;' Lady of the Lake,** Scott resolved, In-
stead of remaining a "tenant at will under a heavy rent."
to purchase a freehold estate for himsclC After sonu
deliberation, he fixed upon Abbotsford, (in the conniy
of Roxburgh, about twenty-eight miles southeast from
Edinburgh,) a beautiful site, commanding a view of tb
Tweed, and of Melrose Abbey, the most graceful and
picturesque of si! the monastic ruins in Scotland. The
great expense which he was tempted to incur in order
to improve and beautify this place oecame afterwards the
chief source of his pecuniary difficulties. The " Vi^oD
of Don Roderick," a poem in the Spenserian measure
\ oat in 1811. "Rokeby" appeared towards the
^ of 1811; it was followed within two months by an-
other imalter poem, entitled the " Bridal of TriermaiiL*
The latter, having Ikcu composed pvri fatm wkk
"Rokeby,"waspablbhedanonymDasly. Comingout is
It did so soon after the other, many persons were led
to believe it must be the production of a diflerent antbor.
Some eminent critics, indeed, regarded it as a very sue*
cessfiil imilatiut of Scott's style of composition, snd.
while it was admitted that, as a whole, it jell below the
best works of the great master, it was pronounced to be
in some respects fully equal, if not superior, to them.
The popularity enjoyed by " Rokeby" was Ux from equal-
ling that of Scott s earlier poems. Tliis was probably
dne In part to the public having become, in conaeqneDce
of .the great number of wretched imitations whidi had
appeared, surfeited with that kind of poetry, and per.
haps stilt more — as Scolt himself believed — to the riung
influence of Byron's bolder and more impassioned geninai
The position of poet-laureate was offered to SmU on
(he part of the prince regent in August, 1813, but was
respectfully declined. In July, 1S14, was published
"Waverley, or Ta Sixty Vears Since," the first of that
marvellous scries of novels which were destined to km
a new era in the history of romaace, and to place thi
name of Scott on the highest pinnacle of literary &me.

Contrasting " Waverley" with the coarse prossic or
gossiping character of some of the prevlotis popular
novels, Prescott observes, " But s work now appeared in
which the author swep[ over the whole range of charac-
ter with entire freedom as well as fidelity, ennobling the
whole by high historic associations, and in a style 'vatyft^
with his theme, but whose pure and elaa^ flow was tinc-
tured with just so much of poetic colouring as adted the
purposes of romance. It was Shakspeare In proae;"

" Waverley" had been commenced nine years befbn^
but, discouraged by the criticism of one ofh li mends, Scolt
had laid the work asld& He appears, however, not to

desiring his opinion. Baltantyne, although severdi
arltidsing some parts, warmly praised the hamoar and
spirit of the work ; and In reply to the question, " Should
the suthor go on?" s^d, <* Certainly t I have no doubt
of success, though it Is Impossible to guest how much."
In a letter to a friend, Scolt says, " I bad written s
great part of the first volume, and iketdied other pas-
sages, when I mislaid the manuscript, and only foaod il
by the merest acddeni as I was Tummaging the drawert
01 an old cabinet ; and I took the bncy ^ finhhing t^
which 1 did BO &st that the last two volumes were writtM
In three weeks."

seven months. " ' Guy Hannerin^' by the author of
■Waverley,'" followed in February, 181J. The naas
" Waverley Novels" was afterwards applied to the ea-
tire series of those wonderfiit fictions } and their anony-
mous authorwaa popularly styled " the Great Unknown."
The "Lord of the Isles," whidi Scott had had for sons
time in preparation, was published a month before "Gay
Manttering." ThU is one of (he most delightfol of ha
minor poems. If in its general tone it b not equal ts

1, 1; 1.41, y,j;n«;l,«,Ak same, less prolonged; I, S.V^^y.'i'rt; *>«.!.«<'''»<»*; fir. Oil, at; niltinai;g(Kdim

d by Google

" HirmiDn" or the " Lad^ of the Lakvi^h hu oconlond
MM^^ which are torcelr if at all Inferior to the Snot
In thoM poem. •■ Tha Field of Waterloo," general!*
conwdered m among the leatt iDoxMliil of Scotti
poMioU tfotka, made Its appearance in October, 1815.
" Harold Oe Daantleaa," another poem, pnbliihed ~
1817, majbe regarded at the latt of hia ^orta in t1. _
H11& He appean aftennidi to have directed all his
energlea towards working the new and richer mine of
prou fiction, which hia genioa had so lately opened.
Next to hia all-btrt unrinlled akill in the delineatioa of
duTsHer, and the graphic power and wonderfdl vlrid-
ne«s of hia pictures, — whether of the acenea of tranqntl
nainre, or of the intense excitement and wild lumall of
battle, — what moat amaies ns is the marfclloua fertility
of his fenioi. There is In the whole history of literatm'e
Bo other example of anch rapid and inexhaustible pro-
dnctiTcneM, if we take Into consideration the character
as well a« the nomlier and extent of hit writings,— Lope
deVen alone excepted. " Gay Manneriog" was followed
by " The Antiqiiary,'' In May, iSiti^ "The Black Dwarf"
■td " Old Mortality" appeared in December of the same
year, "Rob Roy" was published in 1817 ; and thus for
more than ten years be continued to pour forth, appa-
rently without effort, those brilliant and bscimting
Sctions which qnickly spread hia fame not merely
wherever the EnElith language was spoken, but to the
ntmoat limits of the dviliied world. A liit of hia novels
and other proae writinga will be given in another pli

In iSao, vrithoat any solldtation on his part or t

of hia friends, the rank of a baronet was conferred m
Scott by the king. Up to hit fifty-fiilh year Scott io-
pears to have experienced a degree of prosperity rareW
Tonchaafed to mortals. Hit tncceta at a writer had
been without example in the history of literature. He
had enjmd in the largeit meitare not iterelT the ap-

C' iiae of the mnltitiide and tha friettdthip of the great,
what was Gtr morer-the nnirerwa esteem of tboM
whote eitecm was moti to be valued. His good sense,
liit manly modesty, his imaOected kindness of tieart,
and his noblenett of spirit, commanded the respect
and admiration of thoM who, from religious or party
prejndke, were the most opposed to him,— for personal
enemies he had none. Perhaps the only considerable
weakness in hia character was his amUbon to found a
new fiunily, which ahonld conatitute a distinct branch
of the lamons house or dan from whidi he boasted his
descent To accomplish this grand aim was the goal
of all hia aspiratiMU,— the object of all his plant and
labonra. By hit friendship for the Btllantyne*, wbom he
had known from boyhood, he waa induced not only to
intrust to them tbe pablication of hit worki, but t '
come a seoet partner in their firm. He wat tbos
plicated in commerdal tiKCulaliona which were destined

to involve him in irretnevabje disaster. He appean
to have repoaed unlimited confidence in the prndence
and mercantile ability of (he Ballantynes, as welt as in
lliat of Constable, with whom they were commerdatly
connected. But Constable, though an able man, was
somedmea rath; andjamet Ballantyne appearato have
been wanting in Ihoroogb business hauts. The final
catastrophe wat battened by th* commerdal eidtement
of iSlJ. After some months of painful tnapense, the
storm at length barst, in all its fuiy. In Janoary of iSaS.
On examining into the state of their a&irt, it was Ibnnd
that Constable ft Ca were able topay only two ahillings
and ninepence on the ponnd. Tlie firm of Btllantyne
ft Co., by allowing itaell to be dedared bankrupt, might
readily t^ve come to a settlement with its' creditors, had
not Scott been a partner. He wonld listen to no terms
of compromise ; alt he asked fM' was time. He was
nsolved to devote the remainder of his life, if necessary,
to the payment of hit debts, even to the attermosi hr-
thing. His heroic parpoae wat at latt crowned with
success ; but it cost him his life. To tit brief, from this
time forward he applied himself to hit literary labours
with an assiduity aiid leal such at even he had never
cahibited before. Neither the attacks of severe indis-
portion nor the overwhelming grief caused by the death
of bis wife, (which occurred In May, iSz6,) in the midst
of the other misfortunes, were allowed to interpose more

than a temporary intarrapUm to the ardnont task which
he had undertaken. In consequence of these unre-
mitting and onparalleled exertiont, ha had' a severe
paraiyidc attack on the 15th of February, 183a ; but he
reomred in a few weeks to ferat to be atue to retnme hit
labours. He had, however, tnollier attack in Novem-
ber, 1830, and one still more severe in April, 1831. As
hit health continued to Eul, it was at length resolved, in
(he autumn of 1S31, that he shotild pass the winter in
Italy. He arrived in Naples in ]>ecember, and re-
mained there till the middle of April, 1833. In one of

oat owing anyone a halfpenny, — at Ic , ^

will be the case l>y midsummer." After spending a short
time in Rome, he manifested a great anxiety to return
to hit native countnr. He readied London on the ijth «(

tuna. Pour weekt later he arrived at Abtutsford, irtwa
a died on the aitt of Seplnnber, 1831.
Scott hat the rare distinction of uniting with hit bma
as an eminently succesafel inthor a character at a ■■■
remarkable not only for modetty, manlinets, Mtd com-
mon sense, but for a genuine kindlinesa towardt alt vrilh
whom he came in contact.

" At to Scott," says Washington Irving, " I cannot
express my delight at his character and mannsn. He
la a sterling, golden-hcaited old worthy, lUl of the
ioyonsness of yonth, with an imagination contintuUr
turaishing forth plcturea, and a chuming dmplidty nf
manner uat pats yoa at ease with bim in a moment It
hat been a constant source of [deatare to me to ramaA
hit deportment towards Us fruuily, hk ndghtMurs, hit
domeatica, hit very dogs and cats) everything that
eones widiin hit influence teent to catch a bMm of
that tanthine which pltys round hit heart" ("Life and
Letters," vol. i. pp. 381-1.)
Referring to a conversation about Goethe, which

withed recalled. He tp<die with much feeling. I
answered. A/ mutt derive great eontolatlon in the re-
flection that his own popularity wat owing to no sncb
canse, ... He tdded, ' It u a comfort to me to think
that I have tried to unsettle no man's feilh, to corrupt
no man's principles, and that I have written nothing
which 00 my death-bed I sbonld wish blotted.' "

The following is a list of Scon's novels, with tbe datea
of thdr publication 1 "Waverley/' July, 1S14; "Gay
Mannering," February, 1815; "The Antiquary," Hay
r8l6 ; " The Black Dwarf' and " Old Mortalitv," (forming

B HeaH

, _. .1 " "

June, 1818; "The Bride of ummermoor" and"! _
of Montrose," (third series of "Tales of my Landtord,")
June, 1819 1 "Ivanhoe," December, i8t9; "The Mon-
astery," March, iSao; "Tbe Abbot," Septraiber, 1890 1
"Kenilworlh," January, 1811 ; " The Piraie." December,
iSaii "The Fortunes of Nigel," May, i8u ; "Peverll
of the Peak," January, iSaj ; "Qnentin Darward,"
June, iSat; "Saint Ronan's Well," December, 1833;
"The Red Gauntlet," June, 18x4 j "The Taliamtn" tnd
"The Betrathed,"("Talesof the Crusaders, ")June,lSa5;
"Woodstock," June, t336i "Chronides of Caoongate,"
{containing the " Highland Widow," and other tales,)
November, t8a7; "Pair Bfaid of Perth," April, 1838:
"Anne of Geierstein," May, i8m; "Count Robert of
Paris" and " Castie Dangerous," (fourth series of " Tales
of my Landlord,") November, 1831. Scott bad written
in the department of history "The Life of Buonaparte,"
of which two editions yielded to the author's creditor*
tbe enormous sum of £18,000. Of the "Talet of a
Grandfetber," a popularized hiitoir of Scotiand, (dedi-
cated to hit little grandson, John Hugh Lockharl,) the
firat seiiet appeared in December, 1817, (he tecond waa
completed in December, 1818, and the third in Decem-

■t i; « at i; e Af^; i at/' a, H, K,/wi»(ra/.- N, Moia/, -a, /ruZnf; i as ■; th a

inMu. ()|y See Kxplanationt, p. a^l

Digitized ay CjOOQ I C

ofSir *. Scttt," iBm: Ai
Scotl," iBii; C. G. JACtn

^•J^^i

SCOTT

bOT, 1899. A " Hiatorj of France," coiutitiitii^ a fourth

Mries of the "Tales of a Grandbiher," was publiihed

la iSjo. Fn addition to bii poems, novels, and hiBtoriei,

Scott wrote manf book* of leu importance, among

which the following are the principal : ■ " Life of D17

dett," pie&ced to hw worki in eighteen Tolnmes, edited

bv Scott, 1808; "Swift's life," prefixed to his works in

nmeteeo lolnmes, 1814J "Panl's Letters to his Kins-
folk, written from the Continent after the Bittle of

Waterloo," Taotiaty, 1816; "Letters of Malachi Mc-

Gtowther," March, iSaa; "Letters on Demonologpr and

Witchcraft," December, tSjo; miaceUsneons wntings,

IndniUnK critical notices of various snthors, etc
Among those writers, of whatever age or country,

who have successfully attempted the delineation of char-
acter, Scott majJQSIlj claim to stand in the foremost

lanL Shakspeare, it must be confessed, surpassed him

in versatility as welt as in depth and power ; Goethe was

andonbtediy his superior in that exquisite art which

seems to be only another name for nature herself; Field'

Ing may peihaps be allowed to have excelled blm in

the occasional representstion of some individual char-
acter; Victor Hugo, Bulwer, and many others msv

sometimes rise above him in that aort of mterest whlcS

)■ due to an artfiitly.de vised plot or to the eloquent ex-
pression of intense passion. But if we take into accoQBl

ALL those qualifications which properly belong to this

Und of writing such as the power of vivid description,

a )nst appreaation of the nice shades of character, an

easy and exqoisile humour, a snstsined interest, not

dependent so much on marvellous or startling occnr*

rences, or on nnheard-ofand harrowing compli cations of

calamity, as upon the power and vividness of the repre-
sentation and the depth of genuine feeling evinced by the

SDthor, — if to such qualifications be added a heuthy,

pure, and elevated moral sentiment, as far removed from

narrowness and trigoted austerity on the me hand, as

from affectation and extravagance on the other, we

cannot deny that, although many writers may have ex-
celled Scctt in some one or two points, yet, "take him

for all in all," lew have equalled and scarcely any have

surpassed him.
"Sir Walter Scott," says a writer in "Blackwood,"

"did for literatare what ^akspeare did for the drama,

— provided a long and gorgeous gallerv of great, noUe,

and sublime characters, that live in all memories, and

become, though they are fictitlaua, as real as if we all

of us had actiully seen and convened with them." (See

article on Charles Kean in "Blackwood's Hagarine"

for April, iS6a.)

Scott has often been caUed, on account of his marvel-
loos power of creating ilttislons, " the Great Enchanter,"

" Great and good enchanter," says Miss Edgeworth ; " for
In hia magic there is no dealing with unlawful means.
... In his writings there is no private acandal, no per-
•Odal aatire, no nibe to human frailty, no libel upon
hunun nature. . . . His morality Is not in porple patdie*
oitentatioasly obtrusive, but woven in through the rery
texture of the stufll" (See Hiss Edgeworth^ "Helen,"
vol. i. chap, xii.) It has often been urged aa a reproach
to Scott that he had, on the one hand, snch ■ high re-
spect for royalty and aristocracy, and, on the other,
■nch an aversion to everything uke d«nocracy- This
peculiarity — or weakness, as some m«y call it — was due
m part to an innate reverence for antiquity, which seemed
hideed to be an essential element of^ his mentsl consti-
lotion, and in part to the influence of the French Revo-
lodon, wbich occurred at that period of his youth when
die character is peculiarly susceptible of being moulded
by external circumstances. Indeed,notalewpersonBwho
could boast of a cooler temperament. If not of stronger
intellect, were powerfiilty inlluenced by that strange and
terrible phenomenon, and some who otherwise wonld, in
all probability, have been ardent republicans, appear to
have lost by thst event all confidence in the power of
the common people to govern themselves.

Walter Scott had two sons and two daushtCT* ; hia
■IdeM daughter, Sophia, was married in tSao to Mr.
Lockhart, afterwards editor of the "Quarterly Review,"
Their daughter was married a few yeara sino. 10 Mr.
Robert Hope, who, by act of Parliament, took the name

(,i.I,Bkl,r,AiV;k,^\«ame,Ica*prsIonKedi I,<l,I,S,B,]f,£t(wV;t,«,i.9.<iKiAtnr;ar,flll.fk:ntetiaAt;gS&d;m«a;

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

to SCOTT

of Scott, and whose daughter. Mis* Hope Scott, is tke

possessor of Abbotsford, and the only surviving desceiMl-

ant of Sir Walter. The eldest son, Walter, bom in 1 ^

entered the army, and on the death of his bther inheritM

his title. He died on his return from India in 1847, and

with him the title became extinct His younger

brother, Charles, bom in 1805, bad died previously.

S« LacKHAi-r," Ufa of SirWdtarScott," jnls,. iSjj : Gnaoa

. -"-■''--—■■-—" ■iy„Hooa."S'»i»ili.rAB.cilot«»

PlCHOT, "NadcearU Viads W.

. ScoMi biaETiphiidi-KtHiTiaAa

, . „Hii«n oT the Life of W. ScDtt,"

1S31; L. H LonanK "Sit W. Scon, w on HoamH di ttin.*
1S411 S.RoBn-n."W. Scotl'i liiiiiBidl(b«,"i8»i C P. H>o-
Maa, "CemntEtetW. Scott," 1038; C-voh KbXm», " L>t« end
WerVa W. Scoio," tSj}; PaascoTT, "Biognnhical lad Criilcil
UiieDUaoiet:" "EdiDbonh Revini^ far Apcu. 1S08. Fcbnivv.
.... -J ^.„tiL. .81J. (67 lavnuv;! "Qn"mriT «"«-" fcf

•Kcmber. iSii, ApriL ilrG, Jamatj ud April. itW;

r Ririiw" (at JiKuiT, ibS, Oj Carltu .) " North
HmoKui ncTiew" fcr April, iSA (fif Pinarm) ''DoaHidt
Hmdr* of Sit W. Scotl,^ (a "taiBt UaauUia'' far Ai«M,
i<S4, Ov Jjum Booo.)

Boott (WnxuM.) See Stowxll, Lork

Soott, (William Andkmon,) D.D., LKD., aa
American clergyman, bom In Bedford cotmty, Tennes-
see, January 30, 1813. When seventeen years old he
became a licensed preacher of the Cumberland Presby-
terian Church. He graduated at Cumberland College
in iS33,and studied divinity in Princeton Seminary, New
Jersey. In 183S he was ordained to the Presbyterian
ministry, and served with great distinction as a pastor and
educator, chiefly in Tennessee, in Louisiana, and in San
Francisco, where he became president and professor of
theology in the Presbyterian Theological Seminary.
His books include "Trade and Letters," (iSs5,) "The
Wedge of Gold," [1856,) "The Bible and Politics," (iSjo,)
"The Pentateuch, an answer to Colenso," (1863,) "The
Christ of the Apostles' Creed," (1867,) " The Centurions
of the Gospel," (1867.) etc. Died Jsnnary 14, 1885.

Soott (WiLUAu Bux,) a Scottish poet and artist,
a brother of David Scott, the artist, was born at Saint
Leonard's, near Edinburgh, September 11, 1811. He
won some distinction as a historical painter. He removed
to London in 1838. and afterwards founded the Art
School of Newcastle-on-Tvne. Among his books of
verse are "Hades,'' (1838,1 "The Year of the World,"
"Poems b]r a Painter," (lSiS4.) etc He wrote in i^oae
" Antiqnsrian Gleanings," " Half-Hour Lectures on
Art," " Ufe of David Scolt," {1850,} a " Life of Dtirer,"
(1869^) etc Died November aa, 1890.

Boott, (WtsnELD.) one of the most distinguished
of American generals, was born nesr Petersburg, Vir-
ginia, on the t3th of June, 178&. His paternal giand-
bther, a native of Scotland, took part in the rcSelUaa
of 174s, and, after the diaastrous Inttle of Culloden, in
which his elder brother was slain emigrated to Vir-
ginia, where he married, and engaged m the professioa
of Isw. His son William married Ann Mason, — a lady
of one of the most respectable &un!lies fn the State. Oi
the two tons of William Scott, who died in 1791, Win-
field, the snUed of the prewnt article, was the younger.
He stndied law at Willkm and Mary College, and was
admitted to the b«r in 1806. In 1807 he became a
volnnleer in a troop of horse, called out onder the pro-
clamation which President Jefferson issued after the at-

ieasion of Congress (1807-08) a bill was passed far
increa^ng the army ; and Scott waa toon after appointed
a captain of artillery. In 1809 he waa ordered to New
Orleans, to join the army under General Wilkinsoo.
Having indiscreetly censured the conduct of his gene-
rat, and even intimated his complicity with the treason
of Burr, Scott wss tried by a court-martial, and sen-
tenced to be suspended for one year. What waa de-
siened as a piinishment proved, it wonld seem, a real
advantage to him. Me spent the term of his anspensioo
in the diligent prosecution of studies connected with his
profession, and laid the foundation of that thorough
acquaintance with military science for which he became
afterwards io distinguished. On the breaking out of
the war of iSis he was made a lientenant-colonel aod
ordered to the Canada frontier. In October, Genenl

SCOTT

Van ReDMeUer pluioed an attack on Uu British bmt*
Aen occupTinK Qaeenitown Heights. Some time atter
the action hM commenced, Scott crossed ov«r from
Lewitton, and arrived on the field. Colonel Van Rens-
■elaer, who had the chief command of the American
troops on the Canada side, having been aeverelj
wounded, Scott succeeded to the command. His ex-
hortations, suppoited by hi* heroic example, so in-
■plriled Ills men that thej drove bach the enem; with
great loss ; and even aRer the British had been largel*
reinrorced by the arrival of General Sheafle, they still
for a time bravely maintained the light, though out-
nnmbered by mote than three to one. Unhappily, at
Ihi* critical juncture, the main body of the American
army, which had not yet crossed the river, was seised
with a panic, and could not by any considerations be
prevailed apon to enter the boats. All hope of snccomr
Ming thus cut off| Scott was compelled to surrender his
entire force; which he did with the honours of war.
Having been exchanged in the early part of 1813, he
toon after joined, wJIn the rank of colonel, the army
under General Dearborn, in the capacity of adjutant-
general. He especially distingnished himself at the
capture of Fort Georae, Upper Canada, in May, iSij.
Arter braving incredible perils, he carried the place,
which he was the first to enter, and with his own hands
took down the Sac that was waving over it We cannot
here forbear to relate an incident which, while ii shows
the magnanimity of Scott's character, may serve to re-
lieve for a moment the harsh and repulsive features of
" grim-viaaged war." After Scott had been taken pris-
oner at Queenslown, a British officer asked him if he
had ever seen the neighbonnng Falls. Scott answered,
"Vest from the American side." The other remarked,
"You must have a nttassM fight before yoa can see
them in all their grandeur, (the finest view being from
the Canada shore.) Scott rejoined, " Sir, if it be yoar
intention to insult me, honour should have prompted
vou first to return me my sword." The officer wai re-
Duked by General Sheafie, and the subject was dropped
for the time. At the capture of Fort George, this
lame officer was taken prisoner in turn. Scott treated
him with every mark of attention and kindness, and at
last obtained permission (or him to return to England
on parole. Overcome by this generosity, he said, with
fiwUng, " I have long owed you an apology, Mr. You
have overwhelmed me with kindnesses. Yo

ir leisure view the Palla in all their glory."
,. Scott was made a brigadier-f.
Soon afterwards, the troops of three brigades »

"ff;

filaced in a camp of instruction at Ba^lo, under his
mmediate supervision, and for three months were
thoroughly drilled in the modem French system of
tactics. The discipline thus acquired was of the greatest
Importance in the operations of the ensuing campaign.
On the 3d of July, the American armv, consisting of
Scott's and Ripley's brigades and Hindman's artillery,
crossed the Niagara River and captured Fort Erie. On
the qth, the battle of Chippewa was fought, and the
ftitish army nnder General Riall was driven beyond the
Chippewa River. The asib of July witnessed the bard-
Ibnght battle of Lundy's Lane, (otherwise called " the
batUe of Niagara,") on which occasion General Scott
bad two horses killed under him, and was twice wounded,
the second time severely, by a musket-bali passing
through Aa left shoulder. It was after eleven o'clock
r.H. when the fighting ceased, the Americans remaining
for the night in possession of the Geld of battle, al-
though, nnliappily, for the want of water, they were
compelled to abandon it early the next morning. Several
months elapsed before Scott had recovered from his
wounds. For his eminent services he was raised to
the rank of major .general, and, not long after, Congress
passed a vote of thanks, (November 3, 1814,) at the
aame time requesting the President to bestow upon him
a gold medaf " for his distinguished services" and for
his "uniform gallantry and good conduct in sustaining
the reputation of the arms of the United States." The
medal was afterwards presented to him by President
Monroe. The treaty of peace having been ratified by
ihe Senate in February, 1815, Scott ms oCfered a seat

• as :t.' ; as r; g inr^; g as/; o, h, K.,gt4tttirtU; n, natal; R, A

ever, ha declined.

Europe in a diplomatic a

and he afteiw:

President, through the secretary of state, for the success

with which he had fulfilled his mission. He returned

to the United Sutes in 1816 1 and the following year he

was married to the daughter of John Mayo, £sq., of

Richmond, Virginia.

In 183a a war broke out between the Sac Indians,
under their chief Black Hawk, and the whites on the
northwestern frontier. Scott was ordered by the war
department to proceed to the scene of action ; but
Black Hawk wa* taken prisoner and (he war virtually
brought to a close before he reached the place of his
destination. During the passage the cholera broke oat
among his troops with a fearful fatality. On this oc-
casion General Scott exhibited traits of character more
rare, and certainly not less glorious, than those which
had won for him to brilliant a reputation on the battle-
Geld. Not satisfied with merely making such general
arrangements as were required for the proper attendance
of the sick, and such as were deemed necessary to pre-
vent the spread of infection, he visited and comforted
the suffering, and by bis courageous example sought
(o inspire the well with hope and confidence, — which
<na the mora difficult because at that time the cholera
was almost universally regarded as contagious. When,
towards the end of (833, the nuUificanon difficulties
began in South Carolina, General Scott was sent by
President Jackson on a confidential mission to Charles-
ton, that he might take the proper menntes to prevent,
or, if need be, to quell, the threatened insurrection. In
this difficult enterprise be displayed great tact as well as
prudence and firmness, and was completely successful.
On the death of General Macomb, in June, 1S41, Scott
succeeded to the position of commander-in-chief of the
army of Ihe United States.

After the commencement of the war with Mexico, in
the spring of 1S46, the first campaign was made, and
the battles of Palo Alto, Rcsaea de la Palma, and
Bnena Vista were fought, under the conduct of General
Taylor. In 1847 vigorous preparations were made for
prosecuting the war on a more extensive scale, and
General Scott was directed to take the chief command
of the army in Mexico. A particular account of the
uperattona which followed belongs rather to history than
to a Inography. Suffice it to say that if Scott bad ac-
quired on liie fields of Chippewa and Niagara the most
brilliant reputation as a gallant and tkilfiil soldier. In the
Mexican war he eave proof of tlrat^c talents of the
highest order, andwon for himself a place In the front rank
of the most dislinrnisbed generals of the age. He began
the campaign in March, 1847, b? investing the city of
Vera Cruz, which, «rith the Caatle of San Juan d'Ulloa,
capitulated on the 36th of that month, — the garrison,
which consisted of about five thousand men, surren-
dering on parole. The army of the besiegers amounted
to about twelve thousand men. On the l8th of April
Scott attacked and took Cerro fiordo, — a monntain-
bstness of great strength, defended by Gfleen thousand
indei the command of Santa Anna himselC
ly were fought (he battles of Chunibusco^
. „ .) Molino del Bey, (September 8,) and Cha-

puliepec, (September 13,) — all in the immediate vicinity
of the city of Mexico. Early In the morning of Sep-
tember 14 the army of General Scott entered the aXj
'" triumph 1 and at seven A.W. the American fiag floated

er the National Palace. The treaty of Gnadalope

idatgo was sigrked February 2, 184B, and the Mexican

pital was soon after evacuated bv the American forces.

In 1S52, Scott was nominated by the Whig paitv a*
their candidate for the Presidency ; but. In the auDse-
quent election. General Pierce, the Democratic nominee,
was chosen President, Scott receiving the electoral vote
of but four States. In 1855 the honorary rank of liea-
tenant-general was conferred upon Scott, with the pro-
vision that the title should cease at his death.

He worthily closed his long and illustrious pubDc

IS ■; th a* iaOit. (IF'See E;q»laiutioDs, d. si.)

Digitized .yCoOglc

SCOTT

only fait Diiiv« State, bnt a large number of hii formv
friendi and comrades, in whom the nation once tniated
with unwaTering confidence, were doing everrthing in
tbeir power to strengthen the cause of rebellion. In
November, iS6i. ScotI resigned hi» active du
Wuhinfrton, and retired to private life, though
buned his Tul! pay, according to a special provision
passed by Congress in the summer session. Having
•ailed to Europe for his health, a few days after he
Unded, the news of Mason and Slidell's capture arrived
in England. The danger of a war between Great
Britain and the United Stales appearing imminent, that
his country might not be deprived of his counsels or
■ervtcesat so critical a moment, regardless of all merely
personal considerations, he at once returned to hia
native shores. He soon after retired to his residence
In New York, He died at West Point in May, iS6&

Sh " MemKin oFLic>itn>iiii-G«icnl S<»R. •nHiKn bf HiioHK"
■ f(ilL,ia«f;UjLiisniLD, "Life of General Scotl."iSt6; Huourr,
*1^ of ScoIi."iSu; "Nhuoiu] PDnniL-OiJIerj of DiadnfuutkH
Amuisu." roL ;>. : MAHsriiLD, " Muicaii War." iM-

Bcott-Slddona, {Mary Frances,) an English reader
and actress, born in iS^S. Her maiden name was Sid-
doni, and she wu a great-grand- daughter of the cele-
brated actieu Mrs. Siddons. In 1864 she married Mr.
Scott, a naval officer. She afterwards won great suc-
ceM as au actress, and especially as a public reader, In
America, as well a* in Great Britain, Died in 1806.

BoottI, skot'tee, (Giitlio Clemintb,) an Italian
writer, born at Piacenza in 160Z. He joined the order
of Jesuits, but afterwards became their enemy. Among
hia works is "Mosarchia Solipsornm," (1645,] directed
against the Jesuits. Died in 1664.

flootti, (MARCKLLo,) a political writer, bom at Napli
In 1743 ; died in iSoa

Bootna. See ScoTT and Duns Scotus.

Bootus, (Duns.) See Duns Scotus.

Bootna, (John.) See Erigena.

Bootigol, skoo'g^, (Henry,) a Scotdah divine and
professor of philosaphy at Aberdeen, was bom in East
Lotiuan in 1650. His principal work is entitled " The
Ufc of God in the Soul of Man," etc. Died ' - -'-°

S« Chakbdu, " BiosiaphialDictioDarT or EmiiHn

Soontctten, skoo'ti't&ti', (Robekt Joseph Heku,)
a French surgeon, bom at Lille in 1799, published a num-
ber of medical works. Died at Meti in 1871.

Borui't9ii, (Geokgb W.,) an American manu&ctnrer,
bom in New Haven county, Connecticut, in tSll. He
removed to Pennsylvania, and established iron-works at
Scranton, which waa named in his honour. He repre-
sented the twelfth district of Pennsylvania in Congres*
from 1859 until his death. He died In 1S61.

Soribunl, skse-bA'nee, (Charles,) a neraish Tesuit,
bora at Brussels in 1561. He wrote many thcolt^cal
■nd polemical works. Died in 1629.

St»iba. akEtb,(At;cusTiN EuctNi,) apopotar French
conic dramalisi, bora in Paris in 1791. He wrote comic
operas and vaudevilles in which the character and (bibles
(A the middle claaaea of Paris are well represented. He
employed many collaboralors in the production of his
works, which are very numerous. In 1S3J he was ad-
mitted into the French Academy, where Viilemain re-
ceived him with a complimentary speech. Among his
works are "The Solicitor," ("Le Sollidteur," 1817,)

His plots ate iiveniona, and his dialogues natural and
nimated. Diedin 1861.

S« L. M LoHteii, "Gsliria du Conttnipanhi* ;" Sxiim-
Bawra, "PnrliaiU eooinnponuBi;" " Hmiirtlla Biocnphi* G<a^
rah;" "Fwfign QuintilfR.vifw" forlUy, .831.

Bort-bo'oI-uB Lar'gna Das-ig-na-tl-1'iiiia, (des-
If>n&-she-i'iius,) a Roman physician in Ihe time of Tibe-
nna and Claudius, was the author of a work entitled
'On the Composition of Medicaments," ("De Compo-
sitione Medicamenlorum.")

Scilm'Mor or Borlm'jer, (Henrv,) a Scottish
critic, eminent for learning, was born at Dundee in
t5o&. He became professor of philosophy and dvil
Uw al Geneva, where he died m 1571 or 1573,

SnCHAuuas," Uiognphieal r'-"i— 17 if rmiiiiiii "iiinami '

oj 6CI/LTZ

BcilT'en, (EdwakD)) an English engraver ia Iha
chalk and dotted manner, waa botn in 1775. He en-
graved portraits and fine book illustrations. Died 1841.

SorlTeneiiSkriv'nfl, (FREDEBICKHEHBTAKBEOnJ

LLiD., an English divine, bom at Bermondsey, Septem-
ber J9, 1813, He graduated in 1835 at Trinity Colle^
Cambridge, and held various preferments in tM English
Church. He published works tm the New Testaneol
and its Greek texts and manuscripts, and was pri
in the New Testament revision. Died in 1891.

BoilTor,BkRee'vfr,(CHRiSTi*N,)a German divine, bon
at Rendabuig in 1639, was court preacher at Quedliobwi
in 1690. He was the author of "Gotthold's Embleic*,'
and other works. Died in 1693.

BoriTOilim. See Scukyver.

Borogp, (Sir William,) a English judge of ill rep«>
lation, born in Oxfordshire in 1613. He waa appointed
chief justice of the king's bench in 167S. Suspected o(
collusion with Titus IJates in Ihe Popish Plot, he tm
removed in 16S1. Died in 1683.

E«a LoaD CAHrnu, " Lifci of thi Chief Juuks."

Boropa, (Georcr Pouleit Thousom,) an Englkn
geologist, Fellow of the Royal Society, and a btothet
of Lord Sydenham, was bom to 1797. He publiahed,
among other works, a treatise " On the Geology 1^ Cen-
tral Prance," (1837.) sod a "Life of Lord Sydenham,"
{1&13.) He was elected to Parliament, as a liberal, fat
the OOTOOgh of Stroud, in 1S33. Died January 19, 1876.

SH"FraKi'iUattuii>e"fiiiU*T, lUj.

Boua'dfr, (Henry.) an English Presbyterian divine
of the time of Cromwell, was the author of a popular
work entitled "The Christian's Daily Walk,"

Bond'd^T, (Horace Eliiha,) an American anthm
bom in Boston, October iG^ 1838. He gradaated at
Williams College in 1S5S. His prindp^ works are
Seven Uttle Peopleand their Friends," (1863,) " Dream
Children," (1863,) "Lile of D. C. Scudder," (1864.)
" Stories from my Attic," (1869.) " The Bodtey Family,"
a series of books for children, (7 vols., t87S-83,) " Dwell-
ers in Five Sisters Court," (1876,) "Boston Town,"
(i83r.) "Noah Webster," (l8S«.) a "History of the
United States," etc Died January II, 1903.

aond'dfT, (ToHN M.,) M.D., an American physician
..J j:„- 1 .t. Dutch Reformed Church, was bom at

years. He was the author of "The Redeemer's Last
Command," "Letters to Children on Missionary Sub-
jects," and other leligious works. Died in 1855.

Bonddar, (Samuel Hubbard,) an American natural.
ist, a brother of H. E. Scudder, was born in Baston,
Massachusetts, April 13, 1837. He graduated at Wil-
liams College in 1857. He publisheda work on ." But>
terflies," and many adentitic papers, and in 1883 became
editor of " Sdence," a periodical. He has given eapedal
attention to Ihe fossil insects lound in great numben in
Colorado. Died in I9I I.

Band4ii or Sondtoj.do, dfh skQ'dl'rV, (Georgl)
French dramatist, was born at Havre about 1601. He
as palroniied by Cardinal Richelieu, and his works
id great popularity in his time, but are now forgotten.
^ewasamemberotlheFrenchAcademy. Diedin 1667.
BouUrl or BoDddry, de, (Madeleine,) ^ler of Ihe
preceding, was born in 1607. She wrote nnmerooa ro-
mances, which were greatly admired l^ her contempo-
„ these we may name " Artamine, on Ic
Grand Cvrus," (10 vols.,) "CWiie," (10 vols,,) and " Ibra-
ham, DU I'illustre Bassa." She also published nnmeroos
tales, bbles, and poems. Mademoiselle de Scud^ri wai
'■■- most distinguished member of the sodely which
at the HStcl de Rambouillet, and which has been
Lorlalized by Moliire in his " Pr^deasei ridicnka."
Died in 1701.

^^*.";S*""""^**™' " HiBoriettta:" MicAni, "M*-
nreir* NoqvdJt fiugnphie GcD^rate."

Solidary. See ScudIrl

Sooltetns. See Schultet, Scholti, and Scitlti
Beult^ skd&lls, (Lat Sculte'tus,] (JohamnJ 1
"- '■— - '- IS9S. was a pupil of

German sargeoo, born at Ulm ii

B. e. I. iS-fl. I. i»V-lfc*. "me, less prolonged; i.e I. fi. S, J. < jorf .- ^ ;, j, 9, oAicwv,- fir, (111, Ot; mCt; uAt; gdGd; ■

dbyGoogle

n of the other.

ChimrDCum," a surgical work highly esleemed ■! the
time. Died in 1645.

SoTlax, illalu, [Zinilii{,]aGreek mathematidaa and
geographer, was a native of Cacyandi, near Haliomu-
•na, and ii supposed to have lived about joo b.c Me
was the author of a "Peripliu of the Partt beyond the
Columns of Hercules," which was first published by
Hoesche! in i6oa

B9y-Ut'«M or 8sy-llV«^ [ZnOiTftc,] (Jontt,) a
Byxaniine hiatotian, soroetimes called Curofala'tes,
flourished about 1050-S0. He wrote a valuable biator;
of the Greek Empire, Zuvoyu; iorapiuv.

Bgflla [Gr. Ix^Ua] and ■CHif-rjFb'dla, of cUhIc
mythology, were represented as two tnoniiers which in-
fested the strait between Italy and Sidly and rendered
the navigation of that passage vei^ dangerous. Thev
were located one on each side 01 a narrow channel,
through which ships must pass,so that the mariner who
avoided one was apt to becom ' "' -■'--

as the proverb aays, —

" lodt^I ID Scjllam qui roll
The pocta feigned that Scylla ttas a maiden tranafonned
by Circe into a monsler that balked like a dog. Scylla
■*, perhaps, the personification of a loclt, and Charybdia
of a whirlpool.

SOTmntu, sim'nus, [Zii^poc,) of Chios, a Greeli
geographer, who lived about So B.C., was the author of a
detcription of the earth, in Iambic verse, of which only
fragments are extant.

BeBburr, seetifr-e, (Samubl,) D.D., an Amerkan
divine, bom at Groton, Connecticut, in 1719. He gnd-
nattd at Yale College, and was chosen Bishop of Con-
Becticnt in 1783. Died in 179&

Beabtuy, (Samuel,) D.D., an American divine of
tbe Episcopal Church, grandson of the preceding, was
bom in l&>l. He be<ame editor of the New Yorh
"Churchman" in 1834. He published " American Sla-
very Justified by the Law of Nature," (i36i,) and othei
works. He died in New York, October lo^ 1873.

saali'fleld, {Chaklxs,] a liMralrur, born at Poppiti,
in Moravia, Match 3, 1793. His true name was Kabl
PosTBl. In eailv life he was a monk. He became
assodate editor of the " Coorrier des fitats-Unis," New
York, in 1819. HepublUhed (in English) "Tokeah, or the
While Rose," and " Sketches of Transatlantic Travels,"
"Picture* of Life from both Hemispheres," and "South
and North," (in German, 3 vols., 1843.} Ttaiulations
of portions of the three last-named woilts appeared in
"Blackwood's Magazine." Died in 1864.

Bia'man, (Lazarus,) an English dissenter ti tlte
seventeenth centary, was one of the divines of tbe
Westminster Assembly. Died in 1675.

Boar'ing, (Laura Rkddrn,)— before marri^e, Laura
C Reddkn, — an American poet, whose pseudonym Is
Howard Glyndoh. She was born near Salisbory,

IS married. Among her booiis are " Notable Men of
uie Thirty- Seventh Congress," I1861,) " Idyls of Battle,"
(1864,) "Little Boy's Stonr," (from the French, 1870,)
and "Sounds from Secret Chambers," (poems, 1874.)

Bears, seer^ (Barnas,) D.D., an American divine
and scholar, born at SRodisfreld, Hassachosetts, in iSoa.
Having studied at several German universities, he be-
came, afrer his return, president of Brown University,
at Providence, (1855.) He published, among other works,
" Ciceroniana ; or, The Pnissian Mode of Instruction in
Latin," and a "Life of Luther, with Spedal Reference
to its Earlier Periods," etc.. (i8sa) He also contributed
to the " Bibliotheca Sacra" and the " Christian Review."
For several years he was ma:
cational Fund. Died July 6,

Bmus, (Edmund Hamilton,) D.D., an AmeHc
divine and poet, bom at Sandisfieid, Massachusetts,
iSio. He graduated at Union College in 1834, and
Itte divinity school at Cambridge, Massachusetts, and
held various Unitarian pastorates. Among hi* works
we "Regeneration," (1853,) "Pictures of the Oldei

SEBASTIANI

Time," (|8S7,) " Athanawa," (1857,) " The Fourth Gospel
the Heart of Christ," (1S71,) and " Sermons and Song*
of Christian Ijfe," {1875,) the latter including some
irite hymns. Died at Weston, Maasachnsetta, Jan-
uary 14, 1876.

BSa't^n, (John Colborni,) Barok, an English
general and statesman, bom in 1776. He served with
distinction in the Peninsular war, and was afterward*
appointed Governor of Canada, He obtained the
grand Cross of the order of the Bath in 1838, was
made a general in 1854, and in 1855 commander of the
military forces in Ireland. Died in 1S63.

Bea'ireU, (Molly Elliot,) an American author,
born in Gloucester county, Virginia, in i36o. She
published her first novel in 1S89, won a $500 prize
with her " Little Jarvis" in 1890, and a $3000 priie
with her "Sprightly Romance of Marsac" in 1895.
She has published varioits other novels and juvenile

Sab, in the andent Egyptian mythology, was the father
of the gods, and the god of the earth. He was identifiM
with Cronos, or Saturn.

B«ba, si'bS, (Albert,) a Dutch amateur naturalist,
born in East Fric*l;^d in 1665, acquired a large fortune

tbe service of the Dutch East India Company, which
he spent in forming a museum of objects in natural his-
tory. This collection having been purchased by Peter
the Great of Russia, Seba made another, still larger,
which was esteemed the finest in Europe. He pub-
, 1 Latin and French,
736, soon after which his col-
lection was sold at auction.

BebaatUs, se-bast'ytn, (Port SebastiXo, sl-Us-le-
SwN'i Pr. StBASriEN. sk'bts't^N'; Sp. Skbastiah,
si-bls-te-ln' ; IaL Srbastia'nus,] Dom, King of Por-
tugal, and grandson of the emperor Charles V., was
born at Lisbon in 1554. He manifested at an early age
a passion for military adventure and romantic exploits.
In 1578 he took advantage of the dissensions which had
broken out in Morocco to invade that country, under
the pretext of assisting Muley Mohammed to recover his
throne, which had been usurped by his unde, Abdul-
Meiek (or -Malek.) He invaded Morocco, and was op-
posed by Abdul-Meiek in a battle near Alcazar- qui vir,
where Sebastian was defeated and killed in 157S.

S« B»HAin> DA Cauii "QuoiicidE Dora Scbmiiio." iSui
Bauou MiCHADO. " Hcmoriai laua ■ HiMtocii dc Pailugal.' 4
volt., i73«-5il "NwnllaKinvibieGAiinle;" Baua Pauda,
"Vidadc ^. Sd>«^" 1691.

Sabaattan, [LaL Sebastia'nus ; Fr. SfaAsrisN, si'-
bts'tc^' ; IL Sebastiano, sJi-bfa-te-l'no,] Saint, a
celebrated Christian martyr of the third century, is sup-
posed to have been a native of Narbonne, in France.
He served a* a captain in the prKtorian guard under
Diocletian. Having refused to abjure hls£ulh, be wa*
tied to a tree and pierced with arrows, A.tx iSS. Hia
martyrdom has been a bvourite suUect with the painter*
of the middle ages, and hi* protection is invoked by the
Catholics against pestilence.

~ " I, jAUnw, " Sicnil ud

del Plomba See PioKBa

Bebaatlanl, sl-bls-te-l'nee or si'bts'ie'rne', (Hor-
ace Francis,) Count, a distinguished general and
diplomatist in the French service, was born in Corsica
about 1775. He took part in the Italian campaigns of
1796 and 1799, and rose to be general of brigade in l803.
He afterwards served in Austria, Spain, and Russia.
He was appointed minister of marine afrer the revolution
cH 1S30 by Louis Philippe, and subsequently minister of
r — - — _*^T^- *_ _o_- 1 — w-_-^j.^.. .^ London,

BAbakUanL (Jean AndrI Tibubce,) Vucomrr, a
general, a broth^ of the preceding, was bom in Cor-
sica in 178S. He took part in the Spanish campaigns
from 1808 to iSii, and accompanied the grand army to
Russia In iSll. He was made a lieutenant-general Aer
the rcvjlHtion of 1830, and received the grand cross of
the legion of honour in 1845. Died in 1871.

■a 1; ; as 1; X hard; | at/,- O, K, K,/>iffHra/,- N, maial; R, triiUdi I as *; th as In AU. (J^See Explanations, p. 13.

d by Google

SabastUo. See Sebastian.
SAbudeiL See Sebastian.
Beber, sCbfr or zi'h^, (Wolpganq,) ■ German

Kholar and divine, born at Sola in 1573, publiihed an
"Index of all the Words in Homer," ("Indei omnium
In Homero Verborum,") uid editions of several Greek
disiiCL Died in 1634.

Ssbflk, the crocodile-bcadcd god of the andent
Egyptians. He was chieSy wonhipped in the Atsinoite
nome : in other regions he mi in late times held in such
general abhorrence that the names of towns and district)
where he was worshipped were omitted bom the geo-
graphical lists.

B«b'l-«tiiiA, (in Egyptian, BhaVatoh;) a king of
Eeypt, a son and successor of Sabacon. He lost Ethi-
opia to Tirhakah, but joined with that prince and with
Heiekiah in a league against the Aujriana. The Bible
and the Egyptian record* both describe the miraculoos
destmction of the hosts of Sennacherib, (701 b.c.) In
692 B.C. Tirhakah slew Sebicbus and conquered Egypt.
Bebillot, (Paul,) a French folk-lorist, bom at
Matignon in 1S43. He became a painter, but after
1SS3 devoted himself to [oik-lore, publishing books on
BrelOD legends, " Contes de Terre et de Mer," ( 1883,)
" Ugendes et Superstitions de la Mer," (1S86,) etc.
He ^ited the " Revue des Traditions Po[nlaires."

8ttbond«, da, dl sl-bon'dft, or Sabtmd*, d-boon'-
djl, (Ravuond,) a Spanish physician and theologian,
born at Barcelona, became professor of medidne, phi-
losophy, and divinity at Toulouse. He was the author
of "Theologia Nituralis," (1496,) which was translated
into French by Montaigne. I^ed about 143a.

S» Bkvu, " HiMoricnl and Critlcil Diedonuj :" J. KOLan^
"BaTlM(i1iigwKitiinliR.d*SebaiiilE," lUt-

S4broii, ai'bftAN', (Hipfolvtb,) a French painter,
bom in iSoi, wat a pupil of Dagoeire. Died in 1879.

Btfoolil, sek'kee, (Pietro Ahgelo,) S.J., a diatla-
snished Italian astronomer, born at Reggio nell' Emilia,
July 39, 1818. In 1833 he became a Jesuit. He was aa
instructor at Loreto, 1841-43, and at Georgetown, D.C.,
■849-50, having meantime studied divinity at Rome.
Father Secchi won a wide and well-deseived reputation
at the obaervatory of Rome, to which be wat called '
l8j& His spectroscopic observations, his studies
stellar, solar, and terrestrial physics, and his meteot
logical tesearches, all were important Among his many
contributions to sdentiGc literature are "Catatogo delle
Stelle," {1867,) "Flsica soiare," (1869,) "Le Solei!,"
(1870,) "Dell" Unitl deile Forie fiaidie," (1875,) etc
Died Februai; 16, 1878.

SriohaUaa. See HArault dk SAckxllu.
Seokendori; von, fon s(k'(n-doir or zlk'fn-doKf ,
(Christian Adolf,) Barok, a German dramadtt and
poet, bom in 1767; died in 1S33.

Beokanclotit von, (Fkiedeich Hsinkich,) Count,
a German commander and diplomatist, bora at KSniga-
berg, in Pranconia, in 1673, was a nephew of Veit Lad-
wig, noticed below. He served against the Turks under
Fnnce Engene, and in the war of the Spanish succea-

Engene at the battle of Belgrade, and was soon after
made a count of the empire, general of ordnance, and
governor of Leipsic He concluded the treaty of Was-
terhansen, in 1716. On the death of Eugene he becama
commander-in-chief of the Austrian anny at Belgrade^
Died In 1763-

BaolEend<»t von, (Gustav,) Baron, a Germ;
writer, known by the pseudonym of Patrick Phalk,
bom near Altenbnrg in 1775, was author of a nn™**"
of dramas and prose essays. He died in Am
in i8S3-

Seokendort Ton, (Varr Ludwtg,) an em
German statesman, scholar, and theologian, bom
Eriangen in 1636. In 1691 he was appointed by the
Elector Frederick III. {afterwards Frederick L of Pms-

sily ol Halle. He was the aulhoi 01 a political

intitled "Deutsche Fiirstenstaat," (1665,) "His-
torical and Apologetical Commentary on Lutheranism,"
"Compendium of Ecclesiastical History," (both in
Latin, 1666,) and " Christenstaat," a defence of Chrii-
tianity against the inRdel philosophers. Died in 1691.

S« ScMtMOr, "Hiitc™ Viw V. L. . S«l»n<lorf I7lli

Beok'^r, (Thomas,) an eminent English prelate, bora

Nottingham in 1693. He studied at an academy (or

dissenters at Tewkesbury, where Butler, the author of

"Analogy," was one of his fellow -students. He

afterwards confornied to the Church of England, entered

Eietci College, Oxford, and was ordained in 1713. He

was made Bishop of Bristol, (173S.) of Oxford, (1737,)

id Archbishop of Canterbury, [175S.} He died in 1768;

Becond, (Jean.) See Everard, (Joannes.)
Secoadkt, de. See HotrTESoiJiEir, i>e.
Seoondat, de, d<h seh-k&H'dr, (Jean BAfrmE,)
Baron, a son of the celebrated Montesquien, was bora
Bordeaux in 171(1. He wrote several sdentlfle

lawyer and ti'KJratmr, bom at Lucera in 171J. Among
his works is a " Life of Julias Caesar," (" Storia delta
viu di C. Giolio Cesare,'' 3 vols., 1777.) Died in 1798.

Beootuaa, afh-kooss', {Denis Fran^u,) a Froicli
Lslorical writer, bom in Paris in 1691. He published

Memoires de Conde," (5 vols., 1743,) and other
works. Died in 1754.

Beoratan, (Charles,) a French philosopher, was
born at Lausanne in 1815. He became professor of
philosophy in the Academy of Lausanne, and wrote
" Philosophic de la Liberti," " La Raison et la Chrii-
uiisme," "La Civilisation et les Ctoyances," etc
Ditd in 1895.

Baonndoi, (Joahnes.) See Eveeard, (Joanneh)

Sridalna, tl'dtn', (Hicuel Jean,) a popular French
dramatist, bora in Paris in 1719. Among his orindpal
works are the comedies entitled " The Phuoaopher with-
ont knowing it," (" Le Philosophe sans le savoir,")
" The Unexpected Wager," (" La Gageare imprivue,")
and "Raintond, Count of Toulouse ;" also the operas
of "Aline, Qceen of Golconda," "Amphitryon," " Ridi-
ard CeeorJlj-yon," and "William Tell." He wat
chosen a member of the French Academy in 1786.
Died in 1797. _

8c* Madau urn Salm-IXck, "£l(«a da SMiisc" im.

Sadano, de, d& si-dl'no, (Don Joan Josl Lopez,)

a Spanish antiquary, bom at Alcali de Henares in 1719,
published a "Dissertation on the Medals and Ancient
Monuments found in Spain," a compilation of poems
entitled "The Spanish Parnassus," and other works.
Died in 1801.

Bed'dfO, (JA¥ES A.,) an American politidan and
lawyer, born in Virginia. He was elected a member of
Congress in 1845 and in 1849, and of the Confederate
Congress, l36l-Ol. Ke was appointed secretarv of wai
of the Confederate States about November, 1S63, and
retained that office until January, 1865. He died Au-
gust ig, 1S80.

Btdt'wick, (Adah,) an eminent English geologiat,
bom at Dent, in Yorkahire, March m, 1785. He was
educated at Cambridge, and became a Fellow of Trinity
College in 1S09. He obtained In 1818 the chair of
geology founded at Cambridge by Dr. Woodward, and
becameacanonof Norwich in 1834- Professor Sedgwidc
gave much attention to the crystalline and palteotoic
rocks, and contributed greatly to the progress of geology
in England. Among his works is a "Synopsis of toe
Classification of the British Pal*oioic Rocks." Ho is
reputed to have written an able criticism which appeared
in the " Edinburgh Review" on a book called " Vestiges
of Creation." Died January ay, 1873,

Bedgwtok, (Amy,1 (Mrs. Parkss,) a popular Eng-
I, bom at Bristol in 1835. Died in 1897.

I, £, I, &, S, f , /ny; )>• t> ^ ume, leas prolonged; I, I, I,S, ii, ;, r^<<rt,- (, f, t, 9, «f«wnr; Or, (111, at; mtt; n6t : gASd; mSBo

SEDGWICK %\

Mdt'wlok, [Cathuikx Maria,) an eminent Amer-
ican writer and monliat, dingbter of Judge Sedgwick,
noticed below, wai born at Stockbridge, MaBsachiuetts,
Id 1789. Her first publication, entitled "The New Eng-
land Tale," {1833,) was received with great fivour, and
IS followed bv " Kedwood," a novel, (1824-) Her tale
' t in 1827, and »oon obtamed

ica and Europe, having been
Her other novels are entitled
ir Own Times," (1830.) " The
" Married or Single," (1857.)
s popniar tales (or the joang,
Bt valuable and attractive worts

SEEBURG

" Hope Leslie" 1
a wide popularity in
translated into Gern
" Clarence, or a Tale of 01
Unwoods," (1B35,) 1
She also wrote nume
which are among the m

of the kind. Among these mav be named the " Lore-
Token for Children," " Poor Rich Man and Rich Poor
Man," " Live and Let Live," " Means and Ends of Self.
Training," and " Morals of Manners." Having visited
Europe, Miss Sedgwick published in 1S41 "Letters from
Abroad to Kindred at Home." She contributed to
Sparks's " American Biography" the " Life of Laaetia
Maiia Davidson," and wrote a number of tales for the
leading periodicals. Died in 1867.

SnGiiiwou), "PtoH Wrllen of Amrioi" HAauarUAa-
TtmAti, uniclc in " Wanninner Review" for Octslia, tS}7:"Mara
Antricu KeneV' lot April. iS>s. April. iSA Iidditt, iBji, ud
Octobt, iSh ; " Nutiocal Ponnit-GiUefT of lMtiiiiBiib«l Ann-

Badgwiok, (John,) an able American general, bom
In Connecticut about tSl <, graduated at West Point in
1817. He served in the Mexican war as first lieutenant,
(1S46-47,) and was a lieutenant-colonel in the regular
army when the dvil war began. He obtained command
of a brigade in August, i&i, distinguished himself at
Fair Oaks, May 31 and June 1, 1S63, and look part in
the Seven Days'^ battles, June 16 to July I. Having
displayed great courage and skill at Aniietam, Septem-
ber 16 and 17, he was raised to the rank of major-general
b December. He commanded a corps at the battle of
Cetiysburg, July 3 and J, 1863, and m the army which
Uiant moved towards Ricbmond. He was killed near
Epottsylvania Court-Hoiise on the 9th of May, 1864.

BodE^<^^ (Obadiah,) an English Puritan divine,
bom in Wiltshire In leoa He was preacher at Saint
Paul's, London, and a member of the Westminster
Assembly. He was the author of " The Anatomy
of Secret Sins," and other religious works. Died in
1658-

fiedgwlo^ (RoBEKT,) an ancestor of Theodore Sedg-
wick, was a major-general in the army of CromwelL
He was one of the early settlers of Charlestown, Mas-
■acbusetts. He took Port Royal from the French. Died
bi Jamaica in 1656L

Sedgwiok, (Susan Ridley,) wife of Theodore Sedg-
wick, {1780-1839,) was bom in Massachusetts in 1789.
She published several tales, among them "The Young
Emigrants," "The Morals of Pleasure," (1829,) "The
Children's Week," (1S30,) "Allen Prescott," (1834,] and
"Walter Thornley,'' (1859.) Died in 1867.

Ssdgwiflk, <Ti«ODORi,) an able American jurist
ind statesman, bom at Hartford, Connecticut, In 1746.
He entered the army on the breaking out of the Revo-
lutionary war, and in 1785 was elected to the Continental
Congress, in which he served until 1796. He became a
United Slates Senator in 1796, and was chosen Speaker
of the House of Representative* In 1799. He was ap-
plied in 1803 judge of the supreme court of Massa-
cfawetti. In this post he was conspicuous for his earn-
est opposition to itaTery ; and to ht* effort* was owing,
in a great denee, the abolitioa of that institution in Mas-
■achusetts. He resided many years at Stockbridge. to
which he removed in 1785. He waa an active member
of the Federal party, and was a communicant in the
church of Dr. Channing in Boston, where be died in
January, \%\X,

Bed^rwlok, (Tkxodokk,) an American jurist, bom at
Sheffield, Massachusetts, in 1780, was a son of the pre-
ceding. He was the author oiF a work entitled " Public
and Private Economv, illustrated by Observations made
in Europe in 1836-7.^' As a member of the State tegi*-
latnre, he was an earnest advocate of the anti-tlaverjr,
V, and other reforms. Died In 1839.

Bttdgwlak, (Thkodori,) a son of the preceding

was bom at Albany in 1811. Me gradoaled at Columbia
College in 1819, and aobseqoently made the tour of
Europe. Hr obtuned a high reputation and extensive
practice as a lawyer, and published several legal work*
of great merit Among these we may name his "Treat-
ise on the Measure oF Damages, or an Inquiry into the
Principles which govem the Amount of Compensation
recovered in Suits at Law," (1847.) In 1858 he was
appointed United States attorney for the southern dis-
trict of New York. Died in 1859.

Sedgwiok, (WiLUAM,) an English Puritan, wu
called "the Apostle of Ely, ''also"Doomsday Sedgwick,"
from his prophecies of the end of the woild being near.
Died about 1669.

S6dlllot, si'de'yo'' (Ckarlks Ehmakvel,) a skilhl
French i>hysician and surgeon, bom in Paris in 1804,
was appointed in 1&41 pro&sor of surgical clinics <n the
Faculty of Medidne at Strasbourg. He published a
"Manual of Legal Medicine," (1S30,] etc Died in 18S3.

Sidillot, (Jean,) a French physician, born near
Rambouillct in 1757. He founded in 1797 the "Journal
of Medicine, Surgery, and Pharmacy," which he edited
for twenty vears. Died in 1840,

SdflUlot, (Jean Jacques Emmanuel,) a French
Orientalist, the father of Charles Emmanuel, noticed
above, was born at Montmorency in 1777 ; died in 1833.

BMUlot, (Lotns PiMKI EuGtNS Am*ue,) a French
Orientalist, a son of the preceding, was born In Paris
in 1808. He was successively appointed professor of
history in the Colleges of Bourbon and Saint Louis,
secretary In the College of France, and of the school for
living Oriental tongues. Among his numerous work*
we may name "Letters on some Points of Oriental
Astronomy," (1834,) "New Researches towards the
History of Mathematical Science among the Orientals,"
(i837,)anda"History of the Arabs." Died in 1875.

Sedley, (CATHEaiNs,) a daughter of Sir Charles
Sedley, "whose abilities and impudence," says Mac-
anlay, "she inherited." She became the mistress of
James IL, who gave her the title of Countess of Dor-
chester. She co-operated with the king's ministers in
resisting his In&tuated purpose to hazard the loss of the
throne by his nal for popery. Died in 1691.

Bedley, (Sir Chari.es,) an English poet and drama
tist, born in Kent in 1639, was distinguished at the
court of ChMtes II. for his wit and profligacy. He was
a member <A Parliament from New Romney, Kent, and
after the rarolntion of 16S8 he joined the party of the
Prince of Orange. He was the author at truedies
entitled "Antony and Cleopatra" and "The Tyrant
King of Crete," also a numtwr of comedies and Rcen-
tious poems. Died in 1701.

Be-da^-tui, (Cauds,) a Roman poet and Christian
of the fifth century, waa the author of " Hirabilium Di-
vinorum," being portions of the history of the Bible, in
hexameter verse, a " Hymnns" in praise of Christ, and
other similar works.

Bob, (Thomas Jefferson Jackson,) astronomer,
bom in Missouri In 1866. He has been professor of
mathematics at the Mare Island Observatory since 1903,
has discovered many double stars, and advanced an in-
teresling planetary theory. ^

Sevbnoh, d14K or i&'blK, (Maui,) a popular Ger
man actress, bom at Riga in 1837. After she had
acquired ■ European repntatioQ, she viailed the United
State* in 187a

BMbaok, a'btk or li'bek, (Jokann Thomas,) a
German natural philosopher, bom at Reval in lyycs be-
came a resident olNurcmberg about 1813. He afterward*
removed to Berlin, and was a member of the Royal

nadedisi

electric pile, (1811.) :
Be«bode, sl'bo'dfh or zi'bo'dfli, (Joachim Gott-
PKiED,) a German philologist, born in 1793. He edited
the work* of Tacitus and Thucydide*. Died in iS6gl

Seebnrg, Ton, fon si'bd6KO, (Frak^) a German
author, bom at NVmphenburg, January 15, 1856. He
became a Roman Catholic pries^ and wrote many books,
iJiiefly didactic atones, and tales for llie young. A more

i; gJar^,- tas/,-a.U,K,^iniru/,- Vt*iatal:%.lriUed: iasi,'*l

mlkii. (J^n'See Explanations, p. s}.'-
Digitized by CjOOQ I C

ti66

SEGUIER

ambitious i*ork U "The Fuggers and their TuBCtt"
(I879-)

B«ed, (Jbkemuh,) an Englwh divine, born in Cum-
berland. publUhed a namber of Sermo/is, Letters,
Essayi, etc He preached at Twickenham and Enham.
Died in 1747.

B«eluit^ d'klti or zl'klts, (Johann Konkao,) ■
German painter of superior merit, bam at Griinitadt in
17)0; died in 176S.

S»«leil, TOI^ Too silen or dlfn, (J. H.,) a German
philoliwist, bom at Bremen in 1687; died in 1762.

See'lAy, (Hakky Govibr,) a British ^eoaiolo-
gisl, bora at LoadoQ in 1839. He became professor
of geolt^; and geography at King's College, London,
and made a. number of important discoveries in animal
evolution. Among hi» works are " The Fresh'Waler
Fishes of Europe," (1886,) "Fossil Reptilia," (1S87,)
and " Story of the Earth in Past Ages," (1895.)

Bee'Iey, (Johk Robbkt.) an English writer, bom b
London about 1834. He graduated at Christ's College,
Cambridge, in 1857, where he became a Fellow and in-
structor. He was professor of Latin in Univeriiij Col-
lege, London, 1863-69, and in iS6g was made professor
ai modem history in Cambridge University. He also
in 1881 became a professotial Fellow of Cams College.
Among his works are the celebrated " Ecce Homo,"
(1865.) " NalurU Religion," { 1881,) " The Expansion
ol England," (1883,) and "Greater Greece and
Greater Britain," (1887.) Died January 13, 1895.

Seely, (Edward Howard,) an American author,
bom at New York city in 1856. He was engaged in
sheep ranching in Texas for a time, and wrole works
o( fiction based on frontier life, the last being "A
Border Leander," (1893.) Died in 1894.

Beoly*. see'le, (Julius Hawi.ky,) D.D., LLD., an
American edncaior.bornatBethel.Conn.. September 14,
1824- Hegtadualedal Amherst College in 1&49, studied
at Auburn, and at Halle, (Germany.) was a Reformed
Dutch pastor, 1853-58, was professor of mental and
moral philosophy at Amherst, 1858-76, president of the
college, 1876-^; also a member of Congress, 1874-78.
He published several works. Died May 12, 1S95-

S«al]r«k (Ladikni Clakk.) D.D., a brother of the

at Andover, Berlin, and Heidelberg, held
gregationalist pastorales in New Eneland. was professor
of rhetoric in Amherst CQllege, 1865-73, and in 1878
was appointed president of Smith College, Northampton,
Hassichusetts.

Besnuum, sl'mln, (Bbrthold,) a German botanist,
bom at Hanover, February 18, iSaj. He was educated
at Gdltingen, and travelled extensively in Arctic and
tropical regions. He published a "Narrative of the
Voyage of H.M.S. Herald." (1853,) a "Popular Hi*-
tory of the Palms," (1S55,) " Vili," (1S63,) etc Died
October 10, 1871.

SMta. See Strt.

Beetsen, slt's^n or zit'sfn, (Ulhich Jasfkk,) a
German naturalisl, bom near Oldenburg in 1767,
travelled in Palestine, l^ypt, and Arabia, and made a
valuable collection of manuscripts and objects in natural
history, now in the museum at Gotha. He is said to
have adopted the Moslem religion. He died near Mocha,
Arabia, in 181 1.

Beeva. See Siva.

e studied

a grandson of Abbis the Great. He began to reign in
Im8, and committed great excesses of cruelty. Be was
involved in war with the Turkish Sultan Amurath IV.,
who took Bagdld. Died in 1643.

Bebtrdm or B«btro«m, stf strom, (Nils Gabkiicl,)
a Swedish chemist, born at Hetsingland m 1787. He dis-
covered the metal Vanadiom about 183a Died in 1854.

Brigalaa, si'gnis', (Pisbre Salomon,) a French
physician, bom at Saint-Palais in 1791, pablithed a
anmber of medical works. Died in 1S75.

Se'gfr, (Sir William,) an English msgistrate and
writer, held the ofEce of Garter king-at-smu. He [nb-

•s-.na

llshed a work entitled " Honour, Civil and Mililaiy."
Died in 1633.

Begben or Begen, ti'Sfn or sK'Hers, (Daniu,) a
Dutch painteroffiuit- and flower-pieces,bom at Antwerp
in 1590, was a pupil of Breughel. He attained great ex-
cellence in bis department of the art, and was emplojed
bv Rubens to paint the floweia in some of bis bislorical
pictures. Died in i66a

Bsgben, (Gbkaart,) brother or cousin of the p
ceding was bom at Antwerp about ij, .
painting at Rome, and afterwards visited Spain, where
ne was patronized by the court. Hit works are chiefly
historical. Died in 1651.

Segneri. s^-yi'ree, (Paolo,) an Italian Jesmt and
celebrated pulpit orator, bom near Rome in 1624. He
filled the post of preacher to Pope Innocent XII. Hii
" Quaretimale," or sermons for Lent, are esteemed
among the best jM-odactioii* of the kind in the language.
Died In 1694.

Sagni. dn'yee, (BtaNAiDO,) an Italian histiiriaiv
bom at Florence in the fifteenth century. His prindpal
work, a "History of Florence from 1537 to 1555," hu
a high reputation. He also translated several works of
Aristotle bto Italian. Died in 1559.

Bognla, d«, d«h sfh-eBi', (Jean Rrgnauui,) a
French poet and novelist, l>om at Caen in 1614. He
was secretary of Mademoiselle de Hontpensier for many
years. He translated Vii^l into verse, and wrote pas-
toral poems, the style of which was praised by Boilean,
Died in 1701.

~H<iBoirv:" 'k. Gauahi^
fiaphlc (Miiinli,"

Siguier, si'f^', (Aktoinb,) a French judge, bora
in Paris in tS5», was a son of Pierre, (1504-fe.) He
was appointed advocate-general in ijSy, was loyal to
the king during the League, and defended the Itber^
of the Galtican Church against Pope Gregory XIV.
Died in 1614.

Btenler, (Ahtoine Jean Hatbieu,) a French Jodge,
bom in Paris in 1768. He was appointed pre^deni of
the court of appeal, Paris, in iSoi, and retained that
position more tlian forty years. Died in 1848.

5« " KoavsUa Biofniihii CiaiTiiM."

SignioT, (Aktoine Louis,) a celebrated French joriU
and orator, bom in Paris in 1716, was the father df llw
preceding. Appointed advocate-general in the Parlia-
ment of Paris in 1755, he toon acquired the highest
reputation for eloquence, legal knowledge, and integrity.
In 1757 he succeeded Fontenelle as a member of the
French Academy. Died in 179a.

Sh PowTAua," Elqnd'A. L. S^iei," 1)06 ; Voltaiu. "L*
Du:" SAnvT^^LaS^icr;" " N«nlU Biognphie »i>«nlc."

Srigoior, (AiUAND PiERKi.) Baron, a French ad-
vocate, a son of Antoine Jean Malhieu, noticed above,
was bom at MontpelUer in 1803. He became about
1830 a councillor at the royal court of Paris. In 1S4I
he resigned bis functions and devoted himself to works of
mechanism. He wss a member of the Institute, sod
WBB noted for his mechanical skill. Died in 1876.

Briguiar, (Jean FEAsgois,) a French antiquary and
naturalist, born at NImes in 1703, was related to the
eminent jurists of that name. He was an intimate ftiend
of Sdpio MafTei, In conjunction with whom he mades
large collection of ancient inscriptions, Hediedin 1784.
leaving his museum of medals and objects in natural
history to the Academy of NImes. He translated into
I^ench the " Memoirs of Alexander, Marquis of MafU,"
and wrote a work entitled '* Bibliotheca Botanica."

SigtileT, (Nicolas Maxiuilieh Sidoinb,) Harqan
de Saint- Brisaon, a French writer, born at Beanvais is
1773. Among his works is an " Essay on Polytheism,"
(1 vol*., 1S40.T IMed in 1854.

Bigiiler, (PiCKKE,) an eminent French jurist ud
magistrate, born in Paris in 1504. He rose througk
several important offices to be president i mortier la
1554, and, while filling this post, was chiefly instrumental
in preventing the introduction of the Inquisition into
Frsnce. He died fn 1580, leaving aix son*, who w«n
distinguished for their legal a[' '

i, % I. «, D, 7, /»tf; i, ^ 6, same, less prolonged; i, £, I, e, (i, f, /i«r(; », f, i, 9, ««w«rr; fir, 1311, Ot; iDit; nOt; gAd; ndBa;

d by Google

ti67

SELDEN

■Jein Siguier.

- .J,»"d reluned

that office (except for tbort intervals) until hii death.
He wu a friend of Richellen, with whom he stisiea the
honour of bdog the Toundetorihe French Acadenijr, ol
which he m* preaident Voltaire praised his fidelitv in
these terms,—" Toojoors fiddle dans un temps oil c'eiail
DD mtrite de ne psa I'Ctre," (" Always faithiul in a time
when k was a merit not to be so.") Died in 1671. 1

Sh FLuqnT, "Diain da Chualiar S^nisr," \ttt; Sjim,
"LnS^Rikr;" P. Taumiuht, "Elogi fiintbn in f. Stfoiti."
itft: "KoDnDi Kocnphia OMnl* ;" " BJocnphla UuvithUi.'

SesDln, »«-gwIn'. [Fr. pron. sf-R&N',! (fioouARD,) a
French alienist, born at Clamecy, January 10, 181s. He
studied under Itard, and devoted hiuuelf with great
assidtiitjr to the study of idiocy and the training '
children whose mental powers were in abeyance.
1S48 he removed to the United States. He published
•evera] Tolnroes in French and English, chieSy on idiocv
and related aubjects. Died October aS, lESa

BAgor, de, dfh sik'gaR', [Hknu Francois,) Coim,
a French soldier, bom in 1689, served with distinction
in Spun and Italy, and was made lieutenant-general ia

ItSao,} and numerous comedies, operas, and romance!.
Died in 1S05.

SMQviaABD, "I^ Fnun Litifnire."

B4Kt>i>da,(Louis Phiuppb,) CoHTE, a French diplo-
matist and iia/rattur, bom in Paris in 1753, was a son
of Philippe Henri, noticed below. He served under
Rochambeau in the American war, and after its tor*
minalion was appointed in 17S4 ambassador to Saiut
Petersburg, where he was treated with great distiaC'
tion by Catherine IL He was elected to the Cfational
Aasemtily after the breaking out of the French Revolu-
tion, and in 1793 was sent on a mission to the c«art
of Prussia. He was chosen a memlxr of the French
Academy in tSot, and was subsequently made a peer
bf Louis ZVIIL He published a "Historical asd
Political Picture of Europe from 17S6 to 1796," " UoraJ
and Pt^ilical Tales," " Universal History, Ancient and
Uodem," (1819,] "Moral and Political Gallery," and
"Memmr*, Souvenirs, and Anecdotes," {3 vols, 1834.)
The lisl-oanied, a very entertaining and attractive work,
obtained great popularity. Died m iS3a

S« " Hoordl* Ksiniilua G6i<nla :" SAiim-Biuv^ utia ia
th> "K«ue da Daa Mondu" fw IdnT ij, 1S4J.

Mgnr, An, (FiuLiPFa Henki,) Mauquis, son of
Henri Francois, noticed atx>ve, was born in 1714. He
served with distinction in the Italian and German cam-
paigns of Louis XV., and attained the rank of lieutenant-
general. He was appointed minister of war in 1780^ and
marshal of France in 17S3. Died in l8or.

Sh "Nounllt Biocrqilua Giatnit."

Bigm, de, (Philipfb Paul,) Comtb, a general and
historian, born in Pari* in 1780^ was a son of Louis
Philippe, noticed above. He became an officer of Bo-
naparte's BlaH; and obtained the confidence of that chief,
who employed hin in ceveral Ibrei^ missions. He
served as a general of the imperial slsffin the campaign
of Russia. He wrote a " Uislot7 of Napoleon and the
Grand Army in iSiI," (1834,) which had great success,
and a " History of Rnsws and Peter the Great," (1829-)
In tSjo be was admitted into the French Academy.
Died February 35, 1873.

SApir d'AgaeMefto, de, dfh sJi'giiR' dfgi'sS',
(Ratmond Joseph Padl,) Comti, bom In Paris is
1803, and became a senator in i8<a. Died in 18S9.

Senr, Sfh-ge', 0OSKFII,) a French preacher and
poet, bom at Rodei in 16S9. became a member of the
French Academy in 1736, Died in 1761.

Beldeiibiiati,sl'dfn-bd6sh, (Rupert.) U.U.,abishop,
born at Munich, Bavaria, October 13, 1S30. He came
10 the United Slates in 1S50, entered the Benedictine

ofdet, and was an abbot from 1867 to 187s, when he was
consecrated Bishop of Halia and appointed near apo*
tobc of Northern Minnesota.

Beidl, sidl or ddl, (Tohann Gabubl,) an Austriai
bttintatr and antiquary, bom at Vienna in i&h, was
appointed in 1840 keeper of the cabinet of onns snd
aotiques at Vieims. Died June 18, 1875.

3n " FfUB'* ll>(uint" far Autuit, iBji.

Belgnolar, de. See Colbert, (Jean BAPrisra-i
Seller, st'lfr or d'l^,(Gaoao Fribdrich,) a German

wnter, born near Baireuth in 1733, became in 1770 pr<».

fessor of theology at Erlangen. Died in 1S07.

^ BaUa, scess, (Joseph Auouarus.^ D.D., a learned

[813, became in 185S the paslorof Saint John's Chnrcb,
Philadelphia. He published, besides manyotherworlu,
'' The Last Times and the Great Consum-

rian, bom in Savoy about 145a He became Bishop o(
Marseilles in 1509. He wrote, tiesides other works, " \m
grande Monarchie de France," (1519.) Died in i^ao.

B^aiL See Sejahus.

S^jan, sk'zh&N', (Nicolas,) a French composer and
excellent organist, bom in Paris in 1745 ; died in 1S19.

BMi'nus, [Fr. SijAN, si'sheN',] (Lucius .^lius.)
a celebrated Roman courtier and ^vourite of the em-
peror Tiberius, was bom at Vulsinii, in Etniria. He
ro« through vorion* promodotis to be commander-in-

of the pi ■'"'■" "
perial power, s<

of the emperor, by pdson, in 13 A.n, having previously
seduced Livia, the wife of Dmsus, and made her an
accomplice in his crime. With a view of obtaining the
sole direction of public aflairs, be induced Tiberius to
retire to the island of Caprete, and subseqnently caused
Agrippina, the widowof Germanicus, and her sons, to be
pat to death. The emperor, aroused at length to sus.
pidon, deprived Sejanus of his office, and ordered him
to be arrested and executed, 31 a.d.

ShTacitui, "ADDaln;" J. Animnin, "Diiunitio da Ss
JiDO," 1696; UiBivALa. " Tha Roaun* Biidai 1b> Smpin."

B-l a French dramatis
. 1874.

Selboroe, LoRa See Palmes, (Sir Roundell.)

BeFbjF, (Pkideaux John,] an English ornithologist,
was the author of " Rgures of British Birds," (Edin-
burgh, 1S31,) which, says Professor Wilson, "is perhape
the most splendid work of the kind ever published in
Britain," and of a "Historrof British Forest-Trees,"
(London, 1841.) Died in 1867.

S« " Blukmul'i Mn»i"" <<>r NoTenber. tB>6. md Jbk,

Sel'dvn, (DUDLEV,) an American lawyer, practised
his profiissLun in New Vork with distinction, and wai
elected to Congress in 1833. Died in Paris in 1855.

Sol'dfn, (John,) a celebrated English lawyer and
statesman, born at Salvington, in Sussex, on the t6tb
of December, 1584. He was educated at Oifbrd, which
he quitted about 1602, and entered the Inner Temple,
London, in 1604. He was an intimate friend (rf Ben
Jonson. He was profoundly versed in history, laa*
guages, antiquities, etc His first work was " Analeclon
Anglo- Britarnicon," {1606.) In 1614 he published a
work " On Titles ofHonour," which was highly esteemed.
His reputation was augmented by a learned treatise
"On Syrian Divinities," ("De Diis Syria," 1617.) In
1633 he was elected 10 Fsrliament, in which he acted
with the country party, or exposition. He was one of
the managers of the prosecution of the Duke of Buck-
ingham, in 1616-38. In the session of 1639 Selden waa
a prominent opponent of the arbitrary measures of liie
Icing, who committed him, with other leaders, to the
Tower. After he had passed eight months in prison, the
court offered to release him if he would give security for
his good behaviour, which he refused to do. He wat
then transferred to another place of confinement, and
detained until 1634. In 1635 he published a celebrated
work entitled the " Closed Sea," (" Mare Claosum,") iv
which he claimed for England the exclusive use of the

«aai;caai;BA>n/.-ftas/,-0,H,K,/iiaMni/,-N,faM>f;K,iyilA;n/,-lass,-thatini!Uh (■^^SeeExDlanat<an^p.33.)

d by Google

called '• Open Sea," (" Hire Uberum.") He reprCKnted
the UnLTCTsitir of Ojdbrd in the Long Parliament, which
met in 164% In the conteat between the king and the
Parliament he pursued a moderate or irresolute cooise.
Ue oppmed the execution of the Earl o! Strafford, but
lubscribed the Covenant in 1643, and wai one of Ihe laj
members of the Assembly of Divinea at Wesiminsier.
Among his important woiks are one "On the Law of
Nature and of Nations according to the Teachine of
the Hebrews," ("De Jure naturali et Gentium juita
Diadplinam Hebrcoram," 1640,) and "A Commenlan
on English Law," {" Fleta, sen Coraraentaiius Jun»
Anglican!," 1647.) Selden remained in Parliament until
1650 or later. His latter years were passed in the house
of the Countess-dowager of Kent, 10 whom it was re-
ported be was married. He died in November, 1654.
Hi* character is highly extolled by men of both partie*.
Baldscbaken or Bflldaohokldea. See Snjoo-

Se-lA'no, {Gr. ZcXtv?; Ft. SiilNi, st1in'; Lat
Lu'na,] Ibe goddess of the moon, sometimes called
Mbnk or Ph<bbr. She was said to be a daughter of
Mellos or Hyperion, and by some writers was identified
with Diana, {which see.)

SelenddK, te-lu'd-d^ the name of the dynasty
founded bv Seleucos Niotor. (See next article.)

Bo-lefl'cua [Gr. lOcuBirl I. sumamed Nica'tob,
founder o( the dynasty of the SeleaddB, was the son
of Andochus, ageneraJ in the service of Philip of Mace-
don. He rose to the highest rank In the army of Alex-
ander the Great, and, after the death of that sovereign,
became Satrap of Babylonia about 311 B.C. He subse
qnently carried on a war against Antigonut and liis son
Demetrius, which resulted in hi* obtaining possession
of Media, Bactria, and other large portions of Asia, and
forming thereby the Syrian monarchy. Having set ont
on an expedition against Macedonia, he was assassinated
tw Ptolemy Cerauntis, aSo B.C He founded the cities
M Antioch and Seleucia, (or, more correctly, Seleuceia,)
and was a liberal patron of learning. He was highly
distinguished for military ability. He was succeeded by
hi* ton, Aniiochus L

Sft-leQ'on* Cal-U-nl'oiu, son of Antiochus IL, as-
cended the throne of Syria in 246 B.C. He carried on
wail with the EgypliaikS and E^thian*. Died about
aa6B.c.

8al«a'oiis m. Ce-nta'nna, King of Syria, was a
■on of Seleucus CalTiniois, whom he succeeded in 3i6
B.C. He died in 333, and was succeeded by hi* brother,
Antiochus IH.

Selen'ona IV. PUlop'Btor, a son of Antiochus IIL,
became King of Syria in 1S6 or 1S7 B.c He paid a
large sum of monej to the Romans, who had defeated
Antiochus. Died in 175 B.C.

BelencuB V, a son of Demetrius Nicator, began to
reign in 114 B.C. He was put to death by his mother,
Cleopatra, in the same year.

Selenciu VL, sanMmed Epiph'anu, was a son of
Antiochus VIIL He became king in 96^ and was killed
in 95 or 94 B.C.

BaOlm [Turk. Silexm or SBiiu, sf h-leem'l I, a sod
of Bayazeed (Bajazet) IL, was born in 1467, and became
Emperor of Turkey in 103. Having put to death his
two brothers, he invaded Persia, took its capital, and
■nbsequcntly carried on a successful war against Egypt
and Syria. He was preparing ibr another invasion of
Persia, when he died, in 1510,

Bellm (Sel«am) H, grandson of the preceding, and
son of Solyman the Magnificent, was born about IU4,
and ascended "' '' ' -" ' '"" —J— ■

Ihe Venetians, and the signi
naval battle of Lepanto, {1571.) Died in 1574.
S« VohHuihd, ■■ OoldiiAtB d«» OnMBiwhra Roda."

Bellm (Beleem) TTT, son of Musiab III., bom In
1761, became Sultan of Turkey in 1789. Having an
earnest desire to reform (he government, he had, before

been engaged with Russia, Austria, and France, Selin
entered upon his various reforms, among the moat iip-
portant of which was the Nidun Jedeed, (or Jedid,) £a
the " new order," or organization of the army after the
European manner. In 1S06 war uain broke out between
Tutkey and the allied armies oTRusua and England,
and the Janissariea, aniline themselves of the dissatis-
faction of the army with the new arrangements, mnly
levolied, and took possession of the arsenaL The Snllin
was deposed, and succeeded by Hustafit IV., who sooa
after caused him to be strangled in prison, (1808.)

S« Lahaitiii^ "KiMoin di la T^irqiiH;" "Nmnlta Bi»-
paphic Giotnln-"

e^Ua, siltss', (Nicolas Joswh,) a French poet,
bom In Paris in 1737, became professor of Latin poetry
in the College of France in 1796. He produced a good
translation of the Satires of Persios. Among his works,
which are commended as elegant in style, are " Epistle*
in Verse on Varion* Subjects," (1776.) Died in iSoi.

Beljoolddea or SelJalddeB, sCl-ioykidi, suil
BelJnkldB or BelJookldB, s«l-}oo'kid, [Fr. Selzvod-
KtDES, sil'joo'kid'; Ger. Scuischukkn, sCl-joo'k^n, n
SiLDSCHUKiDEN, sCl-joo-kee'dQn ; I^L Sklgiu'kidix
or SbiJu'kidaI the name of a celebrated dynasty,
irtiich was eatibli*bed in the latter half of the eleventh
century, lis founder was Togrul Beg, whose grand-
father Seljd&k, (Seljiik,) having been expelled from

Toorkist&n by the ruling prince, accompanied tn a
powerful tribe, (of which lie was ttie head,) aeltlea in
BcJthara and embraced the Mohammedan reliriou.

Seliook, when over a hundred yean of age, was killed
fai battle, and was succeeded by his grandson, Togrul
B^ Tliis chieftain overran a large part of Central
Aaia, took Bagdftd, and obtained possession of the pet-
ton of the ^lipb, whom, however, he treated with
profound respect. The prince of the bichful afterwards
^>pointed Togrul the lieutenant of his vast empire, and
gave him his daughter in marriue. Togrul B^ was
mcceeded by his nephew, the famous Alf-AkslIh,
(which tee.) Under him and his son, Malik Shah, the
Seliookian empire attained It* highest point of power
and glory. It soon after began (o dedine, and ended
with the death of Togrul IIL

BoUok. See Seioooudes.

Beljtikldes. See Seijoukides.

Bol'klik. (Alkxandbr,) a Scottish sailor, bom si
Largo in 1676. Having in one of his voya^ qusr-
relied with bis captain, he was left on the unmhaBiled
island of Juan Femandei in 1704, with only bis gun,
axe, ammunition, and a few other necessaries. Hen
he remained more than bur vears, living on game
and clothing himself with the skins of guats. He wu
taken off in 1709, by Captain Woodes Kogers, who made
him his mate. He died in 1733, having attained the
rank of lieutenant in the navy. Selkirk's adventures
suggested to Defoe the celebrated romance of " Robinsoe

Sal'lar, (Williah Voung,) a British classidtt,
bom near Golspie, Sutherland, in 1S35. In 1863 he
became professor of Latin at Edinburgh. Hit bril-
liant "Roman Poets of the Republic," (1863,)
brought him wide reputation. He published alio
"The Roman Poets of the Augustan Age," (1877,)
and " Horace and the Elegiac Poets," (1893.) Died
in 1S90.

Belle. seKlfh or leKlfh, (Christian Thro?HI-
LtJS,) a German physician and writer, bom at Stettin,
in Pomerania, in 1748, became physician to Frederick .
the Great of Prussia. He was the author of several
valuable medical works, and treatises against the phi-
losophy of Kant. Died In tSoo.

Bel'lerB. (Cols.uah,) an American engineer, bom
al Philadelphia in 1S37. In 1S86 he became profestm-
of the practice of en^neering at the Stevens Insti-
tute of Technology, and later prerident and cJiief engi-
neer of the Niagara Falls Power Company, wboteengi-
ueering work was directed by him. He was a meinber of
many learned societies. Died Dec aS, 1907.

i, 2,1, «t 0, y, /■BV'; il, (, ^ same, lest prolonged! i, i, I, A, u, ^ iiii>rf; t, f, 1, 9, AbcBrir; fir, fill, At; mCl; nSt; ga6di n

SBLLIUS

SaUIoa, Mlle-ta, (Godfrkt,) > G«niun writer, boni
at Dantiic, published ■ " Dicdonaij of Monograms,"
"Geogiaphitat Description of Dutch Brabant," an
otber woiks. Died in 1767.

Seia^n, (Bakir John.) an Engiiah lander, born i
1761, was the author of an "Analvsis of the Practice of
the Court of King's Bench and Common Pleas," which
U highly esteemed. Died in 1835.

Bellon, IPrjscilla Lvdia,) an Ensliib philanthro-
pist, bom about iSzo, established in 1S4Q a Protestant
■isterhood, corresponding with the religions orders of
the Catholic Church, for the care of the sick and the
cdacation of poor children. Died in 1S76.

S«ll«tedt, sel'stet, (Laks GdtTaf,) a painter, born
■t SundsTall, in Sweden, April 30, 1819. He came to
the United States in 1834, and was a seaman from 1834
to 1842, when he settled in Buffalo, New York, becoming
•uperintendeat of the Buffalo Fine Arts Aodemj, 0|>enea
in 1S61. He is chieSj' distinguished as a portrait-painter.
He was in 1S74 chosen a £11 member of the Natioika]
Academy of Design.

SfllnwT, stl'mfr, (Hahnibai. Pktsk,) a Norwe^m
writer, bom at Gaarden-Mcin, io Norway, in iSoz.

Selona, (FRBDeKiCK Courtbnav,) an English
hunter, was bom at London in 1S51. He is known
by hia striking descriptions of hunting life in South
Africa, given in " A Hunter's Wanderings in Africa,"
fl88l,J "Travel and Adventurein Southeast Africa,"
11S93,) and "Sunshine and Storm in Rhodesia,"
(1896.)

Selva, sll'vi, (GlANANTOHio,) an Italian architect,
bora at Venice in lyu ; died in 1819-

8«Ive, do, d«b ailT, (Jkan,) a French iiuke and
■ ■ ■ -■ * " \ to Madrid

ti69

SEMPER

negotiator, bom in Limousin.

n 1515 to n^otiate for the liberation of Fr
nadoeen taken - -r. • ■..-,■

Bea'wfn, (( .. ^. „

guished tor his wit, was bom in 1719. He

■ L,

Pavia. Died
English gentleman, distio-

April II, 1878. His second son, John Richardson
Sblwyn, bom in 1S45, graduated at Trinity College,
Cambridge, in 1866, and in 1877 was consecrated
Bishop of Melanesia. He retired in 1891, and was
elected master ol Selwyn College, Cambridge, in 1893.
S«lr»JiongohBmpB, d«, dfh ath-Kas' lAx'shfiN',

elicuBi, Eduond,] Baron, a naturalist, born in Paris
1S13. He poblished, besides other works, a "Belgian
Fauna," (ist voL, 1843.)

Bam, the French for SmK, which see.

Bem'e-le^ [Or. Z<^,- Fr. SltitLi, sl'miiOy,]
daughter of Cadmtw, and sister of Ino, was said to have
been beloved by Jupiter, and to have been by him the
mother of Bacchus. The poets feigned that the re-
quested Jupiter to appear to her with his greatest
splendour, and that he came with dashes of lightning,
l^ which she was consumed, and that Bacchus rescued
her from Erebus and raised her to Olympus, where she
WM called Thyo'ne.

Bamtnt, si-mee'nee, (Akdrra,) an Italian painter,
born at Genoa in 1510 ; died in 1594.

Bomlnl, (Antonio.) a painter, the father of the pre-
oeding, was born at Genoa in 1485 ; died in 1550.

B«mlnl, (Ottavio,) a painter, a son of the preceding
was bom in iqzo; died in 1604.

1«L See Sehiramis.

t, [Or. itiiipaiiit; It. S emir ami DK, si-

„ 1 celebrated queen of Assyria, whose

Unory it greatly obscured by ubles, supposed to have

reigned about 1250 B.C. She was, according to Dio-
dwnt, the wife of Omnes, a general in tlie Assyrian
army; bat, having attracted the notice of Ninus, King

of AisyHa, be made her Us qiteetL Having succeeded

to the throne on the death of Nintit, the boilt Babylon
and several other cities, and planned a number of tnag-
nificent works. She invaded Persia and Ethiopia, and
conqaered large portions of those countries. She was
leas successful in her invasion of India, where her army
was overthrown, chiefly, as it would appear, by means
of the war elephants which her enemies possessed. She
it itatcd by tome writers to liave been murdered by
Ikt son Nuyat, and by others to havs been killed in
battle.

The name Sammiuaniut occurs in inscriptions of the
ninth centnry B.c as the appellation of a certain queen
consort The Greek story given in the above paragraph
ia believed to be purely myihicaJ, having no support from
the Assyrian inscriptions, so &r as they are known.

Sm Nianui. "Gachiditi Ann md Btbds," iSjt; Rawum-
MUI. "Tha Five Gnu Maurcbiat of tb* Anciaat Suurn W«ld."

Bomler, stmlfr or sfmlfr, (Johann Sauion,) an
influential and liberal German theologian, was bom at
Saalteld in December, 1731, (or, aa some writers tay,
1735.) He studied in the University of Halle, and
became professor of theolivy there in 1 751. He has
been caUed "the lather of Genuan rationalism." In
1757 he succeeded Baumgarten aa director of the theo-
lo^cat seminary. He acquired distinction by his method
at historical herraenentics. He wrote, besides many
other works, "Apparatus ad Uberam Novi Testament!
Iiiterimtadonein,^ (1767.) »nd a "Treatise on the
Eaamination of the Canon," ("Abhandlnng von der
Unteisachung dea Kanons," 4 vols., 1771-75,) Died
■t Hslle in 1791.

Se* In Aulobiagnptrr, entitkd " S«>« Labnubadiridbuiig,"
imlL, iiti-Si: F.A. WoLT. "UcbuSnnlei'iletiltLcbnnace.'
■nil H. SCHHii^ "Th«l(«ia SamlvV iSs>i " Kouvclli Bio-
cnphieOJnJnla,''

BommeB, ttnu, (Rafhabl,) an American naval
officer, bom in Maryland, entered the navy about 181&,
He obtuned the rank of commander about 1855. In
the summer of t86l he took command of the steamer
Sumter, which captured many merchant-vessels owned
by citizens of the United States. In August, i86z,
he became captain of a swift war-steamer, called the
" 390," or Alabama, just built in England, and manned
by British tnbjecls. He inflicted immense damage on
the American mercantile marine. On the 19th of June,
1S64, he encountered, near Cherbourg, France, the
Kearsarge, Captain Winslow. In the battle that ensued,
both vessels moved rapidly in circles, swinging around
aa ever-changing centre. After they had described
■even circles, the Alabama began to sink, and Semmet
escaped in the English yacht Deerhonnd. He lost nine
killed and twenty-one womded, while Captain Winslow
lost only one killed and two wounded. Died Augntt 30,
1877-

Sn TBHnr, " UUiuiiy ud Nini Hitun of lb« Rdicllioii."

Semolel See Franco, (Battista.)

BamoDvlUeh da, d$h s^-mAK'Til', (Charlis Lotm
Hngnnt — Jii'gi',) Marquis, a French diplomatist, bora
in Paiit in 1759. Having been sent on a mission to
Italy in 1793, he was imprisoned by the Austrians for
two years. He became a member of the senate in iSoj,
and sat in the Chamber of Peers from iSiJ to 183O1.
Died in 1S39,

S« Momiiia, " Clan do Svnoovilk ;" " Hwmlle BiBrnphia

Samper, ttm'pfr or ttm'p^, (GormiEi),) a Ger-
man architect, bom at Hamburg in 1804. Among hit
best works is the new theatre at Dresden. He pub-
lished two esteemed worlcs, entitled " The Four Elements
of Architecture," (1851,) and "Science, Industry, and
Art," (l8jz.) Died at Rome, May 15, 1879.

Svmpar, (Hans,) a German scholar, a son of the
preceding, was born at Dresden in 1845, *»d in i^yt
became professor of the German literature at Rome.
He wrote " Uebersicht der Geschichta dar totctnischen
Sculptur," " Donatello, seine Zcit and seine Schule,"
(1870 rf«y.)

Bempw, (Karl,) a German traveller and naturalit^

cousin of Hans Semper, was bom in Altona, July &
I32. He travelled in the East Indian archipelago, ana

u*; tasi;g;l<tpi^,-gas/;G,H,X,jNater((/,- v, natal; %,trUltd; tat*; (haainriu. (]^^Sec Explanations, p, 2%.)

Digitized by CjOOQ I C

SEMPLE

published "Reisen in Archipel der Philipmnen," (1867-
79,) " Die Philipinnen," «lc, (1869,) " Die Palaa-Inleln,"
*t^ (iST3i) *»d *!*(■ wrote mncb on the anatomy and
development of variom groupi of invcrtebratei. In
1868 he took m zoologicu piofeuonhip in Wliiiburg.
Id 1877 be Tinted tbeUiiiled Stales. Died in 1893.

Setnplflh eba'pl, (Robkkt Bavixjk,) an American
Baptist divine, bom in Kins and Queen county, Vir^nia,
m 1769. He published a "History of Virginia Bapnsts."
and other wotlts. Died in 1S31.

Bem-pto'iil-a, a Roman lady, was the sister of the
celebrated Gracchi, and the wife of Scipio Africanus Ibe
Yonnger.

SempronU, the beautiful but profligate wife of D.
Junius Bintus, who was conaol in 77 B.C. She wai
distinRuifhed foi her literary talents, and was sn K-
complice in the conspiracy of Catiline.

Bsmpronia Oaoa, an indent Soman gens, wai
divided into many families, known as the Atiatini,
Gracclu, Longi, Rufi, Tuditani, etc A. Sempkoniui
Atkatinus, who was consul in 497 B.C., belonged to thla

» phy-
treat-

iro esteemed a itandatd work at the time. Died ia

Sbimo da Mallhan. sfh-nik' d«h mklCif', {Ga-
■Et>L,]a French writer, born in Paris in 1736, wai a sou
of the preceding. He published fictitious " Memoirs
of Anne de Gonzague," (17S6,) and " Consideratlona
on Hind (or Intellect) and Manners," ^"Consideration*
sor I'Esprit et le* Meeurs," 17S7.] Died at Vienna in
1803.

Sn Ouirnnti^ "Bhiu bia^npliiqiia m Scuc dc MEilbn,"
jAn; SAiirra'Batnra, "CiuKncfl du Luadi:" "NouvaUe Biocra-
pbi( O^irfnJe."

Benftn, st-nln', a celebrated physician and astron-
omer, born in Mesopotamia, flourished in the tenth
centurv. He was appmnted archiater or chief of the
physicians by Moktadcr, Caliph of Bagdid. He wrote
teverai works on geometry and astronomy, and on liie
doctrines of the Sabians. He died in 943 a.d.

Benanoour, de, dfh efh-nflN'kooR', (Etiennb Pi-
VKRT,) a French writer, born in Paris in 1770, was a
melancholy and medilative person. He published, be-
sides other works, "Reveries on the Primitive Nature
of Han,*'(i799,)"Obermann,"a Isle, (1804.) and "Free
Meditations of a Recluse," (" Libres MMitations d'un
Solitaire," iSli).) M. Villemain procured for him a
pension from the state. Died in 1046.

S» Saihti-Brivi, "Ponraili cantemponiu;" QuiiABi,
U Fiua Un«r^n?' " Naunlla Biii(n)iliia MiiinU!^'

Stoud, si'nts', (Antoine Makib Jules.) s French
advocate and republican, bom at Rouen in iSoo. He
became preMdeot of the Conslitueni Assembly, (184S,)

was mlusler of the interior, and v

^-president of the

AirroitiE Horean — ^i'rS*,) BAaoN, a French general,
bom at Strasburg in 1769. He dislinguiahed himself
at Jena, Eylan, and Friedland, where he directed the
artniery, (1807.) He was killed at the aiege of Cadii,

B«iiiinnon^ de^ [Hbnbi Huseau,) a mineralogist
and engineer, born at Broa^ in 1S08, was a nephew of
the preceding. He wrote a "Treatise on the Modifica-
tions which Reflection at the Surface of Crystals produces
in Polarized Light," {1840,) a "Geological Description
of the Department of Seine-et-Mame," (1844,) andotber
works. Died in 1863.

~ ~'', (Pkoifbk L,) an American artist, bom at

Philadelphia, and has devoted hiuMelf
marine pictoret.
Banatilt, afh-nif, (JOHM FKANcn,) a Flemish ecdeai-

Senabier, sf nlig^', (Jean,) a Swiss natnraltst aad
litttrattitr, was bom alGeneva in 1 741. He wai ordained
a minister about 176a, and preached several years at
Chancy. In 1773 he was appointed keeper of the public
library of Geneva. He wrote numerous and vaiiona
works, among which are " Essay on the Art of Observing
and Making Eiperimenta," (j vols., 177S.) a "Literary
History of Geneva," (3 vols., 1786,) and "Vegetable
Fhniology," (« vols., Igoo.) Died in 1809.

S«n'»4f,[Fr. StiiiQUE.'sl'nek'.jfLucitis Ahnjcui,)
an eminent Roman Stoic, philosopher, andmoia]itt,boni
at Corduba, in Spain, about 5 B.C. He was educated in
Rome, whither he was brought by his parents in his child-
hood. Having studied rhetoric, philosophy, and law, he
gained distinction a* a pleader. Accused by Messalina
of improper intimacy with Julia, a niece of Claudius, he
was banished to Corsica in 41 A.D. During hit exile he
composed bis "Consolatio ad Helnam." (Helvia was
the name of his mother.) Throi^h the influence of
Agrippina, be obtained permission to return to Rome in
49 A.D., was raised to the prMtorshIp, and appointed
tutor to Li Domitius, (commonly known as Nero,) who
became emperor in 54 K.O. According to Tacitus, Sen-
eca etideavourcd to reform or restrain the evil propeosi-
tiea of his pujiiL Some writer*, however, censure his
conduct in thia connection, by argument* which derive
plausibility from the immense wealth which Seneca
amassed. About the year 56 be wrote a treatiae on
dcmency, addressed to Nero, " De Clementil, ad Nero-
consented to the death of Nero's mother.

his jnstilicatiaii. He was afterwards sapplanted ia
the bvour of Nero by Tlgellinos and Rnfus, who sooght
to min Seneca by ezdting the auspidon of the tyrant
against him. He was accused of being an accomplice
of Piso, (who had conspired against the emperor,) and
was ordered to put himself to death. Having opened
"\ veins, he died in a warm bath in 65 A.n He was

I uncle of the poet Lucan.

Seneca was an elotjuent and popular writer. His style
isaphoristic, antithetical, and somewhat inflated. Among
his numerous works are a treatise " On Anger," (" De
Ira,") "A Book on Providence," ("De Providenfia
Liber,") " On Tranquillity of Mind," {" De Animi Trao-
quillilate,") "On the Brevity of Life," ("De Brcvitate
vltse,") essays on natural science, entitled "Quaestione*
Naturales," and numerous epistles, "Epistolie ad La-
dlium," which are a collection of moral maxinu. We
have also ten tragedies in verse which are attributed to
Seneca, and which, though not adapted to the stage,
have considerable literary meriL

There has been great diversity of ofniiion respecting
the character and writings of Seneca. He has been
quoted as an authority t^ councils and &thers of the

In charming defects," ('aWi-(hun'f^ J Macaulay is among
those who take the least (avonrable view of the character
and influence of the great Stoic. He says, "It is very
reluctantly that Seneca can be brought to confess thM
any philosopher had ever paid the smallest attentjea
to anything that could possibly promote what vnlgar
people would consider as the well-being of manldnd.
. . . The business of a philosopher was to dedaim in
praise of poverty, with two millions sterling oot at
itiTy; to meditate epigrammatic conceits about the
. lils of luxury, in gardens which moved the envy of Mwe-
reigns ; to rant about liberty, while tiwning od A>
insolent and pampered freedmen of a tyrant" ("EiNBy
on Lord Bacon.")

!n Xouiiiii, "Vita di S*ikci."j^; Jums Limde, "TIb

Sfa^qgi^"

1. 'MI! JWTOS LimdB,

Xlotbck, ** ScMca," I Toh., 1791

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; Am. FLiun, ''S&tqu M Sabi|.paal,~ j

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Mail nD StDta," 1R31 : t>aHa DinnoT, " Eaii r

wrote "Book of Peraaisives," ("SoMOriarum Liber,")
and "Ten Books of Controversiw," (■' Controverei*-
nm Libri decern,") which urc extant, but hare little

Mn«ami or B4a«oi, da, dch (i'tt^h-ii' or ajtn'si',
(Antoini Baudeson,) a French poet, born at Mtcon
m 1643. He wrote " Kaimac ; Les Tiavaux d'Apollon,"
and other work*. Died b 1717.

Sen«olo, te-nee'she-o, (Herennius,) > natire of
Spain, was put to death bv order of Domitian. The
chafes against him weie that he wat a candidate for
no public office, and that he had written the lib of Hel-
vidius Friscus.

Sanefelder, »i'nfh-ltld'fr, (Alois,) the inventor of
lithographiTi was born at Prague in 1771. He became a
play-actor in his youth, but did not succeed in that pur-

cheaply, and tried eiperimi
backwards on calcareous stone, wnc aay 1
•ary to make a memorandum in haste, bi
white paper : so he wrote it on a smooth

£!Cu)iar ink. It afterwards occurred to 1
luted nitric add, which etched away the
there had been no ink, the part on which the ink had
been placed being protected from the action of the add,
•o that the letter* were left in relief He invented about
179S the process of litho^aphy which is now generall;r
ased, and was appointed director of the royal lithographic
office at Munich in 1S09. Me published a " History of
Lithography," (1819.) Died in 1834.
Bcnek. See Seneca.

Bmalor, seenW, (Nassau William,) an English
bwyer, bom in Berkshire in 1790, became in i8z6 pro-
feuor of. political economy at Oxford. He published
"On Foreign Poor-Laws and Labourers," (1840,) a
■Treatiae on Political Economy," (1S50,) and other
worka. Died in 1S64.

8»iik'ttnbarK. »on, (Johann Christian,) was
bom at Frankfort- on -the -Main in 1717. He founded
in that city a hospital, with a Itbraiy, botanical garden,
•natonical theatre, etc. Died in 177a. The Senk-
enbere Museum of Natural History was established
In his honour in 1S17.

Senn, (Nicholas,) a surgeon, bom in Switier-
land in 1S44. He became professor of surgery in
Chicago in 1884, and was chief surgeon of the operating
•taS at Santiago de Cuba in [he Spanish-American war.
He wrote several important works on surgery.

SaD-ii««li'fT-Ib, [Heb. 3"inia.] King of AMyria,
waa a aon of Sargon, whom he succeeded about 701 B.tL
He invaded Judea in the reign of Heiekiah, defeated
the Egyptian allie* of the Kins of Judah, and extorted
from him a large amount of gold and siWer, His army
besieged Jerusalem, but was OTerlhiown by the angel of
the Lord, who "went forth and smote in the camp of
the Assyrians an hundred and four score and Gve thoa-
■and," so that Sennacherib returned in haste to Ninereh.
He reigned twenty-four years, and wa« killed by tUt ions

fa 681 B.C.

Sh II. KIiv aWB., lii. : NiaHiiiB, -'CMchidiM Amm mi

BoanntvM. See SBNNUtT,

BoD'tfr, (Isaac,) an eminent American phyaidan,
born in New Hampahire in 17;$. He serred ai aurgeon
In the Revolutionary war, and afterwards practisM at
Newport, Rhode Island. Died in 1799.

SeoiitL See SifiFN.

Sepp, sfp or zip, Jouaxk Nbpomuk,) a Catholic
theologian, born at Tolti, in Bavaria, in 1S16, became

frofeaaor of history at Munich. He wrote a " Life of
esus," in answer to that of Stranas, and " Paganism
and its Signification for Christianity," (1853,) in which
he favours the mtem of Schelling.

Sap'piiul, (Sir RoBEBT,) an English naval architect,
horn m 176S, made several important improvements in
ship .building, among which was the ayatem of diagonal

obtained the Copley medal from that institution. He
- 1 Wished a treatise "On a New Prindple of construct-

i Ships in the Mercantile Navy," and other similar
works, in the " Philosophical Transactions." Uiedin 184a

Baptalltw. See Sutala,

a^itimlna Sevenu. See Sevebus.

SvpnlTeda, da, di ai-pool'vi-id, (Juah Ginez,) •
celebrated Spanish historian and scholar, bom near
Cdrdova about 1490. He studied at the University
of Alcali, and subseqoently at Rome, where be wae
pauoniied by Cardinal Carpi. In 1536 he became hi*-
loric^rapbei to the emperor Charles v., and was after-
wards appointed tutor to hi* son Philip. Among hi*
principal historical works are his " History of the Em-
peror Charles V.," " History of Philip 11,,*' and " His-
tory of the Spanish Conquests in Mexico," all in Latin.
He also wrote a treatise entitled " Democtale* Se
cundus," in which he attempts to justify the barharons
treatment of the Indians by the Spaniards, and to refute
the arguments of Las Caaa* in their favour. The work
was condemned by the prindpal Spanish nniversitiea,
and was never printed. Sepulveda translated portions
of Aristotle into Latin, and published a number of
teamed essays in that language. He was one of the
iBOM accomplished acholan and writer* of hi* tini&
Died In 1574.

Boptilveda. 6^ (Loebnzo,) a
.Aeenth centuir, wm the aalti

Dicnte aacada* de Hittoria* a . _ _.

EspaKa," and other work* of the Bnd, which had a high
reputation at the time.

a^tiard. See BBOwn-SiQVARiL

Serafinl, si-rl-fee'nee, (Luici,) an Italian cardinal,
born at Magliano, June 7, 1808. In 1877 he was ciealetl

caidinal-ptiesL Died February a, 1894.

Barao, al-rS'o, [LmL Seka'u*,] (pRANCxscOk) an
Italian physidan, bom near Aversa in 170a. He be-
came professor of medidne at Naples, and chief physician
to Ferdinand IV. Died in 1783.

Barao, (Matilde,) a novelist, bom at Patras,
Greece, in 1856. Her novels deal mainly with life in
Naples, and indude " Le Amanii," (1894,) and

Bonplon, a Syrian phwldan, called Sbrapion Se-
inoK,ii supposed tohaveionriahedin the tenth century.

t, stn'nSBt, [LaL SBNNBB'Tin,] (Andkeas,)
a German Orientalist, born at Wittenberg in 1606, was
a son of Daniel, noticed below. He beome professor

U Hebrew at Wittenberg in 1638. He puUished a

Bomber of works. Died in 16S9.

Bennert or San-ner'tna, (Fr, Sbnnekt, »l'naiK',|
JDaniw,) a German physidan, bom at Brealau in 1578,
became profcMor of medidne at WUrtenberg. He was

^,^ . -,, , »"-rt'pl* [Gr. Xopowt; Fr. SiEAPH
tt'rTpiss',) the name of an Egyptian divinity, identical
in most respects with Osiris. Clemens of Alexandria,
Macrobiua, and others mention Serapis and Isis as the
peat divinities of E^ypt. Serapia (in old Egyptian,
Heslri-Hipi,i./."OBin«-Api*") was a name given to Api*
'^er his death, when he became identified with Osiris.

Sa-ra'iT-na or si'rfre'tis', (Nicolas,) a leamed
FVench Jesuit, bom in Lorraine about 1550. He wrote

at: fiMt; gAari/: gas /:

\.K.gian,rai: v.tnual; Ji,lraUd: latt; tbaslnfilif. IJ^SeeEiplan

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SERASSI

Scripiure. Dief in 1609 or 1610.

SerasBl, tik-tii'ue, (Fietko Antonio,) an Italian
tuographEr and cridc, bom at Bergamo in 1711. He
became eecretaiy to Cardinal Forietti at Rome aboat
176a He edited the poems of Petrarch, Dante, and
other Italian poets, Hia chief work is a " Life of Tor-
qualo Tasso," {"Vita di T. Tasso," 1785,) which ia
highly esteemed, and presents a vivid picture of the
litetary history of Tasso's time. Died in 1791. .

See Tit Au», " BiocnA* degli luliuii iUiutif f " NomeDe fii(^
|nphi« G^^nlB-"

Seibellonl, sSit-bil-lo'nee, (Gaekiel,) an able Italiu
general, born at Milan in 1508. He fought for Charles
V. and Philip II. of Spain. He distineoished himself
U the battle of Lepanto, Um.) Died m 1580^

6ercey, de, d;h s!k s|', (Piirrk CAsar Ckarui
GviLLAiJMS,) Marquis, a French vice-admiral, bom
near Autun in 1753. He commanded in the East Indies
with success in 1796-99. Died in 1836.

fragments only

Bereaus. (Quinttts,) See Samonccus.

Sergardl, sCR-gaR'dee, (Lodovico,) an Italian satiri-
cal poet, bom at Sienna in 1660, called himseirOuiNTtn
Sbctanus. He altaclced Gravina in a series of satire*
entitled " Satires of Quinlus Sedanns against Philode-
mua," ("Quinti Sectani SalyrK in Philodemam," 1694.)
Died in 1736.

Serge. See Seroius.

BargAaat, (Adbuhb,) an English novelist, bom
at Ashbourne, Derbyshire, in 1851. Of her numerout
novels the best known is " The Story of a Penitent
Soul." (1892.)

Bergeant, sar^^nt, (John,) an eminent American
jurist and statesman, born in Philadelphia In 1779. He
was a son of Jonathan Dickinson Se^eant, who wu
attorney -general of Pennsylvania. He graduated at
Princeton College in 1795, and practised Taw in Phila-
delphia. He was retained as counsel in the most impor-
tant cases in the supreme court of his own State and
in that of the United States. He represented a district
of his native city in Congress from iSlJ to 1813, from
1837 to 1829, and from 1837 to 1841. in 1832 he was
the Whig candidate for the office of Vice-President
(Henry cflay being the Presidential candidate,) but re-
ceived^ only ibrty-nine electoral votes. He took aa
important part against the extension of slavery in the
contest which resulted in the Missouri compromise of
1810, and delivered 00 that occasion > speech of ran
eloquence and power. His " Select Speeches" were
published in 1S32. Died in 1851.

Sorgel 01 Bergell, siR'gfl, (Johan Tobias,) an emi-
cent Swedish scnlptor, born at Stockholm in 1740. He
visited Rome in 1767, where he resided many years, and,
after his return, was appointed by Guslavus III. court
sculptor and. professor in the Academy of Aits. Among
his master-pieces are " Cupid and Psyche," "Othryades
the Spartan," and " DIoniedes carrying off the Palla-
dium." Died in 1S14-

Bergent; slR'zh&H', (Antoinb FiAttgoi^) a Frertch
Jacobin, born at Charlres in 1751. He was a vidleni
member of the Convention, (1791-95,) and published
•everal works. Died In 1847.

Ser'iS-aa [Fr. Serge, sCizh ; It Srrcio, s!R'je-o or
sCr'jo] L, Pope of Rome, bom at Palermo, succeeded
Conon in 687 A.D. He sent m' '
Saxons. Having refused his
issued by the council assembled in Constantinople by
Justinian II., the latter ordered his arrest ; but, the
soldiers taking sides with the pope, he remained in pos-
session of his see. He died in 701, and was succeeded
hj John VL

Bowliu n., born at Rome, was elected pope in S44
KB. During his pontificate the Saracens Invaded Italy
and ravaged the country near Rome, but did not enter
the city. Died in 847.

Sergltu XXX. succeeded Christopher as pope in 904

SERRES

, being elected through the influence of the Msrqili

of Tuscany and the profligate Theodora and her dadgh-
ter Marozia. His son by Maroda was afterwards Pope
John X. Sergius died in 913, and was succeeded Dy
Anastasius IV.

Sargliu rv. was elected succaaor to John XVIIL

1009 A.D. He died in I0I3, and Benedict VIIL >aa
chosen to succeed him.

BMglua, Patriarch of Constantinople, bom prrobably
in Syria, was a Monolbelite. He became patriarch k
6i(^and died in 639 luD.

SergltiH, (Grand Duks,J a member of the Romi-
nofl ruling family of Russia, brother of Alexander III.,
bom May It, 1857. He married Princess Eliiabelh
of Hesse, sister of the Ciarina of Nicholas II. Ap-
pointed in 1891 governor of Moscow, his severity and
cruelty made him intensely unpopular. His oppc^lion
to the reform movement caused nim to resign this post
Dec. 10, 1904, and on Jan. 17, 1905, he was assas-
sinated by the explosion of a bomb under his carriage.

Berlnmar. See Saerrimnir.

Seripandl, si-re- pln'dee, or Beripando, sl-re-|nui'>
do, (Gjrolauo,) a learned Italian prelate and writer,
bom at Naples in 1493, distinguished himself at ih;
Council of Trent. Died in 156^.

Seilzay, de, d^h sfh-re'ii*, (Jacquks,) a French
poet, born in Paris about 1590, was one of the first
menibers of the French Acaifcmy. Died in 1653.

Bttrllo, stRle-o, (Ssbastiand,) an Italian architect
and writer upon art, Dom at Bolocna in 1475. He wu
appointed in 1541, by Francis L, King of France, arclu
tect at the palace of Fontaine blean. He was author of
" Treatises on Architecture," (•' Opere di Architettnn.")
Died in 1552.

Sormoiieta, sCR-mo-ni'tl, (Micmelangblo Cte-
tanl,) Duke of, an Italian artist and author, bom Is
1804. He wrote able essays on Dante, and published
excellent illustrations for the "Divina Cammedia."
His marble statue of "Cupid Bound" won him great
fame, and he made many fine designs (or jewels. Ke
became blind in 1865.

SDmioiieta, da. See Skuolahtb.

Beronz d'Agluoonrt. See D'ActNCOORT.

B«rpa-PliiW>, stR'pl inn'to, (Ai.exander Alsut
dft Rooha,) a Portuguese soldier, bom at Tendae%
April 10, 1S46. He was commissioned in the armyia
1S64, and in 1869 served with honour in East Afhca,
after which he made an extensive expeiiitioD into the
interior, and returned to Europe via the Comoro ind
Seychelles Islands and Goa. He traversed the Africaa
continent frinn Benguela to Durban, 1877-79. ^'* ""'
rative "How I Crossed Africa," (> tdU., 18S1,) in its
English translation, was widely read.

S«mu)o, str-rl'no, (FramcucoJ a Spuidi geoent
and politician, bom in ATJmilla, September 17, iSlix
He was appointed captain-general of the artillery in 1SJ4.
He opposed Narvaei in 1857, and was Captain- General
of Cuba from i860 to 1861. He was president of the
provisional government formed by the insurgeuts who
deposed Isabel in September, i36S, and was elected
R^nt of Spain by the Cones in June, 1869. In iSS]
he was sent as ambassador to Paris. Died in 18S5.

EtaiTaniia. See Lambert, (Francois,) and Sesrd-

Bairao, sCr-rl'o, (Giovan Andrka.) a learned Ital-
ian eccleaiutic bom In Calabria in 1731. He beome
Bishop of Potenza in 1781. In 1799 he was massacred
by the royalists because he was a LiberoL

Bsrrs, do, d;h sur, (Pikrkr FiuNgon Hercdu.)
CoMTK, a French orator and minister of state, bora oeir
Pont-i-MousscHi in 1776. He was apptrinted first prt^-
dent of the court of Colmar in iSt J, and president of
the Chamber of Deputies in iSi6l He wu a modenie
royalist and doctrinaire in politics. In December, 1S18;
he became keeper of the seals, or minister of jnstiia
He resigned office in December, iSai. Died in 1814-

See Gduot, '■ HteairM," unM i. : " Koovdlt UofisiiUi Cfaf-

SafTM, saiB, (Etishnk Rbnaud Anolt7nN,)s Frencb

' ' igist, bom at Clairac in 1786. He became pro-

fcomparative anatomy at the Jjudin de« Plutd

physiologist
feuor olcoi

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SESJiBS

in 1839. He piodnccd, beiida other worlo, "The
Lawi of Ottei^eDr" (1815,) and "The Comparative
Analomjp of the Brein in the Foar Ctauei of Vertebrate
ADimala," (9 vola., 1824-36.} He diicovered that the
deTelopment of animali and their organa proceed* from
Um drcmnference tomrda the centre. Died in 1868.

S«"N(HnllaBi<n*phHa<BI
Etliriftutller-lAikm?'

Boirea, aairz,? (OuTK,) an Engliih artist, wife of
Dominic, noticed aboTe, was bom at Warwick in 1773,
and wu appointed landscape-painter to the Prince of
Walea. In iSttahepablldydaimed the titleof Princeu
of Cambeiland, pretending that the wai the daoghtw

of Henrv Fredenclc, Dolie of CDmberland, I^ hi*

riage wiih a Mies Wilmot. In iSai a motion wai 1

in the Hoiuc of Commona to inveatuEale hei dalma,
which was tacceMfallr oppoeed b; Sir Robert PeeL
She died in pover^ in iSu

SeiTM, d«, dtb aais, (Lat Skkka'nus,] (Jun,) a
French Protestant minister and historian, bom at Ville-
oeuve de Berg aboat luo. He wrote, bewdes other
works, "Merooin of the Third Civil War,"
" Hittoiy of France in the Rewni of Henry

lird Civa War," (1569,) and

, - RewniofMenrrlL, Francis

II., Charles IX., and Henry IlL," (t_S9S.) He received

S« NiciMoii, "Uiaam

• UM. Haai% "La T

Bene*, de, {blAKCiL,) a French natoralist, bom at
Honlpellier in 1781. He was appwitcd prolesaor of
geology and natural history in his lulive dty in 1810,
and wrote numeroiu work* on geology, palzontologj,
etc, among vhich is "The Cosmogony of Moses com-
pared with Geological Facts," (1838.) Diedinl8&i.

BaiTM, de, (Ouvima,) Sei|;i)ear de Pradel, a French
Protestant and writer on acnctiltiire, bom near Ville-
nenve de Berg (Ardiche) about 1539, wa* a brother of
ttie preceding. He published a Tainable work on rational
and methodical agriculture, entitled " Le Th^ttre d'Agri'
cnltnre," (1600,) often reprinted. His stfle ia admird>!c
and finely adapted to the autqect. Died in 1619.

Sn F. DK HaniCHlTSAD, " Bkon liistariqii* SO. M Sarm,"
■TtBi "Nwi>rik Bi<«n[ihi« t»i>M*,'" MH. Haao, "La Fnu

Bene^ sfri', (Jossph Alfkbd,] a French mi
matidan, bom in 1819, has written on analysis, etc

Senlg&r, si'itn'ye', (Dbnis,) a French jurist, bora
at Savigny'iur-Bcaane about 1804. He published s
"Treatise on the Public La* of the French," <3 vols.,
184s,) and other works. Died in 1876L

Seitorio. See Skktorivs.

Ssr-to'ii-tu, [IL SsBTOUO, sCK-to're-o,] (Quitmis,)
a &mous Roman general, bom at NarEia,in the countir
of the Sabines. He was liberaltyeducated. He displayed
courage and capacity in the war whidi Manns condacted
against the Cimbri and Teutones about loi B.C. Just
before the Maisic war began, he was appointed quzstor
in Cisalpine Gaul, 91 B.C " His martial intrepidity did
not abate," says Plutarch, " when he anived at the de-
gree of general. His personal eiploita were still great,
and he &ced danger in the most fearless manner; in
consequence of imich he had one of his eyes struck
ouL" He offered himself as a candidate foi the office
of tribune, but was defeated by Sulla's faction, and
became an enemy of that great leader. In the dvil war
which began about 88 he fought with Ctnna against the
partisans of Sulla. After Marius returned from Africa,
the troops of the popular party were divided inlo three
equal parts, commanded respectively by Marios, Ser-
torius, and Cinna. who, acting in concert, defeated the
enemy and made themselves masters of Rome. Ser-
torius was the only one of the three that treated the
vanquished with humanity, and he reproached Marina
for his cruelty. The return of Sulla with a large aimy
irom the Cast, in 83 B.C., put an end to the aacendeitcj
of Marius. Sertorius, having obtained the office of pro*
consul, retired with a few troops to Spain, from which Im
soon passed over to A&ica. Having been invited by
the Lusilanians to command their army, he returned to

73 SERVBTUS

great part of SpaliL "He subdued several great nattont,"
says Plutarch, who ejraresses the opinion that he waa
not inferior to Hannibal in capad^. About 76 ■.&
Pompey arrived in Spain wilh a new army. Sertorin
defined Pompey at Sucro, and again near Sagnntom,
" When he was victorious be would make an ofler to
Metellut or Pompey to lay down his arma on conditioB
that he might be permitted to return in the capacity of
a )jrivate man. He said he would rather be the meanest
dtisen in Rome, than an exile wilh the command of all
the other countries in the world. . . . The magnanimity
of Sertorins appeared in every step he toot" (Plv
tarch.) He was assassinated by Perpenna and several
accconplices in 73 b.C It may well be doubted whether
he had any superior in military genius among all the
great generals that Rome ever produced, with the single
exception of Julius Caesar.

S« Pldtuch, "im of Sirloria;" DiDHAHM, "Oaidiichu
xu:" ArriAH, ''Hulonn" "Noanlla Biacnphia (Mnjnli."
S^rnllaa, s&-rii1ts', (written alao without the accent,)

SEORGKS SiMOH,) a French chemiat and apothecaiy,
rn at Ponctn (Ain) in 1774. He diacovered some
compounds of iodine and bromine, and wrote a nimiber
of memoira on chemistry. He succeeded Vauquelin
in the Academy of Sciences in 1839. Died in Paris
=- 1833.

Banuier, sf h-rH-r^', (Jum Mathikd Philidbrt,)
CoMTE, a French general, bom at Laon in 1743. He
became a general of brigade in 1793, a gener;d of di-
in 179s, and served with distinction in the Itahan
. igns 0(^1 796-97. Ascommandant at Saint-Cloud,
he supported Bonaparte on the iSth Brumtdre, 1799.
He became a marshal of France in 1804. Died In 1819.
Sea Da Covscellxs, "Dictiaiuiiin du Gtiatnai Franai*/*
~KounUa Biognphit d^irfnle."

n, stK'vaH', (AtnoiHK TosKPH HicKKL,) an
French advocate and publicist, bora at Romans
in 1737. He wrote many works on legislation, politice,
etc., and promoted legal reforms. Di«i in 1S07.

Servon da Geiboy, sis'vfiN' dehzhtRl4',0i'^KPU,)

French Girondist and general, born at Romans in 1741,
was a brother of the preceding. He was minister of
war from May to October, 1793, and commanded the
army of the Pyrenees from the latter date to May, 1793.
Died in iSoS.

Servan da Sngny, sts'v&N' dfh siln'ye', (Pibkkb
FRANgoisJuLBS,)aFVenchpoet,bornatLyonsin 1796;
died in 1S31.

aexvandoal, sls.-vtn-do'nee, (Jean J^kAmb,] a dis-
tinguished painter and architect, bom at Florence in
iS^j. At an early age he Tinted Paris, where he ac-
quired great celebrity as a scene.painter. The moet
important of his architectural works is the b^ade of the
church of Saint-Sulpice in Paiia. Died in 1766.

Berret See SiKvrrus.

Ser-Te'ttts, [Fr. Suvbt, sCk'tI' ; It Sbktxto, sEk-
vi'to,] (MlCKABl.,) a Spanish theologian and phyaidan,
born m Aragon in 1509. His Eunlly name isaaidto have
been Rbvbs, (ri'sb.) He opposed the dwma of the
Trinity, in a work entitled " On the Error* of the Trin-
ity," ('■ De Triniutis Erroribus," 1531.) About 1533 he
stadicd medicine at Pari*. He published a treaUse oo
syrups, "Universal Theory of Symps," ("Synipomm
-niversa Ratio," Paris, 1537.) After he lefl Paris he

lactised medldne at Lyons, and had a doctrinal con-
roversy with Calvin. He published anonymously l)is

Christianity Restored," (" Christianismi Reatitntio,"
etc, Vienne, 1553.) Calvin having informed against
him, Servetns was arrested on a charge of heresy by
the Inquisition in France; but he escaped from priaon
and sooght refuge in Geneva. Calvin caused him to be

~ "n arrested, and look an active part in the prosecu-
which kd to the death of Servetns, who waa bnmed
at Geneva to October, 1553. (See Calvin.)

Ss* Bovsnt, " Rimn H. ServM^" iTia; "iDpanU HiHoiv
ofMkiael SarvMiw," Londoa, 17*4: AiwOsDn, '^^Uiiicna VL
Sirrttl," ir>7 1 UossaiH, "OaiehidiMM. Scrvad," 174S: W. H.

Samiu," ini: Paul Haanr, "LiliafCdviii," tlui ■':
Biiwraphia OMnla;" " Britiah Qoartsrtr Ranaw" Iw U
S«,al»,CouuDi^s"T>bU-7^''Us> ' '

c a* 4; f as r; g Mard; g as/; 0, h. k. fuOiml; N, tiaial; B, Hilltd; I a

M.,, .S49
1; th a* in Ab. (|^™See Explanations, p. 31. '

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

French diplomatist, bora at Grenoble in 1593. He tx-
came lecrelaTy of state for war in 1630, and lesigned ic
1636. He signed the treat<r of Westphalia in 1648.
Died in 1659.

Bvr-TUl-f, [Ti. Shrviub, stR'vele',] « Roman l»dy,
wu a niece of the celebrated H. Uvim Uiutnt, and toe
trile of Marcna Junioa Brutus, and mother of M, Juniot
Bratui the yoanger, who killed C-eiar. She wai a &•
Toorite mistress of that dictator.

BerrlUa Gena, a Roman gens, originallr patridan,
was highly distinzuished in the early agei of the republic
Among the bunilies into which it waa lUvided were Ahala,
Cxpio, Cascaa and Priscus.

BerrUle. See Servilia.

Bfr-vUI-na, (Caiue,) ■ Roman aUtesman, «riio be-
came pnctor in 306 B.C., consul in 103, dictator in aoa,
•nd pontifex maximwin 183. Died in 180 aa

BerrlD, bIk'vIn', (lUiuis,) a French magistrate, bom
in the Venddmots in 1555. He waa appointed advocale-

Rneral in 15S9, and was a strenuous asserter of the
erties of tlie Gallican Church, on which subject he
wrote a work called " Defence of the libertr of the
Gallicati Church," ("Vindidx secundum Liberti
Eccleais Gallicanx," 1590.) Died in i6a6.

SorriHB, (Garrett PuthAM,) author,bora atSharon
Springs, New York, in iSsi. He is a lecturer on his-
tory and astronomy, and has written yarious popalai
works on astronomy, also several semi-seientifie novels,
" The Conquest of Mars," " The Second Deluge," etc

Btfi'VlrVM, (Mau'kus Honoka'tus,) aRoman gram
nurian, supposed to hare lived between 300 and 401
A.D. He wrote, besides several grammatical works, com
mentaiies on the " Eclogues," " Georgics," and " iEneid'
of Vireil, which are highly valued for the variety of in
formation they contain relating to the Romans.

S(|r''vl-Tia Tulll-tia, the sixth King of Rome, began
to reign about 57S b.c According 10 tradition, h
a aon of Ocrisia, a female slave of Queen Tanaqui
was adopted as a son by King Tarquin, whom h
ceeded. His reign, which lasted forty-four years, was
padfic He granted a new constitution to the Romans,
and formed a federal union or league between Rome and
the towns of Latinm. His constitution is supposed to
have been benefidal to the plebeians. He was killed
by Tarqainiua Superbus, with whom his own daughtei
Tullia was an accomplice.

Sn NiaiDHi^ "HiuaCTorRonu:" Mouusih, "Hiiloirc Ro-
irniiie;" F. D. G«»uach, "Die VerfiMiing du Strviui Tulliui,"
|S;7 : CiCUO. " De Kepublica ;" " Nouvflli Bii^niJiii Gintnlft"

Btehi, si'shh or BtiMifi, shi'sh*, [etymology ob-
•cure,) in the Hindoo mythology, the name of a
thousand-headed serpent, the emblem of eternity,
which Vishnu is believed to repose. (See Vuhnu.)
He is often called Ananta, which signifies "without
end." S£sha is regarded as the great king of the serpent
race. He is also called VXsnxi (vVs3S-kI) or Vasokv,
and is bbled to have been used as the chum-string when
the gods and giants (Asurs) churned the ocean. (See
KOrha.)

B«ttO, d«, di sa'so, (Carlos,) a Protestant Reformer,
bom at Florence, resided in Spain, where he was pa-
troniied by the emperor Charles V. He was one
of the chief champions of the Reformation in Spain,
and perished at the stake, by order of the Inquisition,
In 1559.

S™Piia»coTT, "HitKBT of Philip II.," ™l I bookii.

Be-aoa'tri*, [Gr. Ifvutr-pn,] written also BssooaU,
a celebrated king of Egypt, also called Romeaas, is
supposed to have reigned about 1400 or 1350 B.C. He
was a powerful and warlike monarch. According to
tradition, he conquered Ethiopia, Thrace, and several
countries of Southern Asia. He also made canals in
Egypt, buitt a great wall from Peluainm to Heliopolis,
and erected several obelisks and temples.

The story of Sesoatris comes to us through the Greeks,
and not from Egyptian sources ; but there is little doubt
that Rameses II., the Great, is the real Sesotlds.

M> riaoDoTtn, "Ki(tiin>:" BnHsn, "Xnpi>* ?lac*b tTal-
lena Hsioni;" " WafnpUi UaivarHUs."

attrioutea the invention ot tne game 01 cuess, is sup-
posed to have lived in the eleventh century.

Beaal, sCs'see, (Anka Maria,) an Italian vocalist,
born at Rome in 1793. She performed with success al
Vienna and other dties of Germany, and assumed, after
her marriage, the name of Neumann-SessL Her lister
lupsaATRiCE, botn at Rome in 1783, also acquired ■
high reputation asa vocalist Died in iSoS.

Beatlol, sCs-tee'nee, (Douinico.) an eminent Italian
antiquary and traveller, bora at Florence about 1750.
Having succes»vely visited Constantinople, the Levant,
Germany, and France, he was appointed in 1B14 honor-
ary proiessor in (he University of Pisa. Among hia
works on numiimalics, which are ranked among the
most valuable of their kind, we may name his "System
of KumismaticB," ("Sistema Numismalico," 14 vols.
foL,) "General Classes of Numismatic Geography, or
Coins of the Cities, Nations, and Kings, in Geographical
Order," ("Classes generales Geographic Numismatics,
seu Monetae Urbium, Populonim et Regum, Ordine
Geographico," etc, 1797,) and "Numismatic Letters and
Dissertations," (9 vols., 1813.) He also published a
"Tourney from Constantinople 10 Bucharest," (1794,) a
" SdentitLc and Antiquarian Voyage through Wallachia,
Transylvania, and Hungary to Vienna," {1815,) and
other works of travels. Sestini was a memberof variotis
learned sodetiei in Europe. Died in 1S3*.

Boato, da, dlsis'to, (Cesarr.) an able Italian painter,
called also Caaara MUoneaa, born at Milan, waa a
pupil of Leonardo da Vind, whom he imitated with
success. Died about tS34-

Bet, or Beth, an old Egyptian god, the son or brother
of Osiris, and hia mortal enemy and vanquisher. He
the god of evil, or of night. He was finally cast

him, assigning him to the abode of the lost spin...

Beth. (Andrew,) a Scottish educator, born at
Edinburgh in 1856. He was educated in German
universities, and subsequently held professorships of
logic and philosopJiy at Cardiff, St. Andrew's, and
Edinburgh, He wrote several works on philosophy,
also " Man's Place in the Cosmos," (1897,) etc.

Bathoa, a name of Stsonnxs, which see.

Se'thoa, King of Egypt, was a son of Rameses, and
the father of Rameses tlie Great, (Sesostris.) He is snp-

Eosed to have reigned about 143; B.C., and is said to
ave Rained victories over several neighbouring nations-
He adorned Egypt with fine monuments, temples, etc

Bettala. stt-tlll, [Lat. Septa'uus,] (Lodovfco,) an
Italian physidan, bom at Milan about 155a He pub-
Eished several medical works, and was professor at
Milan. Died in 1633. His son Manpredi, born in
:6oo, was distinguished for learning and inventive talent
as a mechanidan. Died al Milan in i6Sa

Sattlmo, set'te-mo, (Rdoguro,) an Italian patriot,
bom at Palermo in 1778, inherited a large estate. He
served in the navy, and gained the rank of admiral. He
was one of the chief agents of the revolutionary move-
ment which in l8ao extorted some reforms fi-om the
king. In 1848 he became the chief of the Sidlian in-
surgents, and organised a provisional government. He
was chosen president by the new parliament, which gave
him royal power to appoint ministers, etc He was very
popular, and was saluted as the bthcr of his country.
On the restoration of the king, Ferdinand IL, he retirM
to Malta. Died in 1S63.

Absalom and Achitophd." He waa also introduced
Into Pope's "Dimdad." He died in poverty in lyjj.

f,i.l, St li,7,/0iV,'li,i,&, same, less prolonged; i.CT,9,fi,y,/AiW,'f,t.{,«««'»F'r;nr,a]l,at; mhiDSt;s<)6d;m

He traTsUed exMntiTCly on foot Among hii worlu it
' Obolen," (i toU., 1797.) Died in iSio.

S« bia ADioUosnplif, "Uvn Ltbgn." itxi: H. DOaan,
** LebeoMmniH ma Can An^ul toa Suuad-Wcimir, tod If o^
M. TwJk, Scui>a,"*tc, •tv. " KoutcUc Biocnphie G^o^nltL"

Baoo-KiDt Sm Siun-King.

Smura, nra, (Bkrhaxs Gabkibl,) a French ■cnlpti
born in Farii In 1795. He gained the zrand prize of
Rome In 1818, uid wu adnStted into the In«titate In
1852. Among bis wotlu is a ttatue of Napoleon L for
the Colonne VendOme. Died October 6, 1867.

SeniTS, (Ckamjis Mauk Siiilx,) > sculptor, ■
brother of the preceding, was bom in Pari* in 1797.
He obtained the giand priie in 1834. Hii maiter-pieca

Mahratta empiie in India, was bom at Foonah in 1617.
He was ambitious and warlilcc By a series of conqoesta
be made himself master of a large part of Southern
India. About 1670 he was involved in war with Anrang-
Zeb, who«e anny be defeated Died in i68a
B^Tdie. See Sevkkus, (Alexander.)
Boreiiiio, li-tL-ree'no, (Marco Aurbuo,) an eml-
Mnt Italian phvsidao, bom in Calabria in 1580, ft s^d
to have been the principal restorer of sursery in Italy.
He became professor of anatomy and medicine at Na-

Elet, and published a number of professional works,
tied in 1656.
S« Mm:uaiii, "EkfiD di IL A. Senrino,'' iSij: "KontU*
Biofniphie Gtutnic."

and died the same year.

Be-ve'nim, a Gnostic, who lived about iSo A.D. and
fcunded a heretical sect called SeverianL Their doc-
trines were similar to tliose of Tatian, (which see.)

8»-ve'rna, (Fr. Stvtu, sl'vaik',] (Alexandkk,) a
Roman emperor, born in Phcenicia about 305 ad,, was
a son of (icatius Mardanus and Julia Mammxa. In
tai he was adopted bv bia cousin Elagabalus, then em-
peror, who also prt him the title of CKsar. He was
called M. Aurelios Alexander before his accession to
the throne. Elagabalus soon became jealous, and made
•everal Diuuccetaiul efforts to destroy Alexander. He
•uccecded Elagabaln* in March, 333 AD., and assumed
the name of ^verua. During the first nine years he
reigned in peace, and applied himself to the reform of
abases. The King of Persia having renewed hostilities,
Severus marched across the Euphrates, defeated the
Persians in 133, and returned to Rome. He was pre-
paring to repel an irruption of tbe Germans, when he
was killed by his matinons troops in 335 a.ii> He wit
greatly distinguished for his wisdom, justice, clemency,
and other virtues.

Sei GiuoH, " Dadba ud Fill of tbi Romu Empin 1" Tilu-
MOHT, "Hitloin dn Kmpenani" IiUiraiDiut, "*'*■*—'—

BeTvma, (Alxxandunds,! a Greek writer ot the
fiAh centurT, was the author of "Narratives" and
"EibopceiK," "^ speecbea attributed to supposed per-
sons. Tbe latter are contained in Gale's "Rbetores
Select!."

Bevama, (Cornelius,) a Roman poet under tbe
reign of Augustus, was the author of an epic poen on
the "Sicilian War," ("Bellum Siculum,") and an account
of the death of Cicero, (in verse.) A fragment of the
latter is extant

Bevema, [Fr. StvtRE, s&'vur',] (Lucius SEFTlMrus,)
a Roman emperor, bom U Leptis, in Africa, in 146 A.ti.
He was educated at Rome, and, after filling various
offices, became proconsul of Africa, While commander
of the Pannonian legions in Germany, he heard of the
death of Commodus, upon which he hastened to Rome.
and was proclaimed emperor by the army in 193 a.d.
in opposition to Didius Julianus, who was soon after
■asassinated. He next marched against Pescennius
Niger, commander of the Syrian legions, who had lately
been proclaimed emperor Dy his troops. He defeated
Niger at Issus or Cyzicus in 194, after which he waged

caair fasi; iiarJ: kaa/,- G,il,lC^w0wra/; K.moMl; H, filled; taa

75 SEWALL

war with success against the Partbiant. In i^ ha
gained a decisive victory over Albinua (a rival claimant
of the throne) near Lyons. He renewed the war anintt
Parthia in 198, defeated the Parthians, and took CUn-
phon, their capital. In 3o8 he led an army to Britain
to subdue the Caledonians, and built a rampart, called
the wall of Severus, extending across the island. He
died at York in atl A-D., leaving two sons, Caracalla
andGeta.

Su DioH CASfidi, "Hlrton of Rome," boolu niv.-snll
CIUOK, "Dedini ud FiU of Ih* Roaiaii Bupire;"

8aT«ma, (Sdlficius,) (Fr. Sulpice StvftRE, illl'.
ptss' sl'vaiB.',] a CbHstlaii nistorian, born in Aquitania,
Gau!, about 363 Aa, was the author of" HislorisSacra,^
and a " Life lA Saint Martin," in Latin. He has beea
atyled " the Christian Sailuat" Died about 41CL

Barlar, se-veei', (Ambrose H.,) an Americui Senator,
born in East Tennessee in tSo3. He removed to Ar-
kanssa at an early age, and was elected to the Senata
of the United States by the legislature of that State
•~ lSj6. In 1848 he resil^ed hit seat in the Senate,

d went on a spedal mission to Mexico, where he
negotiated a trea^ of peace. Died at LitUe Rock in
December, 1S48.

Sariar, (John,) an American Governor, bom in Teo-

nettee in 1744. He served with distinction at the battle

of King's Hoontain, in 1780. He was elected Governor

of Tennessee in 17913, and again in 1803, and was a mem

:r of Congress from 181 1 to iSiJ. Died in iSij.

BAvigui, da, dfh ti'iin'yl', (Marie da IUbatl»
Cbanttd— dfh rTbU'tftN' shftN'tll',) Madame, s cele-
brated French writer and beauty, bom in Burgundy
about i636l Left an orphan at an early age, she re-
ceived an excellent education from her maternal uncle,
the Abbj de Coolanges, and learned Latin, Italian, and
Spanish. She was married in iGiU to the dissolnte
Marquis de S^vign^, who was Icillcd m a duel in l6jl,
leaving one son and one daughter. She was courted by
Turenne, the Prince of Conti, and the poet M^nase, but
declined all overtures for a second mwriage. Sne waa
one of the most admired ladies of the circle of the HAtel
de Rambouillet, and was celebrated for her eiHttolary
talent Her letters display a fertile imagination, a re-
fined sensibility, a giacelul and naive vivacity, and are
much admired for their charming and jucturesque stifle.
She has been pronounced the most admirable letter-
writer that ever lived. Died in 169& Among the best
editions of her Letters it that of Adolph Regnier, (13
vols., 1863-64.)

Su Madaui AcHiLLB CoHTS. " Aoada Uadvn d* Sirinl,''
ia4<>:J. A.WAUK,"V>ed«lI>duiMa. S«v<r>l^" 1B49: wHc-
■csHAaa, " U jmoim iQuchnl la VI* de Mom de RibatinChutal,"
t Toll., it4)-4Si AuBWAi, "Hinoire dt UuIiiim di Sd^|pA'
etc., 1B41: SAiHTi-Bavvit, "Caueeriaa da LaD^i" LAKAHtiH^
" MeBKHi of Celebnted Cbuicun:" "Sdbburch R(thw,''*oI
-mi. : ■■ NounUt BiocnpUa OteAale ;" " Hudune de Si-^4
iDd ber Coniemponnee," LoodoiL ifl4i; "Kdjaborsh Review*
far October. 1R41 1 " Quinvlr Review" 6r 1864.

Oriental manuscripts. Died in 1741.
Bm ' ■'

little, but one of her hymns, " Why thus Longing V
attained a wide popularity. Died in 18S9.

Sairall, sQ'*l, (Joseph,) a clergyman, bora Id 1688,

101769.

Bawall, (Samuel,) a judge, bora at Bishop-Stoke,
England, in 1651, He was brought to America in his
childhood. He became a judge in 1693, and chief justice
of the supreme court of Massachusetts in 1718. He is
said to nave been eminent for wisdcnn and learning.
He redgned hit office in 173S, and died in 173a

Btfirall, (Samuel,) a jnritt, bom in Boston in i7«7>

as a grandson of Joseph Sewall, noticed above. He
waa a member of Congress from 1796 to 1800, and was
appointed chief justice of Massachusetts in 1813. Died
' Wiscasset, Maine, in 1S14.

Bewail, (Stephen,) an American judge, bom In
Massachusetts about 170a, was a nephew cf Samne^

,' til a* in tUi, (I^^See Explanations, p. 13.)

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

SEWALL

(1653-1730.) He became chief justicA of the auperior
coart in iTja. Died in 176a

SovralL (Stxphin,) an American Kbolir, bom at
York, Maine, in 1 734. He became ^feasor of Hebiew
U Harvard Coll^ abont 1765, anc published Tuiow
works. Died in 1804.

Bovr'fid, (Albbkt Chakles,) an English geolo-
gist, born in 1S63. He became lecturer on botanj at
Cambridge University in 1890. Among his works »re
"Fossil Plants as Tests of Climate," (1892,) etc.

Seip'fTd, (Anna,) an English writer of^conaidenible
repatatiaQ in her time, was born at Eyam, in Derbyihlre,
in 1747. Her metrical novel entitled "Laaisa"(i7S3)
wu VC17 iDCceaaful, and wai fbliowed by a collection of
■ODnet*, and a"Life of Dr. Daiwin," (1804,) in which
■he claiml to have written the first fiftf line* of his
"Botanic Garden." She died In 1S09. Her poems
and part of her llteraiv coueipondence were, at her
feqoeat. pnbUahed by Sir Walter Scott, (iSio.) Her
worka possBH little merit of any kind, and an now
DearlT forgotten.

Sevrarct (Thomas,) an English poet, the
Ibe pteceding, was l>OTn in i^>S. He becBB
resioentiari of Lichfield. DkA in 179a

Seward, (Wiluam,) an Englaah writer, and friend
of Dr. Johiuon, bom in London in 174^. H« pnblislted
" Biographiana," and " Anecdotes of Distingaished Per-
sons.*' Died in 1799.

Seward, Wvi or soy^rd, (WtLLUU Hinry,) an
eminent American statesman, bom at Florida, Orange
county. New York, on the i6(h of May, 1801, was a
of Samuel S. Seward, M.D. His mother's mail
luune was Mary Jennings. He was educated at Union
College, Schenectady, which he entered in 1S1& '*'~
favourite studies were rhetoric, moral philosophy,
the andent classics. He taught school in one at the
Sonthem States for six months in 1S19, and returned
Union College in 1820. Having studied law under John
Duer and Ogden Hoffman, he was admitted to tlie bar
in iSll. He became a resident of Anbnm, Ctmgk
county, in 1823, and married in 1834 Frances Adeline, a
daughter of Judge Elijah Miller. He acquired a hi(^
reputation as a lawyer, and in criminal trials -^-'
almost exclusively as counsel for the defendant

In 1838 he wu president of a Slate Convention of
young men who favoured the re-election of lobn Quincf

elected to the Senate of New York, in 1S30, hv a large
majority. In the session of 1833 he made an able specdi
a favour of the United States Bank. He became the

.176

SEWARD

In the session of 1833 he made an able specdi
of the United States Bank. He became tl
leader of the opposition party in his own Stale, and
■npporterof the national party which afterwards adopted
the name of Whig. In 1S33 he crossed the Atlantic,
and made a rapid tour through Great Britain, Ireland,
Holland, Gerrauiy, and France. He published tome
observations on those countries. In B series of letters.

He was nominated as the Whig candidate for Governor
of New York in 1834. but Was defeated by William L.
Harcy. He joined the Protestant Episcopal Cbnrch in
1837. In 1B38 he was elected Governor of the State by
a majority 01^10,000, being the first Whig that was ever
elected to that office. In the exerdse of his official
power he tlvoured internal improvements, reform in the
coorla of law and chancery, and the extension of edu-
cation among the people. Among the events (^ hia ad-
ministration was a controversy with the executive of
Virginia, who claimed the surrender of three coloured
•eamen charged with abetting a slave to escape bom
his master. Governor Seward refused to comply with
this requisition, and argued that no State can force
a requisition on another State, founded on on act
which ia only criminal according to lis own legislatioii,
but which compared viih general standards b humane
and praiseworthy. Throogh hii Inflnence the legjslatnie
lepealed the law which permitted a slaveholder, travel-
Ui^ with hia slaves, to hold tbem for nine montha in
the State of New York.

Mr. Seward supported General Harrison for Frendent
in 1840^ and at the same time was re-elected Governor
tat two years. He declined to be a candidate in 1843,

and resamed the practice of law in the conrtaaf hisown
State and in thosextf the United States He displayed
much courage and coolness in the defence of Free-
man, a negro who massacred a familr near Anbom in
184s, and ne provoked a violent ezptoaion of populu
inilignation by his effort to prove that Fi«eman wu
insane. Although his argument failed to convince tiie
jury, it was confirmed 1^ a post-mortem exai^natiai
of the brmin of Freeman. In the Pre^denttol eleetio«
of 1844 be wot an active supporter of Henry Cln, and
opposed the annexation of Texas to the Umted States.
He wrote a " Life of John Quincy Adams," (pablisbed
in 1849.)

In 1&4S he advocated the nominatioa and decdoe of
General Taylor to the Preaidenn. In Febnary, iSu
Mr. Seward was elected by the Stale legislature to flu
Senate of the United Statu, receiving one hundred and
twenty-one votes against thirty for all others. He sooD
became an intimate friend and favourite counseUorol

resistance to 'the eztcnuon of tlavcry. In Harcli, 1S54
he made a speech in favour of the admission of Cali-
fornia into the Union, in which occuia his famoos phrasa
"the higher law." "The Comtitotjon," he aaiil, "de-
votes the notional domain to union, to justice, to defence,
to welfare, and to liberty. But there is a higher lav
than the Constitution, which regulates our aathoritj
over the domain, and devotes it to the same noble imr-
poses," He opposed the "Compromise Bill" (July,
1850) in an elaborate and eloquent speech, assenhif
that " the love of liber^ is a public, nnivenal, and on-
dying affection." For his course on the slaven qnestioa
he was denounced as a aedltioiu agitator. It wu hit
habitual practice never to notice ue abnrive petton-
atities which were often applied to Urn by bis oppoaenti
In the Senate.

In 1851 he voted for General Scott, the WUg cswi-
date for President. He constantly oppoaed the Nslivs
American or Know-Nothing party, which was acoctly
oi^aniied about 1S54, "on a foreign and frtrolouBiisae,"
and he was one of the chief foundera of the RepnUicaa
s formed alxiut the same period, with

speech at Rochester

:he extension of alaTery. He «M
of the United States in 1S55. In
Iter In October, 185S, he decbred

conflict between oppodng and endnr.
hig forces ;" but this oft-quoted phrase ("irreprsaibk
candict") is said to have been mat used by Abrshsm
Lincoln.

About this time he predicted that the Demoaatic
party would be fatally damaged by its support of slaveiy.
In a memorable speech delivered in the Senate, March
3, 1858, he sud, " All parties In thb country that have
tolerated the extension of slavery, except one, hove

Krished for that error already. That last one— the
imocTOtic party — Is hurrying on irretrievably to tbs

Mr. Seward viuted Europe a second time in lljfi
At the Republican Convention which met in 1S60 to
nominate a candidate for President, Seward received
one hundred and seventy-three votes on the first bitlob
(more than any other candidate,} two hundred isd
thirty-three votes bein^ necessary for a choice. Hii
failure to obtain the nommation was attributed to die hos-
tility of Horace Greeley. During the session of iHo-
61 he made an able speech in the Senate against dis-
union. He was appointed secretary a( slate in Mini,
i36i. It is generally admitted that he displayed ma '
ability in the direction of the foreign policy during t
dvil war. Among the important acts of his minist .
was the liberation of Mason and Stidell, who were
arrested on board the British steamer Trent in Novem-
ber, 1861, and were demanded by the British govcni.
menb "To his admirable skill, foresight, and good
iudgment," says tbe " North American Review^ fa
Apnl, 1^66, " the coimtry owes its deliverance firms
perils and embarrassments such as it never befbrt
encountered. His fairness and good temper have ben
more than a match for the plausible insincerity it
Thouvenel and Drouyn de Lhuj^s and the haughtyairo-

ringthe

i, e, t, IS, B, 7, /«f>f;l,(,d, same, less prolonged; I,l,I,S,B,)F,/;l«rf,-t,c|,q^«ijtwrv.'ar,fU1, EltimItinOi;KSMia>no

db, Google

SBWEL «

gance ol Eiil RnucII. . . . Some of hi* despatches,
upcciilly that relating to the Trent case, have a world-
wide renown, and Iheie are sentences scatieted through
bis nuhlished volumes which deserve to live forever."
A aiflerent and far less fevourable view, however, is
taken of his despatches and his policy in a number of
the same periodical published October, 1866.

The invasion of Mexico by the French in 1861 raised
another important subject of diplomacy. In despatches
dated Sepiemher and October, 1S63, Mr. Seward dis-
claimed the ri^ht and the disposition to Intervene by
force In Mexico. He persisted in rtcc^niiing the
government of luatei, and after the House ot Kepre-
•entativea (April, 1864) declared, by a nnanimoa* vote,
uainsi the recognition of the Mexican empi

he wrote to Mr. Bigclow, the American

Faris, "The United Stales regard the effort to establish

Ermanentlr a foreign and imperial government in
Mdco as disallowsble and impracticable." The result
of this despatch, and of others of the tame import, was
that (he rcench army was withdrawn about the end
of 1S66, and Napoleon IIL witnessed the disastrous
and humiliating failure of bis costly and ill-iudged
enterprise.

In the spring of 1865 Secretary Seward was thrown
from his carriage with such violence that his arm and
jaw were broken. While he was lying in this crippled
condition, on the 14th of April, 1S6;, Lewis Payne,
aliai Powell, — an accomplice of J. WilCes Booth, — pre-
sented himself at the door of his house, rushed past the
porter, broke the skull of Frederick Seward, and in-
flicted with a knife several severe wounds on (he neck
■nd face of the secretary of state. The assassin was
then grasped by Hr. Robinson, so that he failed to elTect
his purpose, but stabbed two other men as he ran out
of the house.

Mr. Seward was reldned In the office of secretary of
State \if President Johnson, and supported his polii^ in
relation to reconstruction, against the almost unanimous
Mndmenl of the Republican party. In Augiisl and
September, (866, President Johnson, accompanied by
bis secretary of state, made an extensive electioneering
tour, on which occasion Mr. Seward gave great offence
even to the most moderate and impartial of his former
friends. At Niagara, in attempting to answer the charge
that be had deserted his party, tie said, in addition to
many other things still more objectionable, "Must I

desert my — - -- - - - - •

to fallow a

Tliat historic Impartiality which belongs to the biogra-
phjLof public men forbids us wholly to pass over those
errors and foibles which disappointed so many of Mr.
Sei^tod's friends; but we gladly turn from the consldera-
tioorof sDch topics to the contemplation of his long life
of osefutness, and especially of his eminent services to
bis countiT in her late hoar of triaL After retiring from
pollticallitt, he made a (our around the world, (1870-71,)
and died at Auburn, October vi, 1871.

St* "UvHiir tfV. H. Sumtii," ptalbed M hi) mrb, b?
CtOKatE.BAicaa.iT0l>., iSu: BAanarr, "Modnn A^aun.''

Saw's), (W1U.IAU,) VLD., a historian and linguist,
of English extraction, bom at Amsterdam in i6u, was
a member of the Society of Friends. lie published a
"Dictionary of the Dutch and English Languages,"
(1690,) snd a "History of the Origin and Progress of
the Society called Quakers," (1717,) which is highly
esteemed. Died about 1715.

Ssw'oll, (EiJZABrrH Missnttl,) an English High-
Churcb novelist, a sister of the Rev, William Sewcll,
Moticcd below, was bom in the ble of Wight in i3i'
Atnong her novels are "Am* Herbert," (1844.) "Gei
Inide,* ((847,) "Katherirve Ashton." (1854.) "Ursula,

* ((847,) "Katherirve Xshton." (i854.) " Ursula,'
(iSjSJ etc. She wro(e also, for the young, historic
Kome, Greece, France, and of the early Church, as
^ some educational and devotional works. D. in i^. _
SsWsIl, (Georcs.) an English physician and mlscet-

fT SEYMOUR

lai>eotu writer, born at Windsor, was a paral of Boer-
haave. He published a "Vindication of tbe English
Stage," "Sir Waller Raleigh," a tragedy, and trans-
lations from Lucan and other Latin poets. Died la
1716.

Bewail, (Rev. William.) an English writer and
teacher, bom in the Isle of Wichl about 1805. He
was a tutor or professor at Oxford University. He
publbhed, besides other works, "Christian Morals,"
(1840,) "Christian Politics," and a version of tbe Odea
of Horace. Died November 14, 1874.

Sex'tl-Tis, (Caius,) was elected Roman eontul in 114
B.a, and was afterwards proconsul in Southern Gssl,
wliere he pained a victory over the ArvemL Near th«
warm springs, where one of his battles was fbught, he
founded the city of A<]uai SextiM, now Aii-la-ChapeUe.

Sez't^TiB, Bex'tui, or aix'tns, (Quintus.) a

been the author ,

tentix,") which RuGdus translated from Greek into
Latin.
Seztns [Zjfroi] or -€inERON^A, a Greek Side

fhilosopher of the second century, was a nephew c^
lutarcn, and a preceptor of Marcijs Aurelius.

Sez'ttia Em-fH[r^-ciu, IZtfroc Jl^fin^iM^,] aoelfti
brated Greek skeptical philosopher and physidan, whoeo
birthplace Is nnknown, flourished about loo A.IX lift
belonged to the medical sect of Empirid. lie wrote
two works which have come down (o as, namely ."Acainst
(he Malheroaticians or Do^atists," {" Adveraos Maihe*
maticos,") and " Pyrrhonislic Sketches," ("I^honie
Ilypotypoets.") These works are highly priaed as docu-
ments for the history of philosophy. They contain all the
ar^mcnts and maxims of the ancient skeptics, and tertd
to involve in doubt all the doctrines of science, religion,
and philosophy. The former work has been described
as "a perfect store-house of doubts regarding every
imaginable phasis of human knowledge." ("Encydo*
picdia Britannica.")

Sn C JoonDAiH, ~ Sotui Enpirim it la Philowiphii icnli*-
dqoe," iSsS: TaimaHANN,"GacbichMtoPhi]oH[>>>ia;'' "Moa-
nlle BisfTaphi* UiUnlc*'

Soybert sl'bfrt, (Adam,) an American mineralootst
and physidan, bom in Philadelphia in 1773, studiad
in P^is, Edinbargh, and GMtingen. lie was a member
of Congress from 1S09 to 1815. He published "Statis-
tical Annals of the United State* from r7S9 to tSiS."
Died in Paris in 1825.

Seydolmann, sl'dfl-mln' or zl'del-mln', [Jakob
Crkscenz,) a German artist, celebrated for his admira*
ble drawings in aepla, was bom at Dresden in i;r5&
Among his master-pieces is a copy of Cwrcggio's
"Night." Died in iSa^.

fiordalmann, (Karl,) a celebrated Germait actor*
born at Glata, in Silesia, in 1795 ; died in 1843.

Seydlltx, Ton, fon sid'lits or ildlits, (FanpaicX
WluiKLH,) a Prussian general, bom near Clevea in
1711, served in the Seven Years' war. For his distin-
guished bravery at the battle of Rossboch, in lyjy,
he received from his sovereign the order of the Black
Eagle. He became general of cavalry in 1767. Died
in 1773-

S« VAamAOn vm Easa, " Lcb«i da Oenatak von Sntlliti,'
iSlt I Count von Bumakk. "DtrGmcnil r. nn Sfyillia,' i>sr
BLAflKaHavaa, "Ouialuer da Cennali voa 5<^i^" irn-

Boyfliarth, slfdat or A^VitX, (Gdttat,) a Germaa
antiquary ant) professor of archieolc^ at Le{psI^ was
born at Uebigau, in the duchy of Saxony, In ■79&1 Its
was the author of " Rudimenta Itieroglyphicea," (iSadt)
and of " Principles of Mytholi^," andwrote a continua*
tion of Spohn's treatise "On the Langu^e and Letters
of the Ancient Egyptiins." In 1855 helie^me professor
the Lutheran College ol Saint Louis, in tte United
States. Died November 17, 1SS5.

S« ALU Km. " DictioniiT of AHlhen."

Soyfrled, slTatt or d'fatt, (Ignaz,) a Gennaa com-
poser, born at Vienna in (776; died in 1841,

SeyToour, (Edwarr) See SouERSirr, Di/kr or.

Seymoxir, see'milt, (Edward,) an English Tory

politi

fissi; CBS«;2Aar^; tan/' 0,11, %,pittHraS; »,ria4al; %,lrilled; I

a lineal descendant of the Dnl

Ife'of

Sons-

latMit. {|^~SeeEapUtuitioiii,p B3.)

Digitized by VjOOQIC

■,-thi

2t78

SFORZA

treuory »nd member of toe caUnet. He was removod
in 1694. He was facttoo* In politics and licentious in
norau. Died in 1707.

Se* IIacadlhv, " Hiilaix of "Ex^^mi, faL L

Seymonr, ■ee'inur, (Giokgb Fsanklin,) S.T.D.,
ULD., an Ameitcan Inahop, born in New York dty,
lanuarT 5, 1829, eraduatea with highest honouis al
Columbia College in ig^o^ held impocunt rectorships in
the Episcopal Church, founded Saint Stephen's College,
Annandale, New York, and was its warden, 1854-61, was

?roreiisoT in the General Theological Seminary, New
ork, 1865-79, and wu Its dean I87S-79- la 1878 ho
was consecrated Bisbop of Spnn^eld, Illinois. He be-
came tbc meat piomioent leader of tbe " High-Chuich"
party in the American Church. Died Dec 8, 1906.
BeTinoar, (Sir Geokck Hamilton,) an English dJ-

flomatist, bom about 1797, He wis sent to SainI
etersburg in iSjt as enTor-extraordinarr and minisltr-
plenipotentiary. In 1853 Nicholas I. made to him over<
tures on the subject ol Turkey, offering, it is said, to
co-operate with England in the spoliation of "the sick
loan." He died February 4, iSSc^

Beymonr, see'milr, {Hokatio,) an American poli-
tician, born in Onondaga countjr, New Voile, in i8ia
He studied law, which he practised for several yeart In
titica. lie was nominated for the office of Governor of

■gain in IB5X, he was elected Governor for two years
tf a targe majority. In 1S54 he was an unsuccessful
candidate for itie same office. In the crisis of 1861 he
opposed the coercion of the secessionists. According
to Mr. Greeley, he was understood to urge the adhesion
of New York to the Southern Confederacy. ("American
Conflict," vol. i. p. 438.) He was elected (jovemor of
New York in 1861. Abont the tsl of August, 1863,
be urged President Lincoln to suspend the draft, and
Insisted that the enforcement of the drjUt should be
postponed till the courts decided the question of its
constitutionality. He was president of the National
Democrmlic Convention which met at Chicago in August,
1864, and was again presented as a candidate for the
office of Governor in November, 1864, but was defeated.
He was president of the National Democratic Convention
which met in New York, July 4, 1868, and was nominated
u the candidate lor tbe Presidency of the United States.
He received only eighty electoral voles, and was defeated
by General GranU Died February 13, 1S8&

Seymour, (Jane,) was a sister of Edward, Duke of
Somerset, and the third wife of Henry VIIL, to whom
■he was married in 1J36. She was the mother of Ed-
ward VL Died in 1537.

S«3rmotiT, (Sir Michasl,} an English vice-admiral,
born in 1801. He became a rear-admiral in 1S5S, and
commanded the naval force which operated against
Canton in 1857. Died February 13, iSsy.

BeynonT, (Thomas,) Lord Sudelv, lord high ad-
miral of England, was a brother of Edward, Duke of
Somerset. He married Catherine Parr, a widow of
Henry VIIL, and, after her death, became a suitor of
the princeis Elizabeth. He aspired to be governor of the
young king, and to supplant the Duke of Somerset as
regent or protector. Having been convicted of treason,
he was beheaded in 1549.

Sh Kim^ - Hnlocj oT E^tad.**

Seymow, (Tkuuam,) an American eeneral, bom at
Buriinpton, Vermont, about iSZ4< graduated at West
Point in 1846. He was a captain in Fort Sumter when it
was bombarded in April, 1861 ; was made a brigadier-
general, and served in the battles of Antretam, {1S61,)
■nd Olustee, Florida, [1864) -, was captured in the Wil-
derness, but was exchanged, and served before Peters-
burg to the close of the war. Died October 30, 1891.

Seymotir, (William,) Duke of Somerset, was a
great -i^rsndson of Edward Seymour, Duke of Somerset.
He offended James I. by his marriage with Arabella

Stnart, who was a cohsId of the king. In the dvil wm
he fotight for Charles L Died in lUo. (See STUAn,
Ararsixa)

BayMel See Seissei.

Sixe, do, d;h sic (Raymohd.) Conrrr, a French ad-
vocate and royalist, born at Bordeaux in 1748. He wis
one of the counsel selected by Louis XVL to defend
him in his trial, and made an eloquent plea before the
Convention. He became Gut p-esident of (he court of
cassation in iSij, and a member of the Pren^ Acad-
emy in 1816. Died in 1S18.

Sh CHX-nntHMMHti^ " ert«e Al Comu di Stn," iSSt : Hu
KorraL, "Mtmoira:" "NosnU* Bkcnphii CMial*."

Bfondntl, ■fon.dai'tee, (Cblbstino,) an Itallas
cardinal and writer, born at Milan in 1644,- died in

Bfondnitl, (Fkakcesco,) an Italian cardinal, bora u
Cremona In 1493. was an influential adviser of Pope
Paul IIL He wrote a Latin poenfOnthe Rapeof
Helen," (" De Rapiu Helens," 1559.) Died in 155%

Bforca. See Sforza.

BfoTsa. See BoN.tA SPORXA.

Bfoixa, sfoRfsi, [Fr. Sraacs, sfoKss,] {FrakciscXi,)
■on of GiaeomuiEo, noticed below, was bom In 1401,
■nd was equally distinguished a* a vrarrlor. After he
had for t time assistea the Florentines against Fitippo
Maria Visconti, Duke of Milan, the latter gave him in
marriage his daughter Bianca. On the death of Viscnntl
he took possession of Milan, with the assistance of the
Venetians, and was proclaimed duke in t4Sdi. lie dis-
played great ability and moderation as a rater, an^
among other valuable public worka, oonatnicted the
Navigiio della Martesana, or canal between Milan and
the Adda. Died in 1465.

Sm Horo, " Fnni Slbn*,''>R)t., il^a; "ThaLiftHdnM*
orFnuKncaSfana,"by W. P. Ubovmait, iRfi: G. Simmstti,
"De Ribu iMi* F. Sfoiw," 14S0; Rontsw, '■Hnlvvif
Chula v.," vol. iL bookiiv.-n. : Sishohdi, " Hal«R i1m Mpib-
llqixa luUninc*;" "Noimlla BiivnpliM Cjnfnla-"

Bfona, (Fkahcesco Maria,] the last Duke of Milan,
a son of Ludovico*'ll Moro,"was bom In 1491. He
obtained the dukedom by the aid of the emperor Charles

bom in 14^ He became Duke of Milan in 1465.
Having made himselfodious to the people bj his tynany
and licentiousness, he was assassinated in 1476;

BfoTsa, (Giacomuizo AnxNiraLo, jl-ko-raoot'to
It-iln'do-lo,) an Italian soldier of fortune, born near
Faenia about ijya At an eariy age he entered the
service of Albenco da Barbiano, one of the most noted
of the **condottieri," or parly leaders of the time, who
striving for the deliverance of Italy from foreign
enaries. By his distinguished bravery and energy
he contributed to the success of Alberico'a enierpriie*,
and received from him the surname of " Sforza, froin
his great strength. He afterwards assisted the Floren-
tines against tne republic of I^sa, and, having entered
the secVice of Joanna, Queen of Naples, attained the
rank of commander-in-chiefi Having marched against
Bracdo da Monlone, he was drowned while attempting
to ford the river Fescara, in 1414.

si* Ratti, ")f tnwTie <klla Funislii S(iiRii,''> v(ili.,ini:Sn-
vomH, " HiMeIrt do RjpubKqua lulinmcs."

Sfonn, (Giovanni Galeazzo Maria.) Duke «'
Milan, the son of Galeaxzo Maria, noticed above, was
bom in 146SL He succeeded his father tn 1476^ hit
mother acting as regent; but the power was usurped
atx>ut 148a by hit uncle I^dovicoL Died in 1494.

Bforsn, (Lijdovico,) turnamed n. Morc^ ("the
Moor,") brother of Galeazio Maria, was born in 1451.
He imprisoned his nephew, the legitimate heir, and
usurped the government of Milan, about iaSo. In ordei
to strengthen himself against Ferdinand, Kingof Napltii
who had espoused the cause of the young duke, he in-
vited Charles Vlll. of France to attempt the conqneM
of Naples, thus originating the devastating wart which
afflicted luly in the sixteenth century. The FrciKh,
having taken Naples, soon roused the people to itsiii-
ance by their oppression, and were expellM from lulj
by the D""-'' -«■'"'- '-'■-■

|,I^T><itfl>y>'i>V'''^^^une,ks(pio)onged:i,i,I,J^fi,]r,M0rf;t,c,l9te«<r«rT;rlr,llll,ai;n(tinBtig<)5dinS^

Digitized by CjOOQ I C

SFORZA

king, Louli Xn., tn 149^ Lndovtco, tft«T opposing Mm
wiifi nrying tucces*, wu Uken pritoner, and drad in
France in 1510.

Bfona, [MassimilianoJ a aon of the preceding,
enjoyed for x time ihe rank of Dulte of Milan, bnt was
depoMd by Ihe French Icin^ Franda I^ aAcr ihe battle
of Marignano. in ISI5. £^ed in ijsa lit* brother
Fkahcuco wis made Doke of Milan by the emperor
Cbarlet V., to whom, on his during irithout iuue '
1515, be bequeathed the dukedom.
nERiaeklOtoD^ (Sk Ekmist,) polar explorer, bom at
Kilkee, Ireland, m 1874. He took part in the Antarc-
tic Expedition of 1901, eominanded the Bntish Antarctic
Expedition of 1907-c^, and reached a pinnt 1 1 1 miles
from the pole. The Sooth Magnetic Fbte was also
reached. He received high hondun from geogiapbical
(ocietiea and was knighted \fj the govenimenl.

Bbad'w«U, <Thomas,) an EngTiih dramatljL bom (n
Norfolk in 1640, wu for a time a friend of DiTflen, who
subsequently satirized him in his poem of " MacFleck-
noe." He sneceeded Dryden as poet-laureate in 168S,
tiirotieh the inflaence oTthe Earl of Rochester. He

riblisned, among other comedies, "The Humonriat,"
The Sullen Lovers," "The Lancashire Witches" and
■The Volunteers." Died in 1692.

B«* ~ RMmpectln Karicw," ToL 3,, Mecndierie^ (itiK.)

SliJlfey, shl'fi' or shS'fi', (Lit Skafei'us,] wntten
also Shafay and Schafel, (sometimei called Aboo-
Abdallah-Hohamined-Ibn-Idi'ees, (or -Edria,)
t'boo Ib-dU'lah mo-hlm'med fb'n e-drees',} a cele-
brated Mohammedan doctor, bom at Gata 1^ 767 a.d^,
was the founder of one of the four orthodox sects of
Moslems, and one of the most learned men of his time.
He lived for manv vears at Mecca, and wrote treatise!
OD canon and dviVlaw. Died about 810.

ShaftAT, (William Rupus,) ao American gen'
era), bom at Galesburg, Michigan, in 1S35. He be-
came a lieutenant in the Union army in 1861, and
was mustered out as brevet brigadier-general in i86S'
He entered the regular army as lieutenant-colooel in
1867, and was made brigadier-geoeraJ in 1897, in
charge of the deparlmenl of CalUomia. In 1898 be
commanded in the operations leading to the surrender
of Santiago de Cuba, subsequently returning ' '
department of Calitomia. Died Nov. la, 191^.

Stutftasbniy, sha&^r-e, (Aitthomy Ashlkt
COOPU,) Lord Ashley, and first Earl of, an English

politician, fa

_n the aid or 13d of July, i6ai. He was a son of Sii
lohn Cooper, and a grandson of Sir Anthony Ashley,
from each of whom he inherited a large escate.

He waa a member of the Short Parliament of 164^
In the civil war he first supported the cause of the king,
bnt in (643 he joined the popular party, and took Ware,
ham in 1644. He became a member of Parliament in
t6;3, after which he was appcunted a member of Crom-
well's council of state. Between 1654 and 1660 he sal
In several Parliaments, was an opponent of Cromwell,
and very efficiently promoted the restoration. Charles
II. rewarded him in 1660 withv the office of chancellor
of the exchequer, and raised him to'the p
Baron Ashlev, in 1661. Lord Ashley waa

Opponent of Lord Clarendon while the latter .._ ,. _

minister. He became in 1670 a member of the famous
and notorious Cabal ministry, whose domestic policy
was arbitrary, and whose foreign policy was basely — '
servient to the will of Louis XIV, " Ashley, with

stronger head [than Buckingham)," says Macaulay,

with a far fiercer and more earnest ambition, had been
equallv versatile ; but Ashley's versatility was the effect
not of levity, but of selfishness. He had served and
betrayed a succession of Governments; but he had limed
well that through all revoli "'

an his treacheries __ _..

Us fi>rtanes bad been constantl]
i England.") He was created

Ijr rising." (■' History

. --- Earl of Shafteshu7 in

1671, and held the office of lord chancellor from N<

▼ember, 1672, till November, 1673. After the seals had
been taken Crom him, he went over to the opposition or
tonntry party, and signalised his teal against popery. A

n SHAFTESBURY

majority of the Commons naving opposed the measures
of the court, the king prorogued that House from lime
to time. When it assembled in 1677, Shaftesbnry as-
•erted that It was dissolved. For this offence he was
confined in the Tower for more than a year This affair,
and his officious action in relation to the Popish Plot*
rendered him so popular that he was appointed presirfeni
of the new council formed in 1679. While he held this
high position, be procured the passage of the famous
Habeas Corpus act, <rf which he was the author. Having
been dismissed from the presidency of the council in
October, 1679, he presented the Duke of York to the
prand jury as a popish recusant. Suspected of conspir-
ing with the Duke of Monmouth, he was seized in July,
1681, and confined in the Tower on a charge of treason j

Bhaftubtirv, (Anthony Ashley Coopbh,) seventh
Earl of, an English philanthropist, the eldest son of
the sinh Earl, was bom in 1801. He was styled LoiD
Ashley in his youth. He graduated at Oxford, as first
classin classics, in iSll, and entered Parliament in l8:&
He procured the passage of the " Ten Hours' Dill," which
requires that children In factories shall not work mom
than ten hours in a day. He distinguished himself ■■
an advocate of the "Evangelical party" of the Anglican
Church, and as a promoter of benevolent enterprises.
At the death of his father, in 1851, he inherited tht
earldom. Died October 1, iSSC

SbafteabtuT, (Anthony doom,) third Eau. at,
a celebrated English writer, bom in I/mdon in 1671,
was a grandson of the first Earl. He was educated In
John Locke, the philosopher, who was a friend of hi*
grandfather. According to a statement of the pnpil
himself, Locke "had the absolute direction of his educa-
tion." In 1693 he entered Parliament, where he acted
with Ihe Whigs. During a residence in Holland, ta
which he went in 1698, he became acquainted with
Bayle and Leclerc On the death of his father, in 1699,
he passed into the House of Lords. He was a political
friend of Willkun IIL, who consulted him in important
affairs. Alter the death of William (1705) he retired
from public service. He published a " Letter on Enthu-
siasm," (1708,1 "Moralists, a Philosophical Rhapsody."
(1709,) and "Seiuns Communis, or Essay on Wit and
Humour," (1709.) His a'tyle as a writer was greatly ad-
mired, though it is wanting In ease and simplicity. He
died at Naples in February, 1713, leaving one son, An-
thony. His collected works were published in 1713,
under the title of "Characteristics of Men, Manners,
Opinions, and Times." Leibniu warmly applauded his

"Characteristics." "His fine gen' ' — "" " ■ ■- ■■

says Sir J. Mackintosh, "shine

the permanence of fame." Referrii^ to his " MoralJslt,"
the same critic says, " Periiaps there is scarcely any
composition in oar language more lofty in its moral and
religious sentiments and more exquisitely elegant and
musical in its diction. . - . 'The Inquiry concerning
Virtue' is nearly exempt from the faulty peculiarities of
the author; the method is perfect, the reasoning jns^
the style precise and clear. , , . This production is an-
~-';stionably entitled to a place in the first rank oif
glish tracts on moral philosophy. It contains more
imations of an original and important nature on lb«
theory of ethics than perhaps any preceding work of
modem times. His deinonslration of the utility of vir>
' '- ~'ic individual far surpaues all attempts of tha
iture,— being founded not on a calculation of
outward advantages or inconveniences, alike 1
lain, precarious, and degrading, but on the

fimiidation of the delight whicn is of the vt ,

of sodal affection and virtuous sentiment, ... on tht
all-important truth that to love is to be happy and to
'late is to be miserable, that affection is its own reward
jid ill will it* own punishmeM. . . The relation tt
religion to morality, ai far as it Can be discovered bv
human reason, was never more justly or more heanti-

le geikins and generous spirit,"
shine through his writings ;
nmed by peculiarities, and, it

nA; (U/;|iitn/; tas/;o,H,iC,/n/A(ni/; »,niuiil:t.,tnUtd;\tit: tbaslntiu; (|ySecEiplanaliona,p,9^

Digitized .yGoOgle

SHAKSPEARE

reigns; u, Shak AbbH it, "King Abbb," NADIR
Shah, " wondciful king." et&

Shah-Alam, shlh l'!»m, ("King of the World,")
irriilen also Bcbati-AUm {-Alem or -Altm) and
Sbab-Alum, (or -Allum,) somclimes cilled Babftdar
Sbah, b»-hl'd.»r slilK, (-'Brave King,") a son
Aurung-Zeb, Emperor of India, whom he succeeded
■ 707. He died in 1713, while carrying on a war against
the 5lkh».

Sbab-Alam (or Schah-AIem] II. ascended the
throne of India in 1759. In order to strengthen hii
authority over his empire, he had recourse to the British,
to whom he gave • grant of Uengal, Itahar, and Orissa,
in return for the city and district of Allahabad which
thev assigned hiin. Died in i3o6.

Sbab-Jebftn or Bbabjebao, shlh if-hln', written
■bo Bbab-Jaban and Sobab- (or Cnab-) Djehan,
("King of the World,") the fifth Mogul Emperor of
India, the son of Jehln-Geer, whom he succeeded in
1627. His reign was disturbed by the rebellion of his
•om, one of whom, the famous Aurung-Zeb, put to death
two of his brothers and deposed his father. He died In
1666 at Agra, where a large establishment had been
granted him. The court of ShSh-Jehln was celebrated
ior its splendour. The "peacock throne," formed of

I'ewels valued at jf6,joo,oc>a was constructed by him.
le also founded the dty of ShSh Jehlnibld, or New
Delhi, and erected man* magnificent public buildings,
among which the Tli-Maha), a mausoleum, erected in
honour o( hit favounte wife, called Tii-Mahal, f the
Crown of the Palace,"] near Agra, is justly regarded
as one of the wonders of the world, and, in the opin-
ion of leveral competent judges, it the most elegant
and splendid edifice on (he globe. It It said to have

Of dolls. _

ShU-Rokh-BebadiiT, *hlh roK bf-hl'ddCr, or
Bbab-Rokh-M««rsa, ■ ton of Tamerlane, succeeded
him on the throne in 140$. He rebuilt the fortteis ol
the dty of Hei3t, and coiutructed other public edifices.
Died aoout 1450.

Bbairp, shlrp, (loHN Campbeu,) LLD., a British
Kholar, t>om at Huuttoan House, Linliihgowshire,
Scotland, July 30, tSia He wat educated at Ctugow
University, anif at BalUol College, Oxford. In 1861 he
benme profestor of humanttr in Saint Andren't llnU
vertiiy, and i;i 1868 prindpal of Ih.it Institution. He
has published "Kltniahoe, and other Poems," (1864.)
"Studies in Poetry and Philosophy," (iSCiS,) "Lectures
on Culture and Religion," (1870,) " Life of James
Forbes," (1S73,) "Poetic Interpretation of Nature,"
(1877,) " Atpeclt of Poetry," (iSSi,) etc [D. in 1883.)

SbalTa. See Saiva.

SbakboTskr or Sduicbowikl, thl-icov'slte,
(Alexander ALXXAirDRovn'Cii,) Pkince, a eeitbtated
Russian dramatist, born In the government of Smolensk
in 1777. Among his numerous and popular works may
benaniedhis"Ariitophanet,"acoinedy, and"A Lesson
to Cociueltes." Died in 1846.

Shakeapear, shlk'speer, (John,) an English Orien*
talist, born >l Lount, Leicestershire, in 1774. He was
professor of llindostanee at the Royal Military College,
and published, among other works, an excellent "Dic-
tionary of the Hindustani Language," (1817,) and a
"Grammar of the Hindustani Language," (6lh edition,
tS}S. gvo.) Died In iSsS.

Sbakapanr* or Shaketpeara,* shilt'spcer, <Wil.
LIAM,) the greatest dramatic genius that ever lived,
Wat born at Stratford -upon- A von in April, (probably
ou the ajd,) 1564. His father, John Shakspeare, was a
glover. His mother's maidrn-name was Mary Arden ;
she belonged to a respectable and ancient family of
Warwickshire. William was the eldest of Tour bruthers ;

life of Shakspeare are extremely meagre. Of bit child-
hood, after his chrisienine, (which took place on the
36th of April,) and his early youth, we know absolutely

nothing. It is certain, however, that he was married in
his nineteenth year to Anne Hathaway. He appears
soon after his marriage to have gone to London, where
he followed the profession of an actor, and, if Aubrn'i
statement may be trusted, he " did act exceedingly well."
There is a pretty generally received tradition that he
Red from Warwickshire in consequence of having been
detected in deer-stealing. Rowe, in his Ufe of Shak-
speare, relates the story as follows: "He had, \n t
misfortune common enough to young fellows, fallen into
ill company ; and amongst them some that made a fre-
quent practice of deer-stealing engaged him with then
more than once in robbing a park that belonged to Sit
Thomas Lucy, of Charlecote, near Stratford. For this
he was prosecuted by that gentleman, as he thooght,
somewhat too severelv ; and in order to revenge that ill
usage, he made a ballad upon him. And though (hi),
probably the first essay of his poetry, be lost, ye I It is
said to have been so very bitter that it redoubled the
prosecution against him. to that degree that he was
obliged 10 leave his business and family in Warwickshire
f"' '"me lime, and shelter himself in London." It
very probable that the passage in the first scene
of the "Merry Wives of Windsor," in which the "luces'
(or "louses") on Justice Shallow's coat are spoken o(
was intended as a hit at Sir Thomas Lacy. A similar
play upon the name of Lucy occurs in a coarse ballail
Which tradition ascribe* to Shakspeare. After having
taken up hit abode in London, he appeart to have iciu
by turns at the Globe and at Blackfriars' Theatre.

Speaking of Shakspeare soon after his arrival in Lon-
don, Rowfr says, " lie was received into the compan*
then in being, at lirst in a very mean rank ; but Us siT
mirable wit, and the natural turn of it to the stage, khm
distinguished him, if not at an extraordinary actor, yet
an excellent writer. His name Is printed, u tb*
was In those times, amongst those of the other
before some old plays, but without an* partico-
' of what sort of parts he used to play; and.

players, h

though I have inquired, I could never meet with an^
further account of him this way than that the top of htf
performance was the ghost in his own ' HamleL."*

'hen Shakspeare first begaa Iti writs
plays, or which he wrote firsL " i le began early," styt
Aubrey, "to make essays at dramatic poetry, whicli it
that time wat very low, and his plays took well" la
his dedication of ''Venus and Adonis," which apptvd
in 159^ Shakspeare calla this poem "Cat fini ktirif lot
•HvmfieH. It is, however, tttit impossible that be rnvht
have commenced the work many years earlier. Hit Brsl
published play appeared in 1594, the same year that hii
" Lucrece'' wat given to the world. From thii li0M
there it reason to suppoM that, although he may hart
continued to act occasionally, hit prindpal attention «a>
directed to the compotiti on of hit dramas; since, accord-
ing to Meret, he had written the "Two GcnDencasI
Verona," "Comedy of Errors," " Love's Labour's Lost,"
"I-ove't Labour't Won," (i>., perhaps, "All's WeO
that Ends Well,") "Midsummer Night's Dream,""Mer.
chant of Venice," "Richard H.," "Richard IIL,'
"Henry IV.." "King John," "Titu* Andronicai," and
' Romeo and Juliet" before the end of 1598.
There Is much evidence to show that the genimof
Nahspeare was greatly admired by hit con tern porarie*
he Earl of Southampton was so captivated with hit

Slithments that " he gave him a thousand (WDiids
le him to go through with a purcha.w whicli bi
heard he hada mind to." (Kowe't " Life of Shakspeare.^
In order properly to appredate the munificence of thii
gift, it should be borne in mind that a thousand poondi

dedicated to the Earl of Southampton hii earliest work^
" Venus and Adunis," and " Lucrece." In the dcdica-
.. I of the latter, he tayt, among other things, "TM
love 1 dedicate to your lordship is without end."

l,4I.^<l.;./ow fc,t,4^Mro«, less prolonged; I,«,i; 9, {l,;,/4<>n';f,c,[, 9, <i»m(rv;iar, fill, atjinitjnSt;ge&din«te

Digitized by CjOOQ I C

WILUAM SHAKSPEARE.

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

In the rollowing mmner: "Jonson, who was it that
time altogether unknown to the world, had offered one
or his plays to the pUyent !n order to have it acted, and
the persons into whose hands it wa« put, after turning it
carele»ty and superciliously over, were just upon return-
ing to him an ilt-natured answer, that it would 1m of no
use to their company, when Shakipeare luckily cist his
ejre upon it, and found something so well in it as to
engage him lirst to read it through, and al^erwards to
recommend Mr. Jonson and his writings to the public
Afler this they were professed friends." The pt.iy
referred lo was "Every Miti in his Humour." If any-
thing could be wanting lo the honour thus eoiiferied
tipon Jonson's play by the approbation of the greatest
dramatic genin* the world ever saw, it was surely sup*
plied in the fact that Shakspeare hiinself was one of the
«lors in the piece which he had already recommended
to the public

The great dramatist appears to have enjoyed a large
measure of the favour of his sovereigns. Queen Eliia-
beth and King James L "Besides the advantages of his
wil," says Kowe, "he was in himself a gooif.naturcd
man, of great sweetness in his manners, and a most
agreeabte companion. . . . Queen Elizabeth had several
of his plays acted before her, and without doubt gave
bitn many gracious marks of her favour. . . . She was
■o well ple:tsed with that character of FalstafT, in the
two parts of 'Henry IV.,' that she commanded him to
continue it for one play more, and to show him. in love."
This IS said to have been the occasion of his ¥nHiing
the "Merry Wives of Windsor." It is stated that
King James I., who was fond of dramatic exiiibitions,
bad six of Shakspeare's plays acted before him at White-
hall between the beginnmg of November, 1604, and the
end of March, 1605, and that' the monarch, as a mark
of his particular favour, wrote the poel a letter with his
own hand.

Shakspcare had lost his father In t6ol. In 1G07 bis
daughter Susanna was married to Dr. Hall, a highly
respectable physician of Warwickshire. In the year
following, his mother died. The great poet passed, it is
■aid, the last years of his life in his native Stratford in
honour and amuence. One writer (the Rev. John Ward,
Vicar of Stratford) says he had heard that " in his elder
days he lived at Stratford, and supplied the stage with
two play* every year ; and for it had an allowance so
large that he spent at the rate of jf 1000 a year," He
closed his earthly career on the 23d of April, (supposed
lo be the anniversary of bis birth,} 1616, at the age of
fifljr-two.

In resatd to Shakspeare's tntellectuat and moral
attributes, we have fir less diHicutly in coming at the
truth, than we meet with in seeking to trace the events
of his life. Respecting his mental endowments, indeed,
the data furnished by his dramas, added to the testimony
ot Jonson and other writers living at or near his time,
would teem to be ample and expliaL We are warranted
In inferring from his writings that he was, as Rowe in-
' fornu US, not merely a "good-natured" man, and "of a
free and open nature," as we are told by Jonson, but
that he was of an extremely generous and forgiving dis-
position. In his imaginative dramas (in which he was
under no obligation to follow the facts of history) he
■hows a disinclination to treat with severity even the
most flagrant oflences. Thus, for example, in " The Tem-
pest," Prospero, as it appears, not only freely pardons
Alonio and Antonio, by whom he had been expelled
Trom his dukedom, but the monster Caliban, though
delected in an attempt to take the life of his master, is
lei <^ with a very slight punishment. A similar example
of clemency occurs in the " Two Gentlemen of Verona,"
in which Valenline, after freely forgiving Proteus, who
had been the author of all his calamines, uses these
wordsi

" Who br rcpmtincc it not Hdtficil,
1i COT of twaven nor orih."

:markable Instance Is found in
. . . , . which is from Boccac
velist makes the wretch, who^ has s<

We have no means of determininj; the exact order
in which Shakspeare composeif his diflerent plays. To
those alre;idy mentioned, on the authority of^ Meres,
as having been produced before 1598, we may add ihe
second and third parts of " Henry VI.," published pre-
viously to 1596. It is probable that "Taming of the
Shrew," the "Twelfth Night," "Hamlet," (as first writ-
ten,) " Henry V.," " Mucb Ado about Nothing," and
the " Merry Wives of Windsor" were composed before
1600. His other dramas are as fallows: "King Lear,"
"Macbeth," "Timoii of Athens," "Hamlet," (altered
and enlarged.) " Cymbeline," "The Winter's Tale."
"The Tempest," "Measure for Measure," "Antony and
Cleopatra," "Julius Ciesir," "Troilua and Crcssida,"
" Coriolanus," (and " Pericles, Prince of Tyre.") Of
Shakspeare's tragedies, " Macbeth," " King Leat,"
"Othello," "Hamlet," and "Romeo and Juliet," aro
especially remarkable for the power with which tho
mightiest passions of the human soul are portrayed,
llut he was scarcely, if at all, less successful in comedy.
Of the character of Falstaff in " Henry the fourth," it
is not too mucb to say that there is nothing superior tn
it in (he whole range of comedy, ancient or modern.
Among his best comic pieces may also be mentioned
"Twelfth Night," " Much Ado about Nothing," " Mid-
summer Night's Dream," "Merry Wives of Wind-
sor," and "Taming of the Shrew." Of Shakspeare's
dramas which cannot properly l>e classed under the
head either of comedy or irieedy, "The Merchant 0/
Venice." "The Tempest," and "As You Like It"ars
perhaps the most admirable. Two of the plays com-
monly printed with Shakspeare's works are believed by
a large majority of the best critics not to be his. via. i
"Titus Andronicus" and "Pericles, Prince of Tyre."
In " Titus Andronicus," both the thoughts and the stylo
seem very unlike and inferior lo Shakspeare's, "Tho
same is true, though perhaps not in the same degree, of
•• Pericles, Prince of Tyre," Some passages m both
plays may probably have been retouched by the great
dramatist, and thus his name may have become asso-
ciated with them,

Shakspeare appears to have taken the plots of hia
plays, for the most part, from other writers, making little
or no change in the general conduct of Ihe story, but

ihibiling tne different dramalii fierieiiir, and their end-

dramas, generally speaking, c<

regard to the prmcipal person^ onu t..<^ii>9, .u >.ib -....—<
histories from which Ihey are derived. There is the
same exact conformity in some of his plays which are
not properiy historical. Thus, "All's Well that Ends
Well," taken from the "Decameron," (Giomata III,

aripnal, it was Shakspeare." "He is not so much
an imitator as an Instrument of nature ; and it is not so
just to say that he speaks from her, as that she speaks
through him. His characters are so much nature her-
self, that it is a sort of injury to call (hem by so distant
a name as copies of her."

" Widely excelling," says Warbnrton, " In the know-
ledge of human nature, he hath given to his infinitely
varied pictures of it such truth oldesign, such force of
drawing, such beauty of colouring, as was hardly ever
equalled by any writer, whether hiit aim was Ihe use, or
only the entertainment, of mankind."

*U»; fM*,-tJiarii; f/jOi^t^ie^t^ai; K.iuuaf; %,trilltii; la* i; thai in Mm. (S^Sce Eaplanations, p, aj,^

dbyGoogle

SHAKSPEARB ai

" Never, perhaps," tays Schlegel, the great Gennan
critit, "was there »o comprehensive a talent for the
delineation of character as Shakspeare's. It not onlf
erasps the diversitie* of rank, MX, and age doirn to the
daminga of infancy, not only do the king and the beg-
gar, the hero and the pickpocket, the sage and the idiot,
■peak and act «ith equal truth, but he opens the gates
of the magical world of spirits, calls up the midnight
ghost, peoples the air with sportive fancies and aylpfis ;
and these beings existing only in the imagination pos-
sess snch troth and consistency that, even when deformed
monsters like Caliban, he extorts the conviction that if
there should be such beings they would so conduct
themselves." Thei fallowing observation, by the same
writer, is not less strikingly )ust than the foregoing : " If
Shakspeare deserves our admiration for his characters,
he is equally deserving of it for his exhibition of passion,
taking this word in its widest signification, as including
every menial condition, every tone from indifference or
bmiliar mirth to the wildest rage and despair."

"Of all poets,"says Lessing, "perhaps he alone has
portrayed the mental diseases, melancholy, delirium,
Innacy, with such wonderful and in every respect definite
truth, that the physician may enrich his observations
from them in the same manner as fjrotn real cases."

But, among all the aitics who have treated or the
merits of Shakspeare, none has portrayed his character-
istics as a poet more admirably than Dryden :

" He was the man who, of all modem and perhaps
ancient poets, had the largest and most comprehensive
soul : all the images of nature were still present to him,
and he drew them, not laboriously, but luckily ; when
be describes anything, you more than see it, — you feel it
too. Those who accuse him to have wanted leai^tng,

f;ive him the greater commendation : he was naturally
earned; he needed not the spectacles of books to read
nature. — he looked inwards and found her there. I can-
not say he is everywhere alike, , . . But he is always
great when some great occasion a presented to him ; no
man can say he had a lit subject for his wit and did not
then raise himself as high above the rest of poets
" ' Quaatuo knti •aim inter Tibumt niprosL' "■
From the data, imperfect as they are, which we pos-
sess concerning the life of Shakspeare, we seem war-
ranted in inferring that his scholutic education mu<it
have been extremely defective. This inference is sup-
ported by the direct testimony of Ben Jonson, who says
that Shakspeare had "smalt Latin and less Greek."
That one with so little opportunities of learning should
have exhibited not merely a wonderful mastery of the
human heart, with its infinitely complex affections and
motives, but also a familiar acquaintance with many of
the operations of external nature, and, what is perhaps
■till more remarkable, with some of the nicest points of
English law, has to not a few appeared strange and
inexplicable, if not absolutely incredible- In attempting
to solve the difficulty, some have adopted the extraor-
dinary hypothesis that the dramas going under the name
of Shakspeare must have been written by some other
person. The late Delia Bacon appears to have been the
first to start this hypothesis. She publicly announced the
Idea in an article published in " Putnam's Magazine"
for January, i8}6. In the following year appeared her
" Philosophy of the Plays of Shakspeare unfolded," in
which she states in full her reasons for believing that
Lord Bacon was the true " Shaksi>eare-" Since then,
Mr. Nathaniel Holmes, late of Saint Louis, Mis.<ouri,
now professor of law at Harvard, availing hitnself of
the suggestion given by Miss Bacon, but taking a some-
what different view of the question, has published a
well-written and highly readable book entitled "The
Authorship of Shakspeare," in which he sets forth with
elaborate inKenuity the various arguments against the
claims of WQliam Sbakspeaie and in favour of those of
Lord Bacon.

Here is not the place to enter into a particular con-
■ideration of this question. We may. however, observe
that Mr. Holmes adduce* as by liu his strongest argu-

■ <3«»Vriiom"EdQtial.")

\i SHAKSPEARE

ment the great number of coincidences which, are foond
to exist between the ideas and expressions of Shak-
speare and those occurring in the works of Bacon,
(or, as he stales it, " that general, inwrought, and all-
pervading identity which is found in these writings ;") a

gent search he discovered in the voluminous works of tui
two authors living in the same age and writing on a great
variety of subjects: though some of them ate clearly tb«
creation of the writer's fancy, as when, in pointlnc; out the
similarity between the leading ideas of " The Tempest"
and those of the " New Atlantis" of Bacon, be says, "Like
the island of Atlantis, Prospero's isle is situated alar
oS in the midst of the ocean, somewhere near the 'itilU
vexed Bermoothes."* Now, this supposition is ool
improbable merely, — it is simply Impossible. For, ia
the first place, there is not the slightest intimation ia
the words of the poet of Prospero and his daughter
having made a long voyage in " the rotten carcass of ■
boat" without tackle, sail, or mast ; on the contrary,
the inevitable Inference is that it was a very short onej
and, in the second place, it was clearly impossible that
the brief storm which wrecked the king and his coni>
panions on their return firom Tunis to Naples, coold
have carried their fleet not only out of the Meditet'
ranean through the Straits of Gibraltar, but more thai
half-way across the Atlantic. (See "The Tempest," Act
L Scene 3, and Act IL Scene i.) Add to this that
Bacon distinctly and repeatedly tells na that the New
Atlantis was in the "South Sea," and not in the A>

But were Bacon's ddms to the anthorshtp of Sbak
speare's dramas a hundred times stronger than they are,
they could scarcely outweigh the direct and tmiforra
testimony of the contemporaries of those illustrious
men. Can it be- believed that Ben Jonson, who wu
personally and, as it appears, intimately acquainted with
Shakspeare, would have spoken of him in the manner
that he has done had he been a mere man of straw,
'hose only use was to conceal from public view the
greatest genius the worid had ever known? For, ia
addition to these well-known lines,—

'Td dnw on envy, Shilupcar^ on itiy nuu^
Am 1 Uiiuimplfi (olhr book tnd lama;
Willis I eontiH Ihf wi^Dii(i ID tx iuefa
Ai oeiihR Uaa b« Mint cu ptaiit too nuadL

Triunph, my BiitaiD I Ihou Iml oi

Nirgrt htrtelf wai rroud of hji d«*lfu.
AndtSyid Idwiar ihe dnHinttill' bi> line!,'
Wluch K-CTv v> richly tpun ind woven ao G^

Tonson says, in another place, " I loved the man, and do
lonour his memory — on this side idolatry — at much it
any. He was indeed honest and of an open and free
~ ' ire, had on excelleol phantasy, {fancy,] brave notion^ .

gentle expressions, wherein he floured with that li-
cility that sometimes it was necessary that he should bs
stopped." How strikingly descriptive is this of Shak-
speare'a most remarkable peculiarity I It is this eices^
ive "facility" or exoberance of expression, joined witB
bis "excellent phantasy," which perhi[>s more than any
other quality distinguishes him above all other writers,

■ — - or modem. Or are we to suppose that Jotawi

the secret, and composed this lying eulogy of
Shakspeare for the express purpose of deceiving p»
terily, and also that the poet Spenser, Mr. Meres, the Eld
of Southampton, the queen, the managers (rf the thea-
tres, besides many others, [see the conversation, reported
"-■■ Kowe, between Ben Jonson and Sir John SuckliDft
William D'Avenant, and others,} were all in the same

has come down to u* t
hypothesis would require u

. ill >he " Snxn" of Europe.

■,I^I,atfi,;,/0>i!f;k,t,4kiame,lenprolimgedil,i,I,6,ii,f,<4i>r«;«,f,tft«'u»»;GU,(Ul,aiimb;Dh;B4M;iBll^

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

SUALER ai

b alt the work* that go ander hii name. Bacon wat at
tbepaini tocarb and repreas that "excellent phantasy"
and 'Wonderfol "Adlity" of expreaiion, and to exhibit
them in his dranuUic wiitinga only, but that he pur-
pmelj' Affected ignorance about things with which he
must have been perfectly acquainted, as. Tor example,
when he mak^i Caisiiu <in "Jujius Caesar") speak
of the "eternal devit,"t when he gives the names of
Bottom, Quince, Snug, and Snout (in "Midsummer
Night's Dream") to AlhmiaH mechanics, or when (in
" Winter's Tale") he represena Bohemia as a wiaritau
kir«dom I

"niere might be good reasons why-Bacon should not
wish to be LnowQ as a dramatic writer in the early

Krt of hia career, when he was aspiring to the highest
noors in the state; but it is inconceJTable that he
should have taken such extraordinary pains to keep the
secret of bis poetic genius from posterity. But the
advocates of the new hypothesis lose sight of the most
essential point of alL The great wonder is not that a
■Mf) tvHAMit ItomiHg should have written such plays
as'those which go under the name of Shakspeare i the
wonder is iaxxanywtan should have written them. The
works ofa great genius must always seem marvel lorn in
our eves; and, if the genius be transcendent, the con-
templation of its productions must fill us with a sort of
bewildering astoiuahmenL It would, however, be still
more miraculous if it could be proved that Bacon, and
ttot Shakipcare, had written those wonderful dramas ;
in' examples have repeatedly occurred of men in whom
a rare genius has supplied the want of almost every
external advantage, but no well -authenticated instance
can be found in the whole history of the human intel-
lect, of one and the same man belonging to the highest
tank of philosophers and the highest rank of poets,
single example be dted of any one author

writing In two styles so totally different as t
Bacon and Shakspeare.

1 Khicht, 'Shalf
"NoLiherW.

. Shtliwcare,*'

or ShakipHra'a Plan,^ iSit:
— " FA«Mai,

itM-js! R-CWHiTK-HemoinofihiLifcor
xtl,.- W. Haiutt, ■'CbuacItnorSlukiliHr.. . _,
"Kuk^Ht ti ton Temp*." igji : Richard

— -■- ■ ■ ' Shakapev*," i;*j: J. .»...»■,

ii1n«orS1>iliHpeuc," iSu: Fiahi

' )• (rUuitn," 5 TOb., iSu-ii : I.

- ■■ iSjti J. MiTss, "ttb™

na. " Nam and Ledum cm

tha LaminK o. _ --. -.-- , ^

I (ha Lift mJ^Wriihias of Shaktapeuc," i

k" iSij: SL T. CouHtPoa. _ _

"aid, irala., ■>«: S. Halt, "Criiial BioenphT of

,__^"Htij P. CHAsm^Kiadeasor ShakipaK.-'^iiii;

VicTM HuGOk"WiUUiBShiikaapaara,'' 1864: A. Dtcb, ■■ Life of
ShakcaiKan." iIjt: A. SkOttowk "Ijfe of ShaSmpbut," 1814!
iLWHaun.'-LtKofShalHman,->i8s6:Jo>aFHHuimaJ'Kn
llliBlntHni of (he Lift of Skakeapaan," avoh., itu; F. Douca.
*llltiMnniou of Sh*kE^«u« tni el Ancical MamHra," i noli.,
■Id;; J. J. EsataNSuac. "Uabar Vf. Stukaapcm," irSr. Na-
THARIiL DiAKB, " Mcnoriala of Shakapeart. ot Skclchea of hu
CharKler >ih1 Gnia*," iSil; Chasu* Khkiht. " Siudiaa anil It-
kalralionaof Sbakaptta," ate, iSjoi Hud»h, " Lccnirct on Shiilw
spmn." iSiS: Kaciebc. "Sukipcirc och Skilderni," Lund,
■M: N. Diuin."Dcr UrbianaW. Shikipun," rSii: Ds

^ ' — ''LjFaofShakipeara,"iBlhg "Encfclopedia Britamka,"

■A in h» wwir* wj *w - Hitjj^h, " IntFoductioq to Ids

LiciL, "Lecturea on Dr^

„lo Engliah bv JoHH Black,

„__, —laav OB tlw Drama r' "Uiapik|ihia

"Lira of UM Poetaj" artkk, by L«u>

_ nbmib ReriiVftir AnEO^ iSii; ''Shsk*

nrianai ■ Liat of Wak> iDunniiT* of llw Life and Wriliua of
■ - " ■" " ; Mim CoiroiM

;; Da.

of Europa;"

: All and UUntoTL. ,

;} Sia WALTia Scorr, " Eiaav <

I. Pielict

anidt on Shatapeire i

Bbaler, (Nathaniel Soijthcate,) an American
geologist, Ixirn in Campbell county. Kentucky, February
30, 1^1, graduated at Harvard College in 1S61, tiecame
in 1868 professor of paleontology in Ilarvard University,
and in 1887 professor ot geology. He was director
of the Kentudty Geological Survey 1S73-S0. Among
bis writings are seven volumes of geological reports
<l874-83,) "Text- Book of Geology," "The Story of
our Continent," etc. Died April to, 1906.

H RoniAa bebra tha Chhttian tr%.

S3 SffAMP

Blialler, shiUlfr, (Lnowio.) a German sculptor, borti
at Vienna in 1S04. He worked at Munich for the King
of Bavaria. , *

Bhal'Inm, [Heb. D''7Ef,] King of Israel, obtained Iha
throne by killing Zachariah, in 770 B.C. Ho was aaaas-
ainated by Menahem in the same year. .

Sbal'm^-ne'ser X, a king of Assyria, who about 1300
B.C. founded the city of Calah.

Bbalmaneeet
eveh about S60 B, .
pal. He reigned thirty-6ve years, and greatly extended
the empire. In S54 he defeated the league of Ben-hadad,
King of Damascus, and Ahab, King or Israel, and later
he conquered the armies of Hazael, and reduced Jehi^
King 01 Israel, to vassalage. Died in 824 B.C

Bnalmaiieaer HL, an Assyrian king, who began to
reign in 783 B.C. He fought the Armenians in several
bard campaigns. Died alviut 774 B.C

Bhalmaneser IV, <or TI,} a king of Assyria, wha
in 717 B.C. succeeded. Tiglath-pileser II., whom he U
supposed to have slain. He waged war ujKHi Saotariai
and probably died in 7X3 B.C.

ahambho. See Siva.

Bhommalishlm'ml, an eminent Jewish doctor, a con-
temporary of Ilernd the Great, and the rival of tlilleL
He was probably a Palestinian, and became chief judge
in the Sanhedrim, and its vice-pre^dent Tlie rivalry
between the "house" (or fallowing) of Shammai and
that of lliilel became very great. Shamroai was of
harsh and rigid character, and his view* were less liberal
than those of Hiltel.

Bhamtil, shl-mooQ,- written also Samotil, a learned

Jewish physician, bom In Spain, was converted to Mo-
ammedanism. He was the author of treatises oA med^
cine, astronomy, and mathematics. Died about 1175.

Snamyl or Stiliamyl, sham'il, {i.i. "Samuel,") a
famous Circassian, or more correctly Lesghian, chie(
born at Himry in 1797, was a man of great energy. In
religion he was a Mohammedan, of a local sect of fanatics.
He Tought bravely against the Russian invaders in iSzS
and the ensuing years. In 1834 he was chosen Imlra
of his sect of religionists. He displayed much political
as well as mitiiaiy ability in the long contest against
Russia. Avoiding regular battles, he wasted the enemy
by ambuscades, surprises, and partisan vrarfu'c. After
aneroic defence against superior numbers, he surrendered
about the end of 1859. From that time the emperor
assigned him a residence (with a pension) at Kalooga, in
Russia. Died in 1871.

S« RooHOVuxt, "SchMvl;" "Sdianwt, Iha Snltan, Wim™.
and Proahtt of the Cauaua." (tnnalalM from tba Ccmun of Wao-
ma and BoEvNiTanr. iSjjO ** filackwood'a UaaMine" for Fcl^
nuiTi 'Bii: " Wumiiruter Ravinr" tir Ainil, iSm: E- Tuiu,
"Le> Hommei dc ta Gncm d'Oricnl: Scbamfl," liit: Maiok
Wahhih, "Schamyl. la FrcfMl* du Caucaaa,"^ 1B54 1 "Nounll*

Bhaaforea or Sohanfiirl, shln-ll'ree, an Arabic
poet, who lived a short time before Mohammed, was
the author of a poem called " Lamayat el-Arab," which
is admired for richness of imagery. A French version
of it was published by SMvesire de Sacy in 1806.

Shao-Hao or dlao-Hao, shi'o hi'o, almost shOw-
hSw', second Emperor of China, was the son of lloang-
Tee, whom he succeeded In 1597 B.C. He ia ccnsarM
for having tolerated the riae and progress of idolatry in
his reign, from a lack of firmness and energy. He d^^
it is said, after a reign of eighty-four years,

Sae PAirTHIm. " Duoa."

Bbao-Kang or diao-Kanf; shA'o kSng, a Chinese
emperor, supposed to have been bom 1118 B.tl, was th«
son of Tee-Siang, who was killed in battle the same year.
A tisurper then obtained the throne, and (he young

Sirince lived diseuised as a shepherd until he was about
□rty years old. He raised an army, defeated the usurper,
and reigned in peace until he died, at the age of siztj-one.
Bhapoor or Shapnr. See Sapor.
Bbaip, (Abkaham,) an English mathematician and
mechanist, born near Bradford m 1651. He became an
assistant to Flamsieed, royal astronomer, about 168S.
He graduated, with exlraordiilaiy accuracy, a mural
quadrant or sector for the Observatory of Greenwich,
and calculated excellent logarithmic tables. Died in 1741

tMi;-^m: ikard; iMi;<i,V,X,gutt>iral; K,uatal; %,lhUel; ia»t; IhasinCiu; (|^SecExplanaliofts,p.33.t

d by Google

Hoddersfieid, Enefind, in 1783. He became paslor of
a church at Itoston in iSii, and subsequeiilly one ot
(he editor* of the "American Itiptist Maguine." He
publiihed a number of icrmon*, etc Died in 1S53.

Bhaip, (Grahvilli,) an eminent Englishphilanthro-
pitt, boiD io Durbunin 1734, was a son of Dr. Tbomai
Shaip, noticed below. He became distinguished through
his opposiiion (o negro slavery in England, and brougbl
a trid in 1773 for Oie freedom of a slave in whom he
was interested. The final decision of the court was that
a stave could not behetdin England. He took a promi-
nent part in th« movement for the general abolidon of
negro slavery, and wrote much 00 tbjsandothei subjects.
Died in 1813.

Sharps (James,) a Scottish prelate, bom in i6tS,
•tudied at the University of Aberdeen, and »at aficr-
wards professor of philosophy in Saint Leonard's Col-
lege, at Saint Andretv's. In 1660 he was sent by several
leading Presbyterians as their representative to General
Monk,and,af[er a conference with Charles IL at Breda,
went over to the Church of England. He was rewarded
for his apostasy by being created Archbishop of iiaint
Andrew's, and obiaininc other distinctions. In 1679,
while travelling from Kennoway to Saint Andrew's, he
was assassinated by a party of PresbyteHant, who were
lying In wait for another person.

Sharp, (JoHK,) a learned English prctale, bom In
Yorkshire in 1644. He giaduaied at Oxford In 1669,
became Uean of Norwich In 1681, and was subsequently
ciuplain to Charles II. and his successor, James II.
Having given great offence to the latter by a sermon
which he preached against popery, he was suspended
for a time from his functions. In 1689 he succeeded
Tillotson as Dean of Canterbury, and was created Arch-
bishop of York tn 1691. He died in 1714, leaving
SOmeroua Knnoiu, often reprinted.

Sharp, {Joseph Henry,) painter, bom at Bridge-
port, Ohio, in 1859. He has devoted himself lopnint-
mg Indian portraits and scenes, some of whichareinthe
Smithsonian Institution and a large number in the Unl-
veisitjof California.

Sbaip^ (Thohaj.) a son of John Sharp, Archtnshop
o{ York, was bom about 1693. He rose through several
preferments to be Archdeacon of Northumberland and
prebendary of Durham. He publislied "Discourses on
Ibe Hebrew Tongue," and other works. Died in 1758.

Bharp,(Wiu.iAM,)acelebratedEnglishline-eneraver,
bom in London about I74(. Among his mailer-pieces
•re the ■■ Virgin and Child," after Carlo Dolce, ■' Saint
Cedlla," after Domenichino, the portrait of John Hunter,

crsdullty, and became a dupe to the impostures of joatuiai
Southcott and other fanatics. Died in 18x4.

Shaip, (William,) a British writer, bom in Re
frewsUre in 1856. He was educated at Gla^ow Ui
vereity. He travelled extensively, and published
several volumes of poetry and bii^raphy, also " Wives
in ExUe," (1898,) "Silence Farm,'' (1899,) and
other novels, with poetical anthologies. He also wrote
nnder the assumed name of Fiona Macleod, not revealed
tmtil his death in 1905.

Bharpo, ihirp, (Daniel.) F.R.S,, an English geolo-
gtal, born in London in iSoG, was a nephew of Samuel
Rogers the poet. He visited Portugal, and wrote several
ttealiies on the geology of that country. Among his
works are "Memoirs dn the SlluHan Rock* and Old
Rod Sandstone of Wales," (1842-44.) Died In 1S56.

Shaipa, (RlCHAKD BowDLBR,) an English orni-
thologist, bom at London in 1S47. He became
curator of the collection of birds in the British
Mosetim in iSyz, and published many popular books
on ornithology. His great work is the "Catalogue
of Birds" in the British Museum, a monograph of all
the birds in the world.

Sliarpa, (Samuel,) an English Hebrew scholar and
EgyptuloKist, born in 1799. , He published "A Traiula-

Bonographs on Egyptian antiquities. Died in iS8(.

Sbaii'wood, (GEORCE,) an eminent Jurist, bom la
Philadelphia, July 7, 1810, graduated with the highest
honours at the Univeraily ofPennsylvania in 1S18. Ad-
mitted to the bar in iSii, he became in 1845 associate
judge, and in 1848 president judge, of the district court
of the city and county of Philadelphia. He was after-
wards elected one of the judges of the supreme court of
the Slate, and was for many years professor of law in Ibe
University of Pennsylvania. Judge Sharswood's Ittal
writings enjoy the very highest character with the proles'
sion. His " Uyle* on Bills of Exchange" was adopt^l
as a textbook at Harvard. Died May 18, 1S83.

Shaf tuck, (Aaron D.,} an American painter, bora
at Franceitown, New llamuhire, March 9, iSu, 1I»
became a portrait- painter in Boston, but removed to Ne*
York, where he devoted hia attention to mountain and
pastoral scenery, landscape and coast views, cattle and
sheep pictures, etc; He became a full member of tb«
National Academy in 1S61.

Shair, (Albert.) an American editor, was bom
at Shandon, Ohio, in 1S57. He became a journalist,
and in 1890 established the American "Review cf
Reviews," which be has ^nce edited. He is the author
of works on communism, co-operation, mntucipal gov-
ernment, "Our War in Two Hemispheres, " etc

Sban, {Anna Howard,) woman suElragist, bora in
England in 1 847, studied theology in the United Statts,
and was ordained minister in the Methodist Church in
i8So,lhe first woman to hold that posilioD. She became

ive in the woman suffrage movement ia iSSj, and

:e 1904 has been preudenl of the National Woniao
Suffrage Association.

Sbaw, (CirrHBEXT,) an English poet, twm h) York-
lire in 1738. He was the author of "Ode* on theFaar
Seasons," "liberty," " The Race," a satire, " Addiew to
- "■ ■-■■gale," and other poems. Died in 1771.

.(George,) an English naturalist, born in Buck-
inghamshire in 17s I. Heatudied medicine at Edinburgh,
and was afterwariu appointed keeper of natural history
at the British Museum. He was elected a Fellow of the
Royal Society in 1789. He wrote "General Zt>olt«y,or
Natural History," (9 vols.,) "The Naturalist's Uucei-
lany," and other works. Died in 1S13.

Sliaw, (George Bernard, ) a British author, bom
at Dublin in 1856. He resided in London after 1S76,
where he became well known as an art critic. Social-
ist, and dramatist. He produced a number of plays,
and wrote novels, works on socialism and art, etc.

Shaw, (Henry W.,) an American humoaritt,
better known as JoSK BlLLINCS, was bom at Lanei-
borongh, Massachusetts, April 31, 1818. He published
" Josh Billings, his Saying*," "Josh Billings'
Farmers' Allminax," (1869, ititf.,) " Trump Kards,"
" Josh Billing*' Spice- Box," etc. Died in 1885.

8h«w, (Sir James,) a British merchant, bora fa Ayr-
shirein 1764, became lord mayor of London In l805,aii4
wai afterwards a member of Parlian^ent Died in 184}.

Bhair, (Lemuel,) an able American Jurist, bora at
Barnstable, Massachusetts, in 1781. . He was many yeais
a member of the State leeislature, and in 1S30 was ap-
pointed chief justice of Hasaachuietts. He performed
the duties of that office with great credit for thirty yean,
and resigned in 1860. Hia reported decisions have been

Sublished by Pickering, Cuthing, and others. He died
I Boston in 1861.

Shaw, (Lesue Mortier,) bom at Morristowiw VL,
in 184S. He practised law and engaged in bankingin
Iowa, vrai governor of Iowa i898-i9oi,aadsecretaiy of
the Treasury in the Roosevelt cabinet 1901-07.

Bbftw, (PETfct,) an English physldan, edited Baceo^
"Philo*ophieal Works." DieJin 1761.

Shaw, (Stbbving,) an English dinne, born in Staf-
fordshire In 1763, wrote a "History of Staffordshire'
"Tour In the West of England," and "The Topop^
pher." Died in 180a.

i,t,^0,1i,1.tfVi^*'^'"'^^"'P">^'^S^iKii\6,ti,1,iAoit;f,f,\,^ttie«rt;ai,ail,litttiatitAt:gi

d by Google

SFTAIV

Shair, (Thoh A!!,) an Fagliih divine and scholar, bom
at Kendal about 1692, became chaplain to the English
factory at Algieis. tie was arierwards appointed regiui
profesaor of Greek at Oxford, and elected a Fellow of
(he Royal Society. He published "Travels or Obser-
vations relating to Several Farts of Barbary and the
Levant," (1738.) Died in 1751.

Bhaw, (TucHiVS BuoD,) an Engliih writer, bom
London in 1813. He became professor of Engli

oEng-

(1848,1 and translated several Russian works
lilh. Died in 1862.

St^yl, (Daniel,) an American soldier, bom in 1740,
was the leader of a rebellion which broke out in Massa-
chusetts in 1786 and was called by hit name. The
inaurgcnls gave as reasons for their revolt the high taxes,
tne exiotlions of the lawyers, etc The rebellion was
suppressed by an armed force in 1787. Died in i8>;.

Bhea, Shi, f [Daniel.) a distinguished Orientalist,
born at Dublin in 177a, became professor at Ilaileybury
College. He made a translation of Mirkhond's ■' His
lory of th« Early Kings of Persia." Died in 1S36.

BhM, shi, (JoHK Augustus,) an Irish poet, bom Ii
Cork about t&t, emigrated to New York in 1S37. IIl
ITTote for several journals and magaiines, and several
volumes of poems. Died in RkS-

Bhao. Shi, goHN D. Cllmarv,) LL.D.
acholar, bom in New Vork city, July i_
became a lawyer, but is chiefly known as an hisloii;
Among his works are "The Discovery and Explorati ...
of the Mississippi Valley," (1853,1 "History of the
Calhiriic Mission* among the Indian Tribes," several
grammar* and dictionaries of the Indian languages, etc.,
snd*'NoTnm Belgium," (ig6x.) He translated, and in
part wrote, De Courcy's " History of the Catholic Church
in the United States," (t8j&,) and is regarded a* a high
authority on early American history, the Indian tribes,
American Roman Catholic iMbliogiaphy, etc Amc--
his minor works are several sainu' lives and boolts
devotion. Died February 33, 1841.

Sttebbsara, sheb-beer', I (John.) an English phy
•ician and political writer, born In Devonshire in 1709,
published "Letters on the English Nation," " History
«r the Sumatrans," a satire, etc Died in 178S.

Bhedd, <WlLLlAH G KEEN O UGH T HAVER,) D.D.,

LLD., an American Presbyterian divine, bom at Acton,
Massachusetts, June 31, iSzoi He graduated at the Uni-
versity of Vermont in 1839, Ind at Andover Seminary
\a 1843, became a Congregalionalist pastor, was pro-
fessor of English literature In the University of Vermont,
iSfj-ja, professor of sacred rhetoric and pastoral the-
ology in Auburn Seminary, 18SI-S4, professor of eccle-
siastical history, etc, in Andover Tlieological Seminary,
1854-^1. professor of sacred literature in Union Theo-
logical Seminary, New York, 1B63-74, and afterwards
professor of systematic theology in the same instiiution.
Among his works are a translation of Theremin's " Rhet-
oric," (tSso,) "Discourses and Essays," (1856.) "Phi-
loaophy of History," (1S36,) a tranilatioii of Uuericke's
•Church History,*' (i857.)a" History of Christian Doc-
trine,"(i863,)" Homilelicsand Pastoral Theology," (1867,)
"Sermons to the Natural Man," (1871,) "Theological
Essays" and "Literary Essays," (1878.) "Commentary
on Romans," (1S79,) "Sermons to the Spiritual Man,''
(18S4,) "Orthodoxy and Heterodoxy," (1893.) " Dog-
maUc Theology," (vols. L and ii., 1S8S ; vol. liL, 1894,]
etc. Died Novemoer 17, 1S94.

Sbee, (Sir Martin Archer,) a distinguished poriralt-
nainter, born at Dublin in 177a Having visited London
in l7SS,he acquired the friendship of Burke and Sir
Joshua Reynolds, and became a student in the Roval

J^cadcaly. ' He was elected an associate in 179S, andi..
1800 an Academician. Though inferior as an artist to
Sir Thomas Lawrence, he obtained extensive patronage
4mong the aristocracy. In 1830 he succeeded Lawrence
a* president of the Royal Academy, Sit Martin was
the author of " Rhymes on Art, or the Remonstrance of
« Painter," "Alasco," a tragedy, etc. Died in 185a

Sh " Lib gf Sir Marda Artber Shsfc" br his toiw ig6s; " Urn-
hivh ReviaV £>> April, ttai.

!S SHELBURNE

StiMp'ohnnki, (John,) a collector of books and
pictures, was a brother of Richard, noticed below.
About 1857 he presented to the English nation his
large collection of the pictures of British artists. Died

Sheepahanks, (Rev. Richard,) F.R.S., an English
astronomer, bom at Leeds in 1794, inherited an easy

fortune. He was ordained a priest, but devoted his lime
chiefly to science. He conliibuted lo the " Penny Cyclo-
pedia" several articles on astronomical instruments, and
aided Professor Airy in his operations with the pendulum
in Cornwall, Having been appointed a member of a
commission for the restoration of the standards of weight
and measure, (which had been destroyed by fire,) ha
expended the labour of several years in determining the
standard of measure. Died at Reading in 1855.
BliBffleld, (John.) See Buckihghausuiu, Duks

OF.

Bheblra, shf-hee'rl, a Jewish author, whose " Igge*
reih" (written about 950 A.D.) is regarded as an historical
source of very high value.

Bliell, sheel, (Richard Laijsr,) a celebrated ItIsH
orator and patriot, born at DuUin In 1793, studied at
Trinity College, in his native city. As a member of tha
Catholic Association, he was active In promoting the
election of Mr. O'Connell lo Parliament for the county
of Clare. Mr. Shell was elected in 1S39 to represent
the bcKOUgh of Milbornc Port, and soon became con*
spicuous for his brilliant eloquence. In iSji he wai
returned lo Parliament for the county of Tipperary. He
became vice-president of the board of trade, and a
member of the ptivy council, in 1839, was appointed
master of the Mint under Lord Russell's ministry in
1S46, and British minister at Florence in 1850.' Mr,
Shell was the author of several popular dramas, and
"Sketches of the Irish Bar." Died at Florence in 1851.

Se« M-CuLUCH, "Ucniain of R. I. Shdl," iSsj; Thohas
UcCi^ "^utcha of O'CoDotU and bis Fricndi;" Alusoh^

bywhi. _ _

endeavoured io coerce the American colonists, and soon
resigned his olEce. He became a political friend of
WtUiam Pitt, Earl of Chatham, who in 17G6 appointed
him secretary of stale. In this oftice he had the direc-
tion of the American colonies, and pursued a liberal or
conciliatory policy ; but he was counteracted by other
members of the cabinet, and by the king. He was dis>
missed firom oflice In October, 1768, by the Duke of
Grafton, who had become prime minister. In cotks«
quence of this event Lord Chatham resided.

Lord Shclburne actiuircd a high reputation as a debater,
and was distinguished (or his poll tica! bnowledge. Ho
opposed the adminUtraiion of Lord North on the most
Important questions, and alter the death of Lord Chatham
formed a political connection with Rockingham, who in
March, 1781, succeeded Lord North as prime minister.
Lord Shelbume was secretary of state in this ministry,
which was dissolved by the death of its chief, and the
favour of the king enabled him to become prime minister
about July 1, 17S3. During his administration Howe and
Rodney gained decisive naval victories over the French,
and a treaty of peace was negotiated which recognized
the Independence of the United State*. He was driven
from power by the coalition of Fox and Lord North,
February, 1783, alter which he never returned to olltcc.
In 1784 be received the title of Marquis of Lansdowne.
He afterwards supported the ministry of Pitt, but op*
posed the war agamsi the French republic lie was a
liberal patron of learned men, and had one of the finest
private libraries in the kinedonv About 1765 he had
married Sophia Carteret, a daughter of the Earl of Gran-
ville. He died In May, i8oj, leaving two sons, one of
whom was an eminent statesman. (See Lansdown^
Marquis or.)

Sn BmvcMAH, "Suuimni of tha TJiDS of Goirg* III.;**
Quancrly Rcoicw" Ibr Jintuur, iSm.

« aa k; f ai /,- g hard; £ as/; a, H, K,giiitural; n, HMoi; r, mv/tj; t as *; th as In tAit. (S^See Explanations, p t^J

d by Google

won, uom near iiagersEovrn, aiirfana, in 1730. Decame
Governor of Kentucky In 170a, and acain in 1811. Ke
diKtinguUhed himself at the batile of King's Mountain,
178a Died in 181&

St* lbs "Nidoul Portraii'GidleryofDiftingHiilwd Ameriouv,"

divine

a Unii

IS origi-

He published a wotk entitled "Sin and KedemptI

Sbal'doD, (GlLBEKT,) an English prelate, bom in
Siaflbrdshirc in 1598. He graduated at Tiinity College,
Oxrord, in lOio, and, having taken orders, rose through
various preferments to be ehiplatn-in. ordinary lo
Charles t On the accession of Charles II. he was made
Bishop of London, (1660,) and in 1663 succeeded Tuxon
u Archbishop of Canlerbuir- Dr. Sheldon was diitin*
(uished for his libcraliiy and his extensive charities, and
constructed, among other public works, the theatre M
Oxford called by his name. Died in 1677.

Shelley, (Marv,) the second wife of P. B. Shelley,
the poet, was the oiilf child Of William Godwin and
Mary Wollslonecraft, his wife. She was born in London,
August 30, 1797, and was well educated. In 1814 she
began to live with the poet Shelley, and after bis first
wile's death, in 1816, she married him. Her principal
writings are " Frankenstein," (i8i8,) a strange romance,
» Valperga," (1823.) "The Usl Man," " Lodore," (1835,)
"The Fortunes of Perkin Warbeck,"" Falkner," (1837,)
snd " Rambles in Germany tad Italy," (1844.) Died in
London, February i, 1851.

ShAllfly, (PiKcr Byeatla— blih,) an eminent Eng-
lish poet, born at Field Place, near Horsham, In the
county of Sussex, August 4, r79j. He wu the eldest
■on of Sir Timothy Shelley, BarL At the age of thir-
teen he was sent to school at Eton, where his refusal to
fag eiqtoscd him to the anger and persecution of the
other boys. His painful experiences at this period con-
tributed much, no dou^l^ to the development of that
Intense hatred of established wrong which afterwards
became the ruling passion of hii life. Siielley was early
distinguislied for his romantic and speculative tutu ot
mind, as well as for a remarkable facility in the acquisi-
tion of even kind of knowledge in which he took any
interest When he was al>out sixteen, ho comi>osed two
romances, the one entitled " Zaslroui," the other " Saint
Irvyne; or. The Roiicnidan." In 1810 be went to
Oxford, and was entered at University Collie. Here
he published a small pamphlet on the necessity of athe-
ism. The authorities, in consideration, it would seem,
ef Shelley's youth and peculiar character, at first resolved
to take no notice of iL But this did not aalisfy the
young enthusiast i " so he sent," sayi De Quincer, " hii
pamphlet, with five-and'twentyseparateletterei addressed
lu the five-and .twenty heads of colleges, courteously
inviting all and' every of them to notily, at his caMiesc
convenience, his adhesion to the enclosed unanswerable
arguments for atheism." Thereupon he waa summoned
before the master and some of the Fellows of the col-
lege, and, as he could not deny that he was the author
ofthe pamphlet, he was expelled. Shelley and some
of his friends have bitterly complained of his expulsion,
•s an act of injustice and cruelty ; but it is difficult to see,
if De Quincey's account of the transaCTion be correct,
bow he could with any propriety have been treated with

tieater lenity than was shown him on Ibat occasion. As
e refused to make any concessions, bis father also
rejected him, and forbade his appearance at Field Place.
Shelley then went to London, where he compoaed
"Queen Mab," which, however, he did not publish, but
only dstributed a few copies of it among bis friends.
While in London, money u said to have been furnished
far his support by his sisters, who employed one of their
•chool-maies, Harriet Westbrook, (the daughter of

eloped with Miss Westbrook, and married her at Gretna
Green in August, iSll. They soon discovered that ihev
wercnotsuiledlocach other, and in 1813 they teparaleo.
It is said, by mutual consent. The next year Shelley

wm, [a oai^nier 01 nuiiam ooowin ana nary woll-
slonecraft,) wbo all considered marriage ■ oseleas of
tyrannical institution. In 1816 he learned that his wife
had drowned herselC His sorrow, perhaps not unmia-
gled with remorse, is said to have rendered him (or a
lime almost insane. But the same year he was formallf
married to Miss Godwin, and settled at or near Martow,
in Buckinghamshire. His Arst wile had borne him two
children, of whom he now claimed the custody, but
their grandfather, Mr. Westbrook, refused to nve them
up. This led to a suit in chancery; and in March,
1817, Lord Eldon^ave his decision, Itut, on account ol
Shelley's demoralinng and atheistical opinions, he was
unfit to have charge of the children, who were, accord-
ingly, committed to the care of Mr. Westbrook.

While at Marlow, in iSi7,Shelley wrote the "Revolt
of Islam," the longest of all hb poems, and the one ia
which he has most liilly developed his political senti-
ments and his peculiar riews respecting the regener^
tion of society. It abounds in passages of surpassinz
beauty, but, as a story, is defident in conneclion, ant^
we may add, in human interest Amid the wilderness
of luxuriant imagery, and of subtle, vague, or visionary
though sometimes glorious thoughts, the resdcr often
finds it diSiculi to trace his way and retain the thread
of the "—i-

bad been, h«
Italy, where

Atlas,"

The Cend," (1S19,) perhaps th
larger works, the " Witch of
(1819,) "I'romelhens' Unbound," (1810,) "Adonais,'

fulofallhisla

elegy on the death Of John Keats, (1811,) and many
minor poems, some of which are of exouisite beauty.

In July, itoa, he eet sail from Leghorn for Lerici,
The boat, having been overtaken by a sudden squall,
disappeared. Two weeks afterwards, Shelley's body wa*
washed aibore, with a copy jF Keats*s poems in one of
his pockets. The Tuscan quarantine regulations at that
time required that whatever came ashore from the sea
should be burned. Shelley's body was accordingly
placed on a pile and reduced to ashes, in the presenoft
of Lord Byron, Leigh Hunt, and E. J. Ttelawny. Hk
ashes were collected, and interred In the Protestant
burying-ground at Rome, Dear the grave of bis liieiKl
Keats.

Thct« ts pcrbaps no vrtter (m De Qnlncey intimates)

that charitable allowance for his eccentridties and erroia
which his peculiar temperament and his amiable and
noble traits of character seem Justly to daitn, as Percy
BJrssh'e Shelley. We cannot, however, agree with D«
Quineey in tbe opinion that "banh treatment had no
ctmcem In riveting his ^atidsm." What is more prob-
able than tbzt his bitter experience at Eton, where h«
wu exasperated almott to tnadness by the galling
"chahi of Custom," acting on a mind so sensitive yet so
resolute and withal so speculative as bis, should, at that
iptible and most Critical age, have led him first 10
.ion, and then to deny and spurn, eitty custom
would impose the slightest restraint upon his (ree-
loi or his pleasure I It was but another step for hia
reject or adopt opinions or systems according as hb
conceived them to lavour or oppose the power of th*
hated tyrant, which he also styles the " Anarch Cus-
tom." That he was influenced by such motives in th*
choice of bia pursuits clearly appears ham tbe Jbllinr*

Uut w

d I ^k MflMM thOBlht

. farbiddcD nuDH grkn i

In his poetry he repeatedly associates " Faith" anil
"Custom," (or " Tyranny j") he evidently considered
the former the chief support ofthe latter, and cherished
towards them both an equal hatred. Whatever may
have been his early opinions, he would appear not to

• S« iht Una addnwd to Ui wiit, ptdhnd ts tW "Rcroll tl

SH ELTON

1187

hkTc been an atheist when he wrote the preface to hi*
" Revolt of Iilam ;" far he there says, " The trroneons

■nd degrading idea which men have conceived of a Sii-

fireme Being is spoken acainst, — not the Supreme Being
tselL . . . The belief which some persons entertain oT

the Ucil]i is widely different from my own."

Speaking of Shelley's poetry, Bulwer observes, " Each
line is a separate thought ; the effort glittera on the eye
till it aches with the glare ; it is the mirror broken into
a thousand pieces, ind the representation it would give
Is rendered confused and phantasmagoric by the mul-
tiplicalion of the images." "La Cenci," however, is
expressly excepted from the above criticism.

The mtimacy that subsisted between Shetley and
Byron, and the supposed similarity of their principle*,
have led to frequent comparisons between these eminent
|)oets. But they had in fact scarcely anything in com-
mon, except a vivid and intense feeling of poetic beauty.
The mind of Shelley was singularly ipeculative. and he
had a great facility in persuading Himself of the truth of
whatever he wished to believe. Byron, on the other hand,
with an equally intense ideality, \Le. feeling or sentiment
of beauty,) was by the constitution of his mind restricted
&r more within the limits of the actual, — or, it may be,
Ibc conventional. It would seem to have been one of the
great efforts of his life to cast off the trammel* imposed
upon him bv his religious education ; but in this he was
never wholly successful. To this deep-rooted respect
for the actual, or the established, must be ascribed the
Intense feeling of reality which pervades his poetry, as
welt as the strong, practical common sense evinced in
hi* actions when not under the influence of passion. But
if we compare the moral attributes of the two men,
Shelley will be found to »land immeasurably higher than
B^ron, Whatever mav have been the errors ofliis head,
his heart appears, by the testimony of all who knew him,
to have been eminently kind, generous, and unselfish.
And if his conduct seems occasionally to contradict this
view, it was a rare exception to the general rule, while
with Byron the reverse was true, — ptide and *elB*bne«»
were tiie rule, disinterestedness the exception.

S« Thouxs Usdwih. ■• IJb of P. B. Shtllir," i wli.. 1S4TI
Chjuld S. Middutoh. "SluileYud haWorki." iSiS: T J.
Hdcc "Life of P. a Shdln." iBCS: Wiluau M. Kmsttti,
"n> Lifi oT P«cv Bjruh* ShtUey;^' > vola. iS6«i E. J. T»-
LAWHV. " RccsUicijaiK of ibt Lis) Dit*'' Shelleyuil BTnn,"
■III; DaQviHcav, "Euijnoii Iha Pocu," Booon, 1893; ''Quir-
IntT Reriow" for Oclobcr. lUi ; articla on Sbtlle* In lhe"Allulic
Uanlh ly" lor Febnurr, iWj, " by ona who turn him," (u. Thorh-
T0HHuHT:)"E<)'nbuTi1i Rovim" for Inhr, iSii. ind JuU, iSjqi
Alubohi. '■DiciAurr tt Auihnn:" ^Memoir" prtfiicd to hi>
woilia br Mas. Shillov, iSh; "The ShelUr M«nwriili, from
ABAonfc Sourca." odilcd liy Lasv SHiLLav, tiyt.

Bhol'ton, (Frederick William,) an American
writer and Episcopalian divine, born at Jamaica, Long
Island, about t3i4. He has published " Salander ana
the Dragon," « romance, "The Rector of Saint Bar-
dolph't, or Superannuated," (iSU,) and other works.
Died in 1881.

Bbsm. |FIeb- 00; Gf. t^ft; Fr. Stu. sim,] a pa
triarch, the eldest son of Noah, and one of thi ~
of the deluge. He
Shemitic) nations.

S« Ccnnii T. J), ii. iS'i;, x i, n, 31.

8h«D'*ton«, (WtLUAM,) an English pastoral poet,
bom in Shropshire in 1714. He was the author of odea,
elegies, and pastorals, and a poem entitled ** The SchooE-
mistress," which. Dr. Johnson observes, "is the most
pleasing of Shenstone's performances." In the latter
part of his life he became involved in debt, owing to
expense* incurred in the embellishment of his grounds.
" He was always wishing," says Gray, " for money, for
fame, and other distinctions, and his whole philosophy
consisted in living, against bis will, in retirement, and in
a place which his taste had adorned, but which he only
enjoyed when people of note cane to »ee and comraend
k.^ ni«lm l^fil

>r of the Seoaitic (or

■ Pacta;" "UoiiIUt Renew" fcr

Died in 1763.

ShAp'fTd, (Charlxs Upham.) M.D., LI.D.,
American naturalist, born at Utile Complon, Rhode
Island, in 1804, graduated at Amhi" ~'^ "
appointed professor of chemistry in

cal College in 1834, and professor of natural history in
Amherst College. He wrote a " Report on (he Geo-
logical Surrey of Connecticut," etc. Died May i. 1S86.

Bhepard, (Samuel,} M.D., a physician and UaptisI
divine, born at Salisbuty, Massachusetts, in 1739, pub-
lished a number of controversial treatises. Died in iSlt

Bhepard, (Thomas,) an English Puritan divine, born
in 1605, emigrated to New England, and was tint of the
founders of Harvard College. Died in 1649.

fibep'heTd, (William,) a general, born in Missachu-
setts in 1737, fought in twemy-two battles, lie was a
member of^ Congress from 179710 1803, Died ini8i7

SIlBp'heTdmilga, called by the Egyptians By It'so^
(from kyk, " king," and jw, a "shepherd,"] a race of kings,
probably of Tartar origin, supposed to have ruled ovei
Egypt liom about azoo to 1^50 B.C. The only account
we have of them is given in a fragment of Manelbok
preserved by Josephus,

Shep'p^rd, (Elieadetii Sara,) an English novelist
born at Blackhealh about 183a She wrole, besides other
works, "The Double Coronet." a novel, (i vols., 1856,)
and " Rumour," a novel, (3 vols., 1S5S.) Died in iSfiz.

Slier'aid, (Robert Harborouoh,) an English
author, bom at London in 1861. Aiier 1884 he be-
came a travelling newspaper correspondent. He
published poems, novels, biographies, etc., including
"The White Slaves of England" and "The Iron
Cross," (1897.)

BhSr'aid, (William,) an English botanist and ama-
teur, bom in Leicestershire in 1659, Having visited
various parts of Europe, he was appointed in 170a Brit-
ish consul at Smyrna, where he made collections lor hi*
valuable " Herbarium." While travelling on the con-
tinent, he had acquired the friendship of Tournefort and
Dillenius, and on his invitation the latter came to Eng-
land, where he subsequently filled the chair of botany
at Oxford, endowed by Mr. Sherard. Sherard died in
1738, leaving his Herbarium of more than 13,000 specie!
to the University of Oxford.

Btierbrooke, Viscount. See Lowe, (Robert.)

Sttfr^nnio, (Sir Edward.) an Engliiih scholar and
writer, born in London in 161S, was clerk of the ord-
nance tinder Charles L He translated several world
from the Latin, among which we may name Seneca'a
"Troades" and "Medea." Died in 1101.

Shero Alee, shair I'lee, or Bher All Khln, shair
3'lee kin, an Ameer of Afghanistan, born in 1S15. In
1863 he succeeded his father. Dost HohammecL He
passed through many vicissitudes during his reign. In
iS67he held only Balkb and Herat, but in tS6g, through
Briiish influence, he gained complete swav throughout
Afghanislanand Southern Turkestan. In iSySdiSculdea
with the British led to a severe contest, during which
Shere Alee fied northward to Russian Turkestan, whera
he died, February at, 1879.

SlierMf-ed-Deen-Alea or Sclierif-Edain-AIt
•h(h-reer ed-deen' J^ee, a Persian author, whose style
Is compared to pearls and diamonds or the first water,
was a native of Vead. He composed, about 141J, a
" History ot Tamerlane."

ShBi^td^n, (Frances,) wife of Thomas Sheridan,
(the second of the name,) born In Ireland in 1714,
was the author of an Oriental romance entitled " Mour-
iahad," " Sidney Biddulph," a novel, highly commended
byDr. Johnson, and the comedies of "The Dupe" and
"The Discovery," the latter of which Garrick pro.
nounced"oneofthebest heeverrcad." Died in 1766;

5« Mb*. EtwooD, " Mcmain of the Lilenrv Lidiu of Enilinl
from iba Connntnamnit of thi Lhi Coiiuy,'' *oL L ; " MoaiUv
Rniew*' for Ajjril, 1761.

BhUr^-dan, (Phiup Henrt,) an eminent American

?!nerai, of Irish parentage, was bora in Albany, New
ork, March 6, 1831, He entered the MiliUry Acad.
emy at West Point in 184S, graduated in 1853, and
was commissioned second lieutenant of infantry. Ha
served for several years in Oregon, became captain in
■86), and relumed to the East. Early in 1S62 he be-

chief ouarlermasler under General Halleck, and
in May of that year he was appointed colonel of Iha
Second Michigan cavalry. He obtained command of a

«aa«; {aar g'on/; 2a*/-CH,K.fiaR(rn/; N.nKMtf; ^filial; iais; (basiDi:!^. (j^-See Explanations, p. ^j

Digitized by VjOOQIC

SHERIDAN ' 3

einJry Uigade in June, 1861. Having dereated a trooi

fKlieriur in iiumtxr 10 his own, at Ilooneville, Missisiippl
he was raised to the rank of brigadier-general in Julv.
He Loolt command of a division of the army or the Uhio
In September, and distinguithed himsetf at the battle uf
Perr>»ille, October 8, 1861. For his fiaUant conduct at
the great battle of Stone River, which ended on the 2d
of January, i36i, he wu rewarded with the rank of
major-general of volunteers. lie commanded a divisiow^
■I Cliickamauga, September ig and so, and at the battle
of Chattanooga or Missionary Ridge, November 25, 1S61.
In April, 1864, he was aiipointed commander of all
'*' avalry of the army of the Potomac, which

raid against (he enemy's lines of communicatir
Richmond. He destroyed the depot*, etc at Beaver
Dam and Ashland, advanced to the outer defences of
Richmond, defeated the rebel cavalry under General
Stuart, and rejoined the army of General Giant on the
ajth of May. On the Tlh of June he led an expeditioD
■gainst the Virginia Central Railroad, from whidi he
returned to the White House on the toth, after he bad
routed the enemy's cavalry al Trevilian Station and
destroyed part of the railroad. About the 7lh of August
he was assigned to the command of the " Middle Mili-
tary Division," which was then constituted in order to
oppose the Incursions of the rebels from the Shenandoah
Valley into Maryland and Pennsylvania.

His operations during the month of Angtut and the
first part of September were of both an offentive and
defensive character, resuUing in many severe akirmishe*
with the army of General Early. On the ■ Jlh of Septem-
ber General Grant left Citv Point to visit Sheridan and
confer with him. " I law," aayi Grant, *' there were but
two words of instruction necessary — Go in I" Sheridan
attacked Eariy on the igch near Winchester, defeated
him, and took several thousand prisoners. He gained
another victory at Fisher's Hilt on the 20lh, and pur-
sued the enemy with great energy throngh Harrisonburg
and Staunton. Soon after this battle he was appointed
» brigadier-genei^l In the regular army. During a brief
absence of Sheridan, who was called to Washington,
General Early, having been reinforced, attacked suddenly
the Union army near Cedar Creek and Strasburg on the
I91h of October, and at first was victorious. After the
Federals had retreated about three mile* with much
lo**, Sheridan, riding at full speed, arrived on the field,
rallied his men with words 01 magical power, and con-
Terled the disaster of the morning into a complete vic-
lorv. General Early loot here the most of hi* artillery
and trains, beside* iwo prisoner*. In a letter dated
Octolier W, General Grant wrote thiu: "Turning what
bid fair to be a disaster into a glorious victory, aiampt
Sheridan, what I have always thought him, one of the
ablest of generals." He «ras appointed a major-general
of the regular army in place of McClcUan, resigned,
November, 1864.

Sheridan moved from Winchester on the 17th of
February, 186$, look Staunton on the 3d of March, and
defeated Early near Waynesborough. Having inflicted
much damage on several railroads and the Tame* River
Canal, he reached his base at the White House about
the l^th of March. On the 37th he joined the main
army of General Grant near Petersburg, and on the
■gth commenced, with nine thousand cavalry, a move-
ment for the destruction of the Danville and South Side
Railroads, the only remaining avenues of supply to
Lee's army. He was supported by a corps of infantry.
He encountered near Five Forks a superior force on
the 31st of March, and was driven back towards Din-
widdle Court-House. "Here," »ays General Grant,
"General Sheridan disfilayed great generalship. In-
stead of retreating with his whole command on the main
array to tell the story of superior forces encountered, he
deployed hi* cavalry on focrt, leaving only mounted men
enough to take charge of the horses." On the 1st of
April, Sheridan, having been reinforced, drove the enemy
back on Five Forks, assaulted and carried his strongly
fortified position, and captured over five thousand pris-
oners. He pursued Lee's army retreating from Rich-

mond and Petersburg, attacked it near SailcM"! Creek
on the 6th of April, and took about six thousand pris-
oners. A few days alter this action the war was virtu-
ally ended by the surrender of General Lee. In 1867
Sheridan was appointed commander of the Fifth Mili-
tary District, comprising the Slates of Louisiana and
Texas ; but, incurring the displeasure of President juhn-
. he was removed and ordered lo take command of
the Department of the Missouri. During the Franco-
German war in 1870-71 he visited Europe, and was en-
lerlained with distinguished consideration at the head-
quarters of the German army and witnessed some of tho
most important events of that campaign. In March, l&69i
he was raised to the rank of lieutenant-general, in 18S1
succeeded General Sherman as commander-in-chief, and
on June 1, 18SS, while suffering from a fatal illness, was
confirmed general of the army. Died August 5, 1888. ■
S« "Pcruul Mimtnn of F. H. Sh«i<Un, Coenl Uniisl

8h«rtdaD,(RiCHAitD BrinsleyButles,) acelebnied
Irish orator and dramatist, bom at Dublin in 1751. He
studied in his native city, and at Hanow, where he wai
chiefly noted for his indolence ; and he leA school with
the reputation of an " impenetrable dunce," He mar-
ried Mis* Linley in 1773. His first important publicv
tion was the comedy of "The Rivals,'^ (177s,) which,
though at first coldly received, soon acquired great popu-
larity. It was followed in the same year by the opera
of "The Duenna," which also met with brilliant succe>*|
being acted seventy-five times during the season. Hi*
"School for Scandal," published ini777, establisttedhit
reputation as a dramatic genius of the highest order.
He aoon after purchased a share in the Drury Lan«
Theatre. His litice of "The Critic" came out m 1779,
In 1780 he represented Stafford in Parliament, where he
toon became con9|ncuous at an orator, and supported
the meature* of Foi and the opposition party. He also
filled for a time the post of under-secTetary of slate. On
the impeachment of Warren Hastings, in 1787, he de-
livcred hi* celebrated Begum speech, which made an
extraordinary sensation at the time, and is tlilt regarded
a* one of the most splendid displays of eloquence In
ancient or modern time*. The Whigs having come into
power on the death of Pitt, (1806,) Sheridan was ap-

fointed treasurer of the navy and a privy councillor,
te was returned to Pariiament for Westminster in 180&
Hi* *tyle of living was so extravagant that he was mucll
embarrassed by debt* in the latter part of hi* life. Died
'- July, 1S16.

" Mr. Sheridan," savs Haililt, " has been justly called
a dramatic star of the first magnitude ; and, mdeed,
among the comic writers of the last century he shine*
like Hesperus among the lesser lights. The ' School fat
Scandal' is, if not the most original, perhaps the most
finished and bultless comedy which we have." It must
be confessed, however, that the moral lone of this drama
(reflecting, as it doubtless does, the morals of the upper
classes 01 English society at that time) i* not very ele-
vated. Byron observes, " Whatever Sheridan hatdone,
or chosen to do, has been, par txtdUna, always the best
of it* kind."

Set Thohai Uoona. " Mnnoiii of ihs Lili oTR. B. ShciidBv'
tliji W.SKVTrt. ■■Memoir of Mr. Sl-eridan." iB.o: Aluhw^
"DietloMiy of Aalbori;" " Edinburih RtweV' br Dnrmbtr,
" " r, Joly,»ad Ai««t

Cava . _._ __^ _..._.._ , _.

Dublin, and tubsequenily became teacher of a Ire*
school at Cavon. lie published prose translations of
Satires" of Persius. lie was an intimate fiiend
of Dean Swift Died in i7jS.
BhAiidan, (Thomas,) a son of the preceding and
e father of R. B. Sheridan, was born at Quiica, Ire-
land, in 1731. He graduated^ at Trinity College, xaA,
having embraced the profession of an actor, obtained
considerable reputation and success. He was after-
wards for many years manager of the Dublin Theatre.
He published a "Course of Oratorical Lecture*," an
essay entitled "British Education," (175^) a "Pro-
nouncing Dictionary of the English Language," [t vols.,
-780,) and a "Life of Swift," (1784.) Died in 1788.

1,^1, Ct a, ;,/i>r^; 1,^6, *aine,le** prolonged; i,i, 1,0, it, ;,j^art;4,f,t, 9, 0^l«)inr; Or, Oil, lit; (nit;nat;gaadia

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WILLIAM TECUMSEH SHERMAN.

SHERLOCK

Sh^rlpck, (Richard.) an English ciei^i
in Cheshire in i6ij. He became rector of
«nd publisiied "The Pnclical Christian." Died m 1639.

Sherlock, (Thomas,) a learned English prelate, born
in Loiidon in 1678, waa a son of William Sherlock,
noticed below, lie studied at Cambridge, becimevice-
chancellor of that university in 1714, and in 1715 Dean
or Chichester. He was afterwards created successively
Bishop of Bangor, Salisbury, and London, (1743-) lie
publiihed several works in oi^osilion to Dr. Hoadly in
the Bmgorian controversy. Died in 1761.

Sherlock, (Dr. William,) an English theologian,
bom al Southwark, London, in 1641- He studied at
Cambridge, became master of the Temple in 1684, and
Dean of Saint Paul's in 1691. A leader among the
Jacobites, he excited their hatred by taking the oaths to
William III. in 1690, publishing a pamphlet in his justi-
fication that made an intense sensation. Died in 1 707.

Sbennan, (Jaues Schoolcbaft,] an American
lawyer and statesman, bom in Utica, N. Y,, Oct 24,
iSss- He graduated at Hamilton College in 1878, waa
admilted lo the bar in 1880, and was elected mayor of
Utica in 1884. Elected to Congress in 1887. he served
until 190S, when he wu elected vice-president of the
United States. He was Republican candidate for the same
office in t9tz, but died October 30, before the election.

Sh^i/man, (John,) »n English rurltan minister, born
In 1613. lie emigrated to Massachusetts In i6u, and
preached at Watertown from 1644 until his death. lie
was an eminent mathematician. Died in 1675.

&bf r'raan, (Iohm,) an American Senator, a brother
of General William T. Sherman, was born at Lancaster,
Ohio, in May, lEzj. He studied law, and was admitted
to the bar in 1844. He was elected a member of Con-

5.ress in 1854, in 1856. and again in i8;3. He was the
Upubtican candidate for Speaker of the House in De-
cember, 1859 1 but he lacked a few votes of being elected,
and, after a contest of eight weeks, his part^ elec
other candidate. He served as chairman of the c
teeof ways and means in tS6o-6l. In i860 he Wi
chosen to represent the thirteenth district of Ohio
gress. He was elected a Senator of the United States by
(he legislature ofOhiofora term of six years, (iS6iH57.|
Thaddeus Stevens and Senator Sherman were (he au-
thors of the bill which Congress enacted in the winter
of 1866-67 for the reconstruct on of the seceded States.
fly this act those States were reduced lo the condition
of territories, to be governed bv militarjr power until
they should have passed Ihrougn a certain process ot
restoration to (he Union. He was re-elected a Senator
of (he United Slates in 1867, and again in 1873. and on
the accession of Mr. Hayes to the Presidency, in 1877,
he was appointed secretary of the treasury. In iliSi,
1S87, and 1S93 he was a^ain elected to the Senate,
and in 1897 was made secretary of state by President
McKinley, retiring in 1S98, on the outbreak of war
with Spain. He published " Recollections of Forty
Years,'' (1896.) Died November az, 1900.

Sherman, {Roger,) an American statesman, born at
Newton, Massachusetts, on the I9(h of April, 1711. He
worked at the trade of shoemaker in his youth, removed
to New Milford, Connecticut, in 1743, and soon after
that date became a partner of his brother, who was a
merchant. He studied law, was admitted to the bar in
1754, and settled at New Haven in 17G1. About 17G5
he was appointed a judge of the superior court or com,
tnon pleas. He was elected a member of (he General
Congress in 1774, and continued to serve in thai body
for nmeleen years. He signed the Declaration of Inde-
pendence in 1776, and was a member of the Convention.
which framed the Constitution of the United States in
1787. During the Revolutiotiary war he rendered im-
portant services on committees of Congress. He was
elected a senator of the United States b 1791. Died in
July, 1793.

Sherman, (Roger MiKotr,) a lawyer, bom in Wo-
burn, Massachusetts, about 1771, was a nephew of the
preceding. He practised law with distinction at Nor-
walk and Fairfield, in ConnecticuL Died in 1844.

(Thomas W.,) an American general bom
in Khode Island about 1818, graduated at West Point
in 183& He served as brigadier-general at Bull Ran,
July 31, 18G1, and commanded the land-forces which,
aided by the fieet, took Port Royal in November of that
year, lie commanded a division under General Baitlu
in Louisiana in 1863. Died March 16, 1879L

Sberman, (Williau Tecumssh,} a distingibhed
American general, born at Lancaster, Ohio, on the Sth
of February, i8w>, was a jonof Charles Robert Sherman,
once a judge of the supenor court of Ohio, and a brother
of John Sherman, a Senator of the United States. His
mother wa* named Mary lloyt After the death of
hit father, which occurred in 1819, he was adopted ••
a son byThomaa Ewing, M.C., through whose influence
he was admitted in(o tbQ Military Academy of West
Point in 1836.. He graduated there in June, 1840, stand-
ing sixlh in the order of general merit among a class of
forty members, including Qeorge H. Thomas and Rich-
ard S. Ewell. Immediately after hit graduatioD he was
appointed second lieutenan( in the artillery and ordered
to Florida. He became a first lieutenant in January,
1S41, a few months after which his company wat st^
tioned al Fort Moultrie, near Charleston. He went
with his company to California by tea In 184G, returned
to the Atlantic Slates in 1S50, and in May of that year
married Ellen Ewing, a daughter of Thomas Ewing,
then secretary of the interior. In 1851 he obtained (ha
rank of eap[am, and in 1853 he resigned his committioa
in (he anny and engaged m Ihe business of banker at
San Francisco.

In the early part of i860 he accepted the posillcm of
superintendent of a new military academy founded bl*
the Slate of Louisiana. He proved himself so eminently
qualified for the duties of this place that the leaders of

movement in Louisiana wished to secure
(he impending conflict, and made efforts

;si^ed his office in Janua ,, .
(o Washington, and endeavoured in v,
Ihe authorities, who were (hen unable to realize
the greamess of the crisis, of Ihr necessity of preparing
'~T war on a large scale.

He received a commission as colonel of the thirteenth
regiment of infantry in June, (86t, and commanded ■
brigade at the battle of Bull Run, July II. On (he 3d
of August ensuing, he was promotetl to (he rank of
brigadier-general of volunteers, and in Ihe next month
he was ordered to Kentucky. In conser^uence of (he
ill health of Genera) Anderson, Ihe chief command of
the department of Kentucky devolved on Sherman iit.
October, 1861. When asked bjf the secretary of war*
how many men he should refjuire, he replieii, "Sijiif
thousand 10 drive the enemy out of Kentucky, and two
hundred thousand lo finish the war in this section,"
Hit estimate was considered as wildly extravagant, and
he wat removed from the command, with orders to
report to General Halleck, who was commander of Ihe
department of the West

In March, 186a, Sherman obtained command of the
filih division of General Grant's army of the Tennesteti
. \ j great coolness, energy, and skill in Ihe
sanguinary bai^e of Shiloh, (Pitttburs Landing,) on (he
6ih and yth of April of (hat year, llis servicea were
acknowledged by General Gran( In these terms; "At
the battle of Shiloh, on (he firs( day, he held, wi(h raw
troops, the key-point of (he landing. . , . To his indi-
vidual efforts I im indebted for the success of that
battle." (Letter to the War Department, July 26, 1863.)
He was wounded in (he hand on this occasion, and had
three horses shot under him. His division (00k a
prominen( part in the siege of Corinth, which the enemy
evacuated on the agth of ^Iay. A few days before that
date he received a commission as major -genet at. He
appointed commander of the military post of
phis in J[uly, j86a. In the
Vicksburg, which began in Decent'
~ mmanded the first division of the

proceed to the mouth of the Vaioo River and attempt

capture Vicksburg from (he north side. This enter-
prise was not successful. General Sherman rendered

Memphis in July, j86a. In the campaign agaii
'" ■ 'purg, which began in December, Sherman, w

inded the first division of the army, was Ordered

C aa i; s as j; g hard; £ asy; a, h, tL,fftliurai; N, saW; a, IriiM; 1 at s; lb as in Mt. (8J-5e« Eaplanalioni, p. a>)

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iriiicb preceded Ihe siege of Vicluburg. He commanded
one of the three corps which made an anauccessful as-
null on Ihe work) at Vicksburg -on the aid of Majt,
After the surrender of chat fortresi, Julji 4, i B63. Sherman
marched against Genera) Johnston, and occupied Jack-
ton, ftom which the enemy were driven on the 17th of the
month. About this date he wrote m letter in which these
•entences ocmri "The peoplcpf the Nanh must con-
quer 01 be conquered. There can be no middle coune."

He was appointed commander of the department of
Ihe Tennessee In October, 1S63, and, moving his arm;
b)P rapid Burcfae*, joined Ihe armv of General Grant
at CbktUnowa abont the isib ol November. Sher-
inaa occupied Missionary Ridge on Ihe X4th, rendered
important services at the battle of Chattanooga on
the 3Sth of November, and, three dajs later, began to
move hi;^ arm;, with the utmost cereritjp, to the relief
of Bumside, who was besieged at Knoxville. His cav-
alry reached Knoxville on the 3d of December, before
which date the enemv had raised the siege and fled.
Sherman returned to Chattanooga, and thence to Mem-
phis, where he arrived in January, 1S64. Having or-
ganized a large column, he marched (rom Vicksburg
eastward, destroying the railroads, and entered Meridian
•boat the 14th of February. Atttt he had destroyed
the depots, arsenals, etc. at ftleridian, be returned to
Vicksburg. In Match he received a letter from General
Grant, who mentioned his own nomination lo the rank of
lieutenant-general, and said, " 1 express my thank* to you
and McPherson as the men to whom, above all others,
I feci indebted for whatever I have had of success."

When Grant was transferred to Virginia, in March,
1S64, Sherman was appointed to the command of the
■lilitary division of the Mississippi, embradng all Ihe
armies between the Mississippi River and the Alleghan;
Mountains. He was instructed to move against the
army of General Joseph E. Johnston, who occupied a
■Irong position at Datlon, Georgia, coming and defend-
ing Atlanta, which was the ob^ecttve point of General
Sherman. On the 6ih of May he moved from Chatta-
nooga with the armies of tha Cumberland, Tennessee,
and Ohio, commanded respectively b; Generals Thomas,
HcFherson, and Schofield. His force amounted then
*" 98,797 men and 254 pieces of cannon, lie com-
menced operations by turning the enemy's position with
a part of his army, so that General Johnston, finding his
retreat likely lo be cut off, fell back to his fortified post
at Resaca, where he was attacked on the 15th of May.
After a severe battle, Johnston retreated during the
nieht towards the south, and made another stared at
Allatooni. Sherman again turned the flank of the enemy
by moving his army lo Dallas, through a rugged and
densely- wooded country. Severe actions were fought
at Dallas and New Ifope Church about the aSih of
May, and on the 4th of June the rebels relreaicd to the
■trong positions of Keneaaw, Pine, and Lost Mountains.
On the 17th of June the Union army assaulted the works
af Kencsaw Mountain, but were repulsed with severe
toss. In consequence of another flank movement of
Sherman's army. General Johnston abandoned his posi-
tion at Kencsaw on the 3d of July, and retreated across
the Chattahoochee. After resting several days, the Union
army crossed that river on the 17th of July, and drove
the enemy to Atlanta. At this date General Hood took
command of the insurgents and assumed the offensive-
defensive poIiCT. On the Kd of July ITood attacked
Sherman near Atlanta, and was repulsed with great loss.
tn August, 1364, Sherman was appointed a major-general
In the regular army. About the z3ih of August he
moved his main foKt round bv the enemy's left flank,
and gained victories at Jonesborough and Lovejoy's.
TItese actions forced Hood to evacuate Atlanta on Ihe
1st of September. The capture of Atlanta excited great
exultation among the Unionists, "General Sherman's
movement from Chattanooga lo Allania," says General
Grant, "was prompt, skilful, and brilliai

the way for Sherman lo march through Georgia to the

ruins, Sherman began bis famous march on the 14th
of November, with about 65,000 men. llis plan wai
to obtain subsistence from the country through which
he passed, and to destroy the railnads and other puUic
properly. His arrnTi moving in three columns, passed
between Macon and Augusta, had several skirmishea
with the enemy's cavalry, and arrived, after a very aafa
and successful march, at the outworks of Savannah oa
the toih of E>ecember. " We have not lost a wagon
on the trip," says Sherman, "and our trains are in a
belter conailion than when we started." On the «xh c£
December General Harden evacuated Savannah, which
Sherman occupied on Ihe aist. In this march of three
hundred miles he had lost 63 killed and 145 wounded.
Sherman left Savannah with his veteran army on the

compelled the e^

occu[Hed by the , .

to co-operate or unite with the army of Grant, which
was then near Petersburg, Virginia, Sherman mnved. ,
by way of Cheraw and Fayetteville, towards Coldsbo-
rough. North Carolina. He met and defeated a body
of rebels at Averysborough about the t6th of MarciC
On the iSth the combined Ibrces of the enemy, under
General J. E. Johnston, attacked the Union army at Ben-
lonville. Having repulsed this attack, Sherman entered
Goldsborough on ibe a3d of March, and there forirted
a junction with the army of Scholield. After he had
received the news of the capture of Richmond, April 3,
he moved against the army of Johnston, then "the only
remaining strategic point lie entered Raleigh on the
13th, had an interview with General Johnston on the
ijlh, and agreed with him on a memorandum or basis
of peace, which was disapproved by the President and
cabinet. The terms offered by Sherman were deemed
too liberal. On the a6ih of April Johnston surrendered
his army on the same terms as were granted to Lee, and
the war ended. Sherman was appointed lieutenant.
general in place of U. S. Grant, promoted. In July or
August, iS&d. He was nominated general by brevet
in February, 1868, by President Johnaon ; but he de-
clined. VVhen General Grant became President, in
March, 1S69, Sherman succeeded him as general and
commander-in-chief of the army, but retired Irota the
command in the fall of 1S83; seilled in Saint Louis, but
Eubsequenlly removed to New York, where he died Feb-
ruary 14, 1S91. In 1875 be published his "Memoirs."
General Sherman was a man of nervous temperament
and intense energy. His stature was tall, his hair brown
or auburn, his eyes dark haiel, large, and piercing.

Bher-Sbali, shair shih, (tr. "the Lion King.") an
Indian prince, whose original name was Fereod, [or
Ferjrd.) He acouired the chief power tn Ilahar and
Bengal, defeated the Sultan Humlyoonin battle in 1540^
and became master of HIndostan. He is said to liave
been an able and popular ruler. Died in 1545.

Bb^r'wlii, (John Keysk.) an eminent English en-
gr?.ver, born in Sussex about 1751. He was of humbis
parentage, and was employed in his youth as a wood-
cutter on the estate of Mr. Miiford, near Felworlh.
Having produced a drawinjr which obtained the silver
medal from the Society of Arts, he became a pupil of
Bartoloui in London, and soon attained great excellence
in his art. In 178; he succeeded Woollett as engraver
to the king. Died in 1790.

Sher'wood, {Mrs. Marv Martha,) a popular Eng-
lish writer, born In Worcestershire in 1775, publishcii
tales of a moral and religious character, among which
we may name "The Lady of the Maiior," " Roxobel,"
"Ermina," and "Little Henry and his Rearer." She
also wrote " Chronology of Ancient Hlstorfi" and
"Dictionary of Scripture Types." Died In 1851,

~ ■ Uft oT Hn. SlKTwod." br ha danghlwi "Qnarurii

. 1843-

SeeSftSHA.

SbeiT, (Joel,) M.D., an American physician, borm
in Saratoga county. New Vprk, in 1816, was one of tha
earliest hydro^wthic practitioners in America, and the

•, ^ 1, 0, (l,f , /pfff; t, t, A, aamc, less prolonged; K, i, 1, 5, G, y, r.liir)'/ f, f, t, 0, (^nirv; Or, nil, at; mCt; nftl; gAd; MlBnt

b«iKleroflhe*'Water-Cnre Journal," New York, He
pnbliihed Ihe " WaUr-Cnre Manu»I," (1850.) " Hydro-
pathic Family Physician," (1S54,) »nd other limilar
work*. Died in 1855.

Shield, sheeld. (Williau.) mn English compoKt
and musician, bom in the county of Durham about
175a Among his most popular works are the operas
of " Rosina," " Kobin Hood," " The Poor Soldier," and
"The Woodman." Died in 1829.

Shlelda. sheeldz, (Jahss.) a general, bom in Tyrone
county, Ireland, in 1810^ emigrated 10 the Uniled State*
about i3z& He served in the Mexican war, (iS46-47<)
and was elected a Senator of the United States from
Illinois In 1849, and from MinnesoU in 1857. He com-
manded the division which 'defeated Slonewall Jackson
near Winchester, March 13. 1861, and resigned hi*
commission in 1S63. Died June I, 1879.

ShilOfb^r, (Ukhjauih PeNHAtxow,)iathoTorthe
aayings of "Mrs. Partington," was born at Portsmouth,
New Hampshire, July 13, 1814. He wrote a number
of works in which " Mrs. Partinpon" was the leading
character, and several others. Died in lS9a

Bhlnn, (Georcb Wolki,) D.D., an American clergy,
man, born in i'hiladelphia December 14, 1839, graduated
at the Philadelphia Divinity School in iS6z, and entered
Ihe ministry of the Episcopal Church, lie is author of a
"Manual oflhePrayer-Book,"(i875.) "Manual of Church
History," (1876.) " Questions about Our Church," {1880,)
and a large number of works on religious subjects.

Blilp'ley, (Abthur Evbrbtt,) an English loolo-
gist, was bom at Datchet, Bucks, in 1861. He be-
came a lecturer on invertebrate morpholc^y at Cam-
bridge University in 1894. He wrote " Zool^y of
the Invertebrata," (1893,) and aided in editing and
writing the "Cambridge Natural History," 1S95.

Shipley, (Orby,) an English divine, bom at Twtford
House, Hants, July i, 1831. He graduated at Jesus
College, Cambtidge. After working twenty-three years
•* an Anelican clergyman, he became a Koman Catholic
In 1878. Tie prepared many devotional and ascetic books,
mostly translations, and edited and compiled ** Lyra Eu-
charistica," (1863,) "Lyra Messlanica," (1864.) "Lyra
Mystica," (1S64,) and other books. He also published
•ome original books and brochures.

Shlplev, (WiLUAM,) the originator of the Society
for the Encouragement of Arts, was bom in England
about 1715. He wis ateacherof drawing in London.
Died in 1804.

Shlplej, (^iLLiAM Davies,) born in Berkshire In
1745, was a son of Dr. Shipley, Bishop of Saint Asaph,
and a brother-in-Uw of Sir William Tones. He becune
Dean of Saint Asaph In 1774. Died in 182&

Shipp, (Albert M.,] D.D., LL.D,, an American
educator, born in Stokes county, North Carolina, January
15, l8t9. He graduated in 1S40 at Ihe University of
North Carolina, and in 1S41 became a Methodist preacher.
He held various professorships, etc, was the president
of Wofford College, Spartanburg, South Carolina, from
1859 to 1874, when he became professor of church his-
tory in Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee.

Shlp'pfn, (Edward,! " n>ti« ofEngland, who emi-
grated to Massachusetts and settled at Boston about
1669. He was a member of the Society of Friends, and
was driven from Boston by persecution. He removed
to Philadelphia, of which city he became the first mayor.

Shlp'pen, (Edward,) an able American lawyer and
jurist, born at Philadelphia in 1729, He became chief
Justice of Pennsylvania in 1799. Died In 1S06.

Shippen, (WiLUAM,) an American physician, bom
m Pennsylvania in 1734, was a descendant of Edward
Shippen, (ihe first of the name.) He studied medicine
(n Edinburgh, and commenced in 1764 a course of lec-
tures on anatomy at Philadelphia. In 1765 he became
professor of anatomy in the medical school of which he
was one of the founders. Died in tSoS.

Shippen, (WiLiiiAki,) an English Jacolute member
of Parliament, was a son of the rector of Stockport
He was ao opponent of Walpole, and was characteriied
by Pope as "downright Shippen." Died about 174a.

It SHOOVALOF

ShtrOaw, (Walter,) a painter, bom at Paisley, Sow-
land, in iSjT. He became a resident of Chicago in child-
hood, and learned his art chiefly in Munich. He wai
for a lime professor in the Art-Students' League, New
York. He is distinguished as a Gga re-painter, and his
less ambitious compositions (often combining domestic
animals, birds, etc) areof high value. " Shee^^-S hearing
in the Bavarian Highlands ha* been called his best
picture. His work as an art-in*uuctor bai been very
important in ill results.

Sh^raey or Bhfraey, {Sir Anthony,) an Engliib
lravellerandnavigator,bom in 1^5. In i;(|8 he visited
Persia, where he was treated with great distinction by
Shah Abbds, by whom he was sent an a mission to the
different European coqrts; to induce them to form 1
league with him against the Turks. He died in Spain
about 1630, having been previously created admiral of
the Levant Seas, by the King cf Spain. His principal
works are entitled "A True Relation of the Voyage
undertaken by Sir Anthony Shirley, Knight, in 1596,"
etc, and " Relation of Sir Anthony Shirley's Travel* in
Persia," (1G32.)

S« " RetrcopKtive Rerle*,** vol, L, (ilio.)

Shirley, (Evelyn Philip,) an English antiquary and

Senealogis^ born in Warwickshire, January 33, 181I1
led September 19, 18S1.

BUrley, (Jaues,) an English dramatist, bom in Lon
don about 1594. Among his plays, which amount in all
to about forty, we may name " The Traitor," a tragedy.
He also wrote a poem, entitled " The Echc^ or Ihe Un-
fortunate Lovers.^' Died in t66l!L

S«* Dakh, "Biosnphii Dnmaiiu^" Wood. " Athua Oar
ulnw:'' CAHrsiLt, " Spectmm of lb* Briiiih roett."

Shirley, (Robert,) brother of Sir Anthony, noticed
above, was born about 1570^ He served fir a lime in
the army of Shah Abbts, and was anerwarok employed
by him m several mis!u'ons. Died in 161&

Shirley, (Thomas,) eldest brother of the preceiUng,
was bom in 1564. He visited Turkey, and publisbedan
account of his travels in that country.

Shlileyi (William,) an Anglo-American Govemor.
born in England about 1705. He became Govemor 01
Massachusetts in 1741, ana was commander-in-chief of
the Britiih forces in America in 1755, He ceased to be
Govemor in 17^7. Died In tyri.

Bbl'shsk. tfie Hebrew name of Sheshonk I., King
of Egypt He is believed to have been of an Assyrian
or Babylonian race, and was the first king of the tweniy-
first dynasty. He received Jeroboam when he fled from
King Solomon, and later marched against Rehoboam.
" ■ if Judah, and carried off the treasures of the te ~" " ' "

Egyptian records of this retgn. Shishak began to reign
about 967 B.C.

Shlahkot Scblachkow, or Cblaehkot shishtiot
(Alexander Sehenovitch,} a Russian writer and
minister of stale, bom in 1754. He rose gradually in
the navy to Ihe rank of admiral. He published a "Mart-

philological essays. He was appointed a member of
the council of the empire in lEzo, and was minister of
public instruction from 1814 to 1828. Died in 1S41.

Sec " Htmoiren da Adminli A. SchUchkoflf Uber die Z*il Hies*
AultnihiJie^" eie.. iSji.

Shiva. See Siva.

ShoovaloC ChouvaloC or Schniralow, shoo-vV-
lot (Andrei Petrovitch,) a Russian poet and courtier,
who, in the reign of Catherine IL, became a member of
the Imperial council and a senator. He was intimate
with Voltaire and other French auth(>rs. He wrote, in
French verse, an "Episile to Voltaire" and an "Epistle
to Ninon de Lenclos." Died in 1789.

His ion Paul, bom about 1775, became a general at
the age of twenty- live. In the campaign of 1813 he waa
a personal attendant of the Czar Alexander, and in 1814
he accompanied, in the name of Russia, Boitaparte to
Elba. Died in 1813.

caei; sa*>; %hardi taa/; O, «, X^pittur^; N, hmhi/; K, trilled; I u

; Ih ai \xiMu (jy^ee E«pUnadon>,pk j|}.)

Digitized ayCjOOQiC

SHOOVALOF ai

Shoovvlof or Chon^aloC (Pm'ER.I a Russian sent-
rtl, wa* the inventor of a kind tA cannon which bears
fcia name. He was the lather (A Andrei Petrovilch,
noticed abore. Died In 1761.

BlioovaloC or BtauviloU; (FETEX Andreievitch,)
Count, > Russian slatesman, born in Saint Petenburg,
JuTy 15, 1827. lie entered the army in youth, became
an officer of the Interior department In 1862, governor-
general or the Ijaliic provinces In 1S64. and cliier of the
■ecrel service in 1866, In mhich capacity he detected the
cxiltence of Nihilistic conspiracies. In 1S73 he went to
England as special agent and eflected a matrimonial
alliance between the reigtilng families, the Duke of Edin-
burgh marrying the Russian grand-duchess Marie. In
1874 he became Russian ambassador at London, retiring
In 1S79. Died March ii, iSSg,

fibore, (Jane,) the wife of a London jewelter, subse-
quently became the mistress of Edward IV., King of
England. After his death she formed a connection with
Lord Hastings.' She was tried for witchcraft by order
m{ the Duke of Gtoacttlcr, afterwards Richard IIL
Died about 1515.

Sh HuHi, " HiMorr of Enxlani"

Shoro, (John.) See TiiONWotrnt, Lork
Bllora, (Thomas TiiGNMOtrrM,) a Uritish divine, bom
fn Dublin In 1S41. lie graduated In 1S61 at Trinity
Cutiege, Dublin, and became a priest of the Anclican
Church, and a chaplain to the Queen. He wrote "Some
DifGculiies of Belief," " The Life of the World to Come,"
" Saint George for Englind," etc.

abort; (Charles,) LL.D., an American scholar, bom
■t Haverhill, Massachusetts, m 1821. lie graduated at
Harvard College )n 1S46, was president of Kenyon Col-
lege, 1863-67, and in 1S6S became professor of Latin in
Columbia College, In connection with Prof: Charltoti
T. Lewis, be edited a "Latin DicUonary." D. In 1886.
. fibor^ (James,) a Scottish mathematician and op-
tician, bom Bl Edinburgh In 1710^ was employed to
make a survey of the Orkney Islands. lie was ■ Fellow
of the Royal Society, and acquired a high reputation aa
a constructor of telescopes. Died tn 1768.

5m CiuHun^ " Kofraphicil Dietiinary of EniBenl ScaUmtn."

Short (Thomas,) a Scottish phvsldan, was the au-
thor of the " Nataral History of Mineral and Medidnal
Waters," and other similar works. Died in 1771.

Sbortlionaa, (Jose?k IIinrv,) an English novelist,
born in Uirmlngham In 1S34. Hiswoilis include "John
Inelesant" and "The Little Schoolmaster Mark," also
"SirPerdvd,"" A Teacher of the Violin," "Blanche,
Lady Falaiae," etc. Died March 4, 1903.

Snoval, shQv'el, (Sir Cloudisley,) a distinguished
English admiral, bom in Norfolk in i6«x In 1688 he
became an adherent of William HI., who made him a
knight for hit services at the battle of Banlry Bay. He
haoa prominent share in the victorv of La Hogue, and
va* soon after appointed vice-admiral of the red. In
17OS he commanded the fleet sent iga!t)st Spain, and

Sdlly tales, and all on Ixnrd perished.

SHC«HP*m.t, "Lhrsaf llMBrlti•hAdlIli^l■;"HuH^"Rt>-
IDIT of Eniliiul. "

BttQWer, (Sir Bartholomew,) an English lawyer
under the reiRn of James IL, was a native of Exeter.
He became recorder of London, and puMished a work
entitled " Cases in Parlijment Resolved."

Bhower, (John,) a Puritan divine, bom at Exeter In
1657, was a brother of the preceding. He wrote " Re-
flections on Time and Eternity," and other works. Died
in 1715-

Sorap'nel, (IIbnry,) an English general, entered the
■rniy about 1779. lie Invented the case-shot called
■hrapneLshells. Died in 184a.

Sbrove, ^Samuel Henry,) an American dvil end-
neer, born at Trenton, New Jersey, August 3, 1829. fie
graduated at Princeton College in 184^ and at the Har-
vard Law School in 1S50. lie became a distinguished

)2 SRUTTLEWORTH

BhrewsbtiTT, shriS*T)(re or shHUlier-e, (Chaklxs
Talbot,) Duke op, an English peer and scholar, bora
in266o, was educated as a Roman Catholic. He became

in 16S9. He resigned about 1691. In 1694 he w
appointed lolhatoRice, and was created Uuke of Shrews-
bury. Hfl was very popular. "Before he was of age,"
says Macaulay, "he was allowed to be one of the finest
gentlemen and finest scholars of his time. He was
early called the king of hearts, and never, through a
long, eventful, and checkered life, lost his right to that
name." ("History of England," vol, ii.) He resigned
office In 1700, became Viceroy of Ireland in 1713, and
lord treasurer in 1714. Died in 1718.
Shrewabnrj, Earl at. See Talbot, (Joira.)
Stuub'solB, (Wiluam,) an English hvmn-writer,
bom at Sheemess, November 21, 1759; died near Loo
don, Augaat 23, 1S29.

Sbii,the ancient Egyptian godofligbt SeeTEnttr.

Sba'bilcfc, (John Temflak,) an American naval
officer, born in South Carolina in 1778. He served aa
first lieutenant under Commodore Decatur against Iha
Algerines in 1815. After peace was concluded with Al-

S'ers, he sailed as commander of the Epervier for tha
niled Sutei, and the vessel was lost at *ea in tba
same year.

Bbubrlck, (Wiluam Branpoki*,) an American
admiral, a brother of J. T. Shubrick, was bom in Soath
Carolina, October 31, 179a He entered the naval *er-
vice in 1S06, and served with distinction in the war of
1812-15. In 1861 be was appointed a rear-admlraL
Died at Washington, D.C^ May 37, 1874.

BbOck'burgh-IlT'f-l?!!, (Sir CeoRCE,) F.R.S., an
English classical scholar and natural philosopher, born
in 1750, resided In Warwickshire. He determined the
relation between the British unit of measure (i>. the
yard) and the length of a pendulum which makes a cer-
tain number of vibrations in a given time. He also
wrote on the measurement of altitudes bj the barome-
ter, etc. Died in 1804.

Sbttck'fprd, (Samuel,) an English divine, became
prebendary of Canterbury. He published a " Ilistotj
of the World, Sacr_ed and Profane." Died Id 1754.

Sbnn or Chnn, shaff, an andent Chinese sage and
ruler, who, according to Fauihier, was raised to the im-
penal throne 3285 B.C. (See Vao.) On account of hia
rare wisdom and virtue, ne was selected by Vao to b«
his successor; but Shun, deeming himself unworthy, at
first declined the proflered honour, and was with diffi-
culty prevailed on to accept it Like Vao.lie introduced
many useful regulations, encouraged sdence and tha
arts, and wa* particularly distinguished by the attention
which he paid to music. He maierially modified the
penal code of China, rendering it more humane, and
making the various punishments bear a just proportioB

._ .1 J. _r.i IT ^ — _ three yeara he mad*

is officers, punbhing
10 had properly ^t-

...-.Drding torauthier,

1208 B.C.) aAer a long and prosperotis reign, and w>a
succeeded bv Yn.

Shan-Tonee or Cbon-TcU, shQN-chee, the first CU>
neM emperor of the present Tartar or Mantchoo dynastyv
obtained the throne in 1644 In consequence of a revoln-
tion. He was the heir of the KhanofTartarj, and wa*
bom about 1637. Died in 1691.

Bbna'tar, (Wiluam Morgan,) govenuneat ofGdal,
bomatWashingtonin 1877. After 1898 he fUled several
positions in the govetiunent service, and in 191 1 was made
treasurer-general of Fetsia. His activity and success ia
this office eidted the enmity of Russia, which by hostile
movements againit Persia obliged him to resign the office.

Bbnte, (JosiAS,) an English clergyman, became Arch-
deacon of Colchester. He published a volume of Scr-

ons on Genesis xvl. Died In 1643.

Shu't^, (Edward,) a popular Enrilsh comediia,
died in 1776.

Shtft'tla-wfirth, (Pntur Nicholas,) an En^lth
prelate, bom in 178a. lie was appointed Bitbop flf

i^ ^1, e, a, ;, /pfVT 1, t. 4i same, less prolonged; I, «, I, ti, n, ;,

< ''*<^'';. t> f • !• ft t^nwr; Or, nUI, tttj net; nOt; gSM; BAai

Digitized by VjOOQIC

iveh, le-Mw'jf h. or Siboo^eli. [or Bibflreh,)
•e-boo'yfh, written also Siboulehor8ibouyeh.(Am-
roo (Amru) Ibn Othman, im'tSU Ib'n oth-mln'.) a
celebrated Arabian granimacian, bom in Farsisiin about
750 iLD. ; died about SoQ. lie U tometime* ailed Al-
Farsei, (-FaksI.) i^ " the Fersmn."

Slb'b^d, (Sir RoBBRT.) a Scottuh phyiidan, bom
In Fifeshire, nai ooe of the founders, and the 6l$t presi-
dent, of the College of Phvsidans at Edinburgh. He
was the author of "Scotia Illusirata," and other wortu,
and filled the post of physician and geographer to
Chaile* II. Sibbaldia, a genus of plants, wa* to named
In hit botUMir. Died in 1711.

S«a "AniobiacnphT of Si R. Sibtiaia," iljji Chammu,
*" BiognphicAj Diciioduy of finiiMal Sccumnk"

Blbbem, «b^m. (Fbederik CHsin'iAN,) a Danuh
joriil and philosophical writer, born at Copenhagen in
178J. After visiting GeimaRy, he was appointed in 1813
proMSSM' of philimiihT in his native citjr. Anions his
IS works, which Earour the system of Schelline,
Diay natne hit " Piychology introduced through Ui-

&! " " -

Copenhagen, Dccemlier 16, t&Jl.

Sibbel or Blbbl. (KtCHAUD,) an eminent English
Puritan mmiiler, born in Suffolk in 1577, was a Fellow
of Saint John's College, Cambridge, lie became
preacher of Gray's Inn in i6tS, and master of Cathe-
rine's Hall about 1625. He wrote, besides other works,
■■ The Bruised Keed." Died iti 1635.

Bibbs. See Sibdis.

Blbar^'de, dfh teltdR', (GAtmn,) a Frendi his-
torian, bom at Tonnerre alMUt 171C. Aniong his works
ts "The Variations of the French Monarchy in iis Po-
litical, Civil, and Military Government," (4 vols., 1765.)
IXed in 1798.

Slbllat, teTjelJ', (Thomas,) a French litiiratetn;
born In Paris about 1511. His chief work Is "L'Att
pojtique Francois," (1548.) Died in 1389.

6ib1a7. (HlNRV,) an American general, bom in
Louisiana about iSlS. graduated at \Vest Point In iSjS.
He took arms against the Union in 1S61. lie com-
manded a small army which invaded New Mexico,
attacked Fort Craig, in Febniaiy, 1861, and was re-
pulHed. Died August 33, 18S6.

Btbloy. (Hknry H.,) an American Gcvemor.bom at
Detroit, Michigan, in 1811. He was elected Governor -
"X Minnesota in 1857, and ap""'"*'"' • \mamA\rt.ir^n^rs\
n 1S62. He led an cxpedii

Sib^^, (Manoah,) an English Orkntallst and Swe-
<lcnborgiaii divine, b«ni in London in 1757; died in

BlboOTflh. See Sibauyeil

Blbouleh. See SiBAtrvEH.

Blbotu, se'boon', (Makib Douiniqui Augustx,) a
French prelate, bom in the department of DrSme in
1791. He studied at Avignon and Paris, and became

had been suspended, (tnurdit)

Em " MouTcUa Biofnphi* Ciatnlc-

Slbrocbt, see^RlKt, or Blbreohts, see'bRtKts,
(Jan,) a Flemish landscape-painter, bori) at Antwerp in
t6as, worked in London. Died in 1703.

^ftboip, (John,) an eminent English botanist,
born at Oxford in 1758. Having studied medicine at
Edinbnrfh, and sut«equentty visited France, he was
appointed, after hit return, to succeed his father in the
Chair of botany at Oxford. In 1786 he set out on a
scientific expedition toGreece and the adjacent regions,
and In 1794 revisited those countries. Ills principal
worki are his "Flora Oxoniensis," (1794,) and "Flora

Gtseca," (10 vols, fcl.) He died in 1796, leaving to th«
University of Oxford two hundred pounds a year for Iha
publication of bis " Flora Grzca," a raagniSccnt work.

Sibayeh. See StSAUVEK.

BlbjL See Sibylla.

Si-byiT^, [Gr. 2iJi.Ua; Fr. SlBYLLE, seTjil's Eng-
lith. Sib'vl,] the name of several ancient prophetesses,
the most celebrated of whom was the Cumxan Sibyl,
somedmes called Deiph'obe, Amalthe'a, or Demtnih'ile.
According toVirgil.she accompanied j^neu in hia visit
to the infernal regions. (See "jEneid," book vi.)

SibjUe, See Sibylla.

Blo«rd,se'klii', (Francois) a French mlntary writer,
born at Thionville (Meurthe) in 17S7. He entered llw
army, and became a captain. Among his works it a
"History of the Military Institutions of the French,"
(4 vols., tS30-3t.) Died at Paris, March 13, i860.

Blo'ard, (Montgoubry,) an American admiral,
bora at New York in 1836. He graduated at the
Naval Academy in 1856, was engaged in the capture
of New Orleans, at Vicksbu^, Port Fisher, etc. He
was made captain in 18S1, commodore in 1894, and
rear-admiral in 1897 ; was chief of Bureau of Ordnance
1881-901 commanded the North Atlantic squadron
1897-9S ; retired September 30, 1898. Died Sep-
tember 14, 1900.

Btcard, (RocR Ambroisb Cucurron,) a French
abbe, dialinguished as a teacher of the deaf and dumb,
was bora at Fousseret, nearToulouse, in 1741. During
the Revolution be was arrested and confined in prison,
from which he was released in September, 1793, after
a narrow escape from massacre. He became professor
of grammar in the normal school about 179S1 and a
member of the Institute. He improved or perfected
the method of instructing deaf-mutes, and wrote a
" Theory of Signs for the Instruction of Deai-Mutet,"
(1S08.) Died in i8».

BIohal,slic'ftortTK'el,(TuLntt,)askiiraIacnIist,boni
at Frankfon-on-the-Matn about iSix, graduated at Ber-
lin in iSzj. tie began to practise in Paris about 1S33.
and published seveni treatise* on ophthalmy. He died
November 14, 1868.

ai-flii'I-iia DftD-dl'ttu, a Roman warrior, who b
said to have fought In one hundred and twenty battles,
and to have deaded the victory in many of them, was a
champion of the plebeians in the contest against tha
patrldan*. He was a tribune of the people in 454 B.C;,
and was assassinated in 450 by the opposite party.

8icloI«iit«, se-cho-l^'tA, or Da Barmoneta, dl
s(B-mo-nt'tl, (GiROLAUO^) an Italian painter, born at
Sermonetain 1504. He was employed by Pope Gregory
XIII, Died in 1550.

Slckiugeti, Ton, Ton sik'king'^n or ilk'king'cn,
(Frani,) a celebrated German soldier and Protestant
Reformer, born in the grand duchy of Baden in 14S1,

expeditions. He distinguished bimseir on all occasiont
as the champion of the oppressed, and the patron of
learned men ; he gave an asylum to CEcolampadlus,
Bucer, and Ulrich von Hutten, and protected Reuchlin
from the persecution of the monks 0/ Cologne. Having
become involved in afeud with Hesse and the Palatinate,
he was mortally wounded while defending his cattle of

Neustall, ini5i3.

sSdniwi/^ Men,*! »6o7 K iiV Camo,"" Rjiiei
iSi];*-Noii>tU* Biagnphit C^DtnU."

Biokler, siklfr or tiklfr, (Friehrich Karl Litd-
WIG.) a German antiquary, son of Juhann Volkmar,
noticed below, was born near Gotha in 1773. Lie pub-
lished, among other works, "The Political History and
Antiquities of Rome." Died in 1836.

Blokler, (JoKANH Volkmar,) a German pomotnglst,
born at Gotha in 1742, published "The German FruU-
Cultivator," ("Deuischer Obstplirtner,") " Pomolopctl
Cabinet," (179^) and other similar works. Died In

%vih; %m; %hard; %3»j; a,K,iL,pfUural; s,)uua]; i

s s; ih as hi ikii. (sy*See Explanations, p. t^A

Digitized by CjOOQ I C

STCKLES SI

SiokiM, (ik'fit, (DAHieL E.,) an American geiMral,
bom in New York City in iSu. He itudied law, and
was elected to Congress by (tie Democrat! of New
Vorli in 1856. He billed Fhlli[i Barton Key in Feb-
ruary, 1S59. Ibr criminal connection with bis wife. In
i36o he was re-elected to Congress by the voters of the
third district of New York. He commanded a ht\f,*At
ill the battle* near Richmond in June, lS63, a division
at the battle of Antietam, September 17, and a corps
at ChancellorsvlTle, May a and ^, 1S63. At the battle
ofGeltytburg he directed the third corps, and lost a leg
on the id of July, 1363. He was appointed commander
of the Second Military District, compri«ng North and
South Carolina, about April, l96j. Havinj; supported
the policy of Congress in preference to tMt of Fresi'
dent Johnson, he was temoved, August a6, 1867, Died

BidcUwrtSL See Gavtama.

8id'd9al, (Sarah,) a celebrated English tragic act*
ress, bom at Brecon, South Wales, in July, 1*^5, was
a daughter of Reeer Kemble, She was married in 1773
to an actor named Siddons, and made her lirst appear-
ance at Drury Lane in December, 1775;- Her form was
exquisitely symmetrical, her countenance beautiful, and
her deportment majestic She was for many years the
most popular tragic actress on the English stage. Her
performance of the part of "Lady Macbeth" was especially
admired. Sheretiredfrom thestagein iSia. Her private
character is said to hfve been irreproachable, fihe Is,
by general consent, admitted to have been the greatest
actress that England has produced. Died in 1S31.

A critic o( rare taste, and one not likely to be swaved
b|r the o{»nions of the multitude, speaks thus of Mrs.
Siddons as an actress, although, when he saw her, she
had been long past her prime: "What a wonderful
woman I The very first time I saw het perform, I was
■truck with admiration. , . , Her looks, her voice, her
gestures, delishted me. She penetrated in a moment to
mv heart. She froie and melted it by turns ; a glance
«f her eye, a start, an exclamation, thrilled through my
whole frame. The more I see her, the more I admire
her. I hardly breathe while she is on the stage. She
works up my feelings till I am like a mere child." (See
*■ The Life and Letter* of Washington Itving," voL L

Sld^wick. (HLxay,) an EnglUh phno«>pher, bora
at Skiplon, in Yorkshire, in iS^iL He wa* educated at
Kiigby, and at Trinity College, Cambridce, gradnating In
■859. He was one at the founder* oT Newnham Col-
lege, for girls, a( Cambridge Among his works are
" Ihe Methods of Ethics," (1874 ; new and altered edi-
tion, 1877,) and " Principles of Political Ecooomy."
He took an active part in the Society for Psychical
Research. Died Scpteml>er 16, 1900.

Mdi-Mohammad, sidl tnO'hSm'med, Emperor of
Morocco, born about 1701, succeeded his ^Iher, Muley
Abdallah, in 1757. Adopting a pacific policy, he made
treaties of peace with England, France, Spain, and other
powers. During hii re^ Morocco enjoyed an ilnusual
degree of prosperity. Died jn 1790.

Sidl-Mohammed, an emperor of Morocco, bom in
]So3. In 1859 he iiicceeded his father, A bd-er- Rahman.
A war with Spain (1859-60) followed, ending with a

Sidmouth, Lord. See Addinctok, (Henry.)
Sid'ney or SJ^d'noy, (Alcirnon,) an eminent

English republican patriot, t)om in 1621, was a younger
■on of Robert, Earl of Leicester, and a grand-nephew
of Sir Philip Sidney. His mother was Dorothy Percy,
B daughter of the Earl of Northumberland. 1 le served
against the Irish insurgents in 1641, while his father
was lord lieutenant of Ireland, entered the army of Par-
liament in 1643, and obtained the rank of colonel in
1645. In 1G46 he served as lieutenant-general of the
hoise under his brother. Lord Lisle, who was lieutenant-
ceneral «f Ireland. He was appointed one of the judges
for the trial of the king in 164S, but was not present

94 SIDNEY

when h« was condemned. He held no office under
CromwelL In May, 1659, he wa* i4>pointed a member
of the council of slate. He was absent on a mission \»
the court of Denmark when Charles IL wax restored to
the throne in 166a, and thought it most prudent la re-
main on the continent. About 1666 he solicited Louis
XIV, to co-operate with him and hit hiends in estab-
lishing a republic in England. By the permiisian of
the English government, he returned home In 167710
see his aged father, who left him ■ legacy of /sioiv
He afterwards acted in concert with Lord Ruasell and
Shafletbnry, leaders of the popular party. Actordintr
to the sutcment of the Frencdi minister Barillon, Sidney
and other leaden of his party received bribes or present!
from Louis XIV.* In June, 1683, Sidney and R«sscn
were arrested as accomplices in the Rye-House Plot
He was tried before Jeffries, convicted without good
evidence, and beheaded in December, 168}. Hi* %ttr
lence was declared unjust by Parliament about t£9a
He left "Discourse* on Government," which were pub-
lished in t69& Burnet, who knew Sidney, represents
him as "a man of most extraordinary courage, a steady
maneven to obstinacy, sincere, bot of a rough and UwK
terous temper that oould do( bear contradiction."

Sm Cioica W. HxADLnr, "Lib sT AbnraoB Sidat*,* ili—
R. C SiDHST.-BriirMeiMiinor A. Sidiw^^' ilu: a vahSu
v(x»D,'-LiCctfA.Sidur."NHYofk._ '^

Brief Menain of A. Sidiw^^' ilu : t
■ -■ ■•N«Yorft.>i(ij g5M.«,-HbW»
i:^Li.iHS, - Wetnoln of (hi Lim mA

11 of iIm Sjilnryi," irtSi 1

% **A1g«n>oa Sidatfi i

Nh^'1 Aiuricu Rniaw-' fc* Jam

Btdne;, (Edwin,) a popular English preacher of tie
Anglican Churct). He graduated at Cambridge aboat
1 830. He published a " Life of General Lord Hill,' a
number of sermon^ and other works.

Bldnev, (Sir Ht.tRV,) an English statesman, and th«
father of Sir Philip. He was a favoured (xnnpanion of
Edward VI., who sent him as ambassador to France; In
tlie reign of Elizabeth he was lord deputy of Ireland
He had a high reputation for ability and iniegiitj. Died

Bidney, (Henry,) Earl cfRomney, an English Wh^
was 3 son of the Earl of I^i center, andayoungerbrothci
of Algernon Sidney, He was an efficient promoter of
the revolution of 1688, and enjoyed the confidence of
William III., who gave him the title of Earl of Romney.
He *ras secretary of state in 1690-^t. "Sidney," Ufs
Maciulay, " with a sweet temper and winning manner^
seemed to be deficient in capacity and knowledge, and
to be sunk in voluptuousness and indolence. 11^ fat*
and form were eminently handsome." The same writes
adds that he had a rare political tact, and "the con*'
quence was that he did what Mordaunt, with all hi*
vivacity and invention, or Burnet, with all his mald-
farious knowledge and fluid elocution, never could bav«
done." ("History of England") Died in 170OL

Sidn«T. (Mary,) Countess of Pembroke, "Sidneys
sister, Pembroke's mother," an accomplished lady, and
sister of Sir Philip Sidney, was married to Henry, Eait
(rf Pembroke, in 1576. She wrote "An Elegy on Sir
Philip Sidney," and a " Pastoral Dialogue in Praiieof
As trza," (Queen Elizabeth.) She translated many psafm
from the Hebrew into English verse, and several worlu
from the French. Died in i6ji. Ben Jonson wrote for
her a well-known epitapli,

Sh " MEmnin tti Eiuiiicat EngtUhwomai,*' br LoarsA S. CoC
TaLJM LoiKtOD, tS44.

Bldney, (Sir Philip,) an English gentleman, soldiei,
and author, possessed of rare accomplishments, bora

famous Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester. His mother
was Mary Dudley, a daughter of the Duke of North-
umberland. He entered Christ Church, OiJord, in 156S
or 1569, and commenced a tour on the continent in 1571.
He was in Paris during the Massacre of Saint Bartholo-
mew, and afterwards vi-''-""" — ' '— '- '^-- —

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STDONTXJS

SmVEKTNG

Penelope, tdaughlerofihe Earl ofEisex; butslie _
compelled to marrjr tnother. She wu the " Stella" of
hte amatory poems. Sir Philip gained the favour
confidence of Queen EUzabetli, and in 1577 wii ser
Vienna on a diplomatic mission, ostensibtr to con
with the emperor 00 the death of his father, but wllh
Initrucllona to promote union among the Protestant
prince*. His first literary production was "The Lady
of the May," a masque, performed in 157& He had
the courage to address to the queen a leiret of remon-
ttrance against ber proposed marriage with the Duke
of Anjou about 1580. He retired, or wis exiled, from
court for a time, and resided at Wilton with his sister
Mary, Countess of Pembroke, and there composed hi)
" Arcadia," a pastoral romance of much celebrity, pub'
lished in 159a In isSt he was knighted, and married
Frances, a daughter of Sir Francis Walsiiicham, secre^
tary of state. According to some writers, the crown of
Poland was offered to him, but be declined it. I{e was
about to acconipany Sir Francis Drake in his expedition
■gainst the Spaniards, when the queen interposed, and
(enl him, in 158;, as Governor of Flushing, to the scat
of war between the Dutch and the King of S[ni ~'
troops under his command took Axel, and again
tered the enemy at Zulphen, whei '
wounded. In September, it86. 1 '
lie called for some drink, which W!
be had tasted it, gave the bottle to a wounded soldi
taying, "Thy necessity is greater than mine," He died
at Arnhem m October, 15S& He left one child, Eliza-
beth, Countess of Rutland. Among his principal works
b "The Defence of Poesic," (i^jst) an admirable pro-
duction, displaying great erudition and taste. "The
first good prose writer," lays IJallam, "in any positi»e
lense of the word, is Sir Philip Sidney. . . . The 'Ar-
cadia' displayed a superior mind rather complying with
a temporary taste Chan affected by it. ... I think it, never-
theless, on the whole, inferior, in tense, style, and spirit,
to the 'Defence of Poesie.'" (" Inlroauction to the
Literature of Europe-") "The highest testimony tohis
merits," says the " Encyclopedia Britannica," " was his
having won the esteem and affection of William, Prince
of Orange, probably the most wise and politic chief of
hii time, lie enjomed it to be told to the queen thaL
if he were a iudge, she had in Philip Sidney one of
the ripest and greatest councillors of state in that day
in Europe."

S« F. GaniLU, (Loio BuooKi.) " Ufe of Sir PhBin Sidnw,"
l6ji : Thouas Zouch, " Memoin of tha Lift of Sir tMiilip ^id-
Mr," iBo3i H. R. F. BouuMi, "Mtmoir of Sir PhlTip Sidnn,"
lUi: '■ Ritnnncctin R«nw," nL ii, ign: ^ Briiiih Qu.ruily
Kcview" for Febmary, 1E47, ud Juiury, iE6j ; Aluuhi, " Die-

Bidonlus/ See Apollinaris Sidoniijs.

Slebenkee*, seen>fn-kls' or zee^ifn-kas', {Johank
Philipp,) ■ German antiquary and Hellenist, born
at Nuremberg In 1759. He published, beside* other
works, a " History of^the Slate Inquisition at Venice,"

ii7gt,) and a good edition of StralHik Died at Attdorf
»1796.
Set Komra, " Uenorli J. 7. SieboikKi," int.

Bleboia, TOO. fon see^lt or wCboIt, (Adam Elias,]
the fourth son of Karl Kaspar, noticed below, was born
at WUraburg in 1775. He became professor of medicine
In his native city, and subsequently at Berlin. He pub-
lished a " Manual for the Knowtedge and Care of the
Diseases of Women," (1811.) Died m 1S2S.

Siebold, Ton, (Et>UARD Kaspar Jakob,) a German
physician, a son of the following, was born at Wiiraburg
In lEoi. He became in 1833 professor of medicine and
■ttrgery at Goltingen. He published several works on
obatetrio. Died in i86t.

Biebold, von, (Karl Kaspar,) a German surgeon,
born in the duchy of Jlilich In 1736, became professor
of anatomy, surgery, and obstetrics at Wtirzburg, and
was ennobled in l8ot. Died in tSoy. His sons Johakn
Ceorc Christoph, Joiiann Theodor Damian, and
JOKANH Bartmel were likewise distinguished physj-
dans and surgeons.

Blebold. von, (Karl Theoiwr Erkst,) a German
phyiiolocist, a ion of Adam Elias, noticed above, was
born at Wtirzburg in 1804. He became successively

Erolessor ol toology and comparative anatomy at Br-
mgen, Freiburg, and Munich. He ivroie, among oihei
works, a "Manual of the Comparative Anatomy of the
Invertebrate Animals," (184S.) which has been translated
into English and French. Died in 1885.

Bleboia, von. (Phiupp Fran?,) a celebrated German
naturalist, a grandson of Karl Kaipar, noticed above,
was born at Wiiriburg in 1796. lie accompanied the
Dutch emlMBsy to Japan as physician and naturalist in
1SZ3, and spent about seven vears in scientiflc researches
in that country. He publiihed alter his return a nuni*
ber of valuable works, among which we may name
" Epitomeof the Japanese Language," (1824,) " Flora /a-
ponica."(i835,) " Catalogue ofj a pa nese Books," (i84S.(
"Atlas of Land and ^Iarine Charts of the Japanese
Empire," also "Fauna Japonica," (1833,) in which he
was assisted by Temminck and other savan*, and "Ar-
chives towards the Description of Japan." Died M
Munich, October tS, 1S66.

Biegon, voa, fon see'gen, (LUDWic,) a celebrated
artist, of German extraction, born at Utrecht in i6o9>
was the inventor of meuolini engraving. His first

Eroduciion in the new art was a portrait of Amelia
liiabeth, mother of the Landgrave of Hesse, which he
executed about 1640- Siegen subsequently imparled
his discovery to Prince Rupert, who Introduced it into
England, and who has been generally regarded as the
inventor of meazotinca Among Siegen's other engrav-
ings majF be named a " Holy Family,'' after Annibal
Carraca, and a portrait of Ferdinand IIL of Austria.
Died about i63o-

S« EvaLVK, " SoiTptun, or HiiioiTotCbalcenaptirf' llASLia,<

" AUgemeirm KDniilti-Irfiilion."

rsity of that city. H< was the author of a

Died about 1850,

Blegert, see'cfrt, (Karl Aucust,) r German genre
painter, born at Neuwied, May 5, iSlOk He was one of
the best of the Dusseldorf proiesson. Died 1883.

SlegMed, seegTreed, (Ger-pron. leec'fReet,! [from
liisen, to "conquer," and Fficdt, "peace." In the
Norse legends the name is usually written SlGURl).
(whieksee,)] the name of a legendary or seroi-fabuloua
personage who occupies a conspicuous place in many
of the ancient tales of the Teutonic nations. He Is
especially distinguished as the hero of the famous
German epic known u the "Niebclungen-Lied,"
(nee'b?h-l«6ng'?n leet,) ot the "Uy of the Niebe-
lungen." For an account of this poem, and the ex-
ploits of Siegfried, the reader is referred to Cariyle's
"Miscellanies" and Longfellow's "Poets and Poetry
of Europe," pp. aiy-iiy.

Biemeiu, see'mlns, (Sir Charles Wiluau,) an
eminent inventor, bom at Lenthe, In Hanover, Ger-
many, April iL 1S13. He studied at Goltingen, and
became a mechanical engineer, and settled in England
in 1S44. With his brother, Ern^ Werner, (b. 1816,
d. 1893,) he invented an improved steam governor,
an air-pump, a process of anastatic printing, a water-
meter, a regenerative steam-engine, a famous regenera-
tive gas-furnace, etc, and he was one of the inventors
of the Siemens-Martin process for open-hearth steel.
He also made great improvements in dynamo-electric
machines, and m various other machines for utilising
electricity. With his brother, he built the Indo-European
telegraph in 136S-69. He designed the famous cable-
ship Faraday. He was also eminent U a physicisl;
Died NovemW 18, 1883,

Siana, d>. See Matteo.

SionkiawiOB. ^Hbhkik,) b Polish novelist, bom
in 1S46. Among his works, some of which have been
very popular, are "The Deluge," "With Fire and
Swoid,'' '•QnoVadis," etc.

Bienna, Simon of. See Martini, dl

BlaveklnK, see'veh-king' or tee' vfh -kins', (Ahaui
WiLHiLMiHE,) born at Hamburg in 1794, vras celebrated

«Mi; {as/; \kari; %nJia,\\,}L.piliiirai; Mi,Matal: ^.trilUd; lass; thasinMu. (BVSee Explanations, p. 31)

d by Google

SIEVEKING

3196

SIGNORELU

tai Ikt philanthropy, and founded Mveral charitable
bialitutioni for the poor in Hamburg and other diies.
Died in 1859^

Sh tha " Life of Amdia Sitvak'uif," tnntlalH from ihe Gnmu,
London, iK^

8IoT«kiiis (Karl,) a German diplomatist, bom at
Hamburg in 1787, was Bent in iSig ai resident minister
m Saint Petereburg. Died in 1347.

Si«y^ ae'iss' or se'i'yjs', [Emmanitei. Joseph,]
ColiCTS, commonly called AbbA Sieves, a French poli-
tician and publicist, botn at Fr^jus in May, 1748. He
was educated in the seminary o( Saint-Sulpice, in Paris,
and in 1780 went lo Chartres, where he became canon,
Ticar-generaljindchancellor. He advocated the popular
cause In his famous pamphlet entitled " What is the
Third Estate ?" (" Qu'est-ce que Ic Tiers-Elat ?" 1789,)
which placed him at the head of the publicists who
favoured the Revolution. Having been sent to the
States-General by the electors of Paris, he was thechief
promoter of the union of th^ orders, and one of the
most radical leaden of the Constituent Assembly. He
opposed, however, the abolition of tithes, and on that
question used the fanious phrase, "They would be free,
and they do not know how to be just" He became in
1792a member of the Convention, in which he pursued
a cautious and silent course ; but he voted for the deaih
of the king. He was elected to the Council of Five
Hundred in 179s, was sent as ambassador to Berlin in

1798, and was chosen a member of the Directory in May,

1799. He formed a coalition with Bonaparle, promoted
the revolution of the iSth Brumaire, and was one of llie
three consuls of the new regime. His poiver and in-
fluence ended about the end of 1799; and his plan of a
new constitution was not adopted. He held no office
under the empire, and he lived in exile &om 181] to
183a Died in Paris in 183&

S« (Euxaa, *■ Du Opiniou poliilqiiHd* Sicrt* M de n Vie."
■too; VoK Sbiim, 'Slni* und Mipotcon," 1S141 £. si Biau-
vurau. ~ eiude lur Sityti," iSji ! MicNKT, ■■ NoI«n hntoriquti ;"
Tiubo. ~ HiiUHT ol iht French KcTaluiioD :" Lahaktihu. " Lei
Conoitiuntu" "Nouvella Uiacrajdiie C^s^lc"

BK Beef, [probably allied to the Anglo-Saxon n/,
" pure," " chaste," " inviolate,"] in the Norse mythology,
(he wife of Thor, and the goddess of harvests. She is
said 10 have a head of hair of pure gold, — in allusion,
doubltesi, to the eolden fields of ripeuing grain. Her
connection with Thor, the great warrior-god of the
Northmen, may denote the dependence of the arti of
peace, and of agriculture In particular, 00 the protecting
*nn of war,

Sm K»TBn(."Rellfl(iii oTlhe Nonhmen," mmlited b]" PxM-
■OCX, p, iji t THoara, " Monhem Uyihoiosy," vol, L

atgalon, se'gf IAk', (Xavier,) a French painter of
fiistory, bom at Uits about 1790, was a pupil of Gujrin.
He worked in Paris for many years. In 1B33 he went
to Rome, and painted for M. Thiers a copy of Michael
Aneelo's " Last Judgmen(,"for which he received eighty-
eight thousand francs. Died at Rome In 1S37.

Sm Ch. S>iHT-tlAu>ia. "filoes At Xaiier SiK^on." 1S4B;
CHAatu Blahc, " Hiiloira da Petulre*,"

Sfgand-Lafond, «'b6' If (Sh', (Joseph Aicnak,) a
French surgeon and natural philosopher, born at Uourgea
In 1730 or 1740, wrote treatises on electricity, and pub-
lished a "Dictionary of Physics," (s vols., 1780-8?.) He
became a member of the Institute in 1796. Died iniSlo.

S«* MkHtH-DpqgiHs, "Noire* lur Sigauct-Urond:" J. P.

Chiva

Matt

■Noll.

id-LaloBJ," iSiii QuiiiAiD, "

S1^9-bfrt [Fr. pron. ■e'ahe'bai*' ; Laf. Sicerer'
rus] X, King of Austrasia, bom about 575 a.d,, was i

ion of Clotaire L, King of the Franks. He obtained ir

with his brother Chiiperic, whom he defeated. In 575
he was killed by assassins who were hired by Frede-
gunda, the wife of Chiiperic.

Bigebert H, King of Austrasia, bom about 6ai A.D.,
was a son of Thierry H. He was killed by order of
Cloiairell.

Sisttbert ni,bom in 630 a.d., was a son of Dagobert
I.i at whose death, about 634, the kingdom was divided
iKtwecn Sigebert and his brother Cluvis, Died in 654.

Si^9-bert opGemdi-ours, (I^t Siceber'tus Gkh
BLacen'sis,) a learned monk and historian, bom in Br»
bant about 1030, wrote a " Chronicon" (or " History^
"of Germany from 381 to ma." Died in till.

SlEebert^a. See Sicebert.

Bigel, iee'e|tl, (Franz.) a general, bom In Baden,
Germany, in 1824. He became minister of war of tha

ment formed by the revolirtionista of Baden in

1843. About 1850 he emigrated to the United
oi'ici. He enlisted as a colonel In the Union armf
early in_ 1861, defeated a superior force at Carthage,
Missouri, July J, and was appointed a brieadier-general
in August of that year. He commandeda division at
Pea Ridge, March 6 and 7, 1861, and a corps under
General Pope in Virginia, July-September. Hcwasde-
fealedalNew Market, May le, 1864, D. Aug. »i, looa.

Blgiamoad. See Slcismi/nd.

Bf^'iB-mttnd, [Fr. Sicismond, se'ihtss'mAN',] writ-
also Blgmnnd, Emperor of Germany, bora in

lyrdom 0 ,

conduct, Sigismund was involved In a war with Ihft
Bohemians, and was several timet defeated bv the
celebrated Ziska. The treaty of Iglau was concluded
between them iii 1435. Died in 1437.
Seo Ajem»cn, " " "'' '

" HiHoria kert

Hindi"

I HunnnDruni" Ew
lievaplua GfD&ak,"

. .J Toll., ■!}»-)<! Ka-
■ireu, " CodiicBN *<■

-mttnd ,

Of Poland, son of Casimir IV., was bom In u66.
ascended the throne In 1507. He was involved in w
with the Russians, Moldaviana, and Wallachians, agaiiM
whom he was eventually Buccesiful, Died in v^efi.
Se* Liuwu, "Hiitoir* dt PolofMi" "Nointltt KscnpUe

Sl^mnnd (called also Atign*ttu] H, a ion of lb«
preceding, was born In ijiS. He was elected king
during his &ther'* lifetime, and came 10 the throne Ik
1543. During his reign Lithuania was united 10 PuTaild
lo which Ijvoi^ia was also annexed. Sigismund is sup-
posed to have secretly favoured the Reformed religion.
which made great progress under his rule ; he was also >
liberal patron of learning and the uta. Died In 1572,

See Laurmi, "HiMolnda Pdofiw."

Slgiamaud m, King of Poland and Sweden, bon>
In 1566, was thesonof l<AnlII. of Sweden and Cathe-
rine, sister of Sigiamund IL of Poland. He waa elected
in 1587 to the throne of Poland, and in 1594 crowned
KInf! of Sweden, Hi* seal In behalf of Catholicism
having made him unpopular with the Swedea, his unde,
the Duke of Suderaiania, caused himself to be made
hinp, In 1604, under the name of Charles IX., and thus
laid the foundation of • protracted strife between the
two countries. In 1610 he invaded Russia, and placed
bis Bon Vladislaf on the throne, which, however, he was
subsequently compelled to resign to Michael Feodoro-
vitch. He was also Involved in wars wiih the Turks^
Tartars, and Cossacks, and was obliged to yield ta
Gustavus Adolphus a considerable part of Livonia and
Prussia, He oied In |6u, and was succeeded br hit

1. Vladislaf IV,

"HUlolie da RtcM d

III.,"

BI^ls-mQDd or BlglBinoiid, King- of Burpindj,
vas a son of Gondebaud, (Gun dibald,) whom he bbc-
ceeded In jt6 a.ix Having been defeated in battle bf
the sons of Clovis, he was killed, by order of ClodoiQir,
ins*4-

BlgKtund. See Sicismund.

Bi^ol,stn'yAI',(EMILE,)a French hblorical nafnter,
born in Paris In 1S04. He gained a medal of the first
class in 183;. Died in 1S91.

Slgnorefll, sin.yo.rel'lee, (LUCA.) an eminent lulian

BilnIer,bornatCnrtonain 1430, was a nephew of VasarL
is frescos of "The Last Judgment," in the cathedral

lii, [, j^ [^ y, leng; \k,(>, same, tess prolonged; i, t, T, 6, fi, y, thvrti t, f , i, 9, tiimrtj fit, flU, Qt; mtt; nOl; gd6d^ ndOo^

ngi,,.ed=iG00l^lc

SIGNORELLI ai

oTOrvieio, are esteemed master-piecei, and were highly
eommended by Michael Angelo. Died'in 1511.

Ste Mrs. J^hiuoh. "Memoin <rf Early ItilSu Piinten:"
Vasaii, "Lim of ib> Piialcn>" tic.

BlguOTsUi, (PiETRO NAroLr,),an Italian critic and
historical writer, bom at Naples' in 1731. [le wrote,
besides other works, a literary history of Naples and
Sicily, entitled " Vicende della Collura nelle Due Sicilie,"
<5 vols., 1784-86.) Died in iSiC.

Blgonlo, se-eo'ne-o, [LaL Sicc/trius,] (Carlo.) an
eminent It^ian historian and antiquary, bom at M6dena
about iJiOt lie became professor ot Greek literature
in his native dty in 1546, and obtained in 1560 the chair
or eloqnenM at Padua. Among his principal works are
his treatise " On the Ancient I^w of Roman Citizens,"
t"De aniiqno Jure Civium Romanorum," 1560,) " His-
lory of the Western Empire," <" Histori* de Occidental!
Imperio," 1577,) and "Ecclesiastical History," ("His-
toric Ecdesiastlob") Si^onio was one oC the first
•cholars of his Ihne, and his Latin style is remarkable
for clearness and elegance. He also wrote "On the

Athenian Republic," ("De RepubUca Aiheniensium,'
IS64,) and a "Life of Scipio Amcanos Minor," (1569.)
Died in 1S84.

Slgoniiu. See SiCOtttO.

Slcorsne, se'goaK', (Pierke,) a Frendi ecderiattic
and natural philosopher, born In Lorraine fn 171^ He
adrocated the Newtonian philosophy. Died at UlOM
In 1S09.

Sigoanwr, sig'iir-ne, (Lydia IltnnxEY,] an Ameri-
can poet and ouscellaneous writer, bom at Norwich,
Connecticut, In 1791. She published, in iSi^.^Moral
Pieces in Proae and Verse." Having visiied Europe in
1840, she brought out in 184a a work entitled " Pleasant
Memories of Pleasant Lands." She n-ai married in
(819 to Charles iiigoumey, a merchant of Uartfoid.
Among her numerous poemi are "The Aborigines of
America," (iSsi,) and " Pocahontas," (1S41.) She also
wrote many works in prose. Died in 1865.

BIf ■'b«e, (Chaklbs Dwight,) an American naval
officer, bom at Albany, New York, in 1845. He
entered the Naval Academy in l8j9, saw some service
in the civil war, rose to the rank ol captain, and was
in command of the Maine when it was blown up in
Havana harbour in February, 1S98. He commanded
the St. Paul in the war with Spain, and later the

Slgnenza, da, djt se-gnln'zl, (Josd.) a Spanish monk
end historical writer, born about 1545, published a " Ljfe

go-ri, (Carlos.^ a Mexican priest and Jesuit, born
the city of Mexico in 1645. He studied at the univer-
sity of hif nativecity, and became a priest and a professor
of mathcmafic* and astronomy. He published many
works on Mexico and the adjacent regions, maps, charts,
_.._ i—ij rolumes of verscv chiefly in Latin.

. _ i, see'gKrd or •ee'gGrd, f lirom a root cojniate
witik the German SUgtxA Swedish Stger, victorvH the
name of a hero celebrated in the legends of the North
as the greatest of human warriors. He may be styled
the Riostam of the Northmen. He had a sword with
Vhicb he could cleave an anvil and cat throueh flualing
wooU Sigurd appears to be another name for biECrKiiD,
(which see.) For the particulars of Sigurd's hislorr, see
Thorpe's "Norlhein Mythology," vol. I. pp. 91-108.
SigHrdsBOn, aee'g3$rds.S9n, (Jon,) an Icelandic^antl-

3aary and statesman, bom at Kalnseyrl, June 17, l8lt ;
led at Copenhagen, December 7, 1S79.
Bike or Blecke, seeOcfli tn iee'k;h, (RUHRICH,) a
Cerman philologist, bom at Bremen in the latter part of
the seventeenth centnry, became professor of Oriental
language* at Utrecht, and subsequently at Cambridg*,
England. He committed suicide m 1713.

BI-lS'llI^«tt, ^ikaititif\ a Greek statuary in bronze,
lived in the fourth centuri n.c. According to Pliny, he
was a contemporary of Lysippos, and cicelUd In the
Imitation of strong passion*. Among bis works

Statue of Plato, and a statue

n SILUG

BMa'nns, (Dtawus Jifnius,) a Roman senator, was
elected consul In 63 B.a In the trial of Catiline's ac-
complices, be, as 'Consul tilect, was the first to express
his opinion; He advocated severe measure*.

SUantu, (M. JuHiirs,) an orator, was a grandson of
D. Junius Silanu*. He became consul in 19 a.ix Hi*
daughter Claadia was the wife of Caligula, who caused
Silanua to be pat to death.

SilbemuiiD. sil'btr-mln' or nl'btr-mln', (Gott-
fried,) a German organ -bailder, bom near Frauenstein,
in Saxony, in 1683 ; died in 1753,

SUbvsctOae; sinjfr-shllG'or nl'bfr-shIlG',(JoHANti

i'ESAiAS,) a Germ an natural philosopher.bornal Ascher*-
eben in 17ZI. He was pastor at Magdeburg, and reane
of the Real-Schule in Berlin. Died ut 1791.
Sst hi* Autobiofraphr, 17BS.

Siltes. See Silenit^

Silena See Silenus.

Sl-la'atu or Bsl-le'nuSi TGr. XtAipiit; Fr. SiLiKS,
se^J^; It. SiLSNO, se-lK'no.) in the classic mytholo^,
ono of the Satyrs, supposed to be a son of Mercury, aM
the preceptor and insefurable attendant of Bacchus^
He was represented as a jovial old man, corpulent, bald,
always intoxicated, and carrying in his hand a wine-b%
Mnd often riding on an ass. Like the other Satyrs, M
was fond of sleep, music, and dandng. He was alstl
renowned for his prophetic Insight into the fatore.

S« ViaciL's SixA Eckifu, eatitled " Sil«iii."

, ,_,„ ,(l

irNirac about 1596.
Ders of the French Acaaemy, ana was empioyeo oy
Richelieu la political affiurs. Among his works i* a
"Treatise on the Immortality of the Soul," (166a.)
Died in i6fi7-

SUhonstte, de, df h leloolf, {EnsNNE,) a French
financier and writer on politics, etc, was bom at Li-
moges in 1709. He became controller-general of tbs
finances in 1759, practised excessive economy, but was
found to be incompetent, and resigned before the end of
the year. Died in 1767. Hi* name is applied to an
economic*) sort of portrait (commonly called ■ profile.)

&M •* NoBid* Biopi^M Oteirali.'*

SUI-na I-tall-OilS, (CAIttS,) a Roman poet and Imi-
tator of Virgil, wha«e birthplace is unknown, lived under
the reign of Nero, and In 68 A.D. was elected consaL
lie was afterwards proconsul in Asia. His only work

epic poem entitled " Punica," i

books, giving an account of the second Punic war. It
is a long and very dull poem. Died about too A-ik

Sh C Chllahiu^ "DittCRitie d« C Silio Italioo," tn*l
" Nounll* Bisgnphi* G<B<nU."

BUJestrSin, seel'yis-tRSm', (Pekk Adam.) a Swedish
writer, bom at Calmar In 1815, became .professor of ex-
perimental physic* at Upsal. He was the author of a
report on the educational system of the United States.

Sill. (Joshua W.,) bom at Chillicothe, Ohio, In 1831
graduated at West Point In 1833. He became a briga-
dier-general in the Union army in July, 186s, and was
killed at Stone River, December 31 of that year.

Billm the Italian of Suu>, (wTiich see.)

SlUer;, da.dfhsil're', (Charus Alexis Bnilkit
— bRinta',) MARQUIS, and Count de Genlis, a French
officer, born in Paris in 1737, was the htwband of Ma^
dame de C^enlis the authoress. He served as captain In
the navy In his youth, and became a member of the
Sutes-General in 1789. He wa*afollower of the Duko
of Orleans In poliucs, and was guillotined in October,

euaer-jf, (Charles Dovni,) a poet, bom at Athlone^
in Ireland, March a, 1807, studied mcdidne at Edin*
burgh, and died there, May 16, iSjS. Among his works
are " Vallery," (1839.) "Bdred of Erin," (1830,) "The
Exiles of Chamoum," (a drama, 1834,) etc.

BUlery, de, (Nicolas Bmslart— brilltR',) Ha»
QU1S, an able French diplomatist, bom In Champagn)
in 1544. He was employed in foreign missions by
Henry IV., and became cbanceUor of Trance in 1607,
Died Jn 1624.

Sc* BovTiAT^ " Brtvlarfam mia N. Bratem," ita^ : StrtU
- UinwirA"

Bllllft dllio or sillio, (Karl Julius,) a Gemiaa

ue 01 riaio, ana asiaine 01 jocasraoying. nuu£ sii 110 or su ua, iivakl julius,; a ucimaa

I i; ( a* t; S ftari; % nj; Q, H, K,piitttTal; n, tiatai; a, IH:Ud: f as a,- (h as in tAu. (]Qr*Se« Explanation^ p, «,)

,-J:,C00^^Tc

SILLIMAN

3198

■diolir, born at Drnden in iSoi, published an e^tioi
of th« "Naiural IIistorv''or riiny, (1851,) and a vain
able " Catalogue of Greek and Roman Artitti," (" Cala
logus Aiiilicum GrKcorum et Komanomni,") wKich
baa been translated Into English, Died in t8;7.
S« ifc» " Fonitn QutrurJy Review" ftw Ociobir, iSjS.

8il1I-m9ii.(DEN;AMiN,1 an eminent American
raiiit and profewor, born in North Siraifotd, (now
Trambull,) Connecticut, on the Sih of August, 1779.
He was a son of Gold Selleck Silliman, a general who
Krved in the war of the Revolution. He entered Yale
College in 179Z, graduated in 1796, and was appointed
tutor in that institution in 1799. About igoz, Dr.
Dwrght offered him a chair of chemlsiry in Vale Col-
lege. To prepare himself for that position, he studied
chendatry at Philadelphia for two years. He began to
lecture to the students of Vale College in 1804, and

Kiformed a voyage to Europe about ttie end of 1S05,
iving returned, after an absence of fourteen months,
he resumed the chair of chemistry, and published a
"Journal of Travels in England, Holland, and Scot-
land," (3 vols., 1810,} which was a very interesting and
(lobular book. Soon afier his return he made a geo-
n^cal survey of a part of Connecticut In iSog he
married Harriet, a daughter of Governor Trumbull, of
Connecticut. >Ie made a chemical analysis of a famous
meteorite which fell at Weiton, Connecticut, in 1S07.
In tSl3 he founded "The American Tournal of Science
aod Arts," usually called " Silliman's Journal," which
was recognized at home and in Europe as the chief
repository of American science. He was the sole
editor of this journal (or twenty years, and maintained
it at his own pecuniary risk.

He attained great eminence as a lecturer and teacher
of science. "The professor's chair, in the laboratory
or the lecture -room, was the place above all others '~

exerted their highest and most endui..

t"Amesican Journal of Science and Arts," May, 1S65.)
le applied the blowpipe to the fusion of a variety of
bodies which were before regarded as infusible. Aoout
1812 be demonstrated the transfer of particles of carbon
from one charcoal point to the otlier in the galvanic
battery, lie published i text-book on chemistry in 1330^
Between 1835 and 1850 he delivered popular lectures
on chemistry and geology in Boston, Lowell, New York,
Hiiladelphia, Saint Louis, and New Orleans, He was
one of tne fen men in the country that could hold a
popular audience with a lecture on science. In 1853 he
resigned his professorship, and published " A Visit to
Europe in tSji," (3 vols,,) which was ofken reprinted.
He felt a deep interest in the cause of liberty, and when
Kansas became the scene of conflict, about 1837, he
came out with all his youthful ardour as the opponent of
the slave-power. He died at New Haven on the 241)1
of November, 1864. In the language of the wiiier already
quoted above, " he was a man of vigorous understanding
and sound judemen^ led on, hut never carried away, by
an enthusiastic disposition, glowing and coiutant. , . .
Blending with and ennobling all these virtues was the
childlike simplicity of his Christian faith."

S« "Amenan JouTnll of SriinR>IKlArtt."Mir,lS6s: Clone!

AoHriSSRnKV-roiJii.'uwi-lisU"'*"' *"''■' ' ""
SlUiman, (Dek;amin.) a son of the preceding, was
born at New Haven in lElG. and graduated at Vale Col-
kge in 1817. He was employed as teacher of chemistry
in that college for a number of years, and was appointed
professor of chemistry applied to the arts In i&t&. About
1833 he became associate editor of the "American jour-
nal of Science and Arts," of which he and Prolessor
I. D. Dana are now the chief editors. He succeeded his
tlher as professor of general and applied chemistry in
Vale College in 1854- He published "First I'rinci-

fles of Chemistry," (1846,) and "Principles of Physics,"
I8S&) Died at New Haven, January 14, 1885.
Bin^'way, (Thowas William,) an American dergy-
ntan, author, and architect, born at Newbiiryport, Mas-
tachusetts, August 7. 182S. In 1851 he became an
architect in Boston, and in i36i he was ordained as a
Uirivenalist preacher. lie won special distinction as a

l,^[,I^^J,to>f;Ji,t,A,saine,les*p(olooged; l,C,l,6,iii,]»,ji«r(;«,f,tfta'unirv;fkr,ail,at;iiiet;ii(lligiBdiBdlM

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

church architect. He publisbed " Tbeognis," (1856,)
"Warming and Ventilatioii," (i86o,)etc WithL.L.
Powers, be wrote " Cathedral Towers of Englaod, Ire-
land, and Scotlaod," (18S3.) Died ia 191a

SUIT, de, dfh ae're', Q*ciiun Joseph Vlpait—
*e'pjR',J M ARQUI^ ■ French general, born f- " '

1727.

Hew

a friend otMadame de Suel.

Silva. sti'vl', (Jean Bafttete,) a French phyvldan,
bom at Bordeaux in 1683. He practised in Paris, and
received the title of conaulting physician to Louis XV.
in 1724. Died in 1741.

Silva 7 Ffgueroa. See Ficueroa, de.

BllvMi^ sti-vl'nee, (Ghirardo,) an lulian architect
born at Florence in 1570. He built, besides other
edifices in his native city, the magnificent Palauo Mara*
celli and the Palauo RicardL His design for the fafade
of tlie cathedral of Florence was adopted and executed.
Died in 1675.

Sll-vS'aua or Syl-v5'nti», [Fr. Svlvain, stl'vlN',]
[frum lUva or nhia, a "wood" or "grove,"] a rural dei^
in Koman mythology, was the guardian of groves, fields,
and cattle. He was supposed to be the protector of the
boundaries of fields or farms. Bv some mylhographei*
he was identified with Faunus and with Pan.

Sll-ve

Died in 538.

Bllvestor, Pope. See Svlvzstbk.

SilTMtTO, s^l-vis'iiii, (Grbcorio,) bom at XJsban
m ijlo, was the author of numerous poems published
m 1591, under the title of "Obras poelicas," Died is

S» LoHCFiLLow. " PcKU ind Poetrf of Eorapa."

SilvMtio, stl'vtstR', (Israel.) a French designer and
engraver, bfrn at Nancy in 1621. He worked in Paris,
and receivai (he title of engraver to the long in 1662.
He engraved views of French and Italian scenery. Died
in 1691-

BilTMtrs, ds, d?h sMMstit', (AucusnN Frak^uJ
Barok. a French savant and rural economist, burn ia
1762. was descended from the preceding. He was diief
of the bureau of agriculture during the first empire, lie
contributed to several scientific journals, and wrote
biographies of many French savants. Died in )3;i.

S« BoucHiirs, " Nuda uii Baien dc SUnurc," 1851 ; Qutuaa,
"L« Fnncg Liiiiniri."

BUvMtr«, da, (Loots,) a painter, bom in Paris ia
1675, was a son of Israel Silvesire, n6ticed above. He
was palroniied by Augustus,^ King of Poland, and be-
'ame director of the Academy of Dresden. Died' in
76a His nephew, Nicolas Chari-es, {1698-1767J
ras a painter and engraver,

Silve»tra d« Sacy. See Sacv, Db,

Bilvla. See Rhea Silvia.

Simart se'miR', (Pierre Chaitles,)* Fr«iickscal»
or. bom at Troyes in 1S06, was a pupil of Pntdier. Hi
gained the grand prize of Rome in 1833- He was em.
ployed by the government to execute statues and lns>
rehiefs for the Louvreand other public buildings. Among
hit works is an imitation of Phidias' statue of Pallts
Athene, composed of gold and ivory. Died in 1857.

S«C Livlqin^"Noi>«iurliVie<]eS<iNn."ia<7; C- 1^
Iks, "Siniiii Siuuim," iKoi UaUw, "Kotks wr fa Via nlH
OuvnECi ^ Siinart," iSAi.

Sln'o-OD, (Heb. pj>OV,] ihe second son of tacoband
Uah, received his father's curse on account of bbshars
' ' the treacherous murder of the Shediemites.

Sh GencM acta.

Slin'»-9n OF DiTKHAM, an English chronicler of the
eleventh century, was tbc author of a "History of tlM
Kings of England from 616 to 1130."

" T poLOTiK, a Russian poet and monk bom

i6i3 He was the preceptor of Feodoc,
who became Ciar of Russia in 1676. lie wrote dramal
and religious treatises. Died in 168a

aiin'o-on«urnamedSTYLi'TRS,|Gr. luufwwjfilfvU.

r; Fr. SlMtox Styliti, se'mii,-*' steTit',| an ascetic

finalic, born near the boundary of Syria and Cilicia
about 390 A. D. He Bcquiied a sort of celebrity bystand-

3199

SIMON

tag or lirjng for man; jretn on the top of a jrillar, and
attracted crowds of siwctatori, who came from a er«al
diittance, and to whom he preached. He wu venerated
at a taint. Died about 460.

Slmdon. »e'mi'6N', (Joseph Balthasab,) Cohte, a
French politician, born at Aix in 1781, was a son of the
following. He was prefect of several departments be-
tween 1815 and 1S14, and entered the Chamber of Feeri
in 1335. Died in 1346.

Simdon, (Joseph JARflMe,) Count, a French mln-
bter of state, born at Aix in 1749. He became a mem-
ber of the council of state in 1S04, and minister of the
Interior In Westphalia in 1S07. He was French minister
of the interior from February, 1S20, to December, iSsi,
Died in i84>.

Sea MiCHiT. " Notice hiitoriiiua lor li V!e d« M. Is CmU
Slmfan," iSt4 \ " yoUTelle Uictnphie Cjn^nle."

81m'e-ai) Met-a-phraa'tel, a theologian, who lived
in the reign of Constantine Porphyrogeiiitus. He was
the author of " Lives of the Saints/' Died In 976,

Slm'tt-on Se'thiu or Simeon Both, a learned
Greek writer of the eleventh century, was a resident
of Constantinople. He was the author of a treatise
on edible things and their properties, which has been
translated Into Latin under the title of " Syntagma
de Cibariorum Facultate." He translated into Creek

Sm "Nwnllg Biomplua CJnJnla."

SlmeoniiSe-mJL-o'nee, (Gabkiello,) an Italian writer
on various subjects, was bom at Florence in 1^09. Ho
led a wandering life. Among his works it " Devices
and Emblems,'* ("Devitet el Emblimes," ia French,
1559.) Died in 157$.

Blmooiil, (Giovanni,) an eminent Italian cardinal,
born at Pagliano, July 33, iSi6l For many years his
learning and wisdom found him varied employment in
the papal court and on different nunciatures. In 1875
be was made Archbishop of Chalcedonia and nuncio to
Madrid, and in the same year he was created a cardinal-
priest He was papal secretary of state, 1S76-78, and
III the latter year was chosen prefect -general of the
Propaganda. Died Januaiy 14, 189a.

Slmltuis, d«, dfh se'me^n', (Pauliki d'Adbdmoi
de MonteU de Grignau— drdl'mlR' deh m6N'ciI'
d(h gHtn'ySN',) Marquise, a French lady, born in Paris
tn 1674. was a eranddaughter of Madame de Sevign&
Died in 1737. Iter Letters were published in 1773.

aimtfr, (JosiAS.) a Swiss Protestant minister and
bUlorian, born at Cappel, near Zurich, in 1530. He was
professor of theology at Zurich, and wrote, besides
treatises on theology, a " History of the Swiss Republic,"
I" De Helvetiorum Ilepublica,''^iS74.) Died in 1576.

bet Stuck. "Vita J. Simled," 1177: Nidioii, "Uimnira."

Slm'inl-BS, (ZtMucf,! a Greek grammarian, bom at
Rhodes, is supposed to have lived about 300 B.C. Soma
fragments of his poems are contained in the "Antholoda
CrKca." Another writer of this name was the author ot a
biftorica! work, not extant

Slmmlaa or Thebes, a Greek philosopher, was a
disciple and friend of Socrates, at whose death he was
present. He and his brother Cebes are the chief speakers
(besides Socrates) in the "Phsedon" of Plato, His

Bliii''motidB-Liiiid. (Pbtbr,) ■□ English author,
bom in 1S14 at Aarhuus, Denmark. After a period as
a midshipman in the English navy and as a sugar-
planter in Jamaica, he entered upon authorship, writing
in all more than fifty volumes, with many contributions
to periodicals. Important works are "Tropical Agri-
culture," "Arctic Discoveries," "The Curiosities of
Food," and " Waste Products,"

Sim'moDS, (Framkuh,) an American sculptor,
bom at Webster, Maine, in 1S39. After 186S he re-
sided munly in Rome. He made about one hundred
portrait busts in marble, a number of public monu-
ments, and several ideal statues. He was knighted
by King Humbert of Italy in 189S.

Sim'm^ns, (Samiisl Foakt,) an En^h physician,
born in Kent in 1751, studied at Ediobnrgfa, and toiA
his medical degree at Lcydcn. Havini settled in Loo*
don, he was appointed physician of Saint Luke's Hot*

E'tal and to George III., and elected a Fellow of the
oyal Society. He published several medical works.
Died in 1S13.

Bimrnl, (William Gilmobe,) an AmeriLan novelist
and voluminous writer, born at Charleston, South Caro>
lina,in 1806. He published a number of poetical pieces
at an earlv age, and brought out in 1833 his " Atalantlt,
a Story of the Sea," which is esteemed his Inest poem.
Among his numerous romances may be named "Guv
Rivers," (1834,) "The Yemasaee," (|8«.l "The Pirf^

[835.) "The
■■^elaTO,"(

t(m,"{iS5i.) He also wrote a "History of South Caro-
lina," (1840,) a "Life of Marion," (1S44,) and other
biographical works, and was a frequent contributor to
various Reviews. Died in June, 1870.

Ptom Wriwr» of Anwricn ;" Duyckimo^

;C,el.j

n Litera

... , -. N«lh Americin RtTiew" l« Oclotxr, iSA

Bim'nel, (Lambert,) an English impostor, bom at
Oxford about 1471, was the %ot\ of a joiner or baker. lit
14S6 he assumed to be Edward Plantagenet, Earl of
Warwick, a nephew of Richard III., and was supported
by many partisans of the House of York. The army
01 Simnel was defeated by the royal army at Stoke in
1487. Simnel was takeit prisoner, but his life waa

BimoUn, tee'mo-Ieen', (Johanm Matrias,) an emi*
nent diplomatiit, born at Abo, in Finland, was employed
by the Russian empress Catherine on important mis-
sions to Austria, Deiunark, Sweden, and England, Died
in 1799.

SlmoUn, (Karl Gustav.) Baroh, a Russian dlplo*
maiist, bom at Abo In itiJ- He was ennobled by
Stanislas Augustus, Kingof Poland. Died in 1777,

Simon. See PrriR, Saint.

Simon, se'mdN', (Eimuard Thomas,) a French
Utliratetir, bom at Troyes in 1740 ; died in t8i8.

Bimoi^ (Jeah Frak^is,] a French antiquary, bo/it
in Paris in 1654; died in 1719.

Bl'mftn, (John,) an English snrgeon and anatomise
born In tSio, studied at King's College, became in 1844
a Fellow of the Cotlege of Surceons, l>indon, and was
subsequently appointed medical officer to the general
board of health. He published a treatise " On the Phys.
iologyof the Thymus Gland," (1845,) and "Lectures on
General Pathology," (t35a) The former obtained tho
Astley Cooper priie.

Blmon, (Jules,) sometimes called Jules Simoh*
Suisse, a French philosopher and legislator, bom at
!.orient in 1814. He was chosen in 1^9 by M. Cousin
to supply his place as professor at the Sorbonne, wher*
he lectured about twelve years. In 1S48 he was elected
a member of the Constituent Assembly. He published,
besides other works, "Studies on the Theodicea of
Plato and Aristotle," (1840,) a "History of the Schoot
of Alexandria," (1 volt., lS44-45,> and "Nitaral Re<
ligion," (1856.) In 1863 he was elected a member oftho
legislative body by the voters of Paris, and was admitted
into the Academy of Moral and Political Sciences, of
which he became permanent secretary in iSSl, In
1S69 be was re-elected to the legislative body, in 1S70
became minister of public instruction under the re-
public, and in 1875 was elected senator for life and a
member of the French Academy. He was prime
minister in 1876, Died June 8, 1896.

Simon, (Richard,) an emiiient and liberal French
theologian and critic, born at Dieppe in May, 1638, was
a man of profound learning. He entered the congrega-
tion of the Oratory, studied the Oriental languages, and
became professor of philosoph_y in the College of Juillv,
Hit principal work is a "Critical Historv of the Old
Testament," (tfijS.) which was condemned as unsound

>roscribed bv Boa

He n

«as4; tat<; %hard: Aat/;o, yt,%,gtMural; i

.iiaiai; K,lriiM; iaat; tbta'miiii. (||^~S«e Explanations, p. 33.)

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

born about i6ia. Ho was empioyea at engriver lo
Uie Mint during the Commonwealth. Died in 1665,

8t'monMacoab»'iiB(niak-k?-b«e'u£)oTMat'Ui«S,
[Fr. Stmon MaCHabSb, se'miN' mrshrbi'.] called
Also Tha'si, was the brother of Judis Maccabeus. He
tucteeded his brother Jonathan in 143 v.C as high-
priest and ruler of the Jews. He fonned an alliance
■niith Demetiias Nicator, of Syria, who recoeniied the
Independence of the Jews. Judea was invaded in 139
by an army of Antiochus Sidetes, which Simon defeated.
He waa assassinated by his son-in-law Ptolem«>w, in

BI'moB na'goB, [Fr. Simon le MAOiaEN, se'mftN'
l(h mf ihe'»S:jN',l a magician of Samaria, and a pre-
tended convert to Christianity, who offered money to
the apostles Peter and John to obtain from them the
power of conferring the Holy Ghost. For this be wm
•everely rebuked by Peter.

Blmon da Moutfort. See Montfort, u*.

Slmonde de Slamondi See StSMO^DL

Blmoae da Pesaio. See Cahtarcni.

Slmone^ se'mo'ni', (Edmond,) a French Jesuit and
writer on iheolO^, bom at Lan^ei in 1661; died ia

Blmonatta, ae-mo-net'ti, (Bonipaho,) *n Ilaliair
historian, born about 143a He wrote "De Ferseca-
tionibus Christianse Fidei et Romanorum PontiScnm,"

SlmoD«tta, (Francesco,) an Italian politician, an
uncle of the preceding, was bom In Calabria in 1410.
He became the chief adviser or minister of Gateazzo
Maria Sforza, Duke of Milan, and had much power
during the minority of that prince's son. He was be-
keaded, br order of Ludovico Sforia, In 148a

Blmonldc See Sikokides.

Sl-monl-dSI IGr. liiunMnt; Fr. Sihomidc, se'mo'-
fltd'l or Amorci;s, a Greek poet, bom at Samoa,
floDiUhed about 691J-465 B.C. He wrote satires in the
lamUe metre. His satire on women Is extanL

S« K. 0. MOLua, "HUtnr of tin Uteruoi* bI AdcuoI

Slmonldea or Ceos, a famotts Greek lyric poei^
born at Julis, in the island of Ceos, about s;6 B.C. He
became a resident of Athens In the reign of Hipparchus,
by whom he was patroniied, and there associated with
Anacreon. After the death of Hipparchus (about C14)
lie retired to Thcssaly. He returned to Athens about
the time of the Persian invasion, celebrated the victory
of Marathon in verse, 489 B.C., and acquired great popu*
Isrity. He was employed by the Amphiclyons to write
inscriptions for the tombs of those who fell in defence
«f Greece against the Persians. For those who fell at
Thermopylae he composed an inscription which may bo
translated, "Stranger, tell the Lacedxmoniaru [hat we
lie here in obedience lo their laws^" He was intimate
trith Themislocles, and was a rival of Pindar. His lat-
ter years were passed at the court of Hieron of Syra-
Oise, where he died in 467 B.C; Ilis works are lost,
except small fragments. He excelled in epigram and
In pathetic poetry. Many witty sayings are ascribed to
him. He was victorious over i£schylus in a contest for
the prize which was oScred for the Dest elegy on those
who fell at Marathon. He was greatly distinguished
far his moral wisdom and moderation.

S<« B

_ It Ciminibu. Si ^

■iTtS: F.W. RicHTin. "Simcmidn
• ' ■■ ilt.iS^;K.O.""

iBm; Due

ounila Bkignphie

UtoSH

VMK*fl*mebsdiMmL(bcn. — .
^itwLilttalunof AiKKDt Gteca:
Wi^ " nwer** UatailM" Ibi Aueun, mja

Blmontd«s, a Greek literary impostor, bom about
1815. He bad a remarkable knowledge of the ancient
languages, history, and antiquities, and used them in
forged classic documents, which imposed on some of
the best scholars of Europe and the East. He pro-
duced and sold forged manuscripts of Homer, Aris-
totle, Pericles, and many other ancient authors. Died

lecture. He often visited the United States, and becam*
a prominent advocate of American ideas in politics^
Amoiw his works are "L'Etrurie et les Etrusques,"
" Le Grand-Ouesl des Etats-Unis." "L'Homme amiri-
cain.*'"A travers les Etats-Unis," "Le Monde am^ri-
Cain." etc. Died in 1886.

Blmoimeati. se'mo'nS', (Chakui) a Frencli en*
graver, bom at Orleans in 1645. He engraved the work*
of several French masters. Died in 17481,

Bimoimeati, (Louts,) an engraver, bom at OrMans
in 1654, was a brother of the preceding. Died la lyay.

Simor, see'mor, (John, or J>tNOS,l a Hungarian car-
dinal, born at Stuhtwcissenburg, August 13, 1S13, was
raised to a bishopric in 1S57, and in 1S67 became Arch-
bishop of Gran, Primate of Hungary, and intimate coun-
cillor of the kingdom. In 1873 be was created a cardinal*
priest. Died January 23, 1891.

SlmpUclTM. sim-plish'E^s, (ZiprTinof,) a Neo-Fta-
tonic philosopher and commentator on Aristotle, waa
born in Cilicia. He was persecuted as a pagan in the reign
orjustinian,whodoscd the school at Athens In 519 a.ix
He wrote commentaries on Aristotle's "Categories,"
" De Cteio," and " De Anima" and " Phyaica Aascuita.
tio." These are esteemed the most valuable of all Ibe
Greek commentaries on Aristotle that are extant.

Koanlti ««■

(nphi* OtatnlMy' BuHta, "

Tivoli,(Tibur,)b«

Blmp

ipofRoiiiein467A.D. Died

tlnip'apn, (CHtiisroFKEK,) an English coraposer,
bom about 1610 ; died aboot ie6&

Slwpaon, (Edward,) an English writer on chro*
nology and theolc«y, bom at Tottenham In 1578. H«
became rector of Eaatlintt, Kent Among his works ia
"Universal Chronology,*' ("Chronicon Catholicum,"
165^) Died in 1651.

Slmpaon, (Sir James,) a British general, bom at
Edinburgh in 179s. He served against the French tn
the campaigns of 1811 and iSiJ, and subsequently
under Sir Charles Napier in India. In 18}^ he suc-
ceeded Lord Raglan as commander of the British forces
in the Crimea. He received from Napoleon ill. Um
grand cross of the legion of honour. Died in 1S68.

Blmp'son, (Sir James YoiIN{^)a Scottish physician,
bom in Linlithgowshire m l8tl, graduated at Edin-
burgh in 1833. He became professor of tnidwifery In
the university of that city in 1840, and was the first who
employed anesthetics in obstetric practice, (1847.) In
1856 he received fiom the French Academy of Sciences
the Monlhyon priieof two thousand francs. He was
elected president of the- Royal College of Physicians.
Edinburgh, and a foreign associate of the French Acad<
emy of Medicine and of other similar institutions. H»
was author of "Contribntions to Obstetric Pathologv,"
"Essays on Ansesthesia," and other medical wotksi
Died in 187a

Bimpaon, (Jamc Cvw^) a Scottish poet, a sister of
Henrv Glassford Dell, was bom In Glssgow tn i8ii.
She married in 1837. Amons her books are " Piety of
Daily Life," (iSlfiC) "April Hoars," (1838,) "Woman'i
History," (1848,) and "Linda," (1859.) She alMi wtom
some favourite hymns.

Blmpsoil, (John Falcrate.) an English author,
bomin NorfolkabootiSoj. He was educated at Corpus
Christ! College, Cambridge. Antony his works ara
many plays and novels, including "Second Love," (a
tale and a dratna. 1S46,) "Gisella," (1847,} and "The
Uly of Paris," (1848.) He also published "Letter*
from the Danube," (1847,) a "Life of Karl Maria von
Weber," (1865,) and other works. Died in tSSy.

"■ — ' — ■" ■ - Ushop of the Methodist

It Cadii, Ohio, Tane 3t,

ifant, his fiilher died, and

(he care of his education devolved upon his mother.
In addition to the ordinary English branches, he began
the study of German when he waa eight years of age
and the following year read the Uible throu^ ir. the
German language He afterwards studied LaUn, Greek,

Slmp'spn, (Matthew.) a Ushop of the Metl
Episcopal Church, was bom at Cadii, Ohio, Tan
tSia While he was still an infant, his ftlher diec

i,(.L^fl.?,/w(f; 4, *.^»ame, less prolonged; J, «,^a, 11, y,rf<wr;», 5, tfl, !>*«»«,■ ar,fiUl.iaii met; nat;Bi»d;i»

He had Joined the Church in 1S19, »nd in 1S39 he w
ekctcd fjresideni of the Indiana Asbury University,
(Mnhodiat,} and did much to promote' tlie u«eru1ness
and tucctii of that institution. In 1848 he wa» ap-

Knted editor of " The Western Christian Advocate."
was elected bishop in 1851. He too1< a deep in>
teieit in the national cause during the war of the rebel-
lioc^ and b; his teal and eloquence contributed much to
■trengtheii the confidence 01 the people and to uphold
Ibe hand* of the government during that great crisis in
onr councry'a history. Bishop Simpson was an intimate
friend of President Lincoln. Died June 18, 18S4.

Slmpaon, (Thomas,) an able English mathemaiidan,
born at Mar Icet- Bos worth Jn 1710, He learned the trade
of a weaver, and practised astrology or fottune-teliinE
in his earlv life. About 1736 he removed to Xjjndon,
trhere he became a teacher of mathematics. He pub-
lished a " New Treatise on Fiuaions," {1737.) and seve-
lal works on malhcmaiics.^ In 174J he wis appointed
professor of mathematics in the Military Academy at
Wo'riwich. Died in 1761.

Sea HuTTOH, " UailiMutial Diataiarji" "MoonU* Bw-
^phUC^nJrala.''

Simpson, (William,) a British artist, bom at
Glasgow in 1823. He was special artist 0/ the Lon-
don " Illustrated News" after i860, and as such was
present at many wars, coronations, and other important
events. He published several illustrated and archee-
ologica! works. Died in 1899.

EHmtock, sim'rok or dm'rok, (Karl,) » distinguished
German poet and translator, born at Ilonn in iSoa. He
published in 1827 a translation of the "Nibelungcnlied,"
and in 1811 a work entitled "Sources of Shikspeare's
Plots in Novels, Tales, and Legends," in ivhich he was
assisted by Echtermeyer and Henschel. He also trans-

man poems of the middle ages. Among his principal
original works are his poem of "Wietand the Smith,"
" legends of the Rhine, from the Mouths of the Peojile
and the German Poets," (1850,) and "Manual of Ger-
man Mythology," He became professor of the German
language and literature at Bonn in 1850, Died in 1S76,
81ml, (Charles N.,) D.D., LLD,, an American cter-

Bman and educator, bom in Union county, Indiana,
ay 18.1835. He graduated at Indiana Asbury Uni-
leraity in 1859, and entered the Methodist ministry. In
iSSt he was appointed chancellor of Syracuse University,
(New York.) Ue published a " Life of T. M. Eddy,"
ct&'

6Iml^{GBOiiCERoBERT,)'an English hnmourist, born
In London, September 2, 1S47, He was educated ai
Bonn, and became a Journalist. He published "Dagonet
Ballads," and man/ play^ including"The Lights o'
London," (1S82,) "Komany Rye," "The Merry Duch.
•as," a comic opera, etc., and several novels.
Stnil, (Jaues Marion,) a distinguished American
■ " ■■ " •■ - ■ . -*•-- ..- -jnioved
enlal in

aarceon, bom In South Carolina in 1813. He removed

in l3S3 to New York, where he was instr ' '-

founding a hospital for the treatment of the

women. Died November 13, 1883.

Slmaon, lim'son or lim'son, (Martin EonARn.) a
Cerman jurist and statesmaii, born at KQnigsberz in tSio,
He studied at Bonn under Niebuhr, and in 1836 became
professor of law at Konigsherg, In 1848 he was elected
president of the National Assembly. Died in 1899,

film'Bon, (Robert,) an eminent Scottish mathe*
malidan.Vim at Kirton Hall, Ayrshire, in 1687. He
became professor of mathematics In the Univcrsitv of
Glasso* >" iTi'i (■'") continued to fill that chair about
flfty years. He produced an edition of Euclid's " Ele-
ments," which was highly esteemed, and made some
discoveries in relation to the porisms of the ancients
IMed in 176&

Slna, Ibn. See AviONNA.

Slnon, se-nin', (SanoNt Cicalb,) an Italian rene-
gade, bom about 1515, He became a Turkish general
and grand vizier. IHed in 1595,

Bib'o)«ir, (Catherine,) a daughter of Sir John Stn-
dair, ROIictd below, was born in iSoo, She published
numerous tales and novels, which have had an eatensiT*
circulation : among these we may name " Modern Sod-

ly," " Beatrice," "Business of Life," and " hmes Boa-

trie." She also wrote several books for children, (ht

Kaleidoscope of Anecdotes and Aphorisms,"" Shet-
land and the Shetlanders," etc Died in 1864.

Sinclair, sin'klair, ? (Charles Giiieok,) Baron, a
Swedish general and military. writer, born about 1730^
He served with distinction in manv campaigns in France
Prussia, and Smonj. Died in'iSoj,

Bioclair, (Sir John,) a Scottish statesman and phi-
lanthropist, born in the county of Caithness in I754.
He studied at Edinburgh and Oxford, and in 17S0 rep>
resented his native county in Parliament, being several
times re-elected. He was conspicuous for his efforts la
promote internal improvements in his country, originated
the board of agriculture, of which he became first presi-
dent, and founded asocietvforthe improvement of wooU
Among his numerous and valuable treatises, which em-
brace a great variety of subjects, may be named hia
" History of the Revenue of Great Britain," " Considera*
lions on Militias and Standing Annies," " Statistical Ac-
count of Scotland," etc. Died in 1835.

Sinclair (Upton,) author, bom at Baltimore, Mary-
land, in 1878. (le is an active Socialist, assisted in the
government investigation of the Chicago Stockyards in
1906, and vividly portrayed their insanitary condilion in
his novel, "The Jungle," He has written various other
novels, dealing in part with social delinquencies.

Sfn'clars or Sfnelaii-, (George,) a Scottish mathe*
malician and philosopher, was professor of philosophy
at Glasgow, lie published several acientllic treatises,
and a work entitled "Satan'i Invisible World dis-
covered." Died in 1696,

Siu'dl-a or Sgln'dl-?!!. (DSw^tit RSw,) a tlah
ratta chicf^ born about 1780, was a grand-ne|>hew of
Madajec, noticed helow, whom he succeeded in 1704.
lie was involved in war against the British, who, under
Sir A. Wellesley, gained a decisive victory over him at
Assaye in 1803. His army was defeated in several
battles in the same year, and he was forced to cede a
large part of his territories. Died in 1827.

Sin'dl-a, or Sind'lit-a, the family name of a linn
of Mahratia princes, of wb'ich the head is the Mahirij&h
Sindia, the cKief of the Gwalior state, now feudatory to
British India. The founder of the family was Kanojee
Sindia, a Mahralta of a low Soodra caste, who was a
menial servant (keeper of the slippers] to the reishwa,
a native ruler. Sindia became a court favourite, and rose
to command the army. In 1743 he was made hereditary
mler of extensive territories. In lySa his son Hadajee
was recognized as a soverei^ ruler and mah^rtjth. In
recent years the Sindia bmily has beeq conspicuous for
its loyalty to Bntish interests.

Blndla, (Mad«J»« or Madhajee, ml-dl'iee,] acele-
brated Mahratla chief; bom in Hindostan about 1741.
He was ■ warlike and energetic prince, made extensive
conquests, and became master of DelhL Died in 1 794-

Bingb, (Rnnjeet.) See Runjeet Sinch.

Stnglston, (Esther,) authrar, bora at Baltimore,
resided in New York after 1887, She hat done much
work aa cyclopedias and written maDy works of de-
scriptive character, including " The Story of the Uni-
verse," (4 vols.)

Sln'^O-tpn, (HenrV,) an English jiainter, bom ttk
London in 1766. He produced both historical pictures
and portraits ; among his master-pieces arc a aeries of
illustrations from Shakspeare, "Christ Healing th«
Blind," " Coriolanus and his Mother," and " Tlie Stora-
incof Seringapatam." Died in 1839.

Blnglln, slw'gllH', (Antoine,) a French theologian,
bom in Paris, was confessor to the nuns of Port-RoyaL
He preached with much unction. It is stated that Pascal
had 10 high an opinion of the solidity of his judginent
that he read all his works to Singlin before he pubu«lwd
tbemu Died in 1664-

BUmamot. See CwnmTOL

*Uli:i*»t;%lkar(l!t»»j;a,n,Ji,patHrai;«,mauil-t.iraitd-lKtfAn\aAit (n-See EsplanatioD^ p. «}.»

d by Google

ITjo; died in 1737, ,

Binnm, de, d; ti M'naJR'. (R. G. Louts;] a Swiss Hel-
lenist, born in ihe CAoton of Iteme in iSoi. (le published
good edition* at Ariflophanes, Plito, Euripidei, Sopho-
cles, and Xenophon,( 1829-47-} Died April 16, 1860.

Sluaett, (Alfred Fckcy,) an English kulhor.born
in 1840. He bpcame a jodmiUist md an adTOcate of
TheoBophy. writing "The Occult World," "Esoteric
Buddhism," "The Growth of the Sod," etc.

BI'ooii, ICr. £ivuv,I a teml-fabnlous or lictilioDS per-
■on, who, according (o Homer and VirgiE, acted an in-
■idious pari in the tieee of Troy. They relate that he

g'csented himself to the Trojans as a deserter from the
reek army, allirmins that the Greeks had abandoned
the siege, and that he ran away because they were about
to ofTcr him as a sacrifice. By his artful tale and well-
feigned passion he imposed on the ereduToua Trojans,
*nd persuaded them to introduce the wooden bone into
Troy.

Slntsnla, sin'tfh-nU or iin't;h-nis, (Chkistun
FmeiXtlCM,) * German theologian and niiscellaneout
writer, born at Zerbst in tjyi. His voluminous work*
comprise sermons, educational treatises, and moral and
relieious romances. Died in 1820.

SlDtetila, (Karl Friedrich Ferdinand,) a Gernian

^urist, grandson of the preceding, was bom at Zerbst
I 1S04. Died at Dessau, August 1, 1S6S.
Sltibi, M-afn', written also Se-o'n^ letymolog;
doublful.j a loddes) in the Korse mythology, whose
olfice it IS to inspire the passion of love She may be
•aid to be a sort of Iciuale Cupid. Fiom her* name a
lover is called Siafai,
Sionita, (Gabriel.) See Gabriel.
Sliaitl, seriL'aee, (Elisabetta.) an Italian historical

e)inter, bom at Bologna in itijS, was a daughter of
iovanni Andrea, noticed below. She imitated the
(eccnd manner of Guido with auccess, and acquired ■
high reputation. Died in 1665.

Slraiii, (Giovanni Andrka,) an Italian painter, bom
al Bologna in 1610^ was a successful imitator of the s^le
of Guido. Died in 167a

Si'ireul, singular SI'reB, [Gr. taf^vti, (sinffular
Zrv^.'t LaL Sjre'nes or Seire'hes; Fr. Sihknes
M'rin',] mythical beings, who were supposed to have
the power of enchanting all who heard them sing. Ac-
cording to Homer and other poets, they lived in an
island near the coast of Italy, where they sal in a meadow
near the shore and allured those who were sailing past
the island ; and whoever listened to their song forgot
his home and remained with the Siren* until he periahed
or became brutalized.

Sirat, ae'rl', {Adolphe,) a Belgian lllttraltur, bom
at Beaumont, in Hainault, about 1805. He published,
besides several poems and dramas, a " Historical Dic-
tionary of Painters of all Schools," (1S4S.) IJiediniSSS.

8fTs^ (Louis Pierre,) a French grammarian, bum
at Evreux in 1745, published good works on English
and Italian grammar for French students Died in

hixvt, (Pierre Hubcrt,) a French prcadwr, boni at
Rheims in I7S4; died in 1834-

Blray, se'rV, (Jean Baptisib;) a French jurist, boin
Rt Sarlat (Pjrigord) in 1763, publwbed several legal
works. Died in 1845.

Slrl, see'ree, (Vittorio,) an Italian monk and his-
torian, born at Parma about 1615, was patronized bv
l.«ui* XIV. of France, who made him his almoner ai

published " Secret Memoir*," (~Mcmorie recondite,")
• journal in S vols. Died in 16S5.

airtoiiu, ae.nth'sj}*, [Pr. Sirick, se'rts*'.] bom at
Rome about 334 A.D., was elected Pope or Uishop of
Rome in 3S4. He issued decrees against the Mani-
theans, Donatists, and other heretics. Died in 398L

SirlM, see're-is', (Violahtb Beatrice,) an Italian
porlrait-painter, bom in 1710; died about ■76o>

Calabria In 1514. He became keeper of the Iibrai7 of
Ihe Vatican in 1549. He acted as intermediary between
the pope and Ihe Council of Trent about 156a Die4
in 1585.

Slrletiia. See SiRLsnx

Slimond, ttR'm&H<, [Lat Sikhoni/us,] (jACQtns,)
a learned French Jesuit and antiquary, born at Riom ia
1559, was for a time professor of rhetoric in Paris. Ha
suuiequenlly examined Ihe archivea of the convents,
where he obtained nianjr valuable manuscripts. Among
these he published editions of Apollinaris Sidonins, tba
"Chronicles" of Idatius and Marcellinos, the ■■Opus*
cules" of GeoCFroi, Abbj de Vendftote, and other writer^
of the middle agei^ Slnnond waa appointed In 1637
confessor to Loub XIII. He wrote several valoaNa
antiquarian treatises. Died in 1651.

S« Bam, " Eulosiuin J. Sinnondi," it]]; CouwiH "Via d>
tinS-iaoai," t^i\ "ManTcUtBioirapbia Cja^ial*."

Sinnond, (Jean,) a writer, bom at Riom about 1589^
was a nephew of Ihe preceding. He was a member of
Ihe FrenchAcademy, and received apension from RJcbe-
lien. Died in 1649.

Sla'e-btit [LaL Siskbu'tus] was elected IRitig of tba
Visigoths in apain in 6i> A.D. He was a aealous pn^
fessor of the ChtistiaD reli^on, and was an able rule^
Died in 6ao a.I>.

Sl-san'tif, (Lutntra CoRNBLtos,) a Roman aimalitt,
born about 1 18 B.C. He was praetor about 78 B.C. Ha
wrote a work on Roman history, entitled "Historic,*
which was praised by Cicertv ("Bmtus''and'*DeL^
bus.")

Sm Kail L. Xoth, "L. C Siwaas Txa," iSj^

Siaifo. SeeSiSYFHv&

Tuscan extraction, wai

Mar, 1773. He was educated in Ihe College of Geneva,
and became a clerk in the counting-bouse of a merchant
or banker In Lyons. In consequence of the civil war, ha
left this position in 1791 and visited England, the lan-
guage and inititulions of which he appears to hava
studied with much attention- In 1795 ^^ removed witli
his father to ValChiusa, Tuscany, where he was employed
as a former for Sve years. He retumed to Geneva la
(800, and published a work "On Commercial Riches,"
(a vols., 1803,) in which he advocated the doctrines of
Adam Smith. Soon after this event he formed a friend-
ship with Madame de Stael, with whom he travelled IB
Italy and Germany, (1804-08.) By Ihe advice of his
mother, he devoted himself 10 ihe composition of history.
In 1807 he published ihe first and second volumes of an
important work, "The History of Ihe Italian Repob*
lies," which was received with favour. The sixteendi
and last volume appeared in 1818. "SLsmondi," says
Mignet, " has traced this history with vast learning, »
noble spirit, a vigorous talent, sufficient art, and much
eljqaence." He contributed many articles to the "Bio-
enphie Universelle" of Michaud. In 1819 he married
Miss Allen, an English lady and a sistet.in-law of Sir
Tames Mackintosh, About this time Gulxot offered to
him a professorship in the College of France, but h»
declined it. He expended many years in writing his
"History of the French," ("Histoire des Franeai*,* 30
vols., 1821-44.) which some critics consider his best
work. Sismondi was a Protestant and a repubtican.
llis moral character is highly commende<L lie died st
Geneva in 1841, leaving no children.

Sm "Via da SHinwdi," Pari*, iSij: LarfmB, "Galena Am
Coatunpmin," Hum n. : F. A. A. HicnaT. " Nodb tnaunvi*
mr U VU da M. da SinoxS." 1S49 1 " Noavda BiorapUa C<a«-
laMi" -QuanariT RariaV far Jana, iSii^ and Sapwibar, ilaH
" Kifinburih Raruw" lor jaoa, >•>> i " favaicB Q>WI*tl]P lUn*^

SlatOk the Italian of SlXTin, whkA tec-
fiUto Roaa. See BADALOccHia

\,%\,i,i,^,l(mg;^k,\um%\ttiftQ\ot\stAil,i,\,i,'SL,'f,iMffrt!^^^^iiKUT»:iiz,Si3\,aXin^itAiiffl6Aim/Kmt

■ii-iM-^lf, in Hindoo legend, a king of
voeai, m v.«nlral ImUk Be ww tbe MMntjr of KiiKnaa,
who sieir iiim,

SlB't-pbn*, [Gr. Xitntot; Fr. Sismn, ■e'ltP; It
Siiiro, see'to-fo,]a labuloiip kingof Corinth, was called
a ton of i^lus, a brother of Cretheus, Aihamas, and
Salmoneus, and the husband of Merope. He wat ei-
tremely crafty and deceilfuL The poets feigned that
when Death was icnl to take him he outwitted Death
and bound him in fetter! ; and that for his *ariou< crimes
he was doomed in the internal region* to roll up hill a
large stone, which, as soon a* it inched the top, rolled
down aeain, Acoording to one tradition, he was the
hihei of Ulysses.

Slti, see^i, written also Beeta, !n iV Hindoo my-
thology, the name of the beautiful andspotleu wifie of the
god Riina. As Rlma was an avatar of Viahnu, to Sttl
u regarded aj an avatar of LiXshml. (See RAma.)

SUUdk BnU, (Indian name, Tatanka Yotanka,)
a Sioni chief, bora in Dakota in 1837. He was leader
of the warlike part of his tribe, and commanded in
the Custer maasacre of 1S76. He was killed in the
Messiah outbreak of 1890.

Btnn- (or Setw-) Kiu^ H^" !■■"{[• * Chinese phi-
losopher, regarded by many as the ablest of all the fol>
lowers of Confucius, flourished from about 370 to 330
S.C He wrote a refutation of the doctrine of Mencius
that roan is naturally good. He maintained, on (he
contrary, thai " the nainrc of man b evil ; that ihc good
which it (how* ia factilioua, (or arlifidaL") He supports
his position with great ingenuity and force of reasoning.
Me says, if man's nature were good, men would not need
to be continually taaghl and governed; tAiy wnuld da
right ipmOanmidr. To live properly. and virtuously
requires continual self-denial ; but why deny otir natural
inclinations, if these are good ? As man is naturally
crooked and perverse, his nature needs to be corrected
by the gQvemmeat of wise rulers and the restraints
of just laws.

Siva, see'vl, the goddess of harvests among tha
Wends and some other northern natiwii^ She i* called
to (he Norse mythology Sir, which see.

SIv'a or ^VIL, commonly pronounced (in English)
and sometimes written See'va,spel1edalsoBliiTa, [from
the Sanscrit adjective iktois, thJoi, ikfoJm, "prosper-
ous," " happy," [the usual name of one of the gods of
the Hindoo triad ; also popularly known as UaUd^a,
m^-hi' da'v^ (generaliy called by the common people
of India Maiiadecs mt'hil' da'o,) or the "great god."
Mah*sa [m^-ha'sf) is another, and one of the most
common, of his many names. He may be said to repie-
•enl the destructive powers of nature; and since, in the
present order of things, destruction seems necessary to
prepare the way for a renewal of life, he is also believnl
to preside over generation or reproduction. In this lat'
ler character his power is typified by (he phallic emblem
called in Sanscrit the i/umi (ling'ea) or Z/mub; which
is commonly, if not invariably, found in temples or places
dedicated to his worship. Among the gotls of cla-utc
mythology the character of Saturn, or Time, (who both
produces and destroys,) would, in its leading features,
•eem most to resemble that of Siva ; but the attribute*
and offices of the Hindoo deity are so multitudinous
that we must seek hit counterpart, not in one, but in
•evcral, of the Western divinities. As being the might-
iest of all the gods, as he is usually regarded at least by
the common people, and as his name MahSdSva would
appear to imply, he may be said to correspond to the
Zeus (or Jupiter) of the Greeks and Romans ; and, if we
take simply the radical part of the two namra, Zeu or
Z»,* and SM or ShiuA the resemblance might well
•eem to be •omethii^ more than a mere accident Add
to this that Siva is represented with three eyes, (one in
Ot middle of hia forehead,) whence he was surnamed
In Sanscrit MUckaKi, (or "three-eyed,") and that the
Creek triv^kthatmet, having exactly the aame mcaDing,

was also an epithet of Zeus.} It i*,moTeoveT,expre**ly
staled by Hindoo authorities that Siva had a thousand
separate name*. Zeus also had a multitude of narocsi
in the noble hymn to Jupiter by Clcanihe* th« god it
addressed as mAvwnjir, "ihou many-named.!* (Scc>
on this subject, Sir William Jones's article "Un tlia
Gods of Greece, Italy, and India," in vol L of "Asiatio
Researches.")

In India, a country where the vegetation n so oftcii
destroyed by the heat of the aun, it would be natural to
associate not only Gre or heal, but the sun itself with
the destroying power. Accordincl]>, not only fire) in
general, but the sun in particular, i> considered to b»
one of the many furms of Siva. Again, cold, another
cause of the destruction of life, would seem to be an
especial favourite with Mah&dfva, who is said to hav*
selected the inaccessible snows of Mount Kailisa (or
CaJlasa) as his peruuineni abode. There his devoted
consort Plrvatl {L€. the " mountain'born") is ever al
his side. It is related that on a certain occasion, in
beseeching a favour of her lord,— or, as some say, in
mere playfulness, — she placed one of her hands upon
bis forehead; his middle eye [the sun) was completely
eclipsed, and, although she instantly look her hand
away, the period of darkness scemea an age to the inn
habitants of the earth. When she removed her hand,
it was covered with the perspiration from Siva's lemples.
Shaking off the moisture, she produced the Ganges, The
(able is related variously, but (he universal tradition ia
that the Can|ies sprang from Siva's hair ; and in many of
his pictures it is seen flowing front the top of bis head.

As the destroying power, (he office of Siva is to rid th«
world of monsters, wicked men or evil giants ; allhoBCh
in this capadty his SakH (Kilt or Durga) is more usually
emptoyed. (See KJttt and PAkvatI.) AJ presiding over
generation, he is worshipped with offerings bjp those who
are desirous of obtaining oSspting. In Ibis character
he is sometime* represented at Ardha-Niri, or Ardha*
NSrlsha, (see VibaJ,) a being combining the two scaes
or Iwo principles, male and female, of which the Linga
[or Ling) and Y6nl are the respeclive symbols.

Siva has a great multitude of names, as SSmbhu,! (or
ShSmbhu,) Rudra.Ttr<!M'rf,) and Nilikinthi, (nee'If.
kiJn'i'h^) Le. the " blue- throated," because, when the
gods and Asurs churned the ocean, there came forth a
poiM>nof such deadlv power thai i( would have destroyed
all the inhabiuntsof the world had not Siva come (oiho
rescue and swallowed it ; its only effect was to leave ■
dark'blue mark on his neclt or throat, whence be is often
called the "blue-throated." He is also styled Iswirior
Xa, (or Ifa,] i.t. •" ruler." Mahtsa is a contraction of
Mahi Isa, U. the " Great Ruler.

A worshipper of Siva is called b^r (be Hindoos Saiva,
(sl'v^) II maybe remarked ihalwhile the pious Hindoos
render a sort of homage to all the gods, they have certain
favourites 10 whom they dedicate an especial worship.

In picture*, Siva is sometimes represented with onci

t Wc arc told \ij Pnumiu thai a HBiiii at Zhu had bna iHad
ha«ii^ a third vft id hit fanbrnL-

•uUiaDIHlly n follows: Oh day, u Bnhnu aUHni^ii wnc di»>
puDnf vhiiJi Ml ih( eUir, Sin cant btimca ihm in (ml wniK
■arin& " Ji I* t who vn irvlr th* ftnt bon: but I wiU yxM Hty prr
iiniicRia to ciiher of you iclw ihill b* abl( to nacli «r bthold^ihi
(unimit of pir hud 01 lt>« Kin of mf ffcL" Brahma innanlly
asccnftcd, bill, hairing aearched in vain in Ih« ra^oni of immnut^
h( Rtumtd and £iMv didand ihu ha had tm ibt cnnin of
Siva't head. Wh« Vuhnu came back bom his MBith, b* franklf
acknowMstd b* had nm bam abl* lo lad lh« laet of Sin. There-
upon Uahadeva on oO iha ifth bad of Bnhma lor hit Uaihuid,
Inviac Um oat)r fear. This tmrj M*mt tl trM aiihl wAmoiIv
abtufd: bul if wo may wwniaa (hat Iba Hiadooa wire ac^abitod
wiih lb* iniemal heal of iho aanh, (and why may not ibo satioa

Balka and aatnnonv hat* knewa lemoihii^ also of Motogy ^
nptauiios of ih* fiiila io aUapIo (wmjth. ttnbma b iba *ar
Viihiio. water, (incliidnv the aea 1} Siva, fin In ail iu foraa. At

htareDlv lirv, (ibt nmj ao Ao ■« caa nenr nach Ihe fctt or Id>

Sn ol (he inlemal fircof IhecantL fitahna'afour hcatUajt di
1 Ihc four toncn of the arth 1 ih( eiU bead I

oay poHiblv ha

tm»;^Mt;%iarJ;^ni;a,a,K,giHf0^iM,muai;m,lnUtJ;lu

Eaplanatlooi, f. 3^)

db, Google

SIVAJl «»

tnd»owelime«wiihfi*e heads, usuallT riding on « white
Dull called Nindi. Like his conaort Kill, he is eenerally
adorned with a neckUce of human skulls, and often has a
trident (MHUd) in his hand. He (requenlly holds an
•ntelope In one of his hands, typical perhaps ot his ikitl
U a hunter. His son Ganfsa is usually near at hand.
Bomelimes as an in&nt in the anns of I'lrvatl, and some-
times as an attendant waiting on his parents.

See Hoaa, "Hiailii PnithMa,'* CvieiitAur, "SalifloDS dt
■AatiqiuU,"nLi bookL dup-ii.

SlvaJL SeeScVAjEK.

Six, six, (John,) a Dutch dramatic poet, bom tn 1618
in Amsterdam, of which he became burgomaster. His
tragedy ol " Medea" was much admired. - Died in 1700

Sea De BotCH, "Ki>loi»d«li PoWg HoUuduM."

Sizta. See Sixtus.

Slz'ttw IFr. SixTE, siksl! It Sisro, sts'to] I, a
bishop of Rome, of whom little Is known, succeeded
AlexanderL Me issnpfroscd to have died aboat 12SA.D.

Blxtoa n. became Bishop of Rome ]n 357 A.I>., and
luffered martyrdom under Valerianus in 358 A.D,

Bixttis Ht succeeded Celestine L as Bishop of Rome
in 431 A.D. Died in 440,

SutnalT., (Francesco deUa Horere— dill! ro-
Yj'rl,) Pope, bom about 1414, succeeded Paul IL in
1471. He WM an accomplice or abettor of the Pazzi,
who conspired against 'Lorenzo de' Medici, and he ex-
communicated l^renio for hanging the Archbishop of
Pisa. The clergy of Florence supported Lorenzo and
openly condemned the conduct of the pope. He ren-
dered himself unpopnlar by his nepotism, aimony, and
other vice*. Died in 14S4.

St* PuTTNjt, "Dc Viiii PonliSnnir Artaud di Mohtok,
*Iliuoireda FonlilM Ronuin."

Sixtaa V, IFr. Sixte-Quint, sikstTtiN' ; Lat Six'-
TUS Quin'tu^] whose original name was Tolix Pe-
lOtU, was born tiear Montalto in IMI, and in 1585

succeeded Gregory XIIL as pope^ Asa rulr-"-

distinguished for his ener^ and munificenl 1 .
constructed the Vatican IJbrary, the obelisk in the plana
of Saint Peter's Church, the great aqueduct called by
his name, and other magnificent public works. He also
founded sever J colleges, published editions of the Vul-
gate and the Septuagint, and edited the works of Saint
Ambrose. Died in 1589. He was succeeded by Urban
VIL It is reported that Sixtus V., before his election,
aimubted the Inlirmiiiea of old age so artfullv that
the caidinali thought he had not long to live ; but as
aoon as he became pope he threw awaj his crutch and
astonished them t:^ his vigour.

Sm THrBTt,"Sioria della Vin c Gotf £ SiMo V.," 1714
RiHU "Mktonrof Ihe Popn;" V. Roumn, "Sixti V. Gnu,'
iraorj. LonDtn. -Si«m V. mi kiih Zcii.'' iBji: G. Rocni,
••■Viis di SbtoV.;" "Life of SiitiuV.," by G. Lm, (t™niliii«l
ftotB ih* iBliinOSscarriiH, "Sita V «i Heiui IV," lUi;
* NoDieUe Bioiivhie Gdninle."

Blxtna OF Sisnna, an Italian monk and popul:

Ceacher, bom at Sienna in 1510. He wrote " Sacred
brM7,"(''BibliothecaSancta," 1586.) Died in 1569.
Sj&berg or SJoebarft sh&'btRg, IErik.) a Swedish
poet, bom in Sodermanland in 1794. He published in
iBiQa collection of Ivrics under the signature of Vitalis,
which gave hint a high reputation. He also translated
bito Swedish some of the works of Washington Irving.
Died in 1828.

Sm ItmaTBXtm, " P«ti awl PeMiy of EoraFe."

SJBetco or Bchoeerfln, shi/gRCn, (AitDRKU Jo
BAN,) a distinguished philologist, born in Finland In
1794. He studied at the University of Abo, and sub-
•equentty resided in Russia. Hewasappoinied in 1833
adjunct librarian of the Academy of Satnt Petersburg,
and in 184; director of the Elbnographical Museum of
that institution. He published an "Ossetic Grammar
Md Vocabulary," (1S44, in German,) a treatise "On
the Finnish Language and Ijieralure," and other similar
vorks of a high character. Died in 1855.

Skadl, skS'de, or SltaSi. skl'the. Trrom ikeJa, ..
"injure," cognate with the Danish liaat, the German
uiaJett, and the English uaii,] in the Norse mythol-
*>gf, the daughter oT the J6tun Thiassi, (or Thjassi,)
and the wife of Njdrd, with whom, however, she does

i.e,i, o,n,y,/<«f.i.*. 4. •»""«' 'e»P'«'<»'8«'>''*'''*'*'*l'''*^'*^l'*°*''^' ^' '"'' **'' "^'^ ""'' ""^' "**

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

SKINNER

not live harmoniously. Nj6rd prefers the fertile platm
near the sea, or the ocean ruled by gentle winds, (se«
NjOap ;) but Skadi delights in the storms of the moun-
tains. Her dwelling is called Thrymheltn, (the "bcmw
-- habitation of storms.") She excels in running oo
. iw-shoes, and in shootingwith her bow the wild beasts
of the mountain.

S« Thoiip^ "Horthon UTtboton." nL L; Kntn. 'R*
jon of ihs Mcnhmni."

Bkanda. ^ee KArmctTA.

SIcaiidMMg. See Scandbrbeo.

akaibek, skaR'blk, (Fredrik FtxMtiAN,) Comrr, a
popular Polish writer, bom at Thorn in 1792, was ap-
pointed in i8t8 professor of political economy at the
University of Warsaw. Among his principal works are
lis "Theory of Financial Science," (1814.) "Theory of
Social Wealth," (in French,) and a collection of " TaJea
and Humorous Writings," (6 vols., 1840,) which hare

on for him a high reputation. Died in 1866,

B^MXf^i, skaR'cA, (Piotr Pawelski,) a celebrated

Sulpit orator and theologian, sumamed the Polish
HRVlosrOM, born inMasoviain 153^^ Having entered
the order of Jesuits at Rome, he contributed greatly by
his eloquence to the establishment of Catholicism in
Poland. He was for many years court preacher to
Sigiamund IIL He was the author of numerous ser-
mons, and of "Uves of the Saints," which is esteemed
model of elegance in style and has passed Ituough
anv editions. Died in 1612.

SkSat, (Walter Willlui.] an eminent English phi*
lologist and clergyman, born in London, November 11,
183 1 He" was educated at Christ's College, Cambridge
graduating in 1858. In 1S60 he was elected a Fellow 0/
Christ's Cfollege, where he became a lecturer. In 1S78
he was chosen professor of Anglo-Saxon at the Uni-
versity of Cambridge^ He was one of the founders of
the knglish Dialect Society, 1S73. He has published
editions of many early English buoks, etc, btit Is best
known for his " Etymological Dictionary," probably the
best work of the kind that has yet appeared, and hit
"Concise Etymological Dictionary."

Skel't9ti, (loHN,) an English poet.Iaureate, was bora
about 146a Having studied at Cambridge and take*
holy orders, he was appointed tutor to ue Duke of
York, aiterwards Henff VIIL He was the anthorof
satires, elegies, and religious pieces. His leamiiQ b
highly commended by Erasmus. Died in 1529.

Skelton, (Sir John,) a Scottish author, born st
Edinburgh, July iS, 1S31. He was educated at Saint
Andrew's and Edinburgh, and became an advocate in
1854. His books include " The Impeachment of Msrv
Stuart," (1876,) "Essays in Romance," (1878,)

Skene, sken, (William Forres,) a Scottish histo-
rian, born at Inverie. Tune 7, 1809. He studied in Ger.
many, and in the Universities of Edinburgh and Sunt
Andrew's, and became a lawyer. In 18S1 ne was made
royal historiographer for Scotland. His worka include
a "History of the Highlanders of Scotland," {1837,)
" Chronicles of the Picts and Scots," etc, (186S,) "The
Four Ancient Books of Wales, containing the Cymria
Poems of the Sixth Centnry," (i36o,> "John of Fordan's
Chronicles of the Scottish Nation,''^(i87i,) "Celtic Scot-
land, a History." (4 vols., \^^b■^) e(c. Died in 1S92

Sklnfaxl. See NORVI.

Skia'ner, (Charles Montgomery.) an Ameri-
can author, bom at Victor, New York, in 1853, He
wrote the drama o( "Villon, the Vagabond," played by
his brother, Otis Skinner, also " Myths and Legends
of Our Own Land," "With Feet to the Earth,"
"Do- Nothing Days," etc. Died in 1907.

Sktu'nfr, Uo""-) * Scottiili divine and poet, ben
in the county of Aberdeen In lyai. He published m
- Ecclesiastical History of Scotlaad," and a number ol
popular lyrics. Died in 1S07.

SklnDer, {John Stuart,) an Aroencsn joamaBst
and agrieulWral writer, bom In Maryland in 178& la
iStohe became editor of the "American Farmer," tha
brat ^cultural journal published in the United State*.

He ■Ttcrirards edited succeuivelv the "Turr Register,"
"The Farmer's Library and AgricuUural Joiirn^,"and
" The Plough, The Loom, and The Anvii." Died in 1851.

BldmieT, {Richard,] an American jurist and states-
Biin, born at Litchfield, Connecticut, in 177S. He vraa
elected to Congress in 1813, and in tBi; chief iu slice
of Vermont, and was subsequently twice elected Gov-
ernor of that Stale. Died in 1833.

Skin'ner, (Stephen,) an &ig1ish philologist and
physidan, bom in London in 1613. Me siudied at Ox-
Ibrd, and took his medical degree at Heidell>erg. He

BkiimeT, (Thomas Harvev.) D.D., an American
Presbyterian divine, born at Harvey's Neck, North
Cardlfna, In 1791. He became in 1843 professor of
•acred rbeloric and pastoral theology at the Union
Theological Seminary, New York. He puBlished " Hints
to Chriaiians," etc Died February i, 1871.

Sko'b9-l«^ (Mikhail Dimitkyevuch,) a Russian
•oldier and hero, boin in the Riazan district in 1B45.
Hia lather was an able soldier. Educated in the military
•chooiof Saint Petersburg, he went to Turkestan in iS63
and took charge of a tioo)} of Cossacks, In 1871 he
look command of a Lialtalion in the Caucasus. lie greatly
distinguished himself in the Khofcand and Khiva wars,
1873-76, attaining the rank of major-general In the
Turkish war of 1077-78 he was specially conspicuous for
gallantry, activity, a^d success. In iSSo he led a suc-
cessful expedition against the TeUce Turcomans, Died
Jul, 7, tssi

Shoda, skydl, CJosEFH,) a distinguished phpidan,
horn at Pilien, in Bohemia, In iSoS- He became in
1S46 profecsor of dinics at Vienna, and in 1S48 a mem-
ber of the Academy of Sdences. Died June 11, 18S1.

Bkovoroda, sko-vo-ro'dl, known also as GatcoftV
Savitch, a Russiait ecdcsiasiic ar.d writer, born near
Kief about 173% He studied theology at Halle, and,
alter his return to the Ukrain^ devoted iiimself to the
work of reconciling the so-called United Creela with the
national Church, He died in 177S, leaving a number of
poems, moral fables, and a prose work entitled "Sym-
ptwnon," also some translations Iron the Homilies of
Saint Chrysostom. He is regarded aa the greatest
miter the Ukraine has produced.

Skrf m'nlr, Skrf m'n^r, or BkrjFm'er, [supposed
lobe so called from ^trvfn, "show,"'* feint," on account
ef the illusions which he practised,^ the name of a
nighty 0anL (mentioned In the Edda,) who bafHed,
wilK bis magic-illusions, all the prowess of Thor. The

fod of thunder Is said to have struck, with hia terrible
li&lnir, the sleeping Skrjmnir «n his head, putting forth
«]l hit might. The giant awoke, and asked whether
some small leaf 01 a grain of dust had not fallen on his
bead. The myth of Skrymnir is supposed to typify the
unconquerable might of ■ Northern winter.

For ■ pinieolaT Kcount of Tbor'i ■dTtnturei wilh Skrvmnir. hc
Ujilut, ■■ Nonhem Aniiquilics," vol iL YMct XXlll.-XXVI,

Bkrzjmeokl, skzhe-nti'skee, (Jo)ik,) a Polish gene-
tal, born in Galicia in 1787, served with distinction in
the army of Napoleon against the Auslrians and Kus-
fians, and, soon after the breaking out of the revolution
of iSjO, succeeded Prince Radiiwill as commander-in-
chief of the Polish forces. After the defeat of the Poles
at Ostrolenka, (1S31,) he was deprived of his command,
and retired to Belgium, where be resided till a abort
time before his death, in i36o.

Sm " NsuTclli Biocnphii G^atnl*."

Skytta. skBi'ifh or skit'i^h, (Jotian,) called also
SobroderuB, a Swedish statesman and writer, bom at
Nykdping in 1577. He was the preceptor of Gustavus
Aoolphus, who appointed him president of the chamber
■of accounts in l6ao. He was employed in several
(breign misaions, and obtained the dignity of senator.
Died in t64S>

Sm NiiKTu,*'U«BBmntaetLIleraHirteriiU>J. SkytttDlus-

05 SLINGELANDT

in which be effected several reforms. He puUIslied
" Records of Travels in Turkey" Died in 1877.

SU'den, (Douglas,) an English author, bom at
London in 1856. He travelled entensively, and pub-
lished works of history and biography, collections of
poems, " The Japs at Home," (189a,) " Brittany for
Britons," (1895,) "The Admiral," (1898,) etc.

Bia't^, (Samuel,) an English artisan and mecha-
nician, born in Derbyshire in 17G8. Hiving emigrated
to America, he established at Pawtucket, Rhode Island,
in 1790, one of the lirst cotton-factories in the United
Stales. Died in 183J.

Slater or Slather, (Wiluam,) Rev., an English
poet, born in Somersetshire In 1587. He became rector
of Otterden, In Kent. Among his works Is "Palie-
Albion; or, A History of Great Britain, in Latin and
English Verse." Died in 1647,

Slea'm^, (Sir William Henky,) an English officer
and writer, born In Cornwall in 17SS. He served in the
Indian campaign of 181a, and was appointed in tSie
agent for the districts of Ncrbudda and Saugur. Ha
was the author of a " Review and Analysis of the Pe-
culiar Doctrines of the System of Political Economj
founded L^ Ricardo," ■■ Rambles and Recollections of
an Indian Officer," (1843,) and other works. Sir William
was made a knight commander of the Bath for hii
services in suppres^ng the Thugs, and for other refornia
in India. Died in 1856.

aieldon, sli'dln or sU'dS.v', TLaL 5leida'nvs,|
(JOHAHN,) an eminent historian and diplomatist, whose
original name was Phiufsohn, was born at Sleida, near
CoTc^e, in 1506. He studied law at Liege, Louvain,
Paris, and Orleans, and was subsequently employed t^
Ftands L of France as his delegate to the Diet orRalis*
bon. He became professor of taw at Strasburg in
and in 1545 was sent on an embassy to Englan

bon. He became professor of taw at Strasburg in 154%
and in 1545 was sent on an embassy to England br

the Protestant princes, who had previously ajipointea

hiro historiographer of the Schmalkaldic League- Ha
was a deputy from Strasburg to the Council of Trent
in 15SI. His principal work is entitled " Com men tariea
on the State of Religion and of the Republic under
the Emperor Charles V.," ("De Statu Jleli^ionis et Rei-
publicae Carolo V. Caesare Commentarii," in >5 books,
'SSS.'I It is highly esteemed for its accuracy and Im-
partiality, and for the purity of Its style, and has been
translated into several languages. Died in ts;&

5m D. W. Uolui, "Diiputaiia ciicuUrii »» J. Slctdun^"
■697; Ah Emm, "VHimKhia Anmtrliunxan im tcrtihmtta I.
Sleidin," itSo! TmoDoa Paui, "ConiuBUtia d* J. Skidaaa,^
i>4i; "KsuTglkBiocnphiaCtetoli."

Bleidanoa. See Slcidah.

Blaipulr or Bleipnei.sllp'nir, [from ^n>r, "smooth,"
"gliding," cognate with the English "slippery,"] a
wondrous horse belonging to Odin, cm which the god
rode over land and sea. lie bad eight legs, which, ac-
cording to some writers, are simply expressive of hia
extraordinary fleetness ; others, with much plausibility,
suggest that the myth is Intended to represent the wiiM
blowing from the eight principal points of the eompaat.
Sleipntr Is occasionally spoken of as four-footed.

SteTHoin, "Ni>n1icniMvihalocr,"ToLI-i Mallct, "Nonb-
cm Aniiflgiiiw," vtJ. ii. Fibli XXJ.; ■]» Mwrmaw AaMOto'i
p«n en II tied " BiUer Deiul-"

SU-dell', (JoHK,) an American lawyerand politician,
born in New York in 1793, Having removed to New
Orleans, he was elected to Congress in 1843, and In
1845 was appointed minister-plenipotentiary to Mexico^
He was subsequently elected (1853) to the United States
Senate, from which he withdrew alter the ordinance of
secession was passed In 1861. During a voyaee ta
Fiance, to which he was sent byjeiferson Davis, h«
was captured from the steamer Trent, in November,
1861, by Captain Wilkes, of the United States navy.
(See Masom, James Murkav] Died July 36, 1871.

Blingelandt; van, vSn sling'fhlSnf, (Pieter,) a
celebrated Dutch painter, born at Leyden In 1640, waa
a pupil of Gerard Dow, whose works he imitated sue-
cesElully in exquisite finish and minuteness of detail.
Among his master-pieces may be named the portrait!
of the Meerman family, in the Louvre, upon which ha
is said to have been employed three veara. Died to
>69i:

%;\lm^i%ni;ii,\l,%,patiirat;»,miaal;^trilUi;\n%: Ihaslniliitt; (BT^SeeExpluatiiMU^piSj.)

,. J:, Google

SLINGENEYER aa

SUnBene7«r, aiti^tnYet. (Ernest,) ■ Belgian his-
lorical painter, born near Ghent in 1813. Among his
works are "The Deaih of Jacobsen," " The Batire of

Lepanio," and "The Death of Nelson." Died in 1S94.

Sloan, sISii, (SAMUEt,} an American architect, botn
in Chester count;, Pennsylvania, March 7, iSiJ.
Among the edifices designed by him are the Blockley
Hospital for the Insane, Philadelphia, and the State
Hospital for the Insane, Montgomeiy, Alabama. He
published the "Architectural Review," and wrote sev-
eral works on architecture, including "The Model
Architect," (1850.) and " Homestead Architecture,"
(i860.) Died at Raleigh, North Carolina, July 19,
1884.

Bloaxie, s13n, (Sir Haks,) a celebrated physician and
naturalist, of Scottish extraction, born in (he county
of Down, Ireland, in 1660. He studied medicine and
the natural sciences in London, and subsequently visited
France, where lie acquired the friendship of Tournefort
and other dislinguished savants. Having returned to
London with a large collection of plants, he settled as a
physician in that city, and was elected in 1685 a Fellow
ol Ihe Royal Society. He afterwards spei

the king, (17*7.) Alwut the same time he succeeded
Newton as president of the Royal Society. He filled
for thirty years the post of physician to Christ's Hos-
pital, London, devotinc his salary entirely to charitable
Birpoies, and assisted in establishing Ihe Foundling
ospital. He died in 17^3, leaving his library of fifiy
thousand volumes, a cabinet of two hundred volumes
of dried plants, and an immense collection of other
objects in natural history, chiefly accumulated by him-
telf, to be oflered to the nation for twenty thousand
pounds. This purchase being made by the govern-
ment, orlpnated the British Museum, llesides numer-
ous contributions to the " Pliilosophical Transactions,"
Sir Hans Sloane published the "Natural History of
]amaica,"(3voIi.lol., 1715,)* work of high reputation.

S« " Bkcnipliii Brilinnin ;" ClAHDJIAH DC FOUCHV," £toeu,~
•omti.: "lToiivciltBiafnphitG«n«nk."

Blo«n«, {William Milligajj,) an American his-
torian, bom at Richmond, Ohio, in 1850. He wai
professor in Princeton 1S76-96, and at Columbia Uni-
versity after 1896. He wrote " Napoleon Bonaparte,
a History," (4 vols.,) etc.

Blo'cam, (Henrv Warkfk,) an American general,
born at Delphi, in the State of Ne.v York, in 1S17. He
entered the Academy at West Point in tiiS, and eradu-
aied there in 1851. In 1856 he resigned his commission
in the army, and adopted the profession of lawyer. Soon
rfier the civil wa^ began, he became colonel of a regi-
ment of volunteers, and was sent to Virginia. He was
appointed a bricadier-general in the autumn of 1S61,
commanded a division in Ihe battles of Gaines's Mill,
White Oak Swamp, and M.ilvern Hill, and was pro-
moted to the rank of major -ceneral in July, iS6i. lie
commanded a corps at the battle of Chanceltorsville,
andatGettysbutg.July 31nd3, 1863. In August, 1S64,
he obtained command of a corps in the army of Gene-
ral Sherman, He led one of the wings or columns of
that army in the great march from Atlanta to Savannah,
November- December, 1864. Died April 14. 1894-

Slodtz, slos or slots, (Faui, Ambroise,) a painter,
born in Paris in 1702, was a son of S^bastien, noticed
below. Died in 1758.

Blo&tz, {R^^t Michel.) a French sculptor, called
Michael Ancelo, was born in Paris in 1705. His
thief work is "The Tomb of the Curate LangucL"
Died in 1764-

Blodtz, slAls, (SiBAfTiEN,) a Flemish sculptor, born
*t Antwerp in 1655. *»* 'he father of Paul Ambroise,
noti-ed above. Died in Paris in 1716.

Slowackt slo-vlts'kee, (Julius,) a popular Polish
poet, barn at Wilna in 1S09. He look an active part

a soldier in the revolution of 1S34 and published a
imber of spirited lyrics in favour of the pattiotit

cause. He alio wrote epic poems, ei
leeki," " Lambro," afid " Huge " "
" Maria Stuart," and other

Bluae,slui,(lt- F. Wai
and mathematician, born at Vise in 1611, was canon of
Ueee. DiedinifiSs-

Bluya, van der, v3n dfr aloit, (Jacok.) a skilful
Dutch painter, born at Leyden in 1660- His favourii*
subjects were festivals, conversation-pieces, and assem-
blies. Died in 1736.

Bmalbroke, smawl'brfiSk, (Riciiakd,) an Knglish
theologian, born at Birmingham in 1671 or 1673. He
became Bishop of Lichfielq and Coventry in 1730, and
wrote a " Vindication of Our Saviour's Miracles," (1 719.)
Dieaini749k "

Smallfty, (GsoftCB Washbukn,) journalist, bomat
Franklin, Mass., in 1S33. He was war coire^ondent
of the New York "Tribune" 1861-63, afterwards Lon-
don correspoodeut of the "Tribune," and after 1893
American corTesp<Hident of Ihe London " Times. ' '

Smslley, smaw'le, (John,) D.D., an American di-
vine, bom at Columbia, Connecticnt, June 4, 1734. He
gruluated at Yale College in 1756 and wu for many
years the Ciuigregationalist pastor at New Britain, Con-
necticut, where ha died June i, iSio.

Smdl'rldgs, (George,) a learned English prelate,
bom at LJchfield, 1663. He became bishop of Bristol in
1714; published a volume of Sermons, (1717-) D. 1719-

Bmaxt, (Hawlbt,) an English novelist, bom at
Dover in 1833. He wrote more than thirty sporting
novels. Died to 1893.

Binia't(>D, (John,) an eminent English civil englneei
and mechanic, bom at Auslhorpe, near Leeds, in 1714.
He commenced business as a maker of mathematical
instruments. He had great mechanical ingenuity, anil
made improvements in hydraulic machinery. In Ijii
he received a gold medal from the Royal Society for his
treatise " On the Natural Power of wind and Water to
drive Milts." His greatest work b the Eddystone Ughl-
House, finished tn 1759. lie constructed Ramwate
harbour, and was the enffineer of the great canal of
Scotland, extending firom tlie Clyde to the Forth, Died

[79a.

a British author, bom M
G. He was educated at

BmBdler, (Rev. Edward,) an English divine and
miscellaneous writer, bom about 1790. He studied at
Trinity College, Cambridge, where he obtained suc-
cessively four Sealonian priies for English poems. He
also wrote a "History of the Reformed Religion in
France," and wai editor for a time of the "Encyelo-
pxdia Metropolitan a," Died in 183&

Bmedlej, (Francis E.,) an English norellst, bnm
abnut 1S14- Hepublished "Lewis Arundel," (i8ss,)and
"The Fortunes of the Colville Family," (1856.) Died
in 1864.

Bmedley, (Mfjiblla But^) an Engliah poetess,
was a sister of F. K. Smedley, was born about 1S2 J, She
wrote various talcs and novels, and several volumes of
verse, the latter containing poems of great merit. Died
*boui 1875.

Smee^ (Alfked,) an English surgeon and scientiGo
writer, born in 1818, published, among other work^
"Lectures on Electro- Metallurgy" (1841) and "Electro-
Biology," (1849.] He became a member of the Royal
College of Surgeons in 1S40, and a Fellow of the Royal
Society in 1S4I. Died January 1 1, 1877.

Smsl'lle, (WrLLtAM,) a Scottish surgeon and writer
on midwifery. He practised for some years in Scotlarvd,
and afterwards In London. He gave many courses
of lectures on midwifery in London, and published ft
"Treatise 00 Midwifery'' in 175s. Died in 1763

i, e, I, Ok fl, y, Ji))^; li, t, 6, tune, less prdongedi 1^ i, ^ 6, Q, y, /ibr^; t, 9, i ft «Anttrv,' Ar, f&U, at ; mlt; nftt; (3Mi tndta;

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SMELLIB »!

StnsUle, (William.) ■ Scottish naturalist, printer,
mnd writer, bom in Edinburgh aboul 1740, He printed
a good edition of Terence, wrote "The Philojophy of
Natural History," (» vol*., 1790-9J,) md translated
BuSbn's " Nataral Hisiory." He printed the lirti edi-
tion of the " Encyclopsedia Britannica," to which be
contributed several articles. Died in 1795.

■■■' SnunK^a
WmtScoM-

BinST'dIa, fGr. SMxSf.l * Persian pritice, wa« a
Touneer son of Cyrug the Great. He went to ^rpt
with hi* brother Caml^se*, who sent him back to Pema
and cansed him to be secretly put to death, A Magian
who resembled Smerdii pretended that he was the son
of Cvrus, and Dsuived the throne. The false Smeidis
was killed \tj seven conspirators, in jai b.A

See CiCR^ •' HiWofj of Grace :" HuoUom, - V.vtarj."

Smet, de, df h smtt or smi, (Joskfh Jun,) a Belgian
writer, bom at Ghent in 1794. AmonB his works u a
"History of Belgium," {1832.) Died February 11, 1S77.

Bmet, da^ (Pktik John,) a Jetoil roissiunai^, born

and was an Instructor in the University of Saint Lonis,
Uissouri, i&lj-^S, after which he was a missionary to
the Indians. Almost all the Northwestern tribes knew
and revered him, and he acquired a very remarkable
control over nearly all of them. He published several
volumes relating to his life and work among the Indians
of the Kocky Mountains and the NorthwesL Died at

Saint Louis, May 33, 1

" -Ivaa der Ki ,

rs,] (Jan,) a Dutch antiquaij, bom In Gelder-

Smet TUi der Kstten, si

It vtn d«r kef Ifn, \\jA.

land about 15S5; died In 1651

SmI'bfrt or Bm^tifrt, (John,) a Scottish painter,
bom at Edinbursh about 16S0, emigrated in 173S to
America, and followed his profession in Boeimt. Died
to I7S'-

Smld^ smit, (Johann,) a Germao diplomatist, born
at Bremen in 1773 ; died in tSjy.

Bmiedal, smee'dfl, or 8c9nm«ldel, shmi'dfl, (Ut.-
XiCH,) a German traveller, bom at ^Straubingen, He
was one of a patty which went to South America
■boat 1534 and founded Buenos Ayret. He explored
the river Paraguay and visited Peru. An account of
bis travels was published in 1554.

Smiglsoitia or Smigletlaa, sml-glec'sh^-gs, (Mar-
tin,) a Polish Jesuit and iMidan, tmm in 1563. He
wrote several work* agunst Prote&tantism, and a " Sys-
tem of Logic," (i6iS.r Diedini6iS.

Smllal, (Sajiuel,) a British biographer, bom at
Haddington in 1813. He published a ■■ Life of George
Stephenion," (1859,) "Self-Help," (i860,) "The
Lives of the Engineers," {1861,) and volumes en-
tilled '.'Thriit," "Duty," "Chatacler," etc. Laler
works are "Jasmin, the Barber-Poet," (1891,) and
"Josiah Wedgwood," (1894.) Died April 17, 1904.

BnUllto, smile, (Gbobci H.,) an American artist, a son
of James Smiilie, was born in New York city, December
M, i&ia Hi* brother, JaUu D., and hii wife, (tnrs
Neluk Jacobs,) are also distinguished as artists.
Among his principal pictures are "A Lalce in the
Woods," (1872,) " A Florida L<^oon," {1875,) etc.

Bmlllle, [Jauxs,] a celebrated landscape engraver,
bom in Edinburgh, Scotland, November 33, 1807. He
learned his profession nnder Andrew Wilson, of Edin-
burgh, came to New York about 1830, and was very
prominent in oonnectioo with the earlier developments of
American art la 1851 be was chosen to the National
Academy. Died December 4, 18S5.

SmlUla, (jEROiu David,) painter, bom at New
York, in 1833. He painted in oil "Evening Among the
Sierras of California, " etc. , in water-colour " Track of the
Forest," elc He was an able engraver. Died in 1909.

Smlrke^ smfrk,- (Roiirt,) a distinguished English
punter, born In 1751. Among his master -pieces, wTiich
are principally domestiE and rural scene* and comic

snti^eets, we may name "The Combat between Dna
Quixote and the Giants," "Sancho's Audience of the
Duchess," "The Cypsv," and ** Prince Henry and Fal>
staE" He was eloctea an Academidan In 1791. Died
in 1845.

Smirko, (Sir Roiikt.) an architect, a son of tin
preceding, was bom in 17S0. Having visiled Italy,
Germany, and Greece in iSoj, he published, after ha
return,''Spedmen* of Continental Architecture," (1S06.)
He eonstmcted a number of public edifice* in London,
among which the British Museum is the most eelebratei
It is of the Ionic order, and is regarded a* the most

of Physicians, and the restoration of York Minster .__

was elected a Royal Academician in iSll. Died in 1S67.

Smirko^ (Sydnkv,) brother of the preceding, also

distinguished as an architect, executed several works in

Glasgow, where he remained from 1737 to 1740, and
at Balliol College, Oxford, which he quitted about 1747.
Havine returned to Scotland, he formed friendships
with Hume and I.ord Kame*. In 1751 he obtained the
chair of logic in the University of Glasgow. He became
professor of moral philosophy in the same universiiy In
■ 751, and publijheti his "Theory of Moral Sentiments"
in 1759. He was very popular as a lecturer. In 1763
be resigned his professorship, and accepted the place
of companion to the young Duke of Bucdeugh, with
whom te travelled on the continent two or three years.
Ho associated in Paris wiih D'Alembert, Necker, Tut'
got, and Quesnay In 1766 he returned to KirkBldy,
where he passed ten years in the composition of the
work on which his reputation is chiefly founded, "An
Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of
Nations," (3 vols., 1776.) He maintains that labour
rather than money or land is (he true source of national
wealth. He also advocated free trade and opposed (he
policy of those govemments which attempt to control
the laws of supply and demand. After the publication
of this work be passed two years in London. He was
sppoinle;) one of the commissioners of customs for
Scotland in 17^8, after which date he (iesided in Edin-
burgh until bu death. He never m^tied. Died In
Juiv, 1790.

"Perhaps," says Mackintosh, "then f* no eihical
work since Cicero's 'Offices,' of which an abridgment
enables the reader so inadequately to estimate (he nierig
a* the ' Theory of Moral Sentiment*.' This is not chiefly
owing to the beau(y of diction, a* in the case of Cicero,
but to the variety of explanations of life and mannera
which embdlish the book often more than Ihey illustrate
the theory. Yet, on the other hand, it must be owned
(hat for philosophical purposes few works more need
abridgment ; for the most careful reader frequently lose*
sight of principles buried under illustrations. That

Smith is the Grit who has drawn the altendon of phi-
losophers to one of (he most curious and important patta
of human nature — who has looked closely and steadily
(he workings of sympathy, i(* sudden action and
ion. Its instantaneous conflicts and its emotions, it*
minnte play and varied illusions — is sufficient to place
him high among (he cultiva[on of mental philosopliy."
■^- same writer speaks of Smith's - Wealth of Nations"
perhap* (he only book which produced an imme-
diate general and irrevocable change in some of Iha
most important parts of the legislation of all dvilifcd
nations.''

S« DUCALD Stswait, " Lilt ibiI Wrtnnn g( Adam Anllli.'-
Loan BaouGHXH, "Huiuiir of Adun SmiiV' b " Livti df Mas
of'Leiun and Soenn;" Macxihtoih. "CcnaraJ Vio or the
Progieu of Elhkal-Plulouphy:" Chahimis, '-tticy rarhial D«>
lioauv of eiDisRil SCOUnwn;" AuUHHX, "Diciioiniy •( Ao-
Ibon;^' ■■UoBlUy Review" foe Julv.iTSf, and AihU, 1776

Bmltb, (Albkrt,) an English litUrxatur. bom at
Cbcrtsey in 1816. Among his principal works ar*
novels, entitled " The Scallergood Family," " Th« Pot-

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SMITH S3

tielon LegacT," " MarchEoncM of Brinvilliert ;" alio tha
•■Nationd Historic! of Siuck-up Peop1e,""The Idlet
upon Town," and other humorous sketches. In 1851
he ucended the summit of Mont Blanc, which adven-
tui% he afterwards made the subject ofa popular dramatic
enterlamment Died in i860.

Smitli, (Alexander,) a Scottish poet, boin at Kilmar-
nock, Ayrshire, in 1819 or 1830. He leaincd the busineu
of pattern -drawer. About iSsi be pro<Juced a poem

ilitled "The Life Drama," wliich was gri
ed secretary of ll
d married Flora Macdonald i

by many. He was elected secret ai

of EdinbuT^h in 1854, and married .

iSjS. He contributed »tlic1ea in prose to the " North

British K«view," " BlackwooJ's Maguinei'' and olhci

periodical*. Among his chief works were " City Poems,"

(1857,) and "Edwin of Deira," ahiitorical poem, (1861.)

In sustained power. His proie writings have been much
•nd generally admired. Died in January, 1867.

Sm AiLiBUxa. "DictloiiaiTorAuihDn:" "Fnicr'i Hifiihi*"
fcr OcioImt, t^;i: "BlickinMd'i MliiuJni" for UnTth, iIm:
•■ Nonh briiiih Mcticw" ror Aufu*!, iSj»

Smith, (Andrew J.,) an American major-genen],
boin in Bucks county, Pennsylvania, about 1S14, gtadU'
ated at West Point in 1S3S. He commanded two divis-
ion* which were sent by General Sherman toaid General
Banks, and look Fort de Rusiy, on Red River, March
14, 1864. He defeated the enemy at Tupelo, Nfissisiippi,
about Julv 14, znd aided to drive General Price out of
MiMourt in October, 1864. He commanded a corps at
the great battle of Nashville, Uecemberis and 16, 1864,
and in the operations against Mobile, March-April, 1865.
lie became a colonel of cavalry in the United State*
«rmy In 186& Reiigned in 1869 ; died Jan. 30, 1897.

Smith, (Benjamin Boswori-h,) D.D., LL.D., an
American bishop, bom at Bristol, Rhode Island, June
13, 1794, graduated at Brown University in 1816, and in
tSi8 becaiiie a presbyter of the Episcopal .Church. In
l8ia he was consecrated Bishop of Kentucky, and In
1863 be became presiding Bishop of the £pitcopal
Church. Died May 31, 1884.

Bmith, (Bbnjamin Lbich,) an English Arctic ex-
plorer, borti in i8aS. He made five TOyages to the
Arctic regions from 1870 to 1882. In lESo he dis-
covered many new islands near Franz-Josef Land, and
in iSSt was wrecked on that island, wintered there,
and relumed in 188a.

Bmltb, (Charles Emory,) an American journalist
and official, was bom at Mansfield, Connecticut, in
n editor in Albanj 1S65-S0, and on
'■ Press" after iSSo. lie was United
to Russia 1890-92, and was made
postntatter-general in 1898. Died Jan. tg, 1908.

BmH*', (Chakles Firousoh,) an Araerkan getieral,
born about 1806.- He graduated at the Acaoemj of
West P(»nt in 1815, and was employed there for many
Tears as instructor in tactics and commandant of cadets.
For his service* in the Mexican war he received three
brevets, a* major, lieutenant-colonel, and colonaL He
-was appointed a brigadlcr-geiieral in August, 1S61, and
rendered important services at Fort Donebon, February,
1861, soon after which he was promoted to be a major-
generaL He died at Savannah, Tennessee, in April,
186a. " The more perfect itaa-iiUal of a soldier," say*
Cuppje, "never exiated in any army than GcDeral

Smith, (Lieatenant-Colonel Ckarlis Hauilton,) an
English officer and naturalist, born in 1776, published,
among other works, a treatise "On the Races and
Varieties of Man." He died at Plymouth, September
XI, i8<9.

Bmltb. (Charlzs Roach,) an English author, bom
at Languard Manor, Isle of Wight, in.iSo^L He pub-
lished "Collectanea Antiqua," (6 vols., 1848-66,) works
on the antiquities of various old towtts in England,
(Richborough, Keculver, Umne, etc, 1850-58,] and
•■Illuslralionaof Roman London," (t829-) Died, iSfia

Bmltb, (CHARLcmm,) a popular English novelist,
fkorn in Sussex in 1749. She was the author of "The

.841.

the Philadelphia

States min'

)5 SMITB

Old Manor-House," " Marchmont," " Desmond," "Tha
Romance of Real Life," and other novelsi also "Elegiae
Sonnets," and various other poems. Her life wu
written by Sir Waller Scott Died in 1806.

Smith, (CHRiSTOfHEK W.,) an English ornithologist
born about 1794. He wrote a work on the " OmitlMHagy
of Hiiidostan."

Smith. (Daniel B.,) was boin In Philadelphia, J«Iy
14, 1791. He was early dittinguished by a thirst for
knowledge ; in the leisure inlervaTs occurring in the midst
0/ an engrossing business (that of a' druggist) he found ti ma
not only 10 malie himself well acquainted with the best
parts ot English literature, but alto to attiun an unusual
proficiency in such sciences as were then especially cuU
livated, viz., chemislry, botany, etc, to which may be
added inlclleclual and moral philosophy. It was, indee<L
rare to find any one of more various and extensive read-
ing or who had rea'd to belter purpose. He was inflii<
ential in organising several valuable Institutions, among
which may be named the Apprentices' Library, the
House of Refuge, and the American Pharmaceutical
Association, of which he was the first president. >Ie
was one of the most active and zealous among those
member* of the Society of Friends who united to es-
tablish (in 1S33) a Friends' High School at Haverfard,
near Fhitadel|)hia, in which he held one of the most
important positions as professor and of which he was
afterwards president "This school, now Haverford Col-
lege, hat taken a high rank among the collegiate institu-
tions of oar country. He dosed his long and useful lila
March aa, iSSj.

Bmltb, (Edmund Kiibv.) an American general, bon
at Saint Augustine, Florida, about 1835, graduated at
West Point in 1S4J. He became a captain in 1S5S, but
resigned his commission in 1861, wu made Confederate
lieutenant-general, and commanded a division of Gen>
era! Uragg's army which invaded Kenlncky in Augo*^
186a. iTc commanded a corps at the bailie of Suxm
River, (January 1, 1861.) was made a general, and had
the command of all the forces in Texas and A'kansaa
from April, 1S63, till April, 1865. After the war he
became professor In the Univetoity of the South, at
Sewanee, where he died, March 38, 1893.

Smith, (Eli,) an American mlsdonary and accov-
pliahed Arabic scholar, born near New Haven, Con-

Palestine in company with Dr. Edward RoUnson. He
Irstislaled portions of the Bible into Arabic IMed at
Ueyroot in January, 1857.

Smith, (ELtZABKTH,) an English lady, distii^tsbcd
fer her attainments in the languages, malhematics, and
the natural sciences, was born'near Durham in 1776b
Besides Latin and Greek and the principal European
languages, she was versed in the Hebrew, Arabic, and
Persian. She wrole a "Ufe irf Klopslock," and trans-
lated the book of JobL Died in 180&

Smith, (Mr*. EuZAREtH Oak is,) an American poet
and miicellaneoiu writer, wife of Seba Smith, notioed
below, was born near Portland, Maine, about iSo6l She
published "The Sinless Child, and other Poems,"
"Jacob Leisler," a tragedy, " Woman and her Needs,"

thor, bom at Baltimore io 1S38. He became as engi-
neer, and did several engineering works for the govern-
ment, also built a foundation for Bartholdi's " Statue of
Liberty." As an artist he did much tandacape work in
water-colours. Among his pedlar novels are "Colonel
Carter of Cartersville " (1891,) "Tom Grogtn," (1896,)
"The Fortunes of Oliver Horn," (1901,) "Kennedy
Sauare,"(i9ii,)elC.

Bmltb, (Francis PErrrr,) an English invenlor, bon
at Uythe, Kent, in 1S08. He invented the mode of pro-
pelling steamboats by the screw, which was employed
jn the royal navy about 1838. He died in 1874.

Smith, (Gaiiriel.) an English etigtaver, ban b
London in 1734; died in 1783.

1, 2, 1, 3, il, ;. ftoy; t, t, ^ same, less prolonged; i, i, I, &, ii.;, *A«r/;f, t, j, 9, afinr^r; fli, fail, aii mtt; nAt{ ga&dj ndbl;

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His brothers John and Wiujam were also distin-
Ctiished u rainiert.

cisi, bum in lS4<x Having found empToymtnl in the
British Muaeum, heUught bimscif tocead the cuneirorm
Inicriplions, in the knowledge of which he made very
originaland fruiirul discoveiiea. He visited Babylupia in
1873, in iS74,andiiiiS7S-76, making valuable discuvetie*
•f ioBcripiions. Died at Aleppo, AuguM 19, 1S76. He
-luWiibed an important treatise on (ho history of Asiur-
jani-pal, (1871.) a volume on Assyrian history, (1875,} and
"The Chaldxan Account of Genesis," (1875.!

Smith, (Grorgi Barnett.) an English aulJior, born
at Ovenden, Yorkshire, May 17, 1S41, He became a
journalist of London in 1864. His works include
^ Poets and Novelists," (1875,) "Shelley," (1877.) "Life
of Gladstone," (1879,) "Life of John Bright,"
(1S81,) and other biographies. His most impoitaot
work is " Hisloiy of the English Parliament,"
(igga.)

Smltli, (Ukorqb WlLLtAMSOH.) D.D., an American
«ducator, born al Cslskill, New York, November 31,
1S36, graduated at llobarl College in 181:7, held various
Teciorahips in the Episcopal Church, i87>-43, and in
18S3 was chosen president of Trinity College, tfutford,
Connecticut.

Smith, {GRRItiT,) a distinguished American philan>
thropist, bwn at Utica, New York, in 170J. He gradu-
ated at Hamilton College, Clinton, New York, and
studied law. Alter a temporary connection wiih the
* ' — - CoJonJiation Society, he withdrew ft — '*"

of temperance and other reforms, and, having inherited
one of the largest landed estates in the country, he dis-
tributed nearly two hundred thousand acres of it among
the poor, without distinction of colour. Mr. Smith was
elected to Congress in 1851. Died December 18, 1S74.

Binltll, (GoLDWiN,) an English teacher and writer,
bom at Reading in 1S13. He was educated at Oxford,
and became twins professor of modern tiistor^ at that
nnlversity in tc^iS. Among his work* are " Irish His-
tory and Irish Character," (l86l,) and " Three English
Siaiesmen, (Pym, Cromwell, and Pitt,)" (tSfiy.) In poli-
tic* he !s an advanced Liberal- He visited the United
Sutes in 1864, and from i36S to tS^t was professor of
English history in Cornell University, at Ithaca. He
subsequently rsmoved to Canada, and from 1873 to 1874
was editor of the "Canadian Monthly." Some of
his later works are " Jane Austin," (tS90,} " Politi-
cal History of the United Sutes," (,1893,) "Guesaes
at the Riddle of EiisleDce," (1897,) and "The United
Kingdom," (1899.) Died June 7, 1910,

Smith, [Grxbk Ciay,) an Ameiicaa gcttend and
lawyer, born at Richmond, Kentucky, July 2, 183a. He
entered the Union army in 1863, was a member of Con-

ecss in 1863-66, Governor of Montana in 1866 68, and
came a BiptisI minister in 1S69. Died in 1895.

Bmmt, {GUSTAVDS W.,) ari American Ecneral, bom
In Kentucky about iSzi, graduated at West Point in
1S41. He was a street commissioner in New York City
when the dvil war began. About September, i36i, he
became a major-general of the Confederate aimy. He
succeeded to the command at Fair Oaks when General
J. E Johnston was wounded. May 31, iS6i. D. in 1896L

Bmltta, (HtNRY,) called "the Bilver-Tongucd," an
English Puritan minister, bom in I.eicestershire in 1550.
He preached in lymdon, and was patronized by llord
Bttrleigh. He wrote aevcral religious works. Died
about 159$.

Sw rvuMM, -lih oTH. Smith."

Smith, (Sir Henry GEORCt Wakelyn,) an English

feneral, born at Whitilesea, in the isle of Ely, in 1788.
le served with distinction in the principal battles of the
Peniijautar war, and afterwards in the American war of
1811; He commanded as adjutant-general in the Indian
campaigns of tS40 and 1846, and had a prominent share
in the signal victory over th* Sikhs al Aliwal. For

Newton, North Carolin.
and was secretary of the
land's cabinet 1893-96.

Smith, {lIORACe and James,] English humorists and
miscellaneous writers, born in London, the former about
17S0, the latter in 1775. They first became known by
their contributions to " The Pic-Nic," the '■ London Re-
view," and the "Monthly Mirror;" the poems entitleii
"Horace in London," in the last-named periodical,
being mostly written by James Smith. In i8tj they
brought out their " Rejected Addresses," composed on
the occasion of the opening of the new theatre at Urury
Lane, the committee of which had requested a number
of addresses to be sent in, one of which should obtuo
the prise- These poems, which are humorous imitations
of Coleridge, Wordsworth, Byion, Scott, Crabbe, and
other prominent writers of the lime, met with britliant
success, and passed rapidly (hrough numerous editiorts.
James Smith wrote for ,the so-called " entertainments"
of Charles Mathews "Trips' to Paris," "Country
CoBsins," and other comic sketches. t)e died in iSiO)
and his " Memoirs, Letters," etc were published by bis
brother in 1S40. Among the other works of Horace
Smith we may name the novels of '* Brambletye House,"
"The Moneyed Man," and "Love and Mesmerism."
Died in 1S49.

Smith, (James,) one of the signers of the Declaration
r . : — '-dependence, born in Ireland about ill-
tea to Pennsylvania, he was elected

of American Independence, born in Ireland about iitjh
ieratea to Pennsylvania, he was elected U)
Continental Congress. Died in 1806.

1776 to It

S« Sahhuob, "BIociaphyedtH Sifiian la th* Sidaniloa
ef Indcpcndtnca."

Smith, (Jaues,) ofDeanston, a Scottish agriculturist
end mechanidan, bom at Glasgow in 1789. He pqb-
lished in tSlI a treatise " On Thorough Draining and
Deep Ploughing" which improvements he was the first
to bring into general use. He was the inventor of a
reaping-machine, for which he obtained a gold medal
from the Aericultural Society uf Saint Petersburg. He
Invented other useful machines. Died in tSsa

Smith, (James,) a Scottish poet, bom in Edinbnntit
March a, 1814. He was a printer in early life, lis
published "Poems, Song% and Ballads," (1S66,) and
several volumes of humorous Scottish tales. His gifts
as a poet are fir»e and rare. Many of his songs are in
the Scottish dialect

Smith, (Sir Jahis Edward,) an English {AyiidMi
and botanbt, bom al Norwich in 17(9. He studied ■»
Edinburgh, and graduated al Leyoen, and, after his
retum, became In 1788 one of the founders and first
president of the Unnjean Society. He had previous!*

CLirchased the ruturai history collections and library of
inoKus. He was appointed in 1793 teacher of botany
to Queen Charlotte and the princesses, and in 1814
received the honour of knighthiiod. His principal work*
are his "English flora," (4 vols..) "Flora Bntannica,"
(3 vols., 1S04.) "English Boianv," (36 vols., 1807,) with
more than looo coloured plates tw Sowerby, and " Flont
Graeca," (1808.) Healso wrote the principal articles oa
botany in Rees's "Cydopiedia." Died in iSlS.

Set " Mcinoir ud CarmpondaiK* ofSir Jima Edmrd SisilW
br Ladv Smith ; ~ EAsburfb Reriew" lot April, iSu.

Bmlth, (Jeremiah.) an American jurist and states-
man, bom at Peterborough, New Hampshire. He was
elected a member of Congress in 1791, served in that
body until 1797, and was chosen Governor of Nev
Hampshire in 1S09, after which he held the office of
His atnlily and merit are highly extolled. Died

L^"

Sh J. U. KowmoM, "Lib ef Jnnuih Smiih," iSij.

Smith, (John,) in English divine, bom in Warwick-
shire In ijoj, was lecturer in Saint Paul's CalbednL
Died in ifii&
»»; (as*; S»ard; lLUj;a,a,K,gt4tttral; K,muai; K,iHiiid; l»i$: *hniaMi. (BV-SeeExp1aiutic«i,|i.4].)

«39

College, CunbrklR. Died In ifija.

Bmlth, (JohnJ Capt AIM, the founder of Virginia, ww
bwa in Llncolnihire, England, tn 1579^ Me be|pn u
an earlf age to display a propentlty to daring adven-
turva. AIkjuI 1600 n« enhtled in the Aiutrian anny,
%ni performed bold and auccessful exploiti against the
Turks. He was taken prisoner, reduced to alavery,
killed his master, and escaped into Rotsia. Havii^
returned to England, he accompanied a part^ of emh

Santa who formed a colonj at Jamestown, Vii^nia, in
pril, 1607. He was captured by the Indians, and was
condemned to death by PowhaUn, but his life was tared
by Pocahontas, a daughter of that chieC He became
tte principal person of the colony, which was saved
from rain by his enein and fortitude. In 160S he ex-
plored the coasts of Chesapeake Bay, of which he ceo-
•tructed a map. He made a voyage to England in 1609,
attd explored the coast of New Engtand in 161^ Tha
latter part of hit life was passed in England. He pab-
ti^ed, besides other wotlu, a "GenerarHistorr of Vir-
ginia, New England, and the Summer Isles," (i™7i) ltd
"lie True Travels and Adventures of Captain John
Smith in Europe, Asia, Africa, and America," {163&}
Died in London in 1631.

S« HtujMD,"Llfc af John EaiUk''iB STAam'* " AoMricta
Bloff'aphy," voL £. ; ** MonS Aimricu tUruw" fer Juiuiy, tUj.

Sn^tll, (Sir John,) an English diplomatist and aol
diet in the time of Queen Elizabeth, was tent in 1574
OB an embassy to Philip II. of Spain. Died in i6och

Bmith, (John,) an English phy«cian, bom in lijOi
motes work entitled"TheFortnut of Old Age." Died
fa tfiya

Snutl^ (JOHK,) a learned English divine and anti*

I, (John,) an eminent English n

SmlUi, (joH"!) of Chichester, an English landscape-
painter, bom in 1717, was a brother of George, noticed
above. Died In 1764-

Bmltb, (John Blaik,) bom at Peqoea, Fenntytvanta,
about 17(6, was a brother of Samuel Stanhope, noticed
below. He became in 179S £ret president of Union
College, Schenectady. Dledin 17m.

Saun, (John Lawbzhci,] H.D., LI.D^ m Ameri-
can chemist, bora near Charleston, South Carolina,
December 16, iSiS. He was educated at Charleatoo
College, at the University of Virginia, in the South Caro-
lina Medical College^ and in Europe, 1841-44. Having
returned to Charleston, he began the practice of medicine,
bat gave special attention toeconomic geology and agri-
cultural chemistry. He was employed as a cotton expert

ling engineer in Asiatic Torkey, iS46-sa He
_. . . ds nelifprolettotships in the University of Vir-
^nia, and in the University of Louisville, Kentucky. He

kAerwards n

published a large number of valuable adentific reports
and papen, also "Mineralogy and Chemistry," (1S73.}
DiediniSSi.

Smith, (John Pv^) D.D., LL.D., a leartted English
divine and tncologian, bora at Sheffield in 1774, became
pastor of the Independent church at Homcrton. He
received the degree of D.D. from Yale College, Con-
itecticut, in tSoy. Among his numerous and valuable
works may be named "The Scripture Testimony "
AeHeaai^" (1 vols., 1821,) "Four Discourses on t. .
Sacrifice and Priesthood of Jesus Christ," (1837.) and
" Tbe Mosaic Account of the Creation and the Deluge
flluslnUed b? the Discoveries of Modem Sci

(18^7-1

a Fellow of the CeologicaTSociety and the Royal
Society. Died in iSst.

Set Jom Ubdwav, " Mwaoir e( Uw Ufc ud WMnf of Jahs
rjtSmiH^" ast-

Smith, CJohm Raphael,) an Engltsh engraver and
portrait-painter, bora at Derby about I7sa He ™
dilefly noted (or hia menotint engravings, among w _
b a bill-length portrait of Charles James Fox. Died

succeeded Dr. Arnold In tSoa as organist of the chapel
royal. He produced a number of admired glees and
madrigals, and published "Antient Songs of the Fif-
teenth Century." Died in 1836.

Smith, (John Thouas,) an English engraver and
amateur, bom in London in 176& He studied draw-
ing with the sculptor Nollekens, and subsequently
entered the Royal Academy. He published in iSoc
hit " Antiquities . of I.ondon and its EDviroDS," which

followed by "Antiquities of Westminttct," (1807,)

ident Topography of London," (iSit, 4to, with

y-two plates,) and "Nollekens and his Times,"

JiSiS.] He was appointed in 1816 keeper of the' print*

He was taken by his parents to I'almyra, New Vuik,
about 1815, and, according to hii own account, worked
on hia Other's una in his youth. Tbe residents of that
vidnity, however, testified that the Smith family avoided
honest laboor, bad ■ bad reputation, and spent much
time in dig^ng for hidden treuuret. He pretended
that he received in 1837 a divine revelation written on
golden plates which were brought to him by an angeL
and that the "Book of Mormon," which he publithed
in tSjO, was translated from [hose golden platea. The
real author of the "Book of Mormon" was Solomon
Spalding, a Presbyterian minister, who at his death left
in manuscript an absurd story of his invention, purport-
' IS to be a narrative of the minatian of tbe ten lost
IMS of Israel to America, and maintaining the hy-
pothesis that the American Indians are descended froro '
the Hebrews. Smith obtained possession of thla mann-
script, and published it with some additions. Having
made a number of converta, he removed with them to
Kirtland, Ohio, lit 1S31, and afterwards to Independence,
Missouri. Tbe number of his disdples increased rapidly,
but they came into violent collision with the "Gentiles,'*
and were eipelled from Missouri about 1838, afler they
had defied the officers of the law and committed many
ovtraget. They next settled in lUinois and founded th»
town of Nauvoo, where thuy began to build a great tem-
ple in lEUt. Smith amassed a large fortune, assumed
thetitleoflieutenant-general and president of the Church,
and exerdsed absolute authority over hb *■ aainta." He
provoked the popular indignation by attempts to seduce
tbewlvesof other men, and was arrested and confined in
Jail at Carthage, In jane, [844, a mob brpke into the
jail and killed Josepu Sinlth. He was snocBwltd I7
Brigbam Young. (See Yoin»a,'BliIOHAii.)

His son, Joseph, bora 1831, became in i860 preai-
dent of the n on -polygamous Mormon society in Ohio.

_ frequent contributor to periodicals, and several of her
poems have been very popular. A collection of them
was isuied, under the title of " Fringed Gentiaas," in
188a.

Smith, (Melancthon.) an American naval officer,
bom in the city of New York in iSia He obtained
the rank of commander In 1S5J. He commanded the
steamer Mississippi in the battle by which Captain Far-
lagul took New Orleans in April, 1S63. On the 5th
of May, 1S64, he fought in indecisive battle against the
iron-tiad ram Albemarle at tbe mouth of the Roanoke
River. Hebecamecommodorebt 1866, and rear-admiral
in 1870. and retired in 1871. Died July 19, 1893.

Sh Hiadt.iv, " Pin*(ui ud our Miial CwBiundw*." lUr-

Smlth, (Miles,) an English bishop, born at Hereftwd
in 1(68, was one of the prindpal translators of the BiblCi
Died in 1634.

Smith, ( RiCRAKD,) an English Roman Catholic priest.
born in Worcestershire in ijoo. He became a professor
of divmity at Oxford, and chaplain to Queen Mary. At
the execution of Ridley and Latimer, Smith preached a
sermon on the text, "Though I give my body to be
burned, and have not charity, it profitelh me nothing."
Pled in 1563.

^It ^ <>b >• 7> '•V V^ ^ tUMi IcM prolonged; I, e, 1, 0, fi, IT, ^'i'Tf; t, «, [. 9, (iftirsrrv,- (Ir, (Ul, lit; miti nat;gad( a^^

Smith, (RoBiRT,) D.D., in Engliih divine and di(-
tinsD'ilic^ mathematician, bom in 1689. wu preceptor
to the Duke of Cumberland. He became Plumian pro-
fessor of astronomy at Cambridge in 1716, and in 174a
succeeded Bentley as master of Trinity College. He
was the author en a treatise entitled "Harmonics, or
the Philosophy of Musical Sounds," and a " Complete
System of OpHcs," {1 tdIi. 4to, 173S:) the latter is es-
teemed ■ standard work. Dr. Smith was a cousin of
Roger Cotea, some ol whose writings he published. He
haifbeen elected a Fellow of the Royal Society inlliS.
I>M in 176S.

Smith, (RoBUtT,) D.D., a bishop, bom in Norfolk,

became a priest of the English Church in l^^d, and went
toCharleaton, South Carolina. He was president of South
Carolina College, 17S6-98, and in 1795 was consecrated
Bishop of South Carolina. Died October 18, 1801. He
the preface to the American Book of Common

p™

Smith, (RoBiKT,] of Maryland, an American minister
■ m ibout 1757. He was secretary ofthens"
iry, iSol, to March, 1S05, and secretary

ofstate, bom about 1757. He was secretary of the navy
from January, iSol, to March, 1S05, and secretary of
e from March, 1S09, to NoTember, 1811. Died in

Baltimore

Smith, IHOBSKT Payne.) an English clergyman, dis-
tinguished as a Hebraist and Arabic schoTkr, was bom
In l8i8. He became in i86s regius professor ofdivinity
in the University of Oxford, of which he was 1 graduate.
Be published commentaries on several boo^s of the
Bible, and other works, chiefly Scriptural. In 1S71 he
became dean of Canterbury. Died March 31, 1S95.

Smith. (RussEl-L,) a scenic artist, born at Glas-
gow, Scotland, in 1812. For nearly forty years he
was one of the leading scenic artists in the United
Sutes. Died in 1396.

Bmitli, (SaudO.) a popular English writer of re-
ligions tracts, bom tn Worcestershire In it88, was a
I^bjterian preacher during the dvfl war which bqjan
In 1643. He wrote, besides other works, " The Gnat
Asaiie." Died after 166a.

Smith, (Samuel,) an American historian, bora at
BarlinKtan, New Jerser, in 171a He published a "His-
torr of New Jersey," (1755.) Died in 1776.

Smith, (Samuel FftANCrs.) D.D., an Amei^can Bap-
tbl divine, bom at Boston in 180S. From 1841 to 1854
he was editor of the "Christian Review," at Newton
Massachusetts, and from 1854 to 1869 he edited Ihi
•• Missionary Magazine." He wrote " America," " The
Morning Light is Breskina," and other popular lyrics
and hymns. Died November 16, 1895.

Smith, (Samuel J.,) an American poet, bom nei
Burlington, New Jersey, in 1171. He <Ued in 183;, an
Us " Miscellaneous Writings'* were published In 183&

S*e CtavatAMD's " CompendlQn oT Anerkaa Litcrstdra.**

Smith, (Samuel Stanhope,) D.D., LL.D,, an Amer-

philosophy in the College of New Jersey, and in 1794
■ncceeded his father-in-law, Dr, Wilherspoon, as presi-
dent of that institution. He was the author of "Lec-
tures on the Evidences of the Christian Religion," and
other works. Died in 1S19.

Smith, (Seba,) an American writer, bom at Buck-
field, Maine. He published in 1833, under the name of
"Major Jack Downing,"a series of humorous letters on
political subjects, which became widely popular. His
Other prindpat worlts are "Powhatan," a poem, "Away
Down East, or Portraitures of Yankee Life," (1855,) and
"New Elements of Geometry." Died in i8w.

Smith, [Rev. Sydkev,) a celebrated EngtUh divine
»«)writer,wasbomatWoodfoTd,lnEssex,ini77i. He
■tnaed at New College, Oxford, of which he became a
Fellow in 1790. Having taken holy orders, he obtained
thecuracyofNetherhaven, in Wiltshire, about 179 J. He
became tutor la the son of t Mr. Beach, with whom he

the court of Henry II. of France. He w

English Commonwealth," (jiS&h)

ti SlilTff

passed about five years In Edinbargh, where be *••»
dated with Jeffrey, Brougham, and other WMg*. H«
was one of the fonndere and the first editor of the
" Edinlnirgh Review," the first number of which was
issued in 180a. He married alwut 1800 a lady named
Pytras, and removed to London in 1S04. In 1806 he
was presented to the living of Foslon-le^lav, in York-
shire. He greatly promoted the cause of Catnolkeman*
dpaiion by an anonvmous work, entitled "Letten oa
the Subject of the Catholics to my Brother Abraham,
bv Peter Ptymley," (iSoy-oS.) which had a ver7 lai^
arculation. In 1809 be published two volames of Ser-
mons. For many years he was a regular contributor
to the "Edinbureh Review." He was appointed preb>
endarj of Brbtol, and rector of Combe-Ftorey, (neat
Taunton,) In iSaS, and obtained a prel)endal stall In
Saint Pant's, London, lit 1831. Died in Ftbtuair, 184c

Sydney Smith was ^atly distinguislied for nis ym,
humour, and oonversationa) powers. Among bis workt
is"Elementary Sketches of Moral Philosophy," (I Sja)

Sea ■ "IfoMir of Sydmr SDlhl^" br hl> dasihlw. Ladv Hmt
LAND, > ToU.. iSjji AujKHiB,"Kedo(iU]ro(Auihan;""Ba*-
t»r^ Rtview" for April, iSn, lad Julr, iSu: " Quuterlf Ainnn"
«l «»iL, publiihei In Jum ii^ B^ember, iStj; •'Wnit't
Ma(uliu'' fer Iu)<r. >Sj]: "Ni>r£ Anuricui Rann" far Jidt.

Smith, [Sir Thomas,) aa English statesman and
scholar, bom in Essex about ijii. He stndied at
Queen's College, Cambridge. Having spent several
years in France and Italy, and talcen the degree of LL.D.
at Padua, he was appointed, after his return, regius
professor of taw at Cambridge. After the acc«ssloa of
Edward VI., he was appointed in ■548seCTelarTofttBt^

id subsequently sent on jnissiona to Bnisscia and to

e court of Henry IT '

work entitled "The „ _ , ,_

a treatise "On the Correct Pronunciation of the G
Language," (in Latii),)-and other works. Died in IS7^

S» Srivra, " Lilv at SirThoaus Smith." lioS; "NannUs
EKcanphii Gtejralb"

Smith, (Thomas,) an English dergymln, bom in
London in 1638, wrote a treatise "On the Credibility oif
the Mysteries of the Christian Religion." Died Id 171&

Smith, (Thomas L.,) an artist, bom in Glasgow, Scot-
land, E>ecember 1, 1835. He studied art In New York,
and )n 1S70 was chosen an assodate of the National
Academy, He attained success and fame as a painter
of winter subjects, and has written much on subjects
connected with art. He has also invented a system of
underground telegraph conatruction. [Died In iSSf.]

Smith, (Thomas Sonruwixtt),} U.D., an Engllsk
physidan and writer of great merit, bom about 179%
He studied at Edinburgh, and subseqaently settled In
London, where he became physidan to the Fever Hot-
^tai. He was one ofthe founders of the "Westminster
Review," to which he contributed several excellent
treatises, one of which, entitled "The Use of the Dead
to theLiving," obtained extensive popularity. His other
principal works are an essay on the "Divine Gov^.
ment,'" "The Philosophy of Health," (1834,) and *
"Treatise on Fever," esteemed one of the most valua-
ble that has appeared on the subject Died in t36i.

S« AuiBHi. "Dicdoouy of Anihoni'* "Htv Siliit of the
A^e," br R. H. Homa.

Bmlth, [ToULUiN,} an English legal and mlsoella-
neous writer, born in Birmingharat May 39, 1S16, pulh
lished "The Law of Nuisances and Sewage Works,"
" On the Discovery of America by die Northmen In the
Tenth Century," etc. Died April a8, 1869.

Smith, (Walter Chambers,) D.D., LLI>., a Sco^
tish Free-Church divine and poet, bom In AlKrdeen id
1824. He was educated at Marischal College, and vra*
ordained in London in iE5a His pastorates were chicfir
in Edinbunih andGlasgow. He publiahed " The bishop's
Walk,""OIrigGrange,""Biriand Hall," "Hilda among
the Broken Cods," etc Di?diDigo6.

Smith, (\V[LUAM,} an English herald and ai

«ai *; t asi; g iarif; I as/; 0, u, X, ju«Hra/,- N, fMio/; R, Aiiy/^; I as s; th as In M

d by Google

SMiTH M

Bmltb, (WiLLiAU.) an English translHIor, born at
Worcalrr m 171 1. He transjat«d Longinua and Thv-
crdidea into Engliah. II« became Dean of Cheater
about I7S& Died in I787.

Bmiui, (WtLUAM,) an English stateinun, waa elected
(aParliamcni from Sudbury in 1784, and waaarepre-
•entali*e Uam Norwich in iSoa. He was an eamett
advocate of the cause of the dissenten, and of other
[eTorma. Died in iSjC

fimith, (William.) an English geologtn, bom at
Churchill, in Oxfordshire, In 1769, 1* called the lather
of English geology. He was the first in England to
discover the constancy in the order of the a>i per position
of strata. In 1799 he published a treatise "On the
Uider of the Strata and their Imbedded Organic Re-
mains in the Vicinity of Bath." !Ie published the first
■■Geological Map o[Engl>nd,"(i8oi,) and a larger map
of the game about 1815. Died in 1S39.

Smltli, (Sir WiLLiAU,) an English philologist and
jurist, born in London In iSij. He aludied in the
Onivertiiy of London, and afterwards became professor
of the Latin, Greek, and German lancuaget at the in-
dependent colleges of Homerton and Highbury. He
published in 1841 his " Dictionary of Greek and Roman

5« CAKmLi,''IJ>a

Diciionanr „ . ^

lOlogy," (3 Toll. Svo, 1849,) and (he " Dictionary of

rccK and Roman Geography," (1 vols. Svo, 1957.)

"Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biogriphy and My<
,. /_ _.,_ ... •jjndif ""■-

_„„._phv," (a

These excellent work* are prooabW

Roman Geography," (1 vols. 8t

, 1 !....,.. .._ most valuable

nnuce, and arc illustrated by

Dr. Smith also wrote a " School

the Roman

of the kind in tbt lanpiue, and
numerous engravings. Dr. Smith als
History of Greece, ^om the Earliest T

tional books. He was the chief editor of a "Dictionary
of the Bible; compiiunjr jis Antiquities, Biogiaphy,
Geography, and Natural History," (3 vols. Svo, 1S60-63.)
and in 1875 completed hii Urge " Alias of Biblical and
Claisical Geography." In 1867 he became editor of the
"Quarterly Review." He was knighted in 1892.
Died 1S93.

Smith, (Sir WiLUAH CuiACK,) a distinguished Irish
Jurist, and friend of Edmund Sutke, born m 1766. He
studied ai Oxford, and rose through several high offices
to be sdicitoT -general for Ireland miSoo, and baron of
the exchequer in iSoa. He had a high reputation for
eloquence, legal knowledge, and moral rectiiude, and
was an advocate of Catholic emancipation and other
iahportant reforms. Died in 1836.

Bmltli, (WiLUAH F.,) an American general, born
M Saint Alban's, Vermont, in 1834. graduated at West
Point In 1S45. He coi^manded a division in the Chick-
ahominy campaign, became a major-general about July,
1863, and served at tbeMtlleorXniietam, September 17
of that year. He led a ^^rps at the battle of Fredericks-
bnrg, December 13, lS6i, and at that of Cold Harbour,
tune 3, (SS4. He was brevetted major-general in i86j.
Resigned in 1867. Died February 18, 1903.

Bmltb, {WiLUAM LOUGHTON,) an American diplo-
mstitt and statesman, was elected to Congress from
South Carolina in 1789, and in 1800 was appointed
minister to Spain. He publiahed several political works
and essays, under the signature of "Fhocion." Died
la i8i3.

Bmltli, (WnxiAU Robcktson,) LL.D., a Scottish
Orientalist, born at Keie, Aberdeenshire, November S,
1846. He studied at Aberdeen, at New College, Ed i-

r of

that office on account of his views regarding some parts
of the Old Testament, lie allerwardu \!\% assiataiit

editor of the " Encyclopedia Dril.innica." ninth edition,
and editor-in-chief after 1SS7. In 18S3 he became a
professor in the University of Cambridge. Among
his works are "The Old Testament in the Jewish
Church," (1S80,) and "Religion of the Semites,"
(1889,) Died March 31, 1894.

SMYTH

Bmltli, (Sir WaUAM SiDNEV,) a celebrated English
admiral, bom at Westminster about 1764. He entered
the navy at an early age, attained the rank of captain,
and commanded a flotilla against the French in the
campaign of 1796, in which he was taken prisoner.
Having effected bis escape in 1798, he was appointed to
command a squadron on the coast of Egypt, and distin-
guished himself by his skill and bravery in the deieace
of Saint Jean d'Acre against Napoleon's army. After
signing a treaty with Kleber for the evacuation of E^fpl
by the French, he returned to England, and was elected
to Parliament for the city of Rochester in iSo*. He.
became vice-admiral in igie^ and admiral in iSsi, Died'
i4i-

lU :- Jom Bar.

CArTAi7HAiriiv7-rr>-fiaiKin«( SbWnSldn^

La Roqurm, "Nal'm hitlariaBt ni Sidney Snjih.^ ilic

-N«id)a BiofTsptiic C<n<ralf;* " Bladiwood'i Mkum" i*

Huth,iM.

Bmlth'Bod, (Takes,) an English chemist and idei'
lific wriier, born in the eighteenth century. He studied
at Oxford, where he devoted himself to chemical uialysil
and experimental physics. He published, among other
works, a treatise " On the Composition and CrystalllU'
lion of Cerlain Sulphurets from Hoel Bors in Cornwall,*
"On a Saline Substance from Mount Vesuri us," and

Facts relating to the Colouring- Matter of Vegetables.'
le waa a Fellow of the Royal Sodeij, and a friend of Sir
. lumphry Davy and other eminent philosophers of the
lime. He died in 1S19, feaving the whole of his properly
to found at Washington, in the United Suies, an insu-
tution, called by his name, for the increase and diSuno
of knowledge.

BmlM (DIRK,) a Dutch poet, born at Rotterdam ii

Bmlts or Bmlts, stnli*, (Gaipak,) ■ Dutch pol1^i^
painter, who worked in England and Ireland. He v-
cellcd in painting Hi^dalens, and wu called HaCdaun
Smith. Died in 16^

Smit^ (Louii.) a Dutch pdnter of flo<rer« and frii(
bom at Dort in 163; ; died in 1675.

Smollftt^ (ToHiAS GiOROE.) a distinmiislied Brilid
novelist and historian, born in the vale of Leven, Dua-
bartonshtre, Scotland, in 1711. He studied medidnc it
Glasgow, aiid entered the royal navy as lurgeon's usee
about 1741. Having quitted the naval service in disgnl
about 1744, be settled in London. He produced coirsi
satires, entitled "Advice," (1746.) and "Reproof Is

1747 he married a Creole named Hiss Lascelles, and is

1748 published " Roderick Random," a novel, wliicb
wax ancctssful and displayed a great talent for butnoar.
His next work was " Peregrine Pickle," ■ coarse and li-
centious lale, (1751.) "Count Fathom," another rooiance,
similar in character to the preceding appeared in 17J}.
He was not successful in obtaining practice as apa]F-
■ician. In 1758 be published a "Complete HistofTi'
England from Ihe Earliest Times to the Treatr of Aix-
la-Chapelle," (6 vols.,) which was received with b»o«,
although it has little merit except the style. He after-
wards wrote a " Continuation of the History of Enclind'
10 the year 17&4. During Ihe administraiion of Lord
Bute, Smollett edited "The Briton," a political piper
which supported the ministry and was denounced bf
John Wilkes in Ihe "North Briton." Among hs
numerous works Is "The Expedition of Huuiuhiey
Clinker," 0771.) He went to Italy for his healili is
1770, and died, near Leghorn, in October, 1771.

S«R. ANnnoH, "Ufi rfT. Smoll.n," ■'•J : Sii Wai,t«
Scott, " Di«nphia>l UtmnnDTEniiiiiDi Nortluu;" Di. Uom
"Lil^DfSm^cli.'-'CHAHURS'IlioEnipliieilDiaionAnriil'Eniiuaj

Hailitt. "Cvniie W.iur.:" ■• Inediud 3t»-

Sn»1ltlt.">n Iha "Ailnde UmlUv" IM liH, tin; Caiv. "LM
eT tnflnli Pg*u fiwB jahaM* lo Kirk* Whin j" AiusoM ^»

Bmybeit See SuilUT.

Bmyth, (CuMurr,) D.n, a h^hop, bom at RnH
Gouiiiy of Clare, Ireland, January 34, 181C1 He wi^

^<. 1.0. ^^J^;MAaalIK, lew prolonged; 1,1, 1,^(1,1, f,bri;,-l,t,i«4««Mrv;«j. Oil, lb; nbioO^

d by Google

SMYTH 91

MRy bore the name of TiMOTHV SHVTh. He in youth
Joined the Order of the Pteientilio.i, buE was aflerwirds
transferred to the Tmppists of Melleray. In 1S44 he
mi ordained a priest. In 1849 he went to Iowa, and
there faunded the abliey aE New Melleray, of wliich he
became the prior. In 1857 he was consecrated Eitulai
Kishop of Thanasis, and made administrator of ihe see
of Chicago, and in 1S5S he was translated 10 Ehe See of
I)nbu(]iie. Died September 13, 1865,

Smyth, (Eguert Cofwm,) D.D., an American Con-
gregalionaliEt divine, born at Brunswick, Maine, August
39, 1839. lie graduated at Bowdoin College in 1%^%,
•tudied divinity in the Seminaries of Andover and Ban-
gor and in the Univcrsitv of Berlin, was professor of
rhetoric in Uowdoin College, 1854-56, and of natural
and TEvealed leiigion, iS5&-£3, and in the latter year
wu called to the chair of eccleEiaslical histoiy in An-

„._ a translation {with C. J. H, Ropes) orUhlht...-
"CioDflict of Christisoity wit£ Heathenism," (1879.)
He died June 13, 1904-

Smyth. [James Caruichael,) a Scottish physician,
born in 1741, published several medical works, and dis-
covered a method of preventing contagion by the use
«r nitrous vapour. He wu a Fellow of the Koyal So-
ciety. Died m lEii.

Smyth, (Newuan,) D.D., an American divine, whose
name in full is Sahubl Phillips Newman Smyik. He
was born in Brunswick, Maine, June 15, 1843. and is a
•on of Professor William Smyth, and a brother of Pro-
fessor E. C. Smyth. He graduated at Bowdoin College
in lS6r served as a volunteer officer in the army, 1S64-
£^ and entered Ihe Congregational ministry. A suspi-
cion of doctrinal unsoundness caused his rejection when
proposed as a candidate (or a professorship in Andover
Seminary, but he was soon after called 10 an important

Kistorate in New Haven, His principal woiks are "The
ellgious Feeling," (1877,) " Old Faith in a New Ught,"
(1879,) "Orthodox Theology of To-Day," (iSSi,) and
"Domcr on the Future State," (1883).

Bmyth, (Piazei,) a British astronomer, a son of W.
H. Smyth, noticed below, was born at Naples, January 3,
1819. In 1845 hevras appointed astronomer royal for Scot-
land, and professor of practical aslronpmy in the Univer-
■ilT of Edinburgh. Among his works are "Tencriffc,"
"Three Cities in Russia," (1862,) "Ufe and Wo.k at
the Great Pyramid," (1867,] "Antiquity of Intellectual
Man," (i36S,) "Uuc Inheriunce in the Great Pyramid,"
etc. Died February zi, igoo.

Bmyth, (Thomas,) D.D., born at Belfast, Ireland, In
tSoS, emigrated to the United States, and in 1832 be-
came pastor of the Second Presbyterian Church in
Charleston, South Carolina. He has published "The
Ufe and Character of Calvin Defended," and other
theological and controversial works. Died In 1873.

Smyth, (Thomas A.,) a general, bom in Ireland,
emigrated to the United Slates. For his conduct at
Cold Harbour, June, 1864, he was appointed a brigadier-
general. He was killed near Farmville, Virginia, in
April, 1865.

Smyth, (WiLUAH,) an English poet and scholar,
born at LJverpool in 1766. He took his degree al
Cambridge, where he was appointed in 1809 professor
of modern history. lie published a treatise " On Ihe
Evidences of Christianity," "English Lyrics," and a
collection of " Lectures." Died in 1S49.

Bmyfb, (William Henry,) an English naval officer,
born in Westminster in 17SS, was employed in 1S13
in a survey of the coast of Sardinia. He published
■ " Sketch of the Present State of the Island of Sar-
dinia," and " The Mediterranean : a Memoir, Physical,
Historical, and Nautical," (1S54.) Ht was made a
rear-admiral Jti 1853. Died in 1865.

Snipe, (Andrew,) an English ttieologjan, bora >i
Ilampiun Court about 167a He wrote against Hoadly.
Died in 1742.

Snayera, sni'frs, (Henry,) a skilful Flemish en-
graver, born at Antwerp in 1612. He engraved some
works of Rubens.

SNORRISTURL VSON

SnBIl, (LunwTR,) born il Idstein, in the tluctiy of
Nassau, in [785, became profensor of political science
at Berne, in Switzerland. Died in 1854.

Bnell, (RuDOLru,) a Dutch mathematician and phj-

logist, born at Oudenarde In 1547, became professot

■ mathematics at Leyden. Diedin 1613.

Snail, (WiLHELM,) a German jurist, brother of Lud-
wig^ noticed above, was born at Idstein in 1789. He
became successively professor of law at BUe, Zurich,
and Berne, in Switzerland. Died in 1851.

Snell, [Lat. Ssel'lius,] ( Wiu.ebroi>,) a Dutch
mathematician, born at Leyden in 1591, was a son of
Rudolph, noticed above. He discovered the law of the
refraction oflight, that the sines of the angles of incidence
and refraction have to each other a constant ratio. He
published, besides other works, "CyclQmetricus."(i62i,)
a treatise on the measurement of a circle^ Died in t62&

£« FopriNs. " Blblioibeca Beleia ;" MoHtvcLa, " Httiobt des
tlathfmaliquH."

Snellaert, snelllRt, (Ferdinand AucusrvN,) a
distinguished Belgian writer, bom al Courtrai in 1S09.
Among his principal works are an essay on the history
of Flemish poetry, entitled "Over de Nederlandsche
Dichikunst in Belgle," (1838,) and "A Brief Sketch of
Dutch and Flemish Literature," (" Korl Begrip eenei
Ueschiedenis der Nederlandsche Letlerkunde," 1849)
He founded a society for the cultivation of the Ftemisli
language. Died July 3, iS7>.

BneUinoka, anil'links, or SnelUna; (Jan.) a Flem-
ish painter of history and battles, born at Mechlin in
1544. He worked at Antwerp: Died in i6jS.

Baelllua. See Sneli.

Sne'then, (Nicholas,) an American Methodist di-
vine, bom on Long Island in 17&9, settled in Maryland,
and was elected chaplain to Congress. He was_ an
eloquent and popular preacher, and one of the principal
founders of the Methodist Protestant Church. Died in

Sno;

ineyden. See Snyders.

Bnladeckl, ane-1-dits'skce, (AndKew.) a Polish
physiologist, born in 1768, studied at Pavla under Gal-
vani antl Volta, and subsequently al Edinburgh. Mo
became professor of chemistry and pharmacy at Wilna
in 1797. He was Ihe author of a "Theory of Organic
Existences," (in Polish,] which Is regarded as a standard
work and has been translated into French and Gcrtnan.
Died in 1838.

See BAUNtKi. ' Blcftnphie d'A. SniadecU," i>46.

Biiliideckl,(JoHN,) acelebrated Polish mathematician
and astronomer, born in Gnesen in 1756, was a brother
of Andrew, noticed alnive. He studied at Cracow, and
iluequently visited Paris, where he made the acquaint-
iceoi D'Alembert, Laplace, and other eminent savants^
and on hit return to Poland became professor of astron-
omy and mathematics at Cracow, Having resided for a
lime in England, and made another tour on the continent,
he was appainted in 1S06 rector of the Universitv of
Wiln.i, which under his direction obtained Ike bigtiesl
reputation for the culture of the exact science's, Snia-
decki was a corresponding member of Ihe Saint Peters-
burg Academy, to which he contributed a number of
valuable astronomical observations. He published a
" Physical and Mathematical Description of the Globe,"
" Philosophy of the Human Mind," m which he opposes
the system of Kant, "Spherical Trigonometry," (iBa^l
"Miscellaneous Writings," 1 vols., (1822-14,) and other
works, which are highly esteemed. Died in iSjjo.

BnoiTi-BttuIaBOii,snoR'reestur'l&<son, written also
-Btiuleson or -StnrulsoD, one of the most eminent
poets and scholars of Iceland, was born in 1 178. He
was educated by the learned Ion, and soon distinguished
himself by his attainments In almost every department
of knowledge. He was afterwards appointed to the high
office of interpreter of the law, end obtained the rank
of jarl, (a word etymological ly related and nearly corre-
sponding to our "earL") His avarice and his turbulent
disposition, however, involved him in a quarrel with his
own family, several ofwhom joined a Action of his enc-

mvtk, i»ii;iAar4; t*'J;^'^^f'f"^i Vti'<ual:*,tnlltd: lai

1; itttmnitkit. <|^*SeeEaplanatk>ns,p,'a3.)

Digitized by CjOOQ I C

SNOY

«ue(, and he wu mardcred by his own Bons-in-Uw, ( 1241.)
His greatest work is a collection of sagas, entitled the
" Heimskringla," which has been translated into Latii^
Swedish, and Danish ; Ite Is also supposed to have writ-
ten the first part of the Snotra-Edija, entitled "The
Gytfa-Gbning," the Scaldic songs called " Kanningu,"
and " Hattalykill," [the "Key ofihe Wise.")

Sc« CuaHHoui. " DIwUIId At Snomnii Stiir]aiiii& Hbtcfia,
1B41 : Nouvellc Blocnphie Gtoiraii."

Snoy, snoi, (RECNiBft or Kehikr,) a Dutch historian
and physician, born at Gouda in 1477. He wroie a
Latin history of Holland, " Oe Rebus Baiavicis," (i6la)
Died in 1537.

Snjdert or Bnerders, sni'df rs, or Buyers, snl'f 1
(Francis,) an eminent Flemish painter, bom at Ar
werp in 1579, studied fruit- and flower ■painting under
Henry van Balen. He afterwards devoted liimself
chiefly to the delineation of animals and hunting -scenes,
which are among the most admirable narks of their
kind. He was an Intimate friend of Rubens and Jor-
daens, for whose pictures he freiiuenily painted the
animals and still lire. Among his master-pieces are
a stag-hunt, and other similar productions, painted iai
Philip HI. of Spain. Died in 1657.

Su OuCAvn, " Via it Ftintrt* Flu

SQana, [Sir John,) a celebrated English architect,
born at Reading in 1753. Having studied for a lime
itnder Dance and Holland, he das enaliled, through the
Influence of Sir William Chambers, to visit Italy "
■ student <^ the Royal Academy. After his return
England he was successively appointed architect to the
royal woods and forests, surveyor 10 Chelsea Hospital,
and professor of architecture at the Royal Academy,
[lSo6.) Among ,his principal works are the Free-
masons' Hall, Dutwich Gallery, and the State Paper
Office In Saint James's Park, London. He died in
1837, bequeathing to the nation his valuable collections
of ancient and modern art

SoADeii, so'f n&N', (Jean.) a French prelate, bom at
Riom in 1647, was an eloquent preacher. He Iiecanie
Bishop of Senez in 169;, and, having; Identified himself
with ue Jansenists, —
■740.

Boave, so-l'vi^ (Francesco,) an Italian teacher and
writer, born at Lugano in 1743. He was professor of
philosophy at Milan, and professor of ideology at Pavla.
He published, besides other works, "Moral Tales,"
C Novelte morali,") which are highly commended. Died
•t Pavia in 1806.

8h Saviou, "Do^ di Soar*," itat: "Viu di Fi. Save,*
(anorjrnsui,) 18 ij.

Sobleskl,' so-be-Cs'kee, (James Louis,) a Polish
nobleman, a son of the following, was born in Paris in
1667. He displayed greal courage in the campaign
against the Turks in 16S3. After the death of his father.
In i6qG, he aspired to the throne ; but the Poles pre-

s suspended in 1717. Died i;i

and king, bom of a noble familv in

an early age he distinguished himself bv r

Invasions of the Cossacks, Tartars, and R

and

tn i66s was made grand marshal and hetman of Po-
land. In i6ti he defeated the Turks under Mahomet
IV,, and look the fortress of Kotaim. On the death of
Michael, King of Poland, in 1674, John Sobleski was
elected his successor. The Turks, having again invaded
Poland, were soon after driven out by Sobieski, and a
peace was concluded between the nations. In 1683 he
marched to the relief of the Austiians besieged in Vi-
enna hj a numerous army under the grand-vizler Kara
Mustafa, and, with the assistance of his French and
German allies, raised the siege of the city and eipelled
the Turks from the country. He died in 1696, having
earned the reputation of one of the truest patriots his
coonliy has produced.

Sn Covaa, "fiiitoin i» Jm SolMlii.'' j nli., ir«i: S>

Soctn. See Socitnn.

80-cI'ntu, [Faustos,) the Latin name of FAUtro
SouiNi, (fSws'to Eot-see'nee,) [Fr. Faustb Socin, I%i(

service of the Grand Duke of Tuscany, and adopted

— f ._■_■.._. .. "le removed to Swit-

J vcan at BSle

idy of theology, he visited Transylvania, and ii

It Bile in itas

began to propagate his doctrines in Poland, where he
made many converts. He rejected the doarine* of pre-
destination, atonement, and original Bin. In 1594 be
published a work "On Christ the Saviour," ("De Jei«
Christo Servatore,") for which be was violently perse>
cuted. Died in Poland in i£o4.

S« J. TouunM, " Uta of t. Sodnu." ijji i StiioiL Pun.
cmin,''Viu FiuMi Sodni/' i6)S 1 Bavlb, " Hiwarial udCriiial
)iciifmiiF;" PiSARSKi, " bUHrtiuia d* Vita F. Sediu," 17U)
' Nourdk BiopipUs Otniitit."

Boclnoa, (LiCLius,) an ni

.hefirstteadierofSociniandc- , ..-

in ISSJ. He was versed in the Hebrew and Greek Ian-
guages. Atwut 1545 be emigrated from Italy, probably
to avoid persecution. He travelled or wandered in
France, Ei^Iand, Germany, and Poland. He appears
to have acted with much arcumspection and reserve in
the assertion of his opinions, which were similar to
those of Faustus Socinus, and which neither Catholics
nor Protestant! would then tolerate. Died at Zuricb
' isfia.

S« C F. IllOo, " Tin F. Sotini," iii4 1 ' HiMmll* BiefnrU*
Rtelnle."

Booqa«t^ solii', (Joskpk Makie,) a chemist, bom
In Savoy in 1771, became professor of chemlstnp at
Lyons in 1809. He published several works. Died
'" 1839.

Boo'r^-tSl.rGr. Iovfin?r; LaL SotfaATES 1 Fr. So
tniATE, so'knil'; It. Socbate, so-kal'ti,] the illustrious
founder* of Grecian philosophy, was bom at Athens
about 470 B.a Several modern writers, on the author.
ity of Demetrios Phalercus and others, have given Ih«
fourth year of the seventy -seventh Olympiad — that i^
468 B.C.— as the date of his birth ; but this can scarcely
be correct, as we are told in the "Apology" of Socrates
that he was then (399 B.a) more than seventy years old i
hence he could not have been born later than 469 B.a
His falher, Sophrbniscus, was a sculptor, his mother,
Phaenaiete, a midwife. He was educated to his £alher'i
art, t^ which he supported himself after he was grown
•- manhood. Subsequently Crito, a weallhy and gener-

s Athenian, admiring the lea! for knowledge and the
genius evinced by Socrates, furnished him with the means
to procure books and pay his teachers in the varloes
branches of art and science then taught at Athens, and
allerwards became one of his most faithful and devoted
disciples. According to some writers, Socrates was a
pupil of Anaxagoras; but this is very doubtful,' as Plata
represents him in the " Phaedo" as saying that he be.
came acquainted with the doctrines of Anazagotat frmi

book written by this philosopher.

Socrates served as a soldier during the PeloponnMiiS
.'ar in three different campaigns. He was remarkable
for the fortitude, or rather indiSerence, with which he
bore the severest privations and hardships of a militity
life. In one of the actions during his first campaign ha
saved the life of his pupil Alcibiades, for which exploit
he would have received the priie of bravery, (dplffrooy)
but, at Socrates' own request, it was transferred 10 Aid-
blades. In the second campaign, at the battle of Delium,
in which the Athenians were defeated, he saved the lifs
of Xenophon, another of his pupils. On this occasion,
when everywhere around him was fear and flight, he
exhibited a calm, determined courage which inspired Ml
pursuers with such respect and lear that Ih^ gladly
permitted him to retreat unmolested. He afterward*,
as senator, displayed a far higher and rarer courage.
He was ordered by the Thirty Tyrants to assist «
bringing back to Athens Leon, who, to escape their
iny, bad fled to Salamis. Socrates firmly refuied

1; be (uiltr

HriCicirci.''tlwEith<

tlif,"0'niH/'*ilimfiiMJxniiici/itiU.y (" Di Fiwtaii^" il

(,e,l,6,u,f,l^i^;i,t,6,6AaK,les»^iAaagtdii,i,l,l^!i,S,tAgr1;t,^l^tiitainiat,0^

d by Google

SOCJiATSS ii

to take an; part tn tb« aSair, Tor wh[ch he would per-
hap* have luITtred <lealh had not the government of
the Thirty been soon after ovcnhrown. On a previous
occasion, when president (ijti/talti) of the Ptylanes,
his inflejiible dcvoiion to iuiiice wai stilt more signally
•hown. The question before (he assemblv was the sen-
tence to be passed on the admirals who Kad neglected
to bury the dead after the batile of Arginusz. The
biirUI of the dead was regarded by the ancient Greeks
M among tho most important and sacred of all duiie*.
It was, however, clearly proved th»^ owina to a violent
■lonn, it was impossible to recover the bodies of (he
■lain. Had (he question then lieen put to vote, the ad-
mirals vrould beyond doubt have been acquitted. But
the accusers succeeded in adjourning the aisembty, on
the pretext that It was then too dark to count (he hands
of the voters. Meanwhile, everything possible was done
(o inflame (he minds of (he people against the accused.
In their ]»'(y for the dead, the multitude lost sight of
their dnt; to (he living. The vo[ea were (o be given on
the general question whether the admirals had been
guilty in omitting the recovery of the bodies of those
who ftll at Arginuse. If they should be found ^ilty,
the penalty for all was death and the confiscation of
their property. But It wa* contrary to law to condemn
all by one vote of the assembly. Socrates, as epistates,
refused to put (he question to vote ; be would in no wise
sanction what was illegal and unjust The populace be-
came furious, and demanded that those who opposed
their will should themselves be punished. The other
prytanes yielded ; Socrates alone remained firm and
■nmoved by (he menaces of the angry multitude.* So
the question could not lie put to vole that day, and the
assembly was again adjourned. Afterwards, however,
anollier epistates was chosen, and the admirats were
condemned. {See Wigger's "Life of Socrates," pp. lil.-
)*.) Socra(es appears to have held no office in the gov-
artiment eicept (hat of senator, already referred (o. He
believed that he was called by Heaven (o a difleren(
class of dudes, — to be a teacher of wisdom and virtue,
•-And, therefore, (he voice of the divinityt within him had
wanted him against engaging in the contests of a political
life. He availed himself of every opportunin of awaking
{n tlte minds of the young the love of wisdom ; and, if
sra may trust (he accounts that have come down to us.
In was endowed not only with a talent for subtle and
profound reasoning, which rendered him more than a
natch for the ablest sophisu and rhetoricians of thai
age, bat there was also a marveilous and irreustiblc
bscination in his talk, of which history furnishes per-
bap« no other example, i^ian calls (his peculiar power
" the Siren of Socrates." " When I hear him speak,"
says Aldbiadcs,) "mv heart leaps up more than (he
hear(s of those who celebrate (he Coiybantic mysteries;
my (ears are poured oui as he Calks, — a (hing I have seen
happen to many others besides myself. 1 have heard
Pericles and other excellent orators, and I have been
pleased writh their discourses, but I sufTered nothing of
this kind [ nor was my soul ever on these occasions
disturbed and filled with self-reproach. . . . But he has
often affected me in (he way I describe, iin(il the life
which 1 lead Kcmed hardly worth living ... I stop

H« mnrs thill probibli tint Kcnes had Infon Va mind

Sof Sooiln boiHnc lb* Ian of iha Aihntti nsb, and
ntasnical anwHuid of lb« ThiHT, wlm Iw wrou Ihov
Una <■ Ob lb* JuM Mu," Oih. ii(. odi J.)

Noa civhun ardor pnva jubnduBb
Hm TidiM insuntls lyTual
HnHiiHlitHlidL-
not b* impiDpsr lo a«<^ Ih* rudir icsiiin a miiMlii

spukinji of the divine Intimjilloni which Socnlfl bf
_«:_« jriin hhn. ■nwpriin«TT«'imiJle»iionof ihtn-
r, Iftas, UifMf, "nd,") which SocrM* ipplUd
nwrftet,i»''lh« dlTiiiilri"M-i(i«diviB«oM."
dmftetoiayllialwmiidiTinapMrertdnwiiuliM
leinahithliici. ThtMct*«i°" of •■>■■■• "■<>'*''>
_ . . . ■ tuid rt tw(i«m> nHrelr lo eipiEW
eniokal iadrMai* •nidi ha eaald bm rtadil*
rW auwu^.. I ' ■ - -'-'

iraraBdlivinaT

tSH PuWi " Baa^BK" (■

.■■>

SOCRATES

torn the Sirens^ and Aee away ■•
fas( as possible, (hat I may not sit down beside him and
grow old in listening to his talk. . . . But I know not
if any one of you have ever seen (he divine imagea
whicii are wiihm when he is serious and opens himselC
I nave seen (hem ; and they are so supremely beaulifol, '
so golden, so divine and wonderful, thai everyihing which
Socrates commands surely ought to be obeyed, even lika
the voice of a God."

It is impossible to state precisely at what time Socra-
tes fit9( began (o leach; but from (he manner in which
he is spoken of in the "Clouds" of Arisiophanp, (repre-
sented for the first time 413 b.c,] he must have beeit
already well known as a teacher of philosophy. Some
have assumed that, as ihe representation of (hat comedy
occurred twenty-four years t>efore the death of Socrates,
it could have had no share In producing his condemna-
tion ; bat (he truth of this is very questionable. Il is
by no means Improbable that a popular drama addressed
lo (he prejudices of (he masses should leave upon (heir
minds a permanently unfavourable impression, which
any fresh cause might excite into ac(ive hoG[ili(y.

Be this as itmay,about400l.c. an orator named Lprcont
with Meletus, a poet, and Anytus, an inlltienlial dema-
gogue, brought an accusation against Socrates that he
disbelieved (he gods of his country and sough[ to intro>
duce new deities, and that, moreover, he was guilty of
corrupting the Athenian youth. The judges declared
him guilly, leaving the punishment as yet undetermined.
When called upon (o offer what he could in mitigadon
of the sentence, he would make no concession. Con-
scious of innocence, he would not confess himself guilly.
His calm, dignified, and almost haughty manner ap-
pears to have irritated and Incensed the judges, who
were accustomed 10 the most humble and even abject
behaviour from those whom they had condemned. He
dosed hi* defence, or "apology," wiih these memorable
words ; " We must now depart, I t(> die, and you (a
live ; but which of as has (he happier destiny Is known
only to God." He was sentenced lo death by a majority
far greater than that by which he had been pronounced
guilty. By a law of Athens, the sentence coutd not b«
carried into execution until the return from Delos of the
vessel which had been sent thither on the periodic reli-
eious embassy or mission called Tlueria. This obtained
for him a reprieve of thirty days, which he spent in con-
versation wllh his friends on (h; highest and most im-
portant subjects,— among others, on ihe duty of obeying
the laws, and not seeking (0 escape from ihem, even in
cases, like his own, where they might seem lo be applied
unjustly; and on the immortality of the soul, for hi*
own belief in which he gave perhaps the most admirable
arguments tha[ have ever yet been offered by the human
intellect in support of that sublime doctrine.

When at length the sacred vessel had returned fron
Delos, and (he order was sent for bit execution, he
drank (he fatal hemlock wi(h (he u(moa( composure, a*
one who was selling oul on a happy journey might drink
to the health of the friends he left behind. In Ihe clos-
ing scene of his life he was serene and even cheerful,
but in his manner (here was nothing like bravado, no*
thinj; in his conduct or language that was not indicativa
of simplicity and entire sincerity. He approached hi*
death not as one who demanded of the gods a happjp
futurity in return for a virtuous life, but rather as ona
who had a firm though bumble hope that the Great
Being, whom he believed to exercise a benevolent and
constant care for man, would free him from the disease
and darkneta incident lo his earthly lib, and give bin
an inheritance in a divine and ipirilual Ungdom. Ha
died in 399 or, as some say, 400 B.c

Socraie* has been reguded by almoM dnivertal C0A>
sent a* the most perfect example of a wise and vlrtooM
man that pagan antiquity presents to us. Pope but ex*
presses the prevailing seniimenl when be aasigna lo hia
tlM £rtt place aoaong the heroes

"Of Uh nalir and Uis fBiItT hBMk
Fair VirtiM'* uleal (raia : Bipmiu of tbaa
Hira na ihiDa Uh (odlika iacnaai."~Trmfb tfFmmit,

Hi* character is thus given by his friend and disdpit
Xenophon 1 " Aa to mysell^ knowing Mm to be such a

ti\haTii%Mj:%Vi.%^XittttrQli»,Haiai:^trm*i;\»t;\'i,mvilhit, (t9-SeeElplanatkm*,p.i3.f

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

them ! »o just lowJirds men as never to do the ilichiesi
injury to any one. whiJe he conferred the grealesi oene-
. fits on all who came in contact with him ; so temperate
■nd chaste as never to prefer pleasure to vhal was right j
so wise as never to err in judging of good and evil, nor
needing the aid of others in order proixrly to discrimi-
nate between them ; so able to discourse upon, and
accurately define, »uch points as those of which we have
been speaking; so skilful in penetrating the hidden
charactecs of men, and seizing the fittest time to reprove
the erring and turn them to Ihe paths of virtoe; being
•uch, I cannot but consider him as the most excellent
■nd most happy of mankind. But if any one thinks
differently, let nim compare the character of Socrates
with that of any other man whatsoever, and then let
faim decide."

Sociates is commonly believed to have been very
nnforlunate fn his domestic relations. It Is, however,
probable that there is much eia^ration In the reports
that have come down to us of Xanthippe'* intoletabfe
temper. Socrates evidently entertained for her ■ nncere
regard, and Speaks highly of her domeslic littuei. (See
Xenophon'i " Memorabilia," lib. iL i, 7.)

Socrates committed nothing to writing ; he taught his
disciples by oral instruction only. Almost all that we
know of his philosophic views, as well as of his personal
chiiracter, is derived from the works of his disciules
Plato and Xenophon. Of all whom he taught, Plato
alone appears to have fully understood the essential
character, the depth and extent, of his philosophy. But
although Plato'makes Socrates the chief interlocutor tit
his dialogues, we arc not therefore warranted in ra-
(uming that the master taught every doctrine which the
disciple has altubuted to him. Plato, doubtless, often

Chis own thoughts into the mouth of Socrates, either
motives of modesty or for the purpose of clothing
them with greater authority. As Mr. Emerson has aptly
remarked, "Socrates and Plato are Ihe double star which
the most powerful instruments will not entireljp separ-
ate."* By a comparison, however, of the wrliingi of
Xenophon and Plato, we are enabled to conjecture with
a good degree of confidence the essentia] charactcriatica
of Socrates' philosophy. That which cannot lall to
strike every thoughtful reader is the prominence which
he gives to morality in all his teachings. He may be
said, indeed, to contemplate the univecse from an ex-
clusively moral stand-point Anaxagoras had previously
taueht that there was an infinite autocratic Intelligence
or Soul, (hat created and governed all things ; but he
ascribed to (hi* Intelligence no distinctly moral attri*
botes. Socrates likewise recognized an infinite creative
Intelligence as the Soul of the universe, but he also
Unghl that (hi* power was invariably exerted in con-
lormily to certain moral attributes which constituted, lo
to speak, the basis of the Divine character.

Id the opinion of some able critics, (of Schleiermacher
among others,) the world is less indebted to Socratea
for the tTU(hs which he arrived at or discovered than
lor his improved method of philosophic investigation.
Socrates employed with remarkable success a mode of
reasoning first introduced by Zeno of Elea.' He would
ask some person, the errors of whose opinions he wished
U cipuse, a simple question, the answer to which would
seem (o be quite obvious, then gradually lead him on
from one admission to another, till it was too late to
retreat, and impossible to advance without ending in
some absurdity. It is often dillicutt to determine (as
already Intimated) how much of the improved method,
or of the great doctrinei which we discover In the writing*
of Pla(o, are (o be ascribed to Socrates, and howmuch to
bisillusttiousdiiciple. (See Plato.) We have, however,
Ihe direct testimony of Aristotle (hat Socrates must be
regarded as the author of induethii naimiitgitiid of ad-
itnu/ dtfiailiffni. In Socrates inductive reasoning is seen
in its incipient and simplest form. Subsequently Aris-
(o(1e improved greatly on (he idea of Socrates, and he
baa ^ven as a definition of Induction so complete and

," In llil "ReprMtnw

so clearly and impressively the manner and spbk w
which the search after truth should be conducted. Ity
pointing out the importance of thoroughly and accurately
defining our ideas before we proceed to reason •a^aa
them, he has done much to remove the most frujtful
and most universal source of error connected with human
thought While exposin" the pretended knowledge of
the Sophists, who claimed to be so wise, he taught how
necessary were modesty and a just appreciation of the
limits and weakness of the human intellect, as well aa
of its powers, for (he successful pursuit of truth, iio
great, so transcendent are his merits in these respects,
that, as has justly been observed, his life fonns an era
not merely in the history of philosophy, bat in thai of
the human race.

S» Wiccn. "Lir> DfSaenuii" Rtrrsa. " Hitmy it Aacfam
PhilfKDjAy." [uinilated by A. J. W. Mominiw, OiKird, !«]■;>
(X M. Lawn, " Utiainiihi^ Hitlm^r of PhilMaphr:'*ibt cu*nnil

utKit on" SocraW'^iii [he " Enejctopediii UHiaDxia :"=

HACHu on Ihe "Worth of Socnia ai a Philouphcr."
br Tmiilwall, ind includtd in iha reeml Enflirii n—

«■'■ "Life of SiXTittti'O K, CiisanwTiaa. "V» ,

i«»;CiLHitTCaDraii,"LiborSocntH," 1743: F. D. Culach,
"Somm und die SoBhisien," iSjj: J, A. EMiHAaot -Mwm
Apokgie do Socraio,^ 1771: H. W. Ksu.(ii. ■'Soeraiei,"' *
•«>irSf!J-G' HAHAKii,"SocniiKlieI>BkwflrditEluiitn."i7nl
Kitoti, ■'DiBcnuIo d( Vila. Faili anxw PhiloHvliii Somi^^
itb; A.wiH*oH."I^B«uiiodtSocni«."i7U! XaHOPHOH. " He*
ooiitHlii:" PLATD."Diat(«iic*;"G«>n.'^ffinoiTorCr«BL"

Socratea, a Greek painter, mentioned by Pliay, and
supposed to have lived about 310 B.C.

SocrateBsamained Schola-s'ticus, [Fr. SocsATt LB
ScHOLASTiQUE, so'kRlt' tfh sko'lti'itk'^ a Greek eccle-

KIstory

siastical historian, bora at Con

lie was an advocate or lawyer. He wrole

of the Church from 306 to 439 a.iv," which is

tion of the history of Euiebius, and is highly esteemed

for accuracy, moderation, and impartiality. He was op>

posed to all persecution (or leligiou* opinions Died

Saa VAusie* or Vauh^ "Do Viu m Scripda Soentkr Vca^

1754. He published several drain**, and ti
political economy. Died in [831.

Sodoiinl, so-di-ree'nee, (Giovanni VnroKio,) aia
Italian writer on agriculture, was bom at Florence in
1516 ; died in IS96.

Boderin^ (PlErao,) an Italian magistrate, bom at
Florence aboot 1450 He was elected gonUonicr for
Dfa In 150^ bat wai deposed in ijia. Died in >S>3*

Bodoma, IL See RAzn.

See SfiMMumo,

Soanr, Lo, Ifh stri, aomedme* written £• Siwnr.
(HtiBUtT,) an able Frendi sculptor, bom in theaixtacntlt
century, removed to London about ■63a Among his
works is a bronie equestrian statue of Charles L, Mn>
at Charing Croas.

BoB«o, IL See Gatti, (BiRMAKDIitO.}

BoglUntsol-yl'iiee, (Giovanni Antonio,] an Ualiaa
painter of (he Florentine achool, lived about 153a

Bografi, Bo-gRl'fce, (Antonio Simohi,) an Italiaa
dramatist, born at Padua in lyfia He produced msc-
cessful comedies, among which is ■■ Olive and hscaL*
Died in 1815.

Sobn, tCn or z&n, (Kakl Fekdinand^) a Cermaa

K inter and professor in the Academy of Duseldorl^ was
m at Berhn in 1805 ; died In 1867.

Bolrou, von, fon swi'rdN', (AI-EXANDer,) a German
politician, born al Mannheim in 1805. Devoted to th«
cause of Ihe unity of Germ any, he took a prominent put
In the movements of 1848. Died May 6, i8j<.

BoUaona, d«, dfh swI'sAn', [CHAaLKS de Bour-
bon—dfh booR'b6N',) Count, Wn in 1566, was aaon
of Louis I., Prince of Condj. He fought for Heni7 IV.
MAinst the League, and was appointed grand master of
mnce In 1(89. He was turbulent and inclined M
treachery. Died in l6ts.

I, C 1, 0, a, ;, /mjf / 1, t, ^ caiDC, lesa prolonged;. I, e, I,«, B, ]r, i^Mf ; t, f , 1 9. «AMwr; Or, RUl, CLt; mit; nAli B36di n

BotBions, ds, (Louis.) C-^nt. > son of Charles,
noticed ibove, w«i bom in Pari* In i£o4. He rebelled
■gainst Cardinal Richelieu, and was killed b banlr
Id 1641.

Sol*, do, de to'll, (Abrahau,) LL.D., ■ rabbi and
author, wax bom in London, England, September iS,
1835. His ^ther, D. A. de Sola, (1796-1860,) was emi-
nent as a rabbi. The joanger de Sola wa* iu 1848 made

8olmnd«r, ao-lin'dfr, (Uanibl Chakleb,) an etnl-
neni Swedish naturalist and physician, bom in Nordland
in 1736^ wa* a pupil of Linnxus. He took his medical
degree at theUniversityofUpsal, and afterwards visited
Russia and England, wheie he subsequentlj became -~

Socitty in 1764, He sailed in 1768, accompanied by Sir
Joseph Banks, with Captain Cook on his first voyage
round the world. They returned in 1771, having made
« large and valuable collection of objects in natural his-
tory, and in 1773 Solander was appoiuted under-librarian
at tlie British Huseura. He contributed several valuable
articles to the " Philosophical Transactions," and other
•cientific Journals. Died in 17S2.

Solari, so-l&'ree, (Ahdkea,) an Italian painter, called
also Anokba DU. Gob bo, an Italian painter, floorished
at Milan abont isoo-aa

Bolaii, (CkisToroBO,) csJIed il Gobdo, an Italian
•culptor, a brother of Andrea, noticed above, worked
at Milan about 1500^

Solulo, 6m, & so-11're-o, or Solail, to-ll'ree, (An-
Tt>N10,)«n Italian punier, sumamed il Zincako, (" the

inister. Sheik Alee Khan. Died in 1694.
Sa Malcoui, "HiiuirT ol Pnk."

BoUman, sole-mln', or Snloymftti, sfK-II-inln,
written also Bolym&n, (Ibn-Abd-el-Madek, Ib'n Ibd-

el mll'ek,) seventh Caliph of the Omeyyade dynasty,
iucceeded to the throne in 715 A-D. Died In 717.
S« Wilt, "GcKhichEt derClulifrn,'* vol- L clup^ xi,

BoUmftn or Snlejnn^ (Ibn-AI-H&kem, Tb'n aU
hJL'kcm,) a Moorish soldier, who took possession of
Cordova, and caused himself to be proclaimed kin;^ in

^£

. . :1 Fiore, who

*ive him hia daughter on condition of txis acquiring
distinction as a painter. Died in 4455.

S« O. A. Uo«iHU>i.*-MiiaBri* iMh Viu ili A. dt S^ow," itil

BoUUnl, sol-dl'nce, (Amb*ogio,) an Italian nataral-
Iu, bmn at Foppi, in Tuscany, in 1733. He gained
distinction by his researclMS in microscopic fossil shells,
and published "Testaceography and Zoophytography,"
etc, ("Testaceograpbia ae ZooplnptoKraphia parn et
aaicrotcopka,"} voU., t7S9-9&) Died in iSoL

Sh G. Bmkdi, " Elochi uorico di A. Soldud." iSa9 i Rksa.
** I)i*cona HBn W Opm di A. SoUas^" ilis ; Timlm^ " Bkp
V>fta d«fE luliau Uliiiul'*

Boldanl, (jACoro,) an Italian poet, bom at Florence
In isyo- Me wrote seven Satires, which the Academy
Delia Crusca approved as /fM'i&'A'iMfii. Died in 1641,

Bolclasil, (HASSTUtLlANO,) an Italian aculplor and en-
Xraver of medals, born at Florence in 1653; cied in 1740

Sole, del,dtl so^i, (Antonio Maria,) an Italian
landscape-painter, born about 1600 ; died about i6Sa

IS0I4 del, (Gianoioseffo,) an Italian painter, bom
«t Bologna in 1654, was a son of the preceding. He
jwlnted some frescos at Milan. His works (part of
•rhlch are in oill are highly praised. Died in 1719.

Bol8il,io1iI''orso'1fyf,OEAN Bapttstb Francois,)
a Frenchman, distinguished for his skill in the fabrication
of optical instruments and philosophical apparatus, was
00m in Paris in 1798. He was a coadjutor of Fresnet
Jb his scientific labours. Died November 17, 1S78.

BolKer, sol'gfr or lol'gfr, (Karl Wilhelu Ferdi.
Kand^) • Getiiun writer on philosophy and esthetics,
bom at Schwedt in 17S0; died in 1819.

Soli^ sol^', or Booller, sool^', (Jean Pierre,)
* French actor and composer of operas, was bom at
Mimes in 1755 ; died in tSll.

BoUf^o, soltn'ylk', (Pierrb Toseph.) a
writer, born at Montpellier in 1687, Secame seer

secretary t

Bollnun or SolTman. soHe-mln', Sultan of Persia,
bom in 1646. was the son of Abb&s IL, whom he suc-
ceeded in i666t He was a weak and depraved prince,

Hei

IS defeated and slam in 1016.

and the frescos of the saaisty of the Thealines of San
Paolo Maggiote. He was a friend of Luca Giordano,
whom he equalled in genius and reputation. He pub-
Kshed a collectkin of sonnets. Died in 1747.

$« Lmii, " HiUoTT of PiialiBg la luljr;"

■ Hllori Mipoltunl''

Bolln. See Sounus.

Bo-U'iraa, [Fr. Souk, solid',] (Caius Julius,) a
_itin writer, oI whom little is known, lived probably in
the third century. He left a work called " Polyhistor,"
which describes the world known to the ancients, and
is a compilation from Pliny's "Natural History." Sal-
maalus published an edition of the "Polyhistor," in
■6m.

SoUs, de^ di soltss, (Jt7At« Diaz,) a Spanish navt-
„Jitor, bom in the province of Seville, sailed in company
with Plnson to the northern coast of South America, and
discovered Yucatan. In 1513 Soils set out on another
voyage, in which he discovered Cape Frio and obtained
inlormation from the Indians of gold on the banks of the
' er Paraguay. Having returned with this account, he

lied again. In i;!;, with three vessels, but was niur*
dered, with a great part of his crew, by the Indians, aooa
after landing.

Soil* 7 aibadeaslia, da, di so'ltss e re-bl-id'
ni'a-rl, (Airrottlo,) a celebrated Spanish dramatist and
hisEorian, bom at Alcali de Henarcs in 1610. While
studying law at Salamanca, he pnblished a comedy en<
titled " Lore and Duty," which was very successfu).
He was appointed secretary to Philip IV„ and, after hi*
death, historiographer of tne transactions of the Span-
iards in the Indies. Among his dramas we may name
the cojiedies of "The Gypsy-Girl of Madrid," ("La
Gitanilla" (or "Predosa") "de Madrid,") "One Fool
will make a Hundred," ("Un Bobo hace Ciento,") and
"The Castle of Mystery," ("El Alciiar de Secrela"!
Hb " History of the Conquest of Menlco," (" Con-
quista de Mejico," $ vols., 1^4.) though not reliable In
point of accuracy and Impartiality, possesses merit of a
rery high order, and has been translated into several
langiiages. Prescott observes, " In the judgment of
eminent Spanish critics, the style of Solis claims the
merits of perspicuity, copiousness, and classic elegancei"
and he adds, "such is the charm of its composition and
I" -iquisite finish as a work of art, that it will doubtless

Scg ?JiBWOTT " CBBqoHt of aaSco," «t. lii. bwlt tt ! Tien-
Hoa. "Kiuoniol'Spaniih Lilcralure;" N. AKtoNlo, " 6ibli(Mh*e>
Huplnl Ndvi:" iflcitOM, " Miooirw."

BoUohab or BoUogt],b. See ZolijOGOOB.

Bolma, a family of German princes and counts, of
which the principal bouse* are Solms-Braunlels and
Solms-Laubach.

Bol'o-mon, [ Heb. TXO^Vt ; Gr. laJjifiuv ; Fr. Salo*

ON. sl'lo'mdN' : Ger. Kaij^mo. li'lo-mo.) a tewiih

MON, sl'lo'rndN'; Ger. Salamo, li'io-mo,) a Jewish
king, whose name is proverbial for wisdom, was a son
of King David and Bathsheba. He was born about
1033 B.C., and succeeded his father in lorj. He formed
an alliance with Pharaoh, King of E^pt, whose dauchlei
he married. Soon after his accession be began to build
theroagnificentTemple which bore his name. He founded
the city of Tadmor or Palmyra. In his pacific reign the
Jewish kingdom rose tn its highest prosperity and great-

l»k; %a^i: ^Mani; ^tii: a,iit,%,piltmral; V,mua/; ti,lrilled;l3at; lbasin£t«A (S^'Scc Evplanations, [>. a}.)

SOLOMON

ttt po««r. He wrote or compiled the collection or
Proverbs which form one of the canoniol books of (he
Bible ; >l*o the Book of Eccledule*, and the Dootc of
Cinlicles. He married a large number of "itrange
women," who aeduced him Into idolatry. He died, ■ftei
reien of fort; yem, and wm succeeded by his ton

Rehoboam

&R I. KiDfi l.-ii. ! II Chronlcli

Sol'o-mon, (Abrahau,) mn English painter, bom
•bout i8jj. Among his works is "Waiting p)r the
Verdict" Died at Biarriu in December, |363.

Solomon Bea OablioL See Avicibron.

Solomon Ben Isaao. See Jakcrl

Sol'o-mon Ben Vli'Ea, ■ Spanish

bistory of

rabbi of the sixteenth century, wrote

Bol'o-mos, (Denyi,) Covnt, a modem Greek poet,
born in the island of Zante in \T^ Besides other poems,
he wrote about tSiJ a " Hymn to Liberty," which —
verr popular. Died in i8$7,

Solon, [Gr. ZAAuv; II Solone, so-to'nl,] an lllus-
tiious Athenian legislator, born in the island of Satamis
■bout G3S B.a, was a son of Execektides and a descend-
ant of Codrua. In his youth he was a merchant and
visited foreign countries. Some say, howerer, that he
travelled rather to gratify his curiosity and extend his
knowledge than to improve his fortune. He gained
distinction by his poetical talents in the early part of
his life, and cultivated chiefly that part of moral phi-
Josophy which treats of civil obligations. Fragments
of his poetry are still extant and highly prited. The
"first recorded public service of Solon was liis successful
expedition to Salamis, which he recovered from the Me-
garians. When he began his career, the Athenian state
was demoraliied by discordant factions and oppressii
laws. A large portion of the people were insolvci
debtors, liable to be reduced to slavery. There wei .
three political parties, thus described by Flutarchi "The
Inhabitants of the mountains were, it seems, for a de-
mocracy, those of the plains for an oligarchy, and those
of the sea-coast contended for a mixeokind of govern-
ment." In 594 B.(^ he was elected archon, and was
■cceoted as mediator and lawgiver by the opposing
parties, "the rich accepting him readily as one or Hum,
and the poor u a good and worlhv man." (Plutarch.)
He relieved debtors by a reduction 01 the rate of interest,
and, accordinf; to some authorities, cancelled debts and
liberated lands from mortgage. " This was the first of
his public acts," says Plutarch, " that debts should be
forgiven, and that no man should take the body of his
debtor for security." He refused to make himself King
of Athens, although both parties ur{;ed him to accept
the supreme power. He repealed the bloody laws of
Draco, except those made for the punisliment of murder.
He established the council or court ofthe Areopagus to be
inspector* and guardians of the laws, and he remodelled
the political constitution b)| dividing the people into foui
classes, the influence or privilege of which was propor-
tioned to their income. The lowest class could vote, but
could not hold ofSce. He ordained that new meai
shoold be first considered in the senate, and, if they

bly aboDt I A.D., and was a contemporary of DioKoridet.
His name occurs on several gems.

BolovleK sol-o'vcei; (Sibgu,) a Ruauan »iithoT|
tmrn in 183a He published a "Hislorr Of Russia.*
Died in tSya

Boltlkot, so]'te>kor, written also Bolttkow, Sol>
dkov, and BaaltyiEOW, (Nicouti IvANOvnCH,) a Rim*
si.-ui general and statesman, bom in 1736, wa* tutor xa
the grand duke Alexander, afterwards emperor. He wai
appointed field-marshal in 1706, president of the Impe-
rial Conncil* in iSia, and made a prince in 1814. Died
in 1S16. His grandson Alexei has published "Travel*
In India," (1849,) and "Travels in Perwa," (185 1 J in
French and Russian.

Sh SviHiiR. " Hiatoin dn Fald-UirWid SohlkaC' i>r)

SoltikoC Soltlkow, or Baaltykow, (Pmn Si-
UBNOVTTCH,) a Russian general, bom about 1700, became
in 1759 commander-in-cnlef of the Russian army in the
Seven Years' war, and shared in the victory of Kuner*>
dorf over Frederick the Great He was created a field-
marshal, and appointed governor-general of Moscow
Died In 177s.

Boltdkof or Boltihow, (PRAScovta pEix>itovNA,>
was married to the Cur Ivan Aleielevitch, and was th»

other of the empress Anna.

Boltyk, Bol'tik, (Rouan,] a Polish nobleman and
patriot, born at Warsaw in 1701, served In the Frendt
army in the campaign* of lEio-ia, and afterwards took
in active part in the insurrectioi. of 183a He died in
841, leaving a work entitled " Napoleon in 1812."

BOl^k, fSTAHiSLAS,) a Polish patriot, born in 1751,
was the father of the preceding. He was exiled about
1794, and wa* marshal of the Diet Ik 1811. Died ia
1630.

Solvjns, sol-vtn*', (Feakcis Balthasak.) a Plemislt
writer and artist, born at Antwerp In t7fa He spent
many years In Hindostan, and published, after his re-
turn, a work entitled "The Hindoos, or a Picturesque
Description of the Manners, Customs, and ReliHoua
Ceremonies of this People," (4 vols,, in French.) Died

1824.

Sol'f -mai) or BoUman [Turk. pron. sniee-min' or

i-li-mln'1 L, written also SnlaTnUn, sdS-li-mln'. an

ttoman Sultan, eldest son of Bayueed, (Bajatet,) wa*
involved In a contest with fat* brother Hoosa, and wa*
killed in battle in iiiol

Solrman or Sollmui XL, aamamed the Magnifi-
cent, Sultan of Turkey, bom in 1496, was the son of
''-'■— I., whom he succeeded In 15*0 KXt. Soon after
ession he Invaded Hungary and took Belgrade
151a besieged Rhodes, which surrendered after
tinate defence. In 1516 he defeated Louis IL,
King of Hungary, at the battle of Mohlct. Having
bestowed the crown of Hungary upon Juhn ZapoWa,
Solyman roused the opposition ot Ferdinand of Austna,
igainst whom he subsequently turned his a

capable of receiving." After he had finished his great
legislative task, he obtained leave of absence for ten
years, and visited Egypt and Asia Minor, He returned
to Athens tn his old age, and opposed the ambitious
designs of Pisistratus. He began a poem, the subject
of which was the fabulous island of Atlantis, but did not
live to finish it Solon was ranked among the Seven
Sages of Greece. Died aboot SjS B.C

VIu, LtiLbuL" lit, i6i> ;

|6)«|H. ScHILLIHC"pi!

•( GfHtt :" BOcKi ■■■'

L«ibu." iBt'iVCKOTi, " Hi
nlituue da AlhAnlcSA;" Ku
"iSl*
Solon a Greek gem-engraver, who flourished proba-

jfAustna,
irms- He
subjected a large portion of Persia and Arabia, and
■' ' ustrians at
. - In 1560 hi*

general, Piali, defeated the combined fleet of the Chris-
tian powers at Jerbeh, and a truce was concluded witli
Austria in 15G1, leaving Turkey in possession of her
conquests in Hungary. The Turks, having besieged
Malta in 1565, were repulsed with a heavy loss, and in
1566 Solvman died, while engaged in the siege of Sri-
gelh in Hungary. He was one ofthe ablest rulers of hit
— itry and his time, and equally eminent In the art* of
and of peace. He constructed nnmerous magniG*
cent public edifices, encouraged learning and the arts
and was distinguished for his literary attainments. He
~ >s succeededljy his son, Selim IL

Set C Ahcilloh. "Hi.icHn dt la Vig d* SoHnn W.-ttA:
VohHahhi*. "G<Kli;chtc<t<9 0tnunlKb«iR<;clu:>-"NomHt
Di«rapb:eG<n<n)e:"RoH>TMK, '-MiuoriDrChulMV "nTe
broil ii. ; CaaAiv, " Hiiuny d( Uu OnomaD Tgrki," iB/;.

BdlTman or Sollman, son of Ibraheem, becaaie
iitlan of Turkey in 1687, his brother, Mahomet [V..
having been deiMMed. During his rei^n the Auti '
regained a great part of Hungary, previoosly conqi
by the Turks, lie died in iSgi, and wa* soixeeai
his brother, Ahmed II.

ededby

Solon a Greek gem-engraver, who flouruhed protia- HM Drotner, Anmed lu
1; i, i, Ot fl, y./iiftr; 1, i, 6. same, less proloiigcdi 1, i, 1, 6, Q, y, Mfvr; t, f , j, 9, (lAnwrir; Clr, fUl, lit; mb; nOiiSdM; inO^

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

Sombimll, da, dfh tftH'biiuI', [Chabui ViRor,)^
French office^ distinguished for his zeal and courage in
the derence of (he royal cause, nas born in 1769. He
commanded a party 01 jcjtl'M emigrants who tooli arms
U^BSt the republic, He was captured at QuiberoD, and
•hot, in 1795.

BombraoU, de, (Maris Mauriixs Virot.Ih
of the preceding, was bom near Limoges in 1774. She
•aved the life of her father from the massacre of Sep-
tember, 179], after he had been impilsoned In Pans.
Died in 1S13.

Somer, van. See Vahsomer, (Paul.)

Somer, von, vln so'mfr, (Jan,] a Dutch meezotliri
engraver, flourished alMut 1675.

Someren, van, vln at/mf r-;n, O'^'*,] a Dutch lanrrer
and poet, born at Dort in 1622, was a friend of Huy-
gheni. He was noted for learning and eloquence. Died

BomuB, sGm'fri, (Tohk,) Lord Somers, an excellent
English statesman and lawyer, born at Worcester :~

■650, was a son of John Somers, an attorney. Hi

educated at Trinity College, Oxford, studied law at the
Middle Temple, and was called to the bar in 167& He
eoniinued to reside for about live years at the university.

"The Security of En sliihmen's Uves; or. The Trust,
Power, and Duty of the Grand Juries of England." He
also tranalaied into verse some of Ovid's " Epistles." In
1683 he began to practise law in London. His success
u a pleader was remarkably rapid. He wis selected in
1688 as one of the counsel for the defence in the impor-
tant trial of the seven bishops. He spoke briefly in this
case, "but every word," says Macaulay, "was full of
weigh^ matter ; and when he sat down, his reputation
as an orator and a constitutional lawyer was eslabltshed."
He was an intimate friend of the Eail of Shrewsburi
■nd was a constant adherent of the Whig party. H
represented Worcester in the Parliament or Conver

kniehted. He became attorneif -general in May, 1691, and
lord keefjer of the great seal in March, 1693. " Neither
in forensic nor in parliamentary eloquence," say* Mac-
aulay, "had he any superior. The consistency of his
public conduct had gained for him the entire confidence
of the Whigs; anQ the urbanity of his manners had
conciliated the Tories. It was not without great reluc-
tance that he consented to quit an assembly over which
lie exercised an immense influence for an assembly where
It would be necessary for him to sit in silence." (" His*
lory of England," *oL Iv. chap. lix.)

In 1697 be wasappmnled lord chancellor, and received
the title of Baron Somers of Evesham. The great seal
was taken from him in 1700, in consequence of a reso-
lution of the House of Commons. He was impeached
by the Tory majority of the lower House, but was
acquitted by the Lords, (1701.) While he was in power
he patronized Locke and Addison, the latter of whom
dedicated to Lord Somen the flrsC volume of his "Spec-
tator," and said, " I know that the hom^e I now pay
you is offering a kind of violence to one who Is as
lolidtous to shun applause as he is assiduous to deserve
h." He was appointed president of the council In 1708,
when the Whig party returned to power. He died in
April, 1716. Lord Somer* was never marrjed. "He was
equally eminent," say* Macaulay, "as a jurist and as ■

elitioan, as an orator and as a writer. His speeches
ve perished ; but his state papers remain, and are
models of terse, luminous, and dignilied eloquence."
(" History of England," vol. iv. chap, xx.)

- ; UlED C> . . ~

ttoin" (a October, li^j.

Sotn«n«^ «Qm'er-*ei, (Ciurles,) was an illcstiiroale
•on of Henry Beaufort, Duke of Somenet, wno wa*

19 SOMERVILLS

executed in 1463. He was a man of eminent talents,
and perfonned important diplomatic missions in the
reign of Henry VIL He was created Earl of Worcester
in tsi3 or (514. Died in 1526L

Bomeiut, (Charles Sbvhour,) Duke or, called
" the Proud Duke of Somerset," was the second in rank
among the temporal rjers of the realm. He acquired
Ae greatest estate in England by his marriage with the
heiress of the noble family of Percy. He was a Prot-
estant and a Whig. In 1687 he offended James K. t^
his refusal to officiate in a procession of the papal nuncJo>
He was an adherent of William III. in 16S8, and acted
a prominent part in the reign lA Anne. Died in 1748^
aged eighty-seven,

Somwrset, Earl of, (Givoiirite of James I.) Se«-
Carr, Rodert.

Sonurset, (Edward.) See Worce3ter,Mari]u IS or,

SomCTBet^ {Edward Sbyuour,] Earl of Hertford,
Duke of Somerset, and Protector of England, was a
brother of Jane Seymour, queen of Henry VIII., and
an uncle of Edward VI. He commanded an army which
invaded Scotland in 1544 and committed great devaa-
ation. On the death of Henry VIII., in 1547, he re-
seived the title of Duke of Somerset, and became lord
treasurer and Protector of the realnv He tivoured the
Protestant cause. In 1547 he undertook to coerce Mary,
Queen of Scots, to marry Edward VI., and defeated the
Scotch at Pinkie Cleugh. He found a rival in his own
brother, Thomas Seymour, who conspired against the
Protector and was executed for treason in 1549. Som*
er^ct made many enemies by his ambition, his severity,
and his leal against popery. His most powerful enemy
was the Earl of Warwick, by whose agency he was de-
prived of his high office in 1549, He was tried on the
charges of treason and felony, convicted of the latter

of Hertford about 155^ and Duuried Catherine Grey, a
sister of Lady Jane.

S» fiuuK, "HluorTDf Esglmd.'*

Somerset, (Fitzroy.) See Raolam, Lord.

Somerset, (Lady Henry,) an English reformer,
bora Isabel Somers, daughter of Earl Somers; married
Lord Henry Somerset in 1873. She became highly
active in the cause of women, edited ihe "Woman's
Signal," opened an industrial farm colony for inebriate

□men and a home for workhouse children, and in

I89 was made president of the World's Women's

tiristian Temperance Union.

Bomeraet, [Henry db Beaufort,) Duke o

idant of John of Gaunt He fbucht for the Lan-

J in the war of the Rosea, wai taken --'

Ilexham and beheaded in I4i63.

n prisoner at

Bomeraet, (John de BEAUrotT,) Earl of, a son
of John of Gaunt, and a grandson of Edward III., wtt
created Eari of Somerset about 1396. Died in 141a

Bomerville, siim'fr-vil, (Mra. Mary,) an eminent
~ and scientific writer, the daughter of Sir

wrote forthe"LibraiT of Useful Knowledge'' a summary
of the " M^nique Celeste" of Laplace, which appeared
in 1832 under the title of " Mechanism of the Heavens.''
Her other principal works are a treatise " On the Con-
nexion of the Physical Sciences," (1834.) and " Physical
Geography," (a vols, iimo, 1848.) She was elected an
honorary member of the Koyal Astronomical Society,
■nd received a pension of three hundred pounds a year
in acknowledgment of her great services to sdenc&
Died Novemiier 29, 1872.

Sn~EiliDtnirth Ratiew" for April, iSjii *■ Blidnood'a Hip
iiw" br OnoluT, iSm ( " Atlndc HodaIt- te M»t, iMa
Somerrllle, (Thomas,) a Scottish divine and his-
torian, was born at'Hawick in 1741. He published a
" History of the Reign of William III.," (179a,) and a
" History of Great Britain undl " ' ' ~

Anne," (1798.I Died in 1830,
S« hii "AnibtHOEnphr," 1S61.
Somorvllle, s&m'fr-^lt (Wiujaw,) an English poet^
born in Warwickshire in 1691. His principal work i*

■ a*<;taa<;|4>inf,-ta*f i,K,K,/M»raf;i(,n<>M/;>,A'^i^,-|asj; (has in 1^. (iir-SeeExolanaiious,p.i3,)>

Digitized ay CjOOQ I C

SOMMARIVA

SOPHIA

a poem in blank »erw, entitled "The Chise." He iho
wrole lyrics, tales, and Tables, and a poem called " Field
Sporti.'' Died in 1742.

SommaiiTa, som- mi-res' vl, (Giovakki Battista,)
an Italian statesman and ctlebrated collector of picture*,
wat born at Milan. He was one ol the directors of the
Cisalpine republic in iSoo-iSos. Died in 181&

Sonuner, so'maiR', (Tcah Cdouard Albert,) a
French writer, bom at Nanc; in 1812. He published
■everal dictionaries. Died at Paris in 1866.

Sommoi'ard. See Dv Sommerarix

SSmmering or BoemmeTlnB, too, Ton som'm^h-
ijng or KSm'm?h-ring, (Samuel Thomas,) a celebrated
German anatomist and phvsioloeisl, born at Thorn in
1755. "* studied at Giittmgen, and became professor

icleniific retearcbes. In 1777 he arcompwiied Baron
de Toit on his African expedition, vijiiing Egypt,
Greece, and Asia Minor. He returned to France in

7S0, and was imprisoned in the reign of terror. Amone
ii« chief wotks are "Travels in Egypt," (1 vols.. 1799.)

Travel* in Greece and Turkey,'^ (3 vols., iSot,) and
"Natural History of Fishes and Cetice*." (14 vols.,
1B04,) He published a complete edition of the works
of Buffon, (117 vols,, 1798-1S07.) Died in Paris in iSia.
He had been employed by ISufTon to describe many
species ofbird* for his "Natural History."

See TmiiAVT oi BitHIADo, " t\tm hlitoriqu de Sannial,-
._ti; "Nou.ell< Biompliig C^n^rale i'*^ " MootUy lUnn" it
J»ni

valuable works

the Brain and Spi , ,-,--..

tureof the Human Body," (5 vols,, 1791,) " On the Organ
of the Soul." (1796.) and (m Latin) ''On the Diseasei
of the Absorbing Vessels of the Human Body." He
maintained the theory that the nerves act independently
of the brain, which he considered not etseatial to the
continuance of life. Died In 1830.

S« RuDOLrM WACms, " Soemnioini'* Lebdi <a& VerVehr mlt
Srfatft Z«imaan«a." * voli.. i&u: L iIBluhch. " CtcOchiniM-
isd* anfS. T. no Somainni,'' iSjs; "Nonrtlh Biofn^ii*

"Dermatic History of Religion," ("Histoiredogmatioue
de la Religion," < vt^ iToft-iiJ and other works.
Died in 1737.

Bomnar, sfim^ntr. (WtlXIAM.) an Eoglish antiquary
and philologist, born at Canterbury in im6l He pub.
llibe<l*'TheAntiqiiItiesofCanterbiirr," (1640^] a "Saxon
Dictionary," (1659,) a " Treatise on Gavelkind," one " On
Uw I^Hnan Ports and Forts in Kenl,''and other valuable
works. He was a friend of Archbishop Usher and other
learned men of the time. Died In 1669.

Sem'siu, |Gr. Tno;; Fr. Soumbil, *o'm)F or so*-
nk'n.I In classic mythology, Ae god of sleep, was' called
■ tOD of Erebns and Nox, and a brother of Death,
(Hon or Thanatoa.) (See HoaniKtis.)

SonOariaDd, son'd^-llnt', (Fbitz,) aCcrmsn painter
of genre,aaan of J. B. Sondcrland, was bom at Dussel-
dorti September aok 1836. He was bred an engineer.
He Is known for hit quaintly humoroua picture* of
domestic tife.

Bondarland, aoo'dfr-ISnt'or mn'dtr-IInf, (JOKANti
BAmST.) a German painter and engraver, born at Das-
•eldorf in 1804, was a pupil of Schadow. Among his
brat works are etchings illustratinr BUrger's " Lenore,"
and "The Magician'* Pupil," by Goethe. Died in 1878.

Sonnenbar^ tot/nfn-bCaa' or lon'nfD-biac',
fptANz Anton Joskph Icnaz Hakia,) Baron, a
Gcnnja poet and. Imitator of Klopslock, was bom at
HansteT.ln Westphalia, in 1779. Died In 1S05.

Sm Cnnu, "L^nmbMchrribmn Simnntwst," il°&

Son Denials won, fon aon'cfn-ftl*' or ion'n(n-Ws',

23UrH,) a German writer, bom at Nikolsburg, in
Ofavia, in 1733. Hs became professor of political
•dence at Vienna in 176^ and filled several high officea
snder Maria Theresa and the emperor Francis IL He

?'iblished i^ 1775 a treatise"On the Abolition of the
orRire," which was chiefly instmmental .in abolishing
that barbarous practice in Aastiia. Died in 1817.
. Bonoera^ son'rf, (Fiirke,) a French naturalist,
born at Lyons about 1 746. He spent about seven years
in exploring Hindottan, Malacca, the Philippine Islands,
etc., and published an account of his travels, entitled
"Travels in the East Indies and China," ("Vuyageaus
Indea Orientale* et L la Cbine," a vols., 178a,) which is
esteemed vsloable. Died in Paris in 1814.

Boiminl da Manonconx^ so'ne'nc' d; h mfndN'-
kooa', (Charles Nicolas Sicisbert,) a celebrated
Frendi naturalist and traveller, bom at Lnn^ville in

K51. He studied at the Jesuits' College at Font-Ji-
Dusson, and in 177a wa* (ent a* an officer of marine
•nginecTs to Cayenne, where he spent several years in

Sonntac son'tlg, (Wiluam Louis,) an American
artist, born near Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, March 1, i8»
He studied art in Cincinnati, in New York, and in Italy,
and in |g6o established himself in New York. He is a

i a very high rank among Ameiicaa landscape-
painters.

Sontag, son'tig or lon'tlo, (Henricttk,) one of the

ost celebrated female vocalists of Germany, was born at
Coblenti in 1S05. Having; studied at the ConscrvaUny
of Music at Prague, she visited successively the princip^
cities of Germany, Paris, and London, being received
everywhere with enthusiastic applause^ lo 1810 she
was married to Count Rossi, ambassador of SanUnia at
the Hague, and retired from the ttase. Owing to peoa-
niary embarrassments, she appeared ^ain in public in
1848, and in 1S5} set out for America, where she also
met with brilliant succeta. Sbo died in 1854, while on
the way to Mexico.

S« - Mown oi ilM CeonMH i» Rom." Loidia. iS«t: T.
GAUTin. "L'AmtauHlria; Bincniiliic di la CKaum d* Kias,"
\\yn-, " BiKkwood'* Uaaaxia*'* far Jtfn^ tSja

SoDthoiMLX,s6N'to'ntka',(L£GEB FdLiCTT4)aFrendi
political agent, bom in Bugey (Ain) in 1763. He waa
sent in 1793 as commissaiy to Haytt to restore order,
and liberated the slaves ol that island in 1793, in con-
sequence of which the pro-ilavery par^ commenttd a
civil war. Died in 1813.

Boodn or Sfidra, written also Cndn, soo'dit,
called Soo'dfT by the modem Hindoos, (etymolo^
ancertain.1 The Soodra* are the lowest of the four prtn-
dinl Hindoo castes. (See Bkahmanisu.)

Soomarokof or Baiiiaiokoir,«oo-ml-ro'koC writ*
ten also Bomarokof and Bumarokov, a Knuian
poet aiid dramatist, called the founder of the Russian
drama, was bom at Moscow in 1718 or lyjy. He waa
the author of both come<Ues and tragedies. Amoog
the latter we may name his "Demetrius," and "Sinor
and IVuvor." He also wrote numerou '
sonnets, epigrams, and satire*. Died ir

Soora*. See Suras.

8oot7aL. SeeSOkYA.

8007, soy, (Joseph Lianqkb,) an American dergy
man, bcwn at Green Bank, New Jersey, March i, 184%
He graduated at Princeton Colle{[e In iSyt. His prio*
dpaTwork ia "American Methodist Aathora and Liter-

lyrics, elefie^

Sc^f-ter [Z&rarporl or Apauka, a Greek SopUt^
and a puiril of Jamblichus. He enjoyed for a time the
Ctvour of Constantine the Great, but wa* afterwards pot
to death "by him, aboot 334 A.Dk

So-phl'f, [Ger. Sophie, lo-fee'th ; Ft. Sopkie, so'-
fe',]£lectressof Hanover, bom about i63C^vras a daugh-
ter ol the Ele'ctor'Palatine. Her mother was Elizabeth,
a daughter of James L of England. Sophia was married
in 1658 to Ernest Augustus, Duke of Brunswick- Lune-
burg, who became Elector of Hanover. She was intinule
with Leibniti. In 1701 she was recognized as the heir
to the English crown (next to the princess Anne) br
Parliament, which preferred her to other members OC
the royal family because she was a ProtestinL Heraoo
became George L of England. She died in 1714.

%t» FSDSI, "Sophia OiBrfOnUB too tfanffnr, in tJaris^'

Li, I, ^ ii, f , leiig: i, t, A same, less prolonged! 9i, ^ I. li, iii !P> tkert; f, f, f, 9, eUttirt; Ox, (ill, Uti mlt; nU: gKd; taSiH

d by Google

SOPHIA »

Peter th« Great, «u boni in 1657. She was ambitious and
enercelfc. At the death of FeodoT (t6Si) she instigated
the Slreliliet to revolt againit Peter L, and cauned her
brother Ivan to be recognized as joint lovereign with
Peter. She acted as tcgent Trom 1681 to i6Sg,and then
trai confined in a convenL Died in 1704.

8o-pbI'f,DaT-o-tbe'f:[Ger. Sophie DoitoTHEA,u>>
fce'fh do-ro-il'l ; Fr, Sofhie DokOTufti', •o'fe' do'to'-
li'l OF Bki;nswick, born in i£66, waa a daughter of
George William, Duke of Zell She vai niarrJeJ in i6S2
lo her cousin George, afierwardi George 1. of England,
who treated her ill. J laving been iu»iiected of a jir— "—

Soplita Dorothea, Queen of Prussia, born in iCS;,
wasa daughter of George I. of England. She was mar-
ried to Frederick William 1. of Prussia. Died in 1757.

6ophl& See SorHiA.

Sepb'o-Clei, [Gr. XD#<M>4r; Fr. Sopkoclb. toTokl',]
a eelc)}raled Greek tragic poet, born at the village of
Colonus, near Athena, in 49; b.C lie received a liberal

. His first drama was represented in 463, nrhen

'ed as a rival of fUschylua, and gained the lirsl

priie, which was awarded by Cimon anil other judges.

The drama which he exhibited at this time is su[iposed
to have been " Trintolemus," which is not extant. We
have no record of the events of his life between the jvars
468 and 440 B.C., when he produced his "Antigone,"
which was very successful. The Athenians were so well
pleased with it that they elected Sophocles one of the
ten itratrgi, or generals. The illustrious Pericles was
one of the itmtfgi chosen at the same time. Sophocles
acted as a general in the war against ijamns in 44^-

H9, bat did not distinguish himself iii military aHairi.
is conduct appears to have been consistent with
the patriotic sentiments expressed in his writings, tie
waa invited lo their courts by several monarchs, but
always refused lo abandon bli lulive counlry or accept
Iheir patronage.

Me composed more than a hundred tragedies, of whfch
■even aieeilanl, namely, "Antigone," "Electra," "Tra-
chinic.""CEdipus Tyrannus," "AjaK," ■' I'hiloctews,"
and ** CEdipus at Colonus." He it said to have gained
the first prize twenty times or more. His son lophon
was distinguished as a dramatic poet. Sophocles was
remarkable for personal beauty and symmetry, and
excelled in music and gymnastici. He died in 405 d.c

" ny the universal consent of the best critics," says
Professor Philip Smith, " both of ancient and of modem
times, the tragedies of Sophocles are not only (he per-
fection of the Greek drama, but ihey approach as nearly
as Is conceivable to the perfect ideal model of that
species of poetry." (See Smith's " Dictionary of Greek
and Roman Biography," etc.)

"Sophocles was the high-priest of humanity. He

that mild grandeur and matchless refinement in which
bee«els»ll the dramatists of Greece. He maite tragic
poetry a true mirror of the passions of the soul of
man, and exhibited, as has seldom been done, the true
moral significance of human action." ("Encyclopedia
Britannica,")

Sm Ldiiho, "Letxn iei SojAoelrt," u*>. SeiiOiJ, "Sopho-
kl«,HiD I^tm Bi>dWiiktn,"(K., iSti; Bihck. -' Dt Viii So-
phrxlb." iSjli K. O. MUllmi, "HHiorr of the Lii.rawr* ol
Ahmin Cietcei" WeLCKin, "Die Cfiechitehm TngiSdi.is" }
totL. ttyr*'- '■ ScHULTi. " CDmmtniiiHi da Viu Sophoclu
Potic," itsii Ratrrai, "DiMtrliiio da JEtOtjit, SofAocIt «
Enripiilt." iSji,

Soptloclea, the ton of Ariston, an Athenian tragic
poet, was a grandson of the great Sophocles. I le flour-
lihed about 39a B.C., and produced numerous dramas,
tome of which oaiived priies.

BOphOCleB, S^f'o-klcl, (EVANGELINUS Apostolidrs,)
LL.D., a Greek- American scholar, born in Theasaly,
March S, 1S07. He entered the convent on Mount
Sinai, whence he lemoved to the United States, and was
for a fhorl time a t tudent at Amherst Collejie. In 1S41
he became a tutor in Harvard College, In 1859 assistant

(i3jS) and other Greek text-books, a Komaic grammar,
(1S42.) and a valuable " Greek Lexicon of the Rom'in
and byianline Periods," (1870.) Died in 1BS4.

Sophonle or BophooiaB. See Z^PHAHiAti,

Soph-o-nia'b^JGr. £»^viefa.'Pr. SopHOMiiBE.to'-
fo'ntsb',] aCarthagmianlady.became the wife ofSyphax,
King of Nuinidia. about 106 n.C She was taken pris-
oner in 903 by Maainissa, who had formerly been her
lover. He married her, or resolved to marry her ; but
Scipio would not permit him to keep her, because he
feared she would convert him into an tllj of Carthage.
She died by poison civen lo her by Masinissa.

Sophonisbe. See Sofhomsha.

So'phron, [Zufpuv,] a Greek comic poet, bnr^ at
Syracuse about 450 or 425 B.C. He is cousldeicd to be
the inventor of ''mimes.v His works, which are lost
except small fragments, were greatly admired by Plato,
who is said to have been largely indebted to them. So-
phron wrote in the Doric dialect.

See F.inKiui,-'DMoihMj> CnKi:" Caviui. "Di Conndla
Dvrloilium ; ds Sa|ihroni mimcfTapho.'* iSjB.

Soprnnl, so-prl'nee, (Raffaelld.) an Italian biogra-
pher, born at Genoa in i6n. He wrote "The Uvea of
the Genoese Painters, Sculptors, and Architects," (ia
Italian, 1674.) Died in 1671.

Bo-rS'nu*, [Si^iavfc,] a celebrated Greek physician,
burn at Epbcsus, was tne son of Menander, and lived
under the reigns of Trajan and Hadrian. He was the
author of a treatise " On the Obstetric Art," etc., a por-
tion of which is extant, and of other medical works.

Soranso, so-rin'io, (Giova.nni,) a Venetian states-
man, was elected doge in 1313. He is said to have
governed wisely. Died in 1317.

Borbalt, soR'b4' or soR'bit, (PAtfi,) a medical writer,
born in Hainault, practised In Vienna. Died in 1691.

Sorblite, soR'btjia', (Samuel,) a French MfJro'
leiir, born at Saint-Ambroix in 1615. He studied medi-
cine, and wrote, besides other works, " Lelteti on Divert
Curious Matters," (1660,) and a "Life of Gassendi,"
(1663.] He received the title of historiographer to the
kingini66a Died in 167a

Sm " Scnbcriini." Toulout. itgi ; Niclaa)i,''Miineira."

BoTbla de SBlnte-Foi soKldN' d«h sIniTwI',
(Arnaud,) a French priest and polemical writer, burn
in 1531. lie became court preacher lo Charies IX. and
Henry III., the latter of whom appoiniej him Bishop
of Nevers in 1573. Died in 1606.

5h Rev, ■' Vie d'A. Sorbin," iSte ; " Hoavclle Biotraphw Cent-

Sorbon, de, dfh aoa'biK', (Robert,) a French ec-
clesiastic, born near Rethel in iioi, was confessor lo
Saint Louis, and founded about iijo ihe College of the
Sorbonne in Paris. Died in 1374.

Sm Moifai, " Qictisaulre MiitoriqiH."

Sorty. (Henry Clifton,) an English geologist,
txirn at Sheffield in 181G. He contributed numerous
scientific articles to the " Edinburgh New Philosophical
Juuroal," and other periodicals of the kind, and was
eltcled a Fellow of Ihe Koyal Society and of the Geo.
luglcal Society. In iSSa he became president of Firth
College, Shefneld.

Bordello, soR-dello, an lutlan poet, bom near
Msniua in the twellih century. He was patronised by
Charles of Anjou, and wrote amatory and satirical
piiems. He is eulogieed by Danle in hit " Purgatorio."
Died after 1266.

Soiel, so'ril', (Aones,) a beautiful Frenchwoman,
tnrn in Touraine, became Ihe mistress of King Ch.irlet
VH., over whom the exercised great influence. She
incited him 10 greater resolution and activity in resisting
the English invaders, who had conquered a large part
of France. She was a woman of superior lalenls. Died
in 1450.

Borel, (Albekt,) a French novelist, bom at
Hontieur in 1842. He was elected to the French
Academy in 1894, as successor to H. Taine.

Sorel, (Charles,) a French novelist and historian,
,born in F^ris about 1597. Among his works were s

U i; ( as i; g hard; g as/,' C, H, K. futtural; n, naial; it, triiled; I as t; tb a* in Ihu. (Qj^See Explanations, p. 3].)

d by Google

SOXGJT «

'Comk KiBorf ol Frindon," (" HUtolre comiqne d«
Prandoci,** l6t3,] a " Hulory of Ihe French Monirchy,"
(■636,) iiii) "French Library," (" Bibliothtqus Fran-
fotit," 1664.) Died in 1674.

SorgiL See Zokch.

SoitI, ■or'ree, (Pictro.) »n Italian painter, born at
Kenna in t5j& He painted hisiorjr, landscapes, and

ponndtt. Hii works are htghlv praised. Died in i6a>.

Bor-bdn'. (JosiPH.) an Enelisli writer, bom In iSoo,

m for many vean minitter oT an Independent charcn

at Brighton. He published, besides other works, " Le«-
tarct on Romanism and Anglo-Cltholicitm," (1S41,)
and a" Life oF Lord B^con," (1851.) Died in tS6o.

SM~Lihof J. Soniin," by his widow. iS&l

Bo-aib^-os, [Zuoi&ot,] an Athenian tenlptor of on.
known dale. Among his worlcs ii a Taae adorned with
Bfnre* of Artemis and Hermea, ThU Taae i> now in the
Loane, at Parit,

8o-«l^«-llH, |Gr. XaatyhrKl Tr. SosiclWK, ■o'le'-
th^',1 a Creek or Egyptian astronomer, born In Egvot,
was a Peripatetic in philosophy. He was employed by

Julias Cesar (46 B.C.) to reform the calendar, and de-
ned a year to be three hundred and sixty-five days and
five or six hours.

Bo-alpti'ii-n3lk [Gr. lootfiwif ; Fr. Sostfhane, »o'-
le'dn',) a Greek tragic poet o( Syracuse, lived about
300 B.C. He is said to have been one of the seven
poeU called the "Tragic Pleiid."

Boslthde. See Sositheus.

Bo-alth'e-aa, [Gr. ZuoiStoc; Fr. SosiTHtl, to'ie'lt'.l
a Greek poet of the Alexandrian school, lived in the
Ihird century a.c - ■ ■

Bfiat ti^t, Botmt, or ZOMt, (Geraud,) ■ German
portrait- painter, bom in Westphalia in 1637. He worked
in England. Died in 1681.

SOBtegno, dl, de aos-tkn'yo, (Cesari AlBeri]
Marquis, an Italian statesman, born in Turin, August
1), 1799. He was long in the diplomatic service of
I^cdmont, and distinguished himself as a friend of edu-
cational, agticutlural, and industrial reform. He was
E resident of the Senate of Sardinia from 1S56 to lS6a
tied at Florence, April 16, 1S69.

Soatrate. See Sostratus.

Bos'tTf'tua, [Gr. luarpanc: Fr. Sostrate, to^strit',]
a Greek architect, bom at Cnidos, lived about 300 B.C.
Among his works was the Pharos of Alexandria.
~'r. SOTADI, so'l
t Alexandria about aSa
B.C. His poems were extremely lascivious. He was
Imprisoned by Ptolemy Philadelphus, against whom he
had written a lampoon.

So'tf r, was elected Bishop of Rome about 165 A.U
He is said to have oppoaed the doctrines of Montanua
Died in 177.

Sothaby, sQth'be, (Samuel Leigh.) an Englist
antiquary and bibliograplMr of London, bom in iSoj
died in 1 861.

Botbtbf, (William.) an English scholar and poet,
born in London in 1757. He made a numl)er of iraiis-
lalions from the German and other languages, among
which ne may name the "Oberon" of Wieland, Virgil's
"Ceoigics,"and I-Iomer's "Iliad" and "Odyssey." He
was also the author of a tragedy entitled "Orestes,"
and of "Constance de Castile, and other poems. He
wai a Fellow of the Royal Society, and Of the Society of
Antiquaries, Died in 1813.

Souefii, sUTH'^rn, (Edward Askew,) an English
actor, bom at Liverpool, April i, 1830. He attached
himself to a company in New York, and, after playing
minor parts for several years, at last achieved great
success in the character of Lord Dundreary in the
"American Cousin." The same success attended
him in London in 1863, when he reproduced the char-
acter at the Haym ark et Theatre, Others of his favourite
parts were David Garrick, in the play of that name
and Fill Allamont, in "The Crushed Tragedian.'
Died in London, January 30, iSSi.

His son, Edward H., became a prominent actoi
and after 1 887 starred with his own company in " Lord
Chumley," " The Prisoner of Zenda," etc.

SOUHAli

Boto^ syio, (DoHIHCO.) a Spanish Dominican monl^
bom at Seeovlain 1404, became professor of philoMphj.
at Alcali in 1519. He was sent In I541by Charles V.
a* his first thcolmfian to (he Council of Trent, whem h«
was caiiS|ricaoDi lor learning and ability. He alter ward*
became confessor to Chartci V. He wrote " Summulx,"
or a treatise on the Dialects and Physics of Aristotle^
and other works in Latin. Died in 156a

SotOi so'lo, (Pedro,) a Spanish monk, who went to
England with Philip it He was aAerwarils a member
f tlie Council ofTrent IKed in 1563.
Boto, de, (HtiLNANDO.) See Da Sonx
Botosiayor, da, di ao-to-ml-ydR', (Luis,) a SpanUk
aliiter, bom at Valencia in 1635 ; died in 1673.
Botxmanii, sots'mln, (Daniel Friedrich,) ■ Ger>
geographer, bom at Spandau in 1754, puMished a
- ■ -- ■ ' ^ -- DiedinlS40.

Botiblaa,soo'bti', (Jian do Parthenai— dfh pS«t'«
nf,) Lord op, a Huguenot leader, bom of a noble
bmiW of Poilou about 1511. Sent by the Prince of
ConiU to defend Lyons, he compelled the Duke of Ne>
. — -j^ the'siege of that tiace. Died in 1566.

..do, d(h SOO'btl', [BENJAMIM do RottW)—

deh to'6N',) Seionrux, a French nobleman and soldier
of the Huguenot party, born about 15S5. was a brother
of Ihe Duke de Rohan. He took an active pari In the
religious wart of the time, and fouoht with varying suc-
cess against Louts XIII. and the Catholic lacti^Dn. Ha
was noted for his turbulence and audadly. In 1616 a
peace was concluded, and Soubise was created a duke^
Soon after this date ha induced the Duke of Bucking
ham to aid the Huguenots with an English fleet. Hi
passed his latter years in England, and died in London
m 164a.

5« Hu% "LaPnac* rntHtm*,-" "H«i«ll« BiopirMt
C^K^nli."

Bonbiso, de, (Charlu d* Rohaa.) Prince, a
French general, born in Paris in 1715. He became a
favourite courtier of Louis XV. In 17^7 he was de-
feated by Frederick the Great at Rossbach. He gained
two victories In 1158,3! Sondeishausen and Luuelbcrg,
and was rewarded with the rarJc of marshal of Franct;
Died in 1787.

8h Di CooaoLua, "THriiimintn im OAilrMX FnMiii^
"NouicUi BU«n(>urC4a<tal«."

Sonobaiy or Boaolud, aoo'sht', (Jean BAPTtnv,) a
French writer and editor, bom near vendAme in I6S3L
lie edited the worlcs of Bmleau (1735) and other authora.
Died in 1746.

Bouobon, loo'shdN', (Francois.) a French painter,
bom at Alais (Gardl b 178J ; died in 1857-

Bouoiet soo'se-4', or Souchlo^ aoo'she-i', (ETh
INNC,) a learned French priest, bom at Bourges is
1671. He wrote on theology, chronology, etc Died
in 1744.

Soaciet, (Ctirnhb Aucustin,) a brother of the
□receding, bom at Bourges in 16S5, was an elegant
LatinisL He wrote a Latin poem on comets, (" Cft
metae," tyta) Died in 1744-

BoufQot loo'flo', (Jacques Gerkaim.) a celebtiied
French architect, born near Auxene in 1713. He spent
several yeatv at Rome in Ihe study of his professioiv
and aAer his return conslmctcd the Great Hospital at
Lyons, also a theatre of uncommon siie and elegance.
flaving settled in Paris, he was elected to the Academy
of Architecture, and in 175T was employed to rebuild
the church of Saint Genevieve, since called the Pan-
theon, a superb edifice, which, however, be did Dot lira
to complete. Died in (781,

S>e QvK-ntMktM t>s Quihct. "Via da phs cAttna AicM-
IKU>:" "Ndu.iUc Biocnpliie Ginfnti."

Botiham, aao'&K', (Joseph,) a French general, bora
at Lubcrsac In 1760. He became a general of division
in 1793, and aerved under Pichegra m Ftandera, Su>>
peciea of complicity with Moreau, he was imprisimed
In 1804, but was restored to his rank tn the army in

LI, t, 1^ fl, ;, fov; )>i ti ^ ui>i^ less prolonged; i, j, 1, 0, fi, ]l, Ai«rr; f, t, t, g,0ftin<nr; fir, fUl, at; o>{t; iiftt;t^

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SOULANGE-BODIN- a

1807. He rendered iniportmnt serricet U Lntzen (tSl})
ud Lripclc. Died in (837.

- -" - -■ iptiia OArfrmI*.'

.il,«ooT4Mih' bo'dlif', (CntNNI,) a
French horticnltarist and writer, born at Toun in 1774.
He plinted a botank sarden at Ftomont, (Seine-et-Oiw.)
Died In 1S4GL

BonlMig»-T»lul«r, toolSitiV ti'i^', (Louis Eiia>
HUBL,) a French lithographer, was born at Amieni in
1815.

8oiilat7, ■oo^free', (JosIfhin, or, correctlj, Joseph
Maris,) a French poet, born at Lyons, Febiuirj 33,
1815. He became a soldier in early jrouth. He pnb-
Ushed seveTal volnmei of verse, incloding sonnet* of
•ztiemt beantr. Died March 38, 1S91,

Boolas. See Flokido*.

B ■

bill.

appointed French resident at Geneva in 1793. ^'
published, besides other works, "Memoirs of Marshal
Richelieu," (9 vols., IMI.) and "Historical Memirirs of
the Reign or Louis XVL," (6 vola., i&m.) Died in 1S13.

Sm QvfaAnik*'LaFnBet Uttfnitsi" "Ni><n>«U« Keinpbii
(Mnfnlc."

Bonle, S00I, (Joshua,) D,D., an American Method-
ist divine, bom at Briitol, Maine, In 1781, rose thronj;fa
several promotions to be senior bishop of the Methodist
Episcopal Church in 1S43. Died March 6, 1S67.

Boult, sooIJi', (Pierre,) a diplomatist and politician,
bom in the department of Aritge. France, about 1802,
unigiated to America In 1815, and settled in New Or-
leans, where be rose to distinction as a lawyer. He was
elected to the United States Senate in 1S49, and in 1853
apiiointed minister to Spain. He was one of the authors
of the "Ostend Manifesto" in relatipn to Cuba, (1854.)
He returned home in 1855. In i86j he was arrested fir
disloyalty in New Orleans. Died in tSyc

Sonlui, sool.e-y. (Mklchtor FRJDdRic,) a French
novelist and dramatic writer, born at Foix, in the de-
partment of Ariige, in 1S0& Amon^ hi.i numerous ro-
mances, which appeared originallv in the journals as
ieiillelons, we may name the "Vicomte de Biilers,"
(1^4,) "Le Magnitiseur," "Diane et Louise," (1836)
"'rte Man of Letters," (1838,) and "Memoirs of th*
Devil," (1S41.) The last-named had an immense sale
and great popularity. His drama of "Cloiilde" was
also highly soccessfnl. Died in 1847.

Sottlea4ti«,*oo^ook', (Faustin,] Emperor of Havti,
« negrok born about 173$, was originally a slave. He
entered the army, and attained the rank of general. He
was elected president in 1847, and usurped the title of
ciaperor b 1849. His reign Is said to have been tvran-
nlcal and crneL He was deposed in 1859, and retired
to France^ Died In 1867.

Se*0, d'Alaux, "Soiil«uqB« H len Xmplrt;" *'Kan*all« Bio-
psphia G4ii<nls."

Bonlt soott, (NapoiJok HicroR,) Duke of Dalma-
tia, a diplomatist, bom in i8ot, was a son of Marshal
Soult He was sent as ambassador to Turin in 1839,
ud to Berlin in 1843. He was recalled in 1848. Died
in 1857.

Boul^ (Nicolas Tkak dr Diiu,) Duke of Dalmatia,

■ celebrated French general, born at Saint-Amans la
Bastlde (Jam) in Man:h, 1769. He entered the army
lit 1785, became general of brigade in 1794, gained sev-
eral victories tn Germany, and obtainea the tank of a

Sneral of division in 17991 He shared with Massena
i honour of de(ending Genoa in iSoo, was appointed

■ colonel of th'e consular guard in iSoi, and became a
marshal of France in 1804. He rendered im[>onani
services at Austerlitz, in 180J, and at Jena, in 1S06. In
1807 he received the title of Due de Dalmatie, and in
tSos was sent to Spain. He commanded the army which
attacked Sir John Moore at Corunna in January, 1809,
and was repiused. In March ensuing he took Oporto.
Having succeeded Jourdan as commander-in-chief of
the armies in Spun, he gained a victory at Ocafia in
November, 1S09, and occupied Andalusia in iSiA He

13 SOUTH

was defeated tn Geseial Beiesfiird at Alboera hi Mar,
1811. Dissension arose in i8l3 between Soolt and
King Joseph, who preferred Jourdan as his second in
command. In March, 1813, Soult joined the grand
army in Gemiany. He commanded the Old Guud tt
Lntsen, and the centre at Bautzen. In the sanmet of
1813 he was sent a* commander-hvchief to oppoM Ibe
victorious prog[ress of Wellington la Spain. He dis-
played great skill in- this campaign, but was defeated at
Otthei, Tebntaiy, 1814. The English also claimed the
victory at the great battle of Toulouse^ fought in April,
1814, alter the allies had taken Faris.

Soult was appCHntcd minister ofwarby Lout^ XVIIL
Id December, 1814, but he kuned the standard of Napo-
leon in Harch, 1815, and fought at Waterloa He was
banished in January, 1816, readied in 1819, and restored
to the rank ofmarsba1ial83a He became minister o<
war in November, 1830^ and prime minister in October,
1831, with Guizot as one ot his colleagues. In July,
iS;^ he retired from office, and was succeeded tn it.
Thiers. Soult was president of the council from May,
1839, to March I, tSaa In October, 1840, Guiiot and
Soult were requested by the king to fomi anewministry,
in which Sonlt was president of the council and minister
of war, but the former was the .real chieC He resigned
in September, 1847, and died in November, 1S51.

Sh Tunas, " Hiwor of iht Frtncb Rivolinion." and " His-
loire dd'EBmin;" SoVTHav, " Hittorv i' I'm PuInnUr Vuf
W. KArtn. ** Hidcfv of Uu Vr ia (kc Fnli>«il>." t roh.. iSst-
#>: SALLi, "ViepolhiqHda UnrMul Smh." iBj* ; Luiains,
"Gaiait Am CdaioBcicnM. "

Sonlt, (PiEKRX BeMotT,) Bawkv, a brother of Ih*
preceding, was born at Salnt-Amaos In 1770^ He
became a genera] of brigade in 1807, and a genBial of'
division in 1813. Died in 1&43.

BottmnrokoC See Soomaroxok

Sonme^ soo'mk', (ALSCANtniK,) a French poet bom
at Castelnaudsry in 1788. He produced. In 18M, trage-
dies entitled " Clytemneslra" wd " Sant," which were
successliitt and was elected a member of the French
Academy in 1834. Among bis other works are "The
Divine Epopee,'' and " Joan of Arc," Died in 184S.

Sonrdla, de. (Fran<^ib d'Escoublkau,) a
French cardinal, bom in 1575. He became Arch-
bishop of Bordeaux in 1599. Died in 1638.

His brother, Hemrv, (1593-1645,) succeeded him
as Archbishop of Bordeaux.

Bonna. See Faria v Souza.

Son'sa, (John Fhiup,) an American musician,
bom at Washington, D. C, in 1S54. He became a
favourite band leader, and composed many marches,
songs, etc., and the light operita "El Capitan," "Ths
Bride Elect," and "The Charlatan."

Bonth, (Sir James,) F.R.S., an English astronomer,
bom probably in London. He practised medidne 01
sorge^ in his early lift He was one of the founders
of the Royal Astronomical Society, orginiied about
iSao, and he distinguished himself as an observer. In
1S3G he obuined the Copleymedal of the Royal Sodety.
Died in October, 1867.

Bonth, (JoHw FUKT,) an English surgeon and med-
ical writer, born in 1798, wrote* Household Surgery,"
and other works. Died January 8, 1883.

South, (Rob IRT,) D.D., an eminent English divine,
boin in Middlesex in 1633. He studied at Christ Churdx,
Oxford, where John Locke was one of his fellow -Btudents.
He graduated in 1657, was ordained in 1658, and in i66o
became university orator. He was made a canon of

Christ Church, dxford, in 167a He subseque ,
companied Lamrrence Hyde, son of Chancellor Claren-
don, on bia mission to John Solaeski, King of Poland.
After his retum he was appointed rector of Islip, is
Oxfordshire, and chaplain-in-ordinarytoCharlesH. He
was repeatedly offered the highest preferments In th»
Church by that sovereign and bit aaccessor, James IL,
but be declined them alL Dr. South was a lealons ad-
vocate of the doorine of the divine right of kings, and
strongly opposed to Roman Catholics and diasenlera,
whom he frequently assailed in his sermooa with all the
powen of Us brilliant wit and keen sarcasm. He wrote

««i,-t■■^■g^ian/;ias/a,u,K,f||n<raf;M,lMta/;>,|!r:AW;l•ss;thasinM& (BV-SecEaplanatloni.p.a)''

d by Google

SOUTHAMPTON ai

■ polemic^ work on the Trinity agaiut Dr. Sueilocli ;
■bout 1693. Died id 1716.

Sontluunpton, fQth-h>m'ti}n, (Henby WBIontu-
Uv,) Eael of, kn English peer, noted «i a patron of

Khakipeare, iras born about 1573. iihalupeire dedi
taied hi* " Veniia and Adonia" lobim in 1593. South-
ampton was implicated in the conipiracy of the Earl of

basex, (1601,) and waa imprisoned ibr that oGtence, bat
was released in 1603, and became a favourite dI Jamct
I. Died at Bergen-op-Zoom, in the Iiow Countries,
November to^ 1614.

Sonthu-d, siitb'trd, (Sakvel L.,) an American
statesman, born at Baskingridge, New Jersey, in June,
1787. He acquired eminence as a lawyer, was elected
a Senator of the United States in iSai, and waa appointed
secretary of the navy in December, 1S13, by Piesident
Monroe. He was rclained in that office by President
Adanu from 1815 to 1829, twcame Governor of New

tersey in 1831, and was again elected a Senator of the
Inited States by the legislature of that Slate in 1833.
lie continued to serve for nine years in the national
Senate, of which he was president in 1S41. Died in
Virginia in June, 1S41.

Bonth'cott or Bonth'o^to, (Joanna,) a religion*
fanatic and pretended prophetess, bom in Devotuhir«
about 1750, was originally a domestic servant at Exeter.
About 17Q3 she claimed to have received divine revela'
lions, and afterwards published "A Warning to the
Whole World from the Sealed Prophecies of Joanna
Southcott," (t803,l "The Book of Wonders, in Five
Parts," (1813,] and other pamphlets of absurd and nearly
intelligible contents. She died in 1S14, having pre-

Kiiriinr" fcr Fil^jaiy,

Soathvn), sUth'em, (Thomas,) an Irish dramatbt,
born In the county ol^ Dublin in t66o,wBsa friend of Pope
and Dryden. Among hi* best work* are the tragedies of
" Oronoobo" and " Isabella, or the Fatal Marriage." He
also wrote comedie* entitled "The RamUing L ' "

*-TheDisappc^tmenl,"and''TheWi«e«'E)icase.'

dentmdatiooa of the alftvc-trada in "Oronoolco'*are said
to have been the first occorring In any Engiali writer
^ed in 17^

S«* CAHruu. "EpaiBMu of the Bridah Pocti.''

Bouthar, sdVihe, (Carounk Ahni Bowua,) ac
aulhoreu, born at Duckland, Hampshire, in 17S7. She
wrote, beside* other worlo, "Ellen Fiti-ArthoT," a
poem, (1810,) "The Widow's Tale, and other Poems,"
(l&U,] and "Solitary Hours," prose and verse, (1826,)
which were received with favour. In 1839 stie was
married to Robert Southey, whose mental faculties soon
after (ailed. She nursed him with patient devotion tn
the end of his life. Died in 1854.

St* " B)KliwaD<3'i MtniiiH" far Umh, itjr.

Bonthey, (Henry Herbekt, or TkouaI,} an Eng-
lish medical writer, born about 1784, was a brother of
the poet, Robert Souihey, He was ph^idan-in-ordinary
to George IV., and examiner of lunatics under the court
of chancery. He wrote " On Pulmonary Consimiption,"
■nd other works. Died in June, 186$.

Boutbaj, (Robert,) an eminent English author, was
born at Bristol on the laih of August, 1774. He was
the son of a linen-draper, who failed in buwness and left
him little or nothing. During his childhood he lived in
the house of his maiden aunt. Miss Tyler, an eccentric
lady, who orien took him to the theatre before he was
•even years of age, but subjected him to a rigid disci-
pline. I-Ie began to write verse before he was ten years
old, and was placed at Westminster School in 178S, with
the assistance of his mother's brother, the Rev, Herbert
Hill. In 1791 he was expelled from Westminster for
writing an essay against corporal punishment, which was

fnnted in a school periodical called "The Flagellant."
lis political principles at this period were republican
or radicaL lie entered Halliol College, Oxibrd, in 1791.
and there adapted Unitarian doctrines. In 1793 ' ~

a drama, and "Joan of Arc,"

»4 SOUTHGATS

epic poem, which wis Rrst published in t79& In Jun%
1794, he was introduced at Oiford to S. T. Coleridg*,
with whom he formed an intimate friendship. As he
had no definite prospe'ct, and was much perplexed in
relation to the choice of a profession, he resolved tojoia
Coleridge in hi* visionary project to emigrate to Peniu
s^lvania and found a PaniisocracT on the banks of th*
busquehanna. His aunt Tyler, who was aataunch Tory
and abhorred dissenters, an being informed of hU pro-
ject and opinions, turned him out of her house in a
rainy night of October, 1794. He left Oxford in th«
same year, received from Joseph Cottle fifty guineas for
his"JoanorArc," and married Edith Fricker in Novem-
ber, 1795. About the same date the project of Pantisoo>
racy was abandoned, for want of money. Immediately
after his marriage he sailed for Lisbon with hi* uncle
Mr, Hill, who was chaplain to the British embassy in
that city. He remainea about six months in the penin>
sula, and laid the foundation of that acquaintance with
Spanish and Portuguese literature in which he was uir*
passed by few. If any. Englishmen. After his return, ha
published " Letters written during a Short Rc^encc ia
Spain and Portugal," {1797,) and, having entered Gray**
Inn, London, began to study law, which he feond s«
uncongenial that he soon abandoned it. Reading law
aeeiiied to him "like thrashing straw."

He published in iSoi "Thalaba the Destroyer 1 a
Metrical Romance." ADer various adventorcs, and wetr
eral chanres of occupation and resldenoe, he (tftled In
1S03 at Greta Hall, near Keswick, with Coleridge, who
was his brother-in-law. Here he enjoyed the society of
Wordsworth and the most beautiful scenery of England,
— the lake country. The subsequent part of ha lib
aiTord* an example of almost unequalled Itterarr indiN*
try,combined with a tuthful performance of his domestie
dutiea. After his youthful enthusiasm had cooled, b«
became a conservative fai politics, and a eealona member
of the Anglican Church. In iSo; he published "Ueu
rical Tales, aiul other Poems ;" and " Hado^ a Poem, in
Two Parts," which wis not received with much bvoar.
He became a contributor to the "Quarterly Review"
about 1808, published a Indian poem entitled "The Cnrsa
of Kehama'* in rSio, and was appointed j;>oet-Iaiimte in
1813. He generously supported the liiinily of Coleridge
whom the latter left dependenf on him at Greta HalL
In 1835 he received a pension of, three hundred pound*
a year from the government. Having lost his wife i«
1S37, he married Caroline Bowles in 1839. About this
time his overtasked facuitiei became prostrated, andli*
sank into a state of mental imbecility. He died at Greta
Hall, March It, 1843. Besides the poems above name^
be wrote "Roderick, the Last of the Goths," (i8i4.)
Among his numerous prose works are an excellent
"Life of Lord Nelson," (> vols., 1E13.) a "Life of John
Wesley," (a vols., iSio,) a "History of the Pcntntslar
War," (3 vols., 1S12-31,) "Essays, Moral and Political,"
(1831,) "The Doctor," (7 vols., 1834-^37,) and a " Lill
of William Cowper."

•''Ht. Southey'* prose style," says Hailitt, "<a«
scarcely be too mnch praised. It is plain, clear, p^ntc^
ramlliit, perfectly modem to its texture, btit with a grava
and sparkling admixture <A archaism* in ita omamenta
and occasional phraacology." ("Spiritof the A^e.") "It
is Southey's almost unexampled felicitVi" says Coleridge
"to possess the best gifts .01 talent *nd genius, free frnk
all their characteristic defects. ... A* aon, brother, has*
band, father, master, friend, he move* with firm y«t light
steps, alike unostentatious and alike exemplary. As a
writer, he has uniformly made bis talents aubservieat
to the best interests of humaniljr, of public virtue, and
domeatic piety." ("Biographia Laterarla.")

Sh"!!!! Life sod CorrcipwlatM Df Robert 3Mlh*T."Binl
br hii nn, iha Rsr. Chailu CuTHaaa-r Sovthet, t rak, il«-
«: joiarM Cottui, " RcninBCCDcet at S. T. Colcndn and fL
Souihn." 1^;: CHAKtasT. Bsohmh, "Tht Ul« ofR. Soaitn."
iSu;-^SdKiion) tram the Leitmof R. SoiiiIkt." (dncd b« \m
iMi-hi-Iw, J. W. WAimn. 4 mli.. \l^\ - EdJoboTgh Bcncw^ te
April. iSji: Hacaulav's tmy tnlillcd "Si>uilK;r'> CoHoqnia hb
Sociei»,'' iSn : Jamirr's eniioiiM In thi " Edmlninh Ri™V*
fnFcbroan, itii, (x)). xriDiiidrcirJiiiw^iSt], (<n>l- »■.;) Air

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SOUTHGATE m

Bowdoln College in iSjt, stodled tn (he Hieolofical
Seminary at Andover, *nd In 1835 entered the miniitrr
of (be E|(acopal Chuich. Ite wuaent aitm'iuionuy
to the Levant, and in 1S44 wu conMcraied a minlonary
bishop for Turher. lie reiigned (hi) poaillon in 1850.
Hit principal worhs are "A Tour (hrou|h Armenia,"
ct&,*' A Vi»t to lh« Kjrrian Church or MeKipotamta,"
(1844.) a Ireatiae on the Anelican Church, (in Grerk,
1849,) "Practical Dire«ioni for Lerl,"" (1850.) "The
War in Ibe East," (1S55.) "SermondiSeo.) »nd "The
CtOM above the Cieaeent,'* (1877.) Died Auril 11. 1894.

Soatb'8«t«, (RlCHARn.) Rev., an English antiquary,
born in Huntlncdonshire in 1739. He became an aulai-
ant librarian of the llritish Museum. Died in 1795.

Bontb'wall, (Natiianicl,) w-as secretary (o the
general of the order of Jesuits at Rome about i6sa He
wrote a coniinuaiion of the "UiUiutheca- Scriptorum
Soctetaiia Jesu," or "Jesuits* library," dovm to 1676, in
which year he died,

Sontb'well. {RoB««T,) an English Catholic, bom in
1560, became prelect of tho English Jesuits* College at
Rome, and was afterward! sent aa a mluionary to Eng-
land. Having admitted that he came for the purpose
of making converts, he wia tried and executed in 1595.
Ma was the author of hymns and religious treatise*.

Sm "CmilamH'i Migiiin*" fnr Ktrninbcr, 1798: "Retro-
mnin it*mw." lA. It., (ilii ;) Ciavxlahd, " CoinpndluB of
EniHdi Liunture."

Bootli'wortb, [Mrs. Emma D. E. Nevttt,) an
American novelist, born at Washington, District of
Columbia, in iSiS. She contributed a number of laics
«nd sketches to the "National Era" at Wash iiwton, and
•ubseauenlly published in that journal her noveT entitled
"Retribution." Among her other works maybe named
"The Deserted Wife,'°''The Lost Heiress," and the
"Curae of Clifford." Died in 1899.

Boatman, sSwt'mln, (Peter,) a Datch painter of
Ustory, bom about 1590; died in 16(3-

Bontso, soot'io, or Sntso^ sooi'zos, (Aletandek.)
K modem Greek poet and historian, born at Constanit-
•opie about iBoo. He wrote political satires against
Tarknta parties which divided Greece after 1S14. In
1S39 hf published, in French, > " History of the Greek
Smltition.'* He is considered by some writers aa the
greatest poet of modern Greece. Died in 1863.

Boatao, (Pavanotk,) ■ modem Greek poet, was a
^unger brother of the preceding. He became coundllor
«f aiate at Athens. Died Noicmber 6, iWL

Sonwot See Suwakqw.

Bouv«atr«, soo'v!sta',(EMTi.E,) a French writer and
Journalist of high reputation, bom at Morliix, in Brit-
tany, in t8o6. tie published in 1S36 a work entitled
"Lesdemiers Bretons," an admirable description of the
manners, customs, etc. of Brittany. About the same
time he became associate editor of I'he "Revue dejParis"
and the "Revue des Deux Mondes." Among his best

froducttons, many of which appeared lust in the leading
ariaian journals, we may name "The Confessions of a
Workman," (" Les Conleuions d'nn Ouvrier,") " Flerra
*t Jean," " Travels in Finisterre," (1836,) " The Creased
Pole," ("Le Mlt de Cocagne," 1843.) and " Le I'hilo-
•ophe sous lea Toits." His works are highty commended
for their moral purity. Died in Paris in 1854.
S« " Nninlla Diocnphw «itink.-'

BonTOtof or Boavorov. See Sitwarow.

Sonxa, See Faria y Souza.

Sous*, do, di sd'il, (AdAle.) Marctkionesi, a
French romance-writer, whose original name was FlL-
LRUi, WIS bom in Normandy in )76ol She was tirst
married in 1784 to Count Fiahault, who perished under
the guillotine in 1793, and in iSoa became the wife of
the Portuguese aml>assador Souia-liotelho. noticed be-
low. She publbhed several popular romances, among
which we may name "Eugtne de Raihetin," liSoS,) and
"AdiledeS^nangea." Died in 1836.

SetQvlaAUD, ^L« Frme* Liit^ralic;" SAnm-Bauv^ " Cri-

eiPonnl

Soun, dsi (Jolo,) a learrted monk, bom :
CDS, in Syria, about 1730, settled in Portugal, wnere
became professor of AraUc. He was the author of
Arabic Grammar, Died in i8t a.

■aai:ca*/;gAitrv/,;taa/;o,H,K,jiu»mj/;H,iM»/;R,iyiV£i^;SaBi; thasinMw. (B^Se<Ezi>Unations,p.3}l

Digitized ay CjOOQ I C

SFAGNOLETTO

drowned on the o

Sonsa-Betelt

■ Portuguese dipicmatist and writer, born at Oporto in
1758, was employed in important embassies to Sweden,
Denmark, England, and France, tie published in 1818
a valuable edition of the works of Camoens. Died in
1819-

BBWfr-bjr, [Georcs BiirmNC.HAM,) an Engliah
naturalist, bom in 1788, was a son of Jamea. noticed
below. He gave special attention to conchology and
entomologv. Died in 1854.

Soweroy, (George Brettincham,) an artUt and
naturalist, a aon of the preceding, was bom in \%\i,
:, besides other works, a " Popular llritish

Bowerby, jjAMtS,) an Engliah naturalist and artist.
bom at Lambeth about'i76a. He published "Engliah
Botany," (1790,) in conjunction with Sir James ijmilh ;
also, "Exotic Mineralogy," a treatise "On the Ena-
lish Fungi or Mushrooms," (3 vols., 1797-1303.) "Bni'
ish Mineralogv," (5 vols., 1804-17,] and the "Mineral
Conchol(wyorGreatBriuIn,"(6vols„ iSi>-3a) These
works are beautifully 11 Instraled by himtelf with coloured
plates. Died in lEii. His son, James de Carle, bom
m 17S7, was one of the founders of (he Royal Botanical
Society. He died August 16, 1871.

iai house In" the cotTee-lrsde near the rive

Gaboon, where he made rich botanii:al collections. Ha
published "Aus Westafrika, 1873-76," (iSm) etc.

8^r*iV *wl'yi', (Alxxis,) a celebrated French cook
and writer on gastronomy, bora about iSooi died in
■85S.

S« " Fmar*! WifaiiBt*' far Aufotl. itji.

Sov'o-man, (Gr. Zudvuvor; Lat. Sotou'eittrai Fr.
SozoMtNE, ao'io'min',1 or, more fully, So-SOm'«-nos
Bmr'ml-aa, a Greek ecclesiastical historian, born St
Bethel, in Patetlinc, about 400 a.d. He practised law
at Constantinople, and wrote a History of the Church
from 333 to 439 A-D., which is extant. He la deltcieni
in Jutbrnent, compared with Socrates, (who lived at lh«
same time and wrote mi the aanM aubject.) but his atyl*
is commended.

BoKomfeao and BoBomcutia. See Soiomb!i.

SoxeIdL See Socikus.

Spaoli, spSIt, (£douart>,) a French naturalist, bom
at Strasburg, November V>, iSot. He was attached 10
the Royal Gardens as assistant naturalist, and wrote
several botanical works. Died May 18, 1879L

BpRdx, spl'dS, (Berkardino,) an Italian cardinal,
bom in the Romagna in 1594, was a patron of literature
and the fine arts. Died in 1661.

Bpada. (Ltonello.) a celebrated Italian painter,
bom at Bologna in 1576. He studied at Rometindei
Caravaggio, whose manner he adopted and refined.
Among his master-pieces are his "San Domenico burn>
ing the Proscribed Boohs of the Heretics," at Bologna,
" Return of the Prodigal Son," at MAdena, and "The
Miracle of Saint Benedict," In the monastery of San
Michele at Boeco. He excelled as a colorisl, and wea
esteemed one of the best artists of his time. Died in
161a.

Sh HalvjUU, " FiUna pinrica."

BpadRfora, spl-dl-fo'rl, (Plaodo,) an Italian gram-
marian, born al Palermo in 1618. Among his works ia
"Frosodia Italiana," (1681.) Died in 1691.

Bpaendonck, van, vln spln'donk, (Geraaxt,) a
celebrated Dutch flower- painter, born at Tilbnrg aboiA

K50. He became miniature-painter to the King ot
'ance in 1774, and professor of iconography at Ibo
Jardin des Ilantea. Died in Faria-in i8l3.

SpagDoletto, spln-yo-let'io, [Fr. Esfaonolct, Is**
pin yo14',j an eminent Spanish painter, whose proper
name waa lost Ribera, (re-Bl'rl,) was bom at San
Felipe de Xativa in tsSS. He was a pupil of Michael
Anceto de CaiaTaggio. He worked at Rome, Naples,
and Madrid, and was afterwards appointed pamier to

SPAGNCrOLT

Ibe conrt of Spain. Amotw M

Adoration of the Shcpherdi,*'

Hb bvonrite lubjccti were muirrdonu, execntiona, and
Biber tragical acxnea. Died at Naplea in 1656.

Spasnnotl or BpagnolL S«e hantuan.

SpaUtlii, apIli-tnD', [Ltu. Spalati'mu*,] (Gioko,)

■ Gennan tcbolar and Rebrmer, whose oHcinal name
wa* BUBCXKABD, WM hon at SfMll, in the buhopric of
Eidntadt, in 1484. Having become ■ conTert (o the
doctrine* of Luther, Ite waa appointed in 1514 bv Fred-
erick tin Wi«e, Elector of &azon;, hii court chaplain
and prlTSti lecrelarT. Among his worlu we mar name
hU biographiea of Frederick the Wi«« and Jolin the
Constant, and " Illitory of the Pope* and Emperor* of
tiM Tine of the Refbrmadon." Died in 1545.

Sm ScnacaL. "Hinaria Ylla O. SfaliiEBi:" P. Exumah,
"DlNtrtiilo di 0. SvatanDO," tjia; ]. WAGMaa, "O. Spttiila
and dig Refgnutioo itt Kirabn," (Ic iSja; UuttHU. "C
Spahtbl in Eni«iMlirinr«i -tnnin Utrila," ■!«■.

Spalftttnoi. See Spalatir

Spalding, ■pil'ding,(GiOKa Ludwio,) a dtsllngaished

thUologiit. a son of Jiriiann Joachim, noticed below, waa
Oin at Barth In iTU. He prepared an excellent edi-
tion of the works of Quintillan, published after his death.
He also wrote (in Latin) ** Vindication of the Mtgvic
rbilosophera." He wa* a member of the Academy of
Science* at Berlin, and councillor In tb« miniatry for
public instruction. Died In iSlI.

Sh doni LnowiQ Spauhmi, "Uunori* O. L. SpiMlii^i,"

Spaidlne^ (JORAKN JoACKtH.) a Protestant theolo-
gian and religious writer, bora In Swedish Pomeranla In
1714; died in 1804.

BpU'dlng, (John,] a Scottish historian, litedln Aber-
deen. I le wrote " Memorlali of the Trouble! In Scot-
tan d." Died abtmt 167a

BpOl'dlDft (ToK!4 Franklin,] D.D., an Amerloin
biahop, bom In Uelgrade. Maine, August 35, i8)S, grad-
uated at Bowdoin College in iSU, and at the General
Seminar; in New Yorkin 1857. In tSjS he was ordained

■ priest of the Episcopal Church. In 1S73 he vu con-
•ecrated Biahc^ of Colorado. Died Msrcb Q, igca.

BpaldloK (John Lancaster.) D.D., an American
bishop, born at Lebanon, Kenluckv, June I, 1840, was
educated at Emmitlsburg, Rome, and Louvain, where he
graduated In 1859. He became aCatholic priest or Ken-
luckjr, and in 187T wa* consecrated Bishop of Peoria,
Illinois, the 6nt o( that title. Among hi* work* are a
" Life of Archbishop Spalding," " Essays and Reviews,"
*■ Religious Mission of the Irish People," " Lectures and
Discouises," (in 4 vois.,) a series of school-books, etc.

SpU'dlng, (Lyman,) an eminent American physician,
born at Cornish, New Hampshire, in 1775. He gradu-
awd at Harvard College In 1797, and (titled at PorU-
mouth in 1799. He published a "New Nomendature
of Chemisliy," (1 799.) In 1S13 he became president of
tbc College of Physidans at Fairfield, New York, and
professor of anatomy and surgery. He removed to the
dly of New York in 1813, He originated the "Phar-
macopcEia of the United States," the plan of which ha
formed about 1818. He died in October, iSai.

S<* THAOtaa, ** Utdial BiofnphT."

Bpalding, (Martin John,) D.D., an American arch-

in t!^6, and at the College of the Propaganda in Rome,
in 1S34 he was ordained a Catholic priest, was consecrated
Bishop of Lengone, and condjutor of Louisville in 1S4S,
wcceeded Bishop Fhget as Bishop of Louisville in 1850,
and in 1B64 was appointed Archbishop of Baltimore,
where he died, Febroarv 7, 187a. He was one of the most
learned, active, and inAuenlial prelates of his Church in
this country. Among his worlcs are " Evidences of Calh-
olidty," (1S47,) " Miscellanea," ( [855,) and " History of
the Piotestant Reformation," (1860.) See bit "Life,"
by Bishop J. I. Spalding.

BpU'dioft (SAUtJBL,) an English theologian and dis-
senting (Urine, bom In London in 1807. He died in
1^4 tt th4 Cape of Good Hope, whither he had gone
on account of Ua health. His prindpal work is entitled
"Tbe PhilolDphyof Christian Morals,"

SPAXJCS

Bpaldtng (WnxtAii,) a Scottish cri6e nd writa^
bom at Aberdeen about 1809. H« wrote, beside* other
vrorks, " Italy and die Itslian IsUikI* from tbe Earliest
Ages," etc, (3 volt., 1841,) and became professor of logic
in the University of Saint Andrcw'a In 1845. He con-
Iributed to the "Encydopsedia Britannic^' Died h
1859

^■nwiwinl, spU-lln-sl'nee, (LAZUao,) an emlneul
_. ian anatonitt, bom at Scandiano, in tha duchy at
MMena, in 17M1 was educated at Bolcvna. He bccun*

— ' ' '-g« and Greek at Renioln 1754. and ob-

tt M6dena in 1761. In 1768 be published
"On the Action of the Heart in 'he Blood- VesieU,"
(" Deir Arione del Cuore ne' Vasi sangulgnl.") He was
appointed professor of natural hiatory at Pavta aboat
I770> He wrote treatiiea on respiration, digestion, re-
production, eto. Died in 1799.

Ss* J. Tbuanss, " Motin ur is V!t 0* SnlUHiai," in» : P(»
rrri, '■ Etaaio di L. SpiilUnHnl," iSss 1 J. U Aiibit " Klops
btenqiwdsSpsUMWBU," iSeSi'-NMnlta Biacnphw C^ndnl*.''

In America, was bora at Kleltenberg, In Germany, la
1704. In 173s he visited America and founded a K>
ravian settlement in Georgia. Having been made a
bisbop in 1744, b« continued to re^de nearly twenty
yean In America, where he was instrumental in aatab-
lishing Moravian colonies at Bethlehem in Pennsylvania
and in North Carolina. He returned to Germany ia
1761, and died in 1791. He wrote, among other worfc^
a "Ule of Count Ziniendorf," (1771,) and "Exposition
of the Doctrine of the United Brethren," (" Idea Fidel
Fralrum.")

SpwiKUilMrK *pli«'«n-bCRa', (CvRiActn,) a Ger-
man theologian and historical writer, bom at Herdea
In 1518, was the author of "Chronidet of Ilennebo;^
Ilolatcin, etc" Died In 1604,

Hpatitmtm, spAn'hlm, tEiKKiKL,) an croinent Swtai
diplomatist, scholar, and numismatist, born at Geneva
in 1619. He studied Hebrew, Arabic, and theology at
Leyden. In 1659 he was sent by the Elector- Palatine to
Italy on a diplomatic mission. He published at Rome a
work on anaent cwna, " De PrKstantia et Usu Numi*-
matum antiquorum," (1664.) He returned to Heidelberg
in 1665, ader which he was employed by the Elector sa
minister to England. About iKlo tie entered tbe servica
of the Elector of Brandenburg, who sent him ss ambti-
lador to Pari*. Among hi* work* i* "Tht Romaa
World," etc., (" Orbi* Kooanitt," etc., 1697.) Died ia
London in 1710.

ShNicAhOh, "HfnHim;" Snniin, " HiMoks ittfr^n It
Gntni" " N«nlk Btogra^it OinlTSle."

Bpwiihalin, spln'htm, (Fribdrich,) a thcologiaiL
born at Ambov, in Bavaria, in i6oc^ waa the father 01
the preceding, lie was appointed proressor of theology
at Leyden In 1643. He publbhed,beiidca other works.

Sh NicdtOK, "lUmdntt" Bavls, "Hiiiorical ud Cridc4

theology and sacred history at L^en In t67ix
long his works I* " A Summary of Ecclesiastital

History," (" SUmma Historic ecclesiatticM," l6S^}

Died In 1701.

Sea Niciitoii, "MdnuirM."

Spark or Bparko, (Thomas,) an Engiiih dfrgy-
man, bom in 165$, became prebendary of Lichfield and
Rochester. He published an edition of Lactaniiu^
(16S4.) IMedin 1691.

Sparke^ (Thomas,) a learned English Puritan min-
ister, bom In Uncotnshlre in IJ48. He became preb-
endary of Lincoln in ij83. He wrote aeveral rcligioui
works. Died in 161&

n Church of Baltimore In i8i9> after whjdi h*

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

sPAsa

wrote Kveral treadles on theolcw;. He became In 18*3
the editor at the "North American Review," which he
conducted (in Bo«on] until 183a He published "The
Life of John Ledyard," (1819,) and "The Life of Gouver-
neur Mortis," (3 vols., 1833,) and expended much
kbour on "The Life and Writings of George Wash-
tnKion; being hii Correapondence, AddrecMs, Mes-
tages, etc." (ta voli. 8vo, 1833-40,) which, mvb R. W.
Gritvrotd, is "a work in alt teapecU as nearly perfect
IS possible." He published a good edition of the com-

Elete works of Franklin, (10 vols., i83Wat In 1839
e was appoinied professor of ancient and moaetn history
in Harvard Universitv. He edited "The Library of
American Biography," (First Series, 10 vols., 1835-39.
and Second Series, ij vols., 1844-48.) For this valuable
collection he wrote the biographies of Ethan Allen, Ben-
edict Arnold, Marquette, Count Pulaski, U Salle. Kl-
bault, and Ceneial Charles Lee. He was president of
Harvard University from 1849 to 1851. It u stated that
he was engaged for many years on a. History of the
American Revolution. Died in 1866,

"The great merits of Mr. Sparks," gays Gtiswold,
"are reverence for truth, soundness of judcnient in te-
' " -evidence, and exhausting fulness of detail and
in." (See"Prose Writers of America.")

Span, span, (Otto Christoph.) Bakoh, a German

commander, born in 1593, served against the Swedes in
165s, and was made Gel d-marsha! .general in 1657. Died

Bparre, splr'reh, (ERIC Larssoh,) a Swedish states-
fnan and writer, bom in 1550- He was an adherent of
Sigismund in a dvil war which resulted in the de-
thronement of that king. He was executed for treason

Bparre^ (Gehr Georc.) a Swedish novelist, bom

near Kroroberg in 1790. He entered the army In 1807,
>nd became a colonel in 1832. Died July 1$, 1871.

Sparnnann, span'mln, (Andreas,) a Swedish natti-
ralisl, bom in the province of Upland about 1747. He
studied at Upsai under Ijnnaeus, and in 177a visited
the Capt of Good Hope. He afterwards accompanied
the Forsters in their voyage round the world with Cap-
tain Cook in 1771. In 1775 he set out for the interior
of Africa, where he made a valuable eolleaionofplanis,
animals, etc. After his return to Sweden, he was elected
a member of the Academy of Sciences at Stockholm,
and appointed conservator of the Museum. His travels
are highly esteemed Tot their accuracy, and have been
translaied into several languages. Died in tSao.

Spai'rSw, (Anthony,) an English prelate under the
reign of Charles II, became Bishop of Norwich. "

Bibtished a "Rationale of the Book of Common Pra
ied in 16S5.

ap^rSw, (WitLiAK,) D.D., an American divine,
born in Massachusetts, of an Irish £imily, March 13,
1801. He lived in Ireland, 1S05-17, studied in Columbia
College, New York, and became one of the leaders of the
••Low ChurcH" parly in the Episcopal Church. He held
professorships in Miami University, 1824-2$. in Kenymi
College, and in the Theological School of Virginia,
1840-74. Died at Alexandria, Virginia, January 17, 1874.

Spar'tf-COB, a Thradan soldier, who was Uken
prisoner by the Romans, reduced to slavery, and trained
as a gladiator. Having escaped with a number of his
associates, he became leader of a numerous band, and
tiefeaied Claudius Pulcher, who was sent against him
about 73 R.c Having proclaimed freedom to all slaves
who should join him, he raised a powerful army and de-
feated several times the consuls sent against him. He
was prudent as welt as brave, llis army amounted to
about 100,000 men, and was invincible until dissensions

SPELMAN

Ended the great Servile war. Span . ..

extraordinary man, and had the qualities of a hero.
Sec LiTv,"Epiioni*;" UfaiHfa,"Cuem iixule:" "NowtDi

Spartluraa, ipar-itie-l'nti*, (Fr. Spartii», sptR'

■e^t^M I'^uvsJ a Roman hiitorUn, who lived about

Sio A-D., wrote a ** Historr tn Single Biographies of the
Oman Emperors from Caesar down to his Own Tinie."
Only fragments of it are extant

Spartlen. See Spartiahui,

Spaiwettfeldt, spa n'Ofn -flit', (Johan Gabriel,) ■
Swedish linguist, born in i6js. He left, In tnaanscrip^
a "Lexicon Slavonicura." Died in 1727.

Spaal'dlnK (Livy m American CongregaHonal
missionary, born at JaSrey, New Hampshire, Angnst 11,
1791. He graduated a( Dartmouth College In 1815, and
at the Andover Seminary in iBtS, went to Northern
Ceylon as a missionary, and died there, tune 18, 1873.
Besides writing and translating religious books into the
Tamil language, he published a "Tamil Dictionary."

Spffckbacher, sp«k'bSK'«r, (Joseph,) a Tyrolese
patriot, and friend of Hofer, was bora near Innspnick ia
1768; died in i8ao.

Speckter, sp(k't(r, ^rwin,] % German painter,
bom at Hamburg in 1806, was a pupil of Cornelius at
Munich. He visited Italy in 1814, and while at Rome
produced his picture of the "Sleeping Samson," et>
teemed one of his master-pieces. He died in iBlJ,
IIisinleresiing"LettersofsGeriQanArtist (rout Italy"
were published In 1S4&

Speckter, (Otto,) a brother of the preceding, was
bom at Hamburg In 1807. He acquired a high repo*
tation as a painter of landscapes and animals, and exe>
cuted a number of lith^aphs and etchings, amonc
which we may name "Twelve Etching* (o Puss in
Boots." Died April 29, 1871.

Spedalieri spi-di-le-l,'ree, (NiccoLa.) an Italian

Eriest aiid writer, bora in Sicily in 1740. He pul^
shed a work on the Rights of Man, "De" Dirilti del
Uomo," (1791.) which gave oSence to the clergy. Died
mi79S.

Bpee, TOD, Ton spl, (FltiEDRiCH,) a German Jesnt^
born near Kaiserswerth, on the Rhine, about 159*,
wrote devotional poems of great beauty, and an abM
treatise aeainst the belief in witchcraft Died in 1635.

Speed, (John,) an English historian, born in Che-
shire about I5(a He was the author of a chronicle
entitled "The History of Great Britain under the Con-
quests of the Romans, Saxons, Danes, and Normans,"
(161 1,) "The Theatre of the Empire of Great Britain,"
and other wsrks. Died in 1629.

Spegel, spn^fl, (Haquin,) a Swedish prelate, bora
at Ronneby in 1645. He wrote, besides other works,
a " History of the Swedish Church," ("Svenska Kyrka-
histotie," 1 vols., 1708.) In 171 1 he became Archbishop
of Upsal. Died in 1713 or 1714.

Speight. (Thomas Wilkinson,) a British novel-

t, bom at Liverpool in 1830. He published " Fate
of (he Hars Diamond," (iSjr,) "The Secret of Wy-
"-ni Towers," (1898,) and other novels.

Speks, speek, (Captain John Hanninc,) an English
olBcer, distinguished as an explorer of Africa, was born
In 1817. He served in the army in India sc%eral years^
About 1855-5J he was a companion of Captain Hurton
in a journey in Africa. He discovered Lake Victoria
Nyania in 1858L In company wilh Mr. Grant, he per-
formed another journey to thaipart of Africa in 1860-61,
and discovered the sources of the Nile in 1862 by tracing
that river to Lake Nyantx He was killed in England
'- T864 by the accidental discharge of bis own gua

Jec " Cenlltmui'i Miguing" &r NaTombor, tV^i "Btadl-
wood's MafiEint" for Koviinbtr, iist> and Uiy. iSte,

Spel'in^, (Edward,) an English scholar and trans-
lator, was a descendant of Sir Henry, noticed below.
He translated Xenophon's "Crropxdia,"and Dlonysiu
of Halicarnassus. Died in 1767.

Spelman, (Snr Hf.nrv.) an eminent English antl-
uary, born in Norfolk.in 156a. He studieiTat Trinity
:ollege, Cambridge, and afterward* settled in Londotb
He published In 1626 the first part of his "Glossarium
Archaiologicum." a standard work of Its kind, which he
left unfinished ; the remaining part was brought out by
his friend Sir William Dugdale. I le also wrote " Coun-
cils, Decree*, Laws, etc of Briuin in Ecclesiastical
Affairs," (in Latin, unfinished.) Died in 1641.

His ton. Sir John Spelman, wrote a "Critical Life

< M i; f U t; g lutrd; % mJ; a, K, K,gK/tiiraJ; n, mataJ; t, trilltd; i u

isinMi<; (l^-See Explanation*, p. %%,\

dbyGoogle

Spalta, spjl'll, (Antonio Maria.] an Itilian liltlra-
tmr, born al ravia in IJ59. lie publiihcd, besidM othei
work*, "laiorUde' Fall) noiabili occoni nell' Univeno,"
«e., (1603.) Died in 163a.

8peac«, (Henry Donald,) an English divine,
bom at Pall Mall in 1836. He became Dean ol
Gloucester in 1886, and published important works
on theological tubjecis and on the history of the
English chuich,

liamp!

D orders, and In 17:8 became professor of poetry
that college. 1 laving travelled on the continent, he wan
appointed after hts return professor of modem history
at Oxford. His principal work is entitled "Polymctis;
or. An Enquiry concerning the Agreement between the
\Vorks of the Roman Poets and the Kemain* of the
Ancient Artists," etc., which naa »ery well received.
lie also wrote an "Essay on Fone'a Translation of the
Odyasey," which procured for him the friendship ol
thai poet, and "Anecdotes, Observations, and Charac-
ters of Books and Men," a valuable and interesting
work. Mr. Spence was made a prebendary of IJurham
Cathedral in 1754. He was accidentally drowned is
176a

BpoDC^ (William,) an eminent English entomolo-
gist, born in 1783, published a number of treatises on
natural history, among which we may name "Obser-
vations relative lo Dr. Carus's Discovcr]rof the Circu-
lation of Blood in Insects." He also assisted the Kev,
Williant Kirby in his "Introduction Id Entomolmn'i
or Elements of the Natural History of Insects." He
was a Fellow of the Koyal Society and other leartied
Institutions. (See Kirby.) Died'ni86o.

SpCa'cer, (Ambrose,) LL,D., an aUe American
Jurist, born at Salisbury, Connecticut, in 176^ He

Sraduated at Harvard College, and subsequently rose
irough various offices Co be chief justice of the State
of New York in i8ic^ He retired from the bench in
1823. He married succettivelf two sisters of De Witt
Clinton. Died in 1848.
Spencar, (Charlk^) See Sunderland, Earl or.
Span'Cfr, (Charles,) Duke of Marlborout-h, bom
tn 1707, was a son of Chatlea, Earl of Sunderland, and
■ grandson of the liunou* Duke of Marlborough, whose
lilTe he inherited in 1733. He served in the army, and
obtained (he rank of llcutenani.generaL Died in 175^
Spanoar, (Frederick,) Earl of Spencer, an English
peer, born in London in 1798. Ho aerved in the navy,
and gained the rank of rear-admiral. In 184$ he enterea
the House of Lords. Died DecemNer 17, 1857.

Bpencor, (Georcb,) ^ Koman Catholic priest, bom
hi 1799, wai a younger brother of Viscount Althorp.
He joined the order of [Zionists, and assumed th«
name of Father Ignatius. Died in 1S64.
Spanoat. (Henry.) See Sunderland, Earl
Bpenoer. (Herbert,) a distinguished English
philosophical writer, was bom at Derby, April 27,
1830. He became a railway engineer at seventeen,
but after eight years' service he withdrew and devoted
himself to literature. He early became
believer in and powerful advocate of the theory of
evolution, and gradually developed a wide-embracing
philosophical system based on views largely original
with himself. His Rrst notable work in this direction
was Ilis " Social Sialics," (^1850.) There followed a
noniber of essays on evolution and other subjects, of
which the best known is his popular small work on
"Education," (1861.) In i860 he announced the
publication o( a " System of Synthetic Philosophy,"
to begin with the first principles of nature, and 10
trace the taw of evolution through life, mind, society,
and morality. Most of his later years were given to
this ambitious project, which was developed in his
" First Principles," (1862,) " Principles of Biology,"
(1864-67,) "Principles of Psychology," (1870-72,)

SPENES

Principles of Sociology," (1S76-96,) and "Prin-
ciples of Ethics," (1879-93-) Spencer is regarded
as one of the most profound thinkers of modem times,
and his writings liave had a remarkable influence
upon recent scientific and philosophical (bought. Died
Decemt>er 8, 1903.
SpaDOvr, (Jkssb Awits,] D.D., an American Epbeo-
aliai) divine and theologian, bom in Dutchess county,
lew Vork,{n 1S16. He was appointed in tSjo professor

Reformation," (1846,) "Egypt and the Holy Land,'

((849.) and other works.

Spencer, (Joii.n,) D.D., an English divine and scholir,

■u-n in Kent in i6jo, was created Dean of Ely. He

role a work entitled "De Leglbu* Hebrzorum Kitit>

alibus ct eorum Ralionibus." Died in (69$.

Spsnoer, (John Canpield,) an American lann

id statesman, born at Hudson, New York, in 1^

as a son of Ambrose, noticed above. He praducd

for many years at Canandaicua, 10 which he remoTtd in

1S09L He was elected (o Coneress in 1816, and was a

member of the Senate of New York from 1S14 to 1S1I

He gained a high reptitalion by his revision of Ihestaiotes

of New York, on which he wrote a series ofessan. In

1S39 he became secretary of slate for New Votk. He

was secretary of war under (he national government

from October, 1S41, (o March, 1843, and was appointed

secretary of (he treasury at the latter date. He resigned

in 1844 because he was opposed lo (he annexation of

Teaas to the Union. About 1845 he removed (ran

Canandaigua to Albany, where he died in May, iS;^

Mr. Spencer was a man of powerful intellect and iniciue

lergy, and occupied a high position as a lawyer and

philanihropisL He did much lo promote popular

education.

Bpenoftr, (John CKARLB&f See Altiiokp, Lokft

;r 27, 1835.
College, Can

Irel.and, (869-74, and was again appointed In iSSi. being
also lord president of the Council^ with k seat lo Ht,
Gladstone s cabinet
Bpencvr. Uoseph,) an Atnerkan general, bom In

ilectcd lo the General Congress in that year. Ktd
1789.

8puic«r, (Hon. William Robert,) anaccompllihcd
English writer, aon of Lord Charles Spencer, was bom
ini770L HeproduccdatraDslsiioaof"Lenorc.'' Died
■ 1S34.

Bpencr, sid'np-, (Jakob Kabu)b German writer vA

, sid'np-, n,

in of the fol

following, «

bom at Frankbrt la

History of _ _ ^, ,

et l-ragmatica." 3 vols., i?!?-) Died ir
Spener, (PaiLtPp Jakob,) an eminent German Ptot-
itant minister, born at Kappoltsweiler, now Rib^sTlII^

etc St Strasburg, and began

1 thai all in
isapreacDcr,

at Frankfort-on-lhe-Main. He Instituted, about (6;^

meetings for religious instruction and prayer, which wwj
called ^t^/tfw /if *i/i>. In 1675 he publiaheda small «••
enililed "Pious Desires," (•• Pia Dcsideria,") which wM
highly esteemed. He was appointed court preacher it
Dresden in 16S6, and removed in 1691 (o Berlin, «l>«e
he oblained the office of provost of the church of Sainl

..... |,.u...u..un of vital and practical religion. Thecb»n
of tfieolocy in the new University of Halle were filled
by disciples of Spener. A controversy arose bet«e»
his friends and the faculty of Wittenberg, who ceraond
as heretical two hundred and sixtv-lour pri>pii«itioai
found in his writings. He died in Berlin in Pebnorfc
1705, leaving numerous works, antong whidi are " Tte

L <. I, Oh 0, ;, /M^.' 1, t. A, same, leasprolongcfii i, C, [, 0, C, J,f4(>rf ; 4, f , i, 9, gAtwr/; Or, nil, RU; inCti n(k; sSMi mn*;

d by Google

S«CANiraH,"Laliaubadun'bun|tS|iHiai,"iTta:Ho<»MH,
"Sptncr Bitd utro* Ztjt," t itAt^ iSiSl W. Thilo, "Spcner >li
KiUchM," i»4i>i Wiii»HM»»H. "P. J. Spencr." ia4i : ^. Stbik-
--««. •; Uben P J. SptfurV.r- ■ ° "° ' "--

__,._ _„ ---^ - -- -s educated . .

Munich, Berlin, and Lcipslc, and h«ld prore»orshi|>s a(
philolocy in Heidelbeig, and in Munich, where he died,
Nuvember S, tSSo. lie iuucd valuable editions of many
Greek and some Latin authors.

Spin'oer, [LaL Sfensi'kus,] (EoMtrND,) an t1lus>
trioui English poet, was bom in East Smithfield, Lon-
don, about ijsj. His early history is involved in much
obscurity ; he Ts supposed, however,

,,....,, have been of

good family, though probablyin indigent circumstances,
u he entered Pembrolie Hall, Cambridge, as ■ sizar, in
1569. Having taken the degree of A.M. In 1576, he
resided fi; a time in the North of England, where he
wrote his " Shephearde's Calendar," a pastoral poem,
dedicated (o his Diend and patron Sir Philip Sidney,
»nd first pobliihed In 1579. He became secretary to
Lord Grey de Wilton, viceroy of Ireland, in tjSo, and
obtained (or his services ■ grant of 3013 acres of land
Irom the forieited estate of the Earl of Desmond. Soun^
after he had fixed bU residence In this place, which was'
•ituaced in the county of Cork, he acquired the friend-
ship and patronage of Sir Waller Raleigh, to whom he
dedicated his poem entitled " Colin Clout*s come Home
Again," (1591.) About the same lime he published the
<ist three books of his " Jaerie Queene," and In 1595
his "Astrophel," an elegy on Sir Philip Sidney, lie
manied the same ye*r »> Irish lady, supposed to have
been a Miss Nagle, and wiyle on tne occauon an epi-
thalamium, which Hallam styles a " splendid little pocrq,
. . . an,intoxicalion of ecstasy, ardent, noble, and pure."
The fourth, fifth, and ^«h book* of "The Faerie
Queene" came out in 1596, Spenser was appointed in
1798 shertff of the county of Cork. The rebellion of
the Earl of Tyrone having br<^n out aoon after, he
was compelled to leave hia estate, which was plundered
by the rebels, and the house burned, witl^ It is said, an
Inftmt child in iL He did not lon^ survive this severe
calamity, and died in great destltuDon. He was buried
In Westminster Abbey, near Chaucer, In compliance with
hii own requesL He left two sons, Sylvanns and Fere-
srlne. Of Spenser's ppetry Campbell observes, " He
threw the soul of harmony into our verse, and made it
more warmly, tenderly, and magnificently descriptive
tban it ever was before, or, with a few exceptions, than
il has c^-er been since r •"<! Hailitt says, " There is an
originality, richness) and variety in hia allegorical Der>
•onagca and fictions which almost vies with the splen<
door of the. ancient mythology. If Ariosto transports
us into the repona of rooiance, Spenser's poetry w all
Airy-land"

Sa J. P. Cotuaa. "Lift of E. SHDHt," iS&ii Di. John
Aiitii.,''-Lifc of E-SpniKi." liofti jTTToBt^ "Lifc of E.
Speun," iki; PiitloOTT, " M««llini« ;'■ W*irn>li, "Obwr™-
(><<»enibaFuricQuccDi" - filMkwcad'i UuaiM" Ibr Nanm-
brr, iSui Alusomi, "Dicttourr of Aiuhon."^

a. See Spsnsek.

TorBpam>akl,spl-rln'ske, (MiCKASi,)
CouVrr, an eminent Russian statesman and mathemati-
cian, bom in the government of Vladimir in 1771. He
became secretary to the privy council in iSoi. and col-
teagne of the minister of Justice in 1S08. He made
Important reforms in seycrsl departments of the gov-
emmenL In t8i3 be was removed from office, bvt in
1819 bewasatnNdnted Governor-General of Siberia. He
«nj^red in a high degree the confidence of the emperor
Nicholas, and was placed at the head of a commission
appointed to make a digest or code of Russian laws,
which was published in 45 vob., 183a. For these
services be was rewarded with the title of count. Died
in 1839.

S« Biiaox TON Komr, "Vh im '
Stoi i " Nounlla Biocnplu C^ntnk.'
fipwllng, sptaling, (Otto,) a German naturalist.

Died in 1681.

Sm HOlur, "Ciiibtti Liianta."

Sperling, (Otto,) an antitjuary, a son of the pro*
ceding, was born at Chrisiianii in 1634. He becama
professor of history and law at Copenhagen in 1691,
and published several works on numismatics and North,
ern antiquities, among which is "Monumentum Ham-
burgense Benedictinum,"{i67S.) Diedin 1715,

Speronl, spl-ro'nee, (Speroxz,) an eminent Italian
writer and otaior, bom at Tadua in 1500, He passed
for the foremost orator of Italy in hi* time. He wrote
several works in verse and prose, among wbich are
moral dialogues, [" Dialogbi,'' 154^) and an admired
tragedv, called "Canace," (1S46.) His style is highly
praised. Died In 1588. His complete works were pub-
lished at Venice in 5 vols. 4to, I74(X

Sn DmThou, "E!rp»«i" Nicinox, "M^iroim;" Cikoom^
"HuKuriLinirM™ d'luaie;''TiKAio«eHi,"Swri« d*ll* Luuira-

Speualppa. See SrEusiproa;

iple and nephew of Plata. His motlier,
Potonc, was a sister of Plato, whom he accompanied in
his third journey to Syracuse. Having been selected
by Plalo as his succeuor, Spcusiupus directed the
Academy from 347 10 339 B.C. He adopted the Platonic
philosophy, with slight modifications. Aristotle testified
all respect for the ability of Speusippus by writing a
refutation of his doctrines. Hit works are not extant.
Died in 339 B.C.

S« RiTm,"Hifln(yof Ph(laopli]r;"RATAiiHa«;"S|)*»lppl
daPriin[>REruniPniidp3iP<iciu,"itiS;U. A. FiiCHaii,''S^p>
60 Aodemla dt Sp«itkipf4 Vila,'* tt^y

Bpbasrtis, sfee'tus.JZfi^,] a Greelt Stoic philoao*
-*■ pupil of Zeno, and lived at Alexandria Im

mythology, was said to have the fiice of a woman,
the wings of a bird, and the breast, leet, and tail of a
lion. According to some writer*, the Sphinx was tha
offspring of Typhon andChimseta. The poet* feigned
that this monster appeared nelr Thebes, in Bceotia,
proposed a riddle to every person that pasted, and d«>
stroyed all that Uled to solve the enigma. After many
had £tiled and had periihed, CEdipus came, and the
Sphinx demanded, "What animal is that which goes on
four feet In the morning, on two at noon, and on ihrea
at evening?" He answered, "That is Man, who creeps In
infancy, walks on two feet in manhood, and uses a staff
in old age." The Sphinx then killed herself, or disap*
pearcd. This was a bvourile emblem among the ancient
Egyptians, with whom it probably originated. At the
present time there may be seen near (be pyramid of
Ghiieh a colossal figure of a sphinx, cut oat of a solid
rock, and probaUy as old a* the pyramids.

Stt "Bioantfiie UninVKlle," (P*ni« mrlhaliiiTaiK :) SHTtlb
"Dicliofury ofCnck ind Rofun Uiocnpl^r *nd H/tholcif7."

Bptegel. spee'B;!, (Fkiedrick.) a German Orientalist,
born near Wiiriburg in tSao, has published a " Chres-
tomathia Persica," and an edition of Che "Zend Avesta,"
or the sacred books of the Parsees. with a translation.
He became in 1849 professor of Oriental languages at
Erianecn.

BpieEvI. spee^l or spee^Hfl, (H>Nt>RtK,1 a Dutch
poet and merchant, called thi Dirrcit Ennius, born
at Amsterdam in 1U9. He wrote "The Mirror of tlM
Heart," (*■ Hart Spiegbel," 1614-) Died in 161a.

SptegMl, wan Ami. See SPtGBLit;i

Bptakw, spee^fT, {Chkistian WiLHEf.1l,) a Gor-
man Protestant theologian, bom at Brandenburg, oa
the Havel, in 1780. He vrrole a number of rdi^oua
and educational works. Died May rc^ 1858.

Bptelberg. See SPfLBBRO.

BpiAlbargMi, van, vtn speellrflt^^ or BpIIbeita
g«ii, (Geokgb,) a Dutch navigator, who made a voyM
10 the East Indies in 1601. In 1614 he commandetfa
flotilla of six vessels which sailed tttrough the Strait oC
Magellan to the Moluccas.

ui; imtigAtrd; |;as/;c^ll,K;/Wa«raf,' n.natai; t,lrii!iJ^ lasi; AaamlAu. {g^'See Explsnatipnitp. aj.)

SPIELHACEN nt

S)^«lluig«ii, apeel'hl'gfn, tFRiEDRiCM,) in emtnent
German novelist, was born at Magdeburg, February 24,
1839. He wubraughl up at Slralsund, and was educated
■t Bonn, LclDsic, Berlin, and Grei&walde. Heisrecuded
b^ man V as tne ablest Gennan novelist of his time. Among
his books are " Problematische Naturen," ( 1S60,) " DurcS
NichI lum Licht," (1861,] J'ln der iwolften Slunde,"

■n,"^ (1S07,] "Hammer nnd Amboss," ("Hamniet
and Anvil," 1869, which may be considered tiia master-
piece,) " Ultimo," (1S74,) "Was will das werden?"
(1886) "Susi," (189s,) "Faustulus,-' (1B97,) aod
various plays, translations, etc. Died Feb, 35, 1911,

SpUliDBiin, ipeel'tniit, (Jakob Heinhold,) bom at
Straaburg m 1732, became professor of chemistry in hi*
native town. He published '• Elements of Chemistry,"
and other sdentific worka. Died in 1783.

SpteringB (spee'rings) or ANTWSitP, (Henry,) an
kble landscape-painter, bom about 16J3. lie worked
in France for Louis XIV., and in Italy. Died in 1^15.

Bplerlngs, (Nicholas,) a Flemish landscape-painter
bom at Antwerp in 1633, imitated SaJvator Rosa with
■nccesa, Died at Antwerp in 1691-

Spieim, van, vtn speeRs, (Albert,) a Dutch his-
torical painter, born at Amsterdam in 1666. lie worked
at Rome and Venice, and returned to Amsterdam in
1647. Died in 1718.

Etpieahanuner. See CusPiNiAif.

Splesa, speess, (Christian Heihrich,) a German
novelist and dramatic writer, born at Freiberg, in Sax-
ony, in 1755; died in 1799.

Spifame, spe'flm', (JaOJOks Paul,) a Frenchman,
born in Paris in 1503. He became Bishop of Nevera
In 1548, abjured Catliolicism in 1559, and was ordained
a minister by Calvin at Geneva. Charged with calumny
and other offences, be was executed at Geneva in 156A

ShBavu, "HIHDrialuidCriiialDkitonuy.'*

Spifame, (RAOtjL,) a lawyer, a brother of the pre-
ceding, having become deranged, Imagined thai he was
King Henry II. of France, whom he resembled in
features. He was confined by that kinf^ who ordered
him Co be treated as a sovereign. Died m 1563.

Spi-gSII-oa, (or epc-iii'lc-us,) (Adrian,) a Flemish
anatomist and physician, whose original name was Van
DEN Spieghel, was born at Brussels in 1578. He studied
at Louvain and Padua, where he graduated in medicine,
and Iiecame professor of anatomy. and surgery in 1616.
He was the autlior of a valuable work "On the Struc-
ture of the Human Body," (1627,) and other treatises-
One of the lobes of ilie liver has been called by his
name. Died in 1625.

BpUb«rK or S^elberg, speei'btRC, (Tohank,) a
German paintei of history, bom at Dusseldorf in l6t9,
was a pupil of Flink. He was patronized by the Count-
Palatine. Died in 169a

BpUbergen, van. See SpiaLBERQKH, van.

BpUler, (John,) an English sculptor, born in Lon
don In 1763, was a pupii ofBacon. Hiaprincipal work
ti the statue of Charles II. in the centre af the Royal
Exchange. He died soon after its completion, in 1794.

Spiuckw, splnks, (NATHAKtEL,) an English non*
jurot, born at Castor in 1653 or 1654. He became
prebendary of Salisbury about 1687, and was ordained
a bishop of the nonjurors in 1713. Died in'1727.

Bplndlar, splnd'lf r,(KAKL,) a popular and voluminous
German novelist, born at Bieslau about 1795. Among
his works we may mention "The Jew," (iB*?,) "The
Jesuit," (1839,) " The Invalid," and "The Bird-Fancier
of Imst," (" Der Vogelhilndler von ImsL") His writings,
including several dramatic pieces, amount to one hun-
dred volumes. Died in 1855.

S« iha " FonTiD Qunerlr Rcvii*" br OsMbar, 1(13,

SplnelU. See Sfinclloi

SpUielll,spc-nenee,(Nicx»3Ld,) an Italian jurist, bom
■I Naples about Ijaj- He was app<nnted chancellor
of the kinSDom by Queen Joan L of Naples, Died
after 1394.

SpuelU, (Parri,) ao Italian painter, born at Arezzo
about 1390, was the aoii of the artist Spinello Aretino,

JO SPINOZA

by whom be was Instructed In piling. His fresew
were diatingaisbed for their richnesi of colouring. Hia
death is variously dated about 141a, 1426, 01 1444.

Spinello, (ARETINa) See Aretuio.

Bpinello, spe-nello, or Bptnelll, spe-nellee, CMaiv
tbo,) an Italian chronicler, born in tlie province of Bail
in 1330^ wrote a chronicle of events of his time in Italy.
Died alter 11S5.

Bpio'nfr, (Francis R,) an American politician, bom
In Herkimer county, Nevf Voik, in 1801. He repre-
sented the seventeenth district of New York in Congicsa
from 185s to 1S61, and was then appointed treasurer of
the United States. - Died. December 31, 1S90-

Bpinols, (pee'no-ll, iAmbrosio,) Marquis op, a
celebrated miliiaiy commander, bom at Genoa in 1569^
In conjunction with his brother Frederick, at that lime
admiral of the Spanish fleet on the coast of Hutland,
be fought against the Flemish insurgents in the cam>
paign of 1602. His brother having been killed in aa
engagement with the Dutch In 1603, Spinola becama

f;ciieral -in-chief of the Spanish armv in the Neiher-
ands. and in 1604 took the dty of Ostcnd, which had
been besieged more than three ycarsby the Spaniardx
He afterwards opposed Maurice, Prince of Orahn,
without, however, gaining any decided victory ; and, the
Spanish fleet near Gibraltar having been defeated by
Admiral Hcemskerk in 1607, a truce was concluded
with Maurice for twelve years, (160^} Hostilities being
renewed in 1631, Spinola was again the opponent oi
Maurice, over whom he gained several Important vic-
tories, among which was flie capture of Juliers, Wesel,
and Aix-la-Chapelle. In 1625, after a siege of ten
months, be took the dty of Breda, Maurice having died
of a fever during the progress of the siege. Spinola
afterwards commanded against the French in Italy ; but
be died in 1630.

Sm AnoLmi Simr, "A. SpincJi. EpUodF.** cK.. '^^'-J-^^

. j^iuhi. cS?

"Mi&iQtT of thfl Metliariaml^" chap. sliL

■Ambrogio SpinoK"

nolit" n

Bplnoaa. See Sfinoza.

Spinoza, ipe-no'zi, or BpAoosa, spe-no'sl. (Bens-
DICT,) a celebrated panlheislical philosopher^ liorn at
Amsterdam on the 24ih of November, reja. His parents
were Spanish or Portuguese Jews, v.'ho gave hinn the
name of Bakuch, which he exchanged for its eq^uivalent
Benedict. He learned Hebrew and other ancient lan-
guages, and read with avidity the works of £>escarles,
who was one of his favourite authors^ At an early age
he announced opinions which were considered hereliol
and for which he was eicommonicated by the Jews,
One of them also attempted to assassinate him in the
night, about 1656; but he escaped with a slight wound.
To avoid persecution, he retired to Leyden or Ryns>
berg, and gained a subsistence by making lenses for
telescopes and microscopes. He passed his tile as a
solitary recluse, and practised great frugality. About
166S he settled at the Hague, where he remained until
his death. He publiihed a "Theoloeical and Political
Treatise," ("Tracutus theologico-politicos," 1670,) and
left several works, which were published in 1677 imder
the litle of " Opera Posthuma."

Spinoza was never married. In 1673 the Elector-Pal-
atine, Charles Louis, oBered him a cluiir of philosophy
at Heidelt>ers, promising to allow him liberty of ihoaght
and discussion provided he should not speak or write
against the esublished religion. He politely dedined
this offer. His constitution was naturally frail and
delicate. He died in February, 1677. For moie than
a century after his death he was generally stigmatized as
an atheist, a monster, and a blasphemer, A reaction
followed, cspedally in Germany, and he became a great
favourite with Goethe, Lessing, Novalis, and Scbleier-
macher. His must important work is "^Ihics De-

Ilallam, "what Voltaire has with rather less justice
called Clarke, — a reasoning machine. A few leading
theorems, too hastily taken up aa axiomatic weresnfficieal
to make him sacrifice, with no compromise or hcsitatiof^
not only every principle of rdtKion and moral right, but

i. <, t, 0, ti, ;, /ev-' ^ ti ^ ixnei less prolonged; i, £, 1, 5, Q, f , fiSor/; h Ci f I A <'A*n"v,' fV, flit, a t; mti; nfitigc

db, Google

Ihfl clear Intuitive notions of common tente. . . . Spi-
tMU does not euentutlly difiei from the PanlhcitU of
old. He conceived, a* Ihey had done, that the infiniiv
of God required Ih« exclusion of all other tubsiance. '
(" Inirod action to the Literature of Europe.")

"Bayle** irtide 'Spinoia,'" »aya Goethe, "excited
displeasure and misitust in m^ In the lirst place, the
nan was ^presented as an atheist, and his opinions as
mo*t abominable ) but immediaielj arier it wis con-
fessed that he was a calm, reflective, diligent scllolar, a
food dliien, a sympalhiiing neighbour, and a, peaceable,
oroestic man. They seemed to have quite forgotten
the words of (he gospel : ' B/ tAtir /niiti yea ihall

Kt last (ell upon ilie ' Ethics' of this man.'. . . Here
I found a sedative for my passions, and afree wide view
over the material world seemed to open before me. liut
what especially bound me to him was the great disin-
terestedness that shone from every sentence, . . . The
»ll<onipo«ing calmness of Spinou was in striking con-
trast with m^ all -disturbing activity, his mathematical
method was the opposite of my poetic inugination and
way of writing, and the very precisian which was thought
ill adapted to moral subjeco, made me his eiilliuslaslic
disciple, hi* most decided woratiipper." (" Autobiog-
raphy," booli xiv. p. 170.) From the article "Spinoia,"
in tbe "£u<;yclopxdia Britannica," by John Downes,
we extract the following : " The character of Spinou it
naturally one of the most devout on record, for bis lile
was, io a manner, one unbroken hymn. He was not a

E' >vs man, a* that word is now usually und^stood, for
was not a Christian, at least in profess i on. ■' Among
Ibe numerous biographies of Splnoca, that of J. Colerus,
."Vie de B. Spinosa,'' (1706.) U said to be the best.

Salk alio, LvcAi Va«a, "La Vic M I'Eiprilde Spinota," r7i9;
H P. VON Durn,"Spi>KiuimhI.(benmdLehrL''i;lj:Pia(M
Bavl*. "Htl Lhu van D. ik Spinau." 164S; Jacobi, "Uriefa
Mtw die Lehii des Spinod." \j»: Philippsoh, "Ubcn von
SpJnoB," 174B; Kail Thokael ** Spinon ah Meuphr^w," iS^aj
A.SADrTas."Mntari d« talTia d< Spjnoa," 1I411 Comudvoh
Okhlli " Spinoiu Lebu and Lehn. * 1843: VoH Vlotin, "E*.
nch d'E^nou," iSfij. For an excellent (popoTv) notice of the
e>EloKphic lystoD of Splnoia. •« pMUoa. "Shgri Studin on
Cml Subjeco," iWS; lee, x\ie, Uatthiw Aamiui, "Eui]r> in
Crilicinn/' "WtMnuaeter Revfaw" Sot Mij, 1S4]. (b/ G. H.
LaiTEt ■) '' Briiiih Quinerly Review" for November, iMl " Norlh
BcUUk Koitw" foe U>T, 1S63. uiicl* " Siiuet and Spinou."

Spira, de, d(h spee'ri, (Tohanmes.) or John of
Spever, a German printer, who in the latter part of the
fifteenth century removed to Venice, where he fotmded
the Erst printing-establlshmenL Among the works
issued from his press were editions of Cicero's " Etaslles"
imd Pliny's "Natural History." (1469.)

Splrltl, spee're-tee, (Salvatore,) Marqihs, an Ttal-
bn lilUraltur, bom at Cosenza in 171a; died in 1776.

a^rlto, spee're-to, (Lorenzo,'] an Italian satirical
poet, bom at Perugia about 143a He wrote "Sorti,"
11473,) and other works, which were once popular. He
died about I49<|.

Bpitta, spii'ti, (Kau. Torann PMaiPP,) a German
devotional poet, bom at Hanover In iSoi. Died 1859.

Bplttler, splt'Ifr, (Ludwio Timothkus,) Baron,
bom at Slutlgart in 175*, became In 1779 professor
of philotoehy at GSitingen. He published several bis-
loncal and ecclesiastical works. Died in i8iOk

SpltML See Sfiiblius.

Spl^ Ton, fon splks, (JoHANN BAPTIST,) a German
natnratist, bom at Hoclistadi, in Bavaria, In 17S1. Hav-
it^ published in iSii his "History and Review of all
Systems ofZooIo^," he was elected to the Academvof
Sciences, and maae conservator of the Zoological Mu-
•enm at Munich. In 1S17 he accompanied Von Martius
on hit tdentific expedition to Brazil. He died in 1826,
having with some assistance completed five splendidly
llluttrated works on the birds, apes, bats, ana reptiles
of Brazil.

Sh the "iTMdni Qinrle;1v E
- UoalMr RnWw^ CmvuUi. il

31 SJ'ONJ>B

SplMliiia, spit-(i1e-6s, or Bpitcftl. (pii'tfl, (Thio-
fHiLUi,) a Gernun scholar and ecclesiaatit^ born al
AuBsbutg in 1639, wrote a "CommenUry on the Suta
of Literature among the Chinese," (1660J and other
works. Died in 1691.

Spof'ford, (AiNswoRTH Rand,) an American
librarian, bom at Gilmanton, New Hampshire, in
1815. He was assistant librariap of Congress .1861-
64, hlirarian. in-chief 18^-94, [ben chief assistant. He
edited several "Libraries." Died August II, 1908.

Sporfprd, (llAXRier Elizabfth Prescott,) an

American author, born at Calais, Maine, April 3, 1S3S.
From early childhood she has resided in Neubtiryport,
Massacliusetts, In 1865 she married Mr. R. S. Spufford,
a lawyer. Her writings are mostly poems and talcs.
Among her works are "Sir Rohan's Ghost," (1859,)
"The Amber Gods," (1863,) "Aiarian," (1864,) "New
England Legends," (1871,) "The Thief In the Night,"
(187J,) "Art Decoration," "The Servant Question,"
"The Marquii of Carabaa," " Heater Stanley at Saint
Mark's." etc.

Bpoffprth, (Recihald,) an English composer ol
^real merit, born in Nottinghamshire in 176& He <•
chiefly known 1>^ his glee*, which are esteemed master-
pieces of their kmd. Died in 1826.

Spotm, sp6n, [Lat. Sfoh'nius,] (Friidiiick Au-
oirsT WiLHELki.) an eminent German loholar, bom at
Dortmund in 1791. He studied at Lei pstc, where ha
became in 1819 professor of the Greek and Latin Ian*
guages. He published editions of the " Panegyricns"
of Isocrate*, the two gec^raphical works of Niceohorut
Blemtnida, and the "Opera et Dies" of Hesiod. Ha
died in 1824, leaving a work on hlerogly[Aics, entitled
"De Ungul et Liieris veterum ^gyptiorum," vhicb
was continued and published by Sey&lh in 1815.

See O. SivFFAHTK, " Uanoria Y. A. G. SMdU," iStj.

Spohoiaa. See Spoun.

Bpohr. spfiR, [Louis,) one of the greatest composer*
and musicians of recent times, was born at Brunswick in
1784. He was instructed in violin-playing by Maucoart
and Eck, and subsequently made a professional tour in
Russia, France, and Italy, being everywhere received
with distinguished favour. In 1813 he became chapel-
master at Vienna, where he produced his opera of

~ " and several other admired works. He »a*

appointed in 1S21 chapet-

o the Duke of Hesse-

lasset, and soon alier composed his poptilar operas of
Jessonda," " The Alchymist," " Pietro of Abano," and
The Ctusader," His oratorios of "The Crucifixion,"

" The Last Judgment," and the " Fall of Babylon" ai
entitled to a very high rank among works of the kind t
the last-named was composed for a musical festival in
England, where Spohr's music enjoys great popularity.
He also produced numerous syinphonies, cantatas,
and pieces for the violin and other initrumentt. Died
in 1S59.

Bpolveilnl, spot.vi-ree'nee, (GiAMBATTin'A,) Mar.
WIS, an Italian poet, bom at Verona in 1695. He wrot*
a poem " On the Cultivation of Rice," (" La Coltivaiion*
del Riso," 1758,) which waa much admired. Died in
1762.

BpolTarlnl, (HiLARiON,) an Italian painter of battles,
was born al Parma in 16571 died in 1734.

BpoD. spAx, (Charles,) a French physician, bom at
Lyons in 1609. He practised at Lyons, and translated
into Latin verse the "Prognostics" of Hippucratei,
(1661.) Died in 1684.

Bpon, (Jacob,) a celebrated French antiquary and
physician, born at Lyons in 1647, was a son of the pre.
ceding. In 1676 he explored Greece, from which ha
brOuglit several thousand Inscription*. He published
■'Researches on the Antiquities of Lyons, (1673.)
"Travels in Italy. Dalmatia, Greece, and tbe Levant,"
(3 vol*.. 1678,) which was highly esteemed, ^ "History
of the Republic of Geneva," (i680k) and other worlUk
Died in 1685.

Bpond«nii«. See Sponde, de,

Bpondo,d«,dfhspAHd,[Lal.SP0NDA'NUl;1(HRNKV,>
a French prelate, bom at MauUon in i^oi, became
Bishop of Pamiers in 1636. He published an abii<]s<'>'nt

*»tk:^m;%kard!^mJ:Q,H,K,ptlti$ral;K,natai:M,lriUali\ut;\\tuit\Mi. (lySee £xptanitiont.p.«^>

d by Google

SPONDE

of the " AnnaU" of Baroniiu, vid wrote 4 coalinualloa
of them Oom 1197 lo 1640, <3 vol*., 1639.) Died '
1643.

S>* Moniiu, "DI>.iioDDVR KiUoriqiw;" HieiaOM, " Uf iw^i

Spon<le^ de, [Lat. Spohda'nus,] [Jeah,) a French
•choUr, bom at Maul ton in 1557, wa* a brother ol the
prectdins, lie published a I^tin vcriion of Homei'*
poemi, with notei, (1583.) Died in 159;.

BpoDiiack, Ton, Ion ipon'ntlc, (wilkelm Cau,
Eppihcen,) Count, ■ Danish economist and financier,
bom at Rinkjdbing in 1815. He published a iTtleiiulic
Ireaiite on ciutom*, or laiiBii, (3 voii., 1840.) He wai
«piNllnl«d miniicer of finance in 1E48. Died in iSSS.

Bpontinl, i^n-tee'nee, (Gasparo Luigi Pacifico,)
an llslian musician and composer, born near Jesi, Nov.
t4i ■774' lie produced in I796an opera oiled "I Pun.
tigli deile Donne." About iSoj he removed to Pari*,
wneie hit ■■ Finta Filosofa" was pcrfbimed in i&m. He
CtMnpoaed "La VesUle," an opera, (1S07,) which had
peatMCoew. In 1810 he bccune diredorofthe Rojal
Ofiera in Berlin, and chapel-master to the kins. Aioonc
Ma chief work* are " Olympi:" and " FenuuM Cortea."
Died in 1851.

Bpontona^ ipon-tynl, (CiRO,) an Italian
bom at Bologna about 1 5S1, He wrola mwijr work*,lB
prow and verae. Died about ifitoa

Bpwk von. Am spottk, (Jomakm,) Count, a Ger-
man general, bom in \Ve«lphali> in 1597. He fought
for the Elector of Bavaria, and afteimrd* for tbe em-
peror FenlinanB IIL Died in 1679.

Hi* wan, Franz Amtok, abo a ootin^ bom In 1669,
WM a philanthrouat In Bohemia. He founded hospili'
and public libraries. Died f n ■ 738.

Smt 8vm*ii*ti. " LitwundiitliW in Oaim Spert." ija^

SpOts'wood or apof tia-wood, (John,) an tmbt-
tioa* Scottith prelate, bora at Mid'Caldecin 1565. He
became Archbishop of Glatgow in 1601, and Archbishop
of Satnl Andrew's in 161$. He wa* the object of popu-
lar odium among the Scotch. In 163J be wat appointed
lord chancellor of Scotland. He wrote a " Hiatorf of

Spotawood, (Sir Robbkt,] a laimr, a ion of tbe
preceding, wa* bom about IS9& He wi* appointed
lord president of the court of session by Charles L In
the civil war he was a royalist, fought under Mpntro**,
was taken prisoner, and executed in i64G>

BpottlatTood. Sec Spotswood.

Bpot'tlB-wood«, ^Alicia Ann,) the composer
of "Annie Laurie," (in its recent form,) "Douglas,
Tender and True," and other popular songs, was mar-
ried in 1836 to Lord John Scott, but resumed her
maiden name on succeeding to the estate of Spoltis-
woodc in 1870. Died March 13, 1900.

Bpof tU-woode^ (WlLUAM,) an English mathema-
tician, born in London, January 1 1, 1815. He wa* edu-
cated at Eton and Harrow, and graduated in i84( at
Ualliol College, Oxford, and inherited a partnership in a
great printing- busin en. Hi* principal works are " Ele-
mentary Theorem* relating to Detenninants," (iSji,)
" A Tarantasse Journey through Eastern Russia," (1856,}
and "Polarisation of Light,'*^ (1S74-) In 1878 he was
chosen president of the Uriiith Aasodation. Died June
37. 1883.

Bpragg or Spragge, (Sir Edward,) an Englbh ad-
miral under the reign ofChxrles II., distinguished him-
self in several engagementi with the Dutch in 1666-67,
and subsequently fought Van Tt^mp In three successive
battle*. During the last he wa* drowned, while going
from one boat to another, (1673.)

Bpragtia, sprig. (Charles,) an American poet, bom
In Boston on the 16th of October, 1791. lie left school
at sn early age, to acquire a practical knowledge of mer-
cantile business, which he pursued for some years.
About 1815 he wa* elected cashier of the Globe Bank
of Boston, He produced in 1S33 an ode in honour of

lanpnge," His niou exten^ve work i* "CnriaaUy,'
a didactic and satirical poem, delivered before tbe Phi
Beta Kappa Sodety iif Harvard University in i8j^
Among his other works are a centennial ode on tbe foun-
dation of Boston, pronounced in 1830, and short poem*
entitled "The Winged Worshippers,"" Art,"and "The
Family Meeting," which exhibit mucb skill in tbe use
of language Died at Boston, January it, 187$.

Sh R. W. GKlnroLD, " Put! lod PoMij of Ancria /■ " Noftfc
ABHtiUD Rniew" for April, lija.

Spraguei, (WiixiAM BuEL,) D.D.^«n American Prea-
bvterian divine, born at Andover, Connecticut, in 1795.
He published, "Lecture* to Young People," (il^s.)
"Hints on Christian Intercourse," (1834.) "Visiti to
European Celebrities," (18(5,) and "Annals of the
American Pulpit," (9 vols., t8s6-69.) Of thi* valnable
work, vols. L and iL trealof TnnitarianCongregationali*!
divine*; vol*. UL and Iv., Presbyterian ; voL v.. Epis-
copalian ; vol vL, Baptist ; vol viL, Methodist ; voL viH.,
Unitarian, and vol Jx., Lutheran, Dutch Reformed, etc

IUn««"iDrA|nl, !>);:>

spalng'Htr,

_ . at Aniwetp

In tu6, ttudied in Italy, and while at Rome wa* patron-
ilea by Piu* V. and Cardinal Famese. lie painted lot
the former a "Last Judgment," containing nearly fi*s
handred head*. Died sMut 1625.

Bprat (Thomas,) an Englith writer, bom In DeroB-
ehjre in 1636. He paduated at OKford.ln i6;7, was
appointed successively chaplain to Charles IL, Dean of
Vfestminster, (1683,) and Bishop of Rochester, (16S4.)
He was the author of a poena "On the Death of Oliver
Cromwell," and other poetical piece*, and an accoont
of the R_ye-Hou*e Plot, entitled "A True Account and
Declaration of tbe Horrid Conaplracr against the LaM
King," etc. He also published a " Life of Cowley," and
a " History of the Royal Sodctv," of which he wai ooa
of the original members; and tie to said to have bee*
a**ocialea with the Duke of Bucklnghani, Butler, and
other* in writing "Tbe Rehearsal." Died In 1713.

Sm jDHmoH, "Una of Iht FsM^" sod ■ "Lifo al Hmwm
Spra^" London, tjis-

BprBng, (Jakes,] called Pkxpos'itu*, * FlemUh theo-
logian, born at Ypre* about 1^5. He adopted the prin-
ciple* of Lather, and became in 15x4 pastor of a cbtiicb
at Bremen. Died in 1561.

5oo J. K. voH Savuif. "Vita J. Pnporftt" 1747,'

Bpreng'sl, (Hermann Johann.) chemist, wa*

im near Hanover, Germany, in 1S34. He settled

England in 1859, and became a Prussian professor

in 1893. Hi* discoveries and inveotions connected

with chemistry are numerous, the chieF one being hi*

icuum-pump, or mercury air-pump, wtiich produces

I almost perfect vacuum.

Bprengal, (KurtJ one of the most eminent phy-
slciana and botaniau ofGernany, wa* born near Anklan^
In Pomerania, in 1766. He studied at HaDe, where ho
took his medical degree in 17S7, and In 1797 beeama
-irofessor of botany. Among his works we may name
lis "Manual of Pathology," (3 vo)*., 1795,) "Institu-
ione* Medics," (6 vols., 1809,) a " History of Botany,"
(1817,1 "New Discoveries in the Entire Circuit of Bot-
•ny." (3 vols., 1819,) "Pragmatic History of Medidne,"

Svols., 182S,) "Hisloria Rei Herbaric," and "Flora
alensi*." Died at Halle in 1833. _

Bprangai (MATTKXm CHKi3nAN,)~an uncle of the
preceding, wa* bom at Rostock In 11^ and becam*
— t of htototy at Halle in iTm He wrote a "'"*

n and Ireland," a " History of tk

tory of Great Bi
Mahrattas," (I

irennr, _,_..„.

in Tyrol _..,

in Hindustan, he became in iSjo

irattas," (17S6,) and other work*. Died In iSoj.

Iprenger, spaf ngV. ( " ^'"' ""

tlist, born in Tyrr' =-

[Aloyi,] a dUtineuished Ofi-
1813. After a residence of
I yeara in Hindustan, he became in iSjo inter-
preter of the government at Calcutta and secretary of
the Asiatic Society of Bengal. He translated from the
Arabic into English Masoodee'a " Meadow* of Gold,'
(1S49.) wrote Bvaluable "Life of Mohammad," (i^lj

1,1^1,1^ a,;,/MV,'i,t,A,tame,lei* prolonged; i,i,J,6,i,<f,iAi>r/:^^li},viiture;at,ii,\l,afBilt;abt;siSbi;mKo-

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

SprvuMT, {PuLdDua.) a Gennan monk and i
bom U Wiitzburg in 1735. Ho pnblithed, besidei
work*. "ThcLilcralureof CilholicGermaiij," {11

"y-

*oU.,

. , ^ (UntDIRIO,) ut Ililiui historian,

bum at ELavenna in 1444, wroEs t>n Latin] a " Uatorj
of Ravenna," (1489.) Died about 1474,

SprluK (Gandihbii,] D.D., LI.D., a ton of Samncl
Spring, noticed below, wu bom at Newbnryport, Mu-
Mchntetta, in 178c HaTiitg graduated at Vale College,
bt became ia iSlO pastor of a Preabytcrian church
In New Vorb. He patdithed, among 01

" Oblteaiiona of the WorM to the Bible,* " '_

lion ortheCron,''*'Duconnes to Seamen," and "The
Power of the PulpiL" Died Au{^st iS, 1873.

apring. (Saudsl,) D.D., an American Preebyteri:
divine, born at Northbridge, Masiichuietts, in 1746,
became a chaplain in the Continental army In 1775.
He published a number of religious and controversial
works. Died In 1810.

Spran«r, Tcm, ton •pRoo'ncr, (Karl,) a German
historian and geographer, bom at Stuttgart in 1803.
He puUished a "District Map of East Fninconia,'
(1835,) a "HUtorical-Geographical Hand■Atla^" (1837-
iSji,) which I* esteemed a standard work, a " Universal
Hutorical Scfaoo^Allas," etc Died August «4, 1892.

Sptietiaa, d«, dl spoo'ltb, {Giuseppr,) Prince of
Galaia, an Italian scholar, born at Palermo in 1S19.
He became a magistrate of his native town and a mem>
ber of the Italian Parliament. Besides several collec-
tions of epigrapbs and inscriptions, and a lar^e number
of poetical translation* from the Greelc, he published
** Ducorsl fitologid," ( i8te,} " Carmtna Grsca et Latins,"
(1S77. original,) and volumes of " Poesie," (1868, l88o,)
which gave him a place aniong the most versatile and
deztMOO* of recent Italian poets. Died Hovenber is,
1884.

BpaUn, spO'jri', (EuctHI.) a French author, bom at
Senir^ December 8, 1S35. He became an advocate at
Paris bi 1863. was an ardent Gambcttiat, and also the
principal editor of ■■ La R^pnbliqae Ptancalse," and one
•f Ibe fannden of the "Revue Politique." He was
vetY prominent as a radical politician. His writings in-
dodea-llrief HIstoTTOf the Second £■■^■'{1870.)
-Ub of Michelet," OS76,) " lEnadBS Umls and the
" Ty of Jes^M.I' (i8j«,) elc. Died July aj, 1896.

Bud eloquent English Baptist preacher, bom
don, Essex, in 1834. He bmn to preach in London
about 185^ and attracted large andiences In Exeter
Hal) and Surrey HtMic-HaTL A new chapel, of vast
dimensions, was erected for him, and opened In 1861.

djanoaiy 31, 1891.

Bpn-i1ii'ti^(VcsTiiiaus,) a Roman poet and soldier,
•as a contemporary of Tacitus and Plmy the Younger.
He gained severer victories o»er the Gemuns on the
Rhine, and held various offices under the government
Hi* lyric poems, in Latin and Greek, are praised by Pliny.

SpOn'tow, (WtLUAM.) an English dernman and
" '" * minister of Hackney, from whicl '

nan physician, and one

nolOCT, was bom at Longwicn, near 1 leres, in 1770- ne
•tuded medicine at Vienna, and there met Dr. Gall, ol
whom he became a disdple. About iSoj he left Vienna,
and accompanied Dr. Gall In visits to various cities of
Germany, France, et& As partners, they lectured in
Paris Irom 1807 to 1813, and published "The Anatomy
and PIivsIoTq^ of the Nervous System in general, and
of the Brain in particular." Spurzheim Is re[>uted to
have discovered the fibrous structure of the l>rain. He
lectured in England several Tears, and returned to Paris
in 1817. He published a number of works on phre-
nology, etc He visited Ibe United States in 1831, and
died at Boston In the tooM year.

St» -tlMMlr af il« LM od Phitwnhr of Sfonb^a,-' bf A.
" " " " " 'la Biop^iK* Olnfnlk "

painieranq amareur. 00m ai raoua m 1394. lie enjoyea

a very high repuuiion as a teacher, and numbered among
his pupils Beltini, Marco Zoppo, and Andrea Mantegna.

ShVamsi, "LimBfthaPiiinun.'"SaLVATici^"UPi
Squardose," 1SJ9.

Bqtil'Qr, (Ephraiu Geokge,) an American aichn-
ologist,bom in Albany county. New York, in 1831. lf«
became in 1843 editor of the " Hartford Daily Journal,*
an organ of the Whig party, and in 1844 toulc charg«
of the "Scioto Gaielte.'' Ohio. In 1S48 he published
in the "Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge" a
description of the ancient monuments of the Hississip[d
valley, and in 1S49 sn account of the aboriginal monu-
ments of the Stale of New York, He was soon after
appointed chare^-d'aflaires to Guatemala. In iSji he
furnished the plan for an Inier-oceanic railway through
Honduras, the survev of which road he subsequcnllr
conducted! Among his principal works may be named
"Nicaragua, its People, bceneiy. Ancient Monuments,"
etc., (i8sj,[ "Notes on Central America," etc, (1854,)
"Monograph of Authors who have written on the Aoo-
riginal Languages of Centr^ America," and "Tropical
Fibres : their Production and their Economic Extraction,"
(1861.) In 1863 he was appointed United States Com-
missioner to Peru, where he travelled extensively for two
years. He published the resultsof his researches under
the title of " Peru ; Incidents and Explorations in Ih*

Land of the Incas," (1S77.) He was idniiiied to m '

"" «. Died April 17.

r and scholar.

the teamed institutions of Europe. Died April 17, lE

Bqnir*, [Sahukl,) so Enslish writer and schc _,
bora In Wiltshire in 1714. He studied at Cambridge

idicated,"

(1741,) and other learned works, also a number of se^
mons. Died in it6&

SrM. See SrT.

81^ srec, or Sbil shree, (sometimes written 8re^
■ Sanscrit word, signifying "prosperity," "wealth,*
" splendour," is often applied as an epithet to Lakshn^
the consort of Vishnu, and is sometimes given as a name
to Saraswatt the wife of Brahma, and the goddeu of
-Daie and eloquence. (See LAKSHut and SasaswatL)

Srong Tsaa Oampo, a king of Thibet, was bom

ion after 6oo A.D., and founded Lhassa, or Ulasss, lh«
capital of ThibeL In 6zi he began the formal introduc-
tion of Booddhism into his realms, lie did much lor

id tanks, and founding schools and monasteries.

as noted as a student and translator. He I* now

iiarded a* a lutional patron saint.

BaA-ma-Ksrang, (or •Eonaog,) si ml kvrlng, writ-
_ii also Szs-Hw-KVaiifr an eminent Chinese his-'
torisD, bom Id the province of Shen-see sbout toift
A.IX He enjoyed the favour of several successive sove>
--igns, About the vear ioS4he was appointed jircsi*

int of the Imperial Academy of Han.lin, (he highest

erary institution in China. He died in io86l He left

great historical work, entitled "Universal Mirror,^
("Toong'Ktan,") which has been translated into Frenck
by Pire Mailla.

Sm ■■ Hootdk Kofnphie Olninla.*

Sas-ma-Taleo, si-mS-tse-Sn (or -tse^n,] or Ba«-ai«
Xdan, written also Biw-ma-Ts'MU and So-ma-TUeiv
a celebrated Chinese hlsloriograpber, sdiolar, and critic^
bom in the province of Shen-see about 14J %.C. Hi*
&tber, who held the office of historiographer to the em-
peror Woo-tee, greatly distlnguishedliimself by his Ka>
m collectiDg and siranging th* wridngs of the ancients
After bis death the son succeeded to his office, and ap-
plied himself with equal industry and seal to collecting
-id preserving the writings of antiquity. Having bf

- freedom and boldness incurred the anger of the em*
or, he was banished. While in e»ile, he wrote hi*
icipal work, entitled " Historical Memoirs," f Sse-

I or -Ki,") which was not published until after his

death. Having recovered the favour of hi* sovereign, h«

K

caai.'fa*/;{it<tr<'tas/-i),II.K,/wa>rn/;if,aa>af;«,/r:u!i!Rf.-la*>. tbasiuMw. (gVSee Eiplanatloo*, p. 13.)

K'i-

K

Staal, von. ton sill, (Karl,) a Rtusiui pneni, of
ucmiLn evtnction, born at Keval in 1777, lerved under
Snmrnwfn It«W in 1799, and (afawquenlljin theprind-
•mI Anttriui ana German campaigns againaE the French.
II« wai afterwardt appdnted by (he emperor Nicholai
commandant of MoMOW and general of caTalrr, (1S43.}
Vied in 1853.

Btmal, von, fen itU, (HARctiXRnit JtAHXc Cordtor
•-koR'd^',) Baron us, an accompliihed French writer,
born in Farit in 1693, vas the daaghter ol-the painter
Launa^ and was nuuried to Baron von Siaal, a Swiss
officer. She was tbe andior of pocmi, ietters, and
* Memoirs," (1 vols., 1755,) which are lenarkabie fof
tbe elegance S their style. Died in 175a

BtsSoii, stl'btn, {HsHbRiKja Flemish painter, born
fai 1578, wasapupll of Tintoretto. He worked at Venice,
and excelled in picture* of small dimensions. Died ia
165&

Stabill. See Cecco d'Ascoli.

Sta'Hjlos. (William Gordon,) a British author,
was born in Banffahiie, Scotland, in 1840. His books,

Btnckolberg, stik'f 1 -bf ro', ( Otto Magnui, )
Baron, a dlstingiushed archzologist, o( German extrac-
tion, bom near Reval, in Russia, in 17S7. His principal
works ara entitled "The Sepulchres of the Greeks,'
and "Greece, Picturesque and Topoeraphic Views,'
(l^jo) Diedini834.

fltBOk'honao. (stak'ils.) tjoHN,) an English botanist,
waaanephewofThomasStackhouse, noticed below. He
publiihed in tSoi a description, in English and Latin,
of the Alne^ Fud, and Conferva of England, entitled
" Nereis Bntftnnica,"((ol., with coloured plates,) also
" Illustrations of Theophrattus," etc. ^ied in 1819.

Staokhoiuo, (Thomas,) an English divine and the.
jiloiical writer, barn in 1681, became ricar of Benham,
IB Berkshire. He published "Memoirs of Bishop At-
terbury," (171J,) a "History of the Holy Bible," (1

14 STAEL-HOLSTEm

her vivadtv and vehemence, both of tnlellecl and tern-
perament, baffled all her mother's cflbrts at regulalioa
and control." ("North British Review" lor November,
18(3.) IniTSeshe was married to Eri4 Baron deStafl,
a Swedish oipioiBatist, and received (ron her biber aa
immense dowry. It appears diat sh« did not love D«
Stael, bat that she or her parent* preferrad him to otber
suitors becaaaa he was a Protaatant and intcadcd n
reside permsDcntlT at Park. Her first literary |nwla^
tion was " Letter* on (he Wrlliap and Character of
J. J. Roosseaa," (17S&) Daring tbe rcigaof lenoi *b«
made coorageoos uid ■itcesssfal eSiMts to save tht K«e*
._., ..._i i. — waslb«

Coont de Narbonae.

In 1793 abe retired to BMrtaad, and redded far a ttaaa
near Wdtmond witb U. Talteyiand. the Coral de Nar.
bonne, and other French exile*. She returned to Pari* ia
1795, and paaaed her time happily for the next Ibnr veara.
She wa* an advocate of coaititBDonal liberty, artd imAvg

Count, an Austrian diplomatist and statesman, born at
Menu in 1763, was aent as ambassador to Stockholm,
london, and Saint Petersbiug, and succeeded Cobenzl
aa minister of foreign affairs In 1806. He relinquished
this post 10 Count Hellernichin 1809. He was restored
to power in 1813, and signed the peace of Pari* in 1814.
Died in 1814.

StadloB, st&'de-tis. (Jan,) a Dutch astronomer and
aatrotoger, born In Brabant in 1517, wrote "Roman
Calendars," ("Faati Romanorun,'! and other works.
Died in 1579.

Stadler, stldlf r, (Maxiuiliak,) a German organist
and composer of chnicb music, born at Melk In 1748.
Among his work* we may name his oratorio of " The
Deliverance of Jerusalem." Died in 1833.

SUH-HoUteln, do, d(h stil-hol'sibi, IFr. pron.
stl'il' Aol'stl.s',] (Anns Louisa Germaihi Nicker,)
Baronnb. commonly called Madame de StaKl, a
French lady of great genius, and the most celebrated
authoress of modern limes, was born in Paris on the 33d
of April, 1764 She wis (he only child of Necker, the
eminent financier. Her education was directed by her
mother, whose nature was far less venial and expansive
than that of the daughter. Madame Necker subjected her
to a strict and rigid regime of formalism, adapted rather
to contract ihan to develop her genius. Her cbaracW
was belter appreciated by her father, for whom she always
felt the most ardent affection and even adoration. In her
early youth she listened with interest to the conversation
of Marmontel, Raynal.and other authora, who frequented
ber father's house. To restore her health, impaired by
hard study, she was sent to the country at about the age
of fourteen, and enjoyed more liberty. Her favourite
author at this period of her life was J. J. Rousseau.
"She was from the first the very incarnation of genius
and of Impnlse. Her precocity was extraordinary, and

liberty, artd imAvg
the Directory wa* 4hc leading spirit of a party wboat
chief orator vra* Benjamin Constant 1 ler InBuence <ara*
so great a* to excite tbe jealousv of Bonaparte, to whom
she ctmstsmily refiwcd to ofler nomace. A mutual and
invincible aotipaihy arose between ner and the First
Consul, who nut only persecuted ber but bullied and
baiiiihed others because they lympathiied ariib her.
She published tn iSoo a work "On Literatare consid-
ered m iu Relation* with Sodal Instiluliona.'* In 180a
she was banished ftoin Paris and forbidden to reside
within fortr leagne* of that capital, the social charms
of which she deemed Indispensable to her happiness.
She published In iSoa a novel entitled " Delphine." and
visited Germany, where she associated with Goethe,
Schiller, and A. W. Schlegel, (1S03-04.) Someof these
are said to have listened to her brilliant conversation
"with vast admiration and not a little fatigue." "To
philoaophiie in sodety," observes Goethe, "mean* to
talk with vivacity about insoluble problems. Thi* wa*
her peculiar pleasure and passion. . . . More than once
I had regular dialogue* with ber, with no one cl*e pre*,
ent I in uiese, however, she was likewise burdensome ;
Hftr mntaig, at On mat bnptrtanl t^Ui, a mumum,
tf nfitHoH, but passionately demanding that we should

In luly.she produced in 1S07 her "Co-
novel, which displays profound insi^hi and
equal sensibility. It )iad immense success, which irri-
tated Napoleon to renew his persecution of the author.
She was ordered to leave France. She afterwards
travelled in Germany, and settled at Coppet in Swiuer*
land, where a number of her friends came to console
her. Among these were Siamondi, Schlegel. Madame
lUcamier, and D. Constant In iSioshe published ber
capiul work on Germany, (" De rAUemante,") which, ia
the opinion of Goethe, " ought 10 be considered a power*
ful battery which made a wide breach in the sort of
wall raised up between the two nations by superannuated
prejudices." "Thus terminates," says Sir J. Mackm*
losh, "a work which, for variety of knowledge, flexi.
bility ofpower, elevation of view, and comprehension of
mind, is unequalled among the worl^ of women, and
which iri the union of the graces of society and lilcra-
with the eenius of philosophy is not surpassed by
many among those of men." ("Edinburgh Review" fbr
Oclober, 1B13.) Among her other worlcs are her auto.
biographic memoirs, entitled "Ten Years of Exile," and
" Considerations on the French Revolution," (" Con-
lidiraiions sur la Revolution Fran?ai*e," 1818.) She
was privately married to M. Rocca, ■ young Icatisn
officer, in 1810 or 1811. In 1813 ahe vicited Eiaini
Petersburg and England, and aAer the abdication of
Napoleon she returned to Paris, where she died in July,
1817. She was rather defictcnt tn personal beauty, biA
ahe is *aid to have had magnificent eye*. She bad two
sona, and one daughter who became tbe. Ducbess ds

'"" H3TAll."DhAiHd'Eaa " " "

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o(ll«a«iind» »<»■,- ilMi Mist

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kj Lml :■• " Ned

ataW-Holiteli^ da, (Aucum Louts,) Barok.
born in Pari* in 1790, ma a >on of th« preceding. His
education wa« directed by Aazuat W. Schlegel at Cop-
pet. He was a ProtcatanC, and a diitinguiihed philan-
ihroptaL He wat an earrteit advocate of the at>oIii|on
of llie tIaTe-lnde, and gave inucb attention to the ini'
provement of mral eoonomv. Hii character ii laid to
bave been highly honourable. Died in iSi7- Hia
wr]iliigai " (EuTTca dlretaea," were publiibed in 5 voIa.|
18*9.

8« C ttemiAmB, " Nsdea waw Aog. da SuM-HalM^." iR>7^

StaifUHoIaMn. de^ (Ekic Magkus,) Baron, a
Swcdiib diplomatist, was the father of (he preceding.
He waa appointed ambaaaador at Pari* about 17S1, and
Hatried the daughter of M. Neclter in 1766. He was
naojr year* older tban hi* wife, and waa very prodigal
of moncf. They were not compatible, and soon sepa-
rated by mulnal consent He ceased to be ambaaaador
St Paris in 17991 Died in iSoa.

StaandUn. See StXiiiilin.

Btaft^i, t Antuonv,) a learned English writer, bom
In Northamptonahire, look hisdegrea at Oxford in 1613.
He wrote " Niobe diaaolved inloNilus," "The Life and
Death of Our Blessed Lady, the Holy Virgin Mary,"
<l6l5,) and other work^ Died in 1641.

StkflordL (John,) an English prelate, became Arch-
bishop oif Canterbury in 1443. He waa also lord chan-
cellor for nearly eighteen yeara. Died in 14JI.

Sm W. F. Hook, "Unt U lbs AnhWibopi of Culwbsrj,"

Stafford, (WiLUAM Howard,) Viscount of, bom
In ifiii. waa a son of Thomas Howard, the Earl of
Arundel. He married a sister and helreaa of BartM
Stafford. H« was a Roman Catholic, and a royalist In
the civil war. Having been accused by Titus Oatea
of complicity In the I%pUh Plot, he waa convicted of
treaaoa and executed In 1680. He waa probaUj in-

8HHDM«,*'HIilc«T0fBiiibBiJ;" Bimnr, "HiMorr oTMi
OnHnKi."

~ a^ jHbnrv,) Duke of Buckingham,

revolted against him, and was beheaded in 14S3.

ShA. BTAnomt "LUiofHMnr. LardSB8Bd,"iA«a.

BtaSord, da^ (Humfhrkv,) an English peer, was
an adherent of the house of Lancsster in the war of
the Rose*. He was Created Duke of Buckingham about
■465.

atMntoann or Btaagamann, ▼on, fan sti'gfh
fata', (Fribdrich Auoust,) a Prussian statesman and
writer, bom in 176]. He published a number of poema
and political trcatisea. Died in 1840.

Btasnelin^ silg-nHte-bs, (Erik Johan,) an emineni
Swedish poet, horn In 1793 at Colmar, where his (athei
was bishop. He studi«j at the Universities of Lund
and UpsaL Hi* epic poem entitled "Wiadi-nlr the
Great" ("Wladimir den Store," 1817) obtained the
priae from the Swedish Academy. This was followed
Dy "The Lilies of Sharon," ("Liljor I Saroo," iSii,)
and tragedies entitled "The Bacchanals," and "The
Martyrs." He became a clerk in the ofHce or depari-
neniorecclesiastlcalamrsin 18) J. Died In 1813.

Sm LoHonLLow, " Put* snd P«Mi7 of Kumpi ;" Howrrr,
*> litBSnit uvd Romim of Northani EunnMl'^MiiaMamBiBLi^
*K. J. SuotUas" >S*j.

atAhclln or Btaaballn, stl'tl-leen', (Binrdict,) a
Swiss botanist and phvsician, born at Bile in 1695. He
disbnguiahed himself by hii researches in cryptogamous
plant*, and published several works. Died in 17SO.

Btahl, (Groro Ernst,) an eminent German physician
and chemist, born at Anspach in 1660. He became
profeasor of medicine at Halle in 169^ and in 1716
phy»cian to the Kiniof Prussia. Hjs principal medical
work is entitled "Theoria Medica Vera," (1707,) in
which he opposes Hoffmann's theocies and advance* a

originated the theory of phlogiston, snd contributed
more tban any other of hb conlemporariea to give to
chemistry a soentilic form. He published, among other

S« Smihsil, " Hiiiorr of Mxllcin*;" Hoini, "HiKotn d*
li ChiiuK 1" Stkuh. " ProKnmnis <!• VIu SuU," 1719 : A. Le-
HDiNi. "Lf ViiitKmi )i rAuiDiing dt SuU," 1W4I -'Nourdl*
Biograiihio GAitnla^"

Stohl, (P. J.) See HiTZRt.

Btabr, stiR, (Adolf Wilhilm Throdor,) a German
writer, bornatPrenilau, in the Uckermark, in 1805. H«
published "Aristotelia," (1833,) or an explanation and
criticism of Aristotle's works, "The RepublicanB lit Na-

Flea,"a romance, (3 vols., 1849,) and various other works.
le married Fanny Lewald, about 1S54. Died in 187&

StaJuemberg. See Staxme)Ibbr<x

Stalu'fr, (John,) an eminent English mnsldan, born
in 1840. graduated as B.A. at Oxford in 1S63, and a*
Hue. Doc in 1865. In iS7a ho became orginisl of
Saint Paul's Cathedral, London. He early won wide
fame as a brilliant performer on the organ, lie ha*
published some excellent music, a "Treatise on Har-
mony," "The Music of the Bibl^" and various cduca-
tionil books on music Died April i, (901.

Btal'nor or StByner, (Sir RiCHARp,) an Enatiah
naval officer, who contributed to the victory of Blaha
over the Spaniards st Ssnta Crui in i6w. For this
service he was knighted by Cromwell, He became a
rear-admiral. Diedin 1661.

Btalr, Lord. See Dalrykpls, (Jamu.)

Btolbeot, stll'btnt, (Adrian,) of Antwerp, a sktlfbl
Flemish landscape-painter, born in l5Sa He worked
in England for Charles IL Died at Antwerp in 1660.

Btallbaum, stll'bfiwm, (Gottfriid,) a distinguished
German scholar, bom near Delitisch in 1793. HI*
edition* of the works of FUto are particularly esteemed.
He wa* profeasor of classic* in the University of Leipsit^
and wrote several works on educstiwi. Died in 1S61.

Btallo, (loHN Brrnhard,) a German- American
philosopher, bom st Sieihausen, Oldenburg, Germany,
March 16, iSia, was educated in the Vechte gymnssium.
He waa professor of malhematitx and physics in Saint
John's College, New Vork, 1S44-47, and a Judge of Iha
common pleas court in Cincinnati, Ohio, i85a-55. Ilia
principal worka are " General Prindpie* of the Philo**
ophyof Nature," [1S4S,) and "Concept* and Theoiiea
of Modem Physics,^! SSz.) He was United Stale*
minister to Italy 1885-^. Died January 8, 1900.

Staiii'biilo&, (Stbphan Nikolof,) a Bulgarian
slaleiman, bom at Tirnova in 1855. He held ofBce
under the govemmeat in 1878, and afterwards became
a radical leader io the Assembly. After the abdica-
tion of Alexander in 1S86 he became chief in the
regency and Etrongly opposed alt Russian partisan-
ship. He was premier Under Ferdinand 18S7-94,
and ruled so autocratically that be was forced to retire-
He was attacked by assassins on July 15, 1S95, and
died of his wounds oo the i8th.

Stam'ford, {Hrnry Wiluau,) a general and poe^
bom at Bourges, France, in 1743. He entered the *er*
vice of Holland, and obtained the rank of lieatenant
general Died at Hamburg in 1807.

Stam'ford, (Thomas Grby,) Earl op, an English
peer, accused of a share in the Rye-IIou*« Plot, waa
committed to the Tower in 1685, ana liberated (he samo
year.haviTis turned king'* evidence. He joined William

Btampa, slim'pl, [Fr. Estamfrs, ta'tftup',) (GaR-
FARA,) an Italian poele**, bom at Padua about 1514,
wrote under the assumed name of Anasilij^. She wa*
a victim of unrequited love. Died at Venice in 1SS4.

BtampBit^ Btjbn'pirt, (FRAHaa.) a Flemish oor-
trait-painter, born al Antwerp in 1675. He worked in
Vienna, and was painter to the emperor Leopold. Died

«aai;{a*«;|ianf;taay;cl,H,K.f)>ami/;H,«dM/ys,/rnW;la*(;lha*iQMu; (S^SeeEiplwiationSiP,)].)

STANBRIDGE

STANISLAS

He became about 1S4; a leader of the radical party, was
eleaed president of the canton of Berne in 1S49, and
federal pre*ident in 1S58. Died Hay 15, 1879.

Stan'briaBe, (John,) an Eneliih tchoot master, bom
tn Northamptonahire, became a Fellow of New Collece,
Oxrord, about 1480. He wrote leveral achool-booKS.
Died after 1531.

Btanoul, stln-lil'ree, (Lat Stamca'kus,] (Frah-
Ctsco.) an Italian theologian, bom at Mantua in 1501.
He became a Frotettant, and emiRrated to Poland. He
taught Hebrew at Cracow, and pubtiahed several works.

Died in IS74.

BUnd'Ua, (FRAtnc Hall,) an Enel
connoiueur ofart, was bom in 1798. He wrote a ** Lile

, (FRAtnc Hall,) an Enelish writer and

•fVo)iair«,''AVolumeofpoem*,aadotber worki. Died
In iSiOt

Standlah, (Milks,) an English officer, bom in Lui-
caihire aboot 1 SS4. He was one of the emigrants that
krrived at Plymoath in the "Mayflower" In 1610, and
became the military leader of the pilgrim* in tbrir war
■gainst th« Indian*. Hi* adventure* form the subject
Of one of Longfellow'* poems. Died in 165&

Btaa'Sold, (Claikson,) an eminent English marine
painter, bom at Sunderland in 179S. He served for a
time as a sailor, and subsequently employed himself in
•cene-painting at tbe London theatres, where he bronghl
that branch of tbe art to a perfection hitherto scarcely
knovm. He was elected a Rojral Academician in 1S35.
He contribated to the exhibitions of the Academy a
great number of pictures of marine and coast scenery,
which he delineated with ■ beauty and fidelity pet-
bap* never (DrpaMed. Among these are view* on the
Adriatic, tbe lulian lakes, and the coasU of Holland,
Normandy, and England. l-Ie also executed aeveral
admirable worlca of a different character, such as *■ Saint
Scbaatian during the Siege under the Dutce of Welling-
ton," and " Port na Spana, near the Giant's Causeway,
with the Wrecked VeaseU of the Aimada." Died m
Uaj, 1867.

Stan'iora. (Charles Villi rrs,) a musical com-
mser, bom at Dublin in 1S51. In 1S87 he became
Cambridge professor of music. He produced various
operas, oratorios, etc.

Stanford. (Lrland,) an American railroad con-
structor, bom at Watervliet, New Vork, in 18x4, He
engaged in gold-mining in California in 1853, after-
wards became wealthy in bulincis, and was one of the
four who engaged to build the Central Pacilic Rail-
road, of which he drove the last apike in [86£. He
was elected United States Senator in 18S4 and 1S90.
On the death of hit son, in 1885, he deeded prop-
erty valued at $10,000,000 for the establishment of
tbe Leland Stanford, Jr., University, opened in 1891.
He died June 30, 1893, leaving the uuiversily a be-
quest of $1,500,000.

Stanhopet (Charles.) See Hakrington, Earl of.

Btuillop*, slln'^p or ailn'iip, (Charles,) third
Earl, a liberal English nobleman^ distinguished for hi*
mechanical inventions, bom in I7;3, waa a son of Philip,
the second EarL He married Hester Pitt, a daughter of
tbe great Earl of Chaihato. He invented the prinling-
pre*i which bmr* hi* name, a calculating machine, etc
In politics he was radical. He opposed the American
war and the war against the French republic. He wa*
the lather of Lady Hester Stanhope, and grand(Uber of
Lord Hahon the nitioriaiL Died In t8i&

8t«n]iop«^ (George,) an EngHah divine and pnlpil
Cratiir, born In DerbyMiire In 1660. He studied at
Cambridge, and became Dean of Canterbury in 1701.
He »u the author of a " Paraphrase and Comment on
the Ejnstles and Gospela as they are read in the Book
of Common Prayer," {4 1'o'*- 8vo,) which passed through
numenwit editions ; he also translated Charron's " Three
Book* of Wiwlom," "Pioti* Breathings," from Saint
Aoguttine, and other devotional works. Died in 1738.

Btnnhepo, (Lady Hestvr,) an eccentric Enghsh-
woman, bom In London in 1766, was a daughter of
CharleSpEarl Stanhope, and a niece of William Pitt the
minent siatetman. Sh« lost her mother in her in&ncy,
and her education was consequently neglected. About

the age of twen^ she vient to resfde with her dmUl
then prime minister, whom »he aided in Va curZ
spondence. She wa* energetic, impulsive, and disdainful
of conventionality. The death of Pitt, in 1S0&, «n fctt
b; her a* a great disaster. In iSio she abandoned Ea*.
land in disgust, and entered on a career of Orienii] tJ.
venture. She arrived in Syria in iSll, adopted Orientd
customs, and excited the admiration of the tutivea, who
were disposed to receive her *t a oueen. She resided
many years on or near Mount Lebanon, with a Urge
retinue of servant* or subiecta, and acquired great ne>,
tige as a magician and mistress of mystical lorc^ Ked
in Syria In 1839.

Sm '^ M<(no<n of \^i Rwcr SmitiaiK.'' br Hit plndiiB, >
nlL, 1*411 L«H«iiTiiii.''SoD<emnii-ua Venice en Orimu-w:

BatMcninn Princcu," j voU. 1A45: '
" Noimll* Biocnphlc Ctefnl* :"^Fr
\US.

Btanliopa, (James Stanhope,) first Earl, a BrItiA
general ana statesman, bom in ifiTi. wa« a ton of Ale»
ander Stanhope, and a grandson of Philip, Earl of Cbe*,
terfield. He became a bri^dier-general in 1704, and
distinguished himself in Spain in 1705. In iToSbe nt
appointed commander-in-chief of the *rmy in Spaiik
He gained victories at Almenara and Saragoata in 171%
but wa* compelled to surrender his army to the Dak*
of VendAme before the end of that year. He bectne a
leader of the Whig party, and was appointed one of tbe
chief secretarie* of ttoie in 1714. He wa* fiitl lord of
the treasuryand chancellor of the exchequer fromApril,
1717, to March, 171&. About thi* date he recnved tbe

Btanhop^ (PHiLtr,) second Eael, bom about 1711;
wot the eldest ton of the preceding. He wa* the btha
of Charles, *Ix)Te twtlced, and w*** patron of leanmic,
Died in 1786.

Stanhopa, (Captain PHiur.) an English naval efficei,
brother of lamea, firat Earl Stanhope, wa* commaoder
of the Milford at the siege of Ostend, and subseiqnetitty
served in the Mediterraneark. He wa» killed m the
attack on Port Mahon, in 170S.

Btaabapi^ {Philip Douum.) Sec CHEsnamiA
(Lord.)

Btuibop«i (Fmur Henry,) fifth Earl of, an Eng-
lish atateaman and historian, bom in Kent In i8oc Hs
studied at Oxford, attd wa* elected in 183a nemberiif
ParliBBMnt, as Lord Mahon, for Wotton UaaseL In 1835
he «M returned for Hertford, which }ie eontinsed to
represent nntil 185a. He was appointed under-*eaelan
of state for foreign al&lr* In 1834, and wa* afterwards
secretarr to tho board of control under Sir Robert Peel
He inttxidiiced and carried, while fa) Parliament, the
copyright act known by hi* name. He published s
" History of the War of the Snccesdon In Spain," [Snt
iSu.) "Spain nnder Charles IL," (1840,) " Life of Loai^
Prince of Cond^," » Ufe of Joan of Arc," {iSsj,} " Hi»-
toiT of England Iron the Peace of Utrecht to the Pews
of Versailles, 1713-1783," (185^) which i* regarded ti a
*tandard work, and " Hlstoriml Essay*" contributed to
the "Quarterly Review." Died December 14, 1S7J.

Btwi'i»-UE or BtRn'lE-UoE, Saint, • Polisli ptewsi
bom In 10301 became Uishop of Cracow in 1071. Kt
was kilted In 1079 by King Bolesiaiu, becauae be bid
rebuked the wicltednesa of that mtmarch.

Stui'ia-l«a (or Stu'la-Uns) Ancmtiia, King ef
Poland, bom in Lithuania in 1731, was thesonofCoent
Stanislas PoniatowskL He was In hi* vouth a favour-
ite of Catherine IL of Roiaia. Through the infloence

voted himself to Internal improrcmenta and prowoled
various reforms, the moat important of which waa tb*
new consliiniton of 170a. Overawed Inr tbe poiNr of
Russia, he aAerwartb Joined tbe Confederation of Ttf>
gowio, formed for tbe overthrow of the constit^e^

I, ^ ^^ ^ ;, /«V; J>< (• ^ •>(«. leu prdongedj i, «, 1, 6, ti, ;, M0rty I. f, i, 9, oiinm; Or, Oil, at; mtt; nOt; gn^

d by Google

HENRY M. STANLEY.

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

Id I79J, SlanTilM aUicaleil (he throne autd retired to
S^t Peieraborg, where a pention wa* tMigaed him bj
tbe emperor I'auL Died in 1798.

Sm RuiHitu, "HiMftin d« r Anuchl* da Pohc" ;" Lnxwit.
"lUcM da Rui SimiUm Aiinsu,'' iSiSi Chooiko, " U Potafna
Wintr^a:" Da FnaiiHi^ "Rlmin da trob IMmmbnirniU da
taPol«fn*."]Kil>., i>»; "MauTtllaUocnphkCMB^nU."

Stanlalu LMSOtytuld. Ol^h-chii/ikee,) written
alio TiMilnikl, King «r Poland, born at Lembetg in
l677,wu>tonoftheiTaTidtTea*urerorroland, IlavinB
been lent in 1704, by the Diet of Warn w, to Charlet X IL
of Sweden, to coniult him on the election of a king to
snoceed-ADgvalu* lU he made ao Tavourabl^ an Impret-
■ion upon Charlet that he recommended him a* ■ can-
didate, and he was elected the Toll owing vear. DeinK
compelled to ibdicale after the battle oiroltava, (Pul-
Iowa.) in 1709, he wax again called to the throne on the
death of AugiHtua IL, In 1733; but he waa finally forced
to reaign the crown in faTonr of Aucuatus III., whoae
daima were aapponed by Anatrta and Ruuia. lie wa*
aftentarda Invetled with the duchiei or Lorraine and
Bar, in 1737, retaining the title of King of Poland, lit
wa* dblinouUhed for hit talent* and literary attain*
Kient*, and publlabcd, in French, "The Work* of tha
BenCTOlent Phitoaopher," <I76j.} Ilii daoghter Maria
beame tbe wife el Loola Xv. of France. Ked In
FebrniT. 176&

SmA. AtnuT, "Vi«daSl»UuLaBei]P»^' >7^'- Smn,
•'Ltbn8tuiaUII.,"inT! BoK»>T,"eioK<lu R^StinialHt,-'
tiU: ANtf MAuar, " Cloca da hn Rsl SunlilaL" 17U 1 PinvAar,
*SiaaWul,"*nil<., 17*41 ** HoonU* UiocnpU* C«i><nla."

Mtaanuj, (Anthony D.,) an Aiurican mathema-
tkbn, bom in iSia. tie wa* profesior oT mathematics
at Yale College, and pnbliihed a "Treatise on Spherical
TtTBOnotnetrf." Km in 1853.

BUnlar, (Rer. Akthdk FlKKHYN,) commoni;
known as Diah Stanlev, aon of the Bishop of Nor-
wich, noticed below, wa* born Ih Cheshire in 1S15. He
•tndied at Ruaby under Dr. Arnold, and aobaequently

Baduated at Oxford. He pnbliahed in 1844 "The
k and Correspondenca of Thomai Arnold, D-D.,"

he became secretary of the trea*unr, (1S35-41,) anil
onder-iecretar^ofstate for foreign Bfbir«,(i846-Sl.) In
184S he was raited to the peerage, as llaron Eddiabury.
^e inherited the title of Itaron Stanley of Alderley at
he death of hi* bther, in iSjo, and waa a member of
the cabinet, at poaimasier-gcneral, from 1859 to June,
1S66. Died in June, 1869.

Stanley, (tUHav H.,] a celebrated African explorer,
of obscare parentage, born near Denbigh, Wain, in i&|a
When fifteen year* of age he went to tea, and on arriving
at New Orleans he look tbe name of a gentleman who
befriended him. (Hit own name waa originally John
Rowlands.) On tha breaking out of the civil war he
entered the Confederate aervice, but was made a piitoner,

~ alierward* Joined the United State* navy. At a

etpondeni of the New York "Herald," he accom-

panieo the Btititb army to Abyssinia in 1S67, and In
1871-79 he conducted an expedition into Africa in search
of Livingstone, the traveller, whom he met at Ujiji, and
with whom he remained several months, and iheii made
hia way back to Europe. Al the Joint exptnie of the
NewYork"HeraId"and the London "DailyTeiegraph,"
he tevisiied Africa in 1874 for the purpose of rescuing
Uvinnlone, but, learning of that traveller't death, h«

-id the whole continent, detcending the Congo

It great hardship* and dangers, and returning to
EngUntTln 187a lie went again to the Congo fiatia
':879-8a)undcrtbeaut|iic«sof the African Intemalioaal
..Modationandofthe King of the Belgians, and in 1S87
ttaited for the relief of Emin Patha, whom he reached
ind rescued after a remarkable journey through a
tropical African forest, lo 1895 he was elected to
Parliament. He published •■ '^ - ' ' — -■ ' ■-■ —

lued Into several language*,
lain 10 Prince Albert, and In 1856 wa* elected regis*
MofeMOr of ccdetiaatical history at Oxford. Among
fete other works may be named "Historical Memorials
of Canterbary," etc., (1855.) "Sinai and Palestine to
CoaneokM with their Hutory," {1856,) •Lecture* on
tbe Eastern Chorch," (1S61.) " Leeture* on tha History
«f Aie Jewish Church," (iSis,) " Lectnreaon the Hiitory
of the Church «f Scotland," (iS73,)"5emion* and Es-
aay* on the Apostolical Age," (1874,} "Christian Insti-
tutions," (iSSo,) and numerota sermon*. He became a
canon of Chriil Charch in iSjS, and Dean of Westmio-
Ver in 1864. Died July 18, 1S81.

BtanlaT', (Daviii S.,) an American general, born
Vaync county, Ohio, in iSzSL gradaated at West Pdnt
in 1^53. He ter*ed through the dvil war, becoming
majoi'general of volunleen. He commanded a divi-
tioD of Rosecrana't anny at tbe battle of Corinth, dis-
tinguished himself as commander of the cavalry at
Stone River, and at corps commander look part in the
battle of Franklin, November 30, 1864, He was
made colonel in the United States anny in 1866, and
afterwards brigadier-general. Died March 13, 1902.

BtatUay, (Kdward.) See Uirbv, Eari. of.

ataiil«7, (Rev. Edward,) D.D., an English divine
and naturalitt, born in London in 1779. He gradu-
ated at Cambridge in 1805. wa* tubtequenily appointed
rector of Alderley, and in 1S37 Bishop of Norwich, lie
sn* tbe author ol " A Familiar History of Bi^d^ iheit
Nature, Habit*, and Inatincti," (a volt., tSss.l and
eontrflwted a nomber of treatite* on natnral hutory ta
"Blackwood'a Mapuhw." He was a Fellow of tha
Royal Socieiv. Died in 1849-

S- " Fntr'i Hi«BiiiH-- far U*r. 1*31.

fitanloy.lEDWAKD John,) Lord Stanley of Alderlejr,
an English sutetman of the Liberal party, wa* born in
Cheshire in 180a. lie wa* a relative of the Earl of
Dert>y. lie entered Parliament about 1831. after which

r I found Living-

TheCongo," (isSji) " 1" Darkest Africa,"

890^5 " My Early Travels in America and Asia,"

895,) etc. Died May 10, 1904.

ataular, (John,} an English musician and compoaet,
bom in 1713. He became blind at tbe age of two, but
made such progrea* In music, under (he tuition of Dr.
Greene, that he wa* appointed organist of Saint An-
drew'*, llolborn, London, at the age of thirteen. Ha
waa appmnlcd master of the fcin^'aliand in 1779- Hi*
compMition* ate chiefly voluntaries for the orpn, aongs,
onuta*, etc Dtad In 1786. _ .

Btanuj, (Thomai^) an amlncnl English acholar and
writer, bom at Cnmberlow, in Ilert*. in 1635, was a soa
of Sir Thomaa Stanley, ■ poet of tome note. He«M
tdocatMl at Cambridge, Ilia Tcpatadon I* founded on a
" Hi*tofT of Pbiloaophy, cont^nW the Lives, Opinion*.
Action*, and DUcounc* ot the Philosopher* of even
Sect," {3 vol*., 16JS-60.) «bich wa* highlv esteemed,
and a good edition of .«*<*ylo*, (1663.) lie alto pub.
lished "Poems and Translation*," (1647.) Died in 1678,

Stan'nard, (Mrs. Arthur,} an English novelist,
who wrote under the nom-di-plumt of John Strange
Winter, was bom at York in 1856. Her first work
appeared in 1874, her stories being chiefly of army
life. They include "Boolle's Baby," " Only Human, '
*' Everyhody't Favourite," and oOiets. Died in 1911.

Staiudna. See Starhika.

StanaaL See Stancei. . ., .

Btaiis'feld, JAUM.) an English lawyer and radlctl.
bom at Halilaa in i83CL He wa* elected a rnembcr of
Parliament for llalif»ln l8sft wa* appointed •. o'd of
the admiralty In April, 1863. and retigned in April, 1864.
He wa* under-aecrelary oTaute from February t" July.
1866, and became third lotd of the treasury in 1868, and
financial secretary in October, 1869. In 18S6 he wax
made president o( the local government board. Died
in 189S.

Btan'tpn, (Edwin M.,) an Amenan *titc*man and
lawyer, burn M Sceubenville. Ohio, December 19, 1814.
Ue atudied law, wat admitted to the bar in 1836, and
practised for some time at Steubcnville with tucccs*. In
1847 he removed 10 Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, where he
became ibc leader of the bar. He was frequently em.
ployed in the supreme court at Washington, of which
city he became a resident about tS;;. In i3j3 he waa
engaged t^ the government to cmiduct an important

«aaij«a<«; t*«FW,-ta*/;t^i«.ii,j«a»»/,- ».«>«;,■ a,fri«(rf,Ia««;»ba*in(i«. (U-SeeExplaMUon*,p.a3.)

d by Google

STANTOir

«*38

STARHEMBERG

«He tn reTitian to lome land in California. H« <ru
appointed attorner-Mneral of the United States in De-
cember, 1S60, and m the ereat criili that eniued op-
poted tlie deiigni of the dlsuntonUb irilh energy and
cfliciencj. He retlied Irom office on the ^tli of March,
l36i,and wat appointed secretary of war about the nth
of Janaarv, 1S61. In this pMiiion, whEch he occupied
through all the »ubsequent portion of the civil war. he
displayed great administrative abtliliei and rendered
Important services to the caase of the Union. After
the death of President Lincoln, Mr. Stanton cont
to conduct the department of war. In the contro .
which arose about the teconsttuctlon of the seceded
States l>etireen President Johnson and Congress, he
toolt no prominent part. During the years iS6j and
IS66 he cid not appear as a decided partisan or 0
ncnt of the policy of Johnson. To prevent the ren
•TMr. Stanton and others, the Senate passed the Tei
of-Oflice Uill. He was invited to resign by (he Presi-
dent^ August s, 1867, but he refused to comply, assigning
u his motive important public considerations. About
the lath of August, 1867, he was sunpended by the
Preiident, who appointed Geneial Grant secretary cpf
ynxad inUrim. The President expected, with the co-
operation of Genera] Grant, to render his suspension
permanent ; but that general defeated his design by
■urrendering the office on the 14th of January, i&S, tc
Mr, Stanton, who had been teinstated by the Senate on
the I3ih. Great excitement was produced by the pub-
lication, In February, 1S6B, of the letter* exchanged on
this lubjecl between the Preiident and General GranL
The public then learned that the Eenerat'ln-chief recog-
nised Mr. Sianton as EecreUry oTmtr, although he was
directed by the President to diaober his orders. On the
Sislof February, General Lorenio Thomas was appointed
Kcrelaiy of war aJ iHtirim, and attempted to get pos-
lession of the department of war, but was not successful.
Mr. Stanton retired from the office of secretary of war
on the i6ih of May, 1S6S, In consequence of the decision
of the Senate that Johnson was not guilty of the crimes
toT which he had been Impeached. In December, 1869,
lie wat appointed an associate justice of (he supreme
court of the United States. Died in December, 1869.

Stontoa, (Mrs, Elizabbtii Cadv,) distinguished
•■ an advocaie of "Women's Kights," was born :

tohnttown, Fulton county, New York, In 18K. IIi
ither, Daniel Cady, was for nun* year* an able aii_
prominent lawyer, and afterwards Judge, In Fulton
counn. In her early years she was accustomed to
(pend much time in bet father's office, and her attention
was first drawn to the wrongs of women by hearing (he
complaints which they made to her father of the injus-
tice of the laws towaids their sex. She had been deeply
mortified to notice how little regard wa* ahowti to girls
compared with boys, and she formed a resolution to
prove herself not inferior In courage and ability to the
more favoured half of the human family, to whom an
uniusi and arbitrary usage had given a monopoly of
privilege and power. She studied mathematics, Latin,
and Greek, tn (he last-named study she strove for and
won. as her first prize, a Gieeh Testament She alier-
wards, we are told, graduated at the academy in her
native place at the head of her class, Bui, though boys
who wets far behind her In ability, or at least in appli*
cation, could be sent to college, no such privilege existed
lor her. This excited her utmost indignation. In 1839
the was married to Mr. Henry B. Stanton, then a popu-
br and eloquent anti-slavery lecturer, and soon after
>et out with him for Europe to attend the " World's
Anti'Slavery Convention," (held in London in 1IS40,) to
which Mr. Stanton was a delegates Many female dele-
gate* also left their homes In America to attend the
convention: but thev were not admitted, because they
were women. In the oomtKr of these was Lucretia
Mott, with whom Mrs. Stanton formed an intimate
friendship. After her return to her native country, she
resolved to devote the energies of her life to resisting.
In atl Its forms, the time-honoured tyranny against her
•ex. In July, 1848, chieflv through Mrs. Stanton's in-
fluence, " the first * Women'* Rights Convention,' (known
to history by that name,)" says Mr. Tilton, " was held

at Seneca Falls, in New York." She was preudent
of the National Woman SuSrage Association iS6;^,
and was one of the editors of " The Revolution."
In 1895 her eightieth birthday was celebrated at New
York by three thousand delegates from womea'i so-
cieties. Died Octobee 26, 1903.

Stanton, IHmrv B..) an American lawyer, dbtm.
guished as an opponent of slavery, was bom in Gri*>
wold, Connecticut, June. 37, iSoj. InlS]QheIu^
ried Miss Elizabeth Cady. He published "Skerchetrf
Reforras and Reformers of Great Britain and Irelinl''
and other works. Died January 14, 1B87.

Stan'JP-bttrat, (Rkhiaiid,) an Irish poet, hislorfi^
and Roman Catholic priest, born In Dublin in ij^; in
IS4G, was an uncle of Archbishop Usher. Died in i6ii

Stansloiil, stin-ie-o'nee, (Massimo,) a Neapolitan
painter, sometimes called "the Guido of Naples," «a
born in isBj. His works are principally fresco* ud
portraits. Died in t65a

Stapel, sti'p(l, goHN Bod.«us,] ■ Dutch botaniit
and physician, torn at Amsterdam In the sevenleentli
century. He studied at Leyden under Vorstins. Hi)
principal work is an edition of the botanical writlrgi U
Theophrastus, which, however, be did not live to c<hb>
plete, dying in 1636. An edition of the ten books li
Theophrastus, entitled " De Histon'a Plantaram," «ii
published hi 1644. The genus Stapelia was named to
his honour by LInnxns.

Stttpfer, sllp'ffr, (jiAN.) a Swiss preacher and

riter, born in 1719. Tie produced ■ metrical vettios
of the Psalms, which was used in the churches (A
Bernot tlEoaeveralvoIumesof sermon*. DiedlnigaL

Btapfer, (Jsan Fkedekic,) a iheoltigian, born at
Brugg in 1708, wa* a brother of the preceding. H*
preacned at Dieatiach, and published, besides otbci
works, "The Principle* of True Religion," (w toI*,
1746-S3-) Dledini775.

SUpfer,st9p'fiR', (Paul,) aFrcnch aathot.bonli
Paris, Mif 14^ 18401 He held professorships of the Freud
language in Elisabeth College, Guernsey, and of f()rei|D
literature at Grenoble. His best-known work* iie s
Ufe of Laurence Sterna (1870,) and the cxcillMt
" Shaketpeare et I'Antiquit^," [1870-S0.]

Btapfer, (Phiup Albert,) a Sm\» littiraUitr.bm

Berno in 1766. He pablisbed, besides other worlc^

3e Philosophia Socratis," ([786,) and"De Republia
Etbica," (1797.) He was professor of philosophy and
theology at Ijerne. Died in Paris in t84a

Stapleaux, sll'plS', (Michel Ghislaik,) a Belgian

Eainter, born In Brussels in 179^ was a pupil oTDsvii
le gained the grand prize at Antwerp and Brussels Is
i8ji and 1S33. His works are mosdy portrait* and
historical pictures. Died October aS, 1881.

BtS'ple-dpn, (Waltek,) an English prelate, fbimded
Exeter Collee^ Oxford, and became Biahop of Exeter
in 1307; died In 1336.

StA'plo-tpn, (bir Robirt,] an English officer, of the
.jnlist party, served with disiinclioo iit the armycf
Cliarlet I. lie published several dramas, and a tritU'

lion of Juvenal. Died in 166a,

Staplaton, (Thoha*,) an English controveislalls^
born in Su*sex in 153s, wai a Roman Catholic prielL
Died at Louvain in 1598.

Btarcli or Btark, sunk, (Johakh Atrourr,] Baron,

German divine and scholar, born In Mecklenbu^ la
1741. He became profetsor of Oriental languages U
Konigsbetg In 1769, and in 1781 chief court preacner il
DannstadU tie pidiUabed several tbeoloncal woiloi
Died in t8i6.

Btarhemberg or BtahmnberK •iS'rfm-Uur.
(Eknst Kudiger,) Count, an Austrian Geld-marsbiL
>^rn in 16^5, distinguished himself in the defence of
'ienna against the Turks in 16S3. For hi* aervico o»
lat occasion he wa* made a marahal and a minister o(
n Leopold, vrho also gave him a (in|

Staibemben or Stahiemberc. (Guido.) Coimr,

an Auatiian field-ii»r*bal, born in iSs7,wasacoiisia<]t

(he preceding. lie aaalaied In the defence of Vienna la

16811 and served hi the subsequent campaigns agilut

He afterwards totdi pan In the waroflh*

i83,and
• Tnrka

1^^ t, S| II, ;, /iiv;\ ^ ^ saiue, Icssprolirascdi i, ^ ^ 0, fi,},«Urt; I, ft i, g, Wmmr; fir, flllL Oti aittt B&ti gttdi a

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Spanish aaCMjsion, ind eaincd a licnil vktorjr o
the French at Almcnara in 171a He became, in the
absence of Prince Eugene, president of the imperial
council of war al Vienna. Died in 1 73;.

Stt ALniD AamiTM, "Lcbrn da FcldmorKlulli Onkn C.
SuuhcmbcTt,'' iSlJl "N<H<re1le l>kignph]e Gtn'rale."

^taring, tti'ting, [Antdki Christiaah WiMAHi\)a
Dutch poet, born in 1767, and noted fur his spirited lyrics,
chiefly amuruut and mirthful. Died in tS40L

Stark, (John,) an American general o< the Revola-
linn, born at Londonderrjr, New Ham^hire, in 173S1.
lie served with distinction in the war against the Ftendi
in 1754. and subtequently fought at Hunker tlill, Trcr
Ion, and Princeton. In August, 1777, he gained a sign;
victory over the British at Bennington, fur which he was
made a brigadier -general and received the thanks of
Congress. lie joined the army of General Gates In
September, 1777, Mrved tn Rhode Island In 1779, and
tn New Jersey in 1780. Died in iS».

Stark, (William,) NLD., an English physician, boni
■I Birmingham in 1740. He graduated at Leyden In
■ 767, and after his return made a series of experiments
on diet for the purpose of ascertaining the cflect of dif-
ferent kind* of food on the human body. He died in
1769, in consequence of illness brought an by liisexperi*
■nents. He was the author of several medical wortcs.

StBtka, iiait'keh, (GoTTHELF Wilhelm Chrfs*
TOrif,) a German theologian, born at Bernburg in 176a.
He published m nurobcf of hymns, and other poemt.
Died iit 163a

Btar'key, (Thomas Alfred,] D.D., *n American
bishop, born in Philadelphia. He became a civil engi-
neer, but took deacon's order* in the Episcopal Church
In 1&47, and priest's ordert in 1848. AAer holding
teveral important pastorates, he was in 18S0 conscaated
Bishop of Northern New Jersey. Died May 17, 1903.

Stamina, staR-nee'nl, or Btannina, stSn-nee'nl,

tCneRARDO,) a Florentine painter, born about 135a
le acquired a high reputation In art. Died about 140^

StarowoUkl, sli-ro-ftol'skee, lLat~ Starovol'-
KiL's,) (SiMON,)a Polish kislDiian and biographer, born
in ijSs. He wrote nameroiu vorka oa Poliib histoiy.
Diediniese. .*..'..■.-

Starr, (Fkedkkick,) BUthropali^iist, bom at Aubuni,
N. v., 1S5S. HehasbeenproiessoiandcuratorDfaiitliio-
pology at the University of Chicago since 1 895, has made
explorations in Mexico, Japan, Korea, Congo Free State,
etc, and has written much on anthropoli^cal subjects.

Btar'ter, (Jan Janssbn.) a Dutch poet, born in Eng.
land In 1594. He removed to Amsterdam when twelve
yean old. In 1G14 he went to Leeuwarden, and pub-
lished in 1618 the tragi-comediea ■'Timbre de Cardone"
■nd^Daraida," His c>iierworkisthe"Friesche Lnslhof,"
(" Frisian Pleasure- House,"] an exquisite collection «f
lyrics, lleis supposed to have diedatoldierln Germany
after 1635.

Btaa'^-nor, [Gr. ZTfu-6inip,] an officer of Alexander
the Great, was born in Cyprus. He wa* Satrap of
Drangiana during Alexander's campaign in India, and
In 311 n.c became Governor of Bactrian a and Sogdiana.

St^-si'ntu [Srooiwot] OF Cyprus, a Creek epic poet,
who lived about 700 B.C., or earlier. He is supposed to
have been the author of a poem entitled " Cypria,''
(Kmr/xa.) which was one of the poems of the epic cycU
relating to the Trojan war, and was ascribed to Homer

Stauart d«, deh sifsta' or stli'slrl, (Goswin Jo-
ni-K AucusTiN,) Baron, a Belgian litlJra/tur tni sen-
ator, bom at Mechlin in tySa He became Governor of
Brabant in 1834, and was a member of the senate from
1831 to 1347. He wroie various works. Died in 1354.

S« " Nutk* HI M. It BuDB dc Suiurl," Bnuult, itpi.

Btaooartide^ [Jacques Joseph,) Baron, ■ Belgian
JiKlge and statesman, born at Charteroi in 1711, was a
^ndfather of the preceding. Died in iSoi.

Btaasyo, stl'shtts, (Xavier StahisIw^s,) a Polish
philanthrojHSI and miscellaneous writer, born at PiU in
1755. tie studied at Leipsic and G5liingen, and after-
wards visited Paris, where he made the acquaintance of

J9 STAUNTON

D'Alemberi and BulTon, whose '* Epochs of Nature" bo
translated into Polish. Among his ptinciiKil works are
hir "Geography of the Carpathian Mountains," " The
I'olitical Balance of Europe," and " Statistics of PoUn<L**
He died in 1S06. leaving large bequests to various chari-
table and educationni institutions..

St^-ti'r^ [Gr. Zrurri^] a Persian lady. Celebrated
for her beauty, was the wife of Darius CoilomaMiius.
She was taken prisoner at the battle of Issus, 333 n.c,
and treated with much courtesy by Alexander, lilui
died alioat 331 D.a

StaUua, (Achilles.) See Estai^o.

Statlua, sti'shejjii, |Fr. SxACr, sllss,] (PURLItrS
Papimus,) a Roman poet, born at Naples abnul6o A.*.,
was a son of an eminent grammarian of the same names.
He wrote a heroic poem entitled "Theb.li»," (" Thebaitl,"
in 12 books.) "iiylvjc," a collection of poems on various
subjects, and "Achil)cis,"an unfinished ejjic poem. His
poems were received by his contemporaries with warm
applause, to which Juvenal refers in his Sallie VII.
Modern critics prefer his "Sylvx" to the "Theb.iid,''
which is deficient in creative energy. Died about 100 A.l^

Sic " Nouvcllt Diocnpbit Cn'nlt."

5t3'tor, U.I. "he who stops or stays,"] a surnamo
given to Jupiter by the Romans, becauM he slop|>ed or
stayed them when they were retreating from the Sabines,
Romulus erected a temple to Jupiter Staior at Rome.

Stall dBnmaler, s<5w'dtn-mrfr, (Fraki ANTON,)
German theologian and philosopher, burn at Danldorf^
in Wiirlemberg, in tSoo, was a Roman Catholic priest.
He became professor of theology at Ciessen about 1830b
He published, besides other works, "The Spirit of

:, besides other works, "Logiea Practica," (168&)

StandUn or ataendlin, stoid-leen', (Kail Frip.o-
riCH,) a German Protestant theologian, born at Stutt-
gart in 1761, became professor at Gdllingcn in 1790. Hs
published numerous works on religion, morals, and
ecclesiastical history. Died in i3:6l

Staaghton, suv't^n, (Willtam.) D.D., a Baptist
divine and popular preacher, born in Waiwlck-thire,
England, in 1770. Having emigrated to America, ha
became in 1805 pastor of the First Baptist Church at
Pliiladelpbia, and in tSst was appointed president of
Colombian College, Washington. Died in iSig.

ataun'fprd or Stan'f^rcl, (Sir Wn.t.iAu.) an Eng-
lish lawyer, born at Hadtey In rjos. He became a judgo
of common pleas in 1554, and wrote "PUcita Coron*."
Died in 1558.

Staua'tfm, fSU George LEONARn,) a distinguished
diplomatist and writer, born at Cargin, in Ireland, ia
t73T- Having studied medicine at Montpellier, be re*
sided for some years at Granada, in the West IndieSt
where he acquired the friendship of Lord Macartney,
Governor of the island. He accompanied that noble-
man, who had been appointed Governor of Madras, as
his secretary, and while in India negotiated a treaty of
peace with Tippoo Sultan, (17S4,) and was employed in
other important missions. In 1791 Lord Macartney and
Sir George were sent on an embassy to the court of
Peking. lie published "An Authentic Account of an
Embassy from the Kin^ of Great Britain to the Emperor
of China," which is suU regarded ai a standard work.
Died in iSoi.

Statutton, (Sir George Thomas,) son of the pre-
ceding, was born at Salisbury in 1781. In tSi6 he
accompanied Lord Amherst on his embassy to China,
where he devoted himself to the study of ine Chinese
language. He published "Miscellaneous Notices re-
lating to China," etc, (1S12,] and translated the criminal
code of China into English. Died in 1859.

StaantOD, (Howard,) an English Shakupeartan
scholar and writer on chess, born in iSio. His cdiiioa

tmk;%vk4iZ''»rdiiinJ:<i,»,x,gutlitral:vitiuual;%,tTUIed;%»it;^M\&thu, ig^Scc Explanations, p. 13.)

dbyGoogle

STAUNTON 13

ftf Shakspeire is a valuable one. He alno published
varioui works on chess. Died in London, June la, 1874.

BtanntOD, (William,) D.D., an E|)iscopa1ian divine
and author, botn al Chesier, England, April 30, 1803.
He came in l^oulh to the United Slates, and was ordained
fn iSjj. His publications include a " Dielion-irr of the
Church," {1S44.) an " Ecclesiastical Dictionary,'' (1861.)
and various musical works. Died Seplember 39, 1889.

Stanpltina. See Staupttx.

Staopiti^ siSv/piis. jLat. Staupi'tics,] (John,) cel-
ebrated as the friend and patron of Luther, was vicar-
Iteneral of the oider of the Augustines in Germanj. He
was the aathor of Latin treatises "On the Lov« of
God"aiKl "On Christian Faiih." Died in 1514.

Sm Ai>Houi.''Kctur-Ki>tn{g;" Ceuiwi, " Vita J. StaBcit^**
)«» : 1. W. Grihh, "JJiwitatio ik J. Suupiiio," 1^.

Stavety, stlv^e, (Thomas,) ait English anttqcaiy
«nd lawyer, wrote a "HiMoryc^Cburchet in Encland,"
<l7t>.> Died in 1633.

Btavenow, til'v;h-na, (BEStfRAItlit) a Gertnan an-
(bor, born at Brandenburg, September to, \%V). He
was educated at Berlin University, served in die French
war and in 1S70 was badly wounded, became a railway
engineer, and in 1874 editor of a humorous paper at
Berlin, Besides several plan, ("Der Hen Studiosus,"
"Marianne," etc-,) he published many novels, poems,
etc. Among his books are " Aui alien Kreisen*^ (187S)
and "Schone Geister," (i83t.)

BtM.j, sH, (BEKEDnro,) a Latin poet, boni at Ra-
gnsa in 1714, was a priest He WTt>te poemi on natural
philosophy, entitled "Modem Philosophy," (" Philoso-

whlch are still in use. She was unmarried, and was of
the Baptist faJth. Her poems, other than the hTnm^
u irit, but are^now very little read. Her style ii

In 1801.

8t««d, (William Thohas,) an Bngliih writer, was
boni at Enibleton in 1849. He became an editor, and
in 1890 founded the " Review of Reviews," which was
followed by similar periodicals in the United States and
Australia. His writings are of a radical and seDsaticmal
diaracter, such as "If Christ Came to Chicago," (1893.)
"Borderland" advocates the truth of spiritualism. He
was drowned in thesinldng of the "Titanic," April 15,

S'ttfam^ UoKN William,) an American edticator,
born at Slarbridge, MaMachuaelta, in i84Gk He grado-
aled at Harvard iai86c^wa* appointed profesaor oTLatin

dthe State NoniuU College, at Whitewater, Wis-

about 1800, He publiihcd " Uvea of the lulbn Poets,"
0 vol*., 1831,) a " History of the Chrlilian Church," (3
vol!., 1832-34,) a" History of the Rcfonnalion," {1 vol*.,
18361) ana other works. He became rector of Saint
Mary Somerset In 1857. Died September u, 18S3.

Bt«d'iBfn, (EoutiND Clarshcb,) an American poet,
born at Hartford, Connecticut, October 8, 1S33. He
•tudied at Vale College, was eitgaged In Joumaltsm,
i85>-64. and afterwartu became a tinker. Among his
works are "Poemi, Lyric and Idyllic," (1S60,) "The
Prince's Ball," (tSfio,)" The Itaitle of Bull Run,"(i36i.)
"Alice of Monmouth," (1864,) "The Blameless Prince,"
(1869,) "Rip Van Winkle and hit Wonderful Nap,"
(1870,) "TTie Victorian Poets," (1875,) "Lyrics and
idylls," (1879,) " Poets of America," (1886,) " Na-
ture oi Poetry," (1891,) "Victorian Anthology,"
(1896,) etc. He was joint editor of the "Library
of American Literature." Died January 18, 190S.

Staed'man, (James B.,) an American general,
bom in Union county, Pennsylvania, about tSzo. He
became a brigadier- genera] in the summer of 1S63,
served at the battle of Chickamauga, September,
[863, and commanded a corps at the Dattle of Nash-
ville, December 15 and 16, 1864. Died October 18,
1883.

Steal, (Floka Anhib,) an English author, bom
(Webster) at Harrow in 1847. She lived in India

much like that of Watts. Died in November, l}7&

Bteele^ (FitEDEKiCK,) an American gerveral, bom n
Delhi, New York, graduated at West Point in tg4>
He commanded a division of the arrny which assaalied
VicksburK, May 33, 1863. He took Little Rock on the
1th or lOth of September, In March, 1S64, he moved
lis army from Little Rock towards Shreveport, designing
to co-operate with General Banlta j but that deugn ns
frustrated. Died January 11, 1S68.

Bteelo, (Sir RtCHAKtC) a popular essayist and dram-
atist, wai bom in Dublin in 16^1. lie was educated
at Merton College, and became in early life a Mend of
Addison. After he left college he was an ensign in the
giurds. He produced "The Chriitiin Hero In ijoi,
and a comedy called "TheFuneral, or Grief ilaMode,"
(1703.) His comedy of "The Tender Husband" wai
performed in 1703. In 1709 he began to publish, imdel
-'e assumed name of "Isaac BiclierstalT,''"TheTatler,"
. series of periodical essays, to which Addison was a
frequent contributor. The "Tatler" was iss«d threa
time* a week, with great success, until Januiiy, lytL
In politics Steele was a lealona Whig. Stede and Ad-
dison were associated as editors of the "Spectator,*
which wa* publi*hed daily from March i, 1711, to D^
camber 6, 171a. They afterward* produced another
terici of e*tay*,nnder the title of "The Guatdiaa,*
O713-) Steele was elected to Parliament In 1713. u4
eapcllcd io 1713 011714 fbr writing "The CtIm,'*
~ olitical pamphlet He was appointed snrmor of dw

STEENWYK

1867-89, and is the author of tales and novels ol In-
dian life, including the popular " On the Face of the
Waters," (1896.)

himself in debt and trouble by his Improvidence in4
expensive habits. " He was," aay* Mrs. Barbauli^ "s
character vibrating between virtue and vice." He wt»
a spriehtty and genial writer, rather negKgent in ityll.
Died in 1739.

S« H. R. Mow leoMBnv, " Lifi t^ Sir Kldurd St^^* ttbi
Hauuut, "E«n" sRid* -Addin;" Dhakl "EMn?*
JoKH FouTnt,''t(BMriciluMIBIacnphkx]£Bin,''i>jli'EI»
enptiia Brioniiiai :" "QuantFJvIUvwv" for ApnU liAlt"'
wood"! »l(«a«iM"fc« Juii«.i»fc;/ J^-^ .

Staell. (Sir John,) a Scottish sculptor, bom it
Aberdeen in 1804. Among his works are a marble
statue of Sir Walter Scott and a brorue equesliiaa
statue of the Duke of Wellington at Edinburgh. He
was knighted in 1876 for his statue of Prince Albert.
Died in 1891.

Btaan, stin, (Jam,) an eminent Dutch pd&ter, boa
at Leyden in 1636. He was a pupil of Broawer.nd
■ubsequenity of van Goyen, whnae daughter he married^
Many of his master-piece* are tavern-scenes, which b*
irapresented with unrivalled fidelity, and with which ^
occupation as landlord made him familiar. He died
in 1MI9, in extreme poverty, caused by Ua dis^psfd
habits.

8« Ta> WasianaiKBis " Jaa StH^" iljbi

Bteea, ▼an Osn. (Coknxus.] See tAnra.

BtMnbock, (MACNira.) Couirr. See SmtvocE.

Bt«aaatntn st&n'atrtp, (Johakk Japhet SxtiHja
Danish naturalist, bom at Vang in 1813. He pubUilKd
several works. Died in 1897.

BtAADWyk or StMDWlJk, StSn'WIk. (IltKINlBj
TUB Elder, a celebrated Flemish pamter, b(nra at StiM-
wykinisja Ilewasapupil of De Vrics. llii fade-
nor* of Oothic churches are eaccedingly admired w
the perfect disposition of light and shade and the fcso^
ledee of chtaroscaro Which they diKplay. Died in liof

StMnwjk, (HiNDitiK,) THE YoiHion, a *m « «
preccdinc, wa* born about 1588. He was instrwcM*
painting tiy hb father, and, like hitn, excelled in »ra»
IcctaraT view* and Interior* of charche* and JMhM^
He wa* introdtieed 1^ bis fttend Van Dyck ta the 00^

IL^ 1,1* ^ ^/<»V.- ^^ ^ ■»>>«• leu prolMipd; i, e, T, S, ti, y, ri#rr; f, t, i, % •^fn'rv; nr. nil, at; met; nOl;KMd: iBi

d by Google

STEEHS M

tt Engluid, wbtre be «m exMntively »troniz«d. HU
wife «M alio celebrated as a painter. Died after 1643,

Stoan, (GkohO^) an American naval constnictor,
born in 1831. He built the £unoua ^cht America, the
ttvani-pBcket Adriatic, and the United Slitei aleam-
frigate Niagara. He died on Long Island in 1856.

Btaa'T^il, (George,) an English critic, bom at
Stepney in 1T3& He pnbliibed in 1766 "Twenty at
the Plays of Shakapean, bein^ the Whole Namber
printed In Qukrto dttnng hU LireEime," etc He was
«fterwardi aasodated with Dr. Johnson in preparing an

Died in i8oa

SMthe''IIoatUrR«Ttoii"(b> Juuuiy, i7>&

Btvevens, (^Georgk Warrington,) an English
joumalisi, bom in 1869. He was on the editorial staff
of the " Pall Mall Gaiette" 1893, and ol the " Daily
Mail" 1S97. He wrole " Monologues of Ihe Dead,"
<l896,) "With Kitchener to Khartoum," (1898,)
"The Tragedy o( Dreyfus," (1899.) He went to
South Africa as a cor respondent, and died al Lady-
smith, January 16, 1900.

Stebnasohl, stiri-nCs'kee, (Giovanni Battuta,;
a Florentine historical painter, bom In 15S1 ( died fal

Stafanl, tie, di attf l-nee or sti'fl-nee, (Tomhaso,)
one or Ihe earlieat Neapolitan painters, was bom about
1330. N<»ie of his works bate been preserved.

StefiuiOk sitf l-no, an Italian painter,' inmamed Fio-
UtHTtNo, bom at Florence in itoi, was a grandson aitd
p^pil of Giotto. He Is said to nave been the fint artist
who attempted foreshortening. Died in 13JO.

Stafiuio, dl, dee slCri-no, (Tomhaso,) a
painter, SDmamed Giottino, bom in IU4, Is sappoied
U have been a ira of the preceding His style stron|^
wseiables that of Giotto. Died in 1356.

Btebnaoon, (Vilkjaliuus,) polar explorer, bom
November 3, 1879. Educated at Harvard University.
Id 1908-11 cooducted an expedition under the ausjuces
of the American Museum of Natural History and Geo-
eraphical Surrey of Canada, upon which the blond
Eskimos were discovered. In June, 1913, he set out
for four more years of exploration in Canada and Alaska.

ff*T"""'. tteffl-nee, (Aoostino,) a celebrated Italian
GOmpoKr, bom at Castel-Pranco aboat 1650. He was
patronised by the Duke of Bmnswick, father of George
Lt^&igland, whoapptNnted blm mana^r of the Opera
In Haitover. He composed operas, madngals, and duets.
The last-named are estcenaed msster-picces of theii
kind. Died In 1739.

StoAetUs, stef Ifns, (HnNKiCH,) an eminent Norwe-
|ian writer and philosopher, bom at Stavanger in 1773.
He studied at the University of Copenhagen, and after*
wards visited Jena, where be became an earnest advo-
cata of the doctrines of Schelling, who intrnsted him
vritb the revision of his works on natural philosophy.
He wrote a number of theolc^csl works, and also several
novels of a high character, entitled "The Four Norwe-
gians," ("Die rier NtHweger," 6 vols.,) "The Fami-
lies ofWalseth and Leith," (3 vols.,) and "Malcolm."
They contain fine delineations of Norwegian character
and manners and beautiful descriptive passages, and
are imbued with deep religious feeling. His lectures
upon philosophy and literature in Copenhagen marked
tbe banning of the romantic movement in Denmark and
nude a great sensation. Died in 1845.
> S<«U>HniHin,an«I"WhM I havcK«."(cic"*xnriac>d,")
r Was kA BkW-) levDk.. >S«>-44: H. Gaunt, "Zu Erfain-
nu SB K. St^fUh" 1B4JI -'NouvtUe Dlocnctue Gjntnlai"
"Krmpi Qmrterlr RtTieH" fci April, 1I4]; " Ngrth Amaikiui

StefonlOt atk-t/ne-O) (BERNARDtNO,) an Italian

680!! and Lstin poet, bocn In the Papal States in 1560.
e was the aathor of tragedies, orations, and epistles.
Died in i6a&

Stalbatt, sH'beit, (DANimL,) s celebrated German
pianist and composer for the [nano, was bom at Berlin

M STBINLA

in 17561. He was patronised by Frederick Ihe Great,
and liecame imperial chapel-master at Saint Feierstmi,
Died in 1S13.

Stelgwitaaoh, iti'gfn-tlsh', (AmiVlT,) Ba&ON, a
German dramatist, born at Hildeshelni in 1774: died
in i8z6.

Stain, stin, (CKaiXTtAN Gottprikd Daniei,) a Ger-
man geographer, bom at Leipsic in 1771, published a
"Manual of Geographv and Statistics," (1809,) and
other works of tbe kind. Died in 1830.

Btein, (Johann Andreas,) a German organist and
maker of matiCBl Instmmentt, bom in the PAadnate la
I7i8 i died in 1792, He was Ihe founder of German
piano-forte making. He left two sons, MatthauS
Andreas, (born 1776, died 1S43,} and Friedbich, (bom
17S4, died 1S09.) Maithaus was a piano-forte maker,
and Friedrich an eicellent performer. Their sister,
Mme. Maria Anna Stkbicuer, (1769-1835,) known as
Nanstte Strbicker, was an able pianist Kau. An-
dreas Stein, (1797-1863,) a son of Matthiius, was a
tmous piano-maker of Vienna. Others of Che Stein and
Streicher &mi1ies sre noted, some as pianists, and others
as piano-ma kers.

Btaln, von, fon stfn, (Chaclotte Albertine Ee-
HESTiNE,) Baroness, a German writer, bom at Weimar,
December 35, 1743. She married Friedrich, Baron voa
Stein, master of the boras at Weimar, in 1764, bat in

I. Her correspondence with faim and with S
ife is of considerable literary value. She a
" Dido," a tragedy. Died at Weimar, January G, 1S17.
Bt«bi. Toa, fon sttn, [Hrinrich Friedrich Karl,)
Babon, a celebrated Prussian statesman, born at Na«aa
in October, 1757. He studied taw at Gottingen, and
entered the service of Prussia in 1778 as directiMr of
mines. In 1786 he visited England, the insiitntlons of
which he studied with much interest Having been
appointed president of the Westphalian Chambers at
Wesel, Hamm, and Minden in 1796 or 1797, be di*-
(d^ed superior administrative talents. He was mtaister
of commerce, customs, etc. at Berlin from 1S04 to 1807,
and beeane prime raloisler after the peace of TilM^
Inly, 1807. He resolved to " cmpensaie the kii^dom'a
loss in txltmiM greatness by mftoinw strength," and
reotgsnixed the political sjslem of Prasaia 00 a mora
hlienl basis. Serfdom ana fetidal privileges wsre abol-
ished, "ncae and olber reforaii constituted what was
called "Stein's system." TbeenmitvofNapoteoncanaed
him to be removed from office in November, tSoS, and
exiled. He foanded the Ti^nd-Bund, (" League of
Virtue,") a aecret society to promote the liberaSoo trf
Germany, Id 1S13 be was chief of the council far tba
administration of the German territories which had bsea
reoccupied by tbe allies. He loet his infiuence In iSlfc
and retired Irow potriic life. Died In 1831.

Sh Faan "L^a da rwihwra vea Ststn." j vob.. itui
"LtbndM mOMnnvw sad naStH,** Lnoii^ s vob., ilu i
"NixmUa BiapspUa Otefeski" •■ Bkckwood'a Hiauiiw" bt
Septembtr, 1145.

Bt«ii), Ton, (LoRENZ,) a German economist bora at
Eckemfdide, in SI es wick, November 15, 1S15. Hewas a
professor at Kiel, 1S46-53, bat was removedfor political
reasons, and in 1855 became a professor of political
science in tbe Vienna University. Among his works are
" History of the French Nation and of its Jurisprudence,*
(1846; 3d voL, 1848,) " History of the French Sodalisoe
Asication," (1849-51,) "System of Polidcal Sdeoce,"
(1851-56,) etc Died September 13, 189a.

St«btbnoli, T<«. Sec EawiN ton STBntBACH.

Btelnbait, sHntdRt, (GomiELr Samdiu) a Gei^
man theolt^an of the ranonallstie school, bom at Ziil-
lichau in 173S) died in 1809.

Btolnbook. See Stenbock.

Bt«liibrtIck,stIn'bBllK,(EDDAU>,)aGermanpaintet,
bom at Magdeburg In i803; He worked al DuSBeldorf
from 1833 to 1846, and then removed to Berlin, Died
February 3, iSSl.

attfiOn, sUn'll, (MoRm MOixrr,) a German en-

5 aver, bom al Steinla in 179>. His proper name was
iiller. He engraved Raphael's "Msssacre of Ihe In-

* mi:^aMt; iJtard; i»a/; Q,H,K,£utliirai;ii,tiaiai; *,lrii/eJ; lat m; *i\ tabtUit. (|^-See Explanatitma p. 3j,l

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

atelnla, atlnlfb, (Johanh Eduard.) a Gemian
painter, bom M Vienna in iSio ; died Sept. iS, iSM.

Btaiumar, itln'mar, i GermiD minneiinger, ot a
Tyrolete bmily, lived about 135OL

Sh LoKinLuni. " PoaU ud Poetry of Ktuapa."

Btainmat^ von. Ton Uln'mEu, (Kaki. Friu
■ Gemuu) general, born at Eisenach in 1796. He
u lientenanl in fWnce in 1814, and entered Paris with
dw armrof the allies. In 1866 he commanded an army
oorp* which gained victories over the Austriana a" "'"
UU and other places. The Pnissian Chambers
Mrtnmn of 1S66 voted 1,500,000 thalers a« a natianal
recompense to six men, »mone whom was General too
Slrinineti. He commanded Che first army which In-
TSded France in August, 1870, and contributed to tit»
neat victory near Heti in that month. He died at

Landeck, Aivntt 4, iSyy.
Btelnthal, sHn'Ul, (H)

, , , , a German (Ji

philo1ogist,bomatGr3biiK.inAnhalt,Hayi6,lSs3. He
■t«died at Berlin and Pans, and was elected a professor
eilraordinarius of philology at Berlin in 1863. He was
author of various treatises, chieiiy on general philology.
In 1873 he became professor of Old Testament critidiin,
etc Died in 1899.

Stslawebr, tod, foe atln'irtK, (Adolth Wilhelh
August,) Bajiok, a general, bom in the duchy of Bttmt-
frick in iSia. He emigrated to the United States about
1854, and became a tKigadier-general of Union *o1tm-
teer* in October, 1861. He commaiidcd a division at
Gettysburg, July i-t, 1S63. Died FcbmarTi4, 1877.

Stalla. (Esther Johnson.) See Swift, (Jonathan.

St«ll>, tljfltf, (ANTOiNiBouoiUBt^boo'io'ni',)
French painter, a nephew of Jacques, noticed below, was
bom at Lyon* in 1637 ; died in 168a.

BtoUa, (Claudine BoinoNNir,) a French engraver,
bom at Lyons in 1636, was sister of the preceding.
She died at Paris in 1697.

Btella. ttilf , (FRAKgois,] a Flemiib painter, bom
at Malines in 15^, was the father of Jacqties, noticed
below. Died at Lyon* in 1605.

Stalls, (Francois,) a painter, born at Lyons about
1603, was a son of the preceding. He worked in Paris,
where he died in 1647.

BtoUa, alelll, (Giuuo Cksahb,) a Latin poet, bom
■I Rome in 1564. He was author of an anfinisbed poem
on tbe discovery of Columbus, (tjSs.) Diedabout 1624.

Stella. (IaCQUS*,) a French painter, bom at Lyons
in 1596. He resided many years in Florence, where he
was patronized by the grand duke Cosimo IL After
his return to Paris he was appointed painter to the king,
and obtained the cross of Saint Michael, and other dis-
tinctions. He was a friend of Poussin, whose stylo
be imitated. Died in 1657.

S« Ftuiin. "Xntntiau:" FoMraHAV. " EHcttoeBaln dM
Aninn:" "NwTdli Bisfnptue G^ainl*."

Bt«llliii, stEMee'nee, (jAtxiro or GiACOPO,) a learned
Italian ethical writer, born at Cividale di Frinii in 1699.
He was professor of moral philosophy at Padua, and
wrote several works. Died in 1770.

S« CAaomuj, "Viia dd J. St<Uii%" ijSt: P. Cowau,
-ns^di G. SuOai," '!•• : Faibohi, " VitB In'

Bttfllola, stei-le-o^l, (Niccol6 Aktonio,) an Italian
natural philosopher, born at Noli in 1547. He became
professor of medicine in the University of Na^ea, and
wrote, beside* other works, "II Telescopio," (16*7.)
Died In 1623,

St«Untl, stEMoo'tee, {Fbancbsco,) an Italian poet
and naturalist, born at Fabriano In 1577, wat a member
of the Academy of UnceL Among ms work* 1* " H
Pamaseo," a canione, (1631.) Died after i6ji.

Btel'tfr, (Karl Frirdricb,} a German lyric poet,
born at Elberfeld, December 25, 1833. Bred a silk-
weaver, he afterward* was a newspaper-reporter and •
commercial traveller. He was a member of the group
of " Wupperthal poets," remarkable for the combination
of realism and idealistic pietism. His poem*, in several
volumes, are too full of truism* and moralUi>v, but
bftve much power and merit.

Stockholm In 1664. He distinguished himself at tb
battle of Narva, and gained a signal victory over the
Danes at Helaingbo:^ in 1710. Beinc aftera'atdi be.
sieged in the fortress of Ti3nningen by the Rurisn,
Danish, and Saxon army, he was forced lo capitulate,
and was made prisoner by the King of Denmark. He
died in prison in 1717, leaving a narrative of his life.

S« Gnrn, "Hitlmot Snden;" Gkdujiii, "BwciifUm-
LoDccni ;" XomKU, " M. Slenbock* Ldvsme," 4 roU.. t;)7-«{i
Exsaao, "Aruniniit SIVer M. Sicnback," i!it; Ouhitiiuu,
"H. SiCDbodi oek ViUm SumauutUldg," 1740.

Btsndahl or BtandhaL See Bbvlk.

Stano, Btl'no, (Micheu^) a Venetian ruler, bom to
1331. He was elected Doge of Venice in 140a Veroni,
Padua, and other places were added to the state during
bis administration. Died in 1413.

S« Daid, " Htatain d< Vauw."

Stano, sti'no, (Nicholas.) an eminent Daniah anat-
omist, bom at Copenhagen in 1638. He studied three
years in the University of Leyden, which he entered in
1661, and afterwards pursoea his researches in Pari*.
About 1663 be discovered and described the duct of tbe
parotid gland, called Steno's duct He nude other dii-
coveries, and published several works, (in LatinJ among
which are a "Treatise on the Muscles sad Glands."
(1664,) and one " On the Anatomy of the Brain," (1669.)
He became a Catholic priest in 1675, after which he
wrote work* on iheotosr- Haller called him ■* magnus
bventoT." Died at Sdhwerin In 16S7.

S« Mahhi, "Vila dd KtlMstlwhuii Stnonb" 1771: FAnom.
Vila laJaniDi docajn nallaoliBn ;" Hauju, '■ BibEoibea
uiomfeai" "NoUTd]BB<D|:n|Al.»n4nli."

BtJIn'tor, [irivTup] a Grecian warrior or herald,
who served in the Trojan war, and whose voice, accord-
ins to Homer, was as loud as the combined voices of
Mty men.

BtMixal, stEnt'sfl, (Guttat Adolf Haxau>,1 a Ger-
man historian, bom at Zerbet in 1 793. He wrote, among
other works, a " History of Germany under the Prank-
ish Emperora," (iSay.) Died in 1854.

Bt«pliaiil, Bti'fl-nee, (Hkihrick,) a German educa
tlonal writer, bom near Wliriborg in 1761 ; died in iZy-

Btophnnie, sti'Q-nee, (Christlan Gottlob,) a Ger-
man actor and dramatist, bom at Breslau in 1733 ; died
in 1798,

Stepluuina, the Latin of Strpksm and &T1BMHR

StephVina IZT^fnvocI A-thB-nl-an'sda, a Gteek
physician, the time and place of whoae tHrdi are un-
known. Among his extant work* am a oommentar; on
'le " Prognostics" ofHippocrRtes, and a commentarron
le of the work* of Gaten.

Steph'aniiB By-skn-tl'iiiu, or Btaphan at B7-
BRntlnm, |Fr. £t»nns dr Btiance, k'te-Cn' d«b
be'iANss',1 aGreck writer, Kippaaed to have lived in the
'"■ ■ - " 'leauth^ofa --

o have beett the fitvl

. and which is supposed tc

work of the kind evet written.

Btepheu. stee'vfn, [Fr. Btirnhc, Ji'te-ftn' ; It Str-

uio, ittFl-no,) the first Christian martjrr, was one of

le seven deacons of the Christian Church at JemsRlem.

Being charged by the Jews with blasphemy, he waa

stoned to death. The time of this event is Tariooali

estimated at from 35 to 37 A.D,

ShAcUtL, «L

Stephen [Lat. STRPH'AinriJLsncoeeded X^du* as
Bishop of Rome in 353 A.O. He was ennged in a con-
troversy with Cyprian on the baptism of heretic*. He

Btmbtax nt, sometime* called Stefan Z£, <se

, receding article,) was elected pope in 753 a.d<. Astol
phus. King of the Lorgohards, havini threatened Rome,

Stephen solicited the aid of Pepin, lEing of the Franks,
who marched into Italy, defeated Astolphus, arrd com
pelled him to give up the district (Eiarchatc) of Ravenna,

iC. e, I, ^ fl, }, |>>V/ ^ ^ ^ *■'**• '*M P'«l°°f!^i j^ <!• It ^ <'<y> '*'^> ti (• i> ?• ■■'''n^/ '>r> ^ Ati "th^

STEPHEN

■nd other prorlncei preriooiljr conqoered bj him. In

JSS Aitolphna, with i recnilted annj, igun attacked
[one, but mi finally diJTcn back bj Fepin, who coa-
ierrcd apon (be Roman S«e F«ntapoli« and the E^^>
ale of Ravenna Stephen died in 757, and wai nicceeded
bjpPaiilL

Btepti«n IT, i native of SidW, became pope in 76S
A.D. Daring lila pontificate the Loagobaida anin took
poeaeuion of poniom of the Enrchate of Karenna.
He died in 77^ and wai Mceeeded br Adrian L

Btopheii T. wa« elected pope In 816 a.I>. Hit pon-
tificate was marked by no Irapmtant events, and he died
wftlun a jrear after his consecration.

Btophan VL succeeded Adrian III. as Pope of Rome
Id 885. In the qaairel between Gnido, Duke of Spoleto,

and Serengarius, Dnke of Friuli, he espoused the

of the fanner, whom he crowned Kii% of Italy in

Btepben TIL succeeded Benedict VI. In S9& He
annulled the acts and decrees of Fonnotas, one of his
predeceMora, and a political opponent, and caused hii
remains to be treated with diabononr. Id 897 he wai
thrown into prison, and atrangled b; the friends of
FonnoauB.

Btophao Tm. succeeded Leo VI. In 93S. He died
In 910, and was followed by John XI., ~ ' "
Duchess of Tuscany. (See Maroeia.)

Btepbea IX. was elected pope in 939, and died In
942. He was succeeded t^ Martin IIL

Stsphan 3L, brother of Godfrey, Duke of Lorraine
was elected pope in 1057. Under his rule occurred the
schism between the Greek and Roman Churches, ~~~'
tang controversy «ras carried on concerning the ce
of Uie clergy. Died In 105S.

Stepllwi, Saint, King of Hungary, bom at Gran
•botit 979, was the son 3l a chief named Geysa. He
waa inatiuaed In the Christian &ith, and in 995 married
the aister of the emperor Otho III. He was crowned
in 1000 first King of Hungary, with the sanction of the
pope. During hts reign Christianity was firmly estab-
lished in his country. Died in 103S.

StopbanU, King of Hungary, was (he son of Kolo-
mm, and ascended the throne in 11 14. He carried on
ansnccessfnl wars with Poland, Austria, and Russia, and
In iiii abdicated his throne in &vonr of a celative
aamed Bela. He died in a monastery In the same year.
Btepltan TXL, son of the preceding, was crowned in
I161, bat he was soon forced to resign In bvoor of his
uncle I<adis1aus, whose claims were supported by the
Emperor of Constantinople.

Stmhen IV. became King of Hungary on the death
of Laaislaus, in 1161. His subjects, however, soon re-
Tolted against hjm, and restored Stephen TIL to the
tbron& Stephen IV. <Ued in 1163, and his nephew,
Stephen IIL, in 1173.

8t«ptaan V. succeeded his father Bela in IJ70 as
Xing (H Hungary. Me carried on war with the Bohe-
mian! and Bulgarians, and died in 1373.

, slee'vfn, ILat. Stifh'anuS; Fr. firiBifNi,

was a daughter of William the Conqi

dered himself popular in Sngland by his martial coaragn,

and became a competitor lor the crown at the death

king by a large portion of the people,
gan m 1139. In 1153 Prince Henry, a
une ttoia Normandy with an army.

the Frendi war. Me pablished a treatise entitled "Wat
in Disguise, or the Frauds of Neutral Flags." He be-
came a member of Parliament for Tralee, and for mai^
years held the pact of a maater in chancery. Died in

183a.
Step

Iteplien, <Sir Jambs,) K.C.&, an English writer and
■mesman, bom in London about 179a He studied at
Cambridge, and rose through various offices to be per-
manent undersecretary to the colonial depanmeni, which
post he filled with eminent ability. He was appointed
In 1S49 re^ua professor of modern history at Camluidge.
He published " Essays in Ecclesiastical Biography,"
originally published in the " Edinburgh Review," " Lec-
tures on the History of France," (1851,) etc. Died k
1859.

Bt«'ph«ii, <Sir JAURS Fir^AMU,) an English Uwyer,
a son of Sir James Stephen, was bom in London in
March, 18*9, graduated at Trinity College, Cambridge,
in 1S53, was called to the bar at the Inner Temple in
1S54, waa a law member of the government of India,
1870-72, became proleaaot of common law 10 the inns
of court, 187s. and a judge of the high court of justice
in 1879. His principal work* are "Essays by a Barris-
ter." (i86»,)"r 1": l.^.r-^-:-.',. .'..■,,.=,_.

Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity," (1873,) " Digest irf
le Law of Evidence," " Digest of the Criminal Law,"

(1877,) and a " History of the Criminal Law of England,"

(3 vols., 1883.) Died March 11, 1894.

Stephon, (Lbslik,) an English author, a brother of
Sir J. F. Stephen, was born in landon, November A,
1833. He was educated at Eton, King's College, Lon-
don, and Trinity Hail, Cambridge, edited the " Com-
hitl Magazine" 1S71-83, and wrote "The Playground
of Eurotw," <l871,) "Hours in a Library," (1874-
79,) "Histoiyof English Thought in the Eighteenth
Century," (1876,) "Science of Ethics," (188a,) "An
Agnostic's Apology," (1893,) "Social Rights and
Duties," (tSgiS,) etc. In 1884 he began the publica-
tion of a "Dictionary of National Biography," of
which he edited twenty-«ii volumes. D. Feb. 33, 1904.
Btepbuu, stee'ven^ (AucXANDUt H.,) an Amerlun
atesman. bom in Taliaferro coun^, Georgia, in 1811.
He was elected to Congress by the Whig party in 1S43,
and continued in office till 1S59. He was one of the
first advocates of the annexation of Texas, and wa*

.__ — _. __j_^ ___ ,_ ^ joined the

Democratic party. He opposed the secession of Georgia
in 1860^ but, having subsequently joined the secession-
ists, was elected in 1861 Vice-President of the Confedet>
ate States. On the downfall of the Confederacy he was
arrested by the Federal government, and confined in
Fort Warren, near Boston, but soon afterwards was re-
leased. In 1865 he was elected United Sutes Senaloi
by the Legislature of Georgia, but waa not permitted to
take his seat In 1874 he was elected representative in
Congress, where be served several terms, uid in tSSl
was chosen Governor of Georgia. He published "A
Constitutional View of the War between dw States,"
(187a) Died March 4, 1883.

Bt^ihMU, (Mrs. Ann Sophia W„) a popular Ameri-
can novelist, bom at Derby, Connecdimt, in 1813. She
published many novels and tales, among which are
"The Heiress of Greenhurst," "The Old Homestead."
"Fashion and Famine," etc. and contributed numerous
sketches 10 periodicals. Died August zo, 1S86.

Stephens, (Gborgb,) an English archieologisi,
bom at Liverpool in 1S13. He settled at Stockholm
in 1S33, and became professor of English at Copen-
hagen in 1855. His important works are "Old
Nortbem Runic Monuments," (1S66-84,) and "The
Runes, whence came they ?" (1894.} Died in 1S95.

Stephens, (Hinry,) a Scottish writer on agriculture,
bora in Bengal in 1795, was educated at blinbargh.
He published "The Book of tbe Fami," (3 vols., 1844,)
■nd other works.

Btephetu, ttee'vens, (jAins PSAMCta,) an En^isb
entomologist, born in Sussex in 179s. He waa the
anthorof" The Svstematic Catalogue of British Insects,"
" A Manual of the British Cole^tera," and " Illustra-

NCo^iied

a dvil war began

nf Matilda, came

contest was decided by

riiould retain the throne u

should sQcceed him. Died

5n Huxm ** Hillary «<' Ea^aad," dup. n.

Btaplian, KiNtj or Poland. See BXthorl

Bt«'phen. (SirGsoRGB,)biother of Sir James, no-
ticed below, was bom about 1794. He published "The
Jesnit at Cambridge," "Adventures of an Attomey,"
and several other works. Died June 30^ 1879^

Stephen, (Jaues,) an English lawyer and philan-
Ifaropiat, born in Dorsetshire. He was an earnest advo-
cate of African emancipation, and he is said to have
planned the system of the continental blockade during

«aei;fUf,-t4an/;iasy;(l,H,K„r«<Ain);;H.iaata/,-|t,iWj:&J;lsss;thasindu; (|^Sce Explanations, Pl>j,;

Digitized by VjOOQIC

kind. He was president of tile Entomidcvical Sodety,
and > Fellow of the Linnsean Society. Died in 1852.

in 1853, md as its " Head Cenlre" had great po'
and influence. He was arrested in Dublin in 1S04,
escaped, and went to New York. Deposed by ihe
Fenians, he sank into obscurity. Died Mar. 39, 1901.

StephaiiB, (jKRRuy.) an English theolcwian, bom in
Shropshire in 1591. He became rector of Woitan, and
[Hiblished seven! works. Died in 1665.

StephoiM, John Llovd.) an American travellcT
b(«n U Shrewabuiy, New Jeraey, in i8os> He published
hi 1837 "Inddenw of Travel in Esypi, Arabia Petrsei,
and the Holy Land," which was followed in 1838 by
"Travels in Greece, Turkey, Russia," etc. Being ap.
pointed in 1S39 ambassador to Central America, he
brought out, after his return, " Incidents of Travel in
Central America, Chiapas, and Yucatan," (1S41,) and
" Incidenta of Travel in Yucatan," (1843,) illustrated by
Catheiwood. These works obtained great populari^
both in this counter and in Europe, and the two last-
named are esteemed among the most valuable contiibu-
Cions to American antiquities. Mr. Stephens was elected
president of the Panama Railroad Company about 1850.
Died in 1851.

StoplianMMi, ttee'vfn-s^, (GsomcK,) an eminent
English engineer, and inventor of the locomotive engine,
WIS bom «l Wylam, in Northumberland, Tune 9, 17S1.
Hi* bther was a fireman of a colliery, and was unable

GoUlery. He learned to read and write at

night.schooL

i Fanny Henderson about 1801. He exercised
Ui mechanical skill in mending docks, studied me-
dianks, and acquired ■ knowledge of steam-engines.
In 1811 he became chief engineer of Killingworth Cot-
tiety. Hi* first locomotive engine was completed in
July, 1814, and drew eight loaded cars four miles an
Mur. He made another, with important improrements,
and applied the steam blast-pipe, in 1815, and soon after
diat oate improved the constroction of the railway. In
■tea he wasemployed to construct a railway fri>m Stock-
ton to Darlington, which was opened in 1835 and was
the firat railway made for public use. About 183^ Mr.
Stephenson and Edward PMse, of Darlington, esubtished
■ manufiictory of locomotives at Newcastle. He was
diief engineer of the liverpool and Manchester Railway,
finished in 1S30, not without violent opposition from
land-ownen and others. A prize of five hundred pounds,
offered hy the directors of this railway for the bett loco-
motive, was awarded to the " Rocket," made by Geor^
Stephenson and his son Robert, (18301) This engine u
laid to have ran at the rate of thirty miles an hour, to
the great amazement of the public He was emplojred
asengineer of the Grand Junction Railway, of that which
connects London with Birmingham, and of others. His
Utter years were spent in the superintendence of exten-
•ive coal-mine* which he owned. IMed at Tapton in
Aagatt, 1S48.

Stephenaon, (Robert,) a distinguished engineer, a
■on of the preceding, was bom at Willingtor. in October,
1803. He studied for one session at the University of
Edinbni^ (iSzo-ll,) after which he assisted his fiither
h the construction of the Stockton and Darlington Rail-
way, and in the manu&ctnre of locomotives. In 18x4
he was employed in Sooth America as inspector of gold-
•nd silver-mines. He returned to England in 1817, and
becune assodated with his lather in the fabrication of
locomotives. He was engineer of the Leicester and
Swannington Railway, and of the London and Birming-
bam Railway which was opened in 1838. He acqnir^
a high reputation as a railway engineer, and was em-
ployed as such in various foreign countries. Among his
greatest work* ai« the viaduct over the Tweed at Ber-
wick, Ihe high level bridge at Newcastle, the Britannia
tubular brioge over Henat Straits, (1850,) the Victoria

tubular bridge at Montreal, finished about 1860^ and a
railway connecting Cairo with Alexandria, in ^TPt- He
ivas elected a member of Parliament for Whll^in l&t7.
Died In October, iSj^.

S« Shi " - - - _ _ _ _

"Lift of I

December, 1859.

Btap'nar, (Giosoa,) an English diplomatisi and
poet, bom at Westminster in 1663. He was employed
hi embasaie* to Gersiany, Poland, and the Stales-Gene-
nl, (Netherlands.) He was Ihe author of several origi-
nal poems, and asdsted Dryden in his translation of
Juvenal. "He is," saya Johnson, "a very licentiogB
translator, and doa* not recompense the n^ect of hit
author by beauties of his own.^' Died in 1707.

Stcp'alak, then0Hi-tff-//i(»><fof SerciusMichail
Dragomanoff, a Rusiian revolutionist, bom in the
Ukraine in 1841. In 1870 he became a professor in
KielT, bat was forced to flee in 1876 on account of his
free utterances. He afterwards resided in Geners
and London, where he published "Underground
Russia," (1881,) "Nihilism as it is," (1894,) sod
other works. He was killed by a railway Iraia in 1895.

Bterbowk. tmi, vtn sitR'bak, (Francis.) a Flemisb
botanist and priest, born at Antwerp in 1631. He pub-
lished "Theatrum Fungorum." Died in 1693.

St«r'llDS, ( John,) a British poel and prose writer,
son of Edward, (1773-1847,) whs born in the island )i
Bnte[nl8o6. He finished his studies at Trini^ College,
Cambridge, where he acqnired the biendship of Mr.
(aflerwatds Archdeacon) Hare, Moncklon Hilnes, and
other distinguished men. Having taken holy orden^
he became curate of Hnratmonceaua, in Sussex, in 1S34.
He was Ihe author of "Arthur ConinEsby," a noveL
(1833.) "The Election ; a Poem, in Seven Books," (il4t,|
"Suafftwd,"* tragedy, (1843,) and "Essays and Talei"

Died in 1844-

Sh T. Cailvu, " Lib of loha Si*riliii,~ itsi : " Briif Knpi-
ibia," by SAHuai, Shiui : '• Fnw's Ha(aiifM" for ttbrmn.
-•a : " Btitith Quartair Rnin" fcr Aifiut, tttt.

Stsni, (DANmu) See Aoovlt, d".

Stoni, (Harii de Flaviont.) See Acoult, d*-

Btorabwg, ttCRD'beRo, (Alexahdkk,) Baron, 1
celebrated novelist, bom in Esthonia, in Russia, in 181^
itndied at Dorpat, and in 1830 settled in Gemuii^.
Among his moat popular works, which are written m
German, we may name "The Missionary," "Diaaa,*
and "Saint Sylvan." Died August 34, 1868.

S« Uh " Faniv Q—niir R»rf«" faf Jukhuv. i»jj.

SternbeTg, (Gbokgb Hillbr,) an American au-
geon, bora in Otsego county, New York, in 183B. He
was made an assistant Eui^on in the United Slues
army in l86t, and reached the ranks of brigadier-
general and surge on -general of the array in 1893.

Sterab«rg. [Kaspar Maria,) Count, a Gcmiaii
naturalist, and prerident of the Bohemian Natioad
Museum, bom in 1761 ; died in 183S.

Btamsk stpTi, (Laurence,) a celebrated humoriM,
born at Clonmel, Ireland, in 1713, was a great-grsixbaa
of Richard Sleme, Archbishop of York. H» hlho
lieutenant In the arm^. He was edpcaled it

J741. Throurii the influence of ah unde. he obtained
a prebend in York Cathedral He remained neatly
twenty years at Sutton, and acquired a sudden cetebnti
I7 the publication of two volumes of " Tristram Shandy.
(1759,) a humorous story, which had a great success. la
17&1 he published two volumes of sermons, and wa)
appointed curate of Co«wol<l, Yorkshire. The poet
Gray praises his sermons, as showing "a stroag inia)|v
nation and a sensible heart," but adds, "yon see hm
[the preacher) often tottering on the verge of lan^W.
and ready to throw hi* periwig in the hce of his ladi-
ence." (See GraT** " Letters.*! Sterne's promotioQ n
Ae Church was hindered by Ua dissipated or inegdv
habita. He vlnted Pari* and other parts ol France b
1761-63, and pnbUsbed th* ninth voIoim of "Triw

i,t.^^%,J.ii>iV!^Kit.**B>e,]*Miai>lonBtA;i,f.\,6.:^f,i»^;^^i,Q,eiumt;ai.mK^imlt;mbt;t!SUia

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STERNHOLD

Shudjr" in 1767. Having nude mother toat in France
■nd Italy, he pradnced in 1768 his "Sentimental JoqT'
ne;," which enjoyed a great popularity. He died In
London in 17% leaTing one chU<t a danzhter.

StEme it conaideTed one of lite most humo _

originaJ writcn in the langnan. " His wit," laya Hu-
litt, "la poignut, though artfidal; and hia charactera
Ithoogh the groundwork of actne of them had been laid
before) hare yet invalnatde origbia] differencet ; and th«
■pirit of the eiecation, the maater-itrokea constantly
thrown Into them, are not to be tnrpassed." (" Lectures
m the English Conic Wrhem"}

S» HaDAua, " Lmuci «f Latr—"

•Md MuBoin of Ua Ufc. •ninn I . . . __

Waltsb Scbtt, "ManoJnsr ButMit Novaliitt/' liucoaAi',
" UetotM OBlh* Eiifliata Hnsooiiui;" Pracr PiraanAiA " Lifc
•(UDn«Sunw.''iTol*..i«64i ivmi PnuUAK, " lUiutnddn)
•fjUum* SuiK with oAsr TBttutt," fit/t; Aujwn, "Dk-

Btf raliold, (Thomas,) an Engliah writei. bom In
Hampshire, was groom of the robes to Henry VIIL
and his (ucceasor Edward VL He is chiefly known
from hii English version of the Psalms, of which he
tnnstated fifty-one. The prindpat part of the remainder
were translated by John Hopkins, the whole being pub-
Hihed in 1563, and annexed to the Book of Common
Prayer, nnder the title of " The Whole Booke of Psalme*,
collected into English Metre, by T. Stetnhold, J. Hop-
Idna, and others," etc Died in 1549.

BUaiohor*. See Stksichokus.

flto->I«h'9'Tii*, {Gr. Xniaijiopot; Fr. StIsichoki,
Bti'ieHcoa'; It SmicoKO, sta-se-ko'ro,] a celebrated
Greek poet, bom at Himera, in Sidly, is supposed to
have flonrished about 600 B.C He is styled the inventor
of choral songs, and his original name of Tisias was
changed to Stesichoms on account of his directing the
choruses at reli^ons festivals. Hia works, of which only
fragments remain, were composed in the language of the
epic poets, with a mixtnre of Doridsms, and combine
the material of the epic poem with the lyric form. They
are warmly; eulc^ized by Cicero, Quinlilian, and other
eminent writers of antiquity. He died about 555 B.&,
aged about S;.

Bt«fflon, {Charlottb Perkins,) an American
author, bom (Perkins) at Hartford, Connecticut, in
i860, the granddaughter of Lyman Beecher. She
wrote humourous and satirical verses, stories, women's
rights papers, etc. She published " Women and Eco-
nomics," and " la this Our World?" (verse.)

Btanaxt. See Stkwart, (Sir Jambs.)

Btaabeo, stn'ben, (Ger. pron. stoi'bf n,] (Frbdericx
William Augustus,) Bakon, a celebrated seneral
of (he American Revolation, was bom at Magdeburg,
Prussia, in 1730. He served with distinction in the
Seven Years' war, and rose to be adjutant-general in
the king's staff in 1761. In 1777 he offered hit services
to General Washington at a v olonteer in the American
army. He waa appointed major-general in 177S, and
sobaeqitently took an active part in the battle of Mon-
month and the siege of Vorktown. A lile-annnity of
#3500 WM voted him by Conerew in 1790^ and be also
recdved 16,000 acres of land in Oneida county. New
Yitrk, where he lUed in 1794- His life, written by
Ftands Bowen, is incloded In Sparks's "American
Btogrtphy."

Sh Oi " North Anwicui Ra>ie>" for Odaba-, iSe4-
Btaaben, tod, fon stoi'btn, (Karl Wilhslu Av-
Sirar,) Baron, a Gemian historical painter, bom near
Mannheim about 1790, worked in Paris and in Russia,
where he was patronized br the emperor Nicholas.
Among his worfci are "Napoleon's Return from Elba,"
and "Esmeralda and Quasimodo." Died in Paris in 185&1
Bto^enl, (Abbl,) an American Methodist divine,
bom at Philadelphia in 1S15. He edited successively

into New England," and " History of the Religious
Movement of the Eighteenth Century, called Uethod-
ism," (1859.} Died September ii, 1897.

SteVenl, (Albxandkr,) an Engliab architect, con-
stracted the bridge over the liSej at Dublin, and other
bnportant works. Died in 179&

Bte'Taaa, [Bel^^ pron. sU'vena,] (Altud,) a IMt
gian painter, bom at Brussels, May ■ i. 1838. He gaiaitd
a medal of the first dass in 1851. Died Aug. 34, 1906.

Btarsna, {Alfred George,] an English artist, born
at Blandford, Dorsetshire, in December, 1817. His
prindpal work is the Wellington memorild under the
dome of Saint Paul's Cathedr2. His portrait -basis and
his designs for decorative metal-work are tptaaOj otM-
woTthy. Died Januaiy 7, 1S7&

Btavena, (Edwin Augustus,) an American inventor,
a son of John Stevens, was bom St Hoboken, New
Jersey, in I79S- He made improvements in naval con-
struction and in machinery, built the iron-clad Nauga-
luck for service in the war of 1861-65, and save one
million dollars towards the construction of the iron-dad
battery of hia brother, R. L. Stevens. He founded tba
Stevens Institute of Technology, and the Stevens High
School, both at Hoboken, New Jersey. Died in Paris,
France, Auglut 7, 1868.

Btarena, (Georbb Albxandbb,) an En^h actor
and dramatic writer, bom in I.ondon, was the author of
a novel entitled "Tom TocA," and other works of a
comic and satirical character. Among these may bt
named a " Lecture on Heads," " Distress upon lHs>
tress," a burlesque tit^edy, and " The Adventures of a
Speculist" He also wrote a number of popular soogt.
I»ed in 17&4.

Stevana, (Isaac Inoalls,) an American general,
born in or near Andover, Massachusetts, in l8lS| grado-
aied at West Point in 1839, at the head of his claaa.
He was appointed Governor of Washington Territory
in i8sj, and resigned In 1857. In September, i86i, he
became a brigadier-general of Union volunteers. He
served in the army which captured Port Royal, South
Carolina, in November, lS6t, was raised to the rank of
major-general in the ensuing summer, and was killed
at the battle of Chantilly, September i, 1863.

Bterana, (John,) an American mechanician, bom
at New Vork in 1749, waa the Inventor of a steamboat,
which he exhibited in 1804. He also w '
giving plans for a railway and sf
■" 1838.

His son, SoBBVT LxTniosTON Stktbms, bom in
'88, also dislinniished himself at an inventor, and
ade numerous impraremenlB in ateamboats. Died
In 1856.

Btevana, (John Austin,) an American historian,
bom at New York in 1827. He founded and for
many years edited the " Magazine of American His-
tory," and founded the societies of Sons of the Revo-
lution and Loyal League. Among his writings are
" The Burgoyne Campaign," " The French in Rhode
Island," etc. Died June 16, 1910

atevana, (Richard Jahbs Sauuel,) an English
composer, bom at London about 1750, published nu-
merous songs and glees, which are ranked among the
masterpieces of their kind- Died in 1837.

Stevens, (Robert Niblson,) an American
novelist and dramatist, was born at New Bloomtield,
Pennsylvania, in 1867- He became an editorial
writer on the Philadelphia "Press" in 1886, and a
theatrical agent in New York in 1893. He wrote,
plays, "An Enemy to the King," (1896,) "The
Ragged Regiment," (189S,) novels, "The Continental
Dragoon," (1898,) "Philip Winwood," (1900,) etc
Btavena, (Traddkus,) an eminent American legis-
latcw, dittingnished as an opponent of slavery, was bom
in Caledonia county, Vermont, on the 4th of April,
'793. He graduated at Dartmouth College in 1S14,
emoved to Pennsylvania, and studied law. He was
Oected to the legislature of Pennsylvania in 1833, and
re-elected four times between that date and 1&41. In
April, 1835, he made a poweribl speech for common
schools, and secured the triumph of a system to which
the majority of the legislature had been hostile. In
1836 he was a member of the Convention which revised
the Constitution of the State. He settled at Idncastcr
about 1843, and was elected a member of Congress by

nphlet
Died

ili. f — t; tiard; i*aj;a,U,X,pMural; v.Koia!; n, IHlled; f tat; thuin lAu. (I^See EaplanalioDB,p. a},!

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ROBERT LOUIS STEVENSON.

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, 1753- He was a ion of Matthew, noHmd
below, WM educated ■( the High School of BdinboTgh,
and attended the lectures of Reid at Glaaeow. In 1773
he wrote an "Esaay on Dreaming," and became an aa-
aistanl or substitute of his &ther in the chair of mathe-
iDBtics. Hewasappdntedjoint professoTofmBthenutics
at EdinbuTBh in 1775, and sacceeded Dr. Ferguson as
profesior of mora! philosoph; In the same university ia
1785. He acquired a high repDtation as a didactic orator,
and his lectures were attended bjp manj' students from
England, and trcn fco-at (he contir>enL He promoted
the triqmph of liberal opinions in politics by his influ-
ence over sticb men as Lord Brougham, Lord Jeffrey,
and Lord John Russell, who were his pupils. In 1791
he published the lirst volume of his "Elements of the
Philosophy of the Human Mind," which, being written
In an elegant and attractive style, enjoyed a great popo-
larity. The second volume appeared in 1814, and the
third in 1S17. He piodoced " Outlines of Moral Phi-
losophy" in 1703, a "Life of Dr. Robertson" in iTo^
and a "Life of^Dr. Reid" in lioi. On account ot^hia
feeble health, he resigned the active duties of his pro-
fessorship in iSia Among his chief works are a "Phi-
losophical Essay," (l vol., 1810,) and his preliminary
dissertation to the "EncyctopKdia Briunnica," entitled
a ■ General View of the Prcsress of Hetapbysical,
Ethical, and Political Science since the Revival of Let-
ten," which Is highly esteemed. He married Helen
Bannatyne about 17S3, and after her death a Miss Crans-
tonn. Died at Edinburgh in Tune, tSsS.

Referring to Stewart as a lecturer, Sir Walter ScoH
say*, his " strildm; and impressive eloquence riveted the
attention even ofthe moat volatile student." "Perhaps
few men ever lived," saya Mackintosh, "who poured
Into the breasts of youth a more fervid and vet reason-
able love of liberty, of tmth, and of virtue. How manv
are still alive in different countries, and in every rank
to which education reaches, who, if they accurately
examined their own mind* and lives, would not ascribe
nuch of whatever goodness and happiness they possess
to the early impressions of his gentle and persuasive
eloquence I . . . Without derogation from his writingsi
H may be said that his disciples were among his but

So "Goienl Rerin oTtha Piocrnt oF Eihiial PhIl«Dpl>j^
Chambih, "Bi(«np(uc*t HietioBuy oC Emincnl ScotHnen:"
CovtiH. " Conn da PlnliiKiiilii* M Tafntma pUloae^UqiiBa." alio
tba KBH writv in iha "JaamUmSimMitM,'' iSi^.

Stewart. (Eliza D.,) an American temperance
advocate, bom at Piketon, Ohio, in 1816. She was
active in relief work during tbe civil war, being called
"Mother Stewart" by the soldiers. She was after-
wards a leader in the "Woman's Crusade" against
the Ohio liqaor saloons. She introduced the Woman's
Christian Temperance Union work into Great Britain
and the South.

Stewut or 8t«iiar^ (Sir Taucs,) a ScottiBh pdltlat]
economist, bom in Edinburgh in 1713, wa* ajacobite.
He married a daughter ofthe Earl of Wemys*. Havins

£' lined the army of the Pretender in 174s, he was enled
r many years. He returned about 1763, and published,
besides other works, sn ** Inquiry into the Pnnciptes ol
Political Economy," (1767.) Died in 1780.

StoWfit, (Jamcs Haldani,) an English theologian,
'•—- 'n 1775, wa* rector of LimpsEeld, in Surrey. Ha
' d several religious works. Died in 1854.
"A of J. H. Sw«R." by b>i u, iSjS.

_ _ -t, (John,) called Walking Stewart, an
English traveller, bom in London before 175a He per-
formed journeys on Ibol throngb Hindosian, Persia,
Nubia, etc., and walked back to niglarid. Died in Lon-

Btnrai^ (Matthew,) a Scottish mathematician,
bora at Rothaav, In the Isle of Bole, tn 1717, was tbi
^ber ot Dngald Stewart He wa* minister of the paritb
of Rocneatb, in the we*t of Scotland, in his early life.
In 1747 he succeeded Hadaniin as pnriessor of mathe-
matics In tbe Univewity of Edlnbsr^h. He published
"General Theorems," etc^ (1746,) "Tracta, Phywcal

ntgfStcmRinhi

" Proposltloii* d

_ _^ _. ._ Andenis," {176a., _

was well versed In Greek geometry. Died in 1785.

Ses CKAHSias. " Biocnpbkid DkdmTTDf Smlnent SeonuaB.-

Stowart, (ROBUT.) See Castlekbagh, Loan
Btswait, (Sir ROBEBT Fuscott,) an Irish mntician
and author, bom in Dublin In 1835. He grsdoated at
the University of Dublin in 1851, and became professor
of music there in 1S63. Besides some ■occessfol musli^
he published a " Life of Hiindel," and other worka. Ha
was knighted in 1873. Died Mardi at, 1894.

Btevrait, (Thomas Oralngar-,) » Scottish physician,
born in Edinburgh, September 13, 1837. He studied at
the universities of Edinburgh, Berlin, Prsgue, and Vi<
enna. In 1876 he was appointed professor of the prao-
tice of physic in the Umversity of Edinburgh, and la
1883 he was chosen a court physician to the i^ueen.

1900.

Stewart (or Steward) Family. See Stuart.

Stejrn, ( Marti nus Theunis,) President of the
Orange Free State, was bom at Winbury, in that
State, in 1857. He studied law, became State attorney
in 18S9, and soon afterwords a judge. He was elected
President in 1896, and was intimately connected with
the negotiations which ended in the Transvaal war, ilt
which he and his people joined the Transvaal forces,
with the result of losing their independence.

athen'e-lna. [Gr. ZetvOuK: Fr. STiiANftLE, atl'nV,|
a king of Mycenae, was a son of Perseus and Andromeda,
and the feiher of Eorystbeii*.

Sthaaeltia, a son of Capaneus, was one of the Epi-
goni, [i.i. the sons of the seven chiefe who led the expe-
dition against Thebes.) He was a friend of Ditnnede,
under whom he served in the Trojan war, and was on*
of the band inclosed in the wooden horse.

Stlefel or StUel, siee'(«l, [LaL Stifb'uus,) (Hi.
CHAiL,) a German mathematician, bom at EssUngen, tn
Saxony, in i486. He was a Lutheran minister, and

5 reached at various placet, tndoding Lochaa and Holti<
or^ near Wittenberg, He made diacoveries in algebra
His prindpal vrork is "Arithmetica Integra," (1544.)
Died m 1567.

Sh Bavu. " Hiuoriol and Critksl Dictkauy."

SttesUta, sleeclit*, (Cueutiam LUDWto,) a German
wnier upon art, bom at Leipalc ia 1756, pnUlsbe^

ns other vrorka, a "History of Architednre feoa

Earlieat Antiquity to Modem Times," ( 1837,)

'Ardueology of the Architecture of the Greeka and

le anchor of poeou

L1S3&

Arolsen, in Waldeck, in

and dramatic works. Died in 1849.

aueler, steeH^, (Adolf,) a German geographer,
bom at &>tha in 1775 ; died in 1836.

SUar, steek, (Wilhelm,) a German architect, bom
near Warsaw in 1799. He became professor at the
Academy of Archilectore at Berlin, and the founder of
a new school of architect*. He desired the catbedial
of Berlin and the Atbencum of Munich. Died in 185&

Bttemhlalm. See SiTBENigBLii.

BtUeL See Stievh.

Sttfallaa. See Stiefei.

Stifter, stififr, (Adalbbet,) a German UMrainir
born in Southern Bohemia in 1806, wrote novels, poems,
and prose essays. " He is," says Vaperean, " one of the
best prose-writen of his country." IMed in 1868.

fltag'fiid, a Saxon prelate under the reigns of Ed<
ward the Confessor and William the Conqueror, ba>
came Archblabop of Canterbaryin 105a. Having be«a
convicted (tf •everal mlademeanours, be was deprived of
hi* (Ace and condemned to perpetual imprisonment
bnt he ^ed aoon after the sentence was passed.

Sh W. F. Hook. " Utw or IlM AidibUtDp* of Cwuwbarj."

Stig'fnd, (WiLLLUt,) an English writer and laww,
bom in 1817. He contributed to the " Edlnbargh Re<

r; libm/; t as/; O, K, X./MWm;; n, mom/; a, frilM! lass; *b aslnMu. (lySee

v-n.^

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STILPON 33

uj or 300 a-c He was highly MIeemed for hU wisdou
br the andents, and attracted a large number of di>-
aples, ainone whom were Zeno the Stoic and Cratei
the Cynic. Little is known about his life or doctrinei^
which Kent to have been similar to those of the Megaric

Stnpon. See Smjo.

Stlmp'spn, (William,) an Amerioui toologist, bom
In Roibuiy, Massachusetts, February 14, l3^ He was
a pupil and assistant of L. Agassiz, and id tS64 was
made curator to the Chicago Academy of Sciences, and
later was director of its muaeum. The fiuits of his great
labours as a collector and writer were destroyed in the
Chicago fiie of 1S71. He published valuable papers,
chie&yon invertebrate marine animals. Died at Ilchester
Mills, Maryland, May 16, 1S73.

Btiin'flpii, (Fkedbbic Jcsup.) an American author

baa published a "Law Glossary," (1881,) "Guomdale,'
(a romance, tSSa,) " Henry Vane," (1884,) "The King's
Hen," (1SS4,) and several other books. His pseudonym
U " J. S. of Dale." In 1884 he was appoiat«d asabtant
■ttoraey-general of MuMchoaettt.

Stlmaon, (Hknry Lewis,) bom at New York in
1867. He was admitted to the bur in 1891, wastheU. S.
attorney for S. Dislricl of New York 1906-09; Repub-
lican candidate for governor of New York igio ; secre-
tary of war in Pre»dent Taft's cabinet after May, 19II.

Btlrllns. ^>i- or- See Alkxandik, (Willlul)

Btir'UiiK (Jahss,) a Scottish mathematician, bom In
Stirlingshire about ie9a He was elected a Fellow of
the R<»al Sodeiv in 1729. Hia chief work is entitled
The Differential Method, or Treatise on the Summing
Up and Interpolation of the Infinite Series," ("Melhodus
Differentialis, sive Traclatus de Summalione et Inter-
polatione Seriemm Infinitarutn," 1730.) Died aboal
I72ft

BtlrUnK {Tamks Hutchinson,) a Scottish critic, bora
ai Glasgow, June la, 183a He studied at the Gla^ow
University, became a physldan, and was a student of
philosophy in Genneny, 1851-57. He wrote "The
Secret of Hegel," "Philosophy and Theology," and
other works. Died in 1909.

aUrllag-Mwcwell, (Wcluam,) a Scottish writer
and sutesman, boin near Glasgow in tIJiS, graduated al
Cambridge, and resided several years in Spain. He WM
elected to Parliament for Perthshire In 1851, and anin
in 1874, Hepublished"Annal3of the Artists of Spun,"
<l84S,) "The Cloister-Life of the Emperor Charles V.,"
(185*,) and "Velasquez and his Works," (1855.) He
assumed the name of Maxwell in 1866. He was chosen
lord rector of the Univcraity of St. Andrew's in 1863,
of Edinburgh in 1871, and chancellor of Glasgow Urn-
veni^ in 1875. Died at Venice, January 15, 1878.

flijvnilijelm, sheKn'he-Elm, (GEOftae,) a Swedish
•avant and poet, bom in 1598 ; died in 1673.

S^amhBk or Stlwrntioek, shiRn'h6k, (Jan,) r
Swedish jurist, bom in Dalecariia in 1596. He pub-
lished a work " On the Ancient Law of the Swedes and

Swedish liairatenr, bom in the , .

land in 1777. He was the author of tales in verse, and
made numerous translations from the German, FrenciL
English, and Spanish. He was noted foi his wit and
cooversational poweis. Died in 1831.

Btobntia, sto-bee'ns, [Gr, IraWof,- Fr. StobIb,
*o'b4',] (JoANNis,) a Greek writer, bom at Stobi, in
Macedonia, lived probably between 350 and 500 a.di
He made a collection of extracts from about five hun-
dred Greek authors. In prose and verse. This work is
divided into "Eclope Physiae et Elhicie," and "An-
thologicon, or Sermones," and is of great value aa
preserving porti — -' — -■- ■-■-■- '-• --■ -

- „ r IS of authors which would i^erwise

'e been lost

Btobdo. See Stobaus.

Stcibte, sto-bl', r (KiLIAN,) a Swedish naturalist,
bom in Scania in 1690; died in 174a.

ttik; s,aAs; ihard; jiisj; a,K.X,gtHluraI; K.nand; ti,lrilUd; l3»

t9 STOCKTON

BtSboi or Btoeber, stsnsfr, (August,) a son of
Daniel, noticed below, was bom In 1808. Ho pnUialicd
(in German) in iSu "The TiadititKia of Alsace." Di«d
101884.

BtOber or Bto«b«r, (Daniel EHxiNnm),) bon
at Strasbnrg in 1779, was the author of lyric poems, a
"Life of Jcremias J. Oberlin," and other works. Died
in 1835-

Btoooada, stolild', (Nicholas de Helt or van
Helt,) a Flemish historical painter, bom at Nymweeen
in 1614. He worked at Rome, Venice, and Paris. Hii
pictures were highly prised.

Btook, (SlMOK,) an English Catholic, who became
geneial of the order of Carmelites. He is said to have
founded the Brotherhood of the Scapulary, in honour of
the Virgin Mary. Died in 1165.

Btoott'dale, (FiACtTAL,) Rev., an English writer on
varioni tobjecta, born in 1716; died in 1811.

atookfletb, stoVfiCt, (NIELS Joachim Christian,)
a Norwegian missionary to Lapland, born at Christiania
In 1787. He translated into Lappish portions of the
New Testament, and Luther's " Small Catechism." He
also wrote a "Lappish Grammar," etc Died in 1866.

atSckluirdt or StOMikliaidt, atok'hiRt, (Julius
Adolph,) a German chemist, bom near Meissen in 1809.
He became in 1S47 professor of agricultural chemistry
at the Academy for Agriculture and Forest Science at
Tharand. Died June 1, 1886.

Stookmana, stok'idbi, (pRnit,) a Flemish jurist
and statesman, bom at Antwerp in l6oS, He became a
member of the privy council about 1663, and held other
high offices in Flandera. He published several legal
works. Died to 1671.

Su C. n Bavav, "?. SioctaBBu, JiriMoosiilM Betn" iSm.

Stook'tnv, (Chiirian Fkikdrich,) BaIon, a

German physician and diplomatist, born at Cobutg,
August u, 17S7. He becajne court physician in 1810,
and was for many years the trusted friend and adviser
of the Coburg princes and of the English royal &mi1y.
He arranged several royal marriages. His "Hemoirs,"
chiefly extracts from his papers, were published in Ger-
man in 1871, in EngUsh in 187^ Died Jtily 9, 1S63.

fitooka, (John E.,) an English physician and natural*
ist, bom in 1S73. He visited India, where he made a
valuable collection of plants. Died in 1S54.

Stocks, (Luub,) an accomi^iahed English engraver,
bam near Haliiaz, November 30, 1811. He acquired
fame as a master of bne engraving, and in 1S73 he was
chosen a hdl member of the Royd Academy. D. 1S91.

Btook^n, (Francis Richakd,] an American hu.
moron* author, bom in Philadelphia, April 5, 1S34- He
graduated at the Central High School of his native dty
m 18^3, and began life a* an engraver, some years later
devoting himself to journalism. Among his works are
" Rudder Granae." " A lollv Fellowahin!" " ""
Hav

Lady, or the Tiger?" "The Story of Viteau,"
" The Squirrel Inn," (1891,) " Pomona's Travels,"
(1894,) etc. Died AprU 11, 1901.

Stook't^D. (RiCHABD,) an American patriot, and
signer of the Declaration of Independence, waa bora
near Princeton, New Jersey, in 173a He rose todlitiBC-
tion as a lawyer, and was appointed in 1774 a indge of
(he supreme court of New Jersey. He was elected to
the Continental Congress In 1T7& Died In 1781.

His daughter Julia was the wife of Dr. Benjamin
Rush.

Sa SANwaum, "Blgsnpfa} at [ha Sipia* to lb* Dadaradaa
of IndqjehdsKa," 1S4S.

atooktOD, (Richard,) an eminent lawyer, bom at
Princeton, New Jersey, in 1764, was a son of the pre
ceding. He was a Senator of the United States Rom
1796 to 1799, and was elected to the House of Repre-
sentatives in 1813. He was at the head of the bar of
New Jersey for many years. Died at Princeton in l8a&

Btookton, (Robert Fieui,) an American commo-
dore, bom at I^inceton, New Jersey, in 1796, was a s«i
of the preceding. He served in several naval actioiu
in the vrar of iSi>-i4. About iSaj he cruised on th*

/thai

alAii. (il^See Evplan

».p-a3)

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to naval aichitecture, and ma one of tbe first American
officer! to apply ■team to veaaeli o[ var. Tbe aloop^-
mr Piincetoti, which waa finUhrd in 1S44, was bidlt
according to hU plan, and was a very auccessful experi-
ment By the eiploaion of one at the guns of tba
Princeton, in 1S44, two members of the cabinet, Gilmer
and Upahur, were killed. He obtained command of [he
•quadron on the Padfic coatt about the end of ia45. In
1S46 he conquered California, In which be established a
provisional government He was elected a Senator ot
the United States for six years by the le^lature of New
Jersey in iSji. Died in tS66.

Stookton, (Thomas Hkwunck,) D.D., an eloqoenl
Methodist divine, born at Mount Holly, New jetMy,
in 1808, for many year* filled the post of chaplain (a
Congress. He published a number of religioiis works.
Diedin 1868.

Stock''weU, (Crbster Twitchell,) an Ameri-
can author, was bom at Koyslston, Massachusetts, in
1841. He studied medicine and dentistry, edited
dental joumaU, and wrote " The Evolution of Immor-
tality,'' (1887,) "Sentiment w. Science," {1891,)
"The Ethical Basis of Equality," (1894,} "The New
Materialism," (1897,) "The New Pantheism,"

(18

i,)e

HeMncbthon and MUnsteT amoi^ his pupils. He pab-
Usbed an acoonni of la MtroUbe of hn own cooitmc-
tion, and other actentific worlca. Died in 1531 Ha
predicted that there would be a great deluge in 1534.

St* Wahl. "Da J. StcAeriBO Mitfwiiatico," 17411 Baii^
"Halnriol indCritiOil OklkMiT,"

Btofflet, sto'fli', (Nicolas,) a French general of tba
royalist party, born at Lun^ville in 1751. He joined the
Vendcans in the spring of 1793, and was appointed
major-general in July of that year. Afier Sghtins with

Eeat bravery In numerous battles with the republican*,
wax betrayed into the hands of his eitemies, aiKl exe-
cuted, in 1796.

Sh " NoDviUi Bi(«ni>fa<* GioMk."

BtSkoa, (Gkorci Gabkikl.) F.R.S., an eminent
malhematidaii snd physitdst, bom in Ireland aboul
iBao. He was educated at Cambridge, and became
Lncasian professor of mathematics there in 1849. The
Rumfbrd medal of the Royal Society was awarded to
him in 1851 for his discovery of the change in the re-
frangibilily of light. He was made a baronet in 1S87,
sat in Parliament for Cambridge University 18S7-93,
delivered the Barnelt lecture* at Aberdeen 1888, uid
the Gifford lecture* at Edinburgh 1893. Died in 1903.

Stokea, (Whitlbv,) a British author, born at Dub-

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STONE aa

wu defeated >l Ball's Bloft October 3i, 1861. S(i«-
pecled of treachery, he m» impritoned, wpaientlj with-
ODiuiv JDatca>ue,m FortLaEifetteiii 1802. Herestgned
Irom the arnir in 1S64. From 1870 to 1SS3 he wu ia
the Egyptian serrice, and atlained the title of pishA

about 169a He pablisbed 1 " Mathematical bictionaTy,"
(lyaS,) and translated L'H&piUl's "Analysis of InGni-
leaimals," and Bion's " Treatise on Mathematical la-
■tniments," frotn the French. Died in 1768.

UH, "BiognphialDictiaiArTaf EmuiciitSutaniaL^

a number of oil-pabitings to the uhibitians of the Royal
Academy, and Id 1851 wai elected an auodale of that
buitation. Amoai; hii moat admired works we may
name "Chrul and the Woman of Bethany," "The
Gardener'! Daughter," and a group of French peaaanU,
entitled *■ Bon-Jour, Messieurs." Died in 1859,

Stona, (H>NRy,) an English painter and tculptot of
the seventeenth century, called " Old Stone." He made
numerous and good copies from Flemish and Italian
pjctnree. Died in 1653. He was a son of Nicholaa
Stone, architect, noticed below.

Btone, (John,) a brother of the preceding, devoted
himself to sciilptare, and was also the author of a treat-
Im OD fartiGcatlo«,enbtIed "EncblrkUon." Died in 1699.

Stone, (John Bskjamin,) an Englisb author, was bom
kt Birmlngnani in tSjIgand inheritedextensiie interetts a*
■ slasa-manulacturer. Among his works are a " History
^LichGetdCathedral,"(iS69,Tand'' A Summer Holiday
b Spain." (1873.)

StoiM, (John H.,) an American officer, bom probably
in Maryland. He cUstingnished himself at the battles
of Long Island and Princeton, and was Governor of
HarrUnd ftom 1794 to 1797. Died in 1804.

Stooe, (Lucy,) adUtinguishedadvocate of" Women'
Klghu," was bom at West Brookfield, Maasachnsetts,

ttie Congress of 1774, ai._
ro-elected. Died in 1787.

BtOQ*. (WiLUAM Lsm,) an American journalist
and miscellaneous writer, born in Ulster county, New
York, in 1791. He became in i8)i editor of the "Com-
mercial Advertiser," a polidcal and literary journal ia
New York, which be cmducted with great abili^. H<

can Revolution," (1834,) " Ups and Downs in the Life
of a Distressed Gentleman," (1836,) which was very
wpular, "TheLifeof loseph Brant," (1838,) and "The
FoetryandHiatoryof Wjoming," (1841.) Died in 184^
atone, (WiujAH Lam,) Jr., a son of the pre-
ceding, was bom in New York, April 4, 1835. He
graduated in 1858 at Brown University, and at the law-
school at Albany in 1850. He pnblished the Life of
Sir William Johnson, (1865.) of W, I. Stone, (1866,) of
General Riedesel, (1S6S,) of Mrs. Riedesel, (1867,) (with
— 1^ of the three last named,) "History of New

■> Somerset county, Marvland, Juc

. . Ouvnt,) an American portrait-

^nier.Jiorn at Derby, Connecticut, September a6, \iy

uu, luEu LUC uiiij (.uucKC III lue uiuicu ouLca upen 10
her sex. By hard work between the hours of study,
■he earned enough to pay both her board and tuition
for nearly the whole of her collegiate course. In the
debating-sodetT at Oberlin her rare oratorical talents
were tirat maniJested and developed. Having gradmUed
with high honours, she became an agent and lectoter
of the Hassacbosetta Anti-Slavery Sodety, in wh' '
capadty she often pleaded for tbe right* of woman _
well as for those of the slave. " Lucy Stone," says Mrs.
E. C Stanton, "was the first speaker who really sdrred
the nation's heart on the snlqect of woman's wrongs."
In 18^5 Misa Stone was married to Henry B. Blackwell,
(the brother of Eliiabelh Blackwell, the first woman in
the United States who look the decree of M.D. ;) but,
believing that her influence as an individual would be
compromised by giving up her name, it was eipressly
■greed that she should still retain the one she had always
Irame. As a speaker, Mn. Stone's merits were of a pe-
culiar and rare order. Though possessing uncommon
logical ability, it was not to this that she owed her re-
markable influence over her auditors ; nor was it due
to the eloquence of emotion or passion, in the ordinary
■ignificadon of these words, but rather to a magnetic
■jrmpalhy, which seemed all the more powerful from its
being united with the utoioet quietness and simplicity
of manner in the orator. She died October 18, 1893.

BtonOk (Makcits,) an English painter, a son oTthe
■Ttiat Frank Stone, was born in London, Jnly 4, 1S40,
and was chosen an associate of the Royal Academy in
1877, a member in 1SS7.

Btone^ (NtCHOUl^) >n Euliah arcbilect and sculptor,
bom near Exeter about isso, was appointed master-
mason of Windsor Castle ~by Charles L Among his
works are ■ monument to Spenser in Westminster
Abbey, and statues of Edward V. and Henry VIL Died

Btone, (Nicholas,) a eon of the preceding, was also
■-on*' • -

putralls of ladies and children were often OS h_

llence. Died at Newport, R.L, September ij, 187C

StBne'm^ (George,) an American general. Dam m

rLici4J ui vuiuniccrB id
■airy of the array of the
icelloraville. May, 186^
herman near Atlanta in

county, New York, August 8, i8iit, gradu-
ated at West Point in 1846. He became captain in 1858,
and was promoted brigadier-general of volunteers ir
1S61. He commanded the cavalry 1 ' '
Potomac at the battle of Chancelloi
White serving ander General Sherman n
July, 186^ he and a large part of his command n .
captm-ed in 1 raid against Macon. He was brevetted
major-genera] in 1865, retired in 1871, and was Governor
of Calilomia from 1883 to 1887. Died Sept. 5, 1894.
Bto'ney, (G. Joknstonk,) a British astronomer,
bom in Ireland in 18361 published " Memoirs on the
Physical Constitution of the Sun and Stars," etc.

Bton'honse, (Sir Jambs,) an English physician and
divine, bom near Abingdon In 1716. He graduated at
Oxford, and subseqnently studied medicine in Prance.
Having practised im profHsioo for many years with
eminent aoooe^s, he entered holy orders, and acquired a
high reputation as a preacher. He was noted for bis
practical benevolence, and pablisbed a number of tracta
on moral and religious subject*. Died in 1795-

Btoordxa, mootdsa, or Stwdxa, stooRd'il,
(Albxander,) a Russian writer and dtplomatiit, bom
at Jassy in 1788. He was privy councillor in the reign
of Nicholas. He wrote several political and religioos
works. Died in 1854.

Sec "Nonnlk Bkcnptiie Gfaink."
Btop'f^rd, (Sir Robert,) an able English naval oA-
cer, born in 1768. Having obtained the rank of captain,
he served with distinction under Lord Howe in the
battle against the French, June i, 1794. He afterwards
captured many French vessels, became a rear-admiral
about 1808, and full admiral in 181^. He commanded
the naval force which took Acre in November, i84Gk
Died in 1847.

Storaoe, (Stephen or Stepaho,) a distingnhbed
composer, of Italian extraction, bom in London in 17^
Among bis best works are the operas of "The Siege Ot
Belgrade," " The Haunted Tower," and "The Pirates"
Died in 1796. Hia sister, Anna Sklina, was a highly
teemed vocalist.

Storoli, stoRX, tLaL Fblar'gus,] (Christofh,) ■
German Lutheran theologian, bom at Schweidnits In

■"'" " beside* other works, "Epitome Uni-

. „...," (161T.I Died in ' '

Btotoh, (JOHAHN,)

i»i: f»»i; giart/- t»ai;a,H,ji,giiamvi; Miinumi; K,trilleJ; Sm

a and chemiM,
^See EjcplansttOHS. p. »^)

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STOSCff

bmti nearOBenach <n 1681. He wrote MTenl profes-
■ional works. Di«d Jn 1751.

Btoroh, (LUDWIC,) a Gcnnin Uttintair, boni h
Thuringii ia 1803, published a number of Ifric poems
■nd historical romances. Died Febraaij 5, tSSi.

Btorob. (Nicholas,) a German Anabaptist preacher,
boro at Stolberg, in Saxony, about 1490, \a called the
founder of the sect of FadficaCorE. He taught that men
should be piided b; immediate revelation or inspira-
tion, and opposed in&nt baptism. Bv the agency of
Lather be was banished from Saxony. He gained many
ptoielytc! in Suabia, Thuringia, etc. Died in 1530.

Storoh, Ton, fon stoRK, THbinbick Fribdxich,)
Russian political economist, born in 1766. He pub-
lished a "Historical and Statistical View of Russia at
die End of the Eighteenth Century." Died in 1835.

Qto'rei, (^Bellamy, ) an American diplomatist, bom

■' ^' — = ■■ in 1847. He became a. laivyer in Cin-

a member of Congress 1S91-95, Uuited
States minister to Belgium 1S97-99, and afterwards
minister to Spain.

Storer, (Thomas,) an Cnglishpoet,bom at London.
He wrote, besides other works, a poem on "The Life
andDeathof Cardinal Wolsey," (1599.) Died in 1604.

Sh/rey, (Gkokgb Adolphus,) an English artist,
bom at London in 1834. His paintings are numerous.
He was elected an associate of the Royal Academy
in 1876.

Btork, noRk, (Abkaham,) a Dutch marine painter
of the latter part of the seventeenth century, was a
lutlTe of Amsterdam. His sea-views are ■"'■*- - • " ■

at Ci

by great spirit and fidelity to natore. Died In 1708.

BtSrk or Stowk, von, fon stdBk, (Ahton,) Bakon,
a German medical writer, bom in Snatna In 1731. He
practised at Vienna, and became physidan to the em-
press Haria Theresa. He paUished several medical
works. Died in 1803.

Btonn, (Edwaks,} a Norweglao poet, bom in 1749,
WIS the author of a didactic poem entitled ■■ IniSdret-
tcn," a nnmber of popnlar lyrics, and ■ collection nf
" Fables and Tales." Died in 1794.

Stor'mont, (David If okkav,) VncoUNT, and Earl
Vf UansGeld, a British statesman, botn about lyaS, was
a nephew of the lamoos Lord Uaosfield. He was am-
bassador at Vienna and at Paris. In the ministry formed
by Fox and Lord North (1783) he was president of the
cmmdl. Diedini79&,

Btom, {Charles B.,) an American dernman, bom
about 1794, was a son of the Rev. Richard Sdter Storrs,
who died in 1819. He became preddent of the Western
Reserve College, Ohio, about 1830k Died at Braintree
In 1833.

Btorra, (HsNav Rakdoi.ph,) an American lawyer
and orator, txim at Middlelown, Connecticut, in 1787.
He practised law at Utica, New York, and represented
the Oneida district in Congress from 1819 to 1S33, ex-
cept oiw term. It is stated that be had a ready and
powerful elocution, and as a debater attained the first
rank. He was an adherent of President Adams. He
died in the dty of New York in 1837.

Btom, (Richard Saltsb,) junior, an American
Congregational divine, bom at Braintree, Massachusetts,
hi iSai- He became pastor of the Church of the Pil-
grims, Brooldyn, New York, in 1846, and in 1S4S asso-
ciate editor of "The Independent," a religious joumal
published in that dty. He published a number of ser-
mons and orations, and "Lectures on the Wisdom,
Power, and Goodness of God, as manitested in the
Constitution of the Human Soul." Died June 5, 1900.

Btom, (WiLLLiu LuciDS,) an American jurist, bom
In Middletown, Ccmnecticul, in 1795, ^^ * brother of
Henry R. Storrs, noticed above. He was elected a
member of Congress in 1S19, in 1831, and in 1839. He
became a Judge of the supreme court of Connecticut
about l&io, and chief justice of the same in 1856.
Died in 1861.

Bto'rf , (Joseph,) an eminent American jurist, bom
in Marblehead, Massachusetts, on the iSth of Septem-
ber, 1779, **■ ■ ■o" of Elisha Story, a phyaidan. He

5* STOHY

snduated in 179S at Harvard College, where VmKin
E, Channing was his classmate. He studied law ander
Samuel Sewall and Judge Putnun, was admitted to the
bar In 1801, and began to practise at Salem. In iSn
he produced a didactic poem called "The Power ti
Solitude," which was reprinted with several short pocoM
In 1S04. He then ceased to cultivate his poetical taleuti,
and devoted himself with great assidoiiy to le«l sd-
ence, in which he became profoundly versed. He vm
elected to the legislature ol^ Massachusetts in iSoj, be-
gan his political life as a Democrat, and was chosen a
member of Congress in 1808. He acquired a high repn-
tation as a debater. In 1809 or i8to he advocated the
repeal of the embargo, and became an opponent of lef-
feiaon on that question. He dedined to be a candidus
for Congress in 1810, was Speaker of the House of
Representatives of Massachusetts in 1811, and was sp.
pointed ajustice of the supreme court of the United
States by Prendent Madison in November of that year.
So young a man had never before, in America or Em-
land, beet appointed to so high a judicial poaitiou. Hs
conlinDed to occupy that office for thirty-four yeais. H<
wai a member of the convention wbich revised the
constitution of Massachosetta in iSao. In 1819 he ac-
cepted a dilJr of law founded in Harvard College by
Nathan Dane. He delivered courses of lectures on the
law of nature, the laws of nations, maritime and cob-
mercial law, federal equity, and the conatitudonal law of
the United States. He acquired a European reputa-
tion by the publication of a series of works, — vit, " Cost
menlaries on the Constitution of the Untied States,"
(1833,) "Commentaries on the Conflict of Laws^" U
▼oU., 1834,) t^prded by some didca a* the most orip-
nal and prolbund of his writings, "Commeotaries oa
Equity JorisiwadenGe,'' (1836^) and a " Treatiae on Ifas
LawofAgency,''(l839.) Hu jadgmenta in the snpreM
court may be found In the Reports of Crancb, Whealo^
Peters, and Howard. His pnndpaJ literary writineiars
contained In a collection of his disconrsea, review^ aad
miscellanies, published in 1835. " I think all the treatises
of Story," says Chancellor Kent, "are 00 the wh<de ths
Host finishedandperlectof their Und tobe metwidiii
any languue, ltn«l«i or domestic ; and foe learning in-
dtutry, aoiT talent, he ts the most extraocdioan jurvt of
tfaes«." The Earl of Carlisle (formerly LordMorpeth)
spean of Story as one " whose reputation and antboily
■s a commentator and expounder of law atand high wbet-
ever Uw is known or honoured, and who was, what si
least ts more generally attractive, one of the most eeaer-
ous and single-hearted of meiL" He was endowed vidi

a great bvomlte in sodety. His constitutional doctrines
were sjmilar to those of Marshall and the Federalitta
He was a member of the Unitarian Church. Died U
Cambridge on the lotb of September, 1845. He lefi ene
daughter, who was married to George W. Curtis.

Judge Story's works are more volaminons than Ihcae
of any other lawyer of gftti erobence. His commoi-
taries and his written judgments in his own drtuil
occupy twenty-seven volumes, and his judgments in the
supreme court form an important part of thirty-fixir

Swi-'Ubof JciHiihStor]>,"bvtni ■an, Wiiuah W. Sih^
> rail., i8;i ; Giiiwold, " Pme Writen of America ; "Nuia^
Psmul-GiUav of Didfaiiuldud Aoivieui," voL iiL

Sto'rf , (RoBEKT,) a British l;^ic poet, bom in NoiA-
umberland about I79c^ was mmlster at Roseueath o
Rosneatb. Died in 1859.

Sh R. M. Stoiv, ■■ Memoir of ibi Ufc of Roherl Stoir,' >Ma

Btoiy, (RoBBRT Hebsert,) D.D., a Scottish diving
bom at Roseneath, January 38, 1S3J. He studied it
Saint Andrew's, Edinburgh, and Heidelberg, and became
a minister of the National KiiL His books indnde 1
"Life of Robert Story,' his &aher, (tSfii,) "Memoir of
Dr. Robert Lee," (1S70,) "William Cantarea," (1B74J
" Creed and Conduct," (1878,) etc.

Btory, ^Thouas,) hern in Cumberiand about i6H|
was an eminent minister of the Sodety of Frienda. He
visited the United Sntes in 1698. Died in 1743.

Btoiy, (William Wbthorb,) a lawyer and sculptor
a son of Chief- Justice Story, was bom at Salem, HB>aa<

I,^f,S,a,f lfnr,-l,t,A, same, less prolonged; i,i,<,5,Q,]r,/A«r/;f, t,f.9,ei#m(rv;ar,<l]l,lll;mEtjn0t;g96d;inana;

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STOSCH 3253

dmaclts, Id February, 1819. He gradoued (.t Hurard
College in tStS, itudied taw, and wu adm[tted to the
Boiton bar. He published a " Treatise an the Law of
Contracts," (1844,) a voiume of Poems, (1847,) and a
"Life of Joseph Sto[7," (hja father,) (1S51.) He after-
wards stodicd sculpture at Rome, where he passed many
Tears. Among his other works are "Roba di Roma,
(i86a,l "Poems," (i365,) "Proportion* of the Humn
figure," (1866,) "Graffiti d'ltalii," (1869,) "The Roman
Lawver in Jerusalem," (1870,) " Nero," a tragedy, (1875,)
■nd " He and She," (1883.) Died OctoLer 7, iSqs.

Btoaob, Ton, fon atosh, (Phiupf.) Babon, a German
diplomatist and amateur, born at Kiistrin in 1691, resided
•CTeral years in Rome and Florence, and made a large
and choice collection of works of art He published
"Gemnue antiquK Sculplorum imaginibos insignitx,"
(a vols., 1734.) A catalogue was published by Winckel-
■naon in 1760, entitled " Description of the Engraved
Gem* of tbe Late Baron Stosch," (in French.) Died
in I7S7-

S« Lua " HiUoriidw AbhudJoDc nn il« Gn. nn Stouh."
ilji ; Sax, '' OncmuticsB 1" " NMiTCUa BiognpbH G4d indk"

Stou, atoa, (VuT,) one of tbe moat disttngaished of
die early German sculptors, wai bom at Nuremberg to
1490 ; died in 1541.

Btoth'fTd, (Ckaklks Aumd,) an English painter
and designer, bora in London in 1786, was a son of
Tbomas Stothard, noticed below. Having been ap-

STOWB

tiquariea _.. __ __ ._

drawings of the Bayeox lapestrv. After his return, he
published in the " Arch«ologia'' a treatise proving the
tapestry to be coeval with the Norman Conquest He
brought out in 1^0 the ninth part of his " Monumental
^gtes of Great Britain," which was very ^vourably
received. He was killed by a bll in 1811, and his last-
named work was completed by hit widow, aiterwardi
Ura. Bra«.

Su " Mtiooin of C. A. Stothard," tr Mas. Biav.

Btothard. (Thohas,) an English artist, bom a( Long-
acre in 1755. He studied at the Royal Academy, of
which he was elected an Associate in 1785, and in 1794
an Academician. Amonzhis best works are his designs
for Rogers's "Poems," Boydell's " Shakspeare," and
"The Canterbury KIgiims.'' Died in 1834.

S« Uu. BiAv, "Utt oTHhou SMIIiuik'* iSgi; ~Bliick-
■oad>s M^bIm" far May nd Jun^ iBlft.

titoTit, Hoof; (Jkan Baptistm,} a French sculptor
hom in Paris in 174a. He wai a member of the Insti-
tnte. Died in 1816.

Btonchton, •tS'tpn, QoHN,) D.D., an English divine,
bom at Norwich, NoTemoei 18, i6o;r. He was educated
at Highbury College, and at University Collie, London,
and in 1833 became a Congrefjationalist paatoT. Id 1875

1 New

be was made profcs»or of historical theology
College. He published many works, indniUng
clesiastical History of England," (9 vols., 1867-94,)
and " Recollections oi a Long Life," (1894.)

Stotudflo. See STOOUnA.

SUJw, (Bakon,) D.D., an American Baptist diyftw,
born in Sullivan county. New Hampshire, in 1801. He
published "Daily Manna for Christian Pilgrims," (1848,)
"Question-Book of Christian Doctrine," and other re-
ligious works. Died December ay, 1869.

BtSw, {ToHH,) an English antiquaiv, bom in London
In 153$. He was the author of^a "Summary of the
Chronicles of England," afterwards enlarged, and pat>-
litbed under the title of " Florea Hiatoriamm ; or, An-
wiU of this Kingdom from the Time of the Ancient
BritDDi tolii8 0wn,''(i6oo,)and a " Surrey of London."
He died In 1605, leaving materials for a "Chronide
•f Ei^^and," •nhaetniently published, with additiona, by
Edmnnd Howe*, in the latter part of his life Stow
wa* reduced to great indigence, and letters-patent were
granted him by James L, pennitcin(( him to collect
gratnities througlioat the country and m the churebea.

Sh " Biofntiliii BriMuioi :" Srarr^ " tif» vt Sibo^" pntni

etowOkStOk (Calvin Eixis,) D.D., an American divine
and scholar, bom at Natick, Massachusetts, in 1803.
He graduated at Bowd<nn College in 1834, became pro-

fessor of languages at Dartmouth College in 1830^ andiB
1833 professor of biblical literature at Lane SemlnaTy,
Cincinnati, Ohio. Having visited Europe in 183!^ «
published, after his return, a report on "Elementary
Education in Europe." From 1851 to 1S64 he was pro-
fessor of sacred literature in Andover Theological Seni-

sy. Died August 33, 1886.

Btcnre, (Mrs. Hakriit Bbkchek.) one ai the most
distingoilhed of American authors, was bom at litdl-
lield, Connecticut, on the 14th of June, iSi I. She wa*
the third daughter and siiilh child of the celebrated
Lyman Beecher. Her mother, whose maiden-namt
was Rozana Foole, was a granddaughter of General
Ward, who served under Washington in the Revolu-
tionary war. When Harriet wa* not yet four years old,
her mother died ; but the memory of her spint and ea-
ample appears to have had no little Influence in monlding
the character of her gifted daughter. After about two
'ears, Mr. Beecher married, as his second wife, Harriet
Sorter, of Maine. The new step-mother, writing soon
aAer to her friends, said, " Harriet and Henry ... an
as lovely children as I ever saw, — amiable, affectionate^
and very bright" While still a child, Harriet was paa-
lionately fond of books ; among those in which sh*
took especial delight were Scotf s novels, the '■ Arabiaii
Nights," and " Dan Qniiote." When at Mr. Braced
•cIkmI in Litchfield, between the ages of nine and twelve,
she was deeply interested in hearing him converse on his-
tory and moral philosophy. Before she had completed
her twelfth year, she wrote a composition on the ques-
tion, "Can the immoftality of the soul be proved by tbe
Usht of nature P" maintaining the negative. At an eiU>
bition in the school, tite compoaition* were read alond
befbie " the /iAmoV of UtchGeld." When hera came to
be read, she noticed that her£itttet, "who was sitting on
high by Hr. Brace, brightened and looked interested."
To Mr. Beedier's question, "Who wrote that?" tb«
reply was, "Your daughter, sir." That, she tella tM,
"was the proudest moment of her life." At the aga
of thirteen she became a pupil of her sister Calherinev
then prindpal of the Female Seminary at Hartford, in
which institution the remained sevenU years. Her
bther having in 1831 been elected prewdent of Lane
Seminary at Cindnnali, Ohio, she accompanied him
thither. In 1S36 she was married to Professor Calvin
E. Slowe, (see precedii^ artide.) A charming sketch
entitled " Uncle Tim," written in 1834, and afterward*
pabtiihed in "The Mayflower," first attracted public
attention to her as a writer of rare promise. In 1850 she
accompanied her husband, who had been appointed to a
professorship in Bowdoin College, to Brunswick, Maine.
While here, the wrote her novel of "Uncle Tom's
Cabin," furnished to the "National Era" (published at
Washington) in weekly contribations. The success of
tfala work ha* been without a parallel in the history of
titeratuie^ It i* said that nearly half a million have
been told in the United States, and probably more than
that nmnber have been distributed in the British do-
minions, the work there not being proteaed by copy-
right Add to thi* that II has been translated into all
the prindpal European and into several Asiatic lan-
guages, including, it is said, the Chinese and Japanese.
Two different translations of it have been made into
Russian, three into the Magyar languu;e, and thirteen or
fourteen into German. In 1853 Mrt. Slowe risiled Eng-
land and the European continent, and on her return gave
■ 1 the world her " "" . . .. -

1 vols., 1854.)

New Engl a

1856 i "The Minister's Wooing," a tale of
d fife, {1 vol. iimo,) in 1859, first published
in the "Atlantic Monthly," in which appeared also "The
Pearl of Orr's Island," and "Agnes of Sorrento," (gener>
ally regarded as inferior to her other works of fiction.)
Her "Sfen of our Times," a biographical work, came out
in 1S68. In 1869 appeared her "Oldlown Folks," pre-
tenting, amons other things, a masterly picture of the
l^Mtes of religions thought and feeling in New Eng-
id ia the last centnrjr. In 1863 there was published

out a name, but suppoaed to have been «

■ ati; 5a*r; ^Aard; it»j:a,n.li.r>MHrai: K,«a«/; Ktrilled; iasi; thasinHiu; (l^^ee Explanations, p. 13.)

Digitized ay CjOOQ IC

db,Google

the (tUesmen \» whom the Howe o( Conunoni had
been directed. To thU tcheme, in his confidential cor-
rcsHmdence, be gave (be esprenive name of Thorongh."
("HiltoTj of England," vol. L p. *$•) ^'^ design wx
to nuke the rojnl power at abaolute in England u it
WM in Ireland. Tbe revolt of the Scotch, wbom the
king fooliihlj provoked to fight for their rSlJgioui rights,
IntN&red with the lucceas of Strafford'a acheme. He
«•• munmoned to London b]r Charles 1. in 1639, and
•ppoimed general-in-chier in 1640 ; but before he coald
iota the army it was driven from tbe border bj the
fnwgenta, and the war was ended bjr a treaty. Tbe
Long Parliament, which met in November, 1640, ir
peacned Strafford of high treason. He wm acciwed ._
an attempt "to subvert the fundamental law* of tbe
Coantry," John Pjrn was the principal apeajier against
him. (See PvH.) The Commons abandoned the im-
peachment and passed a bill of attainder by a large
■alority.of whom Falkland was "■ -^- • •

kl May, 1641. Two volames o
tpatcbes" have been published.

SMCaooa RAocum, "Lilt of th* EutofStnAird;'* Htno,
** Hiitorr of Enfland ;" Jokh FonsTBa, " Ijva of EmJUDt Britii^
SnWMirn ;" Macaulat. X<tw« hI Loud N0aDrT's"UDiu>riab
of Hwapdoi ;" Ci.uuHpoif> " Hinunr of ih* Gnat Rsbillic
ImuT-ToLUNDAL, "X—i UT li Vm do CtnM it SatBo
1795: OuitoT, "Hluiik* d* Is lUndBtiiia irrtinlnsiis "
papUs BriDMka."

atndkan, strf tn, (William,) an eminent Scoti
[ffinter, bom in Edinburgh about 171c He beca
a retident of London, and was elected a member of
Parliainent in 177s. Died in 1785.

Btnhl, stall, nfoRm Humann,) a German phy-
aidan and writer, dckd at Glc^aa in 1800. He became
In 1843 Sanititiiratli in Berlin. Among his works is
"Der Hensch nach seiner leihlichen nnd geiatigen
Natur," (1835-38.) Died in 1S60.

SMbi4e^(SirRoBKKT,) an eminent Scottish engraver,
bomin Pomona, one of the Orkney Islands, in 1711. He
■todled under Le Bas in Paris, passed several years in
Italy, and eetUed in London, wliere he worked with great

aAei Corr^Kio, "Saint Cealia." after Raphael, "The
Death of Dido," after Guerdno, and " Venus Reclininb"
after Titian. Died in 179a.

So J. DamitTDVii, " Umakt i^ Sb R. Stnanud of hit

SS STRAUSS

In London in 17SS. Ha stndledat Kln^ College, Cam-
bndjge, and in 1810 ancceeded Ur. Robert Adair aa
BiDwter-plenlpotentiarr at Constantinople. He becaoM
envoy-extraordinaiT and minister-plenipotentiary to Ih*
United States in iSio, and bi 1815 waa again sent a*
minister to Constantinople, where he exerted bimaelf to
procnre from the Sultan *one alleviaHon of tiw opprea-
aioo under which the Greeks were then anftrfaig. Hk
appeals being unheeded, the chief Eiirop«a> poiSMt
determined upon coerdve meaaares, aad IIm bitfte ct
Navariuo, in 1837, decided the foie erf' Greece. He waa
again minister to ConMantint^e 1841-58 and obtained
from the Sultan the aboblioit of tortnre and other re-
fortm. Died in i88a

StntthooiM, (DoNALi> AtxxANDU SwTH,) Baron,

inadiaD ofGdal, born is Scotland in iSao. He early-
entered tbe service of the Hudson Bay Co., rose (o be its
governor, director of the Canadian Pacific and other rail-
ways, member of the Canadian parliament, president of
the bank of Montreal, and held other importsni positions.
Since 1896 be has been high commissioner Ibr Canada.
In the South Afirican War he presented a fhlly equipped
Iroop of cavaliy to the goveninienL No man did more
to tighten the tics which bind the Dominion to the Brit-
ish Empire. Died January at, 1914.

etratiinBim, Baron. See Rosa, (Sir HuaH Hbnrv.)

Btrmtloo, itsi'teko, (Simonb ) Count, noted tnathe-

atician,bomatZara,inDBlmatia,aboutt730. D. 1824.

Sbkro-oUi, IXrparMbUk,] an Athenian orator and
demagogue, lived about 335 a.<x Ha waa a violent op-
ponent of Demosthenes.

BbC'toa (Gr. ZTpfaw) or fltrt'to, a Greek phni>
dan and metncal writer, a pupil of Eraaiatratua, lived ia
Hie third century B.C.

Itnton (or Stntto) ai LAMnActri, IFr. Stkatok
LAMrtAQUB, atirtdN' dfh l&Mp'stk',] a Greek Peri.

Ctic philoaopker, bom at Lampsacns, ancceeded
EtDhrastDS aa diief of the school about a88 B.C. Ha
n the preceptor of Ptolemy Philadelphus. AccordiDS
some authoritiea, he tan^hl that each partide ol
ktter has a prindplc of numon, or a plastic power.
S«Rrmii,"HiuiifTsf PUlewiiliTi" Nauwhrx, " Da SMa-

became ancceaaively British ambassador to StoeUiolm
in 1817, to Conaiantiiiople in i&c^ and to Saint Peters-
bor^ in 1835. He waa vicc-preaident of the Society of
Antiqnariea, and knight grand cross erf the Hanoverian
Gnelphic Order. He muie a translation of the poems
of Camoens, which was commended by Lord Byron.
In 1835 he was raised to the peerue of the United
Kbgdom, as Lord PenshnrsL Died m 1855.

Sc< tb* "Edinbnih R»in"fcr Apnl, itej: "UouhlT R»

Stnngford, (Pbkcv Ellkh Aloumon Fkkduucx
William Sydney SKynu,) Viscount, an Orientalist,
a son of this preceding, waa bom in Saint Petersburg in
1S35. His^Selected Writings; Political, Geographical,
andSodal,"werepnblishedinivDls.,i86a DiediniSe9.

Stnvarol*, atRl-pl-ro^l, (Gian Francxsco,) an
Italian writer of talea, waa born at Caravaggio before
I5aa He pnbUahed " Piacevole Notte," (a vola., 1550-

gian, bom in Hertfordshire in

''"-•— '--ph in 1673, and , .

._., __ . appointed Bishop of Cheater. He

•evml works apdnst popery. Died in 1707.

Stntf fprd da Rad'oUtb^ (Stratford Cammimo,)
fint Vucoum, a coaain of George Canning was bom

[or Btnto] or Sardis, a Greek epigram-
matic poet, who probably lived in the second century

Straooblna, stit6w'Ke-us, (j^idivs,) sGerman Lu-
theran theologian and mathematidan, born at Wittenberg
' i633,wa$tbeautbo[ofa " Breviarium Chroiralogicum

d a number of controversial works. Died in 168a.

Btraaa, (Oscar Solomon,) ambassador, bom in
Rhenish Bavaria in 1S50, came to the United Stales, and
became aa active merchant in New York. He repre-
sented the United Sutes at Constantinople 1SE7-89,
£98-1901, and 1909-10, was made a member of the
Court of Arbitration at ihc Hague in 1903, and was sec-
retary of conuneice and labour in the Roosevelt cabinet
1906-09. He was Republican candidate for govemorof
New York in 1913. — Nathan, his brother, bom in
S48, became notable as a benefactor, supplying steril-
ized milk to the poor of New York, distributing coal and
maintaining lodging houses for the homeless.

Btoanaa, staSwas, (David Frisdrich,) a German
rationalistic theologian, the author of what is termed tbe
" mytbica] theory" of interpreting the Gospels, was bom
at Lndwigsburg, in WUrtemberg, in iSoS. He studied
tiieolc^ at TffbingeD, In 1833 he became aaaistant
teacher frtpitmt) io the Thsologjcal bwtitute of Tilbin-

•mk: caa«; liarJ: gaa>; a,H,K./MMira/; h.mom:; *,MlUd: lass; thasbOu. (H

^See Explanationa. p. 13.)

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-»S6

STRICKLAND

Testunent historjr U substantial!]' a tissue of fables. He
ma appointed professor of divinity at Zurich in 13^9, but
Bie hostility of the people to liis doctrines wM so loudly
cipreasei] that his position there twcame untenable.
He published several other vroikg, among which are
"The Christian Dogmatics considered in its Hiitorical
Development and its Conflict with Modern Science," {■
vols., 1840-41,) a>'NewIifeofJestts,"(lSfi4,) and "The
Old Faith and the New."

Strauss'a idea of a God appears to be similar to that
of toxni other Hegelians, who regard the Deity not aa a
oonadoui Being, but as an unconscious spirit or influ-
ence, or what might be termed a system of laws, mate-
rial and apirituaL This spirit first becomes conscious
in Hnmanity, which, according to Strauss and his fol-
lowen, ii God manifest in the flesh.

" TwTty year* ago," aavs a writer in the " Quarterly
Review," "'The Life of Tesus' of Strauss startled tka
wwld like a dap of thimcler ont of a calm sky. ... In
the tiame of criticism, he declared that the Gospels were
almoet valueless M historical materials ; in the name of
■dence, he pronounced that miracles were impossible,"
(Seeertidaon''TheIJfeof our Lord," October, 1866.)
"The BuppoaidoQ that the healthiest, simplest, and
sanest form of religion the world has ever seen should
have taken its rise from snch a hotbed of fatuity and
Insanity as Strauss would have us believe, appeara to
US to inake greater demands by far upon our credulity
than the hypothesis it is invented to supersede," (See
"Edinburgh Review," article on "Strauss, Kenan, and
'Ecce Homo,'" October, 1866.)

" Strauss declined," says Domer, in hts able work
entitled " History of Protestant Theology," " the rude
method of comMting Christianity In the style of the
' WolfenbUttel Fragments ;' aa he likewise covered with
ridicule the naturalistic explanations of the mirades
t^ Dr. Paulu*. To the biblical supematuroUsm which
taught to fbaiid the truth of ChrisManity upon inspira-
tion, miradei^ and prophecv, be opposed the mythical
theory; Kcording to wUcb. the portrait of Christ in
the tioepdi was th* product of tradition, of which the
Uatoiic elentent waa obscure, determined in Its uidn-
tentional bbriodon by Old Testament iman, par-
ticularly the Messianic. Christ, however, to whom the

n impossibility j to also
'e proceeded from apostle
h their better knowledge, d
1 them. He thi

since a mirade tadude* an
four Gcapelt oould not liave
cre-witnestet, becauae, with
Mgned Uxication must be imputed
Sfrhn tor f ntemal contradictions in the Goapels, in order
dwrebv to prove thdr unhittoric character. Aa, how-
ever, tnese contradictiont do not extend to what I* •••
tenttal, it la dear that they are not what really dedded
him. He demandt a hbtorical eritidtm, free from pre-
aaaumptlona,' and yet Iia make* (aa we have toen) (or
Us mytliieal theory a twofold pre-assnmption,— 4be one
dogmatic,t the other historicaL"t He died February 8;
1874-

Sw " Smuudc In Zflricli." tS^s: " MooTtlla BkcnphiB Gfai-
nle;" "Fordpi QuuidIt RerigV (a Ocloba, igjS; "Billilfa
QnAitaily RtTiw" Ibr FAbrtury, 1I47,

atranaa, (Fribdricm Adolf,) a Protestant minister,
a ton of Gerhard Friedrich, noticed bdow, was bom at
Elberfeld in 1817. He published "Sinai and Golgotha:
Travels in the East," (1S47,) which has been translated
into several languages. Died April 16, 18SS.

BtratiM. (GHtKARD FRiiDRiirH,} professor of the-

* The dpreaim in lbs oridul ii " eina vonuixtiuiigiloK Mi-
(onsch* Kiitik," Ihit Is, "■ hiuoricil critiqu* nifaoui prmippinK

t In ssBunbl ust ■ nincla Is Inipouibla.

] In nJecdiiE tti* bisloriod chancier oT Iha Gonwii 1 wn oa
accoonl of ihe niniiti Jscrtpeariw tottA is Ibnn.'-bai (nlaiilT
fron ■ pndeunnliMtloa to BUS onl his BTthlal IhiorTal whMcm
CON. ror if lbs ninDta AieniimcwL »< aHmiaJt* aOeciiiii; thi
BUB nimtiv*. dcBtror Ibe hbtorical character of 1b« Gospda, umi-
lar or (rcsur dti(7«[nDCi«t would Drvrlhrofr all hinory, HDcienl lod
BodcnL A Brest hiitorieal iritic, who will icvcelT tw feccued of
■» mdnc* to cnduUtT. took s tht diSueot view of the Goapd
Mnathss. (Bm lb* wticta oa Miaaana tba hJMorian, io tbie
•««W __^

Dlog^ at Berlin, waa bom at Iserlohn m 17S& He
published a number of popular religious works, of whldi
"e mayname " Helon's Pilgrimage to Terusaleiu,"(iSac^)
and "The Baptism in Jordan," (iSaa.) Died in i»3.

Sttauaa, (Isaac,) a celebrated musician, bom in
Slrasburg, of a Jewish family, June 3. 1806. He became
a violinist and a distinguished musii^ director of Paiia.
He also composed some light music

Strauss, (JOHANH,) a celebrated German composer,
born at Vienna in 1804. His works are prindpally
waltzes and other lively airs. In which department of
music he has never been surpassed. He waa appointed
director of music for the court balls at Vienna. Died
in 1849.

Strmnaa, (Johann,) an Austrian compoaer, a aon o<
the preceding, was bom in Vienna in 1835. He attafited
great &me by his waltzes, and composed several operM-
tas. Died in 1899. His brothers Joseph (1817-1870) and
Eduard also won fame as composers of dance-music

Btraius, (Richard,) composer, bom at Munidi in
1S64. He produced a number of operas and symplto-
□ies and many songs. His highly original methods have
led to much controversy over what many regard as ugli-
ness and formlessness in music

StrSnfer, (Robirt,) an English painter, bom in
1634. His landscapes and historic^ pictures were
li^ly esteemed by his contemporaries. Died in 1680.

Strsokfoa^ ttsCk'foos, (Adolf Frcrdkich Kau,)
a German UtUrattur, bom at Gera in 1779. He wrote
a number of poems and tales, and translated into Ger-
man Tasso'a "Gerusalemme Liberata," the "Orlando
FurioBo" of Ariosto, and Dante's " Inferncs'' " Purga-
torio^" and " Paradisa" Died in 1844.

Stieek, van, vtn stRik, (Juriah,) a Flemish ot
Dutch painter of still life, bom at Amsterdam in 16331
died in 16^8. His ton Hbkry, bom in 1659, waa »
painter of mteriora of chnrches, etc. Died in 1713.

Straot, (Alfrid BlLUircs,) an American poet a^
misccUaneoua writer, bom at Ponghkeepsie in iSit.
Hewtnle "Frootenac," "The Burning ^Sdienectady,"
(poems,) and some prose works. DiedioiSSi.

Stra«t, (GioRCB Edmund.) an Englith architect ben
at Woodford, in Essex, in 18^ He was a pupil of Sir
George Gilbert ScotL and became one of the most famous
builders of Gothic churcbet of his time. He published
"Brick and Marble in the Middle Ages," [1S55,) and
"Gothic Archiiedure in Spain," (iS6^) He boilt the
great Law Courts in London, 1B81. Died December iS,
1881.

Btrel^t, stiit, (Asn. D.,) Colonu, an American
officer, was a resident of Indiana. He conunanded a
party of i8oo cavalry sent from Tennessee on a raid
into Northern Georgia in April, 1863. He waa cul-
tured near Rome, and confined in a prison at RichmoM.
from which he escaped in Febraary, 1864. He waa killed
at Dalton, Georgia, in August, \i&\.

Streiii, BtRln, or Btrlal-vn, (Richard^) a Geiaan
baron and antiquary, bom in Austria in 153S, was libn-
lian to the Emperor of Germany. Died in i6ooori6oi.

Steam onina. See Auttsbkoinr.

Strnton. See Stbaetbn.

Bttiok van Idiuoliotan. strik vin lins'Ro'tn,
Baron, a Dutch poet, bom at Utrecht in 1769, He
was appointed in I ycK ambassador to the court of War-
temberg. Died in tSl9>

Striok'land, (Ashes,) an English hiatorical writer,
born in Suffolk in t8o6. Among her nimieroua work*
are "Lives of the Queens of England, from the Nor-
man Conqnest," etc, (13 vols., with portraits, 1S49J
" Lives of the Queens of Scotland and Englttb Prni-
cesses connected with the Regal Succession of Gnat
Britain," (6 vols. Svo, 1850,) both written conjointly with
her sister Elizabeth, "The Pilgrims of Walsmghsm, or
Tales of the Middle Ages," (1835,) " Worcester F^kl,
or the Cavalier ; a Poem, in Four Cantoa," and "Tales
and Stories from History," ( 1 836.) She brought out ia

_o._ ... _-i___ _f .• — .-. _/ o now first pub-

"tric^land^

" I.ettera of Mary Queen of Scots, ni

lished from the Originals,'

productions Iiave acqoued an extensive popnlarity bol

In Great Britain and America. Died July i], iS^^

a, i, I, ^ «, J, tovA *. *. »™«. '« p'"'<»««ii "It *» (. ^ fi- ft '**^' fc ft t ft '*«'^' '*'' *•■ *>; "^ ■*! «*"i ■**

Digitized by CjOOQ I C

STRICKLAND

atiloklwld, (Catkhins Park.) lutcr of tbe pre-
oedbib WM marned to Lieulenant Traill, of the Iwenty-
Grat 6riti*li Fuiileers. Having settled in Canada, she
published "The Canadian Crusoes, a Talc ol [he Rice-
Lake Plains," and "The Backwoods of America, being
Letters from the Wife of an Emigrant Officer," etc

Bbiokland, (Hooh Edwin,) an English naturalist,
bora in Yorkshire in iSii. He visited Asia Minor
1835, tutd published, after his return, s treatiM " On t
GeoIogT of the Thradan Bosphorus," and other similar
works. He also wrote " Descriptions of New Spedef
of Birds from West Africa," and a volutne " On the
Dodo and its Kindred, or the Uistoi; and Affinities of
die Dodo, Solitaire, and other Extinct Birds," (1848.)
He was killed b; a railroad-train In 1853.

Sblokland, (Samukl,) a brother ot Agnes, noticed
■boK^ was bora about iSta He published "Twentf-
Seven Year* in Canada West, or the Experience of an
Early Settler." (1853.) Died in 1867.

Bcrlokland, (Susanna,) sister of Agnes Strickland,
was married to J. W. D. Hoodit, of the British Fnsi-
leers, and subsequently removed to Canada. She pub-
lished "Roughing it in the Bush, or Ule in Canada,"
(1853,) " Life in the Clearings," etc, and novels entitled
"Mark Huidlestone"* (1851) and "Flora Lindsay," (a
vols., 1854.) Died April 8. 18S5.

Her sister, Jani Makbarst, published a work entitled
"Rome, Regal and Republican." Died June 14, 18S&

Stilokl^d, (W11J.1AU,) an eminent American ar-
chitect, bom in Philadelphia in 1787. He studied archi-
tecture under Latrobe. His first public work of any
importance was the old Masonic Hall in Cher* —
StreeL This established his reputation as an archi . ,
and he was subsequently employed to prepare the
designs and superintend the erection of the United
Sutes Bank, (now the Cuttom-House,) in Chestnut
Street, above Fourth, lonfj regarded as
pificent edifice in his native city. For many years iTe
was the architect of nearly all the most remarkable
public buildings in Philadelphia 01 its vicinity : we may
ikame, among others, the Merchants' Exchange, (near
Third and Dock Streets,) the United States Mint, and
the United States Naval Asylum. In 1835 he
appointed by the Franklin Institute

visit England for the purpose of examining the canal
and railway svstems of that country. On his retnrn, h«
was craployccl to superintend the construction of the rail-
road between Newcastle and Frenchtown, in Maryland,
which was one of the first passenger -rail ways made in
the United Sutes. He was elected a member of the
Royal Sodety of Civil Engineers, and also a member
ol the American Philosophical Sodety. His last and
perhaps greatest work was the Capitol at Nashville,
Tennessee, commenced in 1845 and completed in 1857.
He died at Nashville, April 7, 185^ \ and, according to
a special act of the Tennessee legislature, his remains
were deposited in a vault under that magnificent edifice
which may be said to have been the crowning glory of
his life.

Btrlokland, {Wiluau P.,) D.D., an American
Methodist (afterwards Presbyterian) divine, born at Pitts-
biug, Pennsylvsnia, in 1S09. He published a " History
of the American Bible Sodety," " Genius and Mission
of Methodism," and many other works. Died in 1SS4.

8trl8«l, stxee'g?!, [Lat Strigb'lius,] (VtcroRiti,) a
German theologian, born in 1514, was a pupil of Mel-
Knchthon. He was ennged in a controversy with
Flacius, and subsequently became a Calvinist He
was professor at Leipsic and Heidelberg. Died in 1569.

Sh WiimiAHH, " Hiilorii Vita V. StnBtlii," IT}> ; J. K. T.
Otto, "Dt V. Strigdioliberioiu menliiin Ecdcua Lulbenu Vio-

Stiigelltu. See Stkigu.

Stiind'berg, (Augdst,) a Swedish author, born
at Stockholm in 1849. He wrote novels and dramas,
whose caustic criticism of Swedish society created great
exdtement. The later of these, " The Confessions of
a Fool," (1893,) and " Anti-barb arus," (1894,) gave
rise to bitter comment.

StrlDgbam, (Silas H.,) an American naval ofit-

S7 STRONG

cer, bom in Orange county. New Vork, ^out 1798.
He served in the Mexican and civil wars, and was
appointed a rear-admiral on the retired list August I,
1862. Died in 187G.

SManholm, stali/holm, (An diss Haokvs,) a
Swedish historian, born in the province of Westetbot-
ten in 1786. His principal work is entitled a "Historr
of Sweden from the Earliest to the Present Time,"
(" Svenska Fidkets Historia fran Udsts till nimrende
Tider," 1834.) In 1S3T be became a naember of the
Swedish Academy, and in 1S45 °^ '^^ Royal Academy
of Sdences. Died January 19, 1857.

Stritter, von, fon stait'tfr, (Johann Gotthii.v,) a
German historian, born at Idstein in 1740, became a resi-
dent of Russia. He published a " History of the Russian
Empire," (in German, 3 vols., iSoa) Died in iSot.

Strobe], stKo'bfl, (Adah Walthbr,) a German
historian, bom at Strasburg in 1791. His prindpal
work Is a "History of Alsace," (6 vols., 1841,) which
was continued bv EngelhardL Died in 185a

Strootitia. See Strozzi, (Palla.)

Strode, (WitxiAM,) an English divini and poet, bora
in Devonshire about 1598. He was installed canoo cf
Christ Church in 163S. Died in 1644.

BtroamoT. Sec StrOmer.

Bteogaoof or Strogtuiow, stao'gl-nof, (Albx*
ANDRX,) Count, a Russian nobleman, bom in 1734,
was a distinguished patron of learning and the arts. He
was appointed a privy councillor of the first dass, and

§ resident of the Academy of Sciences at Saint Peteis-
n». DiediniSii.

^ogouof. StroguiOT, or BtrogBnow, fALEX-
andbb,) Count, second son of Gregory, noticed Del ow,
served against the Turks and Poles, and rose to be
successively minister of the interior, (t839,) member of
the imperial coundl at Saint Petersburg, and Govemoi-
General of New Russia, (1855.)

Stroganof (Gregorv,) a Russian diplomatist, bom
at Moscow in 1770, was iDccesslvely employed in mis-
sions to Madrid, Stockholm, and Constantinople, (1821.)
In 183S he was sent as ambassador-extraordinary to
England on the occasion of the coronation of Queen
VicMria. He was created high chamberlain in [&|&,
Died in 1850.

Stroganof; (Kau. Skroii,) a general, the eldest
son of the preceding, was bom about tSoo, filled several
high offices under the government, and attained the
dignity of senator. He published a number of treatises
on Russiart antiquities. Died in 1857.

Btroganot (PaDI,) Couin', a Russian general, a son
of Alexander, (1734-1811,) was bom about 1774. He
was a friend and adviser of the Czar Alexander. Died
in 1817. His wife, Sopkib Gallttsih, was distingolshed
for her talents.

8tTCimb«ok,TOii,fonstRom'btk,(FRiKDRiCHKAai.,)
a German jurist and lUtfraUur, bom at Bmnswick in
1771. He published a number of legal and miscel-
laneous works, and made translations Irom Tadtus,
Sallust, and other classics. Died In 1848.

His brother, Frirdrich HxinbiC3I, was also a distin-
guished jurist Died in 1831.

Stt P. K. vox S-nouBicic, " DinlclluDSEn lui miiotm Lcbm, -

Bbome]rer, stRn'mr^r, (Gkorc Frirdrich Louis,}

German surgeon, born at Hanover in 1804, became
iccessively professor at Erlangen, Munich, and Frei
borg. Died at Hanover, June 15, 187&

Btroug, (Calrb,) an American statesman, bom at
Northampton, Massachusetts, in 1745. He was elected
to the United States Senate in 17S9 and In 1793, and
became Governor of the Stste in 1800, which office he
iilled till 1S06, and again 1812-1816. Died in 1819.

fltroDE. (Jambs,) 5.T.D., an American IheologiaiL
bom in New York dty, August 14, iSai. He gradnatea
It Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut, in
.S44. He aflerwarda engaged in business on Long

*t»i:^wn;i>iarJ; ^tj; a,K,K,ftatitm/; ii,mual; %,triiled; laat; thasln/lu; (I

^5ee ExpUnatioiiB, p, a^.)

Digitized 3,G00gle

•or of bfbliol literatore and tcCing prcBident o( Troj
Unlrenitf , 1S5S-61, uid in 1868 wm appointed profeuor
of ezegetical theologr in Drew Theological Seainafr,
<Melhodiit.) He wai nerer ordiined. He pnbliihed
epitomei of Greek, Hebrew, and Cbildee Graminar,
aoalTMt <rf the Epiitle« to the Romani and Hebrews,
of the ApocalTpee, the Canticle*, etc., a volnme of
"Irvnica," thtee volumes on the Gospels, and other
work*. He wh also the principal editor of "McClin-
tock and Strong's CTClopsKlia,'* (theological, 10 rols.,
1870-81,1 and of other works. Died Aogusl 7, 1S94.

Bbont (Nathah,) an AmeHom dei^vntan, bom In
Connecticut in 1748. Ho preadied at Hartford, and
published nnmerons sermona. Died in 1816.

Btroos'bSw, the surname of Richard de Clare, Eari
of Pembroke, an Engliah warrior, distingnisbed tor his
Tlctorlca over the Irkh. Diedinii7&

StrOHDUTflr, •tMO*'tD(-er, (Joseph Gwwo,) a Cro-
atian bishop, born at EstA, Febtnar; 4, iSiJ. He
studied at Pesth, Padua, and Vienna, and was ordained
In 1838. He was afketwardi a proCsMor at the Diakorar
Seminary, and in 1850 was consecrated Bishop of Boenia
and Sirmio. He waa oowpJauMis at the Vatican Council
nfallibilitf.

1 Heridio-

BaHum," (1863.)

Btrotb, slRdt, (FmiKDRiCH Andkras,) a German
scholar, born in Pomctania in 1750, He published
•everal clastlcal works. Died in 1^5 or 17S5.

Strotb'er, (David Huntm,) an American author
and artist, bom at Martinsburg, Virginia, (now West

'"ainia,) September 36, 181& Hi

iTeee, PennsylTsnia, and receivi
Philaddphia. in New York, (under S. F. B. Morse,) and

Id the European capitals. In 1844 he became a book
and newspaper iUuitialor in New York, retiring to Vir-

enia in 1849. He published "Virginia liluBiiaied,"
isides manf illustrated magazine and newspaper articles
under the name of PoaTt Crayon. He served in the

Federal army, 1S61-65, rising from the rank of private
soldier to that of colonel and brevet brlgadier-nr — '
He waa in 1879 appointed consul-general to Mc

After the war he continued his illuilrated contributions
to periodical literature. Died March S, iSSS.

Stroud, •tsot'see, (Bbknardo,) aurnained il Capuc-
OINO, or "The Genoese PIics^" »r eminent Italian
painter, bom at Genoa m 1581. His " Virgin and Child"
IS esteemed his master-piece. He painted many easel-
pictures, and was an excellent colivitt. Died Ai^. 3,
1644.

See Ldum, "Hfttorr of Puntlni hi lolj:" SonAvi, "pitiori

Btrossl, (CiRlACO, che-ree'l-ko,) an Italian philoao-
pher, born near Florence in 1504. He wrote a anp-

Element to Aristotle's work " De Republics," (1562.)
lied in 1565.

S« Papib Hassoh, "Tim KjriKi Straw." 1604.
BtrOBsl, (Ekcolb,) an Italian poet, a son of Tito
Vespasiano, noticed b«low, was bom at Ferrara in 14^1.
He was the author of Latin and Italian poems, which
were highly esteemed by his contemporaries. He was
assassinated in 150S by some pcrvon unknown.

Sm Paolo Gionc^ "Klotio;" GiitoD«n*, "HUtoira Litijnirt

1, (Fiurro,) an opulent Florentine merchant,
noted for his generosity, was bom in 1436. He built
the magnificent Palaxxo Stroui at Florence, which is
alill standing. Died in 14Q1.

B^omal, (Fluppo,) a Florentine statesman, bom in
148S, was a son of the preceding. Though connected
with the Medici by his marriage with Clarice, niece of

year in s fartress, where he committed scudde m 1 538.
Sh LaaiNK) Snom, " VU da P. Stroui," [Inuliud fron dw
(aUn brSaoDna^ 1760; G. a NKnLnn,''VlB di F. Sttaia,"

t : " ViM dl F. Stnii, Kritta da Lonmo Suoiii sua rifHo,"

Btitwsl, (FiLiPPO,) a cammsnder, bom at Venice in

»4i, was a grandsoD of the preceding and a son of
ero, notlcedbelow. He served with distlnctioaaniHt
the French Huguenots In the dvil wars whidi began
about t;6l,Bnd was app(HntediDi58t lieutenant-general
of the naval array by Henry IIL He waa killed hi a
naval action againat the Sp«nianis in 1581.

Bat ToasAV, "VkdsP. Stroo^" tCoti Davila, "lEMa* gf

BtrossI, (FKANCtsco di Soldo— de sol'do,) an Ital-
ian scholar, who translated Thucydidet, and Xeoophon^
" History of Greece," into Italian, (i5;ol]

Stroui, (GiAKBATTisrA,) an Italian scholar and
writer, bom si Florence in ISJI, was a nephew of Ptero^
noticed below. He was conspicuous for his generoM
pstronage of learning, and was the author of sevMal
worhi, in prose snd verse. Died in 1634.

Stroui, (GlULlo,) a Venetian poet, bom about 1583,
reuded at Rome, where he became papal prothono-
taiT- He was the author of "The BuiltUng of Venice,"
(" Veneiia EdiSeata,") an eptc poem, and other work>.
Died in i66a

BtroBd, (Lkons,) a naval officer, born at Morence
bi 1515, was a son of Fllippo Stroui. (1488-1538.) He
l>btained command of a French fleet about 1550, and
waa opposed to Andrew Doria in the MediterraneaiL
Died in ISS4-

Stros^ (N1CC0L&,) an lulian writer, waa the aulhM
ofidv1s,sonnetB, etc., and Ir^edies entitled "Coorados"
and " David of Trebiiond." Died in 1654.

BtrOBEl. [LaL Stkoc'tius,! (Palla,) an Italian di-
plomatist and scholar, bom at Florence in 1373. H«
was s liberal patron of literature, and devoted his large
fortune to the promotion of classical studies, employing

his house many copyists to transcribe ancient mana-

ripts. He also lounded several chairs in the Univer-
sity of Florence. Having opposed the Medici, he waa
banished about 1434, and settled at Padua. Died in 1461.

S«_Ai«nui FAnoHi,"P. Stroctil Vita," iSu: .^HaAs SvL-

BtroKzl, (PiKKO,) an able general, a son of Fllippo
Strozzi, (1488-1538.) was bom in 1500, and entered tbe
French army after the death of his bther. In 1553 be waa
to tbe defence of Sienna, then besieged by Cosimo
I. ! but, having imprudently invaded Tuscany, he waa
defeated by the Marquis of Mirignano, near Ludgnano,
in 1554. He was afterwards charged by the pope, Paul
IV., with the defence of Rome aeamst the Duke of Alva.
In 1^58 he assisted the Duke ofGuise in the capture of
Calais, but he waa kilted the same year at the siege td*
Thionville. He had been created marshsl of France by

Henry II. about 1555.
S« F

'"^ ,»4,"

Vam

Fhmntina ;" Dl (
IlesloinphliG^D^r^i." '
BtrosaL (Pietro,) an Italian scholsr, bom at Flor-
ice about 1575, waa professor of philosophy at f^sa.
e published a work on the Nestorians, entitled "De
Origine et Dogmatibua ChaldKorum, give hodiemonun
Nestorianoruro," (1617.) Died about 164a

Stiout, (Tito Visfasiano,) an Italian scholar and
poet, bom at Ferrara about 143a. He was the autbot
>f Latin lyrica, satires, and epigrams. He becamo
iiesident of the supreme council of Ferrara in 1485.
}ied about 1508.
Btmdel or Stnid«U,stROo'dfl,(pErEii,)a historical

dbyGoogle

STJiUENSEB

"59

STUART

B, Ton, ioa MROo'^n-il:', (Johanh Fkiei>
»CH,)CouHT, aiiimiiterofatate,bornat Hatle !n 1737,
wa* a son of the preceding. He atadied medldne, and
practised vith sncceu at Altona. Hi* habiU are (aid
to have b«en licentiona. In 176S he became phyaidan
to ChriBtian VII. of Denmark, whom he attended in a
toor throaeh Germany, Prance, and England. He in-
ainuBted himself into the favour of Christian VII., and
of his qoeen, Caroline Matilda, a sister of George III.
of England. His talenta and ambition enabled nim to
rain an ascendcntr over the ktna, who waa a man of
feeble character. He waa aided in his ambitiona projecta
by hla friend Brandt, and by the qaeen. He prociired
the removal of Count Bemstorff In 1770, and became
prime minister. He made many innovatlona in political
s^ra, some of which were bcnefidal ; bnl he oSended
the people byhis preference of the German to the Danlih
language. Prince Frederick and others formed a con-
ipira^ against Struensee, who waa arrested, tried, and
pat to death in April, 177s.

S« PAucamnoiA " Uuiinn of SmanH," Oa GanuO 17U :
f. K. Him. "StrwiHM Of bus HinuiinB," 3 voIl. igi«: I.
Gmsmo, "B«B«Ma^"iM: Rav»"Dii, "StranuHk la Cow da
Cepenlncii^" 1(51 : "Aoibantie EhiddtllM of u* aatorj at

StnM»HUidBmdIi"I>>.Uinrrsa, "Nimlinof ihiC<nm*Ica
udDcMhofCoailSttaguea:" " Noimllt Bloanobia G^sdnk ;"
" BtHntniib Remw" (or Siplunber, iB A anxU '' DuUi Rm-
\a&em onder CooM SlnxwM," (br Sir Jauu HuKDrroan.}

Stntwuatt, Ton, (Karl Ai;GU?r,) brother of the
preceding, was bom at Halle in 1735. He became in
1757 professor of philosophj' and mathematics ■■ the
military academy of Lieniitx. His " Rudiments of
Ardllety," pnUislied in 1700, obtained for him the notice
and patronage of Frederick the Great. It waa followed
[01771 ^ "Elcmentaof Military Architecture," esteemed
the bMt work on the subject that had then appeared in
Gennan;. After the poblication of his " Description of
the Commerce of the Prindpal European Stales," he
was ennobled and made minister of stale and president
of the board of exdse. Died in 1804.

3» Mansai, "Gdehnei DtntBcMuul ;" Miuchiho; "Hii-
wriKh-ltt«iiri>cb« HandbDcli 1" Voh Hild, "StnuoHt, SUna
tllr Ditjenigra," olc., 1801.

Stratb'^ri, (John,) 1 Scottish poet, bom in Lanark-
shire in 1776, worked at the trade of shoemaker in his
youth. Among his works is " The Poor Man's Sabbath,"
(1804.) Died in 1853.

Btrntt^ (Edwakd.) See Bilfek.

Btmtt, (JoscpH,) an Eiuliah antiqnaiy and engraver,
■--— 'n Ess« in 1743. He was the aothor of'''^'^-

il and Ecclesiastical Anltfjailies of England,"
rda Aneel Cynnan; or, Vievr of the Manners, Lus-
toms, etc. of the Inhabitants of England from the Arrival

of the Saions," (3 vols., 1776,) a "Bio^aphical Diction-
ary of Engravers from the Earliest Penod to the Present
Tune," (2 vols., 1786,) and " Sports and Pastimes of the
People of England," etc, (iSoi.) Among his engravings
are a series of illostrations of the " Pilgrim's Progress."
He died in 1803, leaving several works in manuscript,
one of which, a romance, entitled " Queen-Hoo Hall,"
was completed by Sir Walter ScotL

Sa the " MoDIhtj Rcthw" for Mar. vni. icd Juu. iSm
Stmvft stroo'Tfh, (Bukkhard Gotthslf,) a jurist,
a son of Georg Adam, noticed below, was bom at
Wdmar in 1671. He studied law and history at Jena
and Helmstedt, became professor of history >t Jena in
1704, and in 1730 of public and feudal law. Among his
Toluminous works we may name bis " Sjmtagma Juris
Publid," (1711,) "Body of German History," ("Corpus
Historic GeimanicK,' 1730.) and "Introduction to the
History of the German Empire," [in German.) He
also pobliahed an edition of the " Ulostre* Vetere* Scrip-
tore^ of ^torina, and of Freher'a " Rerum Germani-
carum Scriptores." Died in 1738.

Sm HiucHuio, " HinonKli-HlBariidHa Hudboch ;" Liraniu^
" HbUotboci Jnridies."

Btravo, (Frikdrich Gboro Wilhxlh,)

. ■ appointed director of the Observatory
abovt iSiS. In 1S39 he became director of a new and
noagntGcent observatory erected by the Russian govern-
ment at Pulkowa, near Saint Petersburg. He acquired

distinction by his observations on doable and mnltlpl*
stars, and published, besides other works, " Aatronom-
Ical Observations," (" Observationes Astronomicse," 8
vols., 1820-^40,) "Micrometric Measurements of the
Double Surs," ("Stellarum duplidum Mensurte micro-
metricz," 1837,] and " Studies of Sidereal Astionomy
on the Milky Way," ("Etudes d'Aslionomte steltair*
sur la Voie lact^,'' etc, 1847.] ^>ed >" >3^-
S« " Noavrile H

Straws, (Gboro Adam,) a German jurist, bom M
Magdebnrgin 1619. He becameprofeasorof lawat Jena
in 1646, and in T667 wis appointed privy councillor to
the Duke of Weimar. Among his numerous legal worka,
which had a high leputaiion in his time, we may name
his "Juriaprudentia Roman o-Gernunica lorensis," and
" Syntagma Juris Feudalis." Died in i6o».

Btrtive, (GusTAVUS,) a German political writer *Bd
revolutionist, born in Ljvonia about 1S05. He took a

Erominent part in the insurrection in Baden in 1S4S, and
ecame an exile in 1849. He published, besides other
works, a " System of Political Sdence," (4 vols., t847,)
Died in 1870.

Btruva, (Otto Wilhilm,) an astronomer, a aon of
Fiiedrich Georg Wilhelm, was born at Doipat in 1S19.
He succeeded bis father at Pulkowa, and retired to
Carlaruhe in 1890. He discovered many double stars
and a satellite of Uranus.

Btrtive^ won, fon stRoo'v^h, [Hsinrich Crri*-
TOPH GorrrRiED,) a German diplomatist, born at Ratl*-
bon in 177a, waa employed in embassies to Hamburg,
Saint Petersburg, and other European courts. Died
In iSsi.

BtxTxym, stRoia, (Jan,) a Dutch traveller, who visited
several countries of Asia, and published a narrative in
1677. Died in 1694.

Btrr, van, vtn stRl, (Abraham,) a skUliil Dntch
painter, bom at Dort in I7;3, imitated A. Cuyp. He
painted landscapes, cattle, etc Died in 1836.

Btiy,van,0ACOB,)askiiru1 painter of landscapes and
cattle, a brother of the preceding, was bom M Dort JQ
1756. "Many of his imitations of Albert Cuyp," sayi
Bryan, " have passed as originals of that master. Died
in 1S15.

StT7k,slRlk,|Lat Stryk'ii;!,] (Samuel,) a German
jurist, bom at Lenzen in 1640. He became professor
of law at Prankfort-on- the- Oder in 1671, and obtained
a chair in the University of Witlenixirg in 1691. He
acquired a European reputation by his writings on law
Died in 1710.

StryklaB. See Stryk.

Stiypo, strip, (John,) an English divine and bit^a-
pher, born in London in 1643. Among his numerous
works are "Memorials of the Most Renowned Father
in God, Thomas Cranmer," etc, (1694,) "Historical
Collections relatina to the Life and Acts of Bishop
Aylmer,"(l7oi,) " Life and Acts of Archbishop Parker,"
(1711,) " Ecdesiastical Memorials, rdating chieSy to
Religion and the Reformation of it," etc, and "Annals
of the Reformation and Establishment of Religion," {4
vola., 1731.1 Died in 1737.

Bta'^rt^ (Alexandkr H. H.,) an American politician,
born at Staunton, Virginia, in 1807. He gained dis-
tinction as a lawyer, became an orator ot the Whig
party, and waa elected to Congress in 1841. He waa
aecretaiY of the interior from September, iSio, to March,
1853. "° *" '°}"'' ^ ''" Union, until the secessiOD
of Virrinia induced him to change. Died Feb. 13, 1891.

BttPurt, (Arabeixa,) bom about 1575, was a daughter
of Charles Stuart, Duke of Lennox, (a brother of Lord
Damley,) and waa a couain-german to James I. of Eng-
land. She waa secretly married about 1609 to *"*'"

became insane, and died in die Tower in September,
1615. William Sermour waa afterwards made Harqoia
of Hertford. Arabella Stuart waa a woman of superioi
talents and high spirit

Stt " Life nod LcUaiarAiabelli Snurt," br EtJiA»»TB CoorB*,
Loodon, iSM: GAiDimB, "HBtorriJEncland from ttoi to 1616,'
ToL a, chip. i.i"lI*BioinofSiiiinnii Englishmoon." b; Loom*
S. ConauA

«a*A;{Mf;|lanf; tat;,-0,a,K,fMMwm/; N.mom/,- R,frd!i!R/; laaa; thaslnHiM,

(il^~See Ezplanatl^pos, p. S3.L

'753> "■* * yoiuiger ton ol U>rci una, ine pnm« mm-
lEter. He fought •gainit the American patriots, (1776-81,)
gained the raak of major-general in 1793. and com-
manded in Coi«ca in 1794. He look Minorca in i;r9S.
Died in iSoi.

Stuart, (Ckaklks Edwars,] THI Pketendks. See
Chakles Edwakd.

Btaai^ (Gilbert,) LL.D., a Scotliih journalisi and
miBcellaneous writer, bom at Edinburgh abont 1746.
He became in 1773 assodale editor of " The Edinburgh

1 k. ■ " -' -'-'

ifagazine and i

w," in which he published c

a contributor to the " Political Herald" and " English
Review," London. Among hia principal woiki are a
"Historical DisqaUition concerning the Aniiquitj of
the British Constltutioo," (17^7,1 "View of Sodc^ in
Europe in its Progress ^om Rudeness to Refinement,"
etc., (1768,) " History aC the Establishment of the Re-
formation of Keiigion in Scotland, 1517-1561," (i78c^}
and " HisConr of Scotland from the Establishment erf
the Reformation to the Death of Qaeen Mai;," (1782.)
Died in 17S6.

See Cm AMBiiu, " BiofniAkalDtctiouiT of Eminenl Scotmsn :"
Alukws, " DictwnMT of Auihon ;" " Mooihly Rniaw" fcr S«p-
tember ind October, itBj.

Stnart, (Gilbert Charles,] an eminent American
painter, born at Narraganset, Rhode Island, in I7S&
He studied in London under West, and subscquentij
executed a number of portmits, which obtained tor htm
a high reputation. Among these ma; be named that of
George IIL, Sir Joshua Keynolda, and John Kemble.
After his retnm to America he painted a portrait of
Washington, which is esteemed the best ever taken;
also portraits of Mrs. Washington, John Adams, Jefler-
son, Madison, and other disdngnished AiBericant. Died
in 1S28.

London in iTtj. He resided many years at Rome,
itudied antiquities and the ancient languages,
with Nicholas

He was appointed in 1S09 professor of sacred literatnre
at Andover Theological Seminary, which post he held
')r more than thirty years. He was the author irf a
Grammar of the Hebrew Language, without Pt^ntt,"
(1813,) " Letters to Dr. Channing on Religious Liberty,"
(1830,) "Hints on the Prophecies," (184a,) "A Scnp.
tnralViewof iheWme Question." (1848,) and a number
of commentariea on the Scriptures. He published in
1827 a " Commentary on the Epistle to the Hebrews,''
which, says R. W. Griswold, "continues in all coantrie*
to be regarded as one of the noblest examples of philo-
Icwical theology and eaegetical criticism." ("ProM
Writers of America.") Died in iSji.

Stnait. (KtlTH McEnbry,) an American author,
bom in Louisiana, and educated in New Orleans till
1865. She wrote " Carlotta's Intended," " The Story
of Babette," etc., and many humourous dialect stories.

etu'art Ol

Gist member of this"family that became king was Robert
II., whose father was Waller, high steward of Scotland.
and whose mother was a daughter of Robert Bruce. (Sea
RoBBitT IL) The last king of this dynasty was James 11,
who was deposed in 1688, after whiii two of his descend.
ants, styled Pretenders, attempted to ascend the throne^
(See Jahm Francis Eoward, and Charlbs Edwaed.)
"The name of the lamily," saya Bnrton, "was Alliti
or Fill-Allan ; but it had become habitual to call (hem
In the name of the feudal office held by them in Scot-
land, and hence Robert II. was the first of the Steward
be wrltteii, the Stewart— djiaity."

Sta'ait do Rotha'aav, (roth's!,) (Ckaklb 9t

iedBridshdiploiiialist,grand»

He was sent in 18

ART,) Lord, a distingu

of Lord Bote, was bom in 1779,

as minister-plenipotentiarT to Forttigal, and for bis ter-
. on this occasion obtained from tne prtncc-regent the
dcroMofthe order of tbe Bath. The King of Por-

granda

and Saint Petersbnif . In 1S38 he w;

db,Google

GILBERT STUART.

db,Google

STUCK a

BtDok. See BA-msnN.

Stack, atddk, [Lat. Stucx'ids,] (Johanh Wilhilh,)
I Swiu scholar and antiquary, boni at Zurich aboat
tssa He published a "Treatise on the Featttof the
Andents, and their Sacrifices," (1591.) Died in 1607.

Btnder, stcx/dfr, (Uernard.) a Swiss savani and
lalhor, born at Buren-on-the-Aar in 1794, became pro-
fessor of geology at Heme. Died in 1S87.

StDd1«y, (WILLUM Spkaoue,) D.D., I Methodist
dergyman,lMrD in Boston, Massachusetts, Maj 36, 1833.
Hegradnated at Wesleyan University in 1S50, and befd
nrions important pastorates. His principal poblitbcd
work U a UograpbT of S. W. Paine, (1865.^

Btaarboa^slii'fr-bSwf,[DiBKiCE,)oneoftheeaTliett
Dutch pabteis, Eometiine* called DiKX van Haablsm,
was born In that town. He lived aboat 1450-70. Th«r«
■re two historical pictures by him in the rim] collectian
■t the Hupie, representing mcidents in the life of the
emperor Dtho 111. and his empress. Sttierboat ranked
tmong the first artists of hi* time.

Sm°' Urn of IhE Earlt Fleniih PiiDta*."

BtaenncT. See StOruir.

Bttihr, stooR, (PimR Feddbbscn,) x Danlih writer,
born at Flenaborg in 1787, pablished a onmber of philo-
sophical and historical works. Died in 1851.

Btoke^er, (William,) M.D., an English divine, an-
Hquary, and physician, born in Lincolnshire In 1687.
Having practised mcdidne for a time with great repota-
tion and success, he took holy ordera, and in 1747
obtained the rectory of Saint George the Martyr, in Lc
don. He was the aathor of " Itinerarium Cnrioaom,
■n Account of the Antiquities, etc. obterred in Travel*
through Great Britain," (1734,) " Palaeographla Britan-
oica, or Discourses on Antia allies in Britain," {1743-541)
"Some Account of the Medallic History of Marcwt
Aurelius Valerius Caraniiot, Emperor of Britain,"
('7S7~S9>>) '"'^ other valuable sndquarian works; iIm
a collection of sermons, entitled " Palzographia SiiCTtii'*
(1760-63.) Diedini7G5.

BttUer or Stnsler, staler, (AuonsT,) a German
architect, l>orn in Berlin in iBoo, was one of the moat
dislitiguished pupils of ScbinkeL Among his greatest
works arc the new museum at Berlin, and the Exchange
at Frankfori-on-the-Main. Died March 18, 1865.

Btnrdn. See S-roORDZA.

Stura, stoyrfh, (Stkn,) called THK Eloir, a Swed-
bh statesman, related to the royal family of Sweden,
On the death of Charles VIII., in 1470, he became re-
gent of the kingdom, which he defended with slgiul
ability ajainst the attempts of the Danes and the Rna-

Diedir

1504.

ShGiijbi. " Aremiiuia Ofw S. Stm," itii3.

Btma, (Stbn,) thb Youngkk, grandson of the

Srecedine, succeeded his father as regent in 1511,
[e was distinguished fat his courage and ability, and
for a time successfully resisted the encroachments of
Denmark, but he was mortally wounded in the battle
Dear Jiinkiiping, in 1530.

Sa« SlLTvaavTou^ " JLvaiaoe Ofrv S. Star*," 1791.
Bturga, stSr], Qoskfh,) an Engliah philanthropist,
bom at Elberlon, Gloucesterahire, in 1793, was a member
of the Society of Friends. He became a com-bctor
at Bewdley, 60m which he removed to Birmingham in
1833. By his probity, ener^, and moral courage be
■oqnired much influence. He was one of the first in
England to advocate the immediate abolition of slavery.

ejected eridence against the slaveholders. He per-
fanned an anti-slavery mission to the United States
in 1&41. After his return he co-operated actively with
Cobden and Bright in the anti-com-law movement
Died in 1859.

■« Unav RiCHASt^ " Hanoir it Itat-fk Stnifi," 1(64.

Stnrgaon, (William,) an English clectridan, born
In Lancashire in 1783. He learned the tr^de of shoe-
maker, and served a number of yeara in the royal ariil-
lery. He invented or improved an electro-magnetic
maclune, and wrote several treatises on electro-magnet-
ism. Died at Manchester in t8jo.

5i STURMER

Stnr'gifl, (Ji;lian,) an English author, was bom
at Boston, Massachusetts, in 1848, and went to Eng-
land as an infant. He graduated at Oxford University,
became a British subject and author, and wrote " Jobn-
a-Dreams," "My Friends and I," "After Twenty
Years," " LilUe Comedies," etc. DiedApr. 13, 1904.
StDj'lli, (Sakuel D.,) an American genera], bom U
Shippensburg, Pennsylvania, in 1812, gra!duated at West
Point in 184& He obtained the rank of major in May,
:36i, and succeeded to the command of the army at

Bttuleaon. See Shorei-Sturluson.

Sttum, slOCRm, or Sttmnet first abbot of Polda,
was bom in Bavaria about 715 A.D. He founded about
744 the monastery of Fnlda, which became a &moiw .
seat of leamliw. Died in 780.

Staim, stSORm, (Ckristoph Christian,) a Ger-
man moralist and preacher, bora at Angabni^ in 1740^
He preached at Magdeburg and Hamburg, and wrot»
a number of popular religious works, among whidi wa*
"Meditations on the Works of God in the Kingdom
of Mature, "(3 vols., 1773-97.) Died in 1786.

See FiDinun, "Lebm nnil Chuikut da HaDjitiiutiin C
C Stuim." itU; Hiochiho, " HtiunMli-liieiariMibu Hu4-
bucb."

StnnB, RtMun or ttBRm, (jAcqtns Chakuu Feak-
i^is,) an excellent Swb* mathematician, bora at Geneva
in September, 1803. He was a tutor to the sod of
Madame de Stafil, with whom he visited Pari* in iSa^
In 1837 Sturm and his friend Colladon obtained tlie
grand prise of mathematics proposed 1^ the Acedemyof
Sciences in Paris for the best memoir on the compree-
■ion tA liqnida. He discovered in 18^ the celebnted
theorem which completes the resolution of nmnericd
eqtiatione by determining the number of real root* wbid
are indmied between given limits. This is known ■•
" Stum's theMem." He became professor of matbe-
madcs at the Coll^ Rollin in 1830, a member of tha
Institute in 1836) and professor of analyms at the Poly-
lechnic School in 184a. Died in iSsJ.

S« '■NoanUs Biivnqifah C^ntnk."

Btniin, (Jakob,) an eminent German statesman and
Reformer, bom at Strasbm^ in 1489. He became in
early life a convert to the doctrines of Lnlhei, attd was
chosen mayor or chief magistrate of Strasburg in 1516.
His learning and wisdom were such that he wa* regaitleil
•1 an orade by his fellow-dliiens. It is stated tnat ba
wa* sent ninety-one times on mission* to varioo* cotnt^
between 1515 and 1553. Died in 1553.

S« Haao, "I.I Fmxg prcKCNanta.*'

Bttirm, [LaL Stur'mius,] (Johanh,) an eminent
acholar and teacher, sumamed " the German Cicero,"
was bora at Schletden in t5o7. He became in 1(38 rector
of the gymnasium at Strasburg, which, under his direc-
tion, attained a very high reputation. He published an
edition of Cicero, (9 vols., 1557 rf ■»«?■,) a number of
translations from the Latin, and several original works
in that language ; among these we may name " On the
Proper Opening of Schools of Learning," ("De Litera*
mm Ludis recte Aperiendis," 153S,) and "On the Uid*
versa! Method of Rhetorical Elocution," {" De nniveraa
Ratione Elocutionis Rhetoricie,'' 1576,) Died in 1589,

S« B*YL«, "Hinoraa niicl Critiol DiciioMty ;" Nn:dao»,
"Mtmoim:" M. K-ar.it, "VitK GcrmuonuB PhDoaoiibmB r
" NouRlla Biocnphte (Uujnle."

Btnnn, (Johanh Christofh,) a German philoaopher
and matbematidan, bora in Bavaria in 1635. Having
graduated it Jena, he became professor of mathematica
at Altdorf in 1669. He translated into Latin Bockler's
" Hydraulic Architecture," and published several valna>
ble works on mathematic* and physical sdence. Died
in 1703.

Btnrm, (LiONHAU>CH>l$iXiPU,}an architect, a aon
of the preceding, was bom at Altdorf in 166a He
wrote a " Treatise on Military Architecture," and other
similar works. Died in 1719.

Stttrmer or Stnermer, sluR'mfr, (BARTHOLOMXtU,)
Count, son of Ignai, noticed below, was bora at Ctm-
atantinople in 17S7, and was educated at Vienna. V»

c as A; { as 1; S \ard; t s*/'; o, h, K^giMitral; K, mual; r, trilUd- ■ as

in Mm. (lySec Esplanariona, p. a}.>

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

STURMBR

WW contDl-gencTB] to the United Statea in 1818, ftnd in
1834 appointed internuncio it ConaCantinaple.

Btttnaer or Btaeimer, (Ignaz,) Baron, > Gennui
diplomatist and Oriental scholar, bom at Vienna in I7S3-
He wat appointed in 1789 court interpreter, and in 1801
intemunda at the Porte, and magnate of Hnngarf in
1830. DiediniS29.
StnTmlna. See Sturm, (J{
Start; [Sir Charus,) an Engliah explorer, bom In
India in 179& Having entered the armv, he
Australia in 1835, in the interior of which com
conducted four great eniloring expeditionB, fruitfol in

K graphical and adentific knovfleage. Hii hatdahip*
light on complete bliodnes*. He published naira-
tivei of his principal ezplotatioiw. Died U Cheltenham,
- ■and.J.ieier"'-

England,
Start,

b 16^, was celebrated ^i his exquisite illustrations of
the "Boolt of Common Prayer." Died in 173a

Star't^vaiit, (John Merchant,) an American edu-
cator, born at Mattapoisett, Maasachusetts, March 13,
1S35. Though blind, he Eraduated at Dartmouth CoT-
1^ in 1846, and at the Biidgewater Normal SchooL
He was from 1851 till bit death principal of the Tenne*-
•ee School for the Blind. Died M Nashville, December
36, 1883.

Btnrtsanbeolier, atooRts'fn-bCk'tr, (Oscar Pat-
rick,) a Swediah writer and liberal pt^tidan, bom at
Stockholm in iSii. Died February ij, 1869.

Stora, stS&Rts, (Fhtbdrich Wilhblm,) a Gcmian
scholar, bom near Freiberg in 1761, published editions
of Empedodts, the fragments of Hellanicnt, and of other
Greek writera. Died in 183a.

BttiTK, (Hblruch PRTXit,)aGerman writer, bom at
Darmstadt in 1736, was a frisnd of Klopatock, and was
patronized by Count BemstorC His principal worka
are " RecollectionB of the Life of Bemstorfll" and " Let-
ters of a Traveller," Died in 177*

BtflveorBtiieTe,8tii'vfh,(JoHANN Kari.Birtraii,)
a German iariat, bom at Osnamick in 1798, filled several
offices under the government, and wrote a number of
political treatises. Died Februaiv la, 1873.

Stavon, stoo'v^, (Ebmst,) a Gemuui flower-painter,
bom at Hamburg in 1657 ; died in 171S.

StUTveauit, st!'vf-stnt, (Petbr,) the last Datdi
Governor of the New Netherlands, (New York,) was

in the West Indies, and lost a leg in battle. In 16;;
he conquered a Swedish colony on the Delaware River.
Hia administration was vifforous and rather artutrarj.
New Amsterdam was attadted by an English Beet, 10
which Governor Stuyvesant surrendered in September,
1664. He died at New York in 16S1. Peter Stuyvesant
forms a conspicuous character in Irving's humorous
work entitled " History of New York, by Diedrich
Knickerbocker,"

Style, (William,) an English law-writer, bom in
1603. Me published " Reports," (1G58.) Died in 1679

Stylltam. See Simkon Stylitbs.

St4*x, [Gr. Srif,] a personage of das^c mythology,
was said to be a daughter of Oceanus and Tethys, ine
wife of Pallas, and the mother of Victory, (Nice,) Power,
(Cratos,) and Zelus. She is a personification of a cele-
brated river of Hades. The poets feigned that the gods
in taking a solemn oath used to swear bf S^ and if
they violated such an oath they were deprived of nectar

Stubedlmeo, aoo'A-bfh-dis'sfn, (David Throdor
August,) a German philosophical writer, born at Mel-
snngen in 1773 ; died in 1835.

Soalsm, (Rehkin.) See Rannequin.

Snard, su'tii', (Jean Baptists Ahtoini,) a French

{oumalist and lUtfratair, born at Besanfon in 1734.
le was successivdy assodate editor of the " Gazette de
France," and editor of the political journals entitled

" Les Ind^pendants" and "Le Fublidste." He trans-
" "" " "tobe " "■

lanie^" (s vols,, 1805,) and "Lettres de I'Anonyme de

lated into French Robertson's " History of Charles V,"
rorks, "Lit

witty and satirical production, which ob-

6a SUCHET

tained great and deserved popularity. He also made
nnmeroDs valuable contributions to the "Riographie
Universelle," He was chosen s member of the Frendk
Academy in 1773, and afterwards became perpetual
secretaryof that institutioiu Died in 1S17.

S«a C KisAui, "Mdmolnf Bt CcrrcspcKuSiiDoe liltArun sir
Surd," iSu: Gabat, '■HiUotxal Hsmuu* of U. Saard;" P*-
nfmi, "KUiE* it Suird," i>4i: "Kounll* Biosraphie ClaA

Stuird, Hadajo, the wife of the preceding, was boT«
at Litis in 1750, and was a sister of Charles J. Pano-
koncke the author. She wrote, besides other wix'k%
" Memoirs of M. Snsrd," (" Essal de M ^moires sni IL
Suard," 1S30.) Died in 1830.

Sattrj«, aUXrCss', [Jossph Makib,} a French uui-
qnary, bom at Avignon in 1599, became Bishop of
Vaison in 1633. He wrote numerous antiquarian wmin^
Died at Rome in 1677.

Snareelne. See Suarez.

Siiarei, swl'rCth, [LaL Suark'sius,] (Fkancis,) a
learned and eloquent Spanish Jesuit and theologian,
bom at Granada m 1548. He becamesnccessivelT pro-
lessor of divinity at Valladolid, Rt»ne, AlcaU, and Cosm*
bra. Among his prindpal works is his "Defenaio Fidd
Catholicae," etc, (1613,) being de^nied :
of the oath of allegiance exacted by James L of E
from his subjects, and a "Treatise on Laws.'
about 161 5.

Sm DnCHAHr^ " Viu Fi. Sunn," ■6}i : "

Baberrle, sil'blR've', (Tacqubs Oerrals— zhCR'vi^
Baron, a French general, Dora at Lectonre in 177& He
served as general of brigade in Spain, (1S08-11,) and
In Russia in 1813. He oecame a general of divimco
In 1814, and fought at Waterloo. He was republtcan
minister of war from Febmary 35 to March 19, 1848.
Died in tSjS.

St ALHXAHma Thioit, " L* Gjnjnl Snbenii^" i«s6 ; - Nar
viDa Biognpliia G^o^rAk."

Saben, soottfu, an andent goddess, the sped*]

- ''■ '^-- ■" — t, and the g" '

patroness of Southern

Efflrpt, 1

e gi>ddeM of Bs-

sii^li', (Francis,) a French minister ol
state, bom about 158a He waa secretaiy of war Irom
1636 till 1643. Died in 1G4S.

Bnbleyrsus, sii'bli'rls', (Fierrx,) a French palntei,
born at Uiis in 1699. He resided many years in Rome,
where he was patroniied by Pope Benedict XIV. Amo^
his master-pieces are "Saint Basil celebrating Massia
the Presence of the Emperor Valens," and "Saiit
Benedict restoring a Child to life." Died in 1749.

Sobow. See ZooBOF.

finbtBTTiiana, See Sustsrmans,

finohet, su'shi', (Louis Gabriel,) Duke of Albuier^
B celebrated French marshal, bom at Lyons in ifarth,
1770. He served in the Italian campaign of 1796, and
obtained the rank of general of brigade for his dbtio-
guished bravery at the battle of Neumark, {1797.) Ap-
pointed in 1799 general of divirion under Massena, be
snc«ess fully opposed the Anstrians under General Melaa,
and made adiverB'oninfavooTofMaasena,thenbeai«eil
at Genoa, (1800.) Alter the battle of Marengo, fmrtndt
he took a prominent part he was made eovemor ef
Genoa and commander of the centre of &e anin e(
Italy. He successively defeated the Anstrians at Poa-
lolo, Borghetto^ Verona, and Monabello, and in iSoj

mmanded the left wing of Marshal Lannes'a diviriaa

corps fn the battle of Austerlib. Having beeaoeated
by Napoleon • onint of the empire, he waa ^pcdnted
... _«_£ 1^ ^g command of a division of the army of
Spain. In tliis post, W lil* briilUnt sueceases at L^ds,
Mequinania, (iSio,) Tortosa, (iSiiJ and TamcaoI^
(iSii,) he won the highest repntation aa a brave officer
nd an able disdplinarian and tactidan. He was made

marshal of France in t8li. His snbseqnent victories
at Murviedro, Valenda, and Albnlera were rewarded
by Napoleon with a large domain, and the title of Duke

i.fc 1, 4 a, ^ ii«V7 1, i, 4, ••ain. 1«« Prolonged; i, *, 1, 8, iS, f , Mflrf; », ft 1 9, <*«*«/ ar, fUl, flti mfc; n(rt; g»d; Bi««!

d by Google

SUCKLING

0$ AHmfera. After tha leatoratioa of the Boorbont he
«u deprived of the greater part of hit honour*; but the
title of peer wm restoied to him bjr Loui* XVllL In
1819. He died in l8a6, leaTii^ "Memoira of the Wai
in Spain," (1S39.) It i* stated that Napoleon estimated
Ui«lHli» higher than that of aa; other of hiamanhal*
— cept Maatena.

Bnolcllnft (Sir Johk,) an Englitk poet, bom la
Middlesex about 160S. He studied at Trinity College,
Cambridge, and, after travelling on the continent, serMd
for a time in the army of GoatavDa Adolpbos, King of
Sweden. He subsequently became celebrated ai - -*'

at the conrt of Charles L In 1640 be was elected

Long Pariiament for Bramber, but, bavins joined in the
eonapiracy to reactie the Earl of StraSord from the
Tawer, in 1641, he was compelled to lake refnge in
France, where he died about 1643- Hts reputation

chiefly on hia lyric poems; but be also wrote se

dramas and satires, and a treatise entitled " An Account
of Religion by Reason." ''Hia ttyle." says Hazlitt, "'
almost entirely Int frcm tht. charge of pedantry:
affectation. His compositions are almoat all of tt
short and liveiy effusions of wit and gallantly, written
b a familiar but spirited style."

Saokoir, sd6l('ko, (Kari, Adolf,) a German nordis^
born at Mlinaterberg, In Silesia, in 1803, has written
under the pseudonym of PosCAKU. Died in 1847.

Sacra, &», dl aoo^Ki, (Antonio Tost,) a South

American patriot and genend, bom at Cumana in

fought under Bolivar, and in 1819 waa made a brig:
general. He defeated the Spaniards at Pichincha in
1S32, and in 1824, having succeeded Bolivar as com-
mander-in-chief, gained a signal victory over the royal,
ists at Ayacncho, by which the country was delivered
from the Spanish voice. He was created grand marshal
of Ayacucho by Bolivar, and in 1835 chosen President
of Bolivia. He was elected to the Constituent Congress
from Quito in 1830. He was assassinated soon after, at
the instigation, it is supposed, of General Ovando.

Sn'dstmum, (Hbrman,) a Prussian writer, was
bom at Matiicken in 1857. He won fame by his
. realistic drama " Ebre," (1888,) and his novels were
widely read.

BodhOdftnB, s36-d'ho'dt-nf, a Hindoo prince, the
blher of Gautama, (wMch ace.)

Sudn or Bnder. See Soodu.

Bnd'iroTtli, (Gborob Bishop,) an American boU-
cist, bom at Kingslon, Wisconsin, in 1S62. He was
in the foreatiy division of the United Stales Depait-
ment of A^^cuiture 1886-95, afterwards dendrologist
in the division of forestry. He wrote much on United
States forestry and forest trees.

Sne, sB, (EuciNB,) a popular French novelist, bora
in Paris in 1804, was a son of Jean Joseph Sue, (1760-
1830.) He was named in honour of Eugene de Bean-
hamais, son of the empress Josephine, who was his
sponsor. Having studied medicine, be accompanied
the French army into Spain in 1S23 as military suiecon.
On the death of his bther, from whom he inherited a
large fortune, he studied pEundng for a time under
Gudin ; but he soon renounced this art for iJteratnre,
and published several tales ofsea-life, entitled "Kemock
1e Pirate," (1830,) "Plick el Flock," (1831,) "Atar Gull,"
" La Salamandre," [183]:,) and " La Vlgie de Koatven,"
(1833.) Encouraged by the success of these productions,
he toonght out in the Paris feuilietons a aeries of his-
torical romances, among which we may name " Lalr^au-
monle," "lean Cavalier," " Le Vicomte de Litoriirea,"
and " Le Commandeur de Malte." He neit published
In rapid succession his " Mathilde," " Th^rise Dunoyer,"
"Mvstires de Paris," (184*.) and "-Le Juif errant,"
("TheWandering Jew," 1846.) These romances, in which
Sue haa unveiled the moat revolting forms of vice, and
for the most part represented wickedness triumphant,
obtained great popularity, and were translated into the
principal European languues. He was elected in 1S50
a member of the Assemble Nationals. Died in 1857.

B«G. pLAKCi«."PonnJ>iLiitinu_.
Utlinln:" "Nounlli Biornphk G«ii«nli
Knin" fcr July, iSjg, mid Jub'. 1841-

n 1857.
:" QuliiAiD, " L* Fnnea
ill 1" " ForeiED Ouirurii

63 SUFFREN

Siw, (JSAN,) a French surgeon and writer, bom i*
Var in 1&9. He practised in Paris. Died in 176s.

Bus, (Jean Josuh,] a French writer on anatomy and
surgery, born in 1710, was a brother of the preceding.
He lectured on anatomy in Paris, where he died in 1791.

a« "Bldgnplua Uidkaii"

Bua, (Jean Jossm,) a stirgeon, a son of the preceding
waa bom in Paria In 1760. He wrote "Physiological
Researches on Vitality," (1798,) and other works. He
bfecame conaulting phyaidan to the king in 1834. Died

Sno, (PlKKKB.) a learned surgeon, bom in Paris ia

1739, was a son of Jean Sue, noticed abov& Ha pnb'
lisbed numerous works on surgery and medicine, whic^
«re commended. Died in 1S1&

Bueno. See Aagxsen and Swevn.

BTidnon, the French for Swzyn, King of I
(See Swevn.)

' Sueia, (Edward,) geologist, bom at London, 1831,
jirofessor of geology at Vienna 1857-1901. Of his many
works the most important ia " The Face of the Eatlh."

BnMono. See Suetonius.

fiu»-to'nI-iu, [Fr. SutroNE, sii-d'ton',] {Caivi
TBANQtiiLLt;s,) an eminent Latin historian, twm about
70 A.D., was a son of a military tribune. He was s Aiend
of Pliny the Younger, who wrote to Suetonius several
letters, which are extant He practised law, and was
versed in various departments ofleamui^ In the reign
of Hadrian he obtained lYKofbceofmapOertpiitelartim,

Csesamm," which is highly prized, and appeara to be
impartial. The subjects of this work are the twelve
emperors from Juhns C«sar to Domitian inclusive,
whose private lives and vices he exposes, with copious
details. Saint Jerome says pithily of Suetonius, " that
he wrote of the emperors with the same freedom that
they tiiemselves lived," (" pari libertate ac ipsi viierunL'T
His work is rather anecdotical than historical. There
are extant two other works ascribed to him, — namely,
"On Ulostrious Grammarians," ("De Grammaticis il-
ItMtribus,") and " On Celebrated Orators," [" De Claris
Rhetoribos."}

BD»-to'iiI-iu FftD-U'niu, a Romsn general, served
in Mauritania in 43 A.D. He was appointed comm '
of Nero's army in Britain in S^ and defeated the n
commanded oj Boadicea. Died after 70 A.D.

Bn'ett, (Richard,) a celebrated English c
bom in London ; died in 1805.

Suaor, Ii«, (EusTACHE.) See Le Sueur.

Siiaiir, Lo, (Hubert.) See Scbus.

" - (Jkan Francois.) See Le Suruv.

f Persia.) See Sefl
IKY HARBORD,]an English statesm .
elected in i8ki a member of Parlia-
for Shaflesbury. He was an advocate of the abo.
Ution of colonial slavery, and of other important reforms
"ied in 183s-

Btiifolk, Duke of. See Brandon, (Charles.)

BnffoUE, siiffi^ (Michael de la Pole,) first Earl
_T,an English stateaman, who served in the armynndsi
Edward IIL He became lord chancellor in March, 138^
was created Earl of Suffolk in August, 13S6, and removra
b October of that year. Died in 1389,

BnSolk, (William dr la Pole,) Duke of, waa lord
high admiral of England. He commanded at the siege
ot^ Orleans, in 1419, and was defeated by Joan of Arc.
He waa beheaded, on a charge of treason, in 1450.

Bofhrea, sii'fa&K', (Jean,) a French Jesuit, bom in
Provence in 1565. He was for many years confi:ssoT to
the queen Marie de Mjdida. He wrote " The Chrisdao
Year," ("Annie chr^tienne," 1641.) Died in 1641.

Snfiwi Saint-Tropes, de, dfh sii'fR&N' sIn tRo'pl',)
(PlEBRK ANDRt,) s distinguished French naval com-
mander, bom in Provence in 1736. Soon after his en.
lering the naval service he became a member of tha
Maltese order, from which he received the honorary

ki i; { as A f Aon/; I ••/; o, u, X, /wtMsrw/; M, nojo/; R, /ri^Jn/,- 1 as

In ikU. (g^'Scc ExplaoatioM, pi. 33,)

Digitized 3,G00gle

db,Google

tiODed. H« resigned the dictatorahip In n, and died
in 78 ftc Bpon apottrophiic* Sulla in uie followinc
MnkinglinMi —

"O ttm^ lAoM ebriM raird «B Cvtm^ whM).
Trkopbui StII*I Una wbs didM Bibdsi
IV auMBtn'* foa en ibon vnildn inuH ts fid
Ill of tin mm immn. or mp ihi dui

cd T^iyiiM till iBlpQ «uja fl<
nta Aib; — Iboo. irtw anUl tli]

htb an dn tiMLH* tbndX lii
th n »io)^ adL ■ BOT« tbu u

Sulla, (PuBLius Cornelius,) a nephew of the dic-
tator Sulla. He was probablj an accomplice of Catiline,
but after a trial, in irtilch be was defended br Cicero, he
wn acquitted. He fetvht for Caesar in the dvil war,
and commanded the nghl wing at Pharsalia, 48 i.c.
Died in 45 B.C.

BnlOI-Tj^ {Sir Artrifk SKniODR.) a British mnal-
cian, born in London, Hay 13, 1S43. He studied music
ander his lather, and also ntider ihe Rer. Thomas Hel-
more, Sir Stemdale Bennett, and Sir John Goss. Later
he was a pupil in the Leipalc Conservatory. He com-
posed a great number of reir popular operas and songs.
Among his best-known works are " Pinafore," (1878.)
"Patience," (18S1,) "lolanthe," (i88a,) "The
.Mikado," (iSS;,) "The Gondoliers,*' (1889,) and
"The Grand Date," (1896.) The words (or these
comic operas were generally written by Mr. W. S.
Gilbert. Died November 33, 1900.

BnlUyan, (Bakry,) an English tragedian, bora
at Birmingham in 1824, He appeared on the stage
in 1840, acquired a reputation in Hamlet and other
tragic characters, and gained high success in England,
America, and Australia. He died in 1891.

aulTI-TOi, (Gborok.) LL.D., son of General Snllf-
van, noticed below, was born at Durham, New Hamp.
thire, in 1774. He attained a high reputation as a jurist,
and rose 10 be attorney-general of his native State in
1805. Died in 1838.

BulUTan, (J amis,) a brother of General Sallivan, was
bom at Berwick. Maine, in 1744. He became attorney-
general of Massachnsetls in 1790, and was twice elected
Governor of that State. He wrote a •• History of the
District of Maine," and other works. Died in 1808.

Snlllvan, (John,) an American general of the Revo-
Intion, was born at Berwick, Maine, in 1740, He was
present at the battles of Trenton and Princeton, and led
the right wing at the battle of Brandywine. He was after-
wards appointed attorney-general of New Hampshire,
and thrice elected President of that Slate. His life is
incladed in Sparks's "American Biography." Died in
179s.

StilllTan, (John L.,) an engineer and physician, bom
■t Saco, in Maine, in 1777, was a son of James, noticed
above. He invented the steam tow-boat about 1814. It
is stated that he made discoveries in medicine and
surgery. Died February 9, 1865.

SulllTmil, [Wlu.lAM,l LL.D., ason of James Sullivan,
noticed above, was bom at Saco, Maine, in 1774. He was
the author of " Familiar Leilers on Public Characters
and Events from 1783 to 1815," "The Public Men 0/
the Revolution," and other works. Died in 1839.

Buini-VfUt, (William Stakuno,) LLD., an Ameri-
can botanist, bom at Franklinton, (now Columbus,) Ohio,
January 15, 1803. He ([raduated at Yale College in
1813. He was distinguished as an authority on the
mosses and liverworts. He issued "Musci Alleghani-
enses," (1845; new edition, 1855.) " Musci and Hepatiae
of the United Sutes," (1856,) "Musd Boreali-Ameri-
cani," (1856, prepared partly tyL, Lesqoercux,) "Icones
Muscorum," (1864; 2d voL, 1874,) and other works.
Died at Columbus, April 30, 1873.

Stilly, Bol'll, [Fr. pron. siine/,] (Maxiuilibn de Bi-
tbnne— dfh bl'iUn',) Due dk, and Baron de Rosny, a
French statesmanofgreat merit and celebrity, was born
at Rosny, near Mantes, in December, 1560. He was a

SULPICIA

Protestant,
o presented MazJmilien to Henry of NaTam In
■57t. He was a student in Paris when the Maaaacre of
Saint Bartholomew occurred. In 157; he eDleT«d the
service of Henry of Navarre, whom he accompanied in
his escape from Paris and bis perilous enterprises which
followed. B^ his courage, prudence, and immutaUe
fidelity begained the friendship of Henry, who appointed
Uu a cotmdllor of Navarre in 158a. He married Anne
de Covrtenayin 1S81. In 1587 he contributed to the
victotT at Coutiaa, where he directed the anillery. He
received several wonnds at the battle of Ivry, and waa
severelv wounded at the siege of Chartres, in i J91. He
advised Henry IV. to adopt the Roman Catholic reli-
gion, being convinced that by this policy onlv could
peace be restored on a permanent basis. Sully himself,
however, constantly adhered to the Protestant Chorch.
Having been appointed councillor of state and of
finances in 1596, he reformed many abuses in the ad-
ministration of the finances, and became superintendent
of the same in 1599. By order and economy he greatly
improved the miandal condition of Prance and the

virtually prime minister. He encouraged agriculture
more than mannfitctures or commerce, and projected a
system of canals to unite all the la^ rivera of France^
In 1606 he received the title of Due de Sully. Hi*
morals were austere, compared with those of the court
and the king, to whom he acted in the capacity of a
bithfiil Mentor. He even ventured to tear, in the pres-
ence of the king, a paper on which Henry had written a
promise to many the Marquise de Verneuil. The death
of Henry, in 1610, ended Sully's political power. He
resigned the direction of the finances, and retired from
court, but retained the position of grand master of ar-
tillery, and some other offices. In 1634 he received the
btlton of marshal of France. He employed his latter
years in writing memoirs of his life and limes, entitled
" M^moircs des sages et royales (Economies d'Estat de
Henn 1e Grand," (4 vols., 1634-61.} He died at Ville-
bon in December, 1&41, leaving a son and several
daughters.

S« Trohas, "ElMt dt SnllT." itCj: Sisuohdi, "Hiaioirs das
Fnocua:"UicinuT. "HiRoindeFnuiai" Hon, " BiogrmU*
da ItcTToo iim SuU»," 1781: McTim, "yniled Milhwludl,''
■ " "" IV,"jvoI>.,i8iiji D-Ad-

_. _ _..iaac, "Dm Hciuca vob

Sully Virdieiuu." m., igig; "Nmnllc Biomphit (Maba»f
"RemMHCtin Review," vol. vl, (iSu;) " Fruin'* UwIm" fer
April uA Mir, >S3i.

BitlljF, (Jauks,) an English author, bom at Bri<^e-
aler in 1843. His principal works are " Sensations
ad Intuition," (1874,) "Pessimism," (1877,)

The Human Mind," (fiSSa,) "Studies of Child-
hood," (1895,) and "Children's Ways," (1897.)

SiilljF, (Thomas,) an eminent painter, bom in Lin-
colnshire, England, in 1783. Having emigrated to Amer-
ica in 1793, he studied at Charleston, South Carolina,
and afterwards applied himself to portrait-pain ting sue*
cessively at Richmond, New York, and Philadelphia.
Among his bestworlts are full-length portraits of Jeffer-
son, La Fayette. Commodore Decatur, George Frederic
Cooke as " Richard III.,"and Queen Victoria. He also
produced several historical pictures, among which IM
may name " Washington crossing the Delaware." He
died November 5, 1871.

if Ihe An* of I>e*i(B la ADorks.**

^, _e.de sille'. "

who died ir

Snlly-Piudhomineu See Fkudkouue.

Bnlpioe. See Sulpiciub.

Bdlpioe S4Tte& See Severus, (SULPiaui.)

ign of Domidsn.
against that emperor ...
losophers to exile. It is entitled " De Edicto
quo Philosophos Urbe eiegit."

lis condemnation of the phi-

w4;fas>;B*<mf.-kas

D. R, HtpMnrai; It, tuual; x,tirilUd: las*/ th as in tii$. (gySee Explanations,!), 33.:

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

SULPICIA

_ ._,_._ ..»,») Midem Roman gent, originally
patrician, produced many diitingniahed men. Among
tlie namei of the familiea into which this geoi war
divided were Galba, Gallua, Longna, and RnfoB.

Bolplaliu. See Sitxrus, (Sitlpicius.)

SnlpledlM, Bfil-piah';^, [Fr. Sulpice, rtll'ptss',,
(UtuoNtA RuFus Sbkvius,) a celebrated Roman jurist
and orator, bom abont io6b.C He was elected consal
in SI B.C., and filled other high offices. After his death
a entogy waa pronotmced on him by Cicero, who wai
his intimate friend. His l^al works were very nnmerous
and highly esteemed, but only fragments of them are
extant. He was appointed Governor of Achaia by Cbbst
in 46 or 4; B.C. Died in 43 B.C.

SolplMua Rnfna, jFuBUirs,) a Roman orator, bora
In 124 B.C., became tribnne <n SS b.c, and was an ad-
herent of Harin* in the dvil war with Sulla. Hia elo-
quence ia commended in tbe hiffbesl terms by Cicero,
who has introduced himintohiadialogue"I>eOratore."
After tbe capture of Rome by Sulli, Salpido* was be-
trayed into hia hands and put la death, %^ B.a

aal>«r, sWIf a^, (J^orann Gkorq,) a Swiss philoso-
pher and seathelic writer, bom at Wintetthur in 17K1.
He became in 1747 profeuor of mathematics in the
Joachimsthal Gymiu^nm, Berlin, where he made the
acquaintance of Eoler and Maupertuts, and waa elected
in 17^ to the Academy of Sciences. He was afterwards
appointed professor in tbe Ritter-Academie at Berlin.
His principal work is entitled "A Universal Theory of the
Fme ArtB,''("AllHemeineTheoriedcrSch<inen-KUnste,"
1794,} a cyclopxdia of art and literature, which has a
bigh reputation. Died in 1779.

Su Hahs Caifai HiRm, "U<b*r Sulicr an WtlnnUm."
■}BBl"J.G.Su1ur'iLabeubc*direlbuiiciHniliiiiHlbili '

Snm-ml'lltia, an ancient Roman or Etruscan divinity,
whose character is involved in obscurity. Some anthora
represent him as equal in rank to Jupiter. Nocturnal
lightnings were supposed to be manifestations of his

atun'nifr-aeld, (Jokn,> a Methodist divine and
distinguished pulpit orator, bont at Preston, England,
in 17^ He emigrated in iSai to America, where hia
labours ss a preacher were eminently successful. He
was one of the founders of the American Tract Society.
Died in 183$.

Sh J. HoLUKD, "lAtaaCl. SuDUKrfiel^** iSj».

SOin'mfri, (Thomas Osmond,) D.D., a Methodist
divine, bom in Dorsetshire, England, in iSiz, emi>
grated to the United State*, and became in iScS editor
of the " Methodist Quarterly Review." He published a
"Treatise on Baptism,""The Golden Cenier," and other
relieious works. Died May 6, 18S2.

Sninmonta, soom-mon'tl, (Gian Antonio,) an Ital-
ian historian, born at Naples. He wrote a " Histoir of
the City and Kingdom of Naples," (" IstoHa dclla Cittl
e R^no di NapoTi," (4 vols., 1601-43.) 1^'^^ '" \i>aii.

&nin'ner, (Chaklss,) an American lawyer and
Senator, distinguiBhed as an opponent of slavery, was
born in Boston, Massachusetts, on the 6lh of January,
181 1. He graduated at Harvard College in 1830, after

practised Uw in Boston, and was appointed reportei
the circuit court of the United Sutes. He published
three volumes entitled " Sumner^ Reports," edited the
" American Jurist," and, in the afaaence of Judge Story,
lectured to the students of the law-achocJ at Cambridge,
(i8^--37.) He paased about three years in visits to
— n»... ..„.,-..[.., (,( Europe, {1837-40.) On the 4lh

attention in the United State* and in Europe. The de-
(wn of this argument was to promote the canse of peace.
He opposed the annexation of Texas to the United
States in 184^ About this time he separated himself
from the Whig party and joined that of the Pree-Soileis.
He supported Martin Van Buren for the Presidency in
1848. He delivered numerous orations and lectures on
various subjects, which were published in two volumes,
(i8sch) By a coalitioa of Democrats and Free-Soilers

as the successor of Daniel Webster. He opposed tl
Fugitive Slave bill by a speech in the Senate, and took a

Erominent part in tbe debate on the Nebraska- Kansas
ill io 1S54. On the 19th and 30th of Hay, 1856^ be
made in the Senate an eloquent speech on the coatesi
in Kansas and on the aggression* of the slare-power.
Some passages of this speech exdled the anger of Pres-
ton S. Brooks, a Southern member of Congress, who, on

head with a cane until he became insensible. Mr. Sum*
ner was so severely injured that he was disabled for tbe
public service for several years, and he sailed to Europe

January, 1857, and returned home in the antnmn of thai
year, but made another voyage to Europe in the a^ing
of 1S5S. He remained under medical treatment in Paris
for a year or more, and resumed his seat about the csd
of 1S59. He afterwards denounced the peculiar institn-
tiun of the Southern States in a speech which was pob-
lished under the title of "The Barbarism of Slavery"
and produced an immense effect. In 1S60 he advocated
the election of Abraham Lincoln to the Ptevdency.
During the session of iS6a-6i he opposed the attempt*
to propitiate the disunionista by concessions which would
sacrifice the rights of the oppressed or &voar the in.
teresta of *laveTy. He was appointed chairman of the
committee on foreign relations in March, 1861, and about
the end of 1863 was again elected a Senator for sii'
years, ending Match 4, 1869. He was the anthor of
the admirable resolutions on foreign mediation wludh
were passed March 3, 1S63, by both Houses of Con-
gres*. In a series of resolutions which he offered on Um
Btb of February, 1864, he ainrmed that " any system of
reconstruction must be rejected which does not provida
by irreversible guarantees agaln*t tbe contintied exist-
ence or possible revival of slavery," After the close of
the dvil war he advocated the reconstruction of die se-
ceded States on the basis of impartial suffrage. During
tbe rebellion he was a confidential adviser of PresideBt
Lincoln, who, in April, 1865, said to Mr. SnaaDer,
"There is no person with whom I have more advised
throughout my administration than yourself Among
his important services was the production of the FVeecf
man's Bureau bllL He was chairman of the comaiiltM
on foreign relations from 1S61 to 1S70, and lived to wil-

the triumph of tbe prindples for which fae so long

. .. screnuously contended In April, 1869, he made an
elaboratespeechonthe Alabamadaima. EMedMarchii,
.874. Hi* complete works were published in Svola., 1870^
SeeCHAiua A. Philh, "Ufc ofChiila Smuwr," 1(70; IX
lAUiiA,"LifsarCSuniDtr,"tSia: Hb& Stowb. "HaiirfOw

Stiiii'nft, (Charles Richard,} an English prelate,
brother of Archbishop Sumner, noticed below, was bora
-' Kenilworth in 1790. He studied at Trimty College
.jmbrldge, was Subsequently appointed historit^rapbei
to George IV., made Bishop of Llandaff in ilaft, andof
Winchester in 1837. He puolished in 1835 a translatioa
from the Latin of Milton s "Treatise oa Christian Doc>

, — ._. .., — American general, bom in

Boston in 1796. He served as captain on the Westcra
frontier for many years, obtained the raiik of major ia
■S46, and distinguished himself in the Mexican wv,
which ended in 1847. He became a colonel in 1855,
escorted Abraham Lincoln from Springfield to Washing-
ton in February, 1861, and was appointed a brigadier-
seneral in the regular anny in March of the same nr.
He commanded a corps at the battle of Fur Oak^ llay
31-June I, 186a, at Halvem Hill, July 1, and at tbe
battle of Antietam, September 17 cu that T^f- H*
" ' - .■ -' of BnrB

directed one of the three grand diviuoni o ...

army at the battle of Fredericksburg, Deoemba i^

1863. He died St Syracuse, New York, in Harch, 1863.

S« Tunnr, "MfEOiT ud Nan! HiMsty ti dig BrfiiiliM.'

Bnmner, (iNCkSAS^) an American judge and Gov-
vnor, born at Roxbury, Massachusettt, in 174& Ha

< iktrt; h «, j. 9, titatn; Or, fUl, Ot; mCt; nAt; gAd; mStui

i, <, I, J), S, ;, /m^; L t, A, same, less prolonged; 1, i, 1, 6, B, ]!,

d by Google

SUMNER

vu appointed a )iid^ of th« lupreme coart of Huu*
chOMtn in 1781, and was elected GoTemor of that State
tn 1797 and in 1^98. HU ability and merit are highly
commended. Died at Roxbury in 1799.

Sw 1 "Memoir oTJ. SDnDcr," W hu •<» Wiluah, in tba
" N» England RqtiUi" fcr April, 1834.

finmner, (Jom* Btsti,) an English prelate, bom at
Kenilwoith in 178a HavinKstudied at King'a College,
Cambridge, he was created Bishop of Chester in iSaS,
and in i&tS Archbishop of Canterbary. He published
"Records of Creation," (1816,) "Evidencei of Chri^
danitf," {1824,] an essay "On Apostolical Preaching,"
•ad other works. Died in 1362.

Sanmar, (William Gkahau,) an American author,
bom at Paterson, New Jersey, October 30, 1840, grada-
ated at Yale College in 1S63, studied in Genera, Giittin-
gen, and Oxford, tooic orders in 1867 in the Episcopal
Church, and In 187s was appouited professor of political
and social acience in Yale College. His principal works
are a translation of Lange'i Commentary on Second
Kings, (1871,) "History of American Currency," (1874,)
"History of Protection in the United States," ( I S76,)
"Life of Andrew Jackson," [tSSa,) " What Social Classes
are to Each Other," (1883,) and " Economic Problems,"
(1884.) Died April t2, igio.

Sfim't^r, (Thomas,) an American general of the
Revolution, born in South Carolina alKiDt 1734, waa
distinguished for his skill and success as a partisan
leader, and obtained several important advantages over
the British. He waa afterwards elected to Congress,
was appointed minister to Braal in 1S09, and elected '

StmahBO^ha-DAvBiAti, aoo-nl'te-phf di-ri-ril'tt,
("the God-given,") in Hindoo l^end, an adopted son
of ViiwjtMiTRA, (q. T.) HIi own btber, a Brahman,
sold him for one hundred cows, to be a sacrifice to Va-
nma. No priest except bis Euher would slay the boy,
and the latter, when bound to Ibe stake, prayed to several
of the gods, and especially to the Dawn, for deliverance.
At last, as he tang the praises of the Dawn, hit fetiert
fell o£ He then was aaoptcd by ViswSmitra.

Sfln'dqr-lfnd, (CKAU,n Spknckk,) third Eau. of,
an English statesman, bom in 1674, was a younger son
of Robert, the second Earl. At the death of hit elder
brother, in 1690, he received the title of Lord Spencer.
He iras elected to Parliament in 1695, succeeded hit
&ther as earl in ITOI, and was sent as envoy to Vienna
in 1705. He married Anne Churchill, a daughter of the
Duke of Marlborough, abonl 1700, and became a leader
of the Whig party. He was secretary of state from
1707 to June, t7io. On the accession of George I.,
September, 1714, he became lord lieutenant of Ireland.
He entered the cabinet as lord privy seal in 1715, and
supplanted his rival. Lord Townshend, in the Eivour of
the king. By his intrigues or influence the ministiy was
changed in April, 1717, when Sunderland and bis friend
Joseph Addison became the two secretaries of state. la
1718 he exchanged his office for that of first lord of the
treasary, — i,t, prime minister. He was accused in 1731
of having received a bribe from the South Sea Com-
pany, but was acquitted by a large majority of hit judgea.
He resigned office in April, 1711, although the king de-
tired to retain him in power. He died in 1731, leaving
three sons, Robert, Charles, and John.

Se* Lord STAKHon, (Mahoh,) " HUtory of KngUnd."

Studarland, (Hkhkv Spknckk,) first Earl of, bom
■boat t63a, was a son of Lord Spencer. He married
Dorothy Sidney, a sister of Algernon Sidney, a lady
whom Waller praised under the name of " Saccharista."
Although he diaapproved the measures of the court,
be }(Hned the ronl army in the dvil war, assigning
"the punctilio of aonour" at his motive. He fought at
E<^hill, (164),] received the title of Eari of Sunderland
In 1643, and was killed at the battle of Newbury, in the
MMKyear.

Sh CiJUBinnv, " HiMory tt ihi Gmt RDbeDicm.*'

I, (RoBnT Srncu,) second Eakl of.

.167

SURDAS

a courtier and politician, bmona for his talints and in*
trigues, WIS bom about 1643, and was the only son of tha
preceding. He wai sent as ambassador to Paris in ifin,
and waa appointed sectetory of state in 1679. Having
been ditmitied In the tpring of i63i, he was restored to
the same office tn 168a. He appears to have been totally
destitata of any fixed principles, and had great hcility in
changing sides in the game of politics. He inainuated
himself into the favour of the Duke of York, who^ on his
accesaiontotbethrone, in 1685, retained Sunderland In the
office of secretary of state. About this lime he received
a large bribe or pension from Louis XIV. He became
president of the council in December, 1685, and prime
minister in i686l " It was only in private conference,"
says Macanlay, "that his eminent alnlities displayed
themselves. In the royal closet, or in a very small circle
he exerdsed great influence, but at the coundl-board he
was tadtum, and in the House of Lords he never opened
his lipo." (" History of England," vol 1.) In Jnne,
16SS, he openly avowed his conversion to the Roman
Catholic Church, and before the end of the year made
overtures to William of Orange, to whom he rarealed
the plans of James II. Sunderland waa dismissed front
power in October. i683, on suapidon of treason. A few
weeks later he fled to Holland in disguise, and changed
his religicoi. He retnmed to England about Ibe end of
169a, and soon regained his influence at court, and was
appointed lord chamberlaiQ in 1695. He resigned
office in 1697. His wife was a daughter of the Earl of
Bristol. He died in 1703.

Sandevnll, soon'dfb-vtl, (Carl Jakob,) a Swedish
naturalist, bom at Hoecestad in l8ot. He beome di-
rector of the museum of oatntal histofy at lAmd in 1835.
Died February 6, 1875.

Sdd Tet Sen, Chinese rerolutioiust, bom in Kwai^
Tung province in 1867. He graduated in medicine in
Hone Kong, and aftei teveral years' practice became
the oiief leader in the revolutionary movement agaimt
the Manchn govemmenL He prcoagated his dcKtiine
throughout China at great risk of life, making many nar-
row escapes, and the revolution of 1911 was lar^lydM
result of his woik. He was chosen tempmaiy president of
the newrepublit^bnt gave this up that be might continne
his work c^ intlilliiig modon ideas in the Chinese mind.

SapervUle, de, (Danibl), a French Protestant
minister, bom at SaumuT in 1657. He removed to
Rotterdam about 1GS5, and preached there until his
death. Died in 172S.

Sappo, TOn, (FitANZ,) an Austrian musical com- .
poser, was bom at Spalaio in iSzo. He composed
operettas, songs, etc. Died in 1895.

Burl. See SuradKvT and Suras.

SnTabhL a name of KJtuADiutNU, [which see.)

Boiadfrrl, tSS-rf-dft'vee, called also umply BorR,
iSyr*, [from the Sanscrit SitrA, "wine," and DM,
" goddess,"] the Hindoo goddess of wine, was supposed
to have been produced from the chnming of the ocean.
(See KORMA.J

BtmjRli Dowloh, soD-rJ'jf dSw^f, a Hindoo princ«,
who took CalcuCU in 1756 and confined a number of
English piisonert in the Black Hole. His army was
defeated E^ Clive at the bimotit battle of Plaas^, June
33, 17^7 ; and he was taken a few day* after and put to
death "bf the order of Mcer Jaffier.

Buna or Soonw, sdb'rfs, [firom the Sanscrit Surd,
a "god,") in the Hindoo mythology, a class of inferior
deities, the children of Kasyapa and AditL They q>peir
to be tha tame a* the Adityas, (tee ADtTVA,) and are
regarded la the natnral enemies or opponent! of tbe
AsuRAS. (See Asuka.)

Btiroom ttUlcoof , (RoBBRT.) a French oonair, bom
Saint-Halo in 1773. He capttued many Engbtk

merchant-vessels. Died in 1837.

..... r dla, a Hindee author, probably ■

Brahman, who lived before the year 1600 A.[ik He left

. prodtgion

which collectively form a vast poem called ** Siv S
and are very popular.

«aa4; fast,- fiarJ; ftat/.- O. H. %,gnaHral; n.matal; A,trilltd; lass; til aain/iu. (SV~See ExpUnationa,p. as.)

dbyGoogle

service of King Ormle*. He gained ■ dedelve Tictorr
over the Roman generil Crauim near CairhM ta Jj B.C.
According to Plutarch, " he was atiperior lo the Paruiana
ofhiatimeiiicourueandcapadtj.'' ("LifeofCrauna.")
He wla put ta> death by Orodei about 53 *.C.

Sh HnUTAU, "HiMoiT at tbi RoatD*;" "NonaU* Bio-
liaplui CAijnlt.''

Snreiitials,sU'ren-hois', [LaL SuUHBV'aiua.t (Wil-
UH,) a Dalch Orientalist, lived about 17001. He waa
profeuor of Hebrew and Greek at AmBlerdam, and
pabli*hed an edition of the Miahna, (3 Tola., 1698-1703.)

Snrftnhtuliu. See Sukshhuis.

Sarin, aU'rlH', (Jkan Jossni,] a French Jeeuit and
Mcetic initeT, born at Bordeaux In 1600. He went in
1634 to Loudnn to exordae some perwina poaaeiaed
with demons, and became himself as we are told, a de-
moniai^ or victim of the demons. So much, at least, ia
certain, that he waa inaane for many year*. Died In 161S5.

So BomxHi, "Via da Snria," i61ti "Nonnlb Biopipblt

and antiquary, born near Gnesen in 1769, pub-
1 woric "On ifie Origin oif the Slavic Nations,"

scholar and

and other treadsea. Died in 1817.

Bntrejr. See Howako, (Henry,) Eaklof.

Bart, sd&rt, or Sartor, (Surtr,) s36r'teT, [etyntoloj^c-
ally related to the Danish arri, English ntiart, and Ger-
man tcAwart, "black," because it is the property of fiie
to blacken what it bams,] in the Norse mytholt^, the
god of fire, who rates over Muspellbeirn, the entrance
to which he guards with ■ flaming sword. At Ragna-
rock he will lead the formidable band of Muspell's sons,
his fire-sword flashing more brightly than the sun itself.
Id the battle with the iGsir be will slay Frevi and after
the other god* have Csllen, he will Katter ma fire ovet
the world and bunt It np.

Sar't«al, (Robskt,) an Engliah antiquary and poet,
born at Durham in 1779. He published a "History of
Durham," [about iSaa) Died in 1S34.

Samfl-wnttee, See SakaswatI.

SaxTllla, siia'vil', (Margubute ^LtonoKK Clo-
TiLD« DK Vallon-Chalis,) a French poetess bom
about 140;, was the author of a heroic poem entitled
" Lygdamir." Died about t4&i.

Sttrya, sar'ya, the Sanscrit name of the Sun, re-
garded as an important deity in the Hindoo mythology,
though much more so in the primeval ages than later.
when Brahma, Vishnu, and Siva claimed nearly all the
devotion of mankind. In the earlier Sanscrit writings
the Sun is oOen called Hitia. Sflrya is represented m
a human fonn, (but having four arms,] surrounded by
radiating flames and riding in a car drawn by seven

Bu-aS'rl-oa, [Sroaa^'uv,] a Greek poet, to whom the
origin of the Athenian comedy is attributed, was born
in Megara, and lived about 57J B.C. He was the first
who employed metrical composition in comedy.

SasemlU, soo'ifh-meel, (Franz,) a German scholar,
bom at l.aage, in Mecklenburg-Schwerin, December 10,
1816. He studied at Leipstc and at Berlin, and in 1856
becameaptofesaorof philology in Greibwalde University.
He published German translations of a part of the
writings of Plato and Aristotle, and wrote a treatise on
the Platonic philosophy.

Baao, soi/zo, (Heinrich,) a celebrated mystic and
theologian, sumamed AuANDtJS, was bom at Constance,
Switzerland, about lioo. He entered the order of Do-
irinicani at an early age, and subsequently acgirired «
high reputation as a preacher. He was the author of a
work entitled "Book of Eternal Wisdom," ("Horolo-
einm Sapienilie Eternx.") and a "Diatoenp on Truth."
They were translated into the principal Enropean Ian-
guagei, and obtained extensive popularitv.

68 SUVEE

Snamta, ■a6*'ra&-t«, or" SiulinitK, •3Gah'rd&-t^ «
lEndoo physician, suppoaed to have been one of tlw
earliest medical writers in India. The date and t^
place of his birth are unknown. One of hit work* wm
published in 1S36 by the Asiatic Society of Calcutta.

Saau:^ DuKB OF. See Avottlrus Frederick.

SflMmejer, tUs'ml'er, (Frank Xavxr.) a Gernwa
composer, bom In 1766, became chapel-master at th*
court of Vienna. He completed the parta of Mozart^
Requiem which the latter left unfinished. Died in 1803

SnaamUoh, •oo'milK, (Johann Pitkr,) a Germaa
Lutheran minitter, bom about 1 706. He wrote on sta-
tistics and populatioiL Died in 1767.

""-- " *-Bliner, sUs op'Mn-hI'mfr, a Gennaa

be minister of finance to Karl Alot-

and executed In 173S. His historj forms the suhjectof
one of HaafTt popular novels.

SaatontUUU, siis'ter-mliis, written also Sobtar-
mank, (Justus,) a Flemish painter, born at Antwerp in
1597. He resided in Florence, and became court painter
to the grand duke Cosimo II. de' Medio. His woeka,
which include portraits and historical pictures, are eulo-
giied by Rubens. Died in 16S1.

Bot'oUfle, (MA-mnw,) an English divine, born ia
Devonshire, was the founder of a college at Chelsea, the
Fellows of which were required to assail the errors of
Romanism, Pelagianism, etc Died in 1619.

Sutee or Sattae. See SatI

Butenaan. Sec Suavius.

Sath'fr-I^d, (Alexander John,) F.RS., an Ear
liah physician, bom about iSlo. He became physidaa
to St. Luke's Hoapiul, London, and wrote several
treatises on insanity. Died in 1867.

Bath«rlaiid, (Gsorgiana Howard,) Ducuess
OF, the wife of the (ccond Duke of Sutherland and
daughter ol the Earl of Carlisle, was bom about
1806. She was distinguished for beauty, talents, and
beneficence. About ^46 she became mistress ot the
robes to the queen. She employed her influence
against slaveiy. Died in October, 186S.

Sa'tro, (Adolph Hbinrick Joseph,) a mining
engineer, was bom at Aix-la-Chapelle, Prussia, ia
1S30. He went to San Francisco, and in i860 began
the excavation of the great Sutro tunnel to develop
the silver mines of Nevada. He gave San Frandsco
a beautiful park, was elected mayor in 1894, and died
in 189S.

Bnttsa. SeeSATl

Sattner, (Bertha,) Baroness von, author, bom in
Germany in 1S4.3. She has been president of the &us>
trian Peace Society and lice -president of the Interna-
tional Peace Bureau of Beme. Of her variotis woiks
the most notable is "Lay Down Vour Arms." She
received the Nobel peace prize in 1905.

Bof t^n, (AMos^i an En^lsh missionary to Oili^
Iltdla, was bom in Kent in 179S. He translated tka
Scriptures into the Oriya language, and also publtahed
a dictionary, grammar, and other works in that tongue.
He wrote a "Nairative of the Mission to Oriitsa," a^
several religious treatises. Died in 1S54.

Sattoo, (Charles Manners.) See Caittxrbbrt,
Viscount.

Bof tpn, (Charles Manners,) an English prelate,
bom in 1755. He became Bishop of Norwich m lyin;
and Archbishop of Canterbury in 1S05. Died in 183L
His son became Viscount Canterbury.

Bntton, (Sir Richard,) an English lawyer, noted

I one of the founders and bene&ctors of Braiennoae
College, Oxford. Died about 15*4.

Batton, (Tkouas,) an English merchant, boti ia
Uncolnshire in 1531, waa the founder of a hospital Ibt
the poor, known as the Charter -House, and whidi was
formerly the nonastery of the Chailreux in Sufiblk.
Diedinifiii.

SntEOB. See Souno.

BuT^a, Eti'vi', (Joseph BenoIt,) a Flemish pamter,
born at Bmges in 1743. He became director of the
French School of Art in Rome. Died in 1807.

I,e,I,6.a,J,/wv,i,*.6.sa

IS prolonged; l.E.I,O,{i,)f,/Jtfrf,-f,(,i,9,0JAiH¥; Ar,(311.Atimll:nfit:gnd;niai
Digitized 3, Google

SUVORIN M

Suvotin, (Albxis,) • Russian novellsl, bom in
1834. His hnl novel, a political one, was burned tuld
he imprisoned. He aTterward* became a very popular
vriter, publishing lilerarj, historica], scientific, critical,
and other boolis for popular use.

Sn-wii'Cir, or, more properly, Boo-Tt/rot written
alao 0oiivorof^ BiiToroT, Bonvsro^ Buworow, and
BnwBiTOW, (Alexander Vasiuevitch,) sumamed
RVMNIKSKI, (rim-nik'skee,] a famous Russian general,
bom in Finland in 17m, was of Swedish orieiiL His
fiithcr waa a general of high rank. He scried as lieu-
tenant in the Seven Years' war, 17S5-63, and became a
colonel in 1763. Having obtained (lie tank oF a general,
he distinguished iiim«clf in the nar against the Turka
In 1774. He commanded in a war against the Turki
whidi began in 1787, and gained a victory on the river
Rymnik, (1789,) tor which he received the title of Count
RvinnikikL In 1794 he conquered the revolted Poles,
whom he treated with great barbarity, and for this ser-
Tlce was raised to the rank of field-marshal. In 1799
he wu appointed commander-in-chief of the Russian
and Austrian armies which opposed the French in Italy.
He defeated Macdonald on the Trebia in June, and

Sined a victory over Joubert at the great battle of
Dvi, in August, 1799. Soon after this event the army
was recalled, and Suwajow lost the favour of Paul L
He died at Saint Petersburg in Hay, 1800. He was a
great favourite with the soldier*, and was probably the
ablest of all tbe Rossian genendt.
Bum, de la. See Colicni, de, (Henriettk.)
STanberg or BTanaberg. See Swanbbrg.
BTantovl^ or Bwautowit, sMn't^*if , (he great
divinity of the Baltic Wends. Arkona, on the iue of
Riigeo, was a great seat of his cultus. Svanlovit had
four head* and a double body. A sacred horse of ptire
white was kept in hi* temple and was consulted •* an

Bvartal&r. See Elvis.

SvartK See Swaktz.

Bvedb«rg. See Swkdbkkc;.

8Ted«iibot^ See Swsdenbokg.

BvBtohlUB or Bwetohlne^ trClch-tn', (Sophia
SuvuoNuF,) Madaus, a Russian lady and writer, bom
at Moscow in 1783, became the wife of General Svetch-
Ine. She removed to Paris in 1818, joined the Roman
Catholic Church, and was distinguished for her piety
and talent*. Died in Paris in 1857.

SwUtt, (Charles,) an English writer and en^aver,
known as "the Manchester poet," was bom ■- •'■- •

hood," (184^) "English Uelodies," (1849,) and other
works, in prose and verie. His " Dryburgh Abbey," an
elegy on Sir Wallet Scott, is particularly admired. Died
September », 1874.

SwSln'a^o, (William,) an English naturalist and
voluminous writer, bom at Ijverpoolin 1789. He visited
South Ametita and the shores of the Mediterranean,
and made valuable collections of objects in natural his
tory. Among his principal works are his "Zoological
Iltuatrations, or Original Figures and Descriptions of
New, Rare, or InterestinK Animals," (6 vols., i8>o,l
"Eiotlc Conchology," (1811,' "-"' " "•^— --- —
Malacolt^," (1840.) He also

I "Treatise

_^^, ,._. , tributed to Lardncr's

"Catdoet Cyclopaedia" numerous treatises on natural
history, of which we may name "The Natural History
and ClasHification of Fishes, Amphibians," etc., (3 vols.,
183S-39,) and "On the Habits and Instincts of Animals,"

aSi|o.) He was likewise a contributor to the " Fauna
arcali- Americana" of Sir John Richardtorv. Mr.
Swainsoa emigrated in 1S41 to New Zealand, where he
died in 1855.

SirmmmeTdam, swjm'm;r-dim', (Jan, or Johhj) bd
eminent Dutch naturalist, bom at Amsterdam in Feb-
roaiy, 1637. HestudiedmedicineaiLeyden,but not with
a design to practise as a physician. He also passed some
year* at Saumur and Paris in the stud; of anatomy and
entomology. In 1664 he discovered the valves of tbe
lymphatic vessels. He look the degree of doctor of medi-
doe in 1667, and published in 1669 a "General History
of Insect*," a work of great merit. He made several
disGOvefki in entomology, and was verj akllfiil in the

.9 SWARTZ

dissecttOD of iiuects. Among his works are a " Natural
History of Bees," (1673,) and "The Book of Nature, oi
the Natural History of Insects," etc, ("BibliB NaliirK,
sen Historia Insectorum in certas Classes redacta," %
vols., 1737-3S.) He destroyed his health by inteMe ap-
plication, became melancholy, and diverted his attention
from science lo reli^oa He entered into religioM
fellowship with Antoinette Botuignon. Died at Am-
Merdam in t6Sa

SwMny, swl'mee, (Sir Mutu Coomara,) a Cey-
lonese jurist, born at Colombo in 1S34. He studied
English law, became a barrister in 1863, was knighted in
1874, and married an English lady. He published an
ancient history of the holy tooth of Booddha, (in Pall,)

id the " SutU Niplta" in the original Pali, with Eng-
lish notes and a translation. Died at C "'""'"" *'"
1879.

a and a translation. Died at Colombo, May 4,

Bwaa, (TnHH Macallan,) sculptor and painter,
bom at Old Brentford, England, about i860. He won
first-class gold medals for KtUpture and painting at the
Paris exposition of iSSg. Among his but paintings are
"Orpheus," and "The Prodigal Son;" wddra of sculp-
ture, "Puma and Macaw," "A Wounded Leopard,"
etc. Died in 1910.

Smn, (JosspK Wilson,) an English electrician,
bom at Sunderland, October 31, 1828. Be became a
druggist of Newcastle-upon-Tyne. He in youth began
lo eiperimut, at first with the arc light, and later very
successfully with various means of producing electric
light by incandescence in vacue. He made other inven-

the province of Westerbotten in 1771. In tSoi, in con-
jonction with Oefverbom, he measured an arc of the
■leiidian in Lapland. Of this enterprise he published
•a account which obtained a priie from the French
luttitDle. He became profitssor of mathematics at
Upsal in iSii, and published a "Theory of the Planet*
and Comets," and other scientific work*. Died in 1S51.

Bwanevelt, Tan, vtn ■wl'nfh-vilt', [Heruan,] an
eminent Dutch landscape-painter, bom at Woerden about
1630, wa* a pupil of Gerard Dow, and subsequently of
Clande Lorrain. His pictures are few in number, but
of great excellence. He died about 1690, at Rome,
where he had long resided He also executed many
admirable etchinn. He was surnamed tub Hbsmit,
from his solitary nabits.

Bwan'wlck, ^Annie,) an English writer, was
bom at Liverpool in 1813. She became interested in
philanthropic worli, translated from the Greek and
German, and wrote "An Utopian Dream," (1888,)
" Evolution and the Religion of the Future," (1S94,]
etc. Died in 1899.

BirSr'gl, [modem Hindoo pron. swiir'gf or swUrg,]
written also Bwarga, in the Hindoo mytboltwy, the
name of India's heaven or paradise, supposedto be
situated among the clouds in the sky, and regarded a*
the abode of the inferior gods and deified mortals. (See

In DBA)

BwaitB or Bvmtta, sMRts, (Glaus or Oior.) a Swed-

him on his return a nch collection of plant
after appointed professor of natural histoi,
in the Medico-Chiiureical Institute at Stockholm. He
was also made a kniaht of the Polar Star, and received
other distinctions. Among his works we may name hi*
"Iconea Plantarum Incognitarum," illustrating the rara

Slants of the West Indies, "Flora Indlae OccidentaliSi''
1806, 3 vols., with plates,) and " Synopsis of tbe Fam^"
("Synopsis FiUcum," 180&) He also wrote the text of
four volume* of the "Botany of Sweden," ("Sveiuk
Botanik,") and contributed to the "Transactions" of the
Linnsean Society, London, of which he was a member.
He died in iSi^ having acquired the reputation of one
of the first botanists ofhis time. The genus Swaiuia,
of the order Leguminose, was named in his honour.

Biagnphia aba dcD Profcnor O. Svuti,''

«Mil; {a*f,'|<tar^,' (*•/;& fLK.^iiMmi/.' v,Mual: ^.trilUd: lass; thasinMii.

*SeeEiplanaiioii*,p.Sj.l /

SWAYAMBHU

Swftrtinbli&, ■wl'fni-b'ha&', or BwtyiinbliaTi,
iwT^nfb'hdb'Tf, [from the Sanacrit jw^diw, "■el^"and
fid, to "exi*t,"j a Sjuiscrit teem, signi^ng "Bclf-eiiat-
ent," and used in the Hindoo mnhotogr >■ an epithet
of Brahm (the infinite elenal Scidr) and of Brahma.
It is also sometimM applied to the fint Mano, (c
Uenn.) in which case it may, perhip», mean "bom (<
■on) of the Self-exiitent," Slut signt^ag to "be bom
u well a» to "eiiBL'' (See Manu.)

BwlTno, (Noah Hathii,) LLD., u Ameriom
Judge, born in Calpeper count7, Virginia, December vj,
1804. He was admitted to the bar in 1S24, and waa one
of the justices of the United Staiet sapreme court from
1S61 to 1881. Died in New York, Jane 8, 1884.

Siraaf nun, (Asthui,) D.D., a bishop, born in Lon-
don, England, Novemt>er 19, 1834. He studied at Univer-
ritf College, London, and graduated at Christ's College,
Cambric^ In 1865 he became head-master of Hell-
muth ColiKe, London, Ontario, and in 1879 waa
cooaecrated Anglican Bishop of Tor

Heb

> born near Fablnn In 1653.

. lI^wu madeBitbopoTSkua inCuTli

biniljF was ennobled in 1719, imder toe name of Sweden-
borg. He died in 1735, leaving a niunber of religion*
and miscellaneous works.

Sh FAMuaAWR, "MimakiiA ttta Bakspdi Dr. StwDmis."

NiTKti) a celebrated Swedish naturalist, mathematician,
and theoaophiat, waa bom at Stockholm on the 39th of
Janoar;, i683. His biher, lesper Swedberg, at that
time a chaplain of the annjr, bet^me aftenmd* Bishop
of Skara. The bmilf was ennobled br Qneu Ulrioi
in 1719, and the name was changed to Swedenbor^
Even in early childhood Eounuel appears to have given
indications of those peculiar powers for which he was
afterwanls so distinguished. He bsts, in a letter to I>t.
Beyer, "From my ^urth to my tenth year my thoughts
were conatanlly engrossed by reQections on God, on
salvation, and on the ipirilual affections of man. I often
revealed things In my discoune which filled my parent*
with astonishment, and made them declare at times that
certainly the angels spoke throagh my mouth." He
WM educated at the University of Upaal, where, in hit
twenty-second year, he took the degree of doctor of
pjuloaophy. On leaving the university he set out on
EuB travela. He passed about a year m England ; he
then visited the chief cities of Holland, Spent Subse-
quently a year in Paris and Versailles, and returned by
Hamburg and Greibwalde to his native country, after an
absence of more tlian four years. In early life Sweden-
borg's favourite pursuit was mathematics. About 1715-
16 he edited a sdentiGc pnblication entitled " Ehedalus
Hyperboreos." The distinction which be had acanired
as a mathematidan brought him to the notice of Charles
XII., who employed him in the constmction of some of
hi* military works. In the siege of Fredericshall, (1718^)
under the direction of Swedenborg, rolling-machine*
were made bv means of which two galleys, five large
boata, and a sloop were carried overland a distance of
foarteen miles. He had been appointed by Charles
XII., in 1716, assessor of the board of mines. In 1717
he published "An Introduction to Algebra," and "At-

kindred subjects. Some of these have not been published.
In 1721 lie again visited Holland, and white in that
country published (at Amsterdam) several small works,
chiefiy on subjects connected with natural philosophy.
The following year he published at Leipsic "Miscel-
laneous Observations connected with the Physical Sci-
ences," (" Miscellanea Observatacirca Res Naturales.")
All the above works give indications of a profound and
moat original intellect. In 1731 he published at Leipsic
and Dresden his "Opera Philoaophica et Mineralia,"
in 3 vols, fok, with numerons engravings. This work,
as na title indicates, is written in Luin. The first

ro SWEDENBORG

volume In particular, entitled "Prindpia, or the FinI
Prindplea of Natural Things, being a New Attempt
towaro* a PbPoaophical Explanation of the Elementary
World," has attracted great attention. It is dumed n
Swedenborg's adinirera that this pnblication anticipated

several of the moat important disc
sdence. Gdrres, a distinguished German writer and
ionmalist, aays of the " Pnndpia," " It is a prodnctSois
indicative of profound thought in all its parts, and not
tmworthy of being placed by (he side of Newton'a 'Mar
thematial Prindpia of Natural Philosophy.'" Sweden-
borg'* fiulier died in 17JJ. The next year he again act
out on his travels, visiting Holland and France, and
afterwards Italy, where he passed rather more than a
year, five montlu being spent at Rome. He appcara 10
have returned to Sweden in 1740. In 1740-^1 &e pnb-
lished at Amsterdam his "Economy <rf the Animal
Kingdom," (" CEconomia Regni Animalis.'O The ** Ant>
mal Kingdom," (" Regoum Animate,") which maj b*
said to be a continuation of the preceding work, app^red
In 1744-45, ptts one and two being published at lb*
Hague, and part three in London. Swedenborg refer-
ring to the plan pursued in the foregoing work*, aajs,
"Thercader may see that llirmif//n;MwM mytd/im
tiUwcrk it a ImatiUdgi tf At ttiil,tmet UUl jht^aie^f
wUl amhttOr tkt ervwH ^ mjr tbaSii." In one of lua
manuscripts, also, he observes, "t have ffone thronrt
anatMny with the single end of investigating the xtnL"
Of the "Animal Kingdom," Emerson remarks, "It waa
an anatomist's account of the human body in the higbert
style of poetry. Nothing can exceed llie bold and bril>
liant treatment of a subject usually so dry and repulsive.'
When Swedenborg reached the age of Gfty-seven, hia
life took a new direction- He no longer occupied himaelf
with the pursuit of physical sdence. He haa, it appears.
In 1747, resigned his assessorship ; but, in consideratiaB
of his long and faithful services, his fiiU salary waa con-
tinned to him to the end of his life. Some tunc befen
he had, as he believed, been brought into intimate cota-
monicatiDn with the spiritual world, and " the L.ard him-
self," as Swedenborg says In one of his letters, "granted
me the privil^e of conversing with spirits and angel*
which I enjoy to this day." No candid and intelligcM
person who attentively peruses the writings of tha
Swedish sage can doubt the perfect sincerity of his own
belief in his divine illumination. Nor can the random
assertion that he was a dreamer, or that be was insane
be accepted as any satis&ctory refutation of his daim&
As Tennemann well observes, in bis " History of FU-
losophy," "If he must need* be mad, there is a rare
method in his madness. In vain will yon ransack the
archives of hi* family or hi* personal history for any
trace of insani^." As probably few who are compe-
tent to form an intelligent and impartial opinion would

luld seem almost impossible for any one, who w
- nimpeacbable testimonv to prevail ;ig'
skeplidsm, to doubt that he was en
aordinary perception of some things not discern-
ible by the senses or mental faculties of tlie generality
of mankind. On Saturday, the I9lh of July, 1759, Swe-
denborg was at Gottenburg, (which i* abont three hoB-
dred English miles from Stockholm,) having recently
arrived from England. He was at the house of ICr.
Castel, with a party of fifteen persons. " At abont (is
o'clock P.M.," says Kant, the celebrated German pU-
loBopher, "Swedenborg went out, and, after a sbod
interval, returned to the company qoite pale and
alarmed. He stated that a dangerous fire bad broken
out in Stockholm, at Sundermalm, and that it was
spreading very fast. He was restless, and went ool
often. He said that the house of one of his friends,
whom he named, was already in ashes, and that his own
was in danger. At eight o'dock, after he had been oat
again, he jOTfulty exdaimed, 'Thank God I the fire ia

who questioned him concerning the disaster. Sweden-
borg described the Gre precisdy, — how it had begun, in
what manner it had ceiwed, and how long it bad ca»

a,<,t,tikfl,;,/«y;l,t,4,*ame, less prolonged; i,i,I,9,)i,]f,/i«n'/|,f,),9,tfiwwn;flr,ail,At]mttin&t;g46d;BMIBa;

Digitized by CjOOQ I C

SWEDBNBORG

In Ibe letten brot^ht b; him the fire wu de-
toibed pr«ciMl]r in the manner stated by Swedenborg."
Kant itatet thU on the authority of a friend of his, who,
he tajn^ ** ha* czanuned the drcumstances of this eitia-
ordinarr case, not only at Stockholm, but alto at Gotten-
tnrg, wMre he la acquainted with the moat respectable
iuHues, and where he conid obtain the most authentic
and complete information, a* the greatest part of the
Inhabitanta, who are still alive, were witnesses to the
memorable occurrence." It is proper to observe that
Kant wa* akeptically inclined respecdng the eitra-
Dtdinaiy daima of Swedenborg; those, indeed, who are
acquainted with ttie character of that philosopher need
not be told that he, of all men, was ooe of the least liiiel;'
to give credence to any nurvellous statement, unless it
were supported by evidence of the moat unimpeachable
character.*

The first volume of Swedenborg's first theolopcal
work, entitled the "Secrets or Mysteries of Heaven,"
("Arcana Ctelestia,") appeared in 1749. It wi* com-

Cedin 1756, having extended to eight quarto volumes,
work IS an exposition of the books of Genesis and
Exodus, with intervening chapters describing the won-
ders of the fnture world. In 1758 Swedenborg published
in London the following worlis : "An Account of the
LMt Judgment and the Destruction of Babylon ; show-

ing that al) ihe Predictions ii
this dayfiilGlled, being " "-1-*^
Seen," " Concerning fi

«Won^ra,andCo<

"On the Planets in our Solar System, and on those
the Starry Heavens, with an Account of their Inhalntants
and of their Spirits and Angels," and " On the New
Jerusalem and its Heavenly Doctrine as revealed from

kea

"The

"The Sacred Scripture," "Faith," a "Continuation
•pecting the Last Judgmenl and the Destruction of
Babylon," and "Angelic Wisdom concerning the Divine
Love and Divine Wisdom." He publiahed at Amster-
dam in 1766 an explanation of the book of Reveiation,
entitled "The Apocalypse Revealed," {" Apocalypaia
Revelata;") a much mote extensive work on Ihe same
snbjec^ wntten also in Latin, was published after his
death, in 1790; it was translated into English, and pab-
lished in 1815 with the title of " Apocalypse Explained."
In i768hepublishedatAmstenlam his treatise on "Con-
jugal (ConjDgial) Love," (" Amor Conjogialia,") in which
he teaches that the marriage relation eiiits in heaven
as well as on earth. In l^M) appeared at Amsterdam a
small work entitled a " Brief Exposition of the Doctrine
of the New Chnrch," and in the same year, al London,
another little book, — "The Intercoarse between the
Sonl and the Body." He published in 1771, at Amster-
dam, the last and one of the most important of his works,
—"The Ttue Christian Religion," ("Vera Christiana
Religio,") which is in fiict a system of universal theology
of the "New Chnrcli," (i^. the Church introduced or
revealed by Swedenboi^)

Swedenborg died in London, from the efTects tA a
paralytic stroke, the I9tb of Uarch, 1773, in the eighty-
fifth year 01' his age. He was never married. In person
he was of a medium height ; his manners were dignified
and somewhat reserved ; his countenanpe mild and
pleaaing. He had a slight impediment in hi* speech, in
consequence of which he talked slowly but very distinctly.

The views entertained of the theological doctrines of
Swedenborg, and of his ideas lA a future life, will, of
coarse, vary according to the preconceived opinions or
the habits of thought of his readers ; but of his merit*
as a writer on intellcctnal and moral subjects, several
competent and (a* we have reason to believe) impartial
oitica have •pokcn in lerma of the highest praise.

" I have often thought," aays Colcnl^r " "■■ — !>■'"" -

n KntV ktlK SB ddi siitjsci W Hm Fm loa KiwhkKlL

mind** eve have been Giordano Bmno, BiihoMn, Spi-
Doia, and Swedenborg. Grant that the origin of um
Swedenborgian theology is a problem; vet, on which*
ever of the uree possible hypotheses (possible, I mean, fot
gentlemen, scholara, and Christians) it maybe aolved,^
I, Swedenborg's own assertion and constant belief in th*
hypothesis of a snpematnial Illumination ; or, 3, thai
the great and excellent man was led into this belief ^
becoming the subject of a very rare but not (it is said)
altogether unique conjunction of the somniative faculty
with the voluntary and other powera of the waking state 1
or, 3, the modest Bu^estion that Ihe firal and second may
not be BO incompatible as they appear, — still it is nevef
to be forgotten that the merit and value of Swedenborg'*
system do only in a very secondary degree depend on any
one of the three. . . . So much, even from a very partial
acquaintance with the works of Swedenborg, I may ven-
ture to aasert, (hat aa a moralist he is above all praise^
and that as a naturalist, psychologist, and theologian ha
has strong claims on the gratitude and admiration of tlw
professional and philoeophical student" (See "Note*
on Noble'sAppeal," In Coleridge's "Literary Reuains.'S

" Tliere is," say* Emeison, " an invariable method ana
order in his delivery of his trutii, the habitual proceed-
ing of the mind from inmost to outmost WhateameM>
ness snd wel^htiness I — his eye never roving, without on*
swell of vanity ot one look to self in any common form
of liteiBiy pnde ! a theoretic or speculative man, bat
whom no practical man in the universe could affect to
scorn." In another place he says, " Not every man
can read them, [his books,] but they will reward him
who can. . . . The grandeur of the topics makes the
grandeur of the style. . . . His writings would be a
sufBcient library to a lonely and athletic student; and
the ' Economy of the Animal Kingdom' is one of those
books which, by Ihe sustained dignity of thinking, is an
honour to the human race." But this high praise i*
not bestowed without important qualificalionB. (See
"Swedenborg, or the Mystic," in" Repiesenlfltive Men.")

Professor von Gorre*, already referred to in this article^
say* of Swedenborg, " lie was guided in his researche*
by a mind clear, acutely analjlic, endowed with akill, and
well disdplined in mathenwiics and logic"

Onr limila will Dot permit a* to attempt even an out-
line of hi* theosopUc system; *uffice it to say that what
seems to be the great central idea in this system is the
doctrine of correspondences, according to which every
thing in the natural world ia a cotreapondent or type
of something existing in Ibe *npematnral or spiritna'

It cannot be denied that Swedenborg's Ibeosophy ha*
exerted an important influence opon many gifted mind*
ir &om accepting all the details of liia extra-
evelatiotu. This need surprise us the less
because' "what appears as Swedenborg's cmditica and
bntaaiea," to adopt the words of the Rev. E. H. Sear^
"aTeextTaneoD*tohiBC**entIa]*ystem." (See"MonlU]i
Religions Magazine" for Match, 1865.)

S» " Xauod SwidnbB* t hia Lift and Wridw," by WiLUAH
Wniis. 1 vols. tA Londdo, iB6t. (pneooiBid br BsoiyJuMs "b|
br tb( bat Ufa of Swcdiiibati ;" KB " Nunh AmenaD Kinnr" in*

lass, '■1. Smacsbuc'' iS>t: S. SAnau. "AuiinalH-m
Bfnt E.8«cdeabor(,"i7n:CAiLy. BAiiL"K. Sind»bar(. d«
N<ir<U»dn StliBT," etc, 1841 1 Knwm P. Hood, " Swcdenboii ; a
M«npht ■sd Eipoudon," Am- Elihii Rich, " Bioeriipblca
Sktlch<»r B. Swedenborv." tSi4: BairictT. "Lifaaf K.Soidv-
bocs," i&(3: Tatil, "E. Swedcnbivi uuJ leuii Gwiit." i Tola.,
-°li 1 " PnKT'i Maguins" lot Febraaiy, iSj;, ud Juu, iS6t.

Bweert*. sMat*, (Emmanuel,) a Belgian bonnist,
bom near Breda about 1553, puldished " Florilegium
Amplissimom el SeLeciissimum," (1613.)

Bwverta, (Pisaai FsANgois,) a Bel|^n historiai^
bom at Antwerp in 15G7 ; died in 1639.

BvMrga. See Swaroa.

Bwatotalne, (Madame Sophia.) See SvETCHint.

S'wat^ (John Applbtoh,) M.D,, on American phy-
aidan, bom at Boston in iSoS. He became in 1S40
associate editor of the " New York Journal of Medidne,"

'■ " ~ 'essor of the theory and practice of medi>

.-f ei«ity of the City of New York. He

ibli*he<i •" Treatise mi Diaeases of the Chest," (1859.)

paUU
EHed

t; \hard; ^tij;a,H,K,giMtrBl; M.mim/; M^tnOtd: la**; tbaaiul

(I^See EsplanatioM, p. 3).)

Digitized ay CjOOQ IC

SWBYN X3

8wnii,a«iD,[L*t Suk'no ; Fr. Sy*HOH,iil-i'n&N',|
King Of DenmvK, obtained the throne about 9S6 A.D.
HcMg*D ilxHit 944. a Miiet of piratical expediliont
■aainct the Anglo-Saioni, and ravaged the coaitt of
Sgland. King Etbelred, unable to protect his realm
by antu, induced Sweyn M retire bj paying him a large
mm of noney. Sweyn soon retarned, and obtuned
poueamon of a gieal part of England. He died about
IO14, and was luCMedtd by his Km, Canute the Great.

Bwayn XL, a erandion of the preceding, was bom
aboQt I03S, and became King of Denmark in 1047.
Died in 1076.

BwaynhoTia, s4In'hlDi, (Conkad,) a German
printer, who, in conjunctioa with his (riend Ponnart^
fini introduced priming into Italy. Died about 14^

Bwletao, van, vin swee't;n, (Gbraard,) an eminent
Dutch physician, bora at Leyden in 170a He atudied
BKdidae and chemistry under Boerboave, and became
professor of medicine in his nadie dty. Having been
obliged to retien this professorship on account of tiis
being a Catholic, ho was appointed in 1745 first phy-
^dan to Maria Theresa of Austria. He was created by
the empress a baron of the empire, superintendent of
the Imperial Library, and perpetual president of the
medical faculty. His "Cohimentaries on the Aphoriama
of Hermann Boerhiave on (he Diignosia and Cure of
Diseases" (" Commentaria in H. Boerhaavii Aphorismoa
de Cognoscendis et Curandis Horbis"] is regarded a* a
standard work. Died in I77l>

Bwlf^ (DiANB,) a rdalive of the celebrated writer,
noticed below, was the author of an " Essay on the LJfe,
Character, and Writinga of Dr. Jonathan Swift," ett,
(1755.) He published m 1765 an edition of the w™"™
of Swift. Died in 1783.

Birift, ( Jonathan, ) a celebrated humorist and
satirist, bora in Dublin on the 3ath of November, 1667,
was s son of Jonathan Swift, an English attorney, who
remofed to Ireland, and died before the birth of the
subject of this article. He was educated at Trinity Col-
lege, Dublin, (which he entered in i6Ss;,) at the expense
of bis nncle, Godwin Swift, for he inherited nothing from
fait father. He graduated In 1685, and remained at
Trinity College until 168S. About this date he entered
bto the service of Sir William Temple, (adiatant relatlTe
of Swift's muiher.) who employed nim aa aecretary and
received him aa an Inmate m his (aially at Moor Park.
His salary was only twenty pounds a yMr. He obtained
the degree of M.A. at Oxford in 1693, after which he
took holy orders. Aspirli^ to a more independent
position, lie left the service of Sir William Temple in
1694, and went to Ireland. He became prebendary of
Kilroot, but, having received an Inviution from Sir
William, with promise of patronage, he returned to Hoor
Park in 1695. He was treated is a friend by Temple,
who died in 1699 and left him a legacy. At Moor I^rk
be became acquainted with Esther Johnson, to whom
he gave the poetical name of "Stella." In 1699 on 700
he was appointed rector of Agher and vicar of Laracor
in Ireland. At his Invitation, Miss Johnson went In 1700
to reside at or near Laracor, expecting that Swift would
make her an ofi^t of marriage. It appears that be did
not wish to marry, but was fond of her sodeir, and
nnerally conversed with her In the presence ol amie
third person.

In 1701 he pobHshed a political tract, entitled "A
Discourse of the Contests and Dissensions between the
Nobles and Commons of Athens and Rome," which

his humorous and satirical "Talc of a Tub," (anony-
mous,) and "The Battle of the Books." "The 'Tale of
a Tub,' " says Hallam, " is, in my apprehension, the mas-
ter-piece of Swift : certainly Rabelais has nothing superior
even in invention, nor anything so condensed, so pointed,
so ftlll of real meaning, of Biting satire, of felicitous
analorv." (" Introduction to the Literature of Europe.")
Swift was often disappointed in his hopes of prefer-
ment, and gradually turned from the Whig to Che Tory
party. About 1708 he published a " Project for the
Advancement of Religion," which is said to be the only
work to which he ever put his name. During a vii ' '

London he wrote a seriea of letteia to Miss Johaao^
entitled''JoamattoStella." He e<Uted the " Ezaminar.'*
a weekly Tory paper, (from November, 1710, to Jkm
14. 1711,) in which he displayed great talents for satiic

and raillery in personal attat^ on Godolphin, S
■ ■ ■■ tlboro ■ ■ ■ ■' ■

1 Hark,, , „

and with Pope, the poet. He advocated the cessatiaa tt

land, Marlborough, and others. He became tot intl-
with Harley, Earl of Oxford, with Lord Bolingbrx>k&

' ' " .... ..... jjjtjono*

hostilities against Louis XIV., in an able tract on " Tb*
Conduct of the Allies," (tyta,) which had great snccca^
and efficiently promoted the peace of Utrecht, (lyi^)
For this service he was rewarded with the place of Deaa
(rf Saint Patrick's, Dublin, in 1713. He would probabb
have obtained abishopricif hehad not written the "Taw
of a Tub," in which he exposed religious abases, and
popery especially, with great freedom and even levity.
Though ill satisfied with his recenl preferment, be went
to take possession of the deanery ; but he remained only
a few vreeks in Dublin. He returned to London, where
his presence was required to recondle Oxford wd Bolinc
broke ; but he failed in this attempt ;

Aboat 1713 be formed an acquaintance with EMher
Vanhomrigh, (" Vanessa,'^ who became fondly attached
to him, and is said to have made him a proposal <A nut.
riage, which he declined. On this subject he wrote a
poem entitled "Cadenus and Vanessa." In 1716 Swift
and Stella were privately married; but they never lived
together or met except when others were presenL She

5 resided at his table on public days, and attended bim
nring illneaa. She died in 1738. He produced in 1716
or 1737 his famous "Travels of Lemuel GDlliTer," a
satirical romance, displaying great originality and aiL
In the latter part of his life he became morose, imsaa-
thropic^ and solitary. His memory and other ^coltiea
&iled in 1741, He died in Dnblin in October, 1745.

There was much paradox and inconsistency in Swifts
character. He is said to have given a large part of bis
income to Che poor, and he acquired great popularity
among the Irish, although he regarded them as aliens
and inferiora. Swift's style is remarkable for its direct-
ness, simplidCy, and perspicuity. In description, even
of the most commonplace things, tils power is oflen
perfectly marvellous; everything is presented to the
mind with a distinctness and vividness which remind
of the works of the old Dutch painters. Hacanlay

~^' — ■■' Moor Park as a "poor scholar, under

WHOM plain garo and ungainly deportment were coo-
oealed some of Che choicest gifts that have ever been
bestowed on an;^ of the children of men, — rare powers of
observation, brilliant wit, grotesque invention, huaaaf
of the most austere flavour, yet exquisitely delidoos,
eloqoence singularly pure, manly, and perspicnoos "
("History of England," vol. iv.)

Sh J. HAWnawMTH, "lid af Joutban SwHt." ijn; T.
Shuudah, " Ufa of Swift." >rt4; JoamM. "Una J ibe &«i4
PgMi 1" Su Waltw Scott, '■BiacnpliiH of RniBsni HoviIbrs.'
Thackbav, "Engliih Humoiuu;" "Ediibvih Renews" Si^
ivnbu', iBifii DiAHS Swirr, "bBvoniha Life aad Chsnoa' tf
Swift, ''irjii QnnrriHCaADniaD, "Eoai luMeriqiH ■> It Daatat
8wift,"iUi CAMratLL, "SpMineBsartlM Britiili PaMs.-" Loa

«.TWtxl, "Exani" "SwiftiiBa," Laodoo, t vol*.. iSm: Casl
■nUt, "J. Swift's LcfnriH," i7«d; W. Rutsiu, " Eown
PtnoDift*," 1S61L H. RsvHAU), "UoKnphHdi J. Swift." iMa:

B'vrUt (JosiPK GAU>Nn,J an American general and
engineer, born in Nantucket in 1783. He graduated al
the Military Academy at West Point, ana wa* SBbse-
quently made captain of engineers. He was appelated
in 1S19 superintendent of the liarbonr improvements oo
the lakes. Died Juiy 33, 1865.

Bwift^ (Lewis,) an American astronoaer, bom u
Clarkson, Monroe county, New York, February 19^ iba
He began in early life to lecture and experiment on dec-
tiidtv and magnetism, and after 1S5; devoted himself
chiefly to astronomy, and espedally to the study of cometa
He became director of Che Warner Observatory, al
Rochester, New York, in 1883, afterwards of the
Lowe Observatory, California. He discovered nn-
rocrons comets, and over twelve hundred nebul*.

Bwlft (Thbofhilus.) son of Deane Swift, notkaJ
above,wasthc author of poems entitled "TheGamUen^
and "The Temple of Folly," an " Essay on the Rise ari
Progress of Rhyme," and other works. Died in iBlJ.

l,lbI,I^<^T>'«V>'^^^*>'"«>l«** prolonged) i,i,i,S,il,f,tibrt;»,«,i,9,*fKMra.' Or, fUI,aU;mlti nAt; gitUim^a

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

SwifU (Zbphaniah,) »n American Joriit, born at
Wtrehim, MassachuMtU, in 1750, wu secrctair of the
Cmbaisj to France In 1800^ and In 1806 chief Juitice
nf Connecticut He published a "Treatise on BtUb of
Sxchangc," and other lesal works. Died in 1S13.

Bwlnbnnift ■wln'bl&'n, (Alobknqn Cmabuu,^ an
English poet, bora near HeQle<f.on-Thame«, April 5,
1837. He Rtndied at Oxford, which he qnitted withoni
■ degree. Hia first publications were the tallowing poet-

G fiercely assailed on the score of immoraJi^.
Among his other works are " Songs before Sunrise,
(1871,) "Bolhwell," a tragedy, (1874.) ■' Erech-
Iheus," H tragedy, (1876,) "Tristram of Lyonesse,"
(1879,) "Mary Stuarl,'' (1883,) "A Century of
Roundels," (1883,) "The Sisters," (1892,) "The
Tale of Balm," (1S96.) His prose works ate " Mis-
cellanies," (1S86,) "Studies in Prose and Poetry,"
(1894,) etc. Died January 10, 1909.

Bwlnbarna, (Hsnmr,) on English tnmller, bom in
1753, published "Travels through Spain in 1775 and
1 776," " Travels in the Two Sicilies," and a correspond-
ence entitled " The Courts of Europe at the Close of the
Last Century," (1841.) Died in 1S03.

Bwlndan, van, vtn swin'dfn, (Jan Hxnduk,) a
Dutch philosopher and mathematician, born at the
Hague in 1746. He became in 1785 professor of phyncs
aiKTastronomy at Amsterdam. He was a corresponding
member of the French Institute and of other learned
societies, and filled several important oScei under the
govemmenL Among his principal works are a "Dis-
sertation on the Analogy between Electricity and Mag-
netism," and a "Treatise on Weights and Meastuee,"
(1802.) Died in 1813.

S« G. Mou, " Redaroaini am J, H. na SwiadtB," ttM-

B<gtrlii^ (David,) an Amencan clergyman, bom lo
Ctndnnati, August 13, 1830, graduated at Miami Uni-
versity, was head-master of the grammar-school of that
institution, 1854-66, and in 1S66 became pastor of a
church in Chicago. His trial on the charge of heresy
made his name bmous. His published works indode
" The Motives of Life," "Club Essays," three volumes
of " Sermons," elc Died October 3, 1894.

Swin'iiook, (Gkokoi;) an Enghsh nonconformist
minister, bom ai Maidstone. He wrote several religion*
works. Died in 1673.

Bwla't^a, (JpHK,) a learned English divine, bom in
Cheshire in 1703. He became keeper of the archives
at Oxford, and published several treatises on Roman
and Phcenidan anliooitie*. He was also ■ contributor
to the "Universal History." Died in 1777.

Byria't^n, (William,] a historian and author, bom at
Saltonn, Scotland, April 33, 1S33. He was educated at
Amherst Colle^, and was five years professor of litera-
ture in the University of California. He Ibr aome time
was a iournalist ot New York. His principal books an
" Rambles among Words," {1859,) "The Twelve Ded-
rive Battles of the War," tl87ij " History of the United
States," (1B7S,) " Campaigns of the Army (rf the Poto-
mac," (1883,1 and ■ series of English grammars, geogra-
phies, histories, etc Died October a$, 1S9S.

BwtM'halnit (Mr«.jAKK Gbby Cannon,) an Amer-
ican reformer, btim at Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, December
6, 1815. For many years prominent as an editor, she
was during the war of lSGi-65 a nurse in the military
hospitals. Her principal books are " Letters to Country
Girls," (1853,) and "Half a Century," (iSSo.) an auto-
biography. Died at Swissvale, Fsinsylvania, July S3,
.884-

Swltti'lii, Saint, an English prelate, wss cbaptaln
to King ^bert, and preceptor to Kti son EthelwoU He
was atierwards tutor to Prince Alfi^ and in 853 wss
made Bishop ot Winchester. Died in 863.

Swoboda, sfto-bu'dl, {Wknzbl Alovs,) a Bidiemian
/MJraitur, born in 17S1, published tale*, novels, and
treatises on music, lie also translated Seneca^ '
into GermaiL Died In 1S49.

SYDOfV

Sword, sSrd, Qahes B.,) an American artls^ bom

Philadelphia. October 11, 183^ He graduated at the
Central High School of hi* native c>t)|, studied art, and
in iSSt was choaen president of the Philadelphia Sode^
of Artists.

Bwturg or Bwtirga. See Swaroa.

By-X'grl-ns, Saint, an induential French ecdedastic,

im at Autnn [Augustodnnuin) about <|30 A.D. He
became Bishop of Autun about jfo. Died b fiocx

SybeL TOD, fan seettel, (HBimiCH,) an eminent
icrman bittorian, bom at Dn**e1dorf^ December 3, 1S17.
ie studied at Berlin and Bonn, was made eitraordina^
■rofessor of history at Bonn in 1844. and full professor at
darburg in 1845 and at Bonn in 1861. In 1875 he waa
.ppointed director of the Prusaian archive*. His prin-
dpal work is a "History of the French Revotabon,"
('853-57-) He also wrole a great history of the
founding of the Gertaan {:mpire by William I.,
(1S80-94,) and other works. Died Aueust I, 189;.

BybrBolit Oa».) See SrawcirT.

By dMibun, sld'fn-ym, (Chaklis Edwakd PODLSn
Thompson,) Lokd^ an English Whig statesman, born
in Surrey in 1799, was a merchant in his youth. He
was elected to Parliament for Dover in 1836, and again
in 1830. His superior talents (or business procured for
him a ra[Hd promotion. He became president of the
board of trade in June, 1 834, and a member of the cabi-
net in 1835- He represented Manchester in Parliament
from 1S33 till 1839, was appointed Governor-General
of Canada in 1839, and raised to the peerage, a* Baroo
Sydenham, in 184a Died in Canada in September, 1841.

S« SciurK " LU* of Lord » ~

Sydenluun, (Flovkr,) an English acholar, bom in
171a He published an eac«llent translation of the
prindpal part of the work* of Plato, but, having be>
come embarrassed, he was imprisoned for debt, and
died in 1787. This mdancholjr event gave rise to the
establishment of the Literary Fund fur the relief of in-
digent and deserving writers. Sydenham also published
"Onomasticon Theotogicum; or, An Essay on the
Divine Names, according to the Platonic Philosophy,"
and a " Dissertation on the Doctrine of HeracUtus,"
etc, (1775.)

Bydanham, (Thomas,) a celebrated English phyH-
dan, sometimes called "the English Hippocrates," was
bom in Dorsetshire in 1634. He entered Magdalene
Hail, Oxford, as a commoner in 1643, and took the
degree of bachelor of physic in 1648. Having subse-
quently graduated as doctor of medicine at Cambridge,
he settled in London about 1660. In 1663 he was ad-
mitted as a licentiate of the College of Physidans, the
majority of whom. It is said, were liostile to him. He
rose rapidly to the foremost rank in his profession, and
enjoyed the friendship of Locke and Boyle. In 1666
he published a "Treatise on Fever*." He discovered
the efficacy of a cool regimen in smallpox, by which dii-
covery he saved many thousand lives. He wrote several
short medical treatises, which were published collectively
with the title of "Opera Omnia Hedica," (16SO and
have been often reprinted. The best edition is that
entitled " Opera Medica," published at Geneva, (3 vol*.
4to, 1716.) In the latter ycsKa of bis life he sofiered
much from the gouL Died in December, 1689. " Hb
•Ull in physic," says Dr. Johnson, "was not hi* highest
excellence ; his whole character was amiable : hi* chief
view waa the benefit of mankind, and the chief motive
of hit actions, the will of God, whom he mentions with
a reverence well becoming the most enlightened and
moat penetrating mind."

S« lomson, "Lib al Sjiabtm," itmi PainnLu,"Note
nr h VI> dt SrdMhaah" iSrt; F. Jaiw, -Sjimlitms Batesg
MT irimmthsftliel— IfwidB," iS^ii Oomw. "T. Sfdabaa^"
11*7: "EMTdopodis Bntmua;" ■'liwaf lb* Bndik P^
■kan," Loodon, ttff; "Bkcraptu Britumjea."

Bydnoy, (Sir Philip.} See SiintKy.

Bydow, see'do*, (Kau. Lupold Adolt,) a German
latitndinarian divine, bora at Berlin, November 13, iSoa
For manv years pastor of the Nene Kitche in Berlin, be
was fined and censured for heresy in 1873, but waa not
displaced. He was one of the translators of Cbanning**
writing* into the German. Died October 33, 1SS2.

■a 4; f as t: g iarJ; | as/- a, h, K.tyattiral! v, ikuoJ; k, IrilUJ; 1 as 1,- th ai

n iJkU, (l^-See ExplanatT.wis, p. n.\

Digitized ay CjOOQ IC

nient* to be prebendujr of Wincheater. He mi the
author of IE "Eway on the Trnth of the ChiistUa
Reli^on,' etc, >nd other works. Died in 175&

8yk«a, (GsoaGc,) an American general, bora in Uair-
taiid about 1S14, graduated at West PtAal in 1841 He
commanded a division of Ibe Union armjp al Gainei'i
llill, June 17, 1S63, and a corps at Gettysburg, July 1-3,
186^ lie wu brevettcd nujor-eeneral in 1865, and
became colonel in 1868. Died February 8, iS8a

Bjlbaig, sD'bKRO, [LaL Svlbdr'oius,} <Fkixd-
BiCH,) a German Mholar, bom near Marbon in 1536.
He studied Greek al Jena, and subwqtieniiy *

bto a conoection with tiie printer Jerome Co
■I Heidetbers, at director or the printing irf the Greek
■od Latin oaasica. He pobliilied edibons of PanM-
oia*, Aristotle, Oionyaius of Halicamassus, Zoaimn,
Justin Martyr, and other andent writers. He also
contributed to the " Thesaurus" of Heniy Stephens.
Sylburg was one of the greatest Mholais of his time,
and his eiUtioiit of the clu^ci have periiaps never been
(uipassed in critical accnrat^. Died in 159&

S« J. G. Jlma " Lrttnit— hwibmn T. S*lbnri'i," iiu! M-
Abah. " Ting PUWapbamB 1" tAmMiaat, " BibUotbeca Qnia."

BjlbnrgliiB. See Svlbuko.

BylU. See Sdlla.

Bylvanno. See Silvanui.

BjlTeiliia. See Silvsuuil

8f Uvaa'tf r, [Fr, Siltistm, sit'vtsta' ; It Silvb*-
TKo, itl-vb'tao,] Saiwt, was elected Pope of Rome
' - ••■•'■ >ontificate the celebral ' "

led (js

a first promulgated. Died i

ploiuatist, was amba

and published, after hi* return, hia " Embaaajr to tl
Kinnlom of Ara." Died In 1809.
Bf m'tng-t^n, (Ahduw Jambs,) a Scottish aothoi,

Poems," (iSss,) "The Bcautifol in Art, Naturs, and
life," (1857,) "Pen and Pencil Sketches in Iceland »od
Faro^" (iS&t.) "The ReasoDableneaa of Faith," (l8m)
Live* of Chaimen, Gotbrie, Lover, Thotuas Hooce^ Bry-
ant, asd Wordsworth, •• Christmaa b Fictare, SoU sod
St<MT,"(iS7S,) " The Four SeaMns," (1879^ and "Hmtt
to Our Bon," (1884.)

BjFm'lns-tfo. (W^) a Scottish thMlogiu, bom k
179J. He was a profEMO of thetdogy of th* Re-
fonited Presbyterian Church, and lived in Glasgow. He
published works entitled " The Atonement and Interce*-
tion of Christ," and " Mediatorial Domiidan of Christ."
Died in Glasgow in lanuan, 186a.

Sfni'iii9-«]»is, [Gr. Ivfi/imm FT. SviauQin, «'•
mUi'.l snrnamed thi SAUAaiTAH, is supposed to havs
Sourished atxnit 100 A.D. Having been converted to
Christianity, he made ■ translation ol the Old TeMamant
into Greek, which has been highly commended for the

f Nice vras assembled (}35) and the Arian Jiereay

Sea lln. Jaudoic, " Hinor; of Statd ud tjtfeaitTj ArL"

BytvMitei H. succeeded Gregory V. as Pope of
Rome in 999 A.D. His original name wu Gbrbekt,
and lie wasanatiTeof Auvergne. Hewaadiatineuished
for hia attainments in maChematica and philosophy, and
made several valuable discoveries. He died in IOO3,
leaving a number of sdendfic treatises.

Bjn^tt&r UL, Ahti-Popi, was raised to the pon-
tificate in 1013, in opposition to Benedict IX., but after
a short time he was dcpoaed.

8yi-T«s't9T, (JAMU Joseph,) LL.D., an English
mathematician, h^ in London, of Jewish parents, Sep-
tember 3, 1814- Me graduated at Saint John's Colle^
Cambridge, as second wrai^ler, held professorships
of msthematics in University College, London, in the
University of Virginia, In the Royal hCllitary Academy
at Woolwich, and at Johns Hopkias University, Bslti-
more, (1876-83,) and m 1883 became professor of geom-
etry in the UniveraiCv of Oxford. He was one of the
proToundest of moderh students of the higher algeln'a,
made very important improvements and discoveries in
various branches of pure and applied mathematics, and
waa author of many valuable adentific papers. Died in
London, March Ij. 1S97.

ajFl-vla'tfr, QosHUA,) an English Puritan writer,
born in 1563, was the author of a poem entitled "To-
bacco Battered and the Pipes Shattered by a Volley of
Holy Shot Thundered from Mount Helicon." He loadc
several translations from the French. Died in 1618.

S^lTWt«r, <hfATTKKW,) an English nonconformist
minister, was ejected about 1661, after which he preached
in London. He edited Baxter^ " History of bit lift
and Times." Died in 1708.

Sylvlnn, the Latin of Dubois; (which tee.)

Sylvliu, (jEnkas.) See Pius II.

I^MlM, (Fkanz.) See Dtrsois de la BoL

i^lTina, aU've-ts, (Lambert,) or Tan d«n Bowill,
vin dCn bosk, a Dutch writer, bom at Dort in 161a.
He wrote histories, poems, etc Died in 168S.

871110, Uahes,) an eminent Scottish surgeon and ph);-
ndan, bom in Fifeshire about i3oa He was a pupil
of Robert Ligton, at Edinburgh. He gained a high
reputation as an operator ana at a writer on aui^er^.
About 1833 he became professor of clinical surgery •-
tbe University of Edinburgh. Among his works are

"Treatise

1 the

Jdnts," {1831,)

_, .iiTiNTOSAURBUm,) a Roman orator

and statesman. He became inoceadvely proconsul of
Africa, prefect of Rome, (38^) and oonanl, (wi A.ik)
He waa a lealona defender of i—y'*"! and laboared
dowiOaS. Died about 410^

_ _ ___ is said to have been a man of great ability

and learning. Ftagmentsof his orations have been pub-
lished by Aogelo Mai

Stt pAUicin^ " SiWudisei La>iu:" Ahold Uai, "Cib-
Btiifl Prarii di STBrnKtwi" K. Hoam, " Xmdg lur U Via di
ttmtqm," tttf, "NgsnU* Bkcr^iUaGda^nU."

BTmnuqun. See Syumachu&

BTininas, sbn^ (John Clktbi,) an American toldiet,
}m in New Jersey about itScl h chieSy known as the
advocate of a the«ry repretentins the earth as hollow,
•pen at the poles, ana habitable within. He wrote
tevenl treatiset on the tobject, but made very few
convent. Died in 1819.

Bfm'mft^ (CUARLca,) M.D., born at Cardigan,
Wales, in ■;49, was the author of a "Life of MDtoo,"
and dramatic poems eadtled " Ines" and " CoontantiB."
Died{ni8i&

Bfm^dl, (JoHK Admnotoh,) an English author.

nthor of a masterly " History of the Rena

taly," {Sto1«.,i87S-Si,) an "Introduction to ,

' Dimte," a "Life of Shelley," and other worka. He

also published several volumes of v

lent work called " Sliakespeare's Predecesiors io the

English Drami." (1883.) Died April 19, 1893.

Bf'manai, (Sir WaUAM,) an Ei^lith rear-admirai
and naval architect, l>om in 1781. He made improve-
ments m the construction of ships, and was sarreyor of
the navy from 1S31 to 1847. Died in 185G.

Sf'iiijpiil, (JsuNCiR C.,) an English writ» and phi-
lanthropist, born in 1S09 or iSio. He wrote 00 educa-
tion and social reform. Died in i86a

Byn, ain, or Synin, atn'e-4, [perhapa from nm,
"-■jW'ar^

account of her watchfiilnett

and sagacity,] a goddess in the Norse mytholosj, tl
portress of the hall or palace of Odin, and aSo ti
patron of those who in a lawsuit sre in danger of beiif
injured by fiUse testimony.

BTD-aellna, JGi. SvytOiat; ; Fr. Li Svncku.^ Ifh
sAit'stl',] (GioRGK,) a Greek monk and chronicler of the
eighth century, wts the authw of a " Chronogmpby," ot
chronologiad history of the world from tha creatMM tu
the dme of DiodctiMi.

a, i, I, e, u, y, /<nr; il, i, ^ tame, lest prolonged; I, £, I, S, 1,1 , fAfft;^ t, 1, 9, «fanv;r; Ilr, flu, flti mtti nOt; fOM; m^

SYNESKm

Ne<^ Platonic philoatq^er, wu boin at Cyrene, in AMoi,
hi 378 A.U H« wu a discip1« of Hypatia at Alexandria ;
but ke wM aftemidt converted lo Chriilianity, and
becanw Biiliop of Ptolemaii in 410 a.ix He «* tbe
anthor of a treatiae " On Dreaoi*," " Dion, or on Self-
Diadpline," a large collection of lettera, and Kveial
hymns and epigrama. Hit woika ars attired for Ibe
s^le and otber merits. Died about 430L

Bynasliu, a Greek writer on medidae, (be d&le of
whose birth is nnimown. His "Treatise on Fevers,"
a translatioD from the Arabic of Ibnu'l-Jeuar, is hli
only extant work.

Byngo, ^nj, (Edward,) bom at Cork, in Ireland,
in 1659, rose to be Aichbisbop of Tuam. He was the
author of sevenJ religious works. Died in 1741.

Syoge, (John MiDDUtroH,) an Irish dramatist, bom
at Dublin in 1671. He was associMed willi W. B. Yeats
in the revival of the Irish language sod drama, and wrote
several plays, the most striking being ' ' The Playboy of
the Weslem World," produced in 1906. Died in 1909.
Byn'ti-paa, the Greek form of the name of Benda-
biLd, sin-defa-btd', a Hindoo or Persian philosopher, to
vrhom is ascribed a collection of tales and apolc^ues
which were translated lolo Greek by Michael Andreo'
pouloi, and were published by Boissonoade in 1838.
Bfftmx, [Or. Xi^,) a king of Numidia, made
alliance with the Romans in 313 B.C., after which be
waged war againat Maainissa. About the year 904 he
beome an ally of Carthage in the second Panic war.
He WM defeated by Sd^o in 303 B.C., and m» taken
M a priaoner to Rome. Died abont aoi.

Bjhr-I-X'niw, [Gr. Yapmtts,\ a Greek philceopher of
the Neo-Plaionic achool, «u bom at Alenndria or
Gaia, He succeeded Plutarchns a* the head of the
Neo-Platonic school at Athens. Among hit disdplet
was the celebrated Proclus, who expressed a very high
opinion of Syrianus. He wrote several works, which
are loat, and a "Commentary on the Metaphysic* of
Aristotle," which is extant Died about 450 A.D.

TACITO

Bfr-o-pnltu^ (SVLvmut,) a
Greek Charch, and resident ik Constantinople In ^»
fifteenth century, was the anthtn- of a " History of th*
Council of Florence."

Bynu. See PuBUns Sntm.

Szabo, sl'bo, (David,) a Trantylnuiian poet, ben
In 1739, made a translation of Milton'i"ParaaiM Loet"
and of Virgil's " j^neid," and published a poem entitled
a " Description of Rural Lile." Died in i3ic|.

e^tOT vi the '^Pesti Hirla[k<

Statesmen," (1S47,] anil •■FnUi^tic'writinga,'' (1847.)
i:Kedini864.

Bxalkftl, sol'kl, [AirTHONV,) a Hungarian dramatic
poet of the eighteenth century. His " ^kko Hertie^
1* said to have been the flnt regular drama in the Hun-
garian language. Died In 1804.

BbAoIimi^ ai'zBn-ye, (Stephkit,) Count, a Hon*
garian noUemim, eminent for hit public apirit, was borm

Vienna In lydk He w«t a liberal patron oflaamii^
aitd promoter of raral economy. He was a pioneer in
the navigation of the Dannbe by steam. In politics h«
opposed the measures of KottQth which produced ot
preceded the rerolution of 184S. Died In i86a

Ssemdl, djWd-e, (Tohh BAPTm,) a Honariao
Jesuit, Dom at Eisenstadt in 1699. He published teve-
ral works on Hungarian history and laws. Died in 1760

Sie-ma-Kwuig. See Sss-MA-KwAxa

Sze-ma'Ttlen. See Ssb-ma-Tsibn.

Baemere, si'mtb-rii, (Bartholoubw,) a Hungarian
patriot and statesman, born in the connty of Boniod In
■811. Having previously filled several important office!
under the ^veroment, he became in 1849 president of
the new ministry. After Gdtgey became mctator, Sse<
mere took up hia residence in Paris, where he published
a number of political treatises. Died in 1865.

Szl^Ugatl, sigpe-gft-te, (Joseph,) a distingahhed
Hungariandramatiat, bom at Grosswardein in 1814, He
published, amraiE other play*, "The Travelling A ctoi,"
and "Crown and Sword." iKed Jannary 19, 1878

Tabannd, tl'Ul'rS', IMathibu Mathuuk,) a
French Janaenist priest and writer, bom at LImiwes in
■744. He wrote "Histoire de Pierre de Mtuire," (1
volt!, I Si 7,) and many controversial works, among which
It an "^say on the State of the Jesuits in France,"
(1838.} Died in 183a.

$« "Hoavdli BiociaiiliH O^^rak."

TkbwM or TKtwri, (Aboo- (AbA-) Jufar-BCo-
luunmttd, I'bdB yVt-fv mo-hlm'med,) an eminent Arab
historian, bom in Tabiuistln in 839 A.D. He was the
author of a " Universal History from the Creation to 314
A.D4" a " Commentary on the Koran," and other worka.

H^bailD, ^VhVt%»', the ataamcd name of the un-
known writer of a mass of comic dialogaea and liudcal
adventure* in mde dramatic form. They are In PVench,
and teen to date from abont 1630. Two volumes of
Tabarin't works were published in 1858.

niber'immoiihi''niu, (Jacobus Theodorus,) a
physician and naturalist, bom at Berg-Zabem, in
Alsace, about 1530. His prindpal work is entitled a
" New Complete Herbal," (" Neue volkommen
Kraulerbuch," ) whicfa was highly esteemed in bis time.
Died in 1590.

Tab'ley. (John Bvrne Warrbh,) Lord, an
English author, was bom in 1835, educated at Oxford,
and succeeded hi* father at baronet in 1887. He pub-
lished eight volumes of poems and two novels, [lis
most notable productions are his plays " Philotectes"
and " Otesies." Died in 180S-

Taboiwt, trboo-fc', [Lat. TABofTtus,] (Tuubn.) a
French jnritt and hiitorian, bom near lie Hant about

Tabonrot; itlwo'ro', (Etiehni,) a French lawyer
and humorous writer, called the "SeigneardetAccordt,"
waa bom at Dijon in 1547. He puDlished a collection
of facetious poema entitled "Let Bigarrurei et Tonchea
(hi Seigneur des Accords," etc, (IS73-) Died in 15901

TabTOASM or Xnbrt4 tl-bree'iee, (Al>oo- (Abft>)
Zacliula-TahU, Vbea il-Kl-ree'l y&h'hej,) an Arab
grammarian and critical writer, wit professor at Bagdid.

TnbitsL See Tabrebu.

Taooa, tikOd^ (Pietro Giacouo,) an Italian sculptor,
was a pupil of John of Bologna. Died in 164a

Taocoll, tlk'ko-lee, (NiccoiA) Count, an ItaUan
historian, bom at Reggio in 1690; died in 1768.

Too-ff-if'iifS, a Numidian, who, duiii^ the re^ of
Tiberius, took arms against the Roman*, aboal 18 A.Dt
He gained some victories, but wat defeated and killed

Taohud, tfshtR', (Gui,) a French Jetnli and mlt-
rionary to Slam in IHC pablUbed, after hi* retwn, an
account of his travel*, (1 vol*., 16S9.) Died in 1711.

Tach^ tl'shi', (ALnxHDRB,) D.D., aCantduu uel-
ale, bom at Kamonratka In i&ta. Educated at Saint
Hyadnihe CoUep, be went In 1S43 to Saint Boniface,
(now in Manitoba^ wm ordained a priest, and became ■
missimaryof the Order of Obbtei of Marylmmaculalo,
In [851 he wat contecnted Bithopof Aiath in/arHitu,
succeeded as Bishop of Saint Boniface in 1853, and in
1871 was promoted to be archbishop. Died in 1894.

Xnolta. See Tacitui.

noito. See TACmfs.

i»i: fasj; lAarJ; fi9»};Q.H,X,fMvral; n,matal: t^triiUd; lats; «ha*inlM(. (j

P-W

l-yC00<^lc

TACITUS 22

Tlftffl-tM.IFr.TACiTB.tl'sii'; IL Tacito, tTche-to,]
ICAtOS COKNiuus,) a celebrated RonuD hutorian, ww
born about 55 A.D. The events of his early life haw
not been recorded. He entered the public service in
the reign of Vespasian, and married a daughter of C.
Juliui Agricola, the (amoos general, in 7S a.d. He wu
•n intimate friend of Pliny the Younger, from whoM
letter! we derive a la^e part of the 1
we have of his life. In the jrear S3 he obtuned the
o&ce of praetor. He waa one of the moat eloquent

orators of^ his time. In the reign of Nerva he ""

consul, 97 A. D., and about the same date he wi...

work on Germany, — "On the Situation. Customs, etc.
of Germany." (" De Situ, Moribus et PupulisGcrn: ~

Taciius and Pliny conducted the prosecution .„. ..__
Uarius Priscus, who wu convicted of cruelty and other
crimes in loo A.11.

Among hi« earlier works i* a "Life of AgricoU,'
which is much admired. After the death of Nerva, be
wrote "The Hiatoriea." {" Historiarum Ubri XIV.,")
which treat ot the period ftom 6S to 96 a.d. This work
is lost, except the first five books. His reputation
chiefly founded on his " Annals," (" Annalei,' ) in sixteen
book*, which record the history of the Roman empire from
the death uf Augustus, 14 a.d., to the death of Nero,
A.D. This excellent work is extant, except the seventh,
eighth, ninth, and tenth books, and parts of three other
baoia. His "Annals" were completed about 116 A.D.
The date of his death is not known. He waa a Stoic in
philosophy, and probably knew nothing of Christianity.
According to Gibbon, "he was the first historian who
applied the sdence of philosophy to the study of facts."
(" History," voL t 33J.) He displays profound insight
into the motives of human conduct and the dark re(
of character. His style is eminently concise and vigc

"Of the Latin historians," says Macaulay, " T:
was certainly the greatest. His style, indeed, is nolonlyj
faulty in itself but is in some respects peculiarly unfit
for historical composilioiu ... lie tells a fine story
finely, but be cannot tell a plain story plainly. He stim-l
nlate* till all stimulants lose their power. . . . Li the
delineation of character, Tacitos is unrivalled among
historians, and has very few superiors amon^ dramatist!'
and novelists." (Elssay on "History," published in the
"Edinburgh Review," iSiS.)

S«a BttmCHR, " Dt Vim. Sciiplii k Sdlo Tadtl," tSu \ Sia-
vu, " TkiIiu urn) Tiberius" iS^i Duaou-Onciuii, " Tidti et
•DD Siid>," 1 vol*., xiij; Bavu, "HiWonal and Crilkiil Dls-
ttnair;" D. W. Mouan, "I^tpuutia ila C. C Tku," i6l6j

Tkoltns, (Marcus Claudius,} Emperor of Rome,
was elected to succeed Aurelian in 275 A.D. He was
dislineuiihed for the wisdom and energy of his admin-
istration. He defeated the Scythians, who had invaded
Pontiis. but he soon after ded (376) of a fever, (though
s he fell a victim to a conspiracy and

n Paris :s 1730; died

was assassinated.)

Taooiuiet,tA'k<. , ..

actor and dramatic writer, born
bi 177+

Taoqnat, tUti', (Andrew,) a learned Flemish Jesott,
t>um at Antwerp in 1611, became professor of mathe-
matics in his native dty. He was the author of several
mathematical works, in Latin. Died in 1660.

Taddo, dal See Febkucci, IFrancksco.)

Tadama, (Alma.) See Alha-Tadiha.

Tadlno, ti-dee'no, (Gabrikl,) an Italian general,
bom near Bergamo alwut 14S0. He fought (or the Ve-
netians against the League of Cambray, and became
grand master of the artillery of Charlei V. Died in 1543.

TadoUni, tl-do-lee'nee, (Adaho,) an lulian sculp-
tor, bom at Bologna in 1789. Hisstatue of Saint Francia
de Sales U highly praised. Died in i36a

Tadollul, (Giovanni,) an Italian composer, bom at
Bologna in 1793. He composed " 11 Tamerlano," •* Al-
maiuor," and other sticceaatal operas. Died in 1373.

Tadrna, King of Abyssinia. See Thkodorx.

Tafel, tl'fi-l, (GcoTLiiB Lucas Friedkich.) a Germaa
•cholaruidantiquary, bom in 1787; diedat Ulmin 1S60.

Tafet (Johanh Friidrich Ihhanuel,) a distin-
guished German Swedenboraian, was born at Hulzbach,
El Wiirtemberg. in 1796. He became librarian of the

TAILLANOmR

other worlcs," Swedenborg and bis Oppwient*," ("Sm
denborg und seine Gegner," a vols., 1841.) Died il
Ragaa, in Switxerlind, in 1861.

See C DOnHi, " Lebea imd Wafcm na Dr. J. F. IimuhI

Tafcl." Wim.r, .86<.

TafB, tSl'fee, (Ahdrra,) a Florentine artist, bora ■■
1313, was the first to introdace the ait of p«i"*»m ■

mosaic into Italy. Died in 1294.

Taft, (WnxiAM Howard,) an American jurist and

bar, and practised law in Cincinnati 1883-87. He «
made a judge of the Superior Court of Ohio in 1S87,
Solicilor-General of the United States in 1890, and was
Circuit Judgeof theCincirmati District 1893-1Q00. He
served as pre^dent of the Philippine Commission and
governor of the Philippine Islands 1900-04, and as Sec-
retary of War in President Roosevelt's cabinet 1904-08,
when he withdrew to accept the Republican party nomi-
nation (or President of the United Stales, and was Repnbli-
can Prestdent of the United States 1909-13. During tut
administration many sets of much public importance were
passed and the great business corporations of the conotiy
were actively prosecuted. He wai a candidate again In
1912, but was defeated.

Tafuii, tS-foyree, (G. B.,] an lulian writer, born a

ardo in 169S. He

" Account of the 1

Naples," (9 vols., 1744-fa} Died in 176a

Tidml, (MATiio,) tailed Hattuaus SoLKTA'mni n
Italian philosopher and physician, bom at Solcto ia
149a. He wrote on theology, medicine, astronomy, etc.
Died about 1SS5.

AgUaoarne, tU-vi-kaH'nt, (Benedetto,) called
Thkocre'nus, JFr. THtocRlNE, ti'o'kRin',] an Italian
litUraUur and poet, born at Sariana about 1480. He
removed to France, obtained the fitvour of Frantia L,
and was appointed Bishop of Grasse in 1533. Died
biS36.

I S^igllaoossI, tU-yl-kof see, or TagliaooEio, til-yl-
Lof se-o, [Lat. Tauaco'tius,] (Gasparo,) an eminent
Italian surgeon, bom at Bologna in 1546. He became
professor of anatomjr and surgery in his native at«.

particularly noses. He published Mveral surgical voriis,
m Latin. His method of forming the nose has been
called the "Taliacotian process." Died in 1599.

Tagllonl, tU-yo'nee, (Harik,) a celetnated operv
dancer, bom in iSof at Stockholm, where her bther,
Filippo Taglioni, held the post of ballet-master. She
won brilliant success as a dancer, married Count Gilbert
de Voisins in 1832, and retired in 1847 with a large for-
tune, which she lost in the Franco-German war. Sbe
afterwards gave lessons in dandog in London, and died
in 1884.

Tagore, (Rabindba N*tr,J Indian poet and edu-
cator, bom 1861, of a noble family. At Ute s£e of forty
founded a school in Bengal, to which he has devoted him-
self. Visited Englsndin 191a, and translatedsomeofhil
works. The NoW prize for literature, 1913. Mostfainons
English translations are "Gitanjali," *'S>dhana," and
" "Die Gardener." Many volumes are as yet untranslated.

Taillandler, iTyAM'tle;^', (Alfhonss Hottoai,) a
French publicist and lawyer, born in Paris in 1797. He
was a Liberal member of the Chamber of Deputie* in
the reien of Louis Philippe. He published teveral wotk*
on legislation and penal laws, and contributed to Ae
" Nouvelle Biographie Ginirale." Died in 1867.

Talllandler, (Charixs Louis,) a learned VnoA
Benedictine monk and writer, was bom at Arras in 1705,
died in 1786.

TalUandler, (RsNt Gaspard Ernest.) x French
philosopher and critic, bom in Paris in 1817. He
studied in Paris, and labsequenlly at Heidelberg, and
was appointed in 184.1 professor of French literature at
Montpellier. He pu'jished, among other works, a treat*
i»« " On Etigena »he Scot, and the Scholaalie Philoa-

L ! I, ik Q, ?, Ivng; *. *. 6- 8»™e. less prolonged; i, i, f, 0, it, J, j**r*.- ♦,?,(, 0, e^tct^t; Or, fUl. Oii miti nftt; sMd; a

Digitized ay CjOOQ I C

TAItLASSON

•phT." (184*) ■ " HUtoTT of Yonng Genun;," (1848.)
Mid " Miunce de Sim," (i86s.J H« wm a contribulor to
the " Revue de» Deoi Monde*," Died Feb. 33, 18TO.

TaillaMOii, ifrrs^N', (Jiam joskph,) a akillul
French historical painter and liltirattur, born near Bot-
deani in 1746, was a pupil of Vien. He waa admitted
bto the Academj of Painting in 1784. Died in 1809.

»mepi*a. tjfrpM' 01 trj?-p5^', {NoKl.) a French
biographer and antiquary, bom near Rouen about 1540,
He publwhed, beaidea other works, • " Ufa of Lather,"
(1S77>) *n^ ■ " History of the Stale and Kepublic of the
Drn(ds,"«t, (1585-) Died in 1589.

TklnOh tin, (HiPPOLvrm Adolphb,) a French litu-
ratmr, bom at Vouiiers in 183& He psbtisheil an
"Essay on ■ntuaLlTius," (1854.) "The French Philoao-
phers of the Nineteenth Century," (1856.) a " History
ofEngliBhIiteratare,''(4T0l»., i»S4.)"NouveanxEsaaia
de Critique etd'Hiatoire." (1865.) "Le» Origines de la
Fiance contemporaine," (4 vols., 1875-94,) etc. In 1864
he was chosen to teach Ksthetica and the history of art
in the School of Fine Art*. Ked March 4, 1893.

Tatn'ter, (Charles Suuner,) mTentor, boni at
WiiterlowQ, Mass., 1854. He jnvenled the graphophone,
BQ(i aided in inventing the radiophone. Was a member of
the expedition to obaerre the transit of Venus in 1874,
Tal-Ping-Wang. See Tikm-Ti.

TalMwd, ti'iflH', (PiKBaK,) a French lariat, bon
|Hioaini644- He wrote" The Livet of die Host C—
brated JnrUti of all Nation*," (in French, 1731.) Died

niC (AKcmBAU) CAMfttlJ-,} a British preUte, bom
In Edinburgh in 1811. Me was educated at Ozlbrd,
where he opposed the Traclarlan principles and gradn-
ated about tSi^ He ancceeded Dr. Arnold as head-
master of RuBby School in 1843, was appointed Dean of
Carlisle in iSjo, Bishop of London in 1S56, and Arch-
bishop of Canterbury in 1868. He published " The Daa>
geraandSar^uaTdaolTheology,"elc Died De(^ 3, iSSo.

Ki^ (PrrRB GuTHKii,) a Scottish mathematician,
bom at Dalkeith, April 38, 1831. He was educated al
the Peleihouse, Cainbrid^e, where he look ■ Fellowship,
baving graduated aa senior wrangler in 185a. He wai
duisen professor of mathematics in Queen'l Collie,
Bcl&st, in iSu, and in 1S63 was appointed profeaur
of natural phifosophyin Edinburgh Unireraity. Among
hia writinga are "Aji Elementary Treatise on Qaater-
nioos" (1867) and "Thermodynamics," (1S68.) He pre-
pared (with W. J, Steele) a " Treatise on the Dynamic*
of a Particle," (1S56,) with Sir W. Thomaon, "An Ele-
aicntary. Treatise on Natural Philosophy," (1867.) and
with Balfour Stewart, " The Unseen Universe," a higbll
successful work. He wrote also " Light," (l8&t,}
"Heat," (1884,) "Properties ot Matter," 0885,)
and "Dynamics,'' ('895.) Died July 4, 1901.

Takahlra, (KoctntA.) Bakok, a Japanese official,
bom in 1854. He was in the govenunenl service after
1S76, was minister to several Eoiopean capitals, and
minister to (be United States 1901-05, signed the Peace
Treaty at Portsmouth In 190S, was ambauador to Rome
1907, and to the United States 190S-09.

Talbert, tat'baiFt', (FRAHgoia Xaviks,) a French
writer and ecclesiastic, bom at Bessnfon in 173S, pub-
lished eulogies OD Bossoet, Montaigne, and other eminent
men; also several poems. Died in 1803.

Tftl'bpt, (Catherine,) an English writer, born 1730.
She wrote essays, letters, poems, etc, and is ciediled
with the thirtieth number of the " Rambler." D. 177a

Talbot, (Charlks.1 See Shrewsbury, Dukm of.

Talbot, (Charles,) an eminent English jurist, bora
In 16S4. was a ton of W. Talbot, Bishop of Durham.
He practi*ed law with neat success, and acquired a
high repaiation as an eloquent debater in Parliament
In 1733 he became lord chancellor of England, and was
created Baron TalboL According to Lord Campbell,
"he was without an accuser, without an enemy, without
a detractor, without any one, from malice or mistake, ' ~
tavil at any part of hia character, conduct, or demea
ttnr." Died m 1737.

Xilbol, tll'bo'. (EUGtNE,) a French lia/nUtMr, bom

f7 TALFOURD

at Chaitre* In 1814, was [irafesaor of rhetoric in the Col>
1^ Lonts-le-Grand, Paris. He produced venion* of
the works of Locian and Xenophon. Died in 1894.

mbot, (JOHN,) Earl of Shrewsbnry, a celebrated
military commander, bOTn in Shropshire, England, In
1373. Appointed in 1414 lieutenant of Ireland, ha
brought the insurgent chieft into subjection, and took
prisoner the fuDous Donald McMurrongh. From 1419
to 143a he served In the French campaigns of Henry
v., and, after the death of that sovereign, gained a
of signal victories over the French armies.

E before the force* of the enemv, led on by Joan of
Arc, (1439,) and after the battle of Patai, in the sama
year, was maxle priaoner. He was created commander-
fn-cbief after his release, and took Le Ctotoy, Harflenr,
and several other towns, He was subsequently madt
Earl of Shrewsbury In Englsnd, Earl of Waterford
and Weiford in Ireland, and in 1446 appdnted for th«
third time lord lieutenant of Ireland. While attemptiiig
to raise the siege of Castellan, in France, in 1453, he
was killed, together with his son, Lord de I'lsle.

S« Hma, " Hinorv of Enftud :" " NDOTcUe Bivnphii 0^
lalai" HnsmuT, ■'Oniu^;" SnaianUBi'i '^Hcair VL,'

Talbot^ (JoHPH Ckhikshakx,) D.D., LL.D., aa
American bishop, b(M^ at Alexandria, Virginia, Septem-
ber 5, iStS, was ordained a presbyter of the Episcopal
Church in 1S4S at Louisville, Kentucky, and was utade
in i860 Bishop of the Northwest, where he won great
■nccet* as a miswonary. In t86( he was translated to
Indiana a* assistant biihop, and in 1S73 mcceeded aa
dioceaan. Died in 1S81.

Talbot (PrrBR,) a learned Tesait and writer on tbe-
olcwy, ban m Ireland in 1630. He was appdnted Arch-
bishop of Dublin in 1669. He pabUshed a "Treatise
on tbe Nature of Faith," (1657,) and several controvert
till work*. Accused M complici^ in tbe Popish Plo^
he was confined in prison from 107S nntil his death, (n
i68a He was a brother of Richani, Earl of TyrconnaL

^dbo^ (Richard.) See Tyrconnsi.

Tnlbot (RoBXRT,) an English divine, and prebendary
of Wells Cathedral, was a native of Nortbamptonshln^
He published a commentary and notes on the "Itinfr
ranrof Antoninus. Diedtn 1558.

TlI1>ot, (StLAt,) an American KerolntionatT ofioet
bom in Rhode Island about 1750, distingnisbea himsdf
tnaereral important engageaienta both Dy land and seh
Having been made a captain in the navy, be was ap-
pointed to the coronand of the frigate Constitntion m
1799. Died in 1813. His life hss been written by H. T.
Tnckennsn.

Talbot (William,) an Engliah prelate, bom in
Stafibrdshire in 1659. He became Bianop of Oxford in
1699, and of Salisbury in 1715. He was transferred to
the see of Durham in 17^ Died in 173a His son
Charles became lord chancellor.

Talbot, (WiLUAH Hrnrt Fox,) the Inventor of

photograph

discovered the process of photwraphy in

1833 or 1S34. but he did not annonnce it to the public
ontU 1839. Daguerre antitdpated him by the publication
of a aimilar duoorerT. The process of Talbot waa
called Calotype. and Talbotype, He published "Tbe
Pencil of Nature," (1S44,) etc. Died Sept. 17, 1877.

Zalfonrd, tawl'f^d, (Thouas Nooh.) called Su-
OKAKT Talfoitrd, an Eiwlish dramatist, essayist, and
lawyer, bom at Dom*, a subarb of Stafford, in 1705. He
was a pupil of Dr, Valpy, and studied law under Hr.
Chitty, Having been called tothe bar in 1 83 1, he married
a MiM Rutt, and joined the Oxford drcuit In 183S be
became a Ijberal member of Parliament, in whidt he
procared the passage of an important law of cop^
right He contributed to the "Edinburgh Review"
and other periodicals. In 1835 he produced "Ion," a
tragedy, which was very anccessful. He wrote several
other dramas, and " Memorial* of Ctarle* Lamb," {18481)
appointed a judge in 1S49. Died in 1854.

MoitbAi

t; %hari; {[as/, a, H, 1..p4ttiiral- N •iatal:ti.lTWtd; ■*•*.- thasindA; ^HfSee Eaplanadons, p. a^t

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TALHOUET 32

TallioTiet, de, d«h tt1oo't'> {Aucustb FrAdAkic
Bon Auodr,) Hakquis, ■ French peer, born at Rennes
Id 1788, wi> rich, and noted for hii liberality. He
fbnnded in 1S19 a aodety for the ameliaradon orpriaoni.
Died in I&42.

Tnllaootliu. See Taclucozzl

TallaiMTO, tol'e-vf r, (John,) an American atatesman,
born in Virginia in 176%, «a« a member of Conereu
more than twenty yeara, and for a time librarian oi the
treasurr department at Waahlngton. Died in l3S3-

TJU'i»4iii, a British poet of (he sixth century, said to
have been the son of Ilenwg, was surnamed Chibf ofthk
Babds. Scarcely anything is positively Icnown of his life.

Tallaid or lSillart,d«,dfh tTllR', (Camilli d'Ho*-
toa — dos'tilN',) Due, a French marshal, bom in Dan-
phioj in 1651. Having previoiuly served under Condd
and Turcnne, he was sent as ambassador-ejHraordinary
to England in 1697 10 negotiate with respect to the Span-
ish succession. In 1703 he was made a marshal of France,
and soon after gained a signal victory over the Imperial-
isti, onder the Prince of Hesse, at Spire ; but he was
snbseqDCntly defeated by the Duke of Marlborough at
Blenheim, 11704,) and made prisoner. He was created
hi 171S Duke of Hoitan, and afterwards became miniMer
of Male onder Louis XV. Died in 1718.

S« ronmnuA "Ikgi da Ifsrfeh*) da Tslhrt,'" Saiht-
SooH, "Iftaoirv/- DaCovKKua, "Diet' - ■ — ■
FnBfAl" " NomDc Biofi^ihia Otejralib"

Tnllart. See Tallaidl

XiUomaiit, tlI'm&H', f Fkamcoi^} a French transUtor,
born near Jonuc in ifiaa He tranalated Platarch^
"Llrea" into French. Died in 1693.

ndlanuu)^ (Paul,) ■ French priest and mediocre
writer, born in Paris in l6if3, was a conain of the pre-
ceding. He waa admitted into the French Academy in
1666. Died in 1713.

TBllemant doa Rdanx, tU'mON' di rit'C, (GAdIon,)
a French littlrattitr, bom at La Rochclle in 1619, was a
brother oi Franfoia, noticed above. He waa one of the
wits that frequented the HAtel Rambonillet, and wrote
"Hiatorielte^^' (6 vols. 1833-35,) ■ g5»»'ping record of
irikal lie liad heard and wiineMM. This work contains
mndi hitcresting matter, highly Muoned with scandal
and aoeodote*, the truth of many of which may reason-
ably be doubted. Died in 169a.

Sm "Hvunlk Bnciaplua GitoM»f HoMMnQa*, "Kotica

Tallerrand, the famous diplomatiM. See Tallkt-

KAND-PtRKIOKD, DE, (CKASI.U HADRICX.)

TaUeynuid, de, deh UhJ'tflH', (AUOUSTS Lotm,)
CoMTK, a French diplomatiit, bom in 1770, was a nephew
of the cardinal. He was minister to Switzerland from
1814 to iSaj. Died Id 1831.

Tfdloymnd, d«,(ELiB,) Cardinal de P^'gord, a French
prelate, eminent for his learning was bom at Pririgneux
tn 1301. He was a friend of Petrarch, and had much
influence both in the chnrch and state. Died in 1364.

Sh Aoihv, " Hiimin du Oudluia ;" " Hsuvdk BigcnpUa
CMninlt"

Talleyrand, d«, (Gabkiki. Makik,) Comte de F^rl-
Bord, a French general, born in tyifi, was an uncle of
Talleyrand the famooi diplomatist He served with
diatinction at Hastenbeck and Crefeld Died in 1795.

Talleyrand, de, (Hbnri,) Comte de Chalais, a
French courtier, bom in 1599, was a friend of Gaston,
Dnice of Orleans, with whom he conspired against Riche-
lieu. He waa convicted of treason and executed in i6a&

SH^"N«iTtna BSocnpfaio G^nJntt;" BAnoMruin, "M^

Tallayrand-P^ilgord, de, d(h tlTJ'rfiN' pl're'go"'.

IAlixamdiik AkgAuqux,) a French cardinal, bom in
'aris in 1 736, was a brother of Gabriel Marie, noticed
above. He became Archbishop of Rheims in t777i and a
■ember of the States-General in 17S9, soon after which
be emigrated. In 1S17 he obtained the dignity of cardi-
nal. Died in i8ai.

S« Da Bauisct. " Notice hvuirlqiK wrlfCudinil dtTaOnmid'
Ptigard," iB>i : " Mainlle Biofnphit G^ninlc"

Talleyrand-Pdrtsord, de^ df h tHi'tdN' pi're'gos',
(Charlu Maurice.) Prince of Denevenio, (td-ni-vCn'-
to,) [Tt. Princb de BlHtvBNT, prInss df h bL'ni'veN'J

TALLEYRAlfil}

commonly known as sinpjy TBi1«y4ibid, a oeMraieJ
French diplomatist and wit, bom in Paris on the tylbii
February, 1754, was the eldest son of Charles Daniel,
Count de Talleyrand. An acddent which occurred in
his infancy made him lame for life. In consequence of
this lameness, be was required to renomice his birtbri^
and enter the Church, althongh the clerical profesuoo
was very distasiefal to him. In hii youth he was styled
the Abbii de P^rigord. He was appointed general agnl
of the clergy of France in 1780, and held tius importui
office for eight years. In 17SS he became Bishop of
Autan, and in 17S9 a member of the States-GcneraL
Enlisting in the service of liberty and equality, he joineit
the Third Estate, and was a member of the committee
appointed by the National Assembly to form a cootti-
tntion. Among the important measures which he pro-
posed was the confiscatiDn of the lands of the Cbnn^
He alto iuppnted the dvil constitutiiKi of (he (leifj,
and resigned (he bishopric of Antun aboot the end of
1790. He was the Bouor of an able and celebrated
report on public inatmction read in September, tm.
Early in 179a he was sent to London, without oCoil
character, K> dissuade the British ministry from joining
tbe allies in hostilitiea against France. He enjoyed the
society of his friend Madame de Stai:1, who wis thia
in England, bat was treated with neglect or incivility by
tbe English aristocrats and ministers. In 1793 he ai*
ordered t^ Pitt to quit the island in twenty-fonr honni
and, as he had been proscribed by Robespierre, he took
rel^ee in the United States. By the agency of CbAiier,
he obtained permiasion to return (o France in Septem-
ber, 1705. About this time he wrote an able "Ueaua
on the Commercial Relations of the United States wift
England," and was admitted into the Institnte. ts
July, 1797, he became minister of foreign a&ira,pardy
through the influence of Madame de StaeL He le-
''gned in July, 1799, co-operated with Bon^iaite in tbe
ivoiotion or the i8th Brumaire, and was appointed
inister of foreign affairs in November, 1799, Ht
IS grand chamberlain from 1S04 to 1S09.
T^leyrand was distinguished for his sarcastk ud
snbtle wit, his exquisite tact, his moderation and idf^
restraint, and his finesse and dexterity as a negodator.
■■ He was a profound thinker," says the " North Bridik
Review," (November, 1853;) "he bad strong polilidl
opinions, if he had no moral principles ; he waa at kM
as bold, daring, and decided in action as he was op-
doos in council ; his political and sodal tact — which il
wisdom so quick and piercing as to seem anreasoniDE—
had the promptitude and certainty of an instinct" Hit
coolness, sobriety, and " masterly inactivity" were well
adapted to temper the impetuosi^ and redundant energy
or ambition of Napoleon. He received the title of Piina
of Benevento in 1806. He offended the emperor by the
boldness with which he opposed some of his meaaora.
In Auipist, 1807, he resigned his office. Napoleon b-
vitcd him to resume the dfrection of foreign affair* ia
1813, but he declined.

Talleyrand promoted tbe restoration of Louia XVIIL
and insisted on the " Charter," by which a conslitaliiiail
government was guaranteed. He became minister of
foreign affairs in the first cabinet of Louis XVlII.,re^
sented France at the Congress of Vienna which met il
id obtained favourable terms for his countryby
sowing dissension among the alliea. He resigned la
September, 1S15, because he would not sign the^emili-
ating treaty which waa concluded with the allied powers,
He became the leader of the Liberal opposition in tbe
Chamber of Peers, and opposed the reactionaiy polio
of the government in the reigns of Louis XVllL »»
Charles X. In September, 1830, he was sent to Londn
aa ambassador and minisler-plenipolentiory, and had ai
opportunity to realize what hid long been with him i
bvouritc object — the formation of an alliance bel«a
France and England. His mission ended about the close
of 1834. He died in Pari* in May, t838, leaving'tU'
moires," which he ordered should not be published md
thirty years after his death. Among his famous sarinp
is, "Lai^uage is given to man to conceal his tbongtB,*
Sea S AUJ." Vie politiqw da Piina d* 'I}^*TniB^" i^ ■ H

l.i,I.S,u,;,/«u','l,t,6,Same.les*prolongedi i, i, T, 5, ti, f, J:4«rf,- 1, C b 9. o^'W.' Ar. fUl flt; mCl; nSt;

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Duram sa ia THonniK ** llliaiiii di b Tb da Khu da TU-
lajOB^" ttjS: L mXS««b, "H. TkUvno^ sw n Hcomh
1> Kkn," lit! ; O- A. Vooai, "Tdnnad dar artlHU Dlpio^
HiiHTlUil,"i>ta; UioHrT^HoHnJiutsclitiMwrliVitda U.
la ?nac*dtTiUiTniid,"iS»: L.6. llKiuoBk " HiMoira poUHqaa
M pnWa da CH. da Tallniud," itui Da BuBAim, "Kbla
da U, la Phne* dt Tdleriwd." iSJl ; LAHAmm, *> HUlotTof lEa
RaaMntiiin ;" THim, " Kiuon of iha Cooulata aad tbt En>-
tin,'" ODism "1I6mjim;" "^Nosralla BiscnpUa Gdatada;"
'■HiMoricy C^nOM^" br H. L. BninH, iS6S: " X-lbibaiili
Kanaw" far April and Octobar, ital, (Iha fbnaal aitida in Baoo-
MiAiL ihi luur br Jmmtt ;) " Fraaar'a Uacaane" br Ftlicair*
wd March, i>M.

TkUloDiUhgiN'i (Jk\n Ljuibirt,) a French J»eobil^
bora in Parit in 1769. He pablished In 1793 the "Citl-
tca't Friend," ("Ami do Citojcn,") gained diatinctioii
bjr hi* ludadOD* eloquence, took an active part in the
violent riot of the loth of An^t, 17^3, and becanM
•ecretajy of the commune of Pans. Having been elected
a membcT of the National Conventioii, he voted for the
death of the king, and waa an active peisecotor of tha
GirondiM^ In 1793 Tallien and Isabeaa were >ent tar
the CODTentioa to Bordeaoz, where thej eiiaUiabed
Ike reign of terror br numeroii* encntiona, He waa
Indnced to adopt a uuder poI!c]r bj the influence of Ua-
dame da Fontetuy, Mir Cabamii, who became Uadama
Taltien. H« return^ to Parii in April, 17^ after tlia
death of hia fncnd Danlon, and formed with Foodi^
Barraa, and otiieis a conapiiacj againat Robeipierrc^
who denoonced Tallien in the Crnventioo, Jnne la,
179*. TtJliea waa the boldest or most prominent leader
of tae party or coalition of partie* which triumphed
on the 9th Thermidor, Inly. 1794- It ia atated that he
drew a digger In the Convention and threatened tlie
lifc of Robeapierre. He omtinoed to oppoae the reign
of terror, and naed kn infloence In bvoor of humanitv^
OCeptinB In the caae of the rojaliat* captured at Qoi-
fawon. He took part in the expedition to Egypt in 1708,
«ia the title of aavant,and retaroedin 1 801, after which
k* fell ioto B^ect and obecnritj. Died in Parii in iSaix

8aaLutA>nHK*'HiauaT<fllHGinBdi«>;" THmt,"HI>UiT
el it* FmiA RnctoiMr I>WAu"Saa(aiiin Thanaidariiaa :"

1, Madamc See Chimay, db.

TmIIIb, (Thomas,) an eminent English compoier of
chtuch mtisic, lived under the reigna of Edward VL,
Harr, and Eliiabeth. He held the office of organist cd
Ike ch^iel royal Hia works are exclusively of a religloas
character, and Us antbenu and other oompoaition* are
Mteemed naticr-^ecea of the kind. IHea in 1585.

Zallnutdnt tll'mij, (Bsnjauih,) an American officer
of the Revolution, bora on Long Island in 1754. He
obtained the rank of colonel, and was afterwards a
member of Congreai liwn Connecticut Died in 1S35.

Saatba"" ' ■" ' " " '—

faLH.

IS elected to Congreia in 1817, and in 1835
Ueuien ant-Governor M New York. He was appointed
president of the American Institnle in 1S31, and was
one of the founders of tile New York Univeraty. WbUe
in Congress he diitingniibed himself by his opiwaition
to the extension of slavery beyond the MissisdppL

_ . a married to fklma in iSoi. She excelled in
comedy, and wrote " Studies on the Theatrical Ait,"
(1835-) Died in tS6a

nl'ma, [Fr. pion. til'ml',] (Francis Joskph,) a
celebrated Ftendi tragedian, born in Paris in 1761. He
maiiifested at an early age an extraordinary predilection
for the drama. His bthei, who was a dentist, took
lum to London, where he passed severs] yeaia in his
childhood. Young Tslma also practised dentistry in
early life. He made his d^bat at the Thfltre Franfais
{01787, in the rllb of "Seide" in "Mahomet." In 1789
be performed Ch^ier's^Chatle* IX.," with gieat ap-
|ilaiise. He soon became tlte moat popalai tri^ actor
m France, and received from Bonaparte tome tokens o(
■oedal lavonr. He excelled in the expression of intense
passion. A noble countenance and a powerful voice
eoniribnted to his success. Among the rilii which he

... LamKisa, "Motica nr 1^

m.' iStri RiDiiAai.T'WAnH, "■idDeirashtotuiqaaaurTalB^''
iS*Ti AuxAHDia DmiAi, "tUaaitm da F. J. Talma," 4 vola-
■»«^g.; " WeBraUa Kecraidua OdnAala;" "Bl^iraad') Uw^

Til'mfge, (Thouas Dm Wrrr,) D.D., an American
dergyman, born at Bound Brook, New Jersey, January

61831. He graduated at the Univeiaity of the City of
ew York in 1853, and at the Theological School at
New Brunswick, New Jersey, in iSs& After boldiqg
variooi Dutch Reformed pastorates, he became in iS^s
. I _ .i___i..^._,. Jm^ j[, Brooklyn, in

tion with whidi he founded in 1S73 a newspsper, and a
"lay college" for religioui and general education. He
won great popularity as an extemporaneous pulpit orator
■nd lecturer. In 1894 be left Brooklyn for a pastorate
in Washington, He published a number of volumes,
and his sermons were printed weekly for over thirty
years in numerous ocwspapers. Died April 13, 1901.

TU'maah, (Thomas,) an English general, who was
second Co Marlborough in command of the English troops
in Flanders in 16S9. He served under Ginlell in Ire-
hindini69i. " Since the di^p-ace of Marlborough," san
Macaulay, " be [Talmaih] was vniversaily allowed to ue
the beat officer bi the annv." (** History of England,"
vol.iv.) He commanded a brce tent in 1694 to snriHise
Bre*^ and wa* killed hi the attack mi that place.

TUmont; tlfm6N', (A. P. de 1« TrlmoiU*— d^
a Ute'mwlF ot tu'nwS'yf,) a FVeoch royalist of the
Revalntkm, diatingdihed Itinuelf la the principal batttea
of the Vendean war, and attained the rank of general of
cavalrr. Being made prisooci', he was conaemoed to
death Dy the Convention, and executed in 1793.

ndooboD, ttlo'shAN', (Hahu Vinciht,) a French
surgeon, called Pias Elysu, bora near Lagny in 171^
He served Loots XVIIL as •urgeon, before and alEw
his accession K> the throne^ Died in 1817.

Saa " Bk«np>>ia UMiGala."

Tklon, tinbti', (AirroiMK Omik,) a French lawyer,
bom in Paris in 1760^ waa a royalist member of tlw
National Assembly in 179a Died in tStl.

Talon, (Dbnis.) s French judge, bom in Paris is
|6>S, wa* a son of Omer, noticed below. He became
president d mortiir in 1693. Died in 1698.

TaloD, (Nicolas,) a French Jesuit, bom at Uonlina
in 1605. Amonp his works is a "Histoire sainte," (4
vols., 164a) Died in 1691.

Talon, (OMxa.) a French humanist, born at Amleni
about 151a, published a treatise on rhetoric (in lAtin,
TS44-) DieJinlse*

Talon, [Omib,) an eminent Frendi advocate and
judge, bora about tjajL He became advocate-general to
the Parliament of ParWin 1631, and distingniibed himself
by his brave and eloqncnt BMertioo of Uc lights of Ae
E^lianteot and the interests of the people. He died in
(£53, lesving " lUmofa^e," which Voltaire eaid were Oe
prodnctiona of " a good nagittTate and good dtinn."

Tnlplao, n. See Salmkooia.

TOmftap. See ThamJUp.

Timiap Kooll Khan. See NXdik Skah.

TMnberUlt, iSm-bta-lik', (Enkico.) a noted tenor

inger, born in Rome in i330; died in iSSa

TambroDl, tlm-bao'nee, (CLOTtiJ>A,) sister of tha
following, was bora at Bologna in 1758. She was dia-
lingnished for her attainments in the dassics, and waa
aopointed b 1794 professor ol Greek in the University
ta Bologna. She also published a number of poems in
Italian. Died in 1817.

Tnmbronl, (Giuseppe,) an Italian lio/raietir, l>om at

History."

treatises. Died m 1834-

Saa TirALDOk -Oatnttt d>(E HaUaal ilaaliL"

«s l.'casi.-g^r^/,' las/: G,K,K,^win(ra/;N,>M«/,-a,ftiZW; lass; tkaainCtA; <|

Digitized by VjOOQ I C

•tue in 1855. Died at Nice, November 10, 1S76.

Xsmbiiilnl, (Pimto,) an Italian tbeologian and pbi-
loaopher, burn at Bretda in 1737. He wai appointed
proteuor of divinity at Pavia, (17781) and afterwards
filled (he chair of moral philoaopb; and the law of na-
ture and of nations, in the same nniveisity. He was
made ■ chevalier of the iron crown bj the Emperor of
Austria, and received other distinctions. He published,
among other work*, an "Introduction tc the Study of
Moral Philosophy," (1797,) "Elements of the Law of
Nature," (in Latin, 1815,) and an "Idea of the Holy
See," {" Idea della Santa Sede."! Died in i&tj.

ShZukaislu, "Eloclodal Frofcuon P. TuDburini," itir.

Tam'fr-lfintt', [Fr. Tahbrlah, tf mCRlSH',] (a cor-
ruption of Talmoor-lang, i.^. "Taimoor the Lame,")
called also TotmooT or Taimfir, (tl'moor',) and Tlmtu
01 Tlmotir, (tee'moor',) Hmoor (Xlmoiir ot 3^inur}
Beg or Boo. {U. " Lord Tfrooot,") a celebrated Asiatic
conqueror, born at Kesh, in Independent Tartaij, in
1336, was of Mongol eatraction, and a descendant of

iengis Khan. About 1361 he supported the cause of
luscin, Khan of Northern Khoiassln, against several
neighbouring tribes, and in this war received ■ wound
in the Ihigh, tiom which he acquired the sumanie of
Lehg, (or the " Lame.") He afterwards quarrelled with
IluseiD, took Balkh, his capital, by storm, (13^.) and
caused himself to be proclaimed Khan of Juatai. He
then successively brought into subjection Khorassln,
the prindpal part of Persia, and Armenia, and In 1387

Lat.TANCRx'i>i;t,|acelebr^ted bero of the first croMd^
was bom in Normandy in 1078, and was a nephew ol
Robert Gniscard, Duke of Apulia. In 1096 be joined
the ctnsading army In company with bis cousin Bohe-
mond. Prince of Tarentum. He was conspicuous for his
valour at the battle of DorylKum and the siege of An-
tioch, and was one of the first to mount the walls at tba

(}erusalemme Libcrata," and they are also cele-
brated by Raoul de Caen in " Les Gette* de Tancrtde."

S« UicH«Db " HiMMT of A* CriiMiAml" DaLSAU, " Mwtar*
dt TuktUb." ■!»: ScHiixaAiicit, "Tancnd Flntvoa GalillM,'
itf. "NaavdlsBlomiiUsCAitrals."

Taaorad, King of Sidly, and the last of the NomuiD
nilers in that countir, was ■ grandson of Rx^er II. Ha
died in 1 194, and Henry VL of Germany took poMca-
sion of Sidly.

TanorMo. See Tancfed.

Tauoiide de HanteTllle, tS^'kRid' dfh hfif vfcl', a
Norman baron of the early part of the eleventh century,
was the father of twelve sons, one of whom, Rob^
Guiscard, became Duke of Apulia and Calabria.

TaucrecU. or Tanoredna. See Tamcrxel

Taudy. See Napfsk Tandy.

Tanew. taw'ne. (Roan Brookb.1 a distinmished

dbyGoogle

TANNAHILL

liege of Paris. Died at MeTan, April 16, 1881.

Tsu'nf-hlU, (RoBKKT,) a ScottisO poet, born at
Paisley in 1774. His longs and ballads are remarkable
foe their grace, simplidt;, and palhoa; among the most
admired ma; be named his " Song of the Battle o(
Vitloria." and "lessie the Flower of Dumblane." He
committed suicide, in a paroxysm of insanity, by drown-
\a%, in iSia

&« Ch«hsiu% " Biacnphkil DieriaiurrDrEnuiiBilScotnni.''

XMUMEaT' See DuchStbl, (Cuaxi-u Uakib,) muI
ChStsl, du.

TOD'uar, (Benjamin Tuckbr,) an African- Am eri-
dU) bishop, was bom at Piltabnrg, Pennsylvania, in
1S3J. He became a minister in the African Metho-
dist Episcopal Church, for many years edited its
organs, the "Christian Recorder" and the "Church
Review," and was ordained bishop in 1888. He
wrote several works concerning the negroes.

Tanner, tin'n;r, (Matthias,) a German Jesuit and
biographer, bom at Risen about 1615. He wrote noticei
of manv eminent Jesuits. Died about 1705.

Tan'ufT, (Thomas,) an English prelate and antiquary,
oorn in Wiltshire in 1674, He was the author of "No-
titia Monastic*, or an Account of the Religious Houset
Ji England and Wales," and "BibUotheca Britannico-
Hibemica," (174S,) a biographical and bibliographical
work of great value. He was made Biihop of Saint
Aaaph in 173a. Died in 1735.

TbhsUIci, tln-siilo, (Luioi,) an Italian poet, bom at
Venosa, in the kingdom of Naples, abont 15101 His
prindpal work is entitled " The Tears of Saint Peter,"
("Le Lagrime di San Pietro," 158^.) He also wrote ■
nnmber of lyrics, sonnets, etc, which had a high repo-
lation in his time. Died in 1568.

T«Dt»le. See Tantalus.

Tantalo. See Taittalus.

Tau'tf-luB, IGr. T&rroXoc; Fi. Tantali, tCN'tll';
It Tantalo. tin'tl-to,] a fabulous king of Lydia or
Fhrygia, said to have been a son of Jupiter, and the
bther tA Pelopi and Niobe. He was the subject of
nrioai legends, according to one of which, having been
admitted to the taUe of the gods, he divulged some
MCreta which he heard there. For this oflence be was
condemned to suffer perpetual thirst, standing in water
which receded whenever he attempted to drink it ; he
was, moreover, " tantalized" \jj the sight of fruit which
hang dose to his lips, bat which he could never taste.
According to some writers, this penalty was inflicted on
Um because he killed his son Petopi and offered his
flesh as food to the gods whom he once entertained at
fais house.

Tanuod, dl, de tl-noot'chee, (Bernardo,) Marqdis,
an Italian minister of state, bom in Tuscany in 169&
He became prime minister at Naples about 1740, and
continued in power until 17^ During this period he
banished the Jesuits and resisted some papal encroach-
ments. He patroniied learning liberally. Diedini7S3.

So Corn, "Aniuli (I'ltilli M. i,6ef "NmiTella BiofnpUa
OioinlL"

TaparelU. See AzEcuo, d*, (Massimo.)

T&pla, do, di tl'pe-1, (Don EucBNio,) a Spanish
UlUrattiir and jurist, bom at Avila, in Old Castile, about
178;, published "Poems, Lyrical, Satirical, and Dra-
matic," (tSii,) "HistOTT of Spani^ Civiliiation," (4
voli., 1S40,) which is highly oommended, " Elements of
Commercial Law," (15 vols.,) and other works. He was
a liberal in politics. Died at Madrid in i86a

TapOln, (William,) an English veterinary snrgeon,
who made improvements in hi* art, and wrote several
works on lamery and the treatment of lame hoisei.
Died in 1807.

Tap'pan, (AaiUDS,) an American merchant, dis-
tbiguished ai

Si TARDIEU

Tappan, (David,) D.D., an American divine, bom at
Manchester, Massachusetts, in 1753. He became professor
of divinity at Harvard College in 1791. Died in 1803.

Tap'pan, (Eva March,) author, bom at Black^ione,
Massachusetts, in 1854. Among her numerous works are
.'•Charles Lamb, the Man and the Author," "Robin
Hood, His Book," " American Hero Stories," etc. She
has edited "The Children's Hour," etc

Tappan, (Henry Philip,) D.D., LL.D., an American
divine and theolivical writer, born at Rhinebeck, New
York, about 1806. He was appointed in 1831 pro-
fessor of moral and intellectual philosophy in the
University of the City of New Vorl^ and sulnequently
became chancellor of the University of Michigaik
He published "The Doctrine of the Will applied to
Moral Agency and Responsibility," (1841,) and severU
other works. Died November 15, 1881.

Tappan, (William Bingham,) an American poet,
bom at Beverly, Massachusetts, in 1794, became gen-
eral aeent of the American Sunday-School Union. He
published several volumes of poems. Died In 1S49.

TbtbIbb. See Takasius.

Tarakano£ See Tarrakanof.

Tataoltu, ta-ri'sh^^ [Fr. Taraisb, tfrlz',) SAitn,
born about 745 A.D., became Patriarch ofConstantintq^

.yrs, tt'ris', (Jean Joseph,) a French general.

"^tl

1 7S4. IMed in Sofi.

TarayrB, tfria', (J
distinguished as an agricufturist, was bom at Solsac
(Aveyron) in 1770. He commanded the Dutch troops
that opposed the English at Walcheren b July, iSc^
Died In 1855.

TarbA, (Prosper,) a French antiquary, bom in 1809;
died January 3, 1871.

Tat^all, (Edmund i
Massachusetts, in 1S63.
gold, silver, and other medals and prizes.

Tar'bell, (Ida M.,) an American author, was bom
in Erie county, Pennsylvania, iu 1857. She was an
associate editor of the "Chautauguan" 1883-91, of "Mc-
CI ure's Magazine" 1894-1906. of "American Magazine"
after 1906. She wrote "Ufe of Abraham Lincoln,"
"History of the Standard Oil Co.," etc.

Taroagnota. See Makuua

Taroagnota, UR-kln-yo'tl, (Giovanni,) ao (talUn
historian, bom at Gaeta. He published a "Hiatotr
of the World," of little merit, (4 vols., 1563.) Died
in 1566.

!Rtf obi, taR'kee, (Anoblo,) an Italian composer, bom
at Naples in 1759, produced several operas. Died In
Vanx in 1814.

Tai'«boii, a hero of the Etruscan mythology, wa*^
according to some authors, a Pelawian chief who founded
a colony m (he north of Italy. Virgil relates that Tar>
ebon offered the crown of the Etruscans (TjTTheni) to
Evander.

Se* " Kwai," boiA viL, so&

Tardlan, tls'd^^', (AmbroiseJ a French en>
graver, wai bwn in Paris in 1788. He published an
*■ Atlas of Andent Geography," and other similar works,
and engraved 'a number of portraits and architectural
pieces. Died In 1841.

TardlBO, (Ahtoihi Francois,) a French map-
engraver, ham In Paris in 1757, was the &ther ai tn«
preceding. Among his works may be mentioned tlM
maps of Choisenl-Gonffier's "Voyage pittoresque de !•
Grice," and the great Chart of Earopeatt Rowia. Ked
in 1833.

Tardiao, (AuouSTX Ambkoisc,) a French medical
writer, bom in Paris in 1S1& Died January 13, 1879.

Tardlen, nAf^Uti Nicola^) a son of Nicolas
Henri, noticed below, was bom in Paris in 1716, and
attained distinction as an aigraver. He executed
numerous portraits and landsc^ies. Died about 1793.

Tardleu, (Jean Baptitte Piekke,) an engraver, a
nephew of Nicolas Henri, was bom in Paris in 1746
He acquired a high reputatitm as a geographical en-
graver. AnKHig his best WM-ks are his " Charts of tha
Netherlands," engraved for the empreaa Maria Thereaa.
Died in 1S1&

ir:BAdn/.-J|;as/;c.K.K.jrMttKra/,-K,MMi/;B,ArfJ!iM;lass:»haBlnl*it. (IT'SeeExpUnatloM.pklJ.l

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db,Google

TARRENTBNUS

Tv-rm-te'niia, (Patkbmus,) a Romui JarUi aader
Oie reign of Commodiu, mu the Rothor q( b work en-
titled ■■ De Re militari," a pari of which is GxtanL

TaivU, di, de Uk-ic«'1, {Galiazzo,} in Italian po«t,
of noble family, bom in 1476, Hi* works are principally
tnnnels in the iCylc of Petrarch. Died about 153a

Sh LonwKuow, " PmI* ud Poetiy of Europe."

TmitagllB, taR-tU'Tii, [Lat Takta'lea,} (NtccoiA)
in Italian mathematician, bom at Breida about tjaa
His bmilf nanw is not known. He wm iBrnamed Tar-
' taglia, t&om tarlagliart, to " itammer,") because he
h^ an impediment in hU «pe«ch, caused by a wound
receiTed in ijiz. He taught mathematics at Verona,
Bre*da, aod Venice, edited the works of Archimedes,
(1543,) and wrote «e*eral treatises on mathematics, etc.
He discovered a method of resolving cubic eqaitions.
Cardan, t^ a promise of secregp, obtained this method
£rom him, but pabliabed it In his " An Magna." Died

la Bjognphi

Tkrtaenl, taR-tin'yee, [LaL Taktas'nus,] {Alkssan-
DKO,) called Imolxn'sis, from Imola, his native place,
was an eminent Italian jurist, bom about i<(34. He
wrote on the DigeM, and was proIiMSor of law at Padua
and Bologna. Died in 1477.

TBrtacniu. See Taktaoni.

TartoMa. See Taktaglia.

Tartar*. See Tabtasds.

Tartara See Taktakus.

Tartarotti, tSK-ti-rot'lee, (Girolawo,) a learned
Italian litUratav and antiquary, born at Roveredo in
1706. He published, besides other works, an " Idea of
■he LoKJc of the Scholastics and Moderns," (1731,) and
"Del Congretso nottumo delle Lammie," ("On the
Nocturnal Heetine of the Witches," 1749,) which it
highly commendedT Died in 1761.

Sea C Loanm, "Da Vila H. Tananitti Libri III.." iSsj;
"Nouvdit KognpUa Gfo^nla."

Tai'tf-ma.lOr.T^mipor,' Fr.LBTABTABK, tfhtJU'-
iIr' ; IL Taktako, taa'ti-ro,] in classic mythology, was
a son of lather and Ge, and the &ther of the Gigantes,
or Giants. The name was also applied to that part of
the infietnat regions in which the wicked were confined.
(See PLirro.)

Tartaa, tfa'tl', (Guile,) a French general, born at
Hezin in 1796. He served in Algeria from 1S40 till
1S46. Died at Paris, February 25, i860.

Tartiiil, taR-tee'nee, (GiusiPP^) a celebrated Italian
muBician and composer, born at Pisano in 169a. He
was one of the first violinists of his time, and presided
over a school in Padua, where ha numbered among his
pupils Pagnani and ViottL He was the author of a
" Treatise on Music according to the True Science of
Harmony," (1754,) and was the discoverer of the so-
Calted grave harmonics, or third sounds. Died in 177a

S« Fatolu, "Kmicea nir Corclli, Taniiu," ate, iKio: Fxh-
udo, "Oriidani dalle Lodi di G. Taniiii," 1761! "Nonvall* Bio-

-a83

TASSO

Taaoliet do U FagMlet iTshli' dfh It ptzfa're',
(Louis Robkbt Pikkss Claude) Cowtb, a Frendi
officer, bom in Martinique in 17S7, was a cousin-geimaii
to the empress Josephine. He served as aide-de-camp
to Eugene de Beanhamaia in many campaigM. In 185a
he brcame a senator, Died in iSoi. His son, Robekt
CHAftLES SMIL!, born in 1S33, received the title of daka
in 1859, and was chosen a senator in iS6l.

Taaotier de la PagMla, MADUfoisKLU. Se«Joi»

Taaobsrean, itsh'rS', (ELztAB Alkxandre,) D.D„
LL.,D., a Canadian prelate, bom in Quebec in 1818L He
was made a Roman Catholic priest in 1843, and was
afterwards professor of philosophy in the Quebec Semi-
nary. In 1871 he was consecrated Archbishop ofQuebec,
and was made cardinal in 18S6. Died April 13, 1S98.

TaaolMTOBH, ttsh'tO', (jmjs Antoins,) a French
writer of biiwraph^, etc, was bom at Tours in iSoi.
He pnUished, besides other works, a " History of the
Life and Works of Moliite," (1825,) a " History of the
Life and Works of Corneillc," (1S39,) and "Revue
Retrospective," (ao vols,, 1833-37.) He was elected to
the Chamber of Deputies in 1S37, and to the Con-
stituent Assembly in 1S4S. About iS^ he was ^ipoioted
director of the Imperial Library. Died Nov. 10, 1S74.

See QdIiuid,"!.* Fnmca Litt&«iiB."

Tuohifellone. See Caffaro.

I^lcvr, (Wiujam,) an English clergyman and poe^
bom in Devonshire. He produced translations of some
of the odea of Pindar and Horace. Died in iSoa

Tasxaan, tls'mln, (ABSt, Jansssn,) a Dutch navi-
gator of the seventeenth century, was employed by
Van Diemen, Governor-General of Batavia, in making
discoveries in the South Sea. In 1641 he discovered
the island which he named in honour of his patron,
Van Diemen's Land, also Prince WillEam's Islands, and
others in the vicinity. Van Diemen's Land has been

imed, in his honour, Tasmania.

TBs'mit, an Assyrian goddess, the wife of Nebo.
She inspired the gift of hearing and understanding the

iaGdnii

Tamin, tl-rooffee, (Emilio,) an Italian painter of
history and landscapes, was bom at Bologna in 16331
died in 1694.

Tartiffl, (GiusBFFE Antonio,) an Italian poet, bom
U Bologna in 1711 ; died in 17S6.

Ta-m'tiiu or ^arm'tliu (tar-roo'sh^^) Flr-ml-
I'niw, (Luaus,) a Roman astrologer, was a Iriend of
Cicero. He wrote, in Greek, a wort on astronomy, and,
at the request of Varros took the horoscope of Romulus.

Tar'T^r, (John Charlis,] a distin^ished writer, of
English extraction, born at Dieppe, in Normandy, in
179a He published a " Phraseological French-and-
Efnglish Dictionarr," (1849,) a very valuable work, also
a translation of Dante's " iDfemo'' into French prose.
Died in 1S51.

TaaolieDberg, tlsh'^n-bCiic', (Ernst Ludwic,) a
German entomologist, born at Naumburg, January lo^
1S18. He studied at Leipsia and Berlin, and in 1871
became professor of enlomolory at Halle. Among hi*
numerous works are "Die Hymenopteren Deatscb-
lands," (1866,) "Entomologie fiir Gilrtner," (1871,) " Was
da kriecht nnd fliegt," (1878,) etc. Died Jan. 19. 1898.

tf sIr', (Nicolas Francois Octavx,) a
French painter, bom in Paris in 1800. He painted
history and portraits, and gained a medal of the first
class in 1849. Died by suicide, April 34, 1874-

AuBB, iia, the French ka Tasso, which see.

Tassel, cfsll', (Richard,) a French painter, bom at
Luigrea about 15S0; died in i66a

na'aie, (James,) a Scottish artist, born near Glasgow
about 173^. He acquired a high reputation for his skil-
ful imitation of en^ved gems by means of pastes, or
coloured glass. Died in 1709.

Taaain, tf sIn', (RsnA Prosper,) a French Bene-
dictine monk and historian, bcun near DomfronI in 1697,
published "New Treatise on Diplomacy," ("Nouveau
Traits de Diplomatique," 6 vols., 176$.) Died in 1777.

Taaao, tis'so,. (Brrnardo,) an Italian poet, bom at
B^^iamo in 1493. He was patronized b^ Sanseverino,
Prince of Salerno, whom he accompanied in 1531 on the
expedition of Charles V. to Tunis. In 1537 he wassent
on a diplomatic mission to Spain. He was the author of
a heroic poem, entitled "L'Amadigi," founded on the
romance of Amadis de Gaul ; also numerous sonnets,
hymns, eclogues, lyrics, etc. He died in 1569, leaving
one son, the celebrated Torquato Tassa

S«a LorfGrxLLOw, ^'Pncta ud Poetry of Europej" "NoiiTdia
Biccraphie (;&i<nlei" "Livaio^ilM Inliu) Poott," W IhaHsv.
Huiar Sthum,

TOs'bo, [It pron. tis'so; Fr. Li Tasse, Ifh ttss,)
(Torquato,) [Liat. Torqua'tus Tas'eus,) a celebrated
Italian epic poet, a son of the preceding, was b(»n at
Sorrento on the nth of March, 1544. He was educated
at Rome, Bergamo, Venice, and Padua. To the last
dty he was sent by hia father to itudv law, which he
didiked and soon renounced. He produced in 1^63 an
epic or romantic poem, entitled "Rinaldo," which lie
dedicated to Cardinal Lnigi d'Este. He was patroniacd
by the cardinal and his brother Alfonso II., Duke of
Ferrara, at whose court he passed many years, beginning
with 1565. The court of the Dukes of Este was one of
the moat magnificent in Italy, and vied with that of tha

■si.fai

: ihard; iiti:a,H,%.j!Ktltiral; s.tiatai; M,lrmtJ: Itst; thasinl

y~S«« Explanations, p. 33,}

D,g,t,7ed::yC00t^lc

tiul commenced his great poem "Jeru^em Delivered,'
("GeniMlemme liberat*. ) In 1571 he ac.^m«„:«
Cardinal d'Estc on a mission to Charles IX.
He returned to Ferrara in 1572, and entered the service
of Alfonso, who gave him a pension of sixteen sold
crowns per month and admitted him to his own tabl(
I" IS73 ^' produced his "Aminta," a pastoral drama,
which was received with great favour. He completed
In 1575 ^ ^P'c poem, entitled "Gernsalemme Libe-
lata," which is his chief title to celebrity. About this
time hi* procperitjr and peace were niined bj caosr-
which are partly involved in mystery. He clicrished _
ronuntic pastion for Leonora, a sister of the Duke of
Este, and addressed to her a number of sonnets ex-
pressive of his admiration. It is not known whether
she had any feeling for him beyond that of simple
Iriendship ; but the difference in their rank was such
that he conld aot hope tonarrra princesaof the proud
and torereign house of Este. Some wrilert ascribe his
misfortune* and imprisonment to this love for Leonora
and others suppose that he offended Alfonso by his irri
table temper, or that ha was actually insane. He wai
confined in a convent in 1577 by order of Alfonso, wht
directed that he ehoald tie treated ~

—caped, and fled to Sorrento, where bi

Cornelia lived, and remained with her a short lime.
Tasso solidted permission to
letter to AUbnsis who coosente

ditioD that he ibould iubmit i_

phyiidan* night pre«cribe. He accordingly returned
1578^ bat WM iMt re*lored to the favour of the duke n
permitted to i**(idate with Leonoia. Before the end of
the year he ahaconded, and be^n to wander about from
dty to dty. By some strange infatuation, he was again
attracted to Ferrara in February, 1579, and was treated
with a coldness or neglect which provoked bim to utter
offensive language against the duke. He was then con-
fined in a hoapiul for lunatics, where he remained seven
years, during which he wrote several dialogues and philo-
lophical treatiaea. In 15S0 an incomplete or incorrect
edition of his "Jerusalem Delivered" was poblithed at
Venice, without the consent of the author. The first
complete edidm appeared in ij8i. It was censored by
many critics, in answer to whom he wrote a " Defence
of the Gerusalemme liberata," (1585.) After hia release
from the hospital [15S6) he iMssed some months at
Msntoa, as the gueat of Vincenso Goniaga, and wrote
the tragedy of "Torrismondo," (ijSt.) About 15SS he
removed to Naples, where he was befriended by Gio-
vanni BaCtfsla Hanso. He published in 1593 a poem
called "Jernialcm CooquerM," ("Geriualemme Con-
quistata.")

Influenced by Cardinal Aldobrandini, the pope invited
Tasso to Rome, to be crowned with laurel, a* Petrarch
had been. He accordingly went to Rome, and was
lodged in the pope's palace, but before the day of coro-
nation anived he died, In April, 159J. " Many more
Italian poets^" says Hallam, "onght,possibly, to be com-
memorated ; but we most hasten fbrward to the greatest
oflheraalL . . . The Jerusalem U the great epic poem,
in the strict sense, of modem times. It was justly
observed by Voltaire that, in the choice of his subject,
Tasso i* anperior to Homer. Whatever interest tra-
dition might have attached among the Greeks to the
wrath oC Achilles and the death of Hector, was alight
to those genuine recollections which were associated
with the first crusade. It was not the theme of a single
people, but of Europe^ . . . In tbe delineation of char-
acter, at once natnnj, distinct, and original, T***o most
give way to Homer, perhape to some other epk and
romantic poets. . . . Yet here, also, the svreetne** and
nobleness of his mind and hi* fine tense of moral beauty
are displayed. . . . The diction of TB**a exdte* per-
petual admiration; it 1* rarely tarnd or harsh, and,
though more figorative than that of Ariosto, it is so
much less than that of most of our own or the andent
poet*, that it appears wmple in oar eyes. Vir^l, to
whom we most readily compare him, b &r superior in
energy, bat not In grace." (" Introduction to the Litera-

S4 TATISHCHEF

tore of Europe.") The *■ Geratalemaw Liberata" \m
been tranalated into English by Carcw, FakbL aoofe
and Wifien.

.. .5", C. Battwta llAnn " Tits di T. Tmm." jta%-, Cmtnm.
"Vii<laT*aifc"i«aoi Sbasi^ " Vita dd T. I^bl" 1 T«b„ lA:
FA«iDin,"E]<i(ladelTi»(L"ig»! Jou BuLCit,*'Li&onte<^-
iS»i Kh>t, 'T.Tuu'sLt^-iiifiZDccAu.-IMhTial
ToK^" iii«i S. Wiua, "Leoi aad M«Aiin «f -I^m^- Ma
Y«K <(4>; K. UiLMAB. "Lib tt Ti»m" 1 «4l, tim: Asa
I>BrucB,''TbdaT*w:"LDaHawT,''latiuFuai>'LiM-

PoMi iBd PoMir ef Eonn:* "Lins of ih* Into

°— " "twmamt: Viumn. "Com di U-

MkVinffiT. Two," 1*141 I-Cnai-

— , --. Pri^aoE di ttmaT itte; -Ns«d>

BupiphM G«D«n1a:" "iBlim NundTe PoetiT." is thi - Mod
AnwmB R*rwir" iai Oetobs, ilu, (bj Pusovrr^ 'fan'
tfuiAw, Knin," voL a., {iti,;) •^ma uid Tm^" ■ te
"KAibmih Ktrivw-' for OeUtH, Ilia : "QiBWlT Bni«v-k
JotTi iSai, iDd Jiuft, 1S1&

became aecrelaiy to Cardinal Aacanio Coloona at Rom;
He published in 1609 "Ctm^dentioas on Petrarch,*
a radier severe criddMU upon tint poet, wfakfa pvc rise
to a Utter controveiiy wiui sever*] of tbe admiien d
the bard of Vandate; TM*oai^ prindMl work I* a
satirical poem entitled " The Rape cf the Bttdtet," ("la
Seccbia rapita,") which b greatly adaiired for It* boaoM.
It i* (banded on an Incident occnnii^ in a war betweci
M6dena and Bolt^na, — die carrying off of a woodes
bucket from the latter dty br the Modeneac Amnw
his other production* may be named lui "Penan
Diverai," (1611,) or olMervationa on nricna sBbjec^
literary and tdentlfic. Died in 1635.

U«if*)

entitled

. _^ (Albmandro Maua.) an Italian theologlM,
Collalra in 1749. H« wrote an dnqoeot >ork
" La Religione dimostrata e difeso," (" Religioo

the pope appointed him imSitBr di rv*t. IMed tn iSll
Sm Lvrai BioHDi, "Viu rS A. U, Tmi," itn.

Twwonna. See Tassoni, (Alkssandro.)

Twwna, (Tokqvatus.) See Tasso.

TNBtn, tts'tif, (Sabine Casimiki Amablx VotAKTJ

French authoreas, bom at Meti about 179S, was talr-
ried in t8i6 to H. Tastn. She wrote a number ol
poems and educational works, which were receivtd wiA
great bvour. " Her style," says Longlellow, " frcqnentli
sonests the impassioned manner aiM stately dicnoo of
Mrs. HenwM "^ nieH Tam-~ — ■'"'-

If sfuiM" fcr Janurr, i

nta, (Frakcis,) an English lawyer and antiqoaiy^
bom in Northamptonshire in Ijfia He wrote seven!
works on British antiquities. Died in 1616.

nte, (Nahum,) a poet and dramatist, bom at DohUs
in leji. He succeeded Shadwell as poet-Uareate it
169a He was the author <rf ** HitcellaneR Sana, a
Poems on Divine and Moral Sobiect*," (16^) "Puu-
cea, a Poem on Tea," (i Too^) a oomMt of original drtau*.
and an alteration of Snakspeare'* "Lear." He madt
a metrical version of the realms, in conjnnctitH] witb
Nicholas Brady, which superseded that of Stemhold sntl
Hopkins. Tate also assisted Dryden in the composilio*
of his "Absalom and AchitopheL" Died in 171 J.

TatlRa, ti'she-«n, (or tl'shcj^l [Lat. TATu'mni
Fr. Tatikn, tfB^N',) an ancient writer, bom abnri
110 a.Dl, was a native of Syria, and waa converted U
Christianity by Justin Martyr. He afterwards adopted
the heresy of the Marcionite*, and founded a sed ctllc^
Tatianistt. He waa the author of a " Disconrse K> Ibc
Heathen,''anda''Harmonyof theFonrOo^iel*.' T>*
former only is extant

Sh Eranioi, "HiiloriB Ecdoiutior" Rrmot. "Rimr'
lirialin Phikupfay :" "NbhtcII* B>a(nptu* G^afaU."

Tatlen. See Tatian.

Tatlsholief or TatidbtohsC tl-tbh-cUf, wriM
alto TatiaolltBalMw and TstlaolWT, (Dmitri Pa*-

%.i.1,6,a,J,l»r^.-k,i,b,a3

t leu prolonged; i, i, 1, 5, Q, f, Jirrt: f. f. i, 9. thmrt; fir, fill, Bl; mtt; nOt; gilU; n

Digitized by CjOOQ I C

TATISaCHEF

UITITCB,) ■ Ruaaian •tateman and dipknnatiat,
1769, waa fucceaaiTetj ambassador to Nipica, Hadilct,
nd 'nenna. Me was a membei of the imperial conndl
of Roida. Died tn 1845.

TktlBliotwt TatiBdntoh*^ or nitUohtaoliair,
(Vasiui MtximcR,) a Rauian Btatetman, and Gov-
unor <S Orenburg, ijom in 16S6, waa the author of the
IrelHittocyof Riiasia,publiihcdin 1769. Died in 175a

Tnttna. See Achillu Tatiuj.

TBtlti% tS'ahg^gs, (Titus,) a king of the Sabinei, who
m* provoked by ttie rape of the Sabine women to lead
a large annj against the Romans. After a great bnt
IndeciaiTe battle, peace waa restored throogb the me-
diation of the Sabine women, and Romnlus and Tatius
reigned joinllj over the aniled Romans and Sabinea
antii tbc death of Tatina, which occoired toon alter the

Tat^nfU, (JoatAH,) an American naval officer, bom
in Geor^i, entered the nivj abont iSts. He became
■ captain in 1S501 and commanded a squadron in the
East Indie* from 1856 to 1S59. He took arm* against
the Union in 1S61, and commanded the &mon* Iron-clad
Merrimac, (alias Virginia,) which he destroyed tiy Gie
OD the tith of May, l36l, near Norfolk, to prevent the
Unionists from taking the vessel Died in 1871.

He published, besides other works, " Lexicon Egvptiaco-
Latinnm," (1835,) and " Propheta Majorea in Dialecto
Lingnas jEgypiiacae," (1851) Died January 8, 1868.

l^ttL See Sansovino, (Jacopo.)

Tanbe, tfiw'bfh, {Prisdkick Wiljixlh,) a German
historical and statistical writer, born in London about
1716. He practised law in Vienna. Died in 1778.

Tanbert, tSw'biRt, (Wilhclu,) a German comp
and pianist, bom in Berlin about 1813. Among his
arorks is an opera called " Bine-Beard," Died in 1891.

Taabmann,i5wp'mSn, [Lat.TAUBMAN'NUS.HFaitD-
tlCH,) a German scholar and poet, tiorn ■- •■-■--'

In Franconia, in 15(5. He became professor of poetry

.. ...•__.. t. • [in poems, and

I ifilj. A col-

at Wittenberg in 1505, 1

riegant Latin poems, ani
. T)ied in ifilj. A ■
lection of his bon'moti, entitled " Taabmanniana,"
published in 1703. He published editions of Virgil
and Plautus,

Taubmammfl. See Taubmamn.

Tanohalti, tfiwK'nits, (Christian Bbrkhakd,)
Baron, a German publisher, a nephew of K. C T.
Tauchnibc, was bom August 3i|, 1S16, «nd established

in 1B37 a publishing- house at Leipsic, making a specialty
of reprinting English books. Died in 1895.

Tanohnits, (Karl Chrittian Pbilifp,] a German
Dublisher, son of the Tollowing, was bom at Leipsic.
March 4, I7(& He inherited and enlarged his Other's
business, which he conducted with great snccess.

Taaoimit^ tSwx'nits, (Karl Christoph Trau-
OOTT.) a celebrated German printer and bookseller, bom
near GHmma in 1161. About 1796 he founded at Leip-
sic a printing-establishment, which has since become one
of the most important in Germany. Among the mul-
titndinous worlu issued liam his press are splendid
editions of Homer and other Greek classics, the Hebrew
Kble, and the Koran in the original tongue. Died in

Tanler or Thaular, tfiw'lf r, [LaL Tavlb'rus,) (Jo-
HANN,) an eminent German theolt^an, and founder
of the mystic theology in Germany, was born at Stras-
bore in 139CL He entered at an early age the order
td Dominicans, and subsequently stndied theology \-

Chnr^

of the!

Lebena Christi") As a prose writer, he enected
Improremenl in the German language. Many o? his
wntlnga have been translated into Latin and other lan-
guaget. Died in 1361.

Sm Hodosom, "Rifbniiai uiil Mutrrt," Phtlidelphia, \»t.
Hi«»tt, " Mmoiii Tanleti," i6« ; A»KB, ■■ Di« Hi.iDn»T«iil«i,"
»M»iCScMMDT. ■J.TMl»«Sti»liiirfc"nc. miiF.W-

«aa4. taar;B'an/;|aiy;a,H.K.fiiaKnt/;N,rUAi/,- f.,MlUd:\i.

Bun. "J. Tntw, l^»B«sr n SMAurE," Mc, iln; Uadah*
Wnmnoiim, ~La of JT Taohr,*' Ludaii, lasT' H. SivmvDL
" Tioln OnnodelHi KMerk," vlT^

Taolcnu. See Tauur.

Tanlter, tsig-i', (Marc Josifh Fr^dIric,) a French
jurist, bom at Grenoble In 1806, pnblbhsd "Thrforie
raisonn^ du Code dvil," [1S40-44.) Died in 1861.

Tanna;, tjCnf, (Auouttr,) * French ttatuaij, bom
tn Paris in 1769. He gained the grand prise of Room
In 1792, and accompanied his brother mcolas Antofn*
to Brazil in 1S16. Died in 1S34.

Tanna^, (Nicous Aktoini,) a akilfhl French fab.
torical painter, brother of the preoeding, was bon In
Paris in 1755. He became a member of the Institate ia
I795i visited Brazil in 18161 and returned to Paris in
iSto. Died in 1830^

l^iiuitoii. Lord. See Laboocheri, (Henry.)

Taan'tpn. (Sir W. E.,) an English jurist, bom at
Oxford, was appointed In 1830 a judge of the court oif
king's bench. Died in 1835.

Tbnrellna. See Toreixi.

Tani'I-on, [Gr. Tnqaiw,] a Macedonian general, who
had the chief command of (he army in the Pelopon-
nesus during the minority of Philip v., abont aao B.C,
He was an enemy of Aratus.

Tan-rii'oiia op Tralles, a Greek sculptor, who, with
his brother Apollonius, e»cated a celebrated marUe
CTonp, called " Toro Famese," which was found at
Rome in the sixteenth century, and is now in Naples
(See Apollonius.)

Tan'mo, (Statilii^,) a Roman general, who com-
manded Mark Antony's fleet in the war against Seitiu
Pompey. He received the honour of a triumph in u
B.a for hit tuccets in Africa, and commanded the land-
army of AuKustut at the battle of Actinm, 31 B.C. In
theyear afi he was elected consul. Died after 16 BX:.

noslE, tSVzio, (Karl,) a celebrated pianist, bom at
Warsaw, November 4, 1841. In 1865 he was appointed
court pianist at Berlin, Died at Leiptic, July 17, iSyi.

Tana'aig. (Fbancis William,) an American
economist, bom at Si. Louis in i8s9- He became
professor of political economy at Harvard in 1892.
His works include " The Tariff History of the United
States," (1888,) "Wages and Capital," (1896,) etc.

TaatphtMiu, Baroness, anovclist, bom in 1&17 at
Seaview, county Donegal, Ireland. She married a Hun-
garian nobleman, and wrote novels in English, mainly of
life in South Germany. Her best known works are ' ' The
Initials," (1850,) "Quits," (1857,) and " At Odds,"
'1863,3 Died in 1893.

Tavonaaa, de, dfh tfvtn', (Gaspard d« Baal»—
dfh to,) a French general, bom at Dijon in 1509. Ha
was taken prisoner at Pavia in 1525, and contributed to
the victory of Cerisoles. in 1544. He rendered important
— '" ttie war against Charles V., and in the dvil

ighl against the Huguenots at Jarnac and
Moncontour. About 1(70 he obtidned the rank of mar-
shal of France. Died in 1573.

Tawannea, da, (Guillaumb dr Saulx,) Sbicneitr,
son of the preceding, was bom in 1553. He was con-
stantly loyal to Henry III, and Henry IV., and fought.
with the rank of general, against the League. He diea
in i^3i leaving "Memoira of Events from 1560 to
'52?'

T«T«iiiiM,a«,(jEAN DE Saulx;) VicoHTB, a French
general, bom in 155;, waa a ton of Gaspard, noticed
above. As a partisan of the League, he (ought agalnal
Henry III. and Henry IV. Died about 1630.

TETarea-Baatoa, tl-vfi'rEs bls'tAs, (Aurbliand
Candido,) a Brazilian patriot, bom in 1840. He became
a lawyer and legislator, and was eminent as an advocate
of religious freedom and of the abolitirai of slavery. He
published " Letteis of a Solitary Man," " The Valley of
the Amazon," " Stndies on Reform," and some political
pamphlets. Died at Nice, France, December 3, 1S74.

Tavarono, H-vi-n/ni, (Lazaro,) an lulian painter

of frescos and portraits, was bom at Genoa in 1556. Ha

' " biaso, with whom he went to

e works in the Eacotlal foi

the king. Died In 1641.

i; thasini^iii; (IfSce Eaplamtknt,]i.a3.i

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

db,Google

Taylor, (Isaac,) an English author, a sod of Iwac
Taylor, (1787-1865,) author of "Ultimate QTiIiza-
tioD," etc. He wa* bom at Stanford Rivers, in Essex,
in 1819, and graduated in 1853 at Trinity College, Cam-
bridge. In 1857 be took orders in the Established
Church, and bei^me canon of Yorlc Minster in 1885.
He is the author of "Words and Places," (1864,)
"Etniscao Researches, (1874,) "The Origin of the
Aryans," " Names and their Histories," etc. D. 1901.

museunu ol Paris. He pabliahed " ficturesqae and
Romantic Jonrnejt in Old France," ("Voyages pitto-
resques et romantiOBes de I'andenne France,*' 14 ">1«^
1820-63.) IHed at Paris, September 6, 1879-

Taylor, (Jamss Monrok,) an American Baptist
clergyman, was bom at Brooklyn, Nen York, in 184S.
He was pastor of churches at Norwalk and Providence,
and in 1886 he became president of Vassar College.

Taylor, (Jahi,) a meritorioiu English writer, bom In
London in 1783, was a sister of Isaac Taylor, Jr., noticed
above. Inconjnnctionwith her sister Ann,sliecompo«ed
"Original Poems,"which were very popular, and" Hinnn*

Stba Rn. L Tatuib, Londaia. 1K7; Hi
tb* UteniT Ladin oT Eaclmid frrn Ibi
I^M Castury,'' ml. iL, iltj.

Taylor, (Jutufy,) an English bishop and aathor ol
great eminence, was bom at Cambridge in 1613, a- -* —
baptited on the 15th ' ' ' " "
barber, and was edac

where be gradaated ai ....

bolj orden, he obtained the patronage of Archi
Land, throagh whose inSaence lie was cho«en a Fellow
of AD Soals°College, Oxford, in 1636. He became rec-
tor of Uppingham, in Rutlandshire, in 1638, and married
Pbebe Luidisdale (or Langwlale) in 1639. In the dvil
war he was a decided adherent of Charles I., whom he
la duplaio. He poblished in 1642 " Episcopacr

1 agalDit the Acephali and Aerians, New and

Old." Hi* rectory of Uppingham was leqaettrated >7
Parliament in iftfa, after which he supported bimtelf by

phc*yii%" which, sayt Hallatn, "wa* the first bmoas
plea, JB (his coDnUv, for tolerance in religion

prenensive dobib ana on aecp-ieaica nmnoauonB. i ayioi,
therefore, nay be said to have been the first who sapped
and shook the roDndatfoni of dt^matism and pretended
orthodoxy ; the first who taaght men to seek pe««e in
anity of spirit rather than of beliei; and. Instead of e>-
tingnishing dissent, to take awavits sting by charity and
by a aenae of human bllilMlity." (" Introdoction to the
Literature of Europe.") He afterwards published his
" Holy Living and Dying," (1651,) "The Great Exem-
plar, or the Ufc of Christ," (3 vols., 16J3,) and "The
Golden Grove," (165a,) in which he duplayed a rich
iaugination and poetical geniua. He was imprisoned
several times by the partiiana of the Parliament during
the civil oar. In 16^^ at the invilalian of Lord Con-
way, he removed to Ijsbnm, Ireland, where he officiated
M a clergyman. He was appinnted Bishop of Downand
Connor in 166a. Before this date he bad married a

casuistry, entitled " Ductor DolHUntinm," (" Rule of
Conscience," 166a) He wa» intrusted with the adminis-
tration of the small see of Dromore in 1661. He died
at Liabnm in Angnst, 1667, leaving three danghtcr*.
"HI* Sermons," says HaJlam, "are br ahove i

-„- -- ly P*i . . =

the decorations which by critical rules are deemed almoal
peculiar to verse ; a warm tone of piety, sweetness, and
charity ; an accumulation of drcumstantial acceiaottea
whenever he reasona, or persuades, or describes, . . .
distinguish Taylor fiom hia contemporaries by their
degree, as they do from most of his successors by thetr
kind. . . . The eloquence ol Taylor is great, but it is
loaucnce of the hiehest class ; it is far too Asiatic,
ucn in the style of Chrysostom and other declaimers
of the fourth centnry, by the study of whom he had
probably vidated his taste ; his learning is misplaced,
and his arguments often as much so ; not to mention
that he has the common defect of alleging nuf^atory
TOob ; his vehemence loses its effect b^ the circuity <a
lis pleonastic language." (" Introduction to the Lite-
rature of Enrope.'5

S« R. K. Bomtv, "Lib of Jena* TbtIot," iSij; RxotHAta
Haaaa. "Lift of JwtBTTarlar," i>m: R- Wiuiurr, "Binhoff
I. Taylor, hii Prvdniaon." ttc. 1I46; AuJiOMb "DiaioDUTal

^tyloTi UoHN,) snmamed Tm Watik Poet, bom
at Gloucester, in England, in 1580, was orisinally a
In London. His verses possess hot little

lertt, but they are valuable as illustrations

of todety and manners at that time. Died in 1654.

Taylor, (JOHrf,) an English dissenting divine, bom
in Lancashire about 16S0. He was the author of a
"Sketch of Moral Philosophy," "The Scripture Doft
trine of Original Sin," a "Hebrew Concordance," and
other works. Died In 1761.

Taylor, (John,) LL.D., an eminent English iuriit and
scholar, bom at ShrewaburV about 1703. He oecame a
Fellow of Saint John's College, Cambridge, and subae-
qoently wa* made registrar oif the univetaity. He was
— '- - 'ly versed in Greek and Roman law, and pub- ,
edition of the " Orations" of Lywas. He also
edited some of the works of Demosthenes, and other
Greek dassics. He also wrote " Elements of Civil Law,"
(175s.) Having entered into holy orders. Dr. Taylor
was created in 1757 canon-residentiary of Saint Paal'a.
Died in 1766.

Taylor, (John,) an American Senator, bom in Oraiwa
county, Virginia. He was elected a Senator of tSe
United States 1^ the legislature of Virginia iir '«» <-

tales, etc. Died in 1831.
Taylor, (John,) an English political economist, bom
in 1781. He wrote "The Identity of Tunioa with a
Distinguithed Living Character Established," (tSlSJ
also "Essay* on Currency," etc. IHed in 1864.

TkylOT, (John W.,) an American statesman, bom b
Saratoga county. New York, in 1784. He studied law,
and represented a district of New York in Cougreaa
n 1813 to 1833. He made an eloquent speech against
estaUbhment of slavery In Missouri, February, 1819^
___ wa* Speaker of the House of Representatives in ttia
second Mstion of the Sixteenth Cojigiesa. (iSao-ai.)

in 1854.

Taylor, [Hkadows,} an English noveliet and state*-
man, born at Liverpool in 1808. In i&M he was sent oat
to Bombay as a clerk in a merchant's house, but on his
arrival the houae had failed. He succeeded in obtainiitf
a commission in the service of the Niiam, and spent bu
leiaore time in mastering the lan^ages, laws, and an-
tiquitie* of Southem India. Having retumed to Eng-
land in 1840, he published " The Confessions of a Thug/*
a novel embodying the teanlts of his studies and obser-
vations. This was followed by " Tara," " Ralph Darvill,"
" TippDO Sultann," and " Seelah." In 1S50 the Niiam'a
government appointed him to administer the prindpality
of the young Rajah of Shorapore, wtiich he succeeded in
raising to a bigh degree of prosperity. Died at Menioa^

«Mi.Sa

1: giarj; £as/,- a,H,K,pit/urai; K, natal; t.,triiUd; laan: thasinetu. (|^*5ee Explanation*, p. I]. |

Digitized ay CjOOQ IC

TAYLOR 22

TliTlor, (HATHAHnL WiLLUU,) D.D., an eminent
Amencui divine and pulpit orator, bom at Hew Milford,
Coonecticnt, In 17S& In i8i> he tncceeded Moaea
Stnart u pastor of the First Congregational Charch at
Kew HaTcn, and in 1S2S became Dwight profeaior of
didactic theology at Yale College. He wrote a number
or theological euaj*, which favour the viewa of Jonathan
Edwards. Died in \%t,%.

TayloT, (Richard,) an English printer and ioumalitt,
bora at Norwich in 1781, bei^e associate editor of the
"Philosophical Magaiine," and in iSiS founded the
"Annals of Naluru History." He published edition*
of Warton'a " Distory of English Foetr;," and of other
standard works. Died in 1S5S.

Taylor, (Richard,) an American general, was a son
of President Zachary Taylor. He commanded a Con-
federate army which defeated General Banks near Mans-
field and Pleasant Hill, Louisiana, in April, 1864. He
surrendered to General Canbj on the 4lh of May, 1S65,
near Mobile^ He died April 11, 1S79.

Taylor, (Richard Cowuhc.) an English geologist,
born in Suffolk in tySg. Having emigrated to America
fn 1830, he was employed in geological explorationl '-

TAYLOR

of Coal." Died in 1851.

T«ylOT, (Sir Robert,) an English sculptor and archi-
tect, born in 1714. He studied at Rome, and after hit
return to London devoted himself principally to archi-
tectural works. Among his most admired structares
we may name Lord Gnmstone's mansion at Gorham-
bury. He died in 1788, leaving a fortune of jf 180,000,
a portion of which he bequeathed to the University of
Oxford toward* founding ah institute for the study of
(nodem langu^et.

Taylor, (Rowland,) aa English clergyman, chaplain
to Archtushop Cranmcr, was condemned, under (he
reign of Queen Maiy, to be burnt at the stake. The

i^ylor, (SnpHBN Wiluam,) LLD.,
teacher, burn in Berkshire county, Massachusetts, in
lytll. lie became in 1S38 professor of mathematics and
natural philosophy in Madison University, New York,
of which he was subsequently president. Died in 1856L

Taylor, (Thohas,) an English Puritan minister, bom
in Yorltshire in 1576. He preached in London, and
published several volumes of sermons. Died in 1633.

liiylor, (Thomas,) an eminent English scholar, sur-
named the Platonist, born in London in 1758. From
early youth he applied himself with ardour to the study
of the Greek philosophers, and about 1780 began the
iwblication of a series of translations from the classics.

hicluding the writings of Plato and Aristotle. Besides
the above, Mr. Taylot translated "The Hymns of Oi-
I^eus," (178J,) "Froclos on Euclid," (1792,) Pansa-

'* "Description of Greece," (1794.) "Five Books of
rjotinos," (1794.) "The Six Books of Proclus on the
Theolcm of Plalo," (1816,) "lamblichus on the Mys-
leries of the Egyptians, Chaldeans," etc, (1821,) " The
Metamorphoses and Philosophical Works of Apuleius,"
(1822.) "Select Works of Porphyry," (1823,) "Argu-
ments of Celsus relative to the Christians, taken from
Origen," etc.. "Proclns on Providence and Evil," (1833,)

and other classics. He also published, araon^

original treatises, a " Diasertation on the Eleusinii

Bacchic Mysteries." Died in 1835. Mr. Taylor was
distinguished for hi* pieat conversational power* and
attractive social qualities, which gained for him the
friendship of many persons of wealth and influence, bjr
whose assistance he was enabled to publish his volumi-
nous worlcs. Among his patrons the Duke of Norfolk
and Mr. Meredith deserve especial mention fur their mu-
nificence. As a translator from the Greek. Mr. Taylor
doe* not hold a hich rank, bnt he merits the gratitude
of die admirers of Plato for having done so much to
attract attention to the works of that philosopher.
I,^I.5,a.;,/e>v;li,i6,*ame,le**prolonged; ili,<l,(,K,u.y,ii«rr,-t,«.i,9,aiHKnr,-ar,fl]l,Atinlt;nfit;K3ed;iDi^:

Taylor, (Tou,) *n En^ish dramatist and i^*ceb
neous writer, was bom in Durham in 1817. Amoog ft
numerou* successfiil dramas may be mentioned "SfiO
Water* Run Deep," (1855.) "Victims," (1856,) "Oor

numerou* successfiil dramas may be mentioned "
... _ _ ... ,j „^^.

. . , .) "The
{i859,)*'The Babe* in tEe Wood," (i860,) "The Orer

P." 1855.)
," (i8«)
e* in the V

'The Fool's

/iLLtAH,) an accomplished English writer
r, bom at Norwich in 1 765. He acqirireJ

knowledge of the French, German, and Italian In.

lages during a residence on the continent, and pab

land Route," (i860,) "The Hcket^of-Leave Mia,"
(1863,) "Twist Aie and Crown," (1870,) and "Annt
Boleyn," (1876.) He also edited the Autobiographies of
B. R. Haydon and C. R. Uslie, and wrote "The Life
and Times of Sir Joshua Reynolds." He was a ftcquenl
contributor to " Puncti," of which he became ediioc is
l374- Died July 12, iSSo.

Taylor, (WiL
and translator, fa
a I

P", _

Itshed, after his return, an excellent translatioii of
Bftrger's "Lenore," and other German poems. IBt
version of Lessing's "Nathan der Weiae" came ont it
1806, and a collection of his translations, entitled ■
" Survey of German Poetry," was published In 183(1
He also wrote a work on English synonyms, and CMqs
on the German poets. Diedin 1S36.

Sm " Htmnr of WiUiam TiylDt," t>T T. W. KouuM.

Taylor, (Wiluak.) an American bishop of the Uedt
odiit Episcopal Church, was bom in Rockbridge coanty,
Virginia, May 2, iSii. He became a preacher in 1S41,
was very successful as a revivalist, and was engaged m
labours in Australia, Tasmania, and Ceylon, 1863-66.
Later he laboured in Africa, was in England for efcng
months, and afterwards founded a very succesiAil Klf.
supporting mission in India. He subsequently TiavA
South Americ^ and in 1884 was chosen a bishop and
given a supervision over the missions, especially these
of Airica. Died May 18, 19OZ.

Taylor, (William Cooks,) an Irish writer, bats u
Youghal in iSoo, published a number of Uographical
■nd liistorical works. Among the principal we nuf
"ime a " History of France and Normandy," (l83(^|

History of Popery," (1837,) and "Life and llniM of

eminent clergyman, born at Kilmamock, Scotland, Oc-
tober 13, 1829, graduated in 1849 at the Universin of
Glasgow, He studied at the Seminary of the United iW
byienan Church at Edinburgh, and wa* ordained at Kil>
maurBiniS53. In iSyahebecamepastorof IbeBioadwiy
Tabernacle Church in New Yorit, Amoiw his numeral*
works are " Life Truths," (i36i,) "The Miradet Help
Faith," (1S65,) " David, King of Israel," (1874,] "Elijib

. _ _of Life," (1880,)" Conlrsiy Winds,'

(1883,) ett Died in 1S95.

Taylor, (Zachakv,) a distinguished American pM-
raU and the twelfth President ot the United States, m
bornin Orange county, Virginia, in 17S4. Hewasiweof
Colonel Richard Taylor. He wa* cducaicd inKentadr,
his father having removed to Loui*ville, in that Sole,
about 1785. He entered the army in 1808, and nuirid
Margaret Smith in iSioi In (he war which bean ia
1812 he aerved as captain against the Indian*. Heob-
tained the rank of colonel in 1832, and was employed is
the war against Black Hawk the lame year. He de-
feated the Seminoles at Okechobee in December, 1837,
and was appointed commander-in-chief of the army ii
Florida in April, 183S: About 1840 he purchased n
estate near Baton Rouge, on which he settled. Hecooi-
manded an army which was sent in the summer of 184J
to Corpus Christi, near the mouth of (he Nncoes Rim.
"Mr. Polk and his cabinet desired General Taylor n
debark at, occupy, and hold the east bank of the Rio
Grande, though they shrank from the responsitalin
if giving an order to (hat eflect, hoping that General
Taylor would take a hinL . . . Official hints and innnes-
does, thai he wa* expected to advance to the Rio Grande,
itinued to reach him; but he disregarded then :
1 at length, about the 1st of Match, (8^ he receiTcd
positive otders from the President to advance." (Greeley,
I" American Conflict," voL L p. 186,) On the 8th of

d by Google

TAZEWELL 2:

Ha* he wa* attacked at Palo Alto \(f the Mexican annj,
whKh Im aignalljr defeated. He gained another Tictoiy
at Rcaaca de la Palma on the 9th of May, aoOD after
which lie waa promoted to the rank of major-gmeraL
On the Kid of Febrnaiy, i S47, he defeated Santa Anna in
a lurd-fbi^ht battle at Baena Villa. He received from
■lit toldien the funillar name of " Roagh and ReadT."
Id June, 1S48, he wa* nominated aa candidate for uie
Freaidenc; t^ the Whfa[ National Convention, HU ctnn-
petiton were Lewis Cass, Democrat, and Uartin Van
Bnren, Free-SdL General Tajlor received one hnndred
and sixty-three electoral votes, (cast by fifteen States, in-
cluding New York aitd Pennsylvania,) and was elected.
In the DCM Congress, which met in December, 1B49, the
Democrats bad the majority. An exdtinf contest en-
sued aboat the organization of the Bpacioos tCTritories
recen^T ceded b^ Mexico to the United States, and the
admission of California, which had formed a constitution
excluding slavery. In bis message of December, 1S49,
the President recommended the admission of California,
which was violently opposed by the Soothem members
of Congress, who threatened to dissolve the Union. This
difficolty was obviated or postponed by Mr. Clay's Com-
IH*omlse bill, which gave the pro-slavery party some
compensation for the admiiaion of Califonila, t^ mote
effecluaJ enactments Ibr the rendition of fogitive slaves
to their masters. According to this bill. New Mexico
and Utah were to be organized witboal the Wilmot
proviso i that is, the people of those lerrilories were per-
mitted to decide whether slavery should be admitted or
frohibited. Before the passage of this compromise bill,
resident Taylor died, on the 9lh of Jnly, 1850, and the
cxecntive power devolved on the Vice-President, Millard
PI)lmor& The administration of President Taylor was
generally popalar.

pnlla.'

Ta>ewall, Hi'wel, (Littlbton W.,) an American
lawyer and Senator, bom at Williamsburg, Virginia, in
1774. He was a Senator of the Unilea Slates from
1834 to iSja, and was elected Governor of Virginia in
l8u Died at Norfolk in 186a

■Tohaoa-Kong. See TCHaw-KoNO,

Teheinlayet chCa-ne-i'ye^ (Mikbah. Gkicorib-
VTTCH,) a Russian general, born October 34, iSaS, aerved
[n the Crimean war and in Central Asia, where he won
great distinction. He commanded the Servian army
in the war of 1876, was everywhere beaten by the
Turks, and left the service in disgrace. He was Gov-
ernor of Tashkend 18S3-84, and for two years after-
wards a member of the Russian council of war. Died
in 189S.

Tohamyahai; chlR'ne-shCf, written also Tbcber-
ii7aohewandTHohani7tBChBW,(ALKXAMDKKlyANO-
TiTCH,) a Russian general and diplomatist, bom in 1779,
served with distinction in several campaigns against the
French, and was ambassador to Paris in 1811. He was
present at the Congress of Vienna, and soon alter the

became president of the imperial coandl, having been
previously made a prince of the empire. Died in 1857.

Tobernjahef or TBcbernyache'v, (Ghkoory,) a
Russian general in the service of Peter the Great, was
born in 167J. He was appointed Governor of Livonia
in 1736, and ennobled by the empress Eliiabeth in 174a.
Died in 1745.

'" - s Zaehar(Sacimk) (died in 1784) and Ivan

87) rose to the rank of ' "
aunt PxriE, became n
to the courts of Berlin and Paris.

TcberayshevBky, cbln-ne-shEv'skf, (Nikolai Ga-
VHILOTITCH,) a Russian novelist, bom at Saratov in iSlS.
He wa* a writer for a journal ("The Conlemjiorarv")
which, from being a liferiry and economistic review, be-
came the oigaa of the NihiruCB. He was banished to the
mines in 1804, and after fifteen years' bard labour was sent
to Siberia. His most celebrated work is "Ozto-dieUtr
("What isto be Doner" 1861.) Died October 31, ""

nese legislator, is supposed to have lived eleven ceB>
tunes before the Christian era. He filled several high
offices under the government, and also enjt^red a high
reputation as an astronomer, poet, and warrior.

ToIiiIiatolis( Tou, fon chelil-chlP, (Pbtik.) a Ros-
slan geolr^st, bom near Saint Petersburg in tSia. He
spent about six years in the exploration of Asia Minor,
He published in 1S46 an account of his exploration of
the Altai Mountains, entitled " Voyage sclentifiqne dans
I'Altai et dans les Contr^es adjacentcs," and a valuable
work entitled "Asia Minor, a Physical, Stallstleal, and
Archaeological Description of that Country," (In French,

vols., 1853-56.) Died October 11, ij _
Toblng-Toblng Kong; ching ching kong,
admiral, sometimes called Koxua, (ought against tha
■- ■ — >-- -! 1 I- .Kl ,ii., n»

a Chinese

Hantchoo Tartars, whom he besieged in the city of
Nanking about 1656. He subsequently drove the Dutch
from the island of Formosa, and concluded a treaty with
the English for the purpose of obtaining their aid against
the Mantchoos. Died about 1670.

Toliitobagot Tchltohagov, or nobltBobagcnr,
chitch'1-goP, (Paul Vasilibvitch,) a Russian admiral
and general, was bom In 1766. lie was iDinisiei of tha
marine in the first yean of the reign of Alexander L,
and became an admiral in r8a7. Xn 181S he received
command of an army destined to intercept the-retreal
of Napoleon from Moscow, but he ^led in that design.
He resigned soon after, and passed the jtfX. til his life in
foreian countries. Died in Paris in I849.

Tobitohagof or Tsobltachagoir, (VAStLti Yakot-
LBvrrcii,) a Russian admiral, bom in 1736, served in the
Seven Years' war, and in 1790 gained a victory ovei
the Swedes near Viborg. lie was the father of thi>
preceding. Died in 1S09.

Tohoung-Nl See Confucius.

Tobaldeo, ti-bii'di-o, or nbaldeo, le-bU'dt-o,
(Antonio,) an Italian poet, born at Ferrara in 14(6,

Eblished numerous lyrics and pastorals, in Italian, afao
tin epigrams and other poems, which were esteemed
by his contemporaries. Died in 1537.

Tabaldos. See Thbobaldus.

Teck, (Francis Paul Chakles Louts Albxandbb,)
DuRB OF, a German prince, only son of Alexander, a
cousin of the King of Wiirtemherg. He was born
August 37, [S37. His mother was a morganatic wife,
bat in 1S63 the duke and his sisters, by a decree of the
king, were recognized as of the blood royal, and in 1866
he married the princess Mary Adelaide, a sisler of the
Duke of Cambridge, and a relative of Queen Victoria.
He died January 21, 1900.

To-ofim'a^ti, a celebrated Indian chief of the Shawnee
tribe, was bom near the Scioto River, Ohio, about I77<)>
Having effected an alliance of the Western Indian*
against the whites, a battle was fought at Tippecanoe
in 1811, in which the former were defeated by General
Harrison. Tecumseh joined the English in the war oif
1S13, obtained the rank of brigadier-general, and was
killed at the battle of the Thames, in 1S13, where be
commanded the right wing.

Tedaldl-Fores, ti-dU^ee fo'rts, (Carlo,) an Italian
poet, born at Cremona in 1793. Among his works are
tragedies entitled " Bondelmonte" and "Beatrice Ten-
da,' which are praised by Sismondi in the "Biographie
Universelle." Died in 1839.

TedesohL ti-dis'kee, (Niccol6,) snmamed Fanor<
MiTANO, pi-noR-me-tl'no, (Lai. Panorhita'kus ; Fr.
Le FANORurTAiN, l(h pt'noK'me'tJiN', <!/. "the Paler*
mian,"] an Italian canonist, bom at Catania in 13S&
He distinguished himself at the Conncil of BUe^ sup-
ported the anti-pope Felix V., and became a cardinal in
144a. Died in 1445.

Tflfll^ lift, (BiNJAHiK Frankun,) D.D., LL.D., an
American Methodist divine, born in Oneida county.
New York, in 1813. He was appointed professor of
Greek and Hebrew in the Asbu^ University, Indiana,
and subseqnently tiecame president of Genesee Col-
lege, New York. He published several theological
works. Died September 16, 1SS5.

Tefiiflt, the ancient Egyptian goddess of light, closely
•iBodated with Shu, (q. v.)

mk; qsmt; (<lan/; taa//G,H,K,/w<ninii/,- v,natal; t.,Mlltd;\a»i: thaslntfii. ((f See Biptanat)oiw,p. 9^>

(.nOOl^lc

pointed historitwrapher br GiutiTiii Adolphus in 1614.
He wrote a *' Htitoi? of GoiUtds L," [t6ai,) and other
vorki. Died in 1638.'

Tegotbofi; VOD, fon uC'git-hof, (Wilhelh.) an Ana-
trlan vice-admiral, bom in Styria in 1S37. He became
* captain in 1S57, and defeated the Danish fleet near
Heligoland in MaT, 1864. Hannj obtained the chief
comniand of the Aintrian fleet, with the ranli of rear-
admiral, he gained a decUive victor; over the Italians
at Lissa, in the Adriatic, Jul; 19, 1S66. Died in 1871.

TsEetmlei, (William B.,) an English nalui&liat,
bom ax Colubrook, Bucks, in 1816. He worked vrith
Darwin, making a special study of variation in ani-
mals. He published " The Homing Pigeon," ( 187a,)
"Natural History of the Cranes," (i88i,) "The
House Sparrow," (1898,) and other works.

Tegndr, tlng-nait' or tCng-nlla', (Esaias,) the most
celebrated poet of Sweden, wai bom in Wermland In
iTSa. He studied at the University of Lund, and in
ISta became professor of Greek in that instilution. He
had previonaly puUiahed a number of lyrics, and several
larger poems, entitled "Svea," (iSii,) which obtained
the priM from the Swedish Academy, "Children of the
Lord's Supper," (itoo,) and "Aiel," (1811.) Having
graduated m theology, he was appointed in 1834 Bishop
of Wezio. His " nithiobsaga,*^ published in 183 j, u
esteemed his best prodaction. It has obtained a world-
wide reputation, and been translated into the principal
modem languages, four different versions of it faavmg
appeared in German. Among his other worki may
be named "Schalreden" and "Orations," which were
greatly admired, and were translated into German by
Mohnike. Tegnjr died in November, 1846, and a
colossal statue, admirably executed by Svarnstritm, wia
raised to his memory at Land in 1S53.

Dative of Wermland. His ' Frilhiof Saga,' though not
■ regular epic, — lor It is rather a bundle of lyrical
poemi woven into one epic cycle, — is yet a complete
and great P<^D>. • ■ ■ We have had Eve or six tranala*
tiou of 'Frithiot' none of which give any conceplioii
of the eiqaisite beauty and splendour o[ the origmal."
{See article on " Scandinavian Literature" in the ** En-
cyclopedia Britannica.")

Sn riAmfa. " Amteadw-Ta] Bfnr E. Tmott," >W; 1. O
GBiai, " AnunndH-Til ■(« K. TifDJr," iSie: Boariiaaa, "K,
Ttffiit't LarsM," 1I47,

Tsgoborakl, tA-go-boit'ikee, (Lewis,) a Polish ecoo-
omiat and diplomatist, born at Warsaw in 1793. He
published, besides other works, " Studies on the Pro-
ductive Forces of Russia," (4 vols., l85>-S4.) He was
a privy councillor of Russia. ' Died in 1857.

Tal^ tee'^ the last king of the Ostrogoths In Italy,

"&

'Motameysi, as'ml'er, (Hebhahn Fkiedrich,) an
eminent German physician, bom at Minden in iSSj.
He became profeasor of anatomy, etc at Jena in 1737,
and published several works. Ehed in 1740.

Telgnmouth, tin'm&lh, (John Shoii,) Lord, an
English statesman and writer, bom in Devonshire in
1751. He was appdnted in 1773 Persian translator and
secretary to the provindal council of Moornliedabad,
in India, and subsequently became a member of the
supreme coundl under Lord Cornwallit. Hewai made
a baronet in 1791, and in 1793 succeeded Cornwallis as
Governor-General of India. He resigned this ofSce in
1797, and was soon after made a peer of Ireland, with
the title of Baron Teignmoulh. He had been elected in
1794 president of the Asiatic Society, and in 1804 be-
rante first president of the British and Foreign Bible
Society. He published " Memoirs of the Life, Writings,
and Correspondence of Sir William Jones." (1804,)
afterwards prefixed to an edition of Jones's works which
he brought out in 1807 in 13 vols. Svo. Lord Teignmouth
also wrote "Considerations on Communicating to the
Inhabitants of India the Knowledge of Christianity,"
(1811.) He died in 1334, having been previously ap-
pdnted a member of the privy council of India.
I.& 1. 6. ik,;,/dHf;Li,A,same, leu prolonged! i.i,I,S,ii,|r.ii«r^;f.«,f,9,0#if»n-.-ar,nil,aiimet;nBt;|

French general, bom in Dauphin^ in 1711. He m
eoBtmandanI of the school of artillery at Auxonne,iiid
rendered some services to Bonaparte, who was a lievln-
ant under him. Bonaparte leR a legacy of one hnudrcd
thousand francs to the heirs of Du Teil. ENed in 1794.

Tflireslas. See Tirksias.

Tolasaratio, tis'rOK', (Pisrrr Edhond,) ■ Frend
writer on railroads, was born at Chlleaarouit tn 1814.

Talsaler, ti's^', (Antoink,) a French juittt ud
writer, born at Montpellier in 1633. He waa patranind
by the Elector of Brandenburg, afterwards Frederick L
of Prussia, who made him a coondtlor of state and Ut
historiographer, and also appointed him preceptor to hit
■on. He made translations from Saint Chrysostom, Siinl
Clement, and Calvin, and wrote "Eulogies of Leaned
Men, taken from the History of U. de Thoo," (ttijj
and other works. Died in 1715.

S« NiciioH. " U^maiia :" " MonnlU Biooantn GteMa'

TelaslsT, (GtriLLAUWE Ferdinand,) a Freikcfa uU-

1 t8i4-

Triaaler, (Jean Aktohte.) See MARomRirm
Tejada, (Sebastian.) See Lerdo de Tijaim.

Tokea SeeTOKiLY.

brother of Peleus, and the'bther of Ajax and Tencet,
whose mother was Hesione, a daughter of Laomedoo.
He took part in the Argonautic expedition, and fought
for Hercules against Laomcdon andu^nst the Amaion*.

Tel-e-cH'dM or Tel-»<jloI'd«l, [T.fl«A(iAK,l an
Athenian comic poet of the old comedy, flourished »Do«l
444 B.C. His works are lost

^fr.Ug'o-uw [Gr- TtWTwr; Fr. TtiJcONE, t«i'.
son',] a son of Ulysses and Circe, was, according M
me fiAile, thrown by shipwreck on the island of Ithaca.
Being urged by hunger, he began to pillage from the
natives, and waa attacked by Ulystea, whom be killed
not knowing who he was.

Talaki or Telak;, til; h-ke, (LAMSuins,) a Han-
garian patriot, orator, and writer, bom at Peath to iSlL
He was elected to the House of Representative* by the
Liberal party in 1848, and took an active part in the
movement for the independence of Hungary, During
hia absence on a mission to France, he waa condemned
to death bv the Austriana. He was elected in iSte a
member of Che Diet, in which he acted with the radical
parttr. He died, probably W suidde, in May, 1861.

Tb-laiii>-«hiu, IGr.Tuiiiiaxot: Fr. TtvtHAQm, tk'-
U'mtk',] son of Ulvases (King of Ithaca) and Penelope,
was induced by Minerva, under the form of Mente^
(called alao Mentor,) King of the Tapbiana, to nndertake
a voyace in search of hi* lather, who had engaged with
the other Gredan prince* in the Trojan war. After
lili retnm home, he discovered Ulyaae* disguised as a
beo^. and, with hia aasiatance, put to death the soltocs
of Penelope. The fortunes of Telemschus fonn Ute
(ubiect of^the admirable moral romance of F^el<m.
After the death of his bihet he i* said to have married
Nausicaa, or, as some say, Circe. (See the "Odmey.'^

Telenuum, tileh-mln', (Gboio Phtupp.I a Gennan
composer, bom at Hlldeshrim hi 1681, waa appointed
director of music at Hamburg. Hia worki were pon-
dpatly operas. Died in 1767.

TiltaiaqQe. See TKLSUAcmn.

Europa, and Phceniz.

TritApha. See Telbphus.

Tel'e-phiu, [Gr. Tiiitfoc; Fr. TALknn, liltf J u
sndent hero, the son of Hercnles and Ange, waa Kii^
of Mysu, in Asia Minor. He paned many year* id
poverty and exile. He fought against the Grecku la
the beginning of the Trepan war, and was wonnded bf
Achilles. An orade which he consulted Informed htm
that his wound could only be cured by him who inflicted
it. Having persuaded AchlDcs to heal his wound, be
became an ally of the Greeks. Euripides and Sopho-
cles each wrote a tragedy entitled " Telephns."

Ttf-e-«U1f, [Gr. TtJ«rf»a; Ft. TtlAsiLLK, til*'
1*1',] > Greek lyric poeteu, bora at ArnN, lived abou
jto B.c; She is said to hava lerred in the army igaiiu.
Sparta, and to hav« been equally celebrated for her
conraw and poetical genina.

TelMlo, ti-IS'te-o, (Airromo,) an Italian poet and
■cbolar, bom at Cosenn in 148a. He waa prolea)<
Latin, etc at Rome and Venice. Died in 1534.

Telaalo, [LaL Tilk'sius,] (Bbknardino.) an ItalUn
philosopher, bom at Coaenia in 150S or ia>9, was
nephew of (he preceding. He distingiiiBhed hinuelf
an opponent of the philosophy of Aristotle and .
aaserter of mental independence. He pnblished aoi
new ideaa in hit book " On the Nature of Things ac-
cording to Proper Prindplea," ("De Natnra Remm
JOKU propria Piindpia.*^ He was peneeuted by the
clergy for hi* ojriniona. Died in 1538.

Sh LoTtma, "D»Vha M Mdoaoiihit B. Td«ii," ini : Kmn
mi Sim, " BonvdnL Talimmt," >■»: Hidioii, ■'H4ii»ini :"
C. BAamauHriM "Diwmiticufa S. Talawi," r^: Gmcnnii^
" HiBoin LilUnin d'luE* ^ "VaBttU* Btntnplii* G^n^nk."

TalMina, See Tiusio.

Ts-lBa'pho-ma, Bishop of Rome, is supposed to ha*«
tieen elected in 127. Died in 138 A.ik

Ts-lte'tM or T»-l«a'tSI, \fiihm( or TMnvc,] an
Athenian dithyramUc poet, flourished aboat 400 t.c.

Tsl'ffr, (Jaiks,) a Scottish balladist, born at South-
dean, December 3, iSool His " Border Ballads" (1834)
contain pieces of merit. He also wrote ** Barbara Gray,"
(a tale, 1835.) Died January iS, 1863.

Tel'fpid, (Thohai,) an eminent Scoltiah engineer,
bom in Daraftietshire in 1^57. He was the sou of a
(hepberd, and was apprenticed at an early a» to a
stone-mason. Having gobaeqnentlT removed to LotKlon,
be waa employed in various architectural works, and
in 1796 completed an iron bridge over the Severn. In
iSoi he finished the Ellesmere Canal, which waa fol-
lowed br the aqueduct bridge over the valley of the
Dee, and Ihe Caledonian Ship-Canal, esteemed one of
his greatest works. Hit Improvement of Ihe harbours
cf Aoerdeen and Dundee, the construction of the Saint
Catherine docks, London, and the Menai suspension
brid^, are also monuments of engineering skilL Mr.
Telford was a Fellow of the Royal Societies of London
and Edinburgh, and wat for many years president of the
Institution m Civil Engineers, to which he bequeathed
jf 3000 for a premiam-mnd. He contributed a number
M artides on arehitectnre, inland navigation, etc to the
"Edinbargh Encydopxdia." Died in 1S34.

ShChahbbb, " Biccn^ial Dicdourror EmiiHnl Bmliiuiii :"
"KdinlMiib Rnhor" for OeWbgr, 1K33: "Qnutcrlir Rnicw" fa

THUgnj, da, dfh Ifih-ltn'ye', (CiumLis,) a Frendi
Protestant officer and able negotiator. He served with
distinction in the dvil wars, and was employed in sev-
eral treaties between his party and Ihe conrL He mar-
ried in 1571 Louise de Coligny, a daughter of Admiral
lie Coligny, and perished in the massacre of August,
1573, at Paris. His widow afterwards was married to
William the Silent, Prince of Orange,

Set Hue. "La Pnm prototutc"

Tell, ttl, (WiLKBLH,) a celebrated Swiss hero and
patriot, bom in the canton of Uri in the latter p

Schwyz, and Arnold von Melchthal to resist Ihe tyranny
of the Aastrian governor, Hemiann Gessler. This officer
having insolently required the Swiss to make obeisance
to his hat, which was hung up in pnblic, Tell refused to
comply, upon which Gessler commanded him to shoot
an apple from (he head of his son, and, if he foiled to
hit the mark, his lifo sboald be Ihe penal^. Tell struck
the apple, bat, on being uked what he intended to do
with a second arrow widen he carried, replied that in case
ha had killed his ton it was destined lor Gessler. For
this he was taken prisoner on Ihe govemor's vessel ; bat,
a violent stomtarbing, he was required to steer the boat,
and, watching hit chance, sprang on shore. Gessler,
having landed soon after, was shot, by Tell, while on his
way to KUssnacht. These inddenta form the subject
of Schiller's moat popular drama. In the opinion of

91 TEMMINCK

some of the best modem critics, there it a considerabta
infusion of the mythic element in the hisloir of Tell al
it haa come down to nt. According to tradition, William
Tell was drowned about IJSo, while attempting to save
a diild, — an event which Uhlaod has celeorated in ona
of bis lyrics.

S« luiaa, - Dit 3n •«■ SchiHH ta Tdl," it;&; O. B. mat
HAuaa, "Red* Uw W. Tdl,- irn: "UtOiUnH da la Con-
ftUtatinB SniiH."bT A. RtLUST, Gnien, itUi J. voh MAllsk
" HiUoin d« 1i 5iii» :' Hnnnira. " W. T>1L" \t*:}. I. Hbslv,
'■ G. T*IL If rlh* •■ HiRoin," He, 1S4J i Baii wi-GoinjL " Cnrioiu
HjRbi of Ihe Middle A«ii" "Hoonll* Biegraphii OAUnh :"
"EdiiibaiBhR.™Wfcr]ma.rT,iS6*

Tellar, (Hknky Moobb,) an American statesman,
was bom at Granger, New York, in 1S30. He became
■ lawyer in Illinois and Colorado, was major-general
of Colorado militia 1862-64, Bnd was United States
Senalot 1876-S3 and after 1885. He became a promi-
nent free-silver advocate in 1896, and wat re-elected
as an independent free-silver Republican ; sectetaiyof tbe
interior, iSSz-Sj. Died February 33, r9i4,

Tellsr, tell^, (Wilhblu ABkARAM,) a Gcraaa
theologian, and professor of theology at Helmstedt, wat
bornai Leipsicin 1734. He was the author ofa " Manual
of Christian Faith," "Dictionary of the New Testament,"
and other religious works. Died in 1804.
Telles. See Elbanor of Portuoai. ~

Teller tel'l&r', (Baltmaeak,) a leamed Porlugnesa
Jesnit, bom at Usbon in 1595. He became profeiitor
of theology in hit native dty, having previously taught
belles-lettres, philosophy, etc in the prindpal colleges
of PortugaL He waa Ihe author of a valaabte " History
of Ethiopia," induding an account of Ihe Jesnit missions
in that conntry, " History of the Sodety of Jesus in Por>
tugal," and "Compendinm of Universal Philataphy,"
{" Summa universK PhilosophiK."] He waa appointed
provindal of Ihe order of Jesuits in PortugaL Died la
167s.

Tellei, tCl-yCth', (Gabmbl,) a celebrated Spanish
dramatist, known by his pseudonym ofTiRSO dk Mouk a,

g:a'sodl mo-lee'nl,) wat bom at Madrid about 1585.
aving taken holy orders, he became prior of Ihe con-
vent (rf Soria in 164J. His ctmiedies are said to liave
amoimted to three hundred, only sixty-eight of which
have been preserved. These dramas are ranked
among the masterpieces of the Spaoisb theatre, being
esteemed second only to thoae of Lope da Vega, whom
Tellei made his model. Died in 164S.

So TiCKHm, "HiMotT of Spuiili Liunnin:" wtkli Tina
I If OUHA, ia tha " NDanD* Biocnpliie GtiUrmlt."
T«UeB da Srlra, iCl-ltz' dl stl'vl, (Manobl.) Mar-
quis d'Alegrete and Count de Villamayor, a Portuguea*
Ste/rattur,ooTO in Lisbon in 16S3 ; died in 173&
TaUlor, Ii«. See Lb Tbluib and Louvois.
TeUnodnl, ttl-loot-chee'nee, (Maeio,) called Bbk-
INO, an Italian poet, lived about 1560-90, Among Ua
works is "Artemidoro," a poem, (156&)

Telliu or Tcr^r^, [Gr. Vn or Via,] the goddess of
the earth, in Roman mythology, waa called the wifo of
Uranus or Ccelus.

nimnw, ti-mtn'il, (Toiuiaso,) a Venetian architact
and writer, bom in 1705. He built the church of Santa
Maria Maddalena at Venice, the bridge of Dolo over
Ihe Brenta, and the Euade of Santa Margarita U Padnt,
His " Lives of tbe Mo« Eminent Venetian Architectt
and Sculptora of Ihe SiMeenlh Cenlurr" (1777) li
esteemed a itandaid work. He alto pubhthea teverai
treatises on architecture and antiqaitie*. Died in 1789
Sta Nni. "Notiila iaunM aUa Pvraea* ad aUa Opara « T.

Tttnuno, tem'm^ (JoDocvs, yo-do'kts,) a German
jurist and liberal poliudan, born at Letle, Wetlphalia,
in 1790. He waa elected to the Prostian National
Assembly in 1848. He wrote treadtea oa the Civil Law
and Penal Law of Prusaia, (|84^S3') "*^ °'*'^ works.
Died November 14, tS8i.

Tenunlnok, tem'mlnk, (C. J.,1 an eminent Dutch
naturalist, bom about 1770. He published, besides other
works, in French, " The Natural History of Pigeons and
Gallinaceous Birds," (3 volt., 1813-15,) a "Manual of
Ornithology," (4 vola., 1S30-39,) and a "Monography

eaai:;asf,- gtarJ;tt»/:a,B,K,gathirai:H.mual:m,lrilled: last: Ih as inf^.

Biplanationa. pl •>)

XnOOl^lC

HammiKia ol wlucn apeaea have been observed in tbe
Mueumt ol Europe," (a vols., 1S1S-41.) Died in 1858.

Tempelho^ tod, Ion tSm'pfl-tiof, (Gboko Fkied-
BICH,) « Pruuian general and mititarj writer, bocn at
Trampe in 1737. He terved with dutinction in tbe
Seven Yeus' war, and sutMequentl; under the Duke of
Bniniwick in 1791. He was the author of the " Bom-
bardier PruHien," a " Hiitory of the Seven Veara' War,"
and other worka. He was app<nnted teacher of military
•cience to the aona of Frederick William IL Died in
1807.

Tempeata, ttm-pts'tl, or TempmU, tCm-pti'tee,
(Antonio,) an eminent Italian painter and engraver,
bom at Florence in 1C55. He atudied under Strada.
and afterward! reaidca at Rome, where he executed

landscapes, animals, hanting -scenes, and battles with
p-eat spirit and fidelity, and produced more than fif-
teen liundred etchings. Among the best of these we
may name " The Life of Saint Anthonv," (in 24 P'ales,)
"The Victory of the Jews over the Amalekiies," and
"Christ, the Virgin, and the Apoaties." Died in 163a

to ilia skill in delineating storms at sea, it was changt
to Teropesta. After residing lor some time at Rome,
where he married and obtained extensive patronage, he
visited Venice and Genoa. He soon after contrived the
mnrtlcr of his wife, in order to marrf a Genoese ladj
and, being convicted of the crime, was sentenced to
perpetual imprisonmenL He was liberated at the end
of five years, according to one statement, while other
writers assert that he was confined mnch longer. On
hli release he settled at Milan, where he acqnired great
wealth by the sale of hit picttvec Died in 1701.

TWu'ple^ (Fkkdekick,) an English Ushop, boni b
l8ai, graduated at Oxford in 1843. He became chaplain
to the queen, head-master of Rugby School in 1858, and
Bishop of Exeter In 1869. He was author of one of the
well-known "Essays snd Reviews," (1860.) and of the
Bampton Lecture tor 18S4. In 1885 he became Bishop
of London, and in 1896 Archbishop of Canterbury. He
died December 13, igtl.

Tampion (HiMKT.) See PAunutSToN, Lordl

Templat (Sir JOHH,) an English lawyer and states-
man, bom in London, beome a privy coancillot En Ire-
land under the reign of Charles II. He was tbe aalbor
of a "History of the Irish Rebellion in 1641." Died
111 1677.

Temple^ (John.) a ton of Sir William, (163&-99,)
became secretary of war in 1689. About a week after
his apptintment he committed tnicide. He left a note
expresshtg regret lot undertaking a task Ibr which he
was incompetent

Temple, (Sir RiCHARD.) a British dvil officer, bom
March 8, 1826. He was educated at Eton and Hailey-
bnry, and entered the India service in 1846. He rapidly
rose in office, and waa at the head of the Bengal gov-
ernment, 1S74-77, and Governor of Bombay, 1877-80.
He wrote " Men and Events in India," f 1882,) ■' A
Bitd's-Eye View of Picturesque India," etc D, 190J.

T«mpl«, (Richard Grenyiu.!,) Eari, an EiigUsh
politidatt, born about 1710, was a brother-in-law of
Lord Chatham. He was first lord of the admiralty in
1756, and became keeper of the privy seal about 1758.
" His talents for administration and debale," says Mac-
aulay, " were of no high order. But his great posses-
sions, his intbolent and nnscnipulous character, and his
skill in the most ignoble tactics of faction made him
one of Ihc most formidable enemies that a ministry could
have." (Essay on "Lord Chatham.") Died in 1777,

TampI^ (Sir William,) an Enelish jurist, was sec-
retary to Sir Philip Sidney, and subsequently became a
master of chancery. Died in 163& He was grandfather
of the famous Sir William Temple.

Temple, (Sir William,) a celebrated English states-
man, diplomatist, and writer, bom in London in i6a3,
was the eldest son of Sir John Temple, who wrote a

a sister 01 Henry Hammond ine emment dinner na
early education was directed by the nncie just named.
He also studied al Cambridge, where Cudworth was hit
tutor, but he left college without a degree about ifiM,
and then set out upon his travels on the continent He
professed to be a royalist in the dvil war. After a loog
courtship, in which a variety of obstades were encma-
tered, he married, abont 1654, Dorothy Osborne, who
preferred him to Henry Cromwell, a son of the Pri>
tector. He was a member of the Irish Convention of
l&So^ and of the first Irish Parliament that met m the
reign of Charles II. In 1665 he was sent (Hi a misuM
to the Bishop of Miiiuier, and acquitted himself so wed
that be was created a bwoiiet in 1M6, and appointed r»-
dent al the vice-regal court of Brussels. " From this ex-
cellent school," says Macaulay, "he soon came forth the
most accomplishea negotiator of his sge." He fanned
a friendship with De Witt, then chief minister of H(4-
land. Temple acquired a high reputation by negotiating

"This 01

In October, 1670, he waa recalled by the "Cabal," and
the foreign policy of the English conrt was revened.
During the retirement which followed he wrote an " Ac-
count of the United Provinces," (1671,) and other works.
The members of the Cabal nused against IhemselTes
such a storm of popular indignation mr subservience to

the French king, that the services o( Templi
quired by CharTea H. in 1674 " ■'-- "

Hon ' ...™ .-I . . ..

peace with

iolland.' '■ The highest honours of tli
within Temple's reach." (Macaulay.) He dedined the
office of secretary of slate, and accepted the embassy to
the Hague, (1674.) In 1677 he was eamestly preued
by the kmg to acoeptthe office of setretary ; but he was
unwilling to take the responsibility, for he perceived
that the signs of the times were very portentous of eviL
By the advice of Temple, Charles appointed, in April
1679, a new privy coundl of thirty members, fifteen of
whom were g^eat officers of state. Sir William was a
member of this coundL "Tbe perfidious levity of the

(Macaulay.) He took no part in the violent contests
which preceded the revolution of 16SS, and after that
event refiised to become secretary of state, in apite of the

Sesung solidtations of William III. He passed his
ter years at Moor Park, Surrey, where Swif^ the great
humorist, acted as his secretary. He wrote in this re-
treat his " Memoirs of Events bom 1671 to 1679," and
several miscellaneous treatises. " Next to Dryden,"
says Hallam, "the second place among the polite writers
of'^the period from the restoration to the end of the cen-
tury has commonly been given to Sir William Temple.
... If his thoughts are not very striking, they are con-
monty just He has the merit of a compiehensive and
candid mind." (" Introduction 10 the Literatnre of En-
rope.") He died in January, 1699. Macaalaj censures
his neutrality in politics, and his habit of shrinking from
tesponsibili^, but admits " that he won the esteem of a
proSigate court and ofa turbulent people without being
guilty of any great subserviency to either."

S« Uacavuv, " Env « Sir WDBim Temple ;" Trcwai P.
CwiTXHAV, ■' Uemoin oTibe Lift ud Wdrki ofSi, WiUiam Tib-
- - ■ BinK^Utmonol Sir W. Templa,"

n du Riddcr T<

IT Tanrf..'- Lqpdei. 1736; "I
nster, Ladt Giffaud, 1731 ;

la Sir W. Temple." b* bit lister, Ladt Giffaud, 1731 ; H-
LuDu, "Sir W, TBD^e* Bicgii^iE," iBdR: Bmuar. ''IIuiiiit
of hiiOiniTim™;" "Biojraphia Briunni™."

Temple, (Sir William,] a diplomatist, bom in Lon-
don in 1788, was a brother of Lord Palmerston. He
was tor many years ambassador at the court of Naples.
Died in 1856.

Tam'plB-mfXk, (Pktu,} an English physician, bom
al Dorchester in 1711, translated Norden's " Travels in
Egypt and I'f uUa from the Danish, aiid wrote several
medical treatisea. Died in 1769-

TendD, d«, d^h i&n'sIn', (Claudihi AutXANDRixa
GuiRiN,) s French conrtessn, bom at Grenoble in i63l.
became successively the mistress of tbe I>iike

1 5. 0. ;. 'nv L t. A. sane, less prolonged; i, j, 1, 6, il, )F. t*-rrt; *. f, i, P> 'iifn; fir, fill, At; mCli nOt; gS6d; i

ALFRED TENNYSON.

dbyGoogle

db,Google

TENCIN 39

of Oiltfuu, Chancellor d'Argeuoo, Lord Bolingbroke,
and other diitinguixhed men of Uie liae. Sbe wu
the mother of the celebrated D'Alembert, wbom she
atMndoncd and exposed. She anbaequentlr attained
diatinction for her hterary taatea.and aajairementi, and
waa the anlhor of MTcral novels. She numbered among
her friend* Fontenelle and Hontetquten. Died in 1749.

§££?■''"

Tanolii,de^(PwRKi GuixiN,)* French oirdlnal and
politidan, born at Grenoble in 1680, mi a brother of
the ptecedinB. He was « creature or truited agent
of DaboU, and ao adTcniry of the Jaiuenists. In 1739
he became a cardinal, and m 174a received the title of
mijuiter of state. Died in 1758.

SH"H6iwina pour KrrirliriliiloinihiCudliial^TaKin,"
■**

Teoaimiil, t]i-nli-TA'ne«, (PlETso,) an Italian icnlp-
tor, bom near Carrara about 1790. He ttndled under
Cinova and Thorwaldsen, and aubeeqnentljr produced
a number of admirable works illustrating Greek and
Roman mjtholomr. Among the prindpu of these we
- -,; name his " Cupid extracting a Thorn (root the Foot
" Faun playing on a Fluie," and a group
"Psjcbe and Venus." He also executed, anumg
other religions irorks, a "Christ on the Cross" and the
" MaTt]rr(Um of Eudorua." His monumental statues
attd pc^tiait-biiBti are likewise highly esteemed. He was
elected ■ member of the French Institute and of other

Tv'nSI or Ton'ni^ [(Jr. I^vnt; Fr. TiNis, tJi'nhs',]
■ Cibnloui personage, said to hare been a son of Ctonns.
His step-mother, by a calumnious charge, induced Cycnnt
to throw him Into the sea, and be was cast upon an
which derived from him the name of Tenadoa.

mayna
of Ven

He was killed br

Teiden, tCnVfrx, [Fr. won. ti'oe^R',] (DAnn,)
THK Eldu, a ccielMrated Flemish painter, sumaiDed
IL BAS3AXO, from bis admirable imitatloiu of that artist,
wasbomat Antwerp in 158a. He stadicd under Rubens,
and aftNwarda resided many yean in Rome. His
bvoarite subjects were tavem-ecenes, and boon drink
iDgand smoking. Died in 1649-

T«iii«n, (David,) tub YouHaut, a son of the pre-
ceding, wasbomat Antwerp in t6ia Hb was instructed
bv his hther, whom he surpassed in genius, and was
also a pn^ of Rubena, He was appointed Erector of
the Acaiumy at Antwerp. He Is esteemed, in his de-
partment, one of the greatest artists of the Flemish
school He produced several historical [neces of inpe-
ricM merit : but his tiiMter-[Hcccs are delineations of low
life. He also excelled in marine views and a* a painter
of animals. Died In 1690^

Sh Dociuirs, "Tla da NuDh Fkoisdi!" LacAim-
Tin, "DitU T^^o^" iBsii Haouo^ "AUgmwinw lUiiMla^

TeDlHi9ii, rTHouAS,) an eminent Enfjlish prelate,
bom at Cottenham, in Cambtldgesture, in 1636. He
studied at Cambri^, and sAerwards rose successively
to be Archdeacon oTLMtdon, (1689,} Bishop of Lincoln,
(1601,) and ArchUsbop of Canterbury, (1694.) He was
highir esteemed for lu* leamiuE and piety, and made
numerous bequests for charitable and educational por-
poaea. He published several religions and controveraia]
worka. Died in 1715.

SH'Hniiinrf tb«Lil*irf AidliUMpTaboe." tiih.

^•ntrdll, ti-ne>vel1ee, (Caklo,) >" Italian Uofja-
pher, born at Turin in 1756. He published "Pied-
moDteae Bioffraphy," (" Biografia Piemontese," j vols.,
1784-91.) He was CMidemned as a revolutionist by a
oourt-marlial and shot in iray.

TsaKkta. SacKati,!^.

Xftn'nfS^ (Jaiu),) F.G.S., an English geolofrtst, bom
in iSoS, held for some yean theprofasorahipofgeologv
at King'a College, London, and was the author of "A
Treatise on Geology," etc Died February 33, iSSi.

Ten'OfSt, (Shithsoh,) F.R.S., an English chemist,
born in 1761, became profeasor of chemtstry at Cam-
bridge in 1S13. He contributed a number of valuable

TENNYSON

to the "Trarisactioni'' of the PhUoaophica So-
Died la 1815.
'ofD^ (WiLUAM,) a Scottish poet and Oriental

scholar, bom In fifeshire in 1 785. Ue was appointed b
1835 professor of the Otkntal languages in S^t llary'i
College, Saint Andrew**. He wai toe author of teveral

dramaa, a hnmorou* poem entitled " An*ter Fair," and
other poetical mecea. He also made tianslationB from
the Grieek, Peiaian, etc, and compiled gramman of the
Chaldee and Syriac langn^e*. Died In 1848.

Sh CHAHnn, " KsaapMei] DktioninT oT Kninail Seot*-

ID," (Siiiv'<i>*>>ld " B&bnib Rnkw" tor HarrabM, 1814.

Tanneokw, von, fon ten'nEk-fr, (Chkistian Sn>

tST,) a German veterinary writer, born near FreiberK
1770, pnbliahed several works on the diseases ana
cnre of horse*. Died In 1839.

Tennemana, ten'n(h-Tnin', IWilhblu Gottliu,)
an eminent German philosopher, born near Etfitrt m
December, 1761, wa* an adherent of the doctrine* of
Kant. He became professor of philosophy at Jena in
1798, and at Marburg in 1804. He translated into Ger-
man liMJce** "Eaaay on the Human Undentanding."
Hia chief work ia a valoable ** History of Philosophy,"
("Geschichte der Philosophie," it vols., 1798-1811,)
of which he also published an abridgment, entitled
"Grundriss der Geschichte der Philosophie," (1811.)
Died in 1S19.

Sh G. F. CiKiiaa, "R(cl« ub Gnba TumtmsnsV' i>19:
WAGma, "Mnioda a T Tcmununni," 1819: Covsik, "Coon
it PhUdHphis."

Tao'iifnt (Gilbert,) an eloquent Presbyterian di-
vine, bom in the coun^ of Armagh, Ireland, in 1703,
' ■ ■ early age to America, and became &
oslor 01 a church in Philadelphia. Died in 176^
brother Wiixiau, bom in 1705, settled aa pastor
of a church at Freehold, New Jersey. During an attack
of fever, he lay for three days in a trance, and on hla
recoTerr 8>ve a description of what he saw in the oeles<
tial worltC A full accoiml of this extraordinary event
— pnbliahed by Ellas Boudinot Died In 1777.

1804. He publiahed, nnder the name of EiutaoM, (hla
original name,) " Tiavela in Greece," (1815,) " Letlen
from the ^ean," (1829,) and "A History of Modern
Greece," (1^0.) He was elected to Parliament (or Bel-
fest in 1833, and was several times re-elected. He was
appdnted dvil secretary to the colonial government of
Ceylon in 184;, having previously been made a knight;
Among his other worka may be named " Christianity in
Ceylon," etc, (1850,) " Wine : Its Use and Taxadon,"
etc, (1S55,) and "Sketches of the Natural History of
Ceylon,'*^ etc, (1861.) Died in March, 1S69.

Tea'nvy, (SANBoaN,) an American naiurallat, bom at
Stoddard, Nen Hampshire, January 11, 1827. He grad-
uated at Amherst College in 1853, and was profeasor of
natural history at Vassar and afterwards at Williams
College. He published treatises on Geology and Natural
Historv, a "Manual of Zoology," "Elements of Zo-
oloKT, etc Died at Bncbanan, Michigan, July 9, 1S77.

T«n-nin'. (Sir John,) an English designer and
artist, bom at London in 1820. Much of bis best-
known work is to be found in "Punch." He illus-
tnted" Alice in Wonderland" and other well-known
works. Hewas knighted in 1893. Died Feb. 36, 1914.

Xra'af-ft^n, (Auntxn,) Loan, D.C.L and F.R.S.,
raised to thepcerage in 18S4 as Baron Tennyson of Aid-
worth and Freshnater, the poet-laureate of England.
The fourth of twelve children, he was born in 1S09 in
Somenby, Uncolnshire. He was educated at Trinity
College, Cambridge, where in 1819 ha obtained the chan-
cellor'a medal for a poem in blank verse on " Timbuc-
too." Two years previous be had published, in conjunc-
tion with his brother Charles, a small volume entitled
" Poems by Two Brother*," and he was atiil an under-

ftaduate when, in 1S30. he produced his " Poems, chieSy
^cal." A revised and enlarged edition was issued in
1S31, but, though it contained such poems a* "The
Lady of Shalott," "The May Queen," "The I-otoa-
Eaten," "A Dream of Fair Women," and "The Palace

r; ^hard; ft as>; o, K, K. rtMtmd; N, iiatali «, triatd; I as *; th as In Mt.

(lySee Explanatiatw, p. 23

Digitized by VjOOQIC

lish Idylls, and other Poem*," conuining "Locktler
Hill," " The Talking Oik," " The Two Voices," " Dora,"
" Horted'Arthni," and other masterpieces, did Tennyson
take his rkhtbl place at the head o( all living English
poets. "The Pnncess, a Medley," appeared in 1847,
and " In Memoriam," a tribute to the memory of his
friend Arthur H. Hsllsni, was isaucd anonymously ii
1S50. Among Tennyson's other works the followint
ma* be mentioned in the order of their issue : " Maud
and other Poems," (185J,) the first foar "Idylls of tht
King," ("Enid," "Vivien," "Elaine," "Guinevere,'
i^^9•) "Enoch Arden, and other Poems," (1864,) "The
Holy Grail, and other Poems," (1870,) "Garelh and
Lynctte, and other Poems," (187*) " ItljH* of the King,"
complete, comprising seven of the poems included in the
last two volumes, together with the p<)cms issued in
18SS, (1873.) the tSamas "Queen &lary,- (187S,)
"Harold," (1876,) " Becket," (1884,) "The For-
esters," (1893,) and later volumes of ballads and
lyrics. In 1850 he succeeded Wordsworth as poet-
laureate, and in 1S53 removed to Farringford, in the
Isle of Wight. Died October 6, 1892.

"It seem* to me," says Mi. Stedman, in hto "Vic-
torian Poets," "that the only juit estimate of Tennyton't
position is that which declares him to be, by eminence,
the representative poet of the recent era ; not, like one
or another of his compeers, representative of the melody,
wisdom, passion, or other partial phase of the era, but
of the lime itself, with its diverse elements in harmonious
conjunction. In his verse he is as tiulv the 'glaHs of
fashion aijd the mould of form' of the Victorian genera-
tion in the nineteenth century as Spenser was of the
Elizabethan court, Milton ofthe Protectorate, Pope of the
reign of Queen Anne."

His brother FREDERICK, (1807-1S98,) contributed
to the "Poems by Two Brothers," and published
" Days and Hours," (1854,) " The Isles of Greece, "
(1890,) and "Daphne," (1S91.)

Tenon, tf h-ndN'.pACQUBS RenA,) acclebraled French
SBTgeon, born near joigny in 1714. He studied anatomy
in Paris under Winslow, and was apjxrinted in 17"
army surgeon of the Gnt daas. He was elected

Sk Cuvin. " eioga da Tenin :" " BiccrapUs UMksla."

Tenorn, tii-no'ri, (Michblk,) an Italian botanist, bora
at Nafdea in 1781. He founded the botanic garden of
Naples, of which he was director for many years. He
published, besides other works, » " Flora NeapoUtana,"
(5 vols.) Died in 1S61.

T^not. ti'no", (Euote«,) a French jonraalist, bom at
Larreule, Mayi, 1839. He became editor of the " Sitcle,"
a popular and liberal daily journal of Paris. He pub
lished an able and impartial work, entitled "Pans ir
December, 1851, or the Cottp-d'Btat of Napdeon IH.,'
which has been translated into English. Died b iSga

Ten Rhvna. See Rhtne.

Tentorl, tCn-to'ree, (Ckistofoko,) a distinguished
historian, of Venetian extraction, born in Spain \n 1745.
He was the author of a "Civil and Political History of
the Republic of Venice," etc, {is vols., 1785,) which
was followed in 1799 by an acconnt of the destruction
of the republic in 1797. Died in 1810.

Tentoel or Teiuel, ttnt'sfl, (WiLmui Ernst,) a
German antiquary and journalist, born in Thuringia
in 1659. He published a treatise entitled " Saxonia
Numismalica," a " History of the Re formation, " and
other works on the history and antiquities of Germany.
In 16SS he established a monthly literary review, which
was the Srat journal of the kind that bad appeared in
Germany. Died in 1707.

TenaeL See TturzEL.

Taoboldo, the Italian for ThiobaU), which see.

Teoorito. See Thiocritus.

TeodotOL Sec TdBODORm.

1,^1,8, B.f./ov'-'^^ ^ome, less prolongedi l,i,T,K, tl,y,«i#r/;f,t,j,Ok*#J(wn';ar, fill, ttt; nil; nAt; gOd; i

TeofraatOL See Theophkaitos.

Teplof or Teploir, tEp'lo^ written also TKplo^
(Gkegosv Nieolaietitch,) a Russian lavant uiduaa-
tor, bom about 1 710, He was a member of the Imperiil
Academy of Scieiicea, and wrote various work*. Died
in 1779.

Tenuao, da, di ti'rl-mo or tir'l-mo^ (Jacopo Pal-
LADINO.) an Italian prelate and writer, born at Tenao
in 1349. He wrote "Trial of Lucifer against Jesv,"
(" Processus Ludferi contra tesum,") and the " Couola-
tionDfSinnen,"("Consolatu>Feccaton)m,"i47i.) Died
in I4I7-

Teiburt ler'b^ or tfa'bliBH, {Gbraakt,) a celt-
brated painter of the Dutch school, bom near OvcrjMd
in 160S. He studied at Rome, and subsequently raited
Madrid, London, and Paris, his works being everywheis
received with distinguished fiivonr. His most sdinind
productions are convcrsadou-pieces, which departoMat
of the art he is said to have originated His pictvt*
are to be seen in the galleries (^ Dresden, Amsterdua,
Paris, Munich, and Vienna, also a number in Engtudj
and many of them have been engraved and lilhogriplxd.
Amon^ bis master-meces are his picture of the pleiii.
potentiaries at the Congress of Hilnster, aiwl portraita
of the royal &mily of S^ua. Died b iWl.

Tero^ra, ICa-s^ra, Ditki or, and Count trfl^llalkr,

Gloria, and gained several advuitages over Dim HigeeL
Having been made a marshal, he was appointed in lia^
to the chief command of the constitational army. He
became minister of war in 1843. Died in 186a

Terolar, iIk's^', (Jran Pibrrb,) a diplomatist aod
linguist, bom in Paris in 1704. He was employed by
Louis XV. to direct his secret corrtvoudencek Died
101767.

leranoe, tCr'Enss, or Tarentlna, te-rln'shg^, {Fi.
TIkekce, lii'r&Nu'; iLTsReNZiot ti-rEn'K-a,)or, mors
fully, Fubliiu Taren'tiiia A'far, a celebrated Romaa

. good education, to

lue he became the slave of a
Terentius Lncanos, who gave him a goo
which he added ihc gift of liberty. Ten
timate terms with Sapio Africanin Uinor and Ijeliw,
who are said to have aided him in thecompositioikof hi*
playa. His first work, entitled "Andria," was perfbtowd
at Rome in 166 B.C. He produced " Hecyra" in l^
and "The Self-Tormentor" (" Heauton-limommenoi^
in 163. Three other of his plays have come down to o^
vii., "Adelnhi," "Phorroio," and "Eunuchus."

After he had written these, he travelled in Greece, sad
translated, it is said, one hundred and eight of Henaa-
der's comedies. He never returned to Rome, but died
in 159 or 138 B.c: His works are models of elq;ant
diction and pure Latinity. They were praised by Caaar
and Cicero, and are said to have escaped the censures
of the Church. He is deficient in aii enwau, (" comic
power," or "broad humour,") but, according to Horace,
excels in art. (Epistle IL 1. 59.) The kindly human
sympathy manifested by Terence contributed not a little
to the popularity of his dramas. When the worda

were spoken on the Roman stage, Ihey were received
bjr all classes with tumultuous and reiterated applause.
Hi* plays have been translated into English by George
Colmati.
Tormtja, te-rCn'she-f, a Roman lady, who became
le wife of Cicero the orator about 80 B.C She bore
him a daughter Tullia and a son Marcus. In the year
46 she was repudiated by her hmband, br reasons thai
have not been satisbctorily explaltted ; bat this act is
generally considered (o have left astahi on the repntadoa
of Cicero. Terentia appeaie to have been a woman of
good sense and great Uroness of character. She is said
._ ■...._ ----led the extraordinary age of one hundred

TBRENTIUS aa

Tsrontiiu. See Tkkknce.

Torwitliu (te-rln'slie^*) Cla'mans, ■ Ronuut JarUt,
•^e date of whose birth u unkDown, wu the lathor oCr

bomniAiiieliaccHint7,Virglni>,&bMit 1837. Her maiden
nune wa> Hawis, In 1856 ahe married the Rer.
E. P. Terhoae, and *be hu raided chiefly in Newark,
New Jenej, and Springfield, MaBiachuuta, Among

her

08S4,) '
Last,"0

"Sunnybank." (1866,) "At

.J4,) "Mom Side,' ..-^,„ , . ,,

ast," (1870,) "|eaumine," (1873.) ''Handicapped,'

She has alio written " Eve'i Daughter*," " Loiterinp in
Pleatant Palh»," " Our Daughteia," and the " "
Sense Series" oC booica on domestic economy.

Tarma. See Terminus.

Tpr'ml-nna, [Fr. Tksme, tCitm,] a Roman divinity,
who w-u supposed to prewde over the boandaries of
nations and of private landed property. The notship
of Terminal is said to have been institated by Noma.

Tamatu^ tCa'ny, (Guillauub Louis,) Baron, a
French statesman and mann&ctorer, bom at Sedan in

Chambi

Chamber

earnest Hpporte'r of the cause of the Bourbons, but took
an active part s^nst Charles X. in the revolution of
183a He published several treatises on finance and
manubctures, was one of the first to introduce spinning-
machlnes for cotton and woollen ^brics, and contributed
ereatlv to the improvemeat of the national industry.
Died m 1S33.

TenMO^ (Huiu,) a nephew of the preceding, pub-
lished " Voyages, Relations, and Meoioirs relaEint; to
the Discovery and Conqneat of. America," the " Biblio-
thique Am^ricaine," and other works. Died in 1S64.

T«r-imi'd9r, [Gr. Tfomu-dpar; Fr. Tskpandrk, ti»'.

S« K. a UDuia, "trmoTT of tl

TarMl«h'o-re, [Gr. Ttpi^j™ or Tmi^itipa, U.
"delightinein the dance," from t^wu, to "delight, "and
npsla, a "dance,"] one of the nine Muses, presided over
dandng and choral song. She was represented with
a crown of lanrel, and with ■ Ine in her hand.

Terqnein, ItK'kfiN', (OLmv,) a French mathematidan,
bom at Met! in 17^ was a Jew. He published several
maihemailcal works. Died in Paris in 1863.

Tlr'rf, [Fr. Tbiki, taiK,] a name given by the Ro-
mans to the goddess of the earth, and identified wHh
the Ge [Gr. lita or Pf] of the Greek mytholtmr. She
was the mother of the Titan*, GIgantes, and Oceanoik
(See Tbllus.)

Tairail, da See Bayard, (Pntas.)

Tonassoi^ tfrfsAn', (Antoihb,) a French \:
and scholar, bom in Paris in 1 705. He

';e

tory of Roman Jurispradence," (1750.) Died in 1781.

Vsrraaaon, (Gaspard.) a French Jansenisl and pnlpit
orator, bom at Lyons in 1680, His lennon) were pub-

lisfaed in 4 vols., 1749. Died in lyj;

Tmraaaon, (Jkan,) a distinguished French scholar
■nd writer, born at Lyons in 1670, was a brother of the
preceding. He vras the author of a "Critical Disserta-
tion on Homer's Iliad," (1715,) "Three Letters

New System of nnanee," (17*^) in defence of John
Law's projects, a philosophical romance entitled " S<!-
Ihos," on the model of Finelon's "T^Mmaque," and

SMD-AuMa
Bi(«nvbitGM«l*:" "RdrHpKtin Rivin," nC ilL,(ito.)

95 TERTULL2AN

Vamuoii, (Mathibu,) an eloquent French lawyw
and jurist, bom at Lyons in 1669, was the &tlier of
Anioine, noticed above. IMed in 1734.

TerntT, ti'r^, (Josbph Maris,) a French financtar.
bom in Fores in 1715. He became controller-generll
of the finance* in 1769, and was removed in 1774. DUd
fai 1778.

S» "Waunlk BHcnphk CMefnU."

TamrcM j Faado, ^-ri'rd* e pln'do, (Estbban,)
a Spanish Jesnit and grammarian, bom In Biscay b
1707. Among his works is a "Dictionary of the Spankh
IJinguage, with Definitiont In Latfai, French, and Italian,"
("Dicdonario Caslellano," etc., 4 vola., 1785-93.) Dlstl
at Foril, In Italy, in 1781.

Tor'riU, (Williau R.,) an American general, bora
in Virginia about 1833, graduated at West Point in 1853,
He distinguished himself at the battle of Shiloh, (fightu^
for the Union,) April, 1863, and was killed at the battla
of Perryville, October 8 of that year.

tm'rf, (Alfred H.,) an American general, bom M
Hartford, Connecticnt, in 1817, was a lawyer befbm tba
dvil war. He served as colonel in the expedition againet
Port Riml in November, f86t, became a brigadier-
general in March, 1861, and took a prominent part hi
the capture of Fort Wagner, in September, 1863. He
commanded a division irf the army of the James Rivet
in Virginia In the snmmer of 1864. He was selected by
General Grant to command an expedition against Fort
Fisher, North Carolina, with the co-operation of Admiral
D.D.Porter. On the 15th of Jtnaary, 1S65, he assaulted
that fort, which, after a very obstinate defence, was cap-
tured, with it* entire garrison and armament "Thtii
was (ecured," says General Grant, "by the combined
efforts of the navy and army, one of the most impottaat
successes of the war." Died Ilecember 16, 1890.

Tat'rf, (Daniel,) an English comedian, bom at Bath
about 1780, He performea with success at Liverrtool
and Edinburgh, where he acquired the friendship and
patronage of Sir Waller ScotL He was subseouently
for a time one of the proprietora of the Adetphi Tneatr*^
London. Died in 1818.

Terry, (Edward,) an English writer, bom abool
1590, accompanied ihe embassy to the Great Mogul !■
161^ and published, after his return, his "Travels bi
the East Indies," etc., (1655.)

Tarry, (Ellen,) a gifted English actress, born U
Coventiy, Febmiry 27, 1848. Her sisters, Katb, (Mr*.
Lewis,) FLOMBNCl^ (Mrs. Morris ; died in 1896,) and
Marion, were also successful actresses. She first ap-
peared on the stage in a child's part in 1S56. Amone
her best parts are Portia, Pauline, and Ophelia, which
latter character she has chiefly played to Mr. Irvine's
Hamlet. She is married to Mr. Wardell, known on the
stage as Mr. Charles Kelly.

ToTBan, da, d;h iEr'sAn', (Charlbs Phiuppb Cam-
pion,) a French antiquary, bom at Marseilles in 1736;
died in 1819.

Tantaegan, itR-stl'otn, (GsBaABD^) * German
hymn-wnier, bom at Mdrs, near Dusseldorf, November
as, 1697. He published "A Spiritual Flower-Garden,"
"Spiritual Crumbs." and other writings. (See hi*
"Works," S vols., 1S46, and his "Life," translated by
S. Jackson, 183a.) Died April 3, 1769. Tente^en ia
considered Ihe oesl poet among the German mystic*.

Tertre. dn. See Dutbrtrk.

Ter-tnl'U-ait, [Lat Thbtulua'nps ; Fr. Tertul-
LiBN, liR'tUle'-iN'; It. Thrtulliano, tiR-tool-le-i'no,l
(QuiNTua SbptimiusFlorens,) an eminent Latin Father
of the Church, bom at Carthage about 160 a,D., wa*
originally a heathen. He adopted the profession ol
advocate or lawyer. The date of his conTeraion to
Christianity is not preserved. Soon after this event ha
was ordained a pieabyter In the Charch of Carthage.
About the end of the second century he left the Cathtflla
Church and joined the Hoalanists. He acquired great
inBuence among the ChristiaM of U* dme. He was a
man of powerful intellect, ardent temper, austere char-
acter, and great emdtlian. The date of his death i*
unknown, bat he i* (aid to have attained a great age.

Tertullian wrote nnmeroas work*, partly devotional
and partly cwitroversial, which an still eitaat Tlw

eBai;ta*/;|A«rrf;ta(/,'a,ii,K,/M)Wria/; N.Muf,- H,'nIAR/;l

inMt. <ir*See EaplBDalioBa,p.^^

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

TERTULLIANO

HartTTU,") "On Prayer," ("De Oritione,") "On B»p-
Ssm," ("De Bapiiamo,") "Advice to his Wife," ("Ad
Uiorem,") "On Public Games or Shows," (" De Spec-
Uculia," ^>out 198,) and "De Praescriplione Hjereti-
corum," a treatise against heielics. After he joined the
Montanists, he wrote (probably) "Against Mardon,"
("AdTcrsas Marcionem,") "On the Body of Christ,"
("De Came Christi,") "On the Resurrection of the
Body," (" De Resurrectione Carnis,") " On the Soldier's
Crown," ("De Corona Militia,") and several others.
Among his most important works is hb "Apolt^ to
the Nations for the Christians," (" Apologelicus adversns
Gentet pro ChriEtiauis,"dated igSA-D.) This is an elo-
fuent and powerful vindication of the Christian Chojch

HiiiorU Ecdsiauici :" Alux, "Duuiiatii

. 1 Soiptia;" i68a; Nbabdbi, " Antignouiciu

Grin d« TdtnUiinu*," etc, iSij: A. h Hoaonii, "DsTcinil-
"- - " ----- - — ,-Db«n«loJ«T»nnlliMio,"i7«i;PHo

T«rtnUlAno. See Tbktuujah.

TflttnUluraa. See Tbbtuluak,

TsrtnlllaiL See Tertuluan.

TarwMtMi, tfr-wls't^n, or T«rwMt^ (Aucus-
rvN,) a Dutch painter, bom at the Hague in 1649. He
studied in Italy, and became about 1690 coort painter
to the Elector of Brandenburg, afterwards Frederick
William of Prussia. He was appointed director of the
Academy of Fine Arts at Berlin, of which he «u one
of the principal founders. Died in 1711.

TBrwesten, (Euas,) a painter of Sowers and frnita,
bom at the Hague in 1651, was a brother of the pre-
ceding. Died at Rome in 1724.

Tsrvrasten, (MATTitew,] a Dutch historical painter,
born at the Hague in 167CS was a brother of toe pre>
ceding. Died in 1735.

TersL See Lana T«rzl

Taal, tl'iee, (Mauko Antonio,) an Italian painter,
■1m called II Maurino, born at Montalbano m 1730.
He was patronized by Algaroiti, who commends hii
genius in very high terms. He excelled particularly is
architectural pictures. Died in 1766.

T«a'la, (Nikola,) a distinguished electrician, was
bom at Smiljau, Serria, in 1857. He studied al Griiti
and Paris, and in i8Sj entered the Edison laboratory
at Menlo Park, New Jersey, as an electrical expert.
He afterwards established a laboratory of his own in
New York. He became widely knovm for his remark-
able results with currents of high voltage and rapid
alternation, and made many inventions, one of the
principal being bis oscillator, which combines ihe
steam -engine and dynamo.

Teuln, l(s-«een', (Kakl Gvstaf,) Count, a Swedish
diplomatist and statesman, son of Nicodemus Tessin,
noticed below, was bom at Stockholm in 1695. He was
employed in embaHiet to Vienna, Versaillet, and Berlin,
and was subseqaentty appointed eovemor of the crown-
prince, afterwards Guslavna tlL He wrote for hit
?Dpil a work entitled " Letter* from an Old Man to a
'oung Prince." Died in 1770.

T«Mlt>, (Nicodemus VALumNSON,) bom at Slral-
snnd in tSio. was appointed royal architect by (Jneen
Christina of^ Sweden. Died about 16SS.

His son, Count Nicodeuus, bom in 16J4, studied
under Bernini at Rome. Being appointed court archi-
tect, he began in 1697 the erection of the royal pialace
at Stockholm, which ranks among his beat works. He
also constructed the cathedral at Calmar, and Count
Oiensliem's monument. Died in 1738,

TSa'tf, (Caius Tbrbatius,) a Roman jurist, was a
correspondent of Cicero, and a master of Labco, He
wrote on civil law. He was a partisan of Caesar In the

Teata, tb'tS, (Piktro,) called II Lucchesino, (it
look-ki-tee'DO,) an Italian painter and engraver, born at
Lucca in 1617, was a pupil of Domenichino. He worked
in Rome. Among his best pictures are "The Death of

56 TBUCER

Beato Angelo," and "The Massacre of the luDoceali'
His elchinn are higtily prized. Died in i6so.

Teste, Sbt. (AlVhohse,) a French phytSdas, bon
about 1814. He has written in defence of the hoiMU-
pat hie system.

Teste, (FRANgou Antoinb,) a French genetal, bon
at B;^ols in 1775. He commanded a Ixi^ade at bW
dino m iSll, and became a general of diviuon bllll
Died in iS6a.

Teste, (Irak BAPTinc,) a French jurist, a bmtkti i^
the preceding, was bom at Bagnola in lySa After &
revolution of July, 1830, he was elected to the Gunbo
of Deputies, became minister of justice in 1839, ud
president of the court of cassation in 1843. Bdat
convicted of cormption in 1847, he was sentenced U
fine and imprisooment, and deprived of tiis office. Died

Teatelln or TsttellD, tSfliN', (Louis,) an eswMM
French painter, born in Paris in 1615. He studied siiia
VouFt, and was elected in 1648 one of the first uKmbcn
of the Royal Academy of Painting and Scnlptare. lU
became professor in the Academy in i6sa Aarowbe
master-pieces we may name "The Resurrection M Ts-
Irilha, by Saint Paul,'' and "The Plagellatioa of Stbd
Paul and Silas," both in tlie church of Notre-Danc,
at Paris. Died in 1655.

His brother Hknri, bora in 1616, also became po
lessor of painting in the Academy of Fine Arts, and m
the author of a work entitled " Opinions of Ihe HgM
Skilful Painters on the Practice of Painting and Scilp-
tare," etc, (1699.) Died in 1695.

Sh Pohtbuv. "IMctiaaiiurt da Anaua."

TMtf, tis'tee, (FuLVio,) Count, an eminent Itallu
lyric poet, bom at Ferrara in 1593. He puUiihed ■
volume of poems ("Rime") in 1613. He beculKtecn-
tary of state under Francis L, Duke of Mddena, vbo
employed him in important missions to Pope Urbss
VIILand to Venice. In i646he oflended theDukeof
MAdena by overtures to obtain office under Cardinil
MaiaHn. Died in 1646.

Sn TmiMiKHi, " Vim dd CooU F. Twd," vfla; " Hindi
Bugnphia Cin^nle."

Testa, tis'tU', (Jacijues,) AbbI, a mediocre Fiesd
writer, bom in Pans about i6i6l He became a neabti
of the French Academy in 1665. Died in 1706.

Te'ttyi, [Gr. TitWc ,- Fr. Ttniys, ti'tfas',] in disM
mytholi^, was a daughter of Uranus, the wife 01 Oceaan,
and the mother of the Ocesnides.

Tef iT-Ons, (Caius Prsuvius.) a Roman ofGceriSonc-
times called one of the Thirty Tyrants. He assanxd
imperial power at Burdig'als (Bordeaux) in 167 A.n tli
was defeated and taken prisoner at Chtlons in 174 bf
Aurelian, who treated him kindly.

Tettenbotn, tet'tf n-boRn', (Priedrich Kari,)6i'
RON, a German general, bom in the county of Hobn-
stein in 177S, served in the Austrian camuignt of lSil{
and 1S09, and subsequently entered the Russian annf.
In 1S19 he was appointed ambssssdor from Baden to
Vienna, where he (ued in 1845.

Tatael or Temel, tet'sfl, [Lat TvTZR'utra,) origi-
nally Oles, deets, or DiaieX deet's^l, (JoHAitii,) ■
famous Dominican monk, bom at Leipsic, was appunlcd
\fj Ihe pope, about 1503, vendor of indulgences. Hii
scandalous deception of the people, together with liii
loose life, attracted the attention of l.ulher, and ■»
one of Ihe exciting causes of Ihe ReJbrmatioiL (Sec
LuTKiR.) Died in 1519.

See P. EnsHAii. " Dioenitio da J. TMuHa." 17C1 ; V.Gtv«,
"TeM diulLni)Kr,''iaj]; Ro*aTSOK"Hii>aryarCliiflc>T.,

ipposed to be a son of the river Scamander and tkt
njmph Idxa. His daughter Bates or Arisbe was w»
ried to Dardanus.

Tencer, a Greek hero, r too of Telamos snl Hf-
lione, was a half-brother of Ajaa the Great, sad w>
renowned for hia skill as an arclier. Having Ixen cm
of the suitor* of Helen, he joined the expedition agimsi
Troy, and signalised his valour in tiw siege of tlkat ot;,
Afler the capture of Troy, he' ' ■ ' ■ • *-'

1. E. I, e, fl, ;, /««V- L t &- same, less prolonged; i, i, I, S, I'l, f. If arr.- f, f, j, 9. nAnwiT,' fir, (111, {ll; mCt; nte; gMdj W

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WILLIAM M. THACKERAY.

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TonffU, toif^, (WlLHKUl SioisuuND.) a Gennan
icholar, bom at LiidwigabiirK, September aj, 1830. He
wu edacited chieflj at Tubmsen, where in 1S49 he be-
came a profcMor of dasaical philology. Hia published
work* relate largely to paiticulaT authors, Greek snd
Roman. His beat work is " Geschichte der rSmUcheii
Uleralur," (iS6a-7o.) Died March 8, 1878.

Tvir'fik, (MoKAiiMiD,) a KhediTe of Egypt, bom
November lo^ 1851. On the deposition o( hi» lather
Umail, in 1S79, the European bond'holder*' repreMaia-
tiv«« placed Ten&lc in the khedivial seal. The attempted
revolation under Arab! Pasha (q. v.) (allowed soon aher,
and also the Soudanese revolt (1883-^) of EI Mahdi,
"the false propheL" Tewfik died Jaiiuaiy 7, 189a.

Tezelra, tl-shre-rl, or Texeri, ti-shl'ri, (Jozt,) a
learned PortnEne»«' ecclesiastic, born in 1 543, became
prior of the convent of Santarcm. He was suTMequently
appointed chaplain to Henry III. of Prance, and wai
retained in the same office In Henry IV. He was the
anthor of a "Genealogy of Henry, Prince of Cand<!,"
"On the Origin of Portugal," etc, and other historical
and geneal<^cal works, in Latin. Died in 1604.

Sm Davu " Hiuorica] and Ciiiinl Diciionarr:" NiciioH,
*■ UJnolctL''

Texelim, (Pll«o,) a Portuguese traveller and Ori-
ental scholar, bora about 157a, Having spent several
years in Persia, where he became thoroughly versed in
the latuuagc of that eoantij, he visited Italy, France,
and Holland His prindpa) work, written in Spanish,
is entitled "An Account of the King* of Persia and
Ormui," etc., (i6ia) The date of his death is unknown.
Texera. See Texbiba.

Texier, tfs's^', (Chaki.es FIlix Marie,) a French
archsologist, bom at Versailles in 1803. Having re-
ceived from the government in 1833 a mission to explore
the antiquities of Asia Minor, he made four visit* to
that region in ten years. He published a " Description
of Asia Minor : Fine Aits, Monumentb," etc., (3 vols.,
1839-4S,) and a "Description of Armeuia, Pertia," etc.,
{a vols., 1842-45.) IHed at Paris, July i> '871-

T«xfer, IEdhond,) a French Kaimttur, bom at
Rambouillel in 1816. Me was one of the editors of the
" Siicle" of Paris, and published several political and
critical works, including the witty "Portraits deKel-KuD,"
(1875.) Died in 1S87.
TextoT. See Ratisics Tmcto«.
Teyler van der Hoist H'lf r vin dCr hlUst, (Pirm,)
a Dutch Anabaptist, bom at Haarlem in 1703, left the
greater part of a large fortune to found in hi* native
town a learned institution called by his name. Died
in 1778.
T«c«L See Tbtzei.

Ttwarnp, taw'rAp, (Thomas,) a Danish poet, bom
at Copenhagen in 1749. He was the author ofdramatic
boems entitled "The Harvest-Home" and "Peter's
Wedding," and of nameioas lyrics, which enjoy great
popularity among hi* counlrymetL Died in 1831.

S« EuLsw, " Fortiner- Lexicon ;" LmanLunr, "Pmu md

niaband. See Latouche.

Thibet, thl'bel, (Ben Kor'rali or Ibn (Tb'n) Kor'-
nOl,) a celebrated Oriental physician and mathematician,
born at Harran, in Mesopotamia, in 83; A.D. He was
patronized bv the caliph Hotadhed Billah, who made
bim one of his astrologers. He was the aaihoi of nu-
meroDS works on medicine, mathematics, and natural
history. Died inooi.

Thabftt, (Ben Benftn,) grandson of the preceding, ob-
tained a high reputation as a phystdan and philosopher,
and became superintendent of the hoapital at Bagdtd in
946 A.D. He wrote a " History of hla Own Times."

Thaoh'Qr, (Gborgb,) an American judge, bom at
Yarmouth, Massachusetts, in 1754. He was a member
of Congress from 1789 to 1801, and was a Judge of the
■apreme court of Massachusetts from 1800 to 1814.
He was noted for his wit. Died in 1814.

Tbaoher, (James,) M.D., an American phyaidan and
writer, born at Barnstable, Massachusetts, in 1754. He
was appointed in 1778 chief snrgeon of the first Virginia

-jveral other worka. Died in 1844.

Thaoher, (Prru,) D.D., an American Calvinistlc
divine and celebrated pulpit orator, bom at Miitoi^
Maaaacbosetts, in 175a. He became in 17S5 pastor 01
the Bnttle Street CkBTch, Boston. He wa* the author
of an "Oration against Standing Armies," "Observa-
tions on the State of the Clergy in New England." and
other works. Died in 1801.

Hi* son, Sauukl C. Thachxk, bom at Boston In

died at Moulin*, France, i:
was pnblislied in i&u.

1818. A memoir of hi* lifc

Thaokeray, Ihak'^r-e, (WtiXiAM Makepeace,) a
popular English novelist and humorist, was bora in
CJcuttain 1811. He was educated at the Univeraity of
Cambridge, which he left without taking a degree; Ha
inherited from his bther a considerable fortone. In
the choice of a profits«on or pursuit, he first indlned to
be an artist, but after be had devoted a few yean to art
he adopted a literary career. He contributed to the
"Times" and other journals of London. He displayed
superior talent for humour and irony, in a series of
tales, essays, and crilidsms which appeared in " Fraier**
Magajdne under the assumed name of Michael Angelo
Titmarsh. The progress of his reputation was not r^>id.
He published about 1840 "The Pari* Sketch-Bo^"
and "The Great Hoggarty Diamond," a genial satire,
which was much admired. Aaa contribntor to "Ponch'*
be gained popularity.

In 1S4G he began to puhlish, under his proper name^
" Vanity Fair, a Novel wilhoat a Hero," which is one ol
hla best and most popular works. He afterwards pro>
duced works of fiction endtled "Pendennis," (1849-50^)
and "The History of Henrr Esmond, Esq.," (3 volsL
1853.) In 1851 he delivered, in London, a course M
" Lectnres on the English Hontorists of the Eighteenth
Century," which was pabtlshed in 1853. He vitited the
United States in 1851, and repeated the lectnres jnil
named in several great dttea of the Union. Among hia
other works are "The Snob Papers," "The Newcomcs,"
(3 vols., 1854.) " Miscellaniea," (a vols., 1855-56,) and
"The Virginians. "

About 1I56 he revisited the United Sutea, where he
nve " Lectures on the Foor Georgea," (.i.*. Kings of
England,) which he repeated in London, Edinburgh,
etc In 1857 he offered himself aa Liberal candidate foi
E^liament for the city of Oxford, but was defeated by
Mr. CardwelL He began to edit the "Comhill Maga-
sine" in l86a He had married a Miss Shaw about 1837.
He died in December, 1863, leaving several daughteia.

Sea Thsodokk Tavumu "Ttuckerty, the HuiDoritt and Msa
ofLcIIEn." iS64:uIickon"ThKkini.''inlIia"WcaUninltvK*-

■■ LjTniiAet" fe>lil»n± 11, i»Mi) "Qiaiit«ly Rmfw"ftic Dhhb-
txr. iM. ud JmuFT. ■<» : " Bl>anxul-i Uiunnt" fbr Ocutiv,
■Su.udju11017.18js; "Frusr'iHiiiaiiiH"[ar ScptEinber.iKiB,
jiniwv. tin. Dtcen.ttr, iSji. and April. 1S&4: "Norih Brilbh
ItE<rie*" far AutuX. 'Bs". a»d FtbraHy, iBa4-

Thaer. See ThXr.

Tha'ia, {enlfj an Athenian courtesan, mistreas of
Alexander the Great, whom ahe accompanied to Ana,
She is said to have instigated bim to bum the royal
palace at Peisepolis, She was married after his death M
Ptolemv, King of ^ypt

ThalDBrg,ttl'beRO,(SiGiSMUNp,) a celebrated piani*^
bora at Geneva in 181 1, was a pupil of Secbterand Hum-
mel at Vienna. He visited London, Paris, and different
parts of Germany, his performances being everywhere
received with applause. Among his compositions are
Studies for the Piano, and the opera of " Florinda."
Died in 1871.

Tbalebee or Thalabl, AI, U lhll'«-bee. an Arabian
anthor, born at Niahapoor, in Persia, in 961 a-d., wrote
a " History of IlltBtrions Poets." Died about 1038.

ThSia^ IGr. 6aMK.\ a cdebrated Ionian phllos«>her,
andoneof the seven sage* of Greece, a ' " ''

tna about 640 B.C. "- '° -•"'-'' •••- '■"''

c as 4.- f as r; t ton/,- g as/; O, H. K. rtuVKra/; H, flora/; a, tn'/bi/.- 1 as I.-

mlhii

IJIS^See Explanations, p. 33. t

i,ed=,C00'^lc

ophf. He tnrelledtnEgTptuu] other fi>i«lgiic<NinlriM.
According to HerodotosT" predicted tlM edJpM of dte
•nn which occarred during ■ battle between Cjuure* &e
Hede, and Alfaltes, King of Lydla, aboot 6<^ b.
was i^tingabhcd for political sandty and aenl
wtodom, and waa employed in puolic a&irs. I

•idered water to be the origin or prindpte of all tbinga,
fixed the length of the year at three hondred and lizty-
ttte days, and attributed the attractiTe power of tbe
magnet to a loul or lite by which il li animated. He ia
•aid to have inirenled aeveral oropoaitiona or demon-
Blrations of geometry. He died about 550 B.C, aged
about ninety.

Sh RiTna, " Hiuorj of PlulmiiiliT ;" Bomnin, " DiHcrtuio
daKlhiBTtiilcilL" i^l PiDDcnnT, "DiiHttatioM Dci(inaiibiB
lUida," 17611 TiBDnAm, " Gntdwnludi vil* PliiJoKfibai,
•dtf L<b*BiBJST«emtiia " ' ~ ■ ■■ - ...

Thalu or Thf-lv'tfa, [Gr. OaXkroC,] a Greek musi-
cian and lyric poet, bom in Crete. He probably lived
aboal 6;o B.C, or earlier. It ii aaid that be instructed
the Spwtana in aome new principle* of muaic, and paci-
fied Ihc &ctiona of Sparta by hia art, or by the aaaed

Tbalataa. See Thalis.

Thf-U'a or liif-ld'a, [Gr. eaUa or OiXiui; Fr.
Thalie, trie',) one of the nine Mnsea, predded over
comedy, paaloral foetiy, and banquet*. Alio, one of
the Graces.

Tboll*. See Thaua.

Thamtap (d'mkpO or Ttmlap L King of F«r^
bom in 151J, aucceeded hia bother, lamaa, in 1513.
Died in 1576.

S«HitiCDU4, "HtMerrof ftniA."

In 1545. He controverted aome doctrinea of Luther,
andjoined ihe Catholic Church. Died in 1569.

Thuu'muB, jFr. THAMMOin, tfmooz',) a divinity of
the Syriani or Aaayriana, identi6cd with Adonii. He
waa aaid to have been pot to death t» a wicked king.
The feativalof Thammui waa celebruedby (heidnlattOM
Jew*. (See Eiekiel viiL)

Tluun'y-ila or nam'f -r«B, [B^npit,] a Greek ma-
■ician or poet, who lived Defore Homer, waa a aon of
Philammon, and a native of Thrace. According to
tradition, he pretended to Bnn>aaB the Hsaea, and waa
punished for his presumption by blindnea*.

Tbau'f-toa, [Gr. Bibwrar,- I^t Hou,] a peraonifica-
Uon of Death, in daasic inthology, WW repreaented by
Homer u the brother of Sleep.

turist, bom at Cclle in 1 753, was the author irf 1

traduction to the Knowledge of English Hnabandry,"
(1816,) and "Principles of Rational Agriculture." The
utter waa tranalated into aeveral languages. In iftOT
be founded an Academy of Agriculture at Hijglin. Died
h) iSjS.

Tbatoh'^, (BsrCAUiN Busskv,) an American writer,
bom al Warren, Maine, in 1809. He published a " Bic^-
raph)> of North American Indians who have been Dis-
tingaished as Oraton, Statesmen," etc., (1S33,} "Tales
of the American Revolution," and several other works.
IHed in 1S4S.

Thatcher, (Henby Knox,) an American icar-admiral,
born in Maine. He entered the navy in 1813. He
obtained tbe nnk of commodore in July, i363,and com-
HMUided the Colorado in the attaclca on Fort Fisher in
December, 1864, and January, 1865. He commanded
the fleet which co-operated with Ihe army in the capture
of Molrile, April la, 1S65. He was commitsioncd as
rear-admiral in 186^ retired in 1868, and died in 188a

Sec HiADixT. " Fsmsal and our Naval CooBUdm," itif.

Thaolar. See Tadul

Tbanmu d« U TbanmaMltei^ tH'mf dfh It tB'-
mfsg^ia', [Gastakd,) a French jnriat and hialorian,
was bom about i6ao; died in 170a.

Ttaxftn, (Ckua.J an American poet, bom at Porta-
Bonth, New Hampshire, June 19, 1835. Her maiden

yS THBLLUSSON

name waa CtUA Laiokton, and her &dier waa for maiq
yeara ■ well-known resident of the Isles of Shoala. Her
principal works are " Among the Isles of Shoals," (1873.I
"Poema," (1874,) " Drift- Wood," (1878,) and "Poema
for Children," (18S4.) Died August 36, 1894-

Thay'er, (William Makbpeacb,) an Aioetican
author, boni a,t Franklin, Massachusetts, in 1820. He
was a prolific writer, prodacing works on a coiuider-
able variety of subjects. Died in 1898.

Thayei. (William Roscob,) an American anthor,
bom Bt Boston in 1S59, and graduated at Harvard in
iSSt. His best -known work is "Tbe DawD of Italian
Independence." He published some volumes of poetry.

TliB-aft'o-iiSi.JGr. BtirftvtK; Fr. Tn*AGfa™. liT-
AJn',) a famous Greek athlete of Thaaoa, gained maay
victories at the Olympian, Nemean, and Isthmian gaoaoi
He lived about 480 B.C.

The-l'no, [Gr. eon>A,] a native of Crete, was the wife
cf Pythasoras, and Is supposed to have been the author
<tf a nuniber of "Letter*" and "Maxima," which hava
been published in Wolfe'* "Mulienim GrKcamm Ftaf-
~ienta." She waa distingniahed aa a phlloaopber.

ThAftnlon, ti'snAtt', (Etibnnb,] a French paipli^

(Mabib Ehiianubl Guillauu^) a French c .

poet, bom at Aigues-Morte* in 1787. He prodaot4
many successful comedies, operas, and vaadevtMeSi
ned in 1S41.

Thaota. SceTHBKLA.

Tlwden, ti'dfn, (JoKAmi CBKmlAM Amolf,) ai
Muinenl German surgeon, bom in Ihe duchy of Med-
lenbotg in 1714. Ovring to the drcumstancea of M
fiuBily, bs encountered many difficoltiea in obtabiing
an education ; but he was at length enabled to itody M
Berlin, where he acquired the patronage of Frederick die
Great, who made him his chief military sargeon. He
was the author of several surgical works. Died in 1797.

Theebaw, ex-King of Burmah, was bom in 1858
and succeeded to [be throne in 1S78. Ansrchy and
misrule marked his reign, and his hostility to British
Interests led 10 the invasion of bis realm from India
In 1SS5 and his dethronement, upper Burmah being
annexed to England.

Th«ea, (William,) an English scolptor, bom K
Trentham, in Staffordshire, <n 1804. His bther, WiUiaK
Theed, (died 1817,) waa both acnlptor and painter. Tta
younger Theed enjoyed a large amoont of [iiIiiiim*
from the government, and hit works (moauiwiital, h>-
toiksl, allegorical, etc) are *mj Donimas, and tmm^
possess character and valoe. Died S^xenber lOt 189L

Hull, t)l or tt'yv, (Jbam Fkam^is NapolJok)
s French philologist, bom at I^ueon (Giroodc) ■■
1808. He published a "Dictionary of Homer and the
Homeridea," (1S43,) and a "Dictionary of the Latii
Language," (3 vola, 1S55-65.)

Thefnar, (Johahn Anton,) a German theoli^ira]
writer, was bom at Breslau in 1799. He published
"Tha Reformatory Laboura of Ihe Cadudic Chan^'
(1S45,) and other treatises in bvonr of the RefciB
party In Germany. Died in i86a

TbilB, tk'tea', (Auexahdrb Etibnub GdilulhiibJ

French novelist, bom at Nanlea in 176$. He wntt

Hemoits of a Spaniard," (lEiS,) "Joamer of Pciiy-
detes,"("Voysgede Polydite," iSai,) and outer worka.
Died in iS4a.

TtiSkO^ Saint, a saint in tbe Catholic Chorch. was
a native of Isauria, and was converted, it ia auppoed,
to ChristlanilT bv the Apostle Paul about 45 A.a Th»
cathedral of Miun bears her name and poasessea h«i
relics. There is an extant apocryphal booV calted 'The
Acta of Paul and Thefcla."

TbdlOMOn. itllns-sgn or tftli'iAN'. (PrTEB Imm)
.. wealthy Swiss merchant, bom at Geneva, became a
resident of tondon, where he died in 179S. He Icfi
than half a million poaoda to accumulate doiag
- ' - ^ ' ■- beinvcstil

l,e,I.(ifl,J,/<»V;».*.A."

e, less prolonged; 1. e, I, ft, 0, y, «4<T«; t, t, t, 9, <ii«v»; Or, flu, Ati Blli sAti p»di BJhf

n,,i,7ed::yC00t^lc

THELWALL ij

ThBl'iTfU, (John,] an Engliih littA-attitr and tatdier
of elocQtion, botn in London in 1764. He pabtbhed (n
1787 > collection of poems. Having afterwards become
engaged in the polibcal agitation of thai period, he wa«
tried with Home Tooke and Hardy in 1794 for high
treason, and acquitted. In iSoi he began a aerie* of
lectures on elocution, which were highly succesafal. His
other principal work* are "Political Miscellanies," a
"Letter to Mr, Cline on Stammering," " The Peripa-
tetiii" and "The Daughter of Adoption,"* novel. Died
in 1834.

ThAmlnea, Ha, dffa ti'min', (Potn DK LAmiftaKs,
pAN d$h lO'i^iR',) Maiquis, ft French general, bom
about 150, became a marsh*] of France in i£t& Ha
•Aerwards commanded against the Protestant insur-
gents. Died in 1S37.

Tha'mla, [Gr. dW; Fr. ThAmis, tl'mfa*',) in clas^
lUTthology, the goddess of justice and taw, was called •
danghler of Uranus and G«, ■ wife of Jupiter, and the
mother of Astnea, Elrene. (Peace,) the Parcae, «nd the
H<M'K. She was a personification of justice and tb«
order of things sanctioDcdbjr custom or law. According

diTinltr who presided over tHe oracle of Delphi before
Apdla

ThimlMid or ThAmlMuU. See Saint-Htacinthb,

Tboml-aoii, lO^uauv,] an eminent Greek phywciaii,
the founder of the sect of Methodid, was born at Lao-
dicea, in Syria. He was a pupil of Asclepiades, and
probably lived about Bo-40 B.C. His works are not
extant Some critics think that he is the person men-
tioned by Juvenal in the following line :

" Qnot T^ml«Bii tr« mtnniao ecdiUrit vao."*—SiiL i. *».

Tho-mJa'tl-nB, {Gr.6(jitffnor,| a celebrated orator and
philosopher, sartiamed WFinAins, (u: "eloqaent,'^
bom it) Paphlagonia aboni 315 a.i>. He enfoved the
faronr of the emperora Constantiu*, Julian, ana Theo-
dosius the Great, who appointed bint tutor to bis sob
Arcadiua. In religion be was a pagan. Amoi^ his
extant works are commentaries on portion* of Aristotle,
and thirty-tbree orations in Greek, which were published
by Dindorf in 1S31. Died about 390 A.11,

Sh Socxatbi, "HiMorin Eoclaiisiia :" FAaaion, "BlbUo-
Ibsci Gr*ca:" R-BAaar. "DaTlwaiiKisSoiilititi,"!!]!; "Nob-
vda Biofriphia OJninla,''

TlidmiBtooltt. See Thxuistoclcs.

T1i»-inla'to-al3l, [Or. ec/unvrOfr ; Fr. THtiiifTO.
ax, ti'mis'lokl',] an Athenian atatesman, orator, and
commander of great celebrity, bom about 514 B.c.,was
a son of Neocles, a dtiien of Athens. His mother was
a foreigner. According to Nepos, in early life he was
addict^ to pleasure, &1I, having toat his patrimonial
estate, he changed his entire coarse of life. Ambition
became hia ruling passion. He is sud (o have spent his
hours of leiaure and vacation in composing declamationa.
Just after the battle of Marathon, u* friend* observed
that he was silent, abstracted, and passed the night in
watching. Having been questioned as to the cause of
this change in his babit^ be said the "trophies of Uil-
tiades would not suffer him to sleep." Others imagined
that the victory at Marathon had ended the war ; but
Ite regarded it as the beginning of a great conflict, and
advised the Athenians to increase their navy. His
principal rival, Atistides, was oetraciied in 4S3 B.C, after
which Themistocles became the foremost statesman of
Athens. He was elected archon eponyinus in 4S1, and
when Greece was invaded by Xerxes be was chosen
Commander-in-chieL The oracle of Delphi adviaed the
Athenians to defend themselves b* wooden walls, which
Theroislocle* interpreted to slgiiily ships. He induced
tbe people of Athens to abandon that city and embark
in the Aeel. The Greeks, reduced to a desperate
extremi^, gained a decisive victory at the great naval
battle or Salamis, 480 B.C. "This success," say* Plu-
tarch, "was owing chiefly to the sagadty and conduct
of Themistocles." He oTerreached tbe Spartan* when

■ liunll*, " Ai nan
have taDd) m ■ n^ lat

»9 THEOCRITUS

they attempted to prevent the rebuilding of the wall* of
Athens, about 476, and he fortified the Pimns on agrand
scale. In 471 B.C. he was banished by oatradsro, and
retired to Argos. Having been accused of treason as an
accomplice of Paasanias, he sought re&gc at the court
of Persia in 465, and was kindly treated oy Artaxerxes,
over whom he acquired unch influence. He died, or ■
killed himself, iu Fer^s about 449 B.C. According to
Tbucydides, Themistocles was die ■trongest example of
the power of natural talent, made the best conjectorM
as to future events, and had an eicelleni ft^esighti
Plutarch relates that of two men who courted his dai^h-
ter he preferred the less wealthy, aaying, "I would
rather she should have a man without money than
money arithout a man." When Simonide* offered to
leach him the art of memory, be said he would rather
learn the art of forgetting. According to Mr. Grote, be
was "alike vast in his abiUtie* and nnscrupulons in hi*
morality."

S« Plutaich, "Lifa of Tbonkuda:" Coetauui Narosi
"Thcniuado:" KtaCHKAisa. " Dimmtio il« TImiHMQdfc'' iS6a i
Tmnnxia Fthck, " CBawMiiUtia Unarico-philolofica d> Thdab-
tBda Auu^ Viu, li«mioRibB«qHC<Mi>,"il49; CBOTa,"Hi»-
Mire'GiHca;" Thibi.wau. "HwtaT^OnKa."

TUnard, ti'ntk', (A aNotn.!! Pavl Edmohd,) B axon,
a French chemist, son of the illustrious Baron I. J.TIi^>
nard. He was bom in iSao^ inherited great wealth, and
devoted himself to agriculture. His principal writiog*
were on agricultural diemistiy, on which anl^ect he wa*
a hich aathority. Died Aognst 8, 1884.

XniiMTd, tl'nlK', (LoDii jACQtna,) Bamin, an eml-
neol French chemist, bom at Nwent^ur-Selue b 1777.
Ha studjed under Vauqnelin, In Pari*, and became nc-
ceewvely demonstrator of chemistry in the Polvtecbnle
School, professor of chemietiT in the Ctdlege of Franc*
(1804) and in tbe University of Paris, and a. member of
tbe Academy of Sdenoes in 1810. He was also made a
peer of France, (1833,) grand ofllcer of the legion of
konour, and chancellor of the university. His " £!•■
mentaty Treatise on Theoretical and Practical Chemfa-
try" (4 vol*., 1S13) is e*teeRted a standard work, and
has been translated into aeveral langoage*. He coa-
tribaied a great number of valuable treatise* to the
" Annale* & Chimie" atul other *cienti6c )o«m«l*, and
published, conjointly with Gay-Loasac, " Phyuco-Chend-
Cal Researchea," made with the voltaic pile, (a voIsl,
1811.) Died in 1857. Th^nard and hi* friend Gar
Lussac, whose names are inseparably associated In
science, discovered boron, and proved ihat oxymurlalic
add is a simple substance. TWnard discovered dte
peroxide of hydrogen.

S« "NoBYdk Biocnphia OAUnk:" a trmmlatlon st naa-
aiun-g " Eloce on IMnahFfa ilw " Si^thuiui Riport" tn il^
p. mi " BiofnphiB UiHvendIa-"

ThAnot, tl'no', (Jkan Piekri,) a French pdnter
and writer on art, was bom in Paris in 1803. He painted
hunting-scenes, landscapes, etc, and wrote several work*
on perspective and lithography. Died in 1S57.

Thff'o-bUd, [It TtoBALDO, tl-o-bil'da,J aometimce
written ZliUbaat, was a brother of Ladislaus XL of
Bohemia. He served with distinction as a general under
Frederick Barbarossa in Italy, about 1158-63.

Tbe'o-blld, (Lkwis^) an &iglish critic and commen-
tator on Shakspeare, wa* a native of Kent. He wrote
a number of dramas, which are now foigotten. Having
offended Pope by exposing the errors of his edition

of Shakspeare, hie was severelv satirized by that poet
in the " Dundad." In 1733 Theobald brought out an
edition of Shakspeare, (7 vols. Svo,) which was received

ith great favour, and is slill highly esteemed fee the

indgment and accuracy it displays. He also wrote a
Life of Sir Waller Raleigh." Died in 1744.

Tbeobnld or Canterbubv. See Thibaud.

TttO-O-bal'dna, written also Tlboldus and Tebnt
dna, a French ecclesiastic, supposed to have flourished
in the twelfth century. He wa* the author of a poem en-
titled " Physiologu* de Naturis duodecidi AniroaUum,''
being a description of the habits of twelve animals, with
moral reflections drawn from each.

niAoortoe and Theooreniia. See TAOUACAtHi.

TUoorlte. See Theocritus.

The-OO'iI-tiia, [Gr. BiSKfiinc ; Fr. THtocam, HV

I BB^ ■atoma." xne-otrn-nia, L^jr. oBwpiroc; pr. 1 HBiKxira. la o •

%iarJ; ^iMj; o,tl,K,piitiiral; H, naial; t.,trilUd; la**,- thasin/4u. (|3^See Explanation*, p. ■}.)

Digitized ay CjOOQ IC

inuquit]', wai i native of ojracoMt, ana nonrunea aoamt
170 B.C. He reiided Ibr a time at Alexandria, whera
he enjoyed the ravoar and patronage of Ptolemj Phila-
delphuB. Among the extant worlu attributed to Theoo-
Htus are thirty idyls and more than twenty epigram*.
Ilia tmcolics are written in the Doric dialect, and are
universal It regarded ai miiter-piecei of Iheit kind. He
is called Ibe creator of bacolic poetry. His idyls, nnlike
most modem pastorals, are natural and free from affected
sentimental jly. The Ecli^es of Vicgil are tmiiali
of the Bacolics of Theocritus, and are generally
gaided as inreiior to the original wotlu^ which _v
tasentiall* dramatic and mimetic and are truthful pic-
tures of the real life of the common people. It appears
from his sixteenth idyl that he returned to Syracnse
and lived there in the reign of Hieron II., who be-
came king in 370 B.C. He was intimate with the poet
Aratus. Few events of the life of Theocritus have been
preserved.
_ Stt Fauiciih. '^KUimhHS Gran f Masks. " Diuutitis it

Tlutacriici," (Sd: E. Rovi, "DiHctudo d* Tlieacrid IMI
itU6; Sdidai, "Tbeocriln:" "Nsovdl* B«i(npMa OtoAu;
" ForcigD QuiincrlT Riricw" Ibr October, iK*t i Frutr'i Hao-
dna" far Auami and October, iflu : ^ Blidtwood*s If ■psaa'* tor
Decanba, tSji, uticla " Epicninu af ThHcrltui."

Tho-oo'il-tiis OF -eui'os, a Greek orator and SopUst,
famous for hi* sarcastic wit, lived in the time of Alexan-
der the Great He vrrote an epigram against Aristotlft
He was put to death by Antenna Gonata*.

TUodat See Thkodattii.

Th9-<id>-taB, [Fr. TidoDAT, tli'o'df,] Kinc of the
Goths in Italy, was a nephew of Theodoric. He began
10 reign about $34 A.D., was defeated by Belisarius, and
was killed by his own soldiers in 536.

Tbo-od'e-b^rt [Fr. pron. ti'o'deh-baiR'; Lat Tmo-
DEBHt'Tifs] L, King of Aastrasia, bom about 504 A.IX,
was a grandson of Clovis. He is said to have been a
good and able prince. Died in J47 A.a.

Th4od«ot«. See THiouBcrts.

The.<i-d«o't«l, jGr, ecoKjniK; Fr. TutoDecT^
ti'o'dikt',1 an eminent Greek rhetorician and tragic
poet, born at Phaselis, in Famphylia, lived about 350
B.C., and was a pupil of Isocraies. He is said to have
been a friend of Aristotle, who expresses a high opinion
of him in some of his writings. His works are lost,
except small fi^gmenta.

See UXkku, ■' Coiniiiaiatla d> ThxidecUB ViDi tt ScriplH."
1»J5.

Tho-od-«-Ilii'da,[Fr.Ti[toDELiNDi,ti'o'dtb-llt<d';
It Teodei-Inda, ti-o-di-lin'dl,] a Bavarian princess,
was married in (89 A.D. to Aulharic, King of the Lom-
bards, who died in 590. She afterwards exercised royal
power. Died in 615 a.d.

^O-od'e-mlr, the father of Theodoric the Great,
was chief mler of the Ostrogoths. Died in 4T5 a.il

Tbeodemlr, a chief of ine Visigoths, and a native
of Spain. He served under Roderick against the Moors
ta 71 1. Died after 713 a.d.

Tb«od«Tlo or ntaodttrloh. See TttiolXiRiC.

Tbeoderloiu. See Theodokic

Th»-o-do'r^ Empress of (he East, was in her youth
an actress and courtesan of Constantinople. She retired
from the stage, reformed her conduct and gained the
affection of Justinian, who married her in ^15 a.d. In
S17 he procl^med her as empress and his equal col-
league in the empire. Died in 548 A.1X
1 S« GISKH, "Dediiis UHl FiD o[th< Rons EnviR!" J. P.
LifDWio, "Vila jDttiuUjii el ThBodor*,'^ 1731,

Thsodora, Empreas of the East, bom about Sio
A.D., was married to the emperor The(»>hllus in Sia
She became regent at his death, 843, and governed the
cinpire with wisdom (or fifteen yeai& Died in 867 a.ix

Th^dore. See Thkodokus

Th«odor«, (King of Corsica.) See Niuhop.

Tha'o-dore JLat THBODiyKVsl J. succeeded John
IV as Pope of Rome in 641 A.D. In a council at Rome
he excommunicated Pauius, Patristcfa of Constantinople,
who supported the heresy of the MonotheliCes. Died
hi 649 A. D^

Ttioodora (ThaodoTrw) U. was elected pope as suc-
cessor to Romanni In 897 a.I>., and died the same year.

LC, 1. 8. D,f,/»^,-i,i, A, same, less prolonged; i, f, 1,6,6. f,iitff:t,^,i,g,^trtire;fii,(itt,nt;iait;MtxiclS6d;t

numerous schools, and converted Saint Angniline'i
nonaatcry into a college, where Latin and Greek nn
'-lught with great purity. He was the author of 1 work

Theodora or Tbaodoma, Uie King of Abnslnla,
was born about 1820. His orieinal name wu Kasial
Having raised himself from a humble condition tn hii
talents lad Success as a soldier, he began to reign ibou
1855. He maltreated some sobjects of Great Bntaio,
the government of which sent an army to Abysnalaia
1867. Theodore was defeated and killed m tnttlsby
the British under General Napier in April, 1S6& Tit
native form of bis name was Tadbus.

Tbe'o-dora An'gf-liia, [LaL THEono'ittis An'ci-
LUS ; Fr. ThIodorb l'Angb, ti'o'doR' l&Nih,J bccanM
Greek Emperor of Thessalonica in 1121. He waged
war against the Latins and the Bulgarians, who defeued
him and took him prisoner in 1330.

TUodore rAngft See Thsodori Ancilits.

TOeodora of MopaneatU. See Thsodorus Mu^

lUCSTEHUS.

The-od'o-rat or The-od-o-rstu*, [Gr. Baiiptnt;
Fr. TutODOUT, tlVdo'rt',] an emfnent Chtisdas
writer and ecclesiastic, bom at Antioch about 39a S-D^
was a pupil of Theodore of Mopsuestia. He was a per>
sonal friend of Nesloriua. About 411 he was appointed
Bishop of Cyrus, in Syria. He was moderate and libenl,
and equally eminent for piety and learning. He em-
ployed his influence against the intolerant Cyril of
Alexandria and Dioscurus. In 449 he was deposed In
the Synod of Ephesus, over which Dioscums pievded.
He condemned the doctrines of Neslorins at the Coandl
ofChalc«don,in45i. He wrote, besides other works,!
valuable " History of the Church" from 3x5 to 419 A.Dk,
and commentaries on the Old Testament and Epstles
of Paul. Died in 457.

S« RiCHTsa, " Comaeautio de Ttwadareto,'* iBii: Schslb,
"DiiHRitHi de Vil* B. Thwdonli," 1769 : NsAHDia, "Hitnn
of the Church ;" Cat^ " Hinorii Lileruii."

Thoodorfftua. See Thiodorbt,

Th».od'o-rla or Th«-od'S'Tlc [Lat THEoi>ofti'au1
L, King of the Visigoths, and a son of the &moBi
Alaric, was elected king in 41S or 419 a.ix He defeiled
the Romans at Toulouse in 4^9, and, having conquered
a large part of Gaul, concluded a treaty of peace with
Avilus. Theodoric and the Roman general Aetius united
their forces against Atlila the Hon, who invaded Gaul
in 4<o. The opposing armies met at ChUons, where
Attifa was defeated and Theodoric was killed, in 451 A.n,
He left two sons, Thorismond and Theodoric

Se* JoufAHisi, " Da Rcbu Gclicis.''

nieodorio H, King of the Visigoths, was a son of
the preceding. He began to reign at Tolosa (Toulouse)
in 4J1 A.l>., and became an ally of Avitua, &nperor of
Rome. He invaded Spain, deleated the Suevi, and
made extensive conquests in the peninsula. He wss
assassinated by his brother Euric in 466 a.d.

Ths-od'p-ito or Tbe-od'q-rlc [Lat THKOiwai'ctU
or Theodbri'cus ; Ger. Theodorich, tJi-o'do-rit, or
TmoDKRICH, li-o'dfr-iK, which was afterwards cot-
mpled into DirrRiCH. dee'tRiK] thk Great, King
of the Ostrogoths, born in 455 a.d., waa tbe son of
King Theodemit. He was educated at Constantinople.
whither he had been sent as a hostage at an early age.
Soon after his accession to the throne (475) he «M
involved in a war with Zeno, Emperor of Constantinople,
and subsequently turned his arms Bgainst Odoacer,
who had usurped the chief power in Italy. The latter,
after having been defiiated in three battles, was be-
sieged in Ravenna, which he surrendered at the end of
three years. Being acknowledged King of Italy by the
emperor Anastasius, Theodoric aaaumed the name id
Flavius, celebrated a triumph at Rome, and distingatshed
himself by the wisdom and liberality of his rule. He
defeated ihe Gei^de, assisted the Visigoths aninstthe
French king Clovis, and possessed himself of Provence.

THEODORIC 33

He died in 516 A.D., hi* death being haitened, ft 1* Mid,
bj remoTM for having unjnsUjr condemned to deith
STmiiuchus and Boethiw. Gibbon obwrrea ofTheodo-
nc. " Hia repntatioD hut repoie on the naible peace and
praapnH^ofaK^of iWty-lliTee yeaTa, the unanimoui
(•teem 01 bis own time*, and the memory of hia wisdom
and coarag:e, hia jutice and hamanity, which waa deeptr

imprested on the mind* of the Goths and the Italian*.'

Sal GlB»N, "Dedina uul Fill of IhcRomn Empira," duiL
mix. ; Shhoiiiui, "Piui«iTTiciia'Tbeodoria>diciui;"J. 'Cochlaui,
"Viti Theodorid." 1S44 : Hus-na, "GHchiditadea XDnigiTheo-
Jorieli," i»«>u Du RCWM, "Hialirfn da Thfadoric \i Gnna," a
Tola^ tIU6 : Ttlumoht, "Hiauira daa EmpeRiini" "NaavaQa
Biocnpfaia C4nlnla."

Tbaodoilo, IlL Tbodorico, tt^o-do-ree'lco,] an Ital-
ian lur^eon ana ecclesiastic, roae to be Bishop of Cert ia.
He enjoj^d a hi^h reputation foT bia slcill in snrgeiy,
and wrote, in Latin, a treatise "On Surety according to
the Sfstem of Hugo de Lacca," Died in 1198.
niOOdorloh. See THEOlxiEia
Tliaodoiloua. See Theodoric
Th«-o-do'nu (or Tha'o-doie) [Gr. eeUupor; Fr.
THtoDORE, tiVdoR'] OF Cvrr'nc, a Greelc pliiloso-
pher, belonged to the Cjrrenaic school. Hi* doctrines,
which resembled those of Epicurus, gave so much ofibnce
that he wu banished from bis native city of Cvrene.
He resided at Athens about 312 B.C. Cicero and Seneca
admired bis answer to Lvsimacbus, who threatened to
crndi; him. He profeaseii that he (£d not care wbcther
he should rot on the^onnd or in the air,

Theodo'Tiu OF Hkkaclb'a, a learned btehop and
leader of the Arian party. He was Biabop of Heraclea
mi the Propontis, and was one of the oelegaie* who
presented the Confession of Antioch to Conatan* in
34a A.D. Died about 356 A.D.

Tbeodo'nis (or Ibo'odoio) of Sa'uos, an eminent
Greek statuary and architect, who probably Bouriahed
about 600 B.C He was one of the first artista that cast
■tatDes in bronze. The Tbeodorus who made a cele-
brated ring for Polycrates ia supposed 10 have been a
nephew of the artist above noticed.

taioodo'ma OF Tak'sus, sometimea called DiODo-
■us, a prelate and theoli^an, is supposed to have been
a native of Antioch. He was appointed Bishop of Tai-
•ua in 378 A.D. He was a zealous opponent of the Arian
faeresy, and wrote a number of theological works, which
Me not extant.

Tbe-o-do'nw An-as-noa'tBI, (or I^otor,) (la
"Theodot* the Reader,") [Fr. ThSddobb Lkcttiur,
t^'o'doa' lIlt'iuR',) a liiitorian, snpposed to have lived
in Ibe sixth century of our era. He was reader tn tlie
church of ConBlanlin<H>le, and wrote a " History of the
Church to the Time of Jostiuian I."

^lA-o-do'niJ A«'9l-<Ua, a Cappadodan monk, who

gained the bvour of Justinian I., and was appointed

Archbishop of Czsarea about 536 a.D> He favoured

the Orlgenists. Died about 558 a.d.

Th«odoni« Loaoula. See Lascaris.

Tlt»«-do'Ttis Mop-ane>-ta'iiua or niaodora of

dfh mop'ttt'tsr,] Bishop of Hopsuestia, born at An-
tioch about 350 A.D., was a pupil of libanius and a
Irieiid of Chryaostcan. Hia coolroverslal and tlieological
writinga were highly esteemed byhis contemporaries,
but very few of tbem ate extant. Died In 439 A.D.

Sm MiAHDaa, "HisiaiT aT iIm Cliriidn Chmeh^' FaiTtaoia,
**!>• Tbaddati Mepanaiimi Vm," ilni SiSTTBar, "ThsodonM

u — _^ — |u_,. |gj^_

TlM-O-do'Ttu Ptln-al-S'niu, a phytidan and medical
writer of tb£ fourth century, ia supposed to have lived
at Constantinople.

;ni*-o-do'nu FTod'ro-mtw, (Fr. ThAodorb Pro-
DKOMB, tl'o'doR' pRo'dRom',] a learned monk and By-
Huitine writer of the twelfth century, was alio called

HlLAKION.

Tbs-o-do'ms Btn-dl't^ [Fr. TBtooonE Stucitb,
tl'o'doR' atfi'dtt',] a Greek monk and writer, bom at
Constantinople in 75^ a.i>., was an adversai^ of llM
Iconoclasts. He mdted the people to sedition and
violent resistance to the decrees againat the worahip of

sea. Died in 8s6 A.D.

liiodoBe. See Thbodosiu*.

anasea.

THE ON

" ~ lan eenen
of Valentinian L, served with distinction uainst t
barbarians of Britain and Germany, and subsequently
quelled an insurrection in Africa in 373 A.D. He was
beheaded at Carthage, 376 A.R The cause of his execu-
tion is not kno»m. His son became Emperor of Komo,
ThvodOBloa (the-o-do'she-us) I Ft. THioDOSE, ti'o'>
doi'l IL Tbodosio, tJi-oKlo'se-o] L, Flavius, a Ro-
man emperor, sumamed thb Grkat, was the son of
the preceding, and was born in Spain in 346 A.IX Ha
accompanied bis father in bis various campaigns, and
acquired at an early age great profidency in the art of
war. In 379 A.D. the emperor Gratian conferred upon
him the title of Augustus, with the command over the
Eastern provinces. Having been received into the
Christian Church, he distinguished himself by his leal
against the Arians, and in 380 appointed Gregory Naii-
anaen Archbishop of Constantinople. He carried on a
successful war with the Goths, whom he induced to
become the allies of the Romans. After the death of
Gratian, Haximus, who had usurped his empire and
bvaded XvHy, was defeated by Theodoaius, with the
aasistanca oF the Huns and Goths, in ^88. Theodosiu*
reigned at Constantinople, and Valentinian II. was em-
peror at Rome nntil his death, in 392. After this event
Tbeodosius became sole emperor of the Roman world.
Before bis death be divided his dominions between bl*
two sons Arcadius and Honorius, to the former of
whom he gave the Eastern empire, and to the latter tbl
Western. Died in 39s A.D. Although he was nilty sf
several act* of cruelly, his chsracter is generally enlo-
gi*ed by historians,

SMGiMOH. " HiftiirT of tha Dadb* ami Fall;" Tiushmtt
"HBtaradtaEnpanura:" FiAcxiii, " HiKoua dalModoaa la
Gnnd," \trii: SociaTO, "HBiorii EcdcHuikai" Ls BaAV
" Hiitoira du Uu- Empire 1" " NouvcUa B>osn[4ua Cfoltala."

Th«odoBliu H, called the Younger, bom in 401
A.I1., was the ^andson of the preceding, and the son of
Arcadius. Beu^ bnt seven years of age at the death of
hia father, tbe government was conducted by his sistef
Pulcheria, Among the most important events of hi*
reign was the collection of the code of law* known m
the ■' Codex Theodosiano*." Died in 450 A.a

Sb GtuRW, "KUtcTT of tha Dedbia and Fill oflhi %aam
EiDfira;" Gulach. "Di lliaodoaio Jimiota," 1711.

Xlieodoalaa Dl, snrnamed ADRAMVTTB'Ntra, suc-
ceeded Anastasiu* II. as Emperor of ConstantlBi^4s in
715 A-D. After a reign of about a year, be withdrawto
a monastery, and was succeeded by Leo ILL

Thnodouns of Teipoli, a Greek geometer, bom In
Bithynia, lived probably between 100 B.C and loo A.D.
He wrote a work entitled "Spherics," (Sfo^HU^) «Ud

TheodoUon, Ihe-o-do'she-^n, (Gr. BtMontwJ an
eailv Christian writer under the Koman emperor Con-
modus, made a Greek translation of the Old Testament,
He bdonnd to the sect of Ebioniies.

Tha-od'o-tna, [Gr. BiMotoc ; Fr. TuIodotb, tiV-
dot' J an able Greek general, commanded in Ccele-Syrla
lor Ptolemy Philopator In 3M B.C \bout three years
later be entered tbe service of Antiocbus tlic Great.

niaodottu or Samo^ a rhetorician, was preceptor
to Ptolemy XIL of l^ypt He was responaiUe for the
~>urder of Pomper the Great, for which he was put to
eath, by order of Brutoa, in 43 B.C.

Thtednlfa, tl'o'diil?, f LaL TKBoDta'nia,) a learned
ecclesiastic, bom in Spun, wo* the author of sevenil
works. He became Biabop of Origan* about 7B& Died
about 830 A.D.

Thtt-os'iiiB, [efayvet,] a Greek poet and philosopher,
supposed to have lived about 540-^ia.c., was a nadve
of Megara. His work* were pnndpally el^iea and
didactic poems, of which firagmenta only are extant Ha
3ble or aristocrat, and was driven into exile by
the democratic party.

See FlmK. '"Dnogiril Rartitiiliiai Tha Panonal Hiatotj e«

a Poel Theaciui."eK, 1*41; K. O. MdUJU, "HiMonof dM

leialure o( Anoaol Gnats 1" "KoonUa Biocnphia G4a<nla."

ThVoiW |Bfi»,] a celebrated Greek painter, bom to
Samoa, lived under tbe reign of Alexander the Great
His works are highly commended by Pliny.

cas.*; (**/; ^kard; ^ati: Q,M,^giattmU: tl, mataJ; t^lriUtd: laai.- thasin/:(i>. il^~See Explanaliona, p^ 9}.'

,-j:.,Gooi^lc

Tbaon, (Auna,) ti rhetoridut of Aluandria, Hip>
posed to have lived about 315 A. D> Hb prindpalexta"
work !■ entitled " ProgTmnuDuta," or nuei on rhetor

TtiAon OF Alkzahdbu, called the YaDHGU,
Platonic philoaopher and inatlieDiatidan, IWed abcNil
]5»^oa A.D. He ntote commentirie* on the Almagest
of Ptolemy, and edited the work* of Euclid. He was the
&ther of the celebrated Mfpatia.

ni«OD or Shvrna, sometimei called thb Eldu, *
Neo-Flatonlc philotopher, floorithed about 115 A.IX He
was the author of a ireatUe on astronomy, maihematic*,
muiic, etc, the principal part of which la extant. He la
called a Pythagoreui.

Tba-DiMt'^-nOh [Gr. Bw^&mi ; Ft. THioPHAN^ tlfo'>
lb)',] a beaotifiil woman, who, according to the bble, wai
belOTcd by Ncptnne, wia changed by hiro into a aheep,
attd was the mother of the golden-fleeced ram of Cdchu.

ThAophano. See THtOFRAitU.

ni»-oph>-nBI, {Gr. GnffoK; Vi. THtonuMx,
ttVAn',] a Greek niatorian, bcvn at Mitylene, wat
patronized by Pompeythe Great, whom he accompanied
in hit military expeditions. Hia principal work was a
htotory of the BChierementB of Pompej, of which only
fruipents are extant

Theophanea, (Giokob or Isaurus,) ■ Greek hirto-
rian, bom in 758 a.r, wat a native of Conttantinoplc,
He wrote a chronicle of the period from 177 to Sii A.n.
Died in 81S.

maopbBtiaa,(PsoKOPOTTTCit.) See PiOKOPorrrctL

Thdophlle, the French of Trbophilui, which te^

Ihtephllo d« Tland, tiVftl' d«h ve'jf, a FremA
Mtiiic poet, bom in 159a He wrote elegies, tragediea,
etc, was accused of atheiam and coodemned to deatli
in 1633, but escaped. The tentence wis aftcrwardt
annulled. Died in i6a6.

Tli«-oph14iia, [Gr. Bsffiliv; Fr. TfitoPKiu, ttV-
Al'; tt Twonu), tl-oPe-lo,] an Athenian comic poet
of unknown period. His works are lost

Thsophllna, Emperor of Constantinople, wa* a ton
of Michael IL,.whom he succeeded in S39 A.D. He
waged a long war against the Saracens with ill locceas.
He was a zealous Iconoclast Died in 84a a.ix

Sh Gibboh. "EtKUsE ud Pdlnf tin Ramu Kmiin,"

a work of conaidertble merit Died

Tbeophlltia, a tnrbulenl eccletiastjc, who beoune
Bishop of Alexandria hi 385 a-D. He condemned the
writings of Origen and penecnted the Origenista. He
waa the chief agent in the banishment of Chrysostom,
1403.) Died In 413 A.D.

nieophllna, a distingntshed Jurist of the sixth ceu-
tury, was employed by the emperor Josilnian to assist
In compflingthe IMgest and the Inititoies.

Tbe-ophTlna Frot-OHipf-thi'Ttna, [Fr. Tk*>-
?Hiti Pkotospatkairi, tl'o'fti' pao'to'spftSi',] a
Greek medical writer, the place and dale of whose birth
•re unknown. The most important of his extant works
Is an anatomical treatise, which has been trsnslated Into
Latin under the title of " De Corporis Human! Fabrics,"
(" On the Slractore of the Human Body.")

TMophraat& See TmoPHKASTUS.

me-o-phraa'ttia,[Gr. Stofpanvr; Ft. TdiOFHKAns,
liVfKlst^i It. TBorRATTO, tt-»-fRls'to,1 an eminent
Greek philosopher, bom at Eresns, in Leabos, about

374 B.c' His original namewaiTTB'TAHva. He studied
at Athens, where he first attached himself to Plato, and
sfterwards became a favourite pupil of Aristotle. In
accordance with the last will of that master, Theophras-
t«s succeeded him as prendent of the Lyceum In 31s
B.C. He acquired a high reputation by his eloquence,
and attracted Irom all parts of Greece a multitude of
disciples, among whom was Menander the poet With
a design to explain the ayslem of Aristotle and sap'
plemenl his works, he wrote numerous treatises on
philosophy and natural history, the most of which are
not extant Several of his works have come down to
us, (though perhaps in an imperfect state,) viz. : "Moral
Characters,'* (Hum ja|riai[T%Mr,) which was translated

TSERAMENES

" History of
le Canses of

Plants," {npt fvrdr olnd*.) Died about 186 ■.& Hti
" Moral Characters" are admired for subtlety of thought,
Attic wl^ (hI,) and elegance of atyle,

8m Hax SooHtFT, "D< TbcMitnMe Rk^ton," ilis: Sfw

Botulcs:" " MoarJk Bi

Tbe-oph'fJaot (Gr. OttftSiiKnt; Lat Thkopht-
uc'tus; Fr. TiitonfVLAcn, t^a'fe1lkl',| a Greek
ecclesiastic, Ixcame Archbishop of Achris, in Bnlgarist
aboot 1070. He wat die author of a treatiae " On IW
Education of Princet," also CMnmentariet on tbe iwdw
minor propheta, and ntunerooteplstlct. DiedaAeritiL

TheophTlaotna. See THioPHVLAcr.

Tbe-o-phf-Uo'tiu Bi^BO-oat^ a GrcA naAo^
bom In Locrit, of Egyptian race, about jSo A.Dk Bs
1. _ . _«.. ,._,T._ J Constantiiiopla in 614 and

died about 6;

a history of t ,

ters. Moral, Rural, and Amatorr,"

at 630 1
of the

Emperor Maurice, his

fai

sbont Nature," ('Ampiai twauoL}

ntA<^KNBp«. See TmoPOVPin.

Tho-o>pom'pnB, [Gr. OttwofBroc; Fr. THtopoMra,
tl'o'pdMp',] a king of Souta, who reigned aboot 7W
B.C. The power of the Ephori was established or ■-
creased in his reign.

Tbeopomfina, an Athenian comic poet of the oU
and of the middle comedy, toutished probably aboat
400 B-C^ He was a contemporary of Aristophanes.

Tllsopompna, an eminent Greek historian and onuei,
born in Chios (Sdo) about 378 B.C, was a brotbet of

popular party, when be was a young man. In his edle
M composed a number of orations and euloginma, wUA
were received with applause in many dtiei of Greece.
In 353 B.C. he cootended with sticcess against Isocraiea
and others for a prize offered by Artemisia for an ontiaB
in honour of Hausolus. He was restored to his natiie
state at the age of forty-five, (333 B.C) His principal
works were a " History of Greece from 41 1 to 394 w-il,"
CEUirwuJ lonpiai, in twelve booki,) which is tost except
a few fragmenU, and a " History of Philip of Hacedoo,*
(tiWmtd, in fi^-eight books,] of which many fragment*
are extant The andeni critic* say that he was apt to
err t» the extravagance of Us censure and hi* pniae;
bat they commend his accuracy. He died aAer «>5 bx.
Sm\tauMK."amaa^imTliBifBmn/'it*i-.]. R.'Prae^

"Delhaopoiani ViiinScnptit," iS»; <1 T. Koch, " ni "ii

diTlMiiiiani[ic^>'i7^lPLirrAK^"ViU>iUcniiOratoraB:"AT^

Theorall, iH'o-tN, (Tohan Frrn,) a Swedish jownal-
ist t>om at Halljunn in 1791. He edited a demociatir
Jonmal, called " Altonposten," and pubtisbed terenl
blstoricsl tstan. Died at Slockhoho, March 9, i86t.

ThaoreU, (Svin Lorins,) a brother of the precedf u
was born at Halljunga in 17S4. He puMisbed a woA
"On the Influence ol Muufadures on the Wages of
Labourers," (1845.) Died at Stockholm, Dec 15, 1861.

ThttotoeopnU, tl-o-to-ko-poonec, (Domxico,] as
eminent uinter and sculptor, tumamed MX. Gbkoo^ was s
pupil of Titian. He resided at Toledo, in Spain, when
IM produced a number of his 6nest pictures. Amoef
(be*e may be named " Tbe Partii^ of Christ's RaimeM
before the CradGxifHi," as altar-piece in the cathedral at
TidedoiBnd "The Entombment of Count Orna," in iha
church of Santo Tam& His monuments and scniptnrei
are highly esteemed. He also deiigned tlw church of ite
Augustines at Madrid, and other architectiiral works.
Died in 1635.

niootooopnll, (Gr«iiCK Manukl.) a son of tbe in-
ceding, attained a high reputation as a scnlptuc aid
architect, snd built a considerable part of tha oithedial
of Toledo. Died In 1631.

ThAramftna. See Trbraminbil

The-ram'e-nBI, [Gr. espi^rfviK; Fr. THtRAutMK, ti'-
rfmtn'J an Athenian politicun, and one of the £uBoa
rhirty Tyrant*. As a leader of the oligarchic p>n* ka
took an active part in die revolution of 411 B.C., a

A. C, I, e, a, y, /«v'; k, t, A, same, less prolonged; i, 6 1, o, u, r, /.b*^; *, «, i. 9, *«<nw>; Or, fUl, Oti B>Ct| nOti ididi mMm

nji,,ed:^:,C00^lc

THBRASSE

tha battle of Argmosz, (40&) Although th« AlhcnUna
gained the victory there, the lix commanding generals
were put to death, bcoinsc many of their men were
drowned and they were nnable even to recover their
bodies tor borlaL Theramene* waa one of the principal
accnieis, and he appears to have been chiefly respon-
dble for that great injustice. He negotiated the treaty
which opened Athens to the Sputaa general Lyaander
in 405 B.a, and waa one of ua Tturty Tyrant* who
sabv^tedtheold constitution and uaurped power in 404.
Hftvin^, it is said, from motiTCi of policy rather than
hmBanity, rsmoiMtraied against the excessive cmelty of
his coileagnet, be wm proacribed by Critias and con>
demned to death. Wnen he draiUc the dcuta, he
eadaimed, " This l« the health of the lovely Critias I"
He died in 404 B.C,

The character of Theramenea was throughoDl that of
an intriguing, unscrupulous politician ; bat the eqna-
nhnity, or rather indiflerence, which he displayed at his
death, commanded the admiration of Xenophon and
Cicero. It might truly be said of him, in the words of
the great dramatist,

" KoUibic tn hk lib
B«caQH him ILkd tli« lairinf it ; be died
A> one thilhad baoi (tudied in U> dcKh
To throw nar Ibe doireM thing he owed IowbhI)

TMiaasa, ti'rls', (Vicroi,) a French sculptor, bom
in Paris, March 35, i;^ ; died February 4, 1864.

neremlii. tS'rfh-meen', [Ludwio FaiaoaicH
Fkanz,) a German Protestant theologian, bom in 1783,
became in 1875 court preacher at Berlin. He published
•event religiooa and miscellaneous works, and made
translations from Cervantes and B^on. Died in 1846L

Tbsrma.^-ree'st or ti-rl'sl, [Ft, THistsi, li'rtx'

plel^, was bom at Avilain 1515. She entered the order
of Carmelites at an early age, and about i<63 founded,
in her native town, a reformed society of Barefooted
Carmelites. She died in 158a, leaving a number of
rcligioDS works, which are highly esteemed and have
been translated into the principal languages of Europe.
Among these we may name " Thought* on the Love of
God," •■ The Road to Perfection," •' The Castle of the
Soul," " Life of Saint Theresa, written by Herself" and
" Letters of Saint Theresa." She was canonized by Pope
Gregory XV. In 1631.

3« Riuiu, "Vtda d* li Hadn Tereu," i6ai 1 CoLLDHirr,

"Vie de SeinlrTlifitae," il>6; TlCKni

Litcnlnn :" Alkaii Bitttxb. "TjIva d«

■ida^ dfh tEsm, (PAtn-dO la _,..

II blRt.) SiiONBifs, a French general, born at Coose-
rans in 1483. He became a marshal of Prance in 1557.
Died in 1563.

Tbfoi^ne de Merlaotiit, ti'twifl' d^h mfh-te'-
koos', (or Uaroowt, mt&'kooK',) {Akni TosIphk,) a
Frenchwoman, noted for her courage and beauty, wa«
born in Luxemburg In 176a. She became a Girondist,
and harangued the people of Paris during the Revolution.
About 1793 she wss inaltrealed by some viragos of the
Jacobin patty, and lost her reaton. Died in 1S17.

S« Th. Fok " TUnine ik UericooR din la b*ll* LMfoiH,"
■>]«i "Moimlli BuipqiliwOfainl*."

Thv'roii, [Oiipw,] a Greek, who became Tyrant of
Agrigentum, m Sidly, about 488 B.C At an ally of
Gelon of Syracuse, he fought against the Carthaginians
Id 4Sa His reign was prosperous. He obtained at
the Olym^c games victones which were celebrated by

tSK'sOWdR',] a mythical king of Thebes, and
Poly nices. He joined the expedition against 'i roy, ana
is said to have been killed by Telephus. He was one
of the Epigohi, (which see.) According to Viigil, Ther-
Sander was one of the Greeks who were conceabd in the
wooden horae.

a Greek, noted for hi* persons! ugliness, impudence, ane
ill nature, was publicly chastised by Ulysses fbr hsving
slandered A^memnoo, According to tradidon, he was
slain by Achilles.
Sat -mid." book B.

Tb A17, ti're', f AooirniM Fkamcou,) a French Uttira-
Avr, born in Pari* in 1796. He wa* professor of rbetoric
in the College of Veiiaille*, and afterwards frtviitmr.
He wrote, beside* other works, "La Renalwanoe," a
poem, (tSaa,> and a " History of Literary 0]rfnion*k" (*
vol*., 1844.) Died March 14, 1878.

TMtH. See Thishts.

Ttie'aaBa or elee'te-us, [Gr. Bn«t6( ; Tt. ThSsAk, tt'-
A' ; It. Tisio, tli-UI'o,) the great national hero of Attica,
regarded by (ome critic* as a mythical persona|p& Ac>
cording to tradition, he was a son of Agena, Klnf of
Athens, sikI a cousin of Hercules, whose exptmt* be
emulated by the destruction of monsteis and robbers.
The Athenians vrere bound to pay tribute to Hino* of
Crete, inthe form of seven young men and seven maidens,
who were destined to be devooivd by the Minotaur inthe
Labvrinth. Theseus volunteered to go as one of these
rictfnis. He gained the afiction of Ariadne, a danghtei
of Minos, killed the Minotanr, and readily found hi* way
out of the labyrinth by means of a clue (ball of threacl)
which Ariadne gave him, one end of which he made &st
at the entrance and let it trail alter him. He afterwards
became King of Athens, defeated the Amaions, who In-
vaded Attica, took part in the Argonantic expedition,
and abducted the famous Helen from Sparta while she
was a girL He married Antiope, the Queen of the
Amazons, who bore him a son named Hippolytns, and
after her death he married Phaedra, a daughter of Minoa.
He was regarded by the Athenians as the author of an
important political reform in Attica, which before hi*
time was divided into many petty states or demi, duni-
in^ to be independent These he reduced to a state ol
~-ity and subjection to a central authority. "

intimate friend of Hrithons, whom he aitfed, the legend
says, in an audadou* attempt to abduct Proserpine from
the palace of Pluto. They biled, and T

fined in Tartaiua, but was finally released t>y Hercalea,
Tradition adds that he was treai^ronsly UUed hf
Lycomedes, King of Scyroa.

- - Idl*

TheaigBT. See Chelmstokd.

TbSa'pla, [d^ffiri;,] a Greek dramatist, bom at leuta,
in Attica, flourished about S40 i.C He i* called th*
inventor of tragedy. His works have perished, the tltlca
only of four dramas being preserved.

See J. C Cumii, " CoauBcnUtia d* Tbafids," tnt t K. Oi
UtlLLak, " Litnatort at Aadeal GrMce."

TbBa'pl-iia, [Gr. einrioc,] a ton of Erechthens, and
a kins of ThespiK. The poets feigned tfast he hwl
fifty daughters, who were tne wive* or concidrinea of
Hercule*, to whom The«iMtM gave them a* a revani
for killing a lion.

Tbia'aa-Itia, (Gr. OimaXot; Fr. Thxuau, tfall',]
a son of TatOD and Hedea, waa supposed to be tbt
ancestor of the Thessalian people.

^ess^na, a son of the celebrated physidan Hlp-
pocraiet, lived about 360 B.C. He belonged to the aact
of the Dogmatici.

Thsaaaliia, a physidan who lived under the reign of
Nero, was a native of Lydia, and one of the fbunderB of
the Methodid.

ni6a'tX-na, [Gr. Btanot,] « fiibolout king of Atoli^

id to have been a son of Mars or of Apuot, aod
the father of AlthEs, Leda, Ipbido*, Flesppii*, and
Eurypylu*.

The'tla, [Gr. Btrv; Fr. TkItii, ti'ttst',) a beantlfiil

randdanghter of Neptune, and a daughter of Nereos and
The poets leigned that she was courted by Ji

iph^ 'and one of die Nereids, was said t
■^^ rofT' .... —

piter and Apollo, who desisted from the punoit becausa
Themis predicted that her son should be greater than
his &ther ; that she was married to Fdeua, and became

of Achillea; and that their wedding was at

isi.-f aa>; g jtmy,- ^ as /; c^ H, K, fumiru/ N,nua/; %,lrilUd;t3a*: thasin

(JlJ^See Eiplanatioiia, p. 93,1

rfaGoOl^lc

threw among the guests the golden apple, on Which MM
written, "For the most beauliful," »nd which Pwii
awirded to Venus as ihe prize of beauty, (See ACHILUU.)

Ttiau'dla, King of the Visigothi m Spain, lucceeded
AmaUtic in 531 or 531 A.D. He waged a BucceBBAil war
•gainst the Franks, who invaded Spain in 541. He WM
•n ancle of Totilo. Died in 548 a-el

Thsuiiet, tuh're^', (AhdrA,) a French poet and
novelist, born at Harly-1e-Roi in 1833. Among hit
poem* are " Le Chemin de« BoU," (1S675 " L« Blen et le
Noir," (1873,) etc. His novels include " Tanle Au-
(elie,"(i884,) " Deni Sceur»,"(l889,) " La Chanoi-
nesse," (1893,) etc. He also wrote some playi and
volumes of general literature, such as " Sous Bois,"
(1878,) md " Journal de Trialrain." Died in 1907.

Tbeox de MvjlanAt, &«, dfh ttih dfh mi'llni, (or

1794-

He became one of the leaders of the Catholic

nuntstet of foreign a&ira between i^S imd 1840,

minister of the interior from 1S46 to 18^ Died 1S74.

nienranu'd, tfv'ntR', (Aktoihk Jean Mabii,)

COMTi, a French naval officer, bom at Saint-Malo in

He became a vice-admiral in 1 793. Died iniSi5.

0, IJiv'nS', (ChaiuiSiuoh,) a French poet

"&*^

history and portraits, bom in Faril in 1764, became .
member of the Inatltaie in iSag. Hii master-piece U
the " Pasaan of Hont Saint Bernard." Died in 1838.

Th^vento, (Claudk NoIEl,) a Ptencb historical
painter, born in Utre in iSoo; died in 1849.

Thivenot See CouLOH D« Th*vehot.

Thirenot, tiv'no', (MncHiSBOiCR,) a French com-

G'let and Oriental Kholar, born b nria about 163a
e was sent in 16^1 on an impmtant miasion to Rome,
and in 16S4 appointed lil>rarian of the Royal Library.
He was one of the founder* of the Academy of Sciences.
His principal work is a compilation of'^ travels and
voyages, entitled an " Accoant of Many Curious Voyages
hitherto unpublished," etc, (1 vols, fbl., 167J.) He iraa
distingaiihed for hi* scientific attainment*, at well as hi*
piofound knowledge of the Oriental tongues, and wa*
the inventor of an air-leveL Me also collected many
valuable books and manuscripts for the Royal Library,
of which he published a catalogue, entitled " Bibliolhaia
Thevenotiana." Died in 1693,

Tli4T«not, da, dfb tkrnt/, (Jkan,) a traveller,
nephew of the preceding, was bom in Paris in 1633.
He studied at the College of Navarre, and, having pre*
viously visited England, Germany, i>nd Italy, set out in
1655 ™ 'l" £"t' He spent seven years in Egypt and
different para of Asia, and in 1664 started on a second

J'sumejr, during which he visited Persia and India.
ied <M a fever in 1667. while on his way to Tabree^
(Tabili.) Hiaprincipal works, which have a high repa-
■ation, arc "Travels in the Levant," ([664,) to which
were added a description of Persia, and " An Accoant of
Hindostan, the Modem Mongols, and other Peoples and
Coantries of India," ("Voyage conlenant la Relation de
I'Hindoostan, de* nouveaux Mogols," etc., 1684.) He
was well versed in the Arabic and Petilan languages.

Theret t?h-v4', (AndkA,) a French traveller, bora
at Angonlhne in ijoa. He visited the Levant, and
publiahed a "UnlverMl Cosmography," (1571,) and oiher
works. Died in 159a

Tbew, thtl, (RoBiKT,) an English artist, bom in York-
■hire in 17^8, was appointed engraver to the Prince of
Wales. His principal work* are nineteen plates in fioy-
dell's "Shakspeare Gallery." Died in 180a.

Thiols. See Thok.

Thlard or Trud, do, dfh te'lit', (Pontus,) a French
poet, born in Ijai. He was patronised by Henry HI.,
whoappointed him Bishop of Chllont-«ar-SaAne in 1578.
Died in 160$.

See M:iiTiH, "Notice nr PdUiu it TUud," itU

petuouB," " violent,"] a &moua giant, the fatiw of Skadi,
mentioned In the E^ddaic l^ends. It is related dut,
having taken the form of an eagle, Thiassi succeeded la
catching the aubtle Lokl, and refiised to release him
unless he would swear to brln^ Iduna, widi her applt*

MY, aa, deh I
■ Makii,) Coi

1 «. i. <^ ii, T. /(»tr.' i & 6, same, less prolonged, 1. 1. 1, A, il, f . (Amy ; », «, j. 9, d^irurr; Or. rUI, at : mh; nfil; eded; urfBe

Dpon Lokl told Iduna that he had found somebcutifa!
apples in a wood jast without the walls of Asgat^
oigitig her to take her own oot with her for the pw-
pose of comparing them. Idana fell into the snarfc
No sooner had she \tH the fortre** of the godi tkn
Thiassi came, with his eagle's plumage, caught her tft
and carried her to Thrymheim, his abode among mo
mountains. But the gods fared ill in her absena 1 tber
grew rapidly old an<f gray. At length, Loki, terriM
by their menaces, was prevailed on to attempt bet
restoration. Having himself assumed the form of 1
hicon, he flew to ifhryniheim in the giant's ahsciK^
transformed Iduna into a nut, and carried her in hii
talon* to Asgard. But Thiassi pursued and had nearly
overtaken Loki, when the £s!r came oat to his assist-
ance, and Thiassi wa* caught and slain. It is said thai
the gods, in order to appease Skadi tor IIm death ofha
father, cast hi* eyes up to heaven, where they becaou

See THoara, " Northm Uitholosr," voL I. p[i. 4j't].

nilband. See TmBAtrr.

Tblbaad, te'bO', or Tli»'t>-bUd, an ecclesiastic
became Archbishop of Canterbury (England) in 113;.
Mb quarrelled with King Stephen. Died in 1161.

Thlbaad (te'bO') or ThlbantZL, called THiGauT,
Connt of Champagne and Blois, wa* bom about I09d>
Hi* mother was Adeta, a daughter of William tk
Conqueror. He was a brother of Stephen, King of
England. Died in 1151.

TUband or TMbant, sometimes called Tli«'o-bU&
[LaL Thiosal'dijs,] Count of Champagne and Kisc
of Navarre, was bom in iioi. He was a son of Tui-
bant, Count of Champsgne, and was the most powecfil
feudatory of the French king. On the death of hit
ancle, Sancho, King of Navarre, in 1334, he sacceeded
to the throne of that country. Id 1330 he conduced m
army of crusader* to the Holv I^d ; but be proved
himself an incompetent general, and was defeated >ttk
great loss at Ascaion or Gaia. Died m 1153. He was
celebrated as a ttoabadoor, and left many songs, whlck

SeeDnsAaait, " EhI nr la VI. <b Thibnt. CcbU d> dw
nps,"iS]s; "Noanlle Bic^iapkie Oto&ilai" tomstMUO*,

TUbandaan. leTiO'dO', (Adolphi N*«cmi,) s
French joumaliat and liberal politidan, bom at PtHtioi
in 17«T died in 1856.

nubandean, (Airrom Claike,) Coutrr, a Frewl
revolutionist and historical writer, the father of the
preceding, was bom at Poitier* in 1765. He was elected
to the mtionsl Convention In 1793, and voted fbs the
death of the king without the appeal to the people. Is
1796 he became president of the Council of Five Hon.
dred, and a count of the empire in 1S08. He m
appointed a senator by Louis Napoleon in 1851. H*
was the author of " Memoirs of the ConventioD snd ths
Directory," (1824,) "funeral History of Napoleon,"
(1837,) " Memoirs of the Consulate and the Empire.*
(1S35,) and other works. Died in 1854.

See TasMMOK, "Li SAiat de rRmpin Fisneaiir "Nendi
Biognphit CiatitSt."

774. Me studied at Gdttingen, Kdnigsberg, and KM,
■ecame professor of law at Jena in tloa, and obtained
n 180J the same chair at Heidelberg, where he tnelil
rith distinguished success during the remainder of lit
ife. His legal work* are very nnnurou*, and ai*
ranked among the most valuable that have appeared.
Among these may be named his "Juristic Encydopafs
and Methodolo^." (1797,) "Theory of the Lofial
Interpretation of Roman Law," "Oil P '— "^

THJBAUT 23

pMKTiption,'' (1801,) "Sptem det Fandektenrechta,'*
(1803.) ud "On the Neocttdtr of ■ CommoD Code of
Laws for Goniuny," (1814.) Died In t84a

TUbuit (JlAH Tkomai) ■ French architect, bom
in Huile-M>rne In 17J7; died in iSatiL

TUbonTUlet da, dth te'boo'vtl', (Hknm \Mivtxt
d'Hbbbigiiy,) Makquis, a French litttrtUeur, bom in
Paris in 1710, ma an mtimate friend of Voltaire. He
wrote dramaa, novels, etc. Died la 17S4.

niok'neMK (Mrs. Ahnb.) an English lady, dis-
th^ished for ber talents and beaaty, was bom in 1737.
She was the wile of Philip Thicknessc, noticed below.
She wrote " Bitmapbical Sketches of Literary Females
of the French Nalion," "' The Schciol of Fashion,"
novel, and other works. Died in 1814.

TbfoknuH, (Phiup,) an English traTetier, bom
abont 173a Among his works are "Memoirs and
Anecdotes of Philip Thicknesse," (3 »ola.. 17S&-91.)
Died in 1793.

SMllM"Uonl)i]TRN»"liir SsptuDber, 1777.

TWibatilt or ThI4b«ut te'^^5', (DimuDONNi,) a
French littirateur, tmin near Remiremont in 1733. He
became professor oferammar in Berlin in 17G5, and was
intimate with Fredenck the Great He published, be-
sides several works on grammar, " Soavenirs of Twenty
Years' Residence in Berlin," etc., (S vols,, 1804.) Died
Id 1807.

Sn " N<ni>dle Biocnidii* GteJnls."

Tblribanlb (Paul Chahlbs FitANgois,) a French
genera], bom in Berlin m 1769, waa a son of the pre-
ceding. He commanded a bri^e at Atuterlit^ and
became a general of division in 1S08. He wrote aeveral
military works. Died in 1S4G.

Sh " Noanlli Blofimplua Ojiijnh.'

ThUlMirt See Tkkobaux

ThUbant dtt BeraMnd, te'l'bC dfh blK'nlf,
(AKsiNi,) a French writer on raral economv and Mum-
r^)hy, bom at Sedan in 1777, was a republican. He
contribnied to the "Biographie Univenene." Died in
Paris in 185a

nilels, teeOfh, (Just Matthias,) a Danish vrriler,
bom at Copenhasen in iTOf. He published, besides
other works, a "Hislory of Thorwildsen's Youth," and
"Thorwaldsen and his Works," (1S31-50.) Died 1874.

ThlAlsn, vM, vtn tee^pi, (Jan Phiup,) a Flemish
Aower-painter, bom at Mechlin in 1618. His works are
esteemed master-pieces of the kind. Died in 1667.

Tblelnuum, von, fon teel'mln, (Johahn AixiLr,)
FnaiHEaa, a German general, bom at Dresden in 176^.
He served in the campaigns of 1S06 and 1809, was nude
lienlenant-geneial in 1810, and foughi for Napoleon in
Rnssia in 181a. He afterwards entered the Pnnsian
service, and obtained command of a corps or division
of the army of Blilchei. On June iS he held In check
tbc corps of Grouchy at Wavre, and by his obstinate
resistance contributed to the victory of the allies at
Waterloo. Died in 1S14.

SuOBaaaiiT, "Beilrlfe lur Biacraphig do Gencnb len Ttdd-
wmDB," tSif ; HoiuHDoan', "Bdiric* nr KopipU* dasGtu-
rata von Thi^nurm," Aft.

Thl«me, tee'mfh, (Kakl ADOun',) a Geraian pbllol-

T'st, was pmtessor at Leipsic He published an edition
Xenophon, (a vols., 1763-6G.) Died in iraj.

TUemo, tee'mo, [Fr. ThiImon, te't'mdN',] some-
times called DiBTHMAR. a German prelate, dbtinguished
•s a sculptor and pwnter, was bom in Bavaria about
toij. He became ArchUshop of Salibiitg about loSS.
Died in Palestine about iioa

TtiinwiBami, tee'n(b-mSn', (FmnmiiCH Aoqdst
Lui>wio,) a German ornithologist, bom near Freiburg
in 1793. Having graduated at Leipdc, he visiled North-

published a

of the Reproduction of Divers Spedes of Birds," with
one hundred coloured plates, (184S-S3.I' Died in t8;S.

Thlaril SeeTHlBBRT.

Thiony or TWorrl, te-lr're, (Fr. pron. to'i're',1 or
Tb«odoiiO m. King of Austrasia, bom abont 486 A.D.,
was the eldest son of Clovis. He began to reigo in
511. IHBdins34.

OS THIERS

TblaiTT or TbimrA H, Kbig of AnstrMia and Bor-
gnndy, bom In 587 A.D., was a son of Childebert IL,
whom he succeeded In S96. Died m 613 A-tt

Thtarry or Thlani 1 or Ht, King of Neustria and
Bmgundy, (or France,! a son of Clovis 11., was bom
about 654 A-D, He received Ike title of king, but the
royal power was eaerdsed by Pepin, mayor of the palace.
Died m 6gi A.a

Thlarrr or TUsttI H or IT, born in 713 A.R, waa
a son of Dagobert III., King of the Franks. He was
one of the nit faiiUimti, or nominal kings. The king-
dom was govemed by Charles Hartel, under the name
of Tbierri Died m 737 a.ix

Thienr, te'i'ra', (Aukandki,) a French physidan
and soTf^, bom in 1803, practised in Paris, and gwned
distinction as an <q»rator. He was an acdve promoter
of the revolution of 1848. Died in 1858.

Ttdetzy, (AifiDtB Simon Dominique,) a French
historian, bom at Blois in 1797, He was appointed
master of reqtMMs in the council of stale under Louis
Philippe, and condnned In the same office bv Louis
Napoleon. He poUished a ■' HistoiT of Gaul under
the Roman Rale,^ (1836,) " Hlstorr of Attila and of bU
Sons and Successors in Europe,'' etc, (1856,) and a
" History of the Gaols from tha EatHest Period to the
Subjection of Gaul," etc, (1857.) Ho was elected to the
Academ* of Moral and Political Sdenccs In 1S41. and
was made senator in i860. Died March vj. 1873.

S« tbt " Fon%t Qoanwlj Rninr" far Aasat. ilji.

Thierry, (Edodard,) a French HtUratnir, bora in
Paris In 1813. He contributed critiques on the drama
to several journals of Paris. Died NDvember 2^, 1894.

Thiony, (Jacqdes Nicolas Auoustin,} an emfaient
French historian, a brother of (he preceding, was born

editor of the "Ceiwenr Eoropjen." He brought out in
1835 his " Kktor; of the Conqnest of England by the
Normana," which met with bciUlant success and waa
translated Into German and English. Soon after this,
his sight, which bad been gradually failing,' was eDUrel;
lost He still, however, pursued hia historlal researches
with the assistance of a secretary, Annand Cartel, SM

Subllshed, niccesaively, ■■ Ten Years of Historical Sm-
ies," <i834,) "Narratives of the Meroringian Ttnws,
preceded by Considerations on the History of France,'
(1840,) and an " Essay on the History ol the Formadoo

. . KuiTK " riAac* Duunaae >v

tWi; L. na LoH^ms; "If. A TUbit. p

,"OaliriatoG«srl*Uiu<M. ,__

''Bk«npU« UniiwHUa;" "WMmhutu R«i«i^fe

in 1669, worked in Sp^ for Philip V. Died ii
■''I739-

Ttderry, (Josbph Pkahqoh Dtnut,) a French
painlei of landscapes and decoradona, a brother of
Sdouard, was born in 1S13 ; died in 1866.

Thierry, (Juuk do QnsraiiKnl— deh h^h'rAd'rfl',]
.. literary French lady, became in 1831 the witt of
Auguatin Thierry the blstorian. She aided him In Us
literary labours, and wrote two works, entitled " Scenes

of Manners and Characters," (1S35,] and "Addaidei

'iemoirs of a Young Wonun," (1839.) Died in 1844.

ThlvTT (at Theodoiio) of Nibu, a native of Wea^

phaKa, bMsme papal secretary at Rome. He wrote
a "HUlory of the ScUam," (■'^De Sdiismate.") Died
in 1417-

Thiara, te'aia', (Jbam Battistk,) a French tbeo-
l^an of great eradition, was bom at Chartrea in 163&
He published numerous religious and controvemal
works, whidi were highly esteemed. Among theae is s
"Treatise on Superstitions aceortling to Holy ScriptDre,"
("Traitj det Superstitloas seloD I'Scriture Sainte,"
1679.) Died in 1703,

Thlera, (Lovis Adolpbb,) sn eminent French his-
torian and minister of state, waa born at Marseilles on
the i6th of April, 1797. He studied law at Ail, where

»i,t.

r: iiard; ^mj: a,H,Vi,giahtral; K,nataJ; %,lrHltd; lai

mthu. (iirSesEsplMiatMki^plijit

Digitized ayCjOOQiC

THIERSCH

2306

IL Mignet wM hb lellow'Miident and hi* friend. In
tSiS he wu recdved m adrocate it the bar of Aiz, fron
which be rentored to Pari* in 1831 abdhecaiaeanaMiat'
ant editor of the " Conttitntlontid," a liberal jonmaL He
4i«tii^DUhed bimwlf by hi* GneMe, bjr his poUtScal in-
^ht, and br the viyad^ of hi* itKe; In 1833 he pub-
Uihed the nnt Totnine of hii " Hiitoty of the Frendi
Revolntioii,'' (10 Tola., 1823-97,) which enjoyed mndt

Capalaiity, eipedallj with tlie Liberal party, lliiai,
iienet, and Annand Carrel feoDded in Juiiun, 1830k Um
"Nttloiutl,'' with an ureement that each ahoold be alter-
■atelr editor-in-chief ^ one jear. ThienwaiUie editor
Ibr tbe Eist Tear, and aoatrilmted to the reTolotioD of
Tah', 1S30. He it said lo be the author of tbe pbraae.
"llie king TMgu, and doe* not mrem." He employed
id* inflaence to raiie I^iait Philippe to the throne, and

the Actual Condition of Greece, and the Means of hie
complithtngbcr Reetoratioa,''(iRFreDdi,iS33.) Amtnf
his other works we may name hi* " Greek Granunir,
eqjedaUy for the Homeric Dialects,'' (iSsC^) aod a
treatiae "On the Epodu of the Flaatic Art amoBg de
Greeks," (1839.) He also edited Findar'a " Odc^ ac-
companied with notes and with a German tnnslatiaa

was ander-secretarr of atate for the
« short ministfy of^Lafilte, 1830-31,
ter of the intenor in October, i8j&

e acquired eminnice as a parliannntaiy deb^er.

»fi

_._ ... _ He was admitted ii

French Academy in 1834. Abont this time Thiers and
Gaisot became rival* and competitori for the place of
dtief minbter, the former being the leader of the taOrt
fauckt, (" left ceQlr&'7 He wa* preaident of the cotmcU
and minister of foreign afiira Erom Febniary to AwMt,
1836, when he resigned, and was sncceeded by Coant
Uol^. In March, 1840, lie was again appointed chief
miniiter, with the portfolio of foreign aSain. Hia poll^
on the Eastern qoestion was counteracted by Palmerston,
iriio, by a concerted action with Rnsua and Aoitria,
bolated France. Thiera re*olTcd to aapport Mcbemet
All, at ttie risk of a war against England J bat, a* the Ui^
wonld not assent to this com'ie, he resigned tn October,
1840, and was sncceeded by Giiiiot.

Amoiw his chief works is a '* Histoirof the Contnlate
and the Empire," (m toIb., 1S45-63.) This, as well as his
" History <A the Rerolation," stands b the Tciy highest
rank among historical works in the Fiench language.
He was one of the oratois of the oppoution in the last
Tears of the reign of Louis Philippe, but did not giTe ■
hearty support to the republic of 1S48. In tlic Con-
stituent Aaaembly he acted with the draitt. He TOled
for Louis Napoleon as preaident in December, 1848, bat
after that president became emperor he ceased to De
kii partisan. In 1863 Thiers was elected to the le^
lative body, in which be acted with the opposition, and
to which lie was re-elected in tS6g. He nude in April,
1867, a speech against Napoleon's forcwQ poliqr, which
excitad mnch sensation. He STowed Us enmity to Ital-
ian nationaUn. " The whole drift of this apeech," ssy*
the London "Spectator, ""is that selfishness is the fint
«f nUlaoal dattee." In July, 1870, he boldlr o|>P<Med
tbe war against PnH*i«, in * *p«ecb to the iMtslatiTe
body, and dedared that Napoleon had comiutted an-

Ihe Prei

1871, and serred in that capadty untH hi* resignation,
Hay t4, 1S73. He died September 3, 1877.

" JUm im Ont*an ;" L. Bluk " HiMain d*
irir iUticw- ' fo Sntoobv. ita ; ** BlMkMBd'i

, cb, iS|S 1 " ronin Qiunal7R«i«>"iw April,

iS4): " BABburli Rarin" &r Apil tcA Jid*. itjS, an* Octobtr,
|Ui;"IVaMr'iHacMiM" brill*. iM; "VaimbMrKarin"
iw JilT, iM: " Hocth Biiiuh BnwW' ftt Aivul, lUs i " Briiiili
Qawtclr Kniaw" to JaaDUr, iW].

de* Homer.") He was a tether of Frledrich WUhelm,
Mdced below. Died in i855-

niancA, (FauDKiCK WILHBUI,) s German phi-
Mopst, bom near Freiburg in lySf. He studied at
Lcipaic and Gottlngen, and was appomted in 1S09 pro-
lessor of ancient literature in the gymnasium at Munich.
He soon after founded a philologica] InstltDte, which was

Ibienoh, (HuNUCH Wii.hhlm Jo■uu^) a nephew
or eon of the preceding, published, among other works,
a "Grammatical Manual for tbe First Instmction in tbe
Hebrew Langnase," {1843.) Died in 1885.

ThlM*4 le^', (LioM,) a Ftcnch writer, bom ■
Rooen in 1793. He wrote polltkal paaphlets, •CMral
poems, and "Hannel de* BnTes." Died in 1854.

XbHa, von, fon teeH^h, (Litdwig Gustav.) a praaaiH
general and statesman, bom in t7S7, serred against &e
French in the campaigna of ]So6, 1813, and iSlj^and
was apptnnted miniater of state under Frederick V/iISan
rv. in 1840. Died in 1S51.

Thllo, tee^o, (Johamn Kaxl,) a Gennaa Protestaot
theologian, bom at Langetualxa in 1794. He published
a "Codex Apocnphn* Novi Testameittl,*' ud otter
learned WMks. Died in 1853.

TOolIvt, te'olt', (FtAMCOts,) a Frendt ardiittci,
bom at Pntiers in 1782. He pubUshed •ereral treatise*
-1 Architecture. Ued at Pans, October sfi, tS^

Tblcm d« la Chanma, te'oH' dfh It sbSni, {Claifik
ECPUT,) s French phyaldan snd surgeoii, born in Paris
In 175a He wa* appointed in 17^ physician to Ike
miliary boa(rital at A^cdo, in Corsica, and soon ato
to the army destined to attack Gibraltar. While in thii
post he wa* eminentlv snccessM in his treatment of sa
epidemic IcTer whicn had made great ravage* •aoai
the troopa. After his return to France he wa* appointrd
one tA UM physician* 61 the Count d'Artoi^ afterwardi
Charles X. Died in 1786.

ndiloD, te're'oN', (Didiir,) a French Jacobin, he-
came a member of the ConTention in 1793. He opposed
Robespierre on the 9th Tbermidor. Died In 1814.

Thirlot; te'reV, a Frenchman, bom abont 1696^ «bs
a friend ^ Voltaire, some of whose work* he editttL

^jrl'bF, (Styah,) an Enrii^ scholar and critic^ ben
at Leicester in 1690, pobliahed an cditioo-af Jostn
Martyr, with note*. Diedlniyu.
Tlurl'wall, (CoNNOrJ aa emioent Engliah Imttnaa,
wn in Middlesex in 1707. He studied at Trinity Col-
lege, Cambridge, where he took the <i^ree 1^ ILA. i*
lui. He was made Bishop of Saint DsTid's in 184a
mblished, conjointly with Jnliu* Charles Hare, a
„_„lation from the German of two Tolumcs of Nit-
buhr^ "History of Rome." He brought out in 1851
his "History of Greece," (StoIs.8to,) which is etteemtd
a standard work. "Having," say* Mr. Grote, "stadied,
of coarse, the same evidence as Dr. Thirlwall, I im
better enabled than others to bear testimony to the
learning, tbe sagacity, and the candour which peivadt
hii sxreltent work.'' (Prebce to Grate'a " RUtnmf

lUrottX da Cfo«M, te'roo' dfh kr6a, (Loin^ a
French magJatnte, bom in Paria in 1736, b
tenant-general of the police in 1785. He wa*

TnlrtT grants, Ilie, [commonly called in Greek
aimply Of l^i&nvni, or "The Thirty,"] tbe name ef a
tyrannical oligarchy which was established in Athene
under the protectorate of Sparta, Goi^inoitig aboDt a year,
stthedosetrf^thaPcloponnesianwar. AIltbeA"
dtiien* aoppoaed to be &TOiirable to liberty w

dally obnomon* to the Thirty Tyran*- — '

were put to death without regard ti

I. & 1. 6, a, f, A>>iv,' k, i, ^ same, leas prolonged; i, i, 1, 0, a, y. AbrT/t. « t «>•''*«»«; Oil Ail, at; mCtrnSt; g«di mfla

d by Google

HT" The Dame oT the Thirty lyanti fin Latin,
Tiioin'ta TrUN'Ml] wu ilw •omedma incorrecttj

■pplied to a nnnber of prBtendera ~- '--

•roM In diflietent putt of tbe Roman '

reign* of Valerian and GaUieDoa. Among their number

*ere Odenathnc and the Eunoo* ZenoUa.

_ Sm &MWI. "Hiworr of tlw Ojtibt JO* m_tf ^

niBOw, [Gr. SMf ,■ Ft. Thisb«, ttt'bi',] ■ beantifti]
nuuden of B^lon, beloved by Prramtta. Thej limd
in adjoining hdiues, and conversed privately tliroiurh «
.,.:.,. -r.,.- _„ ^ J ._ _ ,, ^t ^ ^^ ^

nuuden of B

in adjoining _

chink of the walL They agreed ._

I^oa, nnder a mnlbeny-tree. Tbiabe, who firtl

to that place, was driven away by the light of a tioneis,
and dromed her veil, which the lioneu atained with
blood. Thi* veil waa fouid by Pvrarant, who, haatily
coododing that Tliitbe had been lulled, destroved him-
«el£ She aoon retutned, law tlie dead bodv c^ Pyramoa,
and followed hit example^ The poeti feigned that the
mnlberriea, in lympathy with their fate, cuinged colonr
from white to im.

TUaU^on-Dysr. (William Turnbb,) a British
botanist, was bom at Westminster in 1S43. He held
professorships in several institulioos, and became di-
rector of the Royal Gardens at Kew in 1885. He
published " Flora of Middlesex," etc.

n)aML SeeTuiAssL

TlM>«'l1a, the Emtian Ta-Ur, or Ta-Oaut an
Esyptian goddeaa, who with the monster Set lived in
Hades, where she devoured the wicked. She had the
figure of a hippopotamua, and gave name Id Egyptian
tatronooiy to the constellation Una Major.

Thogbinl Bvg. See Togrul Baa.

Thoi^aL See Tooui-

Thoiiaa. See RAPm, Di, (Paui.)

TblU, (fOHANN Hhinrich,) an able German juriit,
bom at Labecit, Jnne 6, 1S07. He was edocated at
Leipaic and Heidelterg, and held professotshipt of law at
Rostock and at Gdttiagen, where he died. Hay 16, 1SS4-
His principal writings were on commercial and marine
bkw.

Tholaok, toHnk, [Ger. pron. tSOSSk,} (FuaDMCH
Avaan GorTRtu,) an eminent German theologian and
pulpit orator, born at Breslan, March 34 1799. He was
edacated at the University of Berlin, where he 1

acqairad

and was

K>logv. In

1833 he prodttoed a popular work, caUed " Wahre Weihe
deaZweUers," which was reprinted nnder the title of
"The Doctrine of the. Sinner and of the Mediator,"

and obtabied in 1816 tbe chair of theology in the Uni-
maity of Halle. Havii^ passed about two years as
<4.api«iii to the Fruatian embassy at Rome, where be
fonned a frkodahip with Bonten, he returned to Halle
In 1839, and resumed the datiea of his professorship.
He owosed the rationalism which was prevalent among
bis coUeagnea at Halle, and became one of the most
fatflnential teachers of the evangelical doctrinea. Among
his numerooa works, which are highly eateemed, are a
"Commentary on the Epistle to the Romans," (4lh
edition, 1841,) " Commentary on the Ooapel of John,"
(l8a6; nh edidon, 1S57, of which an excellent English
translatioD has beeo made W Dr. Krauth, of Philadelphia,
1859.) " Commentary on the Epistle to the Hebrews,"
(183^) "The Anthentidty of the Gowel History,"
(•837.) "Hours of Devotion," ("StnndenderAndacht,"
1840,) and several voltunes m sermon*. Most of his
works have been translated into English. Died June 9,

nom, t

THOMAS

Having tanght himself aculptnre, he produced si . . . _
statues of ""Tarn O'Shanter" and "Souter Johnnie,**
which obtained great popularity, and were reprodacsd
I^ several copies. Among bis other works is a group
01 " Old Hoitali^," in sandstone, which stands at the

of Laarel Hill Cemetery, Philadelphia. He

America in 1836. Died at New York in 1S50.

. (William,) a Scottiab poet, bom at Aber-
deen in 1799. His means of instruction were very
scanty, and at an early age he was apprenticed to ■
weaver. He pnbUsbed in 1B41 " Rhyme* and RecolleC'
tions of a Hand-Loom Weaver." Me died, in great
destiration, Februaiy 39, 1848.

. to-mln'dfr, noH.U( Hknrix,) a Swed-
ish tbeolo^an and distinguished pnlpit orator, bora in
the province of Scania in 1798, was ^ipointed in 1833
professor of pastoral theology In the Tlieological Semi-
nary at Load. He published sermons and other religions
worb, and translated into Swedish several of Shak-
sneare's works, the "Clouds" of Aristophanes, -and
Byron's " Manfred." Died at Lund, July 9, 1365.

Thom'fB, (tom'ts,) (Fr. pron. to'ml'; Gr. OwiOr;
iLJToMMASO, tom-mt'to; Sp. ToMAS, to-mls',] or

mentioned hi John zi. 16. According to tradition, he
preached the gospel in India and siSered martyrdou
b that regioiL

S« /ohD n

Thomaa, to'mi', (Alxxahdki GiaARO,] a French
ttittrattur, bom in Paris in tSiS. He contributed many
sble artides to the " Revue des Eteui Mondes." He
removed to England in iSm, and wrote for the "Edin-

greh Review." Died at Brossels in 1857.

Thomaa, (Annib.) See Citdlif.

Thomaa, (Antoins Leonard,) a celebrated French
writer, bom at Clermont-Ferrand in 1731. He studied
in Paris, and about 1754 obtained a prolessorshlp in Ih*
College of Beauvais. He published in 1756 "Fhiloao>
phical and Uterarr ReSectfons on the Poem of Natural
Religion," Hb "Eulogy on Marshal Saxe" obtained
the [Hize from the French Academy in 1759. It was
followed by eutt^ies on Chancellor d'Agaesseail and
Dnguay-Trouin, which were also crowned oy (he Acad-
emy. Among hi* other works we may name his "Epis-
tle to the People," a poem, eulogies on Sully, Descaiiea,
and Marcus Anrellua, " Essay on the Character, Mao-

oer», and Inlellect of Women in all Ages," (177a,) etc
Was admitted to the French Academy in 1767. D. 1783.
Thomas, (Arthur Goring,) a British composer,
13 bom near Eastbourne in 1851. He studied at the
Paris Conservatoire 1875-77, "nii wrote the operas
" Esmeralda," (1883,) and "Nadesha," (1885.) the
cantata " Sun Worshippers," and many songs. Died
by suicide in 1892.

Thomaa, (AuGtrsxus,) playwright, bom at St
Louis, Missouri, in 1859. His plays indude "Ala-
bama," ■* In Mizzoura," "Arizona," etc

Tliomaa, (Chak|.» Loun Amiroibr,) a Ft«ndi »«•

lical composer, born at Mets hi 1811. He gained the

grand prise for musical composition in 1833, and ws* ad-

'- ' into the Institute in 1851. He produced, in 1837,

luble Echelle," following which appeared at bnef

inlervals numerous successful operas, both cotnic and

rious. Among his well-known works are " Midsum-

er Night's Dream," (1850,) "Carnival of Venice,"

857,} ■' Mignon," (1866,) " Hamlel," (1868,) and " Fran-

sea da Rimini," (1877.) Died February 11, 1896,

Thomaa, (Christiah.) See THOMA*nr&

Thomaa, [CLtMiNT,) a Frendi officer, bom at LI-

boume in i8m. He was chosen general-in-chief of the

tational guard of Pari* in May, 1848, but was removed

in the next month. He commanded the national guards

during the siege of Faria in the autumn of itya He

lologist and archaeologist, bwn st Kingsport, Tenn

caa i; C sa j; f hard; % a*/,- O, h, Xtftatttral; M, noial; >, trilled; 1 as

rthasinfUi^ ,|y*SeeEsplBnalinns,p.avI

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

siatea samj, 1009-73. proiCMM 01 ntniru laence u
the SoDtbCTD UUnoU Nonnal Univereity, 1873-76, Sute
entomologist for lUinoU, i87S-&>i >"<! '° iSSs became
■rchcolontt to the United Sulea bureau of ethnology.
Hia poblicatioiw include " Acrtdiid> of North America,"
(■873,) "Illinoia Entomology," (6 toIs., 1877-81.) and
other works and reports on entomology 1 also " A Study
el tbeHS. Tioano,"(l8S3,) "Notes on Maya and Mez-
kan MSS.," (tSS4,) etc Died June 26, 1910.

TllOB^'^M, jtom'fs,) (David,) ui Ame^can pomologist,
Boriiit, and wnter on agricnltare, was bom in Mon^meiy
cotuity, Pennsylvania, in 1776. He m« educated l»
his parcnia in the religious prindplea of the Society of
Friends. In 1S05 he removed to near Aurora, in Cayuga
conntT. Mew York. In 1S17 he published "Travels m
the West," a work which attracted the notice of De Witt
Clinton and led to Mr. Thomas being appmn ted chief
CDgineM' on the Erie Canal, west of Kochester, which
powtion be held until the canal was completed. Sabee-
qaently, on the recomtnendation of Governor Clinton,
he was emploved a* one of the principal engineer* on
the Wellaad Ouul in Canada. As a Sorist aiid pomolo-
nsl Ht. Thomu had few, if any, superiors in the United
States. By his contribntiona to " The Genesee Farmer"
he rendered an important service to the cause of ani'
coltore, particularly in reliiting an error, once wiiwlj

a plant of quite a different genus. Mr. Thomas *how«l
that when the leed'Wheal was perfectly dean, and
when the soil had been thoroogbty burnt, so aa to
destroy the seeds of difbrent kintb of weeds, including
chess, the alleged transmutation never took place, even
under the circumstances supposed to be most Eivour-
Able to such a change. His writings, supported as they
were by carefiilly-otntducted experiments, led not merely
to the diffii^on of man enlightened views, but to a great
practical iroptovement in tUs department of agriculture.
Died in 1859.

Thom'fsi, (tom'fs,) (Euzabkth,) an English writer,
bom in 16^5, was the author of letters and poems which
were admired by Dryden, who gave her the name of
Corirma. Pope, however, has introduced her Into his

fer a

Tnomaa, (FRtDiuc,) a Fmich ajvocan and lilUra-
ttHT, born at Toulouse in 1814. He became a reddent
of Paris in 1835, wrote for the " Presse," and published
several novels. Died January i3, 1884.

Xhonua, (Fkedirick Wiixiam,) an American novel-
ist and miscellaneous writer, born at Providence. Rhode
Island, in iSoS. He published "Clinton Bradihaw,"
•• East and West," " Howard Rnckney," " The Beechcn
Tree, and other Poems," "John Randolph of Roanoke,
and other Skeicbes of Character," and " The Emigrant,"
a poem. IMed September w 1866.

Yboinaa, (GlOBOl H.,) a distingoEsbed American
general, born in Southampton coanty, Virginia, on (he

Cof July, t8t6. He entered the Academy at West
I in 1S36, and graduated twetfth'in a class of forty-
live, in 1S40. Having become first lieutenant in 1S43,
lie served with distinction in the Mexican war at Mon-
terey and Buena Vista, (1847,) and gained the rank of
captain in 1853. He was employed in Texas from 1856
to November, iS6a, and maintained his loyalty to the
Union amidst the general defection of Southern-bom
ottcera. In May, 1861, he was appointed colonel of the
fifth United States cavalry, and in August became a
brigadier-general of volunteers. He was ordered to
Kentucky in September, obtained command of a di-
vision of^the army of Buell, and defeated General Zolli-
koffer near Mill Spring about the iSth of January, 1863.
In April of that year he was raised to the rank of major-
general, and in the next month he obtained command
of five divisions, forming the right wing of Halleck'i
•riPT operating against Corinth. He became in Sep
lember, 186s. seciwl in command of the army of the

tie renoeiea important services at ine oantc 01 arant
River, December 31, 1S63, to January i, 1S63, andtoA
part in the movements by which the Union army gained
possession of Chattanooga, September 9. His repota-
don was increased by his conduct at the battle of Chick-
smauga, September 19 and za There his corps stood
firm after the rest of the army had been routed, and
repulsed the attadcs of the enemy until darkness put an
end to the battle. He succeeded Rosecrans a* com-
mander-in-chief of the army of the Cumberland 00 the
19th of October, 1863, and was appointed a brigadier.
genera] of the regular army in the same month.

General Thomas contributed to the victory which
General Grant gained near Chattanooga, November 15,
l86t. He served under Sherman m the campaign
against Atlanta, which began in May, 1S64, and look

rt in the battles at Dallas and Kenesaw Mountain, and
several actions fought near Atlanta in July. When
Sherman was about to abandon Atlanta and msith
through Georgia to the sea, he sent General Thonas
with an army to Middle Tennessee to operate animt
Hood, who invaded Tennessee about the end irf Octo-
ber. As Hood moved north. General Thomas fell bad
slowly towards Nashville, and summoned reinforcements
to join him at that dty. On the 30th of November the
Union army was attacked at Franklin bv the army of
Hood, which was repulsed with severe loss, but aller-
wards advanced to Nashville. General Thomas attactel
Hood in position at Nashville on the ijlh of Decem-
ber, 1864, and, in a battle lasting two days, defeated snd
drove him from the field In the utmost confiisioD. In
this battle Hood lost about 6000 prisoners and siity
pieces of cannon. Soon after this victorv General
Thomas was appointed a major^teneral in the regular
army, and after the end of tbe war he commanded the
department of the Cumberland. He was remarkable for
his modesty, simplicity of character, stability, and discre-
tion. President Johnson having offered him the brevet
of lieutenant-general and of general in 186S, he declined
the compliment. Died in 1S70.

niomas, (Isaiah,) LL.D., a distinguished American
printer and journalist, bom at Boston in 1749. In 1770
he published at Boston the " Massachusetts Spy," in
which he denounced the measures of the British gov-
ernment He was the author of a " History of Printing
'- America," (1810.) Died in 1831.

sachusetls.

in 1756, and succeeded to the command of the amy in
Canada on the death of General Montgomery. He
raised the siege of Quebec, and began to retreat, but
died at Chambly in May, 1776.

Tbomaa, (John,) an able English sculptor, bon in
Gloucestershire in 1813. He executed or designed the
statues and carving* which adorn the new Houses of
Parliament. He was also an architect Died in 1S63.

Thomaa, (John J.,) an American poroolt^t and
writer on agriculture, a son of David Thomas, noticed
above, was bom in Cayuga county, New Vork, in iSto.
Among his publications may be named the " American
Fruit-Culturist," (ist edition in 1B46; last edition,
greatly enlarged and improved, 1S67.) "Farm Ma-
chinery," (last edition, 1868,) and a aerial entitled " Rtiral
Affairs," (6 vols., i8s8-7a) Mr. Thomas was one af tbe
editors of "The Country Gentleman" from tbe dale of
iU first publication, in 1853, until 1894- Died in 1895.

Thomtw, (Joseph,) M.D., LI-D., a distinguislied
philologist and biographer, was born in iSti in Cayuga
county, New York. He was educated al the Rensselaer
InstiLule. (Troy,) at Vale College, and (in medidne) at
the Univemity of Pennsylvania. He was for a time
professor of Latin and Greek in Haverford College, and
was editor-in-chief of " Baldwin's Universal Pronouncing
Gateltver." (1845.) " Lippincolt's Pronouncing GaKitteer
or (he World," (1856.) " A Complete Pronouncing Medi-
cal Dictionary," (1864,) " Lippincott's Pronouncing Dic-
tionary of Biography and Mythology," (1870-71.) etc of
itif Bvaii-ms of pronunciation in all of which he was the
Died in Philadelphia, December 34. 1891.
aa. (LouHio.) an AnMrican eeneral, bora id

a, fc 1,6, B, ;, /OV' ^ ^ ^ **)■>«• '^u Pt<>I<>'««<l: ''i ^ I< ^ <^ ^ J**^'' f< f> 1 9> <>*w>nr; Or, Oil, Ot; mtt; nflt; gabd; •

Pelaware aboat 1804, graduated at We*t Point in 1823.
He becune adjutant-general In 1861, with the rank ol
farigadier-geQGral. He wat appointed by President John-
UM (ecrctaiT of war aJ biiirim, Februaiy 31, 1S68, in
place of E. M. Stanton, who, however, refiued to give
up the office. He retired in 1869, and died Marca 3,
1*75.

Thomaa, (Marcarit,} anist and author, born at
Croydon, England, educated in art at London, Paris, and
Melbourne, She bss made marble busts of past celebritiei
andwriiten "A Heroof the Workshop," "APamler's
Pastime,' ' works of travel, poems, etc

Thomas, (Philip F.,) an American politician, bom
ia Talbot county, Maryland, in 1810, He waa elected
governor of Maryland in 1S47, and amxouted secretary
of the treasury about December l>, i860. He resigned
Janoary II, 1861. Died in iSgo.

Thomas, (RoBKKT,)BnableEng1ishpbfsidan,bom
in 1743, pnblishedapopolarworkentitled" The Modern
Practiceof Riysic," Emd other medical treatises. Died
in 1835.

Thomaa, (THBODORI.)mQtid«n, bom in East Fries-
land, Germany, 1835. He became an orchestral leader
in the United States in 18G1, waa director of the Cindn-
nati College of Music 1S77-S0, conducted musical sode-
ties in New York and Brooklyn, was mnsical director of
the Chicago Exposition of 1S93, etc. D. Jan. 4, 1905.

Tbomaa, (Thiodork Gajllard,) M.D., an American
physidan, born on Edisto Island, South Carolina, No-
vember ai, 1831, became in 1861 professor of gipKcologjr
in the New York College of Fhysidans and Sargeona.
His prindpal works are a "Treatise on Diseases of
Women" (l36S) and "A Centary of American Medi<
one/* (i8j«.) Died Februatv 28, 1903.

nufmaa, CWillian,) a historical writer, bora in
Wales, was patronized by King Edward VL Under
the reign of Mary he was executed on a charie of
treason, (1553.) He published a "Hbtory of Italy,"
and other worlcs.

Thomu, (WiujAU,) bomat Bristol, in England, b
iGtt, was chaplain (o the Duke of York and preceptor
to the princess (aAerwards queen) Anne. He wai created
Bishop of Worcester. Died in 1689.

Tbomaa, (William,) a learned English divine, grand-
son of the preceding, was bom in 1670. He became
rector of Saint Nicholas, in Worcester, in 1733. He
pablished a " Survey of Worcester Cathedral," and
other antiquarian works. Died in 1738.

Thom'aa Cau-U-pta-ten'alfl, [Fr. Thouai De Can
TiuPKl, to'ml' d?h kiN'tlN'pRi',1 a Flemish monk and
tdoerapher, bom near Brussels in 1301 ; died in 1063.

Aoma* Dnfoas^ (PiiRU.) See Fossl, DV.

Tbomaa a Kempla. See KniPia.

nomaa the RhTmer. See Rhvmik.

Thomaa da VilleaeTivay Saint, or TaoUAS Qar-
alB% (gaR-riee'la.) a Spanish prelate, bom in Leon b
i^&_ He beeame Archbisb<^ of Valencia in 1545.

noinaaln,tom'f-sin or to-ml-ieen', written alsoTo-
■ualii,Z«rklar, or TbkdllTV, a poet of the thirteenth
cmtDTT, bom at Frioll, In Italy, was the snthor of s
ddacdcpoem b German, entitled " The Italian Guest,"
i" Der Welsche Gast.") Of this work, which is esteemed
<me of the moel remarkable productions of the age, only
MnaH portions have been printed.

Tbomaalna, to-ml'ie-Os, or Tliomaaaii. lo'ml-iQn,
^Christian,) an eminent German philosophc

1688 a monthly review, which soon becune noted fbr iti
b<rfd censores of prevatUng abases. In 1694 he w*i
appointed professor of Jurispradcnce at the Univeraily
of Halle, where he becaute rector in i^ia He was the
Brat to introduce the practice of lecturing and writing in
German, and, b^ his denunciation of the aupcrstitiona of
dM lime, was chiefly inatrumentai in abdishing trials for
wltcbcntfL Among his prbc^al works are an " Intro-

S9 THOMPSON

duction to the Doctrine of Reason or Logtc^** (ItelJ
" IntrodBctioo to Moral Philoaophy," (ifioSifand " His-
tory of Wisdom and Folly," (16^) Thomadns waa
enloglMd by Frederick the Great as one of the most
illustrious [^ilosophers of Germany. Died in 17181.

~ Lrowr, ;|C— " ' -

ulitmil-Li

Thomaalna, (Gottfkikd,) a German divine, bom al
Egenhansen in 1S03, was a Lutheran pastor at Norem-
b^g, 1829-42, and professor of dogmatic at Erianeen,
1841-75. He published " Origines," (i8j7.) " Contrtbo-
tiona to Ecclesiastical Chrislology," [1845,) "Christ^
Person and Work," (1S56; 3d voL, 1864,) and other workk
Died in i8tc.

preceding.

losophy at I

He was professor of belles-lettres and phi-
losophy at Leipsic, and one of the teachers of Leibnitz
He wrote, besides other works, " Origins of History,
Philosophical and Ecdesissticat," (" OHgines HistoriM
Philoaophicae et Ecdesiastiae," 1G65.) Died in 1684.

See Sais, " OBoniulicaa :" Zbdlbb, " Uainnil-LeiikaD."

TbomBBBla, lo'mfslH', (Louis,) s French ceded-
■Stic, bom at Aix in 1619, became profeiaor of theology
in the seminary of Sainte-Magloire, at Paris. He was the
author of a treatise " On Andent and Modem Ecclesi-
astical Disdptine," "Theological Dogmas," and other
learned worlu. Died in 1695.

Thomaasln. (Phiuppe,) an eminent French engraver,
bora at Troyes about 1^50. He worked mostly at Rome,
and engraved many antique statues, also numerous por-
traits cJ eminent men. He died at an advanced age.

TOtomaaaln. (Simon,) a French engraver, born at
Troyes about 1653, Is said to have been a nephew of the
preceding. Died in 173Z.

Hia son Hbnri Simon, bom in Paris in 16SS, was an
able engraver. He en^ved some works of Rubens
and Paul Veronese. Died in 1741.

nomaaar, to'mfse', (Marie jossra Raymond,) a
Ftench litUratair, bom at Montpellier in i8ia He
wrote, besides other works, " Morocco and Its Caravans,"
(i^) Died at New Orleans, Louisiana, in 1863.

T&omlnaa. See Bosc, Du, (Piekrr.)

Thomoad. to'tnAN', <Thouas,) a Frendh architect,
bom at Nann in 1759. He remoVed to Saint Peters-
burg, where he was employed by the Rossian govern
ment to remodel the Great Theatre and build several
aplendid public edifices. The Imperial Exchange, cooi-

Eeted In 1810^ la esteemed one of his finest worlu. IMed
1813.

Tkmnpaoii, tom's^ (AltrU) Wordsworth,) aa
American artist, bom in Baltimore, Maryland, Hay a6i
1840. He graduated m iSjfi at Newton University, went
to Paris in 1^1, and studied art under Charles Gleyreand
Albert Pasini and in the £cole des Beaux-Arts. In tS68
he took up his residence in New York, since which time
he has travelled extensively. He was made an assodate
oflhe National Academy_ in 1S73, anda full Academidao
in 1875. Among his pictures are "A Review of the
Continental Army,--i777," "Passing the Outpost,"
"Sabbath Day in Troublous Times," "Belated Trav-
ellers," " Moorish Hunt<!rs," " Welcome in the Desert,"
"Joumey in a Weary Land," "The Hour of Prayer,"
"Market of Biskra," etc. His works are chiefly land-
scapes, historical pictures of a distinctly American type,
coast-views, et& His figures and horses are especiall*
commendable. Mr. Thompson is one of the best snd
most versatile of American artists.

Tbompaoo, tom'sga, (AirairsTtn Charlbs,) D.D.,
an American Congregational divine, bom at Goshen,
Connecticut, in i8l3. He has published " The Yonng
Martyrs," " Last Hours, or Words and Acts of this
Dvlng," (1851,) and other religious works.

Thompson, (Brnjamir.) See RvhforDi CotntT.

Tbompaoa, (Ciphas,) an American portrait-painter,
bom in 1776, died in i8j8. He waa the ^her of C. G.
uidjerome Thompson.

ThompaoB, (Cephas Giovanmi,) an American artist,
bom at Middieborough, Massachusetts, August j, iSoo.
He waa a son of Cephas Thompson, who was bis early

• asi.'fSSA' Siorrf; tal//o,l^K,jwttirfij/; n,HQMl;t,lrilUd; laas; ChaslnMu (U

-See Ezplanationa, p, a^)

D,g,t,7ed::yC00t^lc

THOMPSON

33"

"Prospero and

His early life «u chiefl]' devoted to poitnul-
painting. Amoag bij best works are " Saint Peter DdiT-
ered fmm Prison," "Guardian Angels of Infancy,"
" Cbiist in the Garden," "Cbastitv." "Pmsnero and
Hinnda," etc. Died January

Thompsoii. (Daniki. Grkbnlbaf,) an American
author, born at Montpelier, Vermont, in 1850.
became b lawyer in New York, and published
System of Psychology," (1884,) "The Problem of
Evil," fi886,) "Social Progress," (1889,) "The
Phiiosopby of Fiction in Literature,'' (1E91,) etc.
Died in 1897.

Thompaoa, (Danibl Pibbcb,) an American law-
yer and popular novelist, born at Charlestown, Massa-
cbnsetts, in 1795. He wrote "May Martin, or the
Money-Diggers," (1835,) "Locke Amsden,"(i847,)
an admirable tale, descriptive of the experience of a
New England school-master, " Gant Gurley," (1S57,)
etc. Died in 1S6S.

Thompson, (Dbnmah,) an American actor and
dramatist, bom at Girard, Pennsylvania, in 1833. He
wrote "Joshua Whitcomb," afterwards remodelled
into the popnlar play of "The Old Homesiead," in
which he played the leading character. Diedin igtt.

Thompson, (Edward,) an English poet, born al
Hull about 1737. He served in the royal navy in
his youth, and wrote several licentious poems, among
which is "The Demirep," (1766.) He also published
a '■Sailor's Letter*," (autobiographic, 2 vols., 1767.)
Died in 17S6.

Thompson, (Eknbst Evan Skton,) naturalist-
author, was bom at South Shields, England, in 1S60.
He lived as a boy in the Canada woods and 00 the
Wettem plains, became naturalist to the government
of Manitoba, and wrote "Birds of Manitoba" and
" Mammals of Manitoba." He studied art in Paris
t890-96i and became well known as an animal painter
■nd itlusirator. His most popular work is " Wild
Animals I Have Known ;" his most important one is
"Art Anatomy of Animals." About 1S9S he fbnoed
an organization of boys, called " Seton Indians," which
nve the snggeitJOD of the lubseqaent "Boy Scouts,"
uie American branch of which is nndcr his direction.

Thompson, (Francis, ) poet, bean in Lancashire,
" land, in 1863. His "Poems," (1893,) won him
), which was added to by later works. In style and
irigmal and daring. Died in 1907.
1, (Sir HlNRV,) • Brltlab ntxeon, bom at

„ I, in Suffolk, Auguit G, itaa, and educated

•t Univeraity College, London, in which in 1866 he be4
Cwnc a profeuoi of clinical surgeir. Among his writing*
m " Pathology and Treatment ot Strlctare of the Ure^
thn," (1853,} "Healthy and Uorbid Anatomy of the
~~ ate," •'PiWtica] IJtholom* and Litbotrity,'*' (1863,)
"Clinica) Lectorea," (1868.) He hM won tome dls-

ipson, (!
[ham, in

utd''Clinica) Lectorea," (1868.1
tinctian aa a painter. Died /

niompson, (Jbromb,) an
of Cephaa Thoropaon, waa born at Middleboroneh, Maa-
tachosetts, Tanuary 30, 1814- He becanoe a realdent of
New York m l83>. Hanyof h)«worki have been made
fMoillar \f] engravinga. Aside from portraits, hla pria-
dpal pictures are parelyAmetianacenea. Among them
■re "TTie Apple- GadieriBg," "The Old Oaken Bocket"
"The Old Stage," and "The Lost Lamb." D- in 1886.

Thompson, (Sir John Spaerow,) a Canadian
statesman, bom at Halifax in 1S44. He entered public
life early, and became premier of Nova Scotia in 1S81.
He took an active part afterwards in Canadian legisla-
tion, was appointed attorney-general in 18E5, and be-
came prime minister of the Dominion in 1893. He
look part in the fishery treaty and the Behring Sea
arbitration. Died in 1894.

, .(jonTH FAMinR,) D.D-i

Coocregational divine, bt«a at Philadelpliia In iSia
He bewne paitor of the Broadway Tabemsde ChnrcL
* - "- — -' •■" ' — ■*-» 01

lelpUa Id iSk
le paitor of the Broadway Tabernsde Char"'
New York, In 184J. He waa one of the foundera
Iht'Independenr* at Brooklyn, and aboof the

Ei^ander,"towhichhe[i)ademanycaatribaliaot. Ue
pn&ltshed " Lecturea to Young Hen," " Egypl^ Paat aid
Present," "The Chriatlui Gntcet," sod micMS olte
works, Died in 1879.

Thompson, (Lacnt,) an eminent sculptor, bom ii
Queen's county, Iceland, in 1833. He was an art-popl
of Erastus D. Palmer, and achieved great coccesa as a
pontalt-acalptor. He waa elected an Msocite of tke
Academy of Design in 1859, and an ac»deiiikasn in ilGt.
From 1875 to t8si be resided in Rome, Italy. Died M
Middtetown, New York, September 36, 1894.

Thompson, (Mavucb,) an Americu poet sad nov
cliat, bom at Fairfield, Icdiaita, September 9, 1S44, sm
educated 00 Ui bther'a eststea in Georgia, but rctmed
to Crawfordsville, Indiana, where he afteiwards re-
sided. His principal works are " Hoosier Mosaics,"
(187s,) "The Wflcherr of Archery," (1878,) "A
Tallahassee Girl," (iSSi,) and "Songs of Fair
Weather," (1883.) Died Febmary 15, 1901 .

Thompson, (Robut Elus,) hlD., am Amcrioa
economist, bom near Waringtown, county of Down, Ire-
land, in 1844, came to America in 1857, and grsdniled
at the Univeraityof Femt^vanta in isSt. In 1867 he
waa licenaed, and in 1873 orduned to me nuniatryef
the Reformed Preabyterian Church. In 1870 he becaa*
■sail tint profcsaof of mathemalks in the Univcnity of
Pennsylvania, in 1S74 professor of social science, ia
1883 professor of history and English literature, aod
in 1S94 president of the Ceotrot High School of Phili-
delpbia. He was editor of the " Penn Monthly" 1S70-
80, and in 1880 became editor of "The American."
He wrote "Social Science and Political Ecooomy," and
' ' EltmentJ of Political Economy. ' '

Thompson, (Smith,) an American judge, boa
probably in New York State about 1767. He becsne
chief justice of New York in 1814, was setiretsiy of the
navy from November, 181S, to December, 1823, and
was then appointed an associale justice of the mpnae
court of the United State*. Died in 1S43.

Thompson, (Svlvanus Prilups,) an EngHd
physicist, bom at York in 1851. He became pnrtcipd
of the Technical College at Fiasbury in 1S85. He made
' oporlant researches in electricity, magnetisin, etc,

id wrcte some very popular works on these sabjects.

Thompson, (Thomas Fkrionet,) an English o&xr
and miscellaneous writer, born at Hall in 17S3. Hi
studied at Queen's Collie, Cambridge, sod, harBg
entered the army, served with diadnction in SoM
America, Spain, and India, and attained the rank e(
major in iSiJ. About 1830 he became aasodaie pro-
prietor of the " Weaunbutcr Reriew," in which he aovs-
cated the abolition of slaTety, Iree tnde, Snd vaiioa
other reforms. He wia elected to Parliament from Hd
In 1S3J, and twice re-elected for Bradford, In Yorbbkn
"- -laimadeamaior-general in tSu. He pnblisbed tk*

._.-n-LawCBtc<^m,''(i837,)"TnieThe(WTaf Rco^"
"Baharmonic Theory (^Mnsi(^''etc.,(i829k} "GeomMy
without Axioms," and other works. Died in iSiS}.

Thompson, (Vance,) an American a.uthor, boa
in i86z. He wrote " In Old Japan" and other [days,
"Songs and Symbols," (poems,) and several novels.

IbompBon, (WauAM,) an mdiMnt Irish iiiisiirK.
bom at Bel&st {n 180c. Having BnrioMly sudn ki»-
•elf acqnabited with the natord Ustoiy ot Ifdaa^ Is
made a voyace in 1841 to the Orsdaa Afchlpsli|BL
mg hia prindpal works am a "Catalons or Bir*
to the Irish Fauna," " On some VcfteSrata dsv t*
the Irish Fauna," and " On the Natoral Hlstaiy .jl bs-

Died in 1S5X.

, . (Zanoc,) an Amerlci " '

at Bridgewater, Vemon^ b IT96. „

184a proftaa<K of naMfsl hlstonr and "'"■■''-■■ y in At
Univeisityof VeraMmLaadin iktwassppointed SiM
nam^iat. He was the aa&or 3 «w •iNstatai. 0*4
and FoUdcsl Histanr -of Vsimonl^" eta, a "GsssMsa
of Vermont," and other works. IHed in t8<&

1,1.1, M.r,<>v.''.'.'."'n«><»i»°K»<«ii<<<><,<.>.>.<'«;t.<.l.»<<"".'i>'. UK. »;»<u«'>si«'t-««

db, Google

-i«yi ua i.egeBcta ol Vuioat Nilfoiu,'' (1834,) wd
•dllion* of StoVi "Surrer at London* taA (Sxtoa'a
" Rernu-d the Fox." He wu ■!•« the prindpil editor
of "notes and Queries," a work fint paUiihed at hii
•lUKeatiOD. Died Aaga«t 18, iSEj.

Vnornvwi, tom's^n, (Cbristun JOxoKNra
Daniih anliqatay, born at Copenhagen m 17S8. He
becuM director of ths loral caUnet irf medata In 184a.
H* wrote a "Treatiae on Northern /^ttqaitiei," (tSti,)
and Mber worka. Died May 3i, 1865.

TtaoniMiv (WiLHxui UiDwro Pnu,} a Daniab
philolociit, bora at Copenhagen, Jannaiy 15, 1842. He
Itndiedat Copenlueen and in other iiniveraities, and in
1871 was nude profearor of comparatiTe phUt^c^ at
Copenhagen. Among hii writina are "The Influence
of the Gothic Langnwea npon the Fhinleh," (1869,) " The
Rdatlona between Andent Snseia and Scandinavia,"
I1877,} and Tarlotw important papeia upon the phQolag
if the Romanic langva^ea.

Tbom'a9ii, (tom'ivn,) (Alixandik.) a Scottish poet,
waa the author of a poem entitled "Thie Britiifa Par-
naunt at the Cloee oi the Eighteenth Centniy," and
other worka. Died in 1S03.

Thomaon, (Andibw,) a Scottish dirine and poipft
orator, boni in Dnrnfrieuhire in 1779. He became In
1814 pastor of Saint Georve'B Chnrch, Edlnbutrh, where
fae acquired a high repntanon for his seal and uoqaencA
Died m 1831.

nionuon, (Anthony Todd.) an eminent Scottiah
ph7*idan, born at Edinbaigh In 177& He stadied in
his native dty, attending the lectures of Munro, Blacl^
and other diitinKoithed men, and about i&w began the
practice of medicine in London. He publiahed the
''London Dijpenaatorjr," (181 1,) which met with great
nmcess and was translated into aeveral languages, a
"Conspectn* of the I^iarmacoporisa of London, Edin-

edica In the London Univerail;. He wia

S pointed to tbe chair of medical Jurisprudence In
J3. Died in 1849.

Tlioin'aoii, (lom's^n,) (Cbaklis,) a patriot, bom In
Ireland in 1719 or 1730. He emigrated to America in
■741, and settled b Philadelphia. He wass friend of Dr.
nanklin, served as secretarjp of Congreu from 177A
to 17S9, snd was highlv respected for his virtues ana
learmng. He produced a tranalation of the Septuagiat,
iri)i<^ «r>i pubHshed In 4 voU^(i8o8.) Died in 1814.

Ibomaon, (Sir Cuarlu WYVuxk,) LL.D., a Scot-
tish biotorast, bom at Bonsvde, Ltnlitl^owahire, Mardi
5, iSsa He graduated at the University of Edinburgh,
waa an Instructor at Aberdeen, 1850-53, profesaor of
natnral bistoiy at Queen's College, Cork, 18J3-54, pro-
feuor of mineralogy and geology in Queen s College,
Bel£ut, 1854-70. >nd in 1870 received the then lucrative
potition of regius professor of natural history at Edin-
Dtirgh. He was at the head of the &mons Challenger
" Deptha
i'lie VayageolineUhi" "

(1^0 I>i«l March 10, 1881.

Ibom'aOD, (Edwakd,) D.D., a Methodist divine,
bom at Portsei, England, in 1810, emigrated to America,
and waa elected in 1843 professor of mental and moral
philosophy in the University of Michii — " ' —

Episcopal Church. Died in 1S70.

TbonuoD, (Eli HIT,) an American electridan,
bom at Mancheater, England, in 1853, educated in
tbe Philadelphia public schools, professor of chemistry
*iid mathematics in the Philadelphia High School
1870-80. He made many important inventions in
electric lighting, power, etc., obtaining more than five
hundred patents, in use by (he Thomaon-Hoaston
General Electric Companies. Among his inventions
is that of electric welding. He recdved the Grand
Frii in Paris in 1889 lor his inveniiont.

THOMSON

. (Jahn,! a celebrated poet^bom In Ra»

burghahire, Scotland, in 170a He ttndled th-'* '

the University of Bdlnbargh ; but he aooo n..

It for literary porttiits, and publishad in 17*6 hi . _

entitled "Winter." Its success at fint was moderate.

and "Aaraun," all of which af^waredin 1730, under the
tMe of "The Seasons." Hta tragcdieaof "Sopfaociaba,'
"Agamemnon," and "Edward and Eleonwa," a* well
as his poem on " liberty," were received with HtUe b
Tonr. Tbnmgh the influence of hii Mend Sir George—
afterwards L^d — Lyttteton, he waa appointed about I74«

In tbe Spenserian measure, whidi is generally esleenad
Ui finest production. He died in 17^ Translstions ol
Us " Seasons" have been made into derman, and boA a
prose and poetical version of it have appeared in Krsnd^
irtiile among all classes in Great Britain ft is still on*
of the moat popular poems in tbe language^ CampbeD
obaervea, "The unvaried pomp of TbomsMi's dictioa
auggesti a most nnfavonrable comparison with tbe manly
andidiomatic siraplidty of Cowper; at the same time,
the pervadioB spirit and feeling of his poetry ia in gen-
eral more wand and delightful than Uiat of hla gmrt
rival in rural deaoription."

SeaJomnDH, "UMisf Iha PaMii" David, Easi. or Boouji,
" BsMT* OB th* Lim awl Wiitnci of FIm^v of SiJtovD md ik
Pau Thaaioa," 'Tt*i CiiAMiaBi, " Bufiqildal DiaioiiBy of

ThoDMon, (Jahis,) a Scottish poet, bom at Port
Greenock, November 13, 1834. He enlisted as a privati
soldier, and was for ten years a regimental tchoolnutteT.
He published " The City of Dreadlol Night, and otbac
Poema," (1880,) "Vane's Story," "Eaaa;ft and Pha»-
taaies," etc H* wrote with much technical skill ami
with sincere feeling. Died In Liondoo, June 8; i38i.

Thomaon, (Jambs,) a brother of Lord Kelvin,
was bom at Belfast about 1815. He was educated at
Glasgow University, was professor of engineering in
Queen's College, Belfast, 1857-71, and in the Univer-
sity of Glasgow after 1S7Z. He was distinguished as
an inventor and physidit. Died in iSfjz.

niomaon, (JoaUH,) a Scottiah explorer, bom in
Dumfnesahire in 1857. He went to Africa In 1879 wMi
Keith Johnston the younger, and alter tbe death of Tobn-
ston yonng Thouton took duvga of the ezpecBtioi^
which be conducted safely and successfuUv. He made
other e;iplorations in Africa 1883-85, 188S, and 1891,
describing his tiaveli in a number of books. Died
- -895.

bom near Manchester in i S5& He became piofissor of
experimental physics at Cambridge in 1884, and of
physlcBBt theKoyallnstitutionin 1905. The electron
theory of the atom is due to him. He wrote ' 'Blectridty
and Matter" ' and other works.

TbonwoR, (Kathakine, nit By'erlay,) an Eng-
lish authoress, bom at Eiruria, in Staffordshire, in iSoo.
She became (he wife oi Dr. A. T. Thomson, (q. v.,)
and the mother of T. Cockbum Thomson. She wrote
...... k.^^!.. -.-.-tiw ,M Mu.t..M4iA— _i*i. k._ -*.. Thaae

many books, partly m oonjonctioM with her u

appeared under the pi
Vhartoo." Died at r
laoik (RicaoAXD,) s

bgUsh ntiqwuT, bom
b 1794. lived many years in London, H* pobliabed,
besides other worlu, "Chrootdes of London Bri^^"
(1^.) Died In 1865.

Tnonuon, (Robbkt DmtihU,) F.R.S., a Britiah phj^
wdan and wnter, bom about 1S05. He resided ni
LtMidoa, and published a " Cyclopedia of Cbemistty,
Mineralogy, and Physiology." Died In 1864.

Thomson, (Thomas,) an emhtent Scottish chemiit
■nd phnklan, bom in Pnthahlrein 1773. He studied
at the Univerahr of Sahu Andrew^ Md at Edinburgh,
where aboot iSoo be began a course of tectnree on
■^'-'-^. In 1706 he became associate editor of the
ipttdb Witannica," to which be conbribnted

« ati,- fas/; {ion/; iat/Vo, li,K,^wiiMttf; v,naial: %,irilUd; lata; Ihailnttu. (tySee ExplanatioM, p, 83.)

dbyGoogle

iSi] b« edited Oe " Annal* of TUUxiaphf' In London,
■nd in iSi8 mti appointed profesior of chemistr; in the
Unireisltr of Gbinow. He publiihed ft " S7«ein of
CkemlMrr," U •><&., 1803,) "fflcmentt of Chemittfy,'
(i8ic^) " ODthne of Ibe SdencMof HeMand Electridtji,''
" Tr*v«b in Sweden," I1813,) "Tlie Hiitoty of dMout-
tn" it^SO.) "OadinM of lilBenlogr, G*ologr," etc., (1
volt., 1S35,) ind other limilar worka, wliieh enjor ■ Ucb
repntation. Died in 1851.
SMCiuiiHa^ "DtocnpUnl

Ilioinaoii, (THOHAa,) a Scotdih botanii^ wu bom at
Glaagow, December 4, 1817, and stadied in the aniTer*
aity of that town. He entered the medical ataff of the
Eaat India Companj in 1840, travelled exteniirelj, and
w«a profeaaor of botany, and director of the Calcutta
Botanic Gatden, 1854-01. Hi* " Weatem Himalajraa
and Tibet" won a gold medal from the London Geo-
giaphical Societf . Hepnbliihed,athiaawnc<]*t,a"F1on
of Britiab India." Died in Londtm, A[k11 i^ 1878.

Tbonwon, (Willum,) a Scottiah writer, bora tn
Perthahire int;^ waa editor •ncceaaivelr of the "Eu-
li^ Review," " Political Handne," ani other joomaui
and pnbiiahed "Hemoin <d the War in Aaia," and a

t, (WILLIAH,) an English bishop, bom In
Cambetland in 1819. He became preacher of Lincoln^
Inn In 18^ Biahop of Gloacester and Briatol in 1S61
and Archbiahop of York in 1861. He wrote " An Onl-
line of the Laws of Thoaght," Died Dec. 36, 1S90.

Tbomaon, (Sir William.) See Kelvin, Lord.

Tfaonlaaen, to'ne'aOn', (Gbokqu FKAti90is,) a Bel-
gian economist, born at Haaaelt in 1817. He wrote
ievctil works on polilica! economy. Died in iSor.

nor, thoT, (or ton,) or Thonr, (U. " thander,") [Norae,
Thohaii, of which Thor is, in all probability, a con-
traction ; In Anglo-Suon tie waa vanoaaly called Thuk,
Thou, Thundm, and Thunir,— both the last-named
term* aieniiying "thunder." Somewritera, with leas prob-
ability, have supposed the name to be allied to the Greek
toSpof, " impetuous," " resistless,"] in the mylhologr of
the North, the god of thunder, and also the gM of
strength, was the eldest son of Odin. Hit mother wai
Fjiirnn, (or the EantL) He is sometime* called Oekn.
Thor, ("car Thor." or "driving Thor,") and HlorrM,
"(ire rider,") and aometimea Ving-llior, ("winnd
Thor.") Aa the god of tiiunder, he is sometimes si^ed
the Northern Jnpiter ; and hence Thursday (Thor's day*)
la called, in the Ladn at the middle agn, yavii Jits,
(" Jopiter'a day,") which the Fkench have coanpted into
ymA As the god of strength, and the great conaueroi
of the giants, he resembles the Hercniea of claaaic my.
thol<^. His onlv dau^ter was named Thnid, {ut.
"strength,") and hia dwelling-place is Thnidheim, (or
Thrudheimr,) the "home or hatutaiion of strength," or
ThrudvangT, the " field" or " realm" of strength. Ills
vast hall, called Bilskinur, has Eve hundred and forty
floota.

Thor appears to have been regarded in Iceland and
In some portion* of Norway a* the greatest of all the
rods, Odin not eicepted. He had three possessions of
ineadmaUe valne,— the hammer MjBlnir, (myiSl'njr,) the
terror of the giaol* and of all powers hoatile to the
iSsir, hi* HeKiQ-gjOrtl, (rolgnn-^rth,t) or "strength-

S' rdle," and his jToves of iron, with which he grasped
e handle of li^Slnir. In the legends of the North,
Thor ii represented as hot-tempered, but at the same
time very frank and good-natnred. He is said to be ac-

impanied by the lighl-footed boy Thialfi (te-lf
Uligent") and the girl R8tkva, j-r " ■ -
ipidity with which a thunderi
-lis chariot Is said to be draws

__, use these animals inhabit the high

top*. Thoi's wife, Sif, (see() with goltfei

"diirgenf^and the Sri RSskva, ("quick,"! expressive
"'''"" --■*'- iirith which a thunder-storm mes o\

, ..riot Issald tobedrawnbygoata, — |

bly because these animals inhabit the higheat mon

■ Ii Anclt-Suoii, Tlumni iat w
tAhnmlif M^li^)M^.

en. Altho«gh Ac no*( valiant of the gods, be i%
t, the pertotuGcatioa of defensive warj whoaeoAce
II Is to protect the work* of iitdiMtry and the utt «f
peace. Hence be i*, with great proprietv, repimnltd
a* the Inwband and protector of Sif or Siva, (the 'in-
violate,") the goddesa of harreala. (See Sir.) Pot
■one corioo* and interesting kgendi respecting Tbn,
the reader i« referred to Maliet'a *■ Northern Antiquities,'
ToL iL Fable XL, also Fables XXHL-XXVTI. At
Rasnarock (the " twilight or evening of the gods") Thn
will Slav the World-Setpent, (aee Hidgakd'b SEaraHT,)
bat will hfniaelf periah from the eBecta of its venom.

Sm Th«ps, " Nonlwra If nboloiy," wt. L : Fstaimii. " Hor-
dM Hrliokdi' "Rdvu -d &» Vnrihma" br Rnnm
Knaaa, m^Md by Baicuv Pbtkick. No York. iIh; ikk

tOK'Uk'kfh, (Jan RtjDOLPH,) a Duui

Statesman, boinalZwollc in 17961. He became proiesur
of law at die Univeraity of Leyden about iSjol He wis
MM of seven persons charged in 1S44 to propose a new
constitution, which tlie king rejected aa too liberaL In
1848 he was placed at the headof acommisaionto revise
the conatitution, and procured the adoption of relbnat
aimilar to those which were rejected in 18^ He wis

newspapers under the ai^tnre ^ Laukii Todh^ EHed
~l New Haven, Connecticut, in 1S63.

Swhia AtitaUii(niifaT, iIhi " FiaHr*! llapniM" far Jib*, dn-
ntoibum, (RoBKRT,) a Scottish portiail-paintef,
bora at Dumfriea in 1S18. He settled abont 1836 ia
London, where he produced numerona miniature* of gtMl
merit. Among his master-pieces are miniature pottrsils
of the queen and several members of the royal family.
In 1S4A he waa elected an Associate of the Royal

iR di'kn, a
iBchiefjndge

Lwyer of the fourteenth ct
of the province of Jutland. He maae a couecnoa 01
Danish lawa, tndndUng the earliest They have bee»
translated into Ljitin by Ludewig.

Thordaou, tond'son, (Stubla,) a Danish historian.
bom about taiS, waa a nephew of Snorri Sturloson.
He filled several high offices under the government, and
was the author of a continuationof the history of Snorri
Sturtuson. Died in llSS.

TborA, to'rl', {ThAophilb,) a French republican,
journalist and oitic^ bom about 1S07. He founded in
Paria, in 1848, a journal called "The True Republic,'
and became an exile in 1851. He wrote critiques on art
inserted in the " Aitiate" and the " Slide," and edited
"L'Art modeme." Died at Paris, April 30, 1869.

ThorttBO, Mo.rfi' or /Ao'riS, (Hbnrv David,) an
American author and naturalist, born in Concord, Maa-
sachu*ettt, in 1817, was descended from an ancestor
who came from the island of Guernsey. Hia bther vraa a
mann&ctnrer of lead-pcndla. The son waa educated at
Harvard College, where Im graduated in \%Vt. Beside*
being a dassioa] scholar, he wa* well versed in Orient^
literature. It is aaserted that he had the best Oriental
library to be found in the United States. In his man-
ners, dress, snd way of life he was eccentric He iraa
bred to no profesuon ; and it is said that he never went
to church, never voted, and never paid a tax to tbe
State. He lived in the umplest manner ; he aometiniea
practised the boalncss of land-surveyor. In iSat b«
built a small frame house on the shore of Waldea PontL
near Concord, where he lived two years as a hermit, la
■tndious retirement. He published an account of tba
portion of bis life. In a small book entitled " Walden-"
He was intimate with Ralph Wsldo Emcnon and Kx-

t He 1b bovrhen repnatmaJ aa ■U/Hia in
thB oiDtruT, all bu !»•«% aad aU Ea
iiiil the IStuni, who in IIh IdTianTC. In
ikitKi Add of nil dirift HDd inprovenaaL

■i.<i I, fit •, P,7m^,-1, i, d, sane, less ptolongedi i, i, 1, 6, Ii, f , /:t«rf ,- h ^ i, ft i^wvrr; fb, Oil, flt; mtt; ntiicMd; E

THORER

AanM Hawthorne. The farmer poblislted ■ brief me-
mdr of ThoreMi, from which we estrtct the foIlowiDg
"Ur. Thoreia dedioled bU genlni with inch entin
lore to the Gelds, hllla, and waterf of bit oitiTe town,
thai be Qude them known and interesting to all reading
Americtiu and to people over the sea. ... He grew to
be revered and admired by his townsmen, who had at
first known him onlj as an oddiljp. ... I have repeat-
edly known niung men of scnsibili^ converted in a
moment to toe belief that this was the man they wne
in search o^ — the man of men, who could tell them all
they should do. . . . Whilst he used In his writtnn s
certain petnlance of remark In refitrence to charttea
and churchmen, he was a peraon of rare, teodat, and
absolute religimi, — a person incapabla of any vdSnttr-
tion." Tboreao was never aiuiied. He died In i86a.
He was the aotbor of " A Week lui the Concard and
Merrimae Rivers," " Eicuraions," (1863,) etc A voloms
of bis letter* was published in 1865.

Sh CiunnHO, " Tbonu, Ibe Foa(-N»an]i*i 1" Eaukiu, " lib
•f Tlunui" jArr. "Lifcind Aiiaicif Tbanu."

Iborer, (Albih.) See ToaiNUS.

TbOTwby, thSri^ 1 (Ralph,) aa Enelisb intJiioarT
and Fellow of the Royal Society, bom at Leed* in 145&
His laindpal works uo " The Topc«raphy of the Town
and Patisb of Leeds," (" Ducatus Leodienu*,"} and a
" Historr of the Church of Leeds," [" Vicaria tioodkn-
aia.") He potsewed a very valuable collection of coinat
manuscript*, etc. Died in 1715.

"■ — '— ^, See BiAUVoar db Tuokioky.

I, to'rild, (Thoma*,) a Swediah tdiotar »xA
* writer, liorn in Bohualan in 171
aldeB poems and praa« easan in S
' Cromwell," an epic poem, and other worka, in I
Died In 1819.

Thorlnim. See ToaiNui.

Thot'to-inoiid, Kinx of tba VIstfotht, was Ut
son of Tbeodonc L He IbtigU bnvelr afaint
at ChtloQs in 451 ajx, and awecewtott bw fit
that year. He was killed by hi* brother Tbeodcric In
453 A. n.

Ibo'rt'iia [Fr. proa, to'rff^ or Ibt/ita, (Raphau,]
a French phyaidan, iriio practised in Bngiand. Oiaa
inifias.

Tborkelln.toK'kfh-leen', (Guu J(

'eotb Century." He also wroM
itnUion of Daniab and NiNwegiaa

IHediDiSM.
iolna,tioT-lne .

in 174I1 wa* the aiUhor of a nimiber of

^a*, ^KULB Thoumbm.) ban ta

n iSts.

fxa Nortliem andqnitiea. Died

His son BOaaa, bom in 1775,
^oquence at Copenhagen, and pnbUshed sereial *■'***"—'
«nd antiquarian wM-ka. Died in 1819.

Tborlakaen, toallk'Bfn, or Tborlakaon, (Gud-
SXAND,) an Icelandic writer, bom in 1543, became a
Usfaop. Died <n 1639. According to one antbority, he
was bom in 1643, and died in IT19.

niorlakaaoii, tos'lUcs-son , (Jokk,) an Icelandic
poet, born in 1744, was a cleigyman. He made a
tmnslaHon of " Paradise Ixist" inlo Icelandic, which is
highly commended. Died in 1S19.

nioralitli-jF, (Gkokqe Walter,) an English writer,
bom about 1828. He published a "History of the
Bnccaneers," 41855,) "British Artists from Hogarth to
Ttinier," (a vols., i86i,) a "Life of Joseph M. W.
Turner," (t863j a novel called " True as Steel," and
other work*. Died Jnne II, 187G.

niom'dtke, (HBaHBRT,) an English divine and able
Gontrovertlil writer. He became rector of Barley, in
Hertfordshire, in 1642, and obtained a prebend at Weat-
_i «_.-,.. ... _^ aloamod Orien-

itAssem-

t^es snd tbe Public Service of God," a "Discourse of
the Rights of tbe Church in a Christian State," and an
" Epil^e to the Tragedy of tbe Chorcb of En^and."
Died in 1671.

TbomlUU, (Sir Jamo,) a dlsHngnitbed Gnfllsb
painter, bom st Weymouth in 1676, wu a nephew of
the celebrated physician Sydenham. Having travelled
in France, Holland, and other parts of Ibe continent, ha
was emploved, after his return, in tbe decoration of the
cupola of Saint Paul's, London, the ceiling of tl» ball st
Greenwich Hoa[rftal, die palace at Kensington, and other
edifices. He was appointed historical painter to Queen
Anne, and was made a knight by George I. He t^xned
an academy for dranng in bis house, where be num-
bered among his pupils the celeln^ted Hogarth, who
subsequently married his daughter. Died in 1734.

Thoin't^n, (BoHNELL,) an English iitth-otettr and
humorous writer, bom in l»ndon in 1734. He was
associated with George Cotnian in the proprietoraUp
of the " Saint Tames Chronicle," and wrote, conjointly
with Colman, the periodical essays entitled "The Con-
noisseur." He also translated the comedies of Ptautus
into English blank verse, in conjunction with Colman
and Warner, and wai the author of burlesque poems,
entitled " An Ode on Saint Cecilia's I^, adapted to
the Antient British Music," etc, and "1^ Battle of
the Wigs." Died in 176&

ntoraton, (John RobeetJ an English physician
and botanist, bom about 1758, was a son of Thomat
Thornton, a writer on field-sports. He wrote "Tbe
Phno*opby of Medidne," etc, (5 vol*.,) and "Temple
of Flora, or Garden of the Botanist, Poet, Painter, and
Philosopher." Died in 1837.

ThtMHton, (Matthew,) a patriot of tbe American
Revblntlon, bom in Ireland in 1714. He was elected to
theGeneral Congress by tbe people trfKew Hampshire
lo 1776, and signed tbe Dedaration of Independence.
Diedta 1803.

TbomtoD, (Percy Melville,) an English his-
torian, boro Bt London in 1S41. He wrote "Eng-
land's Foreign Policy," (1880,) "The Stuart Dy-
nasty," (1890,) etc.

Tbatay-caOtt or nioin'ey-oioft, (Makt Frani
cia,) an biglish sculptor, bom at Thomham, Norfolk,
in 1814. Shew** married in 1840 to Hr. ThMoycroft,*
sculptor. She executed for Queen Victoria atatnes of
the Prince of Wales, Prince Alfred, and Princess Alice.
Among her noted works are a "Sleeping Child," "A
Girl Skipping," etc Died February i, 1S95.

Thom'yoroft, (Williau Haho,) a sculptor,
son of tbe preceding, was bom at London in 1850.
He was elected to the Royal Academy in 1888. His
works of statuary include " Artemis," " The Mower,"
stsiucs of General Gordon, John Bright, Cromwell,

■Phot'olfl, (Anthony Wilson,) an English
bishop, bom at Hougham, June 13, 1835. He gndu-
sted in 1847 at Queen's College, Oxford, and became
a clergyman of London. In 1874 he was made a
canon residentiary of York, in 1877 was consecrated
Bishop of Rochester, and in 1891 of Winchester.
He was distinguisbed for bis labours in tbe (empetuice
cause. Died in 1S95.

noipa^ thorp, (BnqAWtH,) an English philoIoglB^
distinguished for his attainments in the Anglo-Suoo
tongue, was bom about 1808. Among his publicationa
may be named " The Anglo-Saxon Version at the Story
of Apotlontus," (1834,) the collection entitled " Ancient
Laws and Institutes of England," etc, "Codei Ezoni-
ensis," (1843,) and "Northern Mylholt^," or legend*
of Scandinavia, Norttiem Germany, and Holland, (3
vols., 1851. ) Died in July, 1870.

Thorpe, {Francis Newton,) an American author,
bom at Swampscott, Massachusetts, in 1857. He was
fellow- professor of American constitutional history at
the University of Pennsylvania 1885-98. He wrote
several important works on tbe constilulion and gov-
ernment of the United States.

Thorpe, (John,) M.D., an English antiqnary, bom in
Kent in 1683, practised at Rochester. Dted in 1750.

Thorpe, (Johk,) an English antiquary, a son of tba
preceding, bom in 17(3, wrote an account of the dtyof
Rochester, eniilled " Registrttm Roffente." Died in 1793,

• a*i;fast,'Sianf,-ia*/;c^H K,/MMm>/;N,i«iuiif,- R,Mf&t/;lasi.' thasin

m

~Se« Explanations, p. 33.)

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

Ibopa^ thorp, (RoiA Hartwlok,) wi Amerku
■ ^ . -- ---- . MUbiiwaki, Ind'~-

r tha popuiai t
- '^■iilKd Id iSn.

, .. ,., , _n American uttot

and /Huhotow, txmi at Wettfield, MaMMhiitettt, in 181S.
Among his paintings ate apoTtrut of General Zacbai^
Taylor, and the "Bold Dragoon." He published
" Tom Owen the Bee-Hunter." Died in 1878.

Thoipa. (Thomas Edwakd.) an English chemist,
born near Manchester in 1845. He is the author of
"Inorganic Chemistry," (1874,) "Applied Chem-
istry," " Essays in Historical Chemistry, etc.

Tbortsan, tost'afn, (Caki. Adouh,) a Danish critic
and poet, bom in CopenbaRn in iTfW- He wrote a
" Historical Notice of Danisli literature," (3d edition,
1851,) and other works.

niOTwaldsen, (or'wUd.af n or to>'1KU-sfn, (ALBKKT
Bkktbl,) one of the most eminent of modem sculpton,
was bom in No»ember, 1770, on the aea between Ice-
land and Copenhagen, and waa the aon of a Daidlh
carver in wood. He studied in the Academy of Arta
at Copenhagen, where he obtained two gold medals,
and soon after set out for Rome. He there emptoyed
himself on a statue of Jason of natural siic ; but, ai
it attracted no particular regard, he, in a fit of despond-
cnqr, deattofed It. He next attempted at^ilossal status
of ttw aame subject, which obtained the admiration of
CanoTB, and being aeen bjr Mr. Thoma* Hope, a wealthy
Englith amateur, he ordered a coi>y of it in marble for
tigat hundred lechina. From tnia time Thorwaldsen
produced rapidly works irtiicb raised hia reputation to
the highest pobt Among these may be named bis
"Trinmphal Hardi of Alexander," executed (or the
emperor Napoleon, and the bai-relieb of *' Night" and
"iMy'andof "Priam and Achillea." In 1819 he visited
Denmark, where he was received with enthusiasm, and
anbaequently made a lour through Germany, and while
at Warsaw executed a portrait-bust of Alexander of
RoMia, also the monuments of Copernicus and Prinet
PoniatowskL One of hia most remarkable prodoctiona
b the image of a wounded and dyins Hon, of coloua)
riie, near Lucerne, in Switzerland, deaigiied to com.
memorate the heroic fidelity of the Swiss guards who
lUI Angnat 10, 1791. About 1838 he returned, after
■lanv years* residence at Rome, to Denmark, where be
ConttDued to reude dll his death, In March, 1S44. He
was never married. Among his omer works are " Christ
and the Twelve Apostles^ a atatne of Schiller, and a
coloaaal statue of Hercules.

Sh Hami Chiiitmh Ahdiubh, "B. TbonnUMB,'' itu; I.
U. TMOLa, "Den Dvuka BOItdhiiBw R TbornlW^Mc,
iTsI*., 1S31-311 I^ Di LoHfrin. " M.Tniorwiliiiii. par nn HomiH

nda." i^'l

rafla, ' iSul Hiuaauf, "Tborw
iSii-<i; T. H. THKia, "Tborm
hlloiiia !iB Zritnow ■S*S'il44,'

H. THKia, "TbormldMii'i ArbeiltD ond Lebtantf
Zritnow >S*S'il44." —

Thoth, TOtli, or Tknat, ai
posed to correspond to the Grcc
Uercury. (See Hutuu TsiSHiom^B.)
moon-p>d. and the god of letters. The baboon and the
iUa were sacred to hinx

nteth'maa I, a king of Egypt, who belonged to the
•ighleentb dynasty. He advanced with his armies to
the Euphrates, and greatly adorned the vast temple of
Amen-Ra at Thebes. Hia daughter Hatahepu, or Ha>
tasu, was bis associate in power. On hia death, she
married her brother, Thothubs IL She waa regent,
and daimed the title of king, under Thothmes IIL, her
second brother. She held the power with great efficiencv
for twenty-one years. Thothmxb IIL, after the death
of Hatahepu, came into full power. He became maater
of Crete and Cyprus, made great conqueata in Syria and
Ethiopia, marcned to Nineveh, and built a fleet on the
Bnphrates. He reigned fifty-four yeara. Egyptian art
waa at its highest pilch in his reign, which in some
respects was the moat brilliant period in Egyptian annals.

Thett, Ton, fon tot, (Orro,) Count, a Danish finan-
cier, bom ini^SJ, became minister of stale in 177a. He
owned a librarr of tli,945 volumes, of which a cata-
laKuewaapubliAed,inllvols.,(i789-95.) DiediniySs.

[4 THOURBT

Tbon, di^ <Ub Uot (CHUfroPHK,) an endoMit F^cMt
Judge, bom in Paria in 1508. He became first presidMl
of the Pariiament of Paria about itfia. He pnisaed a
neutral or moderate course in relation to the avil wns
and the League. DiedinisSi.

SMl(wte,"DicdoBiak«HklsrivM;"DBTiKiii.-lUM^H-

Tbott, d«, (FKAKCOn Amunx.) eldest Bcm of the
celebrated historian, noticed below, was boni in Paiw
about 1607. He ancceeded hit lather as nutter of the
Royal library, and waa afterwards apptdnted matter tl
requests and coandllor of atate. Ha^ng been accuwjj
of being privy to the consi^racT of Cinq-Hara, be wm
executed in 1643. (See Cm^UAKS.)

'Ztkon, d«, f Lat Thda'kits,] (Tacquks ADOtrerx,} ■
eminent French historian and statesman, born in ^ris
in October, 1553, was a son of Christopkede Thou, fits)
of t1« Pi ■ " r . . ^ .

president cii

Parliament. He atu^ed
, ■ Cnii - ■ -

>hintf, where be formed

subsequently tmder Cniaa (Cnjadua) at Valence, in Das-

Ci, where be formed a lastlnE [riendahip « ''' '
Iger. Returning to Paris in 1573, he v

lasting [riendahip vrith Joseph

at the Massacre of Saint Bartholomew, and entered tfas
church aa canon of Notre-Dauie. The ftdlowiag year
he accompanied PanI de F<^ on an important miwiiia
to Italy, and after the accession of Henry IIL be was
appointed maater of reoueats, (1584,) and councillor gf
tUil^JisSS.) HewisdtteflyinstramentalfaipraiDMfac
an alliaiice between Henry TIL and Henry of Havatr^
and, on the latter being □'otrned, under the title of Heny
IV., became one of his most futhfiil adherents. In tjm
he was appfrinted bv Henry grand matter of the I^^al
Library, and soon alter preakwnt i morHtr In the I^rfia-
ment of Paris. He had a prominent part in framing Ibt
edictofKantes,(i59S,)aaaiated at the Conference of Fas.
taineblean, in 1600, and was empltned in other tmp«ttBid
transactions. He published in 1604 the first eighteen
books of hia *■ Histon of hia Own Time," (" Historia soi
Tempola^") of which a complete edition first appeared
in IMO, in ocw hundred and thirty-eight books. This
work, which was received with great E»oar by the public
I ofience to the isslols of the Catholic Church, a^
(ormally condemned In being placed in the " Index
Expatgalorius.'* It is disonguished for the yarttj ofits
style, as well as its accsraly and impartiality, and ha
obtained the commendations of the most eminent aitica.
De Thou also wrote an account of his lite, entitled
Thoani Commentarins de Vita soa," and sereral Latis
poems. The edition of his "History" published in Las-
don in 1733 (7 Tola, fol.) is eatecmed the best, and a
French translation of it, by Le Mascrier, Desfbntaiaes,

and otheia, appeared in 1734, (t6 vota. 410.) He died
in Hay, 1617. "De Thou," says Duplcans, "showed
himseu a (p'eat statesman, with a projoniid knowledge

of ^is country, be ddbided at the same time the rights
of the crown and the liberties of the IdMdom, alternately
menaced by snemiei from within and withont,"

Sh Da TiKKr, ~ UtmatiM," (uitDbb|cnp><dc.) 1711 : Jomii CK'
moH. "Lih of ThuiDiu," itor; P. '^"■"1 "IKkouis nr k
. J CI 1h OuTTiM di J. A. da Tbaa," iti4 ; Hnoi Patik, -Di*-
coon tin liVla da J. A. daltion." iftb; GuaaAitEL "Ducnsaiw
liVi(i,e<e. da T. A.deTlioii,"iSi4: DOiiTna,"J. A. deTho*^
Leben," Mc, ttyi; B«TtA "RIMoricil isd Critical DioioaaiT *
HicCmin. "Himiiina;" "Noanllt Binpaiiliia G«afrale."

Tbonars. See Duprnr-THonAss.

Thonln. See Leclebc, (Oscai.)

Thottln, too'lH', (ANDBJt,) a French botanist, bora a
Paris in 1747. He was appointed chief gardener of the
Jardin dcs Plantes about 1765. He wrote, besides other
works, " Lectures on the Culture and Natsralicatiaa
of Plants," (3 vola., l8»7.) " 3^ew men," says Cnvicr,

exerdaed a more useful influence. '
S« Da

Ekig«dal

Died if

Thooret, too'rk', (Antoink,) a Fteadi lepublion

... . ™ ■"■■■--. fee was

oned nearly five years (or hia poUtie ~

83 1-3 S.) *™te, white in prison, several pi^t _^

id waa elected to the Consdtnent Assembly of 1S4&

writer, bom at Tarragona (Spain) in 1807.
' nprisoned nearly five years lor hia poUtical writiM,
'831-3S.) w™te, white in prison, several pi^tksl no*S^

r, J 1, 8, 0, J,/«^f ; 1, *, i, same, leas prolonged; I. i. I, JS, 11, Jf, fttflrt; f, f, i, ft <i*«»ri; lir, fill, at; mfa; nftt; g«6d[ n

d by Google

THOURET aj

^onra^ (jACQnn Gviujiume,) an able French
Icgblator and political writer, born at Pont-I'fivtqoe in
1746. He «*• an actire member of tbe Statea-GeDcral
in 1780, and urae a member of tbe committee whicb
formed tlio new conatitatiaii in 179a In bto priodpiet
he waa moderate and liberal. He waa gnlllotiaed in 17(H>

Thotmt (MicHXL Auoumti,) a Frendi pfavridan, a
brother of the preceding, «•• born at Pont-l'Evlque In
1748. He atn^ed medidne at Caen and in Pari*, and
in 1776 l>ecame one of the first membera or the Royal
Society of Medidne. He pabllahed aevcral valuable
medical treatite*, among wluch we may name his " Re-
piwt on tlie Exhomadmi* of tbe Cemetery of the Inno-
centt." Died in 1810.

Thoitv«li«l, toov'nil'. (Bdouabd Aktoini,) a French
diplomatiat, bom at Verdnn in November, 1818. He
was minister at Athens in 1S49 and iSjo, and waa
charged with the political direction of the ministry of
foreign aSaira from December, 1S51, to 1855. He was
•ent aa ambassador to Conitantinople in 1855, and ap-
pdnled minister of fiMvign afFairs in Janitary, i86a He
resigned office in October, 1863. He poblithed In 184a
" Hnnsaty and Wallachia : Sonvenirs of Travel," eta;
Died October 18, 1866.

tniOUTenol, (PiutBC.) a French physidan, bom in
Lonaine in 1745, practised in Paris, and wrote several
professional works. Died in 1815.

Thoynard. See ToiNAin,

nioyras. See Rahn, db, (PAt;t.)

Tbntle, Hits. See Piozzl.

Thri'ae-f, (Patd},) a Roman senator and Stoic
philosopher, eminent lot bis virtue and inte^ty, waat
native of Padua. Having incurred the enmity of Nero
by hia condemnation of that emperor's crime*, he was
sentenced to death, together with several of bit frieitds,
In 66 A. D.

ThrMTbnla. See THRAsvacLUS.

Tbrarf -bBlos,* [Gr, epootftwJor,- Fr. THXAEYBtn.!,
dtfietill',] an eminent Gredan patriot and military
commander, was a native of Attica, and floarished aboQl
400 B.C: Being appointed general by the democratic

Cty at Athens, conjiuntly with his friend ThTasfllus,
procured, by a decree, the recall of Aldbiade* from
nxik. He rendered an important service at the battle
of CvmcuB, (410,) snd was a anbordinale officer at the
naval victory of ArginnsM, (406.) Soon after the Thirty
Tyrant* obtained power (404 B.C.) he was banished, and
retired to Thebet. Haviu raised a small band of sol-
dier* and exile*, he selied Phyle, which he used a* a
base of operation* against the Thirty T;r"nt*, He
gained some advantages, and occnpied the PirauB. Here
he was besieged by the Spartan Lnander, but was re-
lieved from hi* perilou* poeition by the intrigues of
FatisanJa*. The Thirty having been deposed by their
own subjects, a treaty of peace was concluded, and the
exiles were restored to dtiienship. He commanded a
fleet sent to aid the demociata of Rhodes in 390.
was Idlled near Aspendus in 3S9 B.C.

S« GioTi, " HutuTT uf GiHa ;" Coamum Ma»^ "Tlm-
qbola :" Thtklwall. ^' Hltuxr of Gr«Ma :" XnorHOtt, " H '
Isnici:" HmicHi, " CcmiBMiititio da Thcmnnua, Critu
TbnirMi Ksbis," etc., iba: " NmnlU Biofnphia Ofalnls.'

ThraajbaliiB, sometimes called the CoLLfTtAN,

from hi* Urthplace, Collytus, in Attica, was contei

my with the preceding, whom he aceompanied ii
Mile to Phyle.

Tbna'jF-bmtu, [Gr. OpaoMni^,] Tyrant ofSyracuse,
succeeded hia brother, Hiero I., in 4U B.C. Having ex-
asperated his sat^cta by hi* cruelty and oppression, he
collected a great number of mercenaries, at the head of
whom he attacked the Syracusans, who bad tolldted aid
from the Greek* fn Sidly. Unable to midntain himself
against these forces, he was compelled to go into exil^
having reigned leaa than a year.

■a lbs ■qlcpenuldnia. The Mlowini mplM fron Brrai cahDiJu

THUCYDWES

TtmurUa^ See Tmkastllus.

Thn-ayiloi, [Gr. epoanUor; Fr. Tiuasylul, vX
itl',] an Athenian general and democrat, co-operated
with Thras^bulu* against the oligarchy in 411 B.C "'

sna, and gained a victory 0

a Syracusan *

Argbnue in 406 B.C and waa anjnally pot to death.
See THSKAjfuiBS.)

Threl'keld, (Caleb,) a Bridsh botsnist, bom in
Cumberland in 1676. He practised medidne in Dublin,
and published "Synopsis of Irish Plants," ("Synopdi
^tirpium Hibernicarnm.") Died in 173&
Thrivenia, the Latin of DKrvtai, which see.
Throo'tnor-tvii or Ttuog'inor-ton, (Sir Nicho-
las.) an English diplomatiat, bom about 1513. He
accompanied Henry VIIL to France in IU4, was present
of Boulogne, snd lubseqaently served in tbe
mpaign of IS47. Having been charged u

France, where he resided fbnr y
tb tent on important mission* to Scoti
land. He waa &tber^-law of the celebrated Sir Walter
Raleigh. Died ir

Thro^Tif "~
published " _ _ , ,

and other similar works. Died m 1S03.

Thrad, a daughter of Thob, which tee.

Tbrndiieliii and ^numdvangr. See Thok.

Tlii7inh«liii. See Skadl

nitiauna. See Thou, db.

Tbnordido. See Tbucvdidks.

Tbu-cfdl-dSi, [Gr. ^aaii&iiK; Fr. Thucydid^
tb'se'dtd',] an Athenian politidan and general, who
became the leader of the arUtocratic partv in ug B.a
" He waa a man of great prudence," says Pluutdi, "and
brother.ia-law to Cimon. He had not, indeed, Cimon'l
talents for war, but was superior to him in forensic and
political abilities." (Plutarch, "Perides.") He was.
the chief adversary of Perides, and maintained a con>
teat against him until 444 B.C., when Thucydidea wa*

TIiao7dlda«, TGr. BaaaliiiiK; Fr. THUtnTDIDE,] an
Illustrious Greek historian and general, bom of a noble
iiunily in the demns Halimns, in Attica, in 471 b.c, wa*
a son of Olorua. He waa related to Miltiades and to
Cimon, and inherited an ample fortune. He informs his
readers that he owned gold-mines in Thiace, near tbe
island of Thasos. According to a current tradition, he
heard Herodotus read his history ai Olympia, when be
was a boy, and was so deeply aSccted that he shed tears.
He is aaid to have been a pupil of Antiphon in oratory,
and of Anaxagoras in philosophy, He was one of the
BuSeren attacked by the plague at Athens in 4J0 B.C.,
(of which he afterwards wrote a masterly description,)
which was the second year of the Peloponnesian war
In 4Z4 he commanded a squadron of seven ships neat
Thasos, when the Spartan general Brasidas attacked
Amphipoli*. He hastened to the defence of that town,
but he arrived too ble, and found that it had just
surrendered to the Spartans. Foi this dilute he wa*
banished, or, as some suppose, went into exile to avoid

the penalty of death to which anfbrtnnate generals were
''-.ble. He informs us that he passed twenty yeara in
after this event He availed himself of the leisure

and opportunities which he enjoyed in consequence of
his exile, to collect material* forahistory of the Felopon.
nesian war, which lasted about twenty-seven years, (431
-^04.) He used the greatest diligence and care in ascer-
taining the fiut* by visits to the localities of the war
and Ih interviews with the prominent actora of that
period. It i* supposed that he returned to Athens in
403, when a general amnesty was granted to exile*. Ha
was a contemporary of Sociate* and Euripides.

His celebnty is foanded on hi* " History of the
Peloponnesiao War," In eight books, which, however, ha
did not live to finish. It ends In 411 B.C., seven yeara
before the termination of the war. The first book of

• asi. ;aBf,-BAa>^;|a*/;o,ii,K,/Ma*n«/;N,MM/;K,«n/M,-la**; thaiioMu. (|^-SceExplBnatfo<u,p.33.

dbyGoogle

THUEMMEL 33

thb work contista of inlroductoiy ob«ervatioiu on the
cwljbiatoryof Grcec& Andent and modern critici Me
ananiinoui in comniending ihe accuracy, veradty, and
impartiality of Thucydides. His history combines the
DKTits of Ibe orator, historian, philosopoer, uid stale*'
man, and is one of the moit admirable monuments of
political wisdom.

His style is concise, noble, and intensely energetic.
It is stated that Demosthenes transcribed the history
of Thucydides eight limes, in order Co improve his own
style. Cicero described Thucydides as "a laithful and
i^nified naiTatoi of bets," (" rerum geslarum pro-
nandalor sincenis et grandis.") (" Bnilus," cap. 83.)
The same critic also expresses the opinion that loia
historian easily surpasses all others in the art of com-
posltloni "Thocydidei omnesdicendi ■rtifido.mea sen-
tentia, facile Tidt" (" De Oratore," iL)

"In spite of this great fi»ll^" says Micanlay, (refer-
ring to lua fictitious speeches,) " it must be allowed that
Thucydides hal mrpassed all his rivals in the art of hia<
torical narration, in the art of producing an eBect on the
imagination by skilful selection and disposition withoat
indnli^iig in tne license of invention. . . . His book is
evidently the bocdc of a man and a statesman, and in this
ranect present* a remarkable contrast to the delightful
chiUlshiiess of Herodotus. Throughout it there u an
ait of matured power, of grave and melancholy reflection,
of impardalitr and haUttuI self-command." (Macaulay's
Eany oi> "Historr," ibS.) He died about 401 B.C.,
leaving one son, Timotheiis. Several andent writers
•tate that he was aaaaiainatcd, but they disagree in
respect to the place of hla death.

THURLOW

1791-1805,) whldi Is coameoded bf Sdiiller and c^^
great popularity in Germany. Hia " WObelmiK,* 1
comic piose poem, is also highly esteemed, and has )ms
translated Into several language*. He was privy ca«.
cillorandminister under the Duke of Saze-CobnT^tiB
TTeStoiySj. Died in 1817.

Sh J. K.inwCatn«^"LA<D IL A. via TUH^'dtt!
' Bjdfnphi* UniTCnftUft."
Thnititiil^ toom'tnio, (Lodwig PHiupr,) a Gema
bom at Culmbach in 1697, putdishcd w^
He wa* a disdple of Wolf. Died at Zmk

^nitbwft tdSn'beta, (Kail Peter,) a celebwd

biads* ThMiilido," 1*411 CiSAMik -inaqmuM." ism: IMWI^
** HiMiv of C[H« 1" TmaLWAU, " Hinen of OnMa ;" F. Kara,
"VtqMolMKla B«indMii«^llMr TliBqrdidtt ud Tacitn^
■til : BomiiLL, " Di TInMid* M HcrodolB QoaMioiiiiiD hiiuil-
cuuB SpMiniia,^ ilji \ "MMnDi Bisp^l^ GMnl* ;" Uuuo^

_ SeeTHOwim.
SeeTKDaMBX.

Tbitpit, too'gSM, (Fkani Makia,) Bakon, an
trian diplomatist, bom at Lin* in 173a. He was early
distinguished by the fevonr of Marui Theresa, end
employed on missions to Paris, Naples, and other Euro-
pean courts. In 1794 he ancceeded Prince Kanniti a*
prime minister. He was removed in 1797, restored
D 1790, and finally driven from power in 1801. IMed

ntnllllftr, tU'e'yg^', (Pikeki,) a French landscape-
painter, was born at Amiens in 1799. He gained a
medal ofthe first class in 1839 at Paris. Died m 1858.

nmllller, (Vincent,) a French scholar, bom in the
diocese of Laon in 1685, was a monk of SainC-Maur,
He published a version of Ibe " History" of Polybius,
(6 vols., 1717-30,) Died in 1736.

Ibalden, vaji, vtn tui'df n, (Theodor,) a celebrated
Flemish painter and eneraver, bom at Bois-le-Duc in
1607. He was a pupil of Rubens, whose style his own
greatly resembles, and whum he assisted in the series
of painting whicb adorn the gallery of the Luxembourg.
Among his master-pieces are " The Martyrdom of Saint
Andrew," in the church of Saint Michael at Ghent, and
"The Assumption of the Virgin," in the church of the

iesuits at Bruges. He also excelled in delineating mar-
ets, fairs, etc, and produced a number of admirable
etchings, among which we may name "The Life of Saint

{ohn dc Hatha," (in 14 plates,) and "The H'story ol
nyascs," (58 plates.) Died in i«7&

Tbulen, Tui, vtn tiiltn, (John Puiup,) a Flemish

K'nler, born at Malines in 1618^ was a pupil of Segher*.
painted flowers, insects, etc. Died in 1667.

Thtunan, tU'man, (Paul,) painter, bom at Branden-
berg, Germany, in 1834. He dealt largely with historical
and military subjects, his "Soldier's Farewell" being t
favourite. He also wonfameassnillustrator. D. 1907.

Ttanmmal or Itauenunel. tou, fon tDm'mfl, (Mo
am Aucon-,) a German litttnOatr, bom near Leipsii
b 1738. His prindpal work is a romance, entitled "A
Journey in the Southern Provinces of France," (9 vols..

philosopher,

Japan. He succeeded the younger U
of botany at Upaal In 1784. He v
foonding a botanic nrden in that dty, and bcatiMd
upon the aniverNty nis valuable coUectiaii of ot^
'- natural history. Among his prindpal worksirelii
i'lora Japonica," "Flora Capenais," "Iconea Flialt-
rum Japomcarom," and "Travela," (4 vols., iTtSJaUd
were translated into Ei^liah and Gennan. A gee« d
beautiful climbing plant* ha* beim named In Mi ^moil
also several ipeoes in difierent genera of insedi. IM
1818.

. (JoMM,) a Swc&k viihr,
boni in SDdcnn*nl* in 174ISL He wrote ** ReseardMsn
the History of the People of Eastern Eanqie,' (1774I
Ued b 1778.

Thnni, too'ri, (Lawrknce,) a poet, bom b Ualod
in 165& He became Bishop oTKibe b 1714. IM
hi 1731.

Tluirtot tS're-o', (Jacqurs Axixandr^) a Rnd
Jacobin, wa* an active member of the Conveatiaa, ■
wfaidh he voted for the death of the king. As praidM
of that body, be promoted the bll tA Robespierre n Oi
9th Tbermidor, 1794. Died in 1S19.

ThOiOBe, (John,) an English minister of stttt, tan
*t Abbot'* Roding, in Essex, in 1616. - He studied H
wa* called to the bar in 1647, and obtained Kitnl
oScesbythe bvour of his patron, Oliver Saint JokD. Ii
1651 he was appointed secreury to the coundlof Wfc
He wa* lecretuy of state from December, 165^ nd
the reatoration, i66a During a part of this penod k
wa* also po«ma*ter-«ner*l, and a member of Piriit'
meat. He rendered uiportant service* to CroomBbr

was distinguished 6:. .„ _. — .

moderation. After the lestoratloa, Charles IL isiild
him to take office, which he declined. Died b liS
His "State Papers," published by Dr. Birch, (7 rA,
1742,) are considered very valuable.

SaDa. BiKK, "Lifc of J. Tlmiloi," iro! Bmnr.'HiMT
dT Ida Own Hiut."

ThfirOSw, (Edward,) Lord, an eminent Y»t^
lawyer and politidan, bom in Norfolk or near Stn*
mariiel, in Suffolk, in 173a, was a son of Rev. ThoM
Thurlow. He waa sent to Caius College, Cimbridp,
which he was compelled to leave vrithont a ilegitC|>
account of his turbulent and refractory ooniliict. Ht
studied law in the Inner Temple, was called to Ael»
in 1754 or 1756, (Lord Campbell says 1754,) and jojaw
the Western drcuit In early life he was a frwuJt'
the poet Cowpcr. He roae rapidly in bis profew*
and obtained the rank of king's counsel in 1761. H(
distbgnished himself as junior counsel in the pal
Douglas cause, tried in the Honae of Lords, (1769'i ^
176S he was elected a member of Parliament, in vhid
he supported Lord North's administration. He bcoM
solidtor-general in 1710, and attorney-general in ITTI'
Having commended himsetf to the favour of Gcofp
III. by his zealous support of Lord North'i A^o^iS
policy, he was appointed lord chancellof iu June, l?^
and was raised to the peerage, as Baron Tharlo* H

a, «^ T, a, a. y, /«v; i, t, 6, same, leiis probnged; i, < I, ^ Q, y, r;li>r/. «, 9, (, 9, i<&»»r>; Or, fill, At; mtt; nSlt ■M)'*''

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

THURMAN

% diHind, bnt Tharlow «ia
. although he wu opposed to the
mcuurei of the neir prime mEniiter, Rockirvghaun.
When a new cabinet mti formed b; the coalition of
Lord North and Fox, in 1783, Thurlow loat his office,
bat he wai ag*in appointed lord chancellor by Mr. Pitt
In Deoenber, 1783. He aoon became an enemy to Pitt,

sequence he was removed fVomoflicein 1791, after which
he become a " flamiog patriot." He ceased to be
prominent many yean before bis death, which occurred
in September, 1806.

Tnar'nuui. (Allin Granbbrv,) an American
jurist, bom at Lynchbnrg, Virginia, in 1S13, He
studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1635, was
elected to Congress in 1S44, and became a judge ol
Ae SDpreme court of Ohio in 1S51. In 1S69 be
was elected a member of the United States Senate;
in 1876, 1880, and 1884 he received voles for Presi-
dent in the Democratic convention, and in 1888 was
nominated for Vice-President, but wasdefeated. Died
in 1895.

Ttmrmaim, tOSK'mAn, (JVLta^) a Swiu ot Gennu
(eologist and botaniat, bora at NcnfbriMch in 1804.
He published an "Easav on the Jniu^ Upheavalj^"
and other worka. Died m 1855,

Thnni and Kaxla, tootn ooni tiztn, [Pi. TotiXr
kt-TaxiI,) a fiunily of Bavarian and Austrian Catholic
princes, very prominent in South German histoiy.

Thorneyuer or Tt»ini«lM«r nun Ttmni, 1
bI-«^ tsMrn looRn.j[LiONAU>,) a SwIm alchemist and
physician, bom at BUe in 1531. Ke was patronized
or the archduke Ferdinand, brother of Haxiinllian IL,
who charged him with the administration of the mines
of Tyrol. In \V}\ be wa* appointed pby^dan to the
Elector of Branaenborg. He amassed a brge fbttane by
hu pretended skill in astrology and alchemy, bn^ his
deceptions being at length discovered, hewasoUlged to
leave Beriin, and died at Cologne in 159& He waa the
kothci of a number of works, wlii<^ are now forgotten.

TUnrot tifro*, (Pkan^ois,) a French seaman, bom
tn Burgundy in 1737. Having previously distinguiahed
himself as captain of a privateer, be entered the royal
marine, and sained several important victories over ue
English, but be was mortally wounded in an engagement
near the Isle of Han, (1760.)

Thnrot, Jean Francois,) a French philoaopher ai
Hellenist, bom at Issondnn in 1768. He OMained
chair of Greek language and philosophy !n the ColUge
de France in 1814. Among his works is a " Treatise on
the Understanding and the Reason," (" De I'Entende-
meni et de la Raison," 1830.) Died in 183X
__ S«_S^i.Taina_iiB Sact, " Notica md U ^^ da U. Tbnnt,'*

numerous professional reports. Died Oct. as, 1903.

Thimtoii, (RoHiT Lawton,) an American mecha-
nician, bora at PortsmoBth, Rhode Island, December 13,
iSool In 1834 he became a partner in the business of
buildiuK steam-engines at Providence, Rhode Island, in
which he won great distinction. Died at Providence,
January 13, 1873.

Thaiy. See CAanxi, (CtUK F.,} and HIkicart.

Thwaltaa, thwSts, (Edwakd,) an English sch<dar,
born in 1667, was professor of Greek at Oxibrd. Ha
published several Anglo-Saxon works. Died in 1711.

Thwaltaa, (Rbuben Gold,) historian, bom at Dor-
cheater, Massadiusetts, in 1853- He has lectured on
history and has written and edited a large number of
works on American history.

Tliy-4*'tU, IGr. euivnTf,- Fr. Thykt*, te'Cst',] in
dasslc mythology, was a son of Pelops and Hippodami%
abrotherof Atrens,andlatber of ^psthns. Theenmltt
between Tlnrestes and Atreus wss the subject of severd
discordant legends, which ascribe to each a number of
vindictive crimes and atrocities. (See Atuus.) This
story was dramatised by Sophocles and Euripides hi
tiuwliea which are not extanL

ThTmbrssiia, thim-bree'ns, (Gr. Ovfilpaloc / Fr,
ThtmbkAi, tlH'bRl',] a somame of Apollo, derived
from the temple of Thymbra, in Troas.

Thymne, thin, (Francis,) an English anriquarr awl
..riier cm heraldry. He was the suthor of s '■ Htston
of Dover Casile and the Cinque Ports," fin manusolpt^
and a " Discourse of the Duty snd Office of an Hewd
of Arms." DiedinlGti.

Thyonte. See THVOKans.

Thy-o'nalUi (Gr. SMnxif,- Fr. TirroNiR, te'o'-
V: suppceed to be derived from Mu, to "rush," la
be exdted,"] a surname of Bacchus, whose mothet
called Thyone (6*^) after she w

American soprano-singer,

- ,.., -ork, in i8u. Her musical

education began very early, under Madame Riideradorf
and ErratiL She first attained distinction is a church-
ainger, Mr. Slrakosch in 1879 introduced her to the
concert-atage, when her remarkable talents were every-
where recc«niied, both hi Europe and in AmerioL

Tbma'ton, (E. Teufle,) an English auihor, bom
in 1879. He wrote poems, stories, etc. , including "The
Apple of Eden," "The Realist," "The Greatest Wish
in the World," etc — His wife, Kathmline Cecil
Thurston, (1879-1910,) wrote '■ John Chilcote, M.P.,"
•' T^e Gambler.^' "TheFly on the Wheel."

e, Rhode Island, October 3$, 1839. He graduated
at Brown Univeraity in 18J9, aerved in the United States
navy 186 1 -6 5, became assistant professor of natural
philosophy in the Naval Academy in 1865, professor of
mechanical engineering in the Stevens Institute in
1871, and director of Sibley College, Cornell Uni-
versity, in 1885. His eiperiments and inventions
have proved of great service to hia profession. Among
his works are a *' History of the Growth of the Steam-

Olympo

lya, tiss, [Lat Tm'sini,] a Dutch philologist, bora
St Harderwyck in 1603. He was professor of eloquence
and law at Leyden, edited several L^tin authors^ and
rote a few worka, in proae and verse. Died in 1665.

Thyaiaa. See Thys.

TImIdL te-1-ree'nee, (Albssandro,) sn eminent Ital-
ian painter, bom at Bologna in 1577, was a pupil of
Fontana and Passignano. Among his master-pieces are
" Saint Peter denying Christ," s " Miracle of Saint
Dominic." and the "Deposition from the Cross," Hii
works are principally oil-paintings, snd his style resem-
bles that of the CsraccL Died in 1668.

Tlarka, tee'lsks, (John Lbwii,) a German aatron-
omcr,bom at Jever in 1789, removed to London, where
he became assistant librarian to Sir Joseph Banln,
About 1831 he was sent on an ejniedition to variooa
parts of Europe in order to determine the loiuritade h
neans of chronometers. He was a Fellow of vut Royal
Society. Died in 1837.

Tlbaldeo. See TnALDBa

nbaldl (Dountico.) See PuxaauNL

nb-A-rl'mia, a mythical king of Alba, was aaid la
have been drowned in the river which was aAerwarda
called from him the Tiber, (Tiberia.)

Tiberio. See Tibirius.

n-be'rl-tia, [Fr. TiBtRt, le'baiR'; It. TtBEiio, le-
i're-0,1 or, more (iilly, Tl-bs'rl-tis Clan'dl-tiB Ne'io.

celebrated emperor of Rome, born in 43 B.C. He wsa

sou of Livia Dtuatlla, the wife of Augustus, by her
rst marriase, and belonged to the patriaan rens Clan.
la. His father was T. Claudius Nero. At an early
age he acquired a high reputation in military affaira, and
served with distinction in Spain, Asia Minor, and Get-
many. His talents were respectable, if not superior. He
was well versed in Greek and Latin literature. His first
wife was Vipsania Agrippina, a daughter of Agrippa.
AbODt iz B.C. he was compelled to divorce her, and to
marry Julia, a daughter of the emperor Augustus. He
passed seven years at Rhodes in retirement, and returned
to Rome in a a.d. After the death of Caius C>sar, in 4
A.D., Augustus adopted Tiberius as his son and suc-
He became emperor in the year 14, and at first

M 4.- 1 as »; giarrf; i as/; O, H. K. ?«lfc«»W,- w, sfljaf; 1, iWtfn/,- 1 M

,- *h as in iha, (S^^See EiplanatiMis, p^-^)

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

lor hi* bTouito minister ind tdviier the iD&moni
SeJaoiM, to wbon lie Mon abandoned tlie Erection 0/
the goremmenb Tiberioiwai«o»p«cted(rfbein|!»'-'— -

7 to the death of Gennanicu*, (19 a.d.)

t6 he left Rone, to which .

to the Uland of Capri, (Capres.) Avd^ng publid^
and neslectiDi' afbira of Mate, be abandoned hfmMlf to
debaai^eiT. In 31 a.d. Sejano* was pat M death by the
order or pennlssion of Tiberias, an^ Macro became die
powerfbl &fourite. Tiberias died in 3T a.d., withoot
appcnnting his aaccessor. It is stated tbat he was luf-
Ibcated by Macro, by whoee aid Caligula then became
emperor. " The historian," sayi Hacaalay, (referring to
Tadtns,) " nndertook to make as intimately acquainted
■"•h a man singularly daric and inscintable, — with a
n whose real disposition lon^ remained swathed up

h intricate fbldi of factitiOD* nrtnes, and 0

. Hew

Us stern and penetnting mind, consdons of &iling
Mnngth, raging with capridoos tensaaltty, ret to the
last the keenest of obserren, the moat artM of dis-
semblers, uod (he most temble of masters. The task
was one of extreme difflcalty. The execution is almoM
periect" (Essay on " History.")

S« StvTOHiin. "Ifberini;" TAciTin, "AduIh!' Smai^
"Tmiui und Tibariiu." i«joi V. DoaOT, "D» Ttbttlo tmpvs-

Tlborlna (Ani^nis FiA'vnra Constahti nos) II,
snmamed Thras, (or the "Thradsn,") Emperor of the
East, a native of Thrace, was bom in the early part of
the dxth centnry. He was treated with great distinctian
by Justin IL, who bestowed upon him the dignity of
Caesar in 574, and sulMcqnently abdicated in his favour.
He carried on s successful war against the Persians
under Chosroes, whom he signally defeated at Melitene,
(S76 A.D.) He died in jSa A.D., and was aacc«eded
bf hi* son-in-law Hauririus, whom be had previously
seated Caesar.

Tlbafiiu, a Greek philosopher and grammarian, sup-
posed to liave lived in the fourth century. One of hu
rhetorical works is eitant, and a number of fingnieiits.

TI-b«'rI-UB Ab-tim'^-Tvm, a Greek general of A»
•erenth century, caused hioutlf to be prodaimed Em-
peror of Constantinople in opposition to Leontios, (698
A.a) He was deposed and put to death by Justtnian
II.. {70s A.D.)

Tiba'iliu Al«XBn'dor, a native of Aleiandna, w*«
appointed by the emperor Nero governor of Judea, and
■ubaequently prefect of EgypL He wu distinguished
by the favour of Vespasian and Titut, and assisted the
latter in the siege of Jerusalem.

nboll, the Oerman for TlBULLVS, which see,

Tibolle. See Tibullus.

Tlbnllo. See Tibullus.

n-bnllus. [Fr. TiBULLE, te'biil'; Ger. Tibuli,
le-ba6ri__lL TiBULLO, te-boolOo,) (Albius,) a distin-

(tqua,) from whom he inherited an estate between TlCHU
and Pr^neste. This estate was confiscated In the dvil
war, but he recovered a part of it, and passed much
of his life there, enjoying the peaceful pleasure! of the
conntry, of which he was a warm admirer. He was
patronued by Valerius Messals, whom he accompanied
Ina campaign in Gaul in 31 B.C. He wis an intimate
friend of Horace, who addressed to him an epistle and
an ode, (" Carmina," i. 33.] His character is said to have
been amiable. He wrote amatory elegies addressed to
Delia and Nemesis. His poems are models of gracefiil
simplidty and genuine tenderness. Tiie l>est editions
of Tibullus are those published by Lachmann {iS39)and
by Dissenui, (or Dissen,) (1S35.) Died about 18 B.C.

S« AviUAXN. "Vit. TibiiIU,"iT.o; Dsonr. "A. Tlball,"
■ fCs; Caorn, " Die lUiiuKfaa iieifm.'' iSjl

18 T/ECX:

Tlok'^ (RtCHAM\) an Enslith writer and poSdca
of the dgfateenth centtvy, published ipampUet, eatidd
"Anlidpation," and other works. Died in 1793.

Ttokall, (Thomas,) an English poet and tnadsn
bom in Cumberland in 16S6. He atudied at Qsca'i
C<rilege, Oxford, of which he became a Fellow in 171a
He was an intimato friend of Addison, who made bia
Dnder-secretary of state in 1717. He labseoneBilir t»
came secretary to the lords justices itf Ireland. Hen
the aqthor of poems entitled "The Prospect of Pem'
and "Tlw RoVal Progress." The latter it dunoa.
ited by Dr. Jotmson as "ndther high nor low.* Hh
translation of the Grst book of the "IbwT it U|Ut
commended by Addison, but it it renided by dOh
critics a* ereatly inferior to Pope's. TicVll also visit 1
number of proac essays, and an admired "Q^ o
the Death of Addison.'' Died in 1740.

Tick'n^r, (Caub,) a skilful American pMdi^
bom in Salisbury, Connecticut, about 1S04. He pnc-
tiscd in New York, and wrote much for medical jmnili
Died about 184^

S« WiLLuu, " lledial Biompbr."

Xtebioi, (Eusha,) an American teacner, bora ibM
1760, was the bther of Geoi^ llcknar. He taughiB
Boston, where he died in i8si.

TlelDlor,(GBoltCE,)adTttingni*bed American vMa
and writer, bom at Boston in r79i. He gradnitcd a
Dartmouth College, and subsequently spent five nm
in visiting varioua parts of Europe. He was imoDtai
after his return professor of the French and SpsiU
lai^uagesand literatoreatHarvard Collie. Hebron^
out in 1849 his "History of Spanish Lileiatiire," [] iwls
Svo.) It immediately established the reputalionefik
author, and has obtained the highest etuogyfroocai-
nent critics of all countries, having been traniliCed im
Spanish and German. In 1863 Mr, Ticknor pobliibcd
bis "Life of William H. Prescott," one of the iHstii-
terestifig faiogrsphies in the langoage. Died in 1E71.

S** "Loodoa Qunerly Rnl«" lor Octobtr, itjai "lot
AairklD Rnin'' fW Jusur. iSji.

Ttoont, te^kot'see, (Stepano,) an Italian HtHra^,
bom in the province of Como in 1762. Anun| bii
prindpal worlcs are his " IKctionary of Architects, Snl>
tors. Painters, etc of every ^e and Nation." (4 nh,
Svo, 1830,) "Historical Memoirs," and tranilatiaii of
Sismoadi's " History of the Itslian Rcpubiics" and U»
rente's " History of^ the Inquisition.'* HewaspRfat
of the department of the Have under the Fttoch tnjst.
Died In 1836.

S«gTi»Loa,"Biocni&idic1iIElli>iiI IDiiMri;" ■■NonWkBb'
fnphid GdnirftU.'*

Tldsmand, tee'dfh-mind', (AcoLrH,) a Nor*^
painter of high refutation, bom at Mandal in 1S15. Vt
was appointed painter to the king, and distingmlid
himseu as s painter of national manners. Hi* bTook
subjects are scenes of domestic life^ Died in iM.

Ttdsmaim, tee'dfh-mln', (Philipp,) a Genu
painter, bom at Noremberg in 1657, was a pipil <'
Lairetse at Amsterdam. He painted mytbott^ial ■■!>-
fecU with success. Died in 1715.

Tl'df , (Cuaklh MKraOTT,) an English pli;nci»
boro in London, Febmary 3, 1S43. In 1865 he gnla-
ated at the Univeruty of Aberdeen, and in 1SG6 k ■>
appointed joint proEuaor of chemistry in the Uiiin(a|T
ofXondon, afterwards taking the professorship lA faraoc
roedidne. Among hi* wotts arej" Gleaning) in *~

and many reports and papers.

Tleok, tcek, (Chbistian FrisdwcmJ s Gens*
sculptor, brother of the celebrated Ludwig Titd, va
bora at Berlin in 1776. In 180^ he visited Ro«nt|j™
subseouently repaired to Hnnich, where he ewsw
portrait-busts of SchelliQfl, Jacobi, and the crowo-ptiM
Ludwig. Among his other worlts we may nam* 1 «■
size statue of Necker, and busts of Lessmg, Gn«n
Waltenstein, and WUliam of Orange, Died m lljl-
SaB Nacudu "ADcemdiva CDiutlcr-LdziknL"
Tieck, (LuDwiO,) a distinguished German port loj
novelist, bora in Berlin in Hay, 1773, was a btotbtt"
Ibe preceding. He was edncatedal HiJlcGiittiiigtH'"

i.^l.a^fi,?,''^;^^,^ ■>■»*• ItMpndongedi i,e,I,8,)l,]P,/ili^;|,f,|,o,i>Jif)irv;ar,flUt,9t;o>ll;nBl)gW;BB«

Digitized by VjOOQ I C

Uore, indent uid modern. He prodaoed " Abdallah,"
a DOTel, (iraj,) " WUliam Lovell,* (I79S.) uid "TnveU
«f Stenib«l<^ r Stembild'* Wandenuigen," 1798.) He
utoculed M Jena with the SchlwU, NovaU*^ and
ScfaelliDg. Alxiat 1800 be marriM a joaag woman
named AlbertL In litcratnre he behm^ to the ro-
mantic tchool. Hit repotation wai increaaed br diamaa
entitled "Gen<weT«, or Generieve of Brabant,^ (iSoo,)
and the "Emperor Octavian," {"Kaiaer OetaTtanoa,"
1804.) He reaidcd a lew jeaia at Dreeden, (1800-04,)
and travelled In Italf hi 180$. Among hi* prindiMl
wvrka are " Phantaaoa," (3 Ttria., i8i>-I5,t "The Revolt
of the C^etmea," a novel, (1S16,) and "Poet-LUe,"

("Dichterleben," ir

BTOoy and hmnoiir .

" Piwa In Boota," " The World tamed Updde Down,"
and "Prisce ZerUno, or Travela in Search of Good
Taate," (9 vols., 179^1800.) After a vint to France
and Engl'and, <t8l7,) he aettled at Dretden in 1S19.
He prtranced a gooid tianalation of " Don Quixote,"
(i vol*., 1799-1801,] and aadated Schlegel in the trans-
lation of Shakapeara. In 1840 the King of Pnutia
invited Tteck to Berlin, ^pointed him a ptrry conndllor,
and granted him a peniioa. After (hat date tie reaided
at Berlin and Potacfam- Tieck was k very prolific wiitsr.
Hi* veraioni of Shalupeare'* pla]r* are among the beat
ever made- He died in Berlin in April, 1853.

, .„..~-N(ianUa BiocnpU* Otaktit:

"Fiwdcn ^BTUrlr Kiwr" tot Ocmbv. iM ana Jiif, iIm;
" Fmn^ Maiufai**' tv Hottabtr, iSji, ud Xombir, 1B4;,

Tlsdwnann, tee'dfh-mln', (DimtiCH,) a German
philaaopher, bcmi near Bremen tn 174& He waa pro-
feiBor of philoaophy at Harborg, and was an adveraarj
trf Kanb He wrote, be*ide« other work*, which are

in 1803.

Tiadamaim, (Pbixdbich,) a diitingobhed German
anatomist and pfajrriologiit, a aoo of the preceding, waa
bom at Caaael in 1781. He gradnated *t Marburg in
1804, and in t8o( became prolesaor of anatomy and
zoology at Lindihot. In 1813 he obtained the priie
offered by the French In*titate for the be»t work on the
■tractnie of the Radiata, and at the same time wa«
elected a correspomiUnK member of that body. He was
called in 1S16 to fill the chaii of aoatomf, physiology,
etc at Heidelbei^ Among his nnmeroo* works we
may name (be " Anatomy and Natural History of Am*

Ehibious Animals," (1817,) "Arteries of the Human
lody," "Nerves of the Utetu*," and " Phyaiology of
Man,'! {3 vols., 1830-36.) Died in 1861.

Tledge, teed'o?h, (almost teed'y^b.) (CiM«roM Aa-
GBST,) a German poet of high repuution, wa* bora at
Gaideleeen in 17^1. While filling the office of private
tutor at Hobetutein, he acquired the friendship of Gleim
and the Baioness von dci Recke, and in 1804 visited
Italy in company with (he latter. Hil principal poem,
entitled "Urania," wa* received with great favont, and
was followed by bis "Mirror for Women "(" Frtnen-
spiegel,") "Wanderings throogh the Market of Life,"
" El^es," etc. During the Utter part of hi* life Tiedge
resided with hi* iriend Madame von der Recke, whom
be survived about eight years, dying in 1841. His poetry
is characteriied by great moral besu^ and devotional
feeling, and has many points of resemblance to that at

Tl«le, (Cornelius Pktrus,) a Dutch theolt^an,
was bom at Leyden in 1830. He became a pastor at
Rotlerdam in 1S56, and professor of the history of
religions at Leyden in 1877. His works include
" Egyptian and Mesopotamian Religions," (1860-72,)
" Babylonian and Assyrian History," ( 1887,) " West-
em Asia," (1894,) etc. He was Gifford lecturer at
Edinburgh in 1896--98.

Tfdamans, tee^; h-

giaii jurist and libual politii.._... __

■799. He waa miniater of (he ln(etior about .
Himh, 1831, waa afterward* governor of Antwerp, ana
--'--irof UwinBnisieta. Died July 5, 1887.

alao Tat-nnc-Wan^ a Chineae leader of insnrgmti,
bom in 1813. Hi* original name was PHtm, and hia
literary name HONO-Silr-TiHintM. He was educated
for the das* of Uttrati, but at the final examination in
Canton he bUed to obtain a d«Tea. About 1833 he
received from an agent of the London Bible Soctety
some tracts or a version of the Holy Scripture*, whin
he read with greai interesL He profiMsed to have
received a divine miaalon, and b^an to preach aganut
the worahip of idols. He waa successftil In converting
many to tne "fordgn righteonsDea*," wrote religion*
eaaays and po«m*, and became Uie founder of a new
rdigion, aimtlar to ChiiMiaiuty in *otne n*pects. Ac-
cording to lome anthoritie*, he joined several secret
fomed to btuate China from tha

which is aocoonted an act of high treason 11
Tien-T^ marched victoriously through several provinces,
and captured Nanking in iS<3, after he had defeated the
imperialist armiea In a number of battles. Hia govvn-
ment, of which Nanking wa* the capiul, was a military
theocracy. In Julv, 1864, Nanking waa taken by the
imperialuts, the reMllion was aoppressed, and Tlen-Ttf
killed himselC

Sh " Lib of Til-KvWnv," by J. IIiltoh Uaou^ iHj:
" TIh THpB« RriMnioo^' Ib lb* " Utiduiiti' HiCufaM" far JB-
niT. iMs.

Tl«polo, te-Cp'o-lo, (Giovanni Battista,) a Vene-
dan painter, hom in 1693, was patroniicd by Charlet
IIL of Spain, where he executed several work* of great
meriL Hia pictnre* are chiefly frescoa, painted fai Ae
style of Paul Veronese. It is staled that his oil-paint*

Tlepolo, (Jacok,) ■ Venetian jurist, became Dop
of Venice in 1139. Med in 1249-

His son LOKSNIO became Doge in 1368. IMedfaiiiTS

TlepolOh (NlOOOLb,) a Venetian poet and senator

Dinent for hi* talents and learning He waa employed

. aeveral diplomatic misriona. Died in 1551.

Tiamenr, teer'ne, (GxORaa,) an English statesman,
bcBTi at Gibraltar In 1761. He was elected to Parliament
for Southwark in 1796 by the Whig party, and distin-
guished himself as one ot the most icaloiB opponents
of Mr. Pitt, with »riiom he (ought a duel. He was ap-
pointed treasurer of the navy In iSol, and became mas-
ter of the mint under the Canning ministry, (1827.) He

aa a great master of sarcasm and irony. Died m 1830.

TianMy, (Hakk,) an English antiquary and Romaa
Catholic priest, bom In 1785. He published the "HI»>
Ion and Antiqnltie* of ArandeL" Died in 1863.

Tiatlwis, teet'yens, (Thbbbsb,) a distfa^guished singer,
bora in Hamburg, of a &mily of Hungarian origin, Jiily
18; 1831. She very early became known, st first as a
dmrch-singer, and later in concert and opera, in wluch
she acquired a w<xld-wide fiune. Died in London, Oc>
tober 3, 1877.

XUenuwte-ftK'nIs, (Gkxgouo,) an Italian Hellenist,
born at Cittl di Caatello about 141J. He taught Greek
in Venice, where he died about 1465.

TiS'a-nf . (LODIS C.,) an American artist, bom hi New
York aty, Vtbrxuuy 17, 1S48. He studied art in New
York and in Paris, and spent some years in France, Italy,
and North AErio. He is a member of the National
Academy, and ia eminent as a colonrist, both in landscape
and in genre.

TlMUla. See Tigilijnus.

Tli-el-U'Diu, {Fr. Tigkluh, te'ihtllx',] (Sopho-
Nius,! a Roman courtier, notorious for his crimes, wa*
born at Agrinntam. In 63 A.D. he became the lavaurite
minuter of Nero, with the title of pratorian prefect. He
abuaed by cruelty and rapadty the power which he had
obtained tnsuhaervience to the wont passions of Nero.
He committed snldde In 70 A.D.

TUla, O, (Mrs. Makt,) a distingnished poetess, bom
fa Wicklow county, Ireland, in 1773, waa a daughter of
the Rev. Vnulam Slachford. She waa the author of a
poem entitled "Psyolw,'' which ia greatly admired, also

ui;tasf,-giaf^;ta*/-0,R,K,/a>ttWM/;l(,MaM/;>,«ni(W,-iMt;tiia*inCUi. (|^Se«EzplanadonB,p.33.1

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8m Um -UouUt Rniiw" far

Tlg^th-Pl-le'sei L, ■ great soTereign of AMTiia,

who comjuered many nations. Hil realms bord«ted on
the Caipian and Meditemnean Seas and reached to the

Persian Gul^but after hil death the empire fell ' ~'

He lived in the twelfth century —

Tlelatli-PUea«r H, ■ tun .
who in 744 B.C. seized the throne, afu
some jears' duration. He conqaeted Babyli
founded the second empire of Batr^lonJa. He marched
to the borders of India, overwhelmed the kingdoms of
Damascus and Hamath, look tribute from Judah and
Iiiae), and reorgBnized those kingdoms. He is supposed
to have been slain by Shalmaneaer in 717 B.a

TIBI17, do, dfh ttn'ye', (Marin GkottSte,) a French
entomologist, born at Orlians in 173& His wife wrote
a " History of Insects," a work of merit, which was pub*
Uthed in his name, {10 vols., iSoa.) He died in 1799.

TlgrmDe. See Tioranbs.

Itgri'nCI, |Gr. TtyparK: Fr. TiaxAHE, te'gxtn';
Armenisn, Dikhan, de-krln',] an ArmenJan prince or
hero, Soarished about 550 w.c He was a friend of
Cynu the Great, and, according to tame aathorities,
aided Cyras in his war against Astnges the Mede.

Tigrmnes L, King of Armenia, began to reign aboat
96 B.C., and muiieit a daughter of Mithrtt^tes the
Great. Havine extended his dominions by conquest, he
anumed the title of " Kiii^ of kings." In the year gi
he invaded and conquered ^rria. He afterwards foondcd
the dty of Tigranocerta, which became his capital As
an ally of his son-in-law, Mithridates, he dedared war
against the Romans, whose army, under I^ucullus, in-
vaded Armenia in 69 b.c and defeated Tigranes ; but
the matiny of the 'Roman soldiers prevented Lncallus
from terminating the war. After Pompey had gained a
dedrivc victory over Mithtidatea, (60 B.C.,} Tigranes
made an abject sabmiasion to the Roman general, who
CMrmilUd him to keep the kingdom of Armenia proper.
Died in SS B.(i He was noted lor hia pride and tyrattay.
It ta taid that he kept ttflmtarf Unp in hia palace aa

Aon, " DiEtMBOT of GrMk ud

TO, TBD, vflh til, (SOLOUDN,) a Dutch tbeologtan,
born near Ainiterdam In 1644. He waa proftaaor of
tbec4ogy at Leyden, and pablisbed a nnmMr of worka
on that sabjecL He waa a disc^a of Coccejna. Died
tai7i3.

8h Uoaiu. "VMimuin Hiatdriqw," tTMi "Mo

TUborg. See Tilbdrok.

TUbnish, TBO, Tin til'bSr'ii, written also TDborK

grlLXS,] a Flemish painter, bom at Bmssels aboat 161$.
e painted fairs, rustic dances, interiors of taverns, etc;
Died In 1678.
TUbniT, (GaaVASi of.) See Gulvasl
Ttl'dOD, (Sauuh. JOHI5,) an American governor, bora
M New Letanon, New York, Febroary o, 1814. Ho was
edncated at Vale College and the New York Uoiversiti,
and became a prominent lawyer and Democratic pofi-
tidan of New York. He was Governor of the State of

of the election becoming a matter of dispute, and being
referred to a commission appointed by Congress, the
Presidency waa given to Mr. Hayes. Died Aug.4, igSfi.

Wennn, te-UTnOs, orTUanlna, te-U'ne-Aa, [Daniil,)
a Piotaatant theologian, bom in Silesia in 1563. He
waa appointed profrasor of theologv at Sedan, France,
in 1603, and became preceptor of the famous Turenne.
Having adopted Arminian tenets, he was deprived of
his chair at Sedan in 1619. He wrote numerous works
on dieology. Died in Paris in 1633.

ShBdoillot, "HnIianrD. I11cs>ia,"iSe«i " NiHTslIa Bid-
pmphiB Gfa^iale.**

TUasloa. See Tsusia

TllMlua TOD TQatuti, von, Ion te-li'ie-ta fon tee'-
I^-dSw', (WluilLif GOTTUU,) a German natuialisi,

_ , n 1857.

Tllghmnn, til'm^n, (Edward,) an eminent AnericaD
jurist, a relative- of Chief-Justice Tilghman, noticed
below, was bom at Wfe, in Maryland, December 1 1, I7U>
He studied in Philsdelphia, and at the Middle Te^ts,
in London. He established himself in Philadelphia, sad
ro«e to the first place at the bar of that city, whidi mt
then noted lot its eminent lawyers. " Mr. Tilghnun wi»
an advocate of great power," says Mr. Btnney, " a bait-
less logician, — a man of the purest integrity and Inighltsl
honour, — fluent, without the least volubility, — condac
to a degree that left every one's patience and attenliai
unimpaired." Died in IB15.

Mlgjwum, ( W I iJJAn,! an American jurist and schol-
ar, was bom in Talbot coontv, Maryland, Atigosi 11,
1756. HeatudiedlawinPhilaaelphja,andwaa admitted
to the bar in lySj. He was repeUedly elected to tba
l^slature of his native State. In 1 793 he removed to
Philadelphia. In iSot he was appointed chief judged
the United States coon for Pennsylvania. In 1805 be
was made president of the conrt of common pleas, and
In iSo6chicf joaticeaftbeaitptemeaMirtofthe 5tBte,s
potitiao which be filled witb eminent aUli^ imtil hit
death, in 1827. It has been justly ohaerved that Peu-
sylvania owes him a debt of giatitade for " the incorpo-
ration of the pdndplcs cf sdendfic eqinty with the U*s
of the State."

mif-mu4 (Pxnn,) a Flemish painter, bom at Ant-
werp, resided in England, where he produced a number
of admired works. Died in 1734.

TlUamont, d«, dfb ttl'mdN' or le'y(-m6N', (Snas-
TiKN Tiaiialn — Ifh-niN',) a French etxlesiastlcal histo-
rian, bora biFans In 1637. He studied at Port-Royal,
under Nicole and other distinguished Iinsenisti, and
was ordained a priest in 1676. He published in ttifj
the first volume of his " Memoirs towards the Ecde-
siastica] History of the First Six Centuries," (" Mjmoiret

Sir servir k I'Histoire eccl^iastiqne," etc.,) which
t appeared complete in 1713, (16 volt. 4to.) His
other principal work is entitled a " History ri the Em.
perora and other Princes who reigned dunng the First
Six Centuries," etc., (4 vols., t&o-gy.) Two oiha
volumes were published in 1701-38, These works are
highly esteemed. Tiliemont was eminently modest and
hamble. Died in Paris in 169S.

TUIat, dn, dB te'yf, (JlAM,) a lesmed French com-
[Hler of historical documents, bom in Paris. He vrat
secretary (grtj^Ur) ai the Parliatnent. Among his works
I* "Collection of the Kings of France," et&, (" RccDeil
des Rois de France, leur Couronne el Maison," 158a}
Died in 1570.

TUll, teellee, (M1CHELAMGXI.0,) an Italian bctanist,
bom at Castel-Fiorentino in 1655. He became a pro-
fessor at Pisa, and published a " Catalogue of the Plants
in the Botanic Garden of lita," (i7>3.) Died in 174^

TlUlM, te'y^', (JoHANN AnTOH,) a Swiss historian,
bom at Bernein 1791, published s "History of the
Confederation ( Eldgmmeitickaft) at the Epoch of the
Restoration," (1S4S,) and other works. Died in
1854-

TUl'mon, (Bbnjamin Ryan,) an American radi-
cal reformer, was bom in Edgefield oountr, SoDlb
Carolina, in 1847. He was a fanner tiU 1886, when
he began to agitate for industrial and technical edo-
calion and other reforms ; was elected Governor of
South Carolina in 1S90 and 1S93, and United States
Senator in 1894. He instituted in South Carolina the
system of gelling liquor under State control, and was
active in other radical movements ; also founded in-
dustrial schools lor boys and girls, the largest of their
kind in the South.

TUl9«h, (AI.IXANDU,) LI.D., a Scottish journalist
and mlsceUaneoDs writer, bmn at Glasgow in I7S^

l,«,I,S,a,T,/i)iv;i.(,A,saine,lessprolonged;i,E,I,3,fi,)F,aA»ff;«,f^lA««w<wv;ar,fUI,at;niltfn«t;K<]6d;M

Having Mltled In London, be became editor of "The
Star" in 1789, utd tDbeeqaently of the " Phi1ow>phicBl
iSagaaae." He pnblWied Mreral theologiod CMa^
Died in 1835.

TUlofc do. dtt te'ro', (GvnxAnuK Uoh.) Marqui*
de Fellno, wa* bom at Bajonne in 1711. H« beoune
about I7SS miniMer of finance to the Doke of Pwnu.
Died ia 1774.

TUI^tt^a, (John,) D.D.. a celebnted English prel*
tte, born inVorkihiie fai 16301 He atBditd at Clare
Halt, Cambridge, where lie became a Fellow in 1651,
Thonch edncated a CalTinUt, he tobeequentlT conibtmed
to the Church of England, anid, having taken noly oiden.
he was appointed In 1664 preacher at Lincoln's Inn mil
Saint Lawrence's Charch in the Jeiny, where he ao-
qnired a Tery high repnlation as a pulpit orator. Under
the rein ofCharles u. he became ■nccea«i*e1]> I>ean of
Canterborr, (1671,) jwebendarjof SL Paul's, {1675,) anil
canon -retidentiaty of that cathedral, (1677.) He wai
created Archbisliop of CanterbMf tn William IIL in
1691. He bad married EUnbeth Fieach, a nIeM of
Oliver Cromwell In theology he was called a latitodl-
oarian. The nonjnron lampooned him otitrageoutlj,
denouncing him aa atheist, Deist, Arian, thlefl tie. Dlea
in 1694. Addison considered his writings as models of
language.

"Of alt the members of the Low-Church parly," says
Hacanlay, " Tillotaon stood highest in the eennal esd-
mation. Aa a preacher he was thooght by liia contem-
poraries to have surpassed all rivau, living or dead.
Posterity has reversed this judgment Vet Tillotson
•till keeps his place a* s Icntimate English classic . . .
His reasoning wa* jost saBdently profound and suffi-
ciently refined to be followed by a populu audience with
that slight degree of Intellectual eiertlon which is a
pleasure . . .The greatest chaim of his compositions,
however, is derived from the benignity and candour
which appear in ever; line, and which shone forth not
less conspicaoaalv Id his lifo than In his WTitinga."
("History of Ec^land," vd. iii.)

S« BiiTCH, "Lib of rillMHi," pnfiud (0 Ua inrks; La
Nnn, "LinaDrihiPromanlAichbiibapaaf Eagland;" Bnamr,
"HinofT of hu OwnTun«,"

Tilly, de, dfh te'ye*, ^Ai.kxandkk,) Couri, a French
royalist and political writer, bom at Mans in 1764. He
wrote "Memoirs towards a History of Manners of the
Eighteenth Century," [3 vols., l8l8>) and other works.
Died in 181&

TIII7, d«, (PiKRRS Albxandke,) Count, * French
general of the Revolution, bom (n Normandy in 1754,
gained several victories over the Vendeans, and became
governor of BnuueU b 1796. Died in iSu.

Tilly or TlUl, tou, fon tinee, (Johans Tzeuclas,)
Count, a cclebiited military commander, bom near
GemblODl, In Brabant, in 1559. Having served for a
time in the Netherlands under Alva, Don John of
Austria, and Alexander Famese, he entered the army of
Maximilian, Duke of Bavaria, in 1609, Soon alter the
breaking out of the Thirty Years' war, he was appointed
to the chief command of the armjof the League, and in
i6>0 gained a signal victory over the Protestants, and
•nbaequently delated Christian IV- of Denmark near
Littler. Having been made a field-marshal, in 1630 he
ancceeded WalTensteln a* eonitnander-in-chief of the
Imperial troops, and in May, 1631, took Magdeburg by
storm. Thte victory, which waa followed t^ the most
strodoas crueltv perpetrated on the inhabitants, waa
celebrated by hbrshal Tilly by Te Deums song in the
catbedraL He was soon after defeated by Gustavus
AdolphoB near Lelpuc, and a second lime at the battle
of the Lech, in i6ja, where he was mortally wounded.

SnVlLLnwMT, ■•'miT, en IsGonndi TrcnMAni," i mis.,
■ Bjg! ScKiLua, "HiiUiy of theThirtr Yait Wti."

Tlltpa, (Jamu,) an American pbyaldan, bom in
Delaware in 1745. He served aa surnon of the army
liom 1776 to 1783, and was appointed physician- and
aurgeon-general of the army ot the United States in
iSii or 1813. Died ia 1811.

TUtOQ, (Thiodoki,) an American journalist and
author, bom in New York dty, October a, iSjJ. He
graduated at the College of the City of New York in

II TJMOLBON

1854. He waichiefedilor of the "Independent," iSt^
71, and of the "Golden Age," 1871-74. Hit ptindpal
puUished woite are "The Sexton's Tale." etc, (poen^
1S67,) "SancUro Sanctoran," (1869,) "Tempett-Tosted,"
(a romance, iS74>) "Thou and I," (poemt, 1880,} " Swa-
bian Stories," (poem^ 1869.) He was also prominent
as a public lectum-. Died April 35, 1907.

TiDUBoa, tl-mee'ns. IGr. Ti^owr .- Fr. TiMtv, le'ntl',]
a Pythagorean pbiloeopber, bom at Locri, in Italy, is saiii
to hava been a teacher of Plato. He Bourished probabiT
about 4W-380 B.G; A work •■ On the Sonl of the Uni-
verse," which Is utant, has been ascribed to Um j bol
many critics doubt that he was the author of it, SMi
regard it as an abridgment of Plato's dialogue of
"TlmMBS."

Tlmeena, an eminent Greek historian, bom at Tati*
romeniam, In Sidly, about 3<2 B.& Having been
baniabed Avm Ui native island by Anthodes, be re-
tired to Athena, wbere be resided about fifty yean.
Died abo« 156 B.C. Hit princiMd work was a ** His-
torjr of Sldty from the EatlicM llnMa to 364 B-C^" of
which fragments are extant. He ia severdy ctitidaed
by Polyfaius, bat is prsised by Cioeio, who sayt, in hie
treatise " De Oratorc," " Timsus, quantum judicar*
possim, longe eruditisaimnB, et rerun copia et senten-
tiamm vanetate abundantissirons . . . magnam elo>
quentiam ad scribendura attuUt.'^

TlmMtu, [Ft. TimAb Lk SOFHiars, ts'mi' Ifh •»'-
ftsf,] a Greek Sophist and grammarian, auppMed to
hive lived in the third century after Christ His only
extant work is a vocalmlary or glossary of the phraew
of Plato, ("Lexicon Vocum Platonicamm,") edited
with a commentary, by Ruhnkcn, (175^)

Timagtoi& See Timacbnes.
■ TI-majt'0-nSi, (Or. T^uixoik; Fr. TiMAoiNB, te'mf -
shin',] a rhetorician of Alexandria, became a resident
of Rome about 5J h.c He wrote several works on his-
tory, etc, and gained the friendship of Angnstus. Soms
critics Identiftr him with the Tiniagenes who wrote a
"Periplus" of the whole sea.

S« Schwab " D* LMa n llmsu HistnbnB Scriptoriha

n-mui'thn, (Gr. "Yifbit^; Tt, Timaxtke, te'-
mftnf ,1 a celebrated Greek painter, bom at Sicj;on,
aonrished about 400 B.C. He was arival ofParrhasins,
over whom he pUned the prise at Samoa for hie " Con-
test of Aiax and Ulysses for the Arms of Achillee."
Among his other master-piece* were "The Sacrifice
of IptuEenfa" and "The Stoning of Palamedes." He
excelled in the power of expreaslon and suggestion.

TI-iiuii'«liiu, [T^iefiior,] a Greek grammarian of
Dneertain date.

TImbal, tlNlitl', (Chaklks,) a French painter, bora
in Paris about 1822. He painted many scriptural subjects,

Timba.iimz, (John,) an English writer and journalist,
bom in I-ondon m 1801. He became editor of "The
Mirror" in 1837, and later an editor of "The Illustrated
London News." Hepublished "Laconics," "The Year
Book of Facts," "Curiosities of History," etc Died
March 4, 187$.

Tim'bj, (THXoDokB Rucolbs,) inventor, bom at
DoTer,N. Y.,in tSaa. Inventedlherevolvingturretused
in the "Monitor," a totbine watet-whcel,elc D- 1909.

Tlitt6& SeeTncxtn.

Tlm'o-olH, [T^KM^Uh,) an Athenian comic poet of
the midae comedy, lived aboot 35CK3M B.C. HU style
(a commended for its purity. His works are not extant

TT-mt/crB-on (Tipxpftn'J at Rhodes, a Greek lyric
poet, lived about yXfi,^ B.t He wrote bitter satiric^
verses against Themistocles snd SImonide*. Some of
his verses sre quoted by Plutarch in his "Lift ot The-

QlustrioBs Greek s(
jly at Co
liberty thU be

Tl-miyift-on. [TuioUiw,]
roan and general, bom or
about 400 B.C He was so sealon*

" Th. fcDowlM b 1 o»riT Html molitloa: "T1mm,iiw5
, I aai sW. 10 jSlg., ™ by fcr *• IK« IbW of aU. »a *. BOJ

• aaJ.-;

.,- S hard; t a*/; O, h. %,giMmrai: M. naiai; a, triOid; i a*

(l^-See Explanations, p. %\)

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■ma DBiirpM ■uprene pawn ana *

fog to Flatarch, Timdeon beanie_ ,_.^ __

■cconnl of the dc^h of hk brother, and witt)d(«w
from public albJn for mtnj jtut. In 344 B.C the

Cpt« of Sjneatt acnt ambuMdon to CoriDth ta
.ilore asiiitaiice igdaat DioDTdo* and otber iTranh

''^- '^*--"-'*-- '~ — ^ d ■ppofnt--'

leUienci

TflBOleon t

Three pattluwi

Hicetai, and the popular party. _ ^„

Timoleon defeated Hloeta* and occupied pait of Syia-
cme. In the ttext jreir Dioojrajoi ■urreiuleied the dtadel
to nmoleon and retired from the contert. Hicetai, who
ttUI held two qnarten of the capital, obtained aid from
Um Cvthiginiina ; bat Timoleon aoon expelled Un from
Sjracnw, ud reatored democratic inititatioaa in that dt;.
In iiQ he deleated the CaTthaginlan gaiieiala HaadralMl
HamalcaT, who iavaded the Syracnaan itate with

— =_- ^ . .1— .1... -. -"iB^^^a. He

iwwiUofthe
» tlie peopk

, , &wtor. rued

at^p'aenaainjijB.a JPlatarchaaTitli«t'*]ieperfbnned
(realer tliinga tnan anv Grecian of ni* timc^ and waa the
ooly man that realiua tluiM glocioo* achievennenEa lo
iriuch the oratora of Greeca were conatantly ezhotting

>f Onn;" Thii

"CHbtoi,
"Hblwjgf

"Mwiiill* Biccnpfcic Gtaib^t." ''"

H4noiu'f -•boa. an eauoent punter, bom in Bjian-
tinia, la aoppoaed to have lived al>out 300 B.C. Hii
nictiirca of " Medea aboot to deatio; her Childien" and

"Ajaz brooding over hta Miafortune*'

ouater-plecea 1^ the andenta, and were parchated by

TPmoD [Tifun'] THB MisArmuon, * native of At-
Sea, and contemporary of Sooatea, wta notorioot forhb
hatied of manlcind, froni whom he lived Mclnded He
haa been introduced Into the work* of Ariitophanea,
Lndan, and other eminent ancient writer*, and forma
tlie labject of one of Shahipeare'a dramas.

Sm CootMAH, " DlMtcnao Mtiwta dt Ttoam iUmAtofa,"
ti*i.

Tbnon, a Greek poet and akeptlcal philoaopher of
the tliird centwr B.C., waa a disdple of Pyrrho. He
wia the author of a number of dramas, and satiric poems
entitled "Silli." Fragments of the latter are eztanL

Tl'mon, (JOHM,) D.D., an American Roman Catholic
Ushop, bom at Conewago, Pennsylvania, Febmaiy 13,
1797. He entered on a mercantile lile, but In iSaa bcaan
to atndy divinity in the Seminary at the Barrens, Mii-
ionri. He was oidaincd (o the priesthood in 1835,
became one of the I.aiaiiBt ^tliers, and in 1S40 was made
wefect apostolic of Texas. In 1&47 he was consecrated
Bishop of Bu^o, New York. Died April 16, 1867.

Timon, tee'mon, (Sauukl,) a Haogarian historian,
bom in 1675, wrote on the history of Hungary. Died
in 1736-

centnry, was the author of a work entitled " FatraSuelo,"
l"The Story-Teller,") and several comedlea.

Tlmoteo, the Italian for Timothy, whidi see.

Tlmoteo da Urblao, te-mo-CI'o dii ooR-bee'no,
called also Delia Vlte, an Italian painter, born at Ur-
bino about 147$. He was a coii«in of Raphael, whom
he assisted in some of his works at Rome. Among his
master-pieces maybe named an "Annunciation of the
Virgin," and a " Noli-me-Tangere." Died about 1530.

nmotbto. See Timothy and Tiuoteuvs.

Tl-mo'tbe-na, [Gr. Ti^jMwc,- Fr. TiMOTHiE, te'mo'-
li'; IL TiMOxao, te-mo-tS'o,] a celebrated Greek poet
and musician of Miletus, was a contemporary of Eurip-
ides, and flourished about 39a B.c His innovation of
the lyre with eleven atringi oat publicly condemned by
the Spartans. Hia lyrics were highly esteemed by his
countrymen, but a few fragments only are extant. He
1* said to iiave died in 357 B.C., aged ibaal ninety.

DaaiMMa atwnt 350 ■.& H« waa one o( the artial* Ai
■domed the Hew of the HaoMleam with baa^abtk
Among Ua woito wm a atatne of Anomii, (Diana.)

of the bmom Conon, and a pnpil of laooiiH.
ne iBiated the Thebana to mel an invaaloa of tlw
Spartana, whoae fleet he defoatea near Leocaa in 3J<or
37S A.C He entered the lerTiGe of AitaxMxea, Eq|
of nnda, In 37a, and waa appointed oommander of iIh
Athenian aimy in Macedonb in 364 B.a He ouMitd
several dHea thm the Olynthlana, aitd all the Chalddiin
towna. Tlmotfaeni, IpUctalea, ud Chare* commanded
tiie Heet b the Sodal war which b^an In 357 b,c and
were nniacoiaafiiL llmotfaeiM wsa oondemnad to pit
a la^ finch Died In 35^

_ S*a ComsLna Nara. 'Tfamhi;" <3mn, -Hfatarrf
Gmei;" TKiaUTAU. "HMainr tt CfMOK'

Tlinotliaiia, (of Scripture.) See TmoTmr.

TlmoUMtia, a Greek dramadc poet, the date of wbow
Urdi ia unknown, was a reudent of Athena. None of
' 1* wink* are edant. He «•• a poet of the middle

nady.

Tba'o-Wf, [Or. TifMncs Lat TiMo'^mnn: Ft.
TtHOTHts, te'mo'tk'; It Tmono, te-mo-ti'o,] dte
friend and coadjutor of tlie Apostle Paul, waa a naliv*
of Lycaonia, in Asia Minor, and waa carefidly educated
in the Christian bith by hia mother Eunice, a converled
Jeweaa. He waa ordained at an early age by Saint Paul,
wbom he accompaiuBd on hi* mliaion* to Greece and
Macedonia. He la beliered to have been the first bitb^
of the Chordi at Epheaua, and, aoconUog to traditiott,
suffered mar^rdom imder DomitiaB.

nmoor. See "YMoaUitn.

Tlmonr^BaK (or -Bao.) See TAMUtAHi^

Tlm'rod, (Hknbt,) an American poet, bom at Chariaa-

n. South Carolina, December 8, 1839. He studied at
the Univeraity of Georgia, and aftervrards read law.
For some rear* he was a joumaliat in hia native Sbt&
Died at Columbia, SoaCh Carolina, October 6, 1867.
A volnme of hi* poem* «•* pnUi*bed in 1S60, (enlaincd
editiOD, with a memmr by P. H. Hayne, (1873.)

Timor. See TAUsaijirti.

Tlnok'fr, (Maky Agnis,) an American novelist, bora
at Ellsworth, Maine, July tS, 1833. She was edncated
at Ellsworth High School and Bluehill (Maine) Academy.
When twenty yean old, *he became a Roman Catholic.
During the dvil war *he was a nurae in a military hoa.
pital in Wathingtou. In 1873 she went to Europe and
became a re^dent of Italy. Her principal works are
"The Houae of Yorke," (1872,) "A Winged Wtwd,"
'■"--' "Grape* and Thorns," (1874-) "Six Stmnv
, (1878.) "SIgnor Monaldini'sliiece," a woci
which greatly enhanced her literary reputation, ([879,}
■By the Tiber," (l88r,) "The Jewel in the Lotoa,"
(■884,) and "Aurora," (1885.) Died in 1907.

Tlnotor, tink'tor, or Tlnotorla, tink-to'ria, (Jam,) a
Flemish musidan,bom at Nivelle about 1434, or, aa boom
sav, 14JO. He went to Naplea, and waa patronised bf
King Ferdinand I. He produced a mnsicaf dictionary,—
"Terminomm Muaic« Definltorium," (without date.)
Died about I (30.

Tln'dfl, (HATTBtw,) LL.D., an English juritt and
deistlcal writer, bom In Devonshire about 1657. Sooa
after the acccasion of James IL be embraced Roman
Catholicism, bnihe subsequently retamed to the Church
of England. He publiihed in 1706 a work eittitled
"The Rights of the Christian Church Asserted," etc.
being an attack upon hierarchical power, which invtAnd

jimn of the Church of England. He waa tlw
ir ofanumber of political eaaaya; bat hebpiind*
known by his "Christianity a* old as theCreatioa,
iGoapel.r ■■■ ■ ■'■ " ■• ■ — - -
{173CL) Died it

S« " Biacrnihu Britumto :" SUAU. " MioHiin of tiia Ufa M
U. TlKtil," 'lit: "Hnndk Biocnphi* G4i><nU."
Tiadal, (Rev. NiCHOUU,) a nephew of the prcccAng,
a* bom in 16S7, and roae throng aeveral prefennenla to
be rector of Alventoke, in Hampshire. He tranalatad
from the Freodi Raping *■ Hiatoryof Eogtand," of wfakk

1, ft I, Ok D,f, /nvV' l< ^ ^ *>'<l>^ ■"" Pti^oiiK'^i l* ^ ^ ^ >• ^ ''*'^/ *> f^ 1 9> «'<<*i>*; Bf • (U> ^i ■'■ti'Btt S^^

TINDAL

ke wrotr > contmumdon brought down to tte l^sn of
George IL Died in 1774.

Tlndal, (% NtCBOLAl CoNYifOKAM,) ui Enslith
jiiriit and Materaun, bom in 1777. He (tndied at
Trinity CoJcge, Cambridge, and in i8a7 Tepreaented
that nnlnrtiw in Pariiunent He wai a/tenmda ap-
pdnted lord cUef iwtioe of tb« court of conmoa pleu.
Diedlnt84&

TIn'dfl* or TjFn'dfls, (Wuxuh,) an eminent Eng
Uih Refbrmer and mar^, was bom in Glovoeaterablre
aboat \iSa. He shidied at Oxford and snbaeqaeotty at
Cambridge, where he took his df^ee. Havlne l)e«n
lODverted to the doctrines of Luther, bj which he

was ezpoted

GecnuuiT, an(_ . _.r.

devoted himself to the translslionof the New Testament

GecnumT, and alleTwards settled at Antwerp, wher

into English. Tlie first edition oune out aboat 1535,
■ltd met with a rapid sale both in England and on tlie
continent He pnUished in 1 ju a new and Irap^red
edition. His translation of the Fentatcnch, in which be
was asaitled by IDle* Corerdals, had appeared in 1530.
In 1534 Tindale, whose writings had been prerionslj'

naeUir le-oellee, (TibkrioJ an Italian painter of
history and portraita, bom at Veirice In 1J86, was a
pa]dl of L. Bassaoo. His works are highlj praised.
Died in 1638.

IIiiDS, tin'nfh, (AUXANDIINK,) a rich heiress and
traTetler, bom in Holland, October 17, tSjJ. In i86«-
64 she explored the sources of the GaieUe RJTer, t&«
western branch of the White Nile. She was mordered
by the Toarilu in 1S69, betweeo Mooriook and Ghat

Tlntor«t IiSl See TiNTOKnro.

Tintoretto, dn-to-refio 01 ttn-to-refto, [Fr. Li
TurrouT, Ifh tiN'to'rl',] (GucoHo,) one of the n '
eminent painten of the Venetian acfaool, was bon

Venice in 151a. His original name was RoBum,

he assumed that of Tintoretto from the occnpation of
his bther, who was a dyer, ( Thiten.) He made T'"
his model in colonring and Michael Angelo in de_.,,^
He painted with great npidity, and hii works, both In
oil and fresco, are very nnmerons. Among bis master-
pieces may be named "The Last Jndgroent" and "The
Worship of the Golden Cal^" in the church of Santa
Haria dell' Orto, "The Miracle of the Slave," (some-
times called "The Miracle (tf Saint Mark,"] in the Acad-
emy of Venice, "The Marriage at Cana," the "Crad-
fixton," in the Scaola di San ELocco, and a " Paradise," ■
colossal picture containlne more than a hundred ^ore*.
Died in 1504. His son Domenlco and daughter Mari-
etta were (UstiDguiflhed aa painters ; the latter excelled
in portraits. "All landscape grandeor," says Rusldn,
** vanishes before that of Titian and "nntoret ; and this
is true of whatever these two giants tonched." (" Mod-
cm Painters.")

S« Cuu RmoLn, "Vila di O. Kabmli drtto II Tlitanno,'*
1641 ; Lahxi, " WOBtj of PaistiDf in Itihi" Vauu, " Utm of
Uh PiiBtsi !<■ If as. Jausoh, " If vaain onCai>T IliiHu Paintai."

Tln'woith. (Geobgb.) an English artist in terra-
cotta, was bom at London iq 1843. He early dis-
played stiistic powers, entered the Doulton Ait
Pottery Works in 1S67, and became famous for his
productions, mainly terra-cotta. panels in high relief of
groups from sacred history.

TItMldo, te-idKdo, <Emilio Ambdxo,) an Italian
■cholar and writer, bom at CotA in 1798. He becuae
In 1S39 professor of history, etc in die Marine College
of Venice. He published many important works, among
which we may notice a " HisttHT M Pro^e Greek Lite-
rature," (9 vols., I8i4-30i> and ''Biography of lUustrions
ItalisDs of the Eighteenth Century and of the Present

Ao*." f'l TtimrTifii rlmll Itmliini illnatri t1>] «>raln

Age," ("Biografia degli Italiaoi Ulnstii del Secolo
XVIIL e de' Contemporanri," 10 vols., t834-4&)
Tlppoo B«lllb,ti|rpo</sUi'Hibk written also 11]

In 1781. He proaecnted the war which he had pre-
vioQsly waged ag^bst the Endish nntO, b 17S4, a treaty
of peace wa« concloded at Hangalore. In 1790 be in-
vaded the territory of die Rajah of Trsvsncore, an ally
of the British, who soon after (armed an alliance witn
the Mahrattas and took the fort of Bangalme, (t79i.)
The forces of General Abetcromty, having jainwl UMse
of Lord ComwalUs in 1799, advanced gainst Serinn-
pstam, when llppoo consented to renounce me-half of
Us dominions te the alUea, give np two of Us aana ta

hostages, and pay a sum of more dian £yf

-'-•--- enaeavoured in aeoet toind

neveruicless e

princes anbiat the Ei^lish government, and solidted
aid fi>om France. In 1799 he was beslqed in Seiinga-
patam by the British foorces under General Harris, ud
was killed in the assault

SmMiouvui "

IfjicasMai^ '' Skateb sf tba

■Bnin di If Tun," • vah., ■■><
W« nthTtnuo SsUn,-' im

, and filled other high offices. He

1 noted few his patronage of literatare and of learned

ocn, particalarl; Cazton. He waa execnted In 1470^

in a diarge of maladministration.

IlnlKMahl, te-il-boe'Itce, (Gikoiaho,) a learned

'1^

and in iTToi

LS appi^ted llfafarian to the Duke

Italian literature," (" !

13 v^s., im-81) en)oys tiie bi|^iest reputation for ac-
cnracy ana impartiality. Among his otner prodncdons
may be named " Historical Henicdn of MAdena," and

Life of Count Fulvi

iroved edition of his g

1 t6 vols., (i89a-s&)
Sh a G- iJitmaoi, " Efoflo U

'abbom, "Tilw tnlonMB docniu

~ ' ' • dal Cinfian Iteboacbi," tin ; ITgohi,

iaui" "N«imO*Bi(ictspMtG*rfnl«."

' ]m« he released Rabdals, whom the monki
■dpnt b piuwi. Died b 155&
Tfrt^m%mm m-ree'ahe-fs) or T«l-I«'sI-«a, [Gr. Ts^m-
Eoc; Fr. TibXsus, te'ii'iels',1 a bmons soothsayer
f classic mythology, lived at Thebes, and belonged
to the race of Udvos. The poets and mythographeia
relate that he was deprived of sight by the gods, be-
he divulged some of their secrets, or because he

een Minerva bathing, that Jupiter gave him the

j^ of prophecy and extended Us lite to seven genera-
twns, and that he was connected with many important
events in the &bnlotis history of Greece, lie waa the
&ther of Manto.

Tlr'ha-kab, [Egyptian, Munka,] a great king of
Ethiopia, who appears to have dispossessed Sebidins,
King of Eeypt, (rfhia ancestral rights in the Upper Nile
Valley. He afterwards joined SelHchua in a league
against Sennacherib, King of Assyria, and was aideaby
Heiekiali,Klngof Judah. After the miraculous destruc-
tion of Sennadierib'e hoa^ Tiriiakah conquered Egypt
and put SeUchoB to death, {'B.C. 6^) Twenty yean
later, Essrhaddon vanqnlshed Tirhakah and conqoered
Egypt. Tirhakah, however, r^ained the throne, bat
was soon ezDelled again by Anur-bani-pal, (Sardana-
lade head again and reconquered the
56 B.C. TiTbakah abandoned Egypt
the Upper NQe Valley, whence he first

nr-I-bS'nM or TDr-I-bK'aaB, [Gr. TifUel^ or T|pi-

palus.) He soon

country. But In 666 B.C. Tirt

and retired '' ''-* " ""'

(ofbc,] a Persian aatiap onder Arutxerxes Mnemon, gov
emed Western Annenia m aoi B.c He coimnanded the
Persian fleet which defeated Evagoras of Cypras in 3S6

Tfr-I-di'tSI [Gr. Twattnir; Ft. Tikidati, te're'dXt^

-• Kbg of Armenia, carried on a war against the Romans,

who <kfeated him at Artaxata, and took his capital,

Tigranocerta. He finally became tribotaiy to NerOk

(63A.D-)

r;|tjlartf,-gas/;G,K,K.fMMKraf,'M,»w8/;R,iy»an/;lass,-thasintti(; (|^~See Explanations, p, 13.)

d by Google

TJRWATBS

Tlildatu m or AitHnfiA wu ■ ion of Chowoes,
whom the King of Pciii&conqiter«d*nd dethroned. Tiri-
datet wu edacated at Rome, and restored to the throne
bj DiiKletian in 286 A.11. Died alxiat 314 A.rk

H'ro, [Fr. Tikom, te'rftM',] ^Makcus Tuujira,) _
Roman author and icholar, waaa &TonriC«li-eedinanand
■aunnenaii oT CtMro. He wrote a life of hi* fiunooi
patron, and other wotki. It ii inppoaed that he '
or iuprored the art of abort-hand writing, and
■re Indebted to him for the coUection of Cicero
tor*" and other work*.

Tlron. SeeTtkOk

nravallBW, tee'roo-iU'oa-TU^, a Tamil (South
bdian) poet, who UTcd before 400 a.di, bat at an ntcer-
tatndate. He waaa pariah bf birth, bat won the higheat

~ ice in Tamil llteratore b; hi* noble poem "EJaral,''

r^ " A^oriama,"} in thirteen hondred and thirty bean-
nral ddadu. Hanjr fitble* are related of thk aothor.

Tlrao d« MoUnm. See Tsu-n, (Gabkiki.)

TlflChbein, lish'bln: (HatHBiCH WiuiKUi,) anr-
named the Neapolitan, bom at Huna, In Heaae-Caa-
•el, in 17^1. After a reiideoce of aiz yean at RcHne,
he aettled at Naplea, where he waa appcanted in 1790
director of the Academy of Painting. He excelled in
daatical antriecta and hi dellneatlona of animal*. Med

Tlaobbalii, 0aiuirN FKismicn Atramrr,) a relatir*
of the preceding, bom at Haeatticht in 1750, toee '

neohboln, (JoHANN ^KiNUCR.) tm> EtDU, a Ger-
man historical painter, bom in Heaae <n 1713, became
proleMor in the Academy of Arts at CaascL Among
hia master-piece! are " The Dying Alceidi," " Electra,
"Christ on the Monnt of OliTea," "The Tnmtfignra-
don," " Reannection of Christ," and aixteen fllnitrationa
of the life of Telemachui. Died in 1789.
1.-J-H.

TIaobbelii, (JoHANK Hbihmck} thi Touifou, a

B Inter, a brother of H, W. Tiachbein, wa* bom at
lina in 1742, and died in iSoS. His brother, HllH-
kiCR Jakob, (died 1803,) and hia cousin, Lvdwio
PKrLiPP, (died tSo8,) attained distinction as painters.

Tlecllbelii, (Johann Valinttn,) a German painter,
brother of J. H.llachbein the elder, and nncle of H. W.
Tiichbeln, wm court painter at HildbargtiaDseD, where
bediedint767. He was the hther of J, F. A. Tiachbein.

The moat celebrated members of this gifted &mily
were H. W. Tiachbein and J. H. Tiachbein the elder.

Tlflohendor( tish'tn-doRf, (Lobkoott Piikdkich
KONSTANTiN,) an eminent German phiMogiit and bibli-
cal critic, born at Lengenfeld in January, 1815. He
stndied at Leipaic, and inbaeqDently vitited En^and,
Tariona part* of the continent, Egypt, and Aaia Hiitor.
Having obtained aome very Taloable mannacripta, he
wa* appointed, alter hia return, profeaaor of theology at
Lcipait^ (1850.) He pabllahed edition* of the "Codea
Fridciico-Aagaatanas," (18^) "ErangeUam PalaU-
nnm," (1S47,) " Codex Atniatumns," (1S50,) " Fragmenta
Sacra Falimpseita," "Anecdota Sacra et Profiwa,"
"HoDninentaSicrainedita," (4 vols., 1846-60,) "Travel*
in the East," (1 vols., 1846,) and "Biblioram Codex
Sinaiticna," (iSco,) which he discovered at Hoimt Sinai
in 1859. He obtained in iSsg a chair of biblical palieog-
ra^ at Leipaic Died December 7, 1874.

TMc/rif-tU, ITiurupdnK,] a <listinnii*hed Greek
statoary, flourished about 300 B.C. He U *uppa*ed to
)uve been a pupil of Lytippot. Hia work* are pralaed
by Pliny.

Ttaio or Tlal, (Bbhvknuto.) See Garopaio.

Tl-alpli'o-ne, the "Avenger of Murder," FTioifini,
from tm, to "eatimate," to "jut^e," and, hence, to

Efinniea.

TlasaplMnM See TiasAPKBtNia.

na-Cf-plwr'iiSI, (Or. Tmea^ifrnK; Fr- Tissamiwni,
le'sf Qlj)',] a bmona Persian general and crafty nego-
tiator, formed an alliance with Uie Spartan* against the
Athenians in 411 B.C. He was an enemy of Cyrus the
Fenian prince, and wa* one of the four genenU* who

Cunaza, in 401 B.C.

of Artaaerzea, and w ^ _

Ibemaritluie part of AeiaHlnof, where he wa* defatoi
bvAgeelbttw. Hewaepnt to deathbyduKiagcfFcT'
*la Id 394 B.C

%m XnweraoM, "Aaabwh^ ftoun^ "Ahhi ffiNcr."

TlaVBTd, te'itk', (PiAN^u,) a French sdiolw, boi

at Amboiae about r46o, became professor of Gtul^ u

the University ^ Paris, He pobluhed a Hebrew |n»

mar, (1508.) Died in 1508.

TUserand, \k»'^v', (Francois FIliz,) * Fnut

ficole Normale. In 1873 he wa* made profcMg g(
aatronomy at Toulouse, and in 1878 he wa* cfaosa ■
the Academy of Sdencea. He ia the authnt of bb)
important aaentific papera. Died October 10, i89£.

Tlaaler, te'aM'. (Jkan Battistb Akoi,) a Frad
painter, bom inraria in 1814 ; died in 1S76.

Tlaaot te'w/, (Albxandiie Pascal,) a Frendjoriri,
bom in 1783, publilhed several work* on pabGc In
Died in 1833.

TiMXA, (Chablbi Josini,) * French ardadopt,
bom in ^rlB, Augut iti, 1818. He held AanyaiMda
and diplomatic poaitiona, and attained the rank of am-
iiter to Morocco ini8Ti. 101876 he waa acnt to Athai
■a miniater, in 1S80 be was appointed ambui
Torkey, and later he wa* *ent to London in a

Comparative Geography d
Proriace of AMca," (voUi, 1884,} gave him a high tq»
tation. Ned at Faria, July a, 1884.

Tlno^ (CuDDK JosBPK,) a Frendi AElOMar, bm
abont 1800. He practised law in Pari* in early life, nd
about tSiybecane professor of phtlo*opby at Dnoft. Ht
wrote "Ethics, or the ScJenceorMorala," (1844) t'&
toiy of Philosophy," (184a,) etc Died in tB7&

TlMOt, (Jambs Joseph Jacqiiks,) painltr, ben U
Nantes, France, iSjo. Hefint was known as tnetcb,
portrait and gcnie painter. After his 50th year he Jpo*
ten years in Palestine, where he painted sevetal bmiiitd
water-colour sludiesofscenesmihelifeofChtia. Vi.vfa-
TImo^ (Phrkb 7bai(C0is>> " French joatiaM
/£ttMiftwr-,and politidui, bom at Versailtea in 17CL Bt
waa elected to the Coundl of Five Hundred a shorttiae
before the i8th Bmmaire, and wa* afterwards ^ipoistiJ
imperial censM by Napoleon. In 1814 he snmeM
Delille a* profe*M>r of Latb poetry in the CoDegeif
Prance, ana hi 1833 became a member of the Frncb
Academy. He tranalated VirgU'a "Bnoolic*" i*<Q

" ■- —1 Hblisbed, among other works, " Hittoiicil

: Camot," (1814,) "Studies on Virgil cca
pared with all tlie Epic and Dramatic Poets," (4 nh,
1815-30^) wUch I* highly commended, "CoapU
Hiitorr of the French Revolution," (6 vols., l8u[™
"Lessons and Models of Ancieot and Modem Frao
Uteratnre," (1835.) Died bi 1854.

~saot, [Simon AndrA,} s celebrated Swii* ])l#
cian, bom M Grancy, in the canton de Vand, in ITK
Ke studied at Geneva and Montpellier, and subseqeta^
resided at Lauaanne, where be soon acquired a veij h^
reputation. Having filled the chair otmedidne lbIU
place for many yeara, he became In 1780 profcna A
clinical medidne at Pavla. He published a nsiab*Ml
works, which are highly esteemed and havebeeamBT
ctrculated. Among these may be named hi*''Ai}<io
to People respecting Health," (" Avis aa Peupk Hi >
Sant^,'^ 1761,1 which was translated into aeven laqW
" On Diaeasea caused by Maatutbatioii,'' ("Tenbisaai
Horbas ea Manostnpratione Ortis,") and " On the Rm
of Literary Mea," (" De Valetudine Literatonun," 17*1
I>iedini79% Hi* sonCLiuBNT JonFH,baniiiinA
the aadior of several medical treatises.
!■■■, tee^Boh, (KjIlmXh,) also ailed Koixm*" *<*

IB, and TuzADiBoROVKM&iS Hungarian staIMM

bom St Gesit, December i^ iS3a He succeeded TdtD
a* leader of the left centre in the Hnngariaa pitHi
1861, and in 1875 became minister of tlie inletior m
president of the Hungarian ministry, retaiaiag IM
for many yeara. Died March 33, 1901.

I. &L& «, ^ Av-A (. A, same, less prolonged; K, i, 1, 6, fl, y, r^ion',- *, f, t, 9, irfimra,- fir, lUI, lb; mit; filk; g86dj pfla

d by Google

n'tfH, (Or. Tirdv,] plaral TltoiM, (Gr. TiT*>af ; Ut
TlTA'NEa^f the name of mythical beinga oid la be the
a&pringMUnuiiuu)dGe,((iTCcBliuindTemL} There
wereiiXHmt, Oceuiu, Cceni, Crioi, Hyperion, lapettu,
anil Croon*, and liz daoEhteia, Theia, Rheia, Themia,
MacmMyne. Phmbe, and Tethys. According to the
Cable, tbe TUana rebelled aninat their father, who waa
depoMd and wai aucceeded (17 CroniH, (Satnm.) Aftsr
the acceaaioaof Japher to the aomeigi^, occurred the
celebrated war <a tne Titan* againat the OlympiBn goda^
(oUled the "Titanomac^ia,") wtdch lasted ten jearai
The Titana were finally deteited and hurled down to
TaitaruB by the thunderbolt* of Jove.

S« Vincii, "Xmii," book il jSn.

TlUta, te-tl'rl, (LASin^n Doi Sahtos,) a Braail-

«a«uo. ne emeiea toe army 01 maepeoaence m »u,
and afterward* aerved in the regular army. HepnUiahed
eight volume* of poema, a " Hiatory of the Grand lib-
erating Army," " The Braiilian Aadltor," (s vol*.,) etc.
Died at Rio da Janeiro In 1861.
nta-Idvo, the French for Lm, (whidi aee.}
nte, (WtLUAM,) an Engliah arcfaitact, bom in Lon-
don about 180a. Hia principal work ia the Royal Ei-
tpleted In "" " ' '

change (rf London, c

1 1844. He w

__ ._ a Fellow of the Royal Sodety, and

of the Institute of Britiah ArcUteda. Died in 1S73.

TithoiL See TiTHONUt.

Tl-tho'ira*, [Gr. Tifci*6c; Fr. TrraoM, te'tAH'.] a
mythical penonue, a *on of lAomedon, waa beloved by
Aurora, (Eos.) The poeta feigned that ihe obtdned far
him the privilege of immortality, but not eternal youth,
" - ' '- -'-■ --a. Hewai the

t he became a decte{Ht tdd a
eputcd father of Memnon.

a 1538, was dlatii^iaiahed b<^ a

"ij .. .
irchitecL Died in 1603.

Tltl, cU, (TiBiKio,) a painter, bom at Florence in
IJtS, waa a son of the preceding. Died in 1637.

ntlAH, tiah'Mn, (It. Tiziano, tti-ae.|'no ; Fr. tx
TrriEN, l(h te'se^' ; Get. Tihan, tit-se-ln',] or, more
fblly, Tlsiano VmaIUo, (vi-chel'le-o,) the greateal

Siinter of the Venetian school, waa born at Capo del
adore, in Venetia, in 1477. He atodied for a short
time with Sebastiano Zuccati, and afterwards became
a papil of Giovanni BellinL He waa intimate with
Giorgione, his fellow-popil, to whose example or Influ-
ence some critics ascribe the hct that Titian acquired
a bolder and more vigorooa style than that of Bellini
and other Venetian painter*. In 1513 he was em-
pli^d by the Venetian govammeat to paint the hall
of the grand conndl, in which he represented the
" Homage of Frederick Barbarossa to the Pope."
About 1514 be waa invited to Ferrara by Alphonso L,
'le painted a beautiful oil-picture of ** Bacchat

ind Ariadne,'" and another of a

e ah owing

tara be formed a friendship with the poet Ariosto, whose
portrait he painted. Having returned to Venice, he
painted in i;i6ace1ebT;ited pictiueof the " Assumption
of the Vir|;in," which is one of his best works, and is
now in the Academy of Venice. He married about
15x4, and had several children. He produced about
1538 an admirable pictvire of "The Death of Saint
Peter." "Titian's power," say* Ruskin, "culminates
in the ' Assumption,' the ' Peter Martyr,' and tbo ' Pre-
sentation of the Virgin.' " About 1510 he was invited
to Bologna by Charles v., and painted* portrait of that
emperoi, whom (according to some accounts) he accom-
panied to Spain in 1533. He visited Rome in 1S45,
painted an excellent portrait of Paul IIL, and returned
10 Venice in 1546. Titian received the title of Count-
PaUtine from Charles V. He painted for Philip IL of
Spain a number of works, among which are "The Last
Sapper" and a "Sleeping Venus." His subjects were
mostly religious. As a portrait-painter he has never
been surpassed. In the opinion of many critics, he was
the greatest colorist that ever lived. He alio excelled
in ludscape, " All landscape grandeur," says Raskin,

IS r/Tvs

"TaiUtbe* before that of Titian and Tbitoret ; utd lUt
is true of whatever these two giant* touched. . . . The
religion of Titian u like that of Shakspeare,— occolt
behind his magnificent equity. . . . The Venetian mind,
and Titian's especially, aa the central me of it. wa*
wholly realiit, univeraal, and manly." (" Modern fmtt-
ers.") He refosed the invitations of several sorerdgn*
who wished to attract him to their court*, and prefarred
to reside at Venice. Among hi* intimate fritmds wore
Ketro Aretino, and S*iisa*tno the architect. He con*
tinned to p^nt until he w«* oinety-dght year* old ; bat
Ua last work* *r« not eqnal to IhcM of U* prime. He
died at Venke In Angoat, 157&

Sh TAaAU, " U'l** oTUm Prinln:" Kmoui; "PiiUfl Vt-
DUi:" LAn^^Hkuavaf PuDtbtialtilr;" Tiasn. "ViuM
KllafiTM*%" iBit; SotnaxfTm, "Lifc rfTltan." > nk., iSjo,
■ Botia oCniu, bv Casmun. b laHu, 1S331 Hat. Jamook
"M—afcs rfbririMUaa Painlair Zomhaiulu, "Hops A

Tltt«i,Le. SeeTrriAK.

TlUiu, tit'ae-to, (Gottucb GnHAao,) a Genma
jnriat, bwn at Noridhanaen in 1661, wrote on the pnbUe
law of Germany. Died in 1714.

Tlbnanh. See Thaockrat.

Titan da TlU«t, te'tAii' du leW, (Bvuasd,) a
French UtUmtntr, bom in Pari* in 1677. He serred In
the army, aitd became commiBsaTy of war. Hepro}ected
or deeded a monament to Lout* XIV. and the great
men Mid* rdgn. Thi* monument, whid he called tb*
Fkench Famaasns, represented a moontaiii, on the ■am-
mit of which Louis XtV. sat in (he form of ApoUo. He
conld not raise the funda reqniiite to ezocute It on a
grand scale, but be published a "Desoription of Ae
French Pantaaso*," ("Description dn Para**** Fran-
cal*," 1717.) Died in 1761.

ntiliiSb, tifslno, (Isaac) a Dutch diplomadst ud
writer, bom at Amsterdam In 1740. Having entered
the East Indiu serrice, he was sent aa supercargo to
japan fa 177a He «a* appointed in 1794. by the B»-
tarian govemment, arobaaaador to Peking. He died In
1811, Maving several valuable work* in mantuctipt;
■moi^ the*e we may name "Memoln and Anecdote*
of the Reigning Dynaaty of the Djogonn*, Sovereign*
of Japan," etc., pnHlehed in French br Abel Rtoosat

Tlttmiuin, tif mln, (Fkikdkich Wilhuji,) a Ger-
man historical writer, bom at Wittenbei^ in 178^ He
published, besides other works, a treatise "On Know-
ledge and Art in History," (tSiy,) "Expomtion of the
Greek Con»titutiona,"(i8ai,)" History of HentT the lUu*.
triou*," (1 vols., r845,) and " Life and Matter,'' (•' Leben
and StoS;" 1S5;.} Died at Dresden, May 33, 1864-

Tlttmnnu, (Jokanh Auovst Hxinuch,{ an eminent
Protestant theologian, bom at Langensatza, in Germany,
in 1773. He studied at Leipsic^ where he became firat
professor of theol^ in iStS. He published a "Mannal
of Homiletic*," " ffiicyclopsedia erf Theological Sdence,"
(1798,) "Theodea, a Conversation on Belief in God,"
(1799,) "Pragmatic History of Theology and Reli|^n
in the Protestant Church during the Second Half ofthe
Eighteenth Century," (1805. unfinished,) "On Super-
naturaliitn, Rationalism, and Atheism," (1816,) and
other standard works of the kind. He also prepared
editions of the Greek New Testament and the " libri
Symbolfd," and a Latin treatise "On the Synonyms
of the New Testamen - — •■ " -

bom at Wittenbe^ in 1775. He studied at Leipslc

and Gdttingen, and rose to distinction as a jurist He
published a "Manual of the Science of Criminal Law,"
etc, (1807,) and other similar works. Died in iSu

m'tim, [Gr. Ti«r; Fr. TrrE, ttt,] a disdple of Saint
Paul, who was converted by him to Christianity, and
subsequently accompanied him to Corfath, Ephesna, and

Sm Saiht Paul, " EpiKla to Tltu."

n'tUB, [Fr. Tm, lit; It, Tiro, tee'lo,] or, more
fully. Tl'ttia rU'vI-a* V»»-pa-el-5'nii«, Emperor of
Rome, bom in 40 A.D., was the son of Vespasian, and
was educated at the court of Nero. He early diatra-
gnishcd himself by his military talents In Bntam and
Germany, and assisted hU bther in qaelling an insurrec-
rion of the Jews. (67 A.D.1 After the death of VitelUna,

u J; 9 as 1; t hard; ^ as /; o, H, n,gi4tttiral; if, ttasal; h, irilltd; I as i;

in thit. (S^^See EiplanatioAa, p. ay>

Digitized by VjOOQIC

p_BenK)i

laid ■lege to Jeruiutem, which wai taken by stonn in 70
A.l>. On the death of Veipuian, in 79 A.D., Tito* be-
came emperor, and, by the wisdom and benienity of
hii rale, acquired Ihe dection and reverence of hit iob-
lecti, who gave him the name of " The love and delight
of the haman race." Under hif reign a great part of
Rome wu deitroyed 1^ a oonSagration, which waa fol-
lowed br tbe plagoe, of whidi many thonaanda periahed
iiStj. He competed the Flavian Amphitheatre, (Cc
loMeonL) which bad been commenced br hia Euher. ]._
!• atMed that at the end of « day in whkb be had pet-
Ibnned do act of beneficence, be exclaimed, " Hy friendly
I have loat a day 1" Died in gi A.D.

Saa SinmHiu^ "Titni;" Taotvi, "HuUht:" Ubuvaix
"HiilOfTOf th« Rnnuia under tfa* Kmpirt;" Tiluhoht, "Hb-
Mlradca Bmpnwui;" J. H, ^OM, "I>i>Hrtiuio dtTito tmpmr
ton," 1761: Rolljur), "Hman du Empemin V<«|iuieB tt
Tito," iljo; "NoanllaKoinphiaGfainl*."

Tit^y-na, [Gt. Trnor; Ft. Tim, te'te'^l a giant of
daaaic mycology, waa called a aon of Terra, or of
inpiter and Elara. Having oflered violence to tatona,
be wa« killed by Apollo and Diuu, and caat down to
Tartams. According to Virgil, hia body extended over
nine acret of ground. (See " ^neid," book tl 595.)

Tlzlar, (John.) See Ravhius Textoi.

TULan or TU^no, See TrriAN.

Tokldo, to-U'do^ (GiUSKPPB,) an Italian geographer,
' « probseor of phyelcal

Dmonka."

IT VIceniB in 1719, bi

geography and aitronomy at Ttdiu in 176a. Am
ma prmdpal worka are a "TrealiM on Gnomoni
"Heteorwogical Eaaay on the True Influence of
Stan," (1770,) and ^Compendium of Spheiica
Get^raphy," (1773.) Died in 1798.

ShTImldi^ "Bio^albdi^ laliaid Hhwtii."

Tobar, de^ di to-baa', (Alfohio Miodxl,} a Span*
iah painter, bora near Araceiu in 1678, produced good
coma of Home worka of Horillo. Died In 175&

TobleawL See Ditbt.

Totiiii, (Gaoaax,) an En{di*b admiral, born at Salla-
bory In 1768, aerved acaliwt tbe French fo the campaigna
of 178a and 1S04. Died in 1838.

ToUn, (John,) an Engliah draoiatitL bom at Salia-
bory ia 1770, waa the aatbor of teveral comedies, one
of which, entitled "The HoMymoon," obtained great
popalariqr. Died in l804.

S« "Hntdn of Jotn Tobia," b* Mns Bamo, itai;
•UobiMt Rnin" tat ifar, ilv.

Totd«r, to'bter, (Titd^) a SwIm traveller and HI-
tifotmr, bom at Stein in 1806, Tilled Paleitiiw, and
published, a^ hia Tetura, " Topography of Jemaalero
and ita Environs," (1853.) Died Janoary 21, 1S77.

VoohoD d'AnnMy, to'ehin' <Qbi'ae', (Joseph Fkan-
COts,) > French namiematiat, bom near Annecy In 1773.
Among bl« works ia " Researches on the Medal* of tbe
Nome* or Prefectures of Egypt," (i8ix) Died in 1830.

looqttA, tolck', (Lonis,) a French portrait-painter.

He passed a year in the United State*, returned home,
resigned hia office in 1833, and published in 1835 tbe fiisl
volume of bis work *■ On Democracy in Amenca," (" De
' "' — alie en AmAique," 4 vols., 1S35-40.) the snc-
Ich wa* prodigious. Royer-Collard affirmed
Hontetqulen nothing comparable to it '—■'
De Tocqueville predicted the progress
nee of democracy m the world, altEoogl:

ceM of which
that since
appeared,
predominance
- 1 predllecii

married an English lady, named Mar; Mottley, about
183s, became a member of tbe Academy of Moral and
Political Sciences in 1838, and wa* elected to the Cham-
ber of Depode* In 1839. In 1841 he waa admitted into
tbe French Academv. He was elected in 1S4S to the
Cofutitnent Assembly, in which he supported the canae ,

16 TODHUNTBR

ol order, and be Toied for Cavdgnac in the eleeilee ct
president He was minister of foreign a&ira fron \mt
a to October 31, 1849, and wa* driven from the pibfc
service by the utif J'Mtt of December 3, 1851. In iM
he published "Tlie Old R^me and the Revolntkn,'
(" L'anden R^lme et la Revolution,") a work of ud
merit. Died at Cannes in April, 1854 ComiKatinita
hi* " Democracy in America," the " Edinburgh Ren*'
of April, 1861, aaya, "Far Iron having sidered fm
the lapse of a quarter of a centarf, it ha* ganed ii
authority and interest, from the ineanauMible oepd^ it
unflinching truth, and tbe extiaordinar; fcresight wiiid
are it* characteristic*."

VooqtMVlUeh de^ (Huivt Loi;ii Fkam^u Joan
Clbrel,) Coittk, a French peer and hiatorical vrito,
bom in 1773, waa the &ther of the preceding. Hewn
prefect <a the department* of Moselle, Somme, tat
Seine-et-Oise between 1S16 and 1837. He wrote, Ik-
tides other works, a " Philosophic Histnr of tbe Bjirt
of Louis XV.," (3 vols., 184&) Died in tSjS.

Tod, (ELi,i M.D., an American jAynician, ban u
New Haven, Connecticut, about 17&8, wa* ooc olthe
founder* of the Inaane Retreat at Harclbrd, ol which bt
became president. Died in 1833.

Tod, ([ientenant-Colonel Jaues,) an iT-nglijh ofictr,

bom in 1783, entered the East India service, and m
wpcdnted in 1817 polit' ....

of "Travels fai Wester

Rajattban." Died in 1835.

Todd, (David,) astronoma, bom at Lake SUp,
N. v., in 1S55. He hat been on nomenmi aitnxcimal
expeditions and professor of astronomy and navigitioa it
Amheist College since [881. He basmittea "ANn
Astronomy," "Staw and Telescopes," etc — Mami
Loouis Todd, bis wife, baa accompsnied on edipie ex-
peditions, and has written "Total Edipsesof theSm."
and other worlu.

Todd, (Rev. HBmiT John,) *_

and writer, bom ia 1763, studied at Hertford C .,
Oxford, and rose through several prefermeola to tc
Archdeacon of Cleveland in 1833. He pnblitbed 1
"life of Archbiahop Cranmer," (1831,) "Ifenuai </
the life and Writinga of the Right Reverend Briv
Walton," etc.; he also edited Milton's "Poems," unl
"The Woifcs of Edmund Spenter." Died in 1S45.

Todd, (Rev. HuOH,} an English writer, bom in Cn-
berland in i6j8, lived at Carliale. Died in 173&,

Todd, (Jauu Hcntuoknb,) a clergyman and u-
tiquarj, bom in Dublin, Ireland, in 1805. He becana
profeasor of Hebrew in the University of DuUin, md
published several works on theology, etc Died in 1869,

Todd, (John,) D.D., an American Congregalioail
divine, bora at Rutland, Vermont, in iSoo^ semcd a
1S43 a* pastor at Pittefield, Haatachuaetti. He va
one of the founders of the Mount Holyoke Female Sob'
narv. Among hia works we may name " Lectura n
Children," (1834,) also translated into several langmgHi
"The Student's Manual," (1835,) which hid a —

■ale both in America and Eorope, and m
translated into French, "The Bible Companton,'"'Tbi
Sabbath -School Teacher," (1836,) and " "The Lort Sim
ofWyoming," (1841.) Dim] August 34, 1S73.

Todd, (RoBBRT Bektliv,) aphywdan aiulwritan
physiology, a brother of James H. Todd, noticed abrnt,
wa* bora about iSia He graduated at Oafbid, lod
subsequently settled in London. He became asaodw
editor of the "Cydopxdia of Anatomy and FhysJolo^
■1 1S36, and published, among other works, a tieatae
On the Anatomy of the Brain, Smnal Cord, and Gmk
glions," (1845.] and " Physiological Anatomy and Vij-
siolo^ of Man," {a vols., 1845-S&) ^^ *** <q^>i<™
ph^ician to King's College Hospital. Died b tS6a

TodBiliil, to-di-ree'nee, (GiAHBATnsrA,) an Ilslni
writer, bom at Venice in 1738, published a work "On
Turkish literatore," (3 vols., 1787.) Died in I7»

Todlmii-tfr, (Isaac,) an Engliah ti^^t^frmririjn, bni
:Ryeinl83a He wu educated at Universi^C>llc(«
London, and at Saint John'a CoUe^ Cambridge, wMit
he graduated a* seiuor wrangler m 1S48, becaiiuii| >
Fellow of hi* college. He wrote treatise* (m"Difa-

i,I^^B,^^'<*V'''l>^^**'"^''**Pr°'<>"S'<Ii'^<!|'Aii,t'^«rt;ht,i.«<'A»><r';(lr,flll,lltimet;nh;gAd;niA>i

Digitized by VjOOQ I C

TODHUNTER 13

tail*l CalCDlw^'' " AiwlTticd SttfiM," " Integral C*kii<
IMi" " ALnbra," " TrigODaawtr;," " ffiitorr of the Cal-
colM of Vtiiatkm*," ud nnniBroa* other
works. Died March 3, 1S84.

Todhantei, (John,) a British author, bom at
Dubiio in 1839. He graduated in medicine at Trinity
College, practised until 1874, and then devoted him-
lelf to literature in London. His works consist of
poems, piays, etc., among his plays being "The
Poison Flower," (1891,) "The Black Cat," (1893,)
and "A Comedy of Sighs," (1894.)

Todlsbui, tStOi'b^, (Fkahcu Eowasd,) a Rnaaian
pneral and engineer, of Gennan extraction, bom at
HitaukiSiS. HeMTredwithdiatiDctionintheCnmeaD
war of 1854, and waa aJterwardi created general of en^-
neeri. In 1878 he waa appointed commander-in-chief
ef the RuHian army before Cooituitinople. Died in

To«pfir. See TOftki.

ToqflBT. See TOptrb.

To'go, {HnRACtiiKo,) Aduikal Count, bom :
goma, Japan, in 1S47. As a naval officer in 1894 he
aunk a Chinese transport before war was declared. He
was commander-in-chief of the Japanese fleet in the
Itasjian war of 1904-05, blockaded Fort Arthur andin
May, 1905, utterly vanquished a powerful Russian Seet.
He isranked among the world's great naval commanders.

TOKral, lo-grT', or To^lral, a celebrated Perdan
poet, bom at up^an about 1060. He liecame vider to
Huood, Sullan of Hoiul, and, after the defeat of that
prince by hit brother Mahmood in 1130 A.IV, was taken
prisoner and put to diath. Hii principal work i* an
elegiac poem, entitled "Lamiato rAjam," which haa
MMed throuEh several edition! and been translated into
Latin, English, French, and Gennan.

eonaueted Fema br Tictorie* over the Saltan Haonood
•nd his son Masooa. Died about 1065.

Toi^nl n, the laat Saltan of the Seljookide dynasty,
b^nn to reign in 1176 ; died in 1194.

Togrnl-BaK {or -B*e.) See Tookul.

Tcdiwrdor'XboTIuml.twI'nfa', (NiCOLU,)a Frencfa
onniiBiiuitist, bora at Orient hi 1629; died In 1706.

ttAnm, do, dfh twl'rl', (Jcan ds Salnt-Bonaet—
dfh slMtx/nft',) SstONiua, * French general, bom in
I^nguedoc in 1585. He fought aninat the Haguenott,
and in 161; took the Isle of Rh?, which he (ufendeo
against the English Dnke of Buckingham in 1617. For
Iiu defence of Casal he was reward»l with the rank of
marshal of France in 163a He waa killed at a aiege tn
the Uilanese in 163&

TSkely, tonOlT lEmfnic,) a Hnngarlan patriot,
bom in 1656. Having taken np arms against the Aos*
triao government, he solicited aid from t^ Saltan Ma-
homet IV., who in l6Sa declared him King of Hnngary.
After waging war man; years, with varying auccess, he
was compelled to take refuge in Turkey, where he died
in 1705-

Toktunlah-Aglen, tok'tl-mish Ig^en, a warlike

1383, and took Moscow. Soon after this

involved in a war with Tamerlane, who defeated and

deposed him about I39e. Died in 1406.

To'lfnd, (John,) a drisdcal and controversial writer,
bom near Londondenr, fa) Ireland, in 1669. He studied
■t the Universities of Glasgow and Edinburgh, and lub-
wquently at Leyden, where he became scqaainled with
Lcibniti. His first pnblicatioa, entitled ^Chrittianit*
aot Mnterlons,'' {1696)) earned a great •eusaiion and
gave nse to a protracted controversy. He afterwards
pndoced "A Life of MUtOD," (169S,) "Sodnianism
Truly SUted," {170S.) and other works. Toland was
a pedantic and meditxTe writer. Died in 1733.

TOLUVS

p-e,|A

Toldy, toi'de, (almost tol],) (F. &,) a Hnn^atiM
critic and writer, bora at Buda in iSos- He ptibli^e^
other works, a " History of the Hungsrian Lan-
d Literature," (3 vols., 1851-5$.) He was pro-
medidne at Pesth, 1838-44. Died in iStS-

Sige and Literature," (3 vols., 1851-55.)
sor of medidne at Pesth, 1838-44. Died in 1S7S-
Tolodo, de, di to-li'DO, {Lat. Tolb'tus ; Fr. Toi.

toli',] (Fkancisco,) a learned Spanish cardinal, bom

KIpit orattff. He wrote ■ work on Casnistty, (1603.)
ed at Rome in IS96.

ToladOk te (PcDKO,) a Spanish ststesnan, bom neu
Salamanca in 1484, was a son of Frederick of Toledo^
Dnke of Alba. He obtained the title of Marqait of
Villafranca lirom bis marriage with a lady of that^ionsa.
Hv was palronited by the eraperor CharlesV., who
— '-ited bin- ' "'

of Naples and adomed it with spletidid edifices.

St* Gunnin, " Storia aril* d*I Rjuw & Nipoli 1" BoTra,

'Suiiid'Ililii.''

Toledo, da, (Rodrioo,) [LaL Rodkki'cus Toixta'*
HOs,] a distinguished prelate and historian, btMrn ia
Navarre about 1170, was originally named Rodkioo
XlUBNBS. He became Bishop of Sigaenza in iio^
and subsequently Archbishop of Toleoo. He was the
suthor of a History of Spsin, (" Reram in Hispsnia
Gcstarum Chronicon," 1 545,) and History of the Westem
Arabs, {"Hiatoria Arabum," 1603,) bou of which are
highly esteemed.

Tol^r, (John,) Earl of Norbury, bora in the coontr
f Tippenuy, Ireland, in 174$. He waa soccetsivel*
appointed solid tor-general, (1739,) attortkey-general.

I1798,) and chief justice of the common olcas, (iSoo.)
He sfierwards received the title of Earl of Norbnry and
Viscount Glandine. He enjoyed a high reputation as a
jurist, but he was atill more celebrated for his toillisnt

Tolat or Toletoa. See Tolbdo, di, (FKANCtacoL)
Tolstauna. See Tolxdo, di, (Rodkigo.)
TSUwo or Toelken, tSI'kfn, (Gsnst Huhuck,) a

. in the University of Berlin in iSaj, snd
director of the cabinet of antiques in 1833. Died 1S64.
ToU, tol, (KuL,) Count, s Russian general, bom
near Hapaal, Esthonia, in 1778, aerved ag^nst the
French in tu campaign of laia, and subsequently b
the Turkish war of iSm. Died in 1842.

TollUU, tOllflW, (HtHDRIK COKNSLUZOON,) a dia-

tinguished Dutch poet, bom at Rotterdam in 1780^ Hia
poem "On the Death of Egmont and Hoom" <l8o6)
obtained a prize from the Sodcty for the Promotion of
National Rwtry, and was fallowed by a collection of

a which became widely popular and are esteemed
ter-pieoea of their kind by his countrymeik Among
prindpal we may name the " Patriotic War-Songs,''
("Vaderlandisch Krijgslied," 1815,) "The Call to
Anns," (" Wapenkreet,") and "The Wintering of the
Hollanders in Nova Zembla." In 1850 the King of
Holland bestowed upon him the order of the Dutch
lion. Died in 1856.

3« \jf»afK.ism. " Foala uhI PsHiir ef Koniia ;" Vut Kicl>>
SToarr. " H. ToUeu, biocnphiidu SchM> n Pmn <B Kritilna
~~ ii)Ei4 I>khtimtn ;*' " Fnstf** UigulBft'* far December, iS~ '

Folla^ (EuuBETH,) an r
bom in 1694, was a &iend ol
in 1754

Her nephew, Georob Tolltt, wrote notes on Shah-
tpeare. Died In 1779.

Tolllna, tolte-Bs, (Coknkui.) a Dutch phOolo^
born at Utrecht about 1630, waa a pupil of Vossios, ana
afterwards his private secretary. He published edition*
of several of the clasdcs. EHed about 1651.

ToUlna, (HnUAHN,) a Dutch pUlolosist, bom at
Breda tn 174X He became profcMor of Greek at Ley*
den, where he died in 1833.

Xolllna, (Jacob,) brother of Coraelia, noticed above,

«aa*;caarflan<;tss/;a,ii,K,/MM«ni;;it,fanwf;K,»r((W;lass,-»hasini!f*r. (|^SeeExplanationa.p.s3.]

Digitized by VjOOQIC

TOLMACH 13

mi born it Utrecht kbont 163a He itadM ander
Vowini, ind became profeMOi ttl hUtory and eloqoence
It Doiibarg {111679. Me was the author of eereral phj-
lolMJcal and identific treatises. Died in 169&

^Imaoh. See Tauiagk, (Tkowai.)

Tolomal, to-to-mi'ee, or Tolommal, jCiAtroiO,) an
Italian icholaT and diplomatiit, born at Sienna in 1491.
He waa Mnt in 1553 on a million to tbe French court,
on which occasion he delirered an eloqaent oration in
the presence of HeniylL He waithe aathor of sCTeral
poemi and orationi, and a collection of letten which
rank anions the best compoaitiODt of the kind in the
lanEuage. Died in ISS4-

Tolomat, (GiovANMi Battiita,) a learned Italian
cardinal, bom at Florence In 16S3. He wai emptojed
fay Clement XL in importvit aSurt. Died in lyM.

Tolomeo, the Italian of Prouucy, which te«.

Tolommel. See Tolouel

Tolstoi See Ostirmann-Tolstol

TOl'stol, (Alexis,) Count, a Rusiiin aathor, bom
Septemtier 5, 1817. Hii iragediea " Ivan the Terrible,"
" Ciar Feodor," and " Ciar Boris" form a trilogr. He
was also noted (01 his novels and poeros. Died 1875.

Tolatol, tol'stoi, (Feodor Petrovitch,) a Rus-
sian sculptor, bom al St. Petersburg in 17S3, became
professor of sculpture in the Academy of (hat city.

Tolstoi, (Leo Nikouvibvitch,) Count, an emi-
Dem Russian authoi and reformer, was bom at Yfsnaya
Poliina, August zE, 183S. He studied at Moscow and
Kaian, joined the army, and was present at tbe storm-
ing of Sebastopol in 1855. He Dad already become
well known be a poet and novelist, and, leaving the
army, travelled in Gennany and Italy. He married in
1863, and afterwards lived on his estate near Moscow.
After the Crimean war he published several works on
military and other subjecti, becoming famous by
hu graphic "War and Peace," (lS6l-^,) and his
notable novel of social relations, " Anna Karenina,"
(1875-78.) He subsequently devoted himself to the
reform of lodal and irtdastri^ conditioni, threw aside
the distinctions of rank, and lived and labored like a
peasant, devoting himself 10 good works. He wrote
uumerous other works, dealing with industrial, social,
and sexual relations, and advocating what seemed a
morbid asceticism, in which, however, the world gave
him tbe highest credit for sincerity and altruistic de-
votion. In 1910 he left home, designing toendhif dayi
in ascetic seclusion, bat fell ill through eipomiretotevere
weather, and died Noveniber 30.

VoJnm'id-ni, (Las,) waa King of the Veientee In
08 B.C, and penoaded the people of Fidcnae to kill fow
RoDUUt ambMaadon. He wai killed in single combat
by Comelina Cosaua,

TonaaoalU. See Boniface IX.

TomsHhak, to'ml-skCk', (Wenzbl Tosbp,) a Ger-
man mnsician and composer, bom in Bohemia in 1774 ;
died io i8sa

Tomasalll, to-ml-tellee, (Giuseppe,) an Italian natn-
ralilt, bom near Verona in 1733 ; died in 1818.

Tmsastnt Io-mi4ee'nee, or Tommaslnl, tom-mS-
ke«'nee, (Jacopo Fiuppo,) an Italian antiquary and
priett, bom at Padua in i<97. Me published, besides
other world, a " Ufe of Uvy," (1630,) 1 " Ufe of Pe-
trarch," (" Petratcha Redivivus," 103;,) and "Eulogies
of ninstrious Men," (i vida., 1630-^44.) Died in 1654.

Totoek, lo'miV, (WXciAW WuuJiwoj,) a Boberaiao
(Ciech) historian, born al Kiiniggratz, May 3r, iSlS. In
1850 he became a professor in the Prague UoiTenity.
He published various works, including hiatoriei of Bo-
hemia and of Auitria, which have been traiulated into
German.

Xomllos, (Gbokob,) an English prelate, bom in
Soffiilk in 1750, was origmally named Pkktvman, but
■stumed that of Tomline in compliance with the wiihe*
of a gentleman who left him a large fortune. He studied
at Pembroke Halt, Cambridge, was elected Fellow o(
&« college in 1773, and subsequently became '

secretary. He waa made Kihop of Lincdn asd Dea
of Saint Paol'i in 17S7, and in 183a Biahop of Wis-
clieiler. He waa the Mthor of " The Elenients of Chris-
tian Theology," (1799,) a " Life of the Right HonODtaMt
William mtt," (i8ai,) a "Refiitation of CalTiiiiHM,'aad
a number of aermona. Died in 1837.

Tomllni, (Elizabeth Sophia,) an En^ish writer,
born in London in 176S, published a nnmbcr of paema.

The Victim of Fancy," and other norela. and aadt
several tranalations from tbe French. Died in tSoS.

Tomlln-STO, (Chakles,) F.R.5., an English aathoi,
bom in London, November 37, iSoS. His bihex was*
common soldier. The younger Tomlinson was dtiefa
self-educated, and became an iastnictai in King^ Cet-
inmeroaa works are " Nu-
RDdimentary Mechanitt,*'
Chest," (tS45,> " IlltMtntiosi

(18*0,)"
of Usefh
Storm,"!
"On the!
"Inferno,

. .- . 538.)

Amosement* in C

Faefiil Arts," (in several terlet,) '" The Tbonde*-

- - -J9,) "The Dew-Drop and the Hist,'' (iWoJ

wet," (1874,) a rhymed tTMMlatioa of Dante')

1877,) "Original and Translated Somten,*

Diedini897. Hiawife, (diedin 1S7Z,) whese

maiden name was WiNUSOK, was author of several booki.

TomllnBon, (EvkKett Titswokth,) anthcn-, bon

Shiloh, New Jersey, in 1859. bas written nmrnenai

and other stories for bc^

tom-ml-U'ow (NiCCOlA) a

considerable time at Venice. After dw re^oliias
[S48 he wa* appointed nioister of iitslrsctiaa sod
religioos sffiurs. Afker Venice had aatrendeFsd to te
Anstrians in 1849, he took tefiige in Corfib H« nb-
lished a treatise "On Education," (1834,) "New Dk-
tionaiTofSTnonyms,"(i83SJ "Critical Stadiea,"fiStt)
a " History of France In the Sixteenth Centwy.*' csda

!..—_;,_. --itled "The Duke of Atheu,'

- ., . 74-
'L tom-ml'tee, (Giu>e
Italian cardinal, bom In Sklly in 1649, m
ol a noitaber of valiuble works illustrating ecdesaasticil
hiitOTTandantiqaitiesuid tbe ceremomcs of tbeRasua
ChurdL Died in 1713.

Sh BsBom, "Via M CvAhIs TaasH^' 1719; Dmhu,
"IttliaSaaa."

ilnL See ToMAsnn.
10, the Itdian of Thomai, nhkh see.
. ._ 10 d' Aquino. See Aqoimas, (Thoiuu.)
Tomoml ImtKnra, to-tn9'nee ee-wl-koo'ii, «
timkara Tomoml, a Japanese staMSBUiv hen M
Kioto, of a noble ^mily, lo iSsf. He was » priadpsl
leader in the revolution of 1868, m which tbe sbcgvsMi
was ovetthrowiL He beianie foreign minister in iSn,
was chief ambassador to tbe United States and Ow
European powers, 1871-n, and waa afterwards jmnoi
prime minister. Died at Tokio, July 30, iSSi.
TomoiJ, to'iDo-re, (Fr. TOHoKtx, lo'mo'rj

it the Turks, and was killed at

LM Lewis II, againi
ittle of Mohics, in ^ .

Tomp'klnl, (Daniel D.,) an / .

bom in Westchester county. New York, in 1774. He
represented the dty of New York in Omgreas m 1804,
was elected Governor of the State in iS^, cootiaBac
in that office till 1817, when he was chosen Vice-Pn«-
denl of the United States. He vns re-elected Viet-
PreddenI in i&io. While GoveriMir of New York, hs
was instrumental in having slavery sbidithed in IbaC
State, and gave an effident aupport to the war waged
against England. Died in New York in June, 183J.

Tom'j^-rls (Gr. Tofaipii] waa Queen of the Hasss-
getae (S^thians) when Cyrus the Great invaded ScythHL
According to Herodotus, she defeated him in baule is

Tondl, ton'dee, (MattkOiI sn Italian mineialogiM
and geologist, bom xt San Seveto in 1763, pnbliaSrd
several works. Died about 1S37.
TondiL See Lbbeun, (Pieeu Himbi Maetk.)
TSne^ (Theobald Wolfe,] an Iriah politici;

i,^I.S,Q>I,/mv,'^t, 6, same, less prolonged; i,e,I,0,u,)!,iAiirr,'ht,i,9,<iAim»v,-llr,flll, At;iiiltjDA<igAd;in

db, Google

COUNT TOLSTOI.

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

db,Google

ral Hoche. TUi Beet having been ecatteced b; ■ horri-
cane, TiKie pude aaolber attempt with a eoull aimamcnt,
bat be was taken prietuker in an enngentent with the
Englkh, tried, ukl wmdemned to dnUL He Gommitted
mcide in priaon, (IT9B>)

Toil'l>f,(ClIA>U>mE. Bbowm,) an Eaglbh author-
esB, known under the ntm dt fAmu of Chaklottx
Eloabkiii, wm born In Norwich in 1791. She was
married about 1840 to a Mr. Tonna, who wa« her tecond
hoaband. She wrote nnoieroaa work*, uaonK which

AittA-n&H' and poet, bom at Towa in 1831 ; died fai 185S.
Ton'aon, Jacob,) an Engliab pabHabcr, born fa
on about 1656. H« pgbliihed tne worka of Dtyden

md other eminent aothon. In aeveral lettera to Toraon,
Drrden com]dain* that be (Tonaoa) aent bin braa* iMl-
Ungi and clipped orina. Died In 1736.

Tonatnll, pronomced and aometln)ea written Ton'-
•^11, (CnraBBtT,) a learned Engliah prelate and atatei-
man, bom in Yorlcahite about 1475. He finiahed hia
atudie* at Fadtn^ and in 1516 wat aent on a mteaion to
the King of Spain, afterward* the emperor Charle* V.
He became Bnhop of London in 1511, in the following
Kar was made lord priry aeal, and in 1530 Biahop of
bnrham. Under the reign of Edward VL he wai
deprived of hia office and imprisoned In the Tower on 1
charge of bToaring an inaarjection. On the accession ol
Uarybe waa testOKd to hia biabopric, (I553i) but, having
refoaed to take the oath of an|»'emac; ^r Elizabeth
wa« proclaimed queen, he was a^n deprived. He died
in 1559, leaving aeveral tlieological and adentilic works,
which were hi^jr esteemed in hia time. He was con-

st* WooOk " AthdUi OBHunac" " Bwcnplui Britannka."
Tontl, ton'tea, (LoKaNZO^) an Italian banker, who

aettled in France, and originated Tontinca, or loans

raised on life-annuities, about 1653.

His son served under La Salle, who, in 16S0, ordered

him to build a fort on the Illinoia River, He afterward*

descended the Miaaiasippi in search of La Salle. Died

TookOt tSbk, (Ahdrxw,) an English

' 1 London in 1673. He was master

the Cbarter-House School, and publisbed a "S^mopsic
of the Greek Language," {"Synopai* Gt9BC« Lingus.")
Diet" in 1731.

Took*, (John Hokni,) a celebrated English philolo-
gist and po^ilidaI^ twm in London in June, t73a> waa a
Bon of John Home. He studied at Cambridge, where
he took hia depee as B.A. in 1758, and, to please his
btber, was ordained a priest ; but be preferred the pro-
fession of the law. He became an active jralitid an, an
opponent ut the ministry, and a friend of John Wilkes.
Having txcn adopted by William Tooke, of Purley, aa
his heir, he Bsaumed ihe nanie of Tooke. He ititdied
law, and applied about 1779 for admtaafon to the bar,
but was rejected because he had been a priest. Before
this event he had been fined ;£'3O0 and imprisoned one
year for libel. Hia offence consisted In Baying that cer-
tain Americans were "murdered" by the king's tioopa
at Lenngton. His reputation is founded chiefly on hia
'"Kma UTtpetvra; or. Diversions of Purley," (1786,)
which treats of iangui^, and display* noch acutenes*
and oiiginality of thought and presents many good
ideas. He waa tried in 1794 on a charge of treason,
made an able speech in bis own defeliA, and was
acquitted. In 1801 he wa* returned to Parliament for
Ola Sanun. K«d in iSia. He waa distinguished' for
his conversational powers.

_•• W. HAKitroK, "Lift of J. Hunx Tooke;" "Memoii

Iplui HorMTool.e,"l>Tj- A. CaAHAM, ir - ""

Tookn" br Ai.«*iioaa Snrtoii, "
fci AuKUt, li^ umI April,' 1840; '

, . " Bbdnrooil'i wigun*'
OBIU/ R«inr" t« Juwn

>9 TOPELiaS

Took*, {Thomas,) a eon of Rev. William, noticed
below, published in 183S a " History of Prices aikd of
the State of the Circulation from 1793 to 1837." aBc^ ia
a vols., to which were subsequenUy added tour nwra
volume*. Died in 1858.

Tooke, (Rev. William,) an English divine, bom at
Islington in 1744, became minister (rf the English church
at CronsladL He was appointed in 1774 chaplaid la
Ihe factory of the Russia Company at Saint Peterabotj^
He published a "Lift of Catherine IL," (3 vol*,, 1797,)
" History of Russia from the Foundation of the Emiute
to the Accesaiou of Catherine IL," " Varieties of Lite*
ratDre," and other works, and translated ZoUikofbr'B
" Sermons" from the German. Died in 1810

Tooke, (William,) F.RS., younger son of the pre-
ceding, was bom at Saint PetcrsbuT|; in 1777. He waa
one of the founders of the Society for tbe Diffiraion of
Useful Xiiowledge. He edited the poetical works of
Churchill, and poblithed "The Hooarchy of Frauat
ita RiMi, Progresa, and FaU," (1855.) DiediniSiSj.

Tool*, toi^ (JouM LAWkUtCK,) an Engibb comedian^
boni in Liond<Ki, Hatch 11, i83Ch He went apon tho
London atage in iSsb, and soon won recognition aa an
actof of great and venalile powen. After 1 8S0 ha was
a successnil theatrical manager. Died in 1906,

Too]oonorTiilfbl,too'mn'.or,more fully, Ahmed
Urn Tooloon, iH'med !b'n toolOOn', the founder of
the dynasty of Tooloonites, was born in 835. He had
been made Governor of Egypt in S73, and ruled tlie
country with great ability, when an attempt waa made
to dispossess him ; on which he raised an army, defeated
the troops sent against him by Ihe Caliph of Bagdld,
and declared himself independenL He died about 883.
The dynasty which he founded lasted till 905, when t^
caliph AI-MooktaTee reduced Egypt and put to death
'ic last of tbe Tooloonite princes.

Toombi, (Robert,) an American politician, l>om in
Wilkes county, Georgia, in iSio. He waa elected li

party in

Taigenar, written also Torgenevr, [Alexandek
IvANOVlTCH,) a Russian historian, born in 1784. Havii^
visited Englaind and various parts of Europe in search
of docnmenta, he published in 1841 Us " Historical
Monuments of Russia" (in Latin.) Died in 1845.

Toorgenef or TnrgealeS| (Ivan,) a Russian poet
_ld novelist of high reputation, was born at Orel in 1818.
He began his literary career in 1843 with a poem, "Pa-
rascha," but his Ersi important work was " The Memoira
of a Sportsman," (iSjl,) a collection of skelche* de-
scribing the evils of serfdom. He also wrote numerous
short stories, poems, and dramatic sketches, besides the
following novels, which constitute his highest title ta
fame ; " Dimitri Roudine," (1854.) " A Neat of Noble-
men," (called " Liza" in the American lianslalion, 1859,)
"On the Eve, or Helene," (1S60.) "Fatheraand Sons,''
(i86i,) "Smoke," (1867.) "Spring Floods," (187J.) and
"Virgin Soil," (1877.) He died September 3, 1883.

Toorgnue^ Turgenei; or Turgenevr, (Nikolai
IvANOViTCH,) a brother of the preceding, was bom la
179a He was an earnest advocate of the abolition of
serfdom, and, having been connected with the secret soci-
eties which favoured that reform, he waa, in iSaj, con-
demned to death during his absence on his travels. He
'ok up hia residence in Paris, where he published "Ia

ussie el les Russes," (1S47.) Died in 1S71.

Topal-Osmftn, to'pll os-min', an able Turkish gen-
Bral and sutesman. He became grand vizier in I73l,uid
defeated Nldir Shah on the Tigria in July, 1733. He
waa killed, in- balUe bj tbe Penan* in the same year.

TopeUtia, M-pl'le-A*. (Zachakim,) a Finnish author,
of Swedish descent and langui^e, was bom at Koddmii^
Finland, January 14. 1818. He was (1S54-78) profeaBOi
of Rnasian and Scandinavian history in the Uuiveraity
of Helaingfors. He wrote a series 01 novels illustratinc

i;|Airi/.'ga*/,-G,H,K,^KAkmi;;M.fMfri/,'a,M2&d';«as3;MasinMu. (I^-Sce Explanations, p. 13.)

Digitized ayCjOOQiC

of poemi and "TalM toe Cbildnn. wUch are mil of
patitottc and reU^ou feeling Died March 13, 1898.

Topet*, to-pi'tl, (TVAN,) a Spanith admiral, bean In
1811. H« JMned In the inaiUTection againtt Isabella id
September, 1S6S, and was minitter of the marliie in
186& 1870^ and 1874.

TOplkr or To«pMr, tSp'V, (Ka&l,} a Gennan drama-
tiat, bom at Berlin in 1791; pnbliihed leveral popolar
comediea, amoi^ which we mayname "The Kinra Com-
mand" and ■* Hennann and Doiodiea.'* Died W 1871.

TCpOte or TottpOn, iSp'tp-i (RvDOLnt,) a Gene-
TCte artiit and writer of rare genitis, waa born in 1799.
Among hi* Grit publication* waa hia "Vofagea en
Zigxa^" a aerie* of bnmoron* sketcbea, which atttaded
ceneral admiration. The*e were followed by the " Prea-
bytire," (1S39.) "GencTeae Talea," ("Nonvelle* G^ne-
voiaee," 1841,] and "Rosa et Gertnide." (1840 all of
which were receired with great &*oar. HU oner prin-
d|nl work* are the comic aketchea entitled "H. Vienz-
Boi*" and " Reflection* <m Art" The former appeared
in the United State* in 1843, under the title of" Adven-
tnrea of Hr. Obadiah Oldback," etc. Died in 1S46.

Ib« "LMds Affl'

la PlanDi" "Nownll* Kgcnpbi* GtUnU;"
lor Saptmber, tUj: "Atb^ Uonlhlr" b

ToptnoJisbnin, to'pe'no' Ifh-brliir', (Funcou
Tkah BAFTIsrB,) a French painter, bom at Harseitles
m 1769, wa* a republican and a liiend of Ceracchi the
acDiptoT. He wa* accoaed of conapiririg with Ceracdil

Trinity Collie, Dublin,
Henbury, Deronshlre. He waa the author of sereral
controrenial worka, and of a number of beantifiil and
popnUr hymn*. Died in 1778.
i. . —--^^ (NiCCOLf ■

it 1603, pnbli
lA Neapolitan literatnre, (1678.) Died in iSSi.

Itoraniu m Toranlna. See RupiRua.

Tortdda^tDi'be-do, or Turbldo, tooa'be-do, (Fkan-
Cltco,) called II Hoko^ a akflfiil Italian painter, bom
at Verona about I joa He painted freicos and poitraitt,
tMed about 1581.

ToiHifr^ (Alfkio T.,) an American general, bom
In Delaware, graduated at West Point In 1855. He
aerred ai an officer at the battle of Antietam, Sep-
tember 17, 1863, and at Oetiytburg, JoIt a-^, itAj, and
commanded a dirition of the army of Creneral Sheridan
at Opequan Cceek, September 19, and Cedar Creeic
October 19, 1864- At the end of 1864 he waa chief of
cavalry in ^e Middle military division. He reigned in
October, 1S66. Drowned at lea, Auguat aS, iS£l

(Pbtbr,) a celebrated admiral in the Daniah aervtce,
bom at Drontbeim, in Norway, in 1691, wa* orl^nallj
named Wissu. A* Commander of a privateer m the

war with Sweden, he captnred ni —

veaacia, and waa made lieutenant in
the rank of commodore in 1715 for bi* fcrvice* In de-
■troying a nnrober of Swedish ahlpi on the coatt of
Norway, In 1716 be won a signal victory over the
Swedes, under Admiral WachtmetBter, for which the
king bellowed upon him a sold medal. He was aooa
after ennobled by Frederick IV., with the name of Tor-
denaklold, ("Sliield againat Thunder,") and in 1717
captured the fortified town of Harttrand. After the
DMce of Frederickaberg he *i*iCed Germany, and wm
killed in a duel at Hanover, (1710 or 1711.)

Sh Rorna, "TordmUiU'a Ur cf Land." 1 nla, ■r4r-|*l
Thhdt, "P. TorduaMolfrU* <« L«dm," tld; Ben. •>.

TarimiiiiM,- OcTiMT^ NenaUS Bic«n|iU* C&Mi.-

TMdMlllaa. See HuBUA Y Toumoui.
TeralU, to-rcltce, (GnraKm,) an emiMat Italian

iftmUir ami m«tk*i^.tif<fi., \inrti at Vmwm in iy«i. Ha

Studied at Padua, where he becaaie thoroughly vened
"- ''- '~it Iwgnuea. He nbaequenll* prepared

an edition of a

e work* of Ardumedea, (both in

Toralll, {Lat TAtnts'ua^] (Lsuc^) aa Italian joiia
and statesman, bom at Fano m 1489, aetUed at Florence
about 1518, and became podcali of that dty. Ue wa*
appointed chancellor and chief •ecrelaty to Coaima inf
Hedid about i;46. He puUisbed an excellent editiee
of the important Florentine maaoicript* of the Pandedi,
(3 vols, fal., 1553.) Died in iSTfi,

Sm Mamwi, " Viu IS L. TordU." in«

Xtntill, (PoMPONio,) Count of Honte-Chiamgid^
an Italian poet, bom at Painu in 1539. He wtM
truediea, etc. Died in 1608.

TorafiOb to-itn'va, (Dos Josi Maua Qunro m
Llano Run db Sasavia,) a Spaniah *tate*man and
hittoriao, bom at Oviedo in 1786. He todi an actha
part in the iaanrrectioD against the French in 1808, and
m 1810 waa dwaen a member of the Coitea. After lb*
return of Ferdinand VIL, in 1814, he 4eft Spain, a^
maided many yeara in France, En^and, and Germaay.
On the death of Ferdinand be ret^ned to Madrid, and
wa* appcnntad miniater of finance in 1834, and in iBjJ
aucceeded Maitinei de la Rosa aa miniater of foreip
abiia and (Huaident of thecoundL He wa* compelled
on acooont of hi* moderate policy, to remgn the *aine
year; and be lived *ub*eqnenUy in Pari* *nd Londoo.
lie wa* the author of a " Hiatory of the In*urreaiML
War, and Revolution of Spain," {5 vols., 1835.) Died
in 1843.

Sm L. n« LwAn^ "H. TmooL par h Haone da Kiea,'
iIm; "Nearalla fiiofrapU* Ofalnta.*'

Toranvhit; to'r^-rit', (Taoob,) a Dutch painlat,
bom at Leyden in 1631. His works are ctdedy hit>
torieal piece* and portrait*. Died in 1719.

Torfwia. See TORpXua.

ToittoB, Torteiu, tor-fl'Aa, or TorTss-an, (Fr.
TokfIb, toR'ff ,[ (Thormodr,] an Icelandic (cholar and
antiquary, bom in 1740. He studied at Copenhagen,
and in i683 became royal hiitoriorrapher. He wa*
the author of a " History of Norway, (m Latin, 4 vida.,
1711,) "Hiatory of the Orkney blands," (" Hiatocia
Rerum Orcadenaium," 1715,) ' Seriea Dynastamm el
Regum Dania," etc, and other work* on ScandinaviaB
hiatory. Hla Latin atvle Is KmarkaUe for It* elegattoa,
and lu* writing* exhibit great learning and it ae arch.
IMed in 1719.

Sh J. BaKmaH. "T. TeHum

Toitta. SeeToarXna.

TorfMes. See TobvAus.

Toriblo, to-ree'se-o, (Alvdnso HongrOT«lo— maB>
gBo-vt'Ho,) a Spanish prelate, bom near ValladoKd h
1538. He became Archbishop of lima in 1580. Died
b 16015.

Sai PmaiA " Tid> da Don Toribio," iCu.

TotlUo d» Benuveato, to-re'se-o dk Bi-nl-vftn^
a Spaniah miasionaiy of the sixteenth ccntmy, resided
many yeara in Mexico, and waa guardian of a convent at
Tetcuco. He wrote a history of New Spain, wliidi li
atitl in manuacript.

Saa PaaKDTT. '^^rtaj of «• CaaqoM U Kasfae.- *^ I.

ToilnilB, to-rea'nA*, (ALBAtm,) a Swia* pbyaidan,
originally named Auan TKOKBB, bom in the canton of
Znnch in 1489, became profesaor of practical medidne
at Bile. He trmnalated a number of Greek medical
work* into Latin, and publiahed editions of aeveral LAtia
treatiaea on meafidne. Died in 1550.

Torlonla, toR-lo'ne.^ (Albssahcko,) Duke at Ctat
and Harquia of Roma- Vecchia, an opulent Italian Inaker,
wa* bMn in 180a He eqwoded hi* fbrtone liberally
in works of art and fin* boitdlng*, and apwot om
|£yOOO,ooo in draining Lake Fndno. Died in 1886.

Torlonla, {Giotanmi,) a distingnnbed Italian banker,
bom in 1754, in indigent drcnmatancea, wa* the bUta
of the precelinK. He acquired a large fortune by hi*
enterprise and financial talent, and waa ennobled, with
the titie of Duke of BiacciacM. Ued in 1S19.

XWnba^ toBn'blB^ (Cabl JoRak,) a Swediih OiV
about 1844. He wrote n

_.-Bn'b8Bfc(C .,-.

mtallat, bom at linUMag In 1807,

OrieatallangvBgeant Lund about iL^

00 Arafatc literalwe and antiqnitlei. Died Sept. 6, 1877.

I, •, I, «, Ik f ./*V''I^ ^ ^ ume, lea* prolonged; I, e, I, «, 0, y, Msrf; *,«, 1, ft A(w>; fir Oil, aii mk; nOt; K«bdi ■

Sicred and Probiw, from

Christ," (" Annidw noi et profani," etc, a volt., l6ia)

Died in 1611.

Fnnd* meta. He pablilhed a treatise on spherical
tiwonometrjr, and other works. Died in 1633.

ToiqoatOM. See HAKUin.

Torqmmada, toK-U-ml'Dl, a Spaniih monk of ths
sUteenib centui7, was the author of a hutorj of Hedco^
entitled " MonaKhIa Indiana," pnbllahed at Seville in
161$ and at Madrid in 1713.

S« ?inac(RT, "HtMerjof ttHCgaqaM <if Unfeo,- loL I
ttukL

Torqn«iaAd«, [Lat. TutucuMAtA,) Uvan,) ■
Spanish theologian, born M Valladidid in 138& He
became a cardinal in 1439, and wrote serersi work*.
Died in 1468.

Totqneoutda, da, dk toR-kl-ml'Dl (Touas,) a Span-
ish Dominican monk, in&moni for his cmeltj, was bom
In 1430. He was nude first Inqniiitor-General in 1483,
and he It said in sixteen jeara to hare condemned
ninety thoMand persons to perpetDsl Imprisonment,
and more than eight thoosanil to be bnrned. Died Id
149&

Sh PmcOTT. " HiiUrr of Farfnud and iBbatla," ToL L pari
•.; Luiuim. "Rlnoln i* rinqaiihin i'TUptfat-^' I(a»ah4,
"BiiioriaitaK^xai:" "NaaT^ Bbunphii Gfa^nla."

Torra, tor'ri, {Flahinich) an Italian painter and en-
paver, bom at Bologna in 1631, waa a pnpil of Gnido
Reni. Died in 1661.

Torre, del, del tor*!*, (Fiuwo,) a learned Italian
antiqnary, bom in FHali in 1657, waa made Bishop of
Adria by Pope Clement XL He was the anthor of
•ereral antiquarian worlca, the moat important of which
It entitled "Monaraents of Andenl Antiom," ("Monn-
menta veieris AniiL'^ Died in 1717.

Sh Facctolat), "Via £ P. Turri," ififi Hicttuw, "M*-

pfay and mathematics at Veidce and other Italian dtiei.
Hepnblished a " Coarse of Phy^cs," (Latin and Italian,)
"The History and Phenomena of VetOTint Explained,"
(1755,) and other scientific works. He alto made great
ImproTenienta in the microecope. He wss a correspond-
ing member of the Royal Society of London and of
other learned institutions. Died in 1781.

Ton-a, dell«, (Tacoto,) or Jaoopo da Forll, sn
iMlian medical wnter, bom at Porll: died in 1414.

Torramtuxa, do, dll toK-ri-moot'sl, (Gabkiel Lwq-
BtDotto Caatallo— Un-cfaU-lot'to klt-tello,) Pkinck,
an ItaliaJi namismatlst, bom at Palermo in 1737. He
pnblithed teveral antiquarian treatise*. Died in 1793.

Tor'rfO^ (Sir Hknkt,) a diatinpiithed Irish oncer,
bom at Londonderry ini77a Having previoosly lerved
m the West Indict and Holland, he accompanied Sir
Arthnr Welletley to Portn^ as his secretary. He
waa made ad)utant.gener>l in 189O1. IKed Augott 33,
ibS.

Totrotia, (Robbrt,) F.R.S., H.P., an economiil
and writer, bora in Ireland in t^Ba He inpported the
Reform bill of 1S31, and wrote aeveral worka on trade
and political economy. DieA in 1864.

Tbireni^ (Wiluau Toutzm HACcuLUu)if,)an Irish
anthoT, t>om near Dublin In 1S13. He graduated at
Trinity College, Dublin, in 1834, was called to the
bar in 1836, entered Farliament in 1865, and beoune
wiilely itnown at an advanced Liberal He published
*■ Lectnres on tbe Study of History," " Life of R. L. ^^ „_ „„„_.,„
Sbiel,'' " Life of Sir J. Onham^" " Indattrisl History of | broken in [rfeoes

-tee'ntk*, a German grammaruu^
whoee proper Dame waa Hskmanm von BkIk, waa bora
at Zwoile about I4«x He wroto^'ElDddaniit Carminmh
et Historiarum." USi^) Died about tjaa

Toi-rantJ-tu, ''-•"-'
tterdam in 1589;

'ti-na, (LjKVinus,) a Flemish scholar

ptdaie, ormnaliy named Van deb Bkkbk, w
GhentiDi53S. ''- "- ' '■ ■

Ghent ID 1535. He became Bishop of Antwicrp, and aol^
Bsqaendy was appoiotad Archbishop of HecUin, (inc.)
He died the same year. He was tbe author of LMOa
poems of great elegance, and commentariw 00 several
Latin dasSci, and was diatingoished for Ua knowlo^
of Romsn antionltiet.

Tmtm, lor'rfa, (DoHiNOOf Haxiwiano,) a Portn-
gnate poet, bom aboot i7Sa

Toirea-CalMdo, tor're* Icl-e-at'do, (Joat HAUi,) m
, >et, bom St Bogoti, United Sutei of Colombia, Harch
30,1830. For many yean he was employed in tbe di^o-
d was, when st home, engsged in jovr-

".elision, Poetry, and

il Estays on Embient

— , .- — - - said to have

one of the best painters of nit time. Died in ijy>.

ToTTM MahaiTO. See Nahaibo.

Tor'ray, (Giokgx Burroughs,) painter, born st
New York in 1863. He bat ninted portraits of Presi-
dents Roosevelt and TsA, of Prince Hemy of I^us^,
and other notables.

'a*''*7> (JOBIf,) M.D., LL.D., an eminent Amcriaa
botanist, born in New York in 1798. He puUithad
In 1819 a catalogae of the plants in the neighbourhood
of New York, which waa aucceeded in 1834 bv the first
volmBB of Us *■ Flora of the Northern United States."

, ,-„- . -- -^pointed

In 1837 professor of dtamistry and botany in tiM Colkf*
of Physidans and Surgeons, New York. He slso pre-
pared the botanical reports of the natural hittoty survey
0ftIieStateorNewYork,(i844.) Died March lo^ 1873.

ToirloelU, t«r-re-*el1ee or tor-ra-chainee, (Evahc*-
USTA,) an eminent Italian natural philosopher, bom at
Pianoildoli, inthe Rom^na, in 1608. He studied matlia-
matics a( Rome under Benedetto Cattelli, diacoverad
tbe law which regulalet Che ttowing of water out of an
orifice of 1 vessel, and wrote a treatise on Motion. Thla
comraended him to the hvour of Galileo, who Invited
him to Florence. Torricetli went thither in 1641, and
remained with Galileo until the death of the tatter. Ha
waa appointed profeuor of maihematics at Florence bf
the grand duke Ferdinand. He discovered s method of
ascertsining the area of a cydoid. Hit chief titla to
celebrity It the discovery of the Torricellian vacunm and
the invention of the barometer, which occurred in 164^
He filled with mercury aglast tube about three feet long,
dosed at one end, and inserted the open end in a qnan-
dty of mercury. He thus found that a vacanm waa
formed at the upper end of the tnbe, and that tbe column
of mercury tupported by the pressure of the atmoepbere
remained about twenty-nine or thirty inches high. Ha
pBbllahed "Opera Geometrica," <i644.) Died at Flor-
ence In October, 1&47.

Sh FASaoHi, "Vila lulantia dactriu ncaDwiiiius ;" Tiaa-
^KHi, "SlaiiUiaLMIwuitnlMliuui" " MobhU* Bwi|>b

It of Michael Angela^ of lAom he was ao
be once asssulted bim violently, dltfi^ring
life. He afterwards resided tor a ume in

fellow-student of Michsel And
lesions that b
bis bee for U

England, where he was patronised by Henry VIIL, and

executed the tooab of Henry VIL in Westminster Abbey.

■ Having returned to Spain in 1519,

)d^l

kbytlie Inquisition for iuvinf
of the Virgin whidi be baa

eati; {asi,- %iarJ; iiMi;a,fl,x,giaiKrai; v.mual; \,trilUd: lass; thatinlllit. [|^^Sec Explanations, p. s:

db,Google

pagei of CharlM IV. He lerred in the campiigni of
tS^ and iSii, and, haiine been made Capttln-General
of Valencia, cUadn^uisbed himadf bf hia leal In tbe
eanse of the contutntion. After the captore of Cadiz
h the French, he left Spain, b»t returned in 1830, aoon
after wluch he mi betrajred, with fifty of hU companion*,
IntD the hands of hii enemiei, and they were all abot,
bf order of King Ferdinand VIL, in iSii.

TM'rillS-t9i^ (AiTHCK HkkskktJ Eau. or, an
Engliab adiaira], waa a brotlier of Chief- juitice Herbert.
He waa diimitaed Irom all bis platea oj Jame* IL in
1687, becaoae be would not vote for the rroeal of the
Teat Act He commanded tbe Dtitd) fleet M tbe Prince
at Orange daring hi* Toram from Holland to Tocbajr,
(t6SSJ and wai appointed firat lord of the adndnltr %
WUIIam IIL " He was utterly Ineflkknt," ana Mac*
aalay. In 1690 he was remored from tliat oAce, and
obtained commsnd of the Beet He was defeated b; lite
French at Beachy Head, In Inoe, 169a Hia coadnct In
that battle waa to disgraceful that he wa* disrolsaed 6«fa
tlie sertlce^ Died April 13, 1716.

Torrlngton, Viecookt. See Bnio, (GiOKac.)

TomelUno. See TuMuxiNtn;

Toratenaoii, toi'stf n-aon, or Voimtsnaaoii, (Lin-
NART,) Count of Ortila, a Swedish commander, bom at
Toistena in 1603. He accompanied GnstiTiia Adolphoa
to Germany In 1630, and after hia death lerved under
Ban^ in variooa campiignt of the Thirty Veart' war.
He waa app<dnted to the chief command of tbe army in
Germany in 1641, and in Hay, 1643, gained a victory
over the Impeml ttoopa at Sniweldnitt, which wa* fol-
lowed by other aucceuea. He defeated tlie ImperlaJiBti
at Jankowiti in Febniary, 1645. Having resigned his
command in 1646, he was created a count by Queen
Christina, and obtained other distinctions. Died in 1651.

SecGirin. "HiitoitEdE SaUti" CAnntosH, "Aremlnix B^sr

UTonunuoi," IT**; " Nou«U* "- •■-- >•'-■-'- ■■■ "- '• —

rSK - ' Lib of Tenuiwan. "

" On the Power of Lettera," (" De PolesMte lite-
laram.") Died about 146&

ToitelUnB. See Toitblll

TOrtl, toB'tee, (Francesco,) an Italian physician, bom
at Hddena In ifijS, became protestor of medicine at
Ifddena about 16&L He composed several oratoHoa to
hia youth. Hia chief work i* a Treatite on Pemicioa*
Fewra, entitled " Tberapeutice spedalis ad Febrei qnas-
dam pemiciosss,'' etc., (i 709,) which was highly esteemed.
He died in 1741.

S« Wcnunu. "lib rfTonL"

ToiT. to're', (Geoftroi,) a French engraver and
printer, bom at Bourse* about 14S0. He learned Greek
and Latin, ettabllBhed himself *a a printer in Paris, and
translated several classical works. He also illustrated
nnmerosa books with engravinn. Died in ijjj.

ToaoueUa, dl, de tos-ki-nel'll, (Orauo,) sn ItaUan
writer, bom in the Papal States about 1510; died about
IS80.

Toaoanelll, tos-ki-nellee, (Paolo del Pazz4} an
Italian astronomer, bom at Florence in 1397. He formed
a project to shorten the route to China liy navigatii^
westward, and wrote a letter to Columbnaon this subject
about 1474. He constructed a gnomon on the cathedra]
of Florence. Died in 1481.

ToBobt, toelcee, (Dowknioo,) an Italian Jurist and
cardinal, bom near Reggio in 1535; ^*^ '" '^*'-

Toaobi, (Paovo,) a celebrated Italian engraver, bom

at Parma I -" "- -..—.--- -v. .-j ,

Pine Arts

n.TSS,

dve atf.
nay be named his print* after
WlaSr--"— -'•" — "-

Among his best work*
T Correggio's "Madonna
la Scodella," and the " Venu* and Aooni*" of Albana
Died in 1854-

Toaettl, to-sef tee, ajRiANO,) sn Italian phlloaopber,
bom at Floieuce ; died in 1768.
l,i,1,^t,%l*tig;i,i,i.nnit,]eMpio\oogeA; i,e,lfi,a,y,f^wt,-t,4,i,9,(iA[fj(rr;flr,(lll,at;mlt;nAtigHd;«

Toa'tl or TOfl'U^ Earl of Nortbumberlaiid, wsi ■
brother of King Harold II In 1066 Toad and tW
Kins of Norway inraded England, and were defeated
by Harold. Tosti was kilted m this battle, SepKubat,
loM.

TofI4^ King of the Oatrogoths, b^an to reign h

SI A.DL He invaded Italy and captured Rome in J4&
er B.li*ariii* had made an eHbrt to raise the u^e of
that capital He was defeated In Tuscany by the an^
of Justmian,ar.derNaraea,andw** killed in the retreit

iban or TodUbwi, tik^'bfn, (GoTTun Hsn-

Jbtlab4

'lin in 176^ aitd committed
peat oraeltiea on the Prusdana. Died m 1773.
SbtaMH, Earl of. See Carew, (Giorce.)
Tot^ da, dffa tot, (Franco^) Baron, a French
officer, of HuMarian extraction, bom b 1733, held aa
office in tbe I^nch embassy at Constantmople. He
wa* appointed, alter his return, cotuul to the Crimea
(■767.) He sutMequently resided many yean in Turkey,
where he e&cted great ImprovemenU In the artille^
and military fortification*. He wa* tbe anlhw 01
" Memrar* of the Turk* and Tartar*," (17S4,) whiil
obtained great popularity and wa* IraiwIaMd into
•everal languages. Died in 1793.

S« th* " MoBlhlT Rni*w" let tifiltabtt and OcMbv, lA-

Toftfn, (Gkirob Mvirson,) sn American avD ea-
l^neer, bom at New Haven, Coiuwclicut, In 1809. He
wa* appdnted engineer-in-cluef of the Panama Railrod
In 1849. DiediniSS4.

Tottail,(JoiiruG[LBRRT,) an American officer, bora
at New Ibven, Connecticut, in 17S8, acived in the war
of tSiS, and rose to be lieutcnant-coloncL He wis
made colonel and chief engineer In 1838. and in th*
latter capacity accompanied the army to Heijco in 1S47,
where he was soon sfter appointed a twindier-generaL
He wrote a "Report on the Subject of National De-
fence." Died in 1S64.

Tottenhnm, tot't^n-fm, (Edward,) an English
divine and controversialist, bom in iSlO; died in 185^

Tano«y, tfiVic, (Isaac,) an American Democranc
politidan, bora in Connecticnt in 1798. He waa dioaen
Governor of Connecticut in 1846, became attorn^

Serai of the United State* in June. 1848, and wa* a
lator of the United Statea from 1851 to 1S57- la
March, 1857, be wa* appmnted aecretaiy of the nary;
He ha* betm Mcn*ed of di*per*ing the navy to reaiote
parte of the globe In i860, with a design to bronr th*
movement* of the ditonionista. Died m 1869.

TODohardr-Lafonaa, too'shb.' Iffoss',' (G.,) a me-
diocre French writer, bom in 1780^ pnbliabed man;
historical work* and novel*. Died in 1847.

Tonoha-TrdrlUe. See La TotK»>.

Tongard, too'dlR', ^tRAwE FKANgon,) a WxtaA
writer on law ana horticulture, bom at Havre in 17S11
died at Rouen, March i, iS6ol

TonlUec, tool^', (Charlu BoHAVDrromK MamimJ
a distingnithed French jaritt, bom about 176a He be-
came prolcssor of law at Rennes, and {rabluhed an im-
portant work entitled "The French Civil Law according
to the Order of the Code Napolfon," (14 vols., i8it-3L)
Died in 1835.

Sf -plasrubit UBbeneO*," (am ailitkiBO C Fabuok
" £af da Tndliw," iSjS.

Tonlmlo, (Cahella.) See Crosuhd, (Mu.)

Tonlnin, tooi'mht, (JomuA,) an Ei^ish Unitarte
divine, bom in London in 1740, became one of the pa*
tora of the congregation at Birmingham. He wa* tha
author of "Hem<nn of Socinus," JilTJ,) "Review of
the Lile, Character, and Writing* of John Biddle,'
(1789,) and other works. Died In 1815.

Sm dH •■ llcBlUr R*T>n» hr DMnba, 1S1&.

TonloDgtton, da, d«h too^tf^AH', (FRAiigoa
EUANVKL,) VitootniT, a French hislotian, bom ts
Franche-Comt^ In 1748. Having joined Ute popab*
party on the faseaking o« of the Revelation, h« waa a
deputy to the States-General In 1789. " ■-"-■--»

RcTolDtioD Of 17391 (4V0U., iSoi-tot) MBd " ReTolii
tioauy M»nu»l," etc. 1 kico a tnnalidan of Cksu'i
** CoinnienUriet." Died in 1811.

TonlonBA, a«^ dfh toolooi', (Loins Auexamdu de
Botubon— dfli boDR'UN',) Coumt, ■ French admiral,
bom in 1678. mi a >od of Lonii XIV. and Madame
de Montupan. He received command of a fleet, and
cnpoaed with lacceu the Eng^Iah and Dntch fleet! near
Malaga In 1704. Died in 1737.

Sh SAiin~Siiioii; " Uimoin,"

Tonpk ti>op,UoHATHAN,) an English dime andacholar,
bom in Coranll in 1713. He atoHied at EMler College,
Oxford, and lubaeqnentl* became a prebendary of Exe-
ter Cathedral Me pubuahed aeveial critical woria of

and BO01LLON.

Tonr, (U la, (Baiixbt,) Coitnt. See La Tods, ton.

Toorgte toor-ihfc', (Albion Wihboak,) an AmerlcaB
Dorellat, bom al WilUanwGeld, Ohio, May a, 183S. He
•mdied at Rochester Unlvertitr, 1S59-61, served in the
Union arm^ in the war of 1861-6J. and then settled as a
lawyer, editor, and farmer at Greensboroogh, North
Carolina. He wa* an active member of the Coottitn-
tional CoDvendon* of 1S68 and iBts, and was one of llie
GommiMion appointed to codify and revise the State Uwa.
He waa lodge of tbe Sunnlot Court ■86&-73. Beddea
his leeal works, Jndoe Toorg^e published " Tomette,"
(i874,T''ngtindThattes,"(iS7g,)"A Fool's Errand,"

griuch attracted much attention,) (1879,) " Bricfa withont
Itaw." {1880,) "Hoi Plowshares," (1883,) and other
novels. He died April 31, 1905.

Tour, 1a. See La Toum.

Tonrette, Lil See Touuktt^ dc la.

TonmefoT^ de, dfh tooa'nfh'fbk' or tootn'foR',
QtMEta PiTroN,) an eminent French botanist, born at
Aii^ in Provence, in 1656. He stui^ed medidne al
HontpelUer, and lubMqnently made tcientiflc eacnrsionB
in S[nin and the Pyreiveei. He wa* appointed in 1683
aiaiitant professor al the Jatdln da Roi, in Paris, where
bia lectnrea won for him a hi^h reputation. He set oat
In 1700 on a journey to Asia Minor, Greece, and the
adjacent countries, accompanied by GundelaheiaMr. On
Ui return to Paris he obtained the chair of medidne
la tbe College of France. He died in 1708. Hi* prin-
dpal works are hi* " Htsloty of Plants in tbe Env&ons
«l Paris," (*■ Hluolre de* Plantes qui naissent am Envi-

1700,) and "Travel* in the Levant," (1 vola., 1717.)

Sh Foiminu^ " Kli«o ;" •■ Biccnnbi* UMiak ;" If auh,
-MiMoin da rAcadlmii im SciacH i'^" Moanlk BwcnpliH

Townily.taoa'nile', {HoMoa^)a French priest and
writer on theology, bom at Antibes in i6j8; diedini7a9.

TonmeiDliw, tooa'nfh'mtn' or tooan'mtn', (RknA
JosapH,) a learned French Jesuit, bom at Renues in
■661, Having previonalj filled various prtdesaorships,
be became in 1701 editor of the " Journal de Trivoui."
Among hit work* we may name " Reflections on Athe-
ism," and an edition of Prideauz's " History of the Jews."
Died In 1739.

S«Nicte<>H,"HliiKHrH:" rBLLaB,"DictiowBinKIuiiriqiH."

Tonmaminft, de, d^ laoK'nfb'mtn', (Chaklu,) a
French painter, bom al Toul<m in 1814; died there,
December 30, 1873.

Toumenr, (Charlu Louu FaANgoK) See Li-
muKNaua.

Toamonr, Ia leh tooK'nOR', (Plutai,) a French
translator, bom at Valognes In 1^36. He produced in
1770 a translation of Young'* " Night Thoughts," which
was praised by Piderot, and commenced a ptoae version
ol Shakspeare** plays, the first volume of which appeared
h 177& The admiration of Shakspeare wUch be ez-
preMed provoked the hoatility of Voltaire. Le Tour-

coondered tbe best in the French Ungiuge. It was

* Habi^ " Conn d* Lin^nl

TonnMa^ La, Ifh tooa'nuh', (Nicolas,) an eloquent
French preacher, bom at Rouen in 1640. He preached
in Paris, was praised by Boileau, and received a pension
from Loais XIV. He wrote several devotional work*.
Died in 1689.

Tonraon. da, dfh tooa'noN', (Chablbs Thoha*
Uaiu-abd,) bom at Turin [n 166S, studied al the CoUesp
of the Propaganda at Rome, and wa* appobted by tb*
pope apostolic vicar in India. In lyoi he went oa ■
mission to China, where tiia indiscreet seat caused him
to be imprisoned b; the emperor in 1707. Died in
prison in 171a

5w Cawiimal PAammi, " Miaom noridw Mia I msiIhh ■
ilona lU Cuiliiial* « Taonn."

Toninon, da, (Fban^i^) a French cardinal and
(talesman, bom at Tonmon in 14S9, waa diatingiiiahed
by tbe fiivonr of Francis L In 1516 he aaaisteif In ne-
gotiating for the deliverance of the king, who had been
made priioner by Charles V., and in 1519 concluded the
peace of Cambray. He was soon after made a cardinal
and Archbishop of Bourgc*. He in* instrumental ii

r&T.

dated with Charlea V , __

was made prime minlater ol state atsout 1543, In which
post he waa conspicuons for his onel parsecutioQ of tba
Protestant*. Died in 156a.

S« Fumr-TkaxAL, "Wiap-i A-r..jiMi ^ y „ - ,^,

Da Ttna. "Uistaia id TauMia;" SAnrta-HABVas^ "OalHc
CbriMiui Nna.-" " Mo««lb Bwcn|^hi■ Otuiala."

Toaraoa, de, {Philippk Camillb Casihik Mabcb-
LIN,) CouHT, a French statesman, bom al Apt in I77S>
He wa* appointed prefect of Rome by Napoleon, and
after the second reetoration became prefect of the
department of the Gitonde. He wrote "Statistical
Studies of Rome," etc., (1831.) Died in 1833.

Tonro, loo'ro, (Judah,) a wealthy and benevolenl
American Jew, bom at Newport, Rhode laland, in 177^
He settled at New Orleaiw, and at hi* death left >8o|ogo
to found an almshouse hi that dty, aa well a* numerona
manificent beqnests for varioes cbarltie* in other dtisa
of the United States, snd lor the relief of the Jew* bi
Palestine Died in 1854.

Tonron, too'rAtt', (Antoini,) a French biographer
and monk, bora near Castrea in 16S6. He wrote, be-
sides other works, in French, a " Life of Thoma* AqW<
naa," (1737,) and a " life of Charles Borruneo," (1701.)
Died in Jjji.

TonrraU; de, dab too'riT or too'rj'y?, (jACQins,) a
French tiahatnir, born al Toulouse in 1656. He trans-
lated some orations of Demosthenes, and was admitted
into the French Academy in 1691- Died In 1715.

Toured too'ri', (Chablbs Giuket,) 1 French min-
ister oi state, born at Montmarault in 179J. He
minister of agriculture from June to December, il
and founded agricultural schools, (ftrma italtt.) '
in i8S7.

Toturette^ de la, d^ It too'rEf, (Uabc Ahtoinb
Louis Claut,) a French naturalist, bora at Lyons
in 1719, wa* a fnend of J. J. Rousseau. He publishet^
besides other works, "Element* of Botany," (3 vols.

Died la 1801.

ToDTTllla, da, deh too»'v*l', (Anne Hiubion d«
Cotenttn— <l9h ko'tAN'tlM',) Coinrr, a celebrated
French admiial, bom at Tourville in 1640. He becama
a captain in 1667, and served with distinction against
the Dutch and Spaniards. In i68a he obtained tbe rank
of lieulenanl. general, and in 16S9 was made a vice-
adniial. "Tourville," says Macaulay, " was the ablest
commander that his country then p ' ~

nber, 1S48,
i».J Died

ijI; {•*«,- Biom'/taa/; a, H,K,/)a»mi/,-H,iMM/; B,/rtA></,'lass,- thasin/Atr. (|^~SeeEzplanatioiM,T^93.)

dbyGoogle

TOVSSAIN

TOWNSEITD

In iGoa h« WW ord^ed, with isitj-baa •faipa, to protect
the mtcent of ui aiTny on England. The Englnh uk)
Dutch fleet! gained a deoiiTe Tictoir otct him at I^

Hogne the aame Tear. 1
~ '- -'— Died In

\ too'dit', PamikiJ ■ French Froteetani
minitter, bora at Hondielliard In 1541. He tao^
IMmcw at OrUana, and afterward! preached at Heioel*
berg, where be alio wae tyofaMor of theclogj. He
•rote aeveral worin. Diea in ttes.

TniiMMln. [LaL TooA'tra^] (Jacquu,] a French
HeUeniit, bmi at Tlojee. He wh appointed proleaaor
9f Greek at the CoU^RojalbyFranda L about ijja.
Among liie pnpila were Tumtbe (Tninebaa) and Henri
Eetiennc. Died in 1U7.

Xonwaliit too'afai', (Anna Luisb Gunin»,) a
Dutch noreliat, born at Alkmaar in iSia. She pnb-
lifhed, beaidei other workt, " Almagio," (1837,) "The
Englbb in Rome," (1840,) and "Laneineaie Honae,"
("Het HoU LMwrneaee," 1S41,) which had a neat
■locBii ; aba a popalar hiitoricBl norel, entitled " Lef-
seeter in Nedetland," (about 1851.) She wae married
to the painter Boeboom in 1851. Died April 13, 16S&

Sm lb* "T hilii RmlMr fee AofDi^ %%^

Tiiiialiil. too'alii', (FaANOMt CiiutTorHi As-
KandO a Prendi acnlptor, bom u Pari* ia iSeC^ «•• a
pa^ of Darid of Angera. Among hk woeka ie "Two
Lidian SUtm bearing a Tccch." Died In 186&

TonaMlnt, (Pkakcou VnKim,) e French writer,
bora in Pari* ibont 171^ He pnUwhed a treadae oa
etbka, entitled'' Lee Uoora par Panage,"{ir4&) Died
in Berlin In 1771.

Tonaulnt Zi'Onvntim, too'alK' loo'*<K'tilK^ a
. eelebiBted negro general and liberator, born near Cap
Franfcria, in ilaTti, in 1743, waa deaoended from an
Afiican prinoe. iQa parenia were both ala*ee and of
pnre oMro blood. He leaned to read end to writ^
and br nk goad coadnet and IntelUgeaoe gained the
coafiilence m Ua aaaater, «dto appointed Urn eteward
df the implementa employed in maldng engar. !■
Aogiw^ 1791, begait a genwal inawrection of the elaTCe
of Hmtl, who maaaacred man; of the whitea. Tona-
iaint, however, waa innocent of theee acta of cmcltr,
and eaTed the Uvea of hie nuatcr'a familj;. After the;
had eacaped from the ialand, Tomaaint joined the arm]"

d the armv
ti eaponaed

receiTcd aid from the EngUth.

The horrible conftMion iriiich prevailed Id the ialand
waa increaaed b; diaienriooi among the whitea and bv
&e interference of the Spaniard*. Tomaaint obtained
^ chief CMnmand (rf dw negroea, and after the Frendi
Convention had deoeed the Hbceatlon of the alavea

eipeld
"Hbei

el dioee invader*. He gained a number of rictoriei.

b energy aitd hie proweaa," aav* Beard, "made him
die idol of bie tniopa. . . . In ua deed* and warlike
achievementa he had equalled the great captain* of
andent and modem time*." He waa appointed ccoi-
mander-in-diief by the French ccmmiiMoner b in6,
and cooGnued a* aoch bj Bonaparte about December.
■T99- He waa regarded a* a general bene&ctor by all
cfaiee* and cotoor*. He reettfed order and proeperlty,
and governed with moderatioii and honuni^. Under
■■- " ............ ^ (brroed, and he

waa elected prceident lor lUe. Taataaioi •eoi thi* con-
atitotion to Bonacnrte foi
bat the French Contnl

outraged. "

le for hi* approbatioD in Jnly, iBoa
unl nclaimed, " He i* a revolted
it punteh ; the honour of France 1*
lavins reaolved to reduce the negroe*
again to elaveiVi BoDapaite aent an (rmy of about
35,000 men, under Ledert^ to aubdue Tomaaint. TUa
amy arrived at Haytl aboat tike end of i8oi> and, though

coorageoutly remed by *" '"* '"' '"■

porta. Retiring - -■ - -

ciero reeonea to negonattoo, ana mered the angq
their liberty. Theee condiliatia were accepted IitTm.
*ain^ rto coadaded a peace and retired tohiatmi.

l.*^^^T,J^;i,t.4,**m^lea.prolongediI,l,I,B.M.'*^;fc*t*'*'««-*"'-*''"*i'^'*'"*^='*'

TotUHnel, Iooc'dCI', ( Althonh,) a Fiendi mtmA
and Joomali*^ bom at Hontienil-Bellay in ilcn, &
pabliahed, beaide* other woika, ** Le Mooide d«OWEiBi

ilhologie passionnelle," {1851,) etc. Died ia iMj.'

To^'er, (Chaklkmagnb.) en American iplo-
, matist, WHS bom at Philadelphia in 1S4S. He b«ciix
actively engaged in iroa-mining and other iuicrtai,
WW appointed United Slatei minitter to Ansuii'Uu-
gai; in 1897, and ambaaaador to Rnsiia in 1899.

TOWfr, (Zbalov* B.,} an American «Denl,lNah
Maaaachnaett* about jSm, eradoated at Wot Fiat ■
1S41. He became • captain about 1855, a brvaiF
general of volunteer* ia 1861, and commanded abtiadi
■t the eecond battle of Bull Run, Angoat 19 lod 34
1861. Died March 21, 1900.

Towlnasld, to-ve-ln'ake*, a Polieh my»&, vko pt»
tended to have divine revelatian*, wn* boni in Litbwaa
about iSoa He anocceeively vieited the pnndpi] din
of Europe, and while in Pari* nude a conTCit (f di
ndhh poet UicUewici, who wrote atteatiee btoow
of hi* docOlnea, entitled " The Official Chnrdi ud U»
aiaid*BL" Bdng *ooik after bardahed ft<nn Fnoc^hi
retired to Switsarland. Died May 13, 187&
: Ti»rift(GBOM» MAXMKACUan Amerie*aaia«
bom at Wa*hingtoo, 0.0, in 184a He gradtUtd ■
Vale CoUwe ini86i, and at the Cembridge Law Sckd
b 1863. He lived b England and Prance a* * Dnd
Statee conaul, iS66-n, and wat afterward* a iaemfci
fai BoetML Hte work* Indnde "<»inmee* of IfiMf,*
(1S6S,) " Henry the Fifth," (1866J "Modem Fimm'
^'Certain Men of Mark," eta Died Augml 10, 189}.

nmi'ln', (Cbamix*,) an En^iah amateet, bm ii
■ahire b 1737, reaided at Rome, where be aadt 1
and choice coUecdoa of etatuary, medal*, (ad Mkd
remab* of attdeat art, which are now b Ibe BriU
Uuaeum and are called the "Townley martte." Ha
ooUection wm pnrchaaed tx twenty-ei^ thoatmd W
hnndted pound*. Died b 1805.

Townlay, (Jauk) an EngUeh divine and dnaUk
writer, bom b Lcmdon b tyic He waa a ftkad gf
Hogarth, whom he aedued b hw " AaalywB ef fi«*^'
He waa the auAor of Ute popuhu hrce of "Mi^ ub
Bdow-Staire," (i759t) and be 1* eaid to have mmM
Garrick b the compceitioQ of hia drama*. Ditd h

Townlay, (Johk,) an undo of Charles, notiml ihMi
waa born b 1697. He teivcd with dietindiM i* '^
French army, and made a good French tranibtin i
"Hudibraa.'f Died b 1781.

Tovrn'Mnd, (Edwaki> Watbrkan,) an Ameri'
can joumalist-auUior, bon at Cleveland, Oliio, >■
1855. He became a joamalist in New York, indima
popular dialect stories of life in the Bowery distiia,
"Oiimmie Fadden," "A Daughter of the Tew
menls," etc. He dramatized several of hit Koriei.

TowD*end, (Euza,) an American writer, tonii
Boston about 1 7SJ, was the author of an admired pom,
entitled "The Incomprehensibility ol God," uidoliu
works. Died in 1854.

Towna«ad, (Gbokgb Alfkbd.) ao America
journalist, was bom at Georgetown, Ddawart, u
1841. He was successively coirespondenl of tbe >'(■
York "Herald" and "World" and the ChiogJ
"Tribune," in which he wrote under the ount "
Gath. He published several books, but became M
known bjr his vivid journalistic wrilings. Hed ISj*

TownMnd. (Josbfh,) an Engliah divine and [*^
dan, bom about 1740, WM chaplab to Lndy HonliBtaa
"The Phyaidan^Vade-Meaun,"r

Digitized

b,Google

" etc, (■ Tou. 4to, 1K1J-15,} wbiob u bigU;

id. and other woiki. DiGdiriiSi&

J, (LUTHEK TRAcy,) D.D., an AmerioD

e, born U Orono, Maine, September 17, 1S38. He
mdoated at Dartmouth College fn 1&59, and at Andover
SeminiTT in 1863. He «aa >d annj-officer, 1S65-64.
He entered the MetbodUl ministry, aod in iS6g waa ap-
pointed ptofesaoi of practical theoloj^ >n Boston Uni-
Teisity. Hii wiilinga include "Credo," "Sword and
Ganneot," "The Arena and the Throne," "Outlines of
TbeologT," and other worka.

Townataend, tSwr/ieiid, (Chaklb,) ^nsconnt Town-
■hend, an Engliih (tateanum, bom m 1676, waa the
■on of Horatio Townahend, the Grit Tiscoant of that
same. He succeeded to the peerage at the death of hit
fttber, about 168& In 1709 he waa sent as ambassador
to the Dutch United Prorincet, and ncROtiated the Bar-
rier treaty. He married a sister of Sir Robert Walpote.
On the acceanon of George I. (1714) he became aecre-
1*17 of etatc and prime miniiter. He and the other
ministera were all Wbigt. Br the intrignca or agency of
Sonderland, he was removed in 1716, and

tca^ped o

of ttate in • new ministry, of whldi Walpole
premier, or &*l lord of the IreMorr. H« lea^nca
m 1730^ In consequence of a qnarrel with Watpolc.

"Towiiahend retired," tan Macaulajr, "and, with
moderation and public apirit, refused to take any part in
p^Mca." (Rerfew of tlie "Ufc of Lord ChathW"}
He died In 173S, leaving the reputation of an honest
atatesman.

Tomialiend, (Charlxs,) a grandson of the pre-
ceding, was bom ID 1715, and was a younger son of ihe
third Viscount Townshend. He entered tbe House of
CoDimona b 1747, and acquired a high reputation as an
orator. He waa appointed treasurer of the chamber in
1756. In politica he waa a Whig. He became aecretarr
at war under Pitt in 1761, and firat lord of trade and
phuitationa hi 1763. He supported the Stamp Act, to
'' '~ia to Ihe American colonies, (1765.) In the

the American colonies, and which provoked them to
revolL "CbarletTownthend," iays Macaulay, "a man
of splendid talents, of lax prindplei, and of boundleai
vanity and presumption, would snomit to no controL . . .
He bad alwan quailed before thejrenius and the lofty
character of Pitt j but, now that ^tt {Lord Chatham]
bad quitted Ihe House ofComrooos and teemed to have
abdicated tbe part of chief minitter, Townthend broke
loose from all restraint" (Essay on the " Earl of Chat-
ham," in tbe "Edinburgh Review" for October, 1S44.)
He died In September, I ^. He had married a daughter
of John, Duke of Argyte,

Townalittnd, (Chauhcet Haki,) an English UoAti-
tmr, bom In 1803, graduated at Cambridge. He pub-
Uahed " Facta in Heuneriani," a subject in which he was
much interested, (1839,) " Sermon* in Sonneta, and other
Poems," (1S51,) etc Died Febmaiy 15, 1S68. Hit
Life wat written t^ Charles Di(±enB.

To^rnabaiid. (Gborgb,) Marquis Townshend, a
British military officer, was bom in 1734. He became
• general, was sent to Canada, and succeeded Wolfe as
commander-in-chief when the latter wat killed, (1759.)
He W3S afterwards emplojed ia Germany and Portugal
Died in 1807.

nhm'apa, (Thomas,) an Engliah theologian, bom
In Eaaex in 1715. He studied at Christ Church College,
Oxford, and rose through various prefiermentt to oe
Archdmon of Richmond in 178a He published several
tbeologiol works, one of which, entitled " Discourses
an the Four Gospels," (177S,) was very favourably re-
ceived, and was (n^sed by Bishop Lowth. The degree
of D.D. was bestowed on the author by the University
of Oxford. Died in 1791.

near Baltimore in 1784. He diitinguithed himtelf t«
a captain in the war of iSia, and was promoted briga-
dier-general in 1834 and major-general in 1849. Died
in 1854-

Toy, (Crawford Howrli^J an American He-
braist, bom at Norfolk, Virginia, March 23, 1836.
He studied at tbe Southern Baptist Theological Semi-
nary 1859-60, WIS ordained a Baptist minister in t86o,
was professor of Greek in Richmond College 1861,
served in Ihe Confederate army 1861-64, held profes-
sorships in Furm an University and the Southern Baptist,
Theological Seminary 1869-79, and in 1880 became
professor of Semitic languages in Harvard University.
His works include " Old Testament Quotations in the
New Testament," "Hisloiy of the Religion of Israel,"

To'aer, (Henry Fanshawr,) a British geogra-
pher, was the author of "The Highlands of Turkey,"
(1869,) "aaasicalGeography," (1877,) "The Islands
of the .^gean," (1890,) "History of Ancient Geog-
raphy," (1897,) etc.

ToBMtU. See Taroioni.

To>xi,-tol'Bee, (Luca,) an Italian physician, bom near
Aversain 163S, succeeded Mai p^hi aa proleaaor alRome
and phytidao to the pope in 1695. Died in 1717.

TrI'be-f, (Qtnimra,) a Roman comic poet, who lived
about 130 B.G Hii works are. loat, except small frag-

Trnoy, (Benjamin Franklin,) an American
statesman, borti at Oswego, New York, in 1830. He
became a brevet brigadier-general in the civil war, was
United States district attorney 1866-73, and judge in
the New York Court of Appeals 1881-83. I" '889
he became secretary o( the navy in President Harri-
son's cabinet. In 1S97 he was defeated as Republican
candidate for mayor of Greater New York.

Ti&OT, (Ukiail) aa American atatesman, bon in
Franklin, Connecticut In 1755. He represented a (Ut-
trict of Connectictit in Coogreu from 1793 to 1796^
and WM elected a Senator oTtbe United Slates by the
l^islature of that Slate in the latter year. He waa
an able speaker, and wa* diitinirniahed lor his wit and
humour. He remained in the Senate until bis death,
which occurred in 1S07.

Tnoy, de^ deh tRTse', (Ai.exandrb CtsAR VjciOK
Ckaklxs I>wtntt---di'tii',) Marquis, a French poli-
tician, biMn In Paris in 1781. He w» a Liberal member
of tbe Chamber of Deputiea from 1817 to 1848, and waa
minister of the marine from Dewmber, 1848, to October.
1849. Died in 1864.

Sh " NognUt Bincnphi* Cfa4nk.~

1791, and
iprisoned for ten months in the reign m terror.
About 1800 he was appointed a member of the senate.
Having acquired distinction by several works on logic,

grammar, etc., be waa admitted

emyini8o8. Hitch

{"Elements d'ld^ologit

o the French Aoid-

losoplvyis

sensationalism of Condfllac
le*. Died in 1836.
3HD:tiIinni, "EihI ds la PhaoHphia bb Fmea;" MicHrr.
"KodcM« Poroahil" "Koonlla Biofr^ilii* Gjn^nla."

TA'af, de, (Sarah Nbwton,) Harquisi, born at
Stockport, in England, in 1789, wa* married in 1816 to
the Marquis de Tracy, noticed above. She died In iSm
leaving "Essaia divers, Lettrea et Pensfe*," (3 vou..
i8S»-SS.)

•h SAUrTB-Bnva. 'Tiimiln da Laail."

Tnid'9«-(NUit, (John,) a dlstinguiahed traveller and
nainralto^ tuppoeed to have been a native of Holland,
settled in England, and became in t6>9 f^rdener to
Charles I. He had previously visited Asia and tbe
shores of tlie Mediterranean, where he made a collection
of planta. Died about 164a His ton, of the same
name, bom in 160S, went on a sdenllGc expedition to

%mk!%»t$:^lkard:f[»*J:a.«,^gtiamal;ii,maial;*,lTilltd;ia»t;A»AVatkU. (|^~See Explanations, p. rjJ

db,Google

THE A DWELL

Titmi'wtiO, (Danikl,) tn Americu mechanldu,
born allpawidti, Uaauchnsetu, In 1791. He becuno
iuodMe ediroi of the " Boeton loutiuil o( FhiloMphj
ud tbe Art*" in iSaa, and in i^ Rumford profeMor
il technolop In U*nwd C(dkg«. He invented n ma-
;hine fix ipiDnlna hemp for cordage, and a canntm called
yj hit name. Dted FebrnaiT 37, 1873.

TrA-bo'Dl-as. (Caioi,) a Raman poliddan, fa
ribane of the people Id 5S ■.<:., and one of Oaaar^ 1
I GauL He m* a pardaan of Caaar in the dvil «

ma elected d^ pnetoi in 4S> and consnl In 45 B.<X He
erf ormed a piamment part in the conspiracy against the
fe of Caesar. lo 43 B.C. he was killed at Sroyms.

Tiftb'f, (Sir GiOMR,] an Engltih JoriaL bom la
levonihire in 1644, ma elected to Pailiament for Plymp-
m in 1678, and anbaeaDentlj rose to be attorney- —
'b1 and cUef Jnatioe of the common pleat in the :

William IIL DiedlniTOi.

TrSd'gSld, fTHOHAa,) an Englith civil engineer, bom

Brandon, in Durham, in 178S. He became a re»'^-—
' London, and publlihed in 1830 "Elementarr '
plea of Carpentry," which b a Talnable work,
rote a nnmber of treatiiei on Joinery, railroad*
eam^engine, etc Died in London In 1839.
TrsdlakorakT, trt-de-i-kov't^ (VAatUt Knui^
TCH,) a Rntaian Itit/ratiKr, bora in 1703, atudied in
iria, and aiker hit retom became aecrelaiTta the Saint
iteraborg Acadentr of Sdencea, (1733.) He traaalated
nlUn'a *■ Aodeitt Hiatory," and pnblitbed nnm«ro«
iginmlpoeoM. Died In 17(9.
Traa, (Kr Hdlbut BnxBOHH, ) actor, bom at LoQ.
m in 1853. He first appeared on the ttage in 1877,
■s manager of the Haymarket Theatre 18S7-96, is
OTrictor and manager of His Majeny't Theatre.
Tre-s«Il«t, (Samuel Pkiduux,) a distinguished
iglish Biblical scholar, bom at Falmouth, Jan. 30, 1813.
lucated a Quaker, he became one of the Plymouth
eibren. He prepared "The Englishman's Greek Con-
rdancc to the New Testament," (1839,) and various
ieiworks,*Ddwro(e"The JanwDitt5,"etc D. 1875
FreillUTd, ttillx', or ^beniMrd, taVb', Qmam
FTisTK,] Coi/m', a French ttateaman of tha ll«v^
ion, haia al Brivea b 1743. He waa a repablkaa
mber of the Convention of 1793-95, obaervedacavtiotM
:nce durins the reign of terror, and waa elected U the
ancil of Five Hmdred in 1T05. He wa* one of the
ectora of the reptibUc from May, 179& to June, 1799^
iSoa he wat appointed a councdlor la atate. He re
ved the title o( minlater of itate in 1809, and that ol
int In 1814 and died the aame year.
1m Tnn^ "Kirar sf tka rnocfa Rnahukn;" "NooveDt
papU* O^D^nta."

rr«ltaoIilM, trftih'keh, (Kau. Gkoko.) a German
int. bom al Dresden m 1783. He paUUiad aevnml
al worka. Died September 5, 185S.
Treltaolike, von, (Hkikrich,) a German histo-
1, bom at Diesden io 1S34. He became professor
liatory at Freiburg in 1863, at Heidelberg in 1S67,
t at Berlin in 1S74. He succeeded Von Ranke as
loriogiapher Id Prussia. His chief work is " Hit-
r of Germany in the Nineteenth Cenlnry," unlin-
;d at bis death in 1S96.

•r»>l*Wiia]r, (Sir JoKK,) Blahop of BriMcd, waa ooe
the •even bishops proeecnled In 16SS for refining to
ilinh King James's dedaradon of indulgence. He waa
ujtted, waa translated to Exeter in i6ffi, and to Win-

Trs-lA^ajF, (Edwaui Johk,) an Enj^iah tnveller
Inuthor.boniMarch lOt 1793. He led Mr many yeara
adveaturooa and wandering life, wa* the aModate of
:11^ and Byroa In Italy, oondacted the bomlng of

17 TRENCHARD

Shdl^ y>o^t and aerred afkcrwarda in the Greek

_.834,) I "
Sbeiley and Byroa," (iSs8.) Died at Somptii^ la

1. B-_.-g^ Aogost 13, 18S1.

See T»iiLH*aifc
Tnlhmd, trCl^tnd, (Johan or Hahi,) t

bom at Geneva In 1700, pobliabed "Ifemolra on Fre^
Water Polype*," (1744.) " Instmcdona on Natural and
Revealed Religion," (i77Si) and other worka. He was
a Fellow of the Royal Sodety of London. Died in 178^

Sn " Himon w b Vie dt Tnmblar," ti^.

TremaUlna, tii-melle-ooa, (Eumanuil,) an Italian
Orientaliat, born at Ferrara alraat ijiol He was con-
verted to the pTotestanbbith by Peter Uartyr, (Vermigll,)
with whom he retired for aaMlv to Germanv. In Um
reign of Edward VL he tai^hl Hebrew al Cambridge.
He wa* afterward* profeiaor of Hebrew at Heidelbo^
idiere he tranalaiea the New Testament from Syriac
into I^dn, (15^) Aided bj Frandt Junioa, be pro-
doced a Latin ttanalalioa of the Bible, <I57S'79>) which
wa* bigfaly eateemed. Died at Sedan in 1580.

TrtautlU*, da la, dfh II tBTrnwIF or tai'mwi'Tf,
or Trtmoidlla, tKe'mooF, (Lovit,) prince de Talmont,
a French general, bora in 146a He reitdered an im-
portant aervice at tha battle of Fmnovo, in 1495, and

-'-' the army whidi Loui* XIL tent into Italy

■a J . — 1 1^_ „„ defeated at

a battle of Pavla,

See TatMonxB, db u

mnob, (Fkakcu,) an En^iah writer, a brother of
ArcbbMhop Trendi, was born in 18061. He bacaine
rector of btip^ He puUiahed "Travels hi France and
Spain," and aeveral reUgiont wocki. Died In 1S86.

nanoh, (Rev. RiCHAJtD Chbnbvdc,) an eminent
Englith ecdeaiaatic and philologit^ bom in 1S07. He
studied at Trinity Coilq^e, Camtvidge, where he became
Hulacan lecturer in 1845. He was appoiuted theological
profeaaor and eaaminer at King's College, London, In
■847, waa created Dean of Wetlmloster in 1856, and
ArdiUaliop of Dnblln in 1863. He ba* publithed "The
Story of Ju*tiQ Uartyr," apoem, (183s,) "Poems from
Eastern Sonrcet," "Genoveva," (i84i,)"The Sermon
on the Mount Dlnttraled from Saint Augustine," (1844,)
"Note* on the Uiradea," (1846,) a tiealiie '^Onjbe

He represented Taunton In
in 1679, and diUingnithed himielf aa an
active member of uie oppoeition. He waa an advocMa
for the Eidntion Bill, and was imprisoned for a time in
1683, 00 a charge of bdng implicated in the Rye-Honae
Plot. Alter the acceition of^ames II. he took refrige
In France, bnt he returned to England ^r the Revolu-
tion of 1688, and wa* appointed secretary of stale by
'""■—III., (1693.) Died in 169s.

,t,-f aa*;tAan//ki»>,-a,H,K,/MIBw»f,-N,KBM/,-K,/nUry,-t>*(;thaaiD£tu. (|^-Sce Explanation*^ 1^83.)

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

TRENCHARD

.338

TREVOR

TranohMid, (Johm,) u En^h jonnuHst mnd po-
Htica} writer, bom about l66z. He irM the author of
"The NxtmJ HUtorjr of Saperstitioii," (1709,) "A
Comparison of the Fropoaali of the Bank and Sooth
Sea ConipaD<r,'"*ThoDgliti on the Peerage Bilt," and
"Cato'a Lettera," the tul-naincd in conjunctian with
Ht. T. Gordon, — and wai assodaled with that Rntleman
aa editor of the " Independent Whig." Diedln 1713.

TMnoli; Ton dsr, ton dCk tKfaik, (Fkanz.) Babon, a
celebrated Eailitarr conunander, bom at R^^o, in Cala-
bria, Id 1714, waa the ton of a Pruwian offi^r. At an
earij age he entered the Rnaaian service, where he dis-
tjnguisned himaelf equaltj bf his reckless courage and
his ierodtT. Oil the breaking out of the Austrian war
of anccettton, he ofiercd his aerricea to Maria Theresa,
and at the bead of hia pandonra made himself erenr-
wbere formidable b; hii barbariliea and rapadty. He
waa at length impriaoned at Spielberg, in Moravia, where
hediedin 1749. Hi* antobit^raplw, called "Retnarkable
UCb and Deeda of Baron Trenck," appeared ' '*

Trwiok. Ton dar. (Fueduck,) Bakol .

173GL He

.__ J arniT at an earlyage ' '

. e enjoyed the (avi ... _ . . .

having, as it supposed, offended the king by an impru-
dent attachment to hi* sister the princess Amelia, h«
waa imprisoncdin the fortress of Glatx. Having escaped
fiiom tui prison In 1747, he went to Russia, where he
waa patronised by the empress and made a captain '
hwsar*. While on a visit to hit family, in 1754, he 11
' 'ly order of Frederick, conGmd tn a narrow c
„ :Dui|;, and, after several attempt* at escape,
d with heavy irons. He was released in 1763, bat

at Magdetniii;, and, after several attempt* at e
' d with heavy irons. He wa* released in I7<_.
LI obliged to leave the kin^om. After the desth
of Frederick, Baron Trenck publishedhissntotHographic
"Memoirs," (3 vola., t787,) which acquired great popu-
larity and were tranatated into the pnudpaT Eur<q>eaii
languages. He went in 1 792 to Vmi, where he joined
the Jacobin faction, by whom he was sentenced to the
guillotine in 1794.

TnndlenbiirK tiEn'dlfn-bKsG', written also Tr«n-
drtanbnrK [Fkiidsich Adolf,) a German scholar and
philosophical writer, bom at Eutin In 1801, published
"Lodeal Researchei," ("Logische Untersachnngen,"
1840^) and other works. He became profeasor of ptd-
i«^.^i.-.^« ti^-i:„ :- .e.... n-j t -b '

kisophyat Berlin in 1833. Died Jannary 14, 1S73.

■a » --jh.nuP or tifh-ntrh'n, (josap*..

Among his work*

Trenenil, I

._ " The Tombs of Saint-Denis,'' r L» Tombeaua de
Saini-Denia," 1806.) Died in Paris in 1B18.

Tren'taplm, (Gbokob A.,) of South Carolina, an
American financier, was appointed Confederate secretan
irfthe treasory in June, 1864. Died December ic^ 1870.

Treat, (Wiluam Fbterfiild,) author, bom at
Richmond, Virginia,in 1863. He has been professorof
English and edilorof various literary works and has pub-
lished "Authority of Criticism," " Wax and Civiliia-
tion," " An InUoduction to the English Clashes," etc.

Innti, tKln'ti, (Fiuppo,) an ItaUan tragx. poet, bon
at AscoU in 1731; died in 1795.

Trento, dM, dl titn'to, (Aktonio,) an Italian wood-
engraver, originally named FAHTimi, (fln-toot'aee,)
bom at Trent. He wat a pupil of Fannigiano, several
of whote works ht engraved. Died abost 1545.

Tr«ntOWsld, taCn-lov'tkee, (Fbreonand B.,) an
— -'- — it Polish philosopher, bom near Warsaw b 180L
lied to leave hi
spaired to Ger.
ilf to teaching philosophy. He
a "Basis of Universal Fhilosop>iy," (1837,1

teing compelled to leave his country during the rebeljioti

f 1830, he repaired to Germany, wnere he devoted Um-

He pnblished, in Gernan,

1830, he repaired to German]
' ';a^teaching philosophy. H _

l«tm treatise "On the Eternal Life of Man." Among
hit other works, which are written in Polish, we may
mme "The Reladon of Fhilosopby to the Science of
Government," "Education on a Syatemof Pedagogics,"
and "Logic" Died June 16, 1S69.

Avaohow, tatsh'ov, (Neils,) a Norwegian scholar
and writer, born at Drammen in 1751. He studied at
Copenhagen, and was appointed in 1803 professor of
phUoaophy m the university of that dtv. Among hi*
prlndpal worka are " Prlndplea of Legiatatioik,"' " Spirh

ol Chriatianity,'' " Morality for the State and Feod^"
aDd"PhiknophiealTe*t«ineot.''etc IMcdinig]i

TrMham, trCsh'^m, (HcmtT,) an Irish irtia ^
poet, studied at Rome, and wa* choaen, after \m vnmt,
a Royal AcatleinidaiL He was the anthor of 'ThcSn'
Sick Minstrel," and other poema. Died in 1S14,

Treaaun, do, dfh tKt's&N', (Loins SusAKnlih
TergiiA— d(h It v|Kfi,) Coinrr, a Ftanch idat i^
AO/rajlnrr, bom at Honx in 1705. Hewastbe ntotf
a "Treatise on Electridty," {1749,) and odKr ai|U
works, and made translatioa* of the " Orisndo Fniaei'
"Am:uiis de GanI," and otber work* tttas kii^ Hi
was dected to the French Academy in 1781, ud ra 1
friend of Voltaire^ He served as aide.d>anDp to tit

king at Pontenoy in 1745, ar-" ' " — ' ' '

in 1747. Died in 1783.

Sh CoHODKar, "Bobm:"
"Nsndk Kcvaiai* Otefiv^'

n»-T»l'Tfii, (Sir Chaklis EDWaaD,) Bin, ■
English ttatetman, bom in 1807, was cdocatld «lk
Chsrterhouse and at Hailevbury College, asd ma/A
the Indian dvil service. He wa* Governor of Ibdi^
iS^^-^ finance minister in India, i8ei-45, etc Hi
chief booka are " Education of the People of luSi,'
"The Iriah Crisis," and "Christianity and HiidtM
Contrasted," (1S81.) Died Jane 30, iSSG.

Travolyan, (Gbokgb Otto,} s ton of die prtced^
snd nephew of Lord Hacaulay, wat bom at RoUe^
Temple, Leicestershire, Joly jo, 1838. He wu tte
caled at Harrow, and at Trinity College, Cuidi%
and served for many years as s liberal in PirliiaaL
tn 18S3 he became chief secretary to the lord-licsltM
of Ireland. His prindpal work* are " Life snd I^ffin
of Lord Macaulay,^ (1876,) and "Eatty Hixtatyrf CL
Foil" (iS8a)

narlKL SceTBwnL

TiArlUa, See La Tomns-TEtnui.

Trerlmras, tti-ve-rVnta, (GormixD RttnoiU
a German pby^olc^iM, bon at Bremea in \ffi^ pndJM
medicine in that d^- He pubUabed, btikb oOs
worka, "Biology, or the PfaUaaophy <^ Liriag NUb'

etc., (6 vola., i8(»-33,) whiob is highly "

Died in 1837.

TreTlnnna, (Ltnx>LfB Ckustum,) -

Physiology of Planta," (tS3S-39.> Ked Hay i, lU^
TrevtsaJDl, titi-ve-U'nee. (Angeia) a Vcsdia
painter of the eighteenth century, waa dittlltgniAal lot
the eicelleoce of his portraita.

Trevlaud, (Francbsco,) an Italian paiala', hw
times called RowAN Tsktisahi, was bora near Tntt
In i6s& He studied under Zaochi at Venice, wilito
wards visited Rome, where he executed aerenl i'it

niyid.

Tr4wl>0, d«, Dtnx See MoKrmt.

TrvTlal, da, dB Utl-vee'lee, or Trartai, trl-Me^
[GiKOLAHO,) an Italian painter and anfilect, ban a
Frevigi about 1500, redded for x time in Engtol
where he was patronized by Hennr VIIL ADuafto
master-pieces may be named a " Madonna accunptad
by Saints." Hit portraits also are highly oMad

Tiawlao, (laa-vee'ao,) Duxx or. Sec Horhl
Tter^-thiok, (Ricrakd,) an English e^incer, bn
in Cornwall in 1771, waa one of the inventcas of kip-
pressure steam-enginett He obtairwd in 1801 1 T^^
for a tteam-carrisge to run on common roads. Is i&H
he constructed a locomotive for railways. Died in itj}
ShWiluu Waixib, "Hawinitf tiB DalteJ*'^ ?■
_. Soum ti Gmt Britu," ate, Lmdcw, iK<; 'U •• ■■
Routd" fat AvfOt, lite.

TiVtoi, (Giokck,) D.D., an Eagliah drrine, Ixn ■
Bridgewater, January 30^ 1809. He graduated tf Kif
dalen Hall, Oiford, iq 1836, wa* a chaplain b IsM
836-45, and in 1847 became a canoo of V(A Bl
■ccuplea an inBuentid place at a *■ Higfa-Chmck'uH
and preacher. Among hia works ate " Chiirt ad ^
Passion," (1S47,) "loda-an Hiautical Sketch," (iW
"Russia, Ancient and Modetti." (i86«.) 'Tn»s m

5. 41. 8k Ik r. J^; 1. 1. A, tame, let* prolonged; i, «, I, S, fi, y, /A<rf; I, «, i, «, 0kmra,- Or, Oil, Otimet; aOtigOik K

Digitized by VjOOQIC

^t^^

loificc," (1869,) etc. Died In 1888.

^-'Tor, (Sir JoHM,) an •He Englu

6^ was K Km-in-law of tlie illaatrioiH Hamp-
Early id )668 he wai aent as an envoy to FrancOi

* appointed ti

he«a«

bom in ifai
1 JadaejS-
>as toliator-

TetaiT of atate

, ... . nag opposed witbonl success the foreign

7 which Chirles IL and the Dulce of Yorlc adopts!,

u tnnied oat of the cabinet ia 1670 ; bnt he —

nnnad to be secretary until hi* death, in 1671.

Tr«vor, {Sir John,) an English lawyer, bom In
was K conain and parasite of the tnhmous J '
freya. b) the reign of Charles IL he was
general. He became master of the rolls, and Speaker of
the Honse of Commons, in 1685. He was made a priry
coandllor Id 16S8; and wm wilMeaueDtly appoinled first
conunitsioner of the great teal Having been convicted
afbribery,hewaiexpelled from the Speakership in 1695,
bnt was allowed to retain the mastership of the roU*.
Died in 1717.

Trevor, (Thoiui,) Losd, an eminent English lanrer,
was a son of Sir John Trevor, (1616-73,) soda grandson
of John Hampden. He was appointed chief justice <rf
the common plea* In 1701, was raised to the peerage, aa
Ixird Trevor, in 1711, and becajne lord privy seal in
I7»6, He was appointed president of the council Id
1730, and died the game year, leaving a »on, who about
1766 received the title of Viscount Hampden.

Trew. tRa, (CHtiSTofK Jakob,) a celebrated German
botanist and anatomist, boin near Nuremlwrg in 1695.
He studied medidne, and became physidan-in-ordinary
lo the Hwvrave of Anspach. In 1746 he was mad-
prc^dent <K the " Acadteie dea Curienx de la Nature,
with the titles of Counl.Palatine and phyaidan to the
emperor. He published "Flantse Selects," eta, (1570-
n,) a magnificent publication, Ulostrated by Ehret, and
"History and Botanical Character of the Cedars 0/
Lebanon," ("Cedromm Libant Hliloria et Character
Botanicos," etc., j vols., 1757-67 i) alao " Osteological
Plates of the Homan Body," ("TabolE Oateologicae
Corporia Humani," 1767, with coloured plate*,) and
other anatomical work*. Died in 1769.

Eh Rmm, " UsBuantan Titma poamm," ■?««.

TtAmI, tftl'iCl', (Cauiixk Alfhonsc,) a French
general, born b Faria in 1780; died in iS60k

TtAmI, (Piikkx Fiux,) a French painter of history
and allegory, born in Paria in 1781; died in 1B55.

manon, tRc'tn^N', (Henri,) a French littfroimr
and critit^ bom aboat iSlo. He wrote critiques for the
"Artiste" and otiier periodicals, and" published edition*
of Homer'* Poems.

Tribolo, dl, de tRce'bo-lo, (NiccoLb,)
Italian sculptor, whose Gunily name was Pbbicoli, was
born at Florence In ijoo, or, aa some say, 1483. He

IS the gardens of the Fitti palace.

riageof the intgiik,al Loretto. In the latter part of hi*
life be was employed by Cowmo de' Media to adoni
withstatne* ana fountains
Died in issa

ShVisau, "linsoTtha PaiDlenaDd Solptsn ;" CicomiAU,
' SlorH dtBi ScBttnn."

Trl-bo'nl^ or Trl-bo-nl-X'iraa, [Fr. Trihohiri,
txe'bo'QC^N'J a celebrated Roman juntt, Ixirn in Pant-
phylia about 47; a.ix, was distingtushed by the bvoor
of the emperor Justinian, by wliom he was successivelv
aH>°inted qusitor, master of the imperial household,
prEtraian prefect, and CDOSuL He waa charged by
the emperor, conjdntlj with nine other commiasionei*,
to prepare die first Justinian Code. Died in 545 a.d.

S«OisiOK"DMUn ndrilicf tbiRoaaBEmiiir*;'* Lena-

See Tribonun.
TrlbonleiL See Tribonian.

IHbuno, ue-boyno, (Putro,) was elected Doge of
Vetiice in 888 A.IX,and defeated the Hungarians lb 90&

bom in Palestine lived about S30 A.I1., and waa itoted
for hi* benevolence. He attended Cbotroes, King of
Persia, whom he cured.

moand, tRe'kO', (Ahthrlme,) a French writer and
priest, bom at Beliejr in 1671. He wrote several hi»-
torical works. Died in Paris in 1739.

Trlooapl See Teikupis.

Mmi^ taeeat, (Antoin^) a Flemish prelate, bom
near Audenarde in 1576, was noted for his charity. He
became Bishop of Bruges in 1616. Died in 1657.

Ill«w«Id. taee'Mld, or Trlvald, (Martin,) a Swed-
ish engineer and mechanidan, bom at Stockholm in
1691. He visited England at an early age, and made
the acquaintance of Sir laaac Newton. Having applied
himself for many year* to the study of mechanics and
natural philoaopny, he returned to Sweden, where be
constraOed a steam-engine and made a number of
improvements in msdiinery. He waa one of the founder*
of the Academy of Stockbolm, and was a Fellow of tb*
Rml Sodety of LondoiL Died in 1741.

XrlgBUlfc tKe'^C, (Nicolas,) a French Jesuit and
missionary, born at Douay in 1577. He wa* emplojad
In China. Died at Nankins in i6a8.

TrigUv, trf gllv, the tnple-headed god of the old
Slavic peoples.

TrlgTteroa, tRo-gi'rAa, (Don CaifDiDB UariaJ a
Spanish poet and lUUratitir, bom at Orgai, In CastUft
in 1736. Among his works la a comei^ ^led "Los
Menestrslea," (17S4.) Died about iSoo.

Trlkupls, (Charilaos,) a Greek stalesman, bom
al Nauplia in 1S3Z. He became an attache of the
Greek legation in London in 1S50, a member of the
Chamber in 1865, and minister of foreign affairs in
1S66 ; was made premier in 1S75 and on several
later occasions, and took active measures for the de-
velopmeni of Greece. He sought to relieve Greece
from ill (inandal diCBculties, but failed, and met with
a crushing defeat in the election of 1S95, Died 1S96.

Mkni^ tRe-koo'pis, or Trlooapl, tae-koypee,
(SnaiDiON,) a modem Greek historian and diplomatist,
bom at Missolonghi in 1791. He took an active part
In the Greek revolution which bwan lo iSai. H*
I as ambassador to England in 1838, In 1841^
and In i8sa He pnbliahed, in Greek, a " Histoiv of
the Greek RevolnHoo," (4 vols., 1853-57,) a work of
hieh reputation. He died at Athena, Feb. 34, 1873-

Aillor, taillqr, (Daniel Wilheui,) a German phy.
sician, poet, and nwdical writer, bom at Erfurt in 169$,

i». ..„l;.j -• T -: — 1 J I. ^ ,y^g professor of

re HeDatUU' '

of medical treatises, ii

ne. Died In 1781.

Trndohinl, trl-llfohf-n*, [U. "three-eyed" or

having three eyes.'TJfrom the Sanscrit irt, "Ihreoi"
and IStkJbta, an "eye,"] an epithet of Siva, which •••.

Trimble, (Isaac R.,) an American general, bom in
Virginia, graduated at West Point in 181a. He took
arms against the Union in 1S61, and was wounded at the
second battle of Bull Run and at Gettyaburg. Diad at
Baltimore, January a, tSSS.

"•-'—I'mer, (Sarah,) an English writer, whose ori^nal
as KiKBY, bom at Ipawich In 1741,

great merit, which bi , ....

Amoi^c Ihote we may name an " Easy Introduction to
Che Knowledge of Nature," (1780,) "Sacred I^torr
selected from the Scriptures," etc, (6 vol*., i78»-85,')
"The Economy of Charitv," (1786,) and the "Guardian
of Education,'^ (5 vols., 1806.] Died in iSia

ShUu. BLWooD,"Miiiiainort>i(Litgni7Liill«ici('Ki>rlu>d
from the CoiBmactHCI of Ae Lut CaimrT,''voL L, 1*43; "Life
uul Writinp of llrt. Ttifamer,'* London, iSi^

mmoiilll& See TRibioiriLLB, de la, and Tai^

Trtmftrtl ttt-raOBr'a, (ic. "trffom*,") [from the San-
soil trt, "three," and m^rO, "form,"] in the Hindoo
mrthology, the name given to the unitea form of Brahma,
Vwhnu, and Siva, constituting what is termed the
"Hindoo triad." (See m* t andar Vuhmd.)

is*;«a*/;8iorrf,iasy;a,B,K,/»tfa»»;,N,iwu«/;a.*«W;las*;»b*aln<W«. (|^See Eiplanatiot* p. ajj

dbyGoogle

or THnoaveUl, [Lit Tkincavkl'lius,]^ (Victok,) College, Oxford, in 1S44, amdlookorders in 1S45. Id

■a nuinent Italian phTiidan, bom at Venice in 1496, iS74he waGmadeCanonof DarhaiD. Among hisworiis

•DCCeeded HonUnus as professor of medicine il Padua, are "Tlic Great Sahara," (1S60,) " Omithologj ol

(IS51.) He pnblished a number of medical work*, in Palestine," (1867,) " Natural History of the Bible,"

Latin. He was an cicelleni Gtcek scholar, and edited ( 1880,) " Eastern Customs in Bible Lands," (1894,)

the works of aevera] Greek authora which had ne»er ■• Rambles in Japan," {1895,) etc.

been printed in the originaL He greallj promoted the TrfaOM, trt*)oT», ortHihttli, [frofo Afl SaoMrtl

introduction of Greek wtibng* into the medical school* ^ "three," and ikiUS or Mi, a "dart" or "spear-

''i^l_°'^"l!."J«i;y^« ,„T. „„ point."] the nam.e,<rfSi™>tridenL (See Sn-a,J

TrlnoavAlli or mnoavc

See Tkincavzlla.

ponitjl^^^e I

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TROCHU

He wu edacaled at OrUam, and In i&|i removed ._
New York, where he wu a aocccufal journalift In
i86i he entered the United States Toinnteer annjp. In
wUch he became a (Uttiioii commander. He waa a
Bokmal in the ncolar army from i86j to 1879, when he
retired. Hii principal pabliibedworb is "Quaire Ansde
Campaznes 111' Ann^du Potomac," (1867.) D. in 1897

Troom^ tao'ahtt', (Louis Julu,) an able FrencL
general,b(nii March 13, 1S15. He becaJne captain in 1843.
•erred al chief of (he general staff in the Crimean war,
and obtained the rank of general of bri^de in iSu.
He ditplayed a saperior geniu* Ibi siraten. In 1W4
he WW rwsed to the rank of general of division, and
nboul 1S6G waa directed to form a plan 10 reorganiie
the army. On this tubjcct he wrote a very popular
work, entitled " L'Atm^e Franfaise," (1867.) In Augnst
1870^ be waa appointed nuior-general of the army and
commander-iD'Cnief of the forces in Paris. On the for-
mation of the TepuUic, September 4, 1870, be became
president of the ciecutive committee, the highest office
in the provisional government, and commanded the
forces which defended Paris against the Germans during
the siege of 1870-71. He published (1873) "Pour !a
Vrfriti et pout la J[u3tice," (in justification of the Gov-
ernment of the National Defence,) and " L'Armie Fran-
Saiae en 1879." (1879.) Died October 7, 1896.

TktwiM Fomp««. See Tkogoi PoMraius.

TTo^iu Pom-pe^ns, [Fr. Trocue Foupis, ttog
p6n'p&',) a Roman historian under the reign of Augustus,
wsB the author of a " Universal History from the Time
of Ninus, King of Assyria, down to s A.D.," which is
la«t. An abridgment of it, by Justin, is eztanL

Troll, t«oTl, [Lat Tro/uus,] (Uko.) a Swi

•aiant and bishop, bom at Stockholm in 1746.

travelled in Germany, France, and England. In 1784 he
became Bishop of LinkSping, and in 1787 Archt^op
of ^^al. He published a work on the " History of
the Church and the Relbrniation in Sweden," (j vols.,
179a) DiediniSoi.

8«* ADunnTM, " AnlmilH-Td Bfnt ^3. tm TmO," iSat;
Gaxaun, "BtofrapMilit-Lcrican,''

TroDa. See TsoiLtTS.

TroUl, tso-ee^ee, (Placido,) an Italian hiatorian and
monk, l>on) at Montalbano in 1687; died in 1757.

Troiltiu. See T&oii.

n-o^Jna, [Gr. TpuOoc; Ft. TkoIlk, tao'tf,] a aoa
of Priam and Hecuba, was distii^wahed for hia beauty.
He was slain in battle by Achillea.

n^ilda. See Taoii.

TrSU, [Icelandic and Swediab, TiOLL: Danish,
Troldc, trol'dfh,) in Northern mythology, a being who
was supposed to poosesa magical or supernatural
powers, and to dwell In the interior of hills and moun-
tains. The term api>eara to be used with some loose-
neta of application; it \» often applied to the Dwarb,
(Dwei^ar,) who were generally believed to possess rare
■Itill or cunning in working in metals, stone, etc., and to
be endowed with magic powers. (See Elvk^ One
class of Trolls, dwelling in Norway, were called Tbnaacr
or Thniaer, (doubtless of the same etymology as the
None ThuTsar. signihing "giants.") They are de-
scribed not as dwarb, but as large as men, well formed,
and of a pale-binc colour. It is a popular belief in the
North that when the rebellious angels were cast out of
heaven, some (el) into bell, while othera, who had not
•inrwd so deeply, were scattered through the air, under
the earth, and in the waters, and that Iheae became
elves, dwarb, or trolls.

SHTmara, " NorthKn If rthf^oEr," veL H. np^ 1 and it also ft

Bdj7.

nroUe, taoltfh, {Guitavds,] a Swedbh ptelaM, «••
a parttaui of ChJiBtUn IL oT Dcnnnrk, on wbbae ttaad
he placed the crownorsweden in isioorijaa Hewaa
Archbiahop of UpaaL He waa hiDed in battle fn 1535.

Trolla, tBolleh, (HiKiirr,) a Danish admiral, bom
m iSli Ho gtined a victory over the Swedes in 1564,
bat waa afterwards mortalTy woonded in an engagement
*ith the Swedish admiral Horn, (t^ej.)

fcODoy, tRoHJ', (FkANgotsALraxD,) a French jurist,
bornatNederrwalienini8o8. HepubIi8hed>''Treatise
BO the Administrative HieTarchy,"{i844-54.| Died 1869.

Warden," (1855,1 " Barchester Towers," (1857,) "
Thome," (1858.) " Framley Parsonage," (1861,) '■■jriey
Farm," (1861,) "The Belton EaUte,^' ('864,1 "Phineaa
Finn, the Irish Member," (1869.) "The Vicar of BoU-
hampton," (1870,) "Sir Harry Hotspur of Humble-
thwaite," (1871,1 "The Enatace Diamonds," (1873,)
"Phineaa Redux," (1874,) "The Way We live Now,"
(iBt;,) and "The American Senalor,"'^(l877 ;) also works
entitled "North America," (i86»,) "South Africa,"
(i878;)and"LiieofCicero,"U88i.| Died Dec fi^ iSSs.

TioUoptt, (Edwakd,) an English writer, bom AfKit
■ S, 1817, was educated at Eton and Christ Church,
Oxford, became rector of Leasingham in 1S43, Arch-
deacon of Stow in 1867, and bishop sufiragaii of Not*
tingham in 1877, He published, besides many other
works, a "Life of Adrian IV.." (1856,) and "Little Sail
Hub of Lincoln," (i88a) Died December lO, 1893.

ftol'— "* " '■-' - ■*'

works, a "Life of Adrian IV.." (1856,) and "Little Saint
._-_,_..,-=,._. ^- .^^ . -

_ . Uope^ (Francis,) a popti

bom in 179a Having spent three years ii

States, she published, in 1831, "Domestic LUe of tl
Americans." This was followed in rapid succession by

^reat number of tales, sketches, and novels, amon>
which may be named " Belgium and Western Germany,
(1833,) " Paris and the Parisians in " ...--.--'.
Lite and Adventurea of Jonathan

Sb of Lincoln," (i88a) Died December lO^ 1893.
oUope^ (Francis,) a popular English noveflat
■n in 179a Having spent three years in the United

and Western Germany,"
■sin 1835." (1836,) "The
lan Jefferson Wbitlaw,"

(1839.) She was married in 1809 to Anthony Trollops,
- barrister. Died in 1863.
A'ollopa, (Thomas AboLPmrs,) an English writer,
son of the preceding, was bom in iSio. He resided
many years at Florence. He published, betides other
works, a "Summer in Brittany," (1840,) " Beppo the Con-
script," (1864,1 " Undeafarn Chase," (1864,) " History
of the Commonwealth of Florence." (1865,) "Gemma,
(1866,1 "Lift of Filippo Stroui," {1869,) and "Story of
the Life of Pins IX.." (1877,) Died Nov. 11, iSoz.

Tiomman, van dor, v Jn d(r tRom'm^n, [Lat Trom'-
KIUS,) a Dntcb theologian, born at GronJngen in 1631.
He preactwd at Groningen about forty-etebl vears. He
pDbushed a " Concordance oT the Kbie" In the Flemish

i9o',) a celebrated naval commander, bom at Briel, in

Flanders, and in 1639 was made Admiral of Holland,
In October of the same year he gained a brilliant victory
over the Spanish and Portuguese fleet under Ocquendo.
For this action he was ennobled by the King of France.
In 165a Admiral Tromp. having been deftaled by the
English under Blake, was for a time aaperseded by Da
Ruyter. He was soon after reinstated, and in November,
1651, again encountered Blake, taking two of his aUpa
and sinking several others. In Atwust, 1G53, the last
etigigement took place between the English and Datch

Itompi wan, vtn tiemp, (CoBiTKLU,) son of tlw pn-
eeding, wM bom at Rotterdam in 1^9. He diatin-
gniihed himself in seMral engaKemems with the piratM
of the Mediterranean, but in 1665 be was defeated by
the English at Solebay under the Doke of York: In
1666, in conjunction with De Ruyter, he gained a victory
over the English, after a contest of four tuccesslve dan.
The King of Denmark subsequently beatowed on him
the title of count, and other distinctions, as a reward
kfc services rendered him in his wsr with Sweden.
After the death of De Ruyter, Van Troup succeeded
him SI lieuienant-admlral-geittml of tbe Uolted Pror-
inoea. Died in 1691.

« at i; f asf; gAar;/,- 1 aa/V o, H, X,;iiaiini;,- K, ibhaT; K, MUM; i as s; th a

■ in Ait <|iV~See Eaplanations. p. rv)

ng,t,7ed.yG00gle

TRONCHET »$

ftonohat, IKAx'stil', (Fbanqois Ilnn^) a FreDch
hubt, bom in Paris In 1726. He wa« elected to tho
StatM-Gencral in 1789, and waa a member ol the coiutl-
tollnu] party. In December, 1792, he waa employed
br Louii XVL to defend him in his trial. He waa ■
BMmber 1^ the Coundl of Eldera from 179s to 1799,
bNune preaident of the court of casMtion about iSooi
and had a prominent part In the redaction of the Code
Napoleon. Died in 1806.

Sm L*T*LUb, "Notica Unwiqat nr F. D. TrondiM," ilsCr
Aanal DonH, " Traackat, Ftnqr. Poirhr," iSie; "NHnUaBio-
inpUe G&MU."

ftonobln, tBdx'ahlH', (Jun Robut,) a Swisa jurist
of higb reputation, was bom at Geneva in 1710. He
became procnreur-g^n^al. Lord Mansfield once aaid,
"b oar country he (Tronchinl would be chancellor."
He defended the action of the Swisa govemtaent in re-
latian toRousaeati'a "Emile," bj "Lcttera written from
the Conntry," (" Lettret teitet de la Campagne," 1763.)
Died In 1793.

Sm Saiiutai, "Hiiloin linjnin d* Gain;" Hiuo, "I^
Fnoa protututB."

nronchln, {ThIodoii,) a Genevese theologian, bom
In tsSa. was professor and rector in the Academy of hia
native dty. He was an earnest opponent of tlie doc-
trines of Arminius. Died in 1657.

Ttonoliln, (THtoDoai,) an eminent Swiss phjridan,
bom at Geneva in 1709. He studied at Cimbtidge, in
England, and lubsequently under Soerhaave at L^en,
H« practised at Amsterdam nearly twenty yeara, became
bonoraiy profeaaor of medidne at Geneva in I7;a, and
•OOn acquired a high reputation, particularly lor bis
•tforta to promote the practice of inoculation. He was
•VIKHnted in 1765 physidan to the Duke of OrUans.
Died in Paris in 1781. He was a friend of Voltaire and

■^'°

Ttonaoil, ts^N'a&N', (Louis,) a French ecdesiastic
■nd writer, bom in Paris In 1693. He pablisbed, beside*
other works, "Forma Cleri,"<3 vols., 1669.) Died In
■700.

Ttotuon dn Cotidraj, n&^tin' in koo'd>t',(GuiL-
LAVMS Alkxandhb,) a French advocate and royalist,
bom at Rheims in ITU). He volunteered his services
as counsel of Louis XVL in December, 17OI; but he
w*s not permitted to speak in that case. He made a
speech in defence of Uie queen Marie Antoinette in
1793. As a member of the Coundl of Eldeta, he op-
^Md the Directory in 1797, and was transported to
Gniana, where he died in 17^

S« BumnaAa, " Node* nr Ttodhb do Coadnv," iSa| ; " Bdia-
bm* Rtrivw" far Ajiil, itfiu

Aooat, t seat, (Coiheub,) an able Dutch painter, born
at Amsterdam in 1697. He painted portrtdta, bmiliar
scenes, conversations, etc. His drawing* in cotouia are
highly commended. Died m lyjo.

S« CHARLti Blamc. " Hiiloin da Pdnms."

Trooat, (Gbkaid,) a distinguished chemist and geol-
ogist, bom at Bois-le-Duc, Holland, in 1776, emm^ted
10 the United States, and waa appointed in 1818 pro-
fessor of chemistry, mineralogy, and geolon at Nash-
Ttlle, Tentiessee. He became State geologisl in 183L
Died in 1850.

nt>-pbo'iiI-tia,JGT. Tpofdvioc,] a celebrated archi-
tsct, called a son en Eivlnns, King of Orchomenoe, (or,
according to some, of^Apollo.) He and his brother
Agamedes built the temple of Apollo at Delphi, and the
Ircasary of King Hyrieoa. His name waa connected
with a cave and onoe at Lebadea, in Bceotia, which is
described by PwManiaa. A visit to this cave waa enp-
posed to render pe<q>le serioos or uelaiicholy.

Sm A^i»im;» PMHf, mtHM '-TU Cin of TnnhndM," la

TroptoaK noliii', (Raymond TutoDou,) a French
twist and -*-*—-". bom at Saint-Gaodena in 1795.
He became in 1835 a coanaellor in the court of cassa-
tioa in Parie, first (veaident ol the court of appeal b
itA first president of the coort of cassation in i8s>,
aBdfiretprerideBtoflliaseiMteini854. HewMchoeen
» wember of the Acsdemy of Moral wid Political Sd-

H TROWBRWGB

moe* in 1840. His ddef work is "The C!v3 Law E»
ponnded," ("Le Droit dvU entUqn^" *7 vtJa. fci^
■834^56.) Died in February, 1869.

Sca"MoiiT«ll*Biosnii^'~' ' '

Tree, [Gf. Tpfir.) a f

grandaon of Dardann, _ .

waa the blher of Una, Asaracns, and Ganymedes; (Gny-
medc.) The "Hxijans derived their name fh>a Mn.

Trosohd, iRcshVr (Joiuint,) a skUfid German eo-
naver, bom at Nuremb^ about 1593. He wurfced tf
Rome. Died in 1633.

Trot'tar, (Nkwbold Hough,) an American anist,
bom at Philadelphia in 1827. He painted nnmeioei
animal subjects and three historical works repTeieiilin(
the progress of travel in Pennsylvania. Died in iSgSL

hotter, (Thomas,) a Scottish physician aitd medi-
cal writer, bom in Roxburghshire, studied al Edin-
burgh, and became in 1793 physician to the Rofal
Hospital at Portsmouth. He published several medi-
cal works. Died in 1833.

nottl, tiot'tee, (Giovanni BA-mn-A,) an IlaBss

r'nter, suinamed il Malosso, was bom at CiewBi
1555, and was a pnpil of B. Camf^ The giaodl-
nesa of hi* heads is praised by several critici. Diel

S« Lahh. " HiuocT of Pumlinc b Itatr.'

Tronghton, trSw'tijii, f (Edward,) F.R.S., an et
cellent English mechanidan and maker of astrooOMiGri
instruments, waa bom in Cumberland in 1753- B*
became a resident of London, made telescope* fat seis-
ral observatories, and invented improveuenta in astn-
nomical instmments, in the blHicalion of which he a
said to have sorpassed all of bis contemporstfkf. XhA
ta 1S35.

Tronpk troop, (GioiOk M.,) an American poGtiefaK
born on the Tombjgbee Rirer in 1780. He waa a mea-
ber of Congress for Georgia from 1S07 to l8l<, wM I
Senator of the United States from 1816 to 181* '
Governor of Georgia from 1S13 to 1837. He also
sented Georgia in the Federal Senate from 1839 toi
He was a champion of Stale sovereign^. Ked in 1 .

TrooBBeaa, taoo'sy, (ARMAHD^Ian enunent Fnad
physician, born at Toura in tSoi. He pablid«l t
valuable work entitled "Treatise on Therapentici al
Materia MeiUca," (" Trait^ de Th jrapentiqnc et de Us-
Utre mMicale," 3 vol*., 1836-39.) He became pradcaas
of therapeutics al Paris In 1839. He had a high rn»
tation as a profeaaor aikd a writer. Died in Jnn^ \16t.

ftonTOln, taoo'viN', (Antoink,) a French engravn
born St Montdidier in 165G, was a pupil of G. EdeBnA
Died in 1708.

noaTA-Cliatival, laoo'vl' shtCrSl', (Ausr^ t
French republican minister of slate, bom al Soic (SanM
in i8o<L He was elected to the Constituent Aaseaib^
in 1848, and was minister of finance from OctalKr Is
December of that year. Died in Paris, Oct. 13, 18S3

TrSir^ridM, (Edmi;nd,) an eminent Ameiicss
Jorist, bum at Newton, Massachnsetts, in 1709^ beoat
attomey-genenlof theStatein 1749, and was aiUiaar*
justice of the •uprenu court Died bi 1793.

Tiowtnldce) (JoUM,) an American phyaiciBt, ban ia
Boston in 18^3. He was educated at the Boston I^tis
School and in tbe sdendfic department of Hami4
University, was aaaistant profenor of phjtica ia its
Hassachusetta Institute of Technolocr and ia Harvwd
University, in 1879 became professor of esperimeKiI
physics in Harvard, and in 1888 professor of apoliel
sdence there. Among bii works are " Tite He*
Physics," (188s,) " What is Electricity i" etc

»'^

Coopon Bonds,"

Tlvw'biiags or ironbrtdfi^ (Sir Tboma^ m
English admiral, bon In Londoiv served wWi giM
distmctiaa ander Lord Howe^ and, •• '-———•—■ •*

1^ ^ T, 4 fl, 7, iMV^; k, t, A, same, less prdonged; i, «. I. &, fi. ^ 'A»<; t. «. I ft <*>»».' Or. Oil. At; ■*>; nSt; ga&d: >

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

the Mediterraneui in 179S. He ■erred at the battle
of the Nile. He was nude a baronet id 1799, and in
admiral in iSMi Ai commander of the Blenheim, he
■ailed for the Cape of Good Hope in 1807, and is top-
poaed to have periabed bj shipwreck off the coait of
Madagascar.

XrowbiUsa, (Sir Thomas Saint Vincknt Hopi
Cochrane,) an Et^llsh officer, a grandson of the pre-
eedintk wu bom in 1817. He aerved as colonel in tlie
Crimean war, and loat a 1^ at Inkerman, (1854.) Died
hlB6T.

TTowbilds<'< (WnjUAU Prnr,) an Ameiican engt-
neer, bom In Oakland conntir, Michigan, iSaj 2$, 1838.
He graduated at West P<Hnt in 1848, and br many jears
WM engaged on the United States coait nrycf. He
keld profaiaonhipa in the Univerai^ of Hicliigan, and

e and Columbia CoUegei.
profesdonal treatiaea, papen^ and reports. Died 189a.
Troxlar, tioks^, (Iqnaz Paul Vital,) a Swii*
writer, bom In the canton of Loceme in 17BO1 becanw

professor of philosophy at Btle in 1830.
■nthor of seieral philosophical worka.
Ttoj, do, d(h tawl, (Fkanqois,) a French painter,

, (ROHBOITT,) a Flemiah
■ ' " Jnledn'

bonx at TouloDse about 1645, became professor in the
Academy of Fine Arts in Paris, He painted portrait*
with success, and some historical pieces. Died in i -jjo.

ftoy, de, (Jban FnAMgois,) son of the precedinf^
was born in I^iris in 167& He was appdnted by Louis
XIV, director of the French Academy at Rome about
1738. Died in 175*

l^oja, lio'yji, (Caru>,) an Italian historian, bom at
Naples in 1785. He was exiled in 1833 for his liberal-
ism. He pabiished an " Introduction to the History of
Ae Hiddle Ages," (** Apparalo weliminale alia Storia
dalnedioETo," iSmtfaw.) I»edin i8s&

TMr«n, TWa, HSi tXoKen, '" '

painter, bmn at Antwerp about

Mid other ot^eds in the Tidnity of Rome. Died in 165a

TiOTOD, tRwi'yAit', (Constant.) an eminent French
painter of »nlm»l« and landscapes, was bom at Siyres
u iSii. He gained medals of the first class bi 1S46
and IE48L His works are admired for Tariely of eflects,
fidelity to nature, and brilliant cotoaring. He painted
■Huoeroiu pictures of French scenery. Died in 1S65.

Tnibl«t, tKfi1>1k', (Nicolas Chakus Joseph,)
Am<, a French essayist, bom at Saint-Mato in t697.
He published, beddes other works, *■ Uterary and
Moral Essays," (» rola., 1735-) D'Alembert said thia
Btcbt be made an excellent book by erasing some parts
of It. TmUet was admitted to the French Academy in
1761. Died in 1770,

8h CAuMaaiT, " ffirtdn do r Acad^ode Piutaiu.>*

TniObOt, iKU'shi', QXAN,) a French Carmelite monk,
sometime* called Fatkxk Sbbastiaii, bom at Lyon*
in l<57, was distiivgulshed for his knowledge of mathe-
natScs and mediantca. He invented sereral naefiil
machines. Died In 1719.

bvehaeaa, (Gebhardl) See Gkbhasd.

Tntdalne da Montigny, titU'din' dfh mdN'ttn'ye',
(Jbam Ckaklcs PhiubiktJ a French fininder, bom
at Clermont-Ferrand in 1713 ; died in 1777.

Tnwba y Coalo, d», ditKoo-K'al e ko'se-o, (Tslbs-
FOKO,) a <fistinguiilied writer, bom at Saniaiider, in
Spafai, in 180S, was educated in England, where he pub-
Hahed a number of romances, dramaa, and historical

dramaih 1

"Mr. aodHrs.Prinrie." Died in' 1835.

Tnicnot, taifgi', (Ladkkkt Jkan Frahqois,) a
French admiral, fawn at Toalon in lyja. He was nio-
iaterof marine from NoTenber,iK5, to Ttily, 1797. In
1809 he took command of the combined Meta of Fraace
and Spain. He was disgraced In 1804, on auptdon of
Ua beinf aTerse to Napdeon's ekratlon to Aa imperial
power. Ked tn 1839.

8h "HemO* BhvafW* OfcinJa."

ynfn^B, (Rm, JonFH,) an English divine, bom in
16311 was tlie antbor of several Ibeotoglcal works, ona
of wUcb, entiiled •* A IMsoonrse of Natural and Monl
bspotency," ofatidned great popnlaritT; "~ ''

Died in 167 1.

TmmbaU. See Tkuubdu, (Sir William,)

TrflmtiiUl, (BuijAMiN,} D.D., an AmericaB Congre-

ntional divine and historical writer, born at Hetvon,

Connecticut, in 1735, He was the author of a " History

of Connecticut," (a v<Ja., 1797-1818,) " History of the

United Sutes," (ISIO,) and other works. Died in l8a&

Tnunbnll, (Hinry Clay,) an American Congr^ia-

tionalist cleTKy™*", a brother of J. Hammond Trumbull,

— Imm at Stooington, Connecticut, June 8, 183a He

a chaotain in the Federal anny, iS6>4«, normal sec-

« American Sunday-School Union, Philadel-

■chool works. Hia " Kadeih-Bamea" (1S84) give* t£_
'-nportant resnlts of his explorations in Arabia Petnea.

The Blood Covenint," (1885,) ■ work which throws
:w light on the tciminology of Scripture. Diedinl903,

niunbnU, (JAURS Hammond,) IJ,D., an eminent
American philcuogist, bom at Stonington, Connecticn^
December aa, i83t, studied at Yale College, waa sec-
retary of state of CminecticDt, 1861-45, ^ "> 18'^
was appointed librarian of the Watkinson Library of
Reference, at Hartford. His nnmerotis writings {irin-
dpally refer to the Indian languages, and especiaUy
'o those of the Algonkin stock, to which he gave muai
itudy. Died August 5, 1897.

nwnbnU, (John,) an American satirical poet and
lawyer, bom at Waterbory, Connecticut, (m the 34tb of
Ajiril, Jjm. He graduated at Yale College in 1767,
after whicli he was a tutor in that institution for several
years. He was an intimate friend of I>r. Dwight In
1773 he produced " The Prcwreas of Dninesa,** a poem.
Having studied law under John Adams, at Boston, be
1 ._ p„rtiBe at New Have- "- *— ~ - -«-

e published " McP^ng^" a satirical
1 through thirty editions and wan
anse of liberty. ''It is moch the

Hartford. Ini783 he publisl

poem, whidi passed t'

serviceable to the cau.

beat imitation of the great satire ot Butler," say* R. W.

Griswold, "that has been written." He was a judge

of the supreme court of errors [or superior court) ftoea

180S to 1S19. Died at Detroit in Hay, 1831,

'■miDuik "Pom uhI PofBt of Amelia." p, 411
fdopadia of Anwiao Liuranue," toL L

,(JoilN,) an eminent painter, bom at Leba-
non, Connecticut, in 1756. On the brealdng out of the
Revolution, he entered the army, and was apptrfnled in
1775 aide-de-camp to Waahingtcm. In 1780 he visited
London, where he became a pupil of Wpst Returning
to America, he produced, in 179S, hi* " Battle of Bunker
Hill," a master-piece of its kind, which waa followed by
the " Death of Montgomery," and " Sortie of tlw Garn-
Bon from Gibraltar." His most important works are tba
pictures in the rotanda of the Capitol at Washingtock
Among these we may name " The Surrender of Com-
wallif,'' the " Resignation of General Washington al
Annapolis," "Declaration of Independence," and the
"Surrender of Bn^oyne." He presented fifty-fiva of
Us works to Yale College, Died In 1843.

Sm bB "AutoKopiiph^."

Tnunbnll, (f onatran,) an American statesman, boni
at Lebanon, Connecticut, in 1710, was the father of the
preceding. He was elected Governor of the Stale in 1 769,
continuing tn that office fourteen years. Me was highly
esteemed by Washington for his talents and integrity.
Died in 178^

TmmbtiU, (Jonathan,) a son of the preceding, was
bom at Lebanon, Connecticut, in 1740. On the break-
ing out of the war <^ the Revolution, he was appointed
paymaster to the Northern department of the army, and
was aftei wards aecretaiv and first aide-de-camp to Wash>
ington. Hewase1ectedtoCongTessini789, wasSpeaker
Mtbe House of Representatives from 1791 to 1793, and
became a Senator of the United Sutes in 170}. Ha
eajuyed the IHendsliip and coofidence of General Waah*
i^tOB. In 1798 he waa chosen Governor of CimiiecticBt
He held the office of Governor eleven years. Died in
ito*

«asi;ta*r;giar'.-tasy,'0,II.K,/>H)lHrtif;M,iMMi/;>,MCM,'las>;*ha*bi/4ii. (|^~SeeEaplanadaas,p.^l

Ihe legislature uf Illinois in 1854, 1S60, and 1S66. seiving
u chairman of the committee on Ihe judidaly for aany
jtan. Died Tuna 15, 1S96.

TrtmOnilf or TrtmTJ^ (Sir Wiujam.) *n Eng-
Iteh Katetnun, bom id Berluhire in t63& He Hodiwl
•t Oxford, and wai laooewively appointed to WTeral
Important office* under the government. He wuenvoy-
extraordinary to France Id 1685, and after tho acccMlon
of Jamea I L wa* ambaiaador to ConatantiiKiple. HaTing
retomed to England Id 1691, he «a« appomted Id r*"'
•eeretary at state. He died hi 1716. He waa dii
g^aked for Ma learning and hla literary taitea, and
an intimate friend (^ Pope and DiydeiL

Trntwdller, too, fon tadfiti'shlfr, (Fmxduch
Kau. Adolf,) a German jurist and legal writer, bom
■ear Weida in 17SI 1 died In 1S31.

TTtet^n or TrOx'ttlii, (Thomas,) an Anerkan
naTBlofficer, tx>m on Long Island lit 1 7SS. Aa captain of
a prirateM, be took Kveral valoaUe priiea during the
Rntdntion. He otitaiiied the rank of captain In the navy
!■> '7951 iif^ t^ command of the Mnte CoDitellation,
tliI»^«Mit gtuiti and captured in February, 1799, Ihe
Ftmcli filnle Llonirgente, He recdred fcom Congress
a gold BBMal Iw Id* nctorr orer the French ftigal '
VeQgeanceififtT-foin'Bniis,Febmary,i8oa EKedTn:

Traxtna. Sec Tkuxton.

him gold medals and prizes from varioua eihibitioai.
nrpldodor*. See TaYPHionoKgi.

Vtfiib.'l-o^o'TJiM, (Gr. Tptipaiafitt; Ft. Tryphio-

''te'k'o'doR',)aGreekpoetaitdnaminarian,binii

It in the tatter part of the fifth or earbr I^rt of

mSmtfi
Ihe HJu o
thedeatm
bampabtl

Trf'phon, [Gr. Taifar.J an eminent engraver of
■ema, i» snppoied to have lived about 300 b.c Among
hia extant works It a gem repretcDting the recondliatioD
of Broa and Payche.

Xr^phon, (Diod'otu*,) King of Syria, osorped
die thnme in 143 B.&, after be had murdered Antiochos,
the Inbnt aon of Alexander Balaa, He wax defeated
•nd put to death by Antlochna Sidetes In 139 B.c

IH^h-o-id'iitu, (CLAUDiua,) a Roman jurist, who
floanabed tmder the reign of Septimins Severna, was the
antboT of a Dumber of legal worka, fragment* of which

■'nqr, (J'ORAnit Baftitt,) a Swiss

nin 1751: diedto 183$.

TaohWTilng, tahea'ning, (AttDBKAi.) a (krman lyrii

poet, born at Bunilau in 161 1, became professor of poeti;

at RoatodL Died in [659.

T>ahliiiw,(HnMRicHGoTTLixB.) SeeTzscHiRNEa.

Taahlmhaiuan, von, fbn tshMan'biSw'ztn. (EhrbN'

nilKD Waltir,) an eminent Gennin mathematician

and philoaopher, bom neat GSriiu, in Upper Lusatia,

in iGji. He travelled In various countries of Europe,

and after hit retnm established in Saxony several man-

I of glass. He made burning lenses and

TiMtmdl, ttfaoo'dee, [Lat Taonrliius,] iJBamtvn,)
one at the earliett Swis* hittoiiini^ was bom il Glarut
In ijos- He filled several important offices nnder the
government, and in i;j9 waa ambassador at the court
of Vienna. His voluminous works are cbieflv in manu-
tcript The most important of those puolithed ia
hi* " Chronicle of Switzerland from 1000 A.D. to 1^70,"
(in German,) which ia esteemed a standard authority in
Swiss history. Died iii 1571.

Tsolindi, tod, (00 tshoo'dee, (Frirdrick,) a Swit*
author, brother of J. J. von Tacbudi, was bom at Glarus
la 1810, Me was at first a clergyman, and after 184G
1. E, t, S, B, $, /«v;i, t, b. same, less piolonged 1 i, ¥, t, S, Q, f, ihart; », f , j, 9, eUatrt; Ot.Siia, fltj mit; nfltj gSM; ni«u

Digitized by VjOOQIC

entered upon political life. Hla diiaf work b " The
Zoology of the Alps," (Dat Tbierleben der Alpenwell.
1851; often reprinted.) He alto published a wwh 00
the relations of birds and insects to agriculture, and a
In

technic School Died Jan
!bolmdl, won, von tsl
Swist natuntitt, of the same fiuuily as the preoeding, w
born at Glanu in iSlS. He visited Peru In iSjETai—
published, aJler hia return, "Sketches of Tranl in Pern,"
" Antiquities of Peni,"p[epared in conjunction with Doo
Mariano de Rivera, and other works. Died ft -""-

nuary 15, iSS
■hoo'dee, (Jokann Jah»J a
le &mily ai "' — "

SMbndltu. See TscHUDL {SatDwa.)
TBooi-ktu^M, Ixong-Kt-pl, (alto wiitlen

kIw-M, aitd KitDetiDtet called rLo-b SANO-ORAOOS-rA,

Ihe " Fame - -

B bTaong-

'amont Sue,") a great Thibetan reformer, bom at
Kooboom (Kunbum, or •tKn'bam) about 1357. He
became a monk, and then a hermit, began to preach at
a reformer at Lhasta about 1390, and died in I4i<^ Me
first organiied Ihe Lamaiit hierarchy in its present form.
He wrote many vojuminous works, of which those called
"Sumbun" and "Lam Nirach Hen Po" ("The Great
Step-Road towards Perfection") are best knowiL A
vaat namber of absurd legend* regarding him are pce-
served by his followers.

Tsae Hal An, Dowager Emprest of China, bom in
1836 of a noble Manchu family, vras one of the wires of
the Emperor Heio Fuog, who ascended the throoe in
1850. She became a fiivourite, was made co-empress, and
her son, TungChi, succeeded to the throne, she becoming
tegenL He died in 1875, ""^ ^* raised her nej^ew,
Kwang Seu, to the throne, ruling as regent nndl bis
majori^. When be subsequently attempted refcnn
movements, she, with the aid of the conservative party,
deprived him of authority and regained conttol of the

Conmcat, which, under her influence, eticonraged the
er outbreak against the foreign miniaters in 1900.
She subsequently favoured the refoams which the had
opposed, and throughout ber caiea may be classed
with the great woman motwit^ Died November
15, 1908.

Tnlie-ro, (QiriHTUS,) a Roman orator and jurist, and
friend of Cicero. He was a partisan of the senate and
of Pompey in the dvil war.

Tubi, too'bee, (Giovanni Battista,) (Fr. Tubt lr
RouAlN, td'be' Ifh ro'mAN',] a sculptor, born at Rome
in 163^ He worked at Versailles and Paris. Died in

Tuby, See TniL

TaoEi, t^K, (JoHANN Crristian FaiRDNictt.) a Ger-
man Orientalist and theologian, bom at Quedlinburg la
1S06. He studied at Haife, and became professor oif
ttieology al Ldpsic about 1S41. He published a " Com-
-entaiT on Genesis," (1838.) Died April 12, 1867.

Took'f r. (Ahhaham,) an English metaphysician, bora
in London in 1705, was a son of a merchant, who left
bim a large fortune. He was educated at Oxford, pur-
chased Betchwotth Castle, near Dorking, in 1717, and
married a Miss Barker in 1736. Hb principal work b
entitled "The Light of Nature Pursued," by Edward
Search, {4 vol*.. 1765.) "He ins naturally endowed,"
s^^ Sir J, Mackintosh, "not, indeed, witD more thaa
ordinary acutenesa or sensibility, nor with a high degree
of reach and range of mind, but with a singular capadn
ir careful observation and original reflection, and with

fancy perhaps unmatched in producing various and
happy fllustration. It is in mixed, not in pure, philoao-
phy, that his superiority consists. In the part of U*
work which relates to the intellect, he has adopted n«dt
from Hartley." (Sec " View of the Progress of Ethical
Philosoph_y.") "1 have found in this writer," says Psle^
" more on|pnil thinking and observation upon the seve-
ral subjects that he has taken in band than in any other,
ot to say than in all others put together." (Preface to

Uoral and Political Philosophy.") Died in 177^

5<B Su HiHRV Miu>iuv, BOtkc atixrA 10 ui Edtlioi <d te
U^i of Niturt Purmutd," 7 icJi. lijt

Tttok'fT, (BeVrrly,) ton of Saint Geoige TiK&er,
noticed below, was born at Mitoax, Vlrgjiiu, In 1784

He became In 1834 profeuor of law in VnUbuB utd
llaiT College. He pabliihed I^ol work* and Mvenl
■ovelt, oiH of which, entitled "The ParliMii Leader,"

dated In 1837, foretold the seceHian oF the Southern
States, which look place in 1861. Died in 1S51.

Tnoker, (Gioios,) an American jariit, bom In VIt-
glnii in 177;. He was elected to Congress in 1819,
tSai, and iS>3, and became professor of law in the
UniTeisitr of Virginia In 1835. He published a "Lift
of Thomas Jefferson" and a " History of the X7nited
Statea." (4 vol"-, 1856. 1858.} Died in 1861.

Tnokat, (Hbnrv Smitt GiOEai,) an American brlit,
bom in Vii^la in 1779, wa* professor of law in the
Universitj of VirE>nia. He pabllshed "Lectnre* on
Natnnl Law and Goremment, and other legal works,
which were highly eateemed. Died In 1848.

Taoker, (Josuh,) an English political writer and
derxyman, bom in Carmarthenshire In iTt I, was edn-
cued at Oxford. He became curate of Saint Stephen's,
Bristt^ and obtained the friendship and patronage ot
Biahop Butler, who appointed bim rector of Saint Ste-

K'len'a In 1749. In 1758 he became Dean of Glonceeter,
e wrote scTetal treatises on commerce, taxes, monctp.
olles, etc, among which we notice " Reflection* on the
Present Hatter* m Dispute between Great Britain and
Irdand," ( 1 78c) Id this work he advocated greater fte«-
dom of trade. He al*o published a" Treatise cooceming
Civil Goremment," (i^i.) Died In 1799.

Sh "Houmls Biafndii*
OdtUttnd Nonnbw, ig*!.

Tookar, (Ltmni,) an American )onmalist, bom at
BraDdoi^ Veruoat, In iloi. He beoune a printer, and
h i8a6 etablkheJ at Rodtcatw, in New York, "The
a Daih Advertiser," Ibe first dail; psfwr west
r. In Janaanr,i8]i, hcbenn toiBsue,atRoch'
«tter, " llie Genesee Fanner," which was sJterwatds oon>
scdi<tatedwiIh"TbeAlbanyCiiltivator." IniSuhecom-
nenced the publication of " The Conntrir Gentleman," an
agricnltural paper of high chaiacter. To Hr. Tndtef

^t

Inited Sute*. Died Jannarr 16, 1873.

Taflkar, (Saint Gioiai,) an American junat and

~ ''tr, bom on the Island of Bennndain

Si

<Wph. _ , ,

the district coon of the United State*. He pnUt

, . oetebrated Jtdin Ru-

loee throngh several olSoea to be faidge of

Tuokar, (SAHtrai,) an American commodore,
tn Massschusetts in 1747. He ws* appointed captain
in the navj by General Waahlneton, and commanded
with sncccss in several actions. Died in 1833.

Taok'fr-BOfii, (Henry Thbodok*,) an American
critic and nisoellaneous writer, born at Boston in 1813,
Having vlaited Italy, he published in 1S35 "The Italian
Sketch-Book." which va* followed by " Sicily, a Pilgrim-
age," (1S39,) " Hkonghts on the Poets," (1846, translated

Painters," (1847J "Characteristlcsof Uteratore,"(i8«,)
'Memorial of Horatio Greenough," (1853.) " Biwr;
«al Essays," (iSs?,) "Book of ibe Artists," (1867,)

g t^e art critics of America. Diet] in itjC
Sa« DvmtHcv. ''Cjpdofw^ of AucnoD Lhantnrv," nL E ;
Aixiaom. "DiclioniiTTa'Aiulism.'*

Taok«raiBii, {JotxrH,) D.D., an American Unitarian
divine, an uncle of the preceding, wa* bom at Boston in
1778. He was (Hie of the founders of the American
Seamen's Fiiend Sodety, and other similar instltations.
He afterwards asaiated in organlilng the Benevolent
Fratemitjr of Churches, lor the support of a city mission

hy W. I. CHUHMa

Took'Ar, (jAms HiNGTroit,) an Irish writer and
naval officer, bom in the coantj of Cork in 177S, was
employed In the survey of the coast of New South
Wales, and published a work entitled " Maritime Geog.
raphr." l>ied m 1816.

15 TULUN

TndaU. See Bbhiamin or Tudkla.

Tu-dl-tl'atui, (P. SiKntoitins,) a Roman general,
who served as tnbune at Canme in ai6 B.C., beoune
praetor in 313, and censor in lot). Having been elected
consul for the year 304, he obtained Bmttii as his prov*
bice, with the conduct of the war against Hannibal,
iriiom he defeated.

Ta'd^r, (OwiN,) a Welsh gentleman, who married
Catherine of France after the death of her first hnsband,
Henry V. of England. He supported the Lancastrian
party in the war of the Roses. Died In 1461. He had
a eo*. Edmond Titdol who wu created Earl of Rich-
mond about 1453 and died In 145& Heiuy, the son of
Edmond, became King of England.

Ta'd^r, (WiLLiAii^ an American lUthaUir, bora at
Boeton m 1779, was one of (he founders of the Athe-
HKum in that dty. He became in 1815 the first editor
of the "North American Review." Besides his numerous
contributions to thU joarnal, he published " Letters on
the Eastern States," (1S19,) a "Life of James Otia,"
(1833,) and a work entitled "Gebel-Teir," He wa*
appointed In 1833 United States consul at Uma. Died
in 1830.

Tudor IVinlly, the name of a royal femily of Eng-

land, which exercised power during a period of
hundred and twenty years, (1485-1605.) "
was the first and Qneen Elinbetb the last

Henry VIL

of Lord Oxford, whom be assisted in forming his vain*
aUe collection of boolcs.

TtwrUnok^ td'fr-llnks, (Josmi,) a Belgian statuary,
bom at Malinea in tSao,

Toot tifl', (Jkan Chakus TvMtqaK,) a Frendi
m^rtatr, bom at Ham in 1743 ; died in 1797.

TnofA. See Toostn.

Taknmn, too-klr'rfin, an East Indian author, of die
early part of tiie aeventeenth century of our ei

IT Poonab, and was a half-in

le devotee. His

the principal lltetaiy
of that tongue. Thev are of small literary

meni, out are exceedingly popular in India.

Tnke, {Hbniy Scott,) an English painter, bom
at York in 1858. His " Sailors Playing Carda" re-
ceived the first gold medal at Munich in 1894, and

miuiie, nrian', \ua\ia nutKif a French botanist
bom at Aiay-le.Rideau in t8i J. He published, beside*
other works, "Studies on VeRetable Embryogeny,"
(1849,) and " Fund hypi^El," [1B51.) He was admitted
into the Institute m 1854. Died in 18S5.

TttldaiL See Thuldrn.

Tull. (Jbtkro,) an English af^cnlturist, bom In Ox-
fordshire about 1680, was the originator of what is called
the "horse-hoebig svstem" of husbandry. He published
in 1731 a number of esaava on this subject, wbich were
subsequently edited by Mr. Cobbett, with an Introduc
don. Died in 1740.

TnlOI-f, a daughter of Servios Talllus, and tlie wife
ofTarquin the Proud. She was accessory to the murder
of her lather.

Tnlll-f, [Ft. Tullir, Hne*,] a Roman lady, &»
daughter of Cicero the orator, waa born In 78 B.C.
She was married to Calpurnius Piso Frugi in the year
63, and to Fnriua Crassipes about J6. IlavinE been
divorced from him, she became the wife of UolaMlIa In
JO B.C. Died in 45 R.C

5« Saciittuiiii, "Hiaocui Viin d UoniiTiillia,'' i«^: Ma-
DAiH Di Labat. " HiHsin it Tallin" t7it.

TnlUs. See Tullia.

TalUn. td6l1in, (CHatsrtAH Bkaunmah or BiAir-
MAN,) a Danish poet, bom at Christianla, to Norway, in
1 738, was also a judge. He wrote, besides other work*,
a poem on navigation, and another on the creation. He
It called the first classic Daniah poet. Died in 1765.

«asi;f as«,' giarJ; ^ta/;o,H,K,£tiaitrai; l>,mual; ti,trilUii;l».

■; thaslnMif; ()^^SeeEiplanailonB,p. 33.)

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

Voliduu to send an army agunst Rome, and gave the
coannand of it to Coriolanut.

TnUloB, (SuLViua.) See Sexviifs Tullius.

Tnllf*^ ITOHN,) ■ Scottiih theologian and miniUtt
of Die Establithed Church of Scotland, wai bmi in Perth-
■hire in 1833. H« beoune prindnil of Saint Mary^
College, Saint Andrew'a, in iSu. Among hit works are
"The Being and Aitribuiea o{ God," (1855,) for which be
received a prixe of j£6ao, " The Leaders <rf the Refonna-
&)Ot" l>B5<h) ^"^ " Rational Theology and Chiutiao
PhiloMphy in the ITth Century," (187s.) Died in 1SS6.

nilliia HoM-tU^na, third King of Rome, aocceeded
Numa Pompiiius in 673 B.C. He anied on a war agiinit
the Albans, in which occnrred the celebrated combat
between the Horatii and Coriatii, and which ended in

•trtadg silia da TaDe HsMJUo," 1S4T-

TbIIt. (the Roman orator.) See Ciciaa
Ttil'Ijr. (Groroi,) an English divine, was the anthot
of a " Discotuae on the Government of the Thoaghts,"
and other religious works. Died in 1697.

TtiUy, (Thouas,) an English divme, bom U Carlisle
In i6>o. pablished several controvertial work*. Died
h>i676.

Ttiliy, (WiLUAH,) H.D., a distinguished Anserican
physician, bom at Saybroi^ Connecticiit in 1785. He
grkdnated at Vale College, and ijeoune, in 1890^ profcs.
•Of of aateiia mcdica in the medical department of that
institndon. He published, conjointly wiA Dr. Thonua
Miner, essaya, entitled "Uincr and Tally on Fever."
Died in iS«g.

Talp, ttUp, (NiKOLAAi,) a Dntdi phytkUn and ma-
nstraie, bwn at Amsterdam fai 1593, He was elected
bargomaster of U* utiTe dta bur tioiea, a«d nve proof
of coaiage and energy when Holland was HivadBd by A»
French in 167a. He paUbhed a medical Ucatiae, called
"Obaervatlones Ucdioe," <id4i.) Died in 1674.

Sm Wmwm, "M. Tain" iiCi: TjU Boobov^ "ninBHili
tm N. TUplat" itts-
Ttllal Du, lool'see dSs, a very popular Brahman

rit, who lived at Benares, and died in 1614. He ^oie
Hindee a great poem called " Ramayan," ticsldea sii
other poem* 00 Raina and his deed*, tiased upon, but in
DO way much resemUing, Valmilu's great " Ramayana."

Tunatall, (CtrrHiutT.) See Tohttau.

Ton'stfll. (Jai'Xi) D.D., an English divine atkd
writer, bom abont tTio. He studied at Cambridge, and
nMetbroogh several prefemients to be vicar ofRoch-
dale, in LMteatbire. Among his prindul works are
"Discourse* upon Natural and Revealed Religion," " A
Vlndicatian of the Power of the State to Prohibit Clan-
destine Harrisge*," and " Observation* on the Pre«en(
Collection of Einstlea between Cicero and Brutua"
Died in 1771.

Tnomey, Iwo'mf, (Michabl,) a distinguished sden-
tiit, bom al Cork, Ireland, September 19, iSa^ He came
to America when yoang, graduated b 183S at the Rens-
selaer Polytechnic Insiilute, and became Stale geologist
of South Carolinain 1S44, and of Alabama in 184S. Alter
I&47 he was professor of geology in the University of
Alabama. Died at Tuscaloosa, Alabama, March ao,
1857. He was author of several volume* of valuable
reports on sdentific subject*.

Tapao Afluun, loo'plk l-ml'soo, the name assumed
by Jost Gabsibi. Cohdobcakqui, a Spanish-Peruvian
adventurer, tfom in 1744 whose mother was the daughter
of Tupac Amaru, the last of the Incas. He headed a
revolt of the native Peruvian* against their Spanish
naatert, but was easily defieated, and pot to death on
September 10, 1780.

Top^pet, (Sir Cha^i-hs,) a Canadian statesman,
was bom at Amherst, Nova Scotia, in 1811. He
became a physician, entered politics in 1S55, and
was premier of Nova Scotia 1864-67. In 1896 he
became premier of the Dominion of Canada. He was
made a baronet in 18S8.

and passed rsfHdly through ni
hi* oAer woA* we may name tbe''DJnea
loo," " Ballad* for the Times on White Slavey," not
entitled "The Twins" snd "The Crock of Gold," :
the poems iJ Alfred the Great, translated from Anglo-
Saxon into English vers& Died November 39, 18S9.

Tuta, Coo'rl, or Ttura, toor'rl, (CosrMO,) sometimes
called CosiMO da Fbuiaka, (dl fer-rl'rS,) an Italian
painter, bom at Ferrara in 140& - He painted in the
drv, Gothic Uyl*. Died in 1469, or after that dale.

Ttinudliil, too-rl-mee'Dee, (Aussandro,) an Italian
juriat, bomat Sienna about 155S. He lecturMl at Sienna
and Fenara, and pnbliahed several legal works.

Tm'bfr-Tllle, (Gkokce.) an English poet, bora
about 1530, went to Russia as secretary to Randolph, die
amba*Mdor of Queen EliubeCh. He was Oe antbot
of "Songs and Sonnets," and translated Ovid'* *' He-
TOlcal Epiitle*." Died after 1594.

TtirtHdo. See Tokbido-

Ttirohl,tooK'kee,(ALBttAiaiRO,)*Bnumed OKBcmib
(oR-bet'to,) an ItaJiaa painter, barn at Verima in 1581.

wotlted at Verona and Rome, and attempted to

' ~ ' ' ' lign with the VenetiaB

rks iB"The Death «rf

combine the Roman atyte of dcsnn withthe

colouring. Among hia ""-'

Forty MartyiB." iHed

{hiM ot William the

a latv;" Tiooss^ "Due.

Tnro^ tlisk, (Loiru,) a French phyaidan, bora at
Nancy in 179S. He was a republican member c£ the
National Assembly in 1S4&

Toraima. See Titbinkb.

Tn-rliuM', da^ (Pr. pron. dfh ttfrSn'; Lat. Tn
RBtf'Nius; ItTuKBHNA, toortn'nl,] (Hbmki ds la
Ttnir d'.^Tflrg)M— d^ It tow^'vkafi',) Vicowr^

1611, 1

His mother wa* Elinbeth, a

Silent, Prince of Orange. Hi)

ral, and a leader of the French I

Tutenne waa educated in the Prc__.

Daniel TilenuB, a tolerant Calvinist __. _

early youth, under his uncles Maurice of Masami and
Henry Frederick, (1635-30.) Dwing this period of fira
or di years he fought against the Spauarda, and acqaircd
much practical knowledge of the art of war. In 1630
he tetomed to France, and rtcetved coMmand of a regi-
ment. Hs oblaiited the high tank of mar^chal-de-camp
bii63(,aiidwa*aentln the aame year, under La Valleite,
to dennd Menu against the ImperialislB. In 1637 be
look Landrtde*, andfaiiwd aome ancccaaca in Flanders.
As seoond in conuaand under Harooort, be bad tiM
principal part in the capture ui Turin in i64a> Hi*

eomotion was retarded by Ihe political cooiBe of hi*
other, |he Due de Bouillon. He was raised lo the
rank of marshal of France in 1643, snd ordered la Ger-
many, where be was second in command miikr the
Prince of Cond^. The success of the French at Nofd-
lii^n in 1645 wa* attributed lo Torenne by Coodl
himselC In 1646. >>T judidon* plans and akiuiil man-
oeuvrea, he gained important advanU^t^ withoM much
lo*» of life. He effected a iuncdoo widi the Swediah
army, invaded Bavaria, and compelled the Dake of
Bavaria to sue for peace. The loi^ war wa* lerwunaMd
by the peace of Westphalia, (1648J aitd the dvfl war of
the Fronde began in 1649. Tureime, probsblTi fah lild*
seal for either party in thia oooteaL He ^-^rtt,^ to
fight for Maiarin, and retired to Holland after he had
been superseded in the command of the anny- lie
Prince of Condj having been inprwoiied bf **«»«rin jg
January, 1650, Turannededared himself in boonrof the
captive prince, and took arma at Stenav a^nsl the
court. He was defeated near Relhet by tne roval arn
in December, 1650^ soon after which Cond< wa* Uberattd
hrom prison.

In i6si he went to Paris^ and i^uried Charlotte de
Caumont, a daughter of Amumc^ Doc de La Form
He accepted in Hardn t6sa, the chief a • - -

I. f, I, * a, I, /(.W: i. *. i. "me, less prolonged; t i, I, a, a, 5, M^, ^ t, i. 9. oi/w«; fir, (111. at J mh; nfc; iBSdj moon;

d by Google

TVRENNIUS 2$

iiyjal tnaj, and ma o[po«ed to the Prince of CoimK,
oho, in illiaoce widi t&e Spanlmrds, had rCDCwed the
war. Turenne defeated hi* adrerBary M Paris in 1651,
and at Ana* in 1654, after which the teat of war was
tranBferred to Flanders. He nined a decisive Tictory
over Condi and the Spaniarot at the battle of the
Danei, near Dunkirlc, in 1658. Peace wai condnded in
■659. After the death of Maiarin, Tnrenne had much
innoence in the direction of the fordgn policy of France.
He wai persuaded to become a Roman Catholic in 1668.
He commanded a large anny which invaded Holland in
1671, and cont^uered several provinces of that country.
Unable to resist this army in battle, the Dutch opened
ttie dyke*, flooded the coontry, and thus checked die in-
raden. In 1674 be defeated the Imperialist* in several
■dion* near the Rhine, and ravaged the Palatinate with
ezcesiive cruelty, — which is perhapa the only atain on
hia memory. He wai opposed in the neat campaign to
Hontecuculi, an Austrian generat ofgreat sldll, and was
killed at Salzbacb in July, 1675. Turenne was diitin-
fished for his modes^, sobriety, sound judgment, and
mipaaaible composorc m action.

ShBouuit. "Oniunhintbredii VicomtedeTimnne," i6j«;
Paulmtti, "Via di TureniuL" 1617; G. h Coditils, ''Vi« A
Turennt," iMj; Raiuav, '"Hiilolre di Tbtbhih," 1 Toh., inj;
Rasdbiit, "Hiiiuira di TunoDC." 17JB: FlIchiu, "Onim
faitlite di TuTcnnc," ifat: SuMOKM. " HUlcon dt Frucc;"
.. ,.«._._!_. ^ l^nuiMj;' VoLTAUta. "Siielada Loot

..,.** LaOm al USmom dn If arUia
id br Cown DB Gai
ToTBiinliis. See Turxnne.
TvagenBt, Tnrgeiiev, or Toxgiauaw. See Took-
OKNSr. /

I tor, and wrote a " Hiitory of the Church of Durham
from 63s to 1096." Diedinitts-

Toiio^ tiiRW, (Annk Robut Jacqitss,} Baron de
L'Anltw, fdfh ISn,) an eminent Fiench econooiist and
inander, bcra ia Farii in Hay, 1737. He stodJed law,
became a MMOMelloi to the Barliameat ia 1751, and naa-
Wt of reqaeMa in 175^ Iti 1761 be wa* appointed in-
lendant of Limogea. Before the last date m had pn>>
dnced treatise* on variousHibject*. Hewaaveiaadin the
aodent languages and many science*. Ia the jpetfiinn-
ance of his adminiitrmtive dutiea a* intendant, he made

He suppressed the . ^

the use of potatoes, and dMtnbuted the borden of ta^dicm
more equitably. Having formed Mendlf relations ifith
the phuosophic party, a which Voltaire and D'Alem-
bert were leaders, he contributed to the " EncydopMie"
articles on " Eiistence," "Expansibility" "Fair* and
Uarkelt," {" Foires et March^") etc

He was appointed in Aognit, 1774, to the office at
coDtrolIei-general of finance, then the most impwtant
office of the government. Among his first acts waa the
reatoraticni of free trade in grain between ihe provinces.
He abolished several oppressive lawi and feudal privi-
leges, reformed abuses, and began to improve, by econ-
omy, Ihe public finances. His policy was eipiesaed by
Ihe phrase, "No bankruptcy, no increase of taxes, no
loans." The courtiers, noble*, politicians, and privileged
clasae* combined againal him. He was removed in May,
177&. His friend Malesherbes said that Turgot had
"the heart of L'HSpital with the bead of Bacon."
Voltaire was a warm admirer of Turgot, whom he char-
acterised as the best minister that France ever had.
Turgot corresponded with Benjamin Franklin, and wrote
a Uemoir cm the American war. Died in March, 17S1.

"There are crises," says the "Fortnightly Review"
'-- •-- — t, i87<^ "when a character tells far " —

we recede from the French Revolution, the more pri
eminent doea Ihi* firm and exalted figure *hine fbrth,-
tbe one legator who might have saved France."

Sm DvroinvmSBB)a^"ittmima «r la V» da TWhii," ■
CoMDoacBT,"VHd*Tu!nt."i7Wi Dan^ "HWmn
• Loid* XVI 1" U. I. llWT, " tWiot, ■» Via, ■■
_» -_ ..J-. u "Kimaimi" Denv,

TiS

i-^^fOi

"ijSii; Bl

Tnrgot, (finsMNB Funcou,) Hakqois, a raral
jonomist, born in Pari* in 1711, was a brother of the

preceding. Died in 178a
~ ■ !•, dfh t«'>'~^

tJgS. He was minister of foreign affiur* from Decem-
ber, iSji, to July, iSsa, and was sent as ambassador to
Spain In 1S53. Died October I, 186&

Twk, tObak, [Damiil Gottlob,) a German moaidan,
bom near Chenuiits in 1751, waa onanist at Halle. He
wrote several treatisea on mnsic. Died in 1813.

Turk, TOO, fon t36Kk, (Kau. CRKiniAH Wiuieui,)

German philanthropist, bom at Heiningen in 1774,
as active in promoting common-scbooT education,
and was the first to introdiice tlie silk-mann£icture into
Gennany. Died in 1846.

" kiielm, von, ha tlsk'hlB', (Tohamnu,) a po-
litical and historical writer, bom at Strasbnrg in 1746
died in 1834.

Ttirliwdn. See BELLivtLLK.

Ttlni'biUl, (Robert,) D.D., a Baptist divine, born in
linlithgowthire, Scotland, In iSm, emigrated to America,
and settled in 1845 a* pastor of'^a church at Hartford,
Connecticut. He published " Christ in Histoiy, or the
Ceotial Power," (1856,) and leveral other works, uid
translated from the French Vinet'* " Vital Christianity."
Died November ao, 1877.

Ttim'biiU, (RoBUtT Jakes,) an American politician,
born in Florida in 1775. He wrote a number of treatlae*
In defence of the State-Rights party in South CaroUna.
Died in 1833.

ToniilM. See TOKNEBin.

Tni'no-biia, [Pr. TunifaB, tli>'n|b',WADaiKN,) an
eminent French acfaotar, originally named Toiiiiiabatii(
bom in Normandy in 151a, He atudied in Paris, and
became profeaaor of Greek In that dty in 1C47. He
acquired a Eor^iean repatadm as a dasstcaf scholar,
translated into Latin a number oTGreekauthoia, among
whom were nntaich and Tbeophrast^ and wrote com-
meiAailea on Ciom^ work*. According to a FiiuKk
Uegiapher, be was unrivalled as a profeaaor in deanwaa,
accnraqr. and profiindity; Anunw hia worka is "Ad-
wtaria," (3 parts, 1564-73,) in wbidi he corrects and
emhin* many paaaage* in the Greek and IjUin author*.
Died in Pari* in 1565. He was eultwiied by L-'HApit^
Scaliger, and Uontalgne, the last of whom called him
"'" — '- "'~- polio dn monde," (" the most polished
mtheworld.") He had "'

Died in 1594.

S« Pamut, " Ib TtenU OUtnoi Nb^" i6)i ( Da Taoo It

uviaB,"Kloct*;" Niciaaa " lUmoini. "

Ttu'iifr, [Charlis Twmjaen,] an EngMi divine

and poet, brother of Alfred Tennyson, waa bom In 1S0&

at Somersbr, Lincolnshire. With Alfred be put forward

1827 " Poems by Two Brothers ;" later he assumed

s grandmother's name of Turner. Died in 1879.

Tnr'nvr, (Dawson,) an English botanist and writer,

)m at Great Yarmouth in 1775. He published, among
other works, " Fud, or Coloured IHeures and Deacrip-
lions of the Planta of the Genus I^cus," (3 vol*. IbL,
1808,) "A Tour in Normandy," (tSao,) and "The
Botanist'* Guide through England and WaJea," (a voUq
■So;,) the last-named eonjointly with Mr. I. W. DiU-
wyn. He was a Fellow of the Royal Society and of
other learned institutions. Died in 1858.

Tni'nfr, (Edwasd,) a distinguished chemist and
physldan, bom In Jamaica In 1797. He studied at
Emnliurgh and GSttinKen, and in iSaS was appointed
professor of chemistry in the London Univeraity, where
his lectures eained for him a high reputation. Hi*
" Element* of Chemistrv," (iSaT,) often reprinted, i*
esteemed a standard work, I>ied in 1S39.

Ttnuer, (Fkancis,) Biahop of Ely, wa* one of the
seven English prelates who were prosecuted for rc*iiting
the authoritv of James IL in eccle^astical affair*. He
was the author of a " Vindication of Archbishop San-
croFt," etc., and "Ammadrenions on Naked Tmth.*
Died in 1700.

StaUatS-maaMOi, "LtrHif ib* 8*i«b Bvhep*," LmdcB,

Ttimer, [Sir Jahis,} an En^ish officer, who lived in

(or polite) soul a

a son Adrien,

r; e iarJ; ( aa /; O, H, K,/w)li«W;

i.iuuai; t,lriiUd;Mut; thuialUt, ()^See£aplanalkHia,p. 13.)

Digitized by CjOOQ I C

bioanphy.

Tmiiu', (TosKTH MalloU) William,) an eminenl
English luidscipe-painteT, bom in London In April,
177^, wai ■ ion or a hair-dretser. He receiTcd onlj an
ordinary education, and pM*ed hit boyhood moetfy in
London. "At last," taj» Raskin, "fortune will* that
tbe lad's trae lift ihall begin ; and one lammet evening
he find* himself sitting alone among the Yorkshire hills.
For the first time the silence of Nature aioand him, her
fi^edom sealed to him, her gloiy opened to him." He
WIS admitted as a itodent in the Rofal Academy in
1789. "So taught and prepared for his life's lafaonr,
Mt the bo7 at last alone amonf his bit EagUsh hlUs,
and began to paint, with cautlM* toil, tbe rocks ami
fields, and trickling brooks, and soft white doods of
heaven." (" Modern Painters," voL t.) For man;
year* he used water-coloora almost exdusivelj. He
exhiUted a " View of Lambeth Palace" in 179a His
earlj pictarea repreaented mosti* English or Welsh
scenery. In 1799 he was electea an Hsodate of the
Royal Academj, and exhibited an ml-painting of "The
Battle of tbe Nile." He became a Royal Academician
tn 1802, after which he trarellcd in France, Switaerlaad,

RWdk through Vaponr," (1806,) " Naniiaas an
<l8t4^ "Apollo and Pylhon,'' and "ChUde
PUgrimage," (1831.) In 1807 or 1808 he co

' (180O "The Sno
" ' nandEcbo,"

,._ , . Ude Harold's

Pilgrimage,** (1831.) In 1807 or 1808 he coainenoed
the pubflcation of Ms ftnons " Uber Stndionun," a
•erica of prints or dnwinn. He visited Italy in iSlfi
1839, and 18401 Accwding te RniUn, he anpsaeed
■11 btmer arttsts in "the cipnssion of the infinite re-
dandance of natural landscape, . . . TUs work, done by

Turner among the hills, jtdaing die moM Inti

eiation of all tenderness with delight in *U
and memoiy tat all detail, is never to be
looked upon in slmlllnide again." (" Uodera
toL It. diap. svlL) Turner was nerer mar
dispasitton was reserred and ansodaUe, and ha Is repm*
•anted as hariiw been extremely parsiiaonloas. He
died in London In December, iSji, baring beqaeathad
to the nation a laree number of oIl-p«in tings, whid) ara
eaWbiled in tbe National Gallery.

Sm Bonnrr, "Tmiw ud hit WorK" i*f: W. Taoaa
■vav, "Ufc of W. Tvam^ ■ nk, iSto: R(w% "Hadwa
PibnK" t—tmi "Handk Bio(ia|M* OMolir

Tiinur, (Sahukl,) an English diplonatlat, bora b
Gloacestershlre about lyjo, entered the serrice o( the
East India Company, ana wm sent on a misuon to
Thibet in 1 783, and afterwards to the Sultan of Myaore.
He publishedon "Account of an Embassy to the Coart
of tbe Teshoo Lama in Tibet,** (tSoa) Hewaa a Fdlow
of the Royal Sodety. Died in tSoa.

Tui'iivr, (Sauiibl Hulbkart,) D.D., an American
Episcopalian divine, born at niiladdphla la 179& He
became in 1811 pioieasor of UUical learning lo tha
General Ttieoloncal Seminary, New York, and in iStt
professor of Hebrew in Columbia Colle^ He pab-
Usbed " Thoughts on Seriptaril Prophecy," and other
works. Died m 1861.

don in 176B, follo\ ._ . , .

(eputalion ii founded chiefly on hit " History' of the
Anglo-Saions," (4 vol*., 1799-1805.) which la highly
eateemed. He also published a " History of England
from the Norman Conquest to the Death of Eliiabeth,"
U vols., 1814-39,) a "Sacred History of the World as
displayed in the Creation and Subsequent Events to the
Deluge," (3 vols., i83a-'39,] and several poems. Died
fai 1847.

Vbowh," London, 1U6:
ith)7 Rivinr'- for Hirdi,

Ttimar, (Rev. Sydney,) a ton of the preceding, and
chaplain of the. Refonnatonr School at Red HuT, pre-
pared a new edition of bit nther's " Sacred History of

Sm Wiujah Jodah. "Men I bi'
- Fiuar'i lfagnliu"for ttij, iSij ; " i
■tsj. FabniUT. i9d7. mi Naruibu, iS

Tnniar, (Thomas HtisaoK,) an En^lsh antloDary
born in London in 1815. He published in 18^1 "SooM
Account of Domestic Architecture in England ftom
tbe Conquest to the End of the Thirteenth Century,'
(illustrated,) a work which displays great learning cod
research. Died in iSti.

Tomer, (William,) an English dirine and physidan,
bom in NortbomtierUnd about i5sa He studied at
Cambridge, and siibaequenlly became Dean a( Wells.
He was Q\t author of treatises on medidne, tbeolo^,
zoology, and botany ; among the last-named we aaj ate
his "Herball, or History of Plania," said to have been
the first work of the kind published in England. Died
in 1568.

Tnmnr, (Sit William,) an English softtomiat,
bom at Lancaster in 1831. He became demonstrator
of anatomy in the University of Edinburgh in 18S4,
and was professor of anatomy there after 1867. He
published many memoirs on human and comparative
anatomy, and was president of the British Assodation
for the Advancement of Science in 1900.

Tonwr, (Williau Wabdu*,} bom in Loodea In
1810, emigrated at an early age to America, wbere ka
distinguished himself as an Oriental tdtolar. He be-
came in 1S41 professw of tha Oriental Isngnagea at
Onion Theol<M{cal Sendnarr, New York. IKed in 1859.

Toi'ona, |Gt. Tie*et,\ King of tbe Rntollansi was a
suitor fiw the hand of Larinia, and an adveraary of
Aoeaa, agdnst whom he w^^ war. He was killed by
/Sneaa in single conbaL

St Viaau, " JCMfd," booka vU, ta., c. sL, d.

Tar'ini% a Roman satiric poet, who probably Soar-
bhedln the aecood half of Am first century. Hlaworkt,
whidi are praised br Uartial, are not extant

Tn^plnorTU'pm, [LsLTnui'inr^] a Tnaek '.

Charles

t Ardil

ding the de

In pdnt of ftd Its anttKinhlp b verr donUAiL Ths

chnmidc Itsdfisof high value, but onlntemsl etidencs

by

be tbeaalbir

of Chaitemagne, b

donbtfnL Tl

FreiKh Plutarch," (5 vols., 1777-9CH) ■

and biographical works. Died in 171)

SMQcrfaABn, "La Fniua Lin^nin."

Taipm, (Ptuu Jean FKAtigois,) ■ French botanist
and designer, bom at Vire in 1775. He visited tbe
West Indies in his youth, returned to France in 1801,
and was employed to Illustrate with hit designs the
works of Humboldt. He published, beaidea olha
works, " Vegetable Icont^raphy," ([S41.) Died in iSifi,

Sm AcHiLu RicHABD, " Notiea aitr IL Tupia,'' it^

Toiplii da Crlaa4, tUK'piN' deb lute'sJi', (LANCxun,)
Cot;MT, a French officer and military writer, bom In Lt
Beauce about 171 j, served with distinction in Italy and
Germany, and rose to the rank of brigadicr-geoeraL
His principal work, entitled " Bssav on (he Art of
War," (3 vols., 1754^ obtained extensive popularity and
was translated Into English, German, and Russian. He
also published " Commentaries on Ctesar," and other
similar treatises. He was created a commander of the
order of Saint Louli In 1771, and lieutenant-general b
17S0. Died about 179J.

Sc« Di CovmLLiB. " DicdooiudTa dta Gfntm rmnaii "

Torpin da CtbaA, f Lakcklot TBioDORi,} CcMnn:
~ French artist, bom in Paris in 17&1. He painlea

Tnrqnet See Maysrne.

Tnrqae^, tiia'k^-te', (Bdouakd,) a French poet,
bom at Rennea in iSoi, arote " Poetical Skelcbet,"
("Esquisses po^iiques," 1819,) "Love and Faith,"

(lltll.l •' PrimaiTMi-'' rTltjn.1 f>tf_ TtirA in tfKv.

(1813,) "Primaveri,^ (1S40,)

Tut, tiiK, (Stbfhen,) a Hun^i
ral, bom at Baja about 1810. He joined Ac

Died in 1867.
patriot sod gi

I, e, 1, 6,6, f , /«W- i. t, 4. tame, less prolonged; i, I, r, », a, f, /-(Bf*,- fc (,i, ft *ba«r)f; «T, (J

Itj mit: nSt; gKd; mdBa:

d by Google

TURRANWS

»349

TWESTEN

He MiHited. with tho rank of colonch, in tite army
of Guibaldi in 1859, and distingoished hinuelf in tlie
Hbenitlon of Sicily in i860. He became a general i>f
dvWon in the Italian Mrrice, and married a grand*
daughter of Lucien Bonaparte. In t886 he obtained
a concession for cutting a canal across the Isthmns of
Corinth, which was completed in 1893.

Tturaultu. See Rmnnus.

Tnrro&ti, tii'rS', (Loiris,) a French JicoUn, bom m
Orbee about 1760. He was a violent member of tbe
i79*^t Died in 1796.

1 ambassador
United States from t^ to tStt. Died in iSt6.
TnrraarBinata, the Latin of TosguuiADit, which

Ton-ell or Tuirol, lii'rSI',(LBt. Tukbl'lits,] (Piiiikb,)
a French astroloeer, and rector of the College of Dijon,
wrote "The Period of the World," ("La Piriode da
Uonde," 1531.) Died about rj47,

Tnnstu. See Tukkbtini.

TniTStliil, toor-rli-tee'nce, [Fr. TtrRRBTiN, tU'r^o-
IIh' or tiiK'tlN,] (BcNKDKTT,) a Swiss theologian, bora
•t Zurich in 15SS, was eminent for his learning and
talents. He became professor of theolwy at Geneva in
161a, and published several works on theology. Died
In 163 1.

TarratlnlorTiuTatiivlLAt TURMm'tit;^] (Fkan-
COIB,) an eminent Swiss theologian, a son of the pre*
ceding, was born at Geneva in 1013. He studied under
Spanheim and Diodati, became an eloquent preacher,
and was appmnted professor of theolt^ at Geneva in
1653. He had great influence in the Church. His prin-
cipal work is "Theological and Controversial Institutes,"
(" Instilutiones Thcologias Elencticw," 3 vols., 1679-85,)
vhich was highly esteemed. Died at Geneva in 1687.

SnPicncT, "llamoiii F. Tnnviid csldmu," iMS.

Turretinl or Tniretin, [L»t Turrkti'nus,] (Jean
Alpkoksk,) a ton of the preceding, and the rnost cele-
brated member of the Cuaily. was born at Geneva in
1671. He studied at Leyden and in England, gained
distinction as a preacher, and became ptoleasot of the-
ology M Genera in 1705. He was a liberal theologian,
who endeavoured to^nuaote union among the different
Prottatant aects. He opposed with success the regulv
tioa that candidates fbi the ministry should be required
to sign the Cvmauui. His chief works are "Cloud of
Witnesses in ftvour of Moderate and Pacific Judgment
concerning Theological A^rs," (" Nubes Testium pro
moderato et pad^ de Rebus TheolofnciB Judicio,"
1710,) and " Theological Cogitations and Dissertations,"
(" Cogitationes et Disserlationes thcolc^icK," a vols.,
1737.) Died ta 1737.

Tonlaii, toor-re-ftn', (Fr. Tuuibn, tif re-ln' ; Lat
TumtiA'Nus,] or Tottm, lor'rls, (Francisco,) a Span-
bh Jesuit and writer, born at Herrera about 1504. He
wrote many works of little merit. In ij6s he was sent
by the pope to the Council of TienL Died in 1584.

TniTlaniiB. See Tvrkian.

TbitIml See Ti;rriaii.

Tnr-«el-U'Dtu, (Horatius,) an Italian Jesuit, orl-
|inally named ToraeUlDO, (toR-tCI-lce'na,) bom at Rome
m I J45, became rector of the Jesmts' Seminary in his

Sermonis,"(isa8,) which ranks amotig the moet valuable
works of the kind; also an "Epitome of Universal His-
tory," (in Italian,) and '■ Life of Saint Prands Xavier,"
(iiiLaHn, 1594.) Died In 1599.

SatHoaiu, "IHctioiuainHulofi.

Tttr'ton, (Thomas,) an English theolc^an, bom
■bout 17S0. He became Desn of Peterborough in 1830,
■nd Bishop of Elfin I S45. Died' "'

, , „ „— - f-j n and natu-

raliti, bom before 1800. Among his prindpal works
we may name a conchological dictionary of the Britiah
blanda, (1819,) "Concbylfa InsulamiB Btitaniucarum,"
or " Shells of the Britbb lalands," systematicaUyar-

ranged, (tSaa, iltnstiated,) and "Manual of the Land
and Fresh- Water Shells of the British Islands," (1831.)

TnaiMMiE. See Toussaih.

Tna'afT, (Thouas,) an English poet and writer on
agriculture, was bom in Essex about 1530. His prindpal
work is entitled "Five Hundred Points of Good Hus-
bandry united to as many of Good Housewifery," (1573,)
and wa* dedicated to fiis patron, Lord Pseet It is
written In verse, and accompanied bv an mterestlng
memoir of the author. Died about 1580.

TBtob'tn, (JoRH.) an English jwlitical writer under
the reign of James II., was a partisan trf' the Duke of
Monmouth. Died in 1707.

TntbOl, tGt'il, (Louisa Carouni HuggiHS.) an
American writer, bom at New Haven, Connecticut, in
1799, was married in 1817. She published "James
SMneis, the nigrlm's Son," (1837,) " My Wife," s novel,
"The HiMorvof Architecture," (1848,) "The Nursery
Book," (tb9tf and other worim, brides a compilation
entitled "Tbe Vonng Ladles' Reader." Died In 1879.

TotUo, too'te-lo, or TootOo, too-yte-lo, a learned
Swiss monk, was distinguished for his proficiency in
music, eloquence, and the arts of painting and sculpture.
Died aboot S96.

Tnftle, (Daniu. Sylvkstbr,) D.D., an American
trishopibwn at Windham, New York, January a6, 1837,
graduated at Columbia CoUq^in 1857. Heentered Uie

K'esthood of the Episcopal Church, of wMcb in 1867
was consecrated a missionary bishop, having his epis-
c^l seat at Salt Lake City, Utah- liter he was made
bishop of Missouri.

Tnttle, (HiRBERT,) an American historian, bom at
joniogiOQ, Vermont, November 29, 1846. He gradu-
ated at the University of Vennont in 1869, and in iSSt
became professor of history in Cornel! Univenity. He
published "German Political Leaders," (1876,) and a
" History of Prussia," (1884) Died June al. 1S94.
Tattle, (Hudson,) an American author, bom at Ber-
1 Heights, Ohio, in 1836. He was long connected
with reform and spiritualistic jonmals, and wrote "Ar-
naof Nature," etc. Died in 1910.
Twain, (Mark.) See Climrns, Sauukl L.
Twed'dell, (John,) on English scholar, born in
Northumberland ID 1769. Having studied at Cambridge.
■|o was chosen a Fellow of Trinity College in iTOa, and
n 1705 set out on a tour to the continent While en-

Eged in examining the remains of art at Athens, he
ed, after a few days' illness, {1799,) leaving a collection
of manuscripts and drawings, which were unfortunately
'tat on the voyage to England. A selection frma hit
tttera was pnblbhed in 1815 by his brother Robert

Tweed, (Williau Marct,) an American demagogue,
bom In New York city, April 3, 1813. Bred a chair-
maker, he became an (Ada! in the New York dty «)*-
ent was in Congress, 1853-js, was a deputy of the
street-commiasioner, 1861-70, and was several times sent
to the State Senate. In 1S70 he was mode commissioner
of public works in the dty government In 1871 he wsa
arrested for having appropriated great sums of money to
bii own private use and that of his friends. He was
brought to -trial in 1873, and was sentenced on no less
tiian twelve _char^ of liaud, disbarred and heavily fined
and sent to a pemtentiary. A reversal of his sentence*
having been obtained, he wa* again impriaoned for lack
of bafl on a aerie* of dvil suits. He broke Jail and
escaped to Spain, but was sent back to New York, and
there died in priaon, April 11, 187S.

Tweed'dale, (Giorob Hat,) Marquis or, a British
general, bom In 17S7. He served in the Peninsular war,
(1808-14,) and was raised to the rank of general in 18M.
He was a representative peer of Scotland. Died 1876.

Twella, (LiONAitii,) an English dergyman, graduated
at Cambridge in 17C4. He preadied in London, and
wrote on theology. Died in 1743.

Twta'tfn, (Auousr Dctijv Christian,) profeaKn
of theolM^ at Kiel in 1819, was bom at GlUckstadt in
17S0. Ht> succeeded Schleiermacher in 1835 in tb*
chair of theology at Berlin, He published sevraral phllo-
sophical and religioaa -work*. Died at Berlin, Jannaiy
8,1876.

• as*; sisr; giarrf; g as/; a, K, K. f«#><fW; N. «ra/,- ^ frtf /«f; I as s; th a* in CUfc (|»-See Esplanadoe*, p. aj.*

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

at Kiel, April u, iSio. He ttndied at Berlin ud Hei-
delberg, entered the PnuiUn dril seince, and became
one oftbe fbouders and chie& of the Nitionil -Liberal
VWj. Hit works indade "Schiller in hii Rdatiani to
Sdenc«,"(iS6},)"MaccbiBvelli,"<ig6S,)Biid''Kelidaiu,
Political, and Sodat Ideas of the Aaiatic CinHied Kacei
and the E^ptiaat," (187O Died October 14, 1870.

Twlgo, tirigi, jDatid Buakoil,) an American gene-
ral, bonnn Georgia in 1790^ He aetied in the Hftldcatt
war, and obtained tb« tank of major-general in 1847.
He joined the aeceasion part; in l86t. He wai deprHed
of hi* rank in the United Sutea army. Died at Angiuta,
Georgia, in September. 1862.

TirlsB*. (LkvIi) a broclier of the preceding, was bom
at RichnuHid Cit;, Georgia, in 1793. He aerTcd ander
General Scott in the Herican war, and was mortalljr
wonnded in the aaaaalt ^>on Chapultepec, 1847.

Twlngw, fTuKS.) See KOnigshdvkn.

Twl'nlag, fTHoius.) an Engliih divine, bom in 1734,
■ntdied at CunbridKe, and becune rector of White Not-
ley, in Ene^ In 1768. He pablished an excellent
trantlation of Aristotle'* "Poetics," accompanied with
notes and with two dissertations on poetical and mnrical
imitation, {17S9.) Died in 1804.

Twining, (WiLUAU,) a dtstingnished phyaidan and
■nrgeon, bom In Nora Scotia, studied in London, where
he afterwards became a member of the College of Sor-
gcona. He was appi^led in 1830 one of the anrgeons
to the Civil Hoepilal at Calcutta. He puUished "ain-
Ical Ilioatrations of the More Important Diseaaea of
Bemal," etc., (a vol*., 1831.) Died in 18^;.

Tiiias, (HoKAC^) an Englith politician and writer,
bom in 17S6 or 1787. He Mcame a member of Par-
liament, and published a "Life of lord Eldon." Died

Twlaa, (KiCRAKD,) an English traveller, bom in 1747,
pnblisbed "Travels through Fortunl and Spain in 1773
and 1773-4," " A Tour m Ireland in 1775-8," " Miscel-
lanies," and other work*. Died in 1811.

Twtes, (Sir TkavZrs,) an English lawyer and writer,
bom in Westminster about 181a He l>ecame professor
of political economy at Oafbrd about 1843, and obtained
a diair of dvil law then In 1855. He wrote several
works on the Isw of nations, etc. Died Jan. 14, 1S97.

Twlaa, {William,) a learned English nonconformist
minister, bom in Berkafaire about 1^75, was a Calvinist.
He was prolocutor to the Westminster Assembly of
Divines, in 1643, and wrote several controversial works,
among which ts "Defence of Grace," ("Vindida
GratiK," 1633,) i^nst Amiinianism. He was curate
of Newljury for many year*. Died in 1G46.

TwytM, (Bkian,) an English antiquair, bom in 1579,
became keeper of the archives at Oxford, and wrrite on

Britisb
antiqtiitics. Died In isSi.

Twfn'atin, (Sir Rocrr,) an English antiquary, bom
In Kent in 1597. was the author of " The Hist(»ica]
Defence of the Church of England," and other worka.
Med In 1672.

nwd, da, df h titk', (FONTUS,) a French poet,

a grandfather of the preceding,
quitics. Died In isSi.

160$.

Hsvy (WDcncc ne is cajica oibuk uk oiaaif in a^'i-
became Bishop of ChSlons, and died September 33,
^ He published "Erreuis amoureuses,'' (i549-55>)
"Dome Fables de Flenve* et Fontaines,'' {ijSS.)

... in excellent

TJFoh'bpni, (Chidiock,) an English poet, whoabared
in Babington's conspiracy and was executed with him in
■^ He was a very youns' man at the time. Hi*
"Lines written by One in the Tower" are the best-known
of his extant productions.

Tf «liek [Gr. T^,] in Greek mythology, the peraonl-
fication of ctiancc or tuck, corresponded wi^ the RMiian
Fortuna. She was represented sometime* irith a ball,
and sometimes with the horn ot Amaltliea.

^olio Braliai See Bkakl

^ohaen, tflk'sen or dc's^n, (Olaui Okkhakis) an

SO ryzEX

eminent Oiienlalist, bora at Tondem, in Sleawkfc, ta
1734. He studied at HaBe, and bi 1763 became ptxMfan-
SOT of the Oriental languages at BUtsow, where be mmm
acquired the hi^iest repvMtioa a* a teaiJier. He dad
in iSis, leavmg a veiT nlnaUe Kbnir, widch waa par-
dtMrnlbytheUdveMtrof BoModL He was mhoi
of treatises on tbe Phttnlcwn and AraUc languusa^
and a work entMcd " Ldsure Horn otWUtow," (17^)
S« HARiuun, "a Tj*iis."la, I wh, i»i»-»; "Kaw-

_^ . (Thomas Cmkistiah,) a philologist, bora

In Sieawick io 1758. Having studied st GSttrogen, be
vWted Germany and other parts of Europe, and after
hi* return became professor of pbilotophy at GiHtingen.
He published a ■■ Histot^ of the Jews," (1789,) an
"Aratnc Grammar," an edition of SmymKus, and otba

AratncG
worka. Died in 1834.

Tyd^. See TvDnn.

TjOntOMa, ll'dfh-mln', (Mihard,) a

and writer, bom at Zwolle in 1 741. Hl — ^

of law at Utrecht, and removed to Leyden abool iSoL
Wed in iSac-

Tf daSa, [Gr. TvSttt ; Fr. TTD«t, te'dt',] a mythical
hero, was s son of CEneus, King of Calydon, and a
brother of Meleager. He marrieoDeTpyle, (sometiiBea
written Deiphyle,) a daughter of Adrastu^ snd was th*
&ther of Dioinede. He wa* one of the seven chiefa that
led the bmons eipedition against Thebes, in order to
restore Polyntee*. In this war he was mortally woumM
by Helanippna.

Tydid*. See Tydides.

Tf-dl'dM, [Gr. TvSdi^; Fr. TvDiDt, te'dtd',] a
patronymic of Diomede, the son of Tydens.

Tyn, H, (Christopher,) an eminent English musi-
cs, bom in Westminster, was patronized by Henry
VIIL, who appointed him musical teadier to Prince
Edward. He became ornnist to the chapel rojal undsr
the rdgn of Queen Elirabelh. Hi* compoaitians are
chiefly anthems and church music

Ty'frl, (Thomas,) an English miscellaneoos writer,
bom in 17*6, was one of tbe proprietors of Vamthall,
London. Among his works is " Biographica] Sketches
of Dr. Johnaon,'°(l784.) Died in 1^87.

Tf^^, (Bemnit,) D.D., an American Congr^tioaal
divine, bom at Hiddlebuiy, Connecticut, in 1^3, was
elected in 1S23 president of Dartmouth Collm^ He
wrote a " History of the New Haven Theology,* (1837J
and a number of religious and controversial w<^s.
Died in iSjS.

Tjlor, (DANiKL,) an American general, bom in Con-
necticut in 1799, graduated at West Pi^nt in 1819. He
wa* a dvil engineer before the rebellion. He com-
manded a division at the battle of Bull Rdi^ July 11,
iSei. Died November 3C^ 1883.

^ler, (Erastus B.,) an American general, ban
in Ontario county. New York, about i^a. became a
resident of Ohio In hi* youth. He commanded a
brinde of the Union army at tbe battles of Port Re-
public (June, 1S61) and OC Frederiduburg, December
13, 1861. Died Jsnuary 9, 1891.

Tylttr, (John,) the tenth President of the United
State*, bom in Charles-Cin county, VirKiuia, in lUrch,
1790, wa* a ton of John Trier, Governor of Vitgima.
He atudjed law, was elected a member ot Conpc** ia
t8i6, and serrni in that body about five years, dating
wUch he opposed a protective tariff and the Bai\k of tbe
United States. He wa* originally a r«Kibiican of the
Virginia school, and supported W. H. Crawford fas the
Presidency in iSu. In 1825 he became Gorernor of
Virfdnia, and in March, i8a7< »aa elected a Senator of
the United States in place of John Randolph of Roan.
oke. He voted against the tariff bill ot iSaS, and
against all measure* of internal improvetnent, and was a

Birtisan of General Jackson in the electioti of that year,
e sympathised with the nollificra of South Carolina ia
1831, became an opponent of Jackson^ adminiatratia^
and voted alone in the Senate against the " Force BBT
which was passed ag^nst tlie nulUfiera in February, iS)}.
He was re-elected tot a tern of nx years, oominencEc
December, 1833, soon after whidi date he oppoaed A»
removal of tbe public deposits from the Bank of At

C,^t,a^fl,f,/«i^,-li,i,d, same, le** prolonged; I,i,^S,fi,)',/i«vr,-h9,f,Q,0b«rr;flr,flll,at;m8linSt;ga6d;aA«.

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which cenonred tl

MUDC The legU.. .

1836^ JTUtnicted the Virginu Senmtors to

pangins the resoliition of ceniure just mentioned, bot

Mr. TTier prefened to rengn his Mat, ind retated to

obey their iiutnictions. He became Identified with ~' -

Whig partT, and in the National Convention which

b December, 1839, he lealoo*!; supparled Mr. Claj

[dt the Prciidencj. He was then nominated for Vice-

Preaident, GcnenI HarrlioD being the Pre

candidate, and was elected in November, 184a

In conaeqoence of the death of President I
(April 4, [841,) Mr. Tjler became Piesiden
United States. He retained in office the cab!
bten appointed br Genetal Harrison. He 100a after
began to quarrel with Mr. Clay and the majority of those
who bad elected himsell' to the Vice- Presidency. He
vetoed a national bank bill which was passed oj Con-
gress about the £th of Auenst, 1841, although the prin-
dpal provisions of that bill had been suggested by Mr.
Ewing, secretary of the treasury. "Congress having
passed another banlc bill," says Mr. Greeley, "based
entirely on his own toggestions, and confoTming in all
prants to hi* requirements, he vetoed that also," (about
September 10, i8fi.) This veto provoked (he indw-
nation of the Whigs, who denounced the President (ot
betraying their confidence. It caused the rcNenilioa
of all the member* of the cabinet except Daniel Webster,
who was secretary ttt state, and who remained In office
m order to complete important negotiations with (he
Britiah government Having concluded a treaty with
Void Ashburton on the subject of the northeastern
bonndaiy, Webater reugned in May, 1843. In July,
1S43, the Freaidenl reorganized his cabinet, to which he
appointed Mveral Democrats. The department of state
was then given to Abel P. Upshur, who was acddentalW
Idlted in February, 1844, and was succeeded by John C.
Calhouit. He concluded in April, 1844, a treaty of
annexation with the republic ofTeias, which was rejected
by the Senate. Mr. Tyler continued to promote the
•niteiatioQ of Texas, which, by the aid of the Democrala,
he effected Uaich i, 1845. His Intrigaes to obtain a
nouunation for the Presidency were not successfiil, and
ke retired to private life on the 4th of March, 1S45.

He was praadent of the Peace Conference or Conven-
lionwhichmetin WasbingtoninFebniary,iS6i. Having
joined tbe diuinion movement, he beoune a membei
of the Confederate Congrets about March, 1S61. Ked
In Ridtmond in January, 1863.

SkGukut, "AiitskaCcafici."T<iLLpp.iu-is6;"DaB»
cnlic Revim" far Nofaiabst, 1841, (irilh ■ [urtniL)

T7IBT, (Moses Corr,) LL.D., L.H.D., an Ameilcan
edncalor, bom in Griswold, Connecticut, August 3, tSjJ,
graduated at Yale College in 1S57, atndied theology at
Andover, wa* professor of English literature in the Uoi-
venity of Micliigaii, 1S67-81, and in the tatter year was
appointed piolessot of American history in Cotoell
Uiuversity. Among tiis woiks are "The Brawnville
Papers," itS6a,) and "A History of American Utcra-
ture," (187S.) He was a clergyman of the Episcopal
Church. Died December 28^ 1900.

Tyler, (RovMX,) an American jurist and hnmoroua
writer, born at Boston in 1756. His comedy entitled
"The Contrast" was performed in New York in 17S6
with brilliant snccess. His other principal works are
" The Algerine Captive," a novel, and the comedies of
"May-I^, or New York In an Uproar," and "The
Georgia Spec, or Land in the Moon.'' Died in 1816.

Sb DnrauiCK, " Cjdopiedi* of Amencui LiuntDR,"

Fjrlar, (Saudkl.) an American lawyer and philo-
sophical writer, bom In Prince George's county, Mary-
land, in 1S09. He published a " Discourse of^ihe Ba-
conian Philosophy," (1S44,) " The Progress of Philosophy
in the Past and in the Future," (1859,) and a "Life of

Chief-Ju*'!'* Tin.if " ItHni I Mr. liirA In Tttitt

tosrards London. Tyler wa* killed by the ■
London in I^I.

Trior, (WILLIAM Scniouk,) RD., a

Presbyterian divine and acholar, bom in Sotqnehaiuu
county, PenDBylvanla, in 1810. He became professor
<rf the Latin and Greek laneDin* ai Amberti Collie
about 1836, He also pablidted editiona of the " 0^'
mania" and " Agrioda" of Tadtos, the " HistMiet" of
Tadtos, and Fbto's "Apology" and "Crito^" and a
unmber of theological treatiset. Died Nov. 19, 1S97.

TT^or, (Edwakd BuMmr,) an EngUtk anthropolo-
gist, bora at Camberwell Grove, October a, 183*. He
waa educated at a Friends' school. His prindpil works
are "Anahnac, or Mexico and the Mexicans," (1 86 O
"Early History of Mankind," (1865,) "Primitive Cnl-
lure,''Ci87i,) "Anthropology," (1881,) etc. Hewas -
made pioiessor of anthropology at Oxford in 1S95.

Ty'aan, (Katharinb,) a British novelist and
poet, bom at Dublin in [861. She married H. A.
Hinltson in 1893. She published seveial volumes of
verse and a number of novels, among her later works
being "The Handsome Brandons," (189S,) and
" The Wind in the Trees," poems, (1898.)

Tyndale. See Tindau.

Tfn'daU, (John,) LL.D., F.R.S., a distinguished
physicist, Dom in Ireland, August 11, iSao, becwon pro-
ftmot of natural philosophy in the Royal Institution,
London, in 18J3. Among his works are " Peaks, Passes,
and Gladcn," (l8tio,) and a treatise entitled " Heat Con-
sidered as a Mode of Motion," (i86*,) which enjoy* a
high reputation. Professor Tyndall has probably oooe
more than any other ^i^ish writer to make known and
popolariie the great saendfic trnth of the mutual con-
vertibility of heat and motion. He contributed to tht
"Philosophical Tranaa«tioas" several memoir* 00 ra-
diant heat, and published ' Lectnres cm Soand" in 1867, -
" Notes on Electricity," " Faraday as a Discoverer," anl

Fragments of Science" in 1870, " Notes on Light" and

Hours of Eierdse In the Alps" in 1871, " The Form*
of Water in Clouds and Rivers, Ice and Gladera" in
1873, " Pragmenti of Sdence" in 1S76, and " Floating
Matter of £e Ait" in 1881. Died December 4, 1893.

Trndus or TyndanAo. See Tykbakm.

nn'dn-nw or Tjhi-di'ra'tiB, [Gr. Twd^sor or
Tmiaptu(' rarely. If ever, Ti»Aipot,-» Fr. TmoAKtE,
a^dtti^, or Tyrdari, llN'db',] a fabnlous kine of
Sparta, married Leda, and had a number of children,
among whom were Castor, Pollux, and Helen. The
poet* relate that he exacted from the numerous snitota
of Helen an oath Ihat they wonld defend her and the
husband whom she shoold choose agmnat all their ene-
mies. (See Helkk.)

Tfag, (DUDI.BY Atkin^) a nfted Episcopalian der-

.1 ,.!._«._ ^tjp'jijn H. Tyng, D.D., waa

inty, Maryland, January la,

« Taney,"

n 187S.
. I a leader of a
targe number of men who revolted in the southeastern
part of England in 1381 in consequence of a capitation
tax. They massacred several person* of the higher
dasae*, committed mnch devastation, and nurdtcd

gyman, the son of the Rev. Steplien H. Tyng, D.D., was

bom in Prince George's county, Maryl—^ ' — "

181^ He graduated with dittingnishe
University of Pennsylvania in 1843, studied for three
year* at the Theological Seminary of Virginia, was or-
dained at Alexandria, Virginia, by Bishop Meade, In 1846,
served as rector at Columbus, Ohio, Charlestown, Vir-
ginia, and Cindnnati, Ohio, and from 1854 to 1856 waa
rector of the Chnrch of tbe E|nphany in Philadelphia.
In the latter year considerations growing out of his un.
compromising hostility to slavery cansed bim to reaign
the rectorship of this church, when with a large number
of his parishioners he established in the same dty th*
Chnrch of the Covenant Two year* later, while at hi*
rural residence near Philadelphia, his arm wa* acddent-
ally caught in the wheels of an agricultural machine and
so lacerated as to render ampntation necessary. Hia
death speedily followed, April 19, 1858.

TjPng (Stephik Higoinson,) D.D., an American
Episcopalian divine, bom at Newbnryport, Massachu-
setts, in 1800. He graduated at Harvard College, became
-eclor of the Church of the Epiphany, Philadelphia, in
.833. and in 1845 of Saint George's Church, New Yorx.
He published "Lecture* wi the Law and the Goapet,"
(1S48,) " Family Commentary on the Four Gospels,"

B« Kjddkll ud Scott, "Qwfc-Kntfib Ltocoq."

Hi,-Caa/,-|Aan/;ta*/;o,[[,E,xiiMini//M,»ata;.'K,iMU»f,->B*s;«ka*int:ii« (||^"Sea EapUnatlona. p. Mj.)

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lS4i. He has been a piofeuor in themedkil depart-
ment of the University of Pennsjliania since 1876, uid
has written " Introduction to Normal Hisloii^,' ' " llw
Cell Doctrine~Ii3 History and Present Statna," etc

^vsana, S'fta, (Auoustin,) a Flemiili painter of
laxucapei and animala, bom aboat 166a, was ■ ton of
Peter, noticed below. He worked at Antwerp. Died
about 17SI.

^■Mita, (NiKOUUU,) an able FUmiah painter of
bJrite, flowers, etc, born at Antwerp in 1660, waa a
brother of the preceding. Died in 1714.

TTaaww, (Pma,) a dtetingniahed Flemiih painter,
ma bom at Antwerp in 1635. He excelled both in
portraits and historical painting. Among his works la
the latter department we may name "The Aasamption
of the Vii^n," in the charch of Saint Jamesi at Antwerp.
(>iedini^. Hia sons NlCHol.AlandAuousTlHl were
also celebrated artists. The former painted chieSy lurda
Md Sowar*, and As latter landacapa of great merit

Tftlar, {ALtXAHDBS FkAin,) Lord Woodhonadee,
■ (UMngnithed Scottish hbtorian and Jmtot, Mm of
WillMO, ttoticed below, was bora at Edkburefa in IT47.
He itn^ed law In his lutive dly, and was admitted an
•dvticmte in 177a H« became pndeasor of tuiveraal
UM017 and Roman antiqaiiies at Edinbtiqh In 1786^
and in 180s was made Jodge of tb« conn of semon,
with the title of Lord Woodhoosetee. He was the
aathor of an "Essay on tha Principles of TrantlatMn,"
(1791,) "Elements of General History," {9 Tola. Sio,
itioij) "Treatjae upon Martial Law," and "Memcdrs of
the Life and Writuin of Henry Home, Lord Kames,"
(a TOla., iSo^ia) He died in 1813, having been pi«-
fiouah appomted a lord of iustidarT.

loiical, and Coaunwdal Grammar,"

He was edncaled at the High School a

{■S33,) a "Life 'of Henry VIIL," (1837.) >nd <
Edocraphies. His principal work is a " Hwto
land," (9 vols^ 1838-43,) which has a

m BuHBH, "LiftDr p. T. TTtlsr:" CKAHUno, "Biocnphical

ounof EmiBni ScUKica:'' "QuailwlT KcTi«t"fai Mutl^

aadjulr. >ln: "UnthBritiriiKnin^br AacoM, ilj».

^rUnr, (William,) a Scottish lawyer snd writer,

bom St Edinburgh in 1711. He poblished an " Inauir^t

Historical and Critical, into the Evidence andnst Marr

Queen of Scots," (175%) "The Poetical Remains of

James L of Scotland," (1783,) "A Dissertation on

Scottish Music," and other work*. Died b i79tL

Sh Chausos, " ffidcnphieil DicdaBSiy al Bmbnl Seoi— ■■

TsetsM, tslfits, (JoANNU,) a Greek poet and

grammarian of the latter part of the twelfth centnn,

of Constantinople. He was the anthor M ■

wt>rk entitled " Iliaca," comprising three poema, "Anl^
Hcmerica," " Homerica," and " Peal-Homer " "'
greater part ol which (a extant, and n

Homerica," the

Hcmerica," "Homerica,"

greater part ol which (a e .

■793 ^ '■ ^- J*cob*. He also wrote commenlailea

on several Greek classics.

Hla brother Isaac was also dlstlngnlshed Ibr Us
learalng.

Tiaohlmer. tshni'n;r, (HtiNaiCK GoiTLIXS,) a
German Protestant theologian and pulpit orator, born
in Saxony in 1778. He studied at Leipaic, where ha
became professor of theology in 1809. Among his
numerous works we may nsme " Protestantism and
Catholklam regarded from the Stand-Point of Politiea,"
and "The System of ReactioiL" DiedlnifaL

U.

, oo-UU-dee'nee, (Prouccio,) an Italian
■rtMl and writer, was bom at Florence about 1524. He
became a resident of London in early life, and an illu-
minator on vellum. He wrote, besides other works, a
"lifeof Charlemagne," ("Vita di Carlo Magno," 15S1,)
"Moral and Political Precepts," (iS9a,) and"Poenia,"
("Rime," 1596.) Died about 160a.

nbortl, degll, dil'yee oo-Ut'tee, (Paunata.) •
Florentine leader of the Ghibeline bction, was expelled
from Florence in 12501 Having defeated his opponents

being nuied

by SiamoiKli, who sm he
the groimd by his

b battle in ii6cs he r

Hb magnanimin is praised
saved Florence from being
own party.

UbvrU, CMeU, (Fazio m BoNitAao,) a poet, born
at Florence, was a grandson of the preceding. He was
driven into edie by uie Gudphs. He wrote an unfinished
descriptive poem called " Tlie News of the World,"j" II
Dittamondo,") which is said to be interesting. Died
■bout 1367.

nbiofni, U^'se'ne', (Jean Hbnu Abdolonvhc,) a
French writer, born at luoudim in 1818. He published
"Letters on Tnrker," (x vols., iSm-^I,) and other
works. Died at Pans, October ag, 1SS4

Uooello, oot-chello, (Paolo,) an eminent Florentine
Pinter, bom about 139J. His proper name was Paolo
DI DoNO. He was noted for his skill In perspective, and
Ibr his admirable delineations of Urds, from whidi he
received the name of Uccello, ("bird."} Died about 1473.

Vohuiakl, oo-KWakee, (Jaubs,) a Polish prelate,
born in ifoK, became ArchUsnop of Gnesen and Primate
of Poland tn 1563. He laToared or tolerated the Prot-
estant doctrines. Ked in 1581.

Vohttlti or Deohtilt^ woi^ fba ta'tBlts, (FtriD-
KiCH,) a German poet snd dramatist, born at G4irUtx l«
1800, published, among other works, a tragedy, aatitlsd
" Alexander and Oarius," and " Tlie Babylonians in Jero-
salem," a dramatic poem. Died February ic 1875.

VO4}, (Ephiaiu,) an English Puritan minister, who
preached in London, became an Episcopalian, and wrote
a "Treatise on Sacrilege." Died in 1647.

UdsJ, (John,) an English scholar, the fether of tb«
preceding, was imprisoned on account of hla Puritan
m1nd[je*, and &d in 1593. His "Kev to the Holy
Toti^" ia said to have be«n the first HeVaw grammar
published in England.

Vdal or Udul, (Nicholas,^ sn English scholar and
dramatist, bom in Hampshire m I J06. Having studied
at OxftH-i^ he became master of Eton School, and sub-
sequently of Westminster School He published a
selection from Terence's comedies, with an English
traitalation, enlilled " Flovres for Latyne Spekynge,''^and
wrote several original comedies, whidi have been lost,
with the exception of one, called " Ralph Roystet Doys-
ler." It is said to have been the first Engfish play of
the kind divided into acts and scenes. Died in 1S64.

Uden, van, vtn ii'dfn, (Lucas,) a Flemish landscape-
painter and engraver, bom at Antwerp in 1596. He
executed the backgrounds for several of Rubens's [hc-
teres, who in return painted the flgurea in his. Among
his master-pieces may be named a -"---■ "--

Moonlight," in the Ucbtenslein galler
engravinga are numerous and highly
about tSSx

Udlno^ da, dl oo'de-nJ^ (Giovanni,) an Italian painter
born in 1489, was distinguished for hia skill in grotesque
subjects. He was a pupil of Raphael, whom he assisted

"Landscape l^
llery at Vienna. His
Ighly prited. Died

€ — A; fsai; |Avtf,- |aa/,' C, H, K,/MM«na/,- n,imm/,- K,trilltJ; lass; SbaalnHUr. ({

Explanadans^p.a3.)

UEBERWEG 13

te nintiiw the Loggte in the Vatican. H« esoDMl M a
pauter oTuimalirbitdi, etc Died about 1569.

U«bMW«ft fi'b«r-Ma', (Fukdbicm,) a German phi-
losopher, bom near SoUn^en, January aa, iSa& He
itndied at Berlin and Gdttingen, was an instructor at
Bonn, 1853-69, and afterwardi a professor of philosophf
at KaiugsberfE UniTenilr. Among his works

'Siaiem tA Logic," and "OatUne tA the Hisiary of
>hJlosophT," <i&l ; 3d -ttA-ytal,: to E^Uab, b; 6. S.
Uorria, i07S-;4.) Died at KSnigabei^ Jane 7, 1871.

Uflobtiritx, TOD, ( KuNO,) aGeiman sculptor, bom
at Breslan in 1856. He l>egaD with portrait studies,
afterwards produced moaumental worlcs of high merit.
The best Iniown are his "Elector George WiUiam" at
Berlin, "Vou Moltke" at Breslau, and ''Bisoiaick" at
Grimma. Died in 190$.

mCMibkoIi, Toiu fon asf IfnJ^lK', (JoHANH Fkiid-
UCH,) a CerBan poet and mnaidan, born at FtanlfJbrt
in 1W7, was a brother of the following. Died in 1769.

UffiotMoh, von, (Zachauas (^nkad^) a dialin-
gniabed GerouD acholar, bom at Fiankfort-on-lhe-HuD
m 1683. He aludied at Halle, and afterwards visited
England. He wa* made a senator of hi* native dt; in
■Tat, and aubsequentlr became chief joatice. He col-
lected a Tcry large and valoable library, of which he
pobliahcd a catalt^ne, entitled " BibUotheo UBienbsch-
isiaa," etc. He nas the aulhorof'Genaan Glossary of
the Middle Ages," an autobiography, etc Died in 1734.

tTnlona or IT^on*. See OooiOMK.

TT^m, oo4ePlee, (FutDiHAHDO,) an Italian eccle-
BiaBtic,born at Florence about 1505, was the author of a
Taliuble work entitled " Italia Sura," (o vola., 1(43,)
beiiw a history of the Italian sees, etc, also an account
of the Colonna family, called " Imagines Colnmnenaia
Famiiix Cardinalium, |i6So-) Died in 167a

UgoUno. See GmKAaouCA.

UgonL 00-go'nee, (CAMtixo,] an Italian writer, bwn
at Brescia in 1 784. He translated aome works of Horace,
andCK»ar's"Commentaiiea.'' His reputation is founded
on hia "History of Italian literature in the Second Half
of the Eighteenth Century," (3 vola., tSao-axt He was
aailed for liberalism from iSai to 1838. Died in 1856.

UgoQl, [Lat. Uoo'nius,] (Matthias,) an Italian prel-
ate and writer on conndls, flourished about 1510. He
became Bishop of Famagosta, in Cyprus. He aasartcd
the supremacy of coondU over the pope.

nhl, SU, (FanDUCH,) a German norelis^ bom at
Tcadien, in Austrian Silesia, May 14, 1835. He waa
educated at Vienna, where he became a very sncceaafnl

nrnalist- Among hia books are " Ana dero Banal,"
,.348,) "AnderTbeisa,"(i85i,) " Die Theater-Prinaea-
•in," (a novel, 1863,) and several romances of great

tntland, ooHInt, (Jokahn Ludwig,) a celebrated
German lyric poet, born at Tiibineen in 1787. Hestudied
law in bi* native town, and took the degree of LI.D.
in 1810. He was a member for Tubingen in the repre-
•eniative assembly of Wilrtembei^ in 1819, and in 1830
was appointed professor-eztraordinary of the German
language and literature at Tiibingen. Having been
chosen a deputv to the Diet in 1833, he was conspicuous
as an able and earnest advocate of the constitntional
opposition. He had published in 1S15 a collection of
patriotic songs, which became widely popular. This was
followed by SD essay "On WaltherionaetViwelwetde,"
(1833,) "OntheMvth of the Northern LegendofThor,"
(" Ueber den Hythus der Nordische Sagenlehre rom
Thor," 1836,) and " Andent High and Low Dutch Popu-
lar Songs," {" Alter boch- una niederdeutscher Volks-
llcder," 1844-^5.) He also composed two tragedies,
"Duke Ernest of Snabia," (1S17,) and "Louis the Bava-
rian," (18 19.) Died at Tiibingen in November, 1863. As
a poet, Uhland is charactcnzed by aimplidty and ten-
derness joined with deep religious feeling.

Sae LoKCFaLi.ov, "P«tiiiid Poetrjof EiiroiK;" "BlH^wodd'a
Uuuine" im FcbruuT, i%rj\ '^ Forcifu QiunTly Review" for
Jul}. iB}i: "QiunEilr Ren»" tor JuTt. ■»<; 1- » LouaHia.
'' U. Ufalud, (ar gn Kunuiicdi Rim.'^S^i i F. Ntmn, " Ublaiid.
•an Lcbu uod Kine IHclitungeii," i86]; ?Ria^ "IJUud or'
RldwR," iB3;:"MoiiYeUt Bi(«nii)s*G4iiinl*;""Jaliit<Bhni

te)

early youth to the United States, itDdied ait in PUIadd-
phia and afterwards in Mimidi and Paris, and becan*
one of the moat aaccetsfol pcotnut-paintera fn the Uulcd
Statea.

Uhlofold or UMald, oo^h.ftld', written also Dl-
(eld or UlMd^ (CoKMiYKZ, CoRvrro^ or C<»nnE,)
CovKT, a Danish courtier, becsme the duef favoorite (rf
Christian IV^ who appointed him Vicero; of Norway,
and sent hfaa aa ambuMdor to France in 1647. AAk
the death of that king he Ml into disgrace, and entered
the aervice of Christina of Sweden. He is ceaaorcd
for his hoUlUty to his native coontnr. Having been
accted of a oonapiracy against the )Ung of Deunath,
be was ooodemned to death in 1663, but be waa oat of
Oie reach of the law. Died in 1664.

S« RoosBAV B> LA Vautts, " Hatoin Ai Cots 4*DUv
Ud,"i67«i IlAiaFAUi."CtJlWl->LmM,-im.

UbUoh, oo^iK, (LRBRRXcmr,) a German tbeoiogiaB
of the rationalistic school, waa bom at KJitken In iju
He presdted at Hagdebart and pnUidicd, beaide*
other worki, "Tm Yean at UagddNirK lS45-55i''
{1S5&) Died Match 13. i8n.

Dbiloli, oo'rix or ritk^ (Tran Jacqurs Aixxi^) a
nench general, born at Phalaboiirg in iSoo, becme
brigadier-genetsil in 1S53, and geooal of dtvisian h
■8s& He served in the Crimean war, and tn the ItaHaa
campaign of 1859. In 1863 ha received the grand a«w
of tne legion dl honour. About 1867 he t«tii«d fra«
tlie service, but on the outbreak of the war widi riiwiia
be asked and obtained c

Bat be held undi ita si
led October 33, 18S1.
ntlkeoa, oillc^ns, 0aoor Aurrt,) a Dntdi nata-
ralisi and minister, bom near Gtoningen In 1733. Ha

etbed, besides other worka, a "Manual of Rmal
omy," (1819,) and waa profeasor of ntral econ-
omy at Gnmingen. Died in 1835.

nitanbogRud, d'tfn-bo'glkt, (Tah,) a DotA K*.
monslrant minister, bom at Utrecht in 1557, waa a
chaplain of Maurice the Stadtbolder. He became a
friend of Arminina, waa persecuted by the Calvinislk
party, and banished in 161S. Died in 1650.

S« his "ABtobiocnphv," 16M, and hii " li^" I17 G. Biuam

TTJfalvT, d«, dfh oo'ee-lblv', (CsARun EuormrJ a
Hungarian linguist, bom about iSaa. In 1871 he becunc
profirasor of <^rman in the Lyc6e Henri IV, al Paria.
Among his works (in French] are volumea on Hnngarji
the Magyar language, etc, induding a good "Magyai
Grammar," (1875,) also a "Finnish Grammar," (18^
and several volumes descriptive of his explorationa »
Toorkestan and the adjacent countriea.

THtert^ oo^Rt, (FaiESaiCH AuGOn-,) a Germaa
writer, bom at Eutin in 1 780, pabtished a valuable work
on " The Geography of the Greelcs and Romans," (i8l6d
also a "Picture of Greece," and "On the GeographyDi
Homer." He likewise assisted Heeren in his " Hiatarj
of the European States." Died in l85r.

UladlnlRna or Poland. See Vladislads.

Ulbacli, jil'btk', (Louis,) a French poet and p<d!lical
writer, born at Tropes (Anbe) in 1S33, became Mlitor of
the " Revue de Pans" In 1853. He pnblished a voli^
of poems entitled "Gloriana," several tale*, and aome
remarkable political letters. Died April 16, 1889.

Ulfeld or nifeldt. See Uhlrfrux

Ulfila. See Ulfilas.

TTl'fl-laH, written also ITlfila. TTIphllBB, and TnUDa
or Wulfila, B celebrated Gothic scholar and writer,
bom about 318 A.I)., became bishop al the Arian Goth*
living between Mount HKmna and the Danube. He
made a Gothic translation of the Scriptures, which, hav.
ing been lost for a time, was partially disoivered in die
sixteenth century in a monastery near Cologne. Died
about 3SS A.D. A frument of his version waa discovered
by Angelo Mai at hKlan about iSjcl The TCrsiaai erf
u Ifilas is regarded as a great treasure by philologiatRi

SHGiaKiWAni«WAU,"U<ttMrdu Ld» god ib Leba
inciii," iRfo: Itm St SoTsiiic, "UlpfailuiUi
■u. ''UriKT *• Lcbtn da Ulfilu.'*^ iWki.

i <t 1. 4 0. f . /' V- 1>> ^ A same, less prcdonged; i. e,I, ft, ft, ^, M«ff; t, f , i, 9, *«iifairr; fir, nui, flU; mfa; nOl; cBd; M»n.

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

ULFT »3

nut W> ^**' **■> ^ *% (J*co*i) ■» cmineiil
Dutch painter, ban al Gorcam in 1617. He painted
vtem of MclutMtDre, raina, and temple*, in «hicl( be
(ntrodnced gnmpt of fignrea. He ma a mqoA coloritt
Med alto 1^

UHms, the Ftench and Italtan of Ultmo, wUtk WK

TfiiM.nii, jM'mln, (Kau*) a Genua tbeologtan,
born at Epicnbach, in the Palatinate, in i;9& He
■tadicd at Heidelbeigand Tilbingeo, and became in iSai
pTofe«tor-eitTiordiiiar7 of tbeolofpr in Ibe former nni-
TcrutT. In iSaS he aaeodated with Umbreit a* editor
of the jonmal entitled "TbeologiachaD Stndien and
Kiitilien," and in 1839 wai appointed professor at Halle.

ItoH.'"" -'---' ' -■--

Upper _, _._ _

■elical prelate in iSjt. Among hit prindpil work* »e
■* Reformen before u>e Reformation, panicnlarl* in Cei-
Bany and the NeAerlaDda," (3 to)*^ 1841,} ''On the
Fottve of ttie E*aDgeiical Chnrcb in Geimanj," (iStfi,)
■On the Value of a Hajoritr in the Church," jiSu^)
and "On the Natore of ChriatiaDit;,'' (1855.) Hia
wiitinga enjoy a very high repatadoii, and itave been
traealaled into acTeral langnage*. Died Jan. la, i86s>

miOH, ool-lo'h [Sp. pron. ool-7o'l,1 {ALrKONio,) a
Spanish histoiian and translator, settled at Venice, aixl
wrote, in Italian, a " Life of the Emperor Charles V^"

il56cs) and olbeiworka. Me also translated into elegant
talian several Spanish histories. Died abont 1580.
Ulloa, ool-Io't or aol-rt/i, (Don Amtdmic\) a cele-
brated mathematician and oaTil officer, bom at Serille,
in Spain, in 1716, In 1735 he accompanied La Conda^
mine, Godin, and other Ft^ch saTantt to South Anerica,
to measnre a degree of the meridian at the equator. Oit
U* vojage home, In 1744, he wai made prisoiwr by the
En^iah, and, after a iMtentioa of two jeara, retuniod to
Spain, where be wai created a commander of the order
at Santiiga He pnbUihed in 174S a •■ IDitarical Ac>
coont of the Voyage to South America," ("Reladon
hlstorica del Viase a la America Meridional,") in which
he waa asaisted by his friend and fellow-traTeller, Jorge
Juan, ** American Notes on Southern and Northeastern
America," ("Notidas Americanas sobre la America
Meridional y la Septentrional -oriental," 1773,) and a
treatise *■ On the Marine or the Naral Forces of Europe
and Africa," (1778.) Soon after the cctaion of Louisiana
" " " ■ ' remor of that pi

. rseded by 0'Re_..^,

It appointed minister ofthe marine. Ulloa
was one ofthe founder* of the Observatory at Cadiz, and
contributed greatly to the advancement of learning and
the arts and the improrement of domestic manufactotet
in Spain. Died in 1795.

Sm FuiKDco Hovu " Vich d* D. A. di UDaa," it4i: Uado^

"'" lofurio ssocnfico-nutoTico /' "NoDvalU Biusrauhia Giai-

"RMiwpMttn RiTitv," TsL li., uoond •aria, itift.

mioa, ooMo% (GlftOLAMO,) an Italian eeneral, bom
at Naples in i8tc^ distinguished himself in the defence of
Venice against Ihe Auslrians in 1S49. After that jtv he
resided chiefly in Paris. Died in 1891.

UUon, do, di ool-yo'l, (Maktih,) a Spaniah criUc,
born at Seville in I73C^ was a nephew of Antonio Ulloa.
He pnbliriied aeveral worka. Died in 1800.

tnion 7 Foralra, da, di ool-yo'l e pk-ra^-rl, (Litis,)
a Spanish poet, bom at Toro aboat 1590. He wrote
elegant lyric poems, sonnets, and a poem entitled " Ra-
qnel," (-^RacheL") Died in 1660.

^jjj «./..<. fpn>_. ._ TTii K,

Iike"i

ia the god of winter or snow,] the god who, according to

the Norse mythology, presides over winter and winter.

' reiraeaented at the son of Sif and step-son of

n running on snow-ahoea lie hat no eqoal ; he

It alto an excellent archer. Hia dwelling It YiUlii,

(e-dlllr,) !.<: the "place (or dale) of dampness and cokL"

UlphUM. See Ulpiias.

Vl'pl-^B, (Lat Ulpia'nds; Fr. ULPtBM, iil'pe-iN',]
fDoHTnus,) an eminent Roman jurist, inpposed to have
been a native of Tyre, wat boro abool 170 a.ix He wai
distingiiiahed by the bvonr of Aleaander Sevcms, who
ide nim hia secrctarT, and pnMorian prefect. He
~ ly of Ue prmtorian lold' — ' "

!0*

killed In a mntiny ol

e prmtorian loldien in 338 A.D,

e the aotbOT itf a work entitled ■• Ad EdIeUna,'
ir lecal tieatlMa, whidi were bifjUj eM«
lef ttemareaowloet Se*«ral eduiou

ofthe

See Ulpun.

ntpU'inH or AimoCH, a thelorkian in the Hbc of
CoottantliM the Great, it mppoMd to have been tb*
author of "Comtnentarki on the Orattont of Demo*.
Ibene* called Symbuleotid," alto " ProlegoBlnu^'' and
other worka. Ulpian of Emesa wai the auAor iit an
"Art of Rhetoric."

niiriaiL See Ulpian.

niilo or UlTlck, Jil'rik, [Ger. Uutioi, 961'riK.j
(AirroN,) Duke of Brunswidt-Wolfenbiittel, a Genoan
poet, boni in 1633. He wrote several very racceiafnl
poem*, a number of nelodnunai, and novel* entitled
"Aramena, the Uluitriou* Syrian Lady," (1678;) and
"Octavia, a Roman Stoty," (in German, 6 vole., 1685-
1707.) Died In 1714.

ulrloft (Al-ree'U) Bl-A.o-iio'Tf, [Fr. ULBiQm
BLtONOW^ jU'rtk' klk'o'noK',] Qneen of Sweden, bora
in 1656^ became the wife of Charles XL and the mother
ofCharletXIL She wat a daoj^ter of Frederidt IIL
of Denmark. Died In 1693.

Stm BoeCLsa, "THa Ulricn namara,*' 1*97.

tnrioM

the preceding, w
Frederick of Hcsse-Ca*«el about 1715. She ««* a
lister of Chirlei XIL In 1710 ahe waa elected a* hii
mccesaor ; but (he transferred the royal power to hel
hnabancL Died in 1744.

Ulrtoh, nKrik, (Chabi^S Fkisxkick,) an American
painter, bom m New YoA dty, October 18, iSjSl He
studied art in New Ymk, and at Munich, tmder Loeft^
Lindenachmit, and LeiU. He won a bronie nedal at
Munich in i87«, and the first Clarke Price at the Nadonal
Academy, New York, In 1884. Among hi* pictures are
"The Wood- Engraver," (188a,) "The Glaas-Blowem,"
(i883,)«The Glass-Engraver," (1883,) "The Carpenter,"
(1883.) "A Symphony," (1881,) "The Etcher,'' (1883,)
"The Land of Promise," (tS&t,) etc.

Cnilota,dU'nic, (JoHANN Kasfak,) a Swiss IheolMiau
and Orientalist, born in 1705; died at Zurich In 1713.

Ulricii, (JoHANN RiJDOLFH,) a Swiit preacher and
writer, t>om at Zurich in 1718. He became first pastor
of Zurich in 1769. Died in 1795.

THtit^ dSI'nK, (Fhiupf Adau,) a German pUlan-
tbropist, bom tn 1693. He was eminent for varloui
forms of practical charity.

S«g OoKTHBa. "LUaofP. A. Ulridi," Ca Ovniu,) irli.

UlilDli, Kt'riK, Saint, one of the fethera of the
German Church, was bom at Augsburg abont 890 A.IX
He came of a very eminent family. He va* educated at
Saint Gall, became a secular priest, and in 913 was con-
secrated as Bishop of Augsburg, He was one of the
political counsellors of Henry I. and Otho. Died

UMdh, (Trrui,) a German poet, bom in the count)
ofGlatz, rraama,in 1813. Heprodncedin 184s "The
Canticle of Canticle*," f'Das Hohe Lied,") which i*
highly praised, and in 1848 a poem called "VictOT,"
which waa very popular.

UMoh von UohteiiBteli). See LicimMsrBiH.

UlricL SK-reet'see, (Hermann,) a German scholb
and critic, born in Lower Lusatia in 1S06. He studied
law at Halle and Berlin, bat subsequently devoted him.
self to literature, and published in iSrt his " Character*
iaticB of Antique Historiography." This wat followed
tnp hia " History of the Poetic Art in Greece," (1 ''"^
1835,) and a treatise " On Shakipeare'i Dramatic Art,"
(1839,) which wat received with great fiivour. He alsu
wrote several philoaopUcal works, among which are " On
the Prindple and Method of Ihe Philosophy of Hegel,"
(t^l,) and " Gott nnd die Natnr," (1863.} Died in 1884.

Uliiko. See Lodtsb Ulbikb.

Uln^ or IJlng Bm;. See Olug Baa

TT-lWiM, IGr. ■Ofcffariir, (Odyaiu,;) Fr, Uusi^
ttltst'i It Uussa, oo-lti'si,| called also myx'M and

lak; ^a»t;ihard; itAf;<i,%ii,guthiral; v,mual; %.lrUltd! I

it;\\,.

■ in Ml. (3^— See Expl*natioB*,p. ^)
,-J:,C00^^lc

Ith'aaaa, King of Ithaca, a Gredan chlet reDOwned
for hia eloqaence, Bnbtiety, lagadtj, and wiidoin« wai the
ton of Laertes, (or, as lonie say, of SUjphn*,) and hna-
baadof Penelope. He wai oneof the suitors of Helen.
He ira« the most politic of all the coranundets who
conducted (he tiege of Troy, to the capture of which he
greatly contrJbnteS bv hU atntageins and eiplotta. The
itiTentloD of the wooden horse ia ascribed to him bTac~~
writers. After the death oT Achillel he contended
his annonr with soccesa againat Aiax. His wanderings,
navigalioiig, and adventnrea after the destmction of Troy
fctm the aab)ect of the " OdysscT" of Homer, who relates
that he Miled from Troy with twelve ships, and was
driven by the wind to the coast of Afiica ; that he visiled
the lalind of XdiK*, who gave him a number of winds
confined in a Im{;; that he passed a year in tite Island of
Circe the magician; that, after many of his companions
had been devoured by the C<rclop( and Spflla, he was
driven to the island of Calypso, who gave him a wai —
reception, detained him lor eight yeaia, and tempted hi

absence of twenty years he Tetumed to Ithaca
■lotw and disgalsad •■ a bcfgu, and fonnd hia potaoe
oeenpied by munenNM snlton, whon^ with the aia of his
■on Telemachiu, be killed. Hmsm aayt,

" Rum qud IHnu d qald Sqaauli paidt
UlOa ptopoBli soba (unqdar U8»."*

2/iUibj, book
Umt, a name of PXkvaii, or RXlI, jc). v.,] the sakta,
or wile, of the Hindoo god Siva.

Vinbial^9tim'biiIt,(FRiixiKicH Wilhzlm Karl,)
German Protestant theologian, born in Saie-Gotha I
1795. He studied the Oriennl languages at Giittingen,
and became sncccssively professor of pbilosophv and
of theology at Heidelberg. He puijlishcd several valu-
■Ue ezegetical works, among which are a " Fhilologic^
Critical, and Philosophical Commentary on Solomon's
Proverbs," (183G,) " Christian Edification Iron the Psal-
ter," etc, and " Practical Commentary on the Prophets
cf the Old Testament," (4 vols., 1S41.] He also wrote
a " Tranalation and Inleipretation of the Bookof Job^"
and "New Poetry from the Old Testament," (1S47.)
Died in iB6a

Umeau, ii'ml/, (Teak,) a French inrist, born at Poi-
tiers in 159S1 died in 1683.
Umeyads. See OuiyyADE.
Umeyyah. See Ombwah.

Umlnaki, oa.mtn'slcee, (Jan Nbtomuk,) a Polish gen-
eral, bom in Posen io 1780, served in the French cam-
eigns in Poland in 1807 and iSc«, and in 1831 defeated
jneral Diebitsch in the battle of Grochow. Died in 1851.
chief of the Mohegans in
ileenth century, in 1637

Unoas, ilng'kfsa, an Indian chief of the Mohei
i^onnecticut, lived in the seventeenth century. J
he joined the English in their war against the F^qi

Died about 16S0.

Un'd^-wood, (Francis HiHRr,) an American
author, born at Enfield, Massachusetts, January ta, iSaj.
He was educated at Amheisl College, and became a
lawyer. He wrote "Hand-Bookof E^li^ Uteratore,"
(1871,) "Hand-Book of American Litentlure," (1871,)
"Cloud-Pictores," (1872,) etc. Died Aug. 7, 1894.

ITnderwood, (Lucicn Marcus,} Ph.D., an American
botanist, bom at New Woodstock, New York, October
lb, 1853. He graduated at Syracuse Unjvenlly in 1877,

SOT of botany in his akia maltr. He has published
" Svatematic Plant Record," (1881,) " Our Native Ferns,
and How to Study them," (1S81,) '■ Onr Native Pema and
their Allies," (18S2,) "Descriptive Catalogue of North
America Hepatica," (1884,) etc.

Un'der-wood, (Oscar W.,) congressman, bom at
Louisville, Kentucky, in 1862. He was admitted to the
bar in 1S84 and hassiocebeen in practice at Birming-
ham, Alabama. He has been a member of Congress
since 1895, was prominently considered for the Demo-

u Ulrou u ■ ■OMtM eninpk."

TTo'd^r-wood, (T. R.,) an English artist and writer,
published a " Narrative of Memorable Events in Paris
during the Capitulation in 1814." Died In 1835.

nnjgar, SGng'fr, (Franz,) an Austrian geologist and
botanist, born In Styria in 1800. gradoated in medidne
at Vienna in 1837, was professor of botany at GtSt«,
1836-50^ and was after that a professor at Vienna. H«
wrote npon vegetable anatomy and physiology, on geo-
logical botany, etc. Died at Gritz, Febrnary 13, tSfcL

Unger, Mng'tr, (Johann Fkibdrich,) an emincnl
German printer and wood-engraver, bom at Berlin in
1750, was a son of Johann Gcorp, noticed below. He
became professor of wood ■engraving in the Academy of
Plastic Arts at Berlin, and was the inventor of a kind of

gpea called " Ungerian Types," (" Ungeriache Schrift.^
e died in 1804. His wife, Frbdkkikb Hrlkni, born
at Berlin in 1751, was distinguished for her talents and
accomplishments, and published several popular novel^
ne ol which, entitled " Jalia Grtlnlhal, the History of
Boarding-School Girl," (" Juicben Grfintbal, cine Pn-
aionagcechichte," 1784,) is particolarly admired. Her
" Confessions of a Beantifiil SonI" (" Bekentnissc elnei
BchSnen Scele," 1806) also deserves especial mentioa
IHed in 1813.

UiigeT, (Johann Gborg,) a German engraver, bun
near Pima m 1715, was celebrated for hia improvements
In wood-cutting and typwraphy. Several of hia land-
•capea engraved on wood are esteemed master-piece*
'thetdiil Died in 1788.

TTngar, (Wilbrlm,) a German engraver, bom at
Gltttingen in iSiy. He has execnted many fine etchinfs,
'-' has lived chiefly In Vienna, where his bme is vsiy

a Spanish general, born at Lima in 17^ He gained
the rank otgeneral bv hb services agaust the Frencb
invaders in 1793, and became commander of an army in
Oitalonia in 1794. He was defeated and killed near
teras the same year.

itarbwger, SCn't^-blR'gfr, (Ionaz,! a Tyroleae
tr, bom at Karales in 17U4, worked at Vienna.
Among his works are pictures of Bacchos, Minerva, and

Hebe, which are hi^ly praised. Died in 1797.

tTntaiIioIsnar,%n'ttr-holta'nf[, (KailAdcustDo-
ltlMlt:ils,) a German jurist, bom at Freising in 1787,
wrote teveial treatises on Roman law. Died m 183&

Uaielmaiui, <Knt'sfl-mln', (Fbjbdrich LUDWic)a
(Jerman wood-engraver, bom aboat 179S, was a papO
of Gntriti, and obti4<^'<) ^^ t'"' of t«^ professtH- at
the Academy of Berlin. Among bis master-pleoea an
portraits of Louis XIV. and Napoleon, and alargepriU
of the "Death of Frani von Sidcingen." Died in 185^

TTmwlwMnn, (Karl Wiuiklm Fudihand,) a Ger^
an comic actor, born at Brunswick in 17S3; died in
183a. His son Karl was also a popular actor. He was
bom in 17S6 ; died in 1843.

•t Halle ii .
jonTiial_entitled "Der Ant'

^Z'

He V

.._ the anthov of
First Prindples of the Physiology, etc. of Animated
Bodie^" (1771,) and other similar works. Died in 179^
His wife, Joanna CitABLom, published a number ef
popular poems. She was bom in 1724 ; died in rfiix.
Sh "Bioenptni Modioli;" HnscHimi, " HBtoriKk-fiwa-

TTpinlaUd, written also TTpenlidled, [modem Hin-
doo pron. dO-pfin^-shEd,] a Sanscrit term, denoting
what is most essential in the religions writings «f tlw
Hindoos, consisting chiefly of the theolc^ical and ais»
mentative portions of the Vrdas, (which see.)

S» WtuOR, "Sunoii DicdoBuy;" CouMtoos^ mUi ia
Aflstic RoanhK," pf, 4;i-j.

Up'o^tt, (William,) an English bibliographer and
collector of autographs, bom In Loikdon In 1779; died
in 184s.

Uj/fSld, (GiORGB,) D.D., LI.D., a Ushop, botn tf
Shcmtey Green, Surrey, England, May 7, 1796, waa

i, C, t, & a, y,/Ay; I, ^ A, aame, leas prolonged; I, {, 1, 6, iS, ;r, M«r«; «, ft (, Qt afinffv; Or, fill, at; mh; nSt) gHd; mOa:

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

briMght to the United Stale* la childhood, gndnated at
Unton College in 1814, took the dttree of U.D. in New
York in 1816, and (n iSao waa ortuuned a prettntet of
theEpiacopalChurdL Ini84^lwin*cootecratedBi*hop
of Indiana, the fint of thai mle. Died at Indianapolis,
Angnat a6, 187a.

tTphun, flp'tm, (Chaklbs Wbntwoktu,) a Unita-
rian divine ind writer, bom at Saint John, New Bmna-
wick, in 1803, was elected to Congress in 1S54. He
has published "Leclnrei on Witchcrad," etc., (iS^l,)
"Life of Sir Henry Vane," in Spaiks's "Amcncao
Biography," and made numerous contribution* to the
"North American Review," "Cbilslian Eaaminet," and
Other periodicals. He began to preach at Salem, Ha«-
Mdwacta, in t8i4< and qnitted the minlstrr in 1844.
Died at Salem, Jnne 15, 187$.

Upbani, {Thomas Cogswill,) DJ>., an American
Congrentional divine and able writer, was bom
De^Gefd, New Hampshire, in 179^ He graduated
Dartmouth College, and became in 1835 professor of
Btenbd and moral philosophy in Bowdob College.
Among his works are a " Ptiiloaophical and Practical
Tresittoe on the Will," {1834,} " Life, Religious Opinions,
etc of Madame Gujon," (1847,) " Principles of the In-
terior or Hidden Life," (1848,) etc Died in 1873.

np'hnes, ( JOSHPK,) a German sculptor, bom at Sas-
senbei^ in tSjo. Many of hi* gnmps hr at Berlin. A
replica of bis " Frederick (he Great," presented by V^-
liam II. lo the United Stales, is in Ibe Wu- Grounds at
WatbingtoD. Died in 191 1.

Cp'slMir, (Abkl Pakkkk.) an Anerlcan t'Trt**^*Ti
and jnrist, b«Kn in Northampton coonlj, VinriDia. He

. __, ,1841, and ■•oceededWebMeruMcretary

of «at« in H^, 1S43. H« was UUed br Ibe «xpio-
aion of a cannon on Doard the (leaner PrJDoelon. In
Febrnaiy, 1844, aged about fifty-three He belonged lo
the extreme Slate-Sight* and pro^laTory school of the
South.

Vp^t^B, (Iambi,) an English scholar and divine,
bom in Cheanire in 1670. He published an edition of
Aristotle's "Poetics," and other worka. Died in 1740.
His son, of the same name, edited Speiwet^ •■ Faene
Qneene." and wu the anthor of " ObaervatloiiB on Shak-
tpeare." Died in 1760.

Up'ward, (Allen,) an English author, bora at
Worcester in 1S63. He joined the army of Greece
in Ibe war against Turkey in 1S97. He was the
author of poems, novels, and dramas, one of the
latter being "A Flash in the Pan," jjaycd by the
Kendall in 1896.

U-lVllH, (Gr. Oinufo, (from 6m»6[, "heaven;")
Fr. Urakib, a'rTneO one of the nine Hnsea of the

■a considered the most andenl of all the soda.
Re was represented as the husband of Tern, and the
biher of Oceanus, Cronns, (Saturn,) Themis, Hyperion,
and the other Titans, whom he confined in Tartarus.
According to the legend, he was dethroned by Croon*.
Orttfti jLat Urba'nus; Fr. Ubbaih, iia'blN'] L
succeeded Caliilus L as Bishop of Rome in 314 a.d.
He is supposed to have au&ered martyrdom under Alex-

ander Severus, (330 A.l>,

Ulbaii IX, born in France, lucceeded Victor III,
aa Pope of Rome in toSS. He excommunicated Heniy
IV., Emperor of Germany, who aupported Clement III.

Kaoenta in iogs be produmed the first crusade. His
*ucces*or was Paschal II. Died in 1099.

Urban HI. succeeded Lucins IL in i iSc He died
In 1 187.

Urban IT, born at Trojea, in France, succeeded
Alexander IV. In 1161. He carried on a war against
Manfred, Prince of Sidly, and made an alliance wiUi
Charles of Anjou, on whom he bestowed the crown tk

J 7 CrilFF

Sid)yandApaliainfiefoftheRotnan*ee,(tify) From
thi* treaty arose the aubseqaenl wars between Franca
and Italy during several centnries. He died in 1964,
and wa* *ncG«eded by Clemeot IV.

Sm Aktaus is tSotntm, " UlMcJn da mhwiIm PootiA*.''

moarO, (gu'mi

>e of France, and si

of die pontifb who icsicw . .

removed his court to Rome. He died in 1370, ana was

succeeded by C^goiy XL

mrban [Lat Ukba'nus; It Ubbano, ooB-bl'noI VX,
originally named Baktolouueo Pilgtiano, (pKtD-jf-
Do,) succeeded Orajorf XL in 1378. Hegavcgrutoffimca
by bit severity lo Ine cardinals, who elected an anti-pope
In opposition to him, under the title of Clement VL
In 1385 he liad alx cardinala put to death (Hi a chaise of
Goni^jring against him. He died in 1389, as some writers
aaaert,by poison, and waa succeeded by Bonibce IX.

So AiTAuo EB UoHToa, " Hutoin dt* nunruBi PondAa."

Urban Vn, a native of Rome, originally named
GiAMBATTiSTA Oastagua, (kla-tki'yl,) wa* chosen aue-
cessoT toSbctnsV. in IMO. He survived Id* election tbb-
teen days, and GregoryXlV. was elected to succeed him.

Urban TnX, orij^nally named MAmo Barberliil,
(baK-bi-ree'nee,) bom at Florence in 1568, succeeded
Gregory XV. in 1G33. He wa* dittingnished for hi*
learning and hi* liberal patronage of science and art
He founded the College de Propaganda Fide, finiabed
the aqueduct of Acqua Felice, increased the Vadcan
Ubraiy, and improved the "Breviarium Romannm."
Under his rule Italy was disturbed by contests between
the French and Spaniards for supremacy in that country.
The duchy of Urtiino wa* made a fief of the Roman see
in 161& Urban died In 1644, and was locceeded by
Innocent X.

S« SiHomim "S^iw UrbniHia. hb G«M UiUni VIIL,"
■6JT ; AaTAm D* UoHToa, " Hiaioirt ila iDDnoiiu Vaitilm."

Urban. See Foktia d'Ukban.

Urban, da Badn^ dfh slNt liR'biH', (Fikdwanc^)
a French architect, bom at Nancy in i6S4- He was
patroniied bv Pope Innocent XL, who appointed turn
nl* first architect and director of medal*. Died in Ijjlt.

Urbnnns. See Urban.

Urblno. See Timotxo da UaiiNa

Uroao, ooi'chi-o, |L*t U^'caoa,] (Aktonio,] *nr-
named Codkus, an Italian scholar and writer, bom at
Rulliera in t44& He taught Greek and Latin for many
years at Bologna, whither he removed in 1481. He
wrote orations, letters, and poems. Died in ijoa

8f BiAHCHiHi. "ViuA. CMl/i Uiuii" NicAnm, "UtealrH."

Uroens. See Uacso.

Uro, (Andrew,) an eminent Scottish chemist and
physician, bom at Gla^owln 1778. He look hh medi-
cal degree at the University of Glasgow, and became In
1S03 professor of chemistry and natural philosophy la
the Andersonian InadtntiiHi in that city. Among hi*
principal publication* ate his " New Experimental Re-
searches on some of the Leading Doctrines of Caloric,"
etc. " Dictionar* of Chemi^lrvJ' ( rSai.l " On the Illti.

Manu&ctures," (1835,) and " Dictionary of Arts, Manu-
bctures, and Mines,'' (tStg,) — one of the most valuable
works of the kind. Dr. Ore was a Fellow of the Royal
Sodely and other learned institutions, and was one of ths
fcHinders of the Observatory at Glasgow. Died in 1857.

UrH, d', dUR'A', (Annb,) a French poet, bom fa
Forei in i J55. He IxJcame a privy coundflOT, and after-
wards a pnest He married a rich heiress, named Diaiw
de Chiteau-Morand. Died in 1631.

Urfd, d', (HohorC,) a French writer of romance
born at Marseilles in 156T or 1568, was a brother of tlw
preceding. He was a soldier bf profession, and fbugbl
in the civil war for the League^ He wrote, besides otMr
works, a romance called "Astr^e," (1610-19,) »3icfc was
once very celebrated. Died in 1635.

Bn N. BOHAFoes, >- ttaitt nr r Aiti4( H nr Hooort rUM,"
1*47; A. BaaNABih - Lu Vifi," iSn: Micfaon, "Utootnii"
DtmLOr, "HiMaiTarriahiai" " N<m»Ut Bi(«n(ihie CJoin]*."

*»ai; fwtj; JfJiani; gaaj; a,w,K,guaiirai; v,naial;t,triIliJ; last; thasinMitr. (iy~See Explanations, p. 13.)

db, Google

«358

USHER

VrktaUL SeeOosKiUM.

Urqnbart ftrkOiart, pAVID,) an able Britith wriUr
and politidan, bom M Cromartr in 1805. H« went to
Greece with Lord Cochrane in iS>7, and publi-'— ^
tteaidea oth«r work*, "Turker and iu Reaooi
0833t) and "Traiela in Spain and Morocco," (1S49.)
H« maintained the opinion (hat the Ottoman empire
hat elemenU of vitality and pnwreia. He became
an nnconpronuMng adTonaiy of I^meraton'a foreign
policy, and waa elected to Parliament a* a Conaerrative
In 1847- Cieil >t Naplea, Maj> 16, 1S77.

nrqnliait; (Sir Thohas,) a Scottuh mathematidan
under the reign or Charles IL He wrote a work entitled
" Logopindecteision, or an Introduction to the Universal
Laognagc," and a treatiae " On Trigcmometry."

Sa CxAHiKti, " BioBnphtcal Dictiaurf of Kmfaisiit Seotamcn.'

ITrqtitaBr^ (Wiluam PoujutD,) a political econo
miat, born in the county of Wcstmeatb, Ireland, In 1S14.
Hepnblished "Esaayc on Political Economy." D, iSjr

Urqttljo, da, di ooK-kee'uo, (Habiano Luu,)
Spanish atatesman, bom at Bilbao in 1768. He waa
tecretaij for foreign affidrs about two veara, (179^1800,)
after which be was imprisoned through the influence of
the Inquisition, which be bad opposed. He waa ap-
pointed ministet of state by King Joseph about 1S09.
Died in Paris in 1817.

«. " Elo^ d* If . L. da UntniJoi" ilBi " N<

nrqaiao, d«, di ooK-kee'sft or ooR-kee'tlil, (Don
JuiTK Josi,) a South American statesman and military
commander, born in the province of Entre-Kios in iSeo.
He fought in his early life fot Rosa*, bat in i8jl he to<A
arms against him and formed an alliance with the —

s of Brazil and Uruguay. In February, 1S53,
he gained at Santos Logare* a dedaive victory ov<~~
Rous, who then ceased to reign. Urquiia becao

Eneral-in-chief and foreign secrttaiT of the Argentii
epublic Died in 1870.

Uiraoa, oor-rllil. Queen of Leon and Castile, bom
about loSOk was the onlv legitimate child of Alfonso VL
She waa married to Alibnso L of Aragon, with whom
she qaarrelled, and against whom she waged a long dvU
WIT. Died in 1136.

UrrM, de, dl oor-ri'l, (Gbkoniho,) a Spanish wriKr
and commander, bom in Aragon about 15
with distinction in the army of Charles
Isted Arioslo's "Orlando Fnrioso" into Spanish, (iSS^I
andWTotea" Dialogue on TnieMilitary Honour," (r '

Vraatnn. See Orsato.

Uneoto. See OKSiOLa

Vniiu, daa, &\ itia'siK', or Oraini, (Anns Maris
d«lB Trimouille— dfh II iRJl'mooI' or tRfc'moo'n,)
Prihccss, a French lady and courder, lamous for her
poHiical influence and insinuating qualities, waa born
■bout 1643, She waa married in 16S9 to Adiien de Tal-
leyrand, Prince de Chalais, and in 1^75 to Flavio Orsini,
Duke of Bracdano. She resided many years at Rome.
In 1701 iho was selected by the French court for the

Slace of Grat lady of the bedchamber to the Queen of
pain, of whom ahe became the chief bivourite. "She
aspired," says Hacaulay, "to play in Spain the part
which Madune de Uaintenon had plaved in France.
. . . She became so powerful that neitner minister of
Spain nor ambaiaador from France could stand against
her." (Review of Lord Hahon'a-^ War of the Succes-
lion."] Her influence ceased tm the death of the queen.
In 1714, and the marriage of Philip V. with Elixabelh
Fameae, who dismissed the Princess des Ursins from
oouiL She died at Rome in 1711.

~ ~ ilh Haduna da UuitBK

■M da UniH Bhu," i£^ .

-■■BBim, "CuuerlEa du Lumli;'*

wrote a " Chronide of Charles VL," and became Arch-
bishop of Rheims about 1450. Died in 1473.

nr-«i'iitia, [Ger. pron. (niR-see'nfta,J (Bknjamin,) ■
Oerman mathematician, bom in Sitesia in 15S7. Hii
German name was Bbkr, (baiR.) He taught at Frank'

nrsJniia, (Bbnjamin,)

I Lntheran divine.

waa a relative of Zacharfaa, noticed balow. He waa
made a hiahop and ennobled by Frederic L of Praaaia.
Died about 1717,

nr-«i'nii% {It Orsimi, oa-see'nee,] (Fulvids,) a
celebrated Italian scholar and antiquary, bom at Rome
in 1519, held the poat of librarian to Cardinal Alexander
Farnesc _ He publiahed conunentarie* on the prindpal
Roman historians, editions of aevcral Greek daasica,
and a number of original works which display profoond
learning. Among theae may be named "Fcrmdta
and EuTo^ei of Illustrious Hen exhibited by Marble^
Medals, and Gems," ("ImagincaetElogia Viroium illn»-
trium e Harmoribus, Nnmmia et Gemmia 1 niii MS ")
Died in l&«.

Uralnn^ (Groro Hrinricu,) a German philologist,
born at Spire in 1647 ; died at Ratiibon in 1 707.

Uralnaa, (Johann Hrinricu,) a German dirinc,
falfaet of the preceding, was bom in 1608. He wrota
a work entitled " Rise and Progress of the Churches
of Germany," [1668,) and other works. Died in 1667.

Set " J. U. UiBDiu Lcbnulnf 1M6.

Ursinnat (Zackarjas,) a learned German divini^
born at Breslan in 1534, was a friend and diadple of
Melanchthon. He studied in Paris, and became pro-
feasor of theolc^y at Heidelberg. He was engitged
in controversies with the Lutheran theologians of the
e, and waa the author of several theological and po-

inisSs.

TTr'an-lf, (Ft. Ursolx, Uk'siU',] Sahit, a legendary
personago, of whom scarcely anything ia positiTely
known. She is said to have been a daughter of a Biitian

SaaUn. Jahbsoii, "ffiatoT^af Sacndud Lafcaidafr An."

Uranle. See Ursula.

Ursiia, <S6r'bAs, (Nikolaus Ravharus,) a Danish
latbemalidan of the sixteenth century ; died In 1600.
Uragnay, do, di oo-roo-gwl', (Paulino Jost Somm

d« SoiUM,) VUCOUHT, a Brasilian statesman, bom in
Paris in 1807. He waa educated at Coimbra, and in
1841 became minister of justice. In 1855 he waa aent to
France as envoy. He published four volumes of legal

Ushas, JM'Bhfs, (allied to the Samcrit root utk, to
"bnm or shine,") a goddess of the andent Vedic religioa,

sponding to Aurora, or the Dawn. She was the

' of Varuna, and the assodate of Indra and Agu.
-- . name is very prominent in the religious writings of
very early times, such u the Rigveda,but in the later
centnriei her cultus seems to have become obsolete.

Ueh'fi or Uaah'^r, (Henrv,) a prelate, bom in
Dublin, waa an uncle of James, noticed below. He
became Archbishop of Armagh and Primate of Ireland
in IJ95. Died in 1611.

^uer or Uaahei, TLat Ussr'rius,] (Jamrs,) an emi-
nent prelate and scholar, bom in Dublin on the 4th of
tanuary, ijSo. His mother was a sister of Richard Stany-
urst the poet He was educated at Trinity College,
Dublin, and took his degree of M.A. in 1600. He was
ordained a priest in 1601, began to preach in Dnblin,
and became profeaaor of divinity in Trinity College ia
160;. In 1613 he ntarried Phebe Challoner. He pub-
lished in 1614 a Latin work "On the Succession and
State of the Christian Churches," in which he oppc
the pretensions of the Charch lA Rome. He made
qnent visits to England, where he formed an acquaint*
ance with Selden and other eminent men. In doctrine
he waa a Calviniit and a sealona opponent of popery.
In t6lo he waa appointed Bishop <H Meath by Jamea L
He became Archbisbop of Armagh and Primate of lie-
land in 1634. In 1638 he published his "Emanuel, ora
Treatise on the Incarnation of the Son of God," whid
ia accounted one of his greatest works. In 1640 ht
quitted Ireland, to which he never rctomed, and came
England. The Irish rebela attacked his house at

1, e, I. o, ^ ¥. ^•Mf : ii, i, A. same, less piolongedi i, J, 1, 5, li, ;, jA«r^;*, f, i, ?, oiwwr; Or, Oil, Ot; mh; nOt; |S6d; mdB*)

,-d::, Cookie

He wBt I roj^t in the dvil war between CWW i.
■nd the ParUainent.

Uaber, (Roland Gkbbne,) Frofeuor of Mbtorf,
bom at Ljiai, Mouacbiuetu, May 3, 18S0. Stadied
at Harrard, Oxford, Cambridge and Paris, Associate
professor Id charge of department of history since July
II, 1911, at Wuhingtoa UniTeisity. ■■ Fan -German-
ism," published some months before the war com-
menced, bad great notoriety throughout the country-
Other poblications : "The Reconstruction of the Eng-
lish Church," 1910, and "The Rise of the '
People," 1914.

Uaaeiliia. See Uuin.

DBBber. See Usher.

UoBtaiuc, d', dii'i^h', (Look,) a French
writer and rural economiet, bom at AngotUCme in 1747
died in 1805.

noalng, aSa'aing, (JoiUM LODWio,) a Daniah philoli

gist, born at r--^ ' -'•-- "'- '—■

of philology

Uaslng; (Taoz Aloixui,) a Daniah Mateamaa and
jurist, bom in Seeland In 1797. He beoune procom-
general to 1841, coandilor of state in 1846^ and adepntr
to the Diet in ■84& He oppoaed the separatian of
Sleiwicit and Holslein from ihe Daniah monarchy. He
pnbliahed a "Manual of Danish Penal Law." Died 1871.

TTatulK, ooa-tA-rtth', (JUtOMI,) a Spanbh political

1 in t&Kit He became pn^aaor
in 1S49, and pnbliahed aeTeial

bwn at Zurich in 1763 i died ,.

Ustori, (Lmoha*D,) a Swiss edncaticmal writer, bom
■t Zurich in 1741 ; died in 178a

ir»tKt, (PAin-vs,) son of the ptecediMs was bom at
Zurich in 1 768. He studied meiudne at GSttingen, and
afterwards filled several inportant offices under the
gorernmeot He published a nnmber of medical and
political treatises. Died in i83t.

Usiuid, ii'z&'aK', or U-au-^r'dna, a French notik,
whow under Ihe patronage of Charles the Bald, compoaed
a " Marlnology." Died about 877 X.O.

IMfD^o'Tl-tu, I Ft. UTKicHOTX,a'tfc'n(»n (Cbaum^
a Flemish scholar and Latin poet, bom at Ghent abool
1536. He lived in Paris, and died at Colosiw In tfioo
He wa* a Protestant miidster.

ntgard. See JOnm.

UbMht See Vah Utucbt.

VADIAN

s, LoRU See Uarimnkr.

ITvediala, nor'dU, (Robbkt,) an English scholar
and botanist, bom in London in 1&41, assisted Drydea
in the tranalation of Plutarch's "lives-"

H'wlnl, pATID,) an English physician, born b Lob-
don in 178a He studied at Edinbnigh, and ift iSlJ
became physician to the City Dispensary, Londoa. He
was lubeeqaently editor of the "Medical RepcitUirri"
and published, among other works, an " Essay on In-
sanity and Madhouses." Ked in 1S37.

irwliu,''^oiiAS,} an English painter, a brother of
the preceding, was bom in London in 1783. HaviH
studied at the Royal Academy, he visited Italy in i8a$
and produced a number of pictures illustratiDe^peaaaat-
life. Among these may be named "Neapolitan Peasantry
Returning from a Festa," and " Children Asleep in a
Vineyard." He became a Royal Academician in 1836,
and in 1S47 keeper of the National Gallery. Died 1SJ7.

tfxaUM, d', dUk'sCl', (Nicolas da BU— dfh bU,)
Uakqdis, a French general, bora at ChUons in 165a. H«
defeikded Menti wiui ability against the Imperialista !■
as forced by want of powder to surrender,
a marshal of France b 1703, and president
of the coimdl of foreign afialts at the death of Looia
XIV. Died in ■73a

17^ iKts, (JoBAMN FXTKB,) a German tyric poet, bon
at Anspach in t7>a He pnbliahed in 1739 a coUectioa
entitled "LyiiKhe Gedichte," which was followed In
" Theodicea," and "The Ait of beinx always cheerftaL"
t" Die Knnst steta frOhltch an sein," 1760,) a didactic
poem in Alexandrines, which is grmrtly esteemed. 1S»

u made ■ counsellor of justice in 179^ and died tba

me year.

UsBDns, u'lan', (OCTAVE,) aatlior,boniat Auzerre,
France, in 1853. He has founded aeren] mazaiiiies of
literature and learning, and written numerous works, in-
' " - "Caprices d'un Bibliophile," "Son altesse la
" Le Nouveau Monde," " Visions de Notre

UUMIO, oot-sfno, (NICCOL6,) a Florentine states-
man of the Gnelph party. He became chief ma^traM
of the republic m 1417, and waged a war against Vis-
conti, Ddce of Milan, nom 1433 to 1438. Hiaprodence
and moderation ore praised nSismondi. Died in 143a,

priest's office, he was smitten with leproay.
fifty-two years, and was auccceded by lua 1
(See IL Chronicles zzri.)

V.

Vaait; van dac, vtn d^r Tint, (Jam,) a Dutch paloMr
of landscapes and still life, waa bom at Haarlem in 1647.
He removed to England in 1674. Ked in London in
■731.

Taoa, d«, (Cabiqa.) Saa Vlvtm, (Altaui;)

Vacaiea'co, (Helbn,) a Roumanian poetess, whose
poems seek to give form to the romantic legends of her
native land. Her " Chants d' Anrore" has been crowned
by theFrendi Academy, and " L'AmeSercine" won for
her the rare Jules Favre prize.

Voi-ol'rt-aa, a jurist of the twelfth centnrr, bora In
Lombardy, was teacher of Roman law at Oxford. He
ccmpiled an abstract of the Code aiul Dimst*, which
b slut extant in mannscripL He was the first teacher
of Roman law in England.

Taooa. See BiuJiiaHiaKi.

Taooa, vlk'kl, (Flaminio,) an Italian seolptor of
Ihe sixteenth centutr, was patromied by Siitns V.

Taooaro, vlklcl-ro, (Andkka,) an Italian painter,
bon at Naples in ISJ* Among his works is a " Holy
PamHy." Died in 167a.

Tftooato, (Francesco,] an Italian engraver and
painter, born at Bologna abont 1636 ; died about •""

Taoharo^ vtsh'ro', (Etizhni,) a French phlloeo-
pher, been at Langrea in 1809. He was appointed
director of studies at the Nonnal School about 1838,
and acted as substitute of M. Consln in the Sorbonne
in 1839. He published, besides other works, a "Criti-
cal I&tary of the Alexandrian School," (3 vols., i84(>-
50,} "The Democracy," (1859,) "La Religion," (i868,J
and "Sdenceand Conacience," (1870.) Died in 1897.

Vaohat, dti, dU vTsht', {Pnau JotRFH,) a Frendi

116031

Vkk; ^tat:\liari; ^a^j; ^^^tfUtavl; v.natal; K,MaRf; taas;shssind>i. (H

identical with Victoria, Minerva, Ceres, or Diana.

Vaddar, da, dfh vld'dfr, (Lotris,) a Flemish land-
aeape-painier, bora at Brtwsels In isfia Hia pictorea
were highlv prised. IMed in 16a}.

Tim, w di', (Jean Josefh,) aFrench dramatist, bom
Id IHcaidr in 1719, was the anAor of comic operas
farces, and aongs, which obtaiited great popularity. Died
in 1757.

Vadlan, vl'de-ln, [I.aL Vadia'nus.) (JoACHfM,) an

-Saa

:, Cookie

diadplc of Zwinglc. He wu ranked bj Joseph SoJigei
among the moat learned men of Gemiiuiy. He wrote,
beaides other votka, a "CoamcntarT on Pomponins
Uela," (1518,) ind "ScholU on Pliny's Natural History,"
(J Ml.) Diedinissi.
vadianiu. See Vadian.

Robespierre on the 9th Thermidor, 1794. In 1795 he
wa* denoanced as a terrorist, and condemned to de-
portation, but he avoided that penalty by coacealment.
bied in 181S.

TtBDlus. See Van Vbkn.

"Vma- See Puino dbl Vaoa.

TtHin,* vl'hfn, [from ujU, (written also vO,) to
"carry," coenate with (he Latin tM-o,] a Sanscrit word,
•igni^ng atmost the same as the German Ifi^tn, {U.
"vehicle," "carriage,") with which it nearljr corresponds
in lound. In the Hindoo mrthology it ii applied to
those &buloiit creataies which were supposed to bear
the gods in their journey*. Thus, the white bull Nandi
ii said to be the *ihan of Siva ; Garada, the rlhan of
Vishnn; and *o on.

Tahl, vU, (Maktin.) a Norw^ian naluralit^ bom at
Bergen in 1749, studied at Copenhagen, and aubae-
qnently at Upaal under Iinn«ns. Having visited Eng-
land and various parts of the continent, where he made

valiuble collectionB of plaMt, he waa appointed io 1785
Iirofenor of natural hiatoiy in the Univoaity of Copen-
D^en. He published "Symbolm BotanicK," "Eclogm
Americans," and a continnation of CEdeHs "Flora
Danica," (1810;) lie also contributed to the "Zoologia
Danica." Hediedin lSci4,leavinga valnableherbarium,
litHaiy, and manuacripts, which weie bought by the King
of Denmark, A genus of plants has been named Vahlia
In bi* honour.

Voll, (Human K.,) author and painter, bom at
Kew York in 1856- He was a civil engineer for many
years, then beaune a pointer and writer. He is best
Known for his poems and novels, the latter including
"The loo of the SilTBT Moon," "Myiaof the Pines,'*
and " Heaitbreak Hill." Died in 1908.

Vall, (Thomas Hubbard,) bishi^, bom at Rich-
mood, Virginia, in igia. He became an Episcopal
lector and in i S64 was made bishop of Kansas. Died in
1880.

Talllajit vt'yBH', <Jban Baptisti Phiubkbt,) a
Frvnch matBhal, bora at Dijon in i^ served in the
Rnaaian campaign of tSta, accompanied the eapedition
to Algiers in 1830, and attained the rank of colonel in
1833. Having become a lieutenant-general in 1S45, he
directed the operations of the siege of Rome in 1S49,
and obtained the biton of marah^ in 1851. He waa
minister of war from March, 1854, (o May, 1859. Died
June 4. 187a.

TaUIant (Jean Fov,) a French antiquary, eel
for bi* knowledge of namiimatica, was born at B

y, celebrated

... . at Beauvais

n 163J. Having been chaj-ged by Colbert to make a
collection of andent medals for the royal cabinet, he
viaitcd Italy, Greece, and part of Asia, and returned in
1680 with a great number of rare and beaotiful coins.
Among hi* cbief works are a treatise on the coins of the
Roman enperoia, entitled "Numlamata Imperatorum
Romanorain praestantipra," etc, (1674,) and "Seleud-
darum Impenum, seu Historia Re^m Syriee," etc, or
"History of the Syrian Kinn derived ftom Coins."
Vaillant waa made a member <? the Academy dflnscrip-
tlou in 170a. Died m 1706.

S« C M LAraDiLLi, " D. J. P. Viaim Doctoria Uwliel Wt>,~
■74]; NKiaoM, "U^rannti" "H«nU> Bjotnphii CAn^nla.''

Valllant, (J<an Fkancoh Foy,) a son of the pre-
oeding, waa born at Rome in 1665. He was a member

So VAKHTANG

of the Academy of Inacriptions, and eontribotad ta
the " Memoirs" of that Institution several treatiaea <w
numismatics. Died in 170S.

Vallltuit, [Lat. VAiLLAN'Trus,1(SiBA3TnN,) an nnl*
nenl French botanist, born near Fontoiie in 1669. H«
distinguished himself at an early aae by hia prohdenc^
in music, but subsequently Biudiea mnlicine. and wa«
appointed surgeon to the toval fusileera. Having visited
I^uis in 1691, tie acquired the friendship of ToumeiOTt,
and devoted himself henceforth to botanical stndiea.
In 1708 he succeeded Fagon as professor of botany and
sab-demonstrator of plants in the Jardin du Roi, and ba
became a member of the Academy of Sciences in 171&
He was the author of several valuaUe works, the moat
important of wUdi ia his "Botanioon Paiiriena^" or
historyof plants In the vicinity of Paria, (1737.) It waa
illustrated by Anbriet, and puUished by BoerhMve aftei
thedeathofVaillant,whichocc<UTcdiDi7>3. Thegenoa
Vaillantia was named by De Candolle in his bonoiu.

TaiUant, (Wallirant,) a Flemish portrait-painter,
born at Ulle in 1633. He was also a meuotint engraver,
and is said to have been the first artist who naccated
works in that department Hia engraved portrsdt of
Prince Rupert Is one of his best prodnctiaaA Died
(n 1677.

VaJIlaiitdaaaasIla,vr70N'dtfaKt1t>s',oraatfl«

of seventy. Died in 1581.

Tainan^ L«, If h vTvAn', {FRAitQois,} a cdebrated
traveller and naturalist, bom at Paramaribo, in Datcb
Gniaiia, in 1753. He was taken to Europe about lyC^
and passed many years in France and Germany, wbete
be studied the habits of birds. In 178a he sailed
to the Cape of Good Hope, and undertook to explore
Southern Africa. He made excursions among the Caf'
(res and other tribes, extended bis researches nusiLwaiil
bevond the Orange River, and reouuned in Africa miD
July, 178^ He returned to Fiance with a large collec-
tion of birds, and published an interesting ana grapUe
' " ■ vels, "Jonmey in tlw Interior <'
dans Pintjrieur da PAfrique," _
li has a high repatation fbrTcradtji
diligent observer and an enthuiiaBtic votair
■ in 1793. "M

Africa," ("V(

of lus travels, ■* JoDmey in tlw Interior «f

. , ("Voyage dans PIntji

vola., 1790-^) which has a high

» 1793. "
pierre. !

published a "Natural ITistory of the Birds of Africa"
(6 vols., 1796-1813,) snd several minor works on tHida.
Died near Sfianne in November, 1834- "His works
on birds," says Eyri^, " are placed in the first rank."
{" Biographic Umverselle.")

Vair, diL See Du Vair.

ValslmftvB, vTsh'nf-v^ (En^ish plnral, Talab-
naTOB,) the name given by the Hmdoos to the wonhip-
pers of ViSKNU, (which see.)

Vaiaaatta or Talaaita, vi'aCt', (Dom Josrth,) ■
French Benedictine snd historian, bom at Gafllac la
1685. He wrote, beudes other works, a " History of
Languedoc," <S vols., lyic^J.) which is said to be m]
exact, judidous, and well written. Died in 175&

VSJ'rti, (pronounced by the modem Hindoos vffi'if
or bOj'r*,) a Sanscrit word, signi^ng^ "adamant," W
used in the Hindoo mythology to designate the "ada-
mantine thunderbolt" oflndia. (See INORA.)

Takta'tamg L, King of Georgia in the fifth cental^
was descended from the Persian king Sapor (Shapaot) L
He was engaged in numerous wars, and greatly enlarged
his dominions.

active in promoting Christianity, and, having

^•i* a,^f,/™f,*,t,d,same, leas prolonged; >,<!,f,B,B,V,/4«rf,-(,f, j.o,(iAir«n-v,-fIr,nil, aUimetinOljgaMimABa-
Digitized by CjOOQ IC

hrtna tA hU brother, he todt refage In Kusit.
wa« the mntbor of a hbtorr of hii counirf, entitled the
•• Chronicle of Valihtang the Slsth." (in mannecript)
He died in 1734. His aoni Baku and Vakbntta cooi'

[LaL Val'la, I (Nicolas,) a French

Dieted the Georgian Bible in 1743.

TbI, dn, dB A, [LaL Val'la.^ . .
joritt of the lizteenlh century. He became lecTetaTjp I
the king abont 1543, and wrote a valuable work " O
EloDbdnlCaiues and Queitions Disputed in Law," ("De
Rcbti* dubib el Qmeitioalbai in Jure controreiiis," 4lh
edition, 1583.)

Valkdmrea 0«mbo«, da, dl Ti-11-dl'rti glm-bo'l,
(JoAQUiu FoKTUHATO,) * PoTtnguete poet, bom '
latter part of the eighteenth centnrj.

Valnds, vtUd', (LioH,) a French poet of the diiailt
known at the "Parnaue." Hi* first Tolume of verse,
" A mi-c6te," was crowned bj Ihe Academy. His play
"Les Papil]otes"(l883) wasreiyiuccetsfuL "Tableaux
v^iiitiens'' (poems) was his other principal work. Died
June 18, 1&B4.

Valart, yHSr', (Joseph,) a French acholar and crhk^
bom near Hesdin, in Artois, In 1608. He became ~
priest, and was emplojed as a school-teacher at varioi
Dlaces. He wrote eeveral works on grammar, and pub-
Bahed edillona of Horace, Ovid, and other Latin authors.
His character i« represented a* Mum. Died in 17S1.

TalaxA, do, dfh Ttira', (Chakles ^LtoNOKS da
Ftlohe — dn (Kish.) a French Girondist, born at Alencon
in 1751, became an advocate. He pabliahed an abl
work "On Penal Laws," (17S4,) and was elected to thi
Convention in 1793. lie voted Tor the dJeath of the king
and the appeal to the people. Having been condeniDea
to death in October, 1793, he killed himaelC

Sm Lotm Duaou, "Notia xu Vilu^" i
"HbUnjoTtlK Girmdiui."

Tnlbonnala. See Bourchenu, dc

ValoarMl, vU-kaa-thJt', (Jost Aktonio,] a Spaniah
agriculturist, born at Valencia about 1710. He rendered
■n important service 10 his countrymen by the publica-
tion of hii "General Apiculture and Rural Economy,"
(7 vola. 4to, 1765-86.) Died after 1790.

TslOBroel, (Don Pio Antonio,) Count de Lunares,
a Spanish antiquary, bom in 1740, published several
treatises on the inscnptions of Saguntum and other dties
of Spain. Died in iSoo.

Valokonaor, vU'kfh-nlit, (Jan,) a Dutch diploma-
tlat and lawyer, born at Franeker or Leydcn in 1759.
He became professor of law at Utrecht in 1787, and
joined the party of patriots, i.i. those who svmpathtied
with the French republicans. He was Dutim ambassa-
dor at Madrid from 1796 tilt iSoi, and was sent by King
Ipuis to Paris in 1810 to prevent the annexation (d
Holland to France. Died in iSai.

Valcskan&er, (Lodkwijck Caspar,) an eminent
Dutch philologiit, born at Leenwarden in 1715, wu the
bther of the preceding. He became professor of Greek
at Franeker in 1741, and waa professor of Greek and
arclueology at I^yden from 1766 until his death- He
edited, besidea other classic works, the "PhoenisHM"
and the " Hippolytus" of Eatipideg, and the " Idyls" of
Theocritus, (1773,) on whicJi ne wrote excellent com-
~- ' Among his works is "Observationes Aca-

:h is highly priied.

« DONOSO-CORTCS

.. See Waldbmal

Taldda, vll-dls', (Don At4TONio,) a Spanish minister

Baval Aitce of Spain. His aUlityand ,.

conspJoDOUB that the king in 17S7 placed him at the head
of the departmeola of finance, commerce, and war. In
1793 he was raised to the rank of chief admiral

>ng ....

licK." (1790,) which is highly priied. Died in 1785.
'■Ida^mas. See Donoso-Cortcs.

Palacio,) a Spanish novelist,
I, author of "The Marqois of

TaldA, (Ai

bom at Knlalgi

Pitlalba," " Froth" "Tlie Grandee," etc., which were

translated into English after 1S89.

TaldJB. (CaIktano,) a Spanish naval officer, was
a nephew of Don Antonio. He commanded a ship at

aUgar ii
nenQ. H

professor of law, bom in the Aslurias in the aiiteenlk
century. He pnblbhed a work " On the Dignity of
Spanisb King*,^' (In Latin, 1601.)

Tkldte, [IL Valdisso, vl!.db'Bo,1^U(;AN,) a SpanUh
Joriit and reformer, bom probably in Leon. He be-
came a chamberlain of Pope Adrian VI. in iju, uid
returned to Spain soon after the death of that pope.
He removed to Naples abont 1530, and, it is sal(( waa
employed there as secretary to the Spanish viceroy.
He vrrote several religious works, in some of which m
attacked the corruptiona of the Roman Church. H«
died at Naples, abcnil middle age, in 1540. He adopted
the chief doctrines of the Protestant creed, but never
formally separated from the Church of Rome. Among
hb works o( a religions character is one entitled "One
Hundred and Ten Considerations," etc, (1550^)

"Valdis as a reformer," says Wiffen, "entered lesa
than almost any thoughtful man of his time into the
battle of hierarchies. He was leas a destroyer of error
and evil than a builder-up of trvth and goodness."

S« B. B. WiFRN, "Life or Tuu ViliMi/' 186]; HonaoH,
"Relbmianuid Marnn," PhiUddphU, 1U7: TmcHoa. "Himn
of Spuiiah LileTiiim :'' N. AvTomOk " Biblioiheca Hi^au Novl'*

ValdM LmI, do^ divAl-dic' A-ii.', (Juak,) ai

whose death he was considered as the head of his pro-
fession. Among hfs works are several [ncturcs of^ihe
history of the prophet Elijah. He died in 1691. His
son LttCAS, bom in 1661, waa a painter and engraver.
Died in 1724.

Valdauo. See ValdA^ (Jdak.)

T*Ide& See Mei.bndez Valdb.

Tsldlvla, da, di vU-dee've-l, (Don Pidro,) a Span-
ish officer, who distinguished himself by the conquest
of Chili, was born about 1510. He accompanied Piiarro

small force, •founded Santiago, and gained victories
over the natives. He returned to Peru m 1547 or 1548,
and totight under La Gasca against Gonialo Pizarro^
He was captured by the Araucanians, and put to death.

di Oiil* :" " NouKlIe BiognpUa

born at Vaui, in Dauphinj, became a chief of the sect
of Waldenses, (or Vaudois-) He maintained the egnal
right of the laity with the clergy to conduct the offices
of religion, and denounced the vices and ignorance of the
priests. His doctrine was condemned 07 the Roman
Church in 1179, and his followers crnelly persecuted.
He is sdd to have translated the Scriptures into Vaudus,
Many suppose that the name Waldenses was derived
from Valdo or Waldo; bnt it seems more probable
that he took his name Valdo as a surname because bis
views corresponded with those of the Waldenses, who,
'' appears, were in existence before his time, and among
'hom he afterwards became a leader.

Sea HoDoioH, "JLtSonata ud Uarrm" PbOwiclplii*. iMj
Lfcaa, -Hiiioin (to^nla ds Taudob 1" A. HnraHr^^ltUtan
~ • YaDdoi^" 4 TDU., iSji.

Valde, vt1&', (SvLVAiN Crakus,) Codnt, a French
marshal, bom at Brienne-le-Chlteau in 1773. He served
with distinction in Austria and Spain, and was made gen-
eral of division in 1811. He was appointed inspector-gen-
eral of artillery ^ LouisXVIIL, and made improvements
in the artillery. He succeeded to the chief command in
Algeria on the death of Danrdmont, and took Constan-
tinain October, 1837. He became a marahal of France
the fame year. Died in 1846.

Sh " NonicIIa Biagnphie Gttiais."

TnlBnco, de, d«h vJICnss', (Cy«ub Marii ALKir
atlDRE de Tlmbrtme — dfh tlNliEan',) CotniT, a
French general, bom at Agen in 17C7. He was apr
pointed general-in-chief of It^ army of Ardenn«* in Oc-

Mi,-(aa/,;B*arrf,-ias/;a,H,i:,fMterB;;t^naja^-.E,lWflW;-|as«,tha8inrtM. (H^See Explanations, p. aj.'

Digitized .yGoOgle

VALENCrA

lober, I793i and guned aome ulnntagea over the i
fai FUnaen. He followed Damooriei in hi* defection
>D<1 Biebt, {1793.] Having letomed to France iboot
iSoo^ he served u genenil in Spun,.(iSoS,) uid in
Riuiia, (iSii.) Diedio iSai.

See " NonveU* Biognphk G^ntnl*.'

Valonola, Duke op. See Nakvak.

ValenoiaiuiBa, vtl6N'K-in', (Achillb,) a French
oatnralist, born in Paris in 1794. He became profetsoi
of anatomy at the Normal School in 1830, and after-
ward* prt^essoT in the Museum of Natural HiatoTy. He
pnbliahed, besides other work*, a " Natuml History of
Fiihei," (II vols., 1819-49.) I3'«d April 14, 186^

VslsncienneB, (Pikrri Hcnri,] a French landscape-
painter, bom at Toulouse in 1750. He was the chief
of a school to which many eminent painters belonged.
According to the " Biographic Universelle," he WM
dw ablest landscape-painter of his time. EMed in 18191

'Vl'l«iu, (Aburmus,) ■ Roman jurist of the time t»
Antoninus Piua. iWe are only fragments of his
wiitiDgs extant.

Valens, (Fabius,^ a Roman general, notorious for
CTueltj and other cnmes. He revoked against Galba,
became a partisan of Vitellius, and defeated Otho at

in Arian, and
le orthodoK. He defeated the Goths in 369,
•Aer which he waged war against Sapor, (Shapoor,) Kjng
of Fertia. HI* dominiott* were invaded by the Goths,
b; whom he w«* defeated and lulled in a great batti*
Bear Adrtanople in 378 KH.

See GtuoH, "Dadin* and Pall of lb* Rmhb Bmiin;" Ta
tmoHT, " Hiiloin daa EniMnni ;" " Noonlk Biocnphii (MoA-

Valeutdo, d4 dfc vl-ttn'te-l, (GKiooitio,) a Spanish
Jesuit and theologian, bom at Ifedina del Campo about
1550b He wa* professor of theology at Ingolstadt and
at Rome. He note several contioverual worka. Died

Tafentia, ds, (Pkdko,) an eminent Spanish jurist,
bom in 1554. He had a high reputation for learniiiK.
He wrote an excellent comnentaiy on the " Academics"

Italian cardinal, bom at Mantua in 1690, wa* a patron
(^learning. He became chief minister of Benedict XIV.
•oon after bis election to the papan. Died in 1 756.

TalentliL See VautimNi and Valkhtihu*.

Tklantlii, vl-lfii-teen' or Q-lfn-teen', (Gabkiil Gv(-
TAV,) a German physician, t^ Jewish extraction, bom at
Breslan in iSio. He became professor of physiology
St Berne in 1S46. He published a "Manual of Uie His-
tory of Development," (1S35,) and other physloli^cal
works. Died May iS, 1SS3.

Val«ntlD or Valsntlnl, vl-ltn-tee'nee, (Michael
BluiA&D,) a German medical writer and naturalist,
bom at Giessen in 1657. He was professor in the Uni-
versity of Giessen, and wrote numerous works. Died
hi 1716,

TalanttD. vn&H'tlti', (MolisE.) called also Valuttin
Di BouLONCNK, (vflftN'tiN' dfh booliNll',) and Li
Vaumtih, (Ifh vt^&H'tiN',) a distinguished French

S'nter, bom at Coulonunier* in 1600, He studied in
ly, and made Caravaggio hi* model. Among his
master-pieces we nwr name "The Death of John the
Baptist," and >' The Denial bv Peter." His delineationB
of common life are also greatly admired. Died in 163a.
Tnlontlii d« Bonloncne. See Valsntin, (Moisk.)
Talentia-Smlth. vllBN'tlM' smtt, (JaANMis E>-
KABD,) a French lawyer and writer on political economy,
bom at Tr^vonx in 1796. Among his works are " Men-
didlv and Labour," (1S4S,] and "The Philosophy of
Statistics," (1S54.) Died at Lyons, May 8, 1891.

Vsl'sn-tlns or Val-f n-ti'niia, IFr. VALxirrm, vf -
IBif'tlN',! a native of Rome, was elected pope in Sep-
tember, 8*7. "- '■-'•-- "-■-'- — ' ■>-

n October of the same year.

6t VALERK

Valflntliie, (Basii.) See BAsn^-VAUMnHL

Tal'fD-tans, Saint, an ecdesiastic of the thbrd CM-
tiuy, supposed to have soderad martyrdooi ondec ika
emperor Claodios. (370 A.D.)

Valentin*, (Edward Virqintos,) Kulptor, bora at
Richmond, Virginia, in 1S3S. He studied in Farts,
Florence and Berlin, and haa produced numerouB woiks
of statuary, embracing figures of Robert E. Lee, Slooe-
wall Jackson, Jobm J. Audubon, and many otben.

Valmtlnl, vl-lbi-tee'i>ee. (Gcoko WiLonM,)
Baron, a German general, bom at Berlin in 1775,
served against the French in the prtndpal campaigo*
between 1811 and l8l<i. and was appointed in tu8 in-
spector-general of miUtary instniction in the Prvsmaa
army. He wrote several military worka. Died in 183^

Val-en-tlnl-fn [Lat. VMxinTNiA'iius ; Fr, Valeh-
TiNiXN, vnSN'te'ne-iNT 1, (FLAvins,) born in Paowv
nia in 321 A.I>., succeeded Jovian a* Emperor of Rons
in 364, and, having made his brother Valens his coUeago^
reserved for himself the western part of the eminre. Ha
carried on wars with the Franks. Allemanni, and other
German tribes, over whom lie gained several important
victories. The Picts and Scot* were also defeated, and
a rebellion in Afi-ica was suppressed by hk general
Theodosius. While marching against the (3nadi and
SarmalK, who had invaded Pannonia, Valentmian died
suddenly, (375 A.D.) He was a Catholic, but tolerated
the Arians.

Talentinlaii (Talantliilaniia) H, (Plavtu*,) caDed
niE VouNOER, was a son of the precediofc aitd wm
made by his brother Gratian, who succeeded to tha
throne in 375 a.d., his colleague, and mier over tha
western part of the empire. After the murder of Gra-
tian by Haxima*, in 383, he sought the protection ef
Theodooins, who defeated Maximos and restored Iba
throne to Valenliman. He was assassinated in 391^ by
order of ArbogasCes, one of his generals, who aimed at
the sopreme power.

SeaCiBaoi(,"I>*^DeiadFsDaf duKaamBnitin.'

Tal«Dtliilan (TalMitiiilantia) m. (pLACtmn,)
*on of Con*tantlui, born in 419, was oiade ruler over tlw
We*tem empire by Us uncle, Theodosius IL. (4^5 A.ikJ
but the governmeat wa* conducted bjr lus mother, Fla-
ddia. During this period Africa wa* conquered from
the Roman* 1^ Genieric, in consequence of the diacoid

4SS. b.
whose wife he had dishonoured.

8« OissciM. "DidfaH lad PsU of tha KoaBB bvk* r Tnu-
mrr, *' Histws das EBpavun."

Valentiiilaiina. See VALBtrnNiAN.

ValentiiiieiL See Valehtiwiai*.

Tal-cD-ti'itiu, [Fr, Valentin, vtlflN'tlif',) a cele-
brated Gnosdc, was a native of Egypt, and the Ibnndei
of a sect called Valentiniaos. He went to Rome aboot
140 A.D., and wa* excommunicated soon after that datch
He invented an obscure and hndiul system of theologr
in which Platonic ideas were mingled with the mjntK
doctrines of the Gospel of John. Died about 160.

Valan^n, vfltn-tln', (FaANCis,) a Dutch pr^ujia
and traveUeT, bom at Dort about 166a. He preached
several years at Amboyna, and published a descriptive
work entitled " Andent and Modem East Indie*," (I
vols., 1714-26.) Died about 1735.

Videra, (Don Juan,) a Spanish statesman and
author, bom at Cabra, Cordova, in 1S14. As a public
man he held various ministries and other posts under the
government, and diplomatic positions at Washington
and several European courts. As an author he wrote
essays and poems and several popular romances, ia-
eluding "Pepita Jimenei," (1874,) ■■ DoBa Los,"
(1878, ) " La Buenfl Fama," etc Died in 1905.

Talan, da, di vi-U'ra, (Dieqo,) a Spanish hiatcria^
born at Cuenea about 141). He was manr-dooKi la
Isabella of Castile, and received the title of hiM»-
from Ferdinand the Catholic. He wrote as
I Hiatorj of Spain," ("Cronka de Kqiais

riographer from Ferdinand the Catholic.
-Abridged Hiatorv of Spain," ("C
■ ■ ' - 1489.) Died after 1481.

I, «, I, fi, fl. r, ;^; i, t, 6, same, less prolonged; i, 2, T, S, 0, r, fibrf ; t, «, 1, 9, •(*»'«; Or, on, OUi mlt; nOti gSEd; mSa:

r.,i,ed:^:,C00^le

of Diocletiaii uid Priaou She ma muried In M3 A.n
to the emperor Galerina, after vhoee dealfa ibi mm
penecuted bf Haziminu beooM the refnted to be hi*
vifis. Sbe wu pat to deith b; Udoiot in 315 jlo.

Valeria Oooa, an uidcnt patridan tribe or Eunil^
at Rome, attpposed to be descended from Voletin, or
Voluiui, a Sabine. Thli gena waa repreaented l^ a
mcceuion of eminent men for manj centaries, and
mjc^ed peculiar hononra and priTilegea. Among the
namet of the Eunllies Into which it waa divided wet«
Fhccua, Maiimns, Messata, Publicota, and Volntas.

'Va-le'll-911 [IM. VAtMBIA'NnS, (PUBUna LlCINDJS ;)

Ft. VaiJkien, vtll't^H'] tncceeded jfimitianoa a*
Emperor of Rome in 353 A.D., and appointed hia aon
Gallienns bis colleague. The empire waa soon after
faiTaded hj Ibe Goths and other butitroii* tribes, and
tn Sapor, (Shapoor,) Kine of Periia, who defeated the
Romans near Edessa in a& and took Valerian prisoner.
He wu treated io the most insuttinB manner ij his
captor, who (a said to have placed his foot upon him
when b« nonntcd hit horse. He <Ued in Peraia abool
>68 A.IX, and wa* toccneded bjr his son GslUenos.

.8— Avrnxiim Vicroi, "Da Cwaribu;" Tiluutont, "Hit-

Valcilaiii MoUnari, vl-l)t-re-t'nee mo-Ie-nl'ree,
(Loiai,] an Italian jnritt, bom in 1758 ; died in iSaS.

8« UoKTjLKAti, " Biorab d^ ProAwn L. Talwtaid MoB.
•ri," i8u.

Valarlanoa Apoat^oa. See FtrCA, d^ (Juan.)

Valvrianiu. See Valuian.

VfJ»-t1-i'iiiia, (JOAHNis Piuuus,) or Valerfaoo,
«i-ll-re-i'no, (GIOVANNI Piutio,) an Italian author,
btan at Bellono in 1477. His fiunily name waa Bol*
tANL He became spcatdlc prothonotaTjr and professor
of etoqnence at Rom& Anona; liis wcwks are Latin
poems, and a "Treatise on Andent Symbtds," ("Hi»>
rogljphia, sire de Saois Agyptlornn, aliannaqne
Gentium Uteria," 1556.) Died a( Fadoa in 1558.

E«DiTHDUiDdTBvin,~Ckifni''N)alaoH, "lUaMina."

Valerian. Se« Valuuan.

VoUilo, vl-li're-o or vTU're'o', (TrIoimki,) a
French painter and engraver, bom near Longwy (Mo-
selle) in 1819. He accompanied the Turkish army uiODt
iS(), and took sketches of rarioos scenes and peoplea
tn Hongirv, Bosnia, etc Died September 14, 1S79.

Vf-le'il-iu, (Ahtuu QmNTDS.) a Roman historian,
wrote Annals of the dtr Gota Its ionnditiim to the time
orSolla.

Talartiia, [JuLniS,) a translator, who is supposed to
have lived in the fifth cenlunr. He prodnced a Latm
verwon of a "Hlstoty of Alexander the Great," by

Talarina, [Fr. ValIki, vtaaiaM (LircAS,) an Italian
■uthematidan, was profeasor of geometry io the College
of Rome. He pnUiahed a work "On the Centre of
Gravity of Solids." Galileo called him the Archimedes
tt hia time. Died about 1618.

Valerina, (Pkobits Uakcus,) a noted grammarian
nnder the telgn of Neroi was a native of Syria.

TalOTlna, (Ftntutn,) attroamed Asut'icus, a Roman,

VttJa'ilHiB, (Adbiamos,) (Fr. Adriin di Valoi^
f dR^^jt' d^ vTlwl',] brother of Henri, notked below,
bom u Paris in 1607, was the author of a history of
France, entitled "Gcata vetemm Fiancorum," etc, (5
vota., 1658,) and " Notitia Galliarum Ordine alphabedco
digesia,'' being an accoont of andent GaoL In 1660
he received a pension from the king, tuid the title of
royal hiitoiiogripber. He also wrote a "Life of Henry
de Valoia," (in IJitin,) and other worka. Died in 1691,

Sm Niabtnc, " MfaBsim."

Valaaltta or D« ValoU, (Hknu,) an eminent French
scholar, bom in Paris in i6(^ He studied in his nativa
dty, and subsequently at Bourgca. Among hia principal
works are his editions of Ensebius, Socrates, Sosomen,
and other Greek ecdesiastical historiana, also an edition
of Ammianus Harcellinus, and "Excnpta Polybi!, Dio-
dori, Ificolai Damasoeni," etc. He waa appoinled royal
hiatoriograpber b i66a Died in ie7&

Sf Nic^mm, "tUsiiiins."

Talattv, vTiet', (Atioosn,) a Frcndi hirirt, bom at
Salina (Jnr|0 in iSoj. He became prdeasor of dvO
law in tlie Ecole de Droit, Paria, in 1837, and occupied
that chair more than twenty yeara. He publiahed aevera)
legal worio. Died Hay 10, 1S7S.

Talatta, da la, dfh It vtlCt', IJun Failaot— pT-
re'so',) sometimes called Taletto-Fariaot the founder
of VaJetta, and grand master of Malta, waa bora of
French parenta in I4<m. He waa elected grand master
in 1557, having previoWy acqnited a high icpntatka
as a general. In 156; the Sultan Solyman attacked
Malta with a poweinu armament, (one hnndred anil

liege of Ibar n
Tnrki retired. IKed in 1568.
S«MnuoT,''flec*^J-<l*l*Vi]*n*-PuUoi,"it^i Pwtrr,
PbiUpM VilUn di I'lal^Adu and J. da )■ Vilnta," laii:

ToKXiTT, - Hiiun of PhlMp 11," ™l H. ; Wat "'"-J

FbDip II.:" Da Thoii, "Hinorii ni Tamperi
"HktoiTt daa Omlkn <)■ Ualuj" "NauMl

-■^•j

t, who coveted hia garden, induced Claudios to pot
nna to death in 47 A.D.

Talaifqa Corvna, (Habcos.) See Cortui.

Talartiu Plaootia. See Fi^ccua, (Caius.)

▼a-Jo'iI-na UutTmtta, [Fr. VaiIu Maximi, vT-
Ux' mXk'stm',] a Roman historical writer under the
fdgn of Tiberius, His prindpal work is entitled " Fac-
totam Dictommque Hemorabninm Libri IX.," consist-
lur diieflj of historical anecdotes. Numerous editioiia
aflt have been published, and It has been tranalaled into
dw ^indpal modem languages. This work ia vai;
defective in style and other qnilities.

Sa* Vomn " Da Hiauridi LaliBla ;~ FASUcnit, " BibKotbata
LMtai."

Valarloa PnbUooU. See PmucoLA.

Talaalo, (FiANCUCa) See Vallo.

Talealo, vl-tt'ke^ (Gioyahni Luiot,) an Italian
painter and engraver, bom at Bdogna in 1561. He
worked in Rome.

ra*i,-;ai«;|ianf;f;M/;a;H,K,fwm»nif;N,Musf;R,fr»QW;lass; tbaalnJtUb [|y^ee Eiplanarions, p. aj.)

aecood in command nnder him. In ■
Ml the army of Italy. Died at Rivtdiln
1639.
8aa J. Taim, " Mteoin da L. d* Nofsrat. Owttul d*h TiiMM,"

Talettet de la, (Loms dr Thomas,) a French ecde-
alastic, bora at Toidon in 1678. He became general of
the congregation of the Oratory. Died in 177a.
TalMt«, b. See La Vaixttk.
Tal'tl-tu Rnfna, a Roman poet and critic of the
Auguatan age, bvourably mentioned by Horace in hia
Tenth Satire, book L Little Is known respecting him
or his works.

ValbaUa, (the "hall of the fallen or slain.'l See
Odin and Valkyria.

Valhabart, vlirbalR' (Jran HABm Mslon Ro-
ORR,) a French general, bom at Avranches In i^^
distinguished himself at Marengo, and was killed at
Auslerliti in 1805.

Tall, vile, (etymology uncertain : possibly related to

the Sanscrit ioU, " strength," {which la cognate with the

edV^Mk 10 "be ttTMA") or the Sanscrit tiU, an

," becanae as an humt he perfcraed hia greatest

Dsent,] one of the principal gods in the Norse

mylh<dogy, was the son ef Odin and Rinda. When

only one d^ (dd, he avenged Balder^ death by slayirw

lUder. He Is said to be an eaoellent ardier. He and

only one* among the prindpal gods who

M deolnctkm of the worid at Ragnarfick.

, •lfirthaiBUrdMaqn."voLi;KnBa,"Itali(iaa

, vl-te^'ree, or VaUera, vl-le-i'ro, (Silvrs-

•nxt,} became Doge d Venice in 1694. He waged war
with sncoess against tbt Turks, and compelled them to
cede the Uorea to Venice in 1699. Died in 170a

VALIERO 13

Valisro. Tt-le-»'ro, or T«l«lo. rt-Ul're-o, [Ltt Va-
u'uvs.) (AootTIHO,) ■ learned Italian writer, born at
Venice tn 1531. He becanie Biahop of Verona in 1565,
and a cardinal in 1583. He wrote, beude* other worlo,
" Ecd«daitlcal Rhetor)*;'' ("Rhelorica Ecdeiiaatica,''
1574,) and « "Life of Carlo Borromeo," (1586.) Died
tn 160&

Sa Uonaui, "ItiKi Saea;" Hicdmi, *" llimoin* :" O.
VontWA, "rMaCsdiDiliiA. Vilsil,'' mi.

Tall^wnl, vl-lfo.jl'nee, (Aussandko,) an Italian

Kait and mis^onarr, bora at Chletl in 1537. Having
n Mnl to th« East Indies In 1^73, he preached in
Jaran and China, Died at Macao in 1606.

Vallii, fHiH', (RbnI Josul,) a French jurist^ bom
at La Rochelle in 1695, acqoired a high reputation bf
hia woikt on law. Died In 1765.

Sea tataLLcrm, " tiafi di R. J. VaUo," 1S44-

Tallnoonrt or VaUnoonr, da, dfh vtUrlutoR',
(JKAM BAmsTB Hrnki dn Itoawat— dil taoo'ai',)
StBUl, a French writer and criti^boni in Faria in 1653.
He wnUe a « Ufa of Ftanfois, Doc de GuUe." (1681.)
and other worka. He aocoeeded his friend Racine a* a
member of the French AcademT, in 1699, and a* hi*-
taiiographer to the king. Died in i73Ck

Sm PumDnuji, " StDtH;" Nk^him, *■ M«iKiin> ;" " KoDt*D*

VaUunborgh, vU'ktn-bfirg or Tlllcfn-bBau, (THKo-
DOU or DiacE,) a Dutch painter <A pottiaita and still
life, bom at Amsterdam in 1675. He worked for aome
time at Vienna, from iriiich be returned to his native
dtr. Died in 1711.

Talkjtl%(or ValkTTJa,) *U-UKe-l or^vU-klr^;

derived &om voir, " fallen" or "aiain in battle," and Igera,
cognate with the old German kHrin and Anglo-Saxon
MOMO, to "choose," dgni^ngtbe "chooaenof Aealain,")
Ike nsiM applied in the Edda to ceitida mrthical beinga,
attendants of Odin, Yrj whom they are sent to every
batt]e>fietd to select mch as are doomed to Ul, and to
bring them to Valhalla. Tlief are deacribed as white
naidena who ride through ttie air, from the manes of
whose horses dew fall* m the vallers and hait on the
high mountains. Sknid, the yonngeat of the Noma,

(Bhiktrigr) who are admitted to Valhalla, to fill their
caps with mead, and to have charge of ever^nhing be-
longing to the table.

Ssa TKoin, "NoRhan llTUulocn'* toL I.I Kanu "R*-
VoiaOlo NorthiiicD; " Pmuor, '<>Ist(Uk l^oliw.''

TalkTiiea. See Valkyxia.

Vnll* See Val, du, (Nicolas.)

VbU«. vUOl, (GlOBOlO,) an Italian acholar and phy-
ridan, born at Piacenia about 1430, was a cousin of
Lorenio, noticed below. He became professor of elo-
quence at Venice. He wrote aeveral medical treatises,
and a work entitled "On Things to be Sought and to
be Avoided," ("De Eipclendis et Fugiendtt Rcbtw,"
3 vols., I50I.) Died at Venice in 1499.

SMBAvuh"Hittonal ud CMtkal Dlcd<BUT;>'TiiuKiacHi,

Valla, (LoKBHzo,) an eminent daulcal sdiolar, bom
at Rome aboni 1415. He was aaccestivd* profeMor
of rhetoric at Pans, Milan, antl Naples, wners he ac-
IBired the friendship and patronage of King Alfotwo
He was, it is said, pertecntod by the Archbishop
of Naples, bat he eSected his escape to Rome, wlura
be was kindly received t^ Pope Nlchtda* V„ who
made him bis secretary and conferred on liim othec
diatinctiooa. His principal works ate entitled " Notes
on the New Testament," ("Annotationea in Novum
TeitamentDO," iSoji) "ElmantiM Setmonis Latira,"
" " Livy and ^Unst, and tranalationa of

r

• The Knilah tiiniilu V^iU^rrj a V^ifrU !• mlf •■

i4 VALLEE

Herodotus and Thncydldea. Valla was om «l tka Iral
oitics and scholars of his time; bnl his iimliiimiiliil
writings are disfigured by Utter invective and penon>
alities. Died about I4£a

St* Vosnni^ "D* HluaridsLathiki'' BAvut, " Hiitiincal an*
Ciitiail DwIisDHT;" Poooiau. "Miocni intow >Ui Vita d L

Lljai P. Gioviot "^loclt;" "Noartna BiivapliwO

TnllabliA, vsllfh-b'hl', a Hindoo religicnbt, born ia
14T9, in the forest of Champlranya, where his mother,

being on a pilgrimage, deserted her infant After many
adventures, he settled at Benares, sear which town ha

the tide assomed by their [>riest3,) notorious u the ii
debssed and immoral sect in sll India.

Tnlladtor, vTird^', (ANnst.) a French ecid»
siaatic and writer, was born about 1565. He becnae
preacher or chaplain to Henry IV. in i&A, and abbi of
Saint-AmonI in 161 1. Among iiis worlis ia "The Royal
I^bvrinth of the Gallic Hercules," ("Le LabyriMhe
royal de I'Hercule Gautois," i6ckx) IMed in 163&

S« _Ha>*ii, "Dkiimniii* Hfatsriqii*;" MvAtam, "Ms-

Tallanoeh vtlOms', or TaUanoy, vtlto'ac',
(Chaslbs,) an antiquarian writer, bom in 1721, pab-
lisbed a work entitled " Collectanea de Rebos Hibec-
nids," etc, and a "Grauunar" and " Dictionary" of ihs
Irish language. Died in iSia.

VaUandlgbam, v^lan'ds-nm, (Cumxnt L,,) an
American politician, born at New Lisbon, OhiOv sbotf
1832. He was elected to Congress as a Detnooal, m
1856, by the voters of the third (^strict of Ohio, wfcidt
lie continued to represent until 1863. While in Cod'
gress he opposed the efloris of the govemiaent to sop-
press the rebellion, and manifested his sympathy with
the insurgents in many a vimlent harangue. In Hay,
1863, he was arrested on a charge of having " dedand
disloyal sentiments and opinions," etc^ r"* — —
tencea by a military court to close confim
end of the war; but the President modified this a
tence and directed that he should be banbhed or seat
southward beyond our military lines. Mr. Vallan>
digham embarked at a Southern port and afterwards
' *o Canada. The Demoaatlc Convention which

as their candidate for Governor. He was, however,
defeated in the ensuing election, (October, 1863,) his
opponent, Mr. Brough, having received the nnprecc-
dented majority of 101,099 votes, Died in 1871.

Valiant vil-lsK'see, (Doimnco.) an Italian and-
quaiy, bom at Verona in 1701, was veraed in Hebrew
and Greek. He edited the works <rf Saint Jerome, (ii
vols., 1734.) Died in 1771.

VaUiK SeeVALABT.

Tanaml, vU-USw'ree, (Tohhaso,) an Italian sdtolM
and literary historian, born at Ciilasa di Cuneo in 180^
He beoune professor wF Ladn eloquence at Turin m
1S43. He published " History of Poetry bi Hedmont,'
(1S41,) " History til the Royal Hoose and Honardy of
Savoy," (i84S>) "Critical History of Latin literatate,"
(in lAtin, 1849,] ■ " l^tin-Italian Dkdonary." (iSsii)
and editions of aeveral latin classics. Died m 1897.

Vallo^ dalla, delli vUOk, (CuoLnulo,) an Italian
monk and writer, born at Sienna about 1 'jia. He wrota
"Letter* on the Fine Arta," (3 vols., t78>-8&.) Ksd

mnnemeat tl

■«ffl»

, 'alesline and the adjacent ci

tries. He returned in 1626, having spent six yean in
Persia. He died in 1652. His "mvels in India and
Peisia were published in 166a, {4 vols.) They have
been translated into several langnagea.

Valine, vtlV, IGko^soi,) a French Deist, bon at
Orleans, published "The Beatitude of Christiana," ("La
Beatitude des Chr^ti^ns,") for which he was ezecaled

"ViU,

(Louis LtcEa,) a French dv!l

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VALSALVA

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n 1S64.

' TldU«,Zo. S^LAVALLiH.

Tallelx, vt1&', (FRANgon Louts,) • French med-
ical miter, bom in Pari* about 1830. He publtehed a
"Treatiae on Nenralpa," (1S41,) and otber works.
Dicdtn 1855.

Vallffiuont, de^ dfh vC'mAit', <PinKS lie Iiomlii
— Ifh It/ilN',) AbbI, a French priest, naturalist, and
writer, bom at Pont-Audemer in 1649. He compiled
aereral mediocre worki, amone wbich ib " The Elements
oT HlMorv," (a toIs., 1696.) Died in 1711.

Vallwiols, vtl're'ol', (Fkanqois,) a French medical
writer, bom at Montpellier about tyn ; died in ijSa

TallM, vU'yls, or Valealo, vili'k-o, [Ut Vauj/.
SIVS,] (Fkahcisco,) a Spanish medical writer, bom In
OM Castile, lived in the Hiiteentfa centniy. He wai
phjFsidan to Philip II., and author of several esteemed

Vallet or Talet, vflj', (GDiiXAimt,) a French en-

Eaver, bom ab<tnt 1634. He eneraved some works of
iphael, lltian, and Ponssin. Died about 1704.

'V'a]latd«ViilvlII«,vrii'dchve're'v(]', (August^)
a French antTquaiT and writer, born in Paris in 1S15. He
contributed to periodicals, and published, besides other
works, " Historical Iconograph;r of France," (1S53,) and
"Researches on Jeanne Dare," (1855.) Died in i36S.

TaUetCa, vU-Ieftl, (Niccol6,) an Italian jurist, bom
at Arienia (Campania) in 173S, (or, as some say, I7|a)
He became professor of law in the UniTersitv of Naples,
and published numerous legal works. Died November
SI, 1814.

S« Rom. " Eli«Ici MofkB dl M. VaOMta." ilif.

Valli, vUlee, (Eusbbic^) an Italian phjsidan, bom at
Ptotoia hi 176a, was the author of treatise* on the yellow
fever, of which disease he died in 1S16,

TUIL4 or Walli«, King of the Vi^goths, began
to reign b 41 J A.!)., and formed an alliance with Hono-
rius. Emperor of Rome, in 4161 afUt which he gained
victories over the Vandals in Spun. Tooloose was his
camlaL Died about 410 A.U.

VallUro, do, dfh vtlg^iR', (Jean Floumt.) a
French general of artiUery, waa wm in Paris la 1M7.
He reor^ized the artillery, and rendered Impcttant
services m several campaigns. Died in 1759.

TallUra, d«, (Josbph Florknt,) Makquii, an able
French general, a son of the preceding, waa bom in
Paris in 1717. He became director-general of the artfl-
Icry and engineers in 1755. and distinguished himself at
Haalenbcck. Died in I77is.

Talllftie, da la. dfh II vn^ia', (Louis Clua U
Baumb Lc Blanc,) Duxa, al^nch bibliophile, bom
in Paris in 170S, was a grand-nephew of the following.
His library is stated to have been the richest that any
private person ever had in France. Died in 17S0.

Tallftro, de la, (Louisa Fkan^isb dk la Bauhi
Li Blanc,) a beauiiful and fasrinating Frenchwoman,
bom in Touraine in 1644. She became a maid of
honour to the Duchess of Orleans, and about 1661 the
mistress of Louis XIV., who gave her the tide of dncbesa.
She had by him fonr diildrcn, one of whom, the Count
of Vemiandoia, was Intimated. In 1674 ahe retired to
a convenL Her virtues and piety are highly extolled.
Died in 1710.

Sc* QvATauikn ra Rdost, " Mindn da MaduH lU la Va.-
lifai," ^j] ; W. K. D. Aduu, " Fimoui Buads ud Hiitorie
Wouni," ml. K., lUj.

VaUlanari, vll-l£s-ni'ree, or TBUlaniutvU-lis-ne-
I'ree, (Antonio,) an eminent Italian naturalist, bom in
the duchy of MrSdena in May, 1661, was a pupil of Mai.
pjgbi at Bologna. He began to practise medidne at
K^gio about 1688, and married in 1691. Having ac-
qumd distinction by his researches in entomology and
ue generation of insects, be liecame professor of practi-
cal medidne at Padua in 1700. He opposed the doctrine
of spontaneous generation. About 1710 he obtained the
first chair of the theory of medidne at Padua. Among
his prindpal works is a "Treatise on the Generation of
Hen and Animals," (<'Istoria della Generarione dell'
Uomoe degii Animal!,'' etc, 1721.) Buflbn regarded him
as an exact and profound investigator. Died at Padua

«aai,'cas«;giliirv/,'gasf,-C,H,K,;«VHnif,' V,Hatai; K, Crillid; f U t;

in 17301 Vallianeria, a genus of plants, was named in Us

*" monr by Micfaeli.

Sat ?AaaDia, "Vita iMtonin doctriai aicencDliBra," tdL tH. |
icAboh. "ilimoimi" Tiri-UM, "Bkifnfia diali lislli^ iltaa-
;" "NsnnO* BIOEiaphii Gtainii."

Vallongoo. See Pascai.-Vai.loncdi.

Vallot vtio', (Aktoinc,) a French physician, bon

Rheims or at Montpellier in 1594. He became fint
physidan to Louis XlV. in 1653, and cared him of a
-ciious illness in 1658. Died in 1671.

Tallotti, vU-iot'tee, (Francesco Antonio,) an Ital-
ian composer of sacred music, bom at Vercelli in 1697)
died at Padua in 1780.

VUinlklL vU'nd-kl, or VUmlkl. vll.mee^, a Hindoo
poet, of nnlinown date, to whom is ascribed theauthor>
ship of the " Rtmlyana," one of the two great Hindoo
epics. (See IUhAvana.)

" " SaaKrit-iDd-bfliih Dictiobujr ;" " New Afiurt

ValmoDt do Boman^ vtl'mAii' dfh bo'mia', (J. CJ
a French naturalist, bom at Rouen in 1731. He risilea
varioins parts of Europe, including Lapland, and returned
with a large collection of objects In natoral history. Ha

fublished m 1758 his " Catalogue of a Cabinet of Natural
listory," which was followed by a " New Eaposition al
the Mineral Kingdom," (> vols., 17&J,) and " Universal
Raisonn^ Dictionary of Natural History," a work of
great merit, which has obtained extensive popularity
Died in 1807.

Valmoie, (Makciliiil) See DasBoam^

Talmy, Duxa op. See Kkllumanm.

Valola, vTlwi', fVvn,) a French Jesuit and writer
on religion, boin at Bordeaux in 1694 ; died after 176a

Valola, do, (Adbikn.) See Valbsius.

Valola, do, jCHAKLBa.] See ANOoULftm.

Valola, do. d*hvnwl',[LatVALK'siUs.](CHAaLBS,J
a French antiquary, bom in Paris in 1671, was a son of
Adrien de Valois or Valeaios. He published a curious
work, entitled " Valeslana," (1694,) which is compoaed
partly of his Other's writings and aayings. Died in 1747.

Valoil, vl-lo'ree, (Fbahcrsco,) an eminent Italian
statesman, bom at Florence in 1439- He filled the
bluest office* in the Florentine republic, and was a
fciend of Savtmarola and HacchiavellL He was killed
by the populace during the exdtement camed by tha
reforms of Savonarola, in 149&.

Valoil, (NiccoiA) an Italian writer, who wa* prioi
of the republic of plotence. He wrote, b Latin, a " lik
of Lorenzo de' Medid," (1491.)

Valpain di Calnao, vU-pCj
simply Vdparga-Calnao, (Tom
ttrattur and mathematician, bom ii
an intimate friend of Alfieii. He
Oriental literature in Turin, and director of an obaerva-
toiy m that dty. He wrote poems, and numerous treat>
ises on matbematlca, astronomy, et& Among his work*
is a " Gallery of Italian Poets," (1814.) Died in 1815.

5« L. na BatwL " Vits diT. V^pvn-CduHL" iSi 11 P. Balsc«
"ViBdcU'A>ai«VilpHii,"iliSi B<)uciiaioi(,"^TitaT,Va]pBp»-
CiluB," iS>6 ; EUCR und Gauaaa, " AUtcm^H ZaerUopsnlia,'
■Ikb'-CatiiM.'" "NoBnOeBkaiaiifaiaCdDfaila."

VU'pJF, (Edwakd,) an Etu;lish scholar and diviaa,
brother of Richard, noticed below, studied at Trinity
College, Cambridge, and snbaeauently became vicar of
Saint Mary, at Walsham, NoifolL He was the author
of " Elegantia I^tinw," (translated,) and other worlc*.
Died in 1833.

Valpjr, ifRiCHAaD^) D.D., an eminent English scholar
anddivine, bom in the island of Jersey in 1 7S4. Havinf
previously studied at the College of Valognes, in Nor-
mandy, he entered the Univeraity of Oxford, where he
took the degree of B.A., and in 1781 was chosen head-
master of the grammar-tchool at Reading, Berkshire.
He became rector ofStradishall, m Suffolk, in 1787. Hs
published "EiemenU of the Latin Language," (1784,)
and a "Greek Grammar," {1805,) which are highly
esteemed. Died in 183GL Hii son Abkaham John,
born in 1786, published excellent editions of several of
the Latin dassics. Died in 1854-

Valaalva, vU-aU'vl, CAntonio Uabia,) a celebrated
Italian physician and anatomist, bom at Imola in 166&

■s in Mt. (ll^~See Explanations, p. *%.-,

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

VALSECCHI

n<A

VAN BVRBN

£5-.

He •tndicd under Hilpighi mt B^ogoa, atxl In 1697
became profesioT of anatomy In the iini*emqr of tluil
"r. He wu a Fetlowof the Rofal Sodety or London
1 of other ^milu InMitotion*. He made impra*e-
:nta b practice •orgerj, and acquired a high repnta-
n H Ml uutonust t^ hit dMOoreriea in the atractaTe
of the ear, on which he wrote a work, *■ De Anre Ha-
maiia,''(t}iH>) HewasaakilAU phyiician, and inrented
a method of treating anenriaina. IMediniTas.

Sm Fi mi nil. "Tim Iiilii iIiiiIimi imllniitM ." Tii mill.

*■ Biii(ii£ii dafli Infill atttDL"

Valaaoolii, TU-«ek^«e, (Vikoinio,) an Italian anti-
qnarj, bom at Brescia in 1681 ; died in 1739.

Tdataln. See WAUJUtsniN.

Taltmlo, vU-toyre-o, (Robuto,) an Italian writer
on the militar; art, bora at Rimini, wa« MKhiH' of a
worlixDe Remilitari,''(i47a.) He lived abont i4U)-8a

TalvaaoiM, dl, de vU-vl-io'ni, (Ekasmo,) an Italian
poet, bom in Frinli in ijaj, waa proprietor of an eetate
and a caatle. He wrote the "Angeleida," a poem on
the war antong the angeb, (1590^) and "The Chase,"
I^Cacda,"} an admirea didactk poem do hnntii^
<iS9i.) iMed ia 1593.

Sh TiaaaaecMi. " Stsiia diDa LMtwUKs ItiSiu.'

Varaon. See VXiuma.

TTfrnKnK il'mf-nf, Called also Ttmui, iVmfii,

K

a "dwar^"] in the Hindoo mytholog

dwari^ and, when the tyrant promised him as mnch land
or space ■• he could pais over in three stepa, rerealed
himself in his real character, and with tile Gnt step
deprived Bali of earth, with the second, of heaven, bnt

£ consideration of Bali^ good onalitie*} he generMuh
bore to take the third step, (wldch would have left
that mler no foothold in the nniverae,) and allowed hnn
the dominion of PttUa, or the lower world. From
Tiahna's ezptint on that occasion he has received one
of his proudest dues,— that of Tnvik'rimi, or the
"Three-Step-Taker." (See Vutwu.)

Timb6rT,v|ro'UL-Kf,<AKM»iiira,)aTewish traveller,
born at Duna-Sserdah^lj, in Hunga^, (on an island In
the Dannbe,) in 1831. A soldier in the revolution of
1S48, he was BeriouaW wonnded at the uege of Comom,
and after the war had to escape to Torkej, whence he
travelled over a large part of Central Asia. After hla
return he becamea professor of Oriental langnaget in the
University of Pesth. His principal woffc* ate " Travel*
and Adventures in Central Asi^" (1S64,) "Wandering*
and Adventnresin Perua," (1867,} " Sketche* <rf Central
ABia,"(iS6S,) "History of Bokhara," (1873,) and other
works, including a very readable account of hit own
"Life and Adventures," (1S83.) The accnracv of H.
Vimb^ry't narrative* has been madi qnettioiiea, bol in
England especially bis writings are highly esteoned.
Died September 15, 1913.

Vamtina. See Vamana.

▼an Aoben. See Achbk.

TBm'a-dla, TNorte pron. vi'Dl-diss', U. the "Van*
■oddett, to ouled on account of her descent from the
Vanir,) one of the maoj namct of Fekvu, which te&

Van Aalat See Ablst.

Van Ambi
Lion-Tamer,"
1815. He was a partner of a company that exhibited
travelling menagerie, and wit veir successhil In the
taming of tiont. Died in Philadelphia in 196$.

Van Baek. See Torkentinus.

Tan Bena'dan, (Pierrb Joseph,) a Belgian
naturalist, bom at Mechlin in 1809. He became pro-
fessor of geology at Ghent in 183;, and at Louvain
in 1S36, remEining tbeie till his death. He established
in 1843 the litst laboratory and aqunrium lor the study
of marine life, and gained wide reputation by his study
of various parasites. Died in 1894.

Vanbnigb, vanbroo', (Sir John,) a celebrated Eng-
Dth dramatist and architect, of Flemish extraction, bom
In 1666, is supposed to have been s native of L^hmIoil
He was educated in France, and, after hia retnrn, pub-

lished, in 1697, his comedy of " The Rdapee," which wm
followed bv " The Confederacv" and ''The Provoked
Wife." These playt were higaly pminlar tt the time ;
but, owing to thdrpcobuiity and lKentioasnes*,thm hava
been hrngbaiiithed from the stage; Among hit prfocipal
architectural workt we mav ntine Cattle Ha>ward, die
seat of Charlea, Earl of CarlUe, DwKombc Hall, Grii^
tborpe^ in Yockthiret and Blenheim, the magmficeat

Van Btmn, (Maktin,) ai
eighth President of the United Statea, was bom al
dcrhook, Columbia county. New York, on the 5th of
December, tySi. He was educated at the acadniy of
his native village, studied law, and was admitted to th*
bar in 1803. He began at an earlvage to take an activa
part in politiis, as a member of the Democratic party,
and was elected to the Senate of New York in iSu.
He advocated the war against England in 1811, becana
attomey-general of New York in iSi^ and wa* again
elected to the Senate in 1816. Aboot this time he becia*
tliematter-eplrit of the Albany Regency, an twganiatioa
which wa* formed to oppose De Witt Clinton, and whid
controlled the politics of New York for many yeara. H*
was elected a Senator of the United Statea in 1831, wtf-
ported William H. Crawford for the Presidency of &
United States in 1S14, and wit again elected a Seaatat
in 1817. Hevotedforlheprotecflve tariff of i8aS. Tit
same year he wat chosen (vovemor of New York far twa
year*, but before the ezi»ntion of hit term he retipwd
and entered the cabinet of President Jackaon a* m

opinion that

for the Presidency, 1

his influenoe. He

Iters should not be aspttaDa
should not obtain that office throogb

land, whither he went about September, 1831, but ha
nomination was rejected by the Senate, in which the
Whig* had then a majorinr. To compentate him ia
this repolte, the friendt of General Jackaon elected Hr.
Van Boren Vice-Pretideat of Ae United State* in N^
vember,iS33. H«wa* General Jadaoa'abvoniiteeaadt
date iat the FresideiKy, and wai nondnatwl at lodi hf
the Democratic Convention al Baltimore in hlay, 183^
Hit Whk competitof wa* General W. H. HuriKM.
Ur. Van Boren lAt elected I^esident In November, \t-fi,
receiving one hundred and seventy electoral votet oat
of two hundred and niuety-four, which was the ^lole
number. Hit election wat toon followed by a great

menta. In his message to Congress be recommended
the estabtishment of an independent treasury, wUcb
measure wis rejected by the House of Represemtativa
in the sestioo of 183^^ but afterwards passed boA
houses of Congress and became a law about June, 1840.
In the season of 1838-^9 an attempt wa* made to tap-
press the tgitatton against slavery, t» a resoluiioa ^
Congress would not receive or reaa any petitiont fat
the abolition of slavery. All the p<di6caJ friend* of the
Prendent voted for tbi* tetolutioa, which wa* adopted.
He wa* again nominated for the PrcMdency by At
Democratic Convention in M^, 1840, bnt, after a very
exdting canvass, in which the enthusiasm of the Wh^
was stimulated by mass-meednas, procession*, *aiig».
etc, he wat defeated by General Hairison, who receive4
two hnndred and thirty-four electoral votet against tixly
fbr Hr. Van Buren. On the 4th of March, 1841, he re-
tired from the public service to his estate called Linda-
wald, near Kinderhook, New York. In the Democratic
National Convention which met in Hay, 1844, a majori^
of the delegates were pledged or inttncted to vote far
Hr. Van Buren ; but the Sonlbcrn politictan* oppoaed
hi* nominadon, because he had written a letter aeainal
the annexation of Texaa, They therefore intitted th^
the Conveudon ahould adopt a rale under wU^ tw»
thirds of the votes were necessary to a chuce. Ifr.
Van Buren had only one hnndrea and ftwty-rix votea

i, ^ I, ^ «, T, /»V; ^ ^ ^ taiiw. 1<" pr°<<><Ved; I. E, I, A, S, ;, /A«rf; », t, L 9, <««»»/ fir, OUl, at; mb; nOt; g«d; I

d by Google

Accordiiig to Hr. Gteelef, hk rwwMJnatltin vu
defctttd bj the "BlRve-tnden, and the dotelj afiUaied
dMt cl gamblera and blackl^c*.'' (" American CoaHet,"
ToL L p> 69.) He afterward* aepeAted biinwlf from the
Democratic paitjp becanae it was comoutted to the es-
iHwioii of alaveTj. A conventioii of the FTee-S<Hl Mrtjr
iriikh met at Bnffiio in Augnat, 1S48, nominated HaKia
Van Boren and Ckark* Innndi Adama at eandidate*
fcr ^ office* o( Preaideot and Vice-Preaidetit Tbev
roeeiTod a popnlaf Tote erf 191,34a, bat not any electoral
*ola^ It i* ataled that he Toted for Ur. Pierce and Hr.
yurhiiliii in Iho Pra^dentiBl election* of 1851 and tSfft.
Died at or near Kindeihook in July, 1S63.

Tftnce, {Louis Joseph,) auihoi, born at Washing-
Ion, D. C. , in I S79. He has written ■ ■ Bouike, Gentle-
man AdTentoiM," " The Braxi Bowl," " The Fortune
Hunter," "The Bandboi," etc.

Vano^ (Zkbdlon B.,) an American Senator, wa*
bom in Bnncombe connty. North Cuolina, Hi ' o.

He wa* educated at Waahineton College, (in 1 :,)

and at the Univeraity of North Caraliru, ai ja

waa admitted to the bj. He waa in Conna I,

wa* Goremor of North Carolina, 18^-66 an ^

and wal United State* lenitor from 1S79 nnlil i,

which occnrred April 14, 1S94-

Vmn COI1I01L See Kidlsm, van.

Van CUempntte, vtn Ui'Air'pUe' .(Luctsx TvRTiB,)
a Preach ardiitect, bom in Paris in 1795. He obtained
Ihegrandpriie in 1816, Died Aogual iS, 1871.

Tan CUto, *tn klkr, (CouniLU or JosiFH,) a
French ccnlptor, bom in i&h, worlced in Paria. Died
In 1733.

"rtn CWt«, (HokATiO P.,) an American general,
bora at Princeton, New Jersey, about 1810, eraduaied
at Welt P<»nt in tSii. He was appointed a brigadier-
fcaeral aboni March, 186a, and commanded a division
at the battle of Chickamauga, Seplember 19 and 20,
■86j. Died at St. Paul, Minnesota, April 24, iSgi.

Tanoourar, vln-koc/vf r, (Geobgi,) a English nari-
gator, bora about 1755, entered the naiy at an early age,
and accompanied Captain CooV, s midshipman, on Els
aecond and third voyages. In 1791 he sailed as com-
mander of the Discovery to the northwest coast of
America, to receive the surrender of Nooika from the
Spaniarda, who were instructed by their government to
^e up that ialand to the British. He was also charged
to make a mrvey of the cout ttorthwards from latitude
30* north. He retamed in

totliepi - "^'

compieti

' north. He retamed in 1705, and applied Umself
the preparation of Us narradve. whidn was not quite
mpletedat hlsdeUh,ln 179S. It was pnblisbed soon

WmM,"!

Wotm," (3 vola- 4to.} Vancouver gave his

lalaiMl off the coast of America between 48° ao' and 51*
mnth latitude.

Van DbIb, Ttn dllfh, ( AmtxHt,) a Datch pbyaidan
and Mennonite preacher, born in 1638, was the author
of sereral learned works on theology and Greek and

Superstition," (in Latin,) and "On the Oradca of the
HMtben," (" Dissertatione* dnm da Oracnlis," etc;,
Ijoa} Died in 1708.

Tan Dalan. See Dalhm, tan.

TandanuiM, vOtfdtm', (DomNmn Rmi,) Cooat
d'UDebonr^ a French general, bora at Csaael m 177ft
He became a general of dirisioa in 1799, alter be had
lendercd important service* in Flanders and Germanj.
for his conduct at Austerlita he received from Napoleon

aebiMia against the Prussian* fai 1806^

acorpain the Austrian campaign of 18139. In the spring

at tSij be captured Hamburg He coaBatanded a sepa>

rate army which wa* compelled to sorrender to a sapenor

fcsoe near Knlm, fai Angnst, 1813. Havin,~ '-''--* *■—

aimT of Napc4eoa in ific he had a Ugh

tta battle of Ugny. Died b 183a

SMTma^-WMsrr orA^rnacfc Rmhlka r Jmnn, " Vk

,189a.

MCian ana nanraust, tiom la the early part of the eigh-
teenth cesitni;, became tnpeiintendent of tlie botaide
garden at lisbon. He putAiabed a treatise on BUffaia
■oophytes, etc, and several botanical work*. He waa a
correapondent of LinnKus, who named the gena* d
plants Vandellia in his hoooor. Died in 1815.

Van Dvpoela. (Charles J.,) electrician, was
bora in Belgium in 1846. He emigraled to the United
Slat» in 1871, and continued (he electrical experi-
ments he had long pursued. In 1S81 he begin light-
ing the streets of Chicago with a dynamo of his own
construction, and in 1SS5 made the first exhibition of
the overhead trolley system of street-car nronulsion.
During the foUowing years he took o
patents for electrical inventions. Died ic

Vandarautia. See Aa, van dir.

Van'd^-bllt (CoRHEUUS,) Commodou, an enter-
prising American navigator, born on Staten Ialand, New
York, in Hav, 1794. He waa originally a poor boy, and
commenced buaiiKaa a* master ola small sail-boaL Ha
became captain of a ateamboat in 1817, after which ha
made improvements in the constrnctton of steamers
He bnill nianv steamboats and steamshipa, andjitL-i^
eaUbliahed a line frdth Ne* York to Calilgrnia by way
ofNicaragua. In 185s he built several steamahipa to pn
between New York and Havre. In i86a he preaentod
as a gift to the Federal government his new steamer
called the Vanderbilt, whi(£ cost tBoafioo, and (or whid
Congress passed s resolution of thinks. In iSjy ha
became president of the New York Central Railroad,
which in 1868 he consolidated with the Hudson River
road-'^He died JanuBiT4, iS77^1eaYing ane^tafp inJaeH
at many millions.

iBih»":

ftr JiBuiT, tKy

Tanderbnroh, vftN'dEKlillKk', {EtULX Lout*,) s
French dramatist, born in Paris in ■794« wrote many
anccesifiil comedies and vaudevilles. Died in iS6>.

Vandarburob, de, dfh vtn'dtr-bliKK, (PaANCia,) s
Flemish prelate, born at Ghent in I J67. He becaine
Archtnshop of Cambray. Died in 1644.

Tan dor Cabal. See Cabkl, tan on.

Tan del Does. See Don, van dkb.

Van dar Gtoea. See Goai.

Tander Hala^ vtn'dfi-hClst', (Babtkolomkw,] aa
eminent Dutch wnlrait- painter, bora at Haarlem about
1610. Among hu master-pieces is a picture in the town-
botise of Amsterdam, containing twenty-four fiiU-length
portruls. It is esteemed one 5 the finest piodnctions
of the kind, and wa* highly commended by Sir Joahna
Reynolda. Died about 1670,

Tan der Haydon, (or Hoyde.) See Hivdkm, tan

Europe, where he spent several yeara, and produced hi*
" Ariadne" and " Marius sitting among the Ruins of Csr-
tbage," which are esteemed his master- pieces. Among
his pwtraita wa may name those of Washington, Mon-
roe, end Calhoun. Died in 1851.

S« DciitAr. " Rix ud Pronw* <><' <h* Arts of TTiiIri >b Aaiar-

'- ■ 'Biai/jahDV>iiiiEriTa.''<>>llw--AtliiDlfa

ttj ; TuaoouiAii, " Book of iba AttiM*.'

Tan dar Maalan, iribi dqr mll^n, (Pmupn ifAaia
GunxAiTMs;,) a Belgian gecmapher, bom in Bntssels
in 1795. He pnbliahed a "Obitnsb) Atlas," (6 vols.,

him a oHmdllor in 1674. Died aboot t69a

Vandal M»mt, (Tan,) tub Yovnqbk, son of tbs
preceding was born in i^& ICs Isndscspes with sheep
are gresSy adndied) he alao produced a number of

-.1— t. .M» rf(' ■ "=- •-- — — -■ n-"-'

«M*; caai; gidnf; gas/;a,ii,K,fM)tons;; v,nmml: x,Mati: lass; (hsslndUi: VVT^^ EipIanattoa*,p.i3.)

VAN PER MSRSCH a

Tmi dor Manoh. Sec Miuch, tan vts.

Tan d«r Mond», itn dCi mAHd or vSit'dCK'ntod'

elHAKUH AUOUSTIN,) a French phntdui, born •
•cao, Cbina, in i?)?- He puUiihed a "Dictiooaiy
of Health," (Puia, 1759-) I>ie*l in 1763.

TandarNeer. (ABNoux) See Niaa,

Van d«r Palm. S«e Palu.

Van d«r nift. See Ulit, yam dek.

VandairTalda, vtn'dfT-Tti'dqli, (Adkiaan,) a Dntcb
paioter of hiah repvtatioii, bora at Aniiterdaia in 1O39,
wa* a papU M Wviuuita, and a son of Willem the Elder.
HI* bvoorite *aq«cta were Undicapei with cattle. In
whicb he eacelled ; he alio freqaentlr pointed the fiffore-
ia the plctiire* of Rnyidael, Van derHeyden, and otben
IMedlai«73.

▼an der Vftlda, (Isaiar.) See Viuia, vam oaa.

Van d«r Velds or Vandorralda, (Willui,) lome-
Hmea writlea alio Vandoraldo^ called tkk Elder, •
oelebia^ nariae painter, bora at Lejrden in I6l0> He

entered the aaval aenricc at in ewly -" '- ■'"

aocompanled Admiral De Rafter ™ , ,

nuildng drawing* of tbe eagigenMnla between the Dntch
and Eogliah fleets. Having acqoired a Terr high repa-
tation Dr U* deaigna, lie waa invited to England bj
Charlea 11., who gave Un the title of painter of tea-
fightatotheUiw,andbeatowedonhimapeotion. Hla
deaigna were, Kir the moM part, execoted with a pen

upon papers prepared canna, and tooM of tbem

painted (n oil t^ hu ton. Died Id 1693.

S« H. VAUOta, " AMcdolB of Pabiliiii.**

Van dai V«Id« or Vanderrelde, (Willxh,) the
YotntOBX, aoa irf the precedin^^ wai bom at Amaterdam
tn t^n. He waa instracted bj^ hla &ther, whom he ei-
eellediD Ma-view*. Among hii maater-piccea we may
aaiac hla " Vkw of the Tea^** "A Fresh Breeie," " The
lUiing of the Gale," and "A Calm." He Is regarded
bv many oonnoiHcnra aa inperior to any other artiat in
U* department. Died in lyoy.

Sh CKAtiaa Buuk; " HiMofn da PcbbK"

Van dv Werf or VaadenreilC vfa'dtr-wCif,

KLDKIAAN,) a celebrated Dutch painter of portraita and
■torlcal works, bom near Rotterdam tn lejo. He wu
patroniced by the Elector-Palatine John Wfltlam, wbo
coafared on Un the boaoiir of hnlghtbood and par-
chaaed hia plctorea at very high price*. Amoaa U-
maMer-plece* are a " Judgment m Paiia," a " Hagctalei
iathewDdeme*at"andan''EcceHomo.'' Died in 171:

, _._ niyia.

VandarWanorVand«rwerf((PiBTR>,)ap^ntei,
bom near Rotterdam in 166s, waa a brother of AdHaan,
whom he Imitated. Died in lyiS.

Van dar Wayda, vtn'dfr-wl'dth, (Roger.) a Flem-
Ui painter of the fifteenth centnry, ktrodoced great
baprOTcment* into the atyleof the F)eul*h*chool,l>oth
b respect to derign and ezpreadon. Among hit beat
WOTks ia a " Descent from the Croaa." Died Tn isao.

Van Devanter, (WiLus,) justice, bom at Mnnon,
Indiana, in 1859. KepractiKd law at Marion i8Sl~
84, at Ch^enne after 1S84, was chief justice of Supreme
Court of Wyoming 1S89-90, assiitant aKoroey-geneml of
U. S. 1897-19031 circuit judge 1903-10, associate jus-
tice of U. S. Supreme Cooit uter December, igio.

Van de Velde, vtndevil'df, (James Oliver,)D.D.,
a bishop, bom near Temionde, Belgium, April 3, 1795-
He came to the United Stales in 1S17, wu ordained a
print in 1837, served as cotl^:e professor, and in 1840
becune president of the Univeraty of St. Louis. Hens
made bishop of Chicago in 1849 and of Natchez in 1853.
Med in 1 85!.

Van da werar, via

la d^ iri'ar, (Stltahvi v Stl-
matHt and lawyer, born at Loa-

ie waa a member of the proviaional
govemmeal ibrmed In tbe revolntion of iSWi and
repreaented Belgium at tbe Confierence of Lradon,
(iSjI.) On bia retnm he became minister of forelRn
a^ra. He waa prime minister for a short time la
184S-4& Died at London, Mav 23, 1S74.

Van Dlaman. See Diemen, van.

Van Dora, (Earl,) an American aeneral. bom in Mit-
alssippi about iSl;}, graduated at West Ptnnt in 1842.
He became a captain in i8SS, and resigned hit COmmis-

18 VANE

sion early In 1861. He commanded the Inan^ent* at
the battle of Pea Ridge, March 7 and S, xUa. He a^
tacked General Rosecran* at Corinth, October 3 awl 4
1863, and wa* defeated with great Um*. Generd Roaa-
cran* reported that hi* army fcilJed and buried i4M,ai»J
took ia68 priaotwra. General Van Dom wia killed ia
~ private qturrel by Dr. Peter* in Hanry conn^. Tea-

te qturrel by Dr.
In Hay, 18^
iTOk. See VAJ

VandTok' See^ANnncK

Van Djok, (Phiuwe.) See Dnx.

Van I^k, vin dlk, (Hakrv Stoe,) an Kigliah wrtaer
of prose and verse, born in London in 179S. He p*^
lished "The Gondola," and other work*. DiedintBal

Antwerp. March ai, 15^ waa a ton of a rich
merchant. He began to study painting tuder Van Bale*
in 1610, and afterwards became a pnpti of Raben* aboat
i6t;. According to a donbtful repMt, Roberu, indled
by jealousy, advised Vandyke to confine himself ki
portrsuU. At the age of nineteen be waa admitted bte
the Academy of Antwerp. He visited Italy about lim,
paased several yeara at Venice, Genoa, Rome, and Flor-
ence, and painted a number of portraita in thoae dtira
Having returned to Antwerp about 1637, he painted a
picture of " Saint Augustine m Ecstasy," a picture of ths
"Crudfizion," and other historical work*. Cocimenl.
ing on bb "Crndfixion," Sir Joshua Reynold* said,
"This picture, upon the whole, maybe considered a
one of tne finest (or first) pictures in the world, and aivei
the highest Idea of Vandyke's powers." Having been
Invited by Charle* L, he went to England about 163a,
and painted portrait* of that king, who gave him an an-
nual pension of two hundred poands in 1633, and the

to hia majeaty. Vandyke p

. ..- . . igland, and married Mary, 1 „ ... _.

Lord Ruthven, Earl of Gowrie^ Hit habits were 1aia>

a daughter of

rions, and hit stvie of living wa* magnificent He painted
with sutA rapiility and (ralKy tbat Ua works are very
numerous, iltbongh hi* life wa* *hort He i* generally
considered the gieateat portrait.painter of modem tnae*
euept Titian ; and kmw cridcs prefer bin even to that

artist. Amo ""' ' "■" - " ■■

the Cro**," 1

n December, 1641, leaving one diild, Jeatiniana.

Sh WALTOLa, "AstcdousofP^tlagiB Ka^Bd:" Hf I an.
Via do Pcintna FluninAi," Mc. ; CAaraiTsa, " M—eit of Sh
Anltmi} Vin Dydi 1" " FniHi*s Ha^BH" lot AsfaM, iS4]h

Van Dyke, (Henry,) an American clergyman,
bom at Gennanlown, Philadelphia, in 1852- He
■tudied at Princeton and the University of Berlin, be-
came a pastor at Newport in 1878, and ministei of the
Biick Presbyterian Church, New York, in 1882. He
was preacher to Harvard University 1890-93 and
1898-9^, lecturer at Vale 1896 tmstee ol Princeton
University iS98,pTofesBorofEi^tish literature at Prince-
ton after 1900. He has been a voluminous writer, hit
poems being highly esteemed.

Vane, (Sir Hrnrt,) an English •
Kent In 1589- He wa* elected a men
about 161S, and wa* appointed cofcrer to the Ffiaea
of Wale* ^ Jtmea L At thaaceeasionefChailaaL be
became a member of the privy coBitdL Iniijihewaa
tent a* ambeaaador to Denmark and Sweden. He was
appointed principal secretary of atate fai l6aD oc 16391
In rnnawiiirnre of hi* hoatibty to the Earl of StraSonl,
be wa* removed, and became an adhcrmt of the Parlia-
ment, IMed ia 1654.

S« CummOB. " HImvt oT Ih* OnM RiUIHiiB."

Vane, (Sit Hrmrv,) nn
Harrv Vane, a repubUcan

retumed home a nalou* adversary of the Ittnrgy and
government of the Cborch <i England. By ^ pr»
lession of anch oinnion* be iucurred the iiipb aaias
of hit bther. For tbe *ake of religioaa Uhcity, ha

inTbMn Ib

I, <^ I, «k B. r. /«V'' L * A tame, leaa prolonged; I, <, I. «. 0, f. /4»4.- «. t, t, 9, «««i>t; Or. Oil, Oti mb; nflt 1 gi)6di D

d by Google

VAIf EFFEtir t3

emigrated In 1635 to Miuxchoseita. lie ms elected
Governor oF (he colony in 1636, and " manirested," Bays
Forster, "a RrmTiCM, energy, and wisdom truly retnark-
•ble In one of his early age and previous history." He
offended lh« majority 01 the colony by his advocacy
of universal toleration, and returned to Enetand in
t6]7, soon after which he married Frances Wray. In
November, 1640, he became a member of the Long
Parliament, in which he efficiently nromoled the con-
demnation of the Earl of StrafTord by evidence which
he furnished. He found in his father's cabinet a memo-
Tandum ofa council at which Slraflbrd had proposed to
empluy the Irish army to redace England to obedience.

Vane was a leader of the Indcjiendenti, and ■ friend
of Milton. On the death of Pym (1643) the chief direc-
tion of civil affairs devolved on Vane. He disapproved
the policy of the execution of the king, but expressed
no opinion of Its abstract justice. In Febmary, 1649,
he was appointed a member of the council of state,
and in the next month was placed at the head of the
naval department The efficiency and victories of the
navy arc ascribed partly to his administrative talents.
He opposed the usurpation of Cromwell, who, as his
•oldiers were dLuolving the Parliament, in April, 1653,
exclaimed, " The Lord deliver me from Sir Harry Vane I"
Vane afterwards pawed several years in retirement, and
wrote n-orks entitled "The Retired Man's Meditation,"
(1655,) and a "Healing Question Propounded and Re-
solved," (i6j6.) At the restoration he was excepted
from die indemnity or act of amncstr. Having been
confined in prison about two years, ho was Uied for
treason in Jone, iMi, and convicted, after an able speech
In hi* own defence. Charles IL wrote to Clarendon
that Vane "waa too dangerous a man (o let live." He
met death with the most intrepid courage and firmness.

Sit CuuHDon, " Hlxory of Ihi ItcbtlHon f Jonw Foustwil
"Life of Sir HtnirViH. ihi Yoimm:" Win-nucica, " Trid o7
Sit R Viu;" HuKi. "HktotT d ZBiliadi" "XIw LiA aad
Doih of Sir H. Van*," iMx

Tan Eiffen. See EFm<, iju.

Van El'ten, (Hrndkix Dirk KKtmuAit.) a Dutch-
American painter, bwn at Alkmaar, in the Netherlands,
November 14, iSia He studied art in Haarlem onder
C. Lieste, and in 1865 removed to New York. In 1883
be was made a full member of the National Academy.
He ha* won many American anjl foreign honouiB and
distinctions for his pictures and etchings.

Von Brmil See mrsNius.

T«nett£ See Vasnbtti.

Van Erck. See Eyck, (IIdbut and John.)

Van Oalva. See Galkn, van.

ended Thibaut as professor of Roman law at Heidel-
berg in 1S40, and In 1S49 *" ^^' * privy oounclllor.
He published a " Manual of the Pandects,^ and other
leeal works. Died in Norember, 187a

Van Ooran. See Goybn, van.

Van Helmont See Helmont, van.

Van Halt-Stoccads. See Stoccadl

Von Hoek. See Ho«k, vam.

Van Hnevel, vtn hti'v^l, (Jean BAmiT«,)a Bel^t
physician, bom al Brussels In iSoi. He invented 1
pelvimeter and a fbrcept saw. Died June so, 18S3.

Van HnTanm. See 1 [inrsuM, van.

Vaniire, vf n£*fli', ILat Vanu'rus,! (Jaoques.) 1
FraiKh Jesuit and Latfn poet, bom near B^iiers, ii.
l^aaniedoc, in 1664. He gained a high reputation by
hi* Latin poems, the most important of which b hi*
"Rural ICaiaie," ("Praedium Rusticum," 1707.) In this
poem he imitated Virgil with considerable success. He
was pTofentoT of humanities In several college*. Died
at Tonlonse In 1739.

Van'bnan, (Melvin,) aenmaot, bora in XIUdihs in
1868. He engaged in various enterprises, and finally
took part with Walter Wellnum in his attempted balloon
tripaio the pole and across the Atlantic. After the fail-
ure c^ these he bnilt a very large dirigible, called the
" AktoD," by which he hoped to cross the Atlantic, but
it exploded in a trial trip July 3, 1911, and he and his
compajiions lost their liv(

England, and langht philosophy for a short time at
Genoa. Hi* enemies admit that he wax eloquent and
learned. In 1616 he published at Paris a pantheistic
work, entitled "On the Admirable Secrets of Nalnre,
the Queen and Goddess of Mortalu," etc., (" l>e ailmi'
"indis Natnra: Regina Dexque Mortalium Arcinis,")
rhich the Sorbonne condemned to be burned. lie
removed to Toulouse in 1617, was accused of atheism,
and put to death in 1619.
S« J. a OuAiiin, "DeVIta Vinini." t;a(: P. F. Aarw
Apnlf^ pro Vanino," iTie:DuiiANPi "La VitetlH Stniimnls
tVinini.' iTiti " Ufe of Vanini." Lmdnn, i;io; FuHaxiMiH,
LtiMB d» Vinini." iSoai NiciaoH. "M^malru;" "MouhUi
Biocnp}ii( C^nJnlc."

Vanlnna. See Vanini.

Vanlr, vi'nir, the plural of Van or Vana, [from
inr, "empty," cognate with the Latin vanut, the pri-
.-jary meaning of which Is the same,] In the Noise
mythology, a peculiar class of being), whose habitation
and empire Is "the empty, vast, and windering air."
They rule over the atmosphere, the weather, and ths
sea. Their dwelling-place or kingdom is termed Vana>
heim, {ij. the " home of the Vanir.") The principal per-
sonage among them is Njord, the god of the winds, who,
thoneh born and bred in Vanaheim, wM given by the
Vanir as a hostage to the i&ir, among whom he I* now
numbered. The Vanir are said to have been originally
hostile to the god* of Asgard, but were subsequently
reconciled to them. This statement may be thus ea.
plained. The capricious and uncertain movements of
the atmosphere seem naturally hostile to the regularity
and order which are the espeaat attributes of the gods
or Asir, But when, inspired by the gods, men, by
superior skill in navigation, were enabled to takeadvan*
taga of the winds, notwithstanding their irregularity, the
Vanir, the tvpes of nncertwnty, were said to be recon-
ciled with the Kxa, the representatives of order and
skill. (See^siaandJ&TUNS.) That Freyia (the goddess
of love) was the daughter of a Vana prince, would seem
to allnde to the aerial character of those charms which
inspire the passion of love, as well as to the well-known
caprice and inconstancy of lover*.

S« THoipm. " Notihem MinholocT." vnL L : Ximaa, "R*
K(lDB of Iha NotthiM* 1" PsnutiH, '' Nordidi MTtbolo(i>

Van Iisnnep. See Lennef, VAt4.

Vanli>o,vln-15', (Abraham Louis,) a Dutch palnter,-

>m at Amsterdam about 1&41, was the father of Chartef
■nd Jean Baptiite, noticed below. Died at Aix in 1713.

Vanloo, vON^e', (Charles ANnai, or Cakuc.) ■
French painter, born at Nice in 1705, was a brother of
Jean Baptisle, noticed below. He studied at Rome,
where he painted his "Apotheosis of Saint Isidore."
After his return he became director of the Academy of
Fine Arts, (1751,) and first painter to the kin^ 07^)
Died In 176;.

t a* k: (««';£ }"rj; t at/- O, H, li,giittttr^: n, naial; a. IrilliJ; i

tAunanL''"e(H(d* <1 Vu]D0,"'iie7: "tiwnfl* BiafiafUt
Clninla."

TanIo<\ (Francis,) a French painter, bom at Alx
in tyii, wasaion of Jean Baptiste, noticed below, lie
waa a promising artist, when he waa killed by acddenl
near Turin In 1733. ^

Vanloo, (Jacor,) a Dutch painter, bora at Eclnse lo
1614, was the father of Abraham Loois, noticed above.
Died in Paris tn 1670.

Vanloo, (ISAN BAmsTI.) s celebrated French
punier, of Flemish extraction, was born at Aix, in
Provence, In 1684. He resided many years in Parin
where he was patroniied by the Duke ot Orleans, He
acquired the highest reputation by his portraits, and sraa
appointed in 173J professor in the Academy of Arts. In
1738 he visited London, where, according to Horace
Walnole, "he soon bote away the chief business of
London from every other painter." lie also executed
several historical pictures of great merit Died ini74&

SxCHAiun BLAii^"Hin<Jnd«Mnir«s;" "Nounila lliv
(nphii G<i>^nl>.'*

Vanloo, (Jules CtsAK Denis,] a landscape'painter.

j; tbasin/iu. (SJ^^ice Explanaliom, p. ij.)

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

■49

VAl/LOO J J

bom in Paris in nA}. wu a ton o( Chailet Andri,
Dpticed *bove. Died in iSiI.

VmdIoo, (Louis Michel,) a French iMrtnil-painWr,
born >i Toulon in 1707, wa* a ton of Jean Uaptiste,
noticed above. Invited by ihe kin^, Philip V., he went
10 Madrid in 1736, and was appointed court painter.
He returned to I'aris about 1748. Died in I77i-

Van Iioon, vln I611, (CERARn,) a Dutch hlMorian
and antiquary, bom at Lejrden in 1683. He published,
beiidet olhei works, a " liistory of the NelherlaiidA from
ijjj to 1716." (4 vols-. '7*3') which i* coninieiided

Van IiOon, (Tiieodoke.) See Loon.

Van Mander. See MANnsa, van.
. Van MU'd9rt. (William.) an English prelate,
In London in 17G5. He studied at Oxford, where he
afterwards became regius profestor of Iheolo^- He
was made Itlshup of LlandafT in lSt9, and o( Durham
In 1826. He was the author of a " Life of Waterland,"
and several other works. Died in 1816.

Van Moer, (Jkan Baptist!,) a Belgian painter, bom
•I Brussels about tSlj.

Van Mons. See Mont.

V-annettt vinnef tee, or Vanottl, vS-net'tee, (Cn^
MENTINO,} an Italian author, born at Rovcredo In 1754,
was a son of a pott naffled Giuseppe Valeriano Van'
neltL He wrote numerous works in prose and verse,
among which ate poetical epistles and bioRraphies. Hii
poetry was admired by some critics. Died in 1795.

Van Neve, vln ni'vfh, (t'RAMCis,) a Flemish painter
and eneraver, born at Antwerp in 1627, studied at Kome.
He fuinied history and landscapes, and produced good
etchings of his own designs.

Vaniil, vin'nee, (Andrea,) an ItaJian painter, bom
at Sienna, flourished about 1370-I4KX

Vannl, (Francesco,) an Italian painter and engraver,
bom at Sienna in 1565. He studied at Rome, and imi-
tated the style of llaroccio so successfully that his works
are often mistaken (or those of that artist. Among his
master-pieces we may name the "Death of Saint Ce-
cilia," " Simon Magus rebuked by Peter," and " Saini
Raimond walking on the Sea." Died ip 1609.

St< Lahti, " HiMoiy at Palatini la Itilf /' "Mauvalla Bio-

Vannl, (Giovakni Batttsta,) in Italian pai
bom in 1599, is supposed to have been a native of.
ence. He made admirable copies of the works of
Titian, Correggio, and othera, and was also skilled in
cnzraving. Died in 166a.

VannX (Michael Angblo,) an Italian painter, bom
at Sienna in 1583, was a ton of Francesco, notic* '
abiwe. He was not equal to his father. Died in 1671.

Vanni, (Rafhaxl,) an able Italian painter, born at
Sienna In 1596, was a son of Francesco, and a pupil of
Annibal Caracd, lie worked at Rome and Sienna:
Died in 1673.

VannnccL Sec Pekuginow

Vannncci, vJLn-noot'chee, (Anot) an Italian Kholar,
bom December 1, 1808. He was a Latin profeksor at
Florence, and afterwards was a member of the Italian
Senate. Besides classical teat-books, he publiKhed
"Studii storici e morali," (iSu,) " Early Ages of Flor-
entine Liberty," (1853-61,) "Martyrs of Italian Liberty,"
" Ancient History ofltaly," and a " Ufe of S. B. Nlceo.
Hni," (1866.) Died in 18S3.

Van Obatal, vln o|/slil, or Van Opatal. (Gift aki>,)
a Flemish sculptor, bom at Antwerp in IJ97; died ir
Paris in 1663.

Van Oort See Noort.

Van Oost, (Jacob.) See Oovr, taH.

Van Os, (Jan.) See Os. van.

Van Ostade, See Ostade, van.

Van Praet See Praet, vau.
'VanRenBBeIaer,vlnr(n'sfl-t?r,(CeHT'LAND,)D.D..
an American Fcesbyterian divine, burn at Albany in 1S08,
was a son of General Stephen Van Rensselaer, noticed
below. He died in 18G0, leaving a collection of "Essays
and Discourses," etc, (1861-)

Van Rensselaer, (IIenrv K.,] an American patriot,
born probably in New York State about 1744. lie served
as colonel in the Revolutionary war, and became general
of militia. Died at Albany in i8i6l

. VA2f VEEN'

Van Rensselaer, (Philip S..) an American magis-
trate, distinguished fur his benevolence, was born atKxit
1766. He was mayor of Albany for twenty-three years,
and the principal founder of tne AcadcDiy of Albany
Died in 1814.

S« iha "Naiioiul PDrmit-CaneryofDinincuMwd AmtricuM,''

Von Heiuaelaer, (Solomon,) an American officer,
son of Henry K., noticed above, was born at Albany in
1764 or 1774. He served in the war of iSix. He was
elected to Congress in 1819. Died at Albany in iSja.

Van Rensselaer, (Stephen,) LI.D., called "the
Patroon," a distinguished American statesman and
soldier, born in New York in 1764. Having for six

Sears hlled the oRice of Lieutenant. Governor of the Statt,
e was appointed to command the New York militia m
the war 01 1811. He co-operated with De Witt Clinton
In the work of the Erie Canal, being president of the
board of commissioners for fifteen years. He founded
in 1824 the Rensselaer Institute (now the Polytechnic
School) at Troy, and was distinguished for his seal in
the cause of science. He was also chancellor of tha
Stale University. - Died in 1839.

Sea " DiKDuna OB tb* Ufe, tK. of SleiibcB Van RtHHlHi," If

Van Santen. See Santem, van.

Van BanfToord, (George.) an American lamer
and liufralair, bom at Belleville, Neiijtntf, in l8i9t
has published a "Life of Algernon Sidney," (iSjl.)
"Lives of the Chief Justices of Ihe United States,"
(iSu,) and several legal works. Died March 6, i86>

Van Scbendel, vln sKin'd^l, (Petrus,) a dis-
tinguished Belgian painter, born at Breda in iSo6l His
market-scenes, and interiors illuminated with fire, moon-
light, or lamps, are master- pieces. Died in 1870.

Van-alf tart, (Nicholas,) Lord Bexley, an English
politician, born in London in 1766, was distinguished as
a financier. He was chancellor of the exchequer froni
1813 to 1813, and was made a baron in the latter year.
Died in 1S51.

VanBomer, vin'so'mfr. (Fauu) a skilfal Flemish
portrait -pa inter, born at Antwerp about 1J75, settled
in England, where he was liberally patronized by the
nobility. Among his principal works are portraits of

anea I., Lord Bacon, and William, Earl of Pembroke,
ed in l63t.

Vanstabel, v8N'sin>ll', (Pierre Tkan,) a Frendi
admiral, born at Dunkirk in 174& He rendered im-
portant services in 1793 by convoying one hundred
and seventy merchant.vessels from the tiniteii State* to
Brest. Died in IT97.

Van Btork- See Stork, vaj*.

Van Bwanevolt See Swakevslt, TAN.

Van Swiatan. See Swirm, tan.

Van't Hoff, 0Ai:oBirs Hendkicus,) ma eminent
chemist, bom at Rotterdam in 1853) became professor
at Berlin in 1896. His work has had a profound Woence
on modem chemical theory. Died in 1911.

Van Tholden. See Thitlden, van.
Van Tiomp. See Tromp, van.
Van Tyne, (Claud Halstkad,] historian, bore at
Tecumseh, Michigan, in 1869. He has made bicycle
and canoe trips of enoimous length and bas written

"Brief History of the United Sutes," """ " '- -

Revolution," and other works.

VanocchL See^ARTO, pei.

VannccL See Pcrucino,

Vanodan, vt-nti'dfn, (Lucas,) a Flemish lands
painter, born at Antwerp in 1595, was sometimei
ployed by Ruhens to paint the backgrounds U
pictures. He also produced a number of adm^
etchings. Died about 1671.

Van Utracbt, vln u'ikIkI, (Adriaan,
painter of still life, was born at Antwerp ir
delineations of flowers, fmit. game, etc '
paued, and command very high prices. Died in

d several historical p

1, E, I, ^ 0, ;, ^f : 1, (, ^ slme, less proloniedi i, «, t, fit II, ;, ^iMTf; t, f, {, gt *«M(rv; far, fill, Ot; mii;i)«(: cdbdj mdls*

d by Google

VANVITELU aj

Aill-leiieth podrait or Alexander Farnese, Duke of
-Farma, etIMmed one orhis beat workit. He also wrote
■ "IIIsEory orihe War of Ihe Balavians," from Tacitus,
itiuiirated wilh his own designs. Died about 1630.

VanTitelU, vln-Te-le!'tee, (Gasparo,) theltalianiicd
name of Gasfar van Witel, (wee'i;l,) a Dutch painter,
born at Utrecht about 1650. He went to Italy in eatlj
youth, worked many years at Rome and Naples, and
gained distinction as a painter of landscapes and archi-
icciuib Died in 1736.

Sm NAouit. " AUgeineinu Rlnnltr-Lciikon."
VaaTitalll, (Luici.) a celebrated architect, born at
Naples in 1700, was a son ai the precedine, and a pupil
of Ivara, He was appointed architect of Saint Peter's,
at Rome, in 1715, and encircled the dome of that edifice
wilh ironljands. He devgncd the large convent of Sant'
Agostinoat Rome. His capital work is the magnificent
royal palace at Caserta, which he built for Charles, King

praised by Qualremire de Quincy, who says it

unity in every part, is simple, with variety, and complete

in all respects. Died at Caserta in 1773.

Van Vont, (Bissii,) author, bora at New York in
1873. She has written "The Issues of Life," "The
Children Who Toil," "The Cry of ibe Children," and
(with Msiie Van Vorst) "Bagsby's Daughter," and
"The Woman Who Toils." Marie Van Votst has also
written ajiumber of novels.

Vmi wjrck, (RoBE«T Andbrson,) »a American
mayor, bom at New York in 1849. He studied law,
was judge in the ci^ court of New York 1889-97, ""^
was elected by the Democrade party the first mayor of
Greater New York in 1897.

Tan Zaadt, (Marik,) a prima donna, bom at
New York in 1858. She was educated in music in
Europe, made her dtbut as Zerllna at Turin in 1883,
and first appeared in New York in 1891 . She married,
in 189S, Pelrovicb Tscheiinofi, of Moscow, and retired
from the stage.

Vape'reati, vl'pfK-tft' or vlp'ro*, [Lotus GustavfJ
a French biographer, born at Orlifans in 1819. He

KiUlished in 1844 a work "On the Lilxral, Moral, and
eligious Character of Modern Philosophy." Having
Studied law, he was admitted as an advocate in 1854.
He was the chief editor of a "General Dictionary of
Contemporary Biography," (" Diet ionnaii
Coolemporains," and of a "Univeisal
Literature." Died in 1906.

Taqnelraa, de, dfh vAlci'Tis', (Kamraut,) a trouba-
dour, born (probably before ■ iSo) near Orange, in France^
lie was a favourite of Boniface II., Martjuis of Mont-
ferrat, whom he accompanied on a crusade. He was
probably killed in a war against the Bulgarians, about
lao?-

TirAhl, Vf-rS'hf, \U. In Sanscrit, a "hog"
"boar,"! in the Hindoo mythology, Ihe name of tha
third avatar of Vishnu. A mighty monster or gii
named Hiranyaksha (hi-r^n-ylk'sh»") is said to hi _
seized the earth and -carried it into the depths of tha
Mean. Vishnu, assuming the form of a boar, (the sym-
bol of strength.) dived into the ocean, and, after a ter-
rible contest of one thousand years, slew the monster
and restored the earth, bearing it above the waters on
the point of his tusks. This fable not improbably hai
reference to some geological change in (he earth'ssurfac*.
Ta-ra'DZi [Gr. 0£apu»K] or BsLram I, King of
Persia, was a son of Itormisdas I. He reigned from
374 to 377 A.n., and waged war against Queen Zcnobia.
Varanes n, a son of the preceding, began to reign
In a77 a.d. lie was involvea in w.-ir vriih the Roman
emperor Carus, who took Scleucia and Ctesiphon, Died
In 394-

His son, Taranes HI, reJgted only eight months,
■nd died in 194.

Varanes IV, a brother of Sapor lit, began to reign
in 390 AD. Died about 404 A.p.

* Glrrt In a ttranwly cocnipwd tatnt\JSrmMp:mtimY\a Soprwav's
"Cune of Kctsuu.' niL i., a.

71 VARIGNON

Taranea or Bahrain (or Baharam) T. was a sm
of Veidcgerd I. He became King of Persia in 410 or
411. He persecuted the Christians, and waged war
against Theodosius IL Died in 44S a.d.

VoTsno. dl, de vi-ri'no, (ALn).\so,) an Italian poet,
born at Ferrara in 170S. He contril>uted to the refor-
mation of Italian poetry, to which "he restored," say>
Ugoni, "that manly accent and elevation which Danta
had given iu" Among his works are "Sacred and Moral
Visions," ("Vision! sacre e morali.") Died in 1788.

S<«PikHHaiu,"Elocio>uiricadi Air«ni« Vinna," \9A.

VarcW, van'kee, (BBHEni!Tro,)'an Italian scholar,
poet, and historian, bom at Florence in 1501. He waa
patronized by the grand duke Cosimo I., who made hini
one of the directors of hit New Florentine Academyi
His principal, work is his "History of Florence froni
15*7 to 1533," ("Storia Fiorentina," etc, 1711.} Ilfl
also made translations from Seneca and Boethius, wrote
a dialogue or treatise on the Tuscan language, entitled
" L'Ercolano," (1570,) and composed " SonelU," (a v^s;,
ISSr-t Died in 1565.

S» LoHCnLujw, "Potuind Poctrji of Euros* ;"TraA>aiaii,
"EionidciU LtiltTiiun luliina ;" GiNcuiHi^ ''Kiitoin LiUiaiie
d'luli*^' "NoanlU BiosnpbkG^afnl*."

Vardas. See Vartak.

Vaidea, de, dfh vlkd, (Francois RenA dti Beo>
Creapla— -dii bJk'kRfs'p^N',) Makqi/IS, a French cour>
tier, famous for his intrigues, was bom about 1610. Ha
gained the favour of Louis XIV., but afterwards offended
him. and was exiled from court in 1664. Died in t6S&

Varela y UUoa, vi-ra'li e ool-yo'i, (Don JosS.) a
learned Spanish naval officer, bom in Galicia m 17481
died in 1794.

Varan, vi'rfn, or Varanltu, vi-ri'ne-Ga. (BeRN>
KARD,) an eminent Dutch geographer and physidan*
bom at Amsterdam about l6ia He is odled the
founder of scientific get^raphy. In 1641 he produced
a thesis entitled ■' First-Fruiis of the Philosophic Muses,"
("Musarum Philosophicarum Primitii,") and in 1649 a
" Description of Japan." His chief work is a systematic
treatise on geography. "Geographia generalis." (1650,)
whichefTeciedarevolationinthesdence. An improved
edition olit iins published by Sir Isaac Newton in 1671,
and another in 16S1. This work of Varen was the first

r best that had appeared on physical ceograpby.
lealh is variouslv dated from t6M to toSo.
Vaienlna. See Varem.

Varenius, n.ra'ne-Os, (Aircttsr,) a German Lutheran
theologian, bom in theduchyof Liineburg in 1610. He
was a good Hebrew scholar, and wrote a commentary on
Isaiah, (170S.) Died in 1684.

Varenua de Fenllle, vi'rtn' d«h f;h-ntl', (Pmu-

VarfaBorVaiga»-Mexla,vaR'gi3mi-Hee'i. (Fran-
cisco,) a Spanish jurist and diplomatist of high reputa-
tion. He wax sent to the Council of Trent by Charles
V. in 1550 to congratulate the Council on its return »
that place. After his return to Spain he was a conn*
dllnr of state. Died about 156(1

Vargas, de^ dii vaR'Els, (Luis.) an eminent Spanlsb
ninter, bom at Seville in 1501. In 1517 he visited
Rome, where he studied under Pertno del Vaga. _ His
works are principaltjr religious pieces, and are painted
both in oil and fresco. He ranks aroonf Ihe best Span*
ish artists of the time, and was c<iuatly admirable in
portrait and historical painting. Died in I56S>

Ste NAQiaii. "AnBtmeinn Kaniller-LcdkOB ^ (JUIIURT.
" Diclirmiuur* du Penilrlt £lpl|niola.^'

Vargaa-Mat»iltio(», vaR'gls mlh-chook^l, (Fran*
CESCO,) Marquis of Vatolla, an Italian lingnist and judge,
bom at Teramo, in Abrnwo. in 1699, He was a patron
of literary rnen, and wrote several e.isavs. DIedin 1785.

Vargaa f Ponce, vaR'gls e pAn'ili^ (J*^'^) ■ Span*
ish geographer and naval afhcer, born at Cadii alrant
1755, wrotea''l>esctiptionof the Uulearic I»les,"(i787.)
Diedinimi.

Tarlgnon, vftin'ydN', (Pieiihe.1 an eminent French
mathematician, tram at Caen in 1(1(4. 'le became a
resident of Paris in t636, and published In 1687 an able
eui; f as i; e harJi j; as>; O, u, ^,gtiUiirtl; H, ti-uai; it, iritltJ; \ a**; th as in Chit, (fi7~See Explanations, p. 33.)

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

^AJiTLLAS

work «n •Ulio, called " Plan of a New Syitem of Me-
chanics." (" Ptojet d'une nouvclle M^canique,") in which
for the first time alt (he science of statics wa* dednced
from the cTementary principle of the comiioaiiir
forces. He ttu ippomted profenor of maihemal
the Co11JG« Maurm In i6S3, and obtained the ch;

thiloiophy in the College of France in 1704. Among
is works Is " New Mechanics or Statics," (" Nouvelle
kMcanique on Staiiqoe," 3 vols., 1735.) Died li
i Srt FoHTratLi, "£l«n d* Virinniin:'' Niclun
■noimi" MtwTucu, "HuMin 4h MiiMmaliquB;"

Tarlllaa, vi're'yls', (Aktoihe.) a French hi
bom at Gu^rel In 1614, was a proliliG writer, tie pub-
lished, besides other works, a " History of France (ton:
the Reign of Louis Xl.lo that of Henry HI., Inclusive,'
(14 vols. 4I0, 1633-1M,) and "Hislory of the Revolutions
which have occurred in Europe on Account of Religion,"
(6 volt., 16S6-S9,) His reputation for accuracy and
Teracily is not good. Died in Paris in 1696.

St* NicfuoM. •■ItinrnTBi" Katin, "D>ctHn»>ir« Mltto-
figiH ;" tkwcMUOH, "Vuiltauu^" 17)4; "NoUTtlt* Bi«criplii

Vatln, vfrlN', (Jacquis,) a French botaniit, bom
near Rouen in 1740; died in iSoS.

Varin, vftlN', or Wailn, Hran,) ■ Flemish
graver and sculptor, born at Liege in 1604. He 1
a skilful engraver of medals, and worked mostly
Paris. Among bii works was the seal of the French
Academy, t'^JSi) *tid a marble statue of Louis XIV.
Died in 1671.

S«Fi

ir iM Piin

Varin, (Joseph,) a French engr.
nr-Marne in 1740, worked in Paris. He had
repulition as an engraver of topography and architec-
ture. He engraved illustrations for several liooks. Died
In l8oa Ckables Nicoi-as Varin, born in 1745, was
a brother and assistant of Joseph, Died in 1805.

va'rl-aa, (Lucius Rufus,) an eminent Roman epic
and dramatic poet of the Augustan age, of whose life
little Is known. He enjoyed the favour of Maecenas,
and was an Intimate friend of Horace and Virgil, the
latter of whom appointed him one of his literary ex-

Hone of his works ai

Sn WiicHRT, " D( Virfe PoM*,''iS>9, and "D« L. Vaifl «
Canil pHmtmii Vit* rl Script)!," i()6.

Tailet vIrII', (Dominiqi;b Marie,] a French Tan-

acnltt, born in Paris in 1673. He was appointed Bishop

, of Babylon about 1719, but on his arrival at the Caspian

Sea he learned that he was deposed or suspended 1^

Ihcpope for Janteniim. He died in Holland in 1743,

VarOeT, (John.) an English painter in water-colour*,
born lo London about 1777. His works are chiefly
landscapes, which ate ranked among the finest produc-
tion* in that department of the art. He was a believer
In astrology, to which he devoted a great deal of hit
lime. Died in 1841.

Vamliag«n Toa Enae, faltn'hl'Sen fon (n'sfh,
(Kakl August LUDWia Tmurr,) an eminent German
author, bom at Duiscldorf In February, 1785. He began
to ttndf medicine in Berlin in iSoo, but soon renounced
that science, and applied himself to philosophy, etc. at
Halk, Berlin, and Tubingen. He entered the Austrian
army In 1809, was wounded at ihe battle of Wagram,
and became aide-de-camp of Piince Bentheim. In 1S11
be enlisted as captain in the Russian army. He passed
failo the Prussian diplomatic service in 1S14, attended
the Congress of Vienna with Prince Hardenberg. and
married Kahel Levin Ihe same year. He became in
l8t9 a resident of Berlin, where he passed nearly all of
his subsequent life. He aci^uired a high reputation as
a writer ol biography and history, and eicelled in the
art of revivifying the great figure* of the pMt. Among
his works are" Biographic Memorials," ("Uii>graphische
Denkmi..e," 5 vols., 1814-50.) "Memoirs and Miscel-
lanies,'* (" DcnkwUrdiijkeiien und vermischic Schrif

7* VARRO

ten," 7 vols.. iSt7-46.) a « Ufa of Field-Uarshal Kettli,*
(1S44.) *nd a " Ufe of Karl MUllcr," (1847.) He WM
an intimale friend of Aleundcr Von Humboldt Died

in Berlin in Octolwr, 1858.

SH"Nniivtlle DIotmAia Gfajrsb;" " rani|B QoBtwir X'

wj...

■ H4t.

Vamhageti von Enae^ fRAItsL Airro;(IB FtiB-
DEHiKE Levin — li-veen',) wife of the preceding, was
bom of Jewish parents, in Berlin, in 1771, She waa
a woman of su]>e[ior intellect, and celebrated for het
conversational powers. Her taltK was frequented by
the Schlegels, the Humboldts, Tieck, and other eminent
authors, ^he becameaprofessor ofChtistianityashort
lime before her marriage, which occurred in 1814. Died
in 1833. Her husband published a work called *■ Rah^
a Book of Remembrance for her Friends," (3 Tot)^
1834,) which contains some of her writings.

lew" for April, 1S41-

Tanilar, vln'n^', a French writer on medicine and
chemistry, was born at Vilry-on-the-Mame in 1701^ He
died at an advanced age.

Var'num, (James Mitcheli,) an American genenl,
born at Dracut, Massachusetts, In 1749. He was twice
elected to Congress, and in 1787 was appointed one of
thejudges of the Northwest territory. Died in 1789.

Varnum, (Joseph Bradley,) an American Senator,
born in Massachusetts about 1755, was a brother of the
preceding. He was a member of Congress from 1795
to tSit, and was Speaker of the House of Representa-
tives from 1807 to iSti, He was a political friend of
Jefferson, and was a Senator of the United Slates froia
iSii to iSiy. Died In 1811.

Taroli, vi-n/lee, [Lat Varc/lhjs,! (Cown-Aier ot
CosTANZO,) an Italian anatomist and surgeon, bom at
Bologna in 1543 or t;43. He was disiingui^ed as a
lithotomist, and discovered a pari of the brain called
Pons Varolii. About 1571 he became physician to Pop«
Gregory XIIL He wrote « work on "The Optic
Nerves," etc, (" De Nervls Opiicis," 1573.) Died in 1575.

VaioUua. See Vaeoll

Varotarl, vS-to-tl'ree, ( Alxssandro, ) an Italiaa
painter, aurnamed Paexivaninix bom at Padua In i«ga^
was a son of Dario, noticed below. He studied at
Venice, and adopted the style of Titian. He Is regarded
as one of the mott successful imitators of that master.
His " Marriage at Cans" b esteerned one of his master-

B'eces. He ezcelled'in painting women and children.
ied in 165&

S« Lahu, " HiilcfT of P^diw Ib lulr ;" Kioom, " PiOsn
TnitiL"

Varotall, (Chiaea,) in Italian portrait.painter, bora
In 1581, was a sister of the preceding. Died in 1639.
''ar<»tarl, (Dario,) surnamed Padovamino o" ""

DUANINO, an Italian painter, bom at Verona in 1519.
He worked at Padua, where he became Ihe chief of a
school. Died in 1596.

Sec UtMiT, " (titlarr «f Pliinlnt la Itnlr."

Vai'ro, IFr. Varron, vfrdN',] (Caius TiRENTTtnJ
a Roman general, noted for his temerity. He was a
leader of the plebeians or popular party, and was elected
consul for 3t6 b,c Against the advice of the other
consul, lEmilius PauTus, Varro offered battle to Hanni-
bal, and was defeated with great loss at Cann)e,(3i6B.c)
He was one of the few Romans that escaped from that
disastrous battle, and he made such resolute and vigorooa
efforts for t'he defence of the capital that he received th«
thanks of the senate. Died after aco B.C.

Sn LiVT, " KlUocT af Rome i" UoHinu, '■ HbtMT ('Kom.'

Tarro, [Fr. Vairon,] (Marcus Terb.vtius,) a Cele-
brated Latin author, styled "the most learned of tha
Romans," was bom In 116 •.<:., probably in Rome. H«
was a pupil of L. iClius Stilo and of Antiochus of Asca-
lori, an Academic philosopher, H^becamean intinuia
friend of Cicero. About Ihe year 67 e.C he had a high
command under Pompey in tlie war against the nraies.
He fought for the senate against Cxaar In the civil war
which began in 49 B.a Soon after Ihe battle of Phar-
sails, be retired from public life and devoted hiimclf i»
litetaif pursuits. He was profoundly Tcrsad in iMarty

t, C, I. e, B, f, /«^; i, t, 6, same, less prolonged; 1, f, I. «, C }. f«^; t. (. |. ^ *«M«ry,- llr, flu, Hi ■ nili; nh: |«Ui tnOn;

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

*iii'%M'ii

VARRO

cvety department of litenlnic, and wrote a Rett nun-
Im of work* on varioui lubjecti. Hii opital work wu
*An(>quitatum Libii," consitting of twenty-five book*
on Hunwn Antiqultie* and (izteen book* on Divine
Anliqnitiei, which i* not extant Saint Augiutine de-
rived from tM* book materials for his work " De CM'
tate DeL" Nearly all of Varro'i works are loit, except

t partof fab treatiaeon theLalln' '""- "--^

Latina,") and hii excellent work

Ruilica Libri tres,") which ia p _ . ,

B.C. he was proscribed by Mark Antony ; 'but he eiopei
death by concealment, and turvived till ig or >7 B.a

S« E. BaniCK, " Lib of PoUki, Viiro, uid C Gilli " '
Pjtpii, "D* VuTDM," ilji; G. Bouuaa, "Ehii

Ouvnio a* ViTTOn," 1B61: OiiLU, "Onomuni.- .

VKMiaut, " Uib1ici«hMa Udu :" " KounUt Bintnphie Uotoik.''

Tarro, (Publivi Tirintius,) a Roman poc^ tar-
named Ataci'nus, from Atax, in Gallia Narbonensts,
where he wat boin about 83 B.C. He was the author
of defies, epigrams, and epic poems, which have been
lost, with the exception of fragments. Died fn 37

VaiTOn. See Vabko,

VJir8torTBeratToii,fon vtEst, (FRiEDRTCKCmiS-
Ti*N EuoEN,) Baron, a German lili/nutur, born at
Weael in 179J, published works entitled "Cavalier
Perspective," (1836.) "The Pvrenees," {4 vols., 1847,)
and "Gaitroaophie," (1851,) which were received with
bvour. He lived at Breslau. Died <n 1S5J.

VartMi, Tar'tin', an Armenian prince, who became
« prolestor of Cbriitiani.tT. He defended the liberty of
his country against the King of Persia, who attempted
to impose the religion of Zoroaster by force on the Ar-
menians. Vartan wis killed in battle by the Persians,
In 4S1 A.D,

TaitMi or Vardan, a learned Armenian doctor and
author, lived In the thirteenth century. lie wrote, be-
tidea other works, a " History of Armenia to the Year
1367," and numerous Fables.

Var-to-ma'nTu, the Latin name of LinGi BARTimiA
(baR-Ii'ml) or Varthema, (vaii-t&'nil,) an lulian trav-
eller, bom at Bologna about i^Sa He travelled through
Arabia and Persia to the East Indies, where he passed
•eveial year^ He published in 150S a Narrative of bis

Sm"1

TAinnB, Imodem Hindoo pron. Tilr'd&-nt ; from the
Sanscrit verb vtt, to "enclose" or "surround," and
etymological ly related to the Greek aipavi^, " heaven,"]
a name in the Hindoo mythology originally applied tc
the aky or heaven, as enclosing or surrounding the earth,
but used by later writers to designate both the ocean
(which also encompasses the earth) and the regent of
the sea, or the deitjr who preside* over the watera of
the ocean.

Sec Uao«, *■ Hindu Punhcon."

VS'nia, a Roman of the Augtistan age, o. whom littje
fs known except that he was a Mend and patron of Vii-
cil, who, in his sixth eclogue, oflers a graceful homage to
his meriL He is supposed to be the same as Q. Varus,
who (ought with the rank of general for Caesar In the

Vartu, (PUBUVI Antrs.) a Roman general and par-
tisan of Pompey in the civil war. He commanded in
Africa in ^ B.C., and, aided by King Juba, gained a vic-
tory over Cario. lie was killed at the batt^ of Munda.

Tsriu, (PuBUus QuiNTiUus,) a Roman general, who
became consul in 1311.C. and Governor of Germany about
6 A.I>. Hebadnoltheenergyortalents requisite to man-
age the warlike German tribes, who were provoked to
revolt by taxation and innovations which Varus initiated.
Hit army was attacked and defeated in 9 A.l\ by a large
army of insurgents, led by the famous chief Arminius.
Varus, with nearly all his men, perished in this action,
which was fought neat the Weser,

S«Tacitu», "AmJn;" SuaToiiiui, " Aimuui" dJ'^THw-

.. ._- EhcEmpirb. ^^^mt^t^r;

AbbudluDE, flbu d« On da MKdalis* dei Kc

s(».

Tartly (QviNTiuus,) of Cremona, a Roman poet,
was a friend of Horace and Virgil. He died in 24 B.C.
Hisdeath was lamented by Horace In an ode, book i. 14.

f3 VASIAN ^^

Tanta Alfaana. See ALnirviL

Tasa. Seo GuSTAirui L

ViainUt, (modern Hindoo pron. Ttts-tSn'tf; oAn
called bts'Cnt in the common dialect,] the Sanscrit word
for " spring," applied in the Hindoo mythology to a per^
sontfication of spring, said to be an intimate frienJ of
ihegod of love. {See KXuADtva.)

Vuari. vl-U'ree, (GtOKCiO,) an Italian painter, *r<
chitect, and writer tipon art, was bom at Areuo in 151J:
He was a pupil of Michael Angela and Andrea del
Sarto, and was patroniaed by Pope Clement VIL, the
grand duke Cosimo I., and other eminent men. Hia
reputation rest* on his "live* of the Most Excellent
Painters, Scnlptors, and Architects," (1 vols. 8vo, I JW^t
esteemed one of the most valnable works of the kind
that has appeared in any languaab It has been tran^
taled into bnglish and German, lie was a very succa**-
ful artist, wasskilful in design, and painted many fresco*
at Rome and Florence. As architect, he restored ihs
Palauo Vecchio at Florence, and built other fine edifice*
liir the grand duke Cosimo. Died in 1574.

ShLahu, "HiwmrfPiloiiiw is I[»Jf ;" UoTTArtt, "OhutB

Vuin;"l'iCDiii,"Kii«>irIa;-^UriJiiA, "UcnioiieditliAr-

iiciii;" Kacui. "AUcuBciH* Kftmtlei-Ltxikaa ;" "MonrdU

acnphie Gcatnl*."

Vaaco da Oama, (or de Oama.) See Gaha, da.
Vqacoacelloa, v3s-kon-sel'16s, (Antonio,) a Portu-
guese Jesuit aitd writer, born at Lisbon about 15(5.
Vaacoaoetlo^ (Siuok,) a Portuguese Jesuit, bom la

J 99, lived many years in llraiiL lie wrote a " History
the Jesuit Mission in llraiil, (ififj.l Died In 167a

Manoei.) a Portuguese historian, bora at Evora in tdtt.
Hewrote a " Life of luan IL of Portugal," in SpanM,
(1639.) and other works. Having been implicated Id a

conspirscyagunstjohn IV., he was put to death la 1641.
S« 'Svitsm, " UJnoini."

Taaoonoello*, de, (Antohio Augusto Texelra—
tk-shl^-rl,] a Portuguese journalist and liuiraUiir, bora
at 0|iorto in 1816, published several political and hi*>
■ rieal works, Died July »9, 1878.

Vaaoonoello*, de, (Miguki,) a Portuguese states-
man, was a son of the Jurist Pedro Baibosa. lie became
about 1635, secretary of state and the most powerful
minister in Portugal, which was then subject to the King
of Spain. His tyranny and cruelty excited much odium
against him. In December, 164a, he was assassinated
by the conspirators Who raised the Duke of Bragaiua t4
the throne;

Sm Baksck* Hachado, ** BibUoiliaa Lutin;" La CLkMb

Hixci.. it Pmunl." ^

Vasconcelloa-Contlnlio, de^ di vas-kon-sellAs kS-
teen'yo, (FBANCisco,)a Portuguese poet, bom at Funcha^
"I Madeira, in the latter part of the seventeenth century.

Vascosan, do, dfb vb'ko'EflK', (Miaisl^) an eml-

;nt and learned French printer, born at Amiens about
I joo, became a citizen of Paris. He was connected by
marriage with Robert Estienne. He published correct
and elegant editions of ancient Greek and Latin aulhoi&
•^ied in tJ76.

Vaaeef or Va«H vS-seeF. written also Va««H*
(Alimed, AH'med,} a Turkish diplomatist, born at
Bl^dld about 1740. He collected the works of several
Turkish historians, and published them under the title
of "Annals of the Ottoman Empire," [1S04.) lie also
wrote a History of the Reip of Selim IIL Died to tSo&

Va'*?y, (George.) M.&., a_boUni»t, bom in York.

„., Illinois. In 1371 he became botanist

.- the United Slates department of agriculture. Amonc
his publications are a " Catalogue of the Trees of the
United States," (1S75.) and two reports on the Grasse*
of the United SlateB^ (1SS3-84 ) Died March 4, 1893.

Ttt*l, vl'tee, (Ctuskpp*,) an lutian desigTier and en-
graver, born in Sicily In 1710, worked In Kome. lie
published a colle^lon of engravincs of the monument*,
churches, etc of that city. Died in 1781.

Taalaii. vi'sc-ln', written also Taaalan and Wu-

• S« iBUadnciiiin. Sietba I, 14, (p. »)

ea*i; (aaj; ^hard; ^itijj o,K,it,£uttiiral; N,ttaiai; %,lntl*d; la*t; tbaiiatiit, (j

Explaiutions, p. s].t

edbyGoogle

VASrF 71

■lao. Archbishop of Rostow, a Rus^an prelate, noted
fcr hii courage and pairiotiain. IHed in 1481.

Taslt See Vasest.

Vaatll, vl-iee'lee, or Vasllll, rf-seel'Tse. »ritten alio
VualUand WMilei, (or BaeU,)!, Grand Prince of Rus-
liA, born 1111136. began to reign in 117?, Difil in 1176.

Vaaill (or Basil) n, a sun of Dmitri Donskoi, »u
born in 1373, and became grand prince in 13S9. lie was a
tributary of Ihc grand horde of Tartars, Died in 1433.

Voalli (or Basil} IIX,bom in 1415. was ■ son of
the preceding. In hi* reign Kustia was afflicted with
civil war antTother calamine*. Died in 1463,

VaBlll(orBaaiI|'IV,tsonofIvan HI., wasbnm in
1479, and became grand prince in i5os> He obtained
Smolensk by cmiquest from the Lithuanians in 1514.
and increu«l the power of Russia. He died in 1533,
leaving the throne to hit son, Ivan IV.

See K<UHIIN. " Kittalre d« RoHi*."

Vaslll [or Basil) V, (IVANOvmm Shooiskoi ot
SCKuiSKOi,) bom in i;53, began to reign in 160&, He
Yas deposed by the iK^ard^ who confined him in ■
convent in 161a Died in t6i3;

ts the great rival of Viswaraiira, (4. v.,) and bad
COW which protected him from alt dangers and gave bim
everything he wished.

Vaaokr. See Sesha.

Vaaqiivz, vis-kiih', or Tuques, vb'kts, (Alfonso,)
• painter, born of Spanish parent* at Rome abotit 157J,
removed to Seville in his childhood, and worked Ibera
with succeSi. Died about 1645,

Tasquez or Vasques, (Gabkiei,) a Spanish caauiai
andjesuit, born in New Castile In i jjii t died in 1604.

Vwqnas do Coronado, vls-kbh' dit ko-ro-nl'oo,
(Francisco,) a Spanish explorer, bom at Salamanca
about ijia He emigrated to Mexico, and in 1540 re-
ceived the command of a parl^ which the viceroy sent
to explore the interior, from which expedition he returned
Insane. Died probably in 1543;

Taaaal, de, d;h vfsll', (Fortaniek,) a French cat-
4iiMl and negotiator, born at Vailhac ; died in 1361.

Vassal, de, (Jacques,) Marquis de Montviel, ■
French general, born in 1659 ; di^ in 1744.

Vaaaall-Eaiidl, vis-si'lee i-in'dee, (Antonio Ma-
ria.) an Italian savant, born at Turin in 1761. He pub-
lished, besides other works, "Memoirs of the Academy of
Sciences of Turin from 1793 to 1809." Died in 1825.

Vaa'B^r, (Matthew,) born in the county of Norfolk,
England, in 1791, emigrated to America, and eet^ed '
Poughkeepsie, New York, where he amassed a iar
fortune. In i36i he gave the sum of (408,000 to foui.„
the Vauar Female College, near Poughkeepsie. He
died June 3j, 1S6S, while reading an address to the
trustees of the college. Besides the gift above men-
tioned, he left the college a large sum in his will, in-
cluding the following bequests 1 t«>-°<^ " » Lecture
Fund, f 50,000 as a Ubrary, Art, and Calnnet Fund, and
^50,000 as an Auxiliary Fund for aiding students unable
to pay the full college expenses,

Vasseltar, vls'le^', (Joseph,) a French poel, bom
at Kocroy in 1735, was a correspondent of Voltaire. He
wrote tales, songs, etc Died at Lyons in 1798,

Vaascliii, vfe'llN', (Geokces Victor,! a French
publicist and jurist, born in Paris in 1767] died

Vasseur, (Jacques.) See Le Vameuk.

Vasait See Vasrep.

VasBor, Le. See Lk Vassor.

'VaatO, deL See Avalos, (Alfonso II.)

V&BudtvS, [modern Hindoo pron, vns-56-di'v?.l In
the Hindoo mythology, the name orthefaiher of Krishna,
and sometimes used as an appellation of that god.

Vasukt See.SEsiTA.

Vatable, vt'iibl', originally written VTatebled or
dastelbled, [Lat. Vata"blus,] (Francois,) a French
priest, bom in Picardy, He became professor of I iebrew
In the College Royal at Paris. He translated Aristotle'i
"Farva Naturalia" into l.atin. Died in 1547.

S«M. Adam, " ViiaEr«diiDniiii ["SAwra-MAriTHt, " Eloi^'

VatabluB. See Vatable.

VATTEVTLLE

isa'.l (John Ducas,) Emperor of Nicia, boni in Thrace
n 1193, was a son-in-law of Theodore Lascaris, whom
he succeeded in 1212. He waged war against the Latin
prince Robert de CouTteiuy,iand seveiaj other princca
Died in 1355.

5« Lx Buu, •■ Httuira do Bu- Entire ,-"■■ NsneDe BiecrvUs
Wn^nlt."

Vater, fl't^, (Abraham,) a German medical writer,
bom at Wittenberg in 16S4. He was piofessor of botaoj
nd anatomy at w^itienberg. Died in 1751,
Tater, (Jqhann Severin,) a German theologian and
■hiloluglst, born at Altenburg in E771. He studied al
ena and Halle, and in iSoo became professor of theology
and Urienial literature al the latter university. He was
professor of history at Konigsberg from 1810 to \%v>,
and returned to Halle in the latter year. He published
(tS09-l7) two volumes to complete the " Mithndates" of
Adelung, who had left his work unfinished. Among hia
works are a "Commentary on the Pentateuch," (tvoJv,
iSoi,) and a " Universal History of the Christian ChortA
since the Reformation," (3 vols., 1818-23.) Died in 1S3&
So NiiHivH, "Uebmichl da IjAiaa Viin'i,- n the CU
■ditivnnf Vatu's "SgmehTDtiiicha Tafthi do KirdKnacKhiclnc.'

Vatliek. See Wathek.

Vatla,va'sh^3,(PuHLiusSERViuus,]sumamedIsAt)-
Ktcus, a Roman commander, whose name first appewi
in 100 B.C 1 [e became consul in 79, and commandeJ a
fleet and army tent in 78 H.C against the pirates, wImm
he defeated, and also the Isaori. Died in 44 B.C.

Vatimestiil, de, d(h vrte'mj'nd', (Awtotke Frah-

Qois i lENRl LEt'EBVRK,)a French advocate and politician,

born at Kouen in l7S9,wa; a moderate rt^ist. Hebe*

me advocate-general to the court of cassation at Paris

1814, and was minister of public instruction from Keb-

ary, iSlS, to August, 1829, lie was a member of the

Chamber of Deputies from 1E30 to 1834, and was elected

to the Legislative Assembly in 1849. Died in i86ck

9« Lauahtihl " Hiuory ot (be Raiimii« i" " Maawlk Ha-
piplii* CtD^ral*."

by the aid of Cxsar, of whom he was a violent partisan.
He was denounced by Cicero in a public speech abom
56 B.C In the year 54 or 55 he competed with Cato foe
the office of praetor, and was elected I^ bribery. During
the civil war he commanded one of Caesar's armies, ud
gained a victory in Illyricum in 46 B.C. Died after 43 B.C

Vatke, Qt'kf h, (Jokann Karl WiLHELM,)a German
theologian, bom near Magdeburg in 1S06. He became
professor of theology in the University of Berlin in 1837,
and publi.shed several worki. Died in iSSi.

Vatout, vf too', (Jean,) a French tiahalnir, bom at
Viltefranche (Rhdne) in 1792, He became first libra*
rian to Louis Philippe in 1832, and was elected to the
French Acadcmyin 1S4SL He published, besides several
navels. '*Ili<itnrira) Kniiv^nirs fif the Rovsl Ke-tideruv^

ivels, "Historical Souvenirs of the Royal Residence*

of France," (7 vols., 1837-46.) Died in England in ■84&

SHQij<itAiiD,'-Li Fniia UllJraire;" "Naunll* Siv*^^

TatteL TOO, fon vtt'itl' or vii'tfl, (EuRictf,) a cele-
brated Swiss jurist and writer, burn in the principality
of Neufchitel in 1714. He studied at the Universltie*
of USIe and Geneva, and in 1741 visited Berlin, where
he published his "Defence of the System of Leiboiti,''
(in French, 1742,) dedicated to Frederick the Great In
i746he wassentas Polish minister to Berne by Augustus,
Elector of Saxony and King of Poland. He published
in 1753 his principal work, entitled "The Right of Na-
tions, or the Principles of Natural Law applied to the
Conduct and Affairs of Nations and Sovereiens," which
has passed through numeroos editionsand been traas-
lated into the principal Kuropean langu^es. He was
the author of other work* on various subjects, the most
important of which is entitled "Questions of Natural
Law. and Observations on WollTs Treatise on the Law
of Nature," (1761.) Died in 1267.

Sh " NMttUe Blocraphie Ctejnl* ;" " Uoolhlr Seriew" b

VattevUl*, dft dfh vti'vtl'. (Jran.) a

a,t I, ftC 5, long; 1, *, 6, same, less prolonged; 1, i, 1, S, 0, JP, iA#/»;fc ft 1. ft lAteurt; flt, Ot^ Ot j mil; nih; gdud; uAta;

d by Google

VATTIER

Catholic print, notorfaiu for his *dvenlum and criminal
IntnsuM, was bom at Beaitncon about 1613. He entered
the Turkish actvice, alter he had commilled leveral
liomicide&, and obtained the c«nnnianil of an army, which
ke betrayed to the Anitriani. For thia service he was
rewarded with the rich abbey of Baume, in Franche-
Comu!, in 1659. He wai the chief agent in the inuiEues
by which Franche-Comt^ was annewd to France aboot
1666. Died in 1702.

Sec Saiitt-Sihcm, "Mjmrim;" "Koonlk BiofnpU* C6i4-

VatUer, yf tj^', (Piersk.) a learned French physi-
cian, was bom ne«r Lisieux, in Normandy, in 16*3. tie
translated tevera) norlu from the Arabic, including
Avicenna'a " Treatise on Mental Diseases." Vatlier waa
physician to Gaston. Duke of Orlianj. Died in 1667.

VauboD. do, d^h vCbfiN', (Aktoink lo Piestro—
]eh pEJIR,) Count, a French general, bom in 1659, wa*
a cousin of the bmout Viubin. He was an engineeri
and distinguished himself at teveral neges. Died in
I73t.

vaTtbaii, d^ <SCiiASTiEN 1« Praatrs.] SEitiNEUK, ■
famous French military engineer, bom at Saint-Uger de
Foi^eret (Niivre) in Hay, 1633. Having acquired some
■kill in mathematics, be entered in 16^1 the army of the
Frinoe of Condf, then waging a civil war against (he
French court. He waa taken prisoner by the French
In 1653. and persuaded by Caidinal Maxann to join the
royal army. He gained early distinction by his courne
and hit skill in ciradBcting sieges, and received the
brevet of toyal engineer 'n 1655. Under the orders of
Turenne, he directed the si^es of Landrecies, Coitd^,
and Sainl-Ghislain, (165$,) and rendered important ser-
vices at Gnvelinea, Audenarde, and Ypres in t6jS. He

Blructing fortifications at Ulle, Arras, and other places
In Flanders, and made important improvements in the
art of fortification. He 'was raised to the rank of mar^
chal-de-camp in 1676, after which he improved and
fortified £he ports (^ Donkirk, Toulon, etc Among his
creatcst achievements was the capture of the strong
fortress of Namur, where, says Macaulay, " the tvro great
masters oi the art of fonification were opposed to each
other. Vauban had, during many years, been regarded
as the first of engineers; but a (brmidable rival had lately
arisen, Menno, Baton of Cohom." (" Hisicwy of Eng-
land," vol. iv.) Namur was taken in June, 1691. Vauban
became a marshal of France in 1703. He wrote, be-'-'—
other works, a "Treatise on the Attack of Places,'
a "Treatise on the Defence of Places," (I737-) He had
the courage to advise the king to re-establish the edict
«f Nantes in favour of religious liberty. Hedied in 1707,
leaving a &ir reputation (01 probity and other virtues.

St* FaHTDnLt>,"£la« d« Vmbur;" Caimot. " Elon ite
Vasbaii."i;l(; Ahjimton, '' Noiln ur VaalnB," tSn 1 DsCham-
Butv,"NaiictliiM0fi4iiaiar Vauban," it43i Saiht-Sihoh, *' Mt-
Buirn:" No«u "Elosta. Vjulan," 'TV D'AfTiu-v, "Ekn
fcVmlmi," i;M: Da Sauvi»c "Eloee d« ViuhMi," 17*1: Voi
TAiii^"Sikle d* Loai* XIV;" D( CouiicirLLiii. " DifliaiiaiiK
iaCJfifnuxFniifiiii" "Nscinlki BiacnphicC^n^nl*."

Tanblano, d«, deh vcTjiaM', {Vikcent Marie
VWnot— ve'i'no',) CouKT, a French politician, bom
In Saint Domingo in I75£^ was a royalist In the Revo-
hiiion. He wa* detected in several plots against the
republic, was prtMcribed in 1797. but saved himself by
flight, and held several high offices under Napoleon.
He was minister of the interior from September, iSiJ,
to May, 1S1& He died in 1845. leaving autobiographic
* Memoires et Sotivenirs," (a vols., iSjg.)

St* LAWAani™, "Hiiiory of the RMiorarioB;" "Nonrtllf
BioKnphK Cfotnll."

Vanctuuoil, de, d(h vffV8iT's6»', (jACQiras,) a cele-
brated French mechanician, born at Grenoble in 1709.
His inventive genius and hii love for mechanical arts
were displayed at an early age, and in 173S he exhibited
{n Paris his Automaton Flule-Player, which caused a
great sensation. Among several works of this kind, the
most wonderful and ingenious, perhaps, is his Aotomalnn
Dock, which swam, quacked, dressed iia leather* with

vaughan

Its bill, and swallowed barley. He was appointed lii>
spector of the ailk-manubctories, and invented soma
machines which were very useful in the fabrication of silk
siuKi. He was a member of the Academy of Sdenoe^
Died in tySa.

ShCwdohst, "Elect i"''M««ll*Biafnphi* C^ninlt."

Vanchole^ vSsh'li', (Aiit;i;sra THioPHiLR,] a
French painter of history and portraits, bom at Passy,
lear Pans, In iBoi. Died April iz, 1873.

Vancber, vO'shaia', (Jkah PtaRRE,) a French bota-
■island theoli^an, born at Geneva about 1763. Hews*
>rofessor of theology or ecclesiastical history at Geneva,
In 1S03 he published a " History of Fresh-Water Con-
fervx, which was highly esteemed. Among his prin>
cipal work* i* a treatise on the Pbyslologv of European
Plants, "Uistoire physiolo^que dtos Plantee d'£n<
rope," (4 vols., 1841,} on which he expended the labour

Taudemont, de. dfh vSd'mdN', Prince, a Dutch
general, who commanded an army in Flanders, and waa
opposed to Villeroy, in 1695. According to Macaulay.
*": was "one of the ablest commanders in the Dutch

■rvice." (" Histniy of England," vol. iv.)

Taudemont, de, d^h ved'm6N', (Aktoine do Lor*
ralna — ilfh lo'rin',) Count, was a nephew of Charies,
Duke of Lorraine, who died in 1431. The succession to
this duchy was disputed by Renj of Anjou and tht
Count de Vaudemont. The latter defeated Reiti la
battle, and (he contekt was settled by a marriue of a
son of the Count de Vaudemont with a daugntei of
Renj, (1444.) Died in 1447.

So D. Calket, " Kbioirt At LeiniiM;''

Vandoncoiu^ de, d(h vC'd&N'kooK', (FRtDAalC

RAN^oiS CiiiLiAUUE,) llARO.v, a Frcnch general and
..riier, born at Vienna, Austria, in 1771. lie obtained
command of the artillery of the right wing of the army
in Italy in iSoo^ was employed to organiie the Ilalian
artillery in 1803, and became a general of bilgade in
iSog. In tSi5 he was condemned to death by the
Bourbons, and became an exile. lie wrote, besides
other military works, a " History of the Campaigns of
tSi4 and 181S in France," (5 vols., iSt6,) and "Fifteeii
Years of an Eiile," ("Qninze Annje* d'un Proecril,'*
4 vols., 1S3M Died in 1845.

S« P. Tmniiv. " L< G<« jral Fvim 7. F. 0. di VudmieaBn."
MC, 1S46 I " NouitJI* UJDCnphii Wnjnlt."

Tandojrer, vo'dwl'yi', {LioD.) a French architect
bom in Paris in 1S01. He gained the grand prite In
1816. His plan for the nenr cathedral of Marseiite* waa
adopted in 1854. Died February 9, 187*.

VandtetiU, de, dfh vfi'dRul' or vS'druVyf, (Louu
Philippe, de Riband— d(h re'gB',) Comtb, a bravo
French naval officer, born at Quebec in i6gi ; died in
1763. His son, of the same name, born at Kochefort in
1724, served with distinction in the navy, and became a
lieutenant-general. Died in 1S02.

Vandrejr, vS'dRl', (Claudb Nicolas,J a FrenA
general, born at Dijon in ^78^ He was a colonel in the
army at Strasburg when Louis Napoleon attempted to
initiate an insurrection there. He aided and abetted
■hat attempt, and was rewarded with the rank of general

French grammarian, born nearTr^voux in I $85,
was one of the first members of the French Acadeniy,
He look a prominent part in the compilation of the Dic-
tionary of that Academy, and published " Remarks on
the French Lan^age," (1647.) He vns very faiflidlous
in respect to purity of language, and was regarded as an
oracle in questions of grammar and slyle. He spent
manv years on a translation of Quintus Curtius, (IDJ3.)
Died in i6sa

5r Psluuoh, "Mbton it VktaAhrmf NicteoK, "Ut-
Boiicii" "NouwIlaBuiniihicUnir*]*."

Vaughan. vau'»n, (almost vawn,) (Alfriti.) an Eng-
lish poet and reviewer, born in 1823, was a son ^
Robert, noticed below. He became a dissenting min>
ister at Birmingham, contributed 10 the " British Quar-
terly Review," and published " Uours with the Mysiio."
Died in iSjy.

«a*i;{aaj;Biarvf;tas/;o,U,K,jiH!i:»rW,-N,mu<]/;R,tr>;/^if;iass,'»hisinj4w <gy~SeeExplanaltons,p.i^)

d by Google

VAUGHAN.

Vanghui, (Chauxs John.) D.D^ an Engliib divine,
bom in iSi& lie wu educated al RuEUy.iiid KTrinin
College, Cambridge, graduating in i8^ He wu tiead'
nutlet tA Hanow Sdiool from 1S47 la 1S59. In 1869
he was made Master a( the Temple, and in 1879 Dean
of Llaridaff He published many volumet of ~ ~
besidei other works, chiefly religious. He
garded as a " Broad-Chuicb" leader. Died in il

Tanfliwi, (lIiNRY,) a British poet and ph^tf
born in Brccknacluhire, Wales, tn tGii, is called
SlurKIET, because a native of Siluria, or South Wales.
He was the aathor of devotional poems, entitled " Silex
5cintillans,"(l650,)*'Thatia Kediviva, the Pastimes and
Aversions of a Country Muse," (1678,) "The Mount of
Olives," (in pro»e,) and other (rotics. Died in 1695. Hii
twin brother Thouas, a clergyman, wrote treatises on al-
chemy, under the paeudonym of £i;csNitJS Philalkthu.
He was tram in iGsi, and died at Albury in 1665. Both
were Oxfurd bred, and both were loyalists,

S« CAuruLL, "Spumtnt ef ilw Bniiih foett,'" "Silto-
i^ciitc Review," *oL ill., liUi.

Vaaghan, (Herbert,) a Roman Catholic prelate,
bom at Gloucester, England, in 1831. He was ordained
a priest in 1S54, and made bishop of Salford in 1873,
arcbbishopof Westminster in iSgz, and cardinal andhead
of the Chuich in England in 1S93. Died June 3o, 1903.

VBUgban. (Sir John,) a distinguished jurist, born In
Cardigatishire in 1608. He studied at Oxford, and rose
to be chief justice of the common pleas in 166& Died
to 1674

Vau| . ,
1771. He became aji
Died in 1839.

Vanghan, (Robekt,) D.D., an English Congrega-
tional divine, born in 1795, became professor of history
In London University, (University Cotleee,) and subse-
tiucntly presideril of the Independent College atMkn-
bhesler. In ia44he began to edit the " British Quarte^T
Keview," of which he was the founder. He published
" Memorials of the Stuart Dynas^," and vaiiooi otber
works. Died in 1868. ,^. .

Vaugtum, (Sir Wiluau,) a poet, bom In Caermar-
Ihenshire, in Wales, in 1577, was the aolhor of "The
Golden Fleece," {a very curious book, written at Cam-
biial Colchos, in Newfoundland,} and other works in
prose and verse. Died in 164OL

VangUaod, do, d?h vS'ihe'iy, (PiE«a« Rin«
Marie,) a French vice-admiral, born at Sables d'Olonne
in 1741. He emigrated as a royalist about 17^, and
became Governor of Martinique in 1814. Died in 1S19.

Vaugondy, See Robkkt dk VAtJcoxDV.

Vauguyon, do la, d(h It v8'ge'6N', (Antoine PAtn.
Jacques do Qudlen--dfh kl'IdN',] Due, a French
general, bom at Tonneina in 170G. He contributed to
the victory of Fontenoy, (t74S-) Te was altcrwaids
governor of the sons of the dauphin, who became Louis
XVI., Louis XVIIL, and Charies X. Died in 1771.

VBUlsbelIo.de, d?h vSirbil', (Acmilli Tenaille—
lth:nir or t; h-nl'yf ,) a French journatiiit and statesman,
tjorn in the department of Yonne in 1^99. He became
in 1S38 associate editor of "Le National," a repub-
lican or advanced liberal daily paper, lie published
a " History of the Two Restorations to the Fall of
Charles X.," (6 vols,, 1844 <<«?.) He was minister of

Giblic instruction from July to October, 1S4S. Died
arch 17, 1879.

Vaulabelle, do. (Mathieu TUwillo.) called ElA-
ONore, a French dramatist, burn in iSol, was a brother
of the preceding He wrote manj vaudevilles. Died
in \%<i<i.

VouqnellD, vSU'IIn', (Jean,) Sieur de La Fiesnaye,
a French poet, born near Falaise in ijj;. He became
president of a court, called pr^idial, at Caen, in the
reign of Henry IV, He wrote agreeable idyla, and
other short poenu. Died in 1607.

His son Nicolas waa a poet. (See Des YvmAiix.)

5c£ V. Cuorfv, "Jean Vauquelin de La FreidJL]re," 1S41.

Vanquelln, (Lotiis Nicolas,) an eminent French
chemist, born near Pont-rGvgque (Calvados) In May,
1763. He was a pupil of Fuurcroy. of whom he became

rs

aa tntliiiato friend and coodjotor.
assistant profcaaor of chemistiy In the PolytechnK Sdboal
about 179s, and a member of the Institole. In i8ot he
saccceded^Darcet as professor at ibe ColUge de France,
and in 1804 obtained the chair of dtcnisiry applied i«
the arts, in the Jar^n des Phatet. He improved
the methods of dfemkal analyMS, and discovered two
elementary t«bstaneea,—chromiiui a«d glucina. Hs
wrote many " Memoires," inserted in Uie " Annaleo
de Chimie" and other periodicals. Died in 1819.

Tanthlor-Oalle, v&'t^' gS. (AHsit.) a FreiM*
sculptor and medal -eneraver, was bom in Paris In 181&

Dusseldort Must of his very numerous works illustralo
Swiss and South German peasant-life.

VanveitarKiioa, do, df h vSv'nlag', (Ltrc do Cla-
plora— dth kirpeji',) Marquis, a Frendi moral phitoa-
oiiher, bom at Aix, in Provence, In 1715, was a friend of
Voltaire. He entered the army about 1733, and left tho
service with ruined health at the age of twenty-seven.
He published in 1746 an " Introduction to the Know-
ledge of the Human Mind, followed by Reflections and
Maxims," which was praised by VoIta(r& Died In Paiio
In i747> His repntation Increued after his death.

VaaTlUlon, vO'vi've^^', (Jkan Francois.) a Frendk
scholar, was bom at Novers in 1737. He became pro-
fessor of Greek at the College of France in 1 766, and path
lished, besides other works, " Essaya on Pindar." (1771.)
In 1790 he was chosen a member of the municipality
of Paris, and lieutenant to the mayor of that dty. Ha
entered the' Council of Five Hundred in 1797- Having
been proscribed Ed the same year, he took refuge at
Saint Petersburg, where he died in 1801. He had pub-
lished an edition of Sophocles, with notes, (3 vols., 1781.)

Vanx, (Calvekt,) architect and landscape gai^
denei, was bom at London, England, in 1814. He
went to America in 1850, and for yean afterwards was
a successful architect. He is best known, however,
for his work in planning Central Park, New York,
and Prospect Park, Brooklyn, and for numerous other
labours in the same field. The Museum of Natural
History and the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New
York, were designed by him. Died in 1895.

Vao^ nwi, (Nicholas,) Losd, an English ofScei;

>s distinguished by the favour of Henry VIII., who*
he accompanied in his French campaign. Died in tS3&

Vatix, (Thomas,) an English poet, bom in 1510. mm

son of the preceding He was one of the aticndanla
of Henry VHL in his eapedilion to France in icis.
Among his works Is "The Aisault of Cupid." Died
about ISS7-

Vaox (WiLUAH Sakdyi Wkicht,) an English
scholar, born at Romsey in 1818. He was educated
at Wcktminater, and at Baliiol College, Oxford, grada-
ting in 1840. He was employed in the British Husenn^
84l-7a He published "Nineveh and Persepolis,"
' Hand'Book to the Antiquities in the British Museum,*
'Ancient History from the Monument^" (187s,) "Pema
rom the Earliest Period," (1877,) "Greek Cities and
Islands of Alia Minor," etc. Died in i88j.

Vaiuc, de, dfh v5, (NoKl DS Jourda, ao'll' dfh
ihooR'dl',) Couirr, a French genera), bom near Pay-
en- Velay in 170s. He distinguished himself at (he battle*
of Prague (1743) and Fonieno4, obtained the rank of-
lieutenant-general in 1759, and displayed much ability
by the conquest of Corsica in 1769. lie waa raised I*
the rank of marshal of France in 1783. Died in 1788L

VauBoUoB, do, dfh vs'zjl', (Jean,) a French prioc

id writer on religion, was bom at Lyons ; died in lejy.

Tavaosour, vrvrsuR', (Fianqois,) a French Icsoit
and Latin poet, born at Paray in 1605, He prodocetL
besides several prose works, Latin odea, elegies, etc^
which are said lo be elegant Died in Paris in 16S1.

Viyn, vl'aOt or Vayna, vt'dGs, |iTom the Sanacrit
^y, to "go." or " move,"] one of the names of the «' '

^he Hindoo mythology. (See Harut and Pavana.)
or vlh, \U. "noliness ;" allied lo tlw Gernu
" consecrate,") in the None mythology, a god
:-.-j .^.^ V,. ,._„,_._ ,ry;„ uavM i»

Vo, vi or vlh, \U. "'Koliiieas ;" allied Ic
lihtn, to " consecrate,") in the None myi_.
'ho was associated with his brothers Odin

1^ ^ 1, 6, u, j, Img; ^i,ii, same, less prolonged; i, 1, 1, 0, Q, f,thfrl; ), f , j, f, t^run; At, Oil, flit; mil; nAl; gAid; u

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VECCHl aj

ere«ting the world. (See Odin.) It appe»r«loh»ve been
fail ulSix to baniih from the new creaiion whatever wax
impure or evil. By tome he i* ideiitilied with Lodur,
which lee.

Vecchl, de^ dl velt'kee, (Giovanni,) an Itiliw
painter, bora it Borgo San Sepolcro in i5]6i died in
1614.

Veoolila, Teklte.!, (Pibtko,) x Veneliin painter,

imed Matton" ' ' '"' "

He imiuted
Titian and Ciorgionc. Died

Teochletta, vik-ke<i'ii, [Lorenzo m Fiiro.) an
Italian Kulptor, born at Sienna in 14S2. He worked in
bronze. Died in IS40.

V«cehia dl Ban Bemudo, H, i1 vek'ke-o de ain
blB-nau'do, (Francesco Henxoochl — mln-zok'kee,)
■nltalianpuntcT.bornat Foill about 15101 died in 1547.

VecelUo. See TrruN.

TecelUo, v>.chel'iB-o, {Cisaiic,) an Italian painter,
born at Cadore about 1530. wa* a pupil and coutin of
Titian. He published acolleaion entitled "On Ancient
and Modern Costumei," ("DeglE Abiti anticbi e mo*
demi," i;9a) Died in i6o6l

VaoeUlo, (Francesco,] a brother of Titian, bom at.
Cadore in 14^3, wa* a painter of superior genius, but
renounced the profession for that of merchant or soldier.
Died in t59a

VeoalQo, (Marco,) or Marco dl Ttdano— de ttt-
se-i'no, an able painter, bom in Venice in t^U, was a
nepbew and pupil of Titian. He accompanied Titian
in his journeys, and imitated his style with great success.
Among his works are a " Descent of the Holy Spirit"
and the "Marriage of the Virgin Mary." Died in 161 1.

SHVA»iii,*'LiT«orilicPiinun;"SiDCLn,*'PiItcriVtaetii"
IrfHII, " Hiltnry of Piinunf In 11%."

VeoelUo, (Orazio,) a skilhil portrait-painter, bom at
Venice in in;, was a son and pupil of Utian. He
assisted his mher in many of his worka. Died in 157&

Vechta or Wechte, vCkt, (Antoini,] a French
■cutpior and goldsmith, bom In the department of C&te<
d'Or about iSao; He had a high reputation as a de-
signer of ornamental vrorfcs in goid and silver. Among
his worlcs is an allegorical vase is silver npatatL Died
In October, 1868.

TAdS, vi'df, (English plural Veda*.) i.e. "know-
ledge," [from the Sanscrit vtd, to " know," cognate with
(he old English wit, having the same signification, and
the Latin vid-a, to "see" ot "perceive,''] the name of
the sacred books or scripturei of the Brahmans, sup-
posed to contain the fountain and sum of all essential
knowledge. They consist of four parts, the Rig-VCda,
Sama-VJda, Vajur-V«da, and Alhsrva-Vtda. Of these
the Rig-Vida is the nuat important, ll is composed of
Tcligiou* lyric* or hymns, and is confessedly the oldest
extant portion of Sanscrit literature, dating perhaps
from 1400 to iSoo years before the Christian era.

So PiomiH Wiuoh's mruUiiou nfih* ~ RifVeila," ind
the dithrtnt Imroiliiciioiii (a ihoH tnnilKioni ; Colhuooki on
th> -Vtdu." in <dL viiL of iht "AeiiIc Reiurchc*:" ankle
•■Vtd«''in ih« "NnAiatrKu C^pwlia," (b]F Paoraisoa W.
D. W1.1TWIY.)

Vid&nttL (FhiloKiphy.) See VvJtSA.

VtdaTTiML SeeVYXu.

Tod'dfr, (David,) a Scottish poet, bom In Bumess
parish, Orkney, in 1790. He was a sailor in early life,
and later a revenue -officer. He published a numljer of
volumes of prose and verse. Died in Edinburgh, Feb-

fuary II, 1854.

Vttdder, (Kliho,) an American genre painter, born In
New York in February, 183& For along time astudent
in Italy, he finally made it his permanent residence.
His best works are highly suuieitive, and are full of a
mystical and poetic quality. uTs best pictures are "The
Lair of the Sea- Serpent," " A Venetian Dancing-Girl,"
"The Death of Abel," and "An Arab Listening to the
Sphinx." ULh illustrations 10 Fit^eratd's translation of
the " Rubalyat" (/./. " ouilrains") of Omar Khayyam were
published in 1SS4, and won much praise.

TedrUni, vl-dKe-1'nee, (Loixivico,) a mediocre Ital-
ian historian, born at M6dena in i6oi, wrote a " History
of Mddena," (1664,) and other works. Died in 1671X

^•^ VELA

Veen. See Van Veen and IlEBMSKIRK.

Veenix See Weenix.

Tega. See Garcii.asso di la Veoa.

Vega, d& See Ix>pe Dt Vega.

Vega, TOO, Ton vi'gl, JGsokg.) Baion, a German
officer and mathematician, born in Carniola in 1754, wa*
originally named Veha. He served with distinction In
several campaign* against the French and Turks, at-
tained (he rank of lieutenant-colonel, and was appointed
professor of mathematics in the Imperial artillery. Hs
was the author of " Table* of Logarithms," (Logarith-
mentafein, 17S3,] "Lectures on Mathemaiics," (4 vols.,
1786-90,} "Complete Treasury of Logarithms," (1794.)
and other valuable works. Vega was murdered in iSoS
by a miller, who despoiled him of bis money and watch.

V6gftc& See Veoictius.

VflgfltiIl•,ve-jee'sh^^ [Fr.VicftCE, vi'ihi^,] (Fut,<
vius KlHATt/S.) a Roman military writer of the fourth
century, b believed to have been a Christian. His
principal work Is entitled "Epitome Institutionum Re!
militaris," (In five books,) and is dedicated to Valenlinian
II. It treats of the organization of armies, trainina
of soldier*, etc, and is written in a clear and graceful
style. Translations of il have been published in English(
French, and German.

Vebrll or WeltrU, vSalee, (Jakob,) a Swiss teacher,
bom in 1790, was for many years an assistant of Fellen-
berg at Hofwyl. He became in 1S33 superintendent of
the Normal School at Kruitzlingeo, on Lake Constance^
Died In iSy.

Vetuie^ li'zfh, [Karl Eddard,) a German hiaCoriai\
born at Freiberg in iSoi, studied at Leipsic and Gjitting.
en, and aAerwards visited the United Slates, London,
and Paris. He (Published several works, the most im-
portant of which ii his " History of the German Court*
since the Reformation," ("Geschtchte der Ueutschea
Hofe seil der Reformation," 48 vol*., iSjS.) He also
wrote two volumes on Shakspeare. Died in 1870.

VbU, v41, or Vlel, (Charls! Marie.) a commentator
on Scripture, born at Metz, was originally 1 Tew. lie be-
came a rrolestant, and preached in Encfand about l68a

Veil, de, df h vil, (Louis de ComplAgQe—d^h k&N'.
pe^^ft',) > converted Jew, a brother of the preceding
Dotn at Meu, went 10 England about 1^0, and pub-
lished Latin versions of some works of Maimonidei,

Velmats. See Loevc.

Veit vll or fit, (Philipp.) a celebrated German
painter, born at Berlin in 1793, was a grandson, on hi*
mother's side, of Moses Mendelssohn. He studied at
Rome in company with Cornelius, Overbeck, and other
young artists, who aimed at reviving the mystical style
of the middle age*. Amon^ his master-pieces we may
name his "Triumph of Religion," in the Vatican gal lery,
"Scenes fi'om Dante's Paradiso," in the Villa Hassiml,
"Christianity bringing the Fine Arts into Germany," a
large fresco in the Stadel Art Institute at Franklbrt-on-
Ihe-Main, and the "Seven Years of Plenty,"— one of
the (tescosofthe history of Joseph, at the Villa Bartholdy,
Rome. Died December 18, 1877.

Veltcb, veelch, (John,) a Scotti^ professor, bom at
Peebles about iSio. About 1S60 he was appointed pro-
fessor of It^c and metaphysics in the University of Saint
Andrew's. He wrote a "Life of Sir William Hamilton,"
(1869,) "The Tweed, and other Poems," (1875.) "Lucre-
tius and the Atomic Theory," (1S75,) and "The History
and Poetrv of the Scottish Border," (1877.) Died 189^

Veitoh. (William.) LLD., a Scottish Hellenist, born
at Spinal, Roxburghshire, about 1795. He was educated
at Edinburgh University. He publislied "Greek Verbs,
Irregular and Defeclive," (|343,) a work of high value,
and wa* one of the revisers of Liddell and Scott's !«*•
icon. Died July 8, 1885.

Vela, vill, (Blasco NuSn,) a Spaniard, wa* lent
by Charles V. to Pern in 1(43 a* viceroy. Hi* authoriry
was resisted by the rebels under Gonzalo Pharro^ by
whom Vela was defeated and killed in 154&

So "Naiv.ll* necnt'^ U>4nl*."

Vela. ^^'11, (Vincent,) an Italian sculptor, of Sw!n
origin, born in the canton of Tessin (Ticino) in iSu,
Among his works is a statue of Spartacu*.

caai; (aii; tiortf/ia* /V0| ^i^jVAini/; tt,>iiuai; K,lrHitd; lut; thasinJiiir, (EVSee Explanations, pti>)

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Ki

VELASCO n

V«laaco. See Palomino y Veusco.

TelMCo, <)«, di vi-tls'ko, (Fkanciscxs) a Spanish
wriler of ucrcd poema, bom Id the latter part of the
■txEMnth cenluty.

Sc* LoHCTiLLos^ " Poet! and Poetry of Earepa."

V«1mco, do, (Gkecokio Hernandez.) ■ Spanish
poet, born at Toledo about rjsa 1 te produced a good
Tersion of Vitgil'i "^neid, and other Iraiulalioni.

Telavqaea, *i-Us'klth, (Alkxandro Gon£ALE7,) a
Spanish painter and architect, bom at Madrid in 1719.
He designed the palace of Aranjuei. Died in 1771.

Hia biother Antonio, bom in 1719, was an abtc
painter. He became court painter to Charles IIL io
1757. He eicelled in frescos. Died in 1793.

velaaqnaz, (Diino,) a Spanish commander, bom la
Old Caiilie about 1460. He was sent by Diego Colnni*
bos to Cuba, which he conquered in 1511. He
allerwardi Goremor of Cuba, and despatched at

E bring partjF which discovered Mexico. About 1590
e sent a small arm; to Mexico under Narviet to
operate against Cortet, who defeated Narraei and took
bim prisoner. Died in 1523.

Sc* PimscoTT, " Hinon oT iht Cnqutu of Hnks:" (
^M^^, "Varonn dtl nuavo fa undo."

Telaaqita* [or Telasquez) de Sllva, vi'lls^ith
di til'*!, tDon DiBCO Rodriguez,) a celebrated Span-
(sh portrait-painter, born at Seville in I599. He was a

Kpil of Herrera el Viejo, and afterwards of Francisco
checo, whose d»ughier Juana he married. He did
not adopt the style of either of these maslers, bat
formed for himself an original style by the study of
nature. Having removed to Madrid in lois and painted
■ portrait of the Duke of Ulivares In 1613, he was ap-
'nted court painter to Fhilip IV., and rose rapidly to
le and prosperity. He was a friend of Kubens, whom
met at Madrid in l63& He visited luly in 1629,
Admired the works of Titian at Venice, and paucd
■bout a •jtM at Kome, where he painted a picture of
"Jacob and the Bloody Garment of Joseph," and
"Apollo at the Forge of Vulcan." He returned to
Uanrid in I6ji, after which he produced an admirable
equestrian portrait of Philip IV, In 164S he was sent
to Italy by Ine king to purctiase pictures and models of
antique statues. He painted at Rome an excellent por-
trait of Pope Innocent X., and returned home in 1615.
In 1656 he obtained the ciou of Santiago, which is
rarely given to anv except men of high tank. He was
also appointed to the office of aposentadoi mayor, who«e
duty it IS lo provide lodgings for the king in his journeys.
Died in August, 1660, Velasoiiw is regarded by many
critics as the greatest painter that Spain has producecL
lie Is considered to have surpassed other Spanish artists
not only in portraits but in history and landscapes. 1 le
neglected the ideal and poetical, and seems to have been
dencient in invention ; but he reproduced the real with
marvellous fidelity. His best works are mostly at
Madrid Among his best historical pieces is a " Cruci-
fixion," (1639.) Commenting on his picture of "The
Spinners," (" Las Hilanderas,'! Mr. Stanley says, " For
truth of character, perspective arrangement, and delusion
of light and shadow, it is considered marvelloui,"
(Bryan and Stanley's "Dictionary.")

%a WrLUAfi Stiiuho. "Vclauuci and hii WnrLa,** ilu;
Cbah'Humvciu, " Diccionsrio d> lu bellu Anai" Naclir
"AlfniminaKaMlWr-Lexikon:" Fono, " Hiixt-Kivili br Tnni-
hn IB S[»in :" " Ftuo"! Micuint" for Julir, ily ; Quuurr, o»

SuiLUT, " DicnBnniindo pTiiirrct EiehodIi 1" Chaulu Buui^
HIilDira ia Piinlru ;" " Nou'itl* Biotniphlt Cfn^n).,"
VelBaquflS de Tclasco, vi-llsnieih di vi-lls'ko.
(Luis lost,) Marquis de ValdefTores, a Spanish anti-
quary, born xl MJitaga In 1713. He published several
worlu on Spanish aniiquiiiet. Died in 1771.

Void*. Tan dea, vtn din vtl'dfh, or Vanderveldflt
(IlAIAH,) a Dutch painter, bom at Leyden about 159$,
«*i also an etcher. He painted landscapes, mttic scenes,
and battle*. Died about 1650.

Veld*, van d«i^ (Jan,) a painter and skilful engraver,
bom at Leyden about 1508, was a brother of the pre-
eedin^ lie painteil laniUcaues and rustic scenes, and
^graved portraits, etc Died afler 1677.

Telda,TMi dw, (Adkiaan and Wiu-EM.) See Van
n«Veuii.

^3 VENABLB

Velde, van der, vtn d^ fel'deh or vel'dfh, (FxAin
Karl,) a German writer, bom at Kreslau in 1779, was ilia
author of a number of novels, tales, and dramatic work^
which were very popular at the time. Died in 1824.

Veldeke. von, (on vfl'dfh-kfh, (Hkinrich.) a G«f.
man minnesinger of the twelfth century, was the aotboc
of an epic poem entitled ■■ EneiL"

V8l't-d» or Vsl1e.<lf, a German propheless, wlig
lived TKar the river Luppia (Lippe) in the reign <A Vtt.
pasian, and was regarded with great veneration. Hifing
prophesied in favour of Civilis, who revolted against ihe
Komans, the was carried captive lo Rome about 85 AH

V«laa de Ouevar*. See Gup.vara,

Vella, vel'l}, (Giuseppe,) a literary impostor, bam it
Malta in the latter part of the eighleenth ceniury, pre.
tended to have discovered an Arabic manuscript <t
several of the lost books of LJvy, and other impottuit
documents in the Arabic language. His fratuis •«•
expMed by Tychsen and Hager.

Velleiua Faterculns. bee Paterciflvs.

Vellejn*. vll-li'yOs, (Andreas Severinijs or Sofr
RENSEN,) a learned Danish historian and theologiu,
born at Veile, in Jutland, in 1543. He became coot
preacher at Copenhagea about 1568. He puUislwd
" The Li*es of the Popes, in Tene,"(iS7i,)a"HiHin
of Canute," teveralbiographiei, and OtMt works. Dke

Velleron. See Camris-Vsllkron,

Vellutt vtl-loo'tee, (Donato,) an Italian chtoaldcn
born at Florence in 1313 ; died In 137a

Vellj, vj'le', (Paul FRANgois,) a French hiitoiin,
born near Kheims in 1709. He published a"Hiilot|rof
France," (8 vols., 1759.) which was favourably reoeiml
at the time. He also translated Swift's " History oljalis
Bull." Died in 1759.

Velpeau, vil'pA', (Alfred Asuand Louis Haii4
a celebrated French surgeon and anatomist, born MS
Tours (Indre-et.Loire) in 1795. He graduated in Ptris
in iSzi, became professor of cliniciu surgeiy lo ite
Faculty de M^dedne in 1834 or 1835, and chietsnrgco
□f the hospital La Charity in 1841. He succeeded Dr.
Larrey in ihe Institute about 1842. As prolesMr of
clinic, ha acquired a European reputation. Among liis
numerous works we notice a "Treatise on Surgical
Anatomy," (3 vols., 1815-16,) which is said to be Kit
complete, *n excellent treatise on Obstetrics, eniilW
" Traill de I'Arl des Accouchement*," (18x9.) which ns
translated by Dr. Charles Meigs, of Philadelphii, (iSji.)
and "Traill des Maladies du Sein," (1338.) An en-
larged edition of the latter wsa iaaued in 1S54. Died
in August, 1867.

St*SACHAii^"LaM<r)«a'MdtPuti:»''NaiiTcIleKivitlii

Velser, fJl'sfr, or TaUeiriB, ni-a'r4s, [MAiCUi,] t
German civilian, bom at Augsborein 1558. He bKune
a senator about 1591. Among his works is "Ruhd
B^icarumLibri V.,'''(i6oz) Died ini6i4.

VelUielm, ffli'Mm, (August Ferdinand.) Coowt,
a German antiquaiy and scientific writer, bom no
Helmsiedl In 1741. He published a treatise "On ibt
Formation of Basalt," (17S6,) "On the Statue of Men
non," and other works. Died in 1801.

Teltheim or Veltbem, written also Velten, 1 Ge^
man aclor of the seventeenth century, who was the firti
to introduce the plays of Mo)iire on the Certnan ttafb

Volthnslus. See VE;,THtnreEN,

Talthiivaen,vllt'hoi'zfn,fLat.VELTRtr'slUS,](UH-
BERT,) a Dutch theologian and philosopher, bom it
Utrecht in 163s. He wrote several works on moid

C'lilosophy and religion, which were highly estMmtd
e was a strenunus advocate of toleration. Died in l6t>
Teu'fbla, (CHARLBt S.,) LUD„ an American nutlh
ematician, bom in Prince Edward cotinly, Virginia, AH
19, 1897, Hegraduaied at Hampden-SIdney Col>eKc>>
1S42, and at the Universilyof Virginia in 1848. Hevu
professor of mathemaiics in Hampden -Sidney College.
I S48-56, professor of physics and chemistry in the Uni-
veraity of Georpa in 1856, and professor otmatheinitia
and astronomy in Ihe University of Soath Carolina, iSj^
61. HeiervediniheConfederaieaTmyaacaptainofeiifi-
neers, tnd afterwards as lienlenant-colonel and aide^

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VELASQUEZ DE SILVA.

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cunp to Genenl R. G. Lee. Id 1S65 he wai appointed

ErafessoT of nutfaenutics in the Univereity of Virginia.
[epublisbed nutbematical text-books. Died in 1900.
Venabls, (William HjmRY,) aulhor.bom in War-
ren county, Ohio, in 1836. He ha* written a " School
History of the United States' ' and other works of his-
toricaj character, also works on the drama, poems, e
~ VofUDOa. See DotrOADos.
TMuutlDB. See FoKrvHATva.
V«iM)«, de, dfh tSnss, (Henri FkANQats,) ■ nend
•edeiiaslic and Hebrew acholar, bom in Barrob aboat
. He wrote disserlatians or commentaries on the
e, which were inserted in the Bible of Catmet, (174S-

•&J

_ _,jcieJof. , » ,

Jt arretted, (1636.) and died in prison in 16^^

VendOme. da, (Cesak,) Dt;c, a natural son of Henry
IV. of France and CabrieUed'EtlrJ«*,wai born in ijm-
He was soon after legitimated and made Duke of Ven-
dSme. Having been charged with taking uart in the
conspirkcy agninst Kicheiieu in 1616, he was imprisoned
bur yeara. He was appointed Governor of Burgundy
In 1650^ Died in 1665.

Tondftme; de, (Lotti^) son of the prKcding,
' 13, serv«l in the campiigTW w Louis XI
• be viceroy and commander of tlie French

XIIL,

iTOop* in Catalonia In 1649. He married in 1651 Laiit«
Uancini, niece of Cardinal Haxarin, and after her death,
having been ordained a priest, wai n»de a cardinal in
1669. Diedlni669.

VendAmo, de^ (Loi;ts Joskph,) Due; an able gene-
ral, a son of the preceding, was born In Pari* in 1654.
He served under Ttirenne, and in the campaign of
Flanders under Marshal de Cr^ui, and was appointed
In l6SiGovcTn(« of Provence. lie wa* made lieulenanl-

Sneral in 168& and took an active part in the siege of
imuT and the battle* of Steenkerke and Hartaglia.
Having succeeded Noaille* a* commander of the ariny
«f Catalonia in 1695, be besieged Barcelona, which he
compelled to surrender, (1697!) On the breaking - -
of the war of the Spaniah succession, he became c
Dundee of lh« forces in Italy, and in 1703 fought the
battle of Lnuarji with the army of Prince Eugene. He
was defeated by the Duke of Marlborough and Eugene
at Oudenarde in 170S. Being sent in 1710 by Louis
XIV. to the assistance of Philip V. in Spain, he restored
tKat eovereign to his capital, and soon after jnined a
•ignal victory aver the Austrian forcei under StUhetn-
berg at Villa Vidosa. Died in 1713.

TaaddoM, de, [Pkiuppe,] Doc, brother of Oe pre-
ceding, was bom in 165$. Ke aerved ender his uncK
the Duke of Beaofbrt, in 1669, and took part In tbe
principal cunpaign* of his brother. He was ^nd prior
of the knights orthe order of Malta. Died in 1717.

Veadramlnl, T(n-dK&-mee'nee, (Giovanni,) an s
Italian engraver, bom near Bassana in 1769, worked
In England, and engraved the works of several Italian
masters. Died in London In 1839.

Venedey, ^'neh-dl, (Jakob,) a German jurist and
pditician, bom at Coltwne in 1805. He wis arrested
In 1S31 on a charge of being connected with secret s
deties, but effected his escape to France. Ketuming
1848, he was soon alter elected to the National Assei
bly. He subseqnently became professor of history
Zurich. He published Ecveral woiks on various sulijects,
imOng which is a " History of the German People," (4
»oI»., 1854-58.) Died Febiaary 8, 1871.

Venel, veh-nll', (Gabriil Frakqois,) a French
dtemist and physician, born at Combes in 1733. He
became prolcasar of medidne at MontpelUer, where be
died in 1775.

TenwiOL See VtNiHO.

Teneronl. >l-nS-ro'nee, a French Bcholar of the
rtehteenth century, originally named Jkah Vicmriiom,
(vSn'yf h-rAN'J published an Italian Grammar and IMo-

VENTADOUR

Tenette, veh-njt', f Nicoijls,) a French medical
riter, bom at L« Rocliclle in 1633 ; died in 1698.
Taneseloe, (EunrrHiRios,) a Greek statesman,
bom in 1S64 on the island of Cerigo, and educated in
Athens and Switzerland. He scttl^ in Crete, became
in politics, and rose to be premier of the
island. In 1909 he came to Greece, joined the Military
League for army reform, and in November wu made
premiei. As such he developed the powerful aimy
and navy oi^aniiation employed in the war of 1913.
The most popular man in Greece, he had advanced
iews on the Balkan alliance.
VeneElano. See Uomrnico VetitziASo.
Veneslaoo, yl-nd-se-l'no, (AtwsT'wo.) a celebrated
Italian engraver, bom at Venice, is sometimes called
AucuSTiHusDaMusta. He studied under Marcantonio
Raimondi, and executed a number of prints after Ra-
phael and Giulio RoroanOL Among his master-plecea
are porttail* of the emperor Charla V. and Frands I.
of France, and "The Skeletons, or Burying- Place," after
Bacdo BandinellU ^Veneiiano b said to nave been the
Gnt to practise etipple engraving He lived about
510-40.
Vaneziaiio, (Ahtonk^) v> eminent Venetian palnletf
born about 1309, was a pupil of Angelo Gaddi. Hie
fresco* in the Campo Santo at Pisa are ranked amoiw
his master-pieces. He afterwards studied medicine, and
died 1^ the plague at Florence, In 1384, while attending
the sick.

Venlero, vl-ne-l'ro, or Tonler, vi-ne-ala', (Anto-
Hio,) a Venetian statesman, was elected doge in 1383.
He extended the domain of Venice by the acquiiltion
of Coriti, Arcos, and Treviso. Died in 1400.

Venlero, (DOMBNico,) a Venetian poet and trans-
Iitor, born in 1517, was one of the founder* of Iho
Venetian Academy. He was intimate with Cardinal
Bembo and other distinguished men of the lime. Ilia
brothers, LoRBNXOandMAPno, were also pocls. Died
inijSi.

Venlero or Venlar, (FUNCXtco,) ■ Venetian pht-
loeopher and statesman, a brother of the preceding, wa>
bom about 1505 ; died in 1581.

Venlero, (Loawzo,) a poet, bom at Venice about'
J5ici,was a brother of the preceding. He wrote *a«
tirical and immoral poems. Died in 1550.

Venlero or Venerlo, vii-ni're-a, (Sebattiaho.) a
Venetian admiral, commanded the fleet of the repubtic
at the battle of Lepanto, in 1573. He was elected dogo
In 1576. DicdiniS78L

V0-niI1-^ [Fr. VtNiLia, vl'nele',] a Roman divinity
' nymph, was called a sister oT^mata, the wile of Fau>
nos, and the mother of Tumti* and Jutuma.
VtoUle. SeeVENiLiA.

Venino, vji-nee'no, (Igkazio,) an Italian Tesuit, bom
at Como in 1711, is said to have been the sreatest
preacher of Italy in the eighteenth century. Died at
Milan in 177S.
Venttu. See Van Ve«n.

Venn, (Henbv,) an eminent English theologian, bom
at Barnes, Sorrey, in 1735, was a son of Rev. Richard
Venn. He gradiiated as A.M. at Cambridge in 174%
became vicar of Huddemlield about 1760, and rector of
Yelling, En Huntingdonshire, tn 1770. He published,
besides Sermons, "The Complete Dnty of Man,''
Mistakes in Religion Exposed." Died in 1797.
Ven'n^, (TokiasJ an Englbh physician, bom iK
SoiBCTtetshire in 1577. He practised at Kalh with suQ-
cea*, and published a treatise on diet and regimen, en*
titled " The Right Way to Loiw Life," (" Via recu ad
Vitam longam,'*^ about 1633,) which was very popular.
Died in 166a

Von'nlng, (Rai.t>M,) an English nonconformist min*
later, born about i6»o, was itoted both for his eloqucnee

conformity in 166a. He wrote, betide* other relisioM
work*, " Thinp Worth ThinUag on, oc Help* to Fitij.*
Died in 1673.
Vantadonr. See Beihakd di VnrrAfxwK,

«a«i;tasr;iAatf:turVOt>i,x,/M)Wra'; NiMMf; ttOiOa'/laa^-tbaaiiiMjib (ga^SceE;xplaoaUoiw,ii.4p

d by Google

VBNTENAT

" The Guden of MalmaisDn," (z vol*., 1803, with platei
Ij Redouts,) ind othei worlu. Ditd in 1S08.
ShCuviir, "flogei hiMonqua."

Ven-Hdl-iu Bas'sna, (Publius,) i Roman Eeneral,
born in Pic«num, vra« brought to Rome in 89 8.C, being
Iben ■ child. He became a fivourile officer ot Caisar,
whom he supported in the civil war which began in 49
B.C, and was choien consul in 43. As the legale of
Mark Antony, he commanded in iiyria in the year 39,
■nd defeated Latuenus and the Farlliian piince Facoruj,

Set DiOM Cauius, " Mbuny ol Roma.'*

TentigDano, vEn-tin-yl'no, (Cesabe dolU Valle—
de111vil'U,)DuKR OP, an Italian poet and miscellaneous
wcilet, born at Naplea in 1777. Among his principal
worl(s ate Ibe tragedies of "Ibe Siege of Corinth" and
" Medea," an " Essay on the Education of the Aris-
tocracy and the Labouring Classes," (1848,) and " Phi-
losophic View of the History of the Human Race,"
(iBsJ.) Died in l&6a

TeaUml^lla, v!n<te-mtl'yl, {GlUSEPra,} Prince of
Belmont, a liberal Sicilian statesman, born in 1761, was
distinguished fi<r munificence and taste. Died in 1S14.

Ventura, vln-too'rl, (Gcoacchiko or Joachim,) an
eloquent Italian pieacber and theologian, bom at Pa-
lermo in 1791. He gained such distinction asa preacher
of funeral orations that he was called " the Italian Bos-
Suet." About 1S14 he became a resident of Rome, and
■couired much influence with the pope, lie published
"On the Method of Philosophiiing," ("De Methodo
Philosophandi," i8?8,) and " The Beauties of the Faith,"
(1839.) He was liberal in politics, and, after the election
of Plus IX., [1847,) had great popularity as a leader of
the moderate party of reformers at Rome. He advised
ihe jiope CO give his subjects a constitution. His efforts
having been defeated, he quitted Rome in 1849, and set-
tled in Paris in 1851. He preached at the church of the
Madeleine and at the Tuileries, (tS^7,) and published,
in French, several works, among which is "The Philo-
cophic Reason and the Catholic Reaion," (" La Raison
philosophique ct la Raison cuholique," 1S52.} Died
at Versailles in August, 1S61.

S« E. VAVuuua, "V«Btun," Piri^ 1851; "MoBrdlt Kr
^mjiiit Giatwth."

Yontnri, vEn-too'ree, {Giovanni BAirifTA,) an Ital-
ian natural philosopher, born at Bibiano in 174A. Ha
became professor of physics at PavU about 180a He
published, besides other works, an " Easav on the Phy-
■ico-Mathematlcal Worksof Leonardo da Vind," {1797,}
and « " Treatise on Optics," 11814.) Died b iSu.

S« thi " Edinburih Reritw" for April, ilsj.

Tenturl, (Pompeo,) an Italian Jesuit, bom at Sienna
In 1693. He wrote a commentary on Dante, (3 vols,.

o VERCmGE TORIX

were supposed to be sacred to her. She was varieuly
ityled Cyijria,(rrom Cvpms,) Cythera and Cyihern,
.from the island of Cythera, where she first appeiied,
and of which she became the principal deity,) Venus Gen-
et[ix,VenuS Hortensis, Venus Victrii, Venus Verlicntdia,
Venus Alma, Venus Erycina, (from Eryx, in SkJlf^
where she had a temple,) Aphrodite Pandemos, and
Aphrodite Urania. Venus was regarded by some andeni
authors as a personili cation of the generative power of
nature. She does not appear to have been an oilgiiul
deity of Rome, nor to have been worshipped by ihi
Romans while they were ruled by kings, iter worship
was probably of Oriental origin.

VenUBti, vi-noos'lee, (Marceixo,) an Italian painter,
bom at Mantua, was a pupil of Ferino del Vaga He
was employed by Michael Angelo to copjp a number of
his works. Among these we may name his "Last Judjf.
ment," (painted In oil,) In the Royal Museum at Naplob

born at Cortona in , „
Died at Rome in 1769.

V«nuti, (N1CC01.6 Marcbllo,) an Italian antit)uarf,
bom at Cortona in 1700. He discovered the temple of
Jupiter and the theatre of Herculaneum, and wrote a
" Description of Ihe First Discoveries at Hercutanem^''
[1749.) Diedini7SS.

St« CoiTnAmi, "ElofiuBi N. M. Vmoli," us*

VenntI, {Ridolfino,) an eminent aniiquaiy, bom ri
Cortona in 1705, was a brother of the preceuing. Hs
became director of the Museum Albani at Rome. Ms
published a "Topographical Description of the Antiqiai>
ticsof Rome," (a vols., 1763,] and other works on Ronua
medals, inscriptions, etc, which are highly commeDdid.
Died at Rome in 1763.

Vsis, (AtTGUfTO,) an Italian philosopher, bora at
-"— "- —■ i» educated at Pans, in «hich,ai

1732,) Died in 1751.

Ve'mis, [Gr. 'Afpodfru, (AphrtHU;) Fr, VtNus, vi'-
n&s'; It. Veneri, vB'ni-ri,| the goddess of love and
beauty. In classic mythology, was said to bea.daughler
of tapiler (or Uranus) and Dione, the wife of Vulcan,
and the mother of Cupid. Harmonia, Hymen, Ihe Graces,
Priapus, and ^neas. None of these, however, were the
oflipring of Vulcan, The poeU feigned that she origi-
nated in the foam of the sea, (hence her surname Ana-
DVOUSNE,) and landed first on the island of Cythera,
ftora which she passed to Cyprus, where flowers sprang
up tinder her feet ; that Love and Desire attended her to
the assembly of the celestial gods ; that Juno, Minerva,
and Venus were competitorsfor the prize of beauty, (the
apple of discord,) and that Paris decided in favour of
Venus. She thus became the object of Jaao** Jeakmsy
and lasting enmity. In the vrar tietween the Greeks and
Ihe Trojans the was an ardent and active partisan uf the
latter, and was wounded by Diomede. According to
popular legends, she possessed a magical girdle, which
bad the pro]]erty to inspire love and desire for the per-
son who wore II Among her bvouted paramours were
Mara, Bacchus, Apollo, Adonis, Mercury, and Anchiaea.
The principal places of her worship were Cythera, Cy
pnia, Paphos, and Idalium, Her fjvourite plants wers
the rose and myrtle. The dove, sparrow, ar>d awan

St.

Amelia in 1S17. Hew

' other French cities, he held profeasotshipa of phiios-

ards he returned to Italy, where bewu

' ■ " NafJts.

a French and

o translated several of He

Died In 1885.

T0rBn^o,vi-Tlnt'ie-o, (Amoif,) a Dalmatian prdA
and diplomatist, bom at Sebenico in 1504. Hit naat
in Dalmatian was Wkanczv, (valnt'scj He was on-
ployed in missiona by Ferdinand L of Austria. Ditd

VAiard, vl'rltt', (Ahtoins,) one of the earliest Frnid

Erinlers, founded in 1480 an establishment in Paris, vbtit
e published " The Prophedea of Merlin," " The Ckrial-
-'es of France," and "The Sea of Histories."
Tarbleat rf r-beest*, (FB>i>mAKDj a Flemish aitr»
ner and missionary, bom at Pitlhem in 1613. He msI
I China about 165B, and was employed aa astronimct
by the emperor of that country. He wrote Mveral wrta
on astronomy. Died at Peking in 1688.
Sea CAnosk " Hotita wr I* FinVeibuM," iSj*.

YerboeokhoToa, v?r-book'ho'v(n, (EugIni J>
serM,) a lletgian painter of animals, born in West Flin-
ders in 1798. Among his master-pieces may be nuttd
his " Horses Fighting with Wolves," and a " View in il*
Campagiia of Rome with a Herdof Caitfe." Dtedjins-
ary 1^ 1881. His brother, CiiAKLBsLouis, [iSai-i88^
acquired distinction as a marine painter.

Vorol, vla'cbee. (Giovanni Battista.) an Itslfai
historian, born at Bassano in 1739. He wrote a " Hit-
tory of the March of Treviso," (30 vols., 1786-90^) lu
other works. Died in 1795.

T«i-«lii-£ef o-ilj^ an able Gaulish commander vA
chief of the Arverni He was general -in-chief a( 1^
tribes of Celtic Gaul which waged war agiinst Ju!i«s
Cxsar in 51 B.C. 1 le defended Gergovia with sikcC4
and. compelled Caaat to raise the siege. The Cauli
having been defeated at Alesia, Vercingelorii, loipM*
Ihe efusion of blood, gave hitnself up to Ihe victor, lis
was taken lo Rome, and put to death about 45 B.C

S«C«siii, " Conmenuriu," book n. : Dhm Osm, " Tir
tUTorRomt:" H. Maitih, '■ V«Kii««onJi," 1U4 1 ' Hc»^

I, f, T, 0, 0, ;, tmgi I, \, 6, same, less prolonged; i. <, f, fi, fl, ]*, ihort; }, & {, v, ebtmn; Hir, nil, At; mCt; nSt; g3£d; B^f*

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

VERDI

1381

VERGIL

V«dl, vCft'dee, (Gtuserp^) a wicbnted Italian con-
poMri born in the ddchy on^mu fn 1814. He ttddied
BnderLaTignaatI.aSca)i,UM!1i»i,>ndin iSf^bronght
out his opera of " Nibucodonosor," which was very luc-
tCMfuI. 1 1 ma fodowedby"! Lombardi," "Ernani,"
* I due Foscari," "CiUvanna d'Arco," "Macbeth," " Ri-

filet^o," " II Trovaloie," " La Traviata," " Un Ballo in
ischera," " Alda," " Otello," (1887,)
opera, "FalEtaff," (1S93, ) elc. He was ma
quis in 1893. Died January 27, igoi.

VOTdJ, ^1;luo S.,) M.b., (oriipnally Tmuo a«
StuzarB- Verdi,) a diatinguished nomoeopalhiit, bom
■t Mantua, .Italy, February 10, 1829. He was trained
in the Mantua gymnasiutn, and was an oSicer of the
Austrian army, 1847-48, and at the Sardinian army,
■848-4% Expelled Irora Half by the Ausiilans, he came
l« the United Slates, became in 1851 proressor ii modern
languages in Brown University, graduated in 1S56 at the
Hahnemann College In Philadelphia, and in i85> ~
moved to Wuhingion, D.C. His principal works
"Maternity" (iSlo) and "Mothers and Dauehters,"

y877.) In 1879 he became a member of the National
oard of HeaTlh.

Verdier, viit'd^', (Aymar.) a French architect^
born in 1819 at Tours ; died February lOy 1880.

Terdler, (CAsar.) a French anatomi-it, bom twat
Avignon in 16S5. lie lectured in Paris fur many years,
and wrote on anatomy. Died in 1759.

Verdier, (Henri,) Count de Lacoste, a French poll-
Hcian, bom at Ntmes in 1770, was outlawed asa Girond-
ist in 1793. lie held several offices under the Directory
and the empire, and wrote a work entitled "Alfred le
Grand," (i vols., 1S17.) Died in 1821.

Verdier, {Marcel,) a French historical painter, bom
in Paris in iSt7f died in 1856.

Verdier, du, [AHTaTKa.£ See DwraDiaa,

Austria and Alexander Famese, and became Goverr
of Friesland and Groningen. Died in 1595.

Vere, veer, (Sir Francis,) an English general, bom In
1554. lie served with great distinction against the Span-
lards in Holland in the principal campaigns from 1585 lo
1602, his list achievement being the dcTence of Ostend
against Albert, Archduke of Austria. He died in 1608.
leaving. In manuscript, an account of his life, entitled
"The Commentaries of Sir Francis Vere,

Vere, (Horace.) brother of the preceding, was bom
In Essex In 156;. lie distinguished himself in the wars
of Holland under Prince Maurice, and, after the death
of Sir Francis, was appointed general of the English
army in the Nelherlinds, In 1610 he was sent by James
I. to assist the Elector- Palatine Frederick V. in securing
Bohemia. He was made a peer by Charles L in 1625,
with the title of Baron Vere of Tilbury. Died in 1635.

Vere, de, thei^ime of »o ancient and noble family of
England, descended from a Norman knight who had a
liigli command at the battle of Hastings. His son be-
came Earl of Oxford, and a minister oT King Henry I,
The third earl was one of the barons who extorted the
Magna Charts from King John. John DB Vbrk, seventh
Ean of Oxford, was a &mous commander, and fought
•t Cressy and Poitiers, (13^6.) The thirteenth earl was
a leader of the Lancastrian part* in the war of the
Roses, and commanded the van of the army of Henry
VII. atBosworth,(i480 Edward di Vere, the seven-
teenth earl, was ait eminent poet (See separate article.)
The twentieth earl was Aunarr DI Ver^ whom Mac-
eniav describes as " the noblest subject in England."
lie Ybught for Charles L in the civil war, and after the
restoration became lord lieutenant of Essex. In 16S7
he was dismissed from office because he refused to aid
tames II. in packing a Parliament. He was the last
carl of that family. (See, also, Ur Vere.)

9«MAC«ULAV,"Hi)ioryDf ErslMid," toL 11

Vere, de, (EmvARD,) sevenieenlh Earl of Oxford,
English poet and courtier, born about t J40, was one _.
the ornaments of the court of Queen Eliiabeth. He
was lord high chamberlain in 158^ and had
. In the fleet which opposed the Spanish Armada. Died
in 160^

Vo-iVU^iia. ISw. protL vl-iTine-te,) (Olaus,) an

ninent Swedish antiqtiarr, whoae original name waa
Olaf "Werl, (MrI.) was bom In the diocese of Un
kSping in 161& He studied at Dorpat and Upsal, and
became successively profesaor of Swedish antiquities at
Upsal, (166a,) an^cjuaryto King Charles XI., 1t66&)
and chief librarian in the libranr of Upsal, [1670.) Ha
published several valuable works on Scandinavian hit*
tory and antlquitfea. Died In i6S9a

Verela^ vi'rtlst, ISiuoN.) a Flembh flower* and
(rnlt-painterj died In VJV).

Veieshagtn, vl.r&-sh3.geen', (VAsn.f,> a RnsitaB
painter, was bom In the Novgorod government, Octobef
afi^ 184k He was a soldierln Turkestan In 1867, and
was wounded in the Russo-Turkish war. He was
especially noted lor his East Indian and war scenes.
He was drowned in the sinking of the Petropavlovsk
in the Russo- Japan war, April 13, 1904.

Ver'ga, (Giovanni,) noveliat, bom in Catania
Sicily, in 1&40. He wrote many society novels and
stories of rustic life, and is widely known for his "' Cav.
alleria Rosdcana," (he story of whkb is used in Mas-
cagni'a opera of that name.

VerKuw, vtR-gJ'ri, (Tost,) a Spanish painter, bora
t Valencia in 1726: died in 1799.

Vergarth de^ di vtR-gl'ra, (NiCOLAS.) a Spanish
painter and aculptor, bora at Toledo about 15101 died
In 1574.

Vergara,de, [Nicolas,) a punter and •culntor, bom
at Toledo about 1540, was a aon of the preceding ; dird
' I 160&

Vergelmer or Vergelmlr. See NinnOoo.

Vereeiiiie«,de.d(hv{R'zhCn', (sometimes Anglidicd
as vfr-jini',) (Charles Oravler— gRrvM'.) Coumr
a French statesman and diplomatist, born at Dijon In
1717. He was appdnted mmister to the electoral conrt
of Treves in 1750, and In 1755 waa ambassador to Con*
stantinople. After his return he was sent, in 1771, on \
mission to Stockholm, where he assisted GustaVns IIL
in his revolution walnst the noNea. Ho became mtif

. 1 Main!

ister for foreign affairs under Louia XVL in 1774^ and

concluded a treaty of alliance, offensive and derensl "

wiih the United States, in February, 177B, which invoh

France in a war a^lnst England. This war was cm

war again
:y of Paris

ilvei
Ive2

bout 1544. lie took refuge In the Grison^
h he removed In ISS3 'e Tiibingen, where he
oyed aa a minister, lie wrote several worka

by (he treaty of Paris, which he signed in Seplembo*!
'783. He remained in office until his death, in 1787.
Vergerio, vJR-ji're-o, (Pibtro PaoLO,) tub Eldbr,
n Italian reviver of learning, bom at Capo d'lstria about
1349. He was professor of dialectics at Padoa from 1391
to 1400k He published a work "On Noble Manners,"
(" De Ingenoi* Moribua,") and a Life of Petrarch. Died
about 14301

Vergeilo, (Pnmto Paolo,) tot YowttOlt, a reladv*
of the preceding, waa born at Capo d'lstria about 1495.
He became papal nuncio to Germany In 1 "" "■ " "
of Capo d'lstria in 1536, and a convert to t)
religion about I" ■ "" — '' --'— '~
from which he r*

iployed aL .
against popery. Died In 156$.

So Caiu. "Vita a P. P. Vernriaj" BtTt^ "MtiUifcal and
Criiial Dieiioou? j" MicisoH, ■' Uimoir« j" " N«T«1U Uit»imiihia
Wnjnla."

Vergers «•«. See NoKl dm Viboer*.

Vergen, dee, A\ vlR'shf, (Marin NoiL,) a French
judge, born at Ervy In I7S9- H« ™» elected to the
(Chamber of Deputies in tSjt. Died in 1836.

Vercter, vSR^ihe^', (Jacques,) a French poet, born
at Lyons in 1655, wrote tales and songs which were one*
admired. He was killed by robbers at Paris in 1710.

Vergier de Hatiraiuie. See DitvirGier db Halt-

"vo^ai Pol'Jf-dore, ILat Vircil'ius (or Veroil'.

lUSl PoLVDO'RUSi It.VER0ai0P0UIX)RO,v(R.jee'le-0
po-le-do'ro,] a celebrated writer and eccle^aatjc, born
at Urbino, in Italy, about 147a He was sent about
i<oj to England by Pope Alexander VL to collect the
tax called " Teier's pence," and continued to tesido in
that country for the greater part of his life. He waa
successively created Archdeacon of Wells, and pre»

«aat,-Caai;S'liin/;tuy;c>K.K.fHAtora/;H,«aM/;B,M///<f,'aaas;thasin/Jif. (Qy Sec Explanations, |^a>.1

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

tnduT in the cathediala of Hereford, Lincoln, ind
Saint Paul's. Hia principal worlu are his " [lisiory of
In»enlion»," ("De Rerum Invenloribus,") "Hisioria
AnElica," a bislory of England brought down to the end
of the reicnof Henry VI L, and a treaClne againit divina-
tion, entitled " De Prodigjis," Died about 1550.

VoiglUo PoUdoTO. See Vercii, PoLVtMiiit

VSTgillua FolydoniB. See Vekgil Polvdorb.

Tergne, Zm. See La Vekcnb and Tressan.

Vugaiaud, vCitn'jre-d', (Pcerrb Victurnien,) a
celebrated French orator and Girondist, was born at
LimOEM, May 31, 1750. He was educated at the Col-
\ige oil Flessis at Pan^ studied law under Dupaty. and
bcfin to practise as an advocate at Bordeanz in 17S1.
Hts habits were rather indolent, meditative, and non-
chalant. "His language," says Lamartine, "had the
(mages and hannony oithe rnost beautiful verses." He
was elected a tnember of the Legislative Assembly tn
September, 1791. In July, 179X, be declaimed against
the conduct of the king, in a speech which made a pro-
found impression, and demanded that the Assembly
should declare that the country was in danger. He was
I member of the National Convention which met in
September, 179*. In the trial of the king he voted for
the appeal to the people, but after the deleal of that
measure he voted for his death, and, as president of the
Convention, pronounced the sentence, January, 1793.
He was one of the most moderate of the Girondists.
In April, t7(|3. he defended himself against Robespierre,
who nad attacked him in a speecli. He was one of the
tweniy-tno Girondists who were arrested by the otdet
ofthe Convention, Junes, 17^3, According toLamar-
tine, he wa> the most impassible of his companions In
prison, because he wns the greatest Arraigned before
the tribunal in October, he spoke thus in his defence 1
*' What ought to have been done to assure (he triumph
of the republic f I have done it. What Is now requi-
•ite tocunlirm the republicbytheexampleof its devoted
friends f To die f I will do that." He was executed
in October, 1793. He was of middle stature, and was
physically welt developed. In repose, his face was not
very expressive, but in the set of speaking it became
illumined and transfigured with genius. "Such," says
Lamartine, " was the man whom nature had given to
the Girondists for their chieC He did not condescend
to be that ; too indiftrent (iiututiaii/) for a leader of a
party, too great for a secondary posilioit. He was Ver-
gniaud. Rather glorious than useful to hia friends, he
was not willing to lead them, but he i m mortal iied the nu"

"In parliamentary eloquence," says Macaulaj, "no
Frenchman of that time can be considered equal to
Vergniaud. In a foreign country, and after the lapse of
halfa century, some parts of his speeches are ^till read
with mournful admiration. No man, we are inclined to
believe, ever rose so rapidly to such a height of ora-
torical excellence. His whole public life lasted birelji
two years." (Review of Barire's " Memoirs," 1844.)

St* LxHAiTiNi, "Hiitocr of Iha CIronduu/' Chhty di
1* llnaoMii, ••tAoteAt VornUuil," iSo); THiani. "Miiiiwyol

■nin da la Rivcluuca FrucsiMi" "NoanlU BiscnphH Uirf-

VerluOEen, vfr-hl^n or ver-hS'iftn, (Pierre Tilt-
onORI,) a Belgian politician, bom in Drussels about
l8oo> He was for many years a member of the Cham-
ber of Deputies, which he entered in 1837, and acted
with the Liberal party. Died lu 1S63.

Verlieydeii. v^r-hl'dfn, (Frans Fieter,) a Dutch
painter and sculptor, bom at the Hague in 1657; died

Verhsren, v^r-hl'en, (PHILtppl,! aneminent Flemish
anatomist, born in East Flanders in 164S. He studied
medicine, etc at Louvain, where he obtained a chair of
anatomy in 1689, and became highly distinguished as a
teacher. He wrote, in Latin, besides other professional
works, "The Anatomy of the Human Body," (1693,)
which was highly esteemed. Died in 171a

S«V.I F»AKcou,"Bn>mdeVMlwi(«ii.".?«.V I. FiAiltou,
- WoU. «r Is Vi. d. P V«Tiiy.n,- iS*' : Nic*iioi., ■'Min.o.rfei^

TeihnaU, vy-hii'tl,oc Vwtoel. (Carel HEWPRtic.)

J3 VERNE

Count de Sevenaar, a Dutch admiral bom in Gelder-
land in 1 760, or, as some say. In 1 764. As rekr-adminX
he fought against the English, near Flushing, in 1S04.
He receivedihe chief command of the army destined to
o|>erate against the coasts of England, (tfoj,) and waa
raised to the rank of marshal by King Louis in 180&
He entered the French service in iSio^ and was made a
peer of France in 1819. Died in 184 j

Toijna.viR'ihUs', (Lotns,) Count dcCr^cy, a French
diplomatist, born in Paris in 1619. He was a member
of the French Academy, and was at the diet of Satisboa
in 1679, and at RyawJck in 1697. Died in 1709.

Vsrkolle, (Jak,^ a Dutch painter and engraver,
bom at Amsterdam in 1650 ; died in 1693.

His son, Nicholas, bom in 1673, was a painter
of history and noctumal scenes. Died in 1746.

Veilaine, (Paul,) a French poet of the "Decadent"
school, bom at Mets in 1844. Mis poems were
brilliant in style, but varied from devotion to baseness
in character. Depressed by misfortune, he became
inthe drinker and vagabond. Died in 1896.

Verlat, vCr'IS', (Charles,) a distinguished Belriu

Kintcrol animals, portraits, etc, born at Antwerp, iBsv
e obtained several high class medals. Died in 1S9CL
TeTTUandola, de, dfh vfR'mfiN'dwl', (Louis da
Boniboo— ^fh booa'bA.v',) Count, bnm in Paris is
t667, was a son of Louis XIV. and Madame de La
Valliire. He was legitimated, and appinnted ailAlnl
of France. Died in 1683.
Vermo, del. dCl vfit'^mlL, (Jaoopo,) an able ItaHn

gmeral or itmleltitn, commanded the armica of GtSK
ileauo Viscoitt). He passed Into the aemc« of
Venice in 1404.

Vermenlen, vfr-muhltn, (CornKlu,) a Fkalsh
engraver and designer, born at Antwerp in 164^ He
engraved portraiu with skilL Died In 170a.

Vermenleii, [LaL Uola'nus,] (Jan,) a Flemisk
writer on theolo^ and antiqaitiea, wasboin at Lilla ia
1S33- He published, baaides other works, one "Da
Sacred Pictures and Images," (1570,) and "DeCa-
■ " (1587.) Died at Louvain in 1585-
iereii,T'
min', (JoHANN,)
Hans urr dim Barts, (" Hans with the Beard,") wa*
born near Haarlem In 150a He waa a hvoiuite of
Charles V„ Emperor of Germany, whom b« accom
panied on his expeditions. Among his master-piccea
are ten large cartoons at Vienna, representing tha martk
of the emperor to Tunis. Died in 15591

TennlglL See Peter Martvk.

Vermoad, de, dfh viR'm6N', (MATTKiEtr jAOQtff^
L'AiBt, a French ecclesiastic, waa French teadier oT
Marie Antoinette at Vienna before her marriage. After
she became Queen of France, he remained in herser-
vice as reader, enjoyed hex confidence, and eserdacd
treat InSoence at court He ii censored foi hia political
hitrigiteab Died after 1 789.

V«rmiiTdeii, vtr-nioi'dtn,(Sir Corhkuus,) a Dntch
engineer, bom in Zeeland. He removed to England
about ibx», was employed by Charlea L, and rendered
valuable aervicca ))y draining part of tlie Bedford Levei
Died about 1665-

Vsntaga, vta'niih', (M.iCHBL Louis.) a Ftendt p^
stcian, born in Palis in 1697 1 died in 1773.

Taniassa, vta-nlt'sl, (GimEPPE,) Bar«n da Frem
an Italian antiquary and writer, bom at Alba, iit Pied-
mont, in 1745. He resided at Turin, and held aevcn)
high offices. He wroie biographies, treatisea on ItaKaa
antiquities, etc. Died in igaa.

Vera*, vfHn, (Iules.) a French author, bora at
Nantes, February 8, 181& He studied law In Paris,
and produced someconiedies and comic ope ras.indndifig
"Les Paillei rompues," I18SO,) and "Onie Jooia ds
Siige^" His mock-scieniific romances, however, have
given blm his principal fame. Most of theui have bee*
translated into English, among them ■* Five Weeks b a
Hat loon," (1870,) "Journey to the Centre of the Earth,*
(1G71,) "Twenty Thousand Lcuue* nndcr ibe Sea,"
(1873,) " Round the World in Eighty Days," (1874.)
" The Green Ray," (t8Sa,) etc. Died Mardt 84. '9°5-

fc •.n ^ 0, ?./'«V; 1^ *A «>«^ l«M pwlui^edi i. *.'. 5. i*. J. '*'^^ »>ti' ft****"' '''■*'■*"•'** "^'"^

d by Google

VBRNES

1383

VBRPLANCK

TWDM, *(iin, (Jacob,) a Piotettanl divine, born at
GcncTS in 173S, wrote " Lettcn on the Chratiaail; of
J. j. RouMcan," and Mhcr works. Died in 1791.

V«nwtrf»'i>t'.(A(fTOiMiCifARL«sHoRACi,)«ome-
timea called Carls VuNrr, a aon of Claude joieph,
noticed below, wai bom at Bordeaui in 1758. He waa
bwtrueted bv hia ^ther, and aCierwards atudied ai the
French Academy of Artt, and in 1781 zv-xxA Ihe grand
priie olfered by that inau'lation. His favourife subjecM
were baltle-acenea and animala, parlicularly horiea.
AmonK hii master- pieces are "The Bombardment of
Madrid," "The Battle of WaEraro,"and "The Entrance
ol Napoleon into Milan." Died in 1836,

S« DinuHH, "JoHph, Cut* ■( Hona VcmM,' tKj: I.
LocUHC^ "L<a Vernci, (Cvli ci Hdck*,") iMi: C Ulahc;
"Hituin da Ptintra:" " Mounlla Biocnpbic G^n&ila."

Vemel; (Claude Joseph,) an eminent French
painter, born at Avignon in 1714. He ttudied at Rome,
devoting himself arincipally (o marine landscapea, in
which department he toon attained rare excellence. He

of the king, (1793.) He wrote, aevenl worka on tha
paaaiona, etc Dted tn iSiS.

Tsrniqnet vCa'tieHtl', (Enm,) a French architect,
bom at Chllillon-mr-Selna in 1717, He bail! malt*
chtteau* and brid«* in the |>rOTincca, His chief work
was the plan of Paris and it* (anboarga, at which ha
worked twenty-eight years. Died in 1804.

V^r'ncH), (Edward,) a celebrated Ensliah admiral,
bom ai Wettminaler In 16S4. He served in the early
campaigna of the. war of the Spanish succession, and in
lyjy was elected to Parliament for Penryn, being re
turned for Portsmonth in 1734. In 1739 he was sent,
with Ihe rank of vice-admiraTof the blue, to the West
Indies, to take Porto Bello from the Spaniards, whicb
exploit he accomplished with only aU ships. After his
return he was several times re-elected to Parliament
Died in 1757.

5« ■ "Llfi of Adminl ▼emon," London, 'i-jA: Chaihock
■'BiofT>phiiNa«At;"CA>iP(ui. LiTUofihiBnikbAdminla*

Temon, (Jomh Richara) an EoElisb clergyman
bom al Louth (Uncolnahire) in 183^ He graduated at
" " " ' ' ' "»tandiaia6itookprieit^

Magdalen Hall, OtHwA, in 185ft ^

ik priest^

to paint coach-panels, which were afterward* taken out
and framed. He was invited to Prance in lyja by Louis
XV., who commisuoned him to paint the principal sea-
port* of France. These views — fifteen in number are
in' the Louvre, where many of his best works ate to be
seen. Among his other msster-jriece* we may name the
^ctures (n the Borehete snd Rondanini palace* at Rome,
and a " Seaport at Sunset," In the Louvre. He had been
elected in i753amemberof the Acaderayof Arts. Died
In 1780.

Sh DuaAifca, "JoMph, Ctrli *t HotSM Vimct," iWa; L.
LACBAHca, "J. VofiMt M b Fohiuiie u dn-hukitoi* Sikl*,'*
tKt; C Blaiic, "HiMoin d(s Pnotrt):" "NowvdU BkciuUi
OfolnU."

Vemet, (Horacx.) a celebrated French painter of
battles, son of Antoitie Charles, noticed above, was bom
In Paris in 1789. Heatudiedunderhis&lher, and tn 1809
exhibited hi* " Capture of a Redoubt." This wa* soon
followed ty "The Trumpeters," "The Birriire de
Clichy," "Battle of Toloea," "Soldier of Waterloo,"
and otber military pictnrea. which won for him the
bigheat repDiation In that ilepartment of the art He
was created a chevalier of Ihe legioh of honour liy
Napoleon In 1814, an officer of the legion of honour
by Charles X., (1835.) a member of the Institute, (iSa6,)
and director of the Academ;r *•' Rome, (iSsS.) He was
also patronised by Louis Philippe, for whom he painted
■ Mnes of battles IntheConslantine gallerv at Versailles.
Hi* pictures are of large dimensions, lie worked at
Rome about eight years, — [818-35,— and painted there a
picture of a "Meeting of Raphael with Michael Angela"
Among hit d^f work* are the " Siege of Constaiitine"
and the "BalUe of Isly." At the Exposition of 1855 a
Jury oT painters from various nations awarded hint the
grand medal of honour. Died in 1863.

Se* A. nmuHDC, •■ toKph, Ctrl* d Harm TcnM," iKi:
U H (.omIhii, -U. H. VinHH. pu nn Honint de Rita," ■B4I,
L. LunAKca, " La Vnwi. <CnW «t H«me^;-) 1U4: C Blak

vivinifc" iSir: Ds Mincouir, "H. V*niet," i!jj: "Nourtlle
Bir^nplua Cfadnk;" "Jahiboch iub CanTtKauou-Lcxilua,"

V«ra»^ v{R'ni\ (Jacob,) a Swiss theologian, bom al
Geneva in 1698. He became pastor at Geneva in 1734
rector of the Academy in 1737, and professor of the-
ology there in 1756. He wrote, besides manv other
works, "Socratic Diala£ue* on Moral Subject*,'' (1746,)
and "Christian Initructjon," (4 vols., 175*.) Died in
1789.

vemenll, de, df h vtit'nul' or vEa'nuh'yf, (PHiLtF?a
fiiMUARD PoirLLrriZR,) a French naturalist, distln-

Kished as a geologist and palteontologist, was born In
risin 180S- He became a member of the Institute in
1854. Among his works ti a " Memoir on the Geology
of the Crimea," (1837.) Died at Paris, May 19, IB73-

Verney, dn, (Joseph.) See Duvernev.

Vomier, viR^e-1', (Pierre,) a French mathema-
tician, Ixitn at Orlians, in Franche-Comtrf, about 1580^
Invented a graduated scale or quadrant. Died in 1^7.

Vernier, (ThAoimre.) a French advocate and ihor-
alist,botnBt Lons-le-Saa1nter in 1731. He wasa member
^Ui; ^ntii/Kini; l^taj; ii,u,ii,£uaurti]; s.iiaM/; i,rhiltd;l*»*; titnialiil, (gy Sec Explaimlgiu, pt a^A

Digitized by VjOOQIC

Children," - The Harvest of R Q
dMCom,"etc.

▼eman, (Ronxt,) an English amatev, bora b
1774, devoted a tarn fortniM to the pnrcbaseof pictDtM
by British arrist*. In 1847 he presented this coliectiiKV
containing one hundred and fi^-seven palntlnga, to the
British National Gallery. The Vemon pictures are^
with two exceptiora, the work of native artist*. They
have been placed in Marlboroagh Houses Died in iSm,

Veraon, de^ See Gat dk vrrnoi*.

Ver'n9B-Har'oOtirt (Sir Wiluam Groros.) *■
Eiieli*h lawyer, bom in i8>7. He graduated at Cam-
bridge in 1851, where be became pcolesatK of Interna-
tioual law. He wa* soUdtor'jnneral, 1S73-T4, and was
appointed home aecretair in i&oi He married, is 187^^
a daughter of the hiat6rian Motlej. Died Oct. i , 1904.

Vsrnon-Binltl), (Rohrrt.) See Lttxdbm.

Vemnl^ de^ df h vfr-nQb/, | Lat. Vrrhotjk'ui, |
(Nicolas,) a Flemish poet and orator, bom at Robcl*
mont in 1 583, became proleseor of eloquence and Latia
at Lou vain. He published nnmenMsiAtinarationeaiul
poems. Died in 164a

Vemy, vtR'ne*, (Charui,) n Ftcacb poet, ban it
Bcaanfon in 1753; died in 1811.

Verooohio, del, del vi-rokHte-Ok or TenoooUot
(ANDRRA,)an eminent Italian atatuary and painter, bom
at Florence in 1431. Among his worka are a l^onse
bust of David the Psalmist, and painllnga of "The
Holy Family" snd "The IncreduUtrof Saint Thomas."
Leonardo da Vtnd was hi* pnpiL biedini488.

Sw Vjiiiat. "Lin* of iha Painmr Land, "Uiturj al
Mbdb| Ib luly."

Vteon. See FoRRoNNAis, dr.

T4roii, vi'r&K', (EucltNK,} a French author, bom In
Paris, May ag, iS>5. He was educated at the Ecol*
Normale, and became a journalist at Lyon*, and after-
ward* at Paris, where be established " I'Art." He put^
liihed" Du Progrta intellectuel dan* THumanit^,"! i86)J
"Histoire de la Prusse," (1S67,) "Histoire de I'Alle-
mafnedepDlsSado«a,"(i874,)*'Latroisi(nMlnvaaion,''
(iS7fr'77,) " L'Eilh^iiqoe." (1878,) etc: Died in 1889.

Vfaoo, (FRAN9015,) a French Jesuit and controversial
writer, bcvn in Paris about 1575. had a public dispate
with Bocbart, at Caen, in i6aS. Died in 1649.

Vina, (Louu DtsiRi.) r Ftcnch journalist and
phyaidan, born in Pari* in 1798. He founded in i8m
Ihe "Kevue de Paris," which was very succes^ul, and
became director of the Opera tn 1831. He resigned
thii position in 1836, became proprietor of the "Consll-
tutionnel" in 1844, and supported Louis Napoleon as
president snd as emperor. He published "Memoira
of a CiiiMn of Paris,'' (" Mjmoire* d'nn Hourget^ de
Paris," {autoUc«raphic,) (6 vols., 1854.) Died u [867.

Veroneae, (Paui.} See Cacliari.

V^r-planck', (Gulian Ckommrlin,) a distinguished
American scholar and writer, bom in New York in 178(1

VMRRAZZANO

nU

VERTUMNE

k, entitled "The State Triumvirate, a Political Tale.'
He was soon aher appointed professor of (lie evidence!
of Christianity in the Protestant Episcopal Seminary,
New Vork, and in 1815 was elected to Congress. In 1827
he published conjoinllT with W. C. Bryant and Robert C
Sands a miscellany entitled "The Talisman," 10 which he
Contiibnled nearly one-half of the articles. Among his
ether works ve nwy name his address before the New
York Historical Society, entitled "The Early European
Friends of America," (iSiS,) "Essayson theNature and
Uses of the Various Evidences of Revealed Religi<
(1814,) and ** Discourses and Addresses on Subjects of
American Hiilory, Art, and Lileratnre," (1833.) He
brought out in 1S46 his superb edition of Shakspeare,

with notes, esteemed one of the best that bad

peared. Died in March, 187a.

Vemzzono, da, di vir-rit-iS'no, or Temsunl,
(Giovanni,) an' Italian navicMor, bom of a T
family about 14S6. He served in French vessels,
believed to have visited the North American s<
1508 or earlier. He became a privateer or pirate, cap-
turing many Spanish and Portuguese ships, but was
himself taken and put to death at Pico, Spain, in No-
vember, 1517. A celebrated letter ascribed to Verrai-
lano, and giving an account of one of his voyages to
America, (1514,) has latterly, after much discussion, been
genctally rejected u unauthentic, and by some '
brother, Ohoniuo Verkaoano, is believed 10 t
forged the narrative of the voyages in question,

Vli'iSI, (Caius,) a Roman govemor, noloriW for
bis rapacity and cruelty, was bom about iii

was quaestor in 8*, and city prrtor at Rome ... ...

When his term of office as praetor had ended, in 7], he
became governor of the rich and important provi — -'
Sidly, .wliich he almost mined by his extortion
laget, and vexatious measures. He was accused _
people of Sicily, who engaged Cicero to conduct the
proaecntion before the senate. Hortcnsius was "
counsel for the defence in this trial, which was on
the most celebrated in the history of Rome, and
one of the great eras in the life of Cicero^ who gained
his cause ; but Veires had absconded before ihe end of
the tria), and retired to Marseilles. He passed Iwtnty-
•evcn years in exile, and died about 4s ■.&

Sm Cicno'i ViniD* Onlioni. ladiHliiir at onliaB "la Q.

CKciliuBl" DlUUAHH, ''GeKtrichW RoRU."

Veirl, vlr'ree, (Alessamdilo,} Cobnt, an Italian
lawyer and eloquent writer, was bom at Milan in 1741.
He contributed many able essays to a literary journal
called "The Coffee- Honse," ("II Cafli.") About 1767
he became a resident of Rome. He published a sue-
fcssful novel, " The Adventures of Sappho," (17S0,) and
■ •cries of dialogues of the dead, entitled "The Koman
Nights," ('■ Le Notti Romane," 179^,) which were much
idmireL Died at Rome in 1S16.

„ S« A. LivATi. " Elofio iloiico di A. Verrl " ilgl ; O. Hacci,
"VindiA V(rti,"iSii; " NouvtU* Biofrjphw «n^tal»."

Veril, (CaeiaI an •Erieulturist, bom at Milan in 1743,
ms a lirother of the preceding. He became a member
of the council of state in iSo^, and a senator at Milan in
1809. He wrote on the culuvation of Ihe vine and other
■nbjects. Died In 1S23.

TerrL (Gadrielz,) Coimr, an Italian jurist, bom at
Milan In 1696, was the father of Alessandro, noticed
above. He published several legal works. Died in 17S2,

Verri, (Pktro,) an Italian author and political econ-
Mdist, bom at Milan in tyaS, was a son of the preceding.
He served in the Austrian army in his youth, became a
member of the council of economy at Milan in 1765, and
president of the chamber of accounts in 178a lie pub-
fished a work on political economy, (" Medilaiioni sull'
Economia poliiica," 1771,) which has a high reputation,
k "History of Milan," (3 vols., I78]-9S,) and other
works. Died at Milan in 1797.

Sa IniooM BiAKHi, "Elorio «ori« di P, V«iTi," 1S01! A
SoHi, "Oruio in Lojt di P. Vnri," iSiSi Ciatdri, "HDiiiit
lull* Viu di P. V(rri."i8<i; Nis«,"EtOBi<ntP.V«ri,"iM:
" ton\fB QmrterlT Riricw'' Ibr June, i»iS.

Tar'rill, (ADDtso^ E»iekv,) an Americ:in naturalist,
bom at Ureenivood, Maine, February 9, 1839. He was

educated in the tdentifie department of Harvard Uni-
versity, and in 1864 became professor of zoology in Yale
College. His publications are mostly in the form of
scientific papers He has given much attention to deep-
sea dredging for icientiiic purposes,

Tomo, vlr're-o, (AirroNio,) an Italian painter, bom
about 1639, was invited to England by Charles IL, who
employed bim to paint a series of frescos in Windsor
Caslle. He was also patronized by lames IL His
works, executed for Lord Exeter at Buileigh House, ar«
esteemed his best performances; be is said by Dr,
Waagen to have received more money for these alooe
than Michael Angelo or Raphael ever obtained for all
their paintings. His works are chiefly remarkable for
bad tastj and absurdity. Died in England in 1707.

Sh WALrou, "AneodoK) of Piindnf,"

VttT'iI-iM ruc'ciu, (Marcus,) a distingnished Ko-
man grammarian, who was appointed by Augustus in-
structor to his gjandsons Caius and Ludus. He wa*
the author of several valuable works, one of which was
a Roman calendar, entitled "Fasti Pra-neslini," frag-
ments of which were published by Ft^ini in 1779L

Verrooohio, del. (Andrea.) See vebocchio, DEI.

Vsiacludlelida, dfh v;r-sKif f; tt, (Pierke,) a Flea-
ish sculptor, called by the Italians Pietro Fiamkikcc^
was bom at Ghent in 171a He worked in Rome and
Mannheim, where he died in 1793.

Vets charing, vfr-sKu'rin^ (Hendrik,) a Dutd

linter, whose works are principally battle-pieces, was

im at Gorcum in 1627 ; died in 16901

Vfr-ste'gfn, (RtCMARD,) an English antiquary, of
Dutch extraction, was bom in London. He removed
to Antwerp, where he published his principal srorl^
entitled "A Restitution of Decayed Inlellieence coif
cerning the Most Noble and Renowned English NatMI^"
(1605.) Died about ifijs-

Vantolk van Boeloii, vf r-stolk' vtn loot^ 0aI(
GUjsbert-rfls'biRt,) Daron, a Dutch statesman, bars
at Rotterdam in 1777. He w«s ambassador to Saint
Petersburg in 1815, and In 1815 was appcnnied ministei
of foreign affairs. Died in 1845.

Vert, ds, dfh vaiR, (Claude,) a French Benedictine

VerteiUaCL See La Broussb.

Ver'tlii, (John,) D.D., a bishop, bom in Cambli,
Austria, July 17, 1844, graduated in i36eat Saint Frands
Seminary, Milwaukee, was a Roman Catholic missionaiy
in Norihetn Michigan, and in 1879 was consecrated
Bishop of Marquette.

VsTtot, da, dfh vEx'to', (RemI Aitbert,} an eminent
French ecclesiastic and historian, bom in Normandy ia
i6<s. He studied in the Jeauiu' College at Roaen, and
subsequently entered the order of the Premonstranls al
Valsery. He was the author of a "History of the Kevo-
lutionaof Puituga1,"(i6S9,)" History of the Kevoluiioni
of Sweden," (1696,) "Complete History of the Estab-
lishment of the Britons in Gaul," (1710,) " History of
the Revolutions of the Roman Republicv" (} vols., 17191)
and " >{istory of the Knights of Malta," (4 vols., I7i&)
His works were veiy popular, owing partly to the stjie,
which is very agreeable. Died in Puis in 1 735.

Sh " Noiiw mr 1» VT. d« I'AbW Vtrtoi.'' ijoj : Uoain, -Dk-

onun Hi.ioriquej" "Noui^llc Ili«sni)dii« «n4nilt"

Vfr'ttto, (George,) an eminent English engraver,
bom in London in 16S4. He Rcquiredihe firiendihip
and patronage of Sir Godfrey Kncller, and, on the o-
tablishmenl of the Academy of Painting in London, is
yit, became one of its members. In 1717 he was ip-
pointed engraver to the Society of Antiquaries by the
Earl of Wmchelsea, president of that body. Me en-
graved Ihe portraits of many eminent men of his om
time, and illustialed several work* for the booksellers.
He collected materials for a history of painting and en-
graving in England, which he left in manuscrint These
were purchased by Horace Wal^I^ and pnUislud in
his "Anecdotes of Painting." Died in ■75a

S»« Smnrr, " DiciiwMiT of Cisraveni" -UeuUv K«*itw"
fcr February and March, i7fi.

Vertninna. See Vertuunul

fcfci, 5, ty. /««*■.■ J, *.i, same, less prolonged; 4,J,T,».n,J,»*»rf;».?,i, 9. eimw; Or, fill, lit! mat! t.«i;RaM:n..TBo-

d by Google

VERTUMNUS

«S8S

Tfi-tam^tiB or Toi-tam'mi, IFr. VksrowtK,
•CK'tomn',] an Ettiuean and Roman oiilnltf, wppoaed
topre(ideoverthec)uiiigeiol'lheMa«oni*nd (he trans-
fennation of phinU. lie waa ruarded t» some uriierB
M thegodef gardentiOf orduuibiandofaatamii. The
poeta retaie tbarhe lored Pomona, who waa ao cny that
M did not anecaed nttU be had metamorphoaed hinuelf
bio man; furnuk

Tamlam, Loitnt See Bacon, (PaANCn.)

Vs'tho, (LtTCnra Alius), aon of KXva» Verua, who
kad been adopted and made Caesar In the emperor
Hadrian. In i6i A.D> he became the eolleagiie of Mar-
CM AareKoa aa Emperor of Rome. He wan a weak and
profligate prince. IKed la 169 A.n IIU ori^nal name
waa I^ Com MODUS.

TsrrUIe, d«. See BflaoALSi DS Vbrvili.K.

VBr'f, (JoNca,) an American poet, born at Salem,
MaiaaciiDsetta, in tSij. He publiahed "Eaaaya and

Poems," (1S39,) and wrote some of the beat " '-

the language. He war also an able critic.

Unitarian of a devout and myatical lQkT> of mind. Died

UajS, iSSol

v«aal& Sc« ViuLnn:

TeaaUo. See VEaAUUl

~ i-aall-aa, [Ft. Vcsalx -i^-^; Tt Vesalio, vl-

1514. Hla lather, Andrew, waa apothecary to the Em-
peror of Germanv. Me atudied languagca at Louvain,
and mtdlcme at Honlpellier and Parla. About 1535 he
•erred In the Imiierlal army, probably aa anrgeon. He
became proleaMr.of anatomy at Fadua or I'avb about
1538, ana publiahied a Latin work tn 1539 in which he
taught that blood ahoutd be drawn from the right arm.
In I u] he produced hia mat work on anatomy, " Seven
Booka on the Structure of the Human Body." ('■ De Cor-
poria human] Fatirica LibrI aeptem,'^ which operated
Immenae Improrementa in the tcience. Senac compared
k loihediseoTeryofanewworld. Having In ihiaworic
SontTorerted aome doctrine* of Galen, he waa rewarded
%M hia aerrieea by yiolent hoatililv and reproachea 'from
itveral eminent anatomiat* of hia time. About 1544
he qdtted Italy, and baame phyucian to the emperor
Chailea V., at whgae court ha remained until the abdi

reputation aa a phjratdan. According to a doubtful . _
pwt, he incurred the cenanre of the Inquiaition. For
Mine reason not well ex|>lained, he left Madrid in 1563
or 1564, and performerfa pilgrimage to Jeruialem. While
Im was at Jernaalem, he was invited by the senate of
Venice to occupy the chair of anatomy at Padua. He
re*olTe4 to accept thia offer ; but, in his voyage to Italy,
be araa wrecked on the iiland of Zance, where he died
Bf entosnre in October, 1564. Hla collected worka, with
," were pablished by Boerbaave and AlUnua, (a

a m V(«le," At, tnd "flofi 4*

"tiaod* VtHlt.'' la^ji HALun,

^. -.ScH»M«."H«fln«(^V«1t,"(l^

" HUuiia im fAMtgoiii," toma L 1 ■* Nou-

Vealinb fEaling, (Johann.) a German physician and
Datnralist, Dorn at Minden In 1(98, became professor of
anatomy at Padua. He visited Egypt and Palestine, and
pablislied several botanical works> Died In 1649.

VMpaaiaiL v(a.pS'ihe-(n, [Lat VispASIa'nuS) F^.
VcspAsiiM, vCa'pS'i^N'i It. Vestasiako, vCs-pS-te-
I'no,] or, more (ully.^'tn* FU'Tlua Veapasla'nna,
Emperor of Rora^ was bom near Reate in o K.a. He
acrved aa military tribuite in Thrace, and held the olSces
of qniealM' of Crete and Cyrene, under Caligula. He
waa afteiwarda maile prxtor { and, having distinguished
bimaelf by aeveral important victories in Britain, he was
appointed proconsul uf Africa about 60 A.D. A* com-
enander of the forces against the revolted Tewa in 66
A.IX, be subjected neatly the whole of Judca in less ilian
two yeaia. In 69 a.ix Vespasian vras proclaimed em-
peror by Tiberius Alexander, prefect of Egypt, In otipo-
dtion to Vllcllius, who was soon alter put to deata by
tba Roman aoIdJera. The principal events of the reign
•f Vcapasiau were tbe conquest of Jerusalem b; Ulus,

reium ^ercaLi«u*cr tne iisnivi, comnianucu uy viviiia.
Under bis wise and beneficent rule Rome enjoyed a high
degree of prosperity; he palroniied leammg and the
arts, introduced Important reforms into the army and

nificent Temple of Peace, and began the erection of the
amphitheatre, afletwarda called the Colosseum, and also
the Flavian Amphitheatre, Irom bia itame Flaviua. He
died in 79 A.lk

Set Simrnnra. "VetjariBiBS!" A. W. Camtsa. "Fluiv* Vt»-
PBianu." t-fiy. TAemii,*'Hi«Di7i>f ReaM:" Biamociit. " Vm
IiflpenioriiVapuLui."i6i]i UuHsaoo, "Flini VapHlinilm-

Knlorii VIul" i«u: Tillehdht, "Hiitolre iIh Empenun;"
uivALi. " HlnoTT af iht Rnaan midcr Ibc Bonn 1" '' Neunlla
Kosmitilt G4n4nU."

Veapaalant). See Vespasiam.

Veapaslaniia. See Vespasian.

Veapaaisn. See VispasIan.

Veapnccl, vla-poofchee, (Amcrico, l-ml-ree'go,)
(Latin, Aupjl'icus (or Ameri'cos) Vespu'cid! j fr.
AmIric Vespucb, f myrtk' vla'pils',] a lamons Julian
navigator, who gave his name to the New World, waa
born at Florence on the 9tly of March, I4<i. Ha
was educated by hia uncle, Giorgio Antonio Vespucci,
an eminent scholar, and applied himaelf especially to
astronomv and cosmography. In hia early life he waa
engaged in mercantile pursuits. About 1490 he removed
' Spain, where, it ta said, he became acquainted w* '

Coh

mbos in I4(H. In a letter dated February, 1505,
Columbus mentions Vespucci aa a person whom lie
knew and esteemed. Vespucd wa< employed as a mer>
chant at Seville for aeveral years. He accompanied an
expedition which Ojeda conducted to America in 1499.
It ia probable that he served aa astronomer in thia
and aeveral lubseqaenl voyagea. According to a letter
written by Vespucd, he took part In an expedition
wMch was sent by the King of Spain in 1497, and dis-
covered new islands and lands. Humboldt and others
argue that 1499 is the true date of his first voyage. It
la admitted that he made (bur voyages to the New
World, but he had not the chief command of any one
of the expeditions. The part of the continent discov-
ered by him Was near the equator. In his letter dated
July IS, 1500, he aays. "We discovered a very large
country of^AsIa." Having entered the service of the
Kin|[ of Portugal, he sailed in itot on an eTOloting ex-
pedition to Brazil, on his return from which, September,
1503, he aras received at Usbon with great honour and
rejoicing. He acquired a high reputation by his astro>
nomical diacoveries. About 1505 he retttmed to Spain.
He died poor at Seville in 1511.

SmA-H, B*niiHi,"Viii*L«i(nd!Aineri(oVHpua3,'* i»5,
Camivai, " EloalB dl A. ▼iKiaeci.'' irSI; Sahtaibu. " ReditrOHa
SwiiaiM w AnMc VanM*,'* 1S41, <di«]mhI ono EwUdi

SE.V.CraiDa, ittDd C soiHaaa Laaraa, " Lib of Amertaa
wdu," lift: Aa. VAaxtiAcaK " V<spiK**tMa|irtiiw Vo-
4. VAaHHAcaH, " A. Vopocci, Hn Caracttrt, att Eeril%

_ ..„ ittj; NAtiOHS;" Bum* crtlieadd prima Viiigrigdl

A.VHpiKri." iSiiI "Nnmlla BiatnpldlCMBM*r •N^cRb
- BMricu Rtrin" lor April. iSii-
TvsptiOO and VoapodtM. See VeipucCi;
TSs'tf, one of the principal Roman divinlllea, wka
Identical with the Greek Hestia, ('Earfa,) and was iv.

Sirded as the goddess of chastity, virginity, fire, the
omestic hearth, and domestic happiness. She ws^
according to I f esiod, a daughter of Saturn (Cronus) ant}
Rhea, and waa bound by a vow of perpetual virginity.
Her symbol was tliA eternal fire burning on the hearth
or altar, and vigilantly kept alive by her priestesses, the
vestal virgins. If this fire ever became extinguished. It
was renewed by friction or by the rays Of the aon col-
lected by a burning-Klass. livery repast in- which a
family joined was considered as a sacrihce to Vesta and
the Penates. Each city had its aacred hearth o

tuary of Vesta, usually I '

the Prytaneum. She w
'lices, and had a sha . _
. emplea. The Romans celebrated in her honour an
annual festival, called Vtilalia, which occurred in- the
month of June. Vesta appears to have been one of the
chief Penates of Troy, and the vestal fire is said to have

en ciiy nao lis sacreti ncKrin ur a^ne-
sually located In a public edifice called
She waa aupposed to preside at ail
d a share of the aacrifices offered in all

ii;gAiri/,-2aa/;c,M,X,^w»ff«f;lt,NiW;B,;V7ZSnf;lasa; IbaslnAUi: (g^S«eExplanalion^p.q.t
'*° D,g,t,7ed::yC00t^lc

VESTSIS

1386

VICHNOU

been broagbt to ItaTf b^ Anexa, Th« Te$lal virgins,
whose office U suppOMd to have been Initituled b^
Nnma, were six in number, and were reonired to de-
ti>te thirty j«utt ro the service of the goddess. If any
oneof them vioUled her vowof chuliiy, ihe was buried

VMtria, vb'iRbs, or VMtrl, vts'titee, (Anciolo
Makia Gasfaro,) an Italian dancer, bom at Florence
in I73C^ was ■ brother <rf Gaetano Apolline, noticed
below. Died iti 1809.

Veatris or V«ebrl, (Gaetako Apoluwb Baldas-
■AKE,) a famous Italian dancer, bom at Florence in
I73t). He made his dibut in Paris in 1743, and was
received with enchusiaslic applause. He was afterwards
appointed ballet-maaler at the Grand Upera. His per-
formances were unrivalled in their Itind. and he was
popularly styled "the God of Uandng." Hi* vanity
was excessive and amusing ; and he once obaerved ih,-*
Frederick, King of Prussia, NL Voltaire, and himsei
were the only areal men of Ihe century. Died in iSoj

VMtrlsorVeatilB-AlIaid,vfe>'tRfu'niR'.(MAKi
AUCUSTE.) a dancer, born in Paris in 1760^ ^vas > son <
Ihepreceding. Died in 1S42.

vestiiB,(MAKii RosEOoarBBad-Diigason— «ooR
g6' dii'gf ifi.-*',) a French actress, especially celebrated
for her skill in tragic parts, a sisler-in-law of Gaetano
Apolline, noticed above, wa* bom in Paris in 1746:
died in 1B04.

Vssbrlcim BpnrlmuL See SfUatNNA.

Ve-ttl'nl-o, a Roman , general, who wat persuaded
by his troops to assume the title of emperor in 3jo a-ix
About the end of that year ha abdicated in favour, of
Constanlius. Died in 356.

Vetromile, vi-iHo-mee'li, {Euoehio,) an Italian
priest and author, born at Galltpoli, February ai, 1S19.
Hb became a Jesuit priest at Port Tobacco, Maryland,
and was for a time a professor in Washington. In 1S58
be went at a missionary to Ihe Indians of Maine, and
wa* for some lime parish priest at Machias, Maine.
He prepared a praver-book, ahymnal, and other religious
books in the Abnaki language. He wrote "The Abnakis
and their History," (1866,) " Travels in the Holy Lanti,"
etc. Died at Gallipoli, Italy. August 33, 1S80.

Tettorl, vit.lo'iee, or Vlttori vfi-to'ree, (Cene-
DEITO,) an Italian medical writer, bom at Faenza in
1481 \ died in 1561.

Vattorl. [LaL Vicrt/atus,] (Frakcesco,) an Italian
antiquary, born at Rome about lyiot He wrote numer-
ous disseilations. Died in 1778.

Vettori (Pin'Bo,] an accomplished Italian (cholar,
born at Florence ,in 1499, was appointed professor of
Latin and Greek literature in that city. He was the
author of Latin commentaries on the works of Aristotle,
and be published editions of Sallust, Cicero, and other
Latin classics I also the "Electra" of Euripides, and
variouf Greek works. He likewise wrote a number of
lettert, poems, and orttitmsln Italian. Died in 15S5.

See A. H. BAHnm, "Vita & P. Vellgri," i^sti Bimivibh,
"ViUiliP. Vciioil,"i3at.

V»-tn'tI-a, IFr.VtruKiB, vi'til're',] a Ronran matron,
the mother of Coriolahui, (which see.) When Rome
' " ■ " i commanded by

his camp and entreated him to spare the city. He finally
relenletl, and esclalmed, "Omother, thou hast saved
Rome, but destroyed thy son 1"

VAtortSL See VmtKtA.

TeniUo^ vuh'yo*, (Louis,) a French writer and

fDurnalisl, bom in the department of Loirel in 1813.
le became succensively editor of the " Charie de 1830,"
" La Pail," and the " Univers Keligieui." in Paris, and
distinguishedhimself by his zealous supporlof the ultra-
montane party and violent abuse of his opponents. Hi*
■ Univers'" wa* suppressed in 186a He published sev-
cral novels. Died April 7, iS8j.
St* "NwvcUa Bwicraphii G^n^nlc"

Veyuifeie da I>b Cros*. See La Crozi.

Veytla. el«. di vi-e-lee'i.f (Mariano.) a Mexican
bislorian, of Spanish extraction, born at Puebta in 171 S,
wrote an account of the early history of Mi
'■ ■ ,i8j6.)

titled '•

a Anligua." (Mexico, i8j6.)

Vlanl, (GioTANNi.) an Italian painter, bom ■! B»
logna in 1636, is said to have been a skilful artist. Kerf
in 1700. His son Domenico, bom in ifi68, was abo ■
painter. Died in 1711.

Viardot; ve'la'do', (Lion,) 1 French portrait-puntei
born at Dijon in 1804.

Vlaidot, (Louis,) a French HUhateur, a brotber <A
the preceding, wa* bom ai Dijon In i3oa He wrot^
besides other works, "The Museums of Italy," (1841;)
and a " History of the Arabs and Moors uf Spain," \i
vols., 18^1.) He married Pauline Garcia, the vocalist, la
1840. He translated " Don Quixote" and other Spanish
worJes into French. Died May 6, 18S3.

VUrdot, (Paulikb Garcia,) a popular Fi«ncb ae
tress and tinger, a daughter of Manuel Garcia, was bora
in Paris in 1S31. She made her iHut in London in
1839, and was married lo L. Viardot in \%»a. She
excels In the rtUi of " Desdemooa." "Valentine," f«
"The Huguenots,") and "Fides," (In "The Proubel"c(
.. — ,w— , ":-J May i^ 191a "r-

'Is', (Balthasab) a Latin p«et. bon
5S7, was a friend of Pelresc. lie wal
apponuca a councillor of slate by Louis XIIL He
wrote numerous poems. Died in 1667.

Viasaolo. See Fedhkici, (Cahillo.)

Viand, (Louis MxaiE Julian.) See LotI,

(PIBRRB.)

Vlnnd or Viai),dfl^dth ve'C, (ThIophils.) a French
poeL (See TwtoFHiLE.)

Vlboit vi'biR', (J SHAN Georges,) a French portrait
and genre painter, bom at Paris, September 30, 1840.
He was a pupil of PicoC and Uarrias. In 1870 be be-
came a chevalier of the legion of honour. Among hi*
many noteworthy pieces are "The Christian Marljit
among the Lions," " The Dead Sheep," " Daphnis and
Chloe." "The Fairy-Tale," "The Comedy," ■•Gulliver
among the Lilipuiians," etc He takes a high rank as so

"--■ Died July a8, 190a.

_ :e'boRC, (Erich Nissen,) an eminent Daa-
bh naturalist and veterinary surgeon, born in Sleswkk
I I7J9. He wrote numerous works. Died in iSaa.

TlbnlaniM. See Fasius Vibulanus.

Vlo, da,tlfh vik.(DoMiNir]UE,)a French comnanda
and constant adherent of lleniy IV. lie rendered
important services at the battle of Ivry. In i6aa
he became governor of Calais and vicc-admiraL .Died

Vloail, von, fon vee'kl-ree, (Hermann,) a (^rmaa
Catholic prelate, born at Aulendor^ in Upper Suabia, ia
1773. became Archlushop of Freiburg in i&ia. Died i8iS8>

Vlo'frl, (HeDt.EV Shafts Johnstone,) a Briti^
soldier, born on the island of Mauritius, December 7,
t8l& His father was of a prominent Irish ba^f.
Hedley Vicars entered the army in 1&44, and rose to bt
a capUin in the Ninety- Seventh F<ioL He was disti»
guianed for bithfulnea* as an officer, and was of a sia-
ccrely religious character. He was killed in a aottta
before Selustopol, March n, 1855. (Hi* " Life," anony*
mously published, had a great curieD<7 both in England
and America.)

Vie'^ (John,) an English Puritan writer In the
time of Cromwell, was born in London in 15S2. He
lublished, among other works, " The Burning Bush not
:onsumed," auiT" Cod's Ark Overtopping the Worlds
Waves." Died in 1653.

Vlo'f-tf , (Thomas,) an English anatomist, bon la
London, was surgeon lo Henry VIIL and Edward VL
Hepubiished a treatise on anatomy, (abinit 154S.)

VlcBt,vc'k*',(LoutsFosEPH,)aFrenchd»iI engineer,
born at Grenoble in 17S& He dislincuished biissel/by
the discovery of hydraulic cement, andmade an imiavre-
~ lent in the foundation of bridges. Died in i86t.

VloaDoe, Uuc lis. See Caulaihcourt.

Vlo«iite, (Cfl.) See Gil Vicente.

Viceosa, UuKE of. See CAULAiNCoun.

Tlcbard. See SAiNT-RiAt.

Vicbmaiui, viK'min, (UuRKHARn,) a Rubsiaa fen.
irian, of German exiraciion, bom at K-ga in 178& Hi

lole (in German) several works on Russian Ustsy
Died in 181a.

Victuioti. See Vishkv.

\,%,\,h,^^,langi^\ih,*Me», ess prolonged; iL,e,I,a,a,J,i.tM-/,'hf.f.9.»^J>'«r'';A',All.Alin>(tin4t;giKd:n

d by Google

Viol, vee'chce, (Anokba.) an Italian sTchitect. born

line marshes. Among the prindpal etruciurcs h« hat
built may be named the cathedral of Camarino, and the
ehorch of San Francesco at Foligno. Died in 1817,

Tico,vee'lio,(ENEA.)an Italian engraver and nun
■natist, t>om at f^rma about 1510. lie worked at Klor-
enceand FerTart,andeneraveds«nie pictures of Michael
Angelo and Raphael, tie published several works on
Dumismalics, among which is a " Treatise on the Medati
of the Ancients," (" Discorsi sopre le Medagtie degli
Antiehi," IJ5S.) Died about IS70L

Vioo, (Giovanni Dattista,) an eminent Italian phi-
losopher, called the creator of the philosophy of history,
was born »t Naples in 1G6S. He studied languages,
^ilosophy, and lav, and. after he left college, passed
nine years as preceptor in the family of the Itishup of
luhia. In 1697 he was appointed professor of rhetoric
in the University of Naples, with a salary of one hun-
dred scudi (or ducats) per annum, lie published <n
1730 a work on law, entitled " On the One Principle and
End of all Law," (" De univeisi ^uris tfno Principio et
Fine una") llis principal work is entitled " Prindplea
of a New Science of the Common Nature of Nations,"
("Piindpj dt una Scienia nuova intorno alia commnna
Natura della Nuione," 1735,) in which he attempts to
prove that the events of history aie determined by cer-
lain and immutable laws. It presents original thoughts.
out in soma paila is rather olncure. In 1735 he became
historiographer to (he King of Naples. He was author
of other works. Died at Naples in January, i74]or t744.

Se« lib AdIotqHraphy. prefiicd 10 hb *^ Scieni* niHwi,'* iSii :
U. Pasha. "SiikIj liJ. •opn Vico," iSja; I. rnKAiii, -Vico et
ritalk." lS»: RuiXft "Elfwio Uonco A Viqn," 1S14; A. Mah*.
Til. "filogeduPtrttlcVko.^'iB.S: " Nnuwife BirpBTjpMf Wn(-
»ale;" "rtmign Quancrlj R«iew" t6e }*n>ary. 1941.

Vico, dl, de veeHco, (Francesco,) an Italian Jesuit
and astronomer, born at Maccrau in iSo;, became di-
rector of the Observatory at Rome, Died in 184S.

Vicq-d'AxTT or Vlcq-d'Axli', vlk'dfiln'. (FeLtx.)
a distinguished French anatomist, born at Valo^e, in
Normandy, in 1748. He studied medldne in Pans, and
was elected a member of tlie Academy of Sciences in
1774. He became in 1776 6ne of the founders of the
Royal Society of Medicine, of which he was appointed
per]>etual secretary, and in 17S3 succeeded BufTun in
the French Academy. He was made first physician to
the queen in 17S9. His wife was a niece of Daubenton.
Me died in 1794. Among; his numerous and valuable
works we may name "Obsetva lions on (he Means of
Preserving Animals from Contagion," (1774.) "Medicine
loT Horn^ Cattle," (1781,) "Treatise on Anatom* and
Physioltwy," (with coloured plates, 1786.) and "Eulogies
on Members of the Royal Society," (1778-88.)

SMCuviKii."fi)o«tdeVioi-irA^:"M<<«ii*ir Da L* S^rm,
"fSogsd. F.V^-t'/iA.-irn: P. E. I.muhtkv. "Elo.. hii-
biriquede Vici)-d'Atir," iSij; " NouTdlo lliocnp'iit GtnitHi."

VlcramltdltTa. See VikhamIoitva.

Victolre de IVatiCO, vik'twli' d; h fRfixss, (LoDtsE
Marie THARftSE.) a daughter of Loufs XV., was bom
at Versailles in 1733. She emigrated in i79i,a(kerwhich
•he lived at Rome and Naples. Died In 1799.

Victor, (AuRELius.) See AifRtLios Vtcron.

Vlc'tor L, a tiaiive of Africa, became Bishop of Rome
■bout 185 A.D. lie died about 19SA.1v, and was suc-
ceeded 17 Zephyrinn*.

Victor IL, originally Gebh A RD, Bishop of Eichstadt,
succeeded Leo IX. as Pope of Rome in to;5. He died
In 1057, and was nucceeded by Stephen IX.

Victor Ht, (DESinKRiOS.) Abbot of Monte Casino,
succeeded Gtegorv VH. in 1086. After a contest with
the adherents uf Ihe emperor Ilenr* IV., he retired to
Beneventum, where be anathematiied Ihe anti-pope
GuiberL He died in 1087, and was succeeded by

Urb

1 IL

S? VICTOR

In Ihe prindpal enganmenti ol the Italian campaignt
from 1795 101799, having been made genera] of division
m 1797. He commanded pari of the vanguard at the
battle of Marenzo, (lEoo,) and had a prominent share in
the victory of that day. He was ambassador to Copen-

afiec the battle of Friedland, (180T,) for his signal s
vices on that occasion. Appointed in iSoS commander
of the first corps of the army of Spain, he gained several
important victories over Ihe Spaniards, but he was de>
featcd by the Duke of Wellington at Talavera, (1S09.)
In the Russian campaigner iSiI he was conspiruoui
for his skill and bravery, as well as for his humanity to
the wounded soldiers during the ditiastrous retreat. He
rendered important services at Dresden and I^ipsic,
(1813.) Having entered the service of Louis XVIH.
in 1814, he adhered lo him in the Hundred Days, and
denounced Napoleon as "the man who has tyrannized
and betrayed France." He was minister of war fton
December, iSii, lo October, iSjj. Died in 1841.

Victor, (Orville Jambs,) an American historian,
born at Suidusky, Ohio, in 1837. He engaged in
editorial work on various jourads, edited Beadle's
" Dime" publications, etc. He wrote " History of
the Southern Rebellion, etc. Died in 1910.

Victor, Saint, of Marseilles, served in the Roman
army. During the persecution of the Christians under
Diocletian, he suffered martyrdom, in 303 A. IX

Vic'tor Am-a-de'iiB [Fr, Victor Avitntz, vtk*.
Ior' fmi'di'; lu" Vettorio Ahedeo, vit-to're-o l.ml-
da'o| I, Duke of Savog born at Turin in 1^87. In
163; he was tlie ally of France in the war with Spain,
He married Christine de France, a sister of Louis XIIL
Died in 1637, and was succeeded 17 his son, Charles
Emmanuel IL

Victor Amadetu H, first King of Sardinia, bom la
i66&, succeeded his father, Charles Emmanuel, in 1675,
Ihe government bein^ conducted by his mother as regent.
Soon after his accession to the tovcreigntv, he was urged
by IjOuls XIV. to the persecution of the Waldenses:
but in 1690^ having fornied an alliance with Spain and
Austria, he restored them lo their homes, and declared
war against France. He joined the Austriansin the war
of the Spanish succession, and in 1706 assisted his rela-
tive Prince Eugene in defeating the French, who had
besieged Turin. Afier the peace of Utrecht he obtained
Lomellina and other territories, and the island of Sicily,
with the title of king. He subsequently gave up Sicil*
to the Austrian emperor, receiving m exchange Ibe island
of Sardinia. He abdicated in 1730, died in iTit, snd
succeeded by hii son, Charles Emmanuel IIL

Victor AmadmiB ttt, ggn of Charles Eininanad

I. of Germany, in opposition to Alexander l!
Died in 1 164.

Victor, vik'toR', (Claude Perrin,) Duke of Belluno,
■ celebrated French marshal, born in the department
of Ihe Vosgcs in 1764. He served In Spain in 1794, and

during Ihe Revolntion. He died in 1796^ and was lu^
ceedcd by his son, Charles Emmanuel IV.

S<* J. M Uaistrs. " £loKa da VicMr AntUtt III," irtt.

Vic'tor Zhn-man'ti-cil JJL Vtttorio EicAifDxiA
*it-to're-oi-ml-noo-a'!il|L,Kingof Sardinia, second son
of Victor Amadeus IIL, was bom in 1759, sikI sscended
the throne on the abdication of his brother, Charles Era*
luel IV., in iSoi. His subjects having demanded t
a liberal constitution, to which he refused lo "T^^fr,
he resigned in iSsi in favour of his brother, Charic*
Felix. Died in 1824.

Victor Emmanuel H, (of Sardinia,) and the ittft
King of Italy, Ihe eldest son ofCharles Albert and Maria
Theresa of Austria, was bom at Turin In 18201 He married
ousln-cermaii, Maria Adelaide of Austria, in 1841,
ucceetkd his father, who abdicated, in March, 1849.
His kingdom, which then included only Hedmtmt, Savoy,

^d Sardinia, was not in a prosperous condition ; but he

u fortunate in obtaining Ihe services of an able states-
man, Count Cavour, who oecame prime minister in 1851.
The wise and liberal policy of Cavour increased the
power of the Sardinian slates and induced (he friends
of Italian unity to regard Victor Emmanuel with favour.
By joining the French and English in the Crimean wir,
(1854,) he gained admission into "■* —.—"•)"— -r

« as >(,' ( an J: g Aard: g as^; o, it, Vijgulliiral: N, tuual; R, irilltJ; I

U ih as in Ihh. { B^~See Explanalions, p. >3.)

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

VICTOR

^_ ^ irem. In April. i8S9. •>!» domlnlow were

innuled by the Emperor of Aiuiil*, who wu ode—*--'
by the growing ipiril of )iberl7 >nd naKonilii; ir
penintnla. By ui alliance with France, Cavnur
prepared for the conteit The Austriins were defeated
kttbebattleiorMagentaandSoKerinoiiiJune, l85Q,(oon
•her which peace wu concluded, and Lombardy wa«
added to the doniniont of Victor Emmanuel. In the
mean time the people oif Tuscany, Farma, and Mddena
had depoMd their ptfty tovereiant, and had taken steps
to unite ihemselTet with the oilier Italian Male*,
people of the RomagiM were also nearly nnanimo
nvour of annexation to the kingdom of Sardinia. The
caoH wa* rapidly advanced, \n i8£o, by the btilliinl
operattoni of Ganbaldi In Sidiv and Naples, the libera-
tion of ^ich waa completed by the capture of Gaeta
In March, tS6t, The result of these tranudlons was
tiie nnlon of all lolv, except Venetia and i small part
td' the papal stales adjacent to Rome. Victor Emmanuel
was proclaimed Kitig of ItiW in March, 1861, and wu
Ttcogniied ai loclt ^ the French government in June
of that year. He oompeoaated Napoleon III. far his
^ by Uie cenlon of Savoy and Ntce. The King of
Italy and ht* sabjecta ardently desired the possession
ofRome.ihe position of which rendered It themoeleligi-
ble place for the capital of the kingdom, but it was nndet
the domination of the pope, supported by a French army,
which had occupied the city iince 1S49.

In 1865 the teat of govemmenl was transferred Irom
Turin to Florence. Victor Emmanuel was the allyof
Frossia In the short but momentous war of 1B66. Th(
Italian annv, having^ entered Vene(Ia,waa repulsed at
Custom i Dut the victory of the Prosslans at Sadowa,
July 3, compelled the Emperor of Austria to sue for
peace and to give up Venetia, This province, in ac-
cordance with a nearly unanimous TOte of its people,
was annexed to the kingdom <rf Italy about the end of
tE66, — an event which was a source of great exultation
to the Italian patriots. In fulfilment of ■ treaty nego-
tiated in 1864, Napoleon withdrew his arm* from Rome
hi December, 1S60, in spite of the eflbrts M the pope to
retain that last bulwark of his temporal power. Italy
Wat then, free from the presence of foreign loldiera for
the first time probably in a thousand yeara. The recent
changet have been most (avourable to religious liberty
In Italy, the government of which has adopted the
motto of "a free church in s free state."

To secure the nentraiiM or ftiendship of Italy, Napo-

^n army to occnpy Rome, and wrote to the r-r-

that republicanism was to rampant In Ital* that if nc
bad not taken that course a republic would have been
proclaimed In every Italian city. His amy obudned
postettion'of Rome, without senous resistance, Septem-
ber 10, iSyot and the temporal power of the pope then
came to an end. On December jt Victor Emmanuel
made a formal entry into the city as the capital of United
Italy, where he died January 8, 1878, and was sncceeded
by his son Humberti

Vlotor EnunBanal IH., King ol Iiiily, was bom
November tl, 1869 ; married in 1896 Filncess
Helena, daughter of Nicholas, Prince of Montenegro,
and succeeded to the throne July 39,'i9oo, on the
death, by aisassi nation, of his father, Humbert I.

Tlotoiia, vtk-to're-1. or Vitotla. (Fmnciico,) U
eminent Spanish theologian, bom in Navarre. He be-
came a professor in the University of Salamanca, and
produced " Theologleal Relections," {" Relectiones The-
ologioe XIII.," 1557.) The most important parts of
this scarce work are those which treat of the Indians
and of the laws of war, ("D* Indis," and -De lure
Belli.") Nicolas Antonio and other SpanUh writers
bMtow the highest eulogy on Victoria. Commenting on
his "Dc Jure Belli." Tlallam observes. "The whole
relectlon, as well as that on the Indians, displays an
iDtrepidspirit of justice and humanity." ("Introduction
lo the Literature of Europe.") Died about 1^50.

Vlotoria, (Don Vincekte,) a Spanish painter, bom
U Valencia in 1658. He worked with success at Rome,
where he died in 17H-

BS VICTORIA

Vie-to'rI-f Al-ex-an-dil'nf. Queen of Great Br1t>
tin and Ireland, and Imprest of India, was bom at
Kensington Palace, Majr34. 1819. ShewaatbeonWduld
of Edward, Duke of Kent, (s son of George III..} and
Maria Louisa Victoria of Saxc-Cobnrg, who was a sitter
of Leopold I. of Belgium. Her education was directed
by the Duchess of Northumberland. She received in*
tlructlon in political albirs and prindptes from Lord
Melbourne. On the death of her uncle, William IV..
she succeeded to the throne on the soih of June, iSiy,
and was crowned June aS, 1838. Lord Mellioutne, whw
was prime minister when she became queen, resigned
in Atay, 1S39. and Victoria then requested Sir Robert
Peel to form a new ministry. He consented to take
office, but insisted that she should dismiss the ladies of
her bed-chamber, (who were Whigs,) which she refund
to da The result of this affidr was that Lord Melbourne
returned to power. In Febraary, 1840, she was married
to Prince Albert of Saxe-Cobtirg-Gotha, with whom she
lived happily and in whom she found a prudent coun-
sellor. (See ALtteaT.) The Whig ministry, having been
defeated in Parliament, resigned in Aognst, 1841, and
Sir Robert Peel became prime minister- Among the
events of 1S41 wal the birth irf her ton Albert Edward,
Prince of Wales. Between 1840 and 184] three several
attempts were made to astassintte her, by pertona
named Oxford, Frands, and Bean, Victoria visited
Louis Philippe in France in 1S4J, and travelled with
Prince Albert In Germany " ■""

il84S.

The year 1846 was rendered memorable by the repeal
il the com lawB sHer a long and exdiing contetL (See
CoaDU(,RitniARi]kBndPuL,SixRoBKRT.) Lordjcrim
Rutsell was prime minister from July, t&46ttoFabnuiy,
1853, and was succeeded by Lord Derby, a conservative.
Lord Derby having resigned, a coalition ministry was
farmed bydie Earl of Aberdeen In December, 185a. To
maintain the integrity of Turkey against the encroach*
mcntt of Russia, the British ministry formed an allianc*
with France, and waged war in the Crimea and Baltic
against the Ciar In 1854 and 18$}. Lord Falmeistoa
became prime minister in February, 1855, the queea
vbited Napoleon IIL at Paris in August, and the alliea
tookScbastopol in September of that year. The Crimean
war was ended by a treaty in the spring of 1856. A
great mutiny of the Sepoys broke out in India in 1857.
Lord Palmetston resigned ofGce fn February, \itA, to
the Earl of Derby, who remained in power until June,
1859, and was succeeded by Lord Palmenton. In De>
ccmber, 1S61, occurred the dea:h of Prince Albert, by
which the queen was deeply affected, and subsequently
she lived alife of comparative retirement, althobgh she
did not neglect the actual duties of her position. Het
character as a daughter, v>ife, and mother had alwan
been a model lo her subjects, and during the life of the
prince-contort she co-operated zealously in his en
deavonn to advance the British people in social, artistic,
and intellectual life. Among the more impoitaitt events
of succeeding yeats of her reign were the passage of
Mr. Disraeli's Keform Bill of 1S67, ihe Gladstone minis-
try's great measures, induding the disestablishment of
the Irish Church, (186S-74,) the passage of the Irish
Land Acts, the Ballot Act, the Elementary Educatloit
Act, and the abolition of purchase in the army, tbo
ministry of Beaconsfield, (1874-80,) during which the
queen was proclaimed Empreu of India, (January I,
1877,1 ■"<' ™ Home Rule movement in Ireland, during
the iKemierahip of Mr. Gladstone. In the more recent
years of her reign occurred several minor foreign war^
at in'Ashantee, Afghanistan, Zululand, the Transvaal,
and E^pt, and the important war of 1900-01 with the
Boer republics of South Africa- The disasters of this
war and the considerable loss of life among the British
troops affected the queen seriously, and her health be-
gan to fail. Her weakness increased rapidly in tbe
early days of 1901, paralysis supervened, and the died
on the sad of January, 1901, after the longest reign
ever enjoyed by a British sovereign. She was suc-
ceeded by her son, the Prince of Wale), as Edward VII.

Queen Victoria was the mother of nine children, — the
Prince of Wales, the Dukes of Edinburgh, Connsnght,

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d by Google

gUEEN VICTORIA.

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YICTORINUS

9389

and Albufi "^^ PrincesE- Royal of Pniuit, the late
Princess oi Hess*, the Princess of SchleBwie-Holsfeln,
the Huchloneu oiF Lone, and the Princeu Beatrice.

Tlotorinns, (Caius or Fabius Makius,) wi KU\a&
gTammariaii and theologian, taught rhetoric ai Rome,
wu converted to Christianity, and wrote several works
on nammar and theology. Died about 380 A-tt

ViotoilnttB. IFr, ViCTOBiN, vtk'to'rlN'.l (Mabctji
PiAUVONIui.) a Romaa general, called one ofthe Thirty
Tvrant*. He aasumed the title of emperor in GanI m
367 A IX, and wa* aasaaiinUed by one of hi* olSccra
in36S.

Vlotoriti*. See Virromi.

Tlda, vee'dl, (Marco Girolamo or Marcus Hiero
irvMUS.) one of the most emittent Latin poeu of modern
times, was born at Ctemona, tn Italy, about 14S5. He
•ta^ed the clas^ uid theology at Mantua, Padua, and
Bologna, and afterward* vlsilea Rome, where he wa*
fotroniied by Leo X- who made him prior of San Sil-
vestro, at FrascatL Under Clement VIL he became
apoMoItc prothonotatYand Bishop of Alba, (153a-) He
«a* the author of " Chri*tla$," (153S,) a poem on the
Dh of Chriat and written In the style of Virgil. "De
Arte Poedca," 1 didactic treatise, (in verse,) and" Game
of Chess," (" SCBCchiJB Ludui,"} which ha* been trans-
bted into English by Goldsmith, and Into German by
Hoflmann. Heatso wrote several Latin orations, and tha
dialogue* entitled "D« Dlctnitale Reipublicae," (1556.)
Died in 1566.*

6m TiDist "VIi* dl Viai." uN; L*in»i-n, "DdU Vila •
dWU Scrild SVUi.- it4°: TiunCH!, " Sinrta mx LMUntun
Idiuw:" r, MAmmri. -Ondan In Ladadi U. O. ViiU,-- ■S4«l
Mictew, " lUiMiiw:" Ugicilu. ■' liaii* Sxn :" " Nou«U. Bio-
ripl<IiWB4nla;» •■FmKr->Ux«iQ*"<iir AuiuU, iSu

VUUl, ve'dtl'i (Fkahcoii.) a French writer tra aodal-
bm and political economy, born in the department
«f Glronda to 1814, published a treatise "On the Divi*-
ion of Wealth, or Distributive Justice in Sodal Ecoq>
•roy,''(l846,)andotherworfc*. He waa elected a member
«f the U^iislailve Assembly by the voters of Pari* In
iSjo. Died at Bordeaux in iSyi.

Vldal, vetUF, (Jaoo,) a Spanish painter, bom at
Valmaseda In tfioa, worked at Seville. Died ia 164&

Tidal. (PlUUtK,) a French troubadour, bom about

Islenta, but trastad Ibent In ■ life at most extravagant

TldAl d* OkMla, m'dil' deh kl'se**', (Airouns
l^^ftoDOEi,) aFrench physician, bom at Cassis in tSo}.
He became soiveoa trf' tne hos^ntid da Midi, and acquired
a high reputation by his "Treatise on External Pathol-
ogy and Operadre Medldne," ("Traii4 de Falholt^e
cxterne ct de HMecine op^ratoire,'* 5 vols,, I83&^i4.)
Xtied In 1856.

Vldnr, vee'dfr, or TlttuT, vee'thar, (etymology ec-
tremely doubtful I Keyser suppose* it maybe changed
(irom iwvMT, the "conqueror," (from cvumo, to "over-
come,")) in the Norse mythtrfogy, the cod of ail
(he son tA Odin and the Jotun woman Grida. Nc.
Thor he U the strongest of all the Asir. Among his
powe*sioiia la an iron shoe of prodigioni sttengtt- ---*
4m, which at RagnarOck be will place on the n
taw of Fenrlr ; then with hi* hand h« will seiie the upper
Jaw and tear him asunder. He, aa wall as Vali, will
•arrive the deitiuction of the world. Vidat la supposed

to be a type of the IroperlshaUlity of the power* el

SwTKoaM" Honbin UfilKhicTt*' vaL I- 1 Ksvni^ " Rdi^o*
of th* MonhMDj" Prouo^ " Neidiak MyiMofL"

Tldannl ve-dijwr'tee, (Saktiago.) ■ Mexican so1>
dier and pcdiddan. bom about iSia He aided to drive
Santa Anna from power in 1S5;, and proclaimed himself
Governor of Coahuila and New Leon in February, i8j&
"e was one of the chief ministers of Maximilian durmg

e empire, and was shot as a traitor in 1867.

Vlai-na, lit- GuiDO, gwee'do.I (Goim,l an Italian
physician, twrn at Florence about 1500. lie became ■
professor tn the College Royal of Paris in IJ43, and
removed to Pisa about 154J. He wrote aeverlt pro
fcBsinnal Works. Died at Pisa In 1569.

Vldooq, ve'dok', (EuciN* FaAHgota,) a French

Ivcntnrer and famous chief of the detective police, waa

]rn in 177c He was successively a thie( soldier,
deserter, and gambler before he entered the public
service, and was often imprisoned for his oSence^
About tSio he enlisted in the police at Paris. Hi*
ucccss as a detective has scarcely been paralleled la
listory. Died in 1850.

S«*hiimtni>iiii| "Agig>>IiicnphicUHnein,"u>d ih* "Fonin
Qujrxerly Rflfi«w*' for Juuary, i8j^

Tiellh d* Boiajolln. See BoisjouN, nt
Vietlle, ve'iF or ve-fy^, (JVLU,) a French malho
malician, entered' Ibe' Noroial School about 1S13. Ha
published a "General Theory of Numerical Approil*
mations," (3d edition, 1854.) and other work*.

VlrtUevlU^de, dfh ve'll'vil' or ve'i^ys-vil'. [Frah-
COU de RrJIpinr rlrh si'i>y,| Siai, Count de Dure>
t^, a French general, born in ijio. Ke wai employed
in foreign missions by Henry IL and Charles IX., and
was a moderate opponent of the Huguenot* in ihe dvil
wars. In 156a he became marshal oT France. Died in

Tielra or Vtojra, ve-i^-rl. (Antonio,) an emi-
nent PortuiFueee raisslonaiY and writer, born at Usbon
in 1608. He perlormed diplomatic missions to Parl%
(1646,110 Lonaon, and to Rome, (i6ja) He afterward*
pressed to the Indian* in Bruil, and advocated Ihe
cause of Ihe slaves In that counirv. lie publiihed Ser-
mon*, (i« vol*, 1683-17S4,)-" History of the Future.**
("Historlado Futuro," 1718,) and "Letters," ("Carta*,*
3 vols., 1735-4&) Died at Bahla In 1697.

Sn F. UK FoHuCA, "Vidi dc Tidn," iiu; A oe BAaiek
"Vidi Aj P, A. Vidr^'' 1,46: Nrciaaii, "Ujawiru.-" "Nnnia
8i<«i>pliie CAif nia."

VleL See Vsii.

Vlel,ve%', (Charles Francis,) a French architecii

n 10 bate bnn nub bi(h«r ■ eniury a

.,- ,-,- — ^ ^ hk wbkh be wrote wu &r nor* s«bi

Miinicd) ihui ii ■• (I pnKBt. Pupa ipnlu of bin u lb* ir

e limed) ihui ii ■• (I pn
flotr of Leo's roga i

n, h Leo's t«ldm di/^

«• o^ th* duL Kid re

A Ripluel uIdk
Irnaoiul Villi I

loiee neb nih» uirple
jud, end a Vidi luoc.

Vl«l,(JuHMAB[KViCTOR,)a French architect. b<
in Paris in 1796. He was the architect of the Falsi* de
I'lnduitrie, built for the Universal Exposition of iSjJ.
Died in Paris, March 6, 1863.

Viel-Cutel, de, d;h ve'H' kls'ttl', (CHARLtt \jxa\t
Gaspard Gabriel de Salvlac,) Baron, a French hi*-
torian, brother of Horace, noticed below, was bora in
Paris, October 14. 1800. His earfv life was spent in the
public service. His principal works arc " Hisioire de le
Resuuration," (so vols., 1860-78,) and "Essai snr let
deux Htt,''-(i846.) Died in 1^7.

Viel-Castel. d«, dfh veil' kts'tti', (HoMnJ
CoWTt, a French liiliniU»r,\yym about 1797. He pub-
lished several tales and poems. Died October i, iS6^

VIeU, veeOli, (Egbert L,) an American engineer and
general, born in Saratoga countv. New York, about
1835, graduated at West Point in 1S47. He wai ap-
polniedenipneer'in-chiefoftheCentral Park, NewVork,
about 185& He served as a brigadier-scneral in 1861
and 1S63, and resigned in October, 1863. Died in 1902.

Tien, ve'li*', (JosKPH Marii.) an eminent French
historical painter, born at Montpelller in 1716, lie
aiudied under Naloire in Paris, and in 1743 obtained ih*
grand priie of the Academy of Arts by lils picture of
•' The Plague of the Israelite* In the Time of David."
He afterwards spent several vcars at Rome, where ha
executed a number of admirable works. He was elected
to the Academy of Arts in 1754, appointed director of

cwi.- {at/; \k»r4!%a*j! a^u,K,/M»mt/; »,Maiat; ^trilUd; I

i; tb a* fai Iki4. C^See Eiplanallens, p. aj.)

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

'VSS

the French Academy at Rome In 177c, and principal
- ■ - ' Nap- ■

ter-plecM mmj be lumet) "Saint Denli preicni

commander of the legion of honour. Amone hi* a

•I Cadiz," and the "Virgin "altended by Angel*.'
excelled asa teacher of art, and wu the matlet of David
and other famous painien. Died in 1809.

S«* I. L^nrroR, " Noiiu hiBoriqu* Mr U Vi, da I. H. Vicn,-
■Ss9: CHAiLn Blmi^ "HiMoin dn Pciairtsi" "Noanlla Bio-
(nphk C^B^rala."

VleD, IJosKPH Marie,) thi VotrNQiB, a portrdt-
painter, bom in Pari* in 1761, wai a aoo of Ihe pre-
ceding. He died in 1809.

Vien, (Makib Rbboul,) a French painter of Aowcrs,
uiwAm onA •fin MF^ Kaph t.. EX.*;. ;.. ij2S^ m* Ihe wife
— din 1805.
I French

Edward III. in a long and memorable ticge, (1347.) He
afterwards became Admiral of France, and displayed
courage and skill in war against (he Engtith. He was
killed at the battle of Nicopalis, where he fought against
Ihe Turk*, in 1396.

Tienaot ve^l'ny, (Jeai* Pons rp&.s) GtfiLuuMs,}
a French titt/r^eur and politician, born at B^iiers in
1777. lie was elected to the Chamber of Deputies
from the department of Iljrault In lS:7. voted with the
foneht or nberal party, and was active in promoting
the revolution of loyt. He was made a peer by Loui*
Philippe in 1839^ He published a number of poem*,
drama*, fables, and aatire*, in prose and verse ; also an
*'Epi*tle to the Muse* on the Komanlidsta," an attack
on the romantic school in literature. He had been
elected to the French Academy in 1830 or 1831. After
184S he took no part in politics. Died in Jaly, 186S.

Sm E. w MiaKOViT, " Yicuiel,'* iSjA: "NounDc Biors-
ftit Gtatnit."

Vlera 7 Clavijo, de, dl ve-i'rl e kll-vee'Ho, (Josfi,)
t Spanish historian, born in the Canarie* about 1738.
He published a "History of the Canary Island*,"^(4
tols.,'1773-83,) and other works. Died in 1799.

VIeli, ve-i'ti, (F«AfJCi),l [in French, FRANt^ts
VitTE, ve'ii', or ViriTE, ve'Jt', or Vift, ve'i',] a cele-
brated French mathematician, born at Fonlenay, Poilou,
in 1540, was educated In Ihe Protestant religion. He
obtained the office of master of requests about 15S0, and
passed the most of his mature life in the public service.
He «a* a friend of De Thou, Doring the war between
Henry IV. and the Spaniard*, Victa rendered an impor-
tant aervice to the foimei by explaining intercepted
despatches of the enemy, which were wiiiten in a cipher
of five hundred characters. I-Ie published several works
on mathematics, etc., and greatly contrilnited to the per-

lepresenled ihe known quantities by symbol*. He also
made improvement) or discoveries in trisonomelry.
Died In Paris in 1603. tlit work* were puolished by
F. van Schooten in 1646.

Set Di Thou. " Hi.toru n< Ttmporla :** Moittvcla, ■> Hi^ac>tn
U% Miih4m>iiq>i«:" HA«a"La Fniwa imuUMlii" "NohmIIi
UiotnphH CtDJnte.-

V16te. SeeViETA.-

Vleitaaana, da, dfh v^h'sSN', (Raihond>) a French

VIGNIER

smiM, T^h't&N', (MuiRt,l a Belgian moal-
. born at Verviert about 1S20, attained a very bigk
reputation as a violinist. Died June J, iSSi.

Vieire& fee'wflc, (HAt«s FatEnatcH,) a Gcrmaa
bookseller and publisher, born at Halle in 1761, fimnded
in 1786 an establishment at Berlin, from which he issued
superior editions or the German classics. He numbered
among hi* friend* Herder, Goethe^ and Wieland. Died
in 1835.

VleTra. See Vizir a.

Tlpmd. See WicanDl

V^te, ve'ihy, [Louis Jian Baptuti firtnfmja

anatomist, bom in Rouergue in 1641.

He t

woiks, "Neurologu UniveT*ali*,'' (16S5,) a treaiiae on
Ihe nerve* and brain. Died in 1715,

Vieiuwttx, »5j;h'suh', (Jeak Pierre,) a learned
bookseller, of a Genevese family, was bom at Oneglis, in
Italy, in 1779. He settled at Florence, where he pub-
lished a celebrated critical journal, entitled "AninlOKia

Marquis, a French financier, burn in Paris about 158a.
tie became minister of finance in 1633, and was removed
In 1614- Died in 1653.

TlgAeiM

V^er,ve'ihi',ILaLViGE'Rius,I(FRANgots,)aFreneh
lesuit, bom at Rouen. He published an able work
•■Oh the Frindpal Idiom* of the Greek Laagout,'*
{" De Idiotismis pra^npuis Linguz Graece," 1632.)
" It contains many valuable critidsmi," says Haltan.
("Introduction to the Literature of Europe.") Died
In 1647.

Tiger van Zulohin. See Ayta.

Tlgsite, da U. See ALLUtAMD-LATionUL

Vigeilua. See Viceb.

Vlgfoaaon. vig'fbsspn, (Gudbrand,) an IcelaoiBc
scholar, born near the Broad Fjord, in tbe West of
Iceland, about 1S17. He wa* educated at Reykiavik and
Copenhagen, and published many ancient Icelandic
books fron> tbe manuscripts. His " Pn^egonena to
the Sturlnnea Saga" [iSyS) is a work of high value, and
his great "Icelantiic-Endisb DictionaiV* (1869^75) is a
monumental work of hi^ nnic Died Jan. 31, il{39.

TlfOanoa. See ViniLANntn.

TlxUajitlna, vij-e-lan'she^us, [Ft. Vigilakce, ve*-
ihe'lfiNSs',) a liberal Christian writer of Spain or Gaol,
flourished aboai 400 a.ix He ooposed the worship of
relics, the cetibacr of priests, and several ascetic prao-
(ices of the Catholics. Saint Jerome wrote a bo(A a^unit
his doctrines.

TlgUantltM, vij-e-lan'sh^i,IFr. Vigilance, ve'ihe'-
l&NSs',] (PuBLius,) a acholar and poet, was bom at Strai-
btirg. He became proressor 01 poetry at Franklbrt-

151*.

Vl-^l-iia, [Ft. VlOILR,ve'ihtl',1an orthodox Afrkaa
bishop of Thapsus, was deprived of his see in 484 A.b
by Huneric, the Vandal king. He afterwardi lived b
Europe, and wrote several worlts which be endeavoured
to make pass for the productions of Athanaaius, Augus-
tine, and other eminent Fathers.

VfgUItia, [Ft. Vigilr,] a native of Rome, beanM
pope in S37 a.i>., in opposition to Sjlverius, whom Beli*
sarius had banished. He died in 554 A.Ik, and «U
succeeded by Pclagius I.

Tlgln, do. See LuKOHf, (Silla.)

VlgUn*. See Ayta.

Vigne^ da, d^h vUl, (Ftux,) a Belgian painter, bora
in Ghent in iSofi; died December 7, 1S61.

VlfDe, do, (Pierre,) a Belgian scnlptor, a brother of
the preceding, was bom at Ghent in iSia. He stndkd
in Rome, (1837-41)

Tlciia,dala,dthltvtfi,(AKrRt,)aFrench

and mediocre poet, born abnui 1450. He wrote ai. __
count of the expedition of Charles VIIL to Naples ■
a work called "Le Vergier d'Honnettt." Diwi abaM
I5»7-

Vlgna, dolls, (PiRTRo.) See Vinzia.

Vlgne, La. See La VtCNE.

Vigiieitir«,de,dehvin'yeh-naiR', (Blaise,) aPrtaA
writer and translator, born in Bourbonnais in 1513, be-
came private secretary to llenn III. Hi* wtnlia haw
fallen into oblivion which i* said to be mciitd Died
in 1596.

vlgaeron. See Veneroni.

TlsnanUOanUls. See AROohnr, C.

Tlgnler, vtn'y^', (jtRSiiE,) a French nniidsmalifl
and scholar, was born at Blois in 1606; died in i66l

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VIGNJER »;

TiEnlar, (Nicolas.) a French hlmoHan and phrildan,
bom at Bar-iur-5«ine in ijjo. He published, boidn
Mhet work), "HUtorical Librarjp," ("La BibliotMque
hialcniale,"^ voli^ IjSS.) Died in tjge.

His ion NICOLAS, born about I57S< was • Prntentani
•ninistCT, and wrote against popery. Died at i)l<M* abuji

visDOU, da, dl Ttn'yo-tl, (Fr. Vignolc, vtn'jrolM
(GiACOMO Baroulo, bS-rot'ico, or Barooolo,) an
eminent Italian aichitect,bornat Viana1ainiso7. After
baTine studied at Rome, be visited France in conrpany
with Primaticcio, and was employed alter his return in
•aiious put>lic worki at Bologna, Piacenia, and other
towns, lie was ■ubaefguenlljr patronized by Pope juliui
II., who made him hii archjiecl and employed him to
construct the Viila Giulia. The palace at Caurarola.
Dear Rome, built for the cardinal Alexander Fatnene,
l> regarded as bis master-piece. In 1564 Vignola suc-
ceeded Michael Angelo as architect of Saint Peter's,
He was the author of ■ IrealiM on the five orders a(
srchiieeture, entitled " Reaole delle cinque Ordini
d'Architcttura," (156J,) which is etteemed a standard
work, and "Roles of Practical Perapective," (1583.)
Died in 1573.

S« Vjkuai.'-LiTaafilH Piinirn,<'crc: Uiiiti>, "ViiideKli
Atchiictii ;" QuATiaHtaa ■>■ Qumcv, " Uiitoira dn plui ctitbi ■

Vignol«. See VIONOIA.

Vlgnolea. Ree Lahikb, (Stienne.)

VisnolM, dot, dk Ttn'yoK, (Alphonse.) a French
Protestant divine, born in Languedoc In 1649, becaine
minister of the church at Co|)enick, near Berlin, about
170J. His most important worlt is a "Chronology of
Sacred History, and other Hislorica, from the Departure
oQt of ^ypt to the Captivity of Babylon," (in French,
1733.1 He was one of the first members of the Royal
Society of Berlin. Died in 1744.

Vl^oll, vtn'yo-Tee, (Giovanni,) ait Italian antiquary
and numismatist, born in Tuscany atx>Dt 1680- He
became librarian of the Vatican In 1710. Died in 1753.

Vl^ollo; de, d^h vtn'yol', (Maktik,) a French gen-
eral, bom In Langiiedoc in 1761. He became a general
Df division in 1S03, and chief of the staff of tbe array of
Italy in 1809. Died in 1S14.

VlgnoD, (Claude.) See RoDvtst.

Vlgny, de, d(h vin'yc', (Alfred Victob.) Comts,
■ French writer of high rept' ' " "" •-->---

in the department M Indn

'as bom a I Loches,
March, 1790,

He pnbtisbedin 1S28 his "Ancient and Modern Poems.^
(" Puemes antiques et modcmes,^ a collection of nieces
which bad previously appeared in Parisian periiniicalj.
His other principal works are a historical romance en-
titled "Cinq.MirB,or a Conspiracy under Louis XIII.,"
fiBafi,) which was received with great favour and has
fc«en translated into several languages, "Stella, ur the
Bill* Devils," a prose narrative, and the tragedy of
"Chatlerton," {183},) which met with brilliant success.
He was admitted into tbe French Academy in 1S45-
In early life he married a rich English lady, Lydia Bun-
bury. Died in 1S63.

htt C. Plahcmi, "Ponnlu lilt^nim;" L, !>■ LoMfma. "M.
A. de yi|n», pir on HomiM di Rim," iS^i: S*i>r™-B«uvfc

Vlfo, dl, dee vee'go, (Giovanni,) an eminent Italian
surgeon, bom at Genoa, lived atiout 1510, practised at
Rome, and wrote on surgery.

Vigor. ve'goR', (Simon,) a French prelate, bom at
Cvieui at>oui iJ'S- H* *** court preacher to Charles
IX.. and Archbishop of Narbonne. Died in ijyj.

Vig'^rl, (Nicholas Avl'ward,) a naturalist, bom
h the county of Carlow, Ireland, in 1787, was the first
•ecretary of the Zoological Society, to the "Transac-
tions" M which be contributed a number of treatises.
Died in 184a

Vlgnin, ve'ge-])', (Adrien,) a French novelist and
dramatist, born uTParis in 1793.

Tlcnler, (Piuas Francois,) a French Orientalist,
born at ltesan;on in 1745 1 died in Paris in 1811.

Viguler, d«, d(h ve'gg^', (Paule,) a French lady,
celebrated (or ber beauty and virtoe, was bom at Tou-
louse in tsi&- She was marticd to the Baron de Fontc-
nillc. Died in 161a.

>l VILLANI

VUcrlmadltya (vlk-r^-ml'dll-yf) I. a celebrated
Hindoo sovereign, who, afiout the year 56 n.C., as ta
supposed, defeated the Tartar hordes who had taken
pcosession of Northern Hindosian and drove them
beyond the Indus. There is good ground to believe
that the reign of this prince was equal in splendour to
that ofanyolhermonarchlhat ever lived. Hisdominiun
extended over the whole of Northern Hindustan. The
capital of his vait empire was Ujjayint, (now Ooieln.)
He was a liberal patron of literature and tcrence. Nine
illustrioua men of genius, called in Oriental phraw the
"nine gems," adorned his court and were supported by
his bounty. Among these, according to a somewhat
doubtful tradition, was the immortal KSIidSsa, who has
been siyled " the Shakspeare of India." (See KIliiiXsa.)
1'he reign of Vikramidiiya is conimonly considered to
mark an important era in the history of India ; but lliero
is much unceruint; as to the actual time in which he
lived. It is certain, however, that there were several
Hindoo monatchs who bore the name or title of Vikrft*
mftditya, which signifiea "sun of strength."

Vilsdn (vc'llNl XUIL, (Chablm Ghtslaih Guil-
LAUHE,) VicoMTE, a Bcl^'an politician, born at Brua-
sets in 1803. He was mmister of foreign affairs from
March, 1855,101857, having previously bnn ambassador
to dtflerent courts of Italy. Died November 16, 1878.

VUaln XUIL, (Jean Jacques PHtLippe,) Vi-
COMTl, a Belgian financier, bom at Alost ii> 1713. He

iginated the penitentiary system of Belgium. Died
1777.

Vi'laa, (William F.,) ao American statesman,
bom at Chelsea, Vermont, in 1840. He became a
colonel ia the civil war, and afterwards a lawyer ia
Wisconsin. He was chairman of the National Demo-
Convention of 1S84, postmaster- general of the
United Slates 1S85-89, secretary of the interior Janu-

y to March, 1889, and United Stales Senator iSgi-

- Died August 37, 1908.

Vllata, ve'Sf, (Joachim,) a French Jacobin, born tn

■68, was imprisoned in 1794, and eaecutcd in 1795.

VUL vil^^|«.^"wilj,"] in the Norse mythology, m

TlllaJoboa, de, dl vil-vSlo'aAs, (Francisco,) %
Spanish physician and poet, oorn at Toledo about 148Q,
He wrote a medical treatise in verse, called "Summarr
of Medicine," (" Sumario de la Medicina," 1498.) and
other works, lie was employed as physician toCharlet
V. white that monarch resided in Spain. It is ttated
that he retired from court a poor man about 154a Died
atx)ul 1560.

VlUaIpandl,vtl-yl|.plii'dee, or Vitlalpando, vi|.
rSI-plu'do, or, more fully, do Torreblanca (ill toR-ili.
>llii'kS) 7 VlUalpandl, (Francisco,) a Spanish jurist
>uin at Cdrdova; died about 1645.

VlllEdpaDdl, (Juan BAUTis-rA,) a Spanish Jesuit and
mathematician, an uncle of the preceding, was bum al
C6rdova in 1551. He wrote a commentary on EseUcL
Died in 1608.

VUIamedlanaL, da, dk vil-yl-mi-ne-i'ni, Coukt, a
Spanish courtier and poet, mstinguished for his ac>
— iplishmenis and wit. He was assassinated in tha
et of Madrid in 1611 by an unknown hand. Hit
death was ascribed by some to the Jealousy of the kin^
Villamcdiana had expressed admiration of the queen,
Eliiabetfa of France,

ViUamene, vtl.li-ml'ni, (Francesco,] an Italiaa

igiaver, born at Assisi atiout 158S. He died at Rohm

itie age of sixty.

VUlaudoiL See UHSritier.

VUluil, vti.ll'nee, (FiLirra.) an Italian historian and
biographer, sun of Matteo, noticed below, was theauthof
of lives of Dante. Pctrarcb, aitd other eminent Floren*
'nes, (in Latin,) also a work on the origin of the French
■nga, (" De Otigine Regum Fraocorum.") Died about

TUIahI, (Giovanni,) an eminent Italian historian,
bnrn at Florence abom iiSol He was the author of a
" History of Florence from iis Origin down to bis Own

%mk: cast; \h»4i i»tJia,H.K.fitmmI: s^miai; %,trmtJi lass; Ihasin/A*b (tV^See E«plaHUiont.p.s3.)

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.... . _- of ill lt)rl_. ___

«ru elected to Ihe higu office of prior in 1316 and in
1311. Died In 1348.

71U«al, <HATnu^) brother of the , „ ....

tlnued the " HUlorjr of FTorenee" down to 1363, In which

{ear he died. Jlis work i* commeiided fot accnrac; ard
ruihfulncM,

Villa Nova or VlUaaov-Bnui. See Arnaldus.

TiUanueva, do, dl vtl-yl-nwi'vl, (Joaquin Lo-
KiNZO,) a Spnlsh ilatesman and patriot, born in the
province of Valencia in 17^7. Having been ordained a
priest, he wa« appointed court preacher at Madrid and
confeuoc at the royai chapel. He wat elected lo the
Cortea in iSio, and published, loon afler, a defence of
coniiiiuiionalitm from the philosophy of Aquinas, en
titled " AngeltcM Fueniea, 6 el Tomiata en las Cotie*.'
Afitr the return of Ferdinand VIL, he was conlined
•eireral years In a monastery. The constitutional gov-
ernment having been overthrown in 18*3, he removed
to Ireland, where he died in 1S37. He was the author
of the " Spaniah Christian Year," (19 vols.,) Iieing an
account of the Spanish church festlvais, etc, ■ treatise
in favour of reading the Scripture* In the common lan-
guages, entitled " l5e la Leccion de la sagrada Escritura
«n Lenguas vulgares," and a Latin diueriaiion on the
Phoenician coloniiation of Ireland, etc; He aUo trans-
lated Faley'i " Natural Theology," and other Engliah
works, into Spaiiiih. Hia brother Jaimb, born in 1765.
wai the author of a "Literary Tour to the Churches of
Spain," (unfinished.) Jaime died in London In 181^

Tlllar, vtl'yiR', (NoIlL Gaikiii. Luce.) a French
bishop, turn at Toulouse in 1748. Aa a member of the
Convention, (■79>-45,) he protnoted education and liter-
ary in te testa. Hewaiimanberof the French Academy,
Died in i8s&

Villorenl See Fhnandiz ViU^RKAt.

Villuet rt'ySfri', (Claudk,) a French liltiratn»,
born in Paris about 1730^ wa* the author of leverat
dramas and lictitioul works, and wrote a continuation of
Velly's " History of France." He treated of the period
from 1319 to 1469. Died in 1766.

Villaret; de, d«h ve'yf ri^, (FoULHUis,) a French
commander, wa* chosen grand master of tlie order o<
Malta in 1307. He captured Rhodes in 1310, and [•-
•igned his office in \y.<i. Died in 1337.

. . , '• '^*t- Villaret,

who commanded In this action, lost about seven ships.
In June, 17^5, he was defeated by Lord Bridport, w^o
kada superior force. He commanded the naval force*

Taken by the English. Died in iSii.

VUIarl. (Pasqualk.) an Italian scholar, bom at
Naples io 1817. Educated in the University of
Naples, he became in 1859 a professor of history at
IHsa, and in 1S66 at Florence. In 1S91 he was made
minister of public instruction. His works include
"Savonarola and bis Times," (1859-61,) "Modem
Painting in Itahr and France," ( 18&9,) " Machiavelli
and his Times,*' (1877,) "The First Two Centuries
of Florentine History,'' (1895,) etc. He married
LmoA VVhitb, an English writer, bom 1836, author
of "Camilla's Girlhood," "A Double Bond," " Here
and There in Italy," etc.

VUUn, ve'yia' or vtrylR', (DoHIHIOUl,) ■ French
botanist, born in Dauphin^ in 174$, studied medicine,
and took his degree in 177S. He was appointed in 1805
professor of medicine and botany at Strasbourg He
published a "Natural History of the PlanU <rf Dau-
phin J," (with 6jplitea,4 vols., 1786.) and othei botanical
works, also "Principles uf Medicine and Surgery."
The genua Villarsia was named in his honour. Died
In 1814.

VILLAVICWSA

.1 of General Pterre de VUUr%
noticed below. He had a handsome form, and perMul
■dvantaKe* which, with his couruc and Ugh spirit, carl*
attracted tb« notice of Lods XlV. For u» caadact at
Sene( in 1674. be obtained the rank tX cokweL H«
served In Flanders and Alsace from that yiiar nntil tta«
peace of 167S, after which he wm emplcTed in diplo-
niatic mission* to Vienna and Munich. Hairing returned
to Paris about 1688, he obtained Ihe (avoiir of ICadaM*
de Maintenon wtA Lotivois, who appointed him c«a*-
mlsaary- general of cavalry In l6u. He becaoH a
lieutenant-general in 1693, and served Mverat campaigM
near the Rhine in the war which waa ended bj the peace
of Ryswick, in 1697. In 1698 be wa* sent a* unbuM-
dor to Vienn*, where be displayed tnnck Jtmutt, and
adrcntly conntenctad the Intrigue* of Ihe Anatriaw
court in relation lo the Spanhh succeMfaMi. The war
of the Spanish wicceiston began In 17011 and Vlllajt re-
turned to Piria, He married Madem«*ellc de Varange-
villo In 1701. Having been appointed commander of
an army sent to aid the Elector of Bavaria, he gained %
victory on the Rhine in October, 170a, and was raised
lo the rank of marshal of France in the same vcar. In
I704he subdued theCamisards,ProteManla of Civenncsi
who had revolted. For this service he received iIm
Htleofdukein 1705. He It praised by sevenl En^ish
writer* for hi* bumanily to the Camisards. He obulLied
in April, 1705, command of the srmv of die HoaeUe,
with which he look l.autcrburg and Hagncna* in tyot^
and invaded Wtirleniberg in 1707. In Jah«aij, tyag^
he took command of the army Ut F1an«n^ where be
was oppoMd to the Duke of HariboroDKh and Prioca
Cunne. He was defeated by them at tbe great battia
t Halplaquel, (1709,) having In the early part at te
ction received a wound srhich disabled bin fcr aosM
lontha. This victory wa* dearly boi^;iit to tba allies,
ho lost about 30.000 men. Villacs was cc
want of men and money, to remain on ll
in 1711. He comnunded with socce** af^nat Prince
Eugene, who invaded France in 1713. Tbe FrenA
gained a victory at Denain, took Doual and Boochaiiv
and compelled tlie enemy to retreat to Brussela. After
theireatyof Utrecht (1713) ensued a long peacb Villam
had great inSuence at court in the latter part of hia life^
and wa* a member of the oonndl of atate in the reign
of Louis XV. He wa* one of the most Ibrturute, si
well as rnont able, French general* of hla time. E>ied at
Turin in 1734-

Sea "Mtoiohes Jg VDIn" (niHv writim bjr H*mK) ■
n>h., I7U1 PavmniBi, "Elota^ Vaian," in*: Aimeta.

Louh XIV !" SAin-SiinM. -UtBiAtmf DAiraui^Mw^r
SAiNTa-Baui% -CaosBim do l^mAr -MaavaOe vivtm

mpelled.b,

Tlllara, ds^ (HonoKi AaMAMnJ Prince de Hartlgeetb
bornin 1701, waaaaoQofMarabal^nUan. Hebeea^t
overnot of Provence, and a member of Oe FtcoA
Lcademy in 173a. His talent* were only ordinary,
le waa a friend of Voltaire. Died in 1770.
Villain do^ (MoNTPAUCON, mAN'iirUN'J A»4 a
tench ecdeaiasticL bom near Tonloose In 1635, settled
I Paris, where he bsctme celebrated a* a pntpii oraUt.
He published in 1G70 a ladtlcal work, entitled *■ Con-
versation* of tbe Count de Gabalis^" ("Eniietien* da
Comte de Gabalf*,'^ for which he wa* forUddea ih*
pul^t He was killed br robbera in 167^

Tlllara, da, (Piirr^J a French general and fpto-
matist, bom In 1613, wa* the father ^ Marsha] ViUai&
" — ^rved in Italy under the Prince of Contl On v>
at the enmitv of Louvois, he left the army and
became a diplomatist He was sent aa ambassador te
Spain in 1671, and to Denmark In 16S3. Died in tfnA.
His wife, MAitiR GiCAitt.T Dt BtLLEFuKDs, (ge'gV d^
bf ITAn',) born In 1614. ira* distinsalihed lor inielligenca
and wit. She wrote Letters, which were puWiabed b
■;7S^ Died in 1706.
VUlara-Branoaa. See Brahcas, (AitdrA)
VlIlKvlotOMi, de, dl vtl-yi-ve-Jie-o'sl. (Jost,) t
Spanish poet and ecclesiastic, Eiorn at Siguenn in idOL

. ' ■ '■ ' r3

was appointed ii

r of Ihe Ungilom «

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VILLS *x

HurcU. Hi* principal work n the ** Bittle of the Tliet,"
(" Li Mo*qa«a,") ■ mock-heroic poem. Died tn i6j&

T1U«, Oe, dth «tl, (Ahtoiki,] ji French milltarjr en*
gjncet and writer on forlibcacimi, botn M ToolooM jd
1596 ; died in ltij&

TUledlmi, de. d^h T&I'de-uh', (Mami CATHB>rHt
HoKTBKSt DwJudltw—^lj'ihlR'dlN',) Madams, *
French authored, barn near Fougires tn 1631. She
wrote verie* and noveti which were once papular. Died
in 1683.

TUleforB, d«, d(h vH'foii', (Joibph Francois Boirs*
OOIN,) a French biographer, 1>om tn Paris in 1651. He
wrote a "Lite a\ Saint Bernard," (1704.) and live* of
Other ninu. Died in 1737.

VillefoHO. See HftKON Dk Villetosss.

Tille&Dy. dftdfh uil'fRirl', <GutLLAUHI,) a French
OrientAiit, b^rn in Pari* in 169a He founded in 1744
• lodetj of lingnJMi, called Cafmtiiu kibmiiiiMts, who
■nughi ioex|jlain the prophecie* of Scripture by a double
literal (enie. He became profcMor of Hebrew at Paris

s Du.

intjsa. Died in 1777.

VilleragiioQ, de, d; „ ^

RAND,) CHlVALin, a French adml

paoQ, de, dfh vtl'gtn'y&t)', (Nio

IS in 1510, «a*ancphcwof VUliertderisleAdun,
nand master of the order of Halt*. He commanded
Ute vcMcl which conveyed Mary Queen of Scoti to
France in 1548. He proposed to found in Bruil a
Frcncb colony where the Proteilanla could enjoy re-
Ijeiooi liberty, and obtained the patronage of Admiral
CoUgny foi thai enterprise. In 1555 he conducted -

party of emigrants in two vessels to Brazil. He did
not tucoeed in forming a permanent colony, and he
teluToed to France, where he was censured for hi*

mitmsnagement. Died in i;7i.

aoinc" "H^nlli BIncnphH Oi'-i^'i^

TU1«0W, da, dii vil-^'gl*, (AujNio,) ■ Spanish
writer M (onuuiee, born at Toledo, flouriibed about
■S50l He wrote " SeWacda," which i* tn imitadon of
the " Celestina."

ViU«BK(,de,(AHTONlo,)a Spanish noet, lived about
I5$a A volume of hi* poem* was puDlished in iS^S-

E« LoMTuunr, " Foci* and Potiry of Bun>p»"

VlUegBB, do, (EsTBVAN MANUEL,) a Celebrated lyric
pnet of Spain, bcrn in Old Castile in 1596, publiihed a
collection of poem* entitled " Amalorias," (i6aa) He
also translated Horace and Anacreon into Spanish Terse,
and made a prose translation of Boethiua. Died in 1669.

"The graceful luxuriance of the poetry of Villegas,"
Myi Houlerwek, " has no parallel in modern literature ;
mnd, generally speaking, no modem writer has so well
Mcceeded in Diending the spirit of andent poetry with
the modern."

Set TiCKNoa. " Kinorr tt Spuiih Uuntnrs."

TUlegtM, da (FiRNANDO Rira,) a Spanish wtltei of
Latin vetM.born at Burgos, Hved about 1500-1 tjo. He
became governor of Burgos, and was a friend ofErasmua.
lie left many elegant Latin poem*, which remained in
manuscript until 1743.
_ Set ViciHn H UH KiM " Hcmoriu dt U Vida d* F. Roil da

vmegBB, d«, (Francisco.) See Qukveimx
VUtega*, d«, (Paito Fernandez,) a Spanbli poet,
born in 1453, became Archdeacon of Burgo«. He trans-
lated Dante's "Inferno" into Spanish verse, (1515.)
Died in 1535.

VUtetuudonin, d«, dfh vtl'lit'doo-iN'. (GKomov,]
ti French diptomalist and historian, born at Ard*-aur-
Aube about ii6j. He was sent in izoi, by Thibauli,
Count of Champagne, to solicit aid from the Venetians
in filling out a crusade, in which mission he was suc-
cessful. In 1304 he aulated in the siece of Constanti-
nople, and afterwards wrote an interesting account of it,
entitled "The History of the Capture of Constantinople
by the French and Venetians-" It is supposed to be
tne oldest prose history in the French language, and is
esteemed one of the most valuable records of the time.
Died about iai3-

See MrcHAUD, " H'axarj of tU Crnodcs.-

VlllAle, de. dfh velU', (Josrfh,) Coukt, * French

sented the department of Hautc-Garonne in the Cham-
ber of Deputies, where he wa* a prominent advocate of
the ultra- royalist party. After the &1I of the Decaies
ministry, he became minister of state iii iSm, and of
finance in 1S31. lie was appointed president of iht
council (prime minbteT)in September, 1S12. Histalcntc
for administration were respectable, but be was not
oapable of grand views and genuine atatesmanship. H*
rendered himself unpopular by Illiberal and rcactionair
measures, and was removed from office in January, iSlS.
Died in i8s4.

Set Di Mtrvtu.*. "NMka nr H. da VilMlt." >>}<; L. DC
LoutHia, "U. de Villtlt. par Hn Homin* dc Rien." 1)411 L*>

Villemtiln, vil'mlN', (Abel Francois,) a celebrated
French critic, orator, and minister of state, born in Paris
on the 9th of June, 1700. He wa* educated at the lm>
pcrial Lyceum, (Collige Louia-le- Grand,) and was a
pupil in rhetoric of Luce de Lancival. About igia
he was appointed professor of rhetoric in the Lyc^
Charlemagne by M, de Fontanel. He gained a priM
oflered by the Institute, in iSii, for his " Eloge de Mon-
taigne," in which he displayed a great power of general-
ization and an excellent gift of harmonious language.
He produced. In 1814, a "Discourte on the Advantages
and Inconvenience* of Criticism," which was crowned
by the French Academy. In tSi6 he became professor
of French eloquence at the University of ntis, and
rote an " Cloge de MDntes<{uieu.'* He acquired a high
^pulation aa a professor and critic. Blending in h»
lectures literary analysis, biography, spicy anecdotes,
ingenious judgment* m detail, and prufouno generalities,
he gave to them the form of eloquent con versa tiun. A*
~ - -'- he was liberal, Impartial, and disposed to appr«<
eril, in whatever nation or school it appeareiL

appointed master of requests to the council of

Elate In 1818, published a " History of Cromwell," (X
vol*., 1819,1 and wa* tdmlned into the French Academy
in iSii. Having avowed liberal political opinions, h«
wa* deprived of the office of master of requesti in 181T.
Under the new regime he became a peer of France m
1831. president of ihe royal council of public inslruclioK
in 1834, and perpetual secretary of the French Acadenw
in the same year. He published 'his " Lectures en Frendi
Literature."^ (■' Cout* de Uttiraiure Franfaise," S vol*.,
1818-38,) which it considered his principal work. He
was minister of public instruction from May, 1839, to
March, 1^40, and held the same office in the cabinet of
Guiiol ftom October, 1840, to December, 1844. Aflet
the revolution of 1848 he look no part in politic;

Among his numerou* works we notice " Discours et
Melange* littjraires," <i3i3,) and " Studies of Ancient
ind Foreign. Literature," (1846.) Died in Hay, 1870.

M. Villemain is generally r«^niicd as one of the
nost accomplished writers of hia lime. Hi* style i*
admirable, and hi* works present a happy union of mod-
eration with independence, while they preserve a due
equilibrium between reason and imagination.

S« L. tn l.nMtHii, " M. VIDuuln. pu tin KmnH l» Ritn,"
iSli i SxiHTS-BiuvB. " Portnhi eanumponliu," and "CauKiiM
da LoBdi;" F. 2. Couj>mmt, "I*. ViHeirnin. dt m Optnim*

Uricuui," tic, i!lt4; "Nounllt Diogiaphi* C^a^nlx,^•

ViUemesaont, vtl'mi'sAN', (Jean Hippqlvie Car-
TIES,) a French journalist, born at Rouen in iSll. He
supported the iJegitimist parly, and began to publish
the " Figaro" in Paris in 1854. Died April 11, 1879.

TUlemot, vtl'mu'. (Phiuppk.) a French astronomer

id priest, bom at ChSlons-sur-Saflne in 1651. He
published in 1707 a "New System or Explanation of
the Movements of the Planet*." Died in 1713.

VillengL. de, A\ vil-yi'nl^ (Don Enrique,) MA'aQUt^
a celebrated Spanish scholar and writer, born in 1384.
was related to the TOyal familiea of Castile and Aragoit,
His extraordinary attainments in science procureiTfor
bim among his cuntemporarie* the reputation of a necro-
mancer- He translated Virgil's ".lilneid" and Dante'*
poem* into Spanish, and wrote several original works,
among which is " Gaya Sciencia." Died in 1434,

ui. ^it 1: i*arJ; ^aij: a,H,K,fiiMirai; H.iuuai; ^triiM; ii3t:

thai

iiAw. (i

d by Google

VILLENA

VUlena, de, (JtiANPaclMoo— {d-chl'ko,) Marqitu
■ Spanish courtier, became the favourite and chief
minister of Henry IV. of Cistile about 1454, He wm
> man of great abilitiet and ambition, and acquired an
entire ascendency over the imbecile king. After the
malcontent nobles formed a lea[;ae againil Henry IV.,
(1460,) Villena was supplanted in the row! favour by
Bertrand de la Cneva ; bat be retained hii power In

joining the nobles who had Kvolted, and who deposed
Henry In 1464- Died In 1474-

vmenave, til'nlv', (MAXHTin Guillaumi Tm-
BftsE,) a French liafraiair axiA journalist, bom in Lan-
suedoc in 1763. He practised as an advocate during
the Revolution, and was imprisoned in 1793^ on sus-
pidon of madhantamt. He edited severat journals of
Paris under the republic and restoration, wrote many
mrtidet for the " Biomphle Universelle," and produced
a translation of Ovid^s " Metamorphoses," (4 vols., 1807
-33,) which was received with bvour, and Tariooi other
works. Diod in Paris In >S46.

St* Qu Aabd, " La Pnnc* Untafa*."

TlIleiUTft, (TKtoDOKX,) a French littiratetir, ■ son
af the preceding, was born at Nantes In 179S. He pro-
duced, besides other works, a drama, called " Walslein,"
(i8jS,) and-ConsUntine," ■ poem, <i837.) Died 1866.

TUleneuTe,de,(Aiit«AUD>.) See Akmalous Villa-

tlOVANlIS.

VUleDeiiv& 9», d^h vtl'oirv', (CKBisropin,)

In 1615.

VllI«a«TiTa, dOi (Gabublls Suxanni Barbol—
UrIk/,) a French novelist, bora about 169S- She died

Villenaiiva. de. (Guillaume,) a French aoldier and
writer of the fifteenth century, accompanied Charles
VIH. In his Italian carap^gn, and was the author of
"Memoirs of tbeConqoesI of Naples," {14Q7.)

VlUeneaTflk d<^ (II^On or Elion, xlt'lnt',) was
bom in 1370. Having entered (he order of Saint John
of Jerusalem, he was elected grand master of Rhodes
in 1319. Died in 1346.

vUlOtMiiva, 6», (HtioM, 4ii'&N',) a French poet
under the reign of Philip Augustus, was the author of
"Lesquatre nis d'Aymon,"and other work*.

VUleneave^ d*, (Louis,) a French general, bora
about 1450, was appointed by Charles VJIL commander
of the army sent against Naples. He was subsequently
employed on Important missions to Rome, and in 1505
was aeated a marquis by Louis XIL, being the first who
received that title in France. Died b 1516.

VUlMteare^ de^ (Piikr>Ckablis Jkan Baptists
SavESTKi;) a French admiral, born at Valcnsotes
(Basse*>Alpes) In 1763. He gerved with distinction in
Uh American war, Mcune a rear-admiral in 1796, and
commanded the right wing of the fleet which was
defeated by Kelson at the battle of the NUe, In t7<)8.
With the rank of vice-admiral, he fought an indeciaive
battle against Sir Robert Catder, near Cape Finisterre,
In Ju!y, 1805. He commanded about thirty-three ships
of the line at the battle of Traialgar, where the French
were defeated with great loss snd Villenenve was taken

K'soner, (October, iSoj.) He was blamed by Napoleon
this def^c, and committed suicide at Rennet in
April, 1S06.

£« J,'I. MAontiHS, " Mlnistn irfenilapqM tot li Vice-Anlnl
«• VUltnenn." 1S141 ''Hoannt BiO[i*pliEa GMnk."

Vtllflnenva, de, (RomAb.) an eminent French states-
man and nneral, bom about it7a He was employed
in the service of Berenger, Count of Provence, and was
regent of Provence after the death of Berenger, in 1345.
Died after iiJCh

VlUenenve, de, (Rosalink,) ^ French nun, noted
for her ascetic ple^, born about 13G3, wa* canonized.
Died in 1319.

VlUeneave-Bugemon, de, dfh vtl'nuv' btaxh'-
miN', (Jean Paul Albai»—*'b6t(',}VicoMTB,aFrencb
economist, bom near Grasse (Provence) In 1784. He
received the Montyon prize li^ his •■ Christian Political
Economy, or Researches Into the Causesof Pauperism,"
etc, (3 vol*., 1834.) Died in i8sa

i^<^I.B>fi.T,/«v;l>>t^A,»amc^lea*pKdongediI,i.l,4,S.f,

74 VILLETERQUE

VQlenetiT«-Truu, de, dfh vtl'mrr' taSM, (Lovn
Frak^ois,) Marquis, a bUtorieal writer, bom in 178^
wa* a twin-brother of the preceding. Among his works
is a " Historv of Saint Looii, King of France," (3 toUh
iSifii] Died in iGjO.

VillannA, ve'ytR'rai', tLoins,) a ton of the followtng,
was born in Paris in 1819. He wrote on agrkalnu«
and economy.

Vllleim^ (Lovis Ritti,) a French economist artd
medical writer, bora in Paris in 1783. He advocated
reform in the treatment of prisoners^ founded the " An-
nales d'Hygihie," (1839,) and was the first, it ia su^
to apply statistics to qaestiona of hygiene; Hb chief
work Is a "Tableaa of the Moral and Physical State
of Operatives employed in the Hann&cture of CoUoi^
Wool, and Silk," (3 vol*., t84a) Died in 1863.

S« " Nosvdla Bi(«nphii Ctofaali."

TUlOTol or Vaiwcy, do. dfh vil'awl', (Charim
do Nottfville — dfh ntin'vt!',) Marquis, a Frendi gc»
era], born about 1560^ was called Marquis d'Alincooit
in his youth. He fought for the Leaigue, and was a
rival olSully. Died in 1643.

▼llleroi, de^ (Francis si Nioptilli,) Dix^ •
marshal of France, bom in Paris in 1644. waa a aoe
of Nicolas, noticed below. He was better qualified M
courder than a generaL He b ' ' *

and n

de-cunp in 1674, lieutenant-general in 1677,
■hil of France in 1693. Tlironeh royal fi
he was appointed commander-in-dief of the annv ia
Flanders in 169S. lie failed to relieve Namar, wbiA
was besieged and taken by William IIL of E^and.
He commanded at the battle of Ramitlic*, <i7o&1 where
he was defeated by Marlborough ; bnt be retaifted Ae
lavonr of Louis XIV. even after this dissner. He
wa* noted for his preaumptioa and self-esteem. Died
in 173a

See SArnT-SrHOH. "Mimoltet;" VoirAim, "SIM* de LoA
XtV;" Di CouitcsLUK, " DictiBinafa* da Gtefrsm rnafu*^
"Nsunlla BisgnpUa Gfotnk."

Villeroi, de, (Nicolas dk Neitftillx,) Ditc, a
courtier and general, bom ia 159S, wa* a son of Charlei,
noticed above. He became a marshal of Fraoce, and
govenior or the young king Louis XIV., about 164&
Died fn 1685.

VUlerol or VUleroy.de, (Nicolas dk Nsuftiu4J
SUCNSVR, a French minister of stale, bora in 1544
was the father of Charles, noticed above. He was ap-
pointed secretary of stale in 107, after which be was ft
trusted counsellor of Charles IX. and Henry IIL He
became a partisan of tbe Catholic League, utd was tte
agent of the negotiationa opened in 1589 between tbe
Duke de Uantine and Henry IV. In 1594 be entered
the service of Heniy IV. as secretary of states He wM
a rival or enemy of Sully. Died in 1617.

S«P.MATiiiiu,"RniurqDawrlaVi«dtH.dtim«ei;"i<iA

VlUerojT. See Viixerol .

VUIera, ve'yV, | Francois Tot»3Aiirr,) a French mo
lutionist, born at Rennes in 1749. He was a membcv
of the Convention ol 1793-95, and of the Coimcxl «(
Five Hundred. Died in 1807.

Vlllers, de, dfh ve'yi', (Ciia>us Francois Domi*
NiQUE,) a French philosopher and miscellai»eo«s writer,
bom in Lorraine in 1764. Soon after the breaking oat
of the Revolution, he published a treatise "On Libert*,"
by which he exposed nimielf to the persecution of me
Jacobin*, and was obliged to take refuge in Germa^
He there made the acquaintance of Ileeren, Jacobi, anl
other eminent writers, and became thoroughly versed
in German literature, which he greatly contributed 10
render popular in France. He was appointed in 1811
professor of philosophy at Gotlingen. He was the
author of an " Essay on the Spirit arul Influence of
Ijither's Reformation," which was crowned by tlis
French Ineiituie and was translated into English, Cer
man, Dutch, and Swedish, " Report on the Sute «(
Andent Literature and History in Germany," and
" Philosophy of Kant," etc He also translated a nem>
bet ofsiandard German work* into French. Died in iSi^

Sc< HiCHiL Bnm "Nocia hi M. C ViUcn," iIii : Shbs
. B^iH, "Villen,M>dinHilcKadde«lMailui>cdiSua,~it<a

TlUeterqne, do, dfh vil'ilak', (ALEXANt>RR LoonJ

•^erl; I, ;, 1 9, titcurti fir, QUI, [U; mlt; itAl;g4&di mdB«

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

S Frendi wriKr, botn it LiBny fn 1759. He wa* an
editor of tbe "Joamil de Pan*," and published "Dra-
matic Eways," (1793,} and " Essays on Morals aiid Phytl-

French WTJICT, born in Paris in 1736, was a friend of
Voltaire. He wrote verses, ^loges, etc In 1792 he
became a member of the Convcnlion. Died in 1793.

TUlitininA,ve'1e-S'inl',(NlCOLAS,)aFieiich historian,
Advocate, and political economist, bom at Pont-1-Mous-
•on in 1814. He published, besides olher works, a " Hi'S'
lory of the French Revolution," (1850,) and a " Treatise
vn Political Economy," (1857.) Died in 1877,

Villl«ra. See Buckingham, Duks or.

Tilllais. See Clakkndoh.

TUllwm, vil'ycrE, [Charlxs Pelham,)

... ^.._, , . . English

brother of Lord Clarendon, was born in

iSoi. He became a Uberal member of

Parliament in 1835, and made annually a

) dut]t 01

■ appointed

judge-ad vocaie-^cncral in 1853, and nretideni of the
poor-taw board in iGS9 ', resigned in 1S661.

VUli«n,(HuiKrMoMTAGUE,)a brother of the pre-
ceding, was bom in 1813. He became Bishop of Durham
in tSs& Died in 1861.

Vmiara, da, d?h ve'yj^', (Jban.J a French general,
bom about 1384- He was an enemy of the Armagnac
bclion, and fonahl for (be English gainst the King of
France. Died itl 1437.

Tilliers, de, (Pierhk,) a French writer and preacher,
bom at Cc^nac in 1G48. He published a poem on the
Art of Preaching," ("L'Art de ptecher," 168a,) oflen
reprinted, and several religious and moral esrays. Died
In Paris in 1728.

ViUlBis de LTile Adam, de, dfh ve'ygj' 6<;h It:
fdB.w', (Philippe,) a French commander, born ai Beiu-
vais in 1464. He vra* elected grand master of the order
of Saint John at-Rhodes in tj7l. The Turks having
taken Rhodes in ijii, he removed the order to Malta
(n 153a Died in 1534,

VdloiBou. do. dthvc'twl'iA
PARD d'AiiBaa-~dfiNg

rl'lAN', {J CAM BAn-lSTK GAI

., in eminent French Hellenist,
bom at Corbeil-sur-Seine about 1750^ He stndied at
the College of Beituvais, and at the age of fifteen bad
read the greater part of the Greek classics. He pub-
lished in 1773 the first edition of Apollonius's "Lexicon
of the Iliad and Odjrssey," with valuable scholia, from
■ manuscript at Samt-uermain. He was soon after
elected to the Academy of Inscriptions, although by the
rules of the society too young to receive that honour.
Having been sent by the government in 17^8 toexaniine
the Library of Saint Mark, Venice, he discovered nu-
merons (iagmenU of Greek works hitherto unpublished,
which appeared in 1781 under the title of **Anecdota
Grzca," etc He also brought to light a manuscript
•■ Iliad" of the tenth ccnluty, with ancient scholia, (since
called "Scholia Veneta,") published, with learned pio^
Icgomena, in 1788. Thia was considered an Important
discovery. Among his other works we may name his
"Gpistolae Vimarienses," {17S3,] being the result of his
leiearches in the Ubrary of Weimar, and an edition of
the " Pastoralia" of Longui. He travelled in Greece
•bout three years, [178^-88.) He died in April. 180$,

iisl alter he was appointed professor uf Greek in the
oD^e de France.

S<c noH Joseph DACm. " tlofe d* J. R. fAomt dcVTHidun,"
■Ssfi : iriidt " DanMc" in ih* " Nouvdlt biofniphi* G^n^nlb"

VlUoii, vt'ybn', (Francois,) an early French poet,
whose original name waa Corruzil, (koR^iul' or koK'>
buh'yf,) bom In Paris In 1431. He was author of a
humorons poem called "The Great Testament," I" Le
grand Testament,") and is reckoned one '^ the national
poets. Died about 14S5.

5m PionuT, " Dt la Vie et dei Ounuv da VUkn." iMl
Cahpavs, "ViUco, H Vi( M m (Zuvr«,''^iSj»

VOlotte, ve'yol'. (Jacques,) a French Jesuit and
missionary, born at Bar-le-J)uc in 165& lie was em-
plcn^d in Armenia and at Ispahan. He published
"Travels in Tatkey, Persia, Armenia," etc, (1730.)
Died in 1743.

VUinar,'fiI'maB,

r FRtEDJtiCK Chri^iah.)

a German polltldin and writer, born at Soli, In Heiw

" .! £-«ii<

the Church at Casscl in 1851. He wrote " I^cturei

e became iniendant-geiieral of the affairs oj

the History of the National Literature of Geiiuany,"

id Olher works. Died at Marburg, July 30. li

lont, ve'miM', (Josetm,) a French physician, bom
at <..aen in 1795. He published a "Treatise on Human
and Comparaiive Phrenology." (1833-36.) Died in 18^7,
Vlnatera, one of the names of Garui>a, (which

of astronomy and experimental philosophy in the Uni-
versity of Cambridge in 1796, and contributed several
to the " Philosophical Transactions." Among

his '

orks is .

vols., 1797-1808.) He was also Archdeacon ol
IKed in iSat,

Vincent, v1n'b4n',{Alexahdrb Joseph Hldnlpli*
— .le'diiir,) a French mathematician, born at Heidin in
1797, published a "Course of Elementary Geometry,"
" Treatise on the Solving of Numerical Equations," and
other works on various subjects. He became in 1811
professor of mathematics in the Colleee of Louis le
Grand, Died at Paris, November 26, i86i

Vincent. (Fran^jts ANCai.) an able French his-
torical painter, bom in Paris in 1747, was a pupil of Vien,
He gained the grand prize of Rome In 176B, and became
a member of the Royal Academy in 17S1. A picture
of "President Mol^ seized by Factious Persons" is called
his master-piece. Died in 1816.

Vincent, (Fkank,) an American author, born at
Brooklyn, New York, in 1848- He became an inde-
fatigable traveller, and gathered a large collection of
Indo-Chinese art objects, which be presented to the
Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. He de-
scribed his travels in a number of works, also edited
" The Plant World," " The Animal World," etc,

Vincent (John H„) P-D,, a Methodist elermmian,
especially distinguished from his connection witti the
Chautauqua educational enterprise, was born in Tusca-
loosa, Alabama, in 1831. In iS63 he became editor of
the " Sun day- School Journal" of New York, which
under his management attained a circulation of more
than 100,00a In 1874 he established the " Chautauqua
Asaembly," and In 187S the "Chautauqua Literary and
Scientific Circle." He was made a bishop in 1888.
He is the author of numerous works.

Vincent, (Thomas,) an English nonconformist divine,
who was conspicuous for his humanity to the sufferers
from the plague fn London In 1665. He published,
among other works, "God's Terrible Vnce in the Citj
by Plague and Fire." Died in 1671.

Vincent, (William,) D.D., an English scholar and
divine, born in London in 1739. He studied at Trinity
College, Cambridge, was Bjipoinied head-master 01
Weslroinsler School in 1788, and, after several other pre-
fitnnents in the Church, became Dean of Westminster in
i8o3. lie published "The History of the Commerce
and Navigation of the Antients in the Indian Ocean,"
(* vols., 1807,) a "Defence of Public Education, in a
Letter to the Lord Bishop of Meaih," "The Origination
of the Greek Verb, an Hypothesis," and a number of
sermons. The lirsi named is esteemed a standard work.
He was also a contributor to the "British Critic" and
"The Classical JournaL" Died in 1815.

Vincent op Lerims. See Vincentius LraiNBHsn

Vincent de Beauvada, viH'atin' dfh bS'vt', [IjL
■ViNCbtN'ruis Bei.lovacen'sis,] a learned French Do-
minican monk, was tutor to the sons of Louis IX. Ha
was the author of an encydopzdia, entitled " Speculum
Quadruple!" or " Speculum Majus." Died about ii6a

Vincent de Paul, (or Depaul.) vin'sent (or vlK'sfiH'}
dehpSI, {Ger. VtNCENZVONFAtJLA, vin-sints'fonpSw'-
iS,) Saint, a bcncractor and reformer, bora near Dax, in
the southwest of Fiance, in 1576. He waa ordained a
priest in 1600, and was captured in 1605 by corsairs, who
look him to Tunis and sold him as a slave. Having
escaped in 1607. he went to Paris, and became curate
of Clichy in 161 1. About 1613 he was employed as pre-

*a»i;fUt;iiaril;gu/;a,H,K,£iit/unil; n, natal; ^trilied; lass; thasinMic. (Zl^^See Eaplanationa,ph23.}

db, Google

VINCENT

«39«

ccptoT oT the MM vi Philippe Emminael de Gondl,
Count de \'Am^^ One of these pnpits ml the famooi
Cardinal ae Reti. Vincent dittinguished hinuelf Inr his
(Ml to improve the moral ind phjrsical condition of the
poor and the aiclc About 1617 he founded a charitable
Iiulitution, called Conrr^rie de Charity, in which he
made a succeaaful Innovation bjr emplojring the laic e)e<
■nent Heafterwardt ipent some time in reforming and
relieving the priionen In the galleys at MaiMllles. In
1614 he oegan to organise the Congregilion of the Mis-
sions, designed to train teachers and preachers for the
provinces of Frsncc. The priests of this society were
called Lazaristes. He established a found ling-hosnilal
tn Paris about 1638. Amongthe most useful and widely-
extended institutions of Vincent de Paul was the Sisters
of Charity, devoted to the service of the sick. During
the civil war of the Fronde his inexhaustible charity
WM employed in relieving the miseries of lamlne. His
•ervices on this occasion procured for him the title of
Fire de la Fatrie, |" Father of the Countn*.") Tie died
tn Paris In i66a> He was canonised by Pope Clement
XI L In 1737.

Sm Amiv, " VW d« SiiiH Vincni it Piut,** 1U4 : P. Collst.
"VitdaSiint^iBCtDldiPaut.-inili., iTtl! OALUaA, "Vineeiu
«• Piuli." ilai : LuroLD dc Stolkki, '■ Ubn it» VLdmiu t«
Puta," Ilia; LaHAiss. -Vi* <U Sudi Vmoul A% Pinl." i>>i'
AsbI MaUhv. "Pu^CTriqui da SiiDI VikcdI d> Pul." ilii-
Onn<)ua.''r» d* SumVlncnit d. Piul." iRir; Tm. Nimid,
"Via lb Siial Vincnl i* Piul," il<41 A. ChalI-ahl, "Siiiu
ViDceu do Paul," 1(41 i *■ NmiiU* Bi(«n{ihl* GtntnltL'^

Vlnosnt Fmar. See Firui.

Vln-cen'tl-ui (vin-sln'shg^s) Ur-I-nen'alB, [Pr.
VlHCtKT DE LutiNS, vlN'aAif^dfh Ifh-rlN',] a monk
and writer, born in Gaul. He wrote a short treatise
entitled " Common itorium" against heretic*, which is a
work of some merit Died about 450 A.D.

Tlnouu Ton P»ula. See ViNCEtrr dm PAtra.

Ylnohon, vlN'shAN', (Aircusri Jean Baptiste.) a
French painter, born in Pari* in 1789. He obtained the
grand prise from the Academy of Art* In 1S14, andaub-

.1.. ....j:.j .. D Among hi* wc^' "--

the WalUof O.
Died in 1S55.

Vlnct, da, dl vtn'chee, <or vin'chee.) (Lzohakdo,) a
celebrated Italian painter, sculptor, and architect, born
at Vind, near Florence, in 145a, was a natural son of
Pietro da Vind, a notarv. He became In early youth a

Eupil of Andrea Verocchio, a painter of Florence, whom
e loon (UTpaucd. lie was well versed in anatomy,

cartoon of Adam and Eve, a Madonna^ a picture of the
"Adoration of (be M;^,"and other works. About 1^1
he removed to Milan, and entered (he service of Ludovico
fl MoTD, Duke of Milan. He was directorof an Academy
of sciences and arts founded by the duke about 1485. In
1493 he made a model for a bronie equestriin suiue of
Francesco Sforza. The statue was never caai, because
he could not procure a suffident quantity of bronie.
About 1499 he completed at Milan his master- piece,—
the picture of the " Last Supper," (" Cenacolo,' ) which
was painted on a wall of the convent of Santa Maria
delk Craiie. This celebrated work exist* now only in
copies made by Marco Oggioni and other painters, and
in the engraving of Raphael MorgheiL In consequence
of the expulsion of Ludovico 11 Moro from Milan by
Louis XIL of France, Leonardo returned to Florence
In 1500. He painted at Florence a portrait of Madonna
Lisa del Giocondo and "The Virgin on the Knees of
Saint Anne." Having been commissioned to paint
one end of the coundl-hall of the Palazzo Vecchioj he
commenced there a pklure of the battle of Anghiari,
which he left unGnisbed. He worked at Milan in 1507
and ijii. He nsited Rome in 1514, but soon came
away in disgust, which is ascribed to Pope Leo'* want
of courtesy, or to the disagreement of Da Vinci with
Michael Angelo, who wa* then at Rome- Da Vind en-
tered the service of Frands L of France, whom he met
in Italy, and whom he accompanied to France in ijifi.
He received from Frand* an annual salary of seven
kundred crown*. His health wu so infirm that he exe-
ciited no ipttt work after be left Italy. He was the

vrnd."i

" Midwl Aan L. da Vine
miiin of Earlr Italian Pi

anthOTof ai

delta Pittnr_, _ _ . _

and various other treatises, which have not been pst^
lished. The gensine paintings of Da Vind which am
niw extant are not very nDOierous. Among then la a
portrut of himself in the Uffiil gallery at Florettoe. K*
surpassed all lus predeceuoia in (be art of chlaroacnr^
He wss never married. He died near Amb<d*e, w at
Fontainebleau, in Hay, ISi9i leavii^ his mantiscriptSh
library, and other personal property to his pupil Frxa-
cesco MeliL Ajpong his eminent pupils were Bemar-
dino Lutni and Marco Og^onl.

" The discoveries," sayillallam, " which made Gaine«
and Kepler and Haestlin and Maarollcu* and CastelU
and other names illustrious, (he system of Copernicu
the veiT theories of recent geologers, are anddpated
liy Da Vind within the ci»npass of a few pages,— not
perhaps in the most precise language or on the most eoi^
dusive reasoning, but so at to strike ns with sooie-
(hing like the awe of pre(ematural knowled^ . - . U
any doubt could be harWred, not as to the nght oT Lett-
natdoda Vind to stand as the first name of the fifteenth

It as to hit w4| '

, ^ probably 00 o

man, eipedatiy in such circumstances, nas ever mmAt, it
must be on an hypothe*!*, not very nnienable, that sotna
parts of physical science had already attained a bci^t
which mere tM>oks do not record," (" Introdnctioittotht
Literature of Europe.")

Sf AHOin-rt, ■■ Mtnuria auridw odb Vita £ I. da Tiad,-
iftt; Vauh, "LSm of iKa pHiinrni" Cavlt h S*un-Co-
u.i» "Vi*dtUonarddaVind,"iloj;G. Bom,— Via A L^
i8i4r B.*UM,"I.daVi«i-at.baB,"tln; J.vr.BmomI,
_ _ oT L. da Vina.** iltt ; A DuuaunL. •■ Leonard da Vact*
Piria, iIid: CoLUiiana, " Ltan. di Yind," t<Mi CH-CiJMBni
■"■'-^-' '-- ■ ' "ind,IUplviA"iadi:Mn.jA>uii»i,"IIr
Piinlai ■:• J. S. Hawkihs. "LUttt L. te

....-, _, .. -JiJcvuia, -^Eaui aar I. da Vind.- it44i

Lahii. "Hteisir el PuMiiw In Italr;" f. Rio, "U da Vbd a
HI teal*," >I»: Ticoui, " Olnonana;" Baimmuoo, " Hstiiia ^
"Waunintur Ravitw" J« Julv, iSfOk

VlDcI, da, (Leonakdo,) an Italian musical compostf^
born at Naples in 1690; died about iTja.

Yinotguerra, vtn-che-^r'ril, (Makco AmomoJ

He i* called the creator of satire la Italy,

are said to be remarkable for energy, originality, and

pathos.

Viocke, flnkHifh, (Fbiedrick LUDWtO Wilheui
Phiupp,] a Prug^an statesman and writer, bom at Ufai*
den In 1774, filled several important offices under th*
government, and published a treatise "On the Adatn>
islration of Great Britain." DiedinlS44.

Vlnclce, Ton, fon flnkT:?h, reaNjr Fkiedeich
Georc,) Bakon, a disdngulshed Prussian orator and
statesman, son of Friedrich, noticed above, was bcva
near Hagen, in the county of Mark, in tSii- He was
elected to the Diet in (847, and in 1S49 t
■" ussianC" ' ' "

of the constitutional party, and w

able and brilliant debater. Died June i,tajy

Vlaclcelbooms, vtnk'f l-bSms', or Vlnkaaboom^
vink'tn-bdms', (DAViD,)a Dutch (Kdnter.bom at Mcch>
lin in I5?3- His favourite subjects were landscapes,
f^tivals, hunting-scenes, etc, which he delineated with
great skill and fidelitv. Died in 1639.

Vin'da^ (Caius Ji/ltus.) a Roman general, bom ia
Aqoltania. lie was governor or pro-prxtor of Gallia
Celtica In (he reign of Nero. In 6S a.d. he revidled
against Nero, and proclaimed Gatba emjieror. He waa
killed, or killed hiauelf^ at Vesontio (Itesanfon) in iba
aame year.

Vindlclanoa. vin-dish-e-l'nna, an eminent phy^daa
and Christian, lived abmtt 37a a.U lie was phjsidaa
to the emperor Valentinian. Ills iklU and wisdonsi*
highly commended by Saint Augustine.

Vindtng, vin'tling, (ERASMUS,) a Danish scholar sad
juris(, bum at Vinding, in Zealand, In 1G15. He becaaa
professor of Greek and assessor of the supreme covt
of justice. He hid the prindpal pait In the refbrmatiua
or revision of the law* of Denmark, Djcd Id 16S4.

Vlndiag, (Paul,) a son of the preceding, waj ban

I, E, I, e, 0, ;, /mj',- i, ^ ^ saial^ less prolongedi i, !, I, i), 0) ?»'''<'*; t, «> ii « A^ifrwrr; Or, Oil. atimtt; n9t;eS&di n

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VINEIS f3

^boM 165S. He wu profeMor of Greek, uid author of
several work* on daHinl nbjecti. Died in 1711.

Vineli, vin'e-le, IPrnusJ oriclnalljr Pietro dalla
Vlgne^ ((lelli vto'jn,) u lUlUnjuritt, row 10 be ch>n-
eellM to Frederick H„ Emperor of Cermuir, whoee
CMwe be defended agiintt tlw popei. Died In t349.

Vt'ner, (Charles,) mi Ei^^ish lawyer and compiler,
iMm iboul 16S0, pnbliihed in 17S1 'A Geaeral and
Complete Abridgment of Law and Equity," (34 voli.
foL,) a work on which he i* laid to have employed half
a century. He died in 1756, bequeathing twelve thou-
sand pound* toettablith aproretionhipof common lav
*l Oxford, whiph waa firat filled by Blackatone.

Tinea, vini, (Richard,) an English rresbyterian
divine, bom in Leicectenhire. He was a member of the
Awembly of Divine* In 1644, mlniiter of Saint Clement
Dane'*, and vicar of Saint Lawrence Jewry, London,
pied in 1655.

Tloet; ve'ni', {ALXXAtrcm RoDOU^iI,) an eminent
Swi** author and theologian, born at or near Lauunne
fai June, 1797. He became profeaior of the French lan-
guage and literature at bile In 1817, and retained that
chair twenty years. He acquired a high reputation u
•n eloquent preacher, advocated liberty of conscience,
and oppoied the union of church and *ute. In iSj7 be
was appointed prore*»or of practical theology at Lau-
unne. He publiihed, besides other works, " An Argu-
ment lor Liberty of Worship," (tSi6,) ** ChrettomaiTiie
Pranfalse," (3 vol*., 183^30,) " Discours stir qnelque*
Sujels religieuK," (iSjsJ ■» CnK'iih veraion of which
was entitled " Vital Christianity," " Studies on French
Literature of the Nineteenth Century," (j vol*, 1849,)
and " Pastoral Theology," (iSw) 1 lis works are highly
esteemed, and are remaiicabie for elegance of style.
He acceded liom the Dabooal Cbnrch in 1840. Died
in 1847.

' Vlnet or Vinette, ve'ttlt*, (Eui,) a French scholar
and critic of great learning, was born

TlDett& See Vinkt, (£ut.)

Vingtrinlw, viif'iRe'n^', (AtTVt BA>THfti.BKv,)
a French physician and ecunomist, born in ■79^ lie
pracilMd in Rouei^ and treated the subject of prison-
reform in " Dea Pruon* et des Prisonnlers," (1S40.) lie
wrote other works. Died July 1 1, 1873,

Vinie, vin'yl, (AASKi7Nt> Olafsih,) a Norwegian
poet of peasant birth, was born in 181S, and was promi-
nent in the movement to create a new national language
and literature based on the folk-speech of the country.

Hii lyrics (1864) and "Tho ••- • -" ■' ■

1S66) were in this new langi

VinneiL See ViNKit;i.

Tln'nl-oa or Tln'nf n, (Akkold,) an eminent Dutch
jurist, bom near the Hague In 158! lie became pro-
fcssOT of law at the University of Leyden in 163]. He
pnbliabed "Select Questions of Law," "Commentaries
on Four Books of the Imperial Inslitutes," ("Com-
nentaritts in Libroa IV. Insritntinnum Imperialluni,"
1641.) and other works. Diedat I^den in 1657.

TlnamUlB. a«, d(h viM'te'miP or ylN'te'me'n,
(jACqut*,) CoMTl, a scholar and translator, born aboni
1511. He lived mostly in France, and became a coun-
(ellor to the parljameniof Burgundy In 1549. He wrote
•everal Latin poems, and translated Into French the
"Cyropxdia" of Xenophon and the works of Uerodian.
Died in 1583.

Tintlinms dn Luo, da, dfh vlit'le'mtr dU lOk,
(CKAXUts Gaspahd Guillaume,) a French prelate,
oom near Fr^jus in 1655. He became Archbishop of
hris in 1719, and opposed Jansenism. Died in 1746.

Tlatfui, (AuXANDia Hamilton,) D.D., an Epl»
cnpalian, divine, bom at Providence, Rhode Island, in
1807. He became successively rector of Saint Paul's

?7 VIRAJ

Church In Boston, the Church of the Holy Trinity in
Hiiladelphia, and Saint Mark's Churth in New York,
<iS6i.) Died April 36, tSSi.

Vinton, (Fkancis,) D.D., a brother of the piEceding,
was bom at Providence, Rhode Island, in 1809. He
graduated at the Military Academy of West Point, lerved
r_ .1.. n — 1. _,„ \f^ ,g,g^ ,„(]_ having afterwards ' "* "
ordained in 1839. He became r<

the Q-eek war in 1836, and, having afterwards studied
. Eology, was ordained in 1839. He became re<
Grace Church, Brooklyn, in 1847, and assistant tr

of Trinity Church, New York, in 185$. Dred in 1S7Z.

Vinton. (Francis Lauhens,) an American general,
a nephew of the Rev. Francis Vinton, was born at Port-
land. Maine, in 1835. He graduated at West Point in
lSj6, became a brigadier- general about September, iS6^
and resigned May 5, 1863. Died October 6, 1S79.

Vinton, (Fredekick Porter,) painter, bom at
Bangor, Maine, in 1846. He painted portraits of many
emiDCDt men. Died in igii.

Vinton, {JDSTUS Hatch.) an American missionary,
born at WillinRlon, Conneciicut, In 1806, sailed in 1834
for Burmah, where he devoted himself to the instruction
of the Karens. Died In t85SL

Vinton, ISAUtrsL F.,) an American legislator, bom at
South Iladley, Massachusetts, in 1791. He removed to
Ohio about iSiGk practised law with distinction, and as a
Whig icpTCseniec a district of Ohio in Congress about
twenty-twoyears,(iSi3-37 and 1843-51.) Died in 1863.

Vlo, do. See Cajetan.

Violant* do Coo. See Cio, ixh

VlolIet-lMdao, (or Le Dnc) ve'oll' tfh dCk, fEtr-
GtziE Emmanuel,) an eminent French architect, twrn
in Paris in 1814. was a pupil of A. Leclerc; He devoted
himself to Gothic and mediaeval architecture, and was
employed by the government in the restoration of
several ancient churches, among which were that of
Nolie-Damc, In Paris, and the cathedral of Amiena,
Among bis works are ** Dictlonnalre raisonnj de I'Ar*
chitecture Francaise do Xle an XVIe Slide," " M^
moiressnrla Defense deFaris,"(i87l.)and"The Habita-
tions of Man !n AH Ages," (i8;6.) Died SepL 17, 1879.

Viom^ntl, de, dfh Te'o'mt'nti', (Antoi.ve Chaeln
dtt Houx— dil h<M^ Baron, a French general, bom
In Voiges in 1718. He was second in command of the
dT Rochambeau in the United States, to which ha

'hite defending the king againj
poptilace of l^arts. In August, 1791, he rcceiveda «
- * "'-''- "'iveniber, IK

the

wound. Died in November, 1793.

TlomAnU, de, (Charles Joseph IIVAnNTHt S17
Hot;x.) Marquis, a general, bom in 1734. was a brother
of the preceding, lie served in the United States,
(1780-83,) emigrated as a royalist in 1791, and fought
a^nst France, under CondJ, until 1797. He returned
in 1814, and became a marshal of France In i8i6l Died
in 1817.

ViotU, ve-oi'tee, (Giovanni BA-miTA,) a celebrated
Italian vidinist, born in ^dmont in 1755. lie studied
under Pagnani, and was appointed, at the age of twenty,
first violinist at the court of Turin. On the breaking
out of the French Revolution, he repaired to London,
wherehe was lor a time leader ofthe band at the King's
Theatre. One of his principal worka is entitled " Vingt-
ncuf Concertos de Violons. Died in 1S14.

8m BAiiioT.-NMkeiiir I.ainotil,"iIiii MnL.''Notln
■V Vhmw" i»7.

Vlponno, ve-pi-ri'no, (Giotanot Ai^tonio,) an
Italian writer and ecclesiastic, bom at Messina in t J3{,
He wu appointed Bishop of Giovenauo by Pope Stxiu*
■a wi . : — works, amon^ which i- "'^-

- ^^'cUd/

Died in i6ta.

Vlpamnlna. See Agrippa.

Vlribhadrl, [modern Hindoo pron. vee'rf-blifid'rt,!
[from Ihe Sanscrit vtrd, a "strong or valiant person,"
a ■* hero," (perhaps cc«nate with the Latin vir, a " man,"
also a " hero,") and iiiiA-iI, "prosperous," "eacelleht,"!
in the Hindoo mythology, the name of a soOi or, accord-
ing to Bome, of an avatar, of Siva.

Sat llnotk " Himhi Paaihnn," p. ■t^

ilmnr. the tiim« of
:i of

^^t; ^aai; iianl; ^»aj;o,it,K,ttiamU; v,muali n.im/iJi l»»»; thaaintiu, (|^Sce Explanations. p. 1}.|

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«398

bimtelf Into nule and rcmale, he became the '
manjp creatarei. The bble of Vlii) Mcmi to have sag-
gCiHed the idea of Ardhi-ntrl, (i''dh» nl'icc. from
trdid, "hUf," and iirfrf, " woman," a being combining
the tiro leus,) one of the furmi of Siva, and peihaps
■ibo of the Hemuphrodite of the Grecki.

S« Uooi, " Maim Pinlhcan," pp. S)-<s.

Titchow, (Wr'ko. (RunoLF.) a diitineaished Ger-
man pathdlogisl, born at KoKlin, tn Tomerania, In tSli.
He became in 1S46 prosectoi at llerlin, and in 1S56
ptofeuor of pathological anatomy in that dtj, Perhapi
the most important of his profcwional works— all of
which enjojF a high reputation— i» hi* "Cellular Pa-
thology ai based upon rhysioloeical and Palhutcwical
HisitSogy," (i8j8! ad edition, 1359.) which ha» Seei>
translated into English, and is regarded as the highe*
authoiit; on the subjects of which it tre^i. He also
gBTc alteotioa to investigating the diseases caused by
trichina. In regard to political and social queslioai
Dr. Vitchow held liberal views. Died Sept. S, 190a,

ViJrtpTe'ri', fL«. Vtm'TtJS.l (Pikrm.) an emlneni
Swiss Refonner.lMm at Orbe in ijii, was a friend of
Farel. He began aboot 1531 lo preach the Reformed
doctrine* at Orbe and Payeme. In tS3fi he preached
at Lausanne, where he made many converts, and where
be was employed at pastor several years. His health is
Mid to have been mined by pcison given to him by
tome priests at Geneva. For the benefit of hi* health,
he removed about 1561 to the south of France. He
afterwards preached at Lyons, from which he was driven
^ persetution in 156;. and took refuge in Navarre. He
wrote many works, among which are an " Exposition of
the Doctrines of the Christian Religion." (1543.) and
"Papal Physics," ("La Physique papale," 155*.) Died
at Orthezln 1571.

EceCMiKwil>v.*'F*rft, Framnii, VlTtt, RiformaMan,** ilui
Iaquihot. "Virct, RJfbtniauui ik Latuuioc," iSA

Vlretua. See Virbt.

Vlray, vc'ri', (Julibk Tosbph,) a French physldan,
born in the department of Haute-Mame tn 1775. He
was appointed in iBlJ chief pharmaceutist at the hos-
pital of Val de Grlce In Paris. He published a "Theo-
r«tical and Practical Treatise on Pharmacy." (1811,)

•Ephemerides of Human Life," (i3i4.) ''On Vital

Power," (iSia,) "Philowphfcal Hwif — " ' '"

iSiS,) and other valuable wotki. He ■

'giene," (s vols.

was bom of bumble parents at Andes, a small <HlUge
near Mantua, on the 15th of October, 70 B.C., during the
consulship of PompevandCrassos. His mother^ name
was Maia. He aludfed at Cremona, Milan, and Neapo-
lis, (Naples.) It ti evident from his vrritings that he re-
ceived a liberal education, and was well versed in Greek
Ihcralure, philosophy, medicine, and mathematic*. He
inherited from his father, Miio, a am ill farm near Man-
tua, which wa* included in the tract assigned br Octavian
(Augustus) to his soldiers as a reward for their services
at Philippi in 43 fi.c. Virgil wa* thus deprived of hit
patrimony; but he recovered it by a personal appeal M
Augustus. He expressed his gratitude for Ibit Eavoar
in his first eclogue, which is supposed to be one of hi*
earliest productions. He became an tndmate friend of
Pollioand Horace, and found alibersl patron in Mccenas.
to whom he was introduced about 40 B.a He displayed
a remarkable masteiv over the Latin language in his
ten-eclogues, "Bucolica," or pastoral poems, whkh ate
mostly imitations of Theocritus. In these poems, de-
scriptions of nature are admirably blended with human
feelings and sympathies.

About theageof thirty-three, Virgil becamea resident
of Rome, and a recipient of the bounty of Augustus to
tuch an extent that he could devote himself entirely to
liieraiy pursuits. He owned a house on the Esquiline
Hill. It appears that afler he had remained a few years

iranr men
compoaition of a. didactic poem on raial teonamy,
entitled *■ Georgjca," in fonr books, which ii connderea
his rnost original and finbhed production. It present* ■
marvellooa nnion of dtdacilc precept with fraphie d^
scripiion and ingenious illMlraiian, eapreaseo with great
variety and magnificence ol dkrioa. "In snstaJned
ma)esty, in melody thai ever satisfies bnt never doya
the ear, in variety of modalatlon, in stalelinett bat tree-
ilom of march, 11 stands anapproached by any oibs'
Roman poet" (" Encyclopedia Britannica.'^

About 30 B.C. he began to compnoe a great natioRa.
epic poem, which he had long meditated, and which was
designed 10 celebrate the origin of the Roman empire
He had written or aketched ihe last bnok of this pocMc
the " i€nefd," {" jCneit,") which constitute* a percnntd
monantent of hit geniu*, when he departed on a visit l»
Athena in 19 i.c He Intended to pass teveralyeara U
Greece, in polishing and revising the *■ iCneid,'' bat Ma
health biled. During the homeward voyage be died
at Brnndasiim, hi September, 19 M.C. According to tiia
own request, he was burled near Naples. There is a
current tradition that tbortly before hi* death he re-
quested his friends to burn the " .iCneid," which lie
regarded as Imperfect ; but, as they refused to cotnplj,
he committed the publication of it to Tucca and Varraa.

Vi^l U represented a* a person of tall atanre,
■warthv complexion, and deHcate comttiotlan. He wa*
generally beloved as well as admired by hit contempo-
raries:. Among bis virtues modesty was conspicwiBB.
Of his more private life nothing Is known. It doe* not
appear that he was ever married. He had two brothen^
w>K> died before him, and a half-brother, Valerios Pro-
CDlnt. The "iCneid" has ever been ranked among the
poems which are destined to immortality. Nearly nhw-
tccQ hundred years of unintermpled popularity attest
Ihe broad and elevated and diversified ehaianer of hi*
poetical merit. In comparison with Homer, it b iBod
to represent Virgil as deficient In originality and sub-
limity. Somecriiic* also depreciate the " ^neid''as aa
imitation of Homer's "Iliad" and "Odyssey." On thia
snb)ect we cannot, perhaps, do better than to quote some
remarksiOf Addison. "One great genint often catdiea
the flame from another, and writes in hi* spirit wilhoot
Dopying tervilcty after him. There are a thootand
shining pasiagea in Virgil whidi have been lighted tf
bv Ilonter. Virgil falls infinitely short of Homer fa the
cnaracter* of hit poem, both at to their variety and
novelty, lEneas is indeed a perfect character, . , , and
that of Dido cannot be sufliaenlly admired. ,- . . Vbgil
has excelled all other* In the propriety of his sentimentk
Evervthing b Jntt and natural. His Kcntimentt show
that ne had a perfect Insight into human natnre, ai

that he krww everything that wa* most proper to a&ct
''." (Critique on Milton^ " Paradise Lost," in tb*
SpectatM.^ He is coruidered by good judge* tup*-

nor to all andeni poet* in bcanlv and harmony of
veraificatian. Dante admired Virgil, and adopted hia
a* hit model

tone and frequent iirokes of tendernett and bnagioa*
lion. (" Quarterly Review" (br January, 1853.)

Voltaire expressed the opinion that the "I'Eneid'' 'Is
the matt beautiful monument which remains to ^ ofaD
antiquity."

Commenting on J. C. Scaliger'a prclerence o( VhgP
to Homer, Hallam observes, "It would be a tort of
prejudice almost as tasteless as that of Scaliger, lo refbaa
the praise of real superiority to manv passages of Vii^
even as compared with the 'Iliad, and fax more with
the 'Odyssey.' If the similes of the older poet ars
more picturesque and animated, those of his imilatot
are more appropriate and parallel to the subject.'*

The best or most popular English translation of Vir-
ril is that of Dryden, which ha* a hieh reputation.
Sothet^'s version of the "Ceorgics" and Pitt's version
ofthe"^ncid"are highly commended. The " Edaeuet"
and "Cieot6ics'''were alto translated Into verse by Jo-

:ph Warton. " We may congratulate ourselves," savt

l,e,I.6,fl,;.Mj-.L,t,A,same,lessprolonge('; i,i,I,S,n,ip,r:t0rr,-t,t.{,9,(ii»«nr; ar,ail,lli;mit;i>&l; ga&Un

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

VIRGIL as

tM "OMrtetly Rc»lew" for July, t86i, " on the posaea-
■ioQ or ■ iplendid English epic^ in which matt of the
thoaghts we Virgil'* and most of (he language Drjr-
den'*. He wis constantly adding to the original, and
that In the moM wilful and recklew manoet. There
wete elements in his nature peculiarly repugnant to the
Vi^llan ideal. ... It is idle lo discus* who has come
nearest to the style and language of Virgil, when no one
has come within inv appreciable distance." His works
became tchool-booka before the end of the Augustan
age. Virgil composed, says Donatua, hi* own epitaph.
In these term* i

■■ Hsntiia m* fmiJl, C*I*W rspotrst t*i.«t naac
Fink«wp*. Ctoni puoia, lun^ duco."*
Sm Dohatv*. "P Viffilii Mknnit Viui" Lavtvi, "Da Vk-
liKa IiuiDUm Homri," in(: TtooT, " Eiwla ui VirEilai" 4

- OmiHnuria *A Vin|i1idB :" J. W. niiMan. " Dt VirdKn On
** iioj: a Akshiwiu^ -fat «■ l>. Vinilin VLm," 1*41 1
-nut. ** BJbKwlHei LuiMi" Cau. G. rsAMCiis, "DiNei>

^ P. Vuxirn Hlmt," MC. vrA: BXhs. "Caclrichu «n

Mmbchni Llulinlar:'' Mickakl Baitk, " Vha P; VW^KI Hinoia
Csminc docripn," iM-

Virgil, (PoLTPORB.) See VntBtt, (I>oiYDOiti.)

Tirgtia, See ViRnit.

Vlrclllo. SeeViRciu

VItkUIus. See ViROit.

VirgiliiiB, (FoLYDOKua.) See VituniL, (I>oi.n>ORc)

Vlr-gUI-us, Saint, r native of Ireland, became
Bishop of Sattiburg, (juvaTum.) in Aa»tria. He It said
Id hive converted many Slavonians and ITuns to Oirb-
tianity. Died about 781.

Virgiii. vtt-geen'.f (ChristijMI Adolph,) a Swedisti
navigator, bam at Gothenbarg in !T9T< He performed
a voyage round the clobe in 1851-5]. after which he
obtaln«l the rank of Tear-admiral. Died in 187a

Vlr-JlnT^, |Fr. Vikgtkie, via'zhe'ne',! a Roman
maiden, celebrated fnr her beauty and tragical fate, was a
daughter of Lucius Virginim, an officer ofthe army. She
wa* betrothed to L. Icilius, a tribune of the people,
lirom whom the decemvir Appins ClaDdini vrisned to
ravish her. She was seiied by M. Claudius, one of his
agents, who pretended that she was his slave, and who,
fat order to prove hi* claim, took her before the tribnnRi
of Appiua Claudius. Virginius arrived at the forum
Just alter the decemvir had decided that she waa the
alave of Claudius. He immediately lulled her, lo deliver
her from »Uveiy and dishonour, (449 B.C.) The peojile
revolted agaiiut the decemvirs, and dragged Apptus
Claudius to prison, where be killed hinuelt

Sc* Smith, "DidifrnvTofCwkind Ruu Biocnphr," tIC i
IIacavlav. *' La^ of Awat Ronu."

Virginia. See Vikcinia.

Virginius, (Lucius.) See ViRCtcnA.

Vlr-tlDl-os Ro-ma'utu, a Latin comic poet of the
Angustan age, had a high reputation. He I* sud lo
have contributed to improve the public taste, and lo
have merited a place beside PlauEus and Tetenco. Hi*
aMe was noble and elej^nt. His works '

n general, l

n 14 A.CIL, wa« consul 11

d hint a* emperor, (69 a-D..) but he refused
uw crown. He became a third time consul in 97 A.n.,
aa an associate of the emperor Nerva. He was eulugiied
by Tadtu* and Pliny the Younger.
VirlaUw or Vliiath. See ViRiATitus:
VI-iiV^i*> l^r. Obat^Oof; Fr. ViRI*TME.ve're^i';
Ger. ViRlATH, ve-re-lt',| a brave Lusitanian chief, who
carried on for many years a saccesafal war against the
Roman* ; but he was at length betrayed into the hand*
of the consul, L. Serviiius Ccplo, by whom ho wa* put
to death. (140 B.c)

S« Bkmi, " Virlub iB>d dig Loiinnlir,'' ili«.

19 VISCONTI

He was a royalist, and a leader of the insur(;enta ol
Lyons who revolted against the Convention in Majv -
1793. He wa* killed at tbe capture of Lyons, in O^
lober. 1793-

Sh " Metin nr 1* CwMa il* Viitn" ittl-

VlniM, dft di Ta-n>o4*', > (Ckiftoval,) r Spanish
poet and dramatist, bom at Valencia about 1550^ waa
the author of five truediea, att epic poem, and a number
of lyrics. Died in loia

VUoainOk vts.U^e'no, (Seiiastiak,) a Spanith
navigator, bom in the second half of the sixteenth cen-
lun*. He comnunded an eipeditlon sent from Aca-
pulco In i6aa, and explored the coast of California, of
whidi he made an accurate chart

Vla-9*lJI'i»ia,(SpURius Caisiv^) a Roman general,
distii^idied aa the author of the first agrarian law,
waa Gonstil in 503 ■.C He (defeated the babines, waa
dtoaett conaul Rffun in 4^3, and formed an im[>ortant
leagae with the Latina, Having become consul in 4S61
h* proposed an agrarian taw. He was charged with
oanrtng to royal power, and was pot to death in 485 11.C

^iaSit, do, deh vitK, (Chaklu.) a Flemish monk
and biograpber, bom near Fumes about 1596 ; died {&

Vtaolwr, (CoRNEus.) See Vissctitft.

VUcba, tish'f r, (Friedrich Tmkodor.) a German
writer, bom at Ludwigaborg In 1807, became prole**oi
oT philosophy at Tubingen in 1844. He published" i£*>
thetics, or the Science of the IJeautlful." Died in \t&^.

Vbicbw, (Peter.) an eminent German aculptor and
founder, bom at Nuremberg about 14601 Among hi*
be*l works may be named the monument of the Arch-
Ushop Ernst at Magdeburg and the tomb of Saint Se-
bald at Nuremberg, both in bronze. The Utter t* of
rare excellence. Died in ijjo. Vischer had five »oni
who were sculptors, and Heruahn, the eldest, wat
esteemed nearly equal 10 bim in genius. Died in 1540.

Vlschnou or VUclmti. See VisHMU.

Viaoontl, vtS'kon'tee, the name of a celebrated
family of Lorabardy. which acquired sovereign power
at Milan in the thirteenth century. The founder of theil
graodeor wa* Ottome Vijcohti, who became Arch.
biahop of Milan in 116a. lie was violently opposed b«
a party of the Milanese, the Torriani. whom he defeated
b battle in 1377. He died in 1195. His nephew,
Uatteo Visconti the Great, bom in 1*50* •»»
choaen in 1188 "captain of tbe people" for five yean.
He obtained sovereign power, and waged war against
the Torriani, who drove him oat of Milan in i joz ; but
ha ws* restored in Ijit. He wai the leader of tho
Ghibelinca, and was mvolved bi a quarrel with Pom
John XXIL, who excommunicated him in 1311. He
died in the aame year. According to Sismondl, "he
rused binuelf above all the princes of hi* time by hit
polidcal alenta," etc. His son, Galeazzo I., born in
■177, became in 131a lord of Milan, which wis then
under the papal interdict His capital was attacked in
13*3 by an array of crusaders, who were incited by the
pope. He wa* aided by Louis of Bavaria, and defeated
the cnuaders in 1314. Died in 131& AzzD Viscokti,-
bum in itoa, was a son of Galeauot and became sore-
reign of Milan and Lombardv in 1319. He is said to
have been an able, liberal, and just prince. He wa* tho
lirst lord of Milan who coined money in hi* own name.
Died in 1339, without issue. Lucchino (or Luchin'o)
VucoNTi, an uncle of Auo and sOn of Matleo, was bum
IniaSy. He became lordofMilanin 1339, and enlarged
his duminions by the annexation of Farma, Pavfa, and
other towns. He died in 1349, and was succeeded by hi*
brother Giovanni, who was born, in 139a He had
been appoinied Archbishop of Milan about 1317. He
acquired Bologna by purchase in 1350, and died in 13)4.
His power was inherited by three nephews, Malieui
Galeazzo, and l}arnab6, the first of whom died in 13551
Barnab6, bom in I319, became master of IWrcam.n
Itrescia. Crema, and Cremona. He also ruled }>libn
jointly with Galeazio. lie was notorious for hi> cruelly
and audadly. and dcSed ihe power of the pope, who
excommunicated him. Urban V. preached a cruiade
against him, and united the emperor Charles IV. with
other monarch* in a league against him about 136^

\tk:%t»tiXlmrd:^ta}:.a,n,v^patund;v,n«aU;%,tTi!Ud; i

iB3f~SeeEicjilaRaliuns,pLl3.)

dbyGoogle

VISCONTl u

Bwoabb reahted them with locceu. Died in ijBJ.
Galkazzo II., bom about tiio, became lord o( Conio,
FaWa, Notara, Vercilli, Aslt, and Tortonl, in 135^ He
vas cruel and tyrannical He died in 137S, leanng a
■on.GiAN Galkazzo, the first Duke of Milan, who waa
bom In 1347. l^Ie w«* ambitions and per&dioua. Hav-
ing deposed his uncle Barnabb in 138s, he obtained his
dominions. Ity force or (raud he made himself mailer
of Verona, Vicenia, Bologna, and Padua. In 1395 he
purchased (he title of Duke* of Milan liom ihe etnne-
ror. He aspired to be King of Italy, when lie died in
the midst of^hii rictorioni career, in 1401. Giovanni
Maria, the eldest aon of the preceding, born in 13S9,
became duke in 140s. He was feeble and depraved.
During hi* reign the limits of the duchy were Kreatlj
reduced. He waauaaMiMied in 141I' FiUPro Maria
VlKOiTl, bom in 1391, was a brother of Giovanni
Maria, wham he succeeded. Hii army, commanded
by the famous General Carmagnola, reconquered
lx>mbardy. lie was cruel, cowardly, and luspicioua.
He put to death hi* own wife. About 1416 Venice,
Florence, and AlAnuv of Aragon formed a lea^i
against him. He waged war for 11

1447. «nd 1

Sh Botta. "Slnrts e
Vsii»."SlDriidiM>lir.c.:
toll., 1 7)7-4* i Srci

lany year* against
IV. He died In
n-law, Francesco

Iaitt*. "Slofl linl»»r»»le;"
' DtirltiDru da' VnaMii," >
A .on MikA," iS^
VUoontl, (E.SN10 QuiRtNO,) an eminent Italian
scholar and archxologist, was bom at Rome on the tat of
NoTeinber,.i7Ci. He waa instructed by hii father, who
waa prefect of^antiqdtiet at Rome. He displayed auch
precocity of intellect, thai he tranilated the " tiecnba''
of Euripide* into Italian verse at the age of fourteen.
After ttie death of his father, whom he aulsied in
editing the first, he edited the six remaining volumei
of the " Museo I^o-Clementinok" (1807.) He had beeit
appointed in 1787 conacrvator of the Capitoline Ma-
seum. On the occnpation of Rome by the Frencli, in
179S, Vlsconti waa choeen a member of the provisioiut
government, and aoon after Ixcame one of the fire con.
•uts of (he republic. Having removed to France, he
waa appointed professor of arch«oIo« and overseer of
the Ikluseum 01 the Louvre, and publiihcd, at the Te>
<)ue«( of Napoleon, a aerie* of portraits of (he eminent
men of Greece and Rome, entitled " Iconographk
Grecquc" (] vols. 4to, 180S) and " Iconographie Ro-
■nsine," (j vols., 181S.) Beside* tntf magnilicent work;
be wrote a description of Ihe monument* found In (he
luln* of Gabii, and various other treatlset on andent
art Died in 1818.

Sm Quatuu Ui H QniKV, *■ No<k» HT la Til « la OnmcM
d( ViKDBll," iSit; GlOTAHMl Laivs, " NdriIi iHifnAch* bitomo
ta ViudiE. Q. VMSf>tI,"i«iSiTirAuio,-I1Io(nJbd*tli tu£*Bl
OlHiri:" Daciu, -Ikad'E.Q.ViKeMi,-' ■'NMii^Biiv*-

VUcontl, (FiUPPO AvtiLio.) a brother of the pre-
ceding, became superintendent of the antiquities of
Rome after the death of his lather. He published several
antiquarian Irealises, and edited the "Huseo Chiara-
monti," a sequel to the " Huseo no-Clementino." Died
in tSja

Tiaoontl, (Gaspako,) an Italian poet, bom a( Milan
in 1461, became a aeoator. He published " Rhymes,"
(" Rithmi," I49J,) and a ■■ Poem on the Lovers Paul and
Daria," (" Poeoia di Paolo e Daria Amanti," 1495.)
Died in 1499-

Viaoontl, (Giovanni BAmnA AyroMio,) an Iiat-
tan antiquary, the father of Ennio Oulrino, noticed
above, was bom at Veinaiaa In 1711^ lie became pre-
fect of antiquities at Rome in 1768, and was employed
by Pope Clement XIV, (o fcrm a collection of ancient
marbles, which Is called "Museo Pio-Clemeniinoi."
Died in 1784.

8m *■ BiocrH* « a B. Vbcgnti." Roma.

Vtoeentl, (Louis Tullius Ioachih,) an architect,
a son of Enniu Qnlrino, was born at Rone in 1797,
atKt studied architecture in Paris under Percier. He was
appointed In iSs^ architect of Ihe Bibliothtoue Koyale.
A mon^hb principal works are the lamb of napoleon L,

t>o VISHNU

tlie monuments of Marshals Soull and Suchel, and&«
completion of the Louvre and its junction wHk Ihs
Puileries. The last, which was finished in 1857^ b a
(rand and admirable structure. Died in 1853.

Viaoontl, (Haro^ an able Italian commander, was
a son ft Matteo the Great, 1mentiof>ed in the fbreKoing
notice of the Visconti family,) and a leader of the Ghibe-
lines. He commanded the forces of his brother Gal^
auo I. when Milan was attacked by an armyof crusaders^
whom he defeated in 131a. He wai assassinated, ty
order of his nephew Auo, in 1319.

Vladelou, do. d(h ve'df h-lm/or vtdloo', (ClavdsJ

a learned French missionary, bom in Urittany in t6«&

He was one of the Jesuits sent to China by Louis XlV.

1685. He laboured about twenty years in Chin^

1..-J .,.- .;.i- -,■ ..:-L„p jjf ciaudinpolis in 1708,

n Chinese history, etc Died

iNItEAtJ.

Vlatms, vUh'nOS, wriiten in French Vlchnon or
Vlachnoii, and in German Wischnn or Viaclua,
sometimes improperly spelled in English VMahnoo.*
i>, Ihe " Pervader," f&om the Sanscrit viik, to "enter"
or "pervade,"] the name of the preserving deity, on*
of Ihe great gods of the Hindoo Triad.t The Vaishna*
vas, (pronounced vlsh'n^vfi,) or especial wonhippcrs
of Vishnu, claim that Brahma (or the Self-ExistcRi)
sprung from Vishnu in his character of Nlrlyana, (at
(he primeval spirit which moved. upon the wiiers, — see
NJtRJtVAHA ;) thus they exalt Vishnu above Ihe Crcatm
(Brahma) and (he Des(royer, (Siva.) The Saivas,-oc
wtwshipper* of Siva, on the other hand, place (heir
bvooTtte deity far above Vishnu or Brahma, (see Siva.)
calling him Mahldiva, or the " Greai God."

The mos( striking peculiarity of the preserving dei(y
are hla numerous avatare, alluding to which Sonthej
says,—

lommioa o'er Ih* onlL
Hahms teak 1 huBu blnU

*™ "c^tf KA»m*, veL t, a.
On these occasions his parents were usually Kasy^w
and DilLt

1'he following are the names of the avatars of Vbhnn t
I. Mauya, or the Fish; 1. KOrma, Ihe Tortoise; >
Varlha, tne Boar; 4. Narasingha, the Man-Liun: J.
Vlmana, the Dwarf; & Parasu-Rlma ; 7. Rlma-Chan-
dra; S. Krishna; 9. Buddha. (ItooddhA ;) la Kalki, <«
the Horse. For an explanation of these, Ihe reader is
referred 10 their respective heads. Vishnu, as his name
implies, represents Spirit, while In the same general
relation llrahma represent* Matter, and Siva, Tinw
Again, as Ihe Earth is ihe type or symbol of Brahma,
and Fire of Siva, so Water is the symbol tA Vtshna
The reason Is sufficiently obvious : in a country like
India, where everything is exposed for the greater pan
of the year to a tniming snn,^«ne of tha many ftvms
of Siva,— it is the water, coming in the periodical rahi^
which alone saves Ihe plants and animab (whose life is
dependent upon that of plants) from otter deslmction.
As a personification of water, (or the sea.) Vishnu is in
pictures usually represented of a dark-blue colour. The
ail, as the symbol of spirit, and perhaps, also, as Ihe
vehicle of the preserviiig tains, is considered to belona
peculiarly to Vishnu. The lun likewise, though c

ess:

e presentations of Vishn

Fur if ci>ld b one of the

tha H h> ih( <nt irllib)* de** wM rqma
(Sh rnfuc, & vL)

-'uUh HiHiaaTriaddmlikftI*
, _ jol emudcitd w cmiiiau ila

Bcinc; (mikhk ef ihc Bodi o( *•

Trind it imTO^d u bt Mcnul b ili« miewn nm^ Thej m. w
bcl.I>cnaBi<K>lioiHg(lhtpaw*n<i(DilunL TIkt hid > bcciDniBfc
■nd ihnoilicanHlslnnd. Biahh,o( iritiM itwf arcbM (ta-
portry tnwistiam. Is Ik* ealy aUnal B«( fa ih* Bnhamicsl

*Tu iliirt^^EMsd drsBS It - ialiaiinHH" (nmhiMd br n»
bM> WlUsofc tf Oifard) iha Mlinrin p^^oomi

Vhtn Vulni^ smin thu thi Sa
CImh (it hit tMou, Htwa, lanr
Hi ucdi npH bintA Iba Ai^a nl

I,CI.0iD.Ji''^.'^t^aa<ne>)'*sproloaged(i,«,VC<i.T.ri*rf.'a,c).9,«tM«r/;llr,ail,ll(iiii(iinAtig9Mia

Digitized by VjOOQ I C

VISIN

foinu o( Sha, (the Dotlroirer,) tbe
of the lan rnxf «erf natnralljr, in a temperate
or in winter, M cootidered u a minifestatiOD of the
preserving Power.

Among the poMcniona pecnllar to Vi*hna are tbe
Chikii, (called br the modem Hindoo* cbfik'r* oi
<Aak'Br,) « tort of wheel or diacoa, with a h<de in the
centre, wUch the god hnrled at hi* foei, and the Shankh
m Chaitk, (modetn pron. ahfinkh,*) a kind of (hell, having
alluioa, donbtleta, to the tea u penonified in Viahoo.

Viahnn, like SlTa, ia taid to hare had a tlioaaaiid
di^ent names, among which we maj mention that of
Trinkrama, or "three -ate p-talcer," (see VXhana,) anil
Haii, (or Heri,) U. "Green," in alluaion, in all prob-
aUli^, to the colour of the tea, (the tv pe of Vishnu ;)
•o KkiskNA, the name of that one of tae avatan which
it regarded as Viahnn himielf^ aignlfic* "dark blue,"
and it WM donbtleaa applied to him for the tame reason,

the colour of the lea varying with var]ring -' '

ftom green to a deep blue.

Tbe preserving deitji is nsnally represented with four
arau. He it pictured in varioaa poaitions, •otne-
tinaea at Nlrljrana reclining on Sfisha,— « tbouaand-
Iwadcd serpent, — meditating on the universe to which
he is about to give being ; from hit navel proceeds a
lotua. In the opening Bower of which Brahma, known by
his fonr heada, la aeen sitting; while Lakabmi (NliC-
yani) alts reverently at the feet of her lord. At other
ttmei be Is represented as standing widi tbe Shankhand
Chakra in hia bands. Sometime* be is pictored titling
widi t .i..hmt b* bit aide, and holding a bow aiMl mace,
as be ride* on his Vlhan Gakuda, (which see.) The
Shankh and Clkskra are Us nttial inwgnia, whether
ha is represented in his own proper person or in thr
characleri of hia variont avatata.

Sm Moon. "HJBda PutlwDa;" QuHaiMn, "Ralwou i,
FAstivBi^" ToL i., book L ch^ ilL; "BisfiuUg UmranaU*,'
(Pirti* mytbolofuiiu 0 Colbuh, ** lljnlHloKI « ilu Hodu."

VUln. SeeViziM.

Tistnet, vG'te'nl', [Auounz THtooou,) a French
journalist, born in Paiii in 1797. He edited die " Joor-
sal de Rooen" from 1818 to i&tS. Died In 1857.

VlnBobar or TI*oli«r, vit'Kfr, (Anns Roamor—
roo'mtr,) a Dutch poetess and artist, bom in 15S7, was
a daughter of Roemer, noticed below. Died in l6jt.

Her aiater, Hakia Tbsssuchadi, (tes'sfl'SKl'dfh,)
bom lniC97, waialaoapoetesB. Her talent* and beauty
were highly extolled by tbe historian Hooft. Died '—
1649.

ViiMihar or Vlaohar, (C0KNU.IS,) an eminent Dutch
engraver, bom at Haarlem in 1610, was a pupil of Soot-
man. He executed a namber of prints after hit own
designs, as well aa from other artists. His works are
ranked among the finest specimens of the art, and com-
inand enormous prices. He engraved many admirable
poTtraita, among which it that of A. D. Winiu*. His
death it varioutly dated from 1660 to 167a

Tiaacher, (Jan,) a skilful Dutch engraver, bom in
1636, was a brother of the preceding. He engraved
after Beishem and Ostade. Died after 1693.

Viasoher, (Roxuia or Komrrus.) a poet, styled " the
Dutch Martial," bom in Amsterdam in 1547, published
a book of emblems, entitled " Zinnepoppen," (1614,) and
a collection of Epigiamt. Died in iMo.

Viswaoamui or VUwaoarmEUL See Viswa-

VUwSk&rmi or TlsbwUdUml, [modern Hindoo
pron. vfs'wf-kCr'mf ; from the Sanscnl vtikmtd, " all,"
and Uniti, " work,"] in the Hindoo mythology, the name
of the Artificer of the Umverae, cortetponding in some
respects to the Vulcan of clastic mythology. He was
married to Priihu, the goddeas of the earth, which he ia
•upposed to have moulded into lis present shape.

S*t Uooa, " Hiniii PuibHM."

4 to a* OtHk ntrrm, (Lati^ nwAaJ

01 VITME

" tbe friend of all," perhaps on accoiul of Ut bring tba
countellor and friend of Rlma, who wa« the general
friend of tnaokind,] a celebrated Hindoo lage, whc]^
thouKh originally a Kshatriya, became, tnr long and
painral austerities, a Brahman, or rather a Brahmarshi,
(^ " BmAmait-njki," or " Brakuvtn'tabit,") one of a
partiodar class of rishis, in which character be was the
preceptor and counsellor of Rlma.
. S» Man, "Hlaan Puthan /■ ;«riui

Vital (Ordbkic.) See Ordkricus Vitalu.

Vital da Blola. ve'tU' dfh blwl, (Lat. VrrA'Ui
Blb'siui,] a Latin poet of the twelfth century, com-
posed in 1 186 a poem, " De Quemlo," which wai printed
In .830.

Vt-tB-Ia-i'uiis, [Fr. ViTAURM, ve'trie-ln',] Fopeof
Rome, succeeded Eugenios I. in 657 A.IL Hediedin67a
A.D., and was succeeded by Deodatus IL

TltaU*. See SjObero.

Vltall* Ordatloti*. See Ordiricus Vitaus.

Vlte, deUa. del'li vee'ti, (Tihotro,) an Italian
pilnler, bom at Urbino about 1470. He worked with
Raphael at Rome. Died about 1J34.

Vitalll, veiW'lee, (Ciapino, ehl-pee'no,) an Italian
general, born at Citti di Castello in the sixteenth cen-
turv. He entered the service of Philip II. of Spain,
and Wat employed nnder the Duke of Alva in tbe Low
Couniriet^ Died in 1 S7&

SMHonav, ~ HiKar «f ih* Dutdi RtpobSb" vol H.

Vitalll or VT-t«I1I-ti», (CORHRLio.) an Italian teacher

or Greek, came to Oxford about 1488, in order, at Hal.

lam says, " to give that most barbarous university some

notion of what waa gcring forward on the other aide of

luction to the Uleratore of Europe.")

sin 1489.

TI-t«ril-iu, (AULUC) Emperor of Rome, bom about

aA.a He was distingnithed by the favour of Caligula,
audins, and Neroi and wat appointed by Galln la
command the German legions. He waa soon after pro-
claimed emperor by hit army, and, Galba having been
pat to death \rj the partisans of Otho, the empire wat
~ ' disputed between the tatter and Vitelliut. Otho
defeated, and VitelUot recognised as emperor ; but,
Vespatian having been nteanwule prodaimad at Atex-
andna, hi* general Antoida* Prima* marched agyast
Rome, tnbdned the adherent* of Vitelliut, and put htaa
to death. (69 A.a)

SMSvwra«ut,"iritr _ .

" Himiin im EBownn 1" Fbaib
Odba. OAo, ViidHM" iSii.

_._ philosopher of the thirteenth cen-
tury, wat the author of aeverat works, the principal of
which is a treatise on optic* and geometry, entitled
"Vitellionis Perspectine Libri decern."

Vltat, ve'ti', (LUDovic) a French litUraftfr and

statesman, bom in Pari* in iSot. He wat appointed

in 1830 inspector-general of French antiquities and in

1S34 represented the department of Seine-In Cfrieure in

the Chamber of Deputies. He published historical and

dramatical iketches, entitled " Les Barricades," (1836,)

"Lee ElaU de Bloi^"(I837rf and "LaMort de Henri

III.," (iSap,) also an essay on " EusUche Le Sueur, hit

Life and his Works," (1S43.] He was admitted into tb*

French Academy in 1S45- Died June 5, 1S73.

VithalnUhiCvee-Chip nllh'jee, a Hindoo religioniat,

son of Vallabhi, (q. v.,) wat born at Painlt in 151*,

and died in 1583. He left seven sons, all famous goo-

, or teachers, of the Viihnuvite religion. The mem-

of this &mi1y founded the so-called Mahlrljah sec^

for the icand^oua teaching* and conduct of It*

Vlt^-^l became King of the Oatrogotht in 516 A.11
He fought in Iialv against Belitarina, who took him
prisoner in (39 and carried him to Constantinople. He
died about t'hree years later.

Vltlklnd- See WmxiHD.

VlUsa. SeeWlTlZA.

Vltr*, ve'tRi', (Antoikc) a French printer, han Is
Paria about 159J. He was appointed director ot the

t; % hard; ft aty,- O, h, K,ttittiavl; K, natal; r, triatd; 1 as

; ih at te tkk. (l^'Sae E*plan«kM>a, f. >}.)

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

rofil prlntfa^-affice by Colbert AmonK the works whfdi
be printed wu the Poljslol Bible of Le Jay, [lo vol*.,
161M5,) celebrated for the beaatr of the chancten.
Died in 1674.

S— Aca BnwAUik "A. ViM « 1« Cuicttm Orinniu,'
at. i»jo.

Vitringa, ve-ti
a learned Dalch
1659, became laccesuvely profeuor of Orieatal litera-
ture, theology, and lacrcd history at Franeker. He
wai the aathor of Latin commentaries on various books
•f the ScTiptares, wUcb are highly esteemed. The
Connentanp on Isaiah rank* among the best woilcs of
lb* kind. Died in 173s.

ntringa, (CAUnonis,) a mo of the preceding was
mm al Franeker in 1693. He became profeuor '
theology at Franeker in 1716, and had a'bi^h repatatlc
He wrote several theological treatiseB. Died in 1713.

Vltiollea, do, dfh ve'CKol', (EuoiNi Fkan93U
ADgustb a'Arnand — dtR'n^,) Barok, a French poli-
lidan, born near Aix in 1774. He was a royalist, and
tock an active pari in the intrigues which preceded the
restoration of the Bourbons in 1814. He was raised '
thepeerage in January, iSjOt Died in 1854.

vltrava. See Vitbovius.

Vltruvlo. See Vrratrvins.

VI-tro'Tl-u», [Fr. Vitsutk, ve'tRBv'i It Vrr«nYiOt
ve-tioo've-o,] or, more fully, Uar'oaa VI-tm'Tl-iia
P0III-0, a celebrated Roman architect and writer, of
whom little is known. He served as a military engiiieer
In bis fonth, and was employed under JaUus Cieaar in
Africa m 46 B.C. He deseed a basilica or temple at
Fannm, In the reign of At^^tus he was inspector of
military enginaa. He wrote in old age a work on archi-
tecture, in ten books, <"De Architectura,") which is
highly eateemed as a text-book, and Is the only andent
treatise on the subject that ha* come down to as. His
work has tieen translated into English by R. Castell,
(t730i) and by W. Newton, (1771-91.)

S« B. Balh, " ViU VilniTii," '*"-. Pounn, "XmdtatioMs
VhniTuoiB." iTM-ti: QdathhUb h Qdikct, "DietioniMin
in ArdiiBCa :" " Nounll* Biofiiplik G^njnk."

Vltry. See Jamks d> Vitrv.

Vltry, de, dfh ve'tse', (&dova»D,) a French philolo-
gist and numismatist, born about 1670. He wrote a
number of dissertations. He visited Rome in 1714.

Vitry, de, (Louis da I'Hoapltal— dfh lifpe^',)
Makquu^ a French general, was a partisan of the League
after the death of Henry IIL Died in 161 1.

Vltrj, da, QticoLAS di l'Hospital,) Marquis, a
ton of the preceding, was bom in 15S1. He wa* one ol
those who assassinated Condid in 1617, and wa* re-
warded for that act with the rank of marshal of France.
Died in 1G44.

Tlttoreiu.vtt-to-rel'lee, or Vsttorslll, vEc-to-rellee,
f Andrka,) an Italian author and priest, bom al Bassano
in the Utter part of the sixteenth centu^. He had a
high reputation as a writer. Died after 1631.

Vlttorla Colonno. See Colonna.

Vlttorino da Peltra, »it-lo-ree'no dS (ll'tRl, {Fr.
VICTORIW DM Fbltu, rfk'to'ris' dfh flliR,] a cele-
brated Italian teacher, bom at Feltre in 1379, became

numbered among his pupils George of Trebizond, Theo-
dore Gaia, and other eminent men. Hit systCDl of
education, which included gymnastics, is higntjr com-
mended 1^ contemporary writers. Died in 1447.

Sh Rachui. " Intoiso ■ VHtoriiHi da Fcllrt," itji ; Bmotr,
"VkloriD di Ftttre," itja : Cailo di RoSHUn, '' Idas dtU'oidms
PncHiac Bella Vm di l^turiiw da Ftltr^" iIdi.

Vlttotlo Amodeo. See Victor Aiumu^
VituM, ^r. GUI, ge ; Eng. Guy, gi ; Lat Gtn'Do j
Ger. VuT, fit,] Saikt, a Sicilian child-martyr of the early
part of the fourth century. His parents were heathens,
but he was instructed in Christianity by his nnrse Cres-
centia and hei husband Modestus. His biher, Hylas,
having given him up to the magistrate for puniihment as a
Christian, he escaped with bis nurse and her husband to
Lacania, but while there was put to death under l>ia-
detian. He, with Creacentia and Modestus, is bononred

on Jnne 15 in the Latin Church. Thissaint wo* believed
to grant relief to hi* devotee* from the dtnciiig maiudf,
or tarantism, of the middleage*: beoce our term *■ Saiu
Vilus's dance."

Vivaldi, ve-vtl'dee, (Amtohio,) an Italian coupooei
and eminent violinist, boro at Venice in tbe seTcnteaitb
oenlary j died in 1743.

Tlvaut, vc'vOn', (Fkanqois,) a French priett, bon
in Paris in 1663, became canon ot Notre-Dame at Para,
grand vicar, and grand chorister or precentcN', in 173a
He wrote aeveral work* on tbecdogy. Died in 1739.

Tlvarae, ve'vtR', (Fran^hs,) a Frendi ei^ravtr,
bom near Hontpellier in 171a. He ttndied lan^cape.
engraving in England, and executed a nnmber of prints,
after Claude Lorrain, which are etieemed maater-paecM
of tbe kind. Died in 178*.

lommeo, and worked alxwt 1450^ Hi* work* aie richly
coloured.

VlTulnl, (Baktolohmics) a Venetian painter of tk
fifteenth century, wa* one of the first artisis in Venica
who employed oil-colours.

Vlrarini, (Ldigi,) lived in the fifteenth century, s^

Vlrena, de^ dfh ve'vfix', (Framcois,) a Fiendi sa-
vant and writer, bom near Clairac in 1697. He wrote

Vi'vus,] a Spanish scholar, bom at Valenda is
149a. He studied at the University of LoDvain, wkie
be afterwards became profeMOT ei the Latin UnguB,
He was lubseauenlly inrited to Bn^and In Henry VIlL,
who appointed him tutor to the pnncess Haiy. Havmg
opposed the divorce of Cathenne of Aragon, be was
imprisoned several months, snd 00 his release settled at
Brjwes, in the Netherlands. He was an indmate Eriead
of &ssmus and Budaeus, and the three have been called
a triumvirate in the republic of letters, equally ^m'Wfft
for talent* and teaming. Among the priDdpaT wwki of
Vives are Latin treatises " On the Truth of the Christiaa
Faith," " On the Soul and Life," and ■■ On the Cause*
of the Arts being Cormpted," ("De Causia Compta-

im Artium.") Died in 1540^

Sw Bokh-Khril "J. I. Vim* (adietM ik ilii^jTO PU-
llntnwp," ilti ; NAMlca, "U^noir* nr h Vk M ha Coils it

fiapUe OUnla."

VlT^-^n, (Richard Husskt VItIaii,) LoKDk la
English general, bom in 1775. He aerved under Moore
al Comnna in iSoS, became a colonel In 181s, and dis-
tinguished himself in the Peninsular war in ifclt. With
the rank of major-general, he commanded a brigade of
cavalry at Waterloo. He was raised lo the pecr^e in
-S41. Died in 184a.

Vtvlanl, ve-*e-a'nee, (Vmcwno,) a celebrated Italian
mathematidan and engineer, bora at Florence in April,
163a. He was a pupil of Galileo, after whose death
(i&p) he atudied under TorricellL AtKmt 16&1 he wis
appointed chief engineer by the Grand Duke o( Tot-

Book of the Elements of Euclid, or the Universal Sd-
ce of Proportion eirdained according to the Doctrioe
Galileo." Died al Florence In 1703.

He WHS a member of Ihe Chamber of Deputic .

183] lo 18*8, and was minister of justice from March to
October, 1840. In 1845 be published " Admiuistntivc
Studies," which procured his admission into tbe Acad-
emy of Moral and Political Sciences. Died in i8S4-

i,^f.a,a,^,/Mf.-l,i,A,BaiDe,lessprolonged;i,!,I,5,ii,]F,/i„rr;f,t,|,9,<4iwrx;fIr,flll,flt;mfl;nOt;ga6d;n

d by Google

Vlvlut, (JonrH,) a French porttaltfMinter, born u
Lyon* in 1657. He painted mocU; in putel, (crayon,]
and gained a high repatation. He received the title ol
Gnt painter to the Elector of Bavaria, it vhOK contt
he worked many years. Died at Bonn in 1735.

yiylan de bdnt-BCartlii, ve'v^^N' d;h bIn mlR'-

ttll', |Louis,) a French geographer and hbtorian, botn
•t Samt-kUnhi-de-Fontenay, Haj 1;, iSta. He pnb-
U«hed, berides aevenl works of geography, a " History

at the French SevolDtion,'* (^ vola., 1841,) a "Hitton'
of the Geographical Diicoveriea of European Nations,"
{3 or 3 vols., 184S-46,) and a " New Dictionary of Geog-
ra^," (1879 tt nf.) Died in 1897.

vlToniW, ve'Ton', (Louis Victor da Boob»dlo»
■It— dth rcsh'ahoo'la',) Due de Montemart et de Vl>

K^

French general and conrtier, bom in
irother of Madamo dc Monteapan. He was an-
[ in 1675 ViceroT of Sicilj, which wa* then lu
war between the French and Spaniards. He
a dedii*e naial vietoTj near Palermo in 167&

TtyAM. SeeVYlSA.

VUn, TOO, fbn or *on ree'ii^ writ ten also Vlaln,
•nd ^naln, (and sometimes Von-Taslii,) (Dntu
IVANOTTTCH,) a celebrated Russian dramatUi bom at
UoacDw in 1745, was the aathor of comedies entitled
"The BrigaiUer" and "The Spoiled Yonth," which
obtained great popolarity. He also translated Voltaire's
" Alztre, and made other TCnions from the French and
Gennan. Died in 179a.

TlBsanl, vtt-sl'nee, (Pourso,) an Italian historian,
bom at Bologna in lUo. He wrote a "History oif
Bologna," (1596.) Died in 1607.

Vlacfiiu. See Vi.acq.

Tlaoq, *Ilk, [Lat Vlac'cus,) (Adriaan.) b Dutch
mathematician and printer, Boiulthed alraat 1630-40.
He distinguished himself in the compotation of loga-
rithms, and published "Tables of Sines, Tangents,
Logarithms," etc

-CiadlmlT or Wladlmlr, vUd'e-meer, [Polish and
Rnasian pron. vll-dee'mir,] snmamed THE Great, Grand
Doke of Russia, was sn dle^timste son of STStosta^
who, on dividing his dominions, gave him Novgorod
for his share, about 971. He afterwards made war on
his brother Varopollc, whom he defeated and pnl to
death, thus becoming sole monarch of the empire. He
was a warlilie and powerliil princs, and the first Chris-
tian sovereign of Russia. In 988 he demanded in mar-

o support his demand. He obtained the princess, and,

Sia KuKAiim, " Hiitsqi of Ksmll"

Vlad'lmli ot Wladlmlr, (Andeiiowttch,) a brave
Russian prince, was a nephew of Ivan II. At the death
of Ivan, in 1364, he might liave succeeded, but he yielded
the throne to Dmitri. He guned a great victory over
the Tartars at Koolikof (KuUkow) in i^. Died in 14 la

VZadimii Mo-nom'a-ehos, JFr. Vljidiuir Mono-
HAQUE, Sfde'mtR' mo'rio'mlk',] a celebrated monarch
of Russia, born about lo^s, wa* a ^eai-grandson of
ii the Great He began to reign at Kief about
His wife was a daughter of Harold, King of
England. He was renowned for his martial exploits and
his wisdom and goodness. His reign was very pros-
perous. Died in 1 1 a6.

Sec Kaiahuh, " Hiilerr oT RbhIl"

Vladlslaa of Hungarv. See Ladtslaus.

Vlad'ls-latis, written also Vladlslos and Ladislas
orLadlslaue, [Polish, WLADi5i.Aw,vll'de-Bllf,|L, King
of Poland, bom a1)out 1044, succeeded his brother Bo-
leslaus in 1082. Died in i loa 01 1 103.

VladlalallB or ZiadtBlaus IL was a son of Boleslaw
or Boleslaus IIL He began to reign in 1139^ and was
deposed by the Diet in 1146. Died aboal 11^

VladULatis or Ladislaoa m or IV, King of Po-

land, began tc

1196^ was deposed in 1,

died in 1333, and was succeeded by his son, Casimir tba
Great.

VUdlalaoa or I«ainI«tH IT. or V, Kin^ of Po-
land, was Jagellon, Grand Duke of Lithuania. He
obtained the crown of Poland in 1386 by marriage with
Hedwig, the heiress of the farmer king. At the same
lime he lenonnced paganism and joined the Catholic
Charch. He waged war against the Teutonk: knights.
Died in 1434.

Vladii^atts or I«dlal&iu V. or TI, a son of the
preceding, was bom about 1433, or, as tcune say, 14001
He was a bmona warrior, and became King of HuogaiT.
(See Ladislas IV. or V.)

Vladlalav. See Vladislaur.

TUmliig, vll'ming, (Peter,) a Dutch poet, bom at
Amsterdam in 1686. He produced a poetical vetalon
of Sannaiaro's "Arcadia," and some or^nal poema.
Died in 1733.

Tleilak. vll'rik, (Pkter,) a Flemish painter, bom at
Coanrai in 1539. He studied under Tintoretto in
Venice, and worked at Rome. In 1569 be aettlcd at
Tonmay. Died fo 1581.

VUo^VBii,vli)v)ee^(Hain»iK,) a Dutch painter of
history, landscapes, and porbaits, lived about 1650-1700.

VUtttia, vlec^sc-ns, or Van Vliet, (Jom,) a Dutch
philologist and poet, lived at the Hague and at Breda.
He was appointed recorder or registrar of Breda in
1651. He wrote Latin poems, and other works, among
which a "Old and New Hunting of I. Vlitius," (" lani
Vlitii Venatio novantiqua," 1645.) Died in iM&

Voohti (Karl.) See Voor.

VottTOOamaity. See VObObxaity.

Voot, Toot, (Daniel,) a son of Gisbert, noticed
"""' *""" ~~ Heusden in 1639. He became pro-

Voe£ (Lat Voe'tius.T (Gisbert,) an eminent Dutch
scholar and theologian, born at Heosden in 1589 of
1588. Having studied at Leyden, he became profi^sat
erf theology and Oriental languages at Utrecht in t6}4.
He was engaged in frequent and violent ccHttroversies
with the Anninians, the Catholics, and the Cartesian
philosophers, and advocated the doctrines set forth by
the Synod of Dort Died in 1676.

S« BAvta, " Hinonol and Ciiiinl IUcAodut."

Voa^ (John,) son of Paul, noticed below, was bom
at Utrecht in 1647. He became professor of law al
Leyden, and was the suthor of a commentarv on the
Pandects, and other legal works, in Latin. Dieo in 1^14.

Voet, (John Eusebius,) a Dutch poet and physiciaa,
resided at the Hague. Died in 1778.

Voet; (PAin,) son of Gisbert, noticed above, was
bom at Hcusden in 1619. He became professor of
Ic^c, Greelc, and dvil law at Utrecht He was the
author of several valuable legal worka, among which
we may name " On Laws and their Harmony," (" De
Statutia eommque Concursu.") Died in 1677.

Voettoa. See Voet.

Vogel, vo'zbii' ot fo'Bel, (Amlphi,) a French mn>
sical composer, 3 grandson of Christoph Vogel, was
bom at Ijlle in iScn. He produced an opera entitled
"The Siege of Leyden," which was performed with
ap^ause in 1S4T. Died Septembei 27, 1892.

Vo^ fo^i, (CHUTTtAM Lrbsxmitt,) a GenHE
histoncal painter, born at Dresden in 1739, became pro-
Irasor in the Academy of his native dty. Died in 181&

Vogel, (Christofh,) a German composer of operatic
mnsic, bom at Nuremberg in 17S& Among his works
is "Demophon." Died in 17S8.

Vogel,(EDUARD,)sonofJohann Karl, noticed below,

their researches in Central Africa, he was

, by order of the Sultan of Wadai, in 1856.

Vogel, (JoHANN Karl Christoph,) a distinguished

rww in th

:o ^ath, b

German teacher and educational writer, bom in 179^
He became director of the BUrgerachule at Leipsic in
183*. He published a " Scltool Dictionary of the Ger.
man Langnage," a "Gennan Reader for the Higher

■s i; { as /; g iarJ; J say,- G, U, K.guttHrai; h, maial;

t, trillid; a as i ; th as In t/ui, (|f See Eiplanatioiw, p^ 13.^

VOGEL

CUM*«,"etc Died b 1863. Hii _ ^

!■ iSaj, pabllihed " Mtik^liichep Bnhrchen," {185a,)
■nd otBcr p^nlar talM.

Tocal, (Joiuint Wn^xui,) • Gennan iiditeralogi«t.
bun tn the docbv of Cobotf in 16(7. He pnbliAed
*■ Trav«b in the But Indies,'' (1690,) and oth«r works.
Died in 17U.

VocaL (THBODOK.) B German tntaniit, wlio in 1S41
•ccompanied the expedition *ent oat to A&ics Iiy tlie
Eagliu government He died at Fernando Po abont
Ak monifia after.

Yogel von Togalrtain, fb^l fbo fb^-adn', (Kau.
CHKtniAit,) a German painter, aon t£ CiuistiaD Lebe-
recht Vt^el, noticed above, wai born at Wildenfeb in
t^S. He itndied at Dresden, and aftenrard* vi^ted
Kome and Florence. He became prc^MOT of painting
at tlie Academy of Dreaden in iSao, and in 1814 court
painter. Amons hia prindpal worka are portraits of
Tliorwaldsen and Pope Pini VIL, and illnatrations of
Goethe's "Faost." Died at Hanich, March 1, 1S68.

Tfigtiln, Gi'bh-leen', (Ekmit,) a Swiss painter, bom
at CtMistance in lUS, was a son-in-law of Valentine
Pan, a noted poblisher of Leipsic. Among the publi-
cations of VSgelin were excellent editions of Isoaates
•nd ottier classics. Died in 1590.

To^^ Ton, fon foGI, (Kasfar,) Bakon, a German
lihiJanthTOplst, bom at Hamburg in i f ^ waa the bunder
of several benevolent and edncwonai institntions for tbe
poor in his native dty. He waa the andior of treatisea
on agrknltne and rural economy. EHed in 1839.

Vo^ fSoi, (TORAMR NKPOHtnc) an Autnan Ijric
poet, bom at Vienna in 1803, pabtisbed "Ballada and
Romances," " Soldier Songs," " Lyric Poems," and oUmt
wotIes. Hiied November t6, lS6(>.

Togler, fSo'ler, (Gioaa Iobsph,) a German moaidan
— ' composer, bom at wilribarg in 1749. He waa
jnted chapel-msster at Stodcholm in 1786. He

._.. n^jtiaet and nambered

er and Wclxr. His com-
,._ le maasaa, symplioniea, etc. DlcdinlSl4.

Tofler, (VALXtnlN Hiinbich,) a German medical
writer, bora at Helmttedl in 1631 ; died in J677.

TodL vAKyee, (Giovahhi Giacimto,) an Italian
physi&n, bom near Bologna in 1697- He pabtlshed
a work "On the Generation of Mark," ("De Anthropo-
gonia," 1718.) Died in 176a.

Vogeridaa. SeeAuucAHDERVocouDSS,aDdAlxw-

ilDKS.

Togt foot, sometimes written Vooht, (Kau,) *
German naturalist and physiologist, bom at Giessen In
1817. He studied anatomy and medicine, and snbse-

Sqnenlly accompanied Agassiz in his expedition to tba
clers. He was appointed professor of geology at
neva in i8u. Among his works we may name
** Phniologicaf Letters," (1S45,) ** Pictures from Animal
Ll^*'(i8j>,) "Outlines of Geology," (l86c^) and "Lec-
tnies on Han, his Position in the Creation and in the
Histon of the Earth," (186}.) He also contributed to
Agassis's "Natural History of Fresh-water Fish." He
favoured the Darwinian theory. "Alt the German writers
we have quoted," says the " North American Review"
for April, 1870,—" Vogt, Biichner, Haeckel, and others,
— dwell with more or less concealed elation on one great
service, as they suppose, of the Darwinian tlieory, — that
it has removed the necessity of an in te^jgent Creator from
the theory of the —" " "

veraity. He pablished a " HistofT of
fcderacy," (" Geschichte de* LooiWt

pntdishi
among h

at Koninbergin t8i7,andaJ

chair of mecUKval antTmodem hiittvy b Ibe •

T.-iii.^ — oftheLombMdCo*

,. . jafdenbnndet," iSUU

History of Prussia from the Earliest Tfme* down to
the DettractJon of ths Power of Ibe Geraian Order," ff
vols., 1817-39,) and other works. Died in 1863.

VoIbC von, fon fcict, (CHuniAM GomoB,) a Gcc-

an jurist, born at AUstildt in 1743, rose to be — '"'t'tt

' state for Saxe-Welmar. He was an intimate friend
of Schiller, Herder, Goethe, and WieUnd. DiediniStg.

His son, of tlie same name, bom in i774,G]|ed sereral
offices nnder the government, and was sent on a lliissini
to Saint Petersburg in iSoi. Died in 1S13.

Volaenon, do, dfh vwlz'ndH', (Clauo> Hhhh
FitsAk,) AbbI, a French wit and dramatic writer, bora
near Melon in 170S. Having taken orders, be was ap-
pointed grand vicar of Boukwne, and snbaeqnei^
obt;dnrd die abbey of Jard. He was elected to tW
French Academy in 1761. He wrote a number of pop-
ular comedies ; also poems, tales, literary anecdote^
and historical sketches. He waa sn intimate friend of
Voltaire. Died in 1 775.

3«a G. ItsiHonamRKH, " L« Onduu :" "NooKDt Bi*.
miihle G^B^nla :" " Pruo'i lli^iiii*'' Cir Juur, ilji.

Volsln, (Danih.) See Voysih.

Volaln. vwA'sIn', (Ftux,) bom ai Hans ii

Volgt foiKt, (GonFUKD,) a learned Gennaii writn,
bora in Misnia in 1644. He became rector of an acndeiny
at Hamburg about 1680. He jmbliahed, besitks otba
works, "Phydcal Curioaitiea,'' [" CnrioMtales Phyai-
oe," 1668,) and a treatise on the altar* of the eariy
Christians, called " Thysiasteriologia, *tv« de AltaKbos
veteram," etc., (1709.} Died in lUa,

Volg^(JolIANN,)aGemian Protestant minister, bora
in Hsnover in 1695. He pnbKshed a "Critic*) Cats-

in Hsnover in 169$. He pnbhshed a"Crit:

lone of Rare Boofa," (1733.) Died in 176$.

Volg^ (JOHAHNIS,) a German histarian, bor

studied medidne in I^uis, and waa appmnted, b
cltre Asylnm. He publii
tr^tise " On the Moral and Physical Causes of If ent*l

biSii,
lisbed a

the theory of the utiivcrse." Died May 5, 1S95.

Vogtle, Vo'gwt', (CRAU.U JUN MiXCHJOK,) Mak-
QVU, a Fiench aicliKologiat, born in Palis in 1S29. He
travelled in the East. In 1S71 he was made ambassador
toTurkey, and from 1875 to 1S79 was ambassador to Aus-
tria. Among his works are " Les Cglises de la Terre-
Sainte," (l8jo,) " Les £vinements de Syiie," (1S60,] " Le
Temple de;tiusalem,(i864-6s>l " M^lan^es d'Arch^lo-
gie orientale," (1869,) " Inscriptions s^mitiques," (1869-

VoIu% vwllb', (Ahhb EusABmi P«tl^>«ia—
peh-te'plN',) a French authoress, bom at Nan<y in 1 7S6.
She was married to M. Vo'iart. She wrote novels and
educational woika, among whiiJi is "Woman, or the
Six Loves," ("La Femme, on les Six Amours," 6 vol*.,
i8j8.) This gained the Montyon priie. Died in 1866.

Li, 1,0 %T,i«v;l,(,6,SBine,tes*prolonged;l,{,I,&,ii,]F,Mer«;t,^l,g,<iAKMrr;flr,flUl,flt:inet;nSt;gKdinni

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

the "Theology of the Jews," ("Theologia J .. .^
1647,) a "Treatise on the Jubilee," (1655.) and other
■orks. Died in i68(.

Voltorn, vwl'tflK', (Vikcknt,) s bmons French poet
and wit, bom at Amiena in IMS, was a son of a rich wine-
merchant. He was admitted about 1615 into the HOtd
Rambouillet, where be acquired great bvour and admira-
ion by hi* wit, his talent for raStery, and his agrceabh
nanners. In his early life be was in the service of Gas-
on, Duke of Orl^ana, who, having revolted a^inst the
kins, sent Voltnre to Spain about 163* to tolidi the aid
of Uie Count of Olivares. He described his ttaveb ia
Spain in letters, which are among his best woska. He
one of the first members of the French Academy,
which he was admitted in 1614. In 1639 he hrc— i
wiaUrti'Mtd (steward) to the kmg. He obtained ■
1641 (he <:^c:t of chief derk to the ccaitroller-geiicral ol
finances, a lucrative ainecnre. Died in 1648. He wral*
many letter* and poems, wliich the critics of hi* owa
time extolled as models of grace, bnt which are marred
by affectation. His style was grestly admired by Boileaa.
"If the bad taste of others," sav* Hallam, "had not
perverted hia own, Voiture would have l:ieen ■ good
writer. His letters, espedally tho«e written from Spsi*.
are aometime* tmly witty, and always vivndoo*. . . .
Pope, in addressing la^e*, wa* nearly the ape of Ves-
ture." (" Introduction to the literature of Enrope.'
Two English tianslstions of Voitnre's letters were msda.
one by rDavlea, (1657,) and one by Dryden and othsHh
(3d MJiuon, 1736.)

S« Ai-maii, " Knda nr Vgiton,*' oc, iSjj; TtrijwMrv
R*Au^"Hirtaii«gi;"_ A._DAD™^^"Ii«eom siw^Teiu^"

VOLANVS

y To-U nta, (Andsbas,) • PoIit)i writer •od
Prottttint theolo^an, bom in the pioviiice of Pomd in
1530^ poblUhed dmaeroiu controveraiil work* againit
the jeiaits and Sodn»ns ; alio ■ Latin IreatiM " On
Political Liber^," (1582.) Died in i6ta

Volg«, fbl'ser, (Wilrelu Frtkdkich,) a German
teacher, bom near LQueborg in 1 794, published seveia]
geographical and bistoikal works. Died March 6, 1879.

Volk, (Douglas,) mUsI, bom at mta6eld, Massa-
chuietta, in 1856. He has jmduced notable works sod
hu lectured on art

Tolk, folk, (WiLBBLM,) a Pmasian writer, bom at
Berlin in 1804. He pablithed "The Ecstatic TirgiiM
of the Tyrol," and other world on nrntidsm ; alto a
"Hannal of Italian Literature," and " Sweden, Ancient
Mtd Modem." Died in 1882.

Vol-k»^-t», [Cer. pron. Ibl-kne-fts,] (Johanm,) 1
Garman Sodnian miaisler, bom in Misnia, flourished ii.
the acTenteenth century. He wrote a work " On Tme
Kelieion," ("De rera Religione," 1630.)

VolUundt. fotk'hlBt, (WiuaLM,) a German his-
torical painter, bom at Herdecke, on ihe Ruhr, in 1815.
He worked at DuaseldorC Died March 14, 1876.

Volkmann. folk'oiAn, (Alfked Wilhelu) a distiu-

Kilbed German physiologist, bom at Leipsic in 1801.
! studied medidne and natural history at Ihe uniTer-
*ity of his natire city, and in 1S37 became professor of
phyuology at Dorpat He Was afterwards appointed to
the chair of physiology and anatomy at Halle. Among
hi* prindpal works arc lh« " Anatomy of Animal^
C Anatomia Animalium," iSji-jj,) "NewContribntiona
to the PhysiologTof Vision,'"{i836,) and " The Doctrine

initz, and published legal works. Died In 1873.
TOlkot VolkoT, or Wolkow, Tol-kof, (Fbodok
GKroouBVTTCH,) bom at KoMroma, in Rmsi*, in 1739,
WBi the fbnnder of the first theatre in his native country.
It was erected at Yaroclaf about 175a He offidated h
Mckitect, icene-painler, manager, adiw, and poet, and
distingnished himself in various departments. About
1756 ne was ordered by the empress to establish a

'&.

Tolkonakd, *ol-kon'ske, {Fms Mikhailovttch,)
Pkinck, a Russian Geld-nurahal general, born in 1776.
He was the creator of the general staff {lua-wuinr) of the
Russian service, was distinguished at Ansterliti and Leip-
dc, and for muiT yeaia looE an influential part in Russian
mijitan and polincal alUr*. Died in tSJs.

VcdlBntaOTO, vollen-ho'Tf h, (Jan,) a Dutch poet and
ProlcMant minister of the seventeenth century, preached
at the Hagoe. His chief work is "The Triumph of
IheCron?*

VOI1M7, vol'ne, tM, [Fr. pron. deh vol'uft',] (CoN-
STANTIH Francois,) Count, a distinguished Ftendi
philo«oph«r, ambor, and ttweller, was bom at Craon

taled BoUQItAU; Tlie name Volney was adopted by the
•rigeel of this article, who inherited an independent

fottne^ Having travelled in E^T^ ""^ ^T^ (1783-

■•I ..J learned the Aialnc langnue, he publJ-'""' ■-

"Travels in Egypt and ^na," ("Ve

85} ud learned the Aialnc langnue, he published
IT87 his "Travels in Egypt and ^im," ("Voyage
Xg;^ite et m Syrie," 3 vols.,) whicn is a work of nigh

1 the United

Staiea. He complained 'that he was ill treated by the
govemmenl or by President Adams. In his absence he
was chosen a member of the lostitule. He supported

>S VOLT A

Bonaparte on the i8lh Brtunaite, im, bat dedined the
place of minister of the interior, which the First Consid
offered him, snd soon became slienated from his service.
In 1S03 he published a " Description of the Climate and
Soil di the United States of America," ("Tableaa d«
Ctimat et du Sol des £til-Unls d'Am^nqoe," i vol*.
8vo,) which was received with favonr. He married his
cousin. Mademoiselle de ChassebcEull in iSio. Among
hla works sre " The Natural Law, or Phyucal Prindplea
of Morality," (1793,1 and " Researches on Andent Hia-
to(T,"(3vots., 1S14J Died in April, iSao.

BSBOV^ " Kindca iv VcIdot." iSSJ 1 SAiirn-BnrvL '^CaoHrfei
■SoL^^-nd.Tfi.: " Novvdlt BiscnpUe Gfotek.-'

Vo-loffr^H [Pr. VDLOoise, vo^o'ihii'] I, King of
Parthia, ascended the throne in jo a.Dl He waged wu
against the Romana, who in the reign of Nero invaded
Armenia. Died about 81 a.Cl

VoloKMM n. was s SCO of Choeroes, whom he suc-
ceeded m 133 A-Ik. His reign was padlic. He died
about 148, snd left the throne to his son, Vologeses IIL
He attempted about 163 to conquer Armenia from the

n engraver.

a Italian printer

, but was defied

Volpiito> ml-pfto, (Giovanni,) ar
Dom at Basaano aboot 1735. He stndiea ai vcntcc nnoer
Bartotoni, and afterwards ezecnted a number of prints,
after Ihe worka of Raphael in the Vatican, and other
eminent artiats. His engravings are numerous, and are
ranked among the master-pieces of the time. Raphael
Morghcn wa* the pupil and son-in-law of Volpalo. Died
ini&j.

Volpl, vol'pee, (Gian Antonio,) a
and dassical scholar, born at Padna ii
ianclion with the printer Comlno, be established a press,
called "Libreria Volfn-Cominiana," from which were
issned excellent editions of the dassica, indading Ca-
tullos. Votpi was for many years professor of rhetoric
and philosophy at Padoa, and was the author of LaUn
poems attd o^r works. Died in 1766.

S« Ikwma. " Viui lalmni docDiu BiGelkntiam."

Volpi, (GiDSEPFl,) an Italian historian, bom near
Bariini68a. He wrote a history of the Visconti, (3 vols.,
1737-48.) DiediniysfiL

Tolta, vol'll, (Albssandko,) a celebrated Italian
electridan and natural philosopher, bom at Como,
February 19, 1 74^ He wrote a treatise " On the At-
tractive Force of Electric Fire," (" Do VI attraeliva Ignis
electrid," 1769,) and invented an dectrophoms in 177$.
AlxHit 1776 he became profi»Bor of natural philosophy
in the Univeinty of Paf{a. He travelled in Germany,
nance, and England in 1783. He invented an electrical
condenser and a endiomeier. His celebriw Is derived
chiefly ftMn tbe discovery of Ihe Voltaic pQe, an appa-
ratus which esdtes a continoons current of electrid^ by
tbe contact of difierent substances. He published thw
discovery about 179a, and received tlie Copley medal of
the Royal Society of London In 1794. He generalised
the phenomena which Galvani had observed, and recti-
fied sn enor in the theory by which that philosopher
bad explained them. "It was thus," says Sir I. F. W.
Henche!, " that be arrived at the knowledge of a gene-
ral bet, that of the disturbance of electncal equililKiaai
by Ihe mere contact of difierent bodies, and the circula-
tion oT a current of electrid^ in one constant direction
through a drcuit canpoced ot three different conductors.
To increase the intensity of tbe very minute and delicate
■^Gt thus obsencd, became hla next aim ; nor did his
inqniry lerminaM till it bad placed him in possesion of
tliat most wondetM of all human inventions, the pile
which bear* his name, tbroofdi Ihe mediom of a leike

._^_.ition. It'was esteemed the best description of

those countries that had vet appeared. In 1780 he waa

elected a deputy to the States-General. He kvonred

rational liberty and reform, but opposed the excesses of

the Revolution, and was idendfied with the Girondists.

The weakness of liis voice hindered his success as an which has rarely, if ei .

of physical researdi." (" Preliminary Discourae on the
Study of Natural Philoeophy.") Volta married Teresa
de' Peregrini in 1794, and had three sons. Invited by
Bonaparte, he went 10 Paris in tSot, and performed ex-
periments with bis pile before the Institute, of which he
was choeen one of the dght foreign associates in 1803.
He retained his professorship at Favia aboot thirty
years. In 1810 he recdved the title of count from Na-
pcdeon, who abo appointed him a aenator of the kiiig-

• asi;cas/,-S4an/;gai>,-o,K,x,/>i«iini;;N,Mua/,-K,/r:(l'/in/;>as*,'*haainllU>. (|g^See Kxplfmaltona, p X).)

D,g,t,7ed::yC00t^lc

doB of llalf. He wrote a number (^ treaiues on «le&
tridtr, etc, which were collected and pnbluhed in Jrtda.,
\ttt6,) under the tills of " Opere di Volta." He died at
Como In April, 1817.

Sag AuGO, "Clan da Voha." iSu; Zuccau. " Klocio Mofko
iA. VolB," 1817; fioccHITTI, "ViUdglCmU V<Jla,''^illi; A.
BsucK. " GcdlditniHnde uf A. Volti." 1B46! TirAUKh "Bio-
piJbdB^ Julutar iUiuIii;" "VoartUn KogrXfblu GiBiait.''

Voltalro, de, deh vol'tlB', {F'SANgois Harii
Aronat — i'too'X',] the most remarlcable name in the
hiitorjp of French hteratnre, wai born at Chltenaj , near
Sceaoz, the aoth of Febmarr, 1694. His father was
FTancoia Arouet, fbrmerlj a notary, then a treasarer In
the chamber of accoonts ; hia moOier, who belonged to
a noble famil; of Poiton, waa Marie Marguerite Dan.
mart The name Voltaire, according to some aathoritiei,
wai derived from an estate which belonged to his mother,
Ihongh others have maintained that it was an anagram
of Arvutt I. L, (Lt. Areuit U ituju, (jenne,) or " Arouet
the Younger.") Madame Arouet is said to have been
btelligent, wittj, and attractive woman. She died before
her dutingoished son had reached his twentieth year.
The eodfalher and first teacher of youne Aroaet wasthe
Abbe de Chltcauneaf. whose morals, like hii religions

" The Leagne," (" l^ Ligue," etc) The
this imperfect form, was very &voura1:' —
tiUre hastened to prepare tor the pnt

&vourably receiv^ V«l-

e claimed with him a more direct relationship than

that of godson. So much, at least, may be considered
certain, that the abbi early indoctrinated hU pupil
the skeptical literature which was then becoming all the
fiuhlon in France. At the age of eleven years Voltaire
wrote a poetical petition for an Invalid soldier, which
ezdted the admiration of the celebrated beauty Ninon
de Lenclos, then far advanced in years ; and, at her re-
qaesi, he was presented to her by the Abbj Chlteauneu(
who had the reputation of being her latest lover, Het
death occurred shortly after this interview, and by het
will she left Voltaire two thousand livres for the purpose
of purchasing books. He had been placed when he was
ten years oldat the Jesuitcollege Louis-le- Grand, where
mie of his instructors, Vkie Le Jay, is said to have pre-
dicted that he would some day be the Coryphzus of
deiim in France. Even at that early age the wit and
(•olna of the young Arouet appear to have eacited
general admiration. In 1710 the poet Jean Baptiste
Rousseau, then in the acme of his fame, assisted in the
disbibution of the honour* ac the college. As one
prize after another was awarded to Voltaire, the atten-
tion of Rousseau was arrested ; he desired to have the
boy presented to him, and predicted for him, we are
told, a brilliani literary destiny.

On leaving the college of tlie Jesnita, he was lenl bjr
his lather to a iaw-sdiaol, where he say* he waa dia-
goated with (he unphiloso)^ical method of paisaiog the
atndy of jurisprudence and he therefore resolved to
abamlon the law ; but it is probable that hi* taste for li^bt
literature contributed quite aa much toward* leadmg
him to that resolution as the philosophical considera-
tions to which he refers. The Abb^ Chiteannenf had
already introduced him into a drcle at once brilliani
and licentious. To withdraw him from this corrupt but
laacinating influence, his lather sent hin as secretary to
the Marquis Chlteauneuf, who was setting oat as am-
bassador to the United Province*. While there, he se-
duced the daughter of Madame du Noyer, an intriguing
woman, who passed for being a ProlestanL She was
even anspectu by some of conniving at, if not directly
•ttcootaglng, the lault of the youtuid lover*, in the
hope of oraining money from Voltaire's relations. She
conplained loudly to the ICarqni* of Chlteaaneot from
wfaiMa, *oon after, Voltaire received an order to quit the
Higne and return to Ftanee. MaderaoiaeUe do Htqrer'*
father wa* in Pari*, and Volt^re did not hetitate to ad-
vise hb inamcmUa to feign a convenion to the Catholic
biifi, in which caee she might hope to have the powerfU
assistance of the dtorch in reacdi^ her from the tyranny
of her mother. But tUi fngenioii* plot was not iticcess.
fbl, and the correepondenoe between thelovenaoon after
ceased, at least for a dme.

At the hoDse of M. de Caimiartin, (a friend of the
iuMtlT,) wllh whom Voltaire songht rcfcfe from tbe

I, a, 1, 8, 0, ;, iivy,- ll, t, 6, same, less prolonged: L i. T, 6, ii, y, iitfrY; h f^ j, 9, «dinwv; Or, Oil, Oti inEtj oSt; gMd; ■!

Digitized by VjOOQIC

>6 VOLTAIRE

frown* and leproedie* of hi* fetber,* he had an oppar*
tnnity of hearing the father of that gentleman tu& of
the glorious day* of Henry IV., wiUi some of wboM
contemporarie* the old man had conversed b hi* jrowfa.
Young Arouet'* enthusiasm wa* ttroDgty esdied. Et

then that he formed the design of bia great enicv the

ory of the age M I^uia XTV.

About this time Loois XIV. diedj a witty and satirical

"Ilenriade," snd of his history

Aouui iniB iiioe XjOuib jkiv. aiea; a wircj ana saoncai
pamphlet, in which the decease of the king was treateil

national deliverance, and in which the new guvent-

t was not spared, wa**n*pcctcd to have been wrrtti^
whole or in part, by Voltaire. He was accordingly
confined in "'-- "—-"'- "»'- •--—

arrested, and c

n the Bastille. Thia^ howi

during his imprisonment &<Hn the sednctioiu of pleaasie
and the dissipations of sodety, he composed a coDsider-
able part of the " Henriade, and completed his tTaeethf
of " <Edipe,'' which attracted the favourable notice of ftie
regent, and procured hi* liberation. He was preacnted
soon after by H. tiaot to tbe regent, who gave him one
thousand crowns. VoItalietorepOTtedtobavesaldondnC

was released 1
almost a year.

Hew

T-four year* of age w

1 1 was soon after this event that he d
Aronet to Voltaire. '*Ihavebeei>,'*bewro(t

Mademoiselle du Noyer, " very unfortunate under my
first name. I wish to try if this new one will nerve me
any better." The brilliant success of his " CEdipe'' (wfaid
was represented with great applause for thirty saccesDie
nights) appears, however, to have completely rccoocBed
him (o tbe way* of tbe blind goddea*. Rank andbeau^
were now eager to pay him homage. He became the
favoured gueat and companion of the greaL The Prince
of Conti addressed to him, aa a brother paet,son>e pretty,
complimentaiT veiaea, and he was very gradoosl* re-
cdved tv the beautifill HarfcAale de Villars, with wtMW,
II ia laid, he fall desperately in love, (iptnitimaUamtm
rtux;) but abe doe* not appear to have given him the:
Aghtest encoutujoaent (" Blogiaphie Univeraelle."]

But the cup M Dfoeperi^ presented to hi* lipa waa
not unmixed with utttr innealenls. The Abb4 Deafcm.
taines had obtained frandnJently an imperfect copy of Ae
"Henriade," and had it pabluhed, under the name of

ibnc a more perfect
edition ; but certain passages in the work which gn*
offence to tbe priesthood prevented him from obtaming
permission to publish il.

His vanity and self-esteem were destined to receive
some severe rebnb from that haughty ariitoaacy which
ooold never wholly divest iUelf of the idea that tank
was something essentially superior even to geninaof Ike
highest order, which it might indeed condescend 10
patronise and perhapa applaud, but with which it coald
never asaodate on equal tenoa. tn Deeember, 1733;
Voltaire, while at the ubte of hi* friend the I>nke of
Sully, happened to eipreu himself on some subject wilb
great animation and self-confidence. One of the 1 ik Ms.
the Chevalier de Rohan, son of the Duke de RoIbm-
Chabot, asked, "Who is thn young man thai speak* eo
toudf" "He is," replied Voltaire, "one who doea not
carry a great name, but can do credit to the one be haa."
A few days alter, the chevalier sent word to V^taire Ikst
the Duke of Sully expected him to dinner. He went
accordingly. While he was dining, one of the servana
announcM that some one wished particnUiiy to sea
bin. He deaceoded, and wa* sset bv three nten, wte
immediately fell on bin and beat him nmnerdh^
with their caneai It wu noticed as an ad of grew gen-
eroaily on the part of the Chevalier de Rohan thai b*
directed hi* men not to beat their victim on hia ^id
When Volt^ complained of the outrage to the Dnke
of SuHy, the latter admitted that il wa* a rude and "*»

VOLTAIRE 2A

cml" Kt on the part of Rohan, bat declined to aid him
In anj way to obtain latjahction. Thereupon Voltaire
practiaed Kocing diligently for aome week*, and at the
end of that time challenged Rohan to a doeL The
challenge was accepted, but, before the paitic* met, Vol-
taire waa arretted and tent to prison. We arc not told
whether or not the eberalier gave notice to the police ;
but a chiTBlroiu koigbt who mold emplojr thiee men to
attack another who was onarmed mi^ht reasonaU* be
•uppoaed capable of an<ii an act. Thu proceeding had,
in all probaMlity, an important inflnence on the deatiniea
of Europe. It aeeroa for a time to ba*e completely
disgoatcd Voltaire with the aodetj and gonmment of
Fiance, and it determined him to accept an invitatian,
received from Lord Bolingbroke, that be ahould vial
England. Thia viait, whidk maj be regarded as the
most important event of bit lite, dates from August,
1736. while in that coontir, be was particolarly struck
with the absolate freedom of thought enjored bj all the
pepple; hisown viewa, Id the societj of Bolingbroke and
his deistical iriends, appear to have been developed and
matured. In Englaod, also, he acquired some acqnunt-
ance with the Newtonian philosophy, the knowledge of
which he was afterwards among the Grst to intrMoce
among hi* countiymen in France, Allet nearly three
Tears' absence, he returned to Paris in 1729. At first he
lived retired, aind finished his tragedy of ■* Brntus," which
he had Ixgun i» England. According to some critics,
the influence of Shskspeare is clearly visible in thia
piece, and perhaps still more in his next tragedy, " Zaire,"
<I730,) although Vollure afterwards afiected to despise
the great English dramatist, perhaps the better to con-
ceal how much he was hidebtod to him. Abont this
time, aUo, he finished hi* "History of Charles XXL,"
lor which he had procured some very valuable
during his sojourn in London.

His "Brutus" was by some considered a
(iulnre, and Fontenelle indeed advised him to aban-
don tragedy, as nnsuited to hi* genlos; bat hi* next
drama, "Zaire," proved a brilliant snccess. It it re-
garded bjr many a* the finest of all Voltaire's trsgedies,
and as nilly eqnal to the best in the language. His
" Lettree Phllotophlque*," otherwise called " Lettrea sur
les Anglais," (" Letter* on the Eofflish,") appeared about
1732. The freedom of some of lus idea* gave oflence to
the clergy. The " Lettres" were condemned to be pub-
licly bamed, the publisher was imprisoned, and an order
was issued to arrest the author, so that to escape the
officers of the law he was ^n to make a speedy retreat
to Cirey, (on the borders of Lorraine,) an estate belong-
ing to the celetxaled Madame Chiletet, (or Chastclet,}
with whom he formed a Adwim which coutinued until
the death of that lady. (See ChastKuct, Gabkislli.)
While in this retreat he wrote hit "Siemens de la Pbi-
loeophie de Newton," (published at Amsterdam in 1733,)
designed to set forth ajnd elucidate the theoriea and dis-
coveries of the great English philosopher. He also
composed hi* "Alrire," a tragedy, which was acted at
Paris with great applause in 1736L His "Mahomet,"
which he dedicated to the pope, wat first acted In 1741.
His holiness accepted the dedication very gracioasir,
(mable, or perhaps unwilling, to perceive that the sbaRs
which the author seemed to aim at the lalse pretence*
of the prophet were b reality directed against those of
the Catholic Church. Hit " M Jrope," brought oat in
1T43> w** received with an enthusiastic and tomaltuoos
tp^aote such a* had never bejbre been exhibited in
any theatre in Europe.

Several year* before the last-named date, Frederick,
the Prince- Royal of Prussia, had written to Voltaire ana
expressed his admiration of the genius which was tkeo
daiiling Europe : this led to an intimacy between the
prince and the poet, which waa kept up by a constant

throne, be invited his friend to vi^ him at Berlin. Bnt
Voltaire was unwillli^ to tepante bisaself from Madame

VOLTAIRE

of Louis XV., he w*a chosen (Hay 9, 1745) a

member of the French Academy to succeed Bonhier,
snd appointed hUtoriographer of France. He had de-
clined the flattering o&rs of Frederick, that he might
not be deprived of the aodety of Madame Chltelet
Bnt the mittresa to whom he waa so fondly attached no
loiter folt for hint th« aflcction of former years, but had
(about 174S) given her heart to another and younger
lover. Saint- Lambert.

Madame Chltelet ^ed in childbed, in Augnat, 174^*
After her death, although he knew she had been do-
bithfol to him, Voltaire said of her, " I have not lost •
mistress ; I have lost the half of myselt ... I love to
&nd everywhere something that can recall the thought
of her." A short time afterwards, as her husband, H,
du Chltelet, wa* on the point of opening a locket which
had been carried by Madame do Chfttelet, Voltaire con-
fidently expected to see his own portrait i it proved to b«
that of Saint-Lambert ; he said to M. du Chltelet, " Be-
lieve me, monsieur, neither of us has here any cause to
boast." On a previous occasion he spoke to Saint-
Lambert [with whom. It appears, he had at Grst been
landed) with a kindness snd rosgnsnimity which would
have been sublime, could they hsve had existence in a

Ce and elevated mind. "Ilia I," said he, "who have
n to blame ; you are at the age when one love* and
inspires love ; ... an old man, infim as I ai^ i* not
made for pleasure."

Having nothing now to detain him in France, he ac-
cepted the invitation, recently renewed, of the King of
FniBsia, Nsd arrived in Berlm in July, 175a He waa
received by Frederick with the moat flattering demon-
strations M regard. No lovers in a romance could have
met, after a long absence, with greater transports of joy.
Voltaire had at last found an earthly oaradise. A thou-
sand louis-d'or had been sent him ior the expenses rf
the journey. In addition to the splendid ^artmenta
assigned him under the roval root "^ wat to receive a
pension of twenty thouBana francs. He and Frederick
studied together two hours every day, and in the evenii^
he was enteitsined s* *'»* Hn"'" "~n taM<.. Rni' ihii
charmine 11'

fitted to plague each other. Each of then
„„ , .._e fault of which the other wat meat impa-
tient, and they were, in different ways, the most Imnatint
of mankind. ** (See Eauty on " ^ederick the Great,"
originally published in the "Edinburgh Review" for
April, 1843.)

The king wrote verses, which Voltaire was to criticiae
and correct,—* delicate and perilous position for sny
man, but peculiarly so for one who was so bstidious, so
irritable, and to prone to ridicule as Voltaire. It was
quite imposoible ibr him to correct his majesty's vertei
—which might well have provoked the ridicule of a more
indulgent critic — without laughing at them. "Behold,"
said he, "what a quantity <» dirty linen the king has
^ me to waah I" And, aa nsuaf in such cases, there
always some well-intentioned person resdy to carry
such renuu-ks to the ear of the king. It would be long
to tell of the irritation, the Increasing disgust, the quar-
rels, the Ingenious schemes devised by each to annoy or
torment the other. Suffice it to aay that, after a stay of
about three yeara, tlie poet parted from the king, with ft
promise to return, but with a firm dcterminationt as ht

Never/* says Hscanlay, " had there n
3 exquisitely fitted to plague each other
had exactly the fault of which the other w

-, ■■"•v* ^^r**- "ih*HrtUr

U UaraidHh aad bow, bv ■ itnoffl ind ■]

H A,' 9 St /,- 1 hard; ^ as/V 0^ h, ^giMurai; n, Hoiai; k, Mlltd; I

■Udi," or* CulTk, "iH, HksAs bmsvtl wdvina
IihM ud wot am Wt WDV."

»;ihssfai<lu. (l^-SeeEiplmuitiaM^p.^

Digitized by VjOOQIC

telli oa, nerer to tee Um again. At Frankfort be ma
arrcatcd br an order from Berlin, and readred to gire
Bp mhw of the kfn^ poetry, copiei of which had been
printed fiK private drcalation and preMnted to Voltaire
and other of the royal favourite*. Bat Frederick, n —
fauing dial th« arch wit and icoScr might perhapi i
tlw poetry to torn its author into ridicule, reaolved
■et pooseuion of it agwn. It to happened that he had
left the poetiy behind at Lefpalc, and tome daya elapaed
before he could tend for and receive it Meanwhile he
WM kept in strict ctutody ; and even after thepredoui
packet had arrived he wai atUl detained. " The Prai-
■ian agenta," aaya Hacaulay, " had, no doubt, been In-
■trnct^ not to let Voltaire off without aome griM* indu-
nity. He was confined twelve day* in a wretched hovel.
Sentinels with fixed bayonets kepi {^ard
niece was deagRed throogh the mire bj
Sixteen hundred dollars were extorted nam him by liia
Inaolenl jailers. Il is absurd to say that this ontrue
was not to be attributed to the king." (Essay on "Frede-
rick the Great")

Voltaire returned to Fiance thoroughly diveited of
all hli illndona respecting that great pHuce whom be
had once delighted to call the Solomon and Alezaoder
of the North, the liatcut Aurelius of Potsdam, the
Tralao and PUny combined, etc

In 1755 ^ eatabllahed himself at Feney,
aeva, to SwitietUnd. Here be apent perhapa Iba moat
tranquil, as well as the moat creditable and nselul,
portion of his life. He Is admitted to have been a
benefiictor to the inhatntanta of Femey and the viduity.
The village or town was greatly improved and enlarged
under his ansplcca ; newhoutet were built, and a amalt
theatre established. He even etected a cbnrch, In which
he had the hardihood to preach. To silence the com-
plaints of those who were scandaliied at his Irrcgnlai
proceedings, he went through, in due form, the ceremony
of taking the oommnnion.

The one aspect of Voltaire^ character wliich
viewed with nnmingled approbation was the deep,
limrtfelt pi^ and Indignation with which he regarded
every flagrant act of cruelty or oppreastoB, whether it
was enaOed in his own county or in the remoleat pad
of Europe. He tignallied nil philaathropy in the
earnest teal with which he took up the came of Jean
Calas, who bad been condemned at Toulouse and
broken on the wheel for a crime of which he

the sentence was annulled and the family piitially indem-
^fied. Hiasympalhy in thecase of Admiral Byngwasno
lesa real or leas earnest 1 but heeierted himself in vain
to prevent the consummation of that judicial murder,
which has left an indelible stain upon the character of
the ministry under whose auspices It was committed.*
Another act of his, though of a dlflerent kind, reflects
ao less credit on his character. Having learned that a
V"">g girl) a near relative of the great Comellle, (she
waa then believed to be the grand-danghter of that
poet,) was Uvlng in extreme poverty, he sent for her
and had her brought to Fernej, where he gave tier an
education, and settled on her, out of his own means, a
Ilfe-annalty of fourteen hundred franca.

Dnring hU residence at Femey he composed or
flnished some of his greatest vroTM, among which the
neat valuable and perhaps the most orirind of all waa
hla " Essay on the Manners of Nations," etc, (" Easal
Bur les Hceors et I'Esprit des Nations," 1756,) which
might, says Brougham, be justly designated the " Phi-
losophy of History." It has nnqnestionabljr exerted
dtronghout Europe a great and beneficent influence
upon the mode of writing history. No inconuderable
portion of this work had been compoaed during hia
residence at Cirey. His "Candlde," the most remark-
aUe of his prose fictions, appeared in I7j8. "Dr.
fohnson," says Brougham, " never spoke 01 it without

should not have written ' 1

L'Ingjnu," (1767.) Of bis tragedies, b
already named, the most deaerving of noQce arc jki*
haps the following 1 " ATttaise," (about 1731,) " Mari-
amne," (1714,) " Eriphile," (173s,) " La Hort de C^sar,*
073S.)"S*minimis,*' (1748,) •'Oraate," (1750,) " Roma
Saav^" otherwise called "Catilme," (1753,; which Vol-
taire is said to have preferred to all hn tragediei, bM
the crilica and the public dedded dlffierently, and
" TancrMe," (1 rtoj Wfaicb had a brilUant sr "=-

onfessedW began to bil when, in 177S,
iris, hi* ^ Irtne," the last of hia drams

his visit to Paris, h _, _

ptoduclions, was acted with great applause which, bow-
was bestowed rather on its illustric

success. The "Enbnt Prodlgne," another cooa^,
brought out anonymously, was mulii more popalai, but
it was not known to be Voltaire's untU be claimed it
several yeara afterwards.

He wrote a satiHcal poem, "Lc Temple du GoAt,'
(i733i) and a mock-heroic poem, entitled " La Pocellc,'

(<7S5>) nf which Ih* hiatory of Joan of Arc forma ito

"iDject This, according to Brougham, ^than whoa

tftaire has probably no more indu%ent tntfc,} is "tlie

great master-piece of Voltaire'a poetic |.
adds, however, "The 'Pucelte' is one conlinaed aoeer
at all that men do hold and all that they ought to faoU
sacred. . . . Religion, virtue, ... all are nuule the
constant subjects of sneering contempt and ribald
Umghler ;"t and he might have added that many parts

deparlmen

In 1778, being then I1
visited Paris, where his sojourn w

pMie" founded by Diderot and AlemberL The si
of this publication was due in no smalt measure to
the name and influence of Voltaire, who contributed to
it many artldes on various subjects, among whicb wiD
be found some of his most reckless and violent attad*
upon Christianity.
Of bis histories, "Charles XIP (1731) » a

to be the best It is, indeed, a tief-d'iemm c. .

el^ant, animated, and rapid narration. Hb "Siide
de Louis XIV" {1751) holds the second place. The
"Histoire de Russiesoos Pierre 1" (1759) isconaideicd
be the least successful of his productions in this

his eighty-fifth year, Voltaire
•journ was one continued ova-

The homage of every class," say* Brougham,

"and of every rank was tendered to him; and it seemed
as if one nniversal feeling prevailed, — the desire of
having it hereafter to say, 'I saw Voltaire.' His car-
riage was drawn by the populace, who were inspired
with the wildest enthusiasm. At the theatre his bast
was crowned with laurels and garlands of roaes, amid
the shouts and tears of the audience. He udaimed,
Vou will make me die with pleasure ; you will stifle me
with roses.' "

The exhaustion produced by this great exdtemeot
appears to have been the cause of hi* death, which took
place on the 30th of Hay, 1778. Some time before hi*
death, while he was supposed to be very near hia end.
he was induced, from his desire of obtainmg a Cbristiaa
burial, to subscribe to a confession and undei%o abacln-
tion, which, say* Condorcet, gave leas edificaSoo to the
devout than scandal to the free-thinkera,t

tSic BrooiiiuD'i 'Lrn* of Mb et Ltttn aad SiiHB.'

tVoT cntndieiaty ■econat* in pvcB of hii Ibi horn. It !■■
HB nwU otmrrsd Ihit il ii OlfiitBan wr—gBMCS howtaeipaaA
!• lih Ihu ho* ta* p—a ihc few tcuiiu tDonenB at its clou. Or-
inuoiiKca which hara nolUni lo do triih ong'i Mtfc T aort— •

..ia contrwr, to lb* teDr-bsd SCB*. Sot. waiucb haal«B hU
ibool lh« aiiUi of Voluii^ It anf mt br -^*- — *- '—

■timoar of TVoodiia, oliD WM Us ftiBl aod who wB
kiAi(iindiDftbo1iBaaIaDa)dBi^Us IM bow
of ■rprindplaa." MfS ht. ■ b^JByiofci sBw^-

w ofa txaolifal daj.widi

«.«.I,C,«,Rto*7i,t.4,»s

e, less prolonged; I, «, 1, 8, G,]',M«^,- f, f , j, 9i «An»ra.- ftr, fill, Ol; mil; nOt; ga6d; nA

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

iraEm una, oi unrope:
be wa» often styled *■ King Voltaire," ("le Roi Voltaire.")
Hit writiDgi contribatcd ptHrerTully to give a freih
impulse lo tlmoit every dcpu-tuient o( human tbou^bt
There iraa, indeed, no branch of literature which he htm-
•elf did not coltivale with diatineuished success. His hi«-
torkal work* mark an era in thia department of writing.
If bis historic* are inferior lo those of some other emi-
nent wTtten in depth of thooght or in a philosophic
treatment of the sabjec^ they are remarkable for the
clearness, liraplicity, animation, and rapidity of the
narratire. If they are not calcnlated in «n espedal
manner to make philosophic historians, they are pre-
eminently fitted to interest and Instruct the generality
of readen ; and tbey have perhaps done more to make
history popular among all classes than the worki of any
other writer of modem times. Though not the Gral
French author who wiote on the wonderfbl discoveries
of Newton, he may be said to have been the first to
make them extenuvely known on the continent
wit, he probably never had an equal either in anc
Modem times.t As a poet, Voltaire is by tome critics
ranked at the very head of the great masten of the
in France. His "Zaire" is called the ciefJ'aarvrr
French tragedy, and his " Henriade" may be said to
the only successful epic in the French language.

But several eminent critics, while admitUng that V
taiie was a genius of the rarest order, deny nM he i
a great poet in the truest sense of the word. " It ._
certain," says Brougham, " that the tragedies of Voltaire
are the works of an extraotdiniry eeniut, and that only
a great poet could have prodncea them ; but It it equally
certain that they are defident for the moat part in that
which makes the drama powerflil over the feelings, —
real pathoa, real passion, whether of tendemess, of
tenor, or of horror. The plots of some are admirably
ctRitrived ; the diction of all is pure and animated f in
moat cases it is pointed, and w many it it strikinKi
grand, impreanve j the diaracter* are frequently well
UBagtned and poiliaycd, though without sufficient dit-
crinunatitm, add thus ofken numing one into another
from the unlfbrmi^ of the language, terse, epigrammatic
powerhl, which afl alike speaL Nor are there wandng

■ituations of great cflect and single par ' -■--"■- -

force ; bat, after all, the heart is not the
im which is the parent of all true eloqaence, at well at
alltme poetry, ... is rarely perceived. (See " Lives of
Men of Letters," etc, where also (pp. 36-43) will be
fband an elaborate critique on the " Henriade.'^

As a critic his claims, though unquestionsbly of a high
order, are open to great exceptions. He appears, indeed,
to have been wanting in no natural gift necessary to rank
~'~~ with the very greatest critics that ever lived. He
~~~td,inad^Tee that has probably nerer been but-
. a clear, indsive intellect,) a vivid sense of pro-
priety, a quick perception of the true reladona of things,
comuned^with an Intense sosceptibility to all thoae fiMl-
ings or sentiments which go to make the orator and the
poet But he was wholly wanting In that earnest love
of truth without which no critical verdict can command
om respect, much 1^ be accepted as authority. He
often pronounced jodgment on books that he had not
read, or had read so Impeifectly that he failed to com-
fvehend their real scope and character- In the desire

(o geoeraltyuiown that he was guilty of the

most reckless, unblushing CUsehoods, whicii he uttered
with a confident assurance that often led inexperienced
readers to suppose that from his sentence there could be
no appeal.1

Vet although his talents were confessedly of the moat
divernfied and rarest order, and though, in the word*
of Macaulay, "of all the intellectual weapons ever nsed
by man, the moat terrible was the mockery of Voltaire,"
we cannot regard him a* a very formidable enemy of
Christianity. In discussing such questions his state-
ments were so rash, and the spirit with which he was
animated 10 manifest, that be could deceive only the
vnorant, or those who were willing or aniiont to be
deceiveiL Men much inferior to him in genius (as Hume,
Gibbon, ahd Strauss) have proved themselves far more
dangerous adversaries to revealed religion, because their
positions have been more cautiously taken, and their
attacks. If less violent, have been made mth hi greater
skill, so that the bllacy of thwr arguments, unlike those
of Voltaire, can ttHncames be detected by those only
who are accustomed to think dosely, and who are, at
the same time, capable of earnest, impartial, and labo-
nous research.

It is proper to observe that the charge of atheism
which has often been brought against Voltaire, is wholly
without foundation. On the one point of belief in a
God he was consistent and unwavering. Chough so Gdcle
in almost everything else. In fact, there are tobsfound
in his works some of the most beautiful and admlralda
arguments in bvour of the existence of a God that have
ever been written. The joung wits of Franco, whom he
had taoebt to rldicole almost everything sacred, tumed
against biro, in hb later veais, the same ridicole, becaoaa
he still adhered to that delnsion of his early educatioo.

In inquiring into the causes of Voltaire's extraordinary
influence opon the mind of Europe, we ought not to M
guil^ of the mistake of snppoung that his intellectual

Sfts constituted the whole or even the principal part of
s marvellotit power. However much we may attribute

ausceptil^litT of hi* emotional nature. It has

been justty remarked that the same general law hold*
good in the moral or the sodal, as in the material, world,
—that everybodyisattracted in the same proportion that
ft attracts other*. If Voltaire exercised a greater attract-
ive Influence on the mind of Europe than any other man
of his age, it was because be felt more than any other
the influence of the age upon himselfl This explains
why he not merely instructed or daziled the minds of
his contemporaries, but won their sympathy and affec-
rion as no literary man or poet had ever done before.
The influence of his intellect and beart was ill the
powerful, because in his sentiments and ideas he
o little elevated above the mass of his readers, that
he could exert to the fullest extent all Chat attractive
power which, as every one knows, is greatest when near-

t Of (Ui Ihi ncUo* oUcmtiDDi sad iJan Bpoi Shilopcu*
nlib s RAw mnuiBticB. In oh |iIm* ha bti that Sbtiaitan

a^ ba^fa En^dnBU>tiM"ihtCaiii«m*erLoailoB,

It ■ (RSI <bol uqFwIie'* daa," (" ■» trmtdftm ^tUbmn."} Bu

rhi^ lb* moat astnoidiiuiT 01 all tiu ibnrdilia ia hia csinpUiM

■nnat tha iadacoida of Stnkanire, (m hi* iMter to La Hith

Ai«M IL iTrU-^nd llii*, too. fin Ih« uithar of " La PbocII*" I

V'UmttiikmMUaMUM.-ivtthm " KiiC|d«a«a Brimoiea.'

"inoiita B tm thair ItiBtiltT. wbaAB w* miifitta ikaiBleia-

lanc* or aaroninv. Tboa, ha tar*, or anvph, ' It is « daddad

mtlLwhUnir AbbsJIa aajnyia tha coBpin, thu nosaof tiia

■cm FMiNn at tha Onidi^dmn M l,«m iaeMn h»* qooied

— -waigt 60B tha fan t^ov*!*. <rith wUtb >s art stestlittd '

D ha i^s <■ tbt " EncjdoFsdii. " OBdar t h* Iwad of *■ Chriad-

")thit aiBoiic tha a>ri]r ChriatiBH " il^-l«ir uciatie* had Eftr-

l&tant|Da|Ai.tDaaa«l,likt their BqrttBieL''<I) Hllpfn.

6, to hut ttmnn ou hia blaafaooda irith attar nctliiieiii

wfcaatw ha Ihaoafai dHjooakl aam Ua mm, inutiiii ihit hii fraai
ntoaiD Klantimaad tha coBidant aaasnuna with which tharwara
" — ' luleaitv of reidara to accept thca

■H&dV ■^- ■■- •■- ■

ui;fas/;|Aarrf;ts*;;o,H,K,/iiaKm/;N,MUd/.-K,i>Tf/r^.-iasi; (hasinfiu, (l^'See Explanations, p. 33.)

tiMiicj Of neart, at wnicb we nave apoken, not onljr
prompted hita to those genecoui acta of bcaevolence
which conitittite his one claim to true glory, but kIso
caiued hiTD to adopt with bcilit^, or rather to embrace
irith eagerness, the prevailmK foibtes and vices of hi*
age, which he may b« said to have represented in all its
strength and in all its weakness. While the influence of
his writings doubtless contributed powerfully to accel-
erate the d^noaement of that mighty tragedj in France,
the Erst acts of which mair be said to date from tha
commencement of the century, if not earlier, it did not,
we believe, very materially modify the cUrection or
character of the great movement of which he appeared
to be the leader, but of which he was in reatiiy tc«rcely
more than its most striking manifestation. He was, it
may be said, bnt the foremost wave in a mighty delun
nrged on by, as well as leading, those behind. Had he
been as great morally as he was intellectually, he might
probably have impressed a very different charlcter upon
the French Revolution, He might have fostered and
developed the spirit of liberty, without it the same time
letting loose upon society the dcmoikS of licentionsnesa,
of ftrtijbgt, and of blaspbemy." But, with his vain and
fickle character,t it would have been as impossible foi
him to direct such ■ movement steadily, wisely, and
beneficeatly, as to support the earth upon his shoiddeis.
See. besides (he works ilrudy referred to in the fbrrcoing vtide,
FaiDiRicK TM« Gbbat, " Eldge de Voluire," 177B ; Condoscit,
-Vie ds Voltaire, Hiiyie de> iSiaata dc Volulrc. teiu par lui-
ufaBe," i^ ; Jau< FuHfoiB na La Hun, Eloge de Voluire ~
tjSo; C Palissot, "Sloge do Voliaire," ijjg; Louis Sihow A
cu. "Not>BeurUViad?Voltaire,"igs;! T.F.GiLLET, "Volui
der Refommcn-," if^f. Duidsht, "Hitlom EMiaire M ufaUu

of the popiilac " EUiabeth and Her German Gsrden,"
and other interesting works.

Von Bii'low, (BEBiniARDHxN»Y,)PHmci,aG«r-
man statesman, bom in Holstein in 1849. He lentd in
ihe IIuEsars in the war of 1870, was secrttaty ofiarioM
embassies and of the Berlin Congress of 1878, nimlslei
at Bukarest, ambassador at Rome, minister of state ind
foreign secretary 1S97-1900, and Imperial Ghincelloroi
Germany 1900-09.

Voaok,yonk, (Fbancis), a Flemish jurist, born rtu
Brussels in 1735. He was one of the leaders of ibe
parly which attempted (o throw aS the yoke of Anstiia
'wut 17S9. Died in 1792.
Vondel. van dao, vin den von'dci, [LaL Vondi'-
us,] (JoosT.) an eminent Dutch poet, born at Cologne
15S7, was a son of Protestant parents, who 6ed Irani
ntwerp to escape persecution. He resided mostly u
Amsterdam, where he engaged in mercantile punuil^
and married about i6iOl He produced in 1630 a tragedy
of the " Sack of Jerusalem," and in 1625 a more famrai
drama, called "Palamedes," in which he alluded to the
execution of Baineveldl in such indignant terms (hit he
was fined. Hia drama of "Gisbert van Amstel" (1637)
was received with great applause. It is stated that he
joined ihc Catholic Church about 1640. Among his
remarkable works is the tragedy of "Ludter," (1654,1
which is said to resemble Milton's '• Paradise Lost." He
was also a great lytic poeL The choruses of bis true-
dies are sublime lyrical oomposilions. He wis die
author of satires and many other poems, and is regarded
the great national poet of Holland. Died in 1679.

db,Google

VORONIKHIN 2-)

GUITAV,) 1 Gemun architect, bom ■( Frcadenbach in
17781 studied at Berlio aod Paris, and was nibaeqiientl]>
employed to constnict a number of public buildings in
the vidnitv of Munich. Died in 1S47.

Voxoolkbin or WoTOnlchin, vo-io-ne-Kin', {An-
DBHi NixiFOKOvrrCH,) a Russian aicbitcct, born in 1760^
was the ton of a peasant, and ms palroniied bj Couni
AlexandM Stro^oL He ttadied at Moscow, and
subacquenllj in Paris, and was appointed, after his rs-
tnm, professor in the Academy of Arts. In tSll he
completed the superb cathedra] of "Our Ladj of
Kazan," in the Nerskii Prospect, at Saint PetersMrgv
which is regarded as one of the Sneat structures io the
dtv. Died in 1S14.

v■t)^ont»o^ yflr-ftnt-wP, VorontsoT, or Woron-
■ovr, jAuPtANDEE,) CouKT, a Ruswan statesman under
the reign of Catherine II-i was a iKOtlier of the Princess
Dashkor, the intimate friend of that empress. He was
appointed liy the emperor Alexander chancellor of the
empire in tfoa. Died in 1806.

vorontao^ Vorontsov.or 'Woronsoir, (Mikhail
iLAKiOMOvrrcH,) Count, a Russian diplomatist and
statesman, bom in 1710, was distinguiahed by tbe lavoor
of tbe empress Elisabeth, and rose to be chancellor of
(he empire. He n^oliated tiie treaty of alliance be-
tween Russia and Sweden in 1745. Died in 1767.

Vorontao^ VorontsoT, or woronKjw, (Mikhail
SkkfiNovrrCH,) PkinCI, a Russian general and states-
man, bom at Moscow in 1782. He was educated in
Entctand, where his father. Semen Woroniow, resided
as Russian ambassador. Having entered the Russian
army, he served against the Turlo, and in the principal
campaigns against Napoleon from 1813 to 1S15. He
was afterwards appointed goTemor of New Russia and
Bessarabia, and in 1S44 of the Caucasian provinces.
Died in 1S5&

VorootBOT or Varootxoa See Vobontsof.

VOrSamaTty or VoeroMinait?, vo'rosh-mSrtj,
(almost -mOatch,) (MiilJ(LT,) a celebrated Hungarian
writer and patriot, bom in Che county of Fejcrvar in
1800. He pnblished.whileastudentatFcsth, his drama
of " King Solomon," (tSai,) which was followed by a
poem entitled "The Triumph of ndeliCv," (i8m,) "Kina
Si^imund," (1S14,} a drama, "Tbe Flight of Zalan,"

epic jioem, and the tragedv of "Kont," (1835.) His
narrative poems entitlea " Cserhalom" and "The En-
chanted Valley" ("TilndervUI^," 1B37) esUblished his

narrative poems
chanted Valley" .

reputation as the first Hungarian poet of bis time. He
was a contributor to Kis&ludy'a "Aurora," and was (61
several years editor of a journal called "llie Repository
ofSdence." In iBsohepublishedapatrioticlyticentitled
" The Appeal," (" SnJiat,'T which at once liecame widely
popular, and the author received from the Hungarian
A(3demy a ducat for every line. He took part in the
revolution of 184S, and was a deputy to the National
Assembly for the county of Bacslca, and after the defeat
of the Honsarians was imprisoned a short time. He
died in 1856^ while engaged on a translation of Shak-

VoiBt, foBst, or ToTBOim, fom'sle-As, (Johakn.) a
German philologist, bom at Wesselburg in 1613. He
settled in Berlin m 1660, and became rector or president
of the college of that dty. He published, besides other
works, "Sacred Philology," etc, {"Phitologia Sacra, seu
de Hebrusmis Novi TesUmenti Liber," 165S.) Died
to Berlin in 1676.

TorsteniMUi, voB'stfr-mln', (Lucas,) a skilfiil Flcm-
bb engraver and painter, bom at Antwerp about 1530,
wu a pupil of Rubens, He engraved some works of
Rubens, among which ate the "Adoration of tbe Magi,"
and the "Descent from the Cross." He workea in
London about nine years, (1634-32,) during which he
engraved a number of portraits after Van Dyck. Died
about 1645. His son Lucas was an engraver, but not
equal to tbe father.

Sm Vmojo, " ABgwiirim KMmlhr-LnOHuL"

Tanumi. See Vomt and Voowr.

VoixtiiiB, fbi'ste-fts, or Ton^ foKst, (Coniad,) a
German Protestant divine, bom at Colwne in 1569.
Having taken the degree of D.D. at HeideTberR, he be-
came professor of theology at Geneva, and afterwards

filled the same chair in the school of divinity at Slein>
furt. In i6ia he succeeded Arminina in the chair of
theology at Leyden. His app<nntment to this poet was
stronglv opposed by the CalvinistB in Holland, on accoDol
of the neresies contained in his " Disputations on the
Nature and Attributes of God," ("De Deo, sen Dit
^tationes decern de Natuia et Attribntis Dei," etc.
The book was condemned to be publicly burned by James
I. of England, who also wrote a tract against the author.
Id 1619 he was denounced by the Syncd of Dort ss nn>
worthy of his office, and exiled from the country. He
died at Tonningen in 163s. He was tbe author of sev-
eral religious and controveriial works, and was distin-
guislied for his learning and piety.

Vor'tl-gQm, a British chief; who was elected king
about 445 a.i>. To defend Britain against the Picts and
Scots, be invited the aid of the Saxons. Hengist and
Hoisa led an army of Saxons into Britain, and soon
turned their arms against Vortigem, who was defeated
and killed in 4S5 A.D.

VOB, tSs, (Jan,) a Dntch dramatist His "Aaron and
Titus" (1G41} was a brilliantly- successful tragedy. The
" Oene" (1641) is an obscene farce. Other works of his
are poems, (1G63,) and " Medea," a good tragedy, (1665.)
Died in 1667.

Voa, da, dfh voe, (CoRNKLia,) a Flemish painter,
bom at HuJst about l^S<. He excelled in portraits, and
painted several histoncil pieces. Died at Antwerp in

Tm, da, (Martin.) See Dkvos.

TOB, ae^ (PAtn,) a punter of animals and hunting*

enes, bom at Hulst (or Aelsl) about 1590, was a bro<
ther of Cornells, noticed above. Died in 16J4.

VoB, ds,(SiifON,) a Flemish painter, bom at Antwerp

1603 : died about 1675.

Vo», van, vin vos, (Wiujui,) a Dutch writer on
theology and moral philosophy, bom about 174a He
was employed as psslor at Amsterdam. Died in 1813.

Toes, (Gerard.) See Vossius,

Voaa, fbs, (Hbihricu,) a German scholar, was a son
of the following. He became a professor in the Univer-
sity of Heidelberg. He translated Aschylus into Ger-
man, and aided his father in a translation of Shakspeare.
Died in iSai.

Voos, (JoHANN HUNKICH,) an eminent German poet
and critic, bom at Sommersdor^ (Mecklcnborg.) FeW-
ary 10, 1751, was the son of poor parents. After he left
the public school of New Brandenburg, he became a
tutor in a family (1769) near Penilin. Some verses which
he contributed to the " Musenalmanach" of Gotdngen
attracted the notice of Boie, the editor, who invited him
to Gdttingen. He went thither in 177a, and devoted
himself to the study of philology under Heyne, with
whom be soon quarrelled. He became one of tbe prin-
dpal members of the literary sodety called Hainbund,
formed an acquaintance with Klopatock, and married
about 1 777 a sister of Boie, above mentioned. He quitted
Gottin^nin 1 775 with a profound knowledge of dassical
litcntore and philology, and was appomted rector of the
puHic school at Otlendorf ta 1778- In 1781 he produced
an excellent translation of Homer's "Odyssey," in hex-
ameter verse, which was received with great &vour by the
best judges. In his version the ideas and details of the
original are reproduced with great fidelity. He removeii
in 1783 to Eutin, in the duchy of Oldenburg, where he
was employed about twenty years as rector of the gym-
nasium. In 1789 he published a translation of Virgil's
"Geoiglcs,'' with a commentary. His admirable trans-
lation of the "Iliad" appeared mi 793. As a translator
of the dassics, he is generally considered to be un-
rivalled. He contributed much to the improvement of
the German language and metre. Between 1^74 and
iSoo he composed eighteen beautiful idyls, which vrere
published collectively in 4 vi^, 180a, His pastoral a

Vossand Heyne were involved in severai literary coo-
iTOveisies, and indulged in violent personalities. In 1799
he published a translation of the complete works of Vii-
^ He removed from Eutin to Jena in iSoi, and wa*
called in 1805 to H«dclberg by the Elector of Baden,

«aiJ,-fas/.-BA>ir(/;tasr;G,U,E,^M»(rii',' K.niual; ^tril/eii; iu*; thasini^tu. 10^- See Explanations, p. 33.)

dbyGoogle

VOSS »A

vho offered hi m a pendon oS aboot one Ihoosand florim,
He mfterwardt paUbhed traiwlatioiu of Honce, (1806,]
Hesiod, (180S,) Tbeocritns, Bion and Moschos, (1S08,}
tud Ari»tophJine«, (i8si.) Vom manifcrted his devo-
tion to the Pratestanl rcligfon and liberal princmla in
a work entitled "How F. Stolbere became illiberal,"
("Wie ward Friti Stolberg ein Unfreier," 1819,) and
pablUhed in 1833 hia " Antiirmboliic,'' In answer to
Creuier't " Symlxjlik," in which the opiniona of He^ne
had been maintained. He had two (ona, Henn and
Abrabam, who were bii coadinton tn a tranalatlon of
Shakspeare, pnblUhed in 181&-3& He died at Hetdd-
berg in March, iSsti.

S« PADLin, " L(bw- nxl TiKlakuiirlin aUr J. a Tom," iliti
Tn. Scniib "Ldien im Udiun J. H. Vo»" iSjj: J. H. Vom,
"AMm mmm Litw." itil: LoMcnLLOw, "Pocti ud PoMn
«rianp*:" HuHBiCH DSatHO, '■ I. H. Vwoiich Kiua LcbB
Kd WMm duiauUL" iRu : J. J. Gouan, " J. H. Vcn imd
iriD« TodttaWw in Hddclben," iii«; "NonnUc Biofrvbit
OMnI* I'md tha anid* on ■- GanlB I>«Ut" n " PnuB'a Han-
ibM" bt April, itv.

Toaa, voa, ton ttm, (Julius,) a German littiratemr,
bom in Brandenburg fn 1763, waa the author of a num-
ber of draniM and romances. Died In 1833.

▼oaaliu, vosb'c^S, (Diohysius,) a Dutch Oilental-
bt, bom at Dort about 1609, waa a lan of the following.
He was well Tened In Greek and Hebrew, and learned
several modern langoagea. He translated into Latin
Haimonides " On Idolatiy," and other works. Died at
Amsterdam in 1633.

VoMdiu, rosh'e-Ds, or Voaa, Toa, (Gimakd,) a Ger-
man or Flemish theologian and priest, bom near liege,
Hred at Rome. He eiuted aome works of Chrjsoatoaii
Gregory Thaumatuigna, and other Greek Fathera, (1575-
■<04.) Died at Liege in 1609.

vosatns, (Gbsard,) a classical scholar, a ion of the
folUnrii^ waa bom at Leydea In i6ia He edited Vel-
Mm Patercnliia, (1639.) His death is Tariooslj dated
from 1640 to i6o>.

ToaMHo, voah'e-na or ibs'se-tks, or ToM, fos, (Gi-
_._ • — . ^ celebrated German scholar, bom

T of the public school at Dort in t6oOL
He was appointed. In 1614, rector of the theological
•dioal St L^en, in which he soon after filled the diiir
of «1aqiKncc:. He rislled England in 1619, attd wiw
faiatalled aa a prebendatr of Canlerbnry, through the
Inflaence of Archbishop Laud. About 1631 he became
profinsor of history in a new college at Amsterdam. He
diad at Amsterdam in 164Q. Among his principal works
may be named " Aristarchus, or Seven Books on the
Dramatic Art," {" Arista rchus, sive de Arte Drsmatica
UbrlVH.,") "Hiatoria Pelagiana," (1618,) "The Rhe-
torical Art," ("Ars Rhetorics," 1633,) "On the Greek
Historiana," ("De Hlstorids Gneds Ubri tres," 1634.)
" On the Latin Historians," (" De Historids Latinis
Libri tres," 1617,) and " Commentariomm Rhetori-
corum (sivG OratorJarum Instilutionum) libri VL"

He was a friend of Groilos, and was a man of
commendable pietj and modestj. " Gerard Vossius,"
sajrs Hsllam, — " a fa greater name in general literature
Oan Sdoppius,— contribated more essentially to these
grammatfcal mles ; and to him perhaps, rather than
to any other one man, we may refer the establishment
of as mach Correctness of writing as is attaJltaUe in a
dead language." ("Introduction to the Literature of
Etirope.")

Saa C ToLUOB, "OiaHa In Obitum O. J. Vnaii," 16491 If nn-
sin "AlhBua Bmstib;" Nic<ai»i,"U<mdrea7^*LluAitni4,
" BtbHotbaca Beltia ;" " NnT^ Biopaiitda Otah^ "

ToMliu, (Isaac,) a son of the preceding, waa bom
at Leyden in iGiS. He was instmcted by his father,
■nd subsequently travelled in France and Italy. In
1648 he was Invited by Queen Chriatina to Sweden,
where he resided nearly ten years. He visited England
In 1670, and was made a canon of Windsor by Charies
IL He published editions of Scylai, Pomponius Mela,
and other classics, " Dissertations on the Seventy Tn*'-
preters, and their Translation and Chronoloey," f"
Septuajrinta Interpretibus, eornmqae Translati
Chroodogia Dissertationes," 1663,) "On the Chanting
rfPoema and the Power of Rhythm," (" De Poematmn

VRIHASPATI

Varlooa ObservatiODS,'
Uber."J He died in
valuable lilirary, whld)
of Leyden. His

Cantu et Virlboa RhythnI,'* 1673,) and " A Book of

-- ■ "■ ," ("Variaimn Obsemdon^

l6n, leaving a large and voy

was purchased by the Dnivovty

^en. Hia leanuni waa profound, but he wm *•■

lie in character and skeptical in tetioon, Oooch M

luloos in oUier lUm that Charie* IL said o« him.

"This leamed dlvioa ^ believe anything except the

Bt^le."

Sec Fornn. " DibliotlHca BaJv^r Hicbai, -iUmrmmf
" Nounlli Biocnphia G^o^nU."

TowltM, (Hatthtos,) a histotlcal writer, bom ai
Dort, was a brother of Iaas« Vossius. He hnfaiae li-
brarian of the dtr of Amsterdam, and publiabed, tn
Latin, "AnnaU of HoUaad and Zealand," (164S-4&)
Died in 1646.

;' ("De

',(IoH«,)«:
lio He

have excelled in ddicacy of finish. IHed In 1699.

Votw( Too^', (SiHON,) a celebrated Ftancb pafartn;
bora In Paris in i^a, (or i<94acc«nlin|rtothe 'Ho*.
velle Biographie G^itoJe.^ He stnfied at Veoka
and Rome, and, after his return, was sppoantea^ in 1617,
" ■ ■' ' the founder of Ac

pupils Hignard, Le Bran, Le Sueur, and other Uli*-
gubhed artists. He adorned many cliurdea of Paris
with his works, whkh are defective ht ce'
Died fat 1649) {or, aa some s^, 1641.)

Tonlontt, voolooN^, (Amouia,) a French (noven-
tall poet, bom at Aries, July 24, 1824. He became a
rail wsy-sbuion •master at Cuoes, and pablished a duo-
ber of iroiAurti filled with umple ihymeo.

Voy'nlota, (Ethu. Lilian,) an English DovchM,
bom in 1864. Slie has wiitten " Rosstan Hammr,"
"The Gadfly," "Jack Raymond," "An Intcnupled
Friendship," etc

Torer. See AKonnoit, rf.

VoTS, vois, (Akt or Adsiaan.) a Dutch painter,
bom at Leyden 10 1641. He painted history and land-

Voj'Bn, (CKARLii.) an English preacher, botn Ea
London, March ig, 1S3& He graduated u Saml Ed-
mund Hall, Oxford, in iSjl, and took orden in the Es-
tablished Churcti, but was deprived bt hereay in 1871.
He hsa published various works setting lorth rationalistic
views of rellgitML

ToTaIn or VoUiii, vwi'iln', (Damdo. FkamcohJ
a French lawyer and politician, bora in Paris about 1654.
He waa patronised oj Madame de Maintenon, thnHigk
whose ioSuence he became secretary of war in 1709, snd
chancellor of France in 1714. He wrote the last Ml of
Louis XIV., snd a few days after the king's death pro-
nounced it nulL Died in 1717.

Vr«'to« or Vrs'to, (Andkiw FAPASopomjO^ s
modern Greek writer, bom at Theaki (Ithaca) in iSoo.
He published many works, among which is a " Life of
President Capo d'Istria," (In French, ■ vols., 1837-3U
and "The Literature of Modern Greece," (■ vAl,
i8u-«7.] Died at Athens in 1S76.

Ttfamoat viee'moot, (Euo Locioa,) a Dntdi pU-
lologist and minister, bwn at Emden in iCgS. He be-
came professor* of Oriental languages at Franekei ia
■ 730. Died in 1760.

Viland. See Flous, (Frans.)

Vila*, viees, (Maxtin Oairltxoon — SeK'rit-aOoJ a
Dutch navigator, was sent in 1643, by Van Diessen,
governor of the Dutch possessions in India, on a voyaga
to explore the countries north of Jspan. An account
of the expedition appeared in 164G1.

Trlna, Id*, dfh v&ees, (Hans Frsdomnu — bi'd^
mln',) an eminent Dutch painter of perspective siid
architectural pieces, waa bom at Leeuwarden in 151

Paul and Solomon distinguished themaelvea b

the same department. Hans Frcceoun died aflei 1604-

Vrlhaapatl, vree-his'pt-tee, or Bilhnnpntl, in the

Hindoo mythology, the guardian of the hymns and

■,4T>(itB,f,/i"Vi'^^>A,same,lessprolongcdi l,i,\,h,^,'},>htil;^^,\,<),ei

Digitized by VjOOQ I C

VUEZ >4

prajen which ue addnued to the god*. He «h alio
aw preceptor and priest of the godi, and the Tegent of
die planet Tni^ter. He had seren bcee, and ia aome-
Ijine* iden^ed with Agni.

Tn*i,d*. SeeDEVDBZ.

VnlllafrOT, or VtUUefroy-CnMlni, do, deh vii'vlf-
Ikwf ktr'iee'iwe', (Dominique F^lix,) a dbbngniihed
French painter of landacape, genre, and animau, born
in P«ri<( March a, 1841. Among lua beat pictaret are
" Deer in the Snow," " Sbea in Spiinetlnte,'' " Novem))er
in the Foreat of Fontainebleaa," " A Muket in Picardy,"
■* Steera and Cowa," " A Herd of Cow* in the Bernese
Oberhutd," etc.

- (Phiup.)

Heaerred
agtuoat the

Baxom, a general, bom in SlSTOnia in iljc
as a cenenl of the AnatriaD annr in Itafy
French. Died in 1809.

See Vulcan.

VU'ou. [Gr. 'Hfswrer,

inn;Fr.VULCAllf,TiU'klM';_. , _ „

Roman god of be, celebrated «• a workw In metala
a U)riMtor of BTDonr, comaponda to the HepUMtm

Sr Hei^iaisiaa) of the Greek mrthoiogf. Acceding to
omer, he waa ■ MM) of Zeui (Jnpiler) and Hera, (Juno,)
and wai weak and ddbrmeif Bom hi* birth. Other
wiitera rep<»ted that he was a son of Jnno, and had no
bther ] that, in a qoarrel between Jupiter and Juno, be
took the part of hia rnother, and was nnrled down from

Ohmpas
l^fatedm

Achillea sod other heroes, and other fiunow pieces of
eaqnisile worlciianshlp. The liland of Lennoa was hia
hvonite reaidence on the earth, and be had also a palace
in Olyupiis, to which he relntoed after his bit He
married Venus, whom he once detected in the embraoe
of Mara. The storjr of thia a&ir may be found in the
" Odjrssey," book Tui, According to popolar Iraxlition,
Mount Etna was a fi>rge of Vulcan, wtio bad also work-
shops in several volcanic islands, and the CTclopes

hh'VhI !n hi. urrir,i /See Vll|ril's "iEncid,* book

I aacnbed to Minerva

u JTOtMS-) The a

h life and ^tiogiush dvilized sodetj

Hew

with hi

mer and toop at the anvil, and with hia right

He was also called Muicibu, which ii periup* a cor-
raptioa of mib^, (from mit!^», to " scAeo" or "rendei
tractable," and Jhriim, "iron.") The name Volcanns

laanalogovs to that of Bellun, the Assyrian fire-god.

_. — ■-■, vtU-kA'ae-tls, (BoNAVKmrnu,) a Flemish

S 60, and obtained the chair of Greek at Leydm in 157&
t edited several ancient a(rthors,and translated aonw
Greek works into Lstin. Died at Leyden in 1614

Tnlllamln, vU'yE'mlN', (Louu,) a Swiss historian,
tnm at Yvcrdon in 1797. He became a Protestant
pastor, snd pr^ewor of bistoi^ in the Lanaanne AcBd>
emv. Hia works include "Chillon, fltude historique,"
and a "Hiiiory of the Swiaa Confederation," (1S76.)
Died August lo^ 1S79.
Vnl-Mumrl Z., a great king and warrior of Assvria.
e died about 1300 B.a, and was succeeded br Shalma-
aer I. VuL-NtRARi II. was also a great soldier, wbo
igned about 913-S91 B.C. Vul-Nikari III., son and
icceasor of Samsi-Vul III., King of Asayria, ascended
the throue about 80 B.C. He made twenty-five cam-
paigns in Syria, and conquered Damascus and the coast-
region of I^lestine. He was a builder of gieat palaces.
igned twenty-nine yeara, and died B.C. 783, leaving

e throne to hia m

UL

direction of Goethe, who was his brother-in-Isw.

king. He

Histories irf Former Times," and a number of dramatic
WMks. He was subsequently i^ipointed first librarian
and overseer ol the tabinet M coins at Weirosr. Died
IniSaT.

Vnlaon, Am, d«h vlil's6ii', (Hakc,) a French writer on
heraldry. He fought for Henry IV. In bis vonth, ai
became a gentleman of the chamber of the liin^ I
pnUisbed aeveral worka. Died in 1658.

VrtaS, it4fit or vyi'sf, [etymology doabtfnl ; sup-
poaed by some to signify " compilcr''^ot " srranger,"!
called abo VMivylaa, vi'd«-vyl'««, the name of a
celebrated Hiiuloo sage or taint, who is supposed to
ha*e been the original compiler of the Vtdaa and Fnrl-
nas, and the founder of the Vedanta philosophy.*
Nothing is known of the evenla of hia life, and by SMna
he is regarded aa a myth.

tU "ndsi

__ r tofol lall) iaaml»it»," from vUM, "luHndBin^

Hui *iM, "ad'' 01 ''mok") )• ■ Md of idol tT*leaV"Ka
hH bHB dwiTtd or d*(dind from porlkn of lb* Vtte csM IlH
UfAniiuui^ (lAich Mt.) It tSKhim nuot atbw ibiip, (kat
Bnhi^^lidaiiatMrBdSpirKblh* «lr bana imU; cdd^ h

W.

Geraun''sButcar 'and art-critiq bom at Hamburg in
1794. He studied at Brealau, Dresden, and Munich,
and in 1833 was appcdnted director of the Royal Gallery
(tf Paintings at Berlin. He published " Works of Art
and Attiitt In England and France," (" Knmlwerke und
KBiMlei to En^and und Frankrdch." 3 vols., 1837,)
" Works of Art and Artists In Germany," (" Kunttwerke
md Ktlnstler in Dcutschland." » vols., 1843,) "The

enjoy 'tlw Ugheat reputation. He was appointed
professor in the Royal University for the department of
art hiatory. Died at Copenhagen in August, 1S6S.

Waal. See Wael.

Waaat. See Wast.

Waoe. (H UN RV,) prelate, bom at London in 1836.
He was profesaoi of Ecclesiastical Hislory a( King's Col-
lege 1875-83, became priocipal of thiacollege in 1883
ai^ dean of Canteibuiy in 1903. He edited the " Dic-
tionary of Christian Biography," and wrote theological

Waoe, vfs or vis, (RoBEST,) an Anglo-Norman poet,

a native of the ialand of Jersey, resided at the court of
Henry II. at Caen, to whom he dedicated hi* " Roman
da Roo," (it6a) He was aOerwirds made a canon in
the cathedral of Bayeuz. Hi* ** Roman dn Ron (Rollol
et dea Dnca de Normandie" ia a hiatory On verae) of the
Dnkes of Nomisndy from the invasion of Rollo to the

thne of Heiuj L, and Is highly valued as s hiatorical
record. He was the acthor of other poems, the piin-
dpal of which is entitled "The English Brutus," ("Le

Brut d'Anglelerre.") Died about 1184.

Wa^ Mk, (Wiuulm,) a German painter, bom al
Berlin in 1787, studied in Paris and Rome, and was
elected, after his return, to the Royal Academ* of Arts.
He was one of the fbundeis of the new school of paint-
ing at Berlin. Among his best worlis is the altar-piece
la the diurd^of Peter and Paul at Hoacow. Died in
1845.

WaoUar, Mxlfr, (Johanh Fbibdiich Lnirtna,) a
German writer, bom at Gotha in 1767. Having atudied
at Jena, he became profeasor of philoaophy at Marburg
b 1801, and of historr at Brealau in 1815, and was after-
wards sppcnnted diief librarian of the University al

mt t; ^m; tianl; i*»j: a,B,T.fiaiitraI; K,najalj t^trilltd; SaA

«Expl]

Explanations, p. ^}|

the Hiilorjr of German National Lileratare," (1818,) and
otherworks, which have ahigh reputation. Died in 1838.

\7KOliamntli, *iki'ntSOt, (Eknst Whjiuji Gott-
LlBB,t a German hitloiical writer, bom at Hildesheim
in 1 784, atodied at Halle, and beiame profesBor of hia-
tory at Leipalc in 1815. He publiahed, among other
worlu, I " Historf of European Mannera," (Sittti^r-
uhUhU,) (5 vols., iSjt,) and "Univeraal History ol
Culture," (1350.) Died at Leipsic, January 13, 1S6&

Waohamatli, vllu'miit', (Fbbdinand,) a Fiench
painter of hUtoiy and battles, born at Hulhouse, near
the Rhine, in i&a. Among his (object* are aeveral
French victories in Algiera. Died November ii, 1 \

WaoIlHnatb. (Kurt,) a Gcnnan philoloeiat, born at
NanmbtiTg, April 17, 1S37. He studied at Jena, Borm,
Berlin, and Atnena, and held lacceaaive proTeMOTship*
in Uarbnr^ 1864-68, Gottingen, 1S6S-77, and Heidel-
berg. Besides Tarioiis editions of Greek texts, he wrote
" Da* altc Griecheoland in oeiien," (1S64,] " Die StadI
Athen im Alterthom," (toL L, 1874,) etc.

WwAter, Mk'I^, (PuBnAMD,) a Gennan writer,
bom in 1 794, pablislted several treatises on Scandinavian
iKendaandaDtiqnltieti alsoanoroberofilramaticworks.
Died in 1861.

^Wlobter or Waaobtsr, Mz't^r, (Gkokb PHtun
LVDWioLsoNKAKD,) a Gcnnan /ioAvftw, bom ini}4s,
— I the author of "L^nd* of Ancient Times," and

I of the Sonthweatem Presbrtcrian UniveisitT at CUrfci-
villc. Tennessee. Died Januarv 9, 1895.

'Wlld-daU', gAMRS.) D.D., a Pr«1>yte">" •^'"'le.
celebrated for his eloquence, bom in Ireland in 1739,
came at an early age to America, and settled as a pulor
in Louisa county, Va, He was the original of Wirt"!
beautifal sketch of the " Blind Preacher.'" Ehed in iSoj.

Wadding, wAd'ding, or Wadlnfi (Lokm,) «d Iriib
scholar and Catholic priest, bom at Waterfbrd in icSL
He studied at the Jesuit*' Seminaiy in Lisbon, and ia
1618 accompanied Aniboay I Ttejo mi a mission to
Rome, where he continned to reside, and foanded b
1635 die College of Saint Iwdore. Hi* principal wcrli
is entitled ** Annalcs Ordinis Hinomm," eta, (S vok,
16387U,) being a history of the order of FrandscaDs,
Died'in 1657.

Waddmgton, wOd'dins-tga, (GcoEas,) an Ei^lnh
writer, bora abont 1793. He published a *■ Htttoty of
the Cburch from tl)e Earliest Ages to the Refbnnatiaa,''
(3 vola., 1835,) and a "History of the Reiarmatiaa on
the Continent," {3 volt., 1S41.) He became Dean of
Durham in 1841X Died July 30, 1869.

Waddlcgton, vrdlN'[6N', (Wiluam Hekit,) a
French atatesman, of English extraction, was bom 11
Saint-Remt-sur-rAvre, December 11, 1826. He •*■
educated at Rugby, and at Trinity College, Camlmdg^
where he gradaaled in 1S49. In 186$ bia archzologiml,
historical, and ntitniamatic writing* procured him aa
election to the Institate. In 1871 he entered the Na-
tionai Assembly, wai ministar ii public !n*tr«ctioD ■
^873 and in 1876-77, minister trf foreign afialts, i%ip-^

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bwfc Died December c, 1891.

Wading, wOd^, r (Fm>,) u Irfah Jcndt, bora at
Witerford, wu the aDllior of » oamber of LMda worki in
proae and vene, and became chinceUor of the Univenity
of Griiti, in Stjrm. Died in 1644.

W^adstrOm or WadsboMn, Md'atKem, (Cau
BntNS,) a Swedish ptulanthropi*^ iMm at Stockholm
■n 174IS. He Titlted Afrka III i7S7,uidpDbllshed, after
bii return, "Obeemlion* on the Slave-Trade, and a
Description of SoBM Part of the Coaat c^Goinea," etc.

(11789, in En^iah.) Tbia worit first adoeated to the
British goremmeot the estaliUsbmenl of tCe colo
Sierra Leone and Bolema. Died in 1799.

He preached in Boston for man; years, and became

pr^entof Harrard Collef ' t^-^j

" - ».I

It Durham, Connecticat, in 1768. He
M earJj age to Weiterii New York, where lie
a larm tract near the Genesee Rrrer. He

_ _. in founding the State Normal School,

and was s nnerous patron of tlie cause of education.
Died in 1844.

Wadawoitil, (jMtwa Sauukl,) «i American general,
bom at Geneseov liTingston connt7, New York, in Oc-
tober, 1807, waa a son of the preceding. He wu edu-
cated at Harrard and Yale Colleges, stadied law under
Daniel Webster, and was admitted to the bar in 1S33.
He iDherited an immense landed estate situated in
Weateni New York, and, like his bther, was a liberal
patron of the cause of education. He enlisted as a
Tolunteer earl; in 1861, was appointed a brigadier-gene-
ral in August, and became military governor of the Dis-
trict of Colnmlna in March, 1S63. In Novembet, 1863,
he was the Republican candidate for GoTcmor of New
York, but was not elected. He commanded a diTision
al the battle of Fredericksburg, December 11, 1863, and
at GcltTsburg, Talf 1-3, 1E6}. He was killed at the
battle of the Wildemesa, Kaj 6, 1864.

" The coontrj's salvation," sajis H. Greeley, " claimed
no nobler sacrifice than that of James 5. Wadsworth,
of New York. . . , No one surrendered more for his
conntTr*s sake, or gave his life more joyfallj for her
deliverance."

tTiiinsMisi "ftiiMiiiii rniii»t"irii li [i[i jfiir./iij

Wadairorth, (Pklzc,) an American general, bom
at Duxbury, Massachusetts, in 1748. He served with
distinction m the Revoltitionary war, and represented a
district of Massachusetts in Congress from 1793 to 1806.
Died in Oxford countjp, Maine, in 1839.

Waschter, (Jojunn Gkorc) See WJictrrKa.

Wneohtler. See WXchtlu.

Vb«1 or ^Vaal, de, dfh wll or vSl, (Coshiuus,) a
Flemish battle -painter, bom at Antwerp in 1J94, was a
■on of John de Wael, noticed bel<

battles. Died in l66>.

^ael, de, (Jotm,) a Flemish painter, bom at Ant-
werp in 1558, attained distinction in the departments of
pmirait and historical painting. Ked in 1633.

Waal, d«, {Lucas,) Mm at Antwerp in ini, was a
brother of Comeliusi nodced abovc^ whom he accom-
panied to Genoa. He painted landscapes both In oil-
colours and frescoi whidb were highly esteemed. Died
in 1676.

Wa'fvr, (LlONSL,) an English surgeon, who accom-
panied Dampier on one of his voTases, and, having
Quarrelled with him, waa left on the IsUimns of Datien.
[e published after his retnm aa account of his adven-
tures among the Indiana, (169a)

Wafflard, vfflta', [Alexis Tacquks Uaki^) a
French dramatist, born at Versaillea in 1787. Among
his works are "A Moment of Imprudence," (1819,) and

111773-

ShF. Hdibmu Biixxam," Hatrrmna S.WtttBMi," in*,
Wagennall, lA'f/pi-M', [Lat. Wacknskil'ius,) (Jo-
HANN Ckiistofh,) a German scholar, bom at Nurem-
berg in 1633. He became professor of histoij at Altdorf
in 1667, and was afterward* appointed tutor to the
connts-palatine, He published a number of critical,
antiquarian, and contioversia! treatises, in Latin, among
which we msT name his " Tela Ignea Satanz," In refb*
tation of the Jewish writen against Christianity, IHed
in 1705.

Sh_ r. RoTH-Sciiai.'T^ "Via J. C WtamiO." iti*: NiC«-

WagenaeUltia. See Waoihshl.

Wa'gar, (Sir Chaklu,) an English admiral, bom in
1666, sOTBd In the war of the SpanUh ancceaaion. In
■70S, with four shtpa, he defeated seventeen Spanish
galleons near Cartlu^oa, Sooth America. For Ibis
ex|d<Ht he waa made a rear-admiTaL He afterwards
commanded a fleet in the Mediterranean till the peace
of 171^ He was first lord of the admiralty in the mii^
btry <rf Sir Robert Walpole from 1733 to 174a. About
1731 he was raised to the rank of admiral. Died In 1743.

Wlglioni, {Lieutenant THOiua,) R.N., an Engllah
naval (rfBcer, b<»n in Kent in i8oa He served in India
In the Arracan war, and in 1817 applied to the govera-

t for

land mail-route through Sues and the Red Sea. Died
in 1850.

'wagnar, Ms'nfr, (CHRisrtAii,) a German schdw
and preacher, bom at Lelpaic tn 1663. He wrote a
"Thesis on the Number ot Worlds," ("Theals de Na-
mero Mundorum.") Died In 1693.

Wagner, (ErnH',) s German noveliat and poe^ bora
tn 1769, published " Wilibald's Views of Uk," {a vols.,
1805,) "The Travelling Painter," {a vols., 1806,) " lai-
dora," (3 vols., iSti,) and other works. Died in iSii.

See T. Hosawaji^ " Brieft liber E. Wi^wir." 9tc., 9 nb^, tBi6.

'Wagaer, (Gkorg PHrupp BBauuau,) a German
philologist, bom at Schonbrunn, in Saxony, in 1794,

Snblished, among other works, a treatise on "The
rreek Tragedy and the Theatre at Athena," (iS44-)
Wagaet, (Gottlob Heinrich Adolv,) a Germaa
writer and translator, bom at Leipaic in 1774. He pub-
lished "Two Epochs of Modem Poetry," etc, (iSol^)
end other otlnnal works, and translated into German
Bvron's ** MsiAvd," and Coae's " History of the House
of Austria," the latter in conjunction with Dippold.
Died in 1835.

Wagner, (Hremanh,) a German gec^rapher, born at
Erlanjcn, Jane 23, 1840. He was educated at Gottingen
and Eilangen, and became one of the editora of the
"Almanach de Gotha ." He acquired lame as one of the
editors (with Dr. Bchm) of the celebrated ■■ Die BevBI-
kerung dcr Erde" (" The Population of Ihe Earth") and
of a " Geopraphische Tahrboch," ("Geographical Year-
Book. ") In 1876 he Became proKssor of geography In

. . JoHANK Jakob,) a Swiss natnral-
iBi, Dorn near Zurich in 1641. He WTOte {in Latin) a
"Natural History of Switierland," { 1680.) IMedini695.

Wagner, (Johahn Jakob,) a German philosopher,
bomat Ulmin 1775, became professor of ptuloaoptiy at
Wiinbnrg. He published, besides other works, "On
tiie Nature of Thinp," (1803,) a " System of Ideal Phi-
loaophy," (1804,) "Theodicee," (1809,) and "Organon
der meiischlichen Erkenntniss," (1830.) Died in 1S41.

S« F. L. Adah mil A. Kaaua. "I. J. Wagati, I.cbtiwuEb.
lickua nod Bridi,- tM-

Wagnar, (Lvomo FintDUCH,) a German antiqanrj
and jurist, born St Tfibingen in 1700; died in 1789.

iM»ltui;tltard;tMj:a,H,^giilliina;tl,MUKls»,friileJ;tui;*ht»intAu, (|ySee EaplanatkiM, p. t^.]

Digitized .yGoOgle

I 1813, poblisbcd "Travel! in the Kingdoni
of Algiers," etc., {1841,) "Tlie Ciucuu uid the:
Land of tba CommW' {>S4S,) "Jouniey to Perti*. uid
Kurdltlan," {1851,) and other works. Died in 1S87.

Wmsner, (Richard,) ■ distiiigiiished German com-
poaer Sotd atLeips[cinl3l3. He wai appointed chapeU
muter at Draiden in 1843. Among hii principal works
are the operas of " Rieiui," (1843,) "Tanhauser," {1845,)
» Lohengrin." (1851.) a^ " Rheiogold," (1860.) In 1876
he broaght oat at Baiieuth his " tetcalogf," composed
of "Rheinijold," "Valkyria," "Siegfried," and "The
Twilight ofthe Gods." In 18S3 appeated hi* opera of
"ParseTal." Died February 13, 1883.

Wagner, (Rudolf,) a German physidan and anato-
mist, brother of Moriti, noticed above, was bom at
Baireuth in iSoj. He succeeded Blumenbach as pro-
feuor of physiology al Giittingen in 1S40. He published.

among other works, a

"On the ComparaliTe

\t^) DiediniS64.

wagnei, (Rudolf JoiUNms,) a German chemist
and technologist, bom at Leipsic, February 13, iSn,
He studied chemiatiy in Leipsic and in Paris, and held
professonhips in Naremberg and Wlinbar^, becoming
iDi858inspectorof technicalstudiesibrBaTana. Among
his initings are " Lehibuch der Chemie," I1850,) " Lehr-
buch det chemischen Technologie,"(iS5o,)"G«8chtchta
dcr Chemie," (iSu,) "Handbu^ der Technologie,"
(tSsfi ; 5th vol., iSm,) and " Die chemiscbe Fabrikindna-
trie," (1867.) I>iedini8Sa

WacDOT, (Tobias,) a Gennan theologian and writer,
bom in WUrtemberg in 1508. He was professor o(
theology at TttUngen. Diftd in 1680.

^MtauK. (WiLHKLM.) s German ohiloloaisL horo at

botanist, bom to the province cf Wermlaad In ITSo. H*
visited lAplsnd and other northern regiona t^ Kurope,
and anbseqnenlly became professor of botany and medi-
cine at UpaaL Among oia prindpal wona are his
" Flora Lapponica," " nora Carpatomm," and " Flora
Saedca." Died in 1851.
WaibUngar, Afbfing
German liti,

In 1830.

Wallai, wTl^, \Fx, proo. tI^Ux',) Dnke of Aqoi-
taine, bom about 715 A.IX, began to rogn in 745- His

dominiooa were invaded in 760 tiy Peran le Bre^ againat
whom he fought wWtont nicceas. He was asaaaauated
by order of Pepin le Bnef In 768 A-a

Wallly, d«, dfh vf ve*. (Arhahd Fbancois Uor,)
a French Utttrateur and critic, bom in Paris in 1804, was
a grandson of Charles, noticed below. He wrMa a
novel, entitled " Stella and Vanessa," [1S46,) and traaa-
lated the works of Sir Waller Scott and oilier En^bh
aulhora. Died In 1863.

Wallly, da, (Charlis,) a distitigniihed French ar-
chitect, bom in Paris in 1710. He ^ned the grand
prize dT Rome in 1151, was aamttted inta the Acaoenn
of Painting aa a oeilgner in 1771, and waa the diicf
(Dander o( the Society of " Amis dea Aita." Died ia
1798.

V^aflly, do, (SmitNi AuounrN,) a French /uHAia-
Awr, bom in Paria in 1770, was a son of Noel Franjoia,
noticed below. He became /nsiuw of the Lyc^ N^»
l^n. Died In iSai.

Hia aon, Alfkxd BABTRtLZMi, bom in Paris in 1804

C'lished a Latin-French Dictionary, (1819,) and a
nch-Latin Dictionary, (1831.) Died in 1S69.
WaDly, da, (Joscph Nokl,) a French scholar, s
brother of Armand Francois L^n, was bom at Metres
in Tftne Hn nnhlUhi-H. K«iHe« cither workL " Element!

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RICHARD WACNER.

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tfhap of CaoterbaiT, (i;i&} He waa Ote tinthor of an
" EztMdtioa of die Ooctriiw of the Charch of Engtoiid,"
"An English Venioo of the GeanJne Eptotk* of the
AooetoUc pKthen," and a Dnmbet of aecmoM and con-

a eoloointton and political oconomy, .
liahed, among other works, " Ei^land and America : ■
Compariaon of tlM Social and Political State of Both
NaUou," (1S33,) and " View of the Art of Colonixatioo."

Sh "FnMr'a H^uu" fct Hnk. it^it.

^Vakofleld, (Gilbket.) an English scholar and theo-
logian, born at Nottingham in 1756. He stadied at
Tesna College, Cambridge, and took the degree of B.A.
m 177& He became master of the Dissenting Academr
at WarriiMRon in 1779, and published soon after "A
^afn uid Short Account of the Nature of Baptism," anb
a "New Translation of the Gospel of Saint UatUiew,"
(t78>.) These works were followed by " Remarks on
the Internal Evidence of the Christian Relieion," (1789,)
and "Philological Commentary on the Sacred and Frobut
Aathon," ("SUn Critica, tire in Anctores aacroa pro-
bnosque Commenlariii* Philologos,") a fifth part of
which appeared in iKS- He puUished in 1791 bia
"Translation of the New Testament, with Notes," and
"An Inquiry into the Expedieocr and Propriety of
Fntdic or Social Worahip." The latter caused consid-
crable aenBatlon, and eliated several replies. His "Re-
ply to Some Parts of the Bishop of LlandatPa Address"
caused him to be imprisoned two jrears, during which
lime he wrote his critical eseata entitled "Noctes Car-
cerarix," ('■ Prison N^ht*.") He died in 1801, leaving
•mmig hi* nDmerooa worka an edition of Locretiua,
whkh is atUl cMeemed.

if Iht LUa ^ a Wiksfiiid," Iff! 1 " MgclUr R*nn" for Ocnbar,

'Waka'Seld, (Nancv Ahuja Woodbukt Pkiect,)
an American poetess, bom at Hinsdale, New Hampehire,
in 183T. Her maiden name was Prust. Her bme
rests aiiefly on the poem " Over the River," published
in 18(7. She was married In lS6j, and died at Win-
chendon, Massachusetts, September 10, iSto.

Wak^ttld, (His. Priscilu,) an English educational
wiilcr, bom in 1750. She was the author of an "Inlro-
dnction to Botany," (1796,) "Reflections on the Present
Condition of the Female Sex, with Hints for Its Im-
provement," (179S,) "Juvenile Traveller," (1801,) " Do-
mestic Recreation," (i8oS>) ".Tl"? Traveller in Africa,"
■nd varions other works. Died in 1833.

'V^akofiald, IRobrkt,) an English lingaist and priest,
ir of Hebrew at Oxford. He wrote a paia-

(Bed at Bagdld in 833. ' He made a coUectioii of the
iraditiona concenung Efohamnted and those (rf his fol-
lowera who (boght at Bedr, called "Tabaktt-Kebeer," (or
" •Kehtr,'^ the " great series" or " order of events." It
consists or biographies arranged in chronological order.
His life of the prophet has been pronounced by compe-
tent critics to be the best by tu that has been written.

W«l«n«, wi-U'Os, or Wdio, wllflh, (Antoon,) a
Dntcb Protestant minister, bom at Ghent m 1573. He
was a prominent member of the Synod of Dcwt, and
became professor of theology at Leyden. Died in i£39.

WaloBiia, (Jan,) ■ phniaan, a aoa of the preceding,
waa born about l6o<|. He is said to have made some
discoveries on the drcolation of the blood. Died at
Leyden in 1649.

WaUfttdiiB, wOl-t-free'dua or MlVfree'dOs, or
'Waloftled, MIJ-rKeef, wntten also Walhafradiu,
a learned German monk, sumamed Stka'bos, or
" Squint-eyed," waa the author of a theological essay,
entitled " De Offidis Divinia,"etc, " Uortnlos," a treat-
ise on botany, (in Latin verse,) and other works. Died
in8«.

physician and writer, bom at WolfenbUttel in 17141

W«l<J^*»l)c, [Lat Wal'ckh;^] (CaaisnAK W!L-
HBLH FmANZ,) second son of Jotiann Georg, noticed
below, was boin at Jena in 1736L He was the author of
■everal valuable wons on ecdesiastical history, theologyj
and ancient literature ( among the moat important of

Oeee are Ua " History of the Tewif"- "-'-' — "-

tioned in Books of Roman Iaw," " C

..of Johann
Georg, noticed below, was bom at Jena in 1735. He be-
came profiMSor of theologv in his native aij, and pub-
lished a number of critital and theologica] works, also
several valuable treatise* on mineralogy. Died in 177&
Sh HnniHO, " Ubm daa rnAun J. E. I. Wildi,'' irSa
Wnlcdi, |Lat. Wal'chius,] (Jokamn Gboko,) a Ger-
Bian scholar and theologian, bom at Meinlngen in 1693,
became successively professor of philosophy, eloquence,
and theology at Jena. He published a " Pbilosi^hical
Lexicon," (i 736,) " Inlrodnctlon to the Theolt^cal Sd-
ence«,"(i747,) "Theologia Patrisdca," (1770,) and othc*
works. Died in 1775.

Hia son Kau. Fkieduch became professor of law at
Jena, and was the author of several legal treatises. Ha

born at lini ji

in a college of Vienna, and wrote several works.

in iSoi.

Waloliltu. See WaijCH.

Walokenaar, vtl'kfh-nii', (CUAXua A

f tf nti',) Baron, an eminent French writer and Mvant,
bom in Paris in 1771. He waa admitted into the Insti-
tute in 181^ and appointed perpetual secretary of tbt
Academy M InacriptiMiB in 184a Among hi* prindpal
work* are bi* ''Hi*toire de la me et de* Onvrage* de
J. de La Fontaine," (lSlO,)''Hi*toire g^nirale de* Vo-
yages," (11 vols,, iSl6-^l, unfinished,) " Natiual Hiatoiy
of Insects," (3 vols., 1836-^44,) "Andent Geography,
Historical and Comparative, itf the Gatila," U vols.,
1839,) which ia highry esteemed, " History of ue Life
and Poems of Horace," (1 vols., 1840,) and " Hteoirea
touchant la Vie et les £crits de Madame de S^vign^,"
(5 vols., 1843-53.} He contributed many able articles
to the "Biographie Univeraelle." In his youth he had
inherited an ample fortune. He was appointed prefect
of Nitvare in 1836, and held other high offices. Died
in 1853.

Bm QuiaAso, " La Fraao* Un^nire 1" Nauest, " Netic* Ur
toiiqu «r Tikknur," iSp; SAnm-Bnv^ ''CiuHrus la
LouU :" " Nomlla BidfnphH Gfatnh."

Walokendori Mlk'fn-dotf , {CmiBTOPH,) a Dan-
ish statesman, bora at Copenhagen about 1535. He
rendered impottaot service* a* mlniater of fiiuuice in
the reign of Frederick II., (1558-88.) Died in 1601.

WaJ'cott, (Cmables Dool:ttle,) an American
geologist, bom at New York Mills, New York, in 1850.
He studied geolt^, was sssislant on the New York
and afterwoids on the United States Geological Survey,
and became director of the latter in 1894. He is the
author of "The Trilobite," "The Cambrian Faunas
of North America," etc.

Waloott, wfillc^t, (MACKENEim Edwakd Chaklm.)
an English divine and antiquarian, born at Bath in 183a.
He was the author of "Memorials of Westminster,"
" Cathedrals of the United Kingdom," " Sacred Archa-
ology, a Dictionary of Ecdeuastical Art," etc Died in
London, December 33, 1880.

'WaldBiler.Ml'daK'lfr, aometimea written Valdar>
far or Baldoifar, (Chrutopu,) a German printer, who
established a press in Venice about 1470, and at Milan in
1474. Hit ei^tion of Boccaccio was greatly admired for
its correctness and elegance.

Trnldan, (Max.) See Haurnscbild, von,

Woldburg, Mlfbdaao, (FaiwiRiCH LuDWic.) a

IM>; ^t%i; gJkarJi it/; a,K,fi,giltnrai; v,ma$<U; \,lrillai;lm; tha*in£(£>. ()^*SeeEiplanat<ona,p.<3.)

153

WALDECK 34

Ftnuian genentl and diplooutirt, born at TangcnnOnde
In 1776 ; died in 1S44.

woldAok, Ml'dtk, (CmwnAN Avaun,) Pbinci
or, a Gonnan general, bom in 174^ Ha entered the
Mrrice of Anatiia, and fooght tgauMt the French in
179a. He diariiynbhed Umaelf bt dlreclinK tiw annT
in its paaaige oftlie Rhine, and anerwarda nad a Ugh
command in Flanden. Died b 179&

Waldaok, (GioRO FuiDRtcu,) Pkinci of, a Ger-
man general, bom in 163a He entered the AoMriaa
amy, and contriboted to the victon orer the Ttukt at
Vienna in 1683. He wu defeated br Oa French at
Flenrns in 1690. Died in 1692.

\7ald«ck-RonaMaii, (Pibkkk M.,) a French
ttalesmui, wai bom in 1846. He became « lawyer,
and was counsel for De Lcsseps in the FananiB fraud
(rial. He entered the French Chamber in 1879, and
wai minister of the interior in the cabinets of 18S1-
Sa and 1SS3-S5. In 1899 he became prime minister
of France. Died August 10, I904.

WnldegTMvei wNd'giiv, (Jaius,) aecood Eakl, an
Bnglith italetman, bom in 1715. He filled aeTeral lu-
porUnt office* nnder George II. He waa the aothor
of "Hemmra from I7S4 to 1758;" (published in iSai.)
IMed in 1763.

W«ld«maT (wAl'dt-mlr) or Tal'de-mur L, thb
Great, King of Denmark, bom in 1131, aicended the
throne in iiS7. He sabiugated the touthem part of
Norway, and the tetritc«y of the Wendi in Northern
Germany. He died in iiSi, and was succeeded t^ his
•on, Canute VX

WaldMoai (or Taldmnar) n, second son of Wt]<
demar L, waa snmamed Siiut, (the "Victorioos.") On
the death of his brother, Canute VL, he became king, in
laoj. He Gtmqnered Lironia, Courland, Eathonia, and

other provinces, and waa -"■•= '*'— ' •''•' ••" -►"'"*- •-

a mler. He died in 1141,
Eric VI.

Waldaraar (or ValdraiBT) TH. or IT, called At>
maDAO, was the last king of the first Danish dynasty,
and sscended the throne in 1340. He sold Lmmta, and
other conquests of Wsldemsi II., to the grand master
of the Teutonic order in Pnissia. He died In 1373 or
i37St and was succeeded by his daughter Margaret as
legent during the minority of her son OUus.

Wal-den'alaoT'WoI-den'BlB,(THOMAS,) an English
Caimelile monk, originally named NrmK, was born at
Wolden. in Essex, about 136J. He was patronised by
Ileniy V., whom he accompanied to France. Died in 14301

WUdhatuar, MlfhSw'sfr, (Cdi«bad,) a German
reformer and Angnstinian monk, who began to preach

a preacher. Died about 1368.

Sea HoKwm, "Rt&RBn and UiRjn," RdkdsliUi^ iStr-

^ai'dfo, (John M.,) D.D., LL.D., an American
Heihodist bdshop, bora at Lebanon, Ohio, February 1 1,
1S31. He graduated at Farmer's College, near Cincin-
nati, in 1853. became a preacher in 1854, m 1868 was
chosen one of the Western book-agents of the Methodist
Episcopal Church, and in 1884 was elected a tnahofiL
For many years he hss been sctive In humanitarian and
benevolent work. Died January 31, 1914.

WaldAraee, von, (Alfebd,) Count, a German
general, bom in 1832. He served through Ibe wars
of 1866 and 1S70, became quartermasler-geoeral in
1882, and Held marshal and chief-of-siaS of the
German army on the resignation of Count Von
Moitke. In 1900 he was nominated by Emperor
William and accepted by the Powers as comroaodei-in-
chief of the allied forces in China. Died Mar. 5, 1904.

Waldis, (BURCKHAKD,) a German fabulist, bom
at Allendorf aboul 1500. He was a chaplain of
Margaret, wife of the Landgrave of Hesse. He imi-
tated iEsop with success. Died io 1554.

'Wkldnunn, Mlt'mln, (Johann,) a Swiss msgistrate,
bom in the canton of Zog about 1436. He was one of
the chieb of the Swiss army that fanght at Moral, and
he gained a victory at Nancy for the Dnke of Lorraine.

18 WALKER

In 1481 be became bai|[omaatei ofZniidi, lAere be Bsdi
several refbnna. The peasanta and popnlace hsfi^
revolted agalnet him, he was put to death aboot i^^
Waldo. See Vaukx

VMldOr, vtl'dos', (HtLANII TlLLMHATI,) ILUUXt

a French aulhoreaa, bom at Nantes about 1796, m t
aister of Theodore Tillenave. She pnbliahed niBcfiM

'- among which are "The Chlteau de RaMfacfK'

and "Chariet Mandel," (184&) . DiediailiL
lifwihuiW^ Mlf ahmit, (JoHAIiit Jakoi,) • Gb-
-uM. uiedical writer, born in i&u. He died at Hirlin
hi 1689. ^

■^J

bora at Fitef

Lira,] (Hastin,) a German

about 147a He pabUahed _

mography, with the Fo«i Toyagea of AnericaaTc^
' M," U507,) in which he advocated the ^mlicaliaa g(

e name Ametka to the New Worid. IMed ato ija

Wald'steln, walt'stm, (Oiaklis,) srthnjtfbl,
bom at New York in 1856 1 educated U CoIubiImCi^
lege and in Europe. He became a reader in dssial
ardueolt^ St Cambridge Universily and was Slade Rd-
fessor of Fine Arts 1S95-1901 and after 1904. Ai di-
rector of the Ameikan Arctueological Sdiool al Atlvu
he made impOTtant excavations at Flauea, Eretrii, md
Aigos. He has written much mi art, ardiaulagj, md
other subjects.

WaldatalnliM or WaUatelB. Ses WAiumm

Wals. SeeWAi.«ui.

mio, (Samukl.) an English painter and iutfrn,
lived in London, and taade dengns for the bookiJm
Died in 17S&

WnlMd or WalUL SceALWAUXtx

WnlAAd or Walld H, bom in 703 A.Ik, wss an
of Yezeed (Yesld) IL, snd became eaUph in 70 Bi
was very licentions. He waa assasdnaied b 744-

Wnlw, PuMCi OF. See Albbkt EowAUk

WBlol, (WtLLUM,) an Englidi aatroumer «<
mathematician, bom aboot 1734. He was seat ■ ijA
to Hudson Bay, to observe the tranvt of Ven«, wi
isbMqnentlj accompanied Cqitain Cook on hli MCtsJ
and third voyaget. He waa chosen a FeDow ef At
Royal Sodety in 1776, and was afterwards mad* i«»
tary to the Board of Longitude. He published "Can
Observations made at Hudaon'sBay, etc., (l??!.!"*!
other works. Died in 1798.

Watenrakl, wi-Uv'skee, (Fr. pron. vflh'da',!
(Floriah Alkxamdkb Jobbfh Colonka,) COItHT, ■
able statesman and writer, a natural aon of NipiM
L and the Conntesa Watewska, a PoUah lady, vastan
in Walewioe in 1810. Under Louis N^ialeai he na
sent as ministei-plenipolentisry to Florence (iSm) "^
Naples, and wia imbsstador to London about 1^ !■
185$ he succeeded Dronyn de Lhnys u mimsW d
foreign aSairi. He was removed in Januaij, lUa tt*
came miniater of state at that date, and president of d>
c(Hp« Mgislatif in August, 1865. Died in 1S6S.

Walferdln, vtl'fiK'diN'. (Hknbi,) a French nsunl
pbiloeopher, bom at Langres in 1705. He wxi »
sodatea with Arago in some adentific lahomt. H*
invented a hnidio-barometcr and seversl kinds of Ikn-
mometers, Ked January 35, 188a

Vftl'fotd, (COBNKUDS,) an English Uwyw, bun ■
London in 1837, He waa called to the bar at Isc
Middle Temple in i860. He published "D(tisiJ
Coinage Explained," "History of Famines," (lo7*''
" History of GuUds," (1880,) "Fairs, Past aid Prtant,"
(1883,) etc. Diedini88s.

Wai'fotd. (LocY BsTHtA,) a Bridsh aortlA
bom near Edinburgh in 1845, daughter o[ John CdL'
QUHOUN, author of "The Moor aiid the Lodu" Slie
has wrilten "The Baby's Grandmother," (.i»5')
"A Sliffnecked Generation," (1S88.) "The M«l*
maker," (1893.) "The Intruders." (1S98.) •"

walld. See Walfbd and Al WALua ^^

Walker, waw'k^r, (Adam,) an Er^ish writsi iji

mechanician, bom in Westmoreland m 1731, "• 1"

author of a " System of Familiar Fhilosophr, a "f

i, e. 1, 6, 0, y, Ji<<V; k, i, ^ suue, less prolonged) i, <, I, iS, li, 9, <A«rt; t, 9, ^ 9, siiwr*,- fir, fUI, fit; mit; uAt) g«di nM

d by Google

WALKER

iwH," " Treatlw on Geogrqtby," and other works, lie

«■• alio the inventor ol eefenl ingenF— ■— ' •-

Died Id i8ai.

Walkar, waw'kfr, (Auasa.) an American pablkiat,
born at Wooditock, Coniwcticul, May 4, t ^99, wai a mer-
chant of BoaCon, l8as-i40, prolieuor of political economy
at Obetlin College, i&ta-jg, tectarer at AmherBt College,
1861-75, *■>*' > member of ConEreas, 1863-63. Hi* P''"*
dpal work* were ** Nalare and Uaea of Honey," (1857,)
iiid''SdeKe of Wealth," (1866.) Died at North Brook-
field, Uanachmctta, October jo, 1875.

VTalkei, (Sir Baldwin WAXb,) an English naval
officer, bom in 1803. He wai sanreyor-general of the
•avT from 1847 to t86ot Died Febmarii u, 18761

walkw, (CLUiBtrr,) an Engliah Prabytuiar
political writer, bom in Doraetstiire. He represented
the dty of Weill in Parliament in 1640, and wrote " The
Hiilor- -"--■ -■ •"-"•■ " '- > ■

king-at-arma, bom in SomenetslirTe. He was appointed
bj Charlea I. hia aecretary at war, and clerk-eitraor-
dinary trf the priry couodL He wrote " Hiitorical
IKaonraea," (1705,) "Military DiacoYerlea," and " Iter
CaroUnom," an accomit of the narchea^ etc of Charlea
L from 1G41 to the tine of Ua death. Died in 1677.

^Klker, (Francis Ahaia,) IJLD., an ADertcaa
pablicist, a son of Aroaaa Walker, wa> bom at Boston,
HassachuaettB, July a, 1S40. He graduated at Amhent
College in iS6a, was chief of th« United Slate* burean of
■tatistica, 1S69-70, fluperintendcnt of the United Sutea
census, 1870-73 and 1879-81, commiaaioner of Indian
affairs, 1S71-71, professor of political economy at Vale
College, 1873-79, '""l 'n tSSi became president of the
Massachuaetta Institute of Technology. Among his
works are "The Indian Qnestion," (1874,) "Wages and

"'--— ■'■^" ■■" " ■-■'-%,) "Money,

. Economy,"
." (1S83.) besides great
numbers of official reports. Died January 5, 1897.

Walker, ^FRXDniCK A.,) R.A., an Ei^ish artist.

Ruiu aic .1.0 iiiiu^ii \,.uvniiuii, no/*/

the Wage Class," (i8t6,) "Money," (1878,:
Trade, and Industry," (1879,) "rolitiol .
(1S83,) and "Land and ita Rent," (1S83,) bai

aljandoned this claaa of work to devote himself to painting
In water-coloon and <dL In 1871 he was elected an
Aaaodate of tlie Royal Aodemj. Died June 4, 187$.

Walksr, (Rev. Giorqi,) a ProteatanI dirlne, of
English extraction, was born In the conn^ of Tyrone,
Ireland. He it celebrated for his brave defence erf Lon-
donderry against (he forces of ^mes II., (1689.) He
was killed at the battle of the Borne, in 1690, having
been previoualt created Bishop of Deny l^ William
III. He pubhshed " A True Accoont of the Siege of
Londonderry."

Walker, (Gxoroe,)

1 English mathematidan and
- He

several able works on geometry, etc. Died

Walker, (Taues,) an English dvil engineer, bom
about 1780. He obtained a high reputation as an en-
gineer of docks, harbours, etc He was president of the
Institntion of Civil Engineers. Died about 186a.
Walker, waw^r, (James,) D.D., a distingniahed

Unitarian divine and scholar, born at Bur1ington,_Mas-

, 'n 1794. He became editor of the
dan Examiner" in 18^

aachoaetta, in

He became editor of the "Chris-
1831, and in 1839 Alfotd professor of
moral and intellectual philosophy at Harvard. He waa
elected pieaident of Harvard in 1853, a position which he
filled with eminent ability br seven years. He resigned
In 186a, on account of his feeble h^tb. He delivered
a course of "Lowell Lectnrea on the Philosophy of
Religion ;" a!so " Lectniea on Natural Religion." Dr.
Walker was a dear and profound thinker and a finished
writer. Died December 13, 1S74.

WRlkar, 0'^"'^ Basi,) an AmericaD Preabyterian
divine, bom in Philadelphia in 1S05. Having previonaly
1 ..i!_- — l™.aTials b the Weal, he became
!e paUiihed,

bcaldca other rel^ooa works, " Philoaophy of the Plan
of Salvation," (1855,) which has been tranalatedmloaev*
erariangoagea. Dted Harch 6^ tSSy.

Walker, (John,) an Engliah dergyman, born In
DevonaMre, became rector of a parish at Exeter,

Grand Rebellion."

Walker, (John,) an English lexicographer and elo>
cutionist, born in Middlesex in 1733. He published
"A Rhyming Dictionary," "Elementa of Elocution,"
I17S1,) "Rhetorical (grammar," (1785,) and "CritioU
Pronoundng Dictionarr and Expositor of the Engliah

iir Ananit ud 5flp4enb«r, 1781.

Walker, (John,) an English physician and writer,
bom in Cumberland in 1 7J9. He waa the author of a
" Universal Gazetteer," " Elements of Geography," and
several medical treatises. Died in 1830.

Walker, (Joskph Coorut,) an Irish writer, bon la
Dublin about 1766. He wrote, bealdea other works.
"Historical Memolra of the Irish Barda," (1786.) Died
in 1810.

TI7alker. (Liaor I*oi%) of Alabama, iras a judge In
one of the State courts, 1850-53, was one of the most
ardent advocatea of the secession movement, and
served as Confederate aecretary of war, 1861-61, and
afterwards as a brigadier-general in the Confederate
service. Died a[ Huntarille, Alabama, Angnat 3s, iSh

Walker, (Osadiah,) an English writer, born ta Yeti-
shire about 1616. He stndiM at UniveralM Coll«e,
Oxford, of which he was elected master in t67a Hav&(
openly profeased Catb<didsm, he waa deprived of h£
office, and imprisoned for a tlnie after the revolntion of
16S8. He wrote "A Brief Account of Ancient Chnrch
Government," (1661,) "The Greek and Roman HlsloiT
aiaatrated by Cdns and Medals," (1693,) and other
work). DJetlin 1693.

Walker, (Robibt,) an En^h portraIt<palnter,
Among bis prindpal worka are several portraita of
Cromwell, <Hie of Admiral Blake, and one (tf General
Monk. Died about 1660.

TTalkar, (Robzrt /.,) a diatingohhed Ametkaa
writer on political ecoeomv, bom at Northumberland,
Pennsylvania, In 1801, Kradnated in the University of

" ytrania in iSia He studied law, and removed In

Hatches, Hiaaisuppi, where be practised with
He waa elected a Senator ttf the United States

of Texas to the United Staiea. In March, 184$, he waa
anointed secretary of the treaautT by Preaidcnt Polk,
He produced a report In favour of free trade which
attracted mnch attention. He retired to private life in
March, 1S49, and was appointed by President Bocbanan
Governor of Kansas about April, 1857, Ho raaigned
that offiM in February, 1858, on accoont of dissatisfection
with the course or policy of the national govemmenb
Died in Norember, 1869.

Walker, (SAMinL.) ao English de^yman, bora at
Exeter in 1714, became curate of Tmro, and published
several volumes of sermons. Died in 1761.

'Walker, (Skars Cook,) an American astronomer,
bom at WilmingtiHi, Middlesex county, Massachnsetia,
in 1805, graduated at Harvard College aboot tSl^
Soon after that date he removed to Philadelphia, where
he taught school. He contributed many obaervatiane
to the "American Journal of Sdence" and the "Trans-
actions of the American Philosophical Sodety." He
was attached to the Washington Obaervatory In 184J,
and diacorered in 1847 the identity of the planet Nep-
tune with a star (^Nerved by Lalande in 179^ "

dered a service to sdence b^ his computation
orbit of Neptnnc^ Died in Cindnnati in 1853,

Walker, (TuOHA^) an Engliah lawyer and bernOT
[7S4. He published a perlodkil
^ Died in 1836.

s of the

sr;B4ar^;taa/;a,H,K.fMAi»«;;H, mom/; R,fr£rA>f; lass,- thaalnCUL (aySeeEiplanatioas,pH}.|

Digitized .yGoOgle

cdnthire in 1633. He pabliahed, unong other wotk*, ■
"Treatise on English Pajtidt*," -' "'■"= '— ^'

nglo-Latina." Died 1

Anglo-I

" and ■* idiomatologU

J^afw.TwiLLiAM.) an American filtbtuter, hora al
Nashville. Tenne3»ee, in 1814- He emigrated to Cali-
foraia about 1S50, and became editor of a paper Id
ISSS he conducted ■ party of about aiitj advenluren
toNicaragni, which he entered Mteniibly a» an ally of
one of the bctioiu then enpged in dTil war. He cap-
tured the dty of Granada, aiwmBd the title of President
«f NIcangDa, and re-ettablitbed ilaTei^, which had been
aboUihed. He wai driven from power m May, 1S57. and
escaped to New Orlean*. In Tone, i860, he led an ei-
pedition againit HondnraB. He wae aptured and shot
al Truidllo in September, t86a

WaUter, (Wiluam Datid,) D.D., an American
bithop, bom in New York dty, Juno M, iSjg, He
graduated at Columbia College in 1859, and at the Gen-
eral Seminary (Epiicopaliaa) in iS6a. He took prieafa
ordera in 1863, in 1SS3 was consecraled Bishop of Noith
Dakota, and m 1896 Bishop of Western New York.

Walker, (William H. T.,) of Geor^a, an American
generaLwhogradoated at Weal Pinntln 1837. Hecom-
manded a divWon of the army of General Lee in the
early part of 1863, tetred at Chickamaoga in September
of that year, and was UUcd near AtlanU in July, 1864.

WalkTile*. SeeVALKYRiA.

Walksr, (Wiluam Sidniy,) a British poet, bom at
Pembroke, December 4, 1795. He pab1ishea''Gusta*aa
Vaaa," a poem, (incomplete,) in 1813, went to Eton, and
became a Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge. Died
October 15, 1846. His "Poetical Remains," (iSu,)
with a " Life," t^ John Hoolttie, his excellent " Shake-
■peare's Veraification," (1854,) and " Notes on Shake-
■peare," (1860,) were pcothamous. Daring his life he
fniblished "Poems from tlie Dafiiih," and other works.

WUl, (John,) H.D., an English phyaidan, bom ii
Worcestershire in 1708, was the first who drew public
attention to the virtues of the Ualvem waters. Died

Wall, (Maktin,) son of the preceding, bora in 1744,
acquired a hish reputation as a phyaidan, and in 1785
became clinicd professor at Oxfora. Died in lSX4-

WaU, (Wiluam,) an English divine, tom in 1646,
published a " Histoid of Inbnt Baptism," and » Critical
Notea 00 the Old Testament" Died in i7at.

Wftllnoa> wAllia, (Alkzamdu.) D.D., a United
Presbyterian divine, bora at Paisley, Scotland, in iSiS.
He was educated at the Universities oi Glasgow,
Edinbmgh, Berlin, and Halle, and was mdained in
1846. Among his works are " The Gloami^ of IJfc^"
'".3.) "Poema and Sketches," (l8iS4,) " Desert and
y Land," (1866,) "The Model Life." (i8v8,)

'WnUaoe, w^llts, (HoaAca BiNitn,) an AmericaD

lawyer and writer of rare talents, a nephew of Horace

Biinief, was bom at Pluladelphia, Pebruaiy tfi, iSi?-

He graduated at Princeton College, and ■ohMqaeDth

vimted Eorope. He committed suicide in Paris, (iSSM

I Is anppoaed, in a fit of temporary inaanitr. H«

le "Utarary Criticisms, aad other Papers," "Ait

SoeneiT In Etirope," (1850 and edited several lapl

works conjofaitly with judge Harfc While in Puis ba

became acquainted with Augusts Ccante, who said of

him, " I do not eaeaggerate his merits in ranking him m

the equal of the greateat American stateKuen."

WaUnoe, (Law,) an American general, a ion d
David Wallace, formerly Governor of Indiana, was bora
in Fountain connty. Indiana, about iSa& He was a
iwyer before the avil war. He commanded a dhWon
_t the battle of Fori Donelson, Februaiv, 1861^ and dii-
tii^uished himself at the battle of Sbiloh, April 6 and

£He waa appointed a major-general in March, Ml,
e was Governor of New Mexico 187S-81, and min-
ister to Turkey 1881-85. He was a successful author,
the best known among his works being "The Fair
Gtid." (1873,) " Ben- Hur," {1880,) and "The Prince
of India," (1893.) His wife, Susan E. WaU-ack,
published "The Storied Sea," " Alonjj the Bos-
photus," and other works. He died Feb. 15, 1905.
Wallao*. wUOts, (Sir Wiujah,) a celebrated Scot-
ih hero and patriot, supposed to have been bora about
I>7Q. He was a son of Sir Malcolm Wallace of Ellenlie,
in Renfrewshire. While attending school at Dundee, be
killed the son of the English governor of Dundee Cssdt
nenge Ibr an insult reuived. and was compelled to
refuge among the moantaius. Having g^faend
ind Mm a band of devoted followers, he carried en
for several yean a successful partisan warfare i^itt
the English forces. After the capture of the g

(1853.) "Poema and Sketches," (l8iS4,) '
HoW Land," (1866,) "The Model Life." (ij ..
Wnllam, wAllis, (Alfru) Rossn,) D.Cf.I., a

and surveyor, was in BrasI with H. W. Bates on an
exploring enKdition, t848-sa,wa*in the Malay Isli~'~
1854-63, and haa made other sdentific toma. His

dpiU works are "Travels on the Amaiou and

Negro." (1853,) "Pa!m-Tree» of the Amazon," (1853,)
"The Malay ArchipeUgo," (1869,) "Contributions to

Bon of ___ ■— ,^, ---r — . .— .-

"Island Life," (1880,) "Land Nationalisation,
(1SS3,) "Bad Times," (18S5,) "Darwinism,"
(18S9,) and "The Wonderful Century," 1898. Al-
most al the same time with the first publication ol
Darwin's theory of evolution, Mr. Wallace announced
a similar theory. He is prominent as a defender of
modem spiritualism, Dieo November 7, 1913.

\7aUao«, (Donald Mackenzib,) a Scottish author,
bom at Paisley, November 11, 1841. He studied at
Glasgow, Edinburgh, (where he passed as M.A. m i8i|9,)
Paris, Berlin, ana Heidelberg, where be gradnateaa*
doctor of law*. In iSyohe went to Russia, and remained

in the dege of Dundee, when dl

of a large English amy towarda StfarltaE. He fanned!-
ately marchedto meet the enemy, gained a signal victvy
over them at StltUng Bridge, (1M7,) and. entering Ei^-
hutd, ravaged the northeraiMrt of the conntry. Hewst
soon alter defeated with great loaa near FalUilt by &t
English, led by Edward £ in person. (IMS-) TfaedBo
of guardian of tbe kiiudon, whidt be had held fix a
short time, waa now taken from him, and, after leverri

Harry.

, (William,) LL.D., a Scottish n

dan, bom in nfeshire hi 176S. He was appointed Is
-"-' —- of the teachers of mathematica in tbe Royal
:<j|«e, Bnckit^amahire, and in 1819 becava
(tf 3iat sdenc« at Edinburgh. Amoiig Us
pidpai worka we may name hi* "New Series faj»
Qnadratnre of the Come Sections and tbe ComputaliM
of Loguithms," (1808,) "Account of the Invention d
the Pantograph, and Description of the Hdcy— •■
(1831,) and the artide on "Porism,"ln the "B

pKdia Britannica." He waa

member of other leafwd

S» CaaMsaa* " Bionspbieil DkthiMtT of »"*>™t S«"»'
WalUoft (Wiluam H. L,] an American aeacn;
bora at Urbana. Ohio, in i8ai. He practised law h
Illinois before the dvil war. He commanded a bripdi
at the capture of Fort Donebon, February, t86i, and a
division at the battle of Shiloh, where he was ncctalli
wounded, April 6 of that year. "Thia day^ wort.

(" American Conflict," voL iL)
Wailaoa, (Wiluam Ross,) an American pi»t,bws
, Lexington, Kentucky, about 1819. Among his wwta
ay be named "Alban the Pirate," (1848,) and "Me**
on» in America, and other Poema,^ (1851.) Died iHl

l,<,T,«ta.f,Avv,-|i,i,A,same,le>sprolongediL&I.S,li,^r<i0rt;a.e.l.o,(ibn>n;ar,a]l,llt;mit;nBt;gd6d;B

WALLACE

Wallao*. (WnxiAM Vincknt.) a muaiciui and com-
tMMer, born at Wateribrd, in Ireland, aboal iSi^. He
compoted te*eril ancceHfiil operas, among — i»'-l> ■»
•Maritana''»i«l"LnTliae." Died In 1865.

WallMk, wOllfk, (JAUU WiUJAui) an Engllah
actor, bom in London in 1795, acquired a high reptita<
don lo hii art, both in Sngland and America. Hating
•ettled in New York City in 1851, he bonded the theatre
on Broadwar called b; bl> name. Died in 1864.

HI* eon, JOHM Linvt, alio an actor, pnbliahed aei-
eral comedies. Died SeMember 6. tSSS.

WBllanbevM. Sea WAUJmBttsa.

WallanboFO^ wi. «ta wUn^n-bHik', (Adbiaan
and Pima,) Roman Catholic theologiana, bom at
Rotterdam, were In-otbera. The]' lived at Cologne, and
wrote aereral works againat the Protettanll. Adiiaan
died in 1660, and Pieter in itjt.

Wallanbnrg, von, fon ftU'ltn-bASKO',
WalleoboDTiL (Jacob,) an Austrian Orientalbt, bom
in Vienna in 1763. He passed twenty year* in Tarker.
He translated the Persian poem " Meaner)" into Fren^
Died m tSo6.

'Wallautolii, wOllfn-etln', [Ger. pron. Mllen-stin'
or Waldatala, Mlt'sdn, [LaL Walunstu'nius l_
Walastbi'kius; It Vautain, Tll'sSn,) (Albkbcht
Wkhzsl Edskbius,) Count or, and Dain of Heck-
Imburfc Friedland, and Sagan, a celebrated German
genera], bom at the castle o( Hermanic^ in Bohemia,
b September, 1JS3, was a son of Wilhelm, Baron Ton
Walfbtein. After tbe death of his nrents, who were
Protestants, he was sent to the Jesuit Collm at Olmilt^
and was conreited into a RtMnan Cathiuic. He also
stored several science* and langnase* at Fadoa and
Ikdosna. About 1606 he fought agwn«l the Tnrks
the aiege of Gran. He mamed a tick widow in i6ia^
and at her death, in 1614, inherited a large --- --
Having raised a troop of hone in 1617, hs foug
distinction for the Austrian archduke FerdiDantTagainM
the Venetians. In 161% at the beginning of the Thirty
Veara' war, he jirined the Imperial or Roman Catholic

WALLERIUS

created Duke of Friedland and a priitce of the Hdy
finpire in 1604. In 169$ be nuse4 at U* own expense,
a large army, which he resolved to support by pllage
■nd exactions from the enemy. His high reputation
attracted mercatariet from various parts ^ Enrop& He
^"ftmtfd Count Manafeld in 1616^ and invaded Denmark,
bi which be encountered no eflecMal resistance. To r^

the duchy of hfeddenlMrg to tfoS,

td admiral. His pride, rapadtj, and craelty rendered
Um so odious that Ferdinand dismissed him from com-
mand in ifijc^ at tbe aame time that Gnstsvos Adcdphns
entered Germany to fight for the Protestant canse. The
victcvies of Gusavus, and the death of General Tilly,
reduced Ferdinand to auch a critical situation that be
implored the aid of Wallenatein as the only man who
was able to savo tbe empire. He conaentra to aerva
him agabi, on condiHoa Uiat he should have ezduiive
control of tbe army, and should govern or reten over
the countries which he might conquer. He dupiayed
great skill in deftnce of the lines near Nuremberg, which
were attacked by the Swede* in September, i^S. In
November of that year he was deleated by Gustavos
Adolphus at the great battle of Ijitien. He afterwards
gwned victories in Silena, but refused to march to tbe
relief of Bavaria, which was overran by the Swedes.
According to some authorities, he aspired to be soverewn
of Bohemia. The Duke of Bavaria, and other enemlca
of Wallenstein, persuaded the emperor to diatmst hla
loyalty. In January, 1634, he was defxlved of his cooa-
taand, and secret oraers were gWen to Gallas and Ficco-
lominl to arrest or assassinate Um. He attempted to
•ecnie himself by negotiations with the Swedes, out his
overtures were rejected, and he retired to tbe castle of
E^er or Egra, where he was aasasainated in February,
t&^ The ttoiy of Wallenstein forms tbe subject or
Schiller^ greatest though not his most popular tragedy.

"I&KoiT of tb* Tfaiiw Ymi/ War;" Usaa,
Hmotiian rnadluil,"iBe6i Hsuaa, "Lcbn

— — , jSt4I F. FOesn , .

Henoc « UKklaban," iM, ■!» ; J. If iTonu, " Lib tt m-
Itnaus," i8it;Uuoui "OuBt AdolC indWiil]BHt«n,"avols.,
iSu-iai HiLBKL "WilUiaUiii nod Annin," iSu; GiiAuio-Pai.
OKATOt " IHork (kill Via d'A. Viluin," 1&4J ; Cakl Hakia tow
AaniiL •■Walhasnia," lU; Sia XmAitD Cost, "Tha IVrtv
Y«in- Wv," 1 Tob. 1W5: UALMsnou, " D« WdlwMialo Cob-
menlarlu'* 1811 ; "Hmvalk Biofiaphia GcBtnlc;" "BLkckwood'i
HifaiiiH" fer JsmiUT, 1S3S-

WallonatoliiltH. See WALUtMsram.

Waller, w611fr, (Edmund,) an eminent English poe^
born at Coleshilt, in Hertfordshire, in 1605, was a cown.
german of the celebrated John Hampden. He stuped
at King's College, Cambridge, and represented Amers-
ham in the Long Parliament in 1640, having been pre-
viously several times elected for that borough. He was
for a ume a moderate partisan of the popular cause ; but
he subsequently irent over to the royalists. He was
arrcftedin 1643 on a charge by the Parliament of having
formed a ■■ popish plot for the subversion of the Prot-
estant reliijion," etc. Several of his accomplicea were
punished with fine* and imprisonment, and two were exe-
cuted, while Waller, the leader of the conspiracy, saved
his life by a moat abject and pusillanimous speech. He
— released, alter a year'a confinement, on condlUoD of

. _ .. ..._ permitted to retnm tc. _„

101653. He died in 16S7. Waller was twice manried,
~ " 1 In hi* second wile five sons and ^htdaiwhtenb
\ hb earUeat productiona are tbe verses addressed
jadv Dorothea Sidney, under the name of Saccha.
Hn other prindpal poems are a " Panegyric on
CromweU," " Ob a War with Spain," ■■ On the Death
of the Lord Protector," and an ode to Charles IL, en-
titied "To the King upon his Maiestv's Most Happy
Retnm." It is *au that when Charles remarked to
Waller the greater poetical merit of his panegyric on
Cromwell, he reph'ed, " Poeta, sirc^ succeed better in fic-
tion than in tmlK" After the restoration he was several
times retumed to Arliament, where, according to Bur-
net, "he was the delight of the House, and, thougli old,
said the liveliest things of any among them." Johnson
observes, "The general character of his poetry is de-

thing to our elegance of diction and stHnelhtng to oar
propriety of thought"

~ ~ of the Xnriuh Poui,'' vol L t Wooe^

."iMrodiK^ta Ih* Litnton

in tSlO. Hew _.

yeua editor of the " Dublin University Magarine," _
which he contributed papers under the signature of joNA-
THAN FuKB SuHOSBT. Thess papet* were collected
and published in book-form, nncler the title of "Tbe

Waltar, wMlfr, Qoi

IJGHTFOOT,) LL.D.,

S09. He became editor 1b

184s of ^' " Western Baptisl Review," and puUisbed

*e vend controversial works. Died at Louisville in 1854.

\r«Il«r, (Sir WiuJAH,) an English statesman and

:neral of the Parliamentary army, bora in Kent in

197, was a distant relative of the poet, Edmund Wal-

r. Having served for a time in the Proteatant army

Germany, he was elected to the Long Parliament

for Andover in ibio, and was soon after aroointed

second in command of the forces under the Earl of

Essex. He WIS removed from the service by the self

denying ordinance of 164^ and in 1647 he was ooe ot

the eleven members of the House of Commons Im

peached by the army. He afterwards resumed his sest

in Parliament, aikd was appointed one of tlie coundl of

suie in iMa He died in 166S, leaving a " VtndicatioD

of Sir William Waller," etc, and " Divine Meditations

upon Several Occasions," (i6Sa)

Sh Cuukdui, "Uutorr <i A* Oi«ai Kibdioi."

'Wal-la'fl-ns, [Swodiah pron. vil-m're-A*,] (JoRam

GoTTSCUALX,) a Swediah savant, waa tbe anthw o<

several valuable worla on chemistry and m)iieralQ(y

Died in 1^5. ^^

u i; f aa /; \ hard: it»f;g,H, ^guttm-al; s, natal; ■. triiUd; ■ as *; th as in Uul (l^'See Explanation*, p. 93 J

dbyGoogle

WALLERIUS 14

'Wallvriiu, (NtCHOLAt;) a Swedbh philtwopher, bom
at Nerilia. in 1706. He becane piofeuor of ttieoloer at
(Jpsal, and wrote, besides other woriu, " Rational Fay-
chotogv," (" Psychologia RaCionalis.") Died in 1764.

'Wallla. See Vallia, King of the Vitieoitu.

Tnrallioh, vtlllK, (Nathaniel,) a Danish botanist,
born at Copenhagen in 17S7. Having entered the ser-
rice of the East India Company, he waa appointed in
1S15 Boperintendent of the botanic garden at Calcutta.
He viiited Nepaul and other parts of India, and made a
large and valuable collection of plants. He published
"A Description of the Tree which produces the Nipal
Camphor -Wood," etc, (1823,) " Tentaraen Florae Nepa-
lensis," (1814,) " PUnta; Asiatic* Rariores," (3 vols, fol,
1829, with 300 plates,) and other works. Died in 1854.

walllD, vU-leen', (Gbokge.) a Swedish prelate, bom
in Notdland in 1686. He published several wihIu, and
was appointed Bishop of Gothenburg. Died in 1760.

'WalUn, (JoBAN Olof,) an eminent Swedish prelate
and pulpit orator, born in Dalecarlia in 1779. He
studied at Upsal, and became in tSio a member of
the Swedish AcademT- He was afleiwardi appointed
theological tutor to Frince Oscar, and rose tlitough
various preferments to be Archbishop of Upial in 1833.
His hymiu are ranked among the finest productions
of the kind in the language, and have 1>Mn adapted
into the authoriied Svreoish Hymn-Book. He also pub-
lished a number of sermons of great excellence. Died
In 1839.

Sm E. a Cnju, "UiaBa-Til Dfw Dr. J. a Td&n." iM-
]. U. ScKHHim. "J. 0. WilliB, Stm IUk« BikdiUuip," Aif,:
). K. RvEQvuT. "j: O, Wamo: UnnEMtckaisc" il3».

'WaUlugford, wUling-f^rd, (Rjchabd,) an English
mechaiuc and astronomer of uie fourteenth centatr,
made a dock which is supposed to have been the fint
that was tuulated by a fly-wheeL

WalUi^ wOl'lis, (John,) an eminent English maChe-
matidan and theologian, bom at Ashfbrd, Kent, on the

and was ordained a priest the same year. He favoured
the party of the Parliament in the civp war, and ren-
dered valuable services by deciphering intercepttHl
despatches written in cipher. In 16^ he was one of
the secretaries of the Assembly of Divmes at Westmin-
ster. He was one of the first members of the Royal
Sodctv, and became Savilian professor of geometry at
Oxford fai 1649. Id 1655 he pubUsbed an importut
work, entitled " ArithnelK of Infinite*," {* Aiitboeaca
Infinitortun,") preceded by a treatise on conic aectkns.
He treated of the fnndrawntal points of arithauti^
■Igebn, and geometry in hi* " ifniTersal ScJeitce or
Lesming," ("Hatheiis Unlvenslis,'' i6s7-) '^^ made
important (uscoreties in mathmiatical tneories, and
distingaished himsdf by Us sasadty and talent for gen-
eralisation. Having promoted me restoration of Cbarlet
II., he retained his professorship. Besides the aboT«>
named works, he wroH several books on thetdogy, and
a treatise on It^c, which bad a high repotatioD, Ho
edited Ptolemy's " Harmonics," (1680^) and Aristarchw
of Samoa. Died in October, 1703.
SsaTHomoH, '^Hino^erth* Rmd Soei(tr;" NiciaoM. "H^

WalUa, (Sahdkl,) an English itavigator, who, *•
commander of the Dolphin, made a voyage In the Pacific
and discovered Easier Island in 1767,8111) Tahiti, to
which he gave the name of King George's Island. The
latter is sopposed to have been previously discavered bj

an Austrian general, bom In 1671. He obuined the
tank of field-marshal and die diief command of an army
in Hoi^ary. He vras detested by tbe Tnrki In 173^
Died in 1743.

WalllB, von, (JosxPH,) Count, an Austrian financier,
bom in 1768. He was minister of finsnce from iSle
to 1816. Died In 1818.

WalllMT, Mlle-ifr, (Chkistoph Thokas,) a Gcr-

n CMMHMer and writer upon music, bora at Stras-

g bihekktl '

burg bll
biS4S.

I latter part of the sixteenth century. Diad

IS Battvedty.

13 WALPOLE

Walllns, wille-Os, or Vua de Walla, vtn d«h ««'•
Ifb, (Jacob,) a Flemish Jeaoit and Latin poet, bon M
Courtr^ in IS99- Died about 1680.

Wallon. vTIAn', {Hrnbi Alktandkb,) a Fieiich
historian, IxHn at Valenciennes in 1811. He pnUiabed
many historical and critical works, and was chosen a
member of the Institute in 185a After 1S70 he In 1 sini
a leading statesman of the republic, belonging to the
group of constitutional monarchists.

Wallot Mllot or vTlo', (Jun Gvumdio,) a Ger>
man astronomer, bmn at ^uers, in tbe Palatnate, in
1743- Hebecameprofenor of astronomy at Pari*. He
was esecated bv the Jacobins in July, 1794,

TTalliK^ Ml'rl^ (Fbkdinand Fiamz,) a Germa
phfsidan and naturalist, bom at Cologne in 174& He
made a large and valuable coUectiiMi 3l objects in n
ral history and art, which he preseitled to bis Battve •
Died in 1S34.

Waline«iaT,w&mi'1e, (Chaklks,) an English matbe-
matidan and Benedictine monk, bom iu 1731, becaae
apostolical vicar of the western district in England- He
was the author of an "Analysis of the Ueasnrea of fto-
portions and of Angles," etc, and other works, in PtomI
and Latin. He was a Fellow of the Roysl Sodety.
Died in T797.

Wala, wawl, (N1CUO1.AS,) an American lawyer, bora
about 1740, practised with distinctttm in PliiUdd]rfna.
He afterwards became a minister of the SociMy of
Friends. He was noted for his wit and hnnKna.
Died in 1813.

Wain, (RoBlKT,) Jr., sn American poet, bon is
Philadelphia in 1794. He wrote " Tbe Hermit in PUla-

- Wnlpols, wU'pO, jHoKACB,) fouitii Eari of Orfafi
a femous literary gossip, amateur, aitd <nt, bom in Leo-
don in October, 1717, was the youngest son of KrKobcn
Walpole and Catherine Shorter. He was edacalsd tt
Eton and King's College, Camlnidge. In 1739116 bcpn
a tour on the continent, in company wi^ his biead
Thomas (kay the poet, from whoa, in conseqneooe <f
a disagreement, he parted in 1741. He retortied hnm^
and entered the House of Commons in the same jbsl
In Uarch, 174a, be made a speech in defence of Ui
father, whidi was commended by William HtL Ht
cmtinued to tit in the House of Commons far x^kj

1^ but CI , ,

__.llncrati*e sinecure offices.

In 1747 be purchased the villa of Strawberry HiU, at
Twickenfasin, on the imimiTement and decoiatiim ef
wbid) be expended much time and money. He coUecHd
there many prints, pictures, bocdu, curioaitie*^ wA
ol^BCts of wHXii. He pnblishBd in I7{8 a •• Catahipe
of Royal and N^e Aathots," and conmenced in 1761
his " Anecdotes of Painting in England," the bat volome
of which appeared in 1771. llie i»t>ri«lf far this work
fiimisaed by Vertoe the eiqpiver. In 1764. be
' novel entitled "The Castle of Oinnic^'
sty auccestftiL Anumg hit other works an
"TbeHysterious Mother," a tragedy, (1768.) -Htsusic
Doabta m the Ufe and Reign ^Richard lit," (176U
" Raminiscencas of the Courta of George L and Georp
IL," " Uemoin of the Rdgn of George IIL from tyyi
lo 17S3," and hit "Letters," (9 volt., 1857-59,] wUd
are greatly adn^red. He afiMted a g^ot dHUke to
be GOQsidtfed a literan man. Mtcanlay expresset tbe
qiinion that "he was tbe moat eccentric, tbe moat atii-
fuial, the most fostidiotis, tbe most capricioni of men.
. . . Seriona bounett wat a trifle to him, and trifles
were bis serions business. . . What, then," asks the
same critic^ "la the irresistible charm of WaJpoie^
writings f It consists, we think, in the art of amodag
without exdting, . . . His s^le is one of those pocalisr

produced a

can safely venture to imitate." (Revii

"Letters to Sir Horace Hann," in M _, _ _,

published in tbe "Edinbacgh Review" ia 1S33.] Vm
Letters are considered his Dest prodactioaa. In 1791
he succeeded bit nephew George at Earl of Oim4

I. e. f, fi, 0, f, JWy; k, i, 6, sane, less prolonged; i, (, t & t, f, iAorif; f, f, L ft iiiKwi; Or, mi, flt; m*t: oAt; g86d; n

d by Google

WALPOLE 14

bal he nerer took his teat in tbe Hoose of Lord*, and
Kidom Died hit title. Died in March, 1797.

S«a " WahBGn*," b* J. Funcnmnf, in; Loan Dona.
Skcich of a* Uft of Hsnea Wilnda," p««d ts " Lenan to
Hona Ibn^" iSu; CuotWauurm, " Ha>eln of Uonu
Wilpcili ud Iw CoBtoDpcnriw" ■ toIl, iSji ; "Quuurli Ra-
tU**' fo ApcO, iSn i "MoBUdT Rnin" Sir SeMoibv. OcUtKT,
■nd Monaibnv ij^i "rnMr"* Uipma" lor Ju);, i&ts, anida
" Walpola and Iw fiicada."

Wkl^le, (Horatio,) Lobd, an Engliih diplonutiat
and wnter, born in 1678, wa* a brothn of Sir Robert,
the premier. He was ambaisador at Piria from 1733 to
1 7^7, became treaanrer of the Idng's household in 1 730^
and minister plenipotentiaiy to Holland about 1733.
His talents and character are praised bf the histonao
Coze. He wrote political trestues. Died in 1757.

'Walpole, (H. 5.,) ED|;lish novelist, bom 1S84. Edu-
cated at King's Collie, Quiteibury, and Emmanuel Col-
lece, Cambridge. One of tbe younger English realists.
"Fortitndc," 1913 i "The Duchess of Wrei," 1914;
"The Wooden Horse," 1914,

'Walpole, (Sir Robbkt,') Earl of Orford, a celebrated
English statesman, born at Houghton on the a6tb of
Auguat, 1676, was a son of Robert Walpole, Esq., M.P.
He waa educated at Etun and King's College, Cam-
bridge. In 1700 he married Catherine Shortei', and
entered Parliament as member for Caatle Rising and a
■uppoTter of the Whig pari;. He became an able de-
bater, a skilful parliamentary tactidan, and an excellent
man of business. In 1708 ne was appointed secretaiy
of wai, and the management of the House of Commoni
was committed to him by his party. He resigned with
tbe other Whig ministers in 171a, and declined the place
which Harley offered him in the new cabinet The Tory
majority expelled him from the House in 171a, and iro-
piisoned him in the Tower on a charge of coiruption.
He was released at tbe end of the session.

On the accession of George L, (1714,) Walpole ac-
quired great inSuence at court, and was appointed paj-
uaster-^neral of the forcea. He took a prominent part
in the impeachment of the Earl of Oxford and Lord
Bolingbroke. In October, 1715, he became first lord of
the treasury and chancellor of the exchequer. His
brother-in-law, Lord Townahend, waa the chief minister
of this administration. Townsbend having bean re-
moved by the intrigues of Lord Sutherland, Sir Robert
resigned in April, 1717, although tbe king urged him to
remain in ofioe. He opposed the South Su act, and
was pteaerved by hia eood sense from the general in-
fatoatioii daring the innation of the South Sea Bubble.
Supported by a large majori^ of Parliament be en.
countered at firtt no seriona t^poaitioii, ODtU lie created
an opposition br proicribiDg the. eminent men of hia
own parnr and indulging his propeiwitjr to engroaa the
power. Pultenej, who bad atrong claims to a place in
Ute o^net, was neglected and turned into a fbrmidabU
adversary. The lughlj-gifted Lord Carteret, who waa
secretary of state, was removed in 17x4, and a lew years
later a violent quarrel occurred between Walpole and
Lord Townsbend, who had long been personal friends.

At tlic death of George L, (ITX?,) Queen Caroline
exerted her influence in &vour of Sir Robert, who wa*
reappointed prime minister and gained the confidence
of George IL According to Macaolay, Walpole first
gave to the English goTemment that character of lenity
which it has since generally preserved. The same
author remarks, that " tboii^ ne wai at tlie bead of
tSbiit during more than twenty year*, not one great

e, not one important chai^ bx the better or the

lU any part of oer inatitntiona, marks tbe period
CH ni* Mprema^. , . . Tlie praiae to which he is fairly
entitled la this, tliat lie imdentood the true interest
of bis country better than any of hi* contemporaries,
and that he pnntwd that intercM whenever it was not
Incampatible with tbe interesti of hi* own intense and
rraaping ambitioa.'* (Review of " Walpole'a LeCtera to
Sir Horace Hann.'^

Among the enon of hia adminiitratian waa the war
t Spain, (1734,) into which be was driven by the
ir Clamour, while lua own judgment condemned it

It of the declaration of war, he mnl

Is ring-
ittered.

13 WALSH

" Before loi^ they will be wringing their hand&" It ii
admitted that he practised corruption or bribery on a
large acale, for which some writers apologire by the plea
lliat it wa* impossible to govern without corruption. In
the latter part of his official career he was attacked t^
a powerful combination of Toriea, disaffected Whig*
called patriots, and wits, including Pulteney, Carteret,
Chesterfield, Swift, Pope, and Pitt The Prince of
Wales also, bavinb become estranged (rom the kii^
put himself at the bead of the opposition. Afier a long
and spirited contest, he resigned office, and passed Into
the House of Lords, with the title of Earl of Orfbrd,
in February, 174a. He died in March, 1745, leaving
three sons.

"Without being a genius of the first class," la^
Burke, "he was an intdl^ent, prudent, and safe minis-
ter. . . . The prudence, stea^ness, and vigilance of
that man, joined to the greatest possible lenity in hi*
character and bis politics, preserved the crown to thi*
royal fiunilr, and with it their law* and liberties to thi*
coantry." {" Appeal from the New to the Old Whigs. '^

S«W. Mnouva, "BriafudTnia HbloiT <d Sir R. Walpola
and tua Fasdlr," >»8; "Uiaidra do Hininin da CiMvaliw Wai-
pola," Anutcrdain, iiu; " WalpoliaBa," Lmdoa, ■*>}; Coxa
■■UaoKii* of Dm lib ud Adidolitnltoii of Sir k. Walpola," j
Toll., iraSi Loud HAinw, (STAHHon.) "HiRoiT of BntlMid;
IfAUDljkv, EaaaTon Iha " Bail of CliaUiaBi," raniUBd fin Iha
"E£DbiirriiItavlaw"ftirilH: " Hiuorkal SkaUfaca of th« KdgB
of Gaotft 11.," in " Blaekwood'a If agaane" Sm April, iBtt.

'Walpole, (Spihcxk Hoiatio,) an English conser-
valire **- *—"■". bom in )So6. He was elected to
Parliainent btt Hldhurat in 1846, and in March, 1853,
became aecretary tA atate for the home departmenL
He retimed about December. iSu. In 18^ he tepre-
*enl«d tbe UniverNty of Camorit^ in Parliament He
waa secretwy for the hotne depautment about a year.

(1858-59,) and obtained the si ...

He rei^^ in May, 1867. Died in May, 1808.
Walpnrfn, M]-pooK'n,WslbiirEa. or W^mgli,
■I ->^>^. c> 3 fiw in England,

ralpiirfB. _

pdoa'tia. Saint, a princeat of Weaaex, in Engtai ,
who, with her brothers. Saint* Wannibold and Wilibald,
went to Germany to ccmvert the heatheiu She became
Abbeaa of HeidenhNm about 76L and died in 778. The
moat matvellaa* Btfwtes were cold resarding the miracle*
wtongbt by her relics. Her festival nils on February 35,
bat popularly tbe night between April 30 and May i
wa* consecrated to lier honour, at Walpurgis-ni^ht,
This saint wa* specially invoked aa a protectreaa against
doM and wild bcaat*.

WaUh, wOlsb, [Benjauik D.,) an eminent entomol-

ist, bom In Great Britain in 1S08, removed to America
~ rery young. He enjovcd a national reputadoo
among scientific men for excellence in his special study.
Died at Rock bland, Illinois, in 1869.

Walah, wAlsh, (Edwakd,) MD., an Irish physidan
bom at Waterford, served aa army snrnon in Holland
and America. He published a " Narrative of the Expe-
dition to Holland." Died in 1831.

Wal«h, vtlsh, (JosBPH Albxis,) Vicomts, a Freoch
Utthvtmr, bom In Anjon in 17S3, waa a legitimist in
politic*. He wrote several novel*, a book entitled
" MemoraUe Day* of the French Revolution," (5 vole.,
1840,) and other works. Died at Paris, Feb. 11, i860,

Walah, (Prran,) a Roman Catholic priest, bom in the
county of Kildue, Ireland, in 1610. He wrote against
the remporal power of tbe pope, (1674.) Died in i6SS>

'Walah, wAlsh, (RosiaT,) an American author, bora
in Baltimore id 1784, was the ton of an Irishman. He
studied taw, travelled In Europe, returned home about
iSdS, and became a resident of Philadelphia. He
wrote (December, 1809) a " Letter pn the Genius and
Disposition of the French Government," etc, which
was highly commended by the " Edinburgh Review."
" Perhaps nothing from the American press," (ays R.
W. Giiswold, "had ever produced a greater tenaalion."
In|annarT, i8it, be began to pubUsh "The American
Review of History and Polttica," which was the first
American quarterly, and was ^acontinued about the
end of 1812 (or want of patronage. In 1S13 he produced
an " Essay on the Future State of Europe." He edited
the "American Register" for a *horttime, (1817-18,)
and ]Hiblithed in 1819 an " Appeal from the Judgmenta

t»tM; ^tMi;\IU^; %»»i;a,ii,^guairai: v,naiai; n,tri:Ud;laB*: A»»iaMi. (lV~See Explanation*, p. a3.>

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

appointed Americui codsuI ... .

(be lutMeqnent part of his life. EKcd in Fui* in i8s&

Wklsh, IWiLLiAU,) an English poet, born in Woi-
cutenhire in 1663, ii chi^ celebrated u tbe Iriend of
Drjden and the patron of Pope. He was leveia] timei
elected to Farliaiaenl for hU native county. His poems
ore principally amltorf. He alto pabushed a prote
essay enlilled " Eugenia, a Defence of Women, for
which Dryden mole a prefece. Died in 1709.

'VTalBh. (WiLLlAU J.,) a Roman Catholic primate,
bom at Dublin, Ireland, in 1841. He was educated
at Maynoolb College, of which he became president
iniSSi. In 1885 he was nude aichbishop of Doblin and
primate of Ireland. He wrote on " MonometaUiiin. "

W«Mngli»m or WalaTn^Mm. wM'sing-fm, (Sir
FsANCis,) an English atateaman and diplonatiat, born
)n Kent in 1536. He atiidied at Kin^ CoU^^ Cam-
bridge, and at an earlr age *«onirM the &TDar and
patronage of Qneen Ellxabetli, wbo q>pointed blm her
repreMntatiie at the French court In 15^ After bis
cerom, in 157^ be became a member of the privy coon-
dl, and one oT the Mcrelariet of *tat& He was after-
ward* Mnt on important miadoM to the Netheilandt,

borough of NoltingRam. Died in 184T. HIssooJomt,
born in 1818, succeeded 10 the propnetonUp of "The
Times," served in Parliament for many years. Died
in 1894- His son John was drowned, and hii
nephew Akthur succeeded to the management.

'Vraltfr, (Thomai U.,) LI.D., an eminent Amcricta
ardiitect, bom in Philadelphia, September 4, 1804. He
received a good, though not a ocdiwate, edncatioa. tii
studied architectore onder Mr. WDiam Strickland, and
afterward! ualhematica under David IfcClne, (then
distingnished *• a teadier of that idence,) He tppSti
himself aamdnodaly to stDdy for many y«ara befbn k«
commenced tbe practice of hi* profearioa. Hedes^nal
in 1831, and saperintended the erediaa ct, tbe Philadet-
pbia Coanty Prwon. Hi* detlnit for the Gitard Colkp
br Orphan* were adopted by the City Coandl* hi liu,
and that m^ificent buildtng, perhapa the finest tpeo-
men of duMC ardiitectote on the American contiDcn^
was oonatrvcled thronghont from hia designs and tuulet
hn immediate tapemaioo. Thi* work occnjned hia
fbnrteen years. In 1851 his plan* for the eztension of
tite Capitol at Waahinrton were adopted, and he was
appointed architect of the work by Preaident FUlmcn,
a poaltioD which he hejd for fbnrteen years. In additioa

dbyGoogle

WALTHBR iA

wrote MTeral religiont and tb«ologlcBl works. In L«tla
and Gennan. Died hi I74S>

Walther, (Johann GorrnUED,) ■ GermiD wrilei,
born abont i6&h published a "Hntical DicdonaiT, Hia-
lorical and Bk^apbicaL" Died in 1748.

«.U0>

Walthar, (Johann Ludolph.) a Gem

WaUllar, (Hichakl,) a GerDMn divine and theo-
logical writer, bom at Nnrenbera in 1503. He becamo
profeasor of divinity at Helmatedl In 16H, and in 1643
waa apfKHDted general auperintendcnt of the Lutheran
Churchin the duchyof Bronawick-Uineberg, He wrote
a "Treatise on Manna," ("Tractatu* de Manna," 1633.)
a learned treatise, entitled "Offidna Biblica," (tfigS,)
" Exerdlationei Biblioe," (1638,) and other works, in
Latin i also "The Golden Kej of the Ancient*," etc,
in German. Died in 166a.
dMT, (Mich
1638. He ._
published leveral valuable work* on theolt^ and
ualhematica. IKed In 1693.

WalUur, [Lat GoAi.TK'sns,] (Rudolfu,) a Swiss
Protestant divine, born at Zurich in 1519, was a liriend
of Melanchthon, Zuinglius, and other eminent Reformers
of the time. He published an "Apology for Zuinglius,"
Homilies on the twelve minor prophets and on the New
Testament, and other prose worlu, in Latin; also sev-
eral Latin poems. Died in 158&

Waltbor, TOD. Ion Ml'lfr, (Peuupp Fkanz,) an
eminent German surgeon and ocalist, bom at Buxweiler,
in Bavaria, in 1781, became professor of surgciv at Bonn
in 1819. He potdiahed several medical and surpcal
works, amone which are "Human Phjsiology," ("Phy-
siologie des Henschen," 3 vols., 1807-08^) and a " Sys-
tem of Surgery," (4 vols., 1833-40.) Died in 1S49.

Set J. N. VDH Rmonna, " R*d* nua AudaBken u den Dr. rgii
W.lihn," i8j..

Walther tou der Tognlwalda, AU't^r fbn dCi
(Sa'tl-«i'dth. ("Walter of the Bird-Meadow,") the most
celebrated of the German minne^ngera, it aappoaed to
have been born in Francania about 117a He was of a

amalor; and patriotic songs, and display genius of a high

" ''"' ' them have been published by

It of Walther's lite and poetry.

order. Two editions of tbcm have been published

by Uhland, appeared in i8z3. Died about 1330.

S» LoHcruiow, "PoMUBd PoMrrc'Karopa."

Wfll'tpn, (Brian,) a teamed Engliah divine, bom

in Yorkshire In i6oa He studied at Cambridge, and

was appointed abont 1G38 chaplain to the king, and

frebenaary of Saint Paul's. When the party of the
arliament came into power, he was deprived of bis
office, and retired to Oxford, where he bezan to collect
the materials for his Polyglot Bible. This great work
was completed in 1657 (in 6 vols, fbl.) Walton died in
1661, having a short tiine previously been created Bishop
of Chester.

Sh Todd, " Mnmiln of tha Ufe and Wridofi ef Ihg ftigbl Kvr
Sffu Walnn, D.D.," «c

^l7alt<H), (Elijah,) an English landacape-painter, bwn
at Manchester in 183& He tnade freqoent tours throngh
portions of Europe and the East, making sketches and
paintings of the scenery, and for the last twenty year* of
his life held an annual exhibition of hi* works, which
formed a feature of the London season. IHed August
35,1880.

■WWtpn, (GbohGe,) an American patriot and signer
of the Declaration of Independence, bom in Frederick

■X chosen Governor of GeorEia. He
chief justice of that State in 17S3. Died in 1804.
Wftlton, (Ii:AAK,) a celebrated English writer, bom

of Sir Henry Wotton, prefixed to a collection of his let-
ters, etc., and entitled "Reliquiz Wottonisnv," (ifiji.)
In early life he was s hosier or linen-draper in London.

IS WANLEY

His principal work, "The Complete Angler, or Cod-
templative Han's Recreation," came out in ifrl3. Il
was received with great bvoor, and has psssed tCraogh
numerous editions, Among his other productiont are
good bi<^rapbles of Richard Hooker, Georn Herbert,
(1670,) and Bishop Sanderson, (167&) Walton waa
twice married, his first wife being Rachael Floiid, ■
descendant of Archtnahop Cranmer, and the second a
hslMster of Bishop Ken. He died in 16S3, leaving om
•on and om daughter. Hailitt expressed the opinion
that his " Complete Angler" is perhapa the best pastoral
in the English language.

S»Sa J. HjiWeihi, " Lift of Ituk Wilion," i7«a; T. ZoocK
~Lift of I. WaitDiv" iSi}.

'Walwortb. (Rbubbn Hydb,) an American jurist,
bora at Bosiah, Connecticut, in 1789. He studied-
law, became a judge in 1811, served in the war of
1813-15, was elected to Congress in 1831, and in 183S
was made chancellor, being the last to hold that ofBce
in the United States. Died in 1S67.

-Wtunan or Wuouia. See Vamana.

'Wambo, King of the Visigoths of Spain, began
to reign in 673 a.d. Died in &83.

WameM or Wamaaiiu, (John,) a Flemish
jurist, bom near Liege in 1534; died in 159O.

'Wan'unakar. (John,) an American merchant,
bom at Philadelphia in 1838. With Nathan Brown
he established a clothing house in t86i, and in 1876
opened the first department store to Philadelphia.
Tliis became highly successful, and was followed by a
similar store in New York. He was also active in
religious work, and founded in 1858 the Betbany
Sunday-school, said to be the largest in the United
Slates. His reputation as a business man of remark-
able ability caused him to be chosen in 18S9 as post-
master-general of (he United States. Later he be-
came a vigorous opponent of the "machine" in
politics, and made on active campaign againtt the
ascendency of Matthew S. Quay.

WandaUiiiooiir^ vfiMdliiriooK', (ANTOittB Hv-
BBRT,) a French ecdesiastic and writer, bom In the
diocese of Verdon in 1731. He was a member of the
Conven^on of iTOs, and voted against the death of the
'■■ ■ ■ 1 1819.

Wandaaforde, n . , ...

TOFHBB,) Viscount Castlecomer, an English statesman,
bom in Yorkshire in 1593. He entered Parliament
and was one of the chief manaeer* in the impeachment
of Buckingham. He succeedea Strafford as lord depa^
of Irelandin 1640. Died in December of that year.

WauEonlieiiii. 41ng'fn -him', ( Karl AuausT,)
Baron, a German statesrnan, born at Gotha in 1773.
About i3o6 he was oiled to Stuttgart, where he becama
president of the deparlmfnt of finance. He was after>
wards appointed president of the superior comn at TB>
bitwen, and curator of the university. He wrote several
works in relation to government. Died in 1850.

'Wing-MSBK a Chinese nsurper, who, having pal
to death the infant heir to the throne, took the title of
emperor about 9 A.IX He was assassinated in 33 K.'M.

Wan-Eoolee, (or -Konli,) (Blohammad Ibn Mtw-
tafa, mo-hSm'med fb'n md6s'tl-ll,) a Turkish lexicog-
rapher of the sixteenth century. He translated into
Turkish the ArsUc Dictionsry of Jevhery.

^Pan-Lea or Wan-Ly.wln-lee, called also T-Klnn,
an emperor of China, of the Ming; dyivasty, began to
reign In 1573. He wand war against the Hantchooa
who Invaded Chitw. Dted ia 1619 or ifiao.

WaDlsr, wAnle, (Hvmphkby,) an English an^natjL
waa bom at Coventry in 1673. He empUned hiiMalr
in collecting Angk>-Saxon manuscripts for Dr. Hidutfa
*■ Thesaurus," and prepared a descriptive catalogaa of
those contained in the libraries of tbe kingdom. H*
afterwards became librarian to the Earl of OilbnL Ditd
in 173&

Wonley, (Rev. Nathaniel,) an English writer and
divine, the &tber of the preceding.

u J; E as t; B ftard; j; ls/,c H, w^gntttrr^;

i,iM«/;R,ft«!&rf;iaas;thaah»rf»fc ((^SeeExplanation^p-aj.)

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

WANSLBBEN m

Id 1633. He pablUhed a treatiM entitled " Vox Dei, or
tbe &eM Duty of SeU-Reflection npcMi • Man's Own

E"uul> popiilu' compUatioE —"--'""'---' '
ttle Wotld.^' Died in i6Sa
WuulelMti, ftinclJl'btn, (Jdkamn Hichaxl,) a Gei-
Bwn Kholar and antiquarr, bcwn at Erfiirt in 1635. He
waa lent in 1670 by the French goTornment to Egypt,
where he made a collection of mannicriplB. He pub-
liihed, in Italian, "An Account of the Pneent State of
Egypt," and leveral antiquarian work* in Latin. Died

S»VaccMioitT, "PratnMudaJ. If. WiHlil)a,'*irit;Nic^

^7applttB, Mp-iA'Ai, (JOKANH EditakdO a Ger-
man get^rapher, boro in tSl) ; died In 1879. Hit
writings are very Tolurainous.

W^tpen, wl[/pfr*, (Gvitatk,) Babon, a Belsian
nainter of high reputation, bom at Antwerp in 1803.

[e studied in his native city and hi Parla, {Minted hia-

director of the Academy of Antwenx Died in 1874.

Wftr^ook, (PSEKIM,} an adventurei, who in the
reian of Henry Vll. pretended to be the younger son
of Edward IV., supposed to have been muidered by
order of his uncle, Richard lU. At the head of severd
thousand insurgents, be beneged Exetei ; but he re-
treated on the approach of the royal army, and, bring
made prisoner, waa executed in 1499.

Wftr'tonr-tpn. (Euot Bartholouiw Gioaoi,) a
distinguished writer, bom in county Galway, Ireland, In
iSio. He took his d^ree at Trinity College, Cam-
bridge, and pulllished in l%iA hi* work entitled "The
Crescent and the Cross," which met with great favour
and passed through numeront editions. It was aoc-
ceeded bv his hiatoty of " Prince Rupert and tbe Cava-
lier*," (1649,) and "Memoirs of Horace Walpole and
hfa Contemporaries." He perished in the ship Amaion,
VM off Land's End in iSja. His tale entitled " Datten,
at the Merchant Prince," came out after faia death.

See Alukw^ " IHEdDnuv o( Aulion 1" " QauHilj Rarlaw"
fci Uircb, 1815-

'War'bnr-tm (John,) an English antiquary, bom in
1683, published a work entitled " Vallum Romaoom."
Died in 1759.

Waibnite . .

and prelate, born

1698, wa* a ton of George Warburton, an attorney.
was educated for the pit>fe**ion of law, and paaied
yean in the office of an attraney, (1T15-1U Hai
re*<dved to enter the Church, he atudied theoloi?
vatdy, was ordained a deacon in 1733, and pnblis ._
" Uiacellaneons TransUlioDs, in Prose and Verae, from
Roman Authors," (17*3.) He obtained the vicarage of
Grycaley in lyalS, throng the patronage of Sit Robert
Sutton, by whom he was presented to the rectory of
Brant-BroughtOD, near Newark, in 173S. He resided at
tlu place about eighteen years. In 1717 be published
a "Critinl and Pniloaophical Inquiry into the Causes
of Prodigies and HirscCw as related by Historians."
Hi* tepuUtion waa increased by an able work entillet
"The Alliance between Church and State, or the Ne
Gcssity and Equity of an EsUblLshed Religion and I
TestLaw,"etc, (1736,} which was commende3_byBi»hop
Hortley as an excellent ''
log applied to a polilical .__,.. .

Hk principal work il "The Divine Legation of Moees
demonstraled, on the Principles of a Religious Deist,
from the Omission of the Doctrine of a Future State of
Rewards and Punishments in the Jewish Dispensation,"
(a vols., 1738-41,) in which he displayed immense erudi-
tion in the support of novel and paradoxical opinion*.
This work excUed ranch controversy. About 1740 he
became Intimate with Pope, after he had written *everal
kttei»indefeneeofthatpoet's"Es»aronMan." When
Pope (Ued, {1744.) ho left half of his librarjr, and otbe*
valuable property, to Warburton, who married, in 1745,
Gertrude Tucker, a niece of Mr. Ralph Allen, of Prior
Park, near Bath. Warburton resided mostly at Prior
PbA after hi* marriage. He was elected preacher to
ietyof Unooln's Inn in 1746, edited Shakspearel

works in 1747, and pnUiabed a complete ecfidon irf
Pope's works, with notes, (a vol*.,) in lyjot

In 1754 he was sppcrinteaoiteof the uog'* ckuIaiBB-
in-ordinaiy, and In 17J5 he obuined a peeDcod at I>Br>
ham. He became Dtan of Bristol in 1757, and Biahop
of (Hoacester In 17S9. Among his other wurka wa
notice "A View of Lord Boli^|broke>s FhDoM^, !■
Four Letter* to a Friend," (1754-55,) and two TOlanBea
of Sermon* preached at Lincoln^ Inn, (1754.) IB* dia-
poaition wa* rather haiwhty, " Warboiton," aay* Dr.
Johnaon, "waa a man ofvigwow facoltie*, a mmd fai^
vid and vehement, suppliea by inoeasant and mHmited
inqoiiy, with a wonderfbl extant and variety <rf know-
ledge, which yet had not oppressed hia imagmatioo or
douded his petsjrieacity." He died in 1779.

Waid, (Adolfhus Wjluam,) author, bomat Hamp-
stead, England, in 1837. He Ixiame professor of His-
tory and English Literature at Owens College in 1866,
its Principal in 1890, and Master of Pcterhoase, Cam-
bridge, in 1900. He has wiilleo a valuable " Histay
of English Dramatic Lilentute,' ' and other woiks, trani-
UtedCuitius's " History of Greece," etc
WIltO, (Aktkhas,) u American general of dw Rtm-
tion, bom at Shrewsburv, Uassachnaett*^ in 17x7. H*
served under Abercrombie agaimt the Prencli and
Indians, and at the commencement of tbe war of die
Revolution was appcnnted *ecot>d in command to
WashingtoiL He reainied U* commiadOD in April
77& He wa* afterward* elected to Conne**, in vAkft
he aerved from 1791 to 1795. Died in ism.

Ward, (Aktwds.) See Browhb, (Cka>i.bi
Fakrar.)

WBrd, (Edwaki^) an Engliab hamoroo* writer, bera
about 1667. He made a veiaion of "Don QtiiKOM*
into Hadibrastic rhymes, and wa* the anthor of 'The
London Spy," a poem. Died in 1731,

Ward, (El>WARD HaTTHVW,) an English paiotrr.
born in London in i8i6. He studied at the Rojd
Academy, and afterwards at Rome and Hnoieh.
was chosen a Royal Academician in 185]^ t
moat admired works may be named "The
■rfArs^e," "The South -Sea Bubble, a Scene ii
Alleyl" " Daniel Defoe and the Hannacript of RnbiBaoa
Crusoe," snd " Isaak Walton An^g-" Died in 187^
Ward, (Hkhsy Auauarns,) an American polKca-
tologiit, bom at Rochester, New York, March a, 1834
He atudied at William* Collie, (graduatinfin iSsSj H
Cambridge, (under Agataic,) and at Prdbe^ and 1&ia,
After travelling exteotively^ In tropical r^ioDs, he wsa
professor of natural adence in Rochester U niversity from
1S61 to 1866. Hi* great collection* of objects of natoial
history are of high interest, and he has won a wide tepa-
tation tnr his ardScial reproduction* of rare foaail *pc(i-
mens. Died July 4, 1906.

Ward, (Mis. Hbuert D.) See Publk,
(Elizabeth Stuakt.)

Ward. (Mrs. Huuphbv,) an English itovelist,
bom at Hobait, Tasmania, June 11, 1851, as Maiy
Augusta Arnold, granddaughter of Dr. Arnold, oif
Rugby. She married T. Humphrey Ward, editor of
" Men of the Time," "The English Poets," "The
Reign of Queen Victoria," etc. Mrs. Ward 6itf
gained wide reputation as an author by her radio)
religions romance of "Robeit Elsmeie," (1888,)
which bad a phenomenal success. It was fcJIowed ^

.aatsleep

dale,'

J.) =

in 1770, executed a .-

style of Morland. Among the best of these may b*
named hi* " Hone anif Serpent," " Bulls FfgUnit
across a Tree," and a " Landscape with Cattle." lit
waa appointed painter and engraver t<
Wales m 1794. wd «> if" ""* "'"'-
mician. Died in 1859.

Ward.(Capta!njAMBaHAmMAM,)aaA

officer, bom at Hartford, Cormecticut, b 180& H*
publiahed several profes^onal work*, and " Ste— fc»

i. e, 1, ^ ^ T. fa-r: 1 1 6. •»«*l«»« pw^ooBedi ».*. I. »•»'»''**'■■ ••ft i- * ''^'''" ^' **'■•*'• ■°*'f •*'=**'' ■

Digitized

b, Google

the HiUion," (new edition, iS6a) He wu appointed
commuider of the Potomac flotilla in H>f, 1861, ud
mu killed in a Gght against a battecj at HattbJM Point,
VinbiU, in June a( Ait fear.

ward, (John,) LL.D., an English sdiolar and wciicc,
boni in London in 1679. He became pioleuoi of
rhetoric al Gtesham College in 1730, He pnbliihed an
edition of Maiimus Tyrios, " Uvea oT the PioIcMon
of Greaham Colleee," (1740,) " Four Esiavi upon the
Encliah Language^' (175B,) and other works. He wm
a Fellow of the Rojal Sodelj and of the Society of
Aniiquariea. Died in 175S.

ShThohai ButCH, "Lib afjolin Ward," ijtft.

Ward, (John Qdincv Adams,) an eminent Amedcan
Kolptor, bom at Urban^ Ohio, Jane 39, iS3a After
Btudfing medidne for a time, be became a papll ot H.
K. Browne, the sculptor. His " Shakspeare," in Central
Tuk, New York, the equestrian statue of General
Thomas, at WasbingtOD, and the statue of General
Washington, at Newboryport, are among the finest
works of plastic art of American origin. D. May 1, 1910.

Ward, (John Wiluah.) SeoDvDLBT, Earl or.

Ward, (Lester Frank,) an American (dentist, bom
at JoUet, Illinoia, Jane 18, 1841. He graduated in 1869
at the Colnmbian College, Washington, D.C, served
as assistant geologist in the United Stales national
survey 1881-SS, afterwards paleontologist In the
same. Among his works are "The Flora of Wash-
ington," (1881,) "Dynamic Sociology," (1883,)
"Types of the Laramie Flora," (1887,) "Geo-
graphical Distribution of Fossil Plants," (iSSg,)
"The Psychic Factors of Civi illation," (1893,) and
"Outlines of Sodology," (1898.) DiedApril 18, 1913.

Ward, (IVathanibl,) an English Poritan divine, wai
bora at Haverhill aboat iSTc^ In 1634 he visited New
England, where he asnst^ in fomuag a settlement at
HiverhilL After his return to England be published
a satirical work entitled " Mercunas Andmecharios,
or the Simple Cobbler's Boy," etc. Died in 1653.

'Ward, (RoBBKT Pluhbk,) an English statesman and
writer, bora in 1765. He studied at Christ Chnrch,
Oiford, was appointed one of the lords (^ the adminlty
in 1S07, and was subsequently a member of ParliamenC
He wa* the author ofa "History of (he Law of Nations
in Europe from the Time of the Greeks and Romans to
the AKofGrotius,''(i79S,) "An Inquiry into the Con-
duct <M European Wars," (1S03,] three novels, entitied
" Tremaine," " De Vere," and " De CMord," and other
works on various subjects. Died in 1S4&

Sh " lleniain of ilH Piditictl ud LitRiiy Lib af RdbolPlBBW
Ward,"b7H<H(. KDHUHDpitim, i toU, iSjk

Ward, (Samukl,) an English Iheologiao, bom b
Durham. He became Archdeacon of Taunton in i6i(,
and afterwards Margaret professor of divinity at Oxford,
Died in 1643.

Ward, (Setk,) an English bishop and disdngniahed
sstronomer, bomin Hertfordshire in 1617. He studied
at Cambridge, and afterwards became professor of
tatronomy at Oxford. Hewas also chosen president of
Trinity College ; but he wai compelled to resign this
office at the restoration. Under Charles IL he was
created Bishop of Salisbury In 166a. He was one of
(he founders and first members of the Koyal Sodety.
Among his prindpal works are " An Essay on the Bcit^;
and Attributes of God," etc., (1652,) a treatise on the
nature of comets, ertlitled " E^lectio de Cometia,'* etc.,
|t6s3,) and "Astionomia Geometiia," (1656.) Died

8m Waltsk FDf^ -Uhat SMh Ward," i6gl.

Ward, (Tmohai,) « Roman Catholtc controveraiallst
and poet, bom in Vorkahire, England, in 1651 ; died fat
1708.

Ward, (WnuAM,) an English missionary, bom at
Derby in 1769. He sailed for India in 1799, and, having

settled a( Sertmpore, printed the Bengalee New Testa-
ment and other ttaruladons. He also published " An
AccooDt of the Writings, Religion, and Manners of the

Hindoos," (181 1.) and other works. Died in iSii.

Ward, (WiLUAM GtOKoa,) D.D., an English phi
losopher and controversialist, bom in London in l8tl

27 fVAI^£

He gradnaledalOxfordwitb high honours in i83i,and
associated himself with Newman in the Tractarian con-
troversy. He pnblished "The Ideal of a Christiaa
Church" in 1844, a book wbidt was censured by con-
vocation on accoimt of its leaniiu; towards Romanism.
Shortly after its condeinnatiofl ne seceded from the
Anglican Church to join (he Roiaan Catholica. Hewas
a professor in a college at Ware. In 1863 he undertook
the editorship of the " Dublin Review," a position which
he held until 1878L Many of his amtributions to thk

Kriodical were republished in book -form. Died at
ampstead, July 6, iS8>.

Ward, (WiLttAM Havis,) D.D., an American divine
snd distinKuished Aasyriologist, bom i( Abington, Haasa.
chnaetts, tune ac, 1835. He graduated at Amherst Col-
lege in 1856, and at Andover Seminary in 1859. He was
ordained a Coi^iegationalist pastor in i860, was Latin
professor in Ripon College, 1865-67, and later became
editor of " The Independent,r a newspaper of New York.
He has written muoi tot periodical kteratnre, Isij^tod
Assyriau and Babylonian antiquities and kindred

Wards, (Frbdbrick,) an English actor, was
bom at Wardington in 1 85 1. He became the leading
man in Booth's Theatre, New York, in 1874, and after
18S1 was a starring tragedian.

Ward'en, (Florrncb.) See Jambs, (Flor-

Waid'fr, (John Aston,) M.D., an American pomolo-
gist, bom near Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, January ig,
181a. He removed to Ohio in 1830, graduated at the Jef
lerson Medical College in 1S36, and settled as a physidan
in Cincinnati in 1S37. He discovered in :8^3 the Cetalfia
ipieitsa, a tree unrecognized up to that time. He was
author of a United Sutes " Report on Flax and Hemp,"
(1865,) "Hedges and Everpeens," (1858,} and "Ameri-
can Pomoli^: Apples," (1867,) besides many important
papers on practical science, especially on forestry and
fruit-trees. Died July 14, 1883.

Wardlaw, (Ralph,) D.D., a distinzDislied Scottish
divine and theological writer, bom at Dalkeith In ITK.
He studied at the University of Glasgow, and in 1803
became pastor of a church of the Scot&h Independents
in that city. He was chosen professor of systematic
theology in the Academy of the Independents at Glas-
gow in 181 i. Among his prindpal works are an essay
" On the Assurance of Faith," {1830,) "Christian Ethics,
or Moral Philosophy on the Prindples of Divine Reve-
lation," (1833,) "The Divine Dissuasive to the Young
against the Enticements of Sinners," and a " Treatise
on Miracles," (1852.) Died in 1853.

Wara, (Hbnrt,) D.D., an American Unitarian diviiie,
bom at Sherbarne, Massachusetts, in I7fi4. He gnul-
oated at Harvard, where he beeune m 1805 HolUs
professor of divini^. He published "Letters to Trinl<
tarians and Calvjniats," and other controversial works.
His second wife was a daughter of Tames Otis. Died
in 1845.

Wa

miniatt- _. , , ._

1817, and waa appmnOd In 1839 professor of pnlpit elo-
qnence and the pastoral care in (he theological school,
Cambridge. He waa fcva time editor of (be "Christiaa
Disaple," since become the " Christian Examiner," and
paUishni a number of relarions essays and poems, oim
of which, entitled " To dte Ursa Major," bss been gi«atly
admired. Died in 1843.

8« a " HaBnir el HaBj Wn, Jr.," b]r hi* bnUwr JONH, iRA
^)7are, (Sir Jakis,) an Irish antiquary, bora at Dublin
In 15^ He succeeded his &ther as anditiv-general oT
the kingdom in 1633, and afterwards became a member
ol the Irish House of Commons and of the privy coondL
He was the anthor of a work on die antlquitiea of Ira-
land, entitled " De Pracsulibus Hibemi« Commeatarlns,"
and of other treatisea on history and antiqnitiea. Died
in 1666.

Wara, (Jambs,) an En^iab surgeon and acnUst, bom
at Portsmouth about iijGy became demomtrator of
anatomy at Cambridge. He wrote " Remarks oo Flstnla

u4; fiti; giarJ; ^taj; a, i%,K.,gtiatiraJ; ■»,natal; ^trilUd; lass,- Shaainiltu. (|

Explanations, pu 33. \
ediyCoOl^lc

Ladvnwlit," (1798,) ud "Chlrargkal OtnerratloaB."
Died bi iSij.

Wan, (/OHN,) U.D., brother of Henty Wue, <I794-
18431) *■* '">"> "t Hlnghsan, HtsuchoMtu, in 179^
He wta appoinled in iSu profeator of llie theory and
practice of medidne in t&e medical department cf Har<
rard College. He pvtiUahed treatiaea "On CToap^"
" On HtetaoptjnM," etc IHed April Mi 1864.

Wara, (Wiluau,) a diatiDgiiiBbed American anthor,
brother of the precedii^< wai Imtd at Hing^iam, Maa-
■achnietti, in 1797. He waa ancceaaivelj paitor of
a church in New York, at Waltham, Haasachiuetta,
and at Weit Cambridge. Hii " L.etten from Palm^a,"
wiginaUT pntdiabed in the " KtHclttrlxicker Magazine,"
appeaiM altermnb under the title of " ZeoDbu,"( 1836,)
and waa ancceeded in 1838 hj "Anrelian," otherwiu
calkd "Proboa," a continaation of the aame aubject.
ThMe dai^cal romancet luvn won for their anthor a
Idgh reputatioD both in America and Enrope, and have
beMi tnuwialed into German, llr. Ware waa far a time
•diloroftlw "Chriatian Examiner." He alto pnUialwd
"Lectnrea on the Worlca and Genina of Waattlnston
AlUlon," and "SketcheaofEnropean Capitab," (1851.)
He died at Camlvfdge in Febman, i8ja.

WBT'SsId, (Catharinb AiTH,) an American noieliit
and poetess, lM>m near Natcliei, Miisissippj, June 14,
iSlJ. She wrote "The Houiebold of Bouverie" and
scTEtal other works of fictioo. Died May 33, 1878.

Waifleld, (David,) actor, bom at San Ftandico,
Caiifbroia, b 1S66. He made his 6ist appearance on
the stage in 1S86, and starred in "The Auctioneer,"
189S-1901, "The Music Master," 1901-07, and " A
Gnnd Armr Man" after 1907.

'Wargvnan, vlK'gfn-teeB', (Pktb* Wilkslh,) an
eminent Swediah aatronomer, bom at Stodcholm in 1717.

Fellow of the Rojil Sodetj of London, and a chevalier
of the Polar Star. Died in 1783-

WlrHlfin, (WuuiAM,) an English prelate and ttatea-
man, bom in Hampshire. He studied at Oxford, and
waa sncceufvely created bj Henry VIIL keeper of the

. . ■ .--J _L ..__ , A!-T,o„ c^

hliged to resign the chancellorship —
iouej, who ■ ■ ' ' "

Ct seal, 1150a,) lord chancellor, (1503,) Bishop of
; ■•- " .-...-1-^- _,^-_.__t —

(1501

1516 . -- —

of the king. He died in 1531, and waa succeeded by
Cranmer as Archlnshop of Canlcrbury. Warham was

ne year, and Archbishop of Canteri
[1504.) Ke waa obliged to resign the chancellorth , ...
1516 in bvonr of Wouey, who had become ttie favourite

a patron of learning and a warm friend of Erasmus, who
BMntions him in his tetters with high commendatioiL

Wnrln. See Varin, (Jean.)

Wl'rlng, (Edward,) an eminent English mathema-
6cian, born near Shrewsbury in 1736. He stodied at
Mag^ene College, Cambridge, where he became Lo
caaian profeuor of mathematica in 176a Hewaselected
a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1763. He pabliabed
"Analytical Miscellanies on Algebraic Equations,"
C Miacellanea analytica de ^nationibo* algebralcia,''
etc, 1 763,) " Propertiea of Algebraic Cnrvea, (" Propi)-
etates Algebraicatum Carvarum," etc, 1773,) and other
valuable works. Died in 1798.

Waring, wa'ring, (Giorob E.,) Jr., an American
engineci and author, born io Westchester county. New
York, July 4. 1833, waa one of the engineers of the
Central Park, New York, 1857-61, served in the Fed-
eral army, 1S151-65, becoming a colonel of cavalry and
division commander, and afterwards attained diatinction
aa a santury, agricnltuial, and drainage engineer. In
1880 he executed the new sewerage worka of Hemphia,
Tennessee. In 1895 he was appointed street com-
missioner of New Voik, and gave that city, for the
first time in many years, honest and efficient service.
In 1898 he went to Havana with the purpose of eradi-
cating (he causes of yellow fever, but took sick him-
self with this fever and died the same year. Among
his books are "Elements of Agriculture," (1S54,)
"Sanitary Drainage," (1875,) "Village Improve-
ments and Farm Villages," (iSjJ,) etc.

Waimholts, MRm'bolbi, {Cau. GvfiJkr,) a SweiSak
MbUognipber, bominiyio. HapnbHaheda "Swedkb-

Sueco-Gothica," ;, . ,.,__., . ,__^

War'ninft (JoiuNNas EtioRMius BOlow,) a mnaa
botanist, born on the island of Manoe, November 3,
1841. In 1876 he became profeasor of pharmaceatica]
botany at Copenhagen. His activity and aUlity aa a
botanical author are very remaikaUe, and nnmerooa
paper* show hia fine attainment* in •denec. Hia paiw-
dpal work Isa"Haiid-Book of Systematic Botany,"i879.
Warnaollaln.vaK'nl'sbiER', [Lat.WARlucHA'Kii;s, ]
became mayor of the palace under Thieny 11. of BnrgmKly
tbait 6t3 A.D. He aided Clotaire 11. to defeat Qneen
Bmnehant, and acquired great^nwO'. Died in 630.
WamttTord, wim'ffrd, (Rev. SAMim. WnyJ ^

in 1810 became rector of BonrUa-on-tbe-Hill, tai dam-
ceawrahire. He fbtinded a boapital at LeaoalnctaM, and
a Innalhsaaylma near OxfgfA Died ia 185^

Wai'Dftr, (Annb,) andtor, bom at St. Paul, Min-
nesota, in 1809. She haa written mmerou novd^ in-
cluding " The Rqnvenation of Aunt Mary," " Aa
Original Gentleotan," "Woman Propose:^" oc

wamor, (Charw Dnta^r,) ait American aotboe,
bom la Plainfield, MaaaachMetta, September 13, 183^
graduated at Hamilton College, Clinton, New York. >•
1851, studied law, and in 1857 waa admitted lo the Phila-
delphia bar. Hewaa afterwardaajoomaliatof Harttuf^
Connecticut, and in 1SS4 became an editor on " Har-
per's Magasine." He wrote several books in a
humorous vein, including " My Summer in a Gar-
den," " Back-Log Studies," etc. WithS. L.Clemens
he produced "The Gilded Age," a nov^ and play-
Later works are " A Little Jonmey in the World,"
(1889,) "The Golden Houae," (1894,) "The Re-
lation of Literature to Life," (1S96,) etc. He
edited " Libraiy of the World's Best Literature,"
(1S97.) Died October 20, 1900.

Uarnes, in Surrey. Among his n
we may name "The Eccleaiaadcal History of te
Eighteenth Century," (1756,) a "Life of Sir TVmaa
Mure," (1758,) and "History of the Rebellion and CivO
War in Ireland," (1767.) Died about 1768.

Warner, (Joi*"!) D.D., aon of Ferdinando, noticed
above, was born in 173& He became rector of Stoanoa,
in Wiltshire, and wrote a political work, endded "Me-
tronariston." Died in iSoo.

Warner, (Josrph,) F.R.S., a dittingniahed surgeon
bom in the island of Antigna In 1717, wa* a po^ vt
Samuel Sharpe. He was surgeon to Gu*^ HoapilaL
London, about forty-four vear*, and pnbltahed aevoal
professional works. DiedinlSoi.

WarneT, (Clin Levi, )an American sculptor, bont
al Sufficid, Connecticut, in 1844. He studied art
under great discouragement, and had difficulty in ob-
taining recognition, but, alilcc in portrait and ideal
work, proved himself one of the ablest and most
original of American sculptors. In his last year oi
life he was engaged on reliefs for the door* of the
new Congressional Library. Died in 1S96.

Wamar, {Richard,) an Engtiah botanfst, bom la
1711, pnbllsbed a work entitlMl "PlantM Woodfivd-
iensea. The genus Wamerla waa named in tiia hooaoL
He^ed in [775, leaving his lihrary to WadluMa CoU^a

Hills of the Shalemuc," (iE_

Coil," (tSSo,) "Stephen, H.D.," (1SS3,) etc

Died March 17, 1885.

Her sister, Ahka B., was the anthor of " Dollars
and Cents," ' ■ The Bine Flag and Ck>th of Gold," etc,
and, in conjunction with Susan, of " Say and Seal,"
"Wych Haiel," and " The Gold of Chidcaree."

0, e, I, £^ 0, ;, J^,- i, t, 4, iune, leaaprolonged; 11, e, I,a, ii, ^ c«<7rf; f, «, 1, 9, <iwiir«/ Or, Oil, At; mtt; nOt; gdCd; m

d by Google

WARNER

brdihlre about 155S. HevM tbeMiborof acollectioa
ofbaUad*, entitlecr" Albion's England," which acquired
(nat popalaiity; alio "STiiiiz, a Seavenfbid Hiatorie,"
coMirtinK of proae narnuireB. Died is 1609.

VanutBnlg or W«iiiko«nl|b Mkn'ko'nia, (Lko-
POLD AlTODiT,) a German juriit, botn at Brucbsal in
1794, became iDCcetsivdr profeMor of law at LouTain.
Ghent, Frribortb and TKMi^en. He waa the author of

a " HbtOTT of the joriapradeoce aad State of Flanden^"
(1834,) *nd other aimUaT worka. EHed Aueuat ig, t86d>
Wal^ivn, (Sii Chaklbs,) an EngUih general,
bom at Bangor in 1840. At ■ member of Ibe Ro^
Engineer! he lurrejed and excavated in Paleitine
1367-70. He afterwardE took part in lereral wan,
and commanded in the SInuts Settlements 1889-94.
He wai engaged in the Boer war of 1899-1900, and
led in the assault on Spion Kop, Natal. He wrote
"Undei^ound Jerusalem" and other works on his
eiploratioas in Palestine.

wanan. (GonvBKNBUS K.,) an American gen-
eral, bom at New York about 1S30, graduated at
West FoinI in 1850. He commanded a brigade of the
Union tsiarj at Gaines's Mills and at Malvem Hill,
serred at Antielam, Chanceltorsvitle, and GellrsbuTg,
and was commander of (he Fifth Corps in 1864-45.
General Sheridan was displeased with bis conduct at
the battle of Five Forks, April I, 1865, and deprived
him of his command. Died in 1883.

Wazran, (Hinbv,) a British painter and anthor, bom
in London, September 34, 179S. He did much for water-
colour painting. His " Happy Valler," and his numer-
ous Eastern and Scripture scenes, are much praised.
Among his writings are " Artistic Analomy," " Water-
ColoDi Painting," "Note* opoo Note*," "Hint* apon
Hints," and "On the River Ravensbonme."

Warren, {Hinkv Whit*,} D.D„ an American
bishop, born in Massachusetts in 1835. He graduated

at Wealeyan University in 1853, *- '-" '-

1855, and in 18F "- '

copal U
t, Ceorg^

o was chosen a bishop of the Helhodiat
t At.

lanta, Georgia. His prindpal works are "Sights and
Insight*," (travels, 1869,) " Stodtei of the Stars,^ (1876,)
and '* Recreations in Astronomy," ( 1879.) He also pre-
pared "TheLesser Hymnal," (1875.} O. Jul7S3,i9t3.

'Wairan. (Jaui^ an Americaa patriot and t«to-
luttooist, bom at nnwrath, MassMbosetts, In itiC^
WM Speaker of the Hanae of RepreaenOlm* In thai
State, and a lealona defender of the cohwirts. Died
IniSoS.

VTuno, (John,) M.D., brother of General Joeeph
Warreo, was bora at Biaxbarj, Haasachusett*, in 1753.
He WM phjncian to the miHtwy hospitals of Boston'^
the Revoltiiioaarf war, and wa* afterwards sppolnted
piofeasor of anatomj in the medical department of HaT'

in 1780. He lUttingaithcdhiuselfinthewaiwlth nance
In 1703, and, aacoaunanderof the Canada, in 1^981 cap-
tnrMllbe French squadron, consIatiDg of a ship of the
line and three frigate*, aent fin the invasion of Irelsnd.
Soon after this service he waa made a rear-admiTal of
the tdne. He was returned to Parliament for Nottiof-
ham in 1793, being re-elected in tSoa, and waa anbae-
qnenttj ambassador-extraordinary to Saint Pelerabut;^
He i* aapposed to have been the anthor of "A View of
lbeNaTalForceofGreatBritain,"(i79i.) Died in iSaa.
Warran, (John Coluns,) iLD., a son of John,
noticed above, was born at Boston in 1778. He studied
medidne in London, Edinburgh, and Paris, and, after Itit
return, succeeded his fitther a* professor of anatomy at
" ■ ■" or of the

Harrsrd, (1815,) He b

" lesion Medical an ' "

ent contribator ti

adii^ scientific and medical

nnent coi

jMimala. „

moor*," a tread** on ■* IMaeases of the Heart," (1809,)
and other works. Died in ""

WARREN

. (Jonathan Mason,] M.D., . .

surgeon, a son of J. C. Warren, waa bom at Boston in
1811. HegradaatedaaH.D.attheHaMadiosett*Uedi-
cal Collate in 1S33, studied in EnTOpe,_ and became ■
practitioner of his native dly. He pobliahed "Surgical
Observationa," (1867,) etc. Died in Boston, Aognst \%
1S67.

Wairui, (JosKPH,) a distinguished American general
and patriot, bom at Razbuiy, Maasadinsetts, In 1741,
gradeated at Harvard College in 1759. ''° studied
medkine, which he began to practise m Boston at tlw
age of tweat]^three, and be b««ame In a few yean one
of die mo*t enunent physician* of that dt^. He took
an active part in political aflaita, waa a deaded aaaerter
of liberal prindples, and wa* eminently qnalified bf
hi* *aperior talents and ardent temperament to be a
poptilu leader in critical timea. He possessed in hirii
perfection the |^ft of eloqnence. In HstcIl 1773, lie
iklivered so ontion on the annlveissnr of the Bostoa
Massacre. According 10 Aleaander ti. Everett, "the
commatkding genioa u Warren carried Urn at once to
the helm, and rendered him, for the brief period of U*
subsequent Hie, both in dvll and military aSab*, lb*
most promiiwnt man in New England."

In 1 774 he was elected president of the Provindsl
Congren, and chairman of the committee of public
safe^, which exercised the chief executive power to
Massachusetts. Having obtained Infonnation of the
British expedition agwist Conoord, be deepatdted a
messenger on the oight of April i8i 1775, to warn hi*
friends, and thn* coDtrlbatcd to the *ucce** gained at
Lexin^on on th* etwning day. He wa* elected* najor-
general bv Coi^reas on Ae I41h of Jane, 177c. H*
opposed the plan of fbrt%iDg me hemhta of Charles-
town ; but the majority of the conndl of war dedded to
forti^ those heights, and thus brought on the battle of
Bnnker^ Hill before the Americsnswere fully prepared
for it While both the armie* were awaiting tne signal
for action, on the 17th of Jon^ General Warren Jouied
the ranka aa a volunteer, sod dedined to take the com*
mand cf die army, which waa offered to Um by General
Putnam. He wasaboat to retire fhun the redonbl aftar
the ammrnddon of ^ Antericsns bad been — """Wi.
when ke wa* ibot in the Ibrehead, and instantly UDed.
He lefi two *on% who both died yovi% and two dai^litera.
IC* lose wa* deeply and tmivenally lamented. "Th*
name of Joseph Warren." says A. H. Everett, " is one of
the most consplcBOOS in the annals of the RevoladoB.
His aeiDory i* dieriahed with even wsnner recsrd tbsm
that of tome others, who, from tbe greater lengSi of ilwlr
career, and the wider sphere in wnich they acted, m^
be aapposed to have rendered more important servieas
to the oonntry. Tbi* distinctioa In his fevoni is owin&
in part, lo the diivalrona beauty of hi* character, vriilS
naturaUy eidte* a sympathetic glow in everr li'fling
mind, and to part to mat untimely bat gtonons fata
which consecrated him as the first disttognttlied mar^
in the cause of independence and liberqr.

S*c "TbiLUtiif JoHph Wn«,"l9 ALa>AiniaBK.BvBaaTT.
te Sfakks's "AnMncan Biaaivdlv." *aL >-: "HatiiBal Puuall
GdlBT arDluimdihaS A^iritM," lA i.

Wanea, (HUCT,) the wife of James Warren, and
sister of James Otis, wa* bora at Barnstable Maaaadia-
Bett*,to 1718L Shews* til* author of a" Histt^ of die
American Revolution," (3 vols., 1S05,) which was highl*
esteemed at the dme, tragedes entitled "The Sadi at
Rome" and "Tlie Ladies of Caatite," and a' number of
poema. Died to 1814.

Soe GuswoiA " Fmult Pocu of Ajutri^"

Warrnn, (Sir Pma,) an Irish admiral, bora in 1703,
Aa commander of a squadron, he captured Loiusbot)r|
from the French in 1745, and In 1747 assisted Adsod
in defeating a French sqtudton. He was subseanently
created vice-adndra) of tbe red, and elected to Farli^
ment for Westndnster. He died to 175a. A moanoaeat
o him, by RouUliac, was placed in WettmiiMter Abbej.

'Wanao, {SaUuki,) a popular Endish novelist hm
i^ writer, bom to Denbighshire m 1807. H* ttodisd

Edtoboigh, bnt saliseqaendT devoted hlm>
self to the tow, sod was admitted to the bar to 1837.
His "Fssssge* from tbe Diary of a Lata Fhyddan"

ui;Ea*j,-|4an^;tasy,-(^B,K,/wmira/;ii,MW;t,iMV;r</;laa*;(haain«Ub (I^See Ezplanadoos, pw a).)

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

(New York, iSii) came oat in "Blackwood's Haguine,"
■nd obtained an exteniiv« popularity ; and hia nonl of
"Ten Thonaand a Year" (1&41] appeared aoon after in
dtetaroejoonial. Both worki were afterwardtpabliahed
w^aielri uid the latter ba> been trantlatea into tbe

etc., (1845,) "Now and Thei^" a novel, (1847.) "Moral,
Social, and Profetsional Duties of AttorncTa and Solid-
■or*," (1848,) and other wor1i«,prindpa1lj iegal treatiae&
He waa dioiien to repreaent Hidhutat in nulianent In
1856 and 1857- I>iea Jnljr 19, 1877.

Bbi AixnoH^ "DJctioBanar Aalhan:" "Bladnxud*! Uifa-
ris*" fa rtbnuiT, iM; "Briliifa QuutirlT Rentw" Ibr Hir,
iM.

Wairen, (William,) an American comedian, bom in

Iwcame connected with tbe BoElon Muaeom, where he
remained throughoal Ihe rest of his professiona] life.
Hit spedalty was legitimate comedy of the old school,
in which he was eztremeW popalar. Died in iSSS.

Wuxan, (WuxiAH FjUKTiBLp.) D.D., LL,D,, an
American educator, bom at Williamsburg, Maasachn-
•etts, March 13, 1S33. He gtadnsled at the Weslejran
University, Middletown, Connecticat, in 1853, became a
Methodist preacher in 185s, and atudJed divinitjr at
AndoTcr and the German universities, becoming in 1S61
{n-ofeasor of aystemadc tlieoiogj in a Methodist institu-
tion at Bremen, in Gemtany. He was in tS66 called to
a similar chair in the theol^cal acbool alierwardi con-
nected with Boston Universi^r, and in 1873 became ptesl-
dent of Ihst aniveTsity.

^ nsborg, Virrinia, m 1781.

He fought with distinction in the war of iSii, and com-
manded the Peacock, which captured the Britiah brig
Eperrier In April, 1S14. He was appointed chief of the
bureau of ordnance and bydiography in 184a. He bad
been raised to tbe rank of captain miSi4. DiedlniSsi.

Wartenbarg, Ton, fbn MK'tfn-btRa% (Franz Wil-
HKLU,) Count, a German ecdesiastic, bom in 1593.
He became Bishop of Ratisbon and Osnabriick, and
cardinal in 1661. He died the same year.

WBitenaleben, ♦la'tens-ll'bfn, (Alixandm Her-
mann,) a German general, bom in Westphalia in ifijo.
He served in the armies of Hesse, Austria, and Prussia,
with the rank of field-marshaL Died in itu.

Wartonalaben, Ton, fon Ma'tsns-la'btn, (Wil-
HSLM LUDwiG Gaston,) an Aostnan general, bom
in 1738- He obtained command in 1796 of a corps
d'arm^ under the archduke Charles, and was defeated
br Jonrdan al Friedber^, from which he retre^ed to
Wbnbarg. Having eSeaed a junction with the arch-
duke, he contributed to tbe victory over the French near
Wursburg, in September, 1796. Died soon after 1797,

WJr'tpn, (Joseph,) D.D-, an English critic and
scholar, bom m Surrey in I^^^. He studied at Oriel
College, Oxford, and, having taken his degree of B.A.,
WIS ordained curate of Basingstoke^ He published In
1746 a collection of poems, entitled " Odea on Various
Subjects," and in 1753 an edition of Virril, with a new
poetical version of tbe'*Eclogues" and"Georgica." Hia
"Essay on Ihe Writings and Genius of Pope'" appeared
m 1783, and, although not favourably received at the
time, is now generally regarded aa one of his best works.
Warton became head-maitet of Winchester School in
1766, and he was afterwards successively created preb-
endary of Saint Paul's and of Winchester Cathedral, and
rector of Clapham. In 1797 he published an edition erf
Pope's works, with notes, (9 vt^s. Svo.) Died in iSoo.

Sh " Bidcnphio] Mondn of iha Liu Rtr. Jncph Wwton,
D.D.," br tht Rav. Joi» Wpau. ; " Lito of lbs EdcUiIi Foal^
from JehMon 10 Kiriii WbiM" br Cast.

Worton, (Thomas,) an eminent English critic and
poet, bom at Baaingaloke in 1718, was a brother of the
[Receding. He stadied at Trinity College, Oxford, of
which he becatne a Fellow in 1751. He was elected
professor of poetry in 1757, and subseqoenity Camden

Gofessor of history, at O^dord. His " History of Eng-
h Poetry," esteemed one of the moat valoaole works
of tbe kind, came out in 1781, in 3 vols. Among Ui

£)lect Pieces written bj tbe Host Cdebrated V
the Univeruty of Oxford," all td lAAA displajr gral

nnwrr* nl hnmnnr InH utirE. His *■ Oil I SalllllM OS

to Dr. Johnson's "Idler," au- ,

Hilton^ minor poems, and an excellent e^fitkm «( Tfa»
ocritns, to which was prefixed a Latin disaertaliop oa
the bucolic poetry of the Greeks In 1785 he bwxmM
Whitehead as poet-laorcatc. Died in 179a

Wnrtoi), (Thomas,) Rkv., an Engtish sduilar, beta
In 16S7, was the father of Joseph Warton, noticed above.
He vras professor of poetry at Oxford. Died bi 174^

This title w

Wkrwiok, wAi'riV, Eaku o
to one of the £u>ily of Newbarch by William tke C<»
ntieior, and was inherited by William de Beanchaau ■
ue second half of the thirteenth century. The earidca
remained b the &mily of Beaacbamp until 1449, *ha
Richard Nevil became Earl of Warwick. (See aepsaa*
article, given below.) The title became cxtiDCt abori
1500^ and was revived in &vonr of John DncDej in IC4}.
In 161S it was obtained by Robert Bich, and waa (m>
to Lord Brooke in 1759.

Wnrwlok, Earl or. See Dudlxt, (John.)

Warwick, (Charles Frankuh,) suthot, bom at
Philadelphia in lSj2. Was dly solidtor of Philadd-
pbia 1S84-95; ma;^rlS9S-99. Wrote "Mirabesasnd
the French Revolution' ' and other works on the Revoln-
tion leaders. Died April 4, I913.

Warwick, (EdwakD)) Earl or. See Eowau
Plantacinkt.

Wnrwlok, (Gltv,) Eau. or, an English hero, wkots
history is involved fai great obscurity. He is aa^iftmA
to have lived in the tenth century. The " Romanee of
Sit Guy" waa probably written in the earl* part of Ihe
fourteenth century, and waa printed by wdUaM Cc^
land in tbe skiteenlh centoty.

Worwiok, (HBMRr DE BEAttCHAMr.) Earl sad
DUKB or, was created by Henry VL Premier Eari it
Encland, Duke of Warwick, and King of tbe lalaaA
of Wight, Jersey, and Gnemsn. He was tbe aao of
Richard de Beandiamp, noticed below. Died in 144$.

Wnnrtok, (Sir PHiur,) an English writes, bora st
Westminster in 160S. He was a member of the Lan|
Parliament of i6da and a partisan of Ike kinf in the
dvll war. He oAdated as derk to the signet er m
secretary to Charles L, and wrote "Memoirs of hii Own
Time," (1701 J a work of some mtereM. Died in t6^

Wonriok, (Richaxd de Beadcbamt,) Rail oivsa
English statesman and military commander, who aeriisd
in Prance under the Dnke of Bedfbnl, daring whoa*
absence he acted as regent of Ibat kingdom. On h^
retnm to England he waa appointed rovemor to the
young prince, afterwards Henry VL In 14^7 be be-
came again Regent of France, where he died in 1439.

Warwick, (RIC1URD Nevil,) Eael or, (calM
" Warwick the King-Maker,") son of the Earl of Sali»
tnry, and son-in-law of Ridiaid, Earl of Warwick, no-
ticed above, waa bom about 1430. By his marriage with
Anne, daughter tA the Earl of Warwick, he acqmrcd
the immense estates of thai familT, and asanmed the tids
of Earl of Warwick. He was also nephew of Richan^
Dnke of York, and was first-cousin to Edward IV., be-
sides beinf allied to other noble bmiliea of Ihe ^^g-*-—
"avingjomed the party of the Doke of York in tiM dvil

ir ofthe Roses, In 1455, he was chiefly inatnimental in
gainir^ the victon' of Saint Alban'a, and waa soon after
made governor ofXalais. After the defeat ofthe York-
isls at Ludiford, Warwick collected a larn army, and

K'ned a signal victory over tbe enemy at Northampton
60,] and took King Henry prisoner. He definted tbe
Lancastrians, in 1461, at the battle of Towton, which
secured the throne to Edward IV. He was liberally n

warded for his services, and became the moat powcrfal
snbject of England. Having quarrelled with tne kin^
Warwick passed over to France, (1470J formed an
alliance with Queen Hargare^ and retained with aa

I, a, t, 4B, f , Any; t, t, ^ aame, less prolonged; i, j^ I IS <>• T> **^; «. f> b 9. •'>«n^; 'I'. fUI> ^* in^' n&t; gdUi B

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iVARWICK ■ II

army to England, where he proclaimed Henrr VI. u
king. Edward IV. was driven out of the kingdom, and
retired to Holland, but returned in March, 1471, with a
bodf of troops, and defeated the enemy at Barnet in
April, 1471. The Eacl of Warwick, who commanded
the IJuicaitriani, was killed in this action. He had two
dADghtera, — Isabella, who wa« married to the Duke of
Clarence, and Anne, who wai married first to Edward,
Prince of Walei, (a aon of Henry VL,) and anin (o
RkhardHL

WarwiolK, (RoBUtT Rich,] Earl or, was ■ de-
soendanl of Lord-Chancellor Rich. He became Earl of
Warwick in 1618. In the dvil war he adhered to the
Parliament, by which be waa appointed admiral of the
fleet in t6^ He acquired great anthoritj and credit
with the popolar party, and supported Cromwell after
be became Protector. According to Clarendon, "he
lived in entire confidence and biendahip with Cromwell."
(" History of the Rebellion.") Died m 165&

WaaoT, M'ifr, (Anma,) a Swiat miniatnre-paintei
born at Zurich in 1679 ; died in 1713.

Wuer, (Gasfak,) a Swiss Orientaliat, bom at Znricb
in 1565. He became professor of Hebrew at Zurich in
1596. Died in 163J.

Waahbtun, wAah'bnrD, (Cadhvaladkr C.,) an Ameri-
can general and lawyer, born at LiTCnnore, Maine, in
181& He removed to Wiaconsin, and rMresented ■
district of that Sute in Conrress from 185; to 1S61.
He became a brigadier-general about July, 1863. In the
spring of [863 he moved a diriaion from Memphis to rein.
farce General Grant at Vlcksbnrg. Died May 14, iSSl.

Washbimi, (Euhu B.,) a brother of the^receding
waa bom in Oxford connty, Maine, in 1S16. He atudicd
law, and settled at Galena, IlUnois. He was elected 1
member of Congress in 1853, and served (or many

Jear^. He was appointed secretary of state in 1869
y President Grant, and soon after was made minislei
to Paris. Died in 18S7.

Waatabnm, (Gkorci,) D.D., an American mission'
ary, born at Middleborongh, Massachusetts, March 1,
1S33. He graduated at Amherst College in 1851;, studio]
Aeology at Andover, went to Tnrkey as a missioiuL
■863, and became a professor in Robert College,
Constanlinoplc, in 1S69, and ita president in 1S77. ...
niblished "Woman, her Work in the Chnrch,'^ "The
Deaconesses of Kaiserawerth," etc. Died Feb. 15, 1915.
'Wasbbom, (IsBAKL,) an American Governor, a
brother of E. B. Washburn, was bom at livemore,
Maine, In 1S13. He was a member of Congress from
185 1 to i860, and waa chosen Governor of Maine in the
latter year. Died May 12, 1883.

WashlDgton, (BoosBR Taliafbkro, ) an Ameri-
ca educator, bom, of African parentage, at Hale's
Ford, Virginia, about 1859. He graduated at Hamp-
ton Institute in 1875, and taught there until placed in
charge of the Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Insti-
tute, Alabama. This, under his care, has had a
remarkable progress, and is regarded as having gone
fat towards solving the race problem by making the
negro self-supporting.

WasUiiKtoi^ wOshTng-tgn, (Bvskkod,) ■ judge,
bom m Westmoreland county, Virginia, in 1759, was a
D«>hew of General George Washington, and a son of
John Augustine Washington. He waa a member of
ttie Virginia Convention which ratified the Constitution
ofthe United States in 17S8, and was appointed a judge
of the supreme court of the United Sutes in September,
179S. By the will of bis Uloitrions onde he became
the poaa«Mor of the estate of Mount Vemon, (t799>j
He died in Philadelphia in November, 1839, learing a

Waahlt^^n, (Gkobge,) an illustiions America*
general, eutesni^, and patriot, the first Pre^dcnt of
ue United States, was bom on the Potomac River, in
WestmoteUnd county, Virginia, on the izd of February,
1733. He was a son of Augustine Washington, a planter,
sna bis second wife, Mary Ball His sreat-grandfather,

John Washington, emigrated with his brother Lawrence
om England to Virginia about 1657. Augustine dying
in 1743 left a large esUte in land to his widow and bis

31 - WASHINGTON

: five surviving children. The snbiject of this article In-
herited a large ferm on the Rappahannock River, (near
Fiederickibnrg,} on which &rm was the house occupied
by Augustine Washington si the time of his death.
George attended several schools in the vicinity of his
home, but was never sent to college, and never studied
the ancient languages. His manuscript school-booka
are still extant, and are models of neatness and accuracy.
In his early youth he was distinguished for his probity
and veraci^. Favoured with superior physical streaethi
he eicelleflia athletic exercises and in horseman^iik
His moral character was moulded by the infloence of
hi* high-spirited and intelligent mother.

After he left school (1747) he passed much time with
his elder brother Lawrence, who resided at Mount
Vernon, on the Potomac River. He was also a freqaent
guest at Greenway Court, the seat of Thomas, Lord
Fairfax, an eccentric nobleman, who owned an immenaa
tract of land In that part of Viririnia. Young Washing-
Ian gained the fevour of Lord Fairiii and ot his coosm
Sir WUliam Fairfax, who lived at Belvoir. In the spring
of 174S he was entployed by Lord Fairfex to survey a
portion of his land^ which was situated beyond the Blue
Ridge and had not vet been settled t>y while people
In the hardships and privation* of this enterprise 1m
passed nearly three years, during which he was accns-
tomed to sleep in the open air. He kept a journal of
these snrve]>in^ expeditions, as well as of the sabaeqnenl
events of his life. At the ue of nineteen he was ap-
pointed adjutant-general (with tlie rank of major) of one
of the districts into which Virginia was divided when
hoitilitiea between the English and French became im-
minenL In November, 1753, he was sent by G
.,1 — 1^^- .__,... .. jgj j.^^ .,

Dinwiddie 01

performed a perilous journey of five hundred miles o
Ihtougb the wilderr— '"'■ ■"

iemess. The prudence, sagaci^,
rcsolutioD, and fortitude which he manifested w this
mission pointed him ant as one fitted for more impor-
tant pubnc service*. "It is an expedition," says Irnng,
" that may be OMisidercd the fbiuidation of his ibrtunsa.
Prom that moment he waa the riaiiig hope tA Vinrinia."
Hoatililies between the Virginians and the French
began in the spring of 1754, when, as licntenant-cotonel,
"'--'^- igton led a small force to the frontier. He de-
the enemy in May of that year, at the Great
Headowa. In a letter relating to this actitm, (which
was the first of the Seven Years' war,) he wrote, "I
beard the bullets whiatie ; and. believe me, there is some-
ming in the sound." About this time he was
the rsnk of oJoneL He served as aide-de>
General Braddock in his disastroua expedition

the tactic* o[ regular 1

obstinately adhering to tl
rejected the advic* of Wi
with Ereat toss, and roort)

and their savage allies, whc __.

about seven mile* from Fort Dtuiuesne, July 9, 1755.
Id this battle four bulleta passed through the coat M
Cf^nel Wa^ington, who diatii^ished himself by his
courage and presence of mind amidst the general panic
and total rout of the English army.

In a letter written soon aiier this battle. Colonel Wash-
ington said, "We have been moat scandalously beaten
In a trifling body of meiL . . . The dastardly behaviow
•A tlwse they called regulara exposed all otbm to almoat
oertain death, and at last they ran a* sheep pursued by
loga." In the summer of 1755 he was appirinted com-
jnuMkr-in-chief of the forces (about two uiousand men)
irtiidi Um Assembly qf Virginia ordered to be raised
for the defence of the province. He commanded a i
of the amy which, under General Forbes, took f

for the defence of the province. He commanded a par
of the amy which, under General Forbes, took Fan
Dnqnesne in November, 175S. In January, lyjg, he

married Mrs, Martha Cnstia, whose maiden'

Dandridge, and whose first husband was John Parke
Custis. He now resigned his commission, retired from
the service, and settl«l at Mount Vernon as a planter.
In i7;8 he had been elected to the House of Burgesses,
the Speaker of which, on the first appearance of Wash-
ington in that body, tendered to him a compliment for
his military service*. " Washington rose to reply,"

1; I hard; t as/; O, a, X.pithiral: n, mual; r, trSUJ: I a* s; th a* in tU,. (I^See Eaplanadoos, p, ^3,)

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tVASHIJVGTOJ^

uyi Irrlng, "blushed, ■taauncred, treinUed, Mid could
sot Btter « word." "Sit down, Mr. Wubington," Mid
the Speaker i " toot modetty eqnala row valour,
that atupuKa the power of an; langoage I poaaeaa,

By hi* muriue be addod about one hundred thonaand
dotlara to hla &tnoe, which m* before wDaideTable.
He waa partJaltothepmanilaofaEricvltare, and carried
into U» rural afiiia the aame methodical bt^ta and diU-
nnl attention whidi diitJngnialied Um tn military opera-
Bon*. He kept hta own aoeottnia, posted his bodca and
balanced then with mercantile esactnea*. Bt the por-
chaae of adjacent plantatloiM he enlarged the Mount
Vernon estate until it amounted finally to eight thousand
acres. H« continoed for many yean a member of the
Home ai Borgeraes, bat never took a prominent part
in the debates of that or any other public aasembl}; He
waa a delegate to the convention which met at Wil-
liamsburB on the I St of Aagnat, 1773, and, asserting the
right of Uie colonies to seU-govemaen^ resolved that
taxation and repre*eniati<ni were inseparable. This
convention choae Waahiiyfton, Patrick Henir, and five
othera, to repteaent Virginia In tlie General Con|
which met at Philadelphia In September. 1774. Pi

Henry being askad, dter the end of the first sea ,

iriiam be considered the neateat man in Congress
replied, "If you apeak of adid Infbraiatioa and sound
Judgment, Cdonef Waabli^ton is unqnestionablT th»
greyest man on that floor."

Hitherto, WashingtoD and the other leading patriots
had not aimed at independence or separation from the
mother-country ; bni the battle or massacre of Lexiuton,
April 19, 1775, became the signal of a general deter-
mmatlon to resist by aitus the tyranny of the Britiah
government.

On the 15th of Jnne,i77S,hewainnanImo«isIvelected
by tite Continental Congress commaoder-ln-cblef of all
Ibe forest. Before he could take command of the army,
occurred the important battle of Banker Hill. June 17,

ing to about iSiCao men, „_„

Basion, whldi was occupied br ii/»o British

General Washington applied Umaelf to the org

of his troops, wbou he found uudisdpliBed and nearly
destitute of powder and other mater&la of war. The
diAcolty of Ida sUnatica wai Increaaed by the bet that
the Continental Coogrcsa was very defideni In all the
aitrfbntes of an effideni government, and was almost
deitltaie of money sod credit While the main armv
waa besieging Baalon, Generals Mon^omery and Arnold,
sbonl the end of 1775, invaded Cuiads, and attacked
Quebec in>t we^ not sttcceesfoL On the iTth or 18th
e( March, 1776, the BriHah army evacuated Boston, and
escaped on their fleet, which s^led thence to Halibx.
Consress passed s vole ot thanks to (he commander-in-
chief for his aervkM and sncceas In tUssi^e. Gemral
Washington moved his army from Boston to New York,
where he arrived in April, and awaited the approach of
the enemy, who were moving bf the aea towarda that
objective point. In the mean tune the Declaration of
Independence was signed by Congress, July 4, lyyiL

The opposing forces next met at the battle of Long
Island, where Ine Americana were defeated by Gener^
Howe, August 37, and loat nearly 1000 men. In conae-
qncnce o( Ibis victory, the Britisn totdc the city of New
York, and General Wasbii^ton was compelled to retreat
throngh New Jersey to the west aide of the Delaware
Rivei. Durlne this retrest hii army was reduced to
4C00 men or less, and the

E for which he fonght

vigour. General Waahington. haiing been reinforced,
crossed the Delaware in open boats on the night of
December 3$, 1776, attacked a British force at Trenton,
and captured neatly 1000 priaorers, {H<

Soon afler these aucceaiea, which greatly revived tbe

]i . WASHINGTON

sidrtts of the Americans, General Waabii^ton wa«
vested whh almoit dictatorial powers by CongreM.
the summer of 1777 s British armv, under General B
goyne^ moved from Canada towsnu Albany, a
army, (rf about i6tOOO men, under GeBeraT Hcnse, subw
op ttw Cbesapeate Bay to take PUIadelpUa. TodeJtasd
this dty, then the seal of government, General Wask
bgton interposed his army of aboat iitooo n»eii, and
enconntered the enemy on the Brandywine on th« tl4
of September. Overpowered by soperior nnmben, Aa
Amencans retreated, having lost aboot 900 killed ^irf
wounded. Among tlie wonnded of this day was tba
Harquia de La Fayette. A few days afher tbis bstds
the Britiih army occupied Phitaddphia. On tbe 4th of
October the Americans attacked the Britiah i— ■

Getmantown, about six miles from PhOaddphia; bat
they were repnlsed, with a loss of about 800 killed ad
wounded. In the mean time Generd Bar

loss c^ about 8

. ~ Bargayne a

iodedsive bstoe at St

General Gatea had fought ai

water. New York, September ift and General Stnrii had
galncdavictory at Bennington. On the 7th of Octobes,
1777. General Gatea, at the aeoond battle of StOlwaMr,
debated Generd Bargoyne. who, on the tyth of tha
month, larrendered hU army of aboot 6aoo aaes, st
Saratoga. Thia victory was one of the important evens
of the war. as it not only inspired tlie people with cob-
fidence, but faidnced the French government xt *-

tbe dhr of tbe United Ststes agdnat Great Britain.

In Deoenber, 1777, Generd WaahU^ton wenc tam
winter quarters at Valley Forge, on the ScbwylkiD Rh«i^
where hia men suSered great hardships maA disoms
for want of dotbing, etc. General Herury Clintoo, wke

had been apptrinted comnsndet^-chtM In Uie placa
of Generd Howe, evacuated Phlladdphla in Jwae, nd
moved his army through New Teraey towarda tiew Yesk.
General Washington pnrsned and attacked bin owlbe
38tharjane,i778,atMonmoathCoart-Hoaae; AAera
indedflive battle, in which the Americans lost 69 kflled
and abont 160 wounded, Generd Clinton "wttiwd Us
march to New York. Congreaa ezpreaaed thdr titithr
tion with General Washington's conduct in this actka
by a unanimous vote of thanks. Hitherto the opers-
tlons of the British amiies had been directed agsatt
the Northern and Middle Stales; bat in iTTaaoResl
batUe waa fought in this portioa of the repubtK; JUkm
the end of 177S, General Sir Henry Clintim ae*t to
Georgia a body of troops, who captured Samansh la
December and made themselves masters of tbe prov-
ince. The chief command of the Sonthem Amoicaa
army was given lo Generd Lincoln, who, aided by the
French fleet, attacked Savannah in Septembtf, vn%
bat waa repulsed.

The army of Generd Waahington paaaed the wbtti
of 177^-80 near Morristown, New Jeney. Eariy in
1780 Sir Henry Clinton tranaferred lui main ai^, by
sea, from New York lo Sonth Carolina, and beaicged
Charleston, which General Lincoln defended far sevunl
weeks, but waa compelled to surrender bi Uay. ~
Henry ClinUn. leaving Lord Comwdlls in coma
in Ibe Csrolinas, returned to New York in Jane, 178a.
In the aame month Congress appointed General Gates
commander of the Southern department Thia generd
was dgnally deflMted by Lord ComwalHs at Camden,
August 16, and waa compelled to retreat to North Car«.
'Ins. During the year 1780 the commander-fai-chief wm
ibliged to remdn on the defendve, in ooaaeonencB rA
the • - -

an army oif 6000 men. whidi the French government
had sent to dd the Americans. While the people wen

intidpsting great advantages from tbe combined efbits
of the French and Amerion armiea, treason was in Ae
camp and plotting the rdn of the canae of freedom.

Bwn-Hlr-f AmnlH, whfu-nmm—tiMl thft jmpnrttnt fall I SS

of West Point made ariangeuients to brtray tlut |riaca
into the power of Sir Henry CKntoa. In conseqaene*
of the capture of Major Andrj, in September, the plot
waa detected and frostrated. (See AndkA, Jobk.)

I, ^ t,^fl,9, <E«v; 1^ i, 4, saiM, lesi prolongedt I, e, I, «, ii, V, /iwt; «. f, i, ft siirainr; Or, tut, flUi mCt; nftt; giHdi I

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WASHmOTON

[n * letter iddresaed by General Washington to Con.
gress in AuBiui, 1780^ he urged the neccuity of forming
»n army by drariinc men (or three years or during Ihe
war, and added, "Had we formed a permanent army ii
the beginning, which, by the continuance of Ihe umi
men in aervice, had been capable of disduline, we neve
■hoDid have had to retreat with a handful of men acrosL
(he Delaware in 1776, trembling for the falc of America,
which nothing but the infatuation of Ihe enemy could
have laved; ... we should not have been under Ihe
necessity of fighting at Brandywine with an unequal
number of raw troops, and afterwards of seeing Phil:
delphia fall a prev to a victorious army; we should n(
have been at Valley Forge with less than half the force
of Ihe enemy, — destitute of everything. — in a situation
neither to resist nor lo retire." In November, lygo.
General Gates was removed from the command of the
Southern aimjr by Congress, which requested Wash-
[ngton to appomt aseneral in his place. lie selected
General Greene, whom he commended to Congress
U "an officer in whose abilities, fortitude, and integ-
rity he had the most entire confidence." The army
of which Greene look command at Charlotte, North
Carolina, did not much exceed 3Mo men, more than
half of whom were mililla. In December, 1780, the
■rmy which General Washington commanded in petaon
retired into winter quarters, the Pennsylvania troops
being stationed at Morristown, and another part of the
army on the Hudson River, near West P<»nt. In Jan-
IMT3|, I73t, a thousand or more of the Pennsyl van tans
mutinied, and marched towards Philadeljihia lo demand
a redres* of their grievances from Congress. This
mutliiy was suppreseed by mild measures, and by salis-
^np the claims — which were nol unreasonable— of the
mutmeers. The Articles of Confederation between Ihe
Slates were ratified in February, 1781.

The principal military operations of tySl

fined to the Southern States. On the lyth of January
General Morgan gained *t Cowpens, South Carolina, ■
complete victory over Colonel Tarleton, who lost about
900 killed, wounded, and prisoners. The whole loss
of the victors was not more than 80. Compelled to
retire before auperior numbers, General Greene made
a rapid retreat from the Catawba to the 13an River, and
was closely pursued \n Lord Comwaltis. His force
having been increased to about 4500 men, General
Greene resolved to risk- a battle, and met the enemy
on the isih of March at Cuilbrd Court-IIouie. North
Carolina. In this battle the British gained some ad-
vantage, but their loss was levere, and Ihe retiring
Americans were not pursued. In April, t7Sl, Lord
Cornwatlis began lo march to Virginiai, and General
Greene moved his force into South Carolina. On the
Sth of September General Greene defeated the enemy at
Euiaw Springs, and took 500 prisoners. In the spring
of 1731 a force of about 3000 men, under General La
Fayette, was sent to defend Virginia. He conducted a
campaign against Lord Cornwatlis, but neither of these
commanders gained any decisive advantages Lord
Cornwallis collected his troops at Vorklown, Virginia,
wlieie he contlructed foriificatinns. Early in September

« WASHINGTON

etc. Meanwhile, Ihe Ibrm of confederation which had
been adopted by the States in 1781 wai Ibund to bt
more and more inefEdent and impotenL In a letter to
James Warren, of Masiachuselts, General Washington
wrote, "The Confederation appears lo me lo be mtlc
more than a shadow without the substance, and cim-
gress a nugatory body. , . . From the high ground on
which we stood, we are descending into the vale of con>
fusion and darkness." To rescue .the nation from this
state of anarchv and degradation, > National Convention
met at Philadelphia in May, 1787. General Washington
was unanimously elected presitJent of this Convention,
which, after ■ session of several months, adopted a new
Constitution, that greatlv increased the power of the
Federal governmenL He was elected, without opposi-
tion, President of the United States for four years from
the 4th of March, 17S9. Before .the eleclion he wrote
to Alexander Hamilton, " If I should be prevailed upon
to accept it, [the Presidency,] the acceptance would b«
attended with more diffidence and reluctance than ever
I experienced before in my life." He was inaugurated
on the 30lh of April, in New York, and delivered in th«
Sena te-eh amber an inaugural address to both Houset
of Congress. In this address he afRrmed that "tha
preservation of the sacred lire of liberty and the destiny
of the republican model of government are justly con-
sidered IS dtfply, perhaps as riNALLY, staked on ths
experiment intrusted to the hands of tha American
people." He ap|>ointed Thomas Jefferson secretary wf
slate, Alexander Hamilton secretary of the treasury.
General Henry Knox secretary of war, and Edmund
Randolph altorney-ceneraL Among the difficulties
encountered by the President were the deplorable con-
dition of the finances and the oppoiiiion of a powerful
party which disapproved the Federal Constitution and
asserted the sovereignty of the Slates. In January, 1790,
Hamilton presented to Congress an able report on th»
public credit and a plan for the support of the lama,
~' ills of this financial policy were the speedy

— of the public credit and ihe revival of trada

Republicans, (or Democrats,) Ihe latter of which insisted
on State righu and wished to reduce the power of the
Federal government. Although Washington was nol
formally committed lo either party, his principles am)
measures were such as necessarily connected him with
Ihe Federalists. A great excitement was caused by the
French Revolution, in relation to which the Fedcralisia
and Democrats differed widely. The latter party, of
which Jefferson was Ihe leader, desired that the United
States should aid the French in the war against Great
Britain, while the Federalists advocated the policy oit
stria neutrality.

In 179a Washington w«s again unaolmoosly elected
President, and John Adams, a Federalist, was rC'Clected
Vice-President, receiving seventy-seven electoral voles,
while his opponent, George Clinton, ■ Democrat, re-
ceived filty votes. During his second term of office
the President resided at Philadelphia, whidi was then
he scat of governmenL In April, 1793, he issued a
iroclamatlon of neutrality, Jbelween the British and Iha
'rench.) which gave great offence to the Republicans,
' The proclamation," says Irving, " was sligmatiied as a
oval edict and a daring assumption of power."

M. Gentt, the ambassador of the French reptibli^
rrrved at Charleston, South Carolina, in April, and
issued commissions for privateers, which captured leve*
ral British vessels. The official communications (rf
GenCt became so offensive and insulting to the FresE-
denl thai the American minister to France was in-

the same time General Washington moved the combined
American and French armies from New York to Vir-
ginia. He began the siege of Yorktown on the iSlh of
September, with an army estimated at 15,000 men, and
Lord Cornwallis, on the 19th of October, surrendered
bis whole army of 7000 men. This victory was one of
the most important events of Ihe war, and was the sub-
ject of enthusiastic rejoicing among the Americans.

In consequence of a general persuasion that peace
was at hand, there was no vigorous prosecution of the
war in 1782. On the 3d of September, 1783, a definitive
treaty of peace was signed in Paris, by which the British
government recogniied the independence of the United
States. General Washington resigned his commission
to Conness, December 33, 1783, and retired to private
life, followed l^ the rnthusiaslic love and admiration of
bli countrymen. He passed the ensuii^ years at Mount
Vernon, and resumed his former pursuits of agriculture,

«ult: ^ai; giimi; ^a»/;o,ii,K,t'ittara/; H^maal; %,lri/lfJ;l3ai; thasinMiik (S^'See Explanations, p^ S>)

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

..igned the oifice of secretary of state in December,
793. and was succeeded bv Edmund Randolph, the
ornier attorney-general. When the new Congress met,
n December, 179^, it was found that the opponent*
of the adminislraiion had a majority in the House of
Representatives. The perpleiily of the President was
increased by the fact that American vessel* had been
captured by British cruisers, which inflamed the popular

WASHINGTON

,1ieu< and reinforced the putjr which opposed neotrality
Resolnng la prevent a war, if pouiUe, br negotia-
tloM, the President sent John Jif u a spediJ envQj to
England, (Apiil, 1794.) " Scarcelj hai any public act
of (he Preiident," says Marshall, "diawn upon his ad-
ministration a greater degree of censure than thia."
January, 1794, the office of secretary of (he trtuury
tesiened by Mr. Hamilton, " who had wasted in the public
service a ftreit mti of the property acquired by hi*
previoni laboun/* (Matahall.) General Knox having
also resigned his place in the cabinet, Timothy Picker-
ing was appointed secretary of war, and Oliver Wolcott
secretary of the treasary. 'Mr. Jay negotiated a treaty,
which was signed November 19, 1794. and prcieated to
Ihe United State* Senate for ratification in Jnnc^ iMj.
This treaty was vehemently opposed and denounced by
the Democrata and those who were most partial to Ihe
French revolutionists; but it was finally approved '
the Senate, and (igned by the President, August
1795. After the question had been decided, (he voice
M action continued to assail the President. -■•■•■-
military and political character," ssy* Marshall,
attacked with equal Tiolence, and it was averred that
he was totalW destitute of merit either a* a soldier <st
a statesman,"

In 1795, Timothy Pickering was appdnted sccretarr
of atate, in the place of Edmund Randolph, who had
resigned. In March, 1796, the House of RepresentativeB

essed a resolution requesting the rreiident to lay
fore thai House a copy of the instruction* gi
Mr, Jay, tfwether with the docuinents relative
treaty wl(h Great Britain. He declined to comply with
their request, affirming that it would establish a dan-
gerous precedent (o admit tbe right of the House to
demand the paper* respecting a foreign negotiation.
When La Fayette was confined in the dungeon of
Otmliti, General Washington wrote a private letter to
the Emperor of Germany, and entreated him to release
(hat captive.

Although the people generally wished to elect Gene-
ral Washington for a third term, he announced his
determination to retire from public life at the end of his
second term. He also issuea a "Farewell Address (o
the People of the United Slates," which, having been
rerlsed by Alexander Hamilton, appeared in Septer
ber, 1796, and produced a deep impression. In Ih
address he insisted on the vast importance of union :
" a main pillar in the edifice of your real independenci
the support of your tranquillity at home; your pea<
abroad ; of your safety ; of your prosperity] of that
very liberty which you so highly prize. But, as It Is
easj* to foresee that much pains will be taken, many
artifice* employed, to weaken in your minds Ihe convic-
tion of this (lulh ; as this is the point in your political
fortress against which the batteries of interna] and ex-
ternal enemies will be most constantly and actively
jihough often covertly and Insidiously) directed, It is of
infinite moment (hat you should properly estimate the
Immense value of tour national union to your collect-
ive and Individual happinesa." He also advised the
people to have as little political connection as possible
with foreign nations, and to " steer clear of permanent
alliance* wlih any portion tA the foretgn world."

On the yth of December, 1796, the President met ka
the last time the Huuies of Congress, to which he made
a dignified address. His official career terminated March
4, 1797, and he then retired (o Mount Vernon, leaving
the nation in a slate of great prosperity. The capture
of American vessels \n French cruisers led to hosnlitie*
between the United States and France, although there
was no format declaration of war. In this emergency,
Ihe government of the United Slate* raised an army of
about 10,000 men, of which General Washington was
appointed commander .in-chief, July, 179S. He accepted
this appointment on the condition thai Colonel Hamil-
ton should be Ihe second in command. Tbe aelecllon
of Hamilton as second in command was also desired by
the public, but was not in accordance with the will of
President Adams, who, however, finally assented. Ite
lore the question Of war or peace had been decided,
Washington died, without Issue, at Mount Vernon, after

>wn, 1^ eye* Uoe aod t
m bcrhood for hw neat

I that ta U* JPOVtn >■*

Fbysjcal

J4 WASHINGTON

a short illness, on the t4th of Deccnsber, 1799. A Jfcw .

hoars before hi* death, be Kiid. " Iloak to the evCBt «M
perfect resipiatioa," Hi* disease was acnte Uiyagina.
On leanung the death of Waahington, tbe llowae of
Representatives resolved, "That a coauHtM* b« ap>
pcnnted to consider tbe most soitable maimer of P^iiiC
bonoar to the memory of the Han first in wm-, trat m
peace, and first in the bean* of his oonalijaitifc'^

Genera] Washington had Inherited a aomber of als^e^
whom be emancipated by hi* laat wilL In ■ letter M
Mr. Horrti^ in 1786, be said, "There i* not a mtt* Bih^
who wishe* more dneerehp than I <k^ to ee* « plan
adopted Am- the abolition oc •lavery."

In atature General Waahingtoa «*■ rix fcet ar' ' —
Indie* hi^b, with a frame welTprop*
knib Hia hair wa* brown, '
He wa* remarkable from b
atreiigth. It it related that li . .

stone acroti the Rappahannock oppoaiie bis father^
bouse,— a feat which hat never, it it aaid, (kca perfait<
by any one since that tlsab When ycnafr be «aa ercl
fbremoai amoiw his conpanion* in all athletic epon^
andwaseuteciallydistingnithcdat askiliiil and fearktt
hMaemaiLT He was tcnipnloatly altentiv to bin dros
and personal appearance. Mia manner, tboosb geadt
and gradoiv^ wa* in piAHc charaderlaed by a oertah
military dignity artd reserve^ He «•* peowrhial fa(
punctuality as welt a* fbr tni&lidneat.

In the whole bntory of manUn^ fcv. If WKf, peM
en will be found more worthy of ottr hcnctUi «Meea
and admiration than Wttblnglon. Withovt any of Ik*
daziling gift* of nnhw, wiUuMt perhapo pa*aa*ls(
'-'nts of the very highest order, yal hi* vnrioM pewcn
. _.e ao admirably proportioned and adinated Vt each
other, ao under the control of loillv moral principle and
a high heroic will, which neither ike eatrmitv « petfl
or dissster, the fierce*! bta*t* of oUoquy, nor tn« aeJec-
lions of amiNtion had power to shake, that, Ikoogfa he
may have been surpassed by niany In tome aingle poia^
if w« consider his character as a wb^ we (hall acarcdy
find hi* equal, and shall search in vain for hi* saperioc
One resnlt of ihe admirable equlpcnse aitd harmony of
his powera was a wisdom of the rarest order, Ii is weB
known that wisdom I* not tbe product of one or t«*
faculties, but tbe combined re*ult of many, indndnf
the moral a* well as Intellectual. NapoleiMi, with ad
his transcendent genln;^ wa* In wisdom far inferSor 10
Washington. No man of hi* day more dearly foresaw
the future dangers to which our country would be ei-
~ Med, or showed more dbtinetly and forciblv how they
ere to be avoided, than Waalungton. Anaof aJImea
lat ever lived, he may be aaid to have moat truly and
lly merited the gloriou* title of " Pater PatriK.^ tte
Father of hi* Country."

Hi* great rival Jeaer*on,whodiBered from him widely
I questions of stale policy and otberpolni*, bears the
following testimony to hi* chsracteri "Hi* Intwity
was Ihe most pare, his Justice the most Inflexible, I have
ever known, — no motive* of interest or consancnimij^
of friendship or hstred, being able to Uas hia dedsJoo.
He Wat Indeed, in every sense of the word, a wis^
a ^ood, and a great man. His temper wa* naturally
irritable and higb-loned; but reflection and resohuion
had obtained a firm and habitual ascendency over iL"
(Tucker's "Life of Jefftrson.")

"In him," says Marshall, "that Innate and naattumiiig
modesty which adulation would have offended, which the
voluntary plaudits of miHioni could not betray into in
discretion, was happil^r blended with a high arui correct
sense of personal dignity, and with a just conaciousnest
of that respect which is due to station."
"How grateful," says Lord Brougham, "the leSef

■Ttw oriflnil form of llili cdibnMd wfnwliin WB^'tnl h
nr, llnM in rv^n, ud Am in (he tmru of In* ft Him liiiniM" \%
tfv funeral ortlion proiHwnced by CtcnAnU La*, tli "■ " "~

tuptioiiious; mid with (his <t

(^BCkw-l

.. JMarwAil Inn ihnaailkt
' Lib of Ji&nc*."}

t Ek f, <S D. f.A'^: t, t. ^ tame, lets prolonged; I, i, I, ft, 11, ^ i4^rr; t, t, 1, 9, iiiAwr^: Or, 111), at; m«t; nlh: gdfidi laMV

d by Google

WASmNGTON «4

which the (Hend of mankind, the loxer of vtrtue, experl*
encra, when, tcming from the contemplation of Mch s
character, {Napoleon I.,] his tyt reals upon the greatest
man of our own or of any age I ... It will £e the dat;
of the historian and the sage, in alt agea, to omit no
occasion of commemoraling this illustrious man ; and
Dniit time shall bo no more will a test of tlie proeress
which our race has made in wisdom and virtue tie de-
rived from (he veneration paid to the immortal name of
Washington." {"Edinburgli Review" for October, 1838.I

Sh JOHH Maibkau, "Life of Ccorn WmhhittoB." j
«!q^-B7: W»SHim.TO« ((VIHC " Life of G«i™ WuhioEl-... ^
TOb,, iSjjr-jf: Jahd Sraaiis, "The Ufe «nd Wriiingt orc*™
Wumnctoni bang Im C«ns)uiidcnc«, M*mm" nc, ii vuli.
IrOk i8]}-«>; I. IC pAfLDiHo, "Life ofO. WuhWen, itoIi.,
183J ! r^GoilOT, *■ E»«i nir la Vie do GtnirA WArfJnpm," x%», :
Lovn M FoirTAin^ " Ctw d« Wuhinnon,'* ike ; A. B AHnorr,
-Ewr ea Um Life of a WuhiixuB." ik;: Jahu Uaoimm,
"DiicwrK OB the Daih of GenenI WubiiipOB." itsai Fuiiaa
Axis, "Ornilan on ih« SubTim* VmoM of WuhiMiBn." iSoo:
Wnx^ "Life of G. Wuhincton," Oaj: D. Hahiav, " Life of O,
Wuhlngioa," 1807: EDWAiinC»<a,''Lab«iWaluiwun'>,'<>t]a:
F. Cuii(>T."WiuhiiiEt<«i Fondaiion d> la Diniblwat dn Eul^
Una," SIC, I mU, iSjo! J. T. HmADUV. "WMhfnBoii ind li<<
dotiaK" avak., 1S4;: htn Pahuh, "Lihof Wuhinii™,"
■>»: EIahchwt. "HiMonefth* UniHd StMti:" Cowx, "Wub-
iHtoa vnil dii Bcfwuiw ia NwdamerikinlKhin Fn^uten." j
nil.. iStj. See. alH^ l)i« Inl««i<ii|| inicla on Wnliintliia h llM
"Now AiMrion Cirdopcdii," (b]> Edwaid Evuktt.)

Wuhlngton, wfishlng^ton, (Captain Toi»,) R.N.,
an English officer and hjdrographer. He terved *fi
the American war of 1811, and rose through (evera
promotion* to the rank of commander in 1831. Befni
appranted in 1841 to continue the sarrer of ine Nont
Sea, he examined that part of It Ivine' between latl
tade 53° 10' and the coast of the NeilierTands. He wai.
made pou-captiin In tS43> ud hjdrt^apher to the
admiralty in 1855. He wai also elected a Fellow of Ihc
Royal Society. He published a "Geq^phical Notice
of the Empire of Marocco," and other treatises, in the
"Journal tii the Ro]>al Cecgraphicil Society." Died io

Washington, 0ohn A.,) proprietor of Mount Ver-
non, Virginia. lie was taken prisoner by Captain John
Brown near Harper's Ferry, October t6, 1859. lie
took arms agninst (he Union, became a colonel, and
wa< killed on Cheat Mountain in September, 1S61.

^raahlngton,- (WiLLTAtf AUGUsnNe,) an American
officer of the Revolution, bom in Stafford county, Vir

E'nia, in 1753, wns a relative of General Washington,
e was present at the battles of Trenton and Princeton,
commanded the cavalry at Coivptn*, and was made a
brigadier -general in i/gS. Died in iSia

WaBtnutb, tt'ls'm^t, (Mattkias,) a German Orien-
talist, bom at Kiel in 1625. He became pTofeuor of
OrientaJ languages at Kiel, and published, besides other
works, an Arabic Grammar, (i6u-) Died in 1688.

Waue, wfiss, (Joseph,) an English scholar, bom in
Yorkshire In i67», became rector of Aynhoe. He pub-
lished an edition of Sallust, (1710,) and wrote several
essays on various subjects. Bentley is reported to have
said, " When I am dead, Wasse will be the most teamed
man In England." Died in 173S.

WuMDaar, van, vln wils'sch-nlR', (Gexard,) a
Dutch jurist, bom at Utrecht in 1585; died In 16641

Wasaenaer, van, (Jacob.) a Dutch admiral, bom
about 1610. He succeeded Van Tromp as commander
of the fleet in 1653, and was killed in a battle against
the English in 1665.

Wauenberg or ^7aaBBiibeTetl, von, fon *k'sfn-
blao, (EvERAKD,) I German historian, bom at Emme-
rich in 1610, He published " Florus Oetminicus,"
(1640,) which treats of the war* waged by Ferdinand IL
■nd Ferdinand HI. from 1617 to 164a Died after 1673.

Sm Ckahs, " Vm E. vm Wwcnbergh," t%A

Wuslaa. See Vasiah,

\7aMoi], wSs'son, (David AiivrooD,) an American
author, bom at Brooksville, Maine, May 14, 1823. He

studied at Bowdoin College, and then read law and
theology. He became mmister of an Independent
church at Groveland, Massachusetts, and in 1865-66
was minister of Theodore Parker's society in Boston.
He contributed largely In prose and verse to periodical
literature. Died January 11, 1SS7.

IVast or Waast wSst or
Saint, a French ecclesiastic, who became Bishop^
Arras about 500 A.D. Died in 540^

Se* Alcvih, "Vita VoiliiMi;" Caiet, "Vi* da SAlni-WuC

Wutel,w<Js'tt!,(SiMON,)an English poet andschooU
master of Northampton, bom in Westmoreland about
Ij66. He is chteRy remembered for bis "True Chris-
tian's Daily Delight," (1613.) afierwards enlarged and
reprinted as " Microbiblion,'' (1639.}

Waatatain, vAs'lth-liN^ } (Charles.) a Delcian his-
torian and Jeauit, bom in Hainaull in 169J. Tie pu^
tished a " iJescription of Belgian Caul in Three Age* «f
Hislnry," (1761-) Died in 1783.

Wateau. See WAtTiuti,

Watele^vlt^y, (Claude Henri,) a French ama-
teur artist and writer upon art, was born in Paris ia
1718. He was the author of a didactic poem, entitled
"The Art of Painting," ("L'Art de'Peindre," 1760.)
"Essay on Gardens,'" (1774.) and "Dictionary 01 the
Arts of Painting, Sculpture, and Engraving." (J vols.,
1792.) The last-named work was completed by M.
livesque. Wiielet etched a number of portraits and
other pieces of great excellence. In 1760 he was ad-
mitted into the French Academy. He was identified
with the philosophic party, and contributed to the "En-
eyclofrfdie" of Diderot Died in 1786.

watela^ (Lotus Ctiinne,) a French landscape*
painter, bom in Paris in 17801 He painted French,
ttalian, and Belgian scenery. He guned a Srst medal
in 1819. Died June 19, 1866.

WA'tfr-Iioiue, (BENjAMttt,) M.D., an American
physidan, bom at Newport, Rhode Island, in IT54,
studied at London and Edinburgh, and graduaiea at
Leyden. After his return he became professor of the
theory and practice of physic in the medical school of
Harvard College, continuing to Rlt ibis post for thirty
year*. Died at Cambridge in 1S46.

Watethoaae, (John William,) an English
painter, bom about 1840. He became a member of
the Royal Academy in 1S95. Among his works are
" Mariamnc," " Ulysses and the Sirens," and " Tbe
Lady of Shalott."

WA'tfr-l^Qd, (Daniel,) D,D., an English theolo-
gian, bom in Lincolnshire in 1683. He studied at Mag
dalcne College, Cambridge, and subsequently became
one of the cnaplains- in-ordinary to George L He was
engaged in a controversy with Dr. Clarke and othet
champions of the Arian party, and published " A Via.
dication of Christ's Divinity,*' "Critical History of the
Alhanasian Creed," "Scripture Vindicated," etc., and
other works. He became Archdeacon of Middlesex in
173a Died in 1740.

Watvrloo, waw'tfr-Ioo', fDutch pron. wl'tfr^lC,!
(Antokt,) an eminent Dutch landscape-painter and
engraver, bom near Utrecht about l6i3. His etchings
are numerous, and are ranked among the best work*
of the kind. Died in 166*.

Wa'terloo. (Stanley,) an American author, bom
n St. Clair county, Midiigao, in 1S46. He became
I journalist in St. Louis and later in Chicago, and
vrote " A Man and a Woman," " Armageddon,"
' The Launching of a Man," etc.

Wft'tfri, (Clara Erskihe Clbheht,) *n Americas
uthor, born at Saint Louis, Missouri, August aS, 1834.
ler maiden name was Clbmrkt.' She was brought up,
nd has for the most part resided, in Boston. Her books
re " Legendary and Mythological Art," " Painters,
lculpto^^ Architecta, Engravers, and their Work*,*
Artists of the Nineteenth Century," " History o(
Egypt," " Ufe of Charlotte Cushman," " Eleanor Mait
■ nd," a novel, " Outline History of Painting," etc.

W&'tfT-tpn, (Charles,) an English naturalist and
traveller, bom about 1781, He visited South America
I the early part of his life, and published in 1825
Wanderings in South America, the Northwest of ilie
United States, and the Antilles," He also wrote
"Essayson Natural History." Died In 1865^

Watbok-Blllab, AI, 11 wl'thek billSh. written also
Vatbek and Wathik, (Aboo Jaafar Haroon, (or
HarOn,) I'btfO )J'»f*r hl'ruon'.} an Abbasside CaHph

aaSit; ; asi,- ^hard:%3aj: c, H,K,^ttHra/; n,naia!; 1

lrilltd;liat:ihai

(Jl^^Sce Expbnationi, p. aj.)

Sf uagma, wai Dom tn hii a.d, ne mccMOed UN
father, MotasMm. in 84s, and cnduTonred tn numtaid
the literaij splendour wh!ch had diitineuished the reign*
of hit predecenon ; but he fs censored for cruelty and
Intolerance. Died in S47 a-ix
Sn WniL, "Cacbkhu <9<t dulifen."

Wathies, vrte^', (Francois Istdokc,) Vicomtk. _
French general, born at Versailles (n 1777. lie served
•■ captain at Austerlitz (1805) and Jena, ((806.) and
became a gcntrral of brigade in tSij. Died m 1S5J.

^iratlElDB, wSL'kinz, (Charles > kederick,) an Ene-
lish clergyman, bom in Wiltshire about 1795. He pub-
lished several poems, an " InCrodueiion to Geology,"
and other works. Died July 15. 1873.

Wats, wSlB, (G11.BERT,) an English translator,

h Yorkshire abiDut 1600, became a Fellow of Lincoln
College, Oxford. He translated Davila's "History of
the Civil Wars of France" and Lord Bacon's "De
Augmentis Scientiarum." Died in 1657.

Wataon, wSt'son, (Alfred Auoustin,) D.D., an
American bishop, born in New York eily, August 3i,
■Sift. He graduated at the University ol the City of
New York m iSj;, and became a lawyer. In 1845 he
took priest's orders in the Episcopal Church. After
holding various pastorates in Norlh Carolina, he waa in
1 8S4 consecrated Bishop of East Carolina, a new diocese,
bi the eastern pari of Norlh Carolina. Died in 1905..

Watson, wAfspn.fCAROLtNe,) a skilful English en-
graver, born in London about 1760. She engraved
many portraits. Died about 1S12.

WatBOn, (Charles.) an English admiral, bom in
1714. lie served with distinction against the Spaniard*
in the campaigns of 1744 and 1747, and was made rear-
admiral of the blue in 1748. He accompanied Colonel
Clive to India In 1754, and had a prominent part in the
capture of Chandernagore, in 1757. Died the same year.

Watson, wOi'sgn, (David,) a Scottish classical
•cholar, bom in 1710. He produced a prose transla-
tion of Horace. Died in 1756.

Wataon, wfit's^n, (Elkakah,) ■ merchant, bom at
Plymouth, Massachusetts, In 1758. lie resided many
years at Albany, and distinguished himself bv promoiine
various public works, and by his eRorti in the cause of
education. He was the founder of' the first agricultural
•ociely in the Slate of New York. He wrote memoir*
enlillcd "Men and Time* of ihe Revolution," (1856.)
Died in 1842.

Wataon, (HECRir.) Colonel, a British military
engineer and mathematician, bom in Lincolnshire in
'737- I^c accompanied Lord Clive to India, and gained
distmction as chief engineer in Bei^gat and Orissa. He
died in England in 17%, or, as some sav, in 1780.

Wataon, (Hewett C.,) an English boianist, bom in
Yorkshire about 1S04. He gairted disiinctlan as a
Writer on botany, etc. Among hii works is an able
treatise on the geographical distribution of plants, en-
titled "Cybele Britannica," (i&t7-sO Died in 1881.

Watson, (James.) a Scottish printer, born at Aber-
deen about 1675. He published a newspaper in Edin-
burgh, a " Histonr of the Art of Piinting," and a Bible,
(1715.) remarkable (or the beauty of the typography.
Died in 1711.

'Watson, (James Ckatc,) LI.D., an American astron-
omer, born in E^gin county, in Canada West, January
oS, 1838. He graduated at the University of Michigan
In iBj7, and in 1859 became professor oltstionumy in
that iilstilution. In 1860 he was chosen to the chair of
physics and mathemallcs, and in 1863 was made director
of the observatory. He discovered Iwenty-iwu asteroids.
He wrote a " Popular Treatise on Cornels," (iS6d,) and
"Theoretical Astronomy," besides many papers on sci-
entific subjects. Died al Madison, Wisconsin, November
ts. i83a

Wataon. (John.) Rev., an English historian, bom in
Cheshire fn 1714, became rector otStockporL His chief
work is a "History of Halifax," (1775.) Died in 1783.

VTataon, (John,) M.D., a distinguished phjrsidan,
born at Londonderry, Ireland, in l3o7. Having em igraled

- ■ ■ •■--- iniSyo, ' -

ry. He 1

Vork Academy ot Medicme, and published anumbei
of medical works. Died June 3, 1863.

Wataon, (John,) ■ British novelist, bom it
Manningtree, Eisei, of Scotch parentage, in iSjo.
Educated at Stirling and Edinburgh, be became 1
Presbyterian minister, and accepted a pastonge in
Liverpool in 1S80. Under the pen-name of [in
Maclaren he became famous Rsan author byhishlgfalT
successful " Beside the Bonnie Brier Bush," (1S94.)
This was followed by a rapid succession of works.
He died April 6, 1907.

'Wataon, (John Crittenden,) an Americao ad-
miral, born at Frankfort, Kentucky, in 1S41. He
served under Farragut in the dvil war on the Misiii-
sippi and Mobile Bay; afterwards held varioui com-
mands, and was made commodore In 1S97; commanded
the blockading squadron on the Noith Cuban coast
May to June, 1S98, and was appointed commander-in-

admiral, and succeeded Admiral Dewey ai
naval commander at Manila.

'Wataon, (John Fanning,) an American antiqniry
and hisioticai writer, bom in Burlington couniy.rfeir
Jersey,in 1780. He published"Annalsof Philadelphia,"
(iSjo,) "Historic Tales of the Olden Times in New
Vork,"(iSji.)and other similar works. He resided lac
many years in Philadelphia. Died In 186a

Wataon, (Richard.) D.D., an English divine and
miscellaneous writer, born in Westmoreland in 1737.
He entered Trinity College, Cambridge, as ■ sitai itt
1754, and in 1767 was appointed one of the headtilon,
Having taken his degree of M.A., he was chosen In 1764
to succeed Dr. Hatlley as professor of chemistry, and
in 1771 became rcgius prolessor of theology. He rose
Ihrouffh various minor preferments to be Bishop of

The Principles of the Revolution Vindicated." His
"Xettet lo Archbishop Comwallis on the Church Sew
— -es" came out in 1783, Among his other writinp

Lbe named his " Apology for Christianity, in a Seriet
Etters addressed to Edward Gibbon, Esq.," (i7T6J
'■ An Apology for Ihe Bible," {1796,) in answer to Thomas
Paine. "Chemical Essays," and "Miscellaneous Tract*
on Religio^^ Political, and Agriculcuial Sttbject*," (1S15.)
Died in i8[&

Wataon. (Robert,] a Scottish historian, bom al
Saint Andrew's in tjjfK He studied at Gla^ow and
" " iburgh, and became in 17T7 principal of the united
ges of Saint Leonard and Saint Salvador al Sunt
rew's. He published the same ]«ar a good " His*
_ of Philip IL of Spain," which enyjyed considerable
popularity for a time; but it has been eclipsed by Ihe
-ore elaborate works of Motley and Prescott. He cUed
1780, leaving an unfinished " History of rblltp IIL"
Wataon, (Srreno,) an American Imtanist, oora al
East Windsor Hill, Connecticut, December i, 181& He
graduated at Yale College in 1847. He publialwd a vet-
ume of government botanical reports, (1S71,) and "Bib-
liographical Index o( North American Botany," (1876J
and was principal author of two volumes (1876k tSSo) of
Ihe " Botany of California." Died in 189a.
Wataon, (Thomas.) an English tionconfoimisi min-
-. became rector of Saint Stephen's, Walbrook, Loo-

Wataon, (Thouas,) an English bishop and Roraaa
Calholic He was appointed Bishop of Lincoln in 1557,
but on the accession of Elitabeih he waa imprisoned
lie died in prison in ijSl.

Wataon. (Thomas,) an English poet, born in loo**

probably about 1557. He was educated at Oxford, and

- diedlaw. He published five small volumes of I-atia

■A. and three of English. Among his writings area

tin translation of the •• Antigone" of Sophocles. JIsSiJ

"The Hecatompaihia, or Passionate Centarie of Lo**^'
' i^) "Melibaus," in Latin, with a translation hla

iglish verse, and " The Teares of Fancy, or Love Di*>

i, {, I, S, fl, ;, j;>V; i< t< ^ *UK. leM prolonged; ft, e, I, &, 0, f, Miirf; f, f, 1, 9, ««M«rr; Or, fill, at ; mCt; oAt; gS&d; IB

WATSOtf «

dalned," In EnglUb (tmneU. Hii rerse ii mostly imilory
in character, but puie in inne. Died in 1J91. Wauon
«aa greaily tdmiied in bU own day, but hu ever aince
txen (ingularly neglected He may be regarded as_ the
beat example In English literature of the " anioieitiit,"
or writer of love-poetry of which the object it purelj
iinasinary or non-existent.

Watson, (Sir Thomas.) Bart., M.D., F.R.a, an
Englifh physician and writer on medical subjects, born
« Kentisbeare, Devon $hiie, in 1791. He graduated with
honours at Cambridge, studied medidne, and rose to
great distinction as a practitioner. He published "Lee-
tuiM on the Principles an' ~ ' *"

edition, 1871,) "The Aboli .
(1879.) etc Died December 11, tSSs.

Wat«>n, (Thomas E.,) aathoruid politjdui, bom
in Colnmtii* connty, Ga., in 1856, Became a lawyer,
was in the Geoi^ legislature isEx-Sj, and in Congress
1891-93, was nominated forvice-prciideot by the Populist
party in 1896 and for president in 1904. AAerwsrds
founded "Tom Wat50n'sMagaxine"andotbeT periodicals.
Published a brilliant " Story of France" in 1898, fol-
lowing this by a number of biographica] and other works,

'Wataon, (Sir Wiluau,} F.R.S., English physician
andbotanist, bomin London, 1715. Obtained the Copley
medal ini745 for his discoveries in electricity. Contrib-
uted to the "Philosophical TransactiMis." Died !787.

Watson, (WtLUAM,) an English poet, bom at
Wharfdale, Yorkshire, in 1858. His first poem to at-
tract attention was "Wordsworth's Grave," (1890.)
Published " Excursions in Criddsm" in 1893. He has
written many notable poems since that date, issuing col-
lections in 1898, 1906, and 1909.

Wataon, (William R.,) an American political
writer, bom in Rhode Island in 1799. Died in 1864.

Watt, w5t, (Gregory,) son of the following, bora
tn 1777, was a geologist, and became a member of the
Gim of Boullon and Walt. Wrote oa the development
of basalL Died in 1S04.

n the Clyde, on the igih of January, 1736. He
■maa at ton of James Watt, merchant, builder, and ship-
chandler. His mother's name was Agnet Mulihead or
Muirheid. Being a child of delicate constitution, he was
educated mostly at home. His favourite studies and
pursuits were the experimental sciences and practical
mechanics. Having adopted the trade of malcer of
mathematical Instruments, he went to London in 17115
and served an apprenticeship of one year with John
Morgan. In 1756 he returned (o Scotland, with the
Intention to ttltle at Glasgow ; but, at he was not a bur>

E ess, the corporation of arts and trades would not permit
Im to open a workshop in that city. The professors of
the University of Glasgow then onered him a place of
liusiness within their precincts, and gave him the title
of mathematical instrument maker to the University.
He employed his evenings in the profound study of
various sciences, learned most of the modern languages
of Europe, and formed intimate friendships with Kobi-
■on. Black, and other professors at Glasgow. In 1764
he married his cousin, Miss Miller, and, as hi* wife was
the daughter of a burgess, he was then permitted to open
a shop in Glasgow.

About 1764 be was employed to repair a model of
Ncwcomcn's steam-engine wiiich was used In the class-
toom of the university, and perceived defects in itwhich
induced him to make experiments on the application of
tleam-power. He discovered that water, when converted
Into steam. Is expanded to eighteen hundred times its
bulk. He ascertained that in the " aimosphcrii
of Newcomen there was a great waste of the
was Condensed by the injection of cold water into tbe
cylinder, and that to prevent this waste the cylinder
must be continually kept as hot as the steam which enters
it In 176; the fortunate idea occurred to him of con-
dcTutng the steam In a separate vessel, which should be
exhausted of air and always kept cool. "This capital
■. Blac" '

:ric" engine
.team which

improvement," say* Dr. Blai

" flashed 01

mind at

jr WATT

once, and filled him with rapture," ("Kbtory of Mr.
Watt's Improvement of the Steain-Engine.") Aitother
improvement which he invented about this time was tho
useof the expansive force of steam to depress the [dston,
instead of the pressure of the atmosphere.

lie ceased to make mathematical instrument* tn 1768,
after which he pursued the business of land-surveyor and
dvil engineer. He obtained a patent for his invention in
January, 1769, and was supplied with some capital requi-
site to reduce his improvements to practice, by Dr. John
Roebuck, who had a share in the patent Before Watt
couid realize any profit from hit new enpne. Dr. Roe-
buck became insolvent, or so embartassedthat he could
not advance any more funds. In a letter dated August,
1773, Watt writes, "I pursued my experiments ill I
found that the expense and loss of lime lyine wholly
upon me, through the distress of Dr. RocbuclTs situa-
tion, turned out to be a greater burthen than I could
support, and I was obliged for a time to abandon my
project Notwithstanding my natural despondence, I am
convinced that the machine may be made (o answer in a
very considerable -degree, and in more forms than one,
but that I am by no means the proper person to carry it
into execution."

Watt was employed as surveyor or engineer in Iha
construction of several canals, bridges, and other world
in Scotland during the period from 1769 10 1773. Roe-
buck, who had advanced .^looo to the inventor, trans*
ferred in 1774 his share in the patent (/./. two-thirds) to
Matthew Boutton, of Soho, an enterprising man of busi-
ness, who entered into partnership with Watt for ths
manufacture of steam-enemcs at Soho, near Birmingham.
Boulton and Watt appTicd to Parliament for an ex-
tension of the term of their patent and obtained the
exclusive rigfA to make and vend the new engine for a
term of twenty-live years, (1775-1300.) A great saving
of fuel was eflected by the improvements of Watt, whose
engines were toon extensively nsed to pump water out
of the mines of Cornwall. In 17S1 he took out a patent
for the Invention of the double-acting engine, in which
the reciprocating rectilinear motion was converted Into
rotatory motion.

He afterwards invented several Improvements, aniana
which are the governor or "reeulator by centrifued
force," the mechanism of parallel motion, the throttle-
valve, and the steam barometer or float The manufac-
tory of engines at Soho was successful, and enriched
both of the partners.

In 1783 Watt made an important chemical discovery,
—the composition of water; but the honour of this dis-
covery i* claimed for Cavendish by some writers. To
the substances which unite to form water. Watt applied
the terms "phtoriston" and "dcpbloglsticaied air." Dr.
Dalton, in his "New System of-Chemicil Philosophy,"
(i8io,)say*, "The composition and decomposition ol
'ned, the former by Watt and Caven-

dish, and the latter by Lavoisier and Meusnier." An-
other eminent chemist I^r- Henry, wrote to Jamel
Watt Junior, "There is no room for doubt as to yout
father's priority." The honour of this discovery waa
also ascribed to Wait by Sir D. Brewster, Lord Jeffrey,
and M, Dumas. (See a review of this controversy in
an article entitled " Watt or Cavendish," by Lord Jeffrey,
in the "Edinburgh Review" for January, 184S.) Walt
was elected a Feflow of the Royal Society of London in
1785. He remained in partnership with Boullon until
1800, and then resigned his business to his two sons. In
1S14 he was elected one of tho eight foreign assodatet
of the French Initltute, Having lost his first wife In
1773, he married a Miss MacCregor a few years later.
He died at Heathfield, near Birmingham, in Aueust,
1819. In the aame year Lord Jeffrey composed a eulogy
on Watt, from which we quote as follows : " By bla
admirable contrivances, it jthe >leam-engine| has become
a thing stupendous alike lor its force and its flexibility,
for the prodi^ous power which it can exert, and the
ease and precision and ductility with which it can bo
varied, distributed, and app1i«L The trunk of VK
elephant that can pick up a pin or rend an oak, ts as
nothing to it It can draw out, without breakine, a
thread as fine as gossamer, and lift a ship of war like a

«a*:t; i*»i;ZMard i**/;^ h, K,finnirn/,- »,naial; K,tTilltd;la*t; thasini^iA (B3^^*'^l>l>"*^on*iF^23')

db,Google

iniht "NouTcIlt B

■^prehension, a prodieiaus memory, and a cenatn recti-
fying and mettiodizing power of understanding, which
extracted (oraelhing precioui out of all that was pre-
tented to it. His stores of miscellaneous knowledge
were immenjCrand vet less astonishing than the com-
mand he had at all limes over them.* "I look upon
him,"_sa)fs the poet Wordsworth, "considering both the
magniiude and the universality of his genius, as per-
haps the most extraordinary man that thw country evei
produced."*

5« J. P. MuiUHiAD, "Ufc of >n>a Win." ilcS, md "-»»
Orilin>nd PrqsTcu oT the Micluniol lii>«itiniiief rWiiI. niiit-
■ ■ ■ »,"} Yol», iSm: r. AiiAO^-Viedt

, .-„. , " BiaanphKal Diclkminr of Emiual

Seotvncn ;^ SitHuaL Shilbl "BrM Bincphici" I-oKD Jimn,

' "E<linburiblUria»''f«i8i4:Dii.^«ni^

^It Blocrvhie Unink!" J. Fihbb, "Dif
h adilHia of tha "EnndouMi* Briunicij"
fcUa Bi^^iihia OferfniU ■,'^J. Pouts, -^D^

Watt, (Tamis,) the eldest son of the preceding was
born in February, 1769. Ha studied natural philocophy,
diemUtry, and minerali^, and learned to speak the
, French langu^e fluently. About 1790 he went to
Pari*, became inflamed with enthusiasm for liberty and
equality, and took an active part in the Revolution. " He
was for some time," snyi Muirhead, "in company tviih
Thomas Cooper and Wordawonh the poet, in the habit
of associating with many of those men who aflcrwardi
attained a dreadful celebrity, and, as Southey has men-
tioned, was at that time the means of preventing a duel
between Danton and Robespierre." ("Life of James
Watt") Robespierre having in 179^ insinuated that
Watt was an emissary of Pitt, Watt sprang on the
tribune of the Jacobin Club and defended himself in a
brief and impassioned speech, after which he instantly

K lifted Paris, In 1800 he became a partner of Boullon
e votmger in the manufacture of engines at Soho. He
rendered some services to the cause ^ steam -navigation
t^ experiments on marine engines. In 1S17 he made a
voyage to Holland in the steamboat Caledonia, which
he owned, and which was the first that crossed the
Channel. He died, unmarried, at Aston Hall, in 184S.

^^Btt, (James Henry,) an eminent English engraver,
bom in London in 1799, *»» * popi' of Charles Heath.
Among his master-pieces we may name "The High-
land Drover's Departure" and " Horses at the Fountain,"
after Landseer, and "Christ Blessing Little Children,"
after Eastiake. Died in 1867.

Wfttt, (Robert.) a Scottish physician and medical
writer, born in Ayrshire in 1774. He was president of
the Faculty of Physiciani and Surgeons at Glasgow,
and published, among other worki, a "Treatise on the
History, Nature, and Treatment of Chin-Cough." He
also comgiled the " Bibjiotheca Britannica. or a General
Index toBrltiib and Foreign Literature," (4 vols-, iBaa)
Died in 1E19.

Watteau or Wataan, vl'ty, (ANTOtNE.) a French
r, born at Vatenciennea in 1684. He studied under

Horace Walpole observes, "Watieau's shepherdesses
—nay, his very sheep — are coquet; yet, though he fell
short of the dignified grace of the Ilaliaiis, there Is an
easy air in liia ngures, and that more fartiiliar species of
the graceful which we call genteel" His works are very
numerous. He died in 1731.

WattaiBon, (Henry,) journalist, bom at Washing-
ton, D. C, in l&fo. EogBged early in journalism, was
a Confederste staff officer in the Civil War, and in 1S67
purchased the "Louisville Journal," which later became
the " Courier- Journal" and one of the leading Demo-
cratic papers in the country. Served one term io Con-
gress, declined a re-election, and has gained distinctioo
as a journalist, orator, and writer-

Watt«TiUe,de,dehvlt'*«l',(AixiLPHKduQrmbe—
diigrab,) BARoif, a French economist, bom in Paris in

• Quoted

Iiiiriie^'i-'LireofW

etc Died November iS, i366.

Wattter, vft?:!'. (Charles fMti.R,) a French paint-
er. w;as born in Paris in 1800 . died Novembet Ji,' iS&&

Watts, w^ (Alaric Alexander,) poet and jcor-
naliat, bom at London in 1799. Edited " Tlie Utenry
Souvenir" and other papers and published "lyrics tiT
the Heart and Other Poems," (1851.) Died in 1S64.

Watta, (GeORCR Frederick,) an English pnatef,
born in London in lita. Among his prindpil works
we may name hia '*Oilanda pursuing the Fata Uof
gana," "Alfred Inciting the Saxons to Maritime Enter*
prise," and "The School of Legislation," a fresov b
Lincoln's Inn. Died July t, 1904.

Watta, (Hehby,) F-R-S., an Eneltsh chemise born
about 1S24. He translated Gmclin s "Haod-Book of
Chemistry," (18 vols., 1840-^1,) bu; is best known for
his great "Dictionary of Chemistry," (S vols., l86l-Xl.)^
Died June 30, 1884.

VTatts, (ISAAC,) an eminent English divine and saa«d
poet, bom at Southampton In 1671L He was educated
at an Independent academy In London, where he ditlln-
guished himseirby his attammenls in theology, Hebrcw,-
logic, and Latin [H>etry. In 1696 he became tutor lu the
son of Sir John Hartopp. at Stoke Newington, and in
1701 succeeded Dr- Chauncy as pasltw of the Inde-
pendent Church in Mark Lane, London. Having bee«
attacked with a severe illness in 1711, he was compelled
to retire for a time from his oiBce, and, on the invitation
of Sir Thomas Abney, went to reside in bis (»m\j al
Theobalds, where he remained till his death, a penod
of nearly forty years. He died in T74S, and a monument
—" erected over his grave by his devoted friends Sir

John Hartopp and Lady Abney. Among his principal
works we may name " Divine Songs attempted in Easy
Language for the Use of Children," (17x0,) "Logic, or
the Right Use of Reason in the Inquiry after Truth,"
etc," (171O "The improvement of the Mind," (17411)
"Three Dissertations relating to the Christian Doctrine
of theTrinity,''"The Art of Reading and Writing Eng-
lish," and " Hor« LyriCB." HI* •' Psalms and Hymns^
give him the first rank among English hymn-writers.

Watta, (Thomas,) an Englishman, bom in London,
was employed many years in the British Museum, and
caused one hundred thousand volumes of American
books to be added to the library. He was appointed
keeper of the printed books of that museum in 1S6&
Died in 1S69.

Wat Tyler. See Tyler.

^attgn, waw, (Alexander,) a Scottish ministir of
the United Secession Church, born in Berwickshire in
17J4. He settled in London tn 1781, became an elo-
quent and popular minister, and preached in thai cilj
forty. four years. Died in 1817.

SeeCHAiiius,"Bi<ienphicilDiclinnaT]Fof Eninenl Scounten."

VTaugh, waw, (Bevekly,) D-D., an American Meth-
odist bishott born in Fairfax county, Virginia, October
25> 17S9- He became a preacher in tSo9, and in 1S36
was chosen a bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Chorcn.
Died at Baltimore, February 9, 1858.

Wangh, waw, (Edwin,) an English poet, bom at
Rochdale. January 29, iSiS. He became a printer and
bookseller, and was author of "Lancashire Sketches,*
" Poems and Lancashire Songs," " Tufts of Heather,*
(talcs,) " Rambles in the Lake Country," " Rambin and
Reveries," and other inlumcs. Died April 30, 1890L

Watigh, (Frederick Judd,) artist, bom at BonleD-
town, New Jersey, in i85l. Was educated in art at
Philadelphia and Paris, illustrated for London papets,
and is represented bypictures at variousgalleries in Eng-
land and the United States.— Iba Waugh, his sister, tHKn
at Philadelphia, is also an artist of ability, her princi-
pal picture being " Hagar and Ishmael," at the Peinn-
tylvania Academy of the Fme Arts.

Wautero, wQw'ters,? (Charles AucocfiM.) a Be9>
gian painter of high reputation, was bom ^t Boom ia
iSt I. Among his works are " The Passage of the Kcd
Sea," and " Peter the Hermit preaching a Crusade." 1 1«
" ■ -'" Died November 4. 1 8G9

became a resident of Brussels.

I, ^ I, Ok 0, f, /<>)y; 1, i, 4, sanie, lets prolonged; i, i, 1, 0, ii, IT, ^A^'; f, C, i, 0, <idn»rr; fir, fUl, Cll; init; ndtj gS&d;

WAUTERS

WantAn, (Eutu CmakusJ a Bcleian piinlet.boni
h Bruueli, November 39, 1S46. At in earl)' age he
took a prominent place a> ■ painter of historical plcluret.

WaWTZecki, vav-zhds'kee. (Thomas.) Count, ■
Polish general, succeeded Kosciuiko as commander of
the army in 1794. On the capture of Warsaw by Su-
warow, NovemSer, 1794, ha retired to Sindomir, nhere
he was taken prisoner. He was liberated b 1797. Died
In 181&

way, (Albckt,) an English archjeologist, bom at
^ath, June 13. iSoS- He was the ronndct of the ■* Ar>
ChsEological Institute of Cteal Britain and Ireland," and
~ ~ in and other peri-

LAND, Aee'llnt: Anglo-Saxon Veland, vl'lint; Fr.
Gallans, EllliN'i Norse Volijndr, Li., "skilful,"
from the root ofiml/'and^ij!;,) in the Norse, German,
and English folk-lore, a celebrated blacksmith and
wiiard, whose myth assames many forms. He b even
. one of the characters of Scott's " Kenil worth." The
Norse aagas make him of the race of the sea-iotuns.
Wayland, lik« Vulcan, was lame, and, like Dxdalus, he
made wings and could fly. The story assumes a thou-
•and forms, and In its varied aspects seems to be the
common property of the whole Aryan race.

^mj'lfnd, (Fkancis,) D,D., an eminent Baptist
divine, born in New York in March, 1796. He gradu-
ated at Union College in iSn, and subsequently studied
at the Andover Theological Seminary. In iSi6 he was
chosen president of Brown University at Providence,
Rhode Island. Among his principal works are "Ele-
ments of Moral Science," (1S35,) " Elements of Political
Economy," (i837>) "Limitations of Human Respmsl-
bUitjr," <i840,) a correspondence with Dr. Fuller on the
subject of slavery, entitled "Christianity and Slavery,"
(1S45,) and "Intellectual Philosophy," (1SS4.) Died in
l86j. "I think." says R. \V. Griswold, "that his
■Treatise on Human Responsibility* will be looked
upon as one of the great guiding monununts of human
thought in the deparimetit to which it refers."

" "" - "Pi™* WHietsof Amencii.'' nj64r Alusoit^

iT f nndi wiTtiiiil," t7 his

"DiciionuT <ji Aulhon j"

»IIU..Bt7.

Wl7n«,(Atn'H0MV,) an able American genera), bont
in Chester county, Pennsylvania,. in January, 174J. He
followed the busmess of a surveyor in his youth, (ormed
a friendship with Dr. Franklin, and married about 1767
a Miss Penrose, of Philadelphia. He alterwards lived
on a farm in his rvalive countyi was elected a member
of the General Assembly in 1774, and was a member of
•'■- ~— ""!"-eof safety m 1775. In this year he raised

coIoneL He servedat thebattleofThrce Rivers, Canada,
in June, 177S, soon aiUr which he took command of Fort
Ticondcroga, and was appointed a brigadier-general
About May, 1777, he joined the army of Washington in
New Jersey. He commanded a division at the battle
of Brandywine, where he distinguished himself, Sep-
tember, 1777, and led the richt wing at the battle of
Germantown, in October of that year. Ilis conduct at
the battle of Monmouth (June, 177S) was commended
by General Washington. His most brilliant achieve-
ment was the capture of the ilrong fortificaiion of Stony
Point, on the Hudson River, which he surprised and took
^assault on the night of July 1;, 1779, for which exploit
Congress gave him a vote 01 thanks. He was wounded
h the he^ ii\ this action. He served at the battle of
Green Springs, Vir^nia, in July, 17S0, and took part in
the capture of the British army at Yorktown, October
19, 17S1. After this event he commanded in Georgia,
and defeated the Indians. He was a member of the
convention which ratified the Constitution of the United
States, in December, 1787. He was raised to the rank
of major-general, and was appointed in 1791 commander
of the army sent against the Indians, In August, 1794,
he gained a complete victory over the Mlamis in West-
ern Ohio. Although he was sometimes called "Mad
Anthony," on account of his dating and impetuous
valour, he was not deficient in prudence and judgment
He died at Presquc Isle, on Lake Erie, in December,

^JT"

n BiofTjphv,

Ufc sf Cencnl ABIhanr Wijpna," is

WSyn'floto, (William,) was created BUhop of
Winchester in 1447, and lord chancellor in 145& H«
(bunded Magdalene College, Oxford. Died in 14S6.

WaalB, weel, (John,) an English publisher, bom
about 1791, lived in London. He edited several uselnl
scientific works. Died in December, 1S63.

^iVfla'Tfr, (Georgb Suuner,) D.D., an American
Universalist minister, born at Rockingham, Vermont
December 14, i8i3. He became a lawyer, but was
ordained about 1S4S. His principal works are " Mental
Science," (1S51,) " Hopes and Helps for the Young,"
(1851,) "Aims and Aids for Girls,'' (18S4,) "Way* of
Ufe," "The Christian Household," (1853,) "The Open
Way," (1873,) "Moses and Modem Science," (1874,!
"The Heart of the World." (1883,) and "Uvea itui
Graves of our Presidents," [1SS4.) Several of thesa
works have had very extensive currency.

WBa'T^r or ^•o'v^r, (Johw.) an English antC*
quarr, was born in 1576, probably in Lancasblie^ Ha

Eublished a work entitled "Ancient Funeral Monsmenla
I Great Britain." Died in 1631.

Woavar, (Thomas,) an Engllsl

...e eighteenth century, studied hl — ... _

Werner at Frelberi^ He published " Memoirs on the
Geology oi the East and Sonth of Ireland," and other
works of the kind. He was a Fellow of the Rojvl
Society and a member of the Geologiol Sodety, Died
in 18s J.

Webb, (Alsxandek S.,) an American general, a son
of Tame* Watson Webb, was bom about 1S34. Ha
graduated at West Point in 1855, was wounded at Get-
tvsburg, July 1-3, 1863, served at the battle of the Wil-
derness, May 5 and 6, 1864. and was disabled by a
Honnd at the battle of Spottsylvania, May S-ia. In
1S71 he became president of the College of the City of
New York. He published " The Peninsula," a historical
work, etc Died February 13, 1911.

Wabb, (jAHEi Watson,) an American Ibtimalli^
bom at Claverack, New York, in iSos, He became t^
1S39 editor of the "Morning Coutkr and New York
Enquirer," a leading journal of the Wli% party. Ha
was appointed in l&l minister to Brasil Dy President
Lincoln. Died June 7, 1884.

\7ebb, (Philip Bamkkb.) an English botanist and
scholar, was born in Surrey about 1793. He Inherited
iple fortune, snd travelled extensively In Europe
and Asia. With M. Berihelot, he published a " Natural
History of the Canaries," with plates, (3 vols.) Amor^
his works Is " Iter Hispaniense, or a Synopsis of Span-
ish Plant*," Died in Parts in 1854.

Webb, [Philip Cartsrkt,) an English andqtury
and legal writer, bom in 1700 ; died in 1770.

Webb, (Sydney,) an English economist, bom at
London in 1859. His works include "Socialism in
England," (1890,) "The History of Trade Union-
ism," (in conjanction with his wife, 1S94,) "Indus-
trial Democracy," "Problems of Modem Industry,"
(1898.) etc.

Webbe, wib, (George,) a learned English theolo-
gian, born in Wiltshire in 15S1. He became Bishop of
Limerick in 1634. He wrote, besides other woriUi
"The Practice of Quietness." Died in 164I1

Webbe, (Samuel,) an English composer, bom In
1740. His works Include anthems, masses, songs, and
glees. The last-named compositions are esteemed mas-
ter-pieoes of the kind. Died in 1817-

web^fr, (Charles Wllkins,) an American writer,
born at Russellville, Kentucky, in 1819^ He published
"The Hunter Naturalist," (iS<i,) "Tales of the Southern
Border," (1853,) and "Cold-Mine* of the Gila." He
was also a contributor to the " American Review" and
the " Democratic Review." He was killed in Nicaragua
in 1S56, while serving under the filibuster Walker.

WebT>cr,(JoHN,ran English artist, born in London
In 1751, accompanied Captam Cook's last expedition at
draughtsman. Died in 1793.

^Mt; ^asi; tiarJ; iaa/; a,H,K,gii/tural; v.naia/; K.tri!ltd; laat; A uinMi. (JJ^See Explanations, p,U.)

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urne, iSSi,) and i

born at Bjfield, MuMchuicits, In 17(9. lie beoune

BofeMOT of DUthtmatics and nitanU philauphv at
MTttrd College in 1739, and in 1804 (uccceded Wil-
lard aa president of that institution. He published a
"Systemof Mathemalici,"(i8oi.) Died July ir. 1810.

Webar, ftt'bfr, (AlbreCht Friedrick,) a German
SuiKril Kholar, born » Brestau, February 17, 1825.
He studied in UresUu, Bonn, and Berlin, andin ihe lui-
named universFtj' wa* made extraordinary professor of
Sanscrit tn 1S50, and full proressor in 1S67. lie was
author of *■ Indischo Studien," {1&19 ; vol. xv., 1878,)
and edited the "White Yajur-Veda." 11843-59.) and
many rtinor treatises on Sanscrit subjects. D. in I9C»-

Wsber, *4'btr, (Beda.) a Tywilese writer, bom m
1798, published " Songs from the Tyrol ,"(184*.) "Andrew
Hofcr and the Year 1809," etc Died in 1858,

W«ber, 4K'bfr, tBESHHAKD Ansclm,) a German
composer, bom at Mannheim In 1766, became chapel-
master Bt Berlin. Ditdini8it.

Wob'flr, (C tHTLipr,) a German-American artist of
rare tUil, bom In Hesse-Dannstadt, June 23. 184?' He
was brought 10 Philadelphia In 1S51, and studied art in
Munkh, NuremberE, etc., 1867-73. His pictures have
won priiea, (Sydn^, iSSo, Melbouri
medal In London, 1873.

Weber, (Ern^ Heihrich.) a tJerman anatomist
and physiologist, ton of Michael Weber, noticed below,
was bom at Wittenbeiv in 1795. He became professor
of human anatomy andof physiology at Leipsic in 1840.
Among hisprindpal works are his "Comparative AnaJ-
omy oTihe Sympathetic Nerre/'fiSi?,) and " Anatomical
tftd Phy^logical Annotations," (in Latin.) Died Janu-
ary 16, 1878. HU brother Eduard Frieorich (bom
1S06. died 1S71) published sererit physiological treaiiaei.

Weber, M'bfv or rfbala', (FKlDiEiC,) a Swiss en-

Kaver, bom at lUle in 1813. He became a resident of
iris, and engraTed many portraits. Died in 1881.

Weber, (GiorcJ a Cerinan htotoriaa, born at Bere-
nbem. in Khenlsti Bavaria, February lo, 1S08. He
wa* educated at ErUngen,aiid became a profeasoi and
director la tiM Superior Commnnal School at Heidel-
berg. H« poblishcd two wcll-kDOwa work* on " Uni-
versal History," (the larger in 13 *oU.,) alao a " History
^ German Uterainte," a " History of the Israelite*,"
«c Died in 1888. , _,

Weber, (GoTTFunD,) a German eompocer and writer
•pon rnoMC, bom at Freinsheim In 1719; died In 1839.

Weber, (HiNItv Wiluau,) an annquarian writer, of
German extraction, wa* bora at Saint Petersburg in 1783.
He seUled In Scotland, where bo published a poem
entitled •• The Battle of Flodden Field," and " Metrical
Romance* of the Thirteenth, Foanccnth, and Fiftetnth
Cenlurie*." Died in t8t8.

Weber, {Karl Jt;LiiiS,) a German wnter, bom at
LanoenborginijfiT. His chief work U (
of GermsD* Travelling in Germany," , _

Weber, (MichablO a German ProtesUnt theologiaik
bom near Weissenfel* in 1754, became professor of
divinity at Wittenberg. He wrote several exegeiical and
theological work*. Died in 1833. ...

WeVfr, IGer. pron. ^^^^(Paul,) a distinguished
landscape- punter, bom itt Germany about iBio. In
eatly Ule he came to the United States, and practised
bi* tft for many year* in Philadelphia. Mr. Weber'*
landscape* are rematkable for a certain aerial sollnes
which imparts to them an indescribable charm. Several

Ears sioce he returned to Germany and esublished
mseir at DarmstadL ,

Weber, (Thsodor,) a German marine painter, tiom
at L«ipsic May II, 1838. He has painted many ahi"-
wreck*. and is disJnguished by realism and by smoo
and solid lechnic and correct drawing.

Weber, (Vkt.) a German poet of the latter part
ofthe fifteenth century. He wa* the aolhor of several
Uttle-songs, one of which U entitled "The Battle of
Hurten."

8m LoHOfaixow. "Po«»«^ PeWrefSawit"

"Weber, (Wilhelh Eduard,)* German physiologist
and scieniiSc wrket, brother of Ernst Heinnch, noticed
•bcve, was born at Wittenberg in 1804. He studied at

on Eiperimcnti^" eKX, (1815,) "On the Hagneiisiii tt
the Earib," (in conjunction with Cans*,) and sevettt
other works. Died June 24, 1S91.
Weber, (Wilhbiji Ernst,) a German scholar asd

-^cher, born at Weimar in 1790. I' "■-^-' -'■■■---

of Herodian and other dauich
rorks. Died in iSsa

Weber, von, fon M'btr, (Emujucdel,) Cotwr, t
German jurist, bom near Leipsic in 16S9. He beaut
proli»tor of history st Giesscn in 169$ and publisM
—any legal work*. Died in 1716.

Weber, von, (Karl Marm Frirdrich EuotJ
Baron, an eminent German composer and musidan, ban
at Eotin, in Holstein, in 1786. He was successively In-
structed in music by Michael Haydn, Valesi, and Kalchtr,
and, after the composition of several work* of minor im-
portance, he brought out, in 1800, bit Opera of ■^Thi
Forest Girl," (" Das Waldmiidcben.'O He soon aOet
visited Vienna, where he made the acquaintance «(
Joseph Haydn and the Abb* Vogler. In 1807 he mads
a profiMsional tour through Germany, taking do his
residence for a time with Duke Lewis of Wiiriembeib
where he remodelled his opera of "DaaWaldmaddieD,^
wider -the atle of "Sylranaj" il wa* perforroed with
brilliant soccesi in 1810. Ho was appmntcd, in igij,
direaor of the Opera at Prague, and in iSiTbecsais
chapel-master and manager of the German Opera at
Dresden. He married the tame year the eelebrsled
"ina Brandt. His opera of •■ Der Freischau,"
eslecmed his master-piece, came out in ite,
received with the greatest applause at Berlin
and London. His " Euryanihe," performed at Viensa
S13. was less generally admlretL Having been corn-

«ioned to compose an opera (or the Covent Gaidca

Theatre, London, he brought out. in 1S36, his " Obero^
which was eminently auccsssfnl, being re|»esented
twenty-seven time*. He died the *ame year, of puln>
nary disease. Hi* remain* were removed In iSu
from the Catholic chapel at Uoorfidd* to the Euuly
vault at Dresden.

Sm ViCTOS HAoaini, ■ imit WoenpliiqM "■' C.,M. B«™
■ Weber," iM 1 BASSSoms, -W.bu, Ewi d* Cm-p-^ii*
Ufc" ■!«.: r*™, -Bleimphi* Umvmtll* i- »!™™5'£
ifwmll. Bi<whi« G*B*™1« ^' " FotajB (JiuimrijF RsTini- fa

Weber, Ton, (PhiliwKarl Max Maria,) Bxaon
. German engineer and author, a (bo of the precedint
was born at Dresden in iSaa. He poWished" Rolands
Quest for the Graal," a Life of his father, and many
other works. His treatises on railway-constroction art
very important. Died in 1881.

Web'etfr, (Alexakder,) a popnlar and eloquent
Scottish minister, bom in Edinburgh about I707' \j*
preached at the Tolbooth Church of that dty, and he-
came an inSuentisl citizen. He founded a nsehl ustH
tutioD to grant annuities to the widows of the Scottun
clergy. Died tn 1784-

Web'etflr, (Accusta J an English poet, bora at Poo^
in Dorset, in 1840. Her maiden name wa* Daviel In
1861 she married Mr. Thotna* Webster, law lectsiM
and Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge. Amcej
her writings sre " Pro metheua Bound." (1866,) after its-
chylus, "Medea," (1868.) after Euripides, "Dnmatie
Studies," (1866,) " A Woman Sold," etc., (1867,) "Pol-
traits," (1870,) "A Book of Khymes," (iSSi.) In s
Day," (iSSa,) and other volume* of verae, beside* "Lei-
ley'a Guardians," (a novel, 1S64.) and other prose wnt.
ings. Some of her books are publiahcd under the lumt
orClCiL Home. She was one of the mott thoughifil
writers of the modem school of poetry. Died in iSm-

Web'itfr, (Benjakik,) an English comedian, bom
at Bath in 1800, became manager of the Haymarw
Theatre In 1837, and sotiKqnently of the AdelphL
Died July 8, i»i. . , „

Web^et^. (Daniel,) a celebrated American ttatt*-
man jurist, and orator, waa bom at Salisbury, New
Hampshire,January 18, 1781. He wa** younger to*
of Ebeneser Webster, a ^rmer, and Abigyl Eastiaaa

i;i;C5Ajii^^^^*^KM^i«^i^;^^^

DANIEL WEBSTER.

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be was permitted to put a Ivge part of hit childhood
ID pUy, which be (kiulv loved. He al«o loved books,
UBong which Addison^ "Spectator" was an eipedal
b*ouiite with him. Having learned the rudimenU of
education ^ borne, and in the common *chool* of the
vicinily, he wu lent, in May, 1796^ to Fhillipt Exeter
Academy, of which Senjamin Abbot wai the principal.
Young Webeter was at ihat lime so diffident, as he hini-
•clf lellt ui, that be could not be induced to declaim
before the ichooL "The kind and excellent Buck-
minater," say* be. In his autotnogiaphy, "sought to
' ' — ••-- •aerdse of declamation lil"

«'to neribnn the
bat Ico '

B qoittcd the ks , __ _ ,....,.. ._ . ._

studies uoder the tuitioa of the Rev, Samuel Wood,

persuade »

Mhwboys, ,. .

he quitted the scademjr of Exeter, and pursued n

.._ . . ough burl

Uige (amily and hardly able to defray the expense, had
resolved to send Daniel to college. Having read six
books of Virgil'i "jEneid" and some of Cicero's ora-
tions, and obuincd a little knowledge of Greek grammar,
he entered Dartmouth College as a freshman in August,
1797- According to hlsown statement, he was "misera-
bly prepared both in Latin and Creek," and he had little
taste or genius for maibematics. His haluts at college
were studious and regular. " By the close of his firat
year," san Ed ward Everett, " young Web*t«r had shown
oimself oecidedty the foremast man of his class; and that
position he held through hiiwholecollegeconrse." He
was also the best writer and public speaker in the college.
Br teaching school during vacations be earned money,
which he gave to aid bis elder brother Ezekiel, whom
ibe family tent to college, not without great saaiGces
and privation*. This brother, who was called by some
the tandsomest nan In the united State*, becajne a
prominent lawyer, and ^ed in iSaa Daniel graduated
in August, iSoi, and began to study law b the office of
Thomas W. Thompson, of Salisbury, who was elected to
Ibe Senate of the United Slate* In (814 In order to
•am a supply of money for hi* brother who was ai
college, be took charge of an academy at Fivcbura^ in
Maine, with a aalaiY of three hundred and finy doSan
perannnm. Hcrcne remained about dgblmontbi^ and
fetnmed to Hi. Thompson's a&ee b the autumn of
180a. Upon coming of age be lolaed the Congiega-
tiofial (Orthodoi^ Church. In politics be wa* a tealoos
FedcralUL He wa* paisbnately fond of hunting and
fiahlng, both b bis youth and his mature life.

To perfect hi* legal education, he went to Boston in
July, |8(U, and had the good fortune to be received as a
clerk In the office of Christopher Gore, an eminent law-
KT and statesman. Here be read Vatiel and PuAendorC
but devoted lumself chiefly to the stvdv of the common
law, and wa* admitted to the bar in March, 1805. He
practised nearly two vear* at Boscawen, and in 1S07
removed to Portemoutn, New Hampshire. Before Ihia
date he bad delivered several Founh-of-July orations.
In June, tSoS, he married Grace Fletcher, of Hopkinton,
New Hampshire. He rose rapidly in his profession,
and was aoon regarded a* a Et antagonist for Jeremiah
Mason, who was the greatest lawyer in the State, and
wa* many years older than Webeter. In November,
liia, he wat elected as a Federalist to the National
noose of Kepresentatlves, in which he took bis scat io
Mas, 1813. He opposed tbe war against Great Britajn.
took an active part b tbe debates which that war o^
^aioned, and advocated an itKieas* <d tbe navy. Hi*
speeches on ibese Mibjecta plaeed him in the Gnt rank
as a debater. He wa* re-elected totb« fourteenth Con-
grcM, which net b December, 1815, when the violence
of iNirty spirit had grMtly abated, and the return of

Cace bad directed the attention of the national leg!*-
ura to new and Important quesdons. Among these
was a charterol tba Bank of the United States, to whid

M WEBSTER

Having resolved to retire ftom public life and devot*
himself to hi* profe**ion, be removed, in 1816^ front
Portsmouth to Boston. On this wider arena his profevi
sional reputation was greatly increased, and he benm*
in a few years the (oreraost Lawyer in New Ensland.
His argument before the supreme court of the United
States in the Dartmouth College case, in 1818, raised
him to the highest rank as a constitutional lawyer. The
case wa* decMied in favour of bi* clients, and by thia
dectsioo the bw of the land in reference to collegiata
chartcia was fimly established. Tbeneeforth he wa*
retained In nearly all important case* that were argued
before tbe supreme court at Washington. He also
exhibited great skill at a criminal Uwyer, in ctoa*-exam<
inbg witneeae*. »xA b baffling tbe deepest plan* of per*
iuiyandlraad. TbecBectofbttargtimentawasenbancMl
t^ a deep-toned, ransical, and powerfijl voice, and by
the nugnetitm of his imposing presence and peraonaJ
qualities. " Hi* inSuence over jorie*," taya " Fraser^
1" for August, i87<^ "was due chiefly to tha
ion of a [>ower of ludd statement with' bit
eatraordinaiy oratorical force. . , . Hi* power of setting
forth truth was magnificent."

Mr. Webiler was a member of the Convention which

et in t&to to revise tbe Constitution of Masea^usettft
Of his services in this Convention, Judge Story expressed
a high opinion In a letter to a friend, sayii^ "The whole
force of hb great mind wa* tmnabt oat, and b several
speeches he commanded uidTeraaTadmiration.'* In De-
cember, iSao, ha pronounced at Plymouth a celebrated
oration on the anniversary of tbe landing of tbe Pilgrim
father*. " Tbi*," say* Everett, " was the first of a aeriet
of performances, aaioe from the cfibrt* of the senate uid
the bar, by which Mr. Webster placed himaelf at th*
head of American oraton." In lua be was elected by
the voters of Boeion a member of the Congress whicfc
met in December, 1833. On the suMect of the Greek
Revolution be made (Jannary, 18x4) a bmous speech, in
which he denounced the principle* of tbe Holy AUiann
with powerful efleet.

As chairman of the

complete revision o __ .

State*^ which wa* approved by the House. He was re>
elected. In tbe autumn of 18x4. by a nearly nnanimont
vote, and supported John Q. Adams In the enining elec*
tton of President. In June, 1835, be delivered an oraUon
~ ~ bying tbe comer-stone of the Banker Hill Mono-

nt. To the same class of oratloM belong* his admi-
rable eulogy on Adams and JeSeraon, pronounced b
Faneuil HiUl, Boston.^ b August, \ZVb. " His conBum<
mate sUll of composition and delivery," san Mr. Q. T.
Curti*, ''saTo to a suppoaititious speech of John Adanta
all tbeeflectofarealutteranceofthat patriot" Georga
Ticknor, who heard this eulogy, says, " Hi* bearing, as

pMAabspMle. HeaboranL. _

M a reaolntbn presented April s6, 181^ requiring that
all payment* to tbe public Ireasurr must be made b
apecie or ltaeqidvalenta<— which resolution was adoptecL

he stood before the vast multitude, 1

B that of absolnta

to the Senate of the United States. As a Senator he
voted for the Tariff bill of tSiS. Though not deeply
interested in tbe Presidential election of 1818, he sup-
Kted JohnQ Adams in preference to General Jack*o%
-Javing lost bis first wife, (who died in January, iSaf^f
he married Caroline Le Visi}, of New York City, b D*-
oember, 1819.

His most memorable parliamentary cSbrt was hi* tri<

umphanl reply to Hape, of South Carolina, who bad

affirmed the right of a State to nullify the act* of Con*

M, had ataailed New England, and had orovoked

'. Webster by caustic personalities. It ■

made In the American Congress. Hi* peroration end*
with the following macnifloent paasage 1 " When my
eyes ahall be turned to oehold for the last time the sua
in heaven, may I not see him shining on the broken and
dishonoured fragments of a once glorious Union: on
States dissevered, discordant, belligerent ; on a land
rent with dvil feuds, or drenched, it may be, b fraternal
blood I Let their last feeble and lingerlnQ glance rather
behold the gorgeoua ensign of the republic, now knows

<as4/taa/;|Asrd>taa/;a,I^K,fM»»r»F;M,iHwf;a,jyi/M';Iaas; (hasioMu. (^-See Eaplanationa, p. at.)

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WEBSTER n

■nd honoured throDghont the earth, itill fbll high ad-
Tanccd, ils arms and tro|ihin llmming in their original
losire, not a itripe eiased or polluted, nor a single star
obscured — bearinE for its motto no such miserable in-
teringitory as fVAat ii ell thii vx/rtk t nor those other

a and over the lind, that Other
dear to every (rue American heart — Liberty tad Union,
w>w and forever, one and inseparable I" "Webster
tad," says . M r. Curtis, *■ but • single night <n which to
make preparation to answer the realljf important parts
of the preceding speech of bis opponent"

In May, 1S32, he made an important speech for the
renewal of the charter of the Bank of the United Slates,
This Inll passed both houses of Confess, but was
Teloed by President Jackson. About this date he pur-
chased an estate at MarahReld, on the seS'shore, which
was his usual summer residence. He supported Mr.
Clay for President In the election of 1832, but in the
great crisis of the NultiGcation question, in 183J, he op-
posed Clay's Compromise Tariu bill, and voted for the
*> Force llill" of the Administration. On these subjects
Webster and Calhoun were adversaries in debate. Mr.
Websier became one of the most popular leaders of
the Whig paily, which was organized about iSt4,and
he was nominated for the Presidency by the Whigs of
Massachusetts.

In September, 1837, as a member of the Senate, he
opposed the Sub-Treasury tnll in an elaborate speech,
said to have been the most effective of all his arguments
on the subjects of currency and finance. He visited
England, Scotland, and France in 1839, attractins the
admiration of Carlyle, who met him at table, and thus
estimated himi "He Is a magni lice nt specimen. As a
logic-fencer, advocate, or parliamentary Hercules, ime
wuutd Incline to back him, at lirst sight, against all the
eilant world." He was re-elected to the Senate in

speeches at Saratoga, Richmond, Virginia, etc
March, 1841, he was appointed secretary of s —
President Harrison, after whose death he was r

was signed August 0, 1841. In compliance with the

^enerafdesire ol the Whigs, (whose interests President
Vler had betrayed,) he resigned ofiiee in May, 1843.
He was urged to return to the national Senate ; but his
private interest and duties dissuaded him. In * letter
dated February ;. 1844, he says, "I am now earn
and receiving fifteen thousand dollars a year from ,
profession, which must be almost entirely sacrificed vj
■ return to the Senate."

In the campaign of iZ^ he earnestly advocated the
ctectionof Mr. Clay, who was his chief rival In the favour
Bi»d leadership of^the Whig party. He opposed the
annexation of Texas, for the reason that It would involve
the extension of slavery.

He was again elected a Senator of the United States
in the winter of 1844-45, as the successor of Mr. Choate.
In December, 1845, he made a speech in the Senate
against the admission of Texas as a slave State, and ir
February, 1847. he declared that he opposed the prose'
cation of the Mexican war for the conquest of territory
to form new States of our Union. Alihougb Mt. Web-
ster and his friends were disappointed by the nomination
of General Tavlor in 184S, he voted for him in jnefer-
ence to General Cass. In consequence of the acquisition
of Mejdcan territory by conquest, the sectional cor"--'
relative to slavery became more and more violent
irrepressible, vrith an alarming proclivity towards dis-
anion. The houses of Congress became in 18^ the
scene of intense excitement about the admission of
California and the organization of the new territories.
The Imminent danger of this crisis was averted or post.
~oned by Mr. Clay's "Compromise Measures," which
jr. Webster supported in an elaborate speech 00 tha

WEBSTER

7th a( March, 1850. This comprtanlsc ct>nsisted of a
number of resolutions, one of which declared that the
territories should be organized without the ado]>i>aa
ny restriction or condition on the subject of slaverrt
and another, that more effectual provision onght to be
made by law for the restitution of fugitive slaves. On
the Rrst of these points he argued that he would not ie-
enact by human law what was already settled by a taw
of God ; that slavery could not be introduced into those
terriiorte*, by reason of their natural unfitness lor alave
labour. His support of these measures gave grcal
oRence to many of his admirers, and to the <^ponentt
of slavery, who accused him of sacrificing an importaBT
principle to a supposed political expediency.*

In July, 1850, before the final vote on the Compiomise
trill, President Taylor died, and was succeeded by Vice-
President Fillmore, who appointed Mr. Webster wbo^
tary of slate. On the 17th of July he addressed the
Senate on the subjects connected <mth the Compromise
bill and Witmot proviso. This was his last speech n
the Senate. He delivered an eloquent addresa on the
4th of July, 1851, at the laying of the comer-ctone tit
the extension of the Capitol at Washington. His lart
important forensic argument was on the Indian Rubber
Patent cause, at Trenton, in Tannary, 1S51. Amotw his
later ofHdal acts was a celebrated despatch to Hwlse
mann, the Austrian charg^-d'albires, occasioned by the
revolt of the Hungarian patriots. This document was
dated in December, i8;i. In May, iSu, he was thrown
from his carriage, and seriously injured, near PlymowlV
Massachusetts; but he was afterwards able to rertiit
Washington. After all his sacrifices and conceaMtn* to
the pro-slavery party, he received in the National WU|
Convention of 1851 only thirty-two votes^ aitd tlwM
from Northern men, although it was hnown thai he-
wished to be nominated for the Presidency. He died
at MarshGeld, October 14, 1851, leaving one son,
Fletcher, iMticed below. His other vaat and datigiitea
died before their father.

In stature be was tall, his bead and brain of great
site, kis ejei large, black, and lustronik He waa
greatly distinguished for bis conversational powera and
genial temper in society. "To those," axys CoRi^
*who have known Mr. Webster only in puUic^ it i«
difficult- to give an Idea of the genial atEBCtioiM wUcft
-at every pcnod of his life (lowed out from him in lb*
domestic drcle, and atill more diAcnlt to paint tha

earlydays." ___ . __, _ ,.
August, 1870, "the ^atesl orator that has ever lived
In the Western hemisphere. Less vehement than Cal-
houn, less persuasive than Clay, he was yet mote grand
and powerful than either."

"Mr. Webster," says Hallam, the great hislariaiw

ipproaches as nearly to the ham-idiaJ of a republican
_ natoT as any man that I have ever seen in thie conne
of my life ; worthy of Rome or Venice, rather than of
our noisy and wrangling generation." (Letter to Mnk
Ticknor, dated January ai, 1S4O;)

S« Gaoacw T. I^rrt); "Lifcof DanW W*li«teT,"*mla,.iS;B:
ChailbUhhah, -Prin>MUreorD>mdWabiiiT,"Tln: S. U
Kiupp, " Lir. of D. W.tan«-," iSj t j Mlncni, ■■ D. WtEwf, *m
Ameiiki^scbe SuutmiHiB,'' BctIId, rta; Sdwaid B*a»T1^
■' Hcnmir nf D. Wcbtler/* pR&icd 10 in cdiliog of WcIhbS
Callcctin Workt, fi rcli. Sti^ itlii: and his aitkl* as Duii
Webinr (n Ifaa -Hew Anwricao Crdopnliii.''

W«bater, (Ebrnezxr,) an American patriot oS the
Revdution, bom at Kingston, New Ham|Mhire, in ijyfc
was the father of Daniel Webster. He served in the
war 'against the French, and in the subsequent tut-
paigns of the Revolutionary war. Died in 1806.

wobBter, (Ezekiel,) a son of the preceding, bom in
'780, graduated at Dartmouth College, and acquired a
high reputation as a lawyer. Died in 18*91

Webat«r, (Ft.irrcHES,) an American officer, bom tt
Portsmouth, New Hampshire, in tSia, was • aoo of Ae

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d by Google

Mcnurr of state In 1S41 and 1S43. He enlisted u
colonel in the Union trmV In i36l, ind wu kilted at the
bii'le ofGaineiville, or Bull Run, in August, 1861.
'WatMter, (John,) >n »blo English dranmist of the

among the imniedialB laccesaon of Shakspeire,
MM t/ Ou, BibtA PoMJ."

WabaMr, (JonrR D.,) an Ameriein general, bom
In New Hunpshire aboui iSit, became a dvil engineer.
He terved ai colonel at the capture of Fort Donelton,
Februarf, tS63, and was chief M ataff to General Grant
«l ihe battle of Shiloh, April 6 and 7. He directed the
artillery with akill in ihla action, and was promoted to
be a brigadier-general. Died March iz, 1876.

"^eMter, (Noah,) a distinguished Ameitcan phi-
loingist and lexicographer, bom at West Hartford,
Connecticut, In October, 1758. He graduated at Vale
College in 1778, studied law, and was admitted *' '*"

bar in 1781 " "-*■ •^- "^

teacher. H.

I alier which be became a school-

(17S9.) In 1793 he began to fasoe, [n New VorS, a
(U1I7 paper called "The Minerva," the name of which
was soon changed to "Commercial AdTertiser." In this
journal he defended the poliej of the Federal adminis-
tration. About 1798 he removed to New Haven. He
expended the labour of manjr years on a "Dictionary
of the English Language," which was published In 181S
and was highly esteemed. An enlarged edition of this
dictionary was published in 1840, and a auarto edition,
revised by C. A. Goodrich, appeared in 1B59. Another
and greatly improved edition of Webster's Dictionary,
with numerous pictorial illustrations incorporated In the
body of the work, appeared In 1864. He died at New
Haven in Hay, 1843-

SHihc "NiiiDKil PiinnIi-Giin«TefI>iii1i>rilih«l AnMitanL"
*oL ii.: DknmiHCK, "Crdnpadia oTAnieikn LiKntan," nLL;
"Nsnh Anericin RctIm" Im April, iSig.

Webster, (Thomas,) a British geologist, bom In the
Orkney Inlands about 1773. He wrote a treatise on
" Fresh-Water Beds in the Isle of Wight," and became

trofessor of geology tn Ihe London Utiiversiij. Died
I 1844.

'Webater, (Thomas,) an English painter, bom tn
London in tSoo, studied at the Royal Academy, of which
he was elected an associate in 1841. His bvourite sub-
jects are children, and his best works represent schoot-
bon and their sport*. Among these we may name "The
Slide," "A Farm-Hoose Kitchen," "A See-Saw," "A
School Flay-Gronnd," "The Internal Economy of Do-
thebojFS Hall," " Peasant Children," " Hide and Seek,"
"The Wreck Ashore," (1S74.) " A Birthday TeaParty,"
(1876,) and "The Leiicr,'' (1877.) He was chosen a
BoTal Academician In 184G, and reigned his member-
ihip in 1876. DiedinlSSd

webater, (William,) an Knglish clergyman and

r}1emical writer, bom in i63g^ Ife became curate of
>lnc Dunstan. in West London, in 1715, and rector of
Depder in 1733. Died In 1758.

Wectael, vVshlf or Mk'^I, (Andrew,) an eminent
printer, born in Paris about isiovwas a son of Christian,
and was a Protestant He succeeded his father in 15^4,
and purchased the stock of Henri Eatienne In 1560. lie
carried on business in Paris until the massacre of 1573,
■nd then removed his presses to Frankfort. Died in 1581.

Wecbel, <biK'fl. (Ckrittian,) a celebrated German
printer, established a printlng.ofRce In Paris about 1517,
from which he issued many excellent editions of the
clauics. He afterwards settled at Fran kfort-on -the-
Main, where his business was earned on with equal
(eputation and success bj his son Andrew. Died in

Weoksrlln, won, fon MkHc^r-leen^ (AUOUTT,) a
German agriculturist, hum at Stuttgart in 1794. pub-
lished a treatise "On English Agriculture," aitd other
similar works. Died December 11, tS68.

Wackharlin, Aik'ker-leen', (Georo Kuoolf,) a Ger-

in various parts of Europe, he settled eventually ia
London, and was employetl by James L and Charles I
in several Important missions. He was one of tho
earliest reformers of German poetry, and he is said to
have first Introduced Into the lanf^uage the ode, sonnet,
and epigram. Among his principal works we may name
his heroic poem on the tleath of Cuslavus Adolphas.
Died about 1651.

S« Cot P. Con, "Nichriditn no doa Leben a R. Wxk-
hRlin'i." iSo}.

WeckherUn. (WiLit elu LtJDWic,) a Cermatt w

733. He

life an advocate of Edinburgh, where he distincuished
himself by his eloquence and the fierceness of his in-
vective. Having quarrelled with the court, he removed
to London in IT53, and was called to the bar a few years
later. He toolc great pains to eradicate his Northern
accent He became king's counsel In 1763, was elected
a member of Parliament a1>out the same time, and joined
the Northern circuit. " He was far from being a pro-
found lawyer," says Lord Brougham. " His strength
layindealin^wilh facts; and here all his contempora net
represent his powers to have been unrivalled. It wa*
probably this genius for narrative, for arguing upon
probabilities, for maishatling and sifting evidence, thai
shone so brilliantly in his great speech at the bar of the
House of Lords upon the celebrated Douglas cause, and
which no less a judge than Mr. Fox pronounced to be
the very finest he ever heard on any subject" ("His-
torical Sketches of the Statesmen of tlie Time of George

the two main supporters of the prime minister in the
House of Commons. In a famous speech Bgalr.st Ihe
Americans before the privy council, he induleed in offen-
sive personalities against Franklin, calling him a man
of three letters,— the old Roman joke for a thief, (fur.)
In 1773 he was appointed attorney -general, and in 17S0
oblamed the office ofchief justice of the court of common

Eleas, with the title of Lord Loughborough. On the
ench he continued to be an unscrupulous partttan, and
during Ihe short ministry formed by a coaliilon of Fox
and Lord North (1783) (le was chief commissioner of

House of Lords. When the king became deranged,
(1789,) he advised the Prince of Wales to proclaim
himself regent; but his desperate counsels were not
followed. He was oneof the members that seceded from
the Whig or opposition party on questions connected
with the French Revolution, and was appointed lord
chancellor in 1793. He retained this office until the for-
mation of a new ministry, April, iSol, and was iheit
created Earl of Rosslyn. He died, without Issue, In
1S05. According to Lord Brougham, "his frosperoul
career, supported by no fixed principles, illustrated by
no sacrifices to public virtue, ... at length closed in
Ihe disappointment of mean, unworthy desires, and ended
amidst universal neglect"

S«"Hlii«lulSlirKhc<orili>SlirtHniHiofihi'niieofCeorn
1II.,"toI. I; LnanC'urBiu,"UKiDf tin Lord thinnllDn?*
Ckahbih, " Bioi^iphial Dictkovr of Eiulntni Scomto."

"Wadderbiua (DavrD.) a Scottish scholar and Latin
poet, born about 1570. He taught school at Aberdeea,
and wrote numerous poems. Died about i6rck

We(Iderkot>C von, fon ♦ed'dfr-kopC (Macndi,) •
statesman and jurist bom at Ilusum, in Holstein, In
16^8. He became professor of law at Kiel, and prime
minister of the Duke of Holstein in 170;. He published
several legal works. Died in 1711. His brother Ga-
briel, born in 1644, was a writer on theology, pastor at
Kiel, and court preacher. Died in 1C96,

Wvcleklnd, fti'deh-klnt', (Anton CKRin-iAK,) a
Germait historical writer, born in the duchy of VerdM
in 1763. He published a "Chronological Manual of
Modern History," (iSi6.)and other works. Diedin 184J,

«BsA;;asr,-{t«rtf;ta*/;c,H,K,jiiMDW;ll,naia/;i,/R£aM';la*s;thKiini!ifM. (B^SeeEx^aDalion*,fka^)

WEDEKIND
"Wadcklnd, (CeoKC Christian CottuebJ Bakon,

the pretediiig, wis born at Struburg in 1796, He
published an "EncydopzdiiofFor«st Science, (1847,]

gang, noticed below. He wu Ihe tiutlior of

entitled "On Ihe Diaeasei of Public Spealtert," ("De
Morbis Condon at Drum.") Died In 170S. Hi* brother
JoKANN AiWLF publiihed Mverat medical treatises.

Wadel, (Georc WoLrcANO.) a learned German
phyiician, born at Golwn, in Lusatia, in 1645. He
studied at Tena, where he became profesior of medicine
In 1673- He was alto finl physidan (o the Duke of
Saxe-Weimar, and wa» created in 1694 a count-palatine
and imperial coundtlor. He wai disiinipiishcd a« a
malhemalkian and Orientalist, aa well ai for hli know-
ledg^e of medical idence, and wa* one of the most vo*
lummou* writen of hii time, Amone hii prindpal worki
we may name " Opiologia," etc, (1674.) '' Exercitationes
Palhologicae," (1675,) and "Phainiicy reduced to the
Form otan Art." (in Latin.) Died in 1711.

Wadel, (JoHANH AitoLF,) a medical writer, a son of
the preceding, born at Jena In 167$. became professor
In the University of Jena in 1709. Died after 1746.

Wedel, (JoHAMN Wolfgang,) t Gernun botanist,
born in itoS, practised medidne at Jena. He wrote
"Botanical Essay," ("Tentamcn Botanlcum," 1747.)
Died in 1757.

Wedel, von, Ton fti'del, (Karl Heinrich.) a Pnis*
■ian general, born In the Udtermark in 1711. He distin-
guished himself in the Seven Years' war. The victory
of Ihe Prussians at Leuthen (1737) was attributed 10
Wedct by Frederick Ihe Great Died in 1781.

Wadel-Julsb«iB, fti'dfl yatls'biRC, (Johann Kas-
PAK HiRMANN,) a Danish statesman, was born at Mont-
pellier, in France, In 1779. He studied at Copenhagen,
■nd roM through several offices lo be minister o( finance
in \%t%. Died in 1840.

'Wedfwood, |JosiAH,)aceIebrated English artisan,
t>om in Burslem, In Staffoidshire, In iT3a His oppor-
tunities for education were very limited, and In hi* early
youth be worked In the pottery of an elder brother at
Burslem. In 1759 he established In that plac« a manu-
re called ^
bis name. A lable-scivlce of this kind wai ordered of

Sueen Charlotte, who appointed Wedgwood her potter,
e tubsequenil)^ opened a warehouse in London, where
he executed copies of antique vases, cameos, and sculp-
ture, remarkable for their accucacy and exquisite work-
manship. Among his works In this department were
fifty copies of the celebrated Portland vase, which were
(Old for fifty guineas eacli. Some of his compositions
were of such hardness and indestructibility as lo render
them invaluable for chemical vessels. His works were
not only of Ihe greatest benefit [o the manufacttiTes and
coTqmercial prosperity of his country, but exerted 1
powerful influence In refining the national taste. Wedg-
wood vrasa Fellow of the Royal Sodety, and contributed
several treatises to the " Tranactions" of that body.
Died in 1795.

Sh Eliza Mmviinv " Lift of J.VtipKxA, from hh l>rtnM
ConopcmdcMT " it6i : U Inm-r, "Ttw^VEdtWBOili,'' iSSj; J.
MtuvATT, " (^IlKiua iBwud) 1 HiiuitT of Ponnr," <>c, iSlo;
•'NauvctloBloEnpbit CJnfnlai" ■'Edinbuisti Rnicw" fcr Jatj
■sd Oclobtr, iK^.

Wad'mora, (Frederick,} an English art-ciltic bom
at Clifton, July, 1844. He became a journalist and mag-
aiinial, and studied pictorial and dramatic art. He wrote
"A Snap* Gold Ring," (a novel, 1871,} "Two Girls,"
(i874,f " Studies in English Art," (1876,) "Paitorats of
France," (1877,) " Masters of Genre Painting," (1880,)
" Four Masters of Etching," (1B83,) etc.

'Vmd, (Stephen 1 [.,) an American brigadier-jgeneral,
twm in New York, graduated at West Point In 1854. He
was a skilful officer of aniriery. He wa* kiUed at Gettys-
burg, July X, iSG], aged about thirty.

WEICHERT

W«ed. (Thurlow,) an American ioumalist and poH-
tidan, born in Greene county. New York, in 1797. H«
teamed the trade of printer, and edited aever^ new^
papers, He was an active member of the Anti-Masooie
party, and in tSio became the editor of the *> Albanj
Evening Journal,'' which opposed the Albany Regan
and was an able organ erf' the Whig parly. 1 le acquirea
distinction and great influence a* a pany manages far
the Whig* and the Republicans. He was an iolimata
assodaie and adbeient of William 1L Seward. In th*
Utter pari of the civil trar he ceased to be Id unitr
with the Republican party. He favoured the poller M
President Johnson In relation to reconstruction In iS66>
67, but supported General Grant for tba PrcsitViKy
in T868. Died November 33, igga.

Weakes, weeks, (1 Ienrv,) an English sculptor, bosm
at Canterbury in 1807, was a pupil of Chanirey, whom ha
assisted for several years. Among his works are stallMa
of the Duke of Wellington and Lord Bacon, and RWOf

in New York city in 1840, published " Poem*," (iSb^
and " Episodes and Lytic Piece*," (187a)

VTeoinl, (Mason 1.,) an American UofrapUcil
wrilei, was rector of Mount Vernon parish, Virginia
He was the author of " A Historr of ihe Life Bnd Dealk,
Virtues and Exploits, of (General C^orge WastuDsua,"
etc, (iSoo.) "Ure of General Francis Marion," (4th
edition, iSiS.jand biographies of Franklin (i8l7)aitda(
William Penn, (18*9.) They are wriilen bi > lively,
entertaining style, but are not to be relied, opon m

graphies

Died in 1825.
.wi'ninks,or'V7'aanlaE,wi'niks,(jAMA»
j) THE Old, an eminent Dutch painter, born at Am-
sterdam in 1611. He studied under Abraban BloenuB^
and afterwards spent several _years at Rome, where h(
wasextensiyelypatroniied. His works include pa*ttalt&
historical pictures, animals, and marine views, hi all et
which he acquired ■ very high reputation. Died in iHa
His SOD Jan, snmamcd TUB Youno, was bom rt
Amsterdam In 1644. He wa* Instmcled in 1 ' *
by his father, whose style and tivourite st'
adopted. As a colorist, he was esteemed anpe
father, and his hunting-scenes and birds ■
as master-piece*. Died in 1719.

s« " ■■■" - - ■ -

Chai

'Weerdt, da, dfh waiRt, (Adi

H.) a FlemUi \iaA-

born at Saint Gall in

history at Beilln In 1765, and wrote, t:

works, "Uemoirs on the Philosophy of WMorf^ (4

vols., t77>-79,) and "Universal History," (6vcili^ mt

-8ft) DiedlD Berlin In 1701,

Waganar, M'ifh-ntr, (Caspai Frrderik,) a DoJA
historian and pnotidsl, bora In FUnea tn 180a. He
acquired • hign reputation by several works oa DaaU
history. He Mcanw director of the natiooa] srd^vaa
in 1648.

Wagner, Mc'nff, (Gcttturt\) a Geraaa Aeolc^
gian, born In Silesia In 1644 He became profcsacw
of Iheohigy at Kdnigsberg, and conrt preacher, DM
in 1709.

Wapclialder, ftic'shfdtr, (Jimui Auotttr Lofr
WIS,) * German theologian of the ratJonalistic vdboA,
was bom at Klibbellngen, in Umnswick, In 1771. Ha
became profeaaor of theology at Halle In 181a. Hli
prindpalwork Is entitled " Inadtutes of Dogmatic Chili>
tlan Theology," (in Lada, 1818.} Died in tS^

Wehl, (Fbodor,) aGerman author, bom at Bresla*
in iSai. He was made manager of the Stuttgart cooif
theatre in 1870. His works were numerous, embradi^
fiction, essays, dramas, etc. He published in iSSj
an account of his veiatioi)s experience ns ■ tbcalricd
manager. Died in 1890.

Weloher^ «l'Kfrt, (Jonatmam Aooun-,) a (Sesmn
scholar, born In Saxony In 17S8, pabltshed cditNoa c(
' Mela and oflier claaalq. Died In i>44.

I, |,t,^ (I. f ,/««/; Ji, t> ^ saitie, leu prolonged j i, <, 1, 0. ^^ /4«rt; ^ t, i, VKtAtiiirr; (^. fin, atf intti D&i;g»(^ a^

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

4ket, (Herhann,) Count, a German prelalt, bom
In Nastao In 1471. H« ma elected ArchtHshop and
Elector of Cologne In 151$, and penwcuted the Prot-
nianu for a number of jrean. About i;4a he changed
bit course, and patrOnUed Bucer and otheT Reformeri^
Having been excomnunlcaled b; the pope In 1546, he
teifened In 1547, and died In 1551.

Weldlsr, *i'dlfr, (Johanh F>iu»ick,) a Geman
ulronomer and mathematidin, bom In Thuringta In
ttei. He became In 1711 professor at mathemaiic* at
Wittenberg. He publUned a number of valuable works,
In Latin, amonawhicb we maj name hit "Mathematicai
Insliiuiet," "Hialory of AKronoRir," "Astronomical
BibliographT," and "Treatise on Hydraulic Machines."
He was a Fellow of the Rojal Sodetj of London. Died
In iZSS-

WoIs«!, IHci'f 1 or 41'Kf 1, <CftHAnD,) a German mathe-
matician and astronomer, bom at Weida in 1615, became
professor of mathematic* at Jena. He was the inventor
of several astronomical Instruments, and published,
among other works, one entitled "The Mirror of the
Heavens," {" Hjmmels-spiegeL") Died In 1699.

Weleel, (JoHAKN AircusT G<nTLon,] a German
bookseller, bom at Lelpslcln 1773; died in 1S46.

Welgel, (Karl CHaiSTiAN Leberocbt— IKlith-
tlKt,) a German physician and sehoUr, brother of the
preceding, was born at Leipsic in 1769. He published a
** Modem Greek-German -Italian Dictionary," and other
works. Died in 1S45.

Welgal, (VAt.tNTIN,) a German theologian, hunder
of a sect of mystic* called by hia name, was bom at
Groasenhain, in Saxony, In 1533. His leading docirinea
are said to roaemble those of Tauler; and Jacob Btthme
was one of his moat noted disciples. His works were
published after hi* death, which occurred In ijSS.

8« HtLLraa*. "^lU V. Wc^dH,- 1711.

vr^gti, »oa. fon «tc'$l or *f'g?l, {CmtiinAM
BbroiifiKia— I'ren-fReet,) a German phy«idan and
naturalist, bom at Stralsund In 174S, wrote "Observa-
lione* Bocaniea," and other works. Died In iBti.

Walgl, IMgI, (Joseph,) a musical composer, born at
Etaenstadt, In Hungary, in 1766, became chapcl-maiter
of the lulian Opera at Vienna. His opera of "The
Swiss Family" iscsteemed one of bit belt work*. Died
b>ii&|&

well, Ml, IGun'AT,) a diatingnlshed German Orlen-
laliat, of Jewith extraction, waa bom at Suliburg In tSoS.
He atudied at Heidelberg, visited ^pt about iSio, and
devoted' biuiself to the study of the Arabic, Persic, and
Torklah lai«giiaget. He waa appointed, after hit return,
ttabtant libranan, and profcMor of Oriental language*.
In the University of Heidelberg, in 1S45. Among hit
prlndpal works are '■The Poetical Literature of the
Arabs," "Mohammed the Prophei," "Hiitory of the
Caliphs," and " History of the Mussulman Peoples boai
Mohammed to Selinv Died August 19, 1S89.

Well, (HI, IHiNKi,] a Franco-German philologist,
born at Frankfort-on-the-Main, Augosl t6, iSlS. He
•tudicd at Bonn, Berlio, Leipaic, and Paria, and became
a French citizen. He held profestorahlpa at Straaburg
and Bcsancon, and In IS76 became Greek profettor in
the CcoleNormale Supjnenre andthe£to1edes llauiet-
Etudet, in Paris. Moat of his publications are on the
Creek tragedians and on Demosthenes.

WflUen, M'fti, 0O9SPH,) (originally named Joskfii
WsU,) an Austrian poet, bom at Tetin, Bohemia, De-
cember aS, tSaS. He became a soldier, attd moat of hit
life was a professor In the imperial military schools.
Among hla works are " Phantasien and Liedcr," (1S5J.)
"Manner vom Schwerte," etc His tragedies are note'
worthy. Among them are "Tristan," " Edda," "Graf
Hoom," and "Colore*" Died in 1889.

W«m, wtt, IFr. prcn. *tl,l (ALKXahdu.) a titt/ratmr
•nd Journalist, of Jewish extraction, w»t bom In Alsace
In iSi}. lie was editor for a time of the "Gaietie de
France." and published a work entitled " Republic and
Monarchy," (1848,) an ■'E«*ay on Schiller." and "The
French of the Nineteenth Century," {1871.) Died 1899.

WelUer, von, fbn 411'ifr, (Kajitan,) a German
Jeacher and educational writer, bom it Munich In 1761.

h) iSai
Wei

13. Died fn iSm.

eimar. Duchess or. See Amelia.

Walmar, (BtxHAtD,) Dukb or. See Besnhaio
op Saxk-Weimar,

Welnbreimer, ftTn'bitln'nfr, (Frirdrich,) a cele*
brated German architect, born at Carltruhe in 1766. Ha
visited Rome in 1791. and spent several years in study-
ing the remain* of ancient ait On hi* tetnm, in 179S;
he wa* appdnted inspector of buildings at Carltruhe,
Among his principal works are the theatre at Leipti^
and the Standeshaua theatre, the Lutheran and Roman
Catholic churches, and Hochberg palace, at Carlsruho,
He also founded In the latter place an institution for the
study of architecture and the kindred arts. He was the
author of a "Manual of Architecture," (1810.) a treatise
"On Form and Beauty," (i^i9>) ^"^ other aimilai
works. Died In 1816.

St« M* Anlobkenpliv, ntttltd " DtnliwItnSxkehni ■(■ Wrfa>
bnnncr-i Libm,''^ ,t^; A. W. ScHiBina,^=^ WiiolmBBV,
Ehnknat," tic, iBiS.

WelnUg, Mnlio, (Chiistian TmoDOR,) a German
musician and conposer, bom at DreadAi In lySo; died
in 184s:

His son, Chststtan Alrrecht, bom In iBis, becanM

Erolestor of national economy at Eriangen, and pub-
■hed a "Manual of Theoretical Chemistry," (1S40,)
and other works. Died at Dresden, January 18, 187J.

Welnreloh, Ain'riK. or Weliulcli.ftln'r1x. [Valen.
TIN,) a German philologist and poet, born near I [art!
in fS53> became rector at Eisenach. Died In 1611.
walnilcb, <Hn'rlK, (Georg,) a learned Iheolo-

"ra

in, born in Silesia in iJSd. He preached at Lei
and published a number of works on -■---'--
in 1617.

Webuieta, (Jokann Michael,) a German writer
and Lniheran minister, bom In 1683, lived at Mel*
nungen. Died in 1717.

Weir, weer, [Harrison William,) an English artist,
bora at Lewes, May j, 1824. He was apprenticed to a
wood-engraver, and afterwards won distinction as a water*
colour painter and book- illustrator. Ilia birds and ani>
mils are especially noteworthy. Died January 1, 1906.

Wolr, weer, (John F.,) an American artist, bom al
West Point, New York, August a8, 1841. "

paintings a
Shaft," bea

ihaft," beaidea many landscapes, portraits, and genre
picture*. He also modelled a bronie statue of Benjamtn
fc:ii: -ij --lother of T. D. Woolsey.

Siltiman, a

August 30, 1S51. He studied tn the £cole des Beaux-
Arts, Paris, and afterwarda cttaUlshed himself as a
painter in New York. In portraiture and figure-painting
he Is one of the most tnccessfiil of the yoonger American
artists.

W«lr, weer, (Rorrxt W.,Tan American painter, bora
at New Rochelte, In New York, in 1803. Among his
best workt are "The Linding of Henry Hudson," "The
Embarkation of the Pilgrims," and "The Antiquary
introducing Lovell to his Womankind." Died In 1SS9.

8« Dnup, "Rim and Pncma </ tht Ana of Dcskb ■
. .. _ .._ ck J fht Anita."

isllat, bore

„ - ssively the

Edinburgh "Literary Journal," the Glasgow "Argus,'
and the "Daily News," a Liberal paper of London.
Died In i8sa

Weisbacb. ^IsOilK, (JuLiira,) a German savant,
bom near Annabcrg In iSoG, published a "Manual (or
the Engineer and Machinist,^ and several treatise*
on hydraulics. Died In 1871.

weisa,ftt'ith, [Lat. Wei'siuj.) (Christian,) a Ger.
man writer, bom at Zittau in 164a, became rector of the
gymnasium in his native town. He waa the author of ■
satirical romance, entitled "Die drei Hauptverderber,"
and a numWr of dramas, also several educational works.
Died In 170&

Set HnMiHir Palm, "C Wtb^ itix Thnat-MMortodw Ab
hinill<R>|b"iSMl S.GaoMIir. "Vlu6Wc<iH." ma

TuciuiiHitii. " Book of ih« Artiin."
Weir, weer, (William,) a Scottish }6u
In Edinburgh about iSoi. He edited *'

«Ml;fas«;|4<ftf;ftas>;D,H,K,f>>m>/n;.-N.»«'4/.-R,/ri//n/,-tas

, Ihal

ti Hit. t|^-See Explanatkma, p. J),)

iM'ltao. (Xaku) a GenoM /Wthnlnv,
born at Sigin in 1 770^ pnUiiheil a nnmber of hsoioroKt
Uh*. Died in 1S28.

ard phili«o|>hc[, bor

celebfatal u the founiler of the ofder of the lllumi
He becaoie profesKir of canon and natural law ia hii
natWe cilr in 1775. He wtotc, be«dea other works, an
"Apoluey '^ ***' lllurainati," (171)6,) and " Pythagoras ;
oc. The Secret An <rf GoTcinii^ the WotU," (1790.)
pied in 1S30.

Stt ComcMUiip. ■Wihliaiii'a StMdnJt," it«9 = "Hondb
Bucnphit CMnh."
WeMn*. SceWEinc.

WeUa. See Albikus, (BeiiitA*!^) ALBtmts; (Pb-
nus.) and AutNUS, (fOHAHN Giokcl)

W«iM, Hits, (Fr. pron. t^ss,) (Chablss,) a French
littiratnir, botti at Betanfon in 1779. He contributed ■
great number of anidea to the " Biognphle Universe lie,''
oTwhich hewiaoneof Iheedflors. DicdFcli 11, i366.
Weiaa, (Charlie) a French hittorian,bom.at Strav
tMTg fn 1813,'bettme profeasor of hutor^ at the \.yctt
Bonaparte. He poblUhcd "Spain from Philip II. to
the Acceaiion of the Bourbons," (1 vols., 1S44.) and a
" History of the Fjench Protestant Refugees since the
Bevocation of the Edict of Nantes," (1853.) Died 1864.
5« " Dbckvood'* MifiBW br Jolr, iSu.
Weias, *Iss, (Chrictiah Samuel,] a German min-
eralogist, born at Leipsic in 17S0. lie studied under
Werner at Freiberg, and in 1810 became profeiior of
tnineraloey at Berlin, Hii principal work is a treatise
"On the Natural Divisions ofthe System of CrTStalliza-
tion," (1813.) Died in 1S5&

W^S, wis, (John,] an American Unitarian minister,
born in Boston, HassachuietM, June z8, iSiS. He
graduated at Harvard College in 1837. lie was an ea-
treme rationalist, and wa* prominent as an anti-slavery
writer, lie wrote "Esthetic Prose,"" Life of Theodore
Parker," "American Religion," "Lecture* on Shak-
■peare," etc Died at Boston, March 9. 1S79.

IXTalBa, (SIECFMEIV) a German publicist, bom al
Danuicin l3l3. He wrote, besides other works, "Code
of Maritime Intertiational Law," (1 vols., tSjS.)

\7fllMa. <M'ith, (Christian Ernst,) a German
Jurist, son of Christian Fdii, noticed below, was born
St Leipsic in 1766. He became in tSi} professor of
criminal law In that city, and was the author of a
•■Manual of Saxon Civil Law," which is esteemed a
■tandard work. Died in i|ti.

Weiue, (Christiaw fixJX,) a popular German
vriter, born at Annaberg in 1^x6. He studied at Leip-
■ic, where he acquired the friendship of Lcising. and
•oon aricr produced (eveial ir^edies. which, however,
met with Utile favour. His "^lerry Songs," ("Scheri-
haflen Ueder,") which appeared in 1758, were very
Successful, and were followed bv a number of comedies,
•hich were also well received In I77S >>' became
editor of a Juvenile periodical called "The Children's
Friend," ("Der Kinderfreund,") which obtained almost
unprecedented popularity, and was alterwards imitated
\n Berquin In his "Ami de» Enfans." Hi* "Songs f<.r
Children," "ABC Book," and "Drama* for Chil-
dren" were received with equal favour, and they have
been translated into the principal European languages.
Scildes these juvenile production*, on which his reputa-
tion mainlf rests, Weisse published " Lyric Poems" and
"Comic Operas." He was for several years editor of
S literary jourral of high character, en til led "Bibliothek
der Schonen-Wistenacharien und Freien-Ktinate." He

died In t8o4.

VSmft," «c iM; CnniMVi, '-Cacbitli

WoUh, (Chrwtiah HiRKAMN.) a son of Christi;
Ernst, noticed above, wa» born at Leipsic in 1801, and

Philosophical Science
T Science of il ■ '■■

'(i8»9,) "Systei

' " " ll8i.,.

Sept. 19, iii66.

WELD

TTalMentaniii. voo. fcia Wi^.tS&Mi', (Johawi'*
Franiti. ViaowiCA,) a Geman actress ud draaude

' ler, originally naiwed GROKBUtB, was bom ai
773. Her work* are nnateroiis, and ono
considerable popularily. Died in 1847.

^'Peias'iiiaiui. (August,) a Gcnnao biologist, bon
at Frankfort in 1834. He attracted wide attentioo by
his "Eisays upon Heredity," (traiulated 1893,) ia
which be deoinj tbe transmission of ocher (bam rare
characters. This theory was vigorously cmtroverted
by stdenCists, and was sustain^ by him in sereial
other volumes.

WeitenaTer, M't^-l'vp, (IcNAnitsJ a G«n»aa
linguist and Jesuit, bom at Ingolstadt in 1705. Ik
published several works on langu^e. Died in tySj.

WeltUttg, ftitling, (WiLHCLM,) a German comosM-
ist. bom at Magdeburg in tSoS, published "Coarantce*
of Harmony and Freedom," ** Humanily as it is xndasit
should be,'*(i84S.)elc; Diedin Kew York, Jan. rj. 1871.

'WeltMl, wit's?!. |Got>ntET,> an Aroerion major.

general and engineer, bom tn Cincinnati, Ohio, aboal

S3;, gradnated at West Point, second in hi* dass, >■

1855. He served on the staff of General Boiler ia tk«

dition to New Orleans, April, 1863, comtnartdcd

igade under General Bank* ill LoaJsama in (863,

a division in the operation* against Petersburg,

Vi^nia, in the summer of 1864. His coniiDand was

foremost in the occupation of Ridunood, April 3, 1865.

He was promoted to lieutenant-colon^ of enginea*

in the regular army in 1883. Died Uarch 19, 1884.

Veltael, wit'sfl. (Johammc^) a German writer and
Joama1i*t.bomat Tohannisbcrgin 1771. He published
a "History of Political Science," "Letter* from Aa
Rhine," and other worka. on varioti* •ubjcctm. Died ia
1837.

weitiy, (AMIltA B.,) an American poetess, bora U
Saint Michael's. Maryland, in i8ti. She siib»e<)DeBtly
removed to Louisville, Kentucky, where she cootribtfcd
numerous poems to the ■■ Louisville Joomal,'' under tW
lignatnre of " Amelia." Died in iSja.

Sr CairwoLD, " Fimdi Po«» of Amenqi.''

Welcb. (John,) a Scottish minister, bora abool ina
larried a daughter of Johri Knox. He preached tf

..yr, was banished in 16-' — ' ' ' "^

Died about 163'a-

1G06 or 1616, and went to Frann

Wvlcta'nifii, (EDWTAKDk) an English cIcTvynian, bora
at Banbury about 1665. He became Archdeacoa of
Cardigan, and publUhed "The Thirty-Nine Aitidti
illustrated with Notes." Died in 1739.

Welcker, ftll'ktr, (Frieorich GomJim.) an e^-
nent philo)i»i*t and antiquary, bom atCriinbei^ b lyS^
Having iludied at Giessen. he resided two years A
Rome, and, after hii return, became »uc«3*ivdj[ pro-
fessor of archeology and Greek literature al Cicnea
and Gdtiingen, and professor of philology at B<m
bieina also appointed chief librarian in the last-named

university. Among his n

we may name " Die Aeschyleische Ttilogic Prometheus"
etc, "On a Cretan Colony in Thebea. the GoddcM
Europa and Cadmus." (1814,) "The Epic Cycio*; or.
The Homeric Poei*,"-(i83S.) and "Short Essays oa
Grecian Literary History," (i34+) He also wrote "Tla
Ufe of Zoega. with a Collection of hia Letten, elt
Died in 1S6S.

Wslcker, (Karl Theodor.) a brother of the yn-
ceding, was bom In Upper Hesse in 1790. He atadKd
al Giessen and Ileidelbern, and nhacquentlv becaM
profetsor of law at KieL He wai elected to ihe Upper
Chamber of Baden in 1831, and soon after as^slcd M
founding the Liberal Journal entitled " L»ei Fretsmni^
For the political opinions expressed in this gazette he
was arrested, but released after a «hon impriianmM
He was a deputy to the German National Assembly n
1848. He wrote several able political treatises, aad
assisted Rotteck in the " Siaalslexikon." IMed in 186a

Weld, (Akceliha Emilv OrirnkdJ ' *"<«' of S. It.
Grimki, was bom at Charleston, South Caroliaa, Fet
ruary 20. 1805. In 1818 she joined the Society of Friend^
in 1836 emancipated her slaves, and in 1838 married Ut
T. D. Weld. She won distinction a* an eloquent awi-

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

1, (LuDwio.) Barom,

CbrisUvi Women of the Soulh," (1836.)

Weld, (Charles Richard,) an English writer, bom
« Windsor in 1813. lie wrote a " History of the Royal
Society," (1847,) and other works. Died Jan. ij, 1S69.

Weld, (Horatio Hastings,) D.D., an AmeiiL-an
■utbor, born at Boston, Ma«sachu*ett*, in 1811. He was
bred a printer, became a journalist, and in 1S4S look
orders in the Episcopal Church. He published " Cor-
rected Proofs," (1837.) a " Life ot Chnst." (1851,) and
other works, and compiled and edited various books,
chiefly leliiious. Died August i% 1S&8.

Wold, (Rev. Lewis,) an American clergyman, bom
In Hampton, Connecticut, about 1796. He was pcincipat
of the Asylum for the Deaf and Dumb at Hatiford.
Died in 18(3.

Weld, (THEODORE DwiCKT,) an American reformer,
a brother of the preceding, was bom at Hampton, Con-
necticut, November I3, 1803. He studied at Hamilton
College, and at l-ane and Oberlin Theological Semi-
naries. He was early distinguished as an anii-slavcir
agitator. He published "The Bible against Slavery,
■■American Slavey as it is," and other anti-slaveiy
books and pamphlets, etc Died in 1895.

Weld, (Thomas,) an Engliilt cardinal, bom In Dor-
(etihite in 1773: died in i8i7.

Welden, von, fon Ml'atn,
German officer, bom in Wiitit
served against the French In the campaigns _ „

and was made lleutenanl-lield-marsh^ in iSi^ He died
in iSji. having been pretriously appointed master of
the ordnance.

Wel'dpn, (John,) an eminent English composer of
church music, was born at Chichester about 167a. He
was a pupil of Henry Puicell, and in 170S became
organist oi^lhe chapel royal. His anlhems are regarded
as master -pi eccs 1 he also produced several songs, and
other works of great merit Died in 1736.

Welee-ed-Dcon or Welt-Sddin, wd'ee ed-deen',
(Allmedi, iH'med,) a famous Turkish poet, born about
1438. Me obtained the office of vizier under Mahomet
II. Died in 1495-

'Welhaven, ftllTii'ven, (Johanm SEBAmAN.) a
Norwegian poet, bom at Bergen in 1807. has published
"Half a Hundred Poems," (" Halvhundret Digte,"
1848,) " Pietares of Travel and Poems," (" Reisebilfeder
ogDigte," 1851,) and a criticism on the poet Wergeland,
entitled "Henrik Wergeland's Poetry and Polemics."
He became professor of philosophy at Chrisliania in
1S46. Died October 14. 1873.

^7ellekenB, weHth-ktHs, (John Baptist,) a Dutch
pastoral poel, born at Atost in 1658, passed eleven years
In Italy, whilher he went about 1676. His idjls are
praised as natural and true. Died al Amsleidam m 1716.

Wflllens, wel'ltns, (Jacques Thomas Josefh,) a
learned and benevolent Flemish ecclesiastic, bom at
Antwerp in 1716, became bishop of hia native city.
Died in 1784.

Weller, «en?r. [Lat. Welli'rus,^ (Jakob,) a Ger-
man scholar and theologian, born m 1601, became
professor of Oriental languages at Wittenberg, and In
1646 first court preacher at Dresden. His " New Greek
Grammar" ("Grammatica Cr«ea Nova") was highly
esteemed by his contemporaries. Died in 1664.

S« RUCHHAHH, "MBBOril J. Welfcri," l<*«.

'W«ller, ftel'l«r, |Ut Welle'rus,] (Jerque or
HiEKONVWUS,) a German theologian, born ai Freyberg,
in Misnia, in 1499- He was in early vouth a favourite
disciple of Luther, in whose house he lived eight years.
lie became professiir of theology at Freyberg, and
propagated the doctrines of Luther by his sermons and
writmgs, which had a high reputation. Died in ij7t.

See LiHHU," Wtlknaredivinu;" HuiHU "lilcoIWiVer,"
to Lllin nne.

^Tellenu. See Wellek.

Wellee, wHz, (Ebward Randolph,) D.D., an
American bishop, born at Waterloo, New York, Januiry
to. iS^o. graduated in 1850 at Geneva Collrge, New
York, and was ordained a presbyter of the Episcopal
Church in 1838. In 1S74 he was consectaled Bi:ihop of
Wisconsin. Died October to, 18S8.

in Hartford county, Connecticut, in iSoa. He studied
law, and became about 1S26 editor of the "Hiriferd
Times," a Democratic jonmaL He was elected to the
le^lature of Connecticut in 1817, and was ap^Mintcd
chief of' one of the bureaus of the navy depariineni in
18^ About 1854 he separated from the Democratic
party in regard to the extension of slavsiy, and joined
the Republicans, He was appointed secretary of ihe
navy in March, 1S61, and, after Ihe death of President
Lincoln, was retained in office l)v Juhnson until the closa
of his administration in March, 1869. Died Feb. II, 1E78L

^ellesley. See Wellington and MoRNit^oroN.

W^eUealer, wili'te, (Lord Charles,) the second son
of the lirsl Duke of Wellington, was born in Dublin in
1808. He entered the army, and became a colonel about
jSSl. He was elected in 1S41 a Conservative member
of the House of Commons. Died in 185S.

WeUealey, (Richard Collev,) Marquis Welteslej,
an able statesman, born in Dublin in 1760, was Ihe eldest
son of Garre^ first Earl of Momington, and was A
brother of the famous Duke of Wellington. He studied
al Eton, and distinguished himself a* a classical scholar.
At the death of his father, in 17S1, he became Earl of
Mornington, and entered the Irish House of Lords. Ha
gained the favour of George III. by his course on Ihe
subject of Ihe regency in 1789, and at Ihe neat general
election was returned to the English House of Commons
for Windsor, In 1 793 he was sworn in a member of the
British privT council. He-was appointed Governor-
General of Wia in October, 1797, and raised to Iha
British peerage, as Baion Mornington.' In 1798 he
declared war against Tippoo Sahib, Sultan of Mysore,

whojiad given offence by intrigues or negotiations with

he British army gained victories al Mai-

'clly and Seringapalam, and Tippoo was kilted in

Itie French. The British a

battle in 1799. I>)rd Mornington was created Haiquia
Well^lejr in December, 1799. About 1803 he waged
war against the Mahrattas, from whom he conquered
the region between the Ganges and Jumna. He resigned
in 1S05, became secretary of state lot foreign affairs in
December, 1809, and retired from that office in Januar*,
1813. On the death of Mr. Perceval, (181Z,) the Marquis
Wellesley, at the request of the prince-regent, made an
nnsuccessful efibri to form a coalition ministry. He was
appointed lord lieutenant of Ireland in December, iSai.
Being a cealous friend of Catholic emancipation, he
resigned when his brother, the Duke of Wellington,
became prime minister, in iSaS, because the duke
opposed the Catholic daimi. He served as lord lieu-
tenant of Ireland for a short time in 1833-34. He died
in September, 1841, leaving no children, although he
was twice married.

W«ll'JuiaaeD, (IitLius,) a German theologian,
bom at Hameln in 1844. After filling several profes-
sorships, he became professor o( Orienul languiges in
the University of Gottingen. He wrote largely on Old
TeslaSlcnt history, sustaining vigorously the radical
views of the " higher criticism."

Wel'Ung-t9i), (ARTHua Welleslev,) first Dt;M

Ireland, on ihe ui of May, ijfa. He was the third sort
of Garret Wesley, first Eirl ul Mornington, and Anne
Kill Trevor, a daughter of Viscount Dungannon. The
original name uf the family was exchanged for Wellesley
aboui 1797 by Ihe subject of this article or by his eldest
bioCher, He was educated at Eton and at a military
academy of Angers, in France. He received in March,
17S7, a commission as ensign in the seventy-third regi-
ment of foot, became a lieutenant in December of that
Sar, and obtained the rank of captain in June, 1791.
aving been raised to ihe rank of major in April, 179^
he acquired by purchase that of lieulenanl-colonel of
Ihe thirCy-ihird regiment of foot in September of Ihe
same year. In 1794 he served in Ihe Low Countries
under Ihe Duke of York, whom ihe French general
Pichegru compelled to retreat 10 Bremen. During this
disastrous retreat Colonel Wesley commanded a brigade,
and distinguished himself by his skill and intrepidity.

«iwi;t>a^,-B'^'^' &■>*/>' OjH,X,/KAiini/;N,fMj>i/; K,lhUed:iui; ih as in M/i. ii£^Sec eiplanations,p..a»'

dbyGoogle

WELLINGTON »+

Msving been promoted to the rank of colonel In 1 796,
be WIS ordered to India, where he arrived in Febroarj,
1797. In 1793 hb eldeit brother. Lord Momington,
became Governor-Genenl of India, and declared war
■gainst Tippoo SahibL Colonel Wellralej contributed
to the victory of Mallavellj and the capture of Seringa-
patam, of which ha «a« appointed Eovernor in July,
1799, " Daring aeveral ]reara that he held the command
In Mysore," aayt C MacFariand, " he was fully occupied
In organizing the dvU and military administration of
the country 1 and io the execution of this task he Im-
proved hi» natural talents for busineas, and displayed
that quickness of perception and that sagacity and self-
command vhich have characterized him throughout the
whole course of his military career,"

He obtained the rank of major-general in April. l3o3,
waa aDpoinled to the chief command of all the Britiih
and allied troops serving in the territoriei of the Peishwa
and the Nizam in i3(t3, and gained a decisive victory
over the Mahratlas at Assaye In September of that year.
In this battle he had two horses killed under nim.
Having obtained In February, 1805, leave to return to
England, he arrived there Id the ensuing September.
In the next November ho wai aent to Holland with
an army which waa commanded by Lord Calhcart, and
which returned to England in February, 1806, without
having encountered the enemy.

In April, 1806, Sir Arthur Wetlesley married Lady
Catherine Pakenham, a daughter of the Earl of Long-
ford, He wM relumed to the House of Commons for
the borough of Rye in 1S06, and was appointed chief
Kcretary lor Ireland in April, 1S07. In August of that
year he commanded i division of the army which In-
vaded E>enmaik, and defeated the Danes at Kioge. He
was promoted to the rank of lieutenant-general in April,
180S, and in the ensuing June waa appointed com.
mander-in-chlef of an armr of about 10,000 men which
w»* leitt to Spain to tight against the Fcvnch. He
reached Cornnna in Jnlyi but, as the Spanish Junta
declined the assistance of a British auxiliary force, he
landed at Mondcgo Bh, in Portngal, which country was
then occupied t^ a French army under lunoc. The
British forces, marching towards Lisbon, defeated a divi-
•lon of the French army at Rolifa In August, iSoS. A
few days after this affair hia army was largely reinforced,
Init he was superseded in the command. The ministers
appointed Sir tiew Dalrymple commander-in-chief, Sir
Harry Burrard aecond in command, and Sir John Moore
third. Sir Arthur waa thai reduced from first to fourth
In command. He repulsed the French who attacked
hln at Vimeira, August 11. The French having evacu-
ated Portugal, in accordance with the Convention of
Cintra, in September, 1S0S, Sir Arthur Weltesley re-
lurned to England, and resumed the place of chief
wctelary (or Ireland, In January, 1809, he received
Ibe thanlu of Parliament for bis services In Portugal.

The victorious march of Napoleon to Madrid and the
defeat of Sir John Moore at Corunna induced the Britiah
government to increase their forces in the Peninsula
and to aid both the Portuguese and Spaniards. General
Wellesley, having been appointed commander-in-chiel^
arrived at Lisbon in April, iSoci, and found himself at'
the head of an army of about ss.ooo men. On the nth
of May he defeated SoDlt at Oporto. The passage of
the river Douro at this time, in the presence of 10.000
pKnchmen, Is considered one of Kia niost brilliant
achievements. About the end of June, I S09, he marched
h)to Spain, which was occupied by several French
armies, widely separated, and commanded by Soult,
Victor, Suchet, and others. A Spanish army undei
General Cuesta took the field against the French and

J allied the army of General Wellesley, who encountered
larshat Victor on the lid of July at Talavera. In the
battle which ensued at this place, the British claimed
the victory, but they did not pursue the retiring enemy.
Sit Arthur wrote, on the a^th of July, "I am not able
to follow the enemy as I could wish, . . . owing to my
having found it impossible to piocure even one mule or
cart in Spain. Mv troops have been In actual want of
provisions for the last two days." Victor, having been
reinforced, attacked the British at Talavera on the 27th

WELLINGTON

of July, renewed the fight on the iSth, and was repulaed
with heatv loss. The approach of several Frcn<Hi armiea,
superior m ntimber to tiia own, induced Sir Aniuir 10
etreat by way of Badajoi towards PortngaL He after-
rards pursued a cautious Fabian policy. In September,
809, he was raised to the peerage, with the titles of
Baron Douro of Wellesley and Viscoant WellincUD •(
Talavera.

The battle of Talavera waa the last action of tfa*
British army In the campaign ofiSoo. A lar^ Spanish
army was routed, with great loss, ai OcaBa in Novem-
ber, and about the same time the French defeated
another army of 10,000 Spaniards. On learning iheac
eventa, Loid Wellitrgton wrote, " I lament that a catne
which promised so well a few weeks ago shoold have
been so completely lost by the Ignorance, presumptioi^
and mismanagement of those to whose direction it wn
intrusted." He prepared for the campaign of iSro
" * the construction of the celebrated lines of Tone*
edras, near Lisbon, and fixed his head-^aarter* at
Viseu in January. His army. Including the Portugncae,
amounted to about 54,000 men. A large French amy,
commanded by Massena, approached Portugal frtMo IM
northeast in the summer of iSio. The French haviag
taken Almeida In Auguit, after aBhortsiefic, Lord Wel-
lington fell back to the valley of the Mondego, and took
~ strong position near Coimbra, along the ridge <£
iisaco. Here he was attacked on the 17th of Septna-
ber by the French, who were repulsed, with a loas whicl
the English writers estimate at 4000 killed and wounded
A few days after this battle. Lord Wellington was coo-
pelled to retreat towards Lisbon. His army entered
the strong defences of Torres Vedras abont the 8th 0/
October. Massena made several utisucceaafiil atOcki
on these lines, lost many men by disease, and retired ia
November to Santarem, where he passed the winter.
Thus ended the campaign of l8ia Lord Welljngtoa
complained that he was not efficiently sni>parted by iht
Portuguese regency, some membeis of which pcrrerselr
endeavoured to thwart his plans. In a letter dated
October 6, addressed to Mr. Stuart, he aayi, *• As in
Principal Soui^ I beg ypa to tell him, from me, that I
have had no satisfaction in transactins the busjness of
his country since he has been a member of the roven-
"enL . , . Either he must quit the counliT, or IwilL*
During the months of January and Fcbroary tbt
hostile armies In Portugal remained statlonarf. Mar-
shal Soult, who commanded in Andalusia, was ordered
to act in concert with Massena by attatJcing Pottagal
•onth of the Tagua. Massena, whose position waa reo.
dered untenable by want of provisions, began abont the

i|lh of March to move hi* army northward, and was
ollowed by the British. On the Ittb of March the
strong fortress of Badajoz was taken by Marshal SoalL
The British krmy defeated that of Masseiu on the 3d
of April, at the battle of Sabugal, which Lord Welliiqi-
ton described a* " one of the most gloriona action* tku
British troop* were ever engaged In." On the 6th the
French crossed the Agueda into Spain, and thna la-
minated their inva«an of PortugaL They left a garraoa
In Almeida, which wa* Uockaded by the Britnh. la

In the mean Hme an allied army mder Genenl
Beresford invested Badaioi about the 4th of Hay, and
Marshal Soult moved, with Inferior numben, to felievt
that place. The armies met at Albuera on Uie i6ib ti
May, and a severe battle ensued, in which the aOie*
claimed the victory, but admitted that they lost aboM
7000 men killed and wounded. Soult retired to Sevill*
and Lord Wellington, who arrived at Albuera about tU
lolh of May, ordered the dege of Badajoa to b* it-
sumed. Having Uled In aeveral attempta to take thai
place by assault in June, be retired towarda the nont
of Portugal, and reinalned on the defensive, iaaPMitiaa
on the Coa, during the autumn trf 1811. " Wetlingln
was aware," aay« Jules Mamel, "that Foctnne could nd
change sides at a Jeap, and that it waa only after repeated

I, • I. ^ a, ;, long: i, t, 4, same, leu prolonged; i, (, I, A, Q, f , ihort: ?,«,), 9, t^t-rt; fir, fill, at j mlt; tiBt; gd&li a

d by Google

WELLINGTON' 24

triiTi that you could win her bvoart ; . . . and Ihil
before acquiring the art of gaining grext victoriei it wai
iiec«uar7 to begin \ej learning to avoid defeats, and for a
time to decline all engage men is." Having gained the
conRdence of his troopi by hii exlraordlnary success
while acting on the defensive, he at length assamed
the oRensive, and allowed, when those qualities were
demanded, that his enterprise and promptitude were
not inferior to his prudence.

In lanuaiy, tSii, he made 3 tapid marcb to Ciudad
Rodngo, which he look by slonn on the igth of (hat
month. He also took Badajoc In April, before (he
French arnw could come to relieve that place. In the
assault of BadajoE the allies tost lOOO killed and 3786
wounded. On the lid of July Lord Wellington gained

er Ma -'^-' " - *■'-

_ dridin .. _. . ..

August, soon aAer which Soult ralsea the blockade of
Cadii and concentrated his forces a( Granada. Leaving
two diviiions at Madrid, Wellington moved his army

northward, entered Valladoli^ — •■■- — "■ "' " ""-

and marched thence to Burg . .

defended by a sarrison of 3000 Frenchmen. He spent
nearly five weeks in (he siege of this place, which he
oould not lake, and about the list of October he began
to retreat towards Portugal through Salamanca, closely
pursued bv General Souham. The campaign of 1813

closed wiihr ■ — -.1-- l....-- — t- «_!.!.,.

was rewarde — , — , ..

Marquis of Wellington, About the end of tSia he was
appomted commander-in-chief of the Spanish armies by
the regency of Spain.

TTie campaign of 1:

.: the allies across ._ _

French army, abandoning Burgos on the 13th of J<
tetired across the Ebro, and were overtaken at Viioria,
where Wellington gained a decisive victory over Mar-
sha) Jourdan on the aiat of June. The allies took here
an immense quantity of booty.

When Napoleon receivea tiding of (he disaster at
Vitoria, he sent Soult to Spain ai commander-in-chieC
Soul( attacked the allies near Pampeluna on the 38th
and 30th of July, but was repulsed. These actions are
•ometimei called "The Battles of the Pyrenees." Thus
was terminated the French occupation of Spain.

Wellington'a success In the wars of the peninsula
mast be ascribed in no small measure to (he character
which he es(ablished for probity and truthfulness. With
true moral heroism, herefused to indulge in the slightest
misrepresentation, even to save his own l^me. In this
respect his character presents a striking contrast to that
of his great antagonist. Napoleon, tn one of his de-
spatches he says,"! see a diiposition exists to blame
the government for the failure of the siege of Burgos.
The government had nothing to say to the siege; it
was entirely my own act." When his allies in_ Portugal
and Spain became at length acquainted with his charac-
ter, they believed with implicit confidence whatever he
told them, and he thus acquired a moral power equal to
the force of mighty armies. Afterwards, in carrying out
a policy as wise as it was humane, he refused even in an
enemy • country (in France) to allow his own troops, or
those of his Spanish allies, (o support themselves by
plunder, for hit object was not merely (o maintain ha
army, but to conciliate the people. He had been among
the hrsi to perceive how an opposite policy towards the
nations he had conquered was gradually, but surely, on-
dermining the colossal power t? Napoleon ; the plainest
o a 11 er

About the loth of Norember Lord Wellington marched
across (he Irontier into France. He fouehi with success
several battles near Bayonne between the 9th and Ijlh
of December, 1B11. On the 37th of Fcbruarv, 18(4, he

defeated SouKat Orlhes,froni which the French I

about 4600 men. The report of (he abdication of Na-
poleon arrived at Toulouse on the lath, and hostilities
were suspended on the l8th of ApriL Wellington

Weili'r

(9 WELLINGTON

rewarded with the title of duke on (he 3d of May. and,
after visits to Paris and Madrid, took leave of his army
on the t4th of June. Having relumed (o England, he
took his seat in the House of Lords on the 38th of June.
The House of Commons voted ^(400,000 for the support
of his dignity. In August, 1814, he was sent as ambat-
sador-eitraordinary to the court of France. Wi(h sev>
eral colleagues, he represented England at the Congress
of Vienna, which assembled in January, 1S15. He waa
at Vienna when he received iD(elligence that Napoleon
had returned to France.

In April Wellington was appointed commander-in-
chiefof the army In Flanders, consisting of about 76,000
men, mostly British and Dutch. A Prussian army under
General BlUcher, who bad about 80,000 men, was ready to
act in concert with Wellington. To oppose these armies
Napoleon raised about 115.000 men. On the ttlh of
June the French emperor quilted Paris to open the cam-
--'-n, and exclaimed,"! go to measure myself with this
llington," (" Je vais me mesurer avec ce Vi!Iainton."J
wellinglon attended a ball at Brussels on ihe eveningof
the IJih of June, and his army began to march on the
morning of the t6lh. The Prussians were defeated with
severe Toss at LIgny on the afternoon of the l6(h, and
about (he same time an indecisive battle was fought
between Marshal Key and the allies at Quatre-Bras, H1il>
cher is said to have lost about 12,000 killed and wounded
at Ligny. On the morning ofthe 17th, Wellington made
a reirugrade movement on Waterloo, where he was at<
tacked ny the French about ten a.m. on the i8tl) of June.
According to J. Maurel, Wellington had then 70,000
men, of whom 37,890 were British; and Napoleon had
7;,ooo, excludine the detachment of Grouchy. It wa*
the object of Napoleon to drive the enemy from his
position before the arrival of the Prussian army. He
had made several obstinate attacks, without success, when
General Biilow reached the field with 16,000 Prussians,
at four r.u., and decided the victory. Blilcher arrived
about seven o'clock, and pursued the retreating French,
The loss of the victors on this day was immense. The
British and Hanoverians alone lost 3433 killed and
9538 wounded.

Wellington and the allied armies entered Paris with-
out resistance about the 7th of July. He restrained th«
cxcessesof Blilcher, who was atiout to blowup the bridge
of Jena and to commit other acts of vengeance. Ilia
first thought after the victory of June \% was to favour
the restoration of Louis XVIII. and to oppose the dis>
memberment of France. The allied powers resolved to
mainiain an army of occupation in France for live years,
and gave the command of (hat army to the Duke of
Wellmgjon. By his advice, the period was shortened,
and the allied army evacuated France about the end of
l8i8> He became master -general of the ordnance and
a member of the cabinet in January, 1S19, represented
England at the Congress' of^Verona in 1S33, and wal
sent on a mission to Russia in 1816. He succeeded the
Duke of York as commander-in-chief of (he forces In
January, 1817.

In politics Wellington was a stamich Tory. It (s not
Improbable that the long contest which he maintained in
order to preserve Europe from the revolutionary or in-
novating spirit of the French ma* have contributed tl>
strengthen those principles of rigid conservatism by
which his political career was distinguished. When
Canning became premier, tn April, iSay, Wellington
esigned his place In the cabinet, and succeeded Lord

passage in tha
House"of Lords.' He was an opiionent of free trade
and electoral reform, boih of which were demanded by

from civil and political disabilities, but at length deemed
it expedient to yield to the popular will. The bill (01
the relief of Roman Catholics was pasted bjr larga

• aa 4,- f as t: e Ai"^; t; as/; o, K, K,^ir»rv;; N,

/;K,/r'///r^;laai,-thaainMu. (tySec ExplaralionSip. 3),v

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

WELLMAN n

deatb of George IV^, June, iSjO^ and the French rero-
tution of theeTHumgmonlhgaveanimpetmtothecaiue
of lefonn in England. In the nen Partiament, which
met in October, 1830^ the friends of jeforni had ■
Bujoiity, but the dulie assumed an allilade of obstinate
retMtanoe to the tnovcmenl. He declared that "the
conntiy alread; possessed a legislature which answered
■II the good purposes of leaislation ; that the system of
representation possessed the full and entire confidence
Af thf> mnntTT-'' Havinir nrovoked a violent excitement

1833. Jn December, iSu, Sit Robert Peel became
prime miniver, and the Duke of Wellington aeaeury
lot foreign aflalrs. Thejr resigned in April, i83S> He
lad a teat in the cabinet foniied by Peel in 1341, bat

•fter it had passed the House of Commons in May, 1B41&
He died at Walmer Castle on tlie 14th of September,
Af/t, leaving his title to hia eldest son, Arthar Kicbard,
who was bom February 3, 1S09, and died August 13,
1884. The third duke is Henry, a grandson of the first
dnkc, and a nephew of the second M the titles He wai
bora A;»il S. 1S461.
Cvmparing the I

General William I ,_ .,.. _ _.__.,_,

and stubborn tn resistance, vehement and obstinate in
■Hack; bold, when there was a oil for daring; more
inclined to operate by a flank than by a front attack— ii

all these tbii^they resembled and matched each other;

■ - • ■ ri of folic

the English general was far b
_ , . tie of Wellington was like the heavy

blow of the battering-ram, that strikes straight and hard

ollowine up his point and of making
.... ry, the English general was far behin

Napoleon. The battle of Wellington was like the heai

_ d makes a great hole in the wall. The battle of Na-
poleon waa like the rush and irruption of a gigantic sea,
which, descending from a mighty height, bursts through
all obatadea and inundates the whole country to a great
distance."

Sm Ivuu UAuan, " VtlHMrm ;
n' hit Vridnp,'' 18]}: W. hTII aiwui. "i

.„ _„ .'-Llhotib

WtllinijDn," j*ol«., iSn: Chirlo HAcrAiuHi, " 1
Dulw oT Wdhnpon," iS]i ; SotFTKiv. " Ule of Wetl>Bfi
SMSUit. " UUiun UaiHoin of th* Dull* of WtUiuiai
■>}>; WiuoN, "Ul(OfthBDnkii/Wtlliivioii,-'iKili
I>aBii«LHOirr, "ViaduDncdiWitlinclon," iwIl.tI
"LiEt BfWdllnpo^" Ma: Ck*iul[E_Vo)ici,~UI*J
ign," 1S60.

Well'mon, (Waltbb,) an American Arctic expic

boni in Ohio about jS6o. Engaged in Dewspaper work
in Chicago and Washington, and in I S94 started north
from Norway, ht^iiofr to reach the pole over tl^ ice by
the aid of aluminuni boats. The enterprise failed, as
did also a second one in iSgS, this time partly through
an accident to the explorer. In 1907 and again in 1909
be attempted airship journeys to the pole, but both timei
failed. In igio be left Atlantic City in a large dirigible
balloon, with hopes of reaching Europe, but failed after
a flight of orei looo miles.

'W0UI, (dtASLMi William,) a dfadngntehed physi-
cian, of Scottteh extraction, bom at Charleston, South
Carolina, in 1757. Having atudied at Edinburgh, be
•ettled in London, and was appointed in 1800 physician
fo Saint Thomas's HoapiiaL He was a Fellow of the
Rml Sodety, and contributed to their "Transactiont''
"Expcrlnenu on the Colour of the Blctod," and other
Imtlsea, Hia principal work Is an "Essay upon Dew,''
(1814.) which U highly esteemed. Died in 1817.

Sm till AiKMocTvfir, iSit.

WaUi, (David AhesJ LLD., D.C.L. Oion., an
American ptibliciaL bom at Springfield, Massachusetts,
June 17, 1818, gradnated at Williams College in 1847,
and al the acienlific school of Harvard College fn 1S51,
received the degree of M.D. from the Pitisficid College
In 1863, was United Slates special commissioner of reve-
nue, 1S66-70, a eommisaioner on tan. legislation for New
York, 1S7CK73, and from that time till 1881 was employed
on qneslions of railroad arbilratinn. He edited hfieen

Totumesof the "Annual of Scientific Discovery," (185*-
Cj.) pub1i*hed''Sketches of College Life," (1847,)" Ycar-
llook of Agnculture," (iSj6,) " Familiar Science." (185^}
"Science of Common Things," {1857,) elementary worka
on "Natural Philosophy," (1857,) "Cbemistry,"^(l8saj
and "Geology," (1861,) and a vast number of pamphlcti
and reports on public and economic aubjecta. OriginaOj
a proieciioniat, Hr. Wells finally became an ardent advo-
cate of Iree trade. Among his more recent writiiw* warn
"Our Revenue System," (1873.) "The Creed crfFiea
Trade." (1S75,) "The Silver Question." (1S77,) "Vfhj
we I'rade and How we Tradb" (i8t&} " Oar Hcrdusl
Marine," (18S3,) etc. Died inlS^.

Wella, (Herbert George,) novelist, bom at Brom-
ley, England, in 1S66. His novels, highly imagfinslive
in character, include "The Time Machine," (1895,)
"TheWarof theWodds," (189S,) "The first Men in
the Moon," <I90I,) "A Modem Utopia." (1905,)
" The War in the Air," (1908) and many othen.

Wella, (Henrv Tanwokth, ) an English puniei,
bom at London, 1828. He became a Royal Acs '
in 1870, and was notable as a portrait- painter.

'Wella, (HoRACS,) M.D.. bom at Haiffbrd. \
January 31, 1B15, atudied and practised deatSstTj ia
Boston. He appears to have been the Erst to ciaplciy
anxsthetlca successfully, hj means of inhalation, fat the
purpose of destroying pain i ' ' ' ' ~

the I Ith of December, 1844, 1 .
Hartford, Connecticut, was placed, al
wider the influence of nitron* oxide gas, and a laiiii
molar tooth was extracted by Mr. Riggs, ^unns acaicJ*
any perceptible pain. AAer that date. Dr. WcUi, vA
other dentists of Hartford, oontinued with great anccesa
to employ the nitrooi oxide gas as an anzstbetic igr
nearlr two yearly when, ettcntioft having been directed—
chiefly through the Infinence of Dr. William T. GL
Morton, of Boston — to the aiuestlietic propertiea of Ht*
phnric ether, this agent, aa being m«>Te easUv procniej
or applied, was generally aubifiMted fcr Ow aitreaa
oxide gas. He lost bis reason in 1848, apparendy
through the injudicious inhalation of chloroform, and
committed suicide.

T7ella, (John Doani,) an Ameiican ph^Bdan, orf-
Dent as a lecturer on anatomy, was bora in Bfjatta la
1799. He was professor of anatomy in the tnedial
school of Halnfc Died In Boalon in 183a

Wella, (Sir Thomas SFBNtxa,) Bart., H.D., aa

ofMedidne,andin the Dublin hospitala. Me served ia
the navy during the Crimean war, and alter his rctaia
aojulrea great lame as a surgeon, chiefly a* an ovaiia»>
misL Died at Antibes in lE^y.

W^wcx>d, (Sir HEHitT Homanrr.) See Hob-
CKEIFT, (Hkn«y.}

Well'wood, (James or Thomas,} a Scottish p^
■idan and writer, born near Edinboigh In i6c^ pet
lished "Memoirs uf English ABaira from 158S to the
Revolution of 1688." Died tn 171&

^elsbaoh, von, (Carl Frbihbrb Auxk,) iuvaitor,
bom at Vienna In 1858. He was edualed at Heidel-
bei|! under Professra- Bunsen, and in 1SS5 invented the
Welsbach gai lamp, also the osmium electric lamp.

Welsohow, va'shD, (JORAMH Mai-miAs,) a Den-
bh historian, bOTO in Cr^nhagen in 1796. Wrote ca
Danish hbtory. Died July 8, 1863.

Welser, {Lat Velse'eus,) (MAKCin.) a German
scholar, borti at Angsburg in 1558. He wrote aevenl
historical and philological treatises, in Latin, and was as
Intimate friend of Galileo^ who dedicated to bim one sf
his works. Died in 1614.

Welser, (Philiitine,) a niece of Berth olondns, b»
ticed above, was celebrated for her beauty and talent^
and was privately married In 1550 to the archduke
Ferdinand, son of the emperor Ferdinand I. After he
bilier.in-law became reconciled to the marriage, b
created her Margravine of Burgau. Died In 1 580.

Welsh, (Alfrki> Hix,] an American educator, ban
"' Fostoria, Ohio, September 7, 1830, graduated at Bal^

*, e, t, 5, a, y, limg; l, *, a, same, less prolonged; A, iS, 1, fi, 0. J, ikert; », ?, t ft ebiaai; flr, All, St; mfc; nSt; ga6d; mKo;

d by Google

WELSH

»45^

WERDVM

wtn Univenity, Bern, Ohin, in 1873, and held profesaor-
■hip» in Buchlel College, 1871-75. HU principal works
ve " The Conflict or Ages," (i377,l ** Rhetorical Figure*,"
(iftBo,) "The Development of English Literature and
Lanftuage," > work of much merii, (1SS2,) "The Es-
•cntiais of Geometry," (1S83,) "EMentuU of English
Idiom," " EiMntials of Khelotic," etc

'Welsti, (DAVin,) D.D., ■ Scottish divine, bom near
MoHat, December 11, 1793. He wu educated at Edin-
burgh, and ordained in lui. In 1331 he became pro-
leixur of church history in (he Edinburgh University.
In ]B43, as modeiator of the General Assembly, he ted
In the act of disruption and in the formation of the Free
Church. His principal work is " Elements of Church
History," I1S44.) Died April 14, 1K4J.

'Wei'stsd, (Lbonakd.) an English poet, bom in
Notihamptoiishire in 1689. His principal poem is en-
titled "The Triumvirate," (1718.) and is supposed to
have been intended for a satire on Pope, who retaliated
by hit allusions to Welsted in the second and third
bonks of the " Dunciad." Died in 1749.

Welwltaoh,wirwIlch,(FREDEMK,|aDutch botanist,
born in the N e the ri an ds about 1810. He lived foi'eighleen
years in Portuguese West Africa, and published various
treatises on the plant* and animalvof that region. The
•erv singular plant Wfltailichia miraUla was discovered

a' nim, and named in his honour. Died in London,
riober 30, 1871.

WenoMlans, wtn'ses-laus or Mnt'sei-lSwss', [Ft.
Wenceslas, vBd'sislii',! or Wetuol, ftint'sfl, ion of
the emperor Charles IV. of Germany, wm bom in 1361.
He was proclaimed King of the Ramans in 1376, and
succeeded his father in 1378. He displayed the weakness
and cruelty of his character by cancelling the debts owed
by the nobles to the lews, and confiscating the properly
of three thousand of thai sect who had l>een murdered
hj a mob at Prague. He also caused John Nepomuk
to be drowned in the Moldau, Having made manv
powerful enemies by forsaking the cause of Pope Bom
bee IX., whom be had formerly supported against thi
anti-pope Benedict XIII., he was deposed in a Diet a
FranUbrt, (1400,) and the Elector-Palatine Rupert wai
chosen m hu stead. He died in 1419, having previously
abdicated in favour of his brother Sigismund, who had

Wen'(9B-latifl or.'Wen'99s-laa I., King of Bohemia,
born in 1205, began to reign in 1130. He waa a jntron
of arts and learning, and exerted much influence in the
■ffaint of Germany. Died in 1253.

WenoBBlaus or Weucealaa H, King of Boheoua
«nd Poland, a grandson of the preceding, was bom in
1171. He succeeded hit father in 1278, and was chosea

ceding, was bom in 1x89. He died, without issue,
1306.

WonoAtlAtuinWuieMlasrT.orBoHxinA. See
Wehcbslaus, Emperor of Germanv.

WeDce*I«ii>,ftent'aes-15wss', [Fr. Wenceslas, vSn'-

is offered him by the emperor Otho L

WandeUn, win'de-Ieen', [Fr. Vendklih, vftu'd^h'
Uui'il (GoDEFsol,) a. Flemish astronomer and scholar,
born at 1^ Lampine in i;3a He became canon of
Toumay, and published various works, among which is
'Lunar EclipMS observed from 1573 to 1640." It ii
■Uled that he determined the parallai of [he sun. Died
in 1660.

Wenaover. See RocEtt OF Whndover.

Wendt, ftint, JoHANN Ahadsus,) a German writer,
bom at Leipsic in 1783, became professor of philosophy
U Giiltingeii, He published " Rossini'l Life and

Works," 0S>4,) and was a contributor to various lit*
rarv periodicals of the time. Died in 1836.
Weneienkl, wEng-Be-tR'skee, (Andrkw,) a So-
Inian minister, bom m Silesia in 1600. He wrote a
History of the Slavonian Churches," (1651,1 , Wed

Wensler-dals, (James Parke,) Baron, an English
jurist, bom near Liverpool in 1781, He studied at
Trinity College, Cambridge, and was appointed a baron
ofthe court of exchequer m 1834- On retiring from th«
bench, in 1S56, he was raised to the peerage, as Uaron
Wensleydale. Died February 35, ig6&

■Wonf worth, (Bennino.) son of John Wentworth,
at born at Portsmouth in 1696^ He was Governor of
New Hampshire for more than twenty years:. The town
of Bennington, in Vermont, was named in hia honotn;
Died in 177a

^ontworth, (Charlrs W.) See Rockinohau.

"Wentworth, (Sir John,) a nephewof Ilenning Went-
worth, noticed above, was bom at Portsmouth m 1736^
He became Governor of New Hampshire in 1768, and
gave its charter to Dartmouth Colleee. Died in 182a

Wentwortb, (Colonel John,) born al Dover, New
Hampshire, in 1719, waa appointed in 17T6 one of tho
■ttpcrior judges of New Hampshire. Died in 1781. Hia
son, of the same name, born m 1745, was elected to (he
Continental Congress in 177S, and twice re-elected.
Died in 1787.

Went^vortli, (John,) an American Joumallit, bom
at Sandwich, New Hampshire, In 1815, removed to Illi-
nois, and became editor of the "Chicago DemocraL"
He was several times elected 10 Congress, and in 1S57
became mayor of Chicago, and again in 186a D. i8S8>

'Wentwortti, (Thomas.) See Strafford, EAKLOr,

Wentwortb, (William,) bom in England about
1610, was one of the early settlers of New Hamplhire^
Died in 1697. Ilia grandson John, bom in 1671, be-
came Lieutenant-Governor of New Hampshire in 1717,
Died in 173a

'Weutzel or WenssI, Mnt'sfl, (Johanm Chrii-
-TOPK,) a German poet and physidan. born in Ebenach
" He became principal of the '---■ -'t:..
ind published several poemi

Chow or

great distinction as a general and as a

governor of Chow (Cheou) for many years. He died

aged ninety-seven. His toit Woo- (or Wou-) Waho

became Emperor of China.

'Weasel, (Emperoi of Germany.) See WiNCULAin,

'Wensel, Saint. See WcNCESLAUa.

"Wepfw, *ip'<?r, (John James,) a Swiss pbystcUn
and anatomist, Dom at Schallhausen in i6so, was (he
author of several medical works. Died in 1695.

Weppen, ftep'pfn, IJohann Aucun',) a German
poet, born at Nordheim in 174a. He published between
1778 and 1796 a number o( poems, which are eoia-
mended.

Weiaenhagen. AlR'dfn-hl^fn, (Jokakm Anoc,) a
learned German jurist and diplomatist, born at Helra-
stedt in 1581, published several works. Died in 16^1.

Welder, ttlR'dfr, (Karl,) a German philosophical
writer, of the school of Hegel, was bom at Berlin la
1806. He became assistant professor of philosophy In
the University of Berlin in 1838. Died April 10, 1893.

Worder, von, fun MK'd;r, (Dietrich,) a German
poet, bom at Wetdershaosen, in Hesse, in 15S4. 1I«
became a privy councillor at the court of CasseL In
1626 he produced a German version of Tassu't "Je^
rusalem Delivered." He also translated Ariosto'i
"Orlando Furioso," (1632.) These translations are
praised by several writers. Died in 1657.

Weidln or ^iXr«redliL See Paulinus, [JohanN
Pktlipp.)

'Werdmnller, *iRt'mS&n(r, (Johanh Ruixjlph,) a

Swiss painter, born at Zurich in 1639^ He painted

-lostlv landscapes and portraits. Having commenced

. n.'_,_ i ;. j.„__.j ;„ ,1,. ciih in tkr.9

: Giiltingen, He published '

»i; ^»ai; giarj; iasj: a,n,K,pUtMraJ; ii,iiata/; Ktn'UtJ; saac thasinMj'j; (fySce Ejiplanjtions, p. 33.)

db, Google

WEREMBERT a

•ral oMlnl work* on tlM bi*tM]i of Friesland. Die
lni68t.

WJtir'am-bfrt or WBtlmb«tt; [Lat WiRunn'
TU*,] a leamcd Gennan monk, bora at Curia, (Coire,)
«aa a brother of Adalbert, a tunoui general of Clurle*
iiugne. He wrote commeiitariet on the books of Scrip>
tore, and other work*, and taoxht at Saint CalL Died
la 884 A.D.

Wufliifela, 1H'tfn-(lW, (PnER,) a Swiu Protdtaot
nlniiter, born in 1697, became prole«M>r of theotog7 at
Bile about 1675. m wrote leveral theologkal works.
Died in 170^

UTeiwalilm, [Lat WnaNrcL'titis,] (Samuel,) _
Swlaa acholar and theologian, born at Bile in 1657,
Vaa a ion of the preceding. He obtained the chair
of eloquence in 1687 at BUe, where he afterwards
became profcMor of tbeologj. He published, besides
other able worki, "On the Controvenle* oC Learned
Men," ("De Logomachii* Eruditoram," 1692.) Died
(«174C«.

Bm P. Rntnim, "Vin & W«niM»,~ imi.

Warenfelalna. See Wnutnu.

W«rf or WerU wan dor, »tn d^r wtnC (Peteji,)
Dutch patriot, born at Lejnlen in 1519. He wa« en
plOTed bjr William the Silent in confidential mission!.
Ai Durgomasier or Leyden, he displayed ^rcal lirn
and coneunqr when that dty wat besieged by th«

Wergeiand, weR'gfh-llnf, (IIbkrik Arholi>,) a
celebrated Norwegian poet, born at Chriitianiand In
1808. HestudiedaitheUnivertityofChristianta, where
be was appointed, in 1S36, keeper of the library, and, in
184O1 archivist of the kinadom, Hia Erst publication
was a latin'cal brce, entitled "Aht" which appeared
onder the pseudonym of Sipul Sipadda. It was fbl<
lowed by a number of simitar works, distinguished by
their intensely sectional spirit and political peraonslities.
Among hi* Tno«t admired production* are the opera
of "The Campbells," (1838,) tnwediea entitled "The
Veoetian*** (1840) and "The Child-Hnrderess," and
poem* entitled " Ian van Huysnni't Flower-Hecc," aiid
''like Spaniards.'' DiediniSiS.

Werkmefat«r, Mnk'mls't^, (Anduaj^) ■ Gennaii
eompowr and writer, born in 1645, was author of " Har-

monologia Muaica," and other works. Died In 170&

~78ri, (OlAF.f "-••

^eilauQ M
)uary and hi
appointed t
that city about iStS. He made numerous contributions
a''.- -

Werl, (Olap.I See Vbkeui;*.
~ ■ 1 «*a'- -

irian. bora l. , _... _. ,

n the KoyarLibrarr
"bullc

lalSwC (Eux CHUsnAM,) a Danbh
antiquary and historian, ban at Copenhagen * ""'
— s appointed firel librarian in the KoyalLi

iiv

the Antiquariskf Annaler" and other literacy peri-
odicals, assisted Thortadus In editing (he history of
the kings of Norway, and published various learned
works on Scandinavian antiquities. Died June 5, 1871.

W«rUio( ^iil'hof, (JoHA»N,) a German jurist, bnm
St Hetmstedt in i66a tie became aulic coundllor to
the Duke of Brunswick, and wrote several legal work*.
Diedintyii,

Werlbot (Paul Gottlieb.) a ikUM German phy-
sldan, born at Helmstedt in t69» He aettled at Han*
over in 1715, and became first physidan to George IL
of England. He wrote a " Treatise on Fevers," (i74$,>
and other medical works, (3 vols., 177;.) Died in 1767.

'WerlOBCtuUd. voa fon ftinno-shnii', (Juhanm Kap-
TiST.) aOetrnan phytidan, lived about ijiei He pub-
lished an " Account of the Plague which prevailed in
Austria, Hungary, etc. In 1708-iTia"

^?7«rneok, von. Ton ft^R'ntk, [Franz.) Baroh, an
eminent Austrian general, bom at Ludwigsberg, in WUr-
temberg, in 1748. He entered the Austrian service
about 1765, became general-majur in 17S9, and cmn-
manded a corps d'arm^e in the campaign uf 1793 acainst
the French. He contributed to the ticlory at WUri-
bure in September, t796, and commanded the army of
the Lower Rhine in 1797, but was soon removed Tor his
ill success. He was captured, with a division, in iSoj.
Died in 1806.

Wer'n^r, |Cer. pron.<rtR'nf r.l (Area hah ComoB,)
an eminent German geologist and mineralr^ist, was born
St Wehrau, on the Queiss, in Upper Lusatia, September

Sa WERNER

>S,l7ja HewasedacatedinthetdHMlornrinesatrny.
berg, in Saxony, and studied law far diree years at Le^
In 1774 he puMiabed a short "Treatise on the CIuik.
lets of Mineral*," in whkh be proposed a '"•■HHicJ
and predse language, the varied tetnas of whidi nfa
toexpresiall the ■enible'qaalitiei of minerals. 'niB
little essay," says Cnvier, 'ha* saade a rcvolniM a
mineralogy, to which the author rendered a service uulo-
goo* to inat which Linmcns bad rendered tt '

pointed In 1 77e proflnsor of minenlogv at Freyberi, aj
inspector of the cabinet of minerals belonging ti> tbi

school Til ijnnhi iiiiiiIuimI ■ iiiniiliii jriisiwiili'i

"Mineralogy." Hi* doctrines were propagated bfwsi
era] of hi* papil*^ among whom were KaiBte% wiej^
mann, Jameton, and Napione; He applied th* toa
Geognosy to the adence which treat* M the icsptoHt
positions of mineral* in the cnut of th« gtob^asdtf
the epoch* of their orieln. He presentccTlhebaMiif
this sdence in his " Clasufication and Desoiptiaarf

of which It was tor a Img lime composed." He dim-
Bed rock*, according to their relative antiquity, into te
classes or formation* ] i, the primitive, which contsiaB
organic remain* ; a, the transition ; 3, the stratified; ui
4, thealluvtalbedsfonnedrecently. He divined the ate
of superposition which ha* been fount] almost gesBiI
all over the elrth, although his sphere of obserndos
was quite limited. In 1791 he published a "NewTlny
of the Formation of Veins." Werner wa* the ntkr
of the theory known as the Neptunian or Weniaii^
that the primitive and other rodcs were fbnned bf
predpitation from water or some liquid. This tlmri
wa* controverted tnr Hulton and others, who utnlwd
to the primitive tock* an igneoo* origin, and were caUd
ValcanlanB. He paved nearl* all of hi* malmt life d
Freyber^ In tSoa he vbtted Pari*, and wai data
one of the e^ht fbrrign associates of the Academy rf
Sdence*. He wa* a very accomplished and pofslir
lecturer J bat he was not a voluminous writer, lanD|i
peculiar aversion to the act of wridntt He sat seitt
married TAed at Dresden in June, 1817I

S«* Cuvma, *■ Sua* d* Wtna :" r»Kn, " Libwtciifaib^
A G. WtmcA" itjii Uassb. "StakiclinDiBr EitaBBOf bA,
aW«i-r."iM.

VFnatx, (Friedrich Lo&wio ZA<?tARiAs,) u tai-
nent German poet and dramatist, bom at KJirigsliaih
IT6S. He studied law and finance in the aniterst)>of
his natlre town, where he also attended the lectaracf
Kant. Hisfirsldrama,entitled''TheSonsortheVi%,'
came out In iSoo, and was succeeded by his "Tvenir-
fourth of February," (''Der Vierundiwaniigslu ft-
bruar,"] a tragedy of great power, and esteoned one of
his best works. II is other prindpal productiooairtAe
dramas entitled "The Cross on the Baltic," "Muiii
Luther, or the Consecration of Strength,"" KnnKnnd^'
"The Mother of the Maccabees," and ''Attila,KiDgof
the Huns." In 181 1 Werner became a Cathnli&u^
havingbeenordaineda priest in 1814, settled asapreKhr
at Vienna, where he died in Juinarj, 1813.

5« J. E. HiTTio. "F. L. Z: WvKT-i UboaMi.' Ot.

HDn. " Z. Wcmn*! Biornpfaia md Chankurinfc" 1 ws,

|i : H*D>iis □■ StaIi, "Cvauii]!," voL i.

Werner or ^fer-ne'raa, (Joannes,) a titrnas »
tronomer, born at Nuremberg in 1468. He wrote t
treatise on " The Movement of the Eighth Sphei*,'*^
Annotations on the Fir^t Book of Ptolemy's Cwe-
iiihy," also several mathematical works. Died in l^
Wemer, ftf ic'ntr, Qoseph,) a Swiss painter, of irnt
._erit, born at Berne in iSjjr. He studied it Rm4
ami was subsequently patronised at the court of Loe
XIV. He excelled in miniatures and in hitlorica! piKa
or small siie. Among the latter may be nained "Tk
Muses on Panuissus" and "The E>eBth of Dido.' W"

Werner, (Karl,) a German painter, bom si Weiw*
October 4, iBca, He gave a fresh impulse to aqiartl*
~ ~ 'ing, in which he acquired great eminence.

l,M.«.Q. ?./<«¥■''•'•*■•*'"*■ '***P'*''""8«''' '•*■'•*■''• If '*'»*■■ '■•■i'*'^

r.-ar.ail.lStim«t:n«iiEiM;<»A

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

^l7omar, (Kakl,) an Autlriwi theoIosUn, botn U I
nerbuh Id iSii. He was educated at Saint POIlen
Vienna. Amnng hta works, which are slron^lj Catholic
and philoaophiu^ are a " Syttero of Chrittian Ethics,"
(i85t>-5a,) tieati*et on Saint Thomas Aqntnas (iSsS) and
Suarez, (l86t,) " History of the Apologetic and Polemic
Literature of Christian Theology," ( vols., (1861 '~'
" HistoTT of CathoUc Tbeolooy in Germany," (1
" Specwlatlw Anthropology," (1870,) etc. Died in

WanwT, TOD, Ion MK'n(r, (Anton Andkeas^) a
German painter, born at Frinltfort-on-the-Oder, May ^
1843. In 1873 be became a professor, and in 1878 di-
rector, of tin Fine Arte Academy of fierliih His picture!
an mostly hittoricaL

W«m«r, Ton, fon Ms'itfr, (Favi,) « celebrated
Cencral, born at Raab, In Hungary, in 1^, served with
oiitlnctlon in Atutria, and suhaequently )n the Fru«sian
anny during; the principal campaigns 01 the Seven Years'
war. In 1760 he delivered Coburg, which wa» betieged
hj (he Rtunians, for which he was made lieoienant'
general In Frcdrricic 1 1., who also canstd a medal to be
■track [n his honour. Died in 178;.

Weniber, Manli^, (Iohank Balthaub.) a Ccr-
•nan publicist and jurist, bom at Rolhenburg; died at
Vienna in 174a.

Wantlk*, MK'ne-kf h, or \7BTnlKk, Ma'nik, written
alao VTanuck or Wuneok, (Chhixtian,) a German
epigrammatic PMt, bom in Prussia alxiut 1670. He was
appointed by Ibe King of Denmark his resident minister
at the French court, and died in Paris about i7iaL Hit
work* were biehly esiecmed in bis time, and be is
ranked among the reformers of German poetry.

Wsmado^ ACRns'dQRf; tLat. WiiRNSiMii'nus,)
ICOTTUIB,] a German theologian and philologist, bom
In Saxony in 166S. He became profeasor ol theology
at Wittenberg in 1608, and superintendent or Bishop of
the Lutbetan Church in 1719^ Died in 1719.

Sm Colbb, "D* WuHduriU Viu."

Wcmadtnt (G«nTLiUi,) a phildoglst, bom at Wit-
tenberg In 1710, waa a son of the preceding. He was
profenor ot eloquence and history at Dantzii^ and
published teveral learned work*. Died in 1774-

His brother, Eknst Fkiidrich, bom at Wittenberg

1718, waa a teamed writer. He became a preacher and

tessor of theology at Wiiienbetg. Among his work*

_ _ " History of Queen Zenobia," 0741.) Died in tySa.

Wenwdort 0OHann CHaisriAN,) a brother of the
preceding, was bom in 1133. He obiained the chair of
eloquence at Helnuledt in 1^53, and published a good
edition of "Poela Latinl nunores," (6 vols., 1780-99.)
INed in 1703.

Weinadoifiaa. See WakNiDORr.

Weip,*lBp, (Crarlu.) a benevolent Flemish priest
andLatin poet, bom near Huy in 15^^; died in 166&

werth. Ton, fon ftalBt, Wert, or Werdt, noHANN..
sometime* called JkahdkWeekt, a celebrated general,
bom at Weert, in Brabant, tn 1^94. He served under
Maaimilran of Bavaria tn the Thirty Years' war, *nc
diilingnished himself at the battle of Nordlingen ; but
be was defeated in 1638 and made prisoner by Bernard,
Duke of Saxe-Weimar, near Rheinfelden. After his
release he entered the Anslrian service; Died in 1651.

Sat BAKTirouit **Jo)ubb vn Wtnh is Zuuniwnhut* nail
•MUM Zril i" Uavl^ " Hinarial and Cndcal Dkiioninr."

'WaaenbMl^ ri'Efn-btk', (Mattkbw,) a Flemish
Jurist, bom at Antwerp in it3t. He became professor
M law at Jena, and removed thence to Wittenberg in
■569. He wrote several legal works, which were highly
esteemed. Died in 1 58&

St«A.iUnCHiu,''WHnibock'>Li)i*n.''

Weaenbeok, (Pktb*,) a jurist, bom at Antwerp bi
1546, WM a brother of the preceding. He lectured on
lawat Jena and Wittenberg, and diedat Coburg In 160J.

Welter. (CHAtL>s,t an English preadier and writer
of hymns, bom at Epworth in December, t7o8k was a
•on of Samuel, and a brother of the celebrated John
Wesley. He was educated at Christ Church, Oxfcrd,
where hi* strictness in religion procured for him ihc
name of Methodist and other names pven in derision.
Having taken orders, he sailed for Georgia with his
brother John in 1735, and served as aecretary to General

C^lethorpe. They returned to England about the end
01 I736> Charles became an able preacher, and co-
operated with John fn many of his reli^us enterprise*.
He married Sarah Owrnne in 1749, alter which Iw
preached in London, Bristol, and other ptacet, and
propagated the Uethodist doctrines. He also gained
great distinction as a writer of hymns, and composed
many of those used in the Methodist Church. Died
iniySS.

S« Jackioii, **LU*<if tha Rn. Chirita Wwli* /* " JoutBattf
Ih* Rn. Chult* WmIc]','* s nU., 1S4S.

W«al«7, (Chaklcs,) a' distinKuishcd mnsidan, bom
In 1757, *>* ' ""^ °f ti>C preceding. He was a skilful
perforiner on the or^n and harpsichord. Died in 181S.

Wealer, (Rev. John,) an English nonconformist
minister, bom about 1636, was the father of Samuel
Wesley, noticed below. He waa ejected in 1661, after
which he [»eached at Preston and other placet, and
was peraeeuied lay impriwnment Died alxiut 1670.

WoBlsy, (John,) a distinguished religious reformerf
the founder of the Society of Methodists, was born at
Epworth, in Lincolnshire, England, on the I7(h of June,
1703. He was the second son of Samuel Wesley, noticed
below, and Susannah Annesley. At an early age he
was sent to the Charter- House, from which he pa**ed
in 1710 to Christ Church, Oxford. l-Ie was distinguished
at college for his attainments, and especially for his skill
In lo^c; His mother, who was a very Intelligent woman,
and understood Greek and Latin, advised him to make
religion the buatnea* of his life. He applied himself to
the Mudy of religion, began to change the form of his
conversation, and was deeply impressed by the perusal
of Jeremy Taylor's "Holy Living and Dying." He waa
~~dained a deacon in t735, graduated as M.A. In 1716,

td was elected a Fellow of Uncoln College about that
date. He began about 1716 to record hia actions,
thoughts, and experience tn a diary, which he continued
to the end of his life. Eight months sftet his election
to a fellowship he was appointed Greek lecturer and
moderator of the classes. He was employed u curate
of his lather at Wroote about two years, at the end of
which he was summoned to return to Lincoln College.
While he held the curacy at Wroote, he waa ordained a
priest of the esublished Church, (1718.) On his return
to Oxford he found that his brother Charles and several
other students had associated together for religioua
improvement, and by their strict and methodical habits
had obtained (he name of Melhodista. They were also
called, in derition, Bible Moths, the Godly Club, and
Bible Bigot*. Jame* Henrey, anthor of the "Hedi*
tatiotts," and George Whitefield were members of this
society, whidi recognized John We*lev as its directing
bead. "The good intentron* of Wesley and his asaoa
dale*," says Sonthey, "could not be qnesrioned; but
they were now mnning fast into tmaticism.*' By hard
study, bating, and habit* of austerity, he bad reduced
himself to an alarming phyaical coniliiion t but, having
put himself under the oirectloo of medical men, he aooa
recovered his health.

and the aetlters of a colony which General Oglethorpe
had planted there. Among their fellow-passengers m
the voyxgt to Georgia were twenty-six Moravians, whoM
simplicity and piety made a bvourable impression on
Wesley. Ttiey arrived at Savannah in February, I73da
As a preacher, John Wesley was not veiy popular
•t Savannah. "l-Ie drenched his parishioners," say>
Southey, "with the physic of an intolerant discipline.*
He became intimate at Savannah with Sophia Cauiton,
the daughter of a magistrate at that place, and was in-
clined to marry her, but he was dissuaded by the eldera
of the Moravian Church, with whom he was on intimate
(erma. She afterwards married a. Mr. Williamson, and
Wesley excluded her from the commiinion. For this act
her husband (woseculed him, and numerous peraonl
coiwpired (o drive him from (he colony. He departed
from Savannah in December, 1737, and arrived in Eng-
land in February, 173S. About ibi* date he recorded
*-" -jnviciion that ** 1, who went to America ht Convert
a, waa never myself convened to God."

«Mi, (a*i;K4>in/;fcas/,-a,ii,K,^wAir)t//N,Mua//K,iri//af,-i*ss,-(ha

\intAit. (I^^See ExplanatiuaB, p. 13.)

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

WESLEY u

Soon ifter hit Ktnnt he met wfth Peter Boehter, ft
Moravian, who, according to Soulhey, "became Wet-
lej's teacher." " By him," vj* We»lej, ■■ in the hands
cflhe gre*' God, I wa« eleatly convinced of unbeliei;—
of Ihe vrant o( Ihat laith whereby alone we are laved."
He daied hUcunversion on the 14th of Ma^, tTjS. In
Ihe lummer uf that^ear he vitiled Ihe Moravian brethren
■I Hetrnhut, and became acquainted vrith Count Zinien-
durC Having returiicd to England, he Mlowed the ex-
ample or Whileficid (who was then his fel low-labourer)
by preaching in the open air at UriMol, where the foun-
datiuna of the society of Melhoditt*, ai an independent
•ect, were laid. lie continued to profesa Ihe doctrine*
of the Church of England after he ceased to conform to
its discipline. A difference between Wesley and the
Moravians resulted in a formal separation in 174CL
About 1741 he ceased to have fellowship with While-
Retd, in consequence of a disagreement on the doctrine
of predestination, which Wesley rejected with great
earnestness. I'hey exchanged a number of letters on
this fertile topic of dispute. The respective follower*
of Wesley and Whitefield then farmed (hemselve* into
■eparaie organiutiona. "No fnunder of a sect or order,
no legislator, ever understood Ihe art of preserving his
authority more perfectly than Wesley." (Soulhey, "Life
of Wesley.") "His restless spirit," »a^ Somhey, "had
now Juund its proper sphere, where it might move ud-
contrulled and enjuy a prospect boundless as his desire
of doing good, the ambition which possessed him." He
became an itinerant preacher, and adopted the system
of itincrancv. lly this practice, combined with that of
Geld-preichmg. he and nis felluw-workets obtained free
mccess to the lower classes. Another innovation of
Wesley was the employment of laymen as preachers.
Applicants for membership were not required to sub-
Krilie any creed or formula.

Wesley perfurmed his mission with the greatest seal,
.-^ -Alt, ...•<.. j.un,;^.. •» it.. .-....« which formed the

Krat object of his life. He usually travelled on hoise-
ck, and very often preached several sermons in aday.
His biographers. Coke and Moore, express the belief

and with ei

back, and very often preached
His biographers. Coke a ' '
Ihat "there could not be . „
■pace of fifty years, wherein the severest weather hin-
dered him even for one day." Field -preaching was at
that time a dangerous service, and, in certain districts,
frequently interrupted by mobs, which ''

culions, far from
„ „ „ tal, seemed

o confirm him In the great work to which he had
•ecrated his life.

About 1750 he married a widow named Vlielle, who
possessed an independent fortune, but he took care ''~ '
It should be settled on herself. Bat the marriage
not happy. She annoyed him by her Jealousy, opened
hit letters, revealed his secrets, and ran away from him
•everal times. A final separation between him and hit
wife took place \n iTju

Wesley published, beside* many religioDi tract*, *
work called "Primitive Phjrsic, or an Easy and Natoral
Method of Curing most Diseases," and a " History of
England." His collected works were published, in 3a
Tols. Svo, in 1774. He was favoured with a vigorous
constitution and a tare activity of spirit, which was not
impaired by old age. "Ten thousand caret," he said,
"were no more burden to his mind thin ten thousand
hairs were to his head." He had no children. He died
In London in March, 1791.

Since the days of Ihe apo«tle* (o the present time,
probably few, it any, relisious teachers have been itistm.
mental in effecting more good than John Wesley. At
BO hardships or dangers were too great for him to under>
take in the cause of Christ, so no portion of hutnamty,
from the highest to the lowest, was beyond the tcope of
his all-embracing Christian zeal and lympathy. He not
only loDgbl with particular care to gather into the fold
of Christ the lowest classes of Ihe poor, but he was
Kmong the first to see and feci (he iniquity of African
■lavery and to labour for lis overthrow. The society
which he founded, and which owes hi a great mcwore

54 tVESSELY

h* efficiency and It* [nSuence to the system wtiidi be
organized, embrace* at present, in £uri>pe and Aiaeric^

. Moons, " U* ef John Wwler." >T9*.

Jciin Walt)," 1 volL, tS^ : Rohdt SnurHKV

nearly three millio<

Roc ind PinieH rS Mr
n of ihg WidcT FamUf
!«. F« an immsiinc antic
lUM^mod'a Mi«asBa" ibf O

--■!»

of Water m

^VoBlej, (Rev. Samuci,) an English clergyman and
poet, born at Preston about 1664, was the father of Jote
Wesley, the founder of Methodism. He was educated at
Exeter College, Oxford, and became a curate in LjMidoa.
In 1688 he preached a sermon against King James^
Declaration of Indulgence. According to soAie writen,
be wrote a book in defence of the revolution of t6SSwand
was rewarded with the living of Epworth, in Lincoln-
ahire. He published, besides other poems, " Elc^e* o«
Queen Mary and Archbishop Tillotson," (1695.) and
'T"he History of the Old Testament, in Verse," (i7<^)
He also wrote a "Commentary on Job," ("73S-) !*«•
in I73S-

E«CiAa<c»."MemoInofil»Weilty rimily," ■>»!-
"Wtt^vy, (Sami;ei.,} a teacher and poet, burn abotrt
1691, was a son of the preceding. He was educated at
Oxford, took holy orders, and was usher of Westmintier
School for many years. His preferment in the Chwtb
was probably hindered by his icalous support of the
Tory party, or his intimacy with Atterbory and other

Jacobites. He became head-master of 'nvertnn School
1 1731. He wrote a number of poems,' which ban
some meriL Died in 1739.

SHCu>Ki,"UtiDoii*oflbl Wtilty ran!>T,'*iSai.
Wealey, (Samuel,) a compocer of music, bor« la

l'^

years old, and wa* considered a great prodigy,
acquired celebrity as an extemporaneous perftnmer _
the organ, and composed sacred mnsic, oratorios, etc
Died in 1837.

WbbscI, ftii'sfl, or ^>7ewa1iu, Ms-stlte, {Jomii
tomciimes called Gahseport or GOSSKVOKT, a DaHh
theologian and Reformer, born M Gionlngen abool 14M.
He studied at Louvain, Heidelberg and hrit, wbne
he acquired a high reputation for his knowlci^ tt
philosophy and divinity. He was also samamedMv
GISTKR CoKTRADicnONUM, ("Master of Contradic-
tion,"] from his skill in dialectics. He attacked with
great boldness the prevailing abuse* in the Catbolie
Church, and was one of the principal. Reformeis beliire
the lime of Luther. He died in 148^ leaving a niurtts
of treatises in Latin, some of whjcb were boral m
heretical.

S« Cakl ITllmihh, " Johun Wend, tin Vrnlrcer LMta^"
iSu; MapcuoH. ■-Rdsfmen ind Utnmr PhBacMpliia. iMri
MuunuHC. "ConnnaiutlD de J. WisMb Cualonii Vil^" 1*11:
BL SXHaiHO, "J. Weuel," 1810.

WeweUn^ wiah'sht-lln'yee, (MiKLoe.) a IIdi^>
rian patriot and statesman, bom about 1795; died in iSjlb

WaBBoUng.Ais'seh-ling'.IPETUt.jaGerman scholar,
born at Steinfurt in 1691. He became p<olesM>r of tkr-
quence at Franeker, (1733,) and of ancient literaiure ai
Utrecht, (1735.) He published several critical treatises
on the classics, and valuable editions of Herpdotos, Dio>
dorua Siculus, and "Vetera Romanorum Ilinetaria.*
Ha Wat esteemed one of the tooM learned men of hit
lime. Died In 1764.

S« HinCHiM

Wes'toUt, (Hehry W.,) an American geiwral, bora
in Litchfield, Connecticut, about 1S09, ejaduatedatWeat
Point in 1S33. He became a brigadier-general abo«
April, iS6>. He commanded at Piymouih, North Ca>»-
lina, which was taken by the Confederates, after t bni*
defence, April 30, 1S&4.

Weaaeln*. See Wessn.

"WssaAlT, Mt'sf h-le, (Napittau H aktwic,) a Jewish
writer and Hebrewacholar, born at Copenhagen in 170.
His most important work ita poem, the subject of wUa
i* the vocation or mission «( Hob**. Ked in iSos-

gMMnsn, "LrtM iij,\nit.« H. H. W mItX" ■»4i

L i. I, Ml, ;, fo^.- 1, i, 4, same, less prolonged; I, «, T, Ji, 0, y„ri«rf; ), «, i, ft Mwimr;ar, Oil, f&l; mit; Dte; gOU: bOm

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WESSENBBRG 24

WoaMnbaig, Mi'ifn-UKC', (Icnai Heinbich
KaKU) Bakoh, ft German Catholic theologian, born al
Draden in 177^ He wai appointed in iSc^ vicar-
general of the dioctM of ContUnce, and was active in
promotinK the use of the German languiee at mass,
and vifioiu other refbrm* in the Church. Having been
nominated in 1814 br AichbUhop Dalberg hit coad-
jutor In ibe tee of Constance, he was rejected by the
pope, who also wished him to resign hb office of vicir-
general. This, however, he declined, being supported
by his sovereign, the Grand Duke of Baden. He wis
the author of ■ treatise " On the Elementary Education
of the People," and other prose works j also a number
if poems. Died In i86a

S<« " I. H. ion WiwnbiRf. Kin Lcben vod WMni," bj Da. J.
Bkx ; " Lnuloa Qunol} Rirwiir" for OtcsmlMr, 1148.

WssaenbArK-Ampringei). Ms'ifn-bejto'lm'pRlng-
%a, (JOKANN Phiupf,) « German statesman, brother of
Ue preceding, was born in 1773, He wu employed on
missions to Uunid^ Paiii, and the Hague. Died in

(ButJAMIH,) an eminent American palmer.

WSat,

of Friends. His latent and predilection for the
manilcsted al an early a^ and, when seventeen, he began
portrait-painting at Philadelphia. He visited Rome in
1760, where he acquired the friendship of Ritphael Mcngs.
He soon after took up his residence in London, and, some
of his works having attracted the notice of George HI.,
be was thenceforth liberally patronized by that monarch.
His " Death of Wolfe," in which he had the courage and
good taste to depart from the ctisiom of clothing the
figures in classical costume, was greatly admired. His
neat important work was "Christ Healing the Sick,"
now in the British National Gallery : a copy of it was

Kesented by the artist to the Penntvlvania Hospital,
liladclphia. He succeeded Sir Joshua Reynolds as
president of the Royal Academy in 179a. Among bia
ether pictures may be named the " Departure of Regu-
Tus," the "Battle of La Hogue,'* and "Death on the
Pale Norse," now In the Academy of Fine Arts, Pbila<
(lelphia. Died in London in iSio.

SHTvcKnHAH,*'Bc»1iol'iht Aniiu;" Ddhlat, ** Hlilary of
Ml* Aruof Daifn ia Amnia;" Cuhhihghah, "Livaof Piimcn

Wist (Gilbert,) an English writer, born about
1705. Me studied at Christ Church, Oiford, and subse*
qitently held several offices under the government. He
was the author of "Observations on the Resurrection,"
which won for him a high reputation, also a poetical
version of the Odes of Pindar, and several other
translations from the Creek. He was a relative of Pitt,
Earl of Chatham, and of Lord George Lyttlclon, who
dedicated to him his "Dissertation on the Conversion
of Saint Paul." Died In 175&

Wwt, (James,) an English antiauary, bom probably
in Warwickshire. He took hit degree at Oxford in
1716. He was elected president of the Royal Society
In 173S. He made a rich collection of inatinscript^
prints, medals, etc. Died in 1771.

West, (Richard,) an English jurist, born in tbe
' entb century, became chancellor of Ireland in

, , „ ,_..._.. . Congrecalionil

divine, born at Tolland, Connecticut, in 1734, oecame
pastor of a church at Slockbridg* in 1759. He was the
author of an "Essay on Moral Agency," "An Essay on
the Scripiure Docirme of the Atonement," (17S5,) "Life
of the Rev. Samuel Hopkins," and other theological
works. Died at Stockbridge in 1819.

West, (Thomas.) an English writer, born In Lan-
cashire, published "A Guide to the Lakes," and other
tOpOEraphica! works. Died in 1779.

Wfls^ {W. £.,) an American juinter, distinguished
for the excellence of his portraits. He was a friend of
Washinfiion Irving, and made illustrations (rf his " Pride
ofthe Viliage'*and"AnnetieDe1arbre." Died in 1857.

5a TuCHRHAH, " Beck cf the Aniiu:" CuMLAf^ "Kiu aad
' "M *"» '*' Parian in America."

;S WESTERMANN

WBaf fll, (Richard,) a celebrated Englbh patatet
In water-colours, was born at Hertford in 1765. He
was elected a Royal Academician In 1794. Among hit
works, which are esteemed muter-pieces of the kind,
maybe named "The Storm in Harvest," "Sappho in
the Lesbian Shades," and "Jubal, the First Voice of
the Lvre." He also illustrated Moore's " Loves of Iha
Angels," and furnished designs for Boydell's "Shak-
apeare Gallery," He was appointed. In the latter part of
his Hie, teacher of drawing and painting to the Princes*
Victoria. Died in tS3&

WestaU, (WilliaMj) a landscape-painter, a brother
of the preceding, was bom al Hertford in 1781. He

of the Royal Academy in iSta. Among his most
admired works are a "View of Sealbrlh's Isle, in tba
Gulf of Carpentaria," and a series of engraved design!
representing the lakes of Cumberland and Westmore-
land. Died in 1850.

WsBt'all, (WiLUAH,) an English novelist, bom at
White Ash, Lancashire, in 1834. He engaged in
journalism, travelled as a correspondent, and wrote a
large number ot novels. Died in 1903.

Wentbuiy, LoRi>. See Bethkll, (Richaid.)

West'cott, (Brooks Foss,) D.D., an eminent
English scholar and Biblical critic, was bom near
Birmingham in January, 1825. He graduated in 1848
atTrinity College, Cambridge, and in 1851 took orders
in tbe ^tablisbed Church. He was made a canon of
Peterborough in 1869, regius professor of divinitv at
Cambridge in 1870, canon of Westminster in 1SS3,
and Bishop of Durham in 1890. He wrote various
works on the Bible, and, witb Dr. Hort, spent twentv-
eight years on "The New Testament in Greek." Me
helped to revise the New Testament. D. July 28, 1901.

Weatoott, (Edward No yes,) an American
novelist, bom at Syracuse, New York, in 1847. Hta
one work, "David Harum: A Storr of American
Life," attained a very wide drcnlation through Its
humour and skilful characterization. He died March
31, 1898, before its publication.

Wwtenriader, won, (on Ms'tf n-ree'dfr, (Lorrnl)
a German educational writer, bom at Munich in 174^
became professor of rhetoric in his native city, lis
published a "History of Bavaria for Youth and tb«
People," and other bulorical and geographical worka.
Died in 1S29.

V^Mtetgaard, vfs'tfr-goid', (Niels Lddwio,) «
distinguished Danish Orientalist born at Couenhagen
in tSiJ. Having studied at Bonn and visited London
and Paris, he made a lot" - '-•^- — ' "—■- »*-
his return he was appoii
ental phllolo^ at C open h age 1

> India and Persia. After

he was appointed, in 1845, professor of Ork

logy at Copenhagen. His principal worka
his' " Radices Sanscritse," (1S41.) and a critital editioa

scholar, who gained distinction by a good e
Hon of Terence, (a vols., 171*}

WMtermann, wis'^r-min', (Antom,) a German
scholar, bora at Leipsic in 1806, became professor of
antiquities In his native dty in 1834. He publiahed a
" History of Eloquence in Greece and Rome," (a vols,
1833-35,) also editions of the Orations of Lytiss, tM
works of Philostratus, and other classics. Died in 187O.

WeB'tfr-manii,(Fr.pron. vls'tlR'mln',|(FRAN9IiS
JoSKFH,] a French Jacobin and general, born In Alsact
about 1760L He became a violent revolutionist, and •
friend of Danlon. He took a prominent part in the riol
in Paris of the lolh of August, 179*. In September of
that year he was appointed adjutant- general, and sent tft
the army of Dumourlei. He became a general of brigadt
in May, 1793, obtained command of the vanguard ollh«
army m Venrtie, and defeated the royalists near Chilli-
Ion. He attacked and routed tbe Vendeansat Han* and
Savcnay In December, 1793. He was executed with
Dan ton In April, 1794

S« ■■ Nsunlk Bkcn(>faM Hulnlat'* Tmni^ "HiMonr of iba

[IMS of tin Am ef Parian in America." fiMh Kvwhuiiin."

111; faar;|ilan//|aiy;a^B,K,/Mnv»/;M, MOM/; B,/r«U(tf; lass; tbasinMiA (CT~Sae EaplanatioM,pb 1^)

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

WESTFIELD

J45<S

WMf Oeld, (Thomas.) jui English theolt^in. boni

ralumcB of Lis sennoiu •

£1644.
lishcd.

WaBt''lnB-hoase, (Gkokcb,) an Amcrion
Tcntor, born ■( Cenlral Bridge, New York, in 1846.
He invenled * tiAarj engine &t fifteen. In 186^ he
InTntted a derice to replace nilroad can on the
track, and in 186S the well-known Westinehc""
air-bralte. He ha« made important inventions
the utilisation of electric power. Died March
1914.

TC'lat'mf-oott (Sit Richard,) an eminent Englbh
■culptor, born in London in 177$. He itudied at Rome
under Canova, and was elected a member of the
Acidemv of Florence in 1795. After his return hs
eaecuted a number of works which established hli
reputation as one of the Grit English sculptor* of Ihe
lime. Among his master- piece* we mar name hi* " En-
phro«7ne," "PsTChe," "Njwph Unclasping her Zone,"
• "Peasant Maiden," and "The Distressed Mother;"
•latuet of Pitt and Addison, monuments of Sir Ralph
Abercromb; in Saint Paul's Cathedral, and of the Dolt*
^Vorkon thecolumnat Waterloo Place, and thebroow
■tatue of Gcorn IIL at Windsor. In 1S16 he wu
elected a Rnyu Acadetmdatw and In 1817 aucceeded
Flaanun u proftiaor of •colptor* at th« Rojll
AcademT. I^d tn 1856,
— Mbncr — '" —
*.— -Om inL»..»v. ■.■ •/rr* •** "— .■.*— -^.wv vf .w
ftlher, and afterwards sp«nt six jeata hi Italf, He wu
elected • Fellow of the RonI Socieir In 1S37. a Ropl
Academician in 1849, and in 1857 became wt^kx — '
•cnlptDre in [lie Rofal Acsdemv. Hi* worlu are
cipallr of B devotional and claisical character,
acquired distinction a* a writer of works on art, among
which it a " Hand-Book on the Schools of Sculpti
Died in 1S73.

WaaVmorA-land, (JoHW F*nb,) eleventh Earl
OF, an English general and diplomatist, bom io 17S4.
He was aide-de-camp to the Duke of Wellington in
the Peninsular war, was ambassador to Prussia 1841-
51, and envoy to Vienna. He was noted as a
and composer, and published several military
Died in 1859.

W«etinoT«Ulld, (MILDHAV Fanb,) second Earl
OF, an English statesman and poet, bom about 1600.
He was the author of a collection of poems, entitled
" Otia Sacra." Died in 1665.

^Vts'ton, (Edwakd,) an eleetridao, bom io
England in 1850, emigrated to America in tS70. He
invented icveral dynamo-electiic machines, and intro-
duced improvement* in electric lighting, in nickel-
plating, etc.

Weston, (Elizabsth,) an American actress, vai
born at New York in 1838. She began acting in
1849, and was long a favourite. She martied
Adolphus Davenport, and afterward* Charlea Math-
ews, placing with him on Ihe London stage until 1864.
Died in 1899.

Waaton, (Eliubeth Janb,) a learned English
lady, bom about 1586, removed in early life to Prague.
She wrote several elegant Latin poems. She was
narried (a John Leon. Died after 1605.

WMton. (William,) an Enelish divine, and resident
•r Glouceitershire, was the author of " Disaertatlom on
•ome of the Ho*t Remarkable Wonder* of Antiquity."
Died in 1760.

Weatphal, ftlst'fll, (EKNtr CHKItriAH,) ■ German
Jurist, bom at Quedlinburv in 1737, became professor
of law at Halle. He published several works on Roman
law, and a ireatlse " On the Law of Ihe German Em-
pire," (1784.) Died in 179a.

Woaaaenen van TleUandt wCs'lU'nin vln leel'-
ttnt, (WiLLtu HiNDftiK jACou.) UAaoN, a Dutch hi*,
lorical and antiquarian writer, born at Ihe Hagua in 1783.
He published "Researchea concerning the Ancient

Foram of Hadrian and Ita Veatige* n
and other work*. Died in 1848.

WCaf wood, (John Obaouh.) an E „
gist, bom at Sheffield about 1805. He w

1814- Heh«*pub1ished"BeadsfromaRoaarT,"(iS43J
"The Burden of the Bell," (iSso,) "Berrie* and Bhw
soms," (iSjO and "The Quest of the SancpcBiL*
(1868.) [Died Maich ij, iSffi.)

WatbarelL See Wainh. (StrSAM.)

'WeUi'fi-«ll,(SirCKAKLX^)aii Englidi tawTar.bon
b 17m wa* ^(on of (he Deu of Hereford. Ha «M
eallea to the Dar tn 1794, and acquired eztendw* pr*^
lice in the court of chancer;. Though he was Mt akis
Toqr and vat king'a counted he def»Hkd lbs Spafield
riotera, who were tried fhr trcasoa fn 1817. 1b ibo
he wat returned to Parliament Ibr Oxford. H« bee*—
tollcitor-general in 1814. and attoney-gen«r«l la 1S9&
Having retigned In 18^7, ha wai resppoiotsd l« iftdL
but retired from office in 1S19, becattM H was
to the Roman Catholic emancipathm. B; bla
to the Reform bill be readeted bimaelf so vhyuym^
dut be wa* attadied bjr a md> at Bristol la i^t, mA
narrowly escaped death. Died in 1S4&

WetsMn, wtt'adn or Mt'ttin, (JotDI HiNIT,) S
distinguished printer, bom at Bile fn 1649, feondcd M
Amaterdaaapublishbig-hoBse, which became cclcbctfad
for the excellent edition* of the ctataic* lawMd frosi It
Died in 1736.

Watatelii, (Jokh Jaku.) an en^nenl Swiaa tAdm
and theologian, bom at BUe in 1693, wa* a son otjobm
Rudolph, (1647-1711,) noticed below. He atndiedHe*
brew and theoiogy In the imiTCrtiiT of hia nadva ww^
and, havinjg visited England and variooa pans of tha
continent for the purpose of eaamlning raaniiscripila, bs
published in 1730 hia ■* ProtegoiMna ad Nov! Tesca-
menli Grxd Edilfonem accuradatlmam.'* His liberd

removed to Anuieidani, wtiMS he wai

the Armlnian* professor of philosophv ai

historf. He brought out in I7ss bi* ediHoa at tia

Greek New Testament, (1 *^a. loL) Died in 1754.

Wetstetn or 'Wattatetn. Mt'sOn, (John RttDOLVMi
a Swiss diplomatist, bom at BUe tn 1594. He rendered
important aervices to his coantr* al the congress which
negotiated Ihe peace of WeatphaJia, (1&47,) and recciTcd
the surname of TKi PACincATOa. Died in 1666.

Wetstaln, (John Kudolfk,) a Swiss tbeologiaa
and author, was bom at Bale in 1614. He became pro-

in hi

' of theology in hi* native town, and asaitted
''Theaaunu Ecclesiasticus.'' Died in 16S3.
Rudolph,) son of the

Wetatein, wCt'alln, [Kakki Awton,) aDuKb aelobf
and Latin poel, born at Amsterdam in 1143, wa* a lawjcr
In his early life. Hctranataied Hetioa and TheocntM
into Latin verse, and wrote several original LaltD poen^
which were admired. Died in 1797.

Wntte, de, dfb wet'ifh or l^t'tth, tWiucELM Uai-
TIN LceitBCKT.) an eminent German sctiolar, tbeologla^
and biblical critic, bom near Weimar in I78ck He be>
cnme professor of divinitr at thr Univeral^ of Berlin ia
iSiOk and acquired a high reputation both af

Old Testament," (1 vol*., 1806-7.) "A Commeniar; as
the Psalm*," (1811,) "Mannal of Jewish Ardueolanv*
(1814.) " Christian Dogmalica," (a vols., 1813-16J ^0*
Religion and Theology," (tSij.) and ■'Critical and 111^
lorioil Introduction to Ihe Old and New Ti iliiiii nil*
(1S17-16.) Thelnlrodaction to the Old Testament «M
ranalaied and enlarged hf Theodore Parker, (1841)
ind that to the New by Frederick Frothinghan, (18^
He produced, in conjunction with ADguad, a new tran»
taiion of the Bible In 1819 he wa* dismbaed from hii
professorship because he wrote a letter of corwolatka
to Ihe mother of .Sand, who killed Kotseboe. He at

•,«,l4ik,J,i»K,-i.tfc*»»«,le*iprol«ngedil,^I.4,ii,]r,M,,r(;fcftt9,<rt«wrr;llr.fJll,atiittitiii8t;g»di»«^

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triMd a cbalr of dMnitv «t Bile -in iSii. Among bn
W0fk«aK''LeM0UonMora]ity,"(3 vol*., 1814-) Died
U Bile In 1849.

SMScHm»t,''I>aWtiMiDiil ditlMMUmf.
nb ii<iMr*Ziii,"tM> '" — ■■"-«'"> ■■
M>GnrlACH, '^W. H.
vibV ta Aagiat, rS47>

Wejr, vi, (Fkani^is Alphonse.) a French liiU-
ratiur, bom at Sesanfon in 181X. He wu appdnted
inspector-gcneiil of the naiional archive! in iSja. He
wrote several novels, but hia principal work* are " Re>
mark* on tbe French Linkage of the Nineteenth Cen-
tury," (iSdS.) and a "History of the Revolutioni of
Langnage in France," [iS^S.) Died March la, iSSx.

Weyde, Tui der. See Vak do. Weysb,

Weyden, van der, vtn dfr wi'dfn, (Roobk.) a cele*
brated flemiah painter, called RocBK OF BkugB3^ wa*
bom at Bruaaela about 1190, and wai a pupil of Jobn
van Evcic He went to lulf about 14S0, and worlied
MTcral yeart at Rome. He painted in oil. Having
retomed to Bruuels, he died there in 1464.

'We7«r. See Van DK Wkvu.

Weyttrmwi, wl'fr-min', {Jacob Kampo,) ■ Dutch

tainter of fruit- and flowcr-piccca, wa» born at Breda
1 1679. He was the author of " Uves of the Dutch
Painters," a work characterized by Descamps and othera
aa full of calumnies. He was condemned to perpetoal
ImpHsonnient for a libel on the Dutch East India Com*
pany, and died in prison in 1747.

weyaei, (Vai.kriano v Nicolau.) a Spanish
general, bom at Barcelona in 1S40. He was a mili-
tary attache of Spain at Washington during the civil
war, and served in the army and er Sheridan. In 1S73
he won great reputation as a soldier in the Carlist
war, and in 1879 was made Govemoi of the Canary
Islands. In 1S89 he became captain- general of the
Philipmne Islands, a post which he made financially
profitable. He afterwards held high ofGces in the
province of Barcelona, and in 1896 was sent to Cuba to
succeed Marshal Campos. His efforts there to suppress
the insurrection proved unsuccessful, and were con-
ducted with a ruthless cruelty that called forth indig-
nant protests from the United States, and he was
removed in tbe autumn of 1897.

'Wcj'm&n, (Stanley John,) an English novelist,
bom at Ludlow in 1S55. After writing several novels,
be became famous by his very popular " A Gentleman
of France," (1893,) This was followed by a number
of other romances of history and adventure.

Woyprooht, *I'pH(iiT. (Kaii.,) an Austrian Arctic
explorer, boin in 1838. He entered the navy, and was
one of the commanding officer* of the expedition in the
■teamer TcgethoO', which discovered Franc JomC Land
In 1873. Died in 18S1.

WoTsc^ ftfzfh, fCKKisriAN Ekkst Pribdbich,) a
DanUh mDsidananacinupoMribomat Al(oiui)ni774i
dediniS43.

'Wea«L SeeWcnn.

^Voavl, Mt'sfl, (JoHANN Kakl,) a German lUthth
Irur, bom at Sondershaosen in 1747, wrote a ntimber
of romances, comedies, and ptOM Cisayt. D. 1S19.

Whatton, (Annb Hollingswokth,) an Ameri-
can author, born in Cumberland county, Pennsylvania,
in 1845. She became a resident of Philadelphia, and
published '* Through Colonial Doorways," " A Last
Century Maid," " Heirlooms in Miniature," and
other works.

Wliarton, (Eorrit,) novelist, bom at New York in
1S63. She has published various works of fiction, also
"lulian Villas and their Gardens," "Italian Back-
grounds," etc

Wlunton, b«&f't9n, (Fbahcis,) D.D., LI.D., an
American jurist and divine, born at Philadelphia in iSao.
He became in 1856 professor of li^ic and rhetoric at
Kenyon College, Ohio, He published a "Treatise on
the Criminal Law of the United States," a " Treatise

and in 1885 wu apptrinied Government aolicitor for the
Department of Stato. Died February ai, 18S9.

wluurtoa, hwlr'tQn, (Sir Georgb,) an English m-
tronomer and astrologer, bom at Kirby-Kendal in 16IT.
He fought for the king In (he dvil war, and aflerwanu
compiled almanacs, in which he inserted prediction*
■gainst the dominant party. Died in 1681.

^HThartoD, (Henkv,) an eminent English antiquary
and divine, born in Norfolk in 1664. Me studied at
Caius College, Cambridge, and took his degree of M.A.
In 1687, being ordained a priest in 1688. ,Among hi*
numerous works the most important ia hts " Anglia
Sacra," (a vols, fol., 1691,] being a collection of Inogra-
phies of English btshops and archbishop* from the iit-
troduction of Christianity to 1540, Hepnblished several
other works and died in 1695,

'Wbatton, (Joseph,) an American manufacturerr
bom at Philadelphia in 1816. He became a white-
lead manufacturer, manager of the Lehigh Zinc Com-
pany 1853-63, aided in founding tbe Bethlehem Iron
Company, and established extensive nickel works in
Camden, New Jersey. He founded the highly useful
Wbarion School of Finance and Economics, University
of Pennsylvania, and endowed a chair of history and
* at Swarthmore College. D.Jan. II, 1909.

(Philip,) Lord, an English peer, who

took a prominent part in the dvil wat whicli began in
1643, and commanded a regiment lor Parliament at ths
battle of Edeehill. He was a lealow Presbyterian. H«
died in 169&, He wa* tbe lather of Thomas, Marquia
of Wharton.

Wbarton. (PtnUP,) Duke of Wharton, an eloquent
and profligate English peer, bom In 1698. was the ion
of I'homas, Marquis of Wharton, noticed below. About

became beir to an estate of ^16,000 a year, and entered
upon a course of reckless dissipation and vice. In 1716
he began a tour on the continent Having arrived at
Lyons, he wrote a letter 10 the Pretender, who then
resided at Avignon, and who received Wbarton in a
flattering manner when he came to that city. He look
hia (eat In the Irish House of Lords about 1717, sup-

Birted the ministry wilh leal, and was raised to tu
nglish peerage, a* Duke of Wharton, in 1 7 18. Hft
entered the English Houaeof Peera in i7toor t72o,and
denounced tbe South Sea bill in a speech remarkabls
fat bitter invective. On other questions also he oppoaed
the ministers with great eloquence.

He Involved himself in debt by his boundless prodi-
gality, retired to the continent in 1724. avowed biinsel(
an adherent of the Pretender, and joined the Roman
Catholic Church. In 1716 he married a Miss O'Bymot
a daughter of an Irish colonel. He served as a volun*
teer in the Spanish amiy at the aiege of Gibraltar, ia

For Ihi* offence he wat indicted for treason^ and

ctcd. He lost hi* peerage and his estate, and wa«

reduced to poverty. He died at Tarragona, Spain, in
173 1. Hia character is portrayed by Pope in his "Moral

S« "Tlw Lifa ind Writing of PhDlK Dulu of Wbvuo,'* ■
vol*., iiji: "BioEtiptaia BriBiniica."

Wharton, (Tiiouas,] Marquis or, an English Whig

Ktilician, bom about 1645, was the eldest son of Philip,
rd Wharton. He entered Parliament in the reign
of Charles 11., constantly opposed the court, and di*-
tlnguished himself by his dexterity and turbulence a*
■ politidan. In November, 1688, he joined Willianv
Prince of Orange, who appointed him comptroller of
the household in 16S9. He received the tiile of Eart
of Wharton in 1706, and was lord lieutenant of Ireland
from 1708 to 1710. He was the author of " Lillihullero,'*
a famous satirical ballad. In September, 1714, he was
appointed lord privy aeal by George I., and in 1715 he
waa created Marquis of Wharton. He died in 1715.
Swift and Macaulay speak of him as an unmatched

Medical Jurisprudence," " The Conflict of Laws," (187a,) 1 liar and villain, yet with a
and other work*. In 1866 he became a professor m the skill as a duellist which «

^iscopal Divinity School al Cambridge, Massachusetf, [ most bitter enemies.

^t»k:eiMi;ilii'rd;gaJ;'i,it,^tP^'"''^! «,'""<^; t^irilUd; Imt; Aaa'atlkii. (J|^~SeeEiplanati<K»s,p.a3.)

dbyGoogle

WHARTON S4

Wharton, (Thomas,] an eminent English phjaidan
and inalnmitl, bom at Winiton, in Durham, about
l6l(X He took hii degree ai H.D. at Oilbrd in 1647,
■Act which he renl'n'ed to London, and became a Fellow
nf lh« Cullese of rhpiciani in i6s<x He published a
valmb'e work on Riandi, entitled "AdenographT, or
DeKrijilion of the O lands." (■■ A(tenogTi[ihia, live Clan-
ijularuin Uescilplio," t6J6,) He fiisi discovered the
cxcrelory duct in the SDlniiaxillaiy gland, which bear*
bit name. Died in 1673.

Wbafcoat, (Richakd,) a bishop of the Methodist
Episcopal Church, was born at Quinlon, England, Feb-
ruary 11, 1736. In 176] he became a Wcsleyan preacher,
in 1^ he was ordained lirjahn Wesley, and in the same
year came lo the United States and became an itinerant
miniiier In iSoo be was chosen a bisho[k Died at
Dover, Delaware, July j. 1806.

Wbiatel;, hwitle, (KICHakd.) Archbishop o< Dob-
Kn, an eminent English thinker and writer, born in
London in 17S7, was a son of Dr. Whatelj, prebendary
of Brtitol. As a child, he wa* nervous and shy, and, like
De Quincey, appears to liave preferred the suciciy of his
■iiiem 10 that of his brothers. He delighted in arith-
metical calculations, which he carried on in his mini
In childhood, as well >• in after-life, whatever occupied
his thoughts apnean to have completely absorbed him
for the time. The passion for arithmetic soon left him ;
he then devoted himself to "casilc-building," which,
huwever, took a philosophical or metaphysical, rather
than a romantic, direction. In 1805 he entered Oriel
College, Oxford, of which he became a Fellow in 181 1,
and in which he look the degree of M.A. in 1813.
While at Uiford, he formed in miimale friendship with
Dr Arnold, which continued unchanged titt the death
of the latter. In iSiohe gained the piiu for the English
Essay, the subject being "The Com|iarative Excellence
of the Ancienis and Modems." In 1S19 he published
" Hintorlc Uoubls relative to Napoleon Uonaparte," an
ingenious attempt to show the absurdity of skeptic^
criticism. He married a lady named Pope in tSsi.
lie was appointed Hampton lecturer at Oxford in 1831,
and the same year obtained the rectory of Halesworth,
In Suffolk. His Bampton lectures "On the Use and
Abuse of Party Feeling in Religion" were published in
iSzl. In tBi; he was chosen principal of Saint Alban'i
Halt, Oxford He extended his reputation by his
" Essays on some of the Pecu'larilies of the Christian
Religion," (i8as,) his "Element! of Logic," {1816,)
often reprinted, and highly esteemed, his "Essays on
■ome of the Difficulties in (he Writings of the Apostle
Paul," and his " Erri>r* of Romanism traced lo their
Origin in Human Nature," (l8ja) He was elected
proleisor of political economy at Oxford in iSio, and
was appointed Aichbishop of Dublin in 1831. He took
■ prominent part in organiiing the national system of
education in Ireland. Among his numerotis works are
"Elements of Rhetoric," (iSsS.) " Introduction lo Politi-
cal Economy," (1831,) " Sermons on Various Subjecia,"
(183;.) " Essays on some of the Dangers to Christian
Faith which may arise from theTeaching or the Conduct
'■ " ' ■'■"--'---' ■""he Kingdom of Christ

r Lord's Own Account

efiis Professors," (1839.) and "The Kingdom of Christ
Delineated, in Two ^say* on our Lord's Own Account
of His Person," etc., {1841.) Hd also wrote several

valuable articles for the leading review). His styli
luminous and aphoristic. As a theologian, he was char-
acterized by the liberality of his views and bj the free-
dom and independence of his thought*. He is juatlT
considered to nave been one of the most profound and
original thinkers of his time. As a man, he was distin-
guished for moral course, and was singularly sincere,
generous, and disinterested. Died in Oclolier, 1863.

Su " Lift and Cormpondcnec nf Richard Whiich. ^^. I'M
Ardibiihou of Dublin,- tv hii cl.U|hitr, E. Jak«*h*ttlv, 1
»olt| LonJ™. i86«;-Qu»rnrlvR»vit»"ftirOclobcr, i8ii;'-Edin-
builh Ri.iew" fi-r IDciubw. iB^ i " Uriilih Quiirnrl» R.vi™" for
. .. ForwineiirictiirMCnWIiiIely'l-Lntic'-KiSim

lon.miy. ,tt^. For wine •Irictiir
WiLUAM Hahiltm-i '■ Loiie."

Whatelj, (W11J.IAM,] an English Puritan divine,
born at Banbury, in Oxfordshire, in ijSj. lie became
vicar of Banbury about 1610, and published, besides
«ther works, " Proiotypea, or the Primary Precedent
out of the Book of Genesis." Died in i639>

S« WBEDOir

WhMTK bwair. ? (Disost,) aa Eis^isk hiM«^
bom in Cornwall m 1(73. He «m Ae fine raadec aT
the lecture which CamcEen foam' *
several wnrks. Died in 16(7.

WbeatOelKh, (Chailbs,) an English Bctor, bore
at London about 1823. After 1849 be tired ^ainh
in the United Stales, plajiag leading pans with Bootb.
Laura Keene, Jcfierson, McCnllongb, aa& otberK. He
was the origiiial Dani^ HaD in " The Cidlcen Bawn. ' '
Died in 1895.

Wb«atler, (FkANas.) an Ei«risli landsrapc paimg
in oil- and waler-colours, bom in Loadoo in 1747 lie
became a Rnyal Academician in 1791. Died ia iSoi.

WtaSatloy, (PhillIs,) a negro pocttaa, born in Afri^
about 1753. was brought to Amenca ia 1761. Ske w —
instructed by her mistress, Mr*. WheaUejr, a r-— -'-
of Boston, and published, at an eariv age, "Tm.^t
Subjects, Reiigion* and HoraL" She 1

ariyag^ "I
__ _ i MotaL- _

afterwards married

Boston i
Stt Di

W h§at'9D, (lleNKV,) an American jtoist, onfia^
and diplomatist, bom in Providence, Rhode Island, ia
November, 1785. He graduated at Brown UniverMj
in iSol, a^er which he pursued the atady of law a
Poitiers, France, and in London. On hia retora ha
became a resident of the dty of New Yoik, and in iSu
began to edit the "National Advocate," a daalr jow-
nal. He published Id 1815 a ** Nicest of the Law of
Maritime Captures and Priiea," which was received
with favour. In 1816 he became a reporter of the
decisions of the supreme court of the United States
He contributed many articles la the ■■North America
Review." He was appointed cbargi-d'aEaiTes to iW
court of Denmark in l8z6 or 1817, and minister resideat
al Berlin in 183;. He published in 1836 his most \m-
poriani work, "Elements of International Law," whid
IS highly esteemed as a standard authority. In 1S37 he
was promoted Eo the rank of minister- plenipoteniiaiy
at Berlin, where he remained until 1846. He wrote a>
able work entitled a "History of the Law d[ Natjoos
in Europe and America, from the Earliest Times 10 the
Treaty of Washinf^." which originally appeared b
French at Lcipsic in 1841. It was enlargea ai '

iished in English in 1845. "

R. W Griswold, "all comne ,

same testimony." Among his other works is a **HiH(n
of the Northmen, or Danes and Nomuns," (1S31.) He
published " Reports of Cases ar^ed Snd determii^ ia
the Supreme Court of the United States," {\% vola.
1817.) He was elected a corresponding member of tte
French Institute about 1S43. Died near Uoston, If^
sachuselts, in March, 1848.

Wbaaton, (Robirt,) a son of the precedii^ was
born in New York in 1836. He wrote historical and
literary articles for several reviews, »nd acquired dis-

tinction as a writer. Died in October, iSji.

WhSafattm (Chakles,) F.R.S., profoasnr of ex-
perimental philosophy in King's College, Londan. was
DOTn at Glotx:ester in iSos. In early life he was a manB>
faclurer of musical instruments, and made reaeardm
on the science of acoustics. He displayed mncJi me^
chanical ingenuity in the construction of instrmnenta
and apparatus. He published in 1 S34 an ^^ Account of
Experiments to Measure the Velocity of Electricity and
the Duration of Electric Light." In the same jtu b*
became professor of philosophy in Kin^s College, Loo-
don. He invented the stereoscope, which he described
in his "Contributions 10 the Physiology of Vision," (1838L)
He was one of several persons who, in 1837, claimed
the honour of the invention of the electric telegraph,
Wheatstone and his partner Cooke obtained in 1837a
patent for apparatus which they invented (6r conveying
signals by means of electric cnrrcnta. T^ey were sdo-
cessful in the practical apfilicatian of their invcntie^
which soon came into extensive use, Wb«atstoDe afts-
wards invented several improvements, among whicih ■
the magneto- alphabetical telegraph. Died Oct. ao, l8;S

VThe'dpn, (DANtEL Dbhison,) D.D., - - '

1.4, t, & Q, f ./("(f; i, i, A, sams, less prolonjedi i, e, ^ ii, ij.f , f.tf W. h t, i, 0, (OMun; Or, nil, Otj nCli o6t; (ttdi B

d by Google

WHEELER «4

MeltuxUtl divine, bom in Onondaga county. New York,
in iSoS. He became in i8s6 editor of (he " Methodist
Quarterly Review. He published ■ "Commeniary on
Ue Cospcli," and other works. Died June S, iSSj.

Wheel'et (Benjamin Idb,) educator, bom at Rao-
dolph, Massadiusetts, in 1854, He wM a universily in-
MuclOT and profesSM 1379-99, *^^ •>" been ptesideot
for the Uuireisily of Caliibrnia tince July, 1899. He
hu pobliihed work* on philok^ and other wbjecit.

WIl»»lei, (Daniel,) prominent in the Society of
Friends, was bom at London in 1771. He served in
the annr in Holland, but repented of his depraved
life in 1796 and joined the Fnends, becoming in time
one of their ablest speakers. He was employed by
the Russian goreniment to superintend agricultural
improvements near Saint Pelertburg, for many years,
(1817-33.) About the end o( 1833 he sailed on a
religions mission to the islands of the Pacific Ocean,
in which he spent nearly four yean. Died in New
York city in 1S40.

^Thae'lsi, (Josbph,) an American general and
congressman, bom at Augusta, Georeia, in 1836. He
graduated at Wfest Point in 1859, joined the Coofed-
ciate cause in the civil war, after 1S63 commanded
the cavalry corps of the Western army, and at the
dose of the war was seoior cavalry general in the
Confederate service. After the war he became a lawyer
and planter, was elected to Congress in l8St, and in
May, iS^, was made major-general of volunteers,
commuided the troop* at La Guasimas, and was the
senior officer on Ibe Geld at the battle of San Juan.
After the war he was re-elected to Congress, but sub-
sequently served in the Philippines, and in 1900 was
promoted brigadier- general. Died Jan. 35, 1906.

Wheeler, (William Almon,) Vice-President of
the United States, was bom at Malone, New York, in
1819. He occupied several ofBdal positions in bis
native town, was for ■ time Slate senator, and was a
member of Congress 1861-63 ""'' 1869-77- He op-
posed the increase of salary, and relumed bis extra
pay, and was the author of the " Wheeler Compro-
mise" of the Louisiana difficulties of 1875. In 1S76
he was nominated by the Republican party for Vice-
President, was declared elected by the Electoral Com-
mission, and served in thai high ofiice during (he
Hayes administration. Died in 1887.

Wheeler, (William A.,) an American editor
and author, bom at Leicester, Massachusetts, No-
vember 14, 1833, graduated at Bowdoin College in
1853. He assisted Dr. Worcester in the preparation
of bis quarto dictionary, and subsequently worked on
the quarto edition of Webster's dictionary. He also
prepared a " Dictionary of the Noted Names of
Fiction," (1865.) In 1867 he was appointed assistant
superintendent in the Boston Public Library. Died
October a8, 1875,

Wheea90k, (Eleazar.) D.I)., an American Congre-

Etional divine, born at Windham, Connecticut, in 1711.
r was the founder and first president of Dartmouth
College, which greworiginally out of an Indian mission*
wy school. Died in 1779.

wheelook, (John.) I'L.D., son of the
was bom at Lebanon, Connecticut, in 1754. . . . . _
for a time in the Continental army, and was iruule a lleu-
tenant-coloneL On the death of his father he became
president of Danmouth College. Died in 1817

'Whetb'ain-ateda, {John,) an English monk and
chronicler, was Abbot of Saint Alban's, and was ordained
• priest in i38>. He wrote a chronicle of (he period
from 1441 to 14G1. Died In 14&4.

Whefat^ne, (Geokge,) an English mlscellaneona
writer, who lived about 1575. His principal work '" '
comedy, entitled "Promos and Ciwandra," (1578.)

Whewell. h&'el, (Wiluam.) F.R.S., a distinguished
English philosopher and scholar, born at Lancaster i
1795. lie was educated at Cambridge, where he gradi

€asi. caa/;f:4iin/.-ga>

fl, K,guUuriU, I

S9 WHIPPLE

Ued in 1816, was elected a Fellow of Trinity College,
and became an eminent tutor in the same. He was
■ppoinled professor of mineralogy in 1818, obtained the
clialr oT moral philosophy or moral theology in 1838,
and became master of Trmity College in 1841. Before
the last date he had gaimd distinction as a writer by the
production of his "Astronomy and Physics considered
with Reference to Natural Theology," (1833.] which is
one of the Bridgewaier Treatises, "The History of the
Inductive Sciences," (3. vols., 1837.) and "The Phi-
losophy of the Inductive Sciences founded upon their
History," {2 vols., 1840.) Referring to these two works,
Professor James D. Forbes says, " One attempt — a bold
and successful one — has been made, in our own dav. to
unite two of the three departments : I mean the His*
tory and Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences. An
English philosopher, of wonderful versatility, industry,
and power, ha* erected a permanent monument to his
reputation, in a voluminous work bearing the preceding
title." (" Preliminary Dissertation" in the eighth edition
of the " Encyclopaedia Brilannica.") An anonymous
work called "The Plurality of Worlds" (iSsjJ is gen.
erally understood to be the production of Dr. WhewelL
The author of this work doubts or denies the existence
of a plurality of world*. He became vice-chaoctllor of
the University of Cambridge in 1855. Died in 186^.

WUcli'cote, (BEt^jAMiN.) an English divine, bom in
Shropshire in i6ic^ studied at Emanuel College, Cam-
bridge, was appointed one of the university preacher*
about 1636, took the degree of D.D. in 1649, and aAer*
wards became rector of Milton, in Cambridgeshire,
After the restoration he wis appointed vicar of Saint
Lawrence, Jewry. He was the author of " Observatione
and Apophthegms," " Moral and Religious Aphorisms,"
and numerous sermons. He has been calkd one of the
principal founders of the latitudinarian school Of divine*
in England. Died in 1683.

WEip'pls, (hwlp'p'l,) (Abraham,] an American com-
modore uf the Revolution, bom at Providence, Rhode
Island, in 173]. He captured many rich priics and per*
formed several daring exploits between 1775 and 178t>
Died at Marietta, Ohio, in 1S19.

Sm H ruatTH. •• Life of A. WUpjlt"

Whipple, (AMtEL W.,] an American general, bom m
Massachusetts, graduated at West Point in 1S41. He
became a captain of topographical engineers in 1851,
and chief engineer on the staff of General McDowell in
(he spring oriS6i. He was killed at the battle of Chan'
ceHorsvilfe, May, 1863, aged about forty-six.

Wlilpple, (Eiiwit4 PEitcy,) a dislinniished American
critic and essayist, born at Gloucester, Massachusetts, in
1819. He publishedin 1843 in the " Boston Miscellany"
an " Essay on (he Genius and Writings of Macaulay,*
which attracted much attention. He became a coninb'
utorto the "American Review," "Christian Examiner,"
"Methodist Quarterly Review," "North American
Review," and the "Atlaniic Monthly." A eollectioa
of his writings, entitled " Essays and Reviews," wM
published in 3 vols, in 1849. He is also the author
of " Lectures on Subjects connected with Uteraiuie and
life," (1849.) and "Character and Characteristic Men,"
(1867.) Mr. Whipple acquired a high reputation as a
lecturer, and in 1S59 he delivered before the Lowell In-
stitute, Boston, a course of lectures on the " Literature
of the Age of Eliiabelh ;" these were puUished in a
■mall volume In 1S69. Died June 16, 188&

Whipple, (Henry Benjamin,) D.D., an eminent
American bishop, burn in Adams, New York, Febmat^
15, 183s, engaged successfully in business and in poli-
tics, in 1850 was ordained a presbyter of the Episcopal
Church, and in 1S59 was consecrated Bishop of Minne*
sola, the first of that tills. Died Sept. 16, 1901,

Whipple, (W11J.IAW.) an American general of the
Revolution, bom at Kiitery, Maine, in 1730, was one
of the signers of the Declaration of Independence. Hi
was elected (o Congress in 1776, wa* appointed briga-
dier-general in 1777, and look part in (he battles of
Stillwaiei and Saraloga and to (be siege of Newport
Died in 178$.

S« SAHDiKMil. " Buvapbf at Ik* Siaaoi ts Aa DedaraliOT
of lutvpeiidriica."

■ttUd, tais, sbasinfUi (|^*See£xplanatiun*,p.a3;)

Digitized by VjOOQ I C

WUstOer, (hwinlfr,) (Gbokge Washihctok,) i
AnMiican cn^nMr, born at Foit Wayne, Indiana, _
■Soo, graduated at the W«*t Point Military Academy
In ■8i9> Having been previously employed in the
CODtliuction of several railroads in the United S(atc«,he
wa* invited to Russia in 1843 by the emperor Nichoiat
10 superintend the internal improvementt in that country.
Died in 1849.

WUatlei, (Jambs Abbott UacNull,) an American
etcher and painter, bom at Lowell, Massachusetts, in
1834. H« was a son of George Washington Whistler.
* educated at West Point. He studied '

and found eager admirers and severe critics, but hia
etchings are universally praised. He was specially
noted as a colourist. He was made an o9iccr of the
Leihon of Honour in 1S91. He was the author ol
a O'Ooclt" and "The Gentle Art of Making

pher and theologian, born at Norton, in Leicestershire,
on the 9th of December, 1667. He was educated "
Clare Hall, Cambridge,, where he gave apecial attenti
to mathematics and the Cartesian philosophy, and took
his degree in 1690. He was elected a Fellow of his
college In the same ^ear, and was ordained a priest in
1693. About this lime he became acquainted with Sii
Isaac Newton. In 1696 he published a "New Theory
of the Earth, from its Original to the Consummation of
all Things," in which he attributed the great E>eluge to
the collision of a comet with the earth. This work ran
through six editions. He obtained the living of Lowes>
loft, in Suffolk, in 1698, soon afler which he married a
Hiss Antrobus. In 1701 Newton nominated him at
his deputy in the Lucasian pro"

Through the influent* of Nei ... __ __ _.

the chair of mathemalic*, which the former resigned In
1703. He then gave up hi* living at Lowestoft and
teenovcd to Cambridge, where he also ofBciated as £
clergyman, having been appointed lectniei of Saiut Clem-
ent's, In 1707 he was appointed preacher of the Bojle
lecture, and published " Prxlectiones AslronomiaE."
He was gradually converted to Arian doctrines, which
he advocated in a volume of sermons and essays pub>
lished in 1700, and in other writings. In 1710 ha was
deprived of his professorship and expelled from the
nniversity. Ue then settled in London, and published
a " Historical Preface to Primitive Chrislianit^" (lyic^)
which was followed by " Primitive Christianity Kcvived.''
(4 vols., 1711.) The clergy prosecuted him lur heresy it
the spiritual courts ; but, al'tet many evasive delays, the
prosecuttun was ended in 1715, by an act of grace by
which all heretics were pardoned. Whiaton was an
itnflinchinD and courageous asserter of religious liberty,
and was distinguished for his shrewd and pithy retorts
in conversation. He was once in company with Addison,
Pope, Watpole, and Secreury Cra^s, who raised the
question whether a secie'tary of state could be an honest
man. Whiston having expressed his opinion in the af-
firmative, Cracgt said, "It might answer for a fortnight
but no longer?" Whiston then asked, " Mr. Secretary,
did you ever try it for a fortnight f" to which Craggs
made no anawer. He published in 1737 a translation
of Joaephus, often reprinted, and in 1749-eo bis enter-
taining " Memoirs of his own Lite," (3 vols.) Died In
l7Sa-

* -■ ■ --NouvelleBlonpliltGfnJnlt.'

Chester," Ii77"-7S.) "Genuine History _

Asserted," "Maty Queen of Scots Vint^cated," (1788,}
"The Origin of Ananism Disclosed," and "Sermons
npon Death, Judgment, Heaven, and HclL" Died in

^whlt»k«, (Ozl William,) D.D., an American
bishop, bom at New Salem, Massachusetts, May 10,
1830, graduated at M id d I ebury College in 1856, and
at the General Theological Seminary in 1863, in which

io WHITE

year he was ordained a priest of the Episcopal Chnrdb
In l86g he was consecrated missionary Bishop of Ne-
vada, was assistant Bishop of Pennsylvania 1S86-S7,
and became bishop in 18^7, on the death of Bishop
Stevens. Died February 9, 1911.

WUtaker, (Wiluam,) a leaned English theologm^
born at Holme, in Lancashire, in 1547. He became pn^

cmitroversia] works a,

p°£sy- '^'^'^ '" 'J9S-

Wblt^rSad, (Samuel.) an English statesman, bota
in London in )758, was the son of an opulent brewer of
that city. He studied at Sunt John's College, Ca«>
bridge, was elected to Parliament for the borough of
Steyning in 1790, and was afterwards returned lot tte
town of Bedford. He was a zealous supporter of tha
Whig party, and a warm personal friend of Mr. Fa&
He conducted the impeachment of Lord Melville, and
was one of the most inBuential members of the oppo-
after the death of Fox His wife was a daunts
of the first Earl Grey. He committed suicide in l8i(
dun^ an attack of temporar- ' ■"-

lege, Oxford, and rose tlirough several prcferroeDts n
be rector of Saint Edmund's, Salisbury, having beca
previously created D.D. His controversial woAs an
numerous, and enjoyed a high repntatlon in bis liaei
among the most important of tboe may be naooed "A
Uiscouise concerning the Idolatry of the Church of
Rome," (1674,) "The Absurdity and Idolatry of Ilosfr
Worship Proven," (1679,) and " The Fallibility of the
Roman Church Demonstrated," (1687.) In 1GS3 ha
published a plea Ibr the loleradoQ of dissenters, entitled
"The Protestant Reconciler," etc., which encoonteitd
violentoppositionandwascondemnedtobebnmed. Hit
*■ Paraphrase and Commentary on the New Testameot,'
(■7°3.) a defence of Arminianism, is regariled as Ui
best production, and was followed by aeveral acta
worki of a similar luttire. Dr. Whitby tabaeqa^r
professed Arianism, in ddence of which he wrote a
Dtimbcr of tracts, and also defended Bishop HoAdly ta
the Bangorian controrerqr. Died in 173&
Sm Aluioh^ "Dlokurjof Aaib-T."

TTIilto, (Andrsw Dickson,) LL.D., an Anerka*
educator, bom in Homer, New York, November 7, |8]&
He studied in Geneva (New York) College, and grafc^
ated at Yale College in 18(3. He was professor of U^
tory in the University of h^hlgan, 1857-63, and in i86y
became president of Cornell University. In 1S73 he wm
sent as United States commissioner to Santo Domingck
United Stales minister tu Germany, 1879-81, and
appointed ambassador there in 1897. Among his
works are "Outline of Lectnrea on HistorT," (iSfio;
5th edition, 1883,) " Paper-Money Inilation in
France," (1876,) "The New Germany," (1882,) and
" History of the Warfare of Science with Theology
in Christendom," C'897-)

Wblto, (CHAIII.BS,) an English officer and wrlM;

born in Shropshire in 1793, served under WeltiagloB

the Peninsular war, and afterwards in Hanover as

iutant of the Duke of Cambridge. He poUithcd

Limacks Kevisiied," "The King's Page," "Arthv

Beverly," and other popular romances ; also, "Tha

Belgic Revolution in 1830," [1S35,} and "Three Years

'n Constantinople," (1846.) Died in 1861.

Wliito, (Daniel Afpleton.) a distingoished joiitl
ind scholar, was born in Massachusetts, in what is no*
the city of Lawrence, June 7, 1776. He gradoaied at
Harvard in 1797, sharing the highest honours <rf tk»
class with Horace Binney, of Philadelphia. In 1799 k
accepted the position 01 Latin tutor at Harvard, when
'le remained nearly four years. He began the study of
aw at Cambridge, and was there admitted to the bar is
804. His success in his profession was remarkable.
From 1810 to 181S he waa a member of the Sute Senate.
In. November, 1814, he was elected to Congress frorolht
Essex district by an almost unanimona vote ; bot bdbn
taking his seat m the national legislature he r ~

•. 6 1. <^ 0. ft /<»V.'i. 4. ^ sam^ less prolonged; I, <,),«, i), y, riorf; f, f , 1 9. Www/; fir, fill, Oi; mttj nJh; £Sad; uAki)

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

of probate for lh« coanty of Eskx, which in the mean
tim« had been tendered to him. He filled this office,
with the higheit credit to himself and advantage to the
Catmnonweallb, for thill7-dght yean. Wu actire In
the cause of edocalion and other public inleresu and
contributed to the Essex Institute more than SoOO vol-
omei. Hedied Maich3o, iS6i.

^Thlts, (EowAKD DoucLASS,) jurist, bom in Loniii-
ftna, Novembei 3, 1845. Served in the Confederate
•nny, afterwards studied law, and in l3-j8 became a jus-
tice in the Supreme Court of Louimna. Was U. S.
■jtMinr 1891-94, associate justice of the U. S. Supreme
Cooil 1894^1910, aud was appointed chief justice Decem-
ber ta, 1910.

Whlta, (Sir GaoKCB Stxiaet,) a British genctat,
iras bom in 1835 and entered the anny in 1853. Served
in the Indian mntiay, the Afghan campaign, the fijle
expedition of 1885, and commanded the Bnimese expe-
dition of 1S85-S7. In I S93 be succeeded Lord Roberts
as oommander- in- chief in India, and in 1899 took com-
mand of the Bnliab fonts in Naial. His brilliant de-

adfsmith vi
war. Died in igta.

White, (GlLDtBT,) an eminent English naturalist and
divine, bom at Selbome, in Hampshire, In t7ia He
Studied at Oriel College, Oxford, and look the degree
of M.A. in [74SL His principal work, entitled " Natural
History of Selbome," appeared in 1789, Its graceful
and attractive style, u well as its other merits, have
given it a high rank among English classics. After his
deilb, which occurred In 1793. a selection from his jour-
nal was published by Dr. Aikin, under the title of "A
Naturalist'* Calsndar," etc His "Aniiqnilies of Sel-
bome" was published in 1813, in the same Tolume with
lh« two above-named works.

White, (Henry,) an English clergyman, of consider*
able liieraiT attainments, was a resident of Lichfield,
and a fiiendoFDr. Johnson and other celebrated writen
Of the lime. Died in 1831^

Whltn, (IlENRvKlrke,) oden called Kirkb Whitb,
■n English poet, born at Nottingham in 17S5. A* a
dild, he was remarliable for precocity of intellect, and
distinguished himself by hia attainments in the andeni
and modem languages, music, and natnrat tcience.
Having previously mule several contributions to the
■ Monthly Mirror'' and other literary joomali, he pub-
lished about 1S03 a colleaion of poems, which wer*
aeveiely criticised by the revieww*. The volume, how-
ever, attracted the notice of Souihey, who aubaequently
became bit warm Iriend and generous patron. Having
about this time experienced deep religious Impressions,
it becaioe hi* earnest desire to educate himself hi the
■uinittry. Through the assistance of several friends, he
was enabled to enter Saint John's College, Cambridge,
in 1804. His severe application toitody and the excite-
ment of preparing for examination were too much for
bit originally frail constitution, and he fell into a rapid
decline, dying in October, 1E0& Hi* works, in prose
and verse, were published in 1807 by Southey, with a
Terj interesting biograpliy.

White, (Hdgh Lawson,) an American (taleaiiian,
bom in Iredell county, North Carolina, in October,
1 773. He removed to Knox county, Tenneasee, in 1 786,
and was appointed a judee of the supreme court of that
Sute in iSoi. In 181$ he was elected a Senator of the
United State* hi Tennessee. He received Iwenty-six
electoral vote* as a candidate for the Presidency in 1 836,
and was reelected a Senator tn the same year, but tie
resigned hia seat in 1839. Died at Knoxvillc in 184a

WTilte, (Jam!*,) an Irish novelist and poet, wrote
romances entitled "Adventure* of John of Caunl,"
"Richard Cieur de Uon," and "Conway Castle, and
ether rncms." Died in 1799.

White; [ReTi James;) an English dramatist and hie-
lorian, born in 178c He pnblisheil, bewdes other work*,
"The Eighteen Christian Centuries," (1S5S,) "Land-
marks of the History of Greece," and a "History dI
England." (l86l.) Died tn i86».

Pennsylvania University, bom at Philadelphia ID 1850.
Wu on the staff of Prof. Agassiz in bis eipedidoo to
South America, and liaa written largely on surgical
subjects.

Whiter (JeRIMV.) an English nonconformtst divfn«t
wrote a work entitled " Restoration of All Things," in
support of the doctrine' of universal salvxtloiL Dted
IniTC?-

\7hlta or Whjte, (JbHN,) an English ecclestasti^
bom in Sumy in 1511, was made Bishop of Winchester
under the reiin of Queen Ma^. Died in 1560.

White, (JoHH,) an English divine and popniar
preacher, sometimes called "the Patriarch of DoTche*<
ter," was born in 1574 ; died in 1648.

Whtte, lIoHK,) called Cttrruav White, an English
lawyer and nonconformist, bom In Pembrokeshire in
159a He was elected a member of Parliament in i64C^
and tat as a lay assessor In the Assembly of Divine*
at WeMminater. He published''*The First Century of
Scandalous Malignant Priests made and admitted into
Benefices by the Prelate*," etc Died in 1645,

White, (joMN,) an American lawyer, bom in 1805.
He represented a district of Kentucky in Congre**
from 1835 to *Sii, and vras Speaker of the House of
Representative* Oom December, 1841, to March, 1843,
Died in 184;.

White, MOSSPH,) D.D., an English divine and Orien-
talist, bom in Gloucestenhire about 174& He studied
at Wadhav College, Oxford, and in 1775 became Laudian

froleasor of Arabic in the univeiaitv. In 1783 he de-
vered tbe Bampton lecturet, which were anerwarda
Eublished under the title of " A View of Christianity and
lahometanism, in their History, their Evidence, and
their Effects." They won for him a high reputation and
the office of prebendary in the cathedral of Gloucester.
It was soon after discovered, however, that they were in
great part the composition of the Rev. Samuel Badcock
and Dr. Samuel Parr, who had been employed by Pr.
White to assist him. He published. In iSoc^ his "Dia-
tcssaron," which wat followed by his " j^^tiaca, or
Observations on Certain Antiguitie* of tgypt," and
a critical edition of the Greek New TeatamenU IHed
in 1814.

Willie, (Joseph Blanco,) often called Blanco
White, a distinguished writer, bom at Seville, tn Spativ
fn 1775, was descended from an Irish Catholic familji
settled tn that eonntry. In Spain he was called BLAttCO^

abandoned that profession, and, liaving settled in Ci^
land, devoted himself to literature. He had been for
several year* editor of a Spanish journal, entitled " El
Espaflol," and, in 181s, edited "Las Variedades," an-
other Spanish periodical. He was also a contribatsr
to the "Quarterly" and " Wettminater" Reviews, the
" Dublin University Review," and other literary Joumalfc
Among his principal works may be named " The Poor
Man's Preservative against Popery," (183$,) "Second
Travels of an Irish Gentleman in Search of a Religion,"
(1833.I and a sonnet entitled " Night," which ia nighl)
commended by Coleridge. Died in 1841.

Sm ~ TIh Ufc of tlw RcT. l«Bph Dlam While, wrinm ht Hbv
kK" LoiKlan. 1141 ; I. H. Thom. '■ Liliot J.B. Wli[u," j xik,
lUl ; "BiKkwDpil't Hatuhu" for Jd1>. iSij; "Qnuurly Rcw^
l« June. 1(411 "WEnaiLnHn'Rivftw" fat DKcmUi.iStJl " Briliah
QiururiT KfrifV br Aufatl, 1846.

White, (Julius) an American general, bom tn Madi-
son counn. New York, about i8t6. He served at the
battle of Pea Ridge, March, iSda, and was second in
command at Harper's Ferry when Stonewall Jacksoa
captured that place, September 1 j o( the same year.

White or Vi'tuB, (KiCHARti,) an English historian
and Roman Catholic priest, burn in Hampihire, became
a Fellow of New College, Oxford, in 1557. He Uughl
law at Douai. Died in 1613.

White; (RrcHARD Grant,) an American litttrata^,
born in New York in 1811. was fiir a lime associate
editor of the "Courier and Enquirer." He was a fre-
quent contributor to the leading literary periodicals, and

>/.-£ti>n^.-gat/.-C,H.iCfuMir»/; t«.Maja/.'a,Atf/<tf last.- that in 'itu, 'E^SeeExplanatian*.p,a),)

publithed k volume ctfcnticil euays, enHded "Stiilce-
Sptare'i SchoUr," (1854.) "i " Essav on ths Aulhorahip
01 Henry VI.," ind ■ " Life of Williim Shakespeare,"
pr^ixtd to hU edition of Shakespeare's collected works
In IX vols.„(lSs7-64,) « political satire entitled "The
New Gospel of Pca«," (1863,) " Words and their Uses,"
(1870,) and "Everj Uay Enclish,"(i88o.) Anewedition
of hia Shaltspeare, in 3 vols., was published in iSSj.
Died in New Vork, April S, 188$.

While, (Stbwart Edwabd,) author, bom alGrand
Rapids, Midiigan, in 1873. Hu worka bdnde "The
Westerner," "The Blazed Trail," "Ariiona Nights,"
"The Rules of the Game," etc

WUta^ (Sir Thomas,) a wealthy dltien of Latidon,
bom in 1491, became lord mayor of that cit; In 1553.
Re was the founder of Saint John's College) Oxford.
Died in 1566.

White, (Thomas,) an English cTergyman, bom *1
Biittol. He became vicar of Saint DunsUn's, Fleet
Street, London, jn 1S75. He founded Sion College^ li
London, and » hospital. Died in 1613.

WlUtti, (Thomas,) an English philosopher, was 1
friend and corretpondent of Descartes. Died in 169&

VThlte, (Thomas,) an English divine, bom In Kent
In 1630^ was made Bishop of Peterborough In i6S$. He
was one of the seven bishops impriioned in the Tower
b 1638. Died in 1698.

Wlitte^ (Waltes,) an English author, bom about
1811. . He wai for tnany years a secretary to the Roy. '
Sodcty. He wrote many pleasant books, includln
"Mont Blanc and Bacic," (1854.) " A Londoner's Walk t
the Land's End," (i8ss,) "On ^°'>^ through the Tyrol
(1856,) "A Holiday m Saxony," etc. Died in 1893.
" wiute, (WitUAM,) Tl.T)., a distinguished American
bishop, bom at Philadelphia in 1748. He was ordained
priest in 1771, and subeequenily became rector of Christ
Church' and Saint Peter's Church, Philadelphia. He

is elected Bishop of Pennsylvania in 17861 He pub-

hed "Comparative Views of the Controversy between

the Calvlnista and Arminians,** and other theological

workk Died in 1836.

White, (WiLUAU Halb,) an English author,
writing under the nom-de-flumi of Mark Rutherford.
He has written " The Autobiography of Mark Ruther-
ford," " The Revolution in Tanner's Lane," (1887,)
"Spinoza's Ethic," "Clara Ha[^ood," (1896,) and
olbet works.

Whlte'Seld, (hwlt'ttld,) (Gboro^) an eminent and
eloquent English preacher, and the founder of the sect
of CaMniatic Methodists, was born at Gloucester in
X>ecember, 1714. He was a son of an inn-keeper, Irom
whom he inherited little or nothing. His mother, wbo
became a widow about 1716, lent him to a grammar-
school. In 1733 he entered Pembroke College, Oxford,
as a servitor. He had received from nature a good voice
and remarkable rhetorical talenta. At college ne became
Ml intimate friend of John and Charles Wesley, with
whom he entered into religions fellowship. He was or-
dained a deacon in 1736, and began soon aAer to preach
with great eloquence and power- In 1737 be preached
In London, and other places, to crowded congregations,
who listened to him with enthusiastic admiration. He

CTformed a voyage to Georgia in the early part of 1738,
itituted an orphan-house at Savannah, and returned
to England in September of that year. In 1730 he
was ordained a priest by Bishop Benson. Having been
excluded from the churches of Bristol, he adooted the

Methodist religion at various places with great success.
In the autumn of 1739 he again crossed the Atlantic to
America, where he spent more than a year in zealous
ministerial labours. Having traversed the provinc

ceased to co-operate, in consequence of their disagree-
nenl fn doctrines. "They diflered especially In the doc-
trine of predestination, which Whitetield accepted, as a
disciple of Calvin. (See WiSI.IV, John.) About 1741

i) WHITELOCRE

he married a Welsh widow named Mrs. James. Ilicy
had one child, who died in infancr. He revisited tlw
American colonies in 1744, and laboured among them
several years. In 174S he became acquainted with
Selina, Countess of Huntingdon, who appointed him
her chaplain. Amons the persons who are said to hav*
heard and admired his sermons were Hume, Lord
CheslerGeld, and Beniamtn Franklin. He published ft
journal of his life, (id edition, 1756.) He sailed from
England in t769 on hia seventh visit to America, and
died at Newbui^port, Massachusetts, in September, 177a.
A colleclion o( his letters, sermons, etc. was publbbed
in six volumes. (1771-)

"Hume pronounced him," says Robert Southey," the
most ingenious preacher he had ever heard, and said It
was worth while to go twenty miles to hear him. Bel
perhaps the greatest proof ofliis persnaslve powers was
when he drew firom Benjamin Franklin's pocket the
money which that dear, cool reasoner had determined
not to give."* (" Ufa of John Wesley.")

Sh J. Oiitin, " Mh of G«otK* WhlicAeliL" irr* : " t;«ndn*
and Skhi Mnmirt nlilini Wthit AnA-UclhoJiit, G. Whiufitl^-
Oxford, 1741: ScHtmHAUiui, "Hliloiii Mtihoditlinm tt Via
W(iiu&l<C" i74y. Rdhht PHiLir. "Tha Uk tni Tms et A*
RfT.GtoTKWhitciicli],"')^: K- Soitthit, "Life of Jobn Wv
k]>:" "Frun't MitultM" fcr Fdnnr, iljiL *

Whlttt^Sad, (CORTLANITT,) D.U., an American
bishop, bom in New York city, October jo, 184J, grad-
uated at Yale ColleRe in lS6j, and at the PhiladeTphia
Divinity School (Episcopalian) in 1867, was ordained a
deacon in 1867 and a priest in 1868, was a missionary iti
Colorado, 1867-70, and rector at South Bethlehem, Penn-
sylvania. 1870-33, and in 188] was consecrated Bishop
of I^llsburgh.

Wliito^ad, (Datid,) an English clergyman, bor»
in Hampshire, became chaplain to Queen Anne BoleyiL
He was appointed Archbishop of Armagh in 1553, wenf
into exile on the accession of Queen Mary, and preached
at Frankfort. In 155S he returned to England. Died
in 1571,

Whitehead, (Geougk.) an English Quaker preacher,
bom in Westmoreland in t636, procured for the society
of which he was a member the allowance of an affirm-
ation In the courtsof law. Instead of the customary oath.
He was s personal friend of George Fox. Died in 171^

Whitehead, (John,) a Methodist divine and phj-
sician, who preached John Wesley's funeral setnoi^
and afterwards published Memoirs of his lifb Died
in 1S04.

Wmtebead, (PAtn.) an English satiric poet, bon
fn London in 171a His poIiii<al satire entitled "The
State Dunces" was dedicated to Pope, and was followed

virulence and daring personalities. He was ai

of Wilkes. Sir Francis Dashwood, and other pioiligatA

wits of the lime. Died in 1774.

Whitehead, (William,) an English poet and drama*
tist, born at Cambridge In 17IJ. He studied at Cans-
bridge, and In 1757 succeeded Colley Cibber as poet-
laureate lie published tragedies entitled "The Roman
Father" and "Creusa, Queen of Athens," "The Schoot
for Lovers,'* a comedy, and numerous odes, episilea.
etc. Died in 178S.

Wlilte^otise, (Tlmay John,) D.D., LLD., •»
American bishop, bom in Itew Vork dty, August 1%
1803, graduated at Columbia Collie In tSsi, and at tli*
General Theolf^cal Seminary in 18*4. In 1837 be
entered the priesthood of the Episcopal Church. He
was consecrated Assiatant Bishopof Illinois in iSst.and
in i8ji succeeded Bishop Chase as diocesan. Died.
August 10, 1874. He was Ibe ftothOT of several religim^

WUte^nra^ (John,) an English medianidan of dis-
tinguished talents, born in Cheshire Ini7l3i died in 17S&.

WUte^ocke, (hwltli^k,) (Buutrode.) an eminetit
English statesman and lawyer, bom in Lond<m in 1605,
was a son of Sir James, noticed below. Ilis mother
was Elizabeth Bulstrode. About 1630 he entered Saint
John's College, Oxford, which he quitted, without k

i'. own scioiiBl of Ihb. hi H. " AwohJaKiapliT.'*

l,^t,a|D,;,/«iif;li,t,&, same, less prolonged; i,i,1,6,^f.iiffrt;t.f,\,^i>tiain;lli,au.fit;iBltinii;g,SM',r

d by Google

WHITESIDE

tudybt

Mirlow In November. 1640, ind opposed llie irbltrarT
measures of Charles L He wu chairman of the com-
mittee which managed (he (mpeichment of the Earl of
StraRbrd, but waa more moderate and conservative than
most of the leaders of the popular party. During the
Civil war he preferred the pari of mediator to that of a
tealous partisan, lie vrat one of the commlMionerj
■ppointed to treat with the king at Oxford In January,
1643-43. About 164S he wa« nominated one of the
commissioners of the Rrcat teal. He declined to lake
any part in the trial olCharles I., which he character-
ited as a " bad busine** ;" but he accepted office undei
Ciomwell, who had much coTifidence in hit integrity
and ludgmcnt. In 1653 he wat tent a* atnbatsador to
Sweden, negotiated a treaty with that power, and te-
■nrned in 1654. He was ■ member of Cromwell'*
Mcond Parliament, and wu chosen Spealier of the
House of Commons In 1656, toon after wbich he uived
Cromwell to Msome the title of king, and obtained a
•eat In the new House of Peers created by the Pro-
leclQT. He was created a viscount <n August, 1658, but
he would not accept the tiller After the death of Oliver
be became president of Ihe cotincil of stale. In 1659,
and keeper of the great seal, which he resigned aboi:t
December, 1659. At Ihe restoration of 1660 his name
was included in Ihe Act of'Oblivion. He died in 1676,
teavinr a valuable contribution to history, entitled " Mc-
moriaw of English Aflairs from Ihe BeEinnrng of the
Reign of CbarFes I. to Ihe Restoration of Charles II.."
(1681,1 also "Memorials of English Affairs from ihc
Supposed Expedition of Brute to this Island to the End
of ihe Reign of James I.," which was published in 1709
by William Penn, who prefixed a notice of the author's
lire. An Account of hU Swedish Embassy was pub-
lished in 1772.

WhlU'alde, (Jaubs.) LI.D., an Irish jurist and
conservative statesman, born In Ihe county of Wicklow
about 1S06. He studied at Trinity College, Dublin, and

defence of O'Connell in 1841, and also defended Meagher
and Smith O'Brien In the trials of 1843. He was elected
to Parliament for Ennitkillen In 1851, and In 1S59 was
Kturned for the University of Dublin, He liecame
iboul 1&66 lord chief justice of the court of queen's
bench in Ireland, He published a work entitled "Iial*
bi the Nineteenth Cen(urT"(lS49.) Died Nov. aj, 1S7&

WUffield, (Jauu.) D.D., an Anglo- American atch-
Wsbop, born in Liverpool, England, November 3, 1770,
■tudied divinity at Lyons, and in 1S09 became a Roman
Catholic priest. In 1S17 he came to the United Stales,
and in 1818 he was consecrated Archbishop of Ualti-
nore. Died October 19, 1S34.

WUfgU^ (John,) an Archbishop of Can terbary, and
Uamed Protestant theologian, born at Great Giimsby,
Lincolnshire, In iSja lie entered Queen's College,
Cambddge, about 1548, and afterwards removed to
Pembroke Hall. In 1JS4 he took the dei
bachelor of arts. He adopted the Ptutesiani doctrines
at an early age, and, after the accession of Qi
m I

Andr. _.._.„
IcCo, be gained distinction as a preacher at Cambridge,
wnere be resided many years after the date just named.
He became Lady Ma^aret professor of divinity in 1563,
matter of Pembroke Halt in 1567, and chaplain of
Queen Eliiabeth in the tame year. Abuut 1568 he was
appointed mister of Trinity College and regiui pro-
fessor of divinity. He appeared as a champion ot the
Established Church and ila lilutpy tn a controversy
■(ainst Cartwiight, who was a PunUn. In 1571 he was
jppoinied Dein of Uncoln The constitution and lit-
uigy nl Ihe Church ol Englana havmg been attacked
m a Puritan work called "An Admmiirion tn Harlij'
inent." Whitgift defended Ihe Church with much abilii*
in his " Answer in the Admonition to Parliament,^
(1572.) He was appointed Bishop ot Worcester in
1576, and gained the favour of the queen by hisieal and

WHITNEY

'erily against Ihe Roman Catholics and Puritans. H*
succeedecTGrindal asArchbishopof Cantcibury in 15S3,
and initiated vigorous measures to enforce conformity to
all ihe doctrines, forms, and discipline of Ihc Church.
He required all clergymen 10 subscribe to the Thirty.
Nine Articles, and lo recognize the queen as lh«
supreme head of the Church. His intolerance and per*
seculing spirit are said to have driven many persona
into diuenL ** Honest and well-i mentioned," sayi Gar-
diner, "bul narrow-minded 10 an almost incredibia
degree, the one thought which filled his mind was tha
hope of bringing Ihe ministers of ihe Church of Eng-
land al least to an outward conformily." Lord Burghley
remonstrated against his intolerant conduct, without
effect. Whitgifi declined ihe office of lord chancellor
in ijSy. He founded a hospital at Croydon. On iha
deatl) of Elizabeth (1601) he sent Dr. Nevil 10 Scotland
urt the &Tour of James I. He took port in the
conference it Hamptcm Court in 1604. Died 1604-

Wld'tlnB (HiKxy,) an American general of th«
United States arAty, was bom at Lancaster, in Massa-
chusetts. He wrote varlout arliclea for the '* North
American Review." Died al an advanced age in Saint
Loui!>, Missouri, in 1S51.

WMting, (Lilian,) author, born ai Nia^wa Falls,
N. v., 1S59. tier works include poems, critical essays,
works of spirilun! significsnce, biographical studies, etc.

WbitlDg, (WlLLlAU,) an American lawyer, bom at
CoDcord, Massachusetts, March 3, 1813. Graduated in
1833 at Harvard College, and at the Dane L&w School in
1838. Was solidlor to the United States war depart-
ment 1863-^5, and was elected to Congress in 1S73.
Died at Boston, June 39, 1873. His principal work it
" The War Powers of the FresideDt, and the L^istaiive
Powers of Congress," (1S61.)

Whltlock, (Brand,) author and offidal, boni M
Urfaana, Ohio, in 1859. Studied law, practised at To-
ledo after 1897, and was elected independent mayor of
Toledo in 1905, I907, 1909, and 1911. He has written
"Her Infinite Variety," "The Gold Brick," "The
Enfonremenl of Law in Cities," etc

Wblt'lqck, (ELtZAEiCTit,] an English actress, bom
in 1761, was a sister of the celebrated Mrs. Siddoni;
She wai married in 17S5 to Mr. Whiilock, manager of
the Newcastle Theatre. Died in 1S36.

Whif ro^ (Sarah Helen Power.) an American
poetess, born al Providence, Rhode Island, in 1813, pub-
lished " Hours of Life, and other Poems," (18(3,) and
a work enliiled "Edgar Poe and his Critics,"^{iS6a)
With her sister, Anna M. Power, she wrote " Fairy Bal-
lads." She died luue 17, 1878.

wmtman, (Walt.) an American poet, born at West
Hills, Long Island, May 31, 1819. Educa
schools, he learned first the printer's ■

Educated In public

penter's trade, and for some lime wa:i a journaliit of
New York. He published "Leaves of GrtS)," |i8j5i
much enlarged, i83i,) "Drum-Tans," [1865,1 "Two
Kivulels," (1873,) and "Specimen Days and Collect'*
(1883.) His poetry pays no regard to rhyme or regu-
lar meter, and was given to the task of bringing life in
all its details within Ihe poetic sphere, nothing being
concealed. The result wat fatal to his success finan-
cially, and he was supported in his last days by some of
his admirers. Died March 26, 1891.
WUt'more, (Williau Henry,) an American antl>

Slory of Yesterday," (1869,) "baffodils" and "Bird-
Talk," poems, (_l887,) " Aficutney Street," (1890,)
and "A Golden Gossip," (1891.) Died March ai, 1906.
Whitney, (Eu.) the inventor of the cotton-gin, was

»k: %*ai: %*ani! ^»*J ^ii%,'(..,giittmralf»,naiali^trmtd:lxg*, tbatin'Au. ||^Se« Eiplanaliona. ^ 1}^

d by Google

WHITNEY 34

bom ■iWeuboroDgh,WoTce*teTraant7,Hi*MGhiMett%
December 8, 176c He ditpland sreit meclianlcal (■)•
(cnnlty in hti exily yowh, gndiuited al Vale College In
179*, and went to Ge«raia to teach Mbool. He becuaa
«n inmate In the houKhotd of General Greene's widow,
near Savannah, where, aboal the end of 1791, be inventtd

■ in.gin for aejiratlnB the cotton TDMn t' ■*

- ' ' ' with Phineaa Miller ■

_ „, ..js thus defrauded of hi ,

and was involved fn nnch trouble bf the infringement*
ef hit patent "The South," uyi Horace Greetey,
"fairly iwarmed with piratee on the invention, of -11
kinda and degree*." When he proaecuied those who
infringed hia patent, the jnn'ei of Georgia decided for
the defendant!, lite legulatore of South Caroiina paid
kim fiflr thousand dollais for hii patent-tight about
1804. Despairing of gaining^ ■ competence by this in-
Tention, he engaged in the mano&ctnre^f Sre-arms near
Kcw Haven in 1798. Ue made great improvement* In
the construction of fire-arns, and acquired an inde
pendent fortune <n that busineii. He married in 1S17
m daughter of Judge E^erpwit Edwards. " We cannot
express," say* Judge lohnstm, (in iBoy.J " the weight of
the obligation whicninecountryowe* to Chi* invention,"
(the cotton'gin.) Robert Fulton cxpresied the opinion
that "Arkwrighl, Watt, and Whitney were the three
men that did most for mankind of any of their conten.
porarles." He died al New Haven in January, iSiJ.

Sm ■ "Hniwir of EH Whto«r." b " Silliiwui't Joomil," Jm-
•uv, ityt, bj Pionooi OLMnaD; Hunv Hiwa. "Unt. <*
Binixnt Amtrkan Hcduidat" >S«f i Caaun, -Anuiicu Car
ato,"™LiLW.sMS.

WUtnejr, (Jqsiah Dwight,) an American scientist,
was born at Nurthamploit, Mastachuselta, November
It, 1819. He graduabd al Yale College in 1839. In
1841-3, and iS^ be studied fn Europe under Elie de
BcauraonI, Rammelsbeig, lleinrich Rose, Licbig, and
olhcra He was cmpluyed, a* assiatani, on the geo-
logical survey of New Hampshire in 1S40; In 1847-50,
on that of the Lake Superior region, as assistant and
principal ; in iS5;-6o, partly on thai of Iowa and Wia-
consin; and in iSte b« was appointed Stale geologist

of California, being at the ' '- '

tical geology in Harvard C
school. Apart from the report:
he was engaged, he published a translatiun of " Beriellu*
on the Blowpipe," (Koslon, 1845.) a woik "On the
Metallic Wealth of the United Stales, described and
compared with that of other Countries" (Philadeiphia,
t8u,) and many scientific papers in "Silliman's Joar-
nal," the " NotA American Review," etc. He was one
cJ the original members of the National Academy of
Sciences, established by Congreaa in 1S63. He re-
ceived the degree of LL.D. from Yale College in 1S70.
Died August 19, 1S9&

Whitney, (Wiujah Dwight,) a distlngaUhed phl>
lolugisC and Oriental scholar, brother of the preceding,
vas Urn February 9, 1S17. He graduated at Williams
College In iS4(. lie studied at Berlin and TiiUngen
In 1850-53, and published, (Berlin, 1856,) In oooiunction
with rrolessot K. Roth, the Saiucrit teatof the Atharra-
Veda, from a collation of all the known manuscripts In
Ksrope. In iSu he was appointed professor of San-

> was appoinica oiaie geoiogiii
the same lime profesnor of prac'
d College and head of its mmins
B reports of the surveys in which

Kril and comparative philology a'

: College, and

the latter having

bis most important

been a translation, with notes, of the ■■ SjQrya-Siddhlnta,'
fully illustrated edition* of two of the " Frlii^Skhyas,'
criticisms un the Standard Alphabet of Lepsiui, and on
the views of Biut, Weber, and MUller on the Hindoo
and Chinese Aslerisms,.etc. tie alao furnished many
aniclea to other pcriodicats, as the " North American
Review," " New Eoglander," and " Nation," and to the
" New American Cyclopxdla." He contributed valuable
material to the great Sanscrit Dictionary of llohilingk
■nd Roih. Ilia other published works are a volume of
"Lectures on Language and tbe Study of Language,"

>4 VirHtTTINGUAM

(tSGy,) a "Compendious German Grammar," (liinj ^
"German Reader," (1870,) and a " Compcn>di^llaGc^
man and English Dictionary," (1877.) He receivtd the
honorary degree of Ph. D. from the ItnUcisityof Ureuas
in 1861, and that of LUD. from Williams Collan b

1868, and from William and Mary College, VirjinB. i.

1869. In i87ohis"T*ittir1ya-Ptlti5ikhya"tec«Wlh*
Bopp priie from the Berlin Academ*. At a critic sad
philologist he was distinguished alike tor dear in-
sight and sound judgment and for profound iikd vitied
learning. He was editor- in- chief of the "Ceniniy
Dictionary" 1889-91. Died in 1S94.

WU'tftn, (JAKU HoKKis,) Ph. D., M America d«.
grman, bom in Boston, April 1 1, 1833, graduated st Yilt
College in 1853, entered tbe Congregational ninlsii^
.was at the beaa of important sdmola in New Nsve^
<i854-6a.) and in Easthampton, Manachinetta,(t8;i^.7BJ
and held pastorale* in Lynn, Massachnsett*, (1865-7;,)
and in Newark, New Jcraey. He ha* pntdished "The
Gospel of the Resurrection," " I* Elcmal Panithncat
Endless P" " From Seera to Prophets," «c^ and et^ared
several Greek and Latiii text-book^ and an edition dt
the Orations of Lyslas.

WMf ta-kfr, (Friobkick,) a writer, bom in London,
England, December 11, i8j8. He came to the United
Slates in tSto, and served as a soldier and cavalry oSon
in the war of 1861-65. He hai publiaheda "Lileof CeD>
etal Custer," (iSyfiif "Cadet finttoo," (1878,) and niany
popular tales.

wliltt«more^ hwlt'mOr, (Akcm,) 4 i
bom at Cambrid^ Hassachnsells. in 17J9, w
ventor of a machine for tiickina cards. Died in 1S18.

WUttamorc, (Thomas.) D.D„ an AmericiD Unt-
versalist divine, bom at Boston in iSoo, was for mtsv

Bars editor of "The Trumpet," a religious Journal
e published a " History of Univcrtalitm," " Sonp of
Zion," and a "life of Kosea Ballon," (3 rola., iB54-sy)
Died in 1861.

WMttler, hwit'te-er, (JOHH GSKKNiXArJ • diidn,
guithed American poet, was bom at Haverhill, Ha>U'
chusetts, December 17, 1807- II« *>• educated b)
his patents in the princi[des of the Friends or Quakent
wW which denomination he always remained In con-
nection. He did not have the advantage of a clastiul
education. In 1830 he became editor of iho "New Eng-
land Weekly Review," and in 1831 published his'Le.
Bnds of New England," a collection of Indian Itadidont.
iving early identified himself with the anti-slavery
party, be assumed about 1S3S the editorship of tht
"Pennsylvania Freeman," one of the or^na of the
American Anti-Slavery Society, and in which many of
his finest lyrics first appeared. He wa« for a time cor-
responding editor of the " National ErsL," published si
Wuhington. In addition to the abore-nanied wnkt.
he polished "Song* <A Labour, and other Poeoii,'
(1851,) "The Chapel of the Hermit^" etc, (1855,)
"Home Ballad* and Poems," (1859.) "In Wai-Timt,
and other Poema," (l86j,) "National Lyric*," (iMjJ
"Snow-Boundi a Winter Idyl," (1866,) "The Tentoa
the Beach," (1867J "Among the Hill*, and other
Poems," (1868,) - Ballads of New England," (iSe^J
"Miriam, and other Poems," (1870.) "The PcnnsyUttaia
Pilgrim, and other Poems," (1871.) " Hasel Blouomfc'
(i874,)"Mabel Manin," (i875.)"The Vision of Edur4
and other Pocma," (1878,) "The Kins's Missive, sad
other Poems," (iSSl,) and "The Hay of Seven lalandi,'
(1S83.) '*At Sundown" was published after hii
death. Nearly all the productions of Whittier in hit
happier hours are characterited by intense (edinc
andbyoll the spirit of the true lyric [K>et. Hisnatnit-
poetiv is faithful and beautiful, and bis " BardST oi
Ury and " Barbara Frietchie" rank high among mI-
lads of moral heroism'; but it is when he enters the
realm of the mystic and spiritual, as in " My PmId,"
that bis notes come clearest and truest. Died Sep-
tember 7, 1S92. (For some excellent remarks to
the characteristics of Whittier, see the " Fable fw
Critics," by Lowell.)

WUtUngluin, hwit1ng-f m, (Sir Samubi. Fora) t
British general, who served in the Peninanlat «H

I, •,I.&l%/«w:tti,*»me.le»» prolonged;*.*. 1, 6. 0.rM*«.»,?.i. 9. •'*"'»• fl'. ft", "l';"^': ■**!■*<'!"•*'

Digitized by VjOOQ I C

WHITTWGHAM

>4«S

WICKLIFF

li^

13.) He bacune in 1839
Iras, where he died In 1840 or 1841.
'^■"'~"'""~ (WiLUAH,) ui Englwh PnriMn mill'

liMDe in the reign of Edward VL After ttia accenion
of Hkiy Ite w«nt into exile, and succeeded Joho Knox
M putor at Genera, where he aauated in an Engliih
tnuulation of the Bible. He became Dean of Durham
in 1563. Dr. Sandjr^ Archbiibop of York, in 1577
brought against him a charge of tbiru-Gve artidei, one
of which was that he was ordained at Geneva only.
Whittingham appealed to the qoeen, who appointed a
commissian to try the case. Before the case was dedded,
he died, in 1SS9.

WliittiiigliiLiii,hwit'ing-fm,(Wiu.iAM Roixinsom,)
D.D., an American divine, bom in New Vork in tSoj,
was elected in 1840 Bishop of Mirvland. He puUbh^
a number of sermons, etc. Died Ociober 16, 1879,

Whlf tlng-t^n, (Sir Rickaka) a bmons dtiien of
London, was thiice elected lord mayor of the dtj. He
was distinguished as a benebctor to the public. Died
tei433-

S« " Uib «f Sr R. WbhtiBcUa." London, ilii.

WbltUugton, (ROBtKT,) an English grammarian and
Laib poet, bom at Lichfield about 14^ He was the
aolhoT of " Epigrammala," and other Latin verses of
great elegance, and of several graoimaticBl works.

Whltflo, hwlf fl, (Feancis McNbbc*,) D,D., LL,D.,
an American biabop, born In Mecklenburg county, Vir-
ginia, July 7, 1B33, graduated in 1847 at the Theological
School near Alexandria, and in 1S48 was ordained a
presbyter of the Epiicopal Church. In 1868 he was
consecrated Asaistant Bishop of Virginia, becoming
diocesan bishop in 1876. Died June 18, 1902.

WUftlo-Bey, (PaxDutCK,) an Amerlcaa JoHsL
bom in Washington, Connecticut, hi 1799. He settled
at Rochester, New York, In iSia, was elected a member
of Congress in 1831, and becamea judge of the supreme
court of New Yoik. Died at Rochester in iS^t.

Wblt'tipdge, (WOKTHINOTON,) an American land-

.id Rome,

ifle first exhibited in New York in 1845, and in 1S59
was chosen to the National Academy. Among his beat-
known works are "The Old Hantmg .Grounds," "Lake
Shawangunk,— Twilight," "The Pilgrimage lo Saint-
Roche," "The RockyHountainB,from the Platte River,"
and "The Old House W the Sea."

Whit^, (Edward Hichabl,) an English journalist,
bom at Liverpool in 18x7, has been axsodale editor of
" The Times," the " Daily News," and other prominent
joumals.

Whifwprth, (Chaklbs,) an Engllah diplomatist,
bom in Suffordshire in 1670. He was ambassador to
Russia in 1710^ and was afterwards employed in Im-
portant missions to I^ra■sia and the Hague. He waa
minister-plenipotentiary to the Congress of Cambray in
17U. He died in 17^5, having been created Baron
Whitworth of Galway in 17x1. His " Account of Russia
M It was in the Year i7io"was published after Ue
death, by Horace Walpole.

^Tbltwortli, (Charuis,) a relative of the preceding,
was bom in Kent inl 75;). He was sent in 1788a* envoy-
extraordinary and minister-plenipotentiary to Rnssla,
remaining in that country until 1800, when he waa aent
on a mis»on to Copenhagen. He was ambassador-extra-
ordinary to the French court in iSol, appointed Viceroy
of Ireland in 1813, and in 1815 created Baron Aldbaston
and Earl Whitworth. Died in iBiJ-

miitiroTth, (Joseph,) an Enalish engineer and
nechanidan, bom at Manchester about 1605, invented
the rifle called by his name. He also made great
Improvements in cannon and other ordnance^ D. 1887.

wbjhn'p^, (Edwakd,) an English traveller anid
artist, bom in London, April vj, 184^ His biher waa
an able engraver and painter. Edward Whympor won
early distinction as a mountain-dimber. He was the
first to ascend the Matterhorn (1865) and Chimboraio,

(1879.) HetravelledinGreealandandinSonthAmetin,
and made valuable collections of toological and geologi-
cal material. He published "Scrambles amongst the
"Alps," (1871,) "Travels among the Great Andes
of the Equator," (1892,) etc. Died Sept 7, 1911.

Wbjrmpei, (Fredbrick,) an English traveller,
author of " Travel and Adventure in Alaska," (186S,)
" Heroes of the Arctic," (1875,) and " The Fisheries
of the World," (1884.)

TThrte-MelTllle. (George.) See Melville,
(Gborgk Whvtb-.)

Wliytt, (Robert,) an eminent Scottish physidan,
bom in Edinburgh in 1714. He became professor of
medidne in the University of Edinburgh in 1746, firal
physidan to the king in Scotland in 1761, and president
of the Royal CollEge of Physidans in 1764. He pub-
lished several medical works and Physiological Essaya.
Med in 1766.

WUrda, we-SK'dV (Tilemahn Dothias,) a Dutch
historical writer, bom at Emden in 1746, was the author
of a " Hisioi? of East Friesland," and other similar
works. Died in 1836,

Wlbold, ftee'bllt, or WlboU, fteeHMlt, written also
Onlbald, (in Latin, WiBOL'Din^ Wibal'dus, or Goi-
BAL'oua.) a celebrated monk, bom at or near Liegs
about 1097. He was employed in important affairs by
the emperor Lolhaire and his successor Conrad. He
was elected Abbot of Corvey or CorUe, is Westphalia,
in 1147. Died in 1158

Wlberg,vee'bfsg,(AHDREAS,)D.D.,aSwedishdivfaM,
bom In Heisingland in 1816, was originally a Luthetao,
but joined the Baptists in iSsx Having resided three
"ears in the United States of America, he became, after
lis return, pastor of the Baptist church in Stockholm,
and editor of "The EvangelisL"

moar, veTiiR', (Jean BAPnsTE Josxph,) a French
historical painter, born at Lille in 176X, waa a pupil of
David. He passed the greater part of his mature tile
hi Italy, and made a valuable ccrilectloa of the designs
of ItaTian maxtera. These are now in the Muaeum of
lilte. He died at Rome In 1834.

^oh«rn, MK'fRn, (Johank Hbihrich,) D.D., an

ninent German philanthropist and divine, bom at
Hamburg m 1808. He founded near that dty. In 1833,
a Rauhes-Haus, or reformatory school for destitute and
vagrant children, and aoon after established the Insti-
tute of Brothers, for the gratuitous trainii^ of teachers
for such schools. He waa also chiefly instramental in
organizing the assodadon known as the Inner Mission
of the German Evangalical Church, of which hepnbliahed
- account in 1849. Died April 7, tSSi.

Vnobmann, MK'min, [Johann Ernst,) a German
physidan, bom at Hanover m 174a He studied at Got-
tingen, and, afkcr having visited London and Paris, was
appointed court physioan at Hanover. He wrote a
valuable work, entitled " Ideas on Diagnosis," and other
medical treatises. Died in 1804.

Vrinhmanii, (Karl Frikdhich.) a German sculptor,
bom at Potsdam in ijl^, was a pupil of Schadow, atul
afterwards studied in Italy. He executed a number of
portrait-bnsts and stames; smong the lattei, that of the
Russian empress Alexandra is much admired. D. 1836.

•Wrtnhmann, (LUDWIO WiLKXLM,) a brother of the
preceding, was born abonl 1785. He acquired a h^
reputation in the same department of sculpture. Among
his maater-pieces are busts of KQmer, Schleiermacher,
Hegel, and Henrietta Sontag. WIchmann became pro*
' isor in the Academy of Arts at Berlin. Died in 1859.

Wiok'ei-eham, (GBORaH Woodward,) lawyer,
bom at mtsburch in 1S58. Practised lawin Philadelphia
iSSo-Sx, and afierwuds in New York, and was attorney
general of the United States during President Tafl's term.

WlclEMsbam, (Jamis Pvlk.) LL.D., an American
educator, bom in Newlin, Pennsylvania, March S, 1825,
was superintendent of public instruction for Pennsyl-
vania )S66-8l, and in 1883 was appointed Uni(ed,Statei
minister to Denmark. He wrote on educational sub-
jects, and died in 189I.

Wloktwm. See Wykehan.

Wlokiur or Wlckllfla. See WvcLWnk

cas4;«aar,- \hard; ^aaj; a,ti,K,tiM»a:; h./iomI; ^trilUd: lass; thasin

({^See Explanations, p. «|,)

Digitized by VjOOQIC

^nolot See WvCLiPFE.

'WIo<inefiut, da, d«h wik'fort, (or vik'foK',) (Abia-
BAM,) ■ Dutch diplonudst, born U Amiterdam in ijoi
He was appointed bj tlie Elector of Brandenburg bit

Kcident at the French court, which post he occupied
(or upwaidi o/ thirty years. He wai airciteil in ' "
by order of Cardinal Mazarin, and imprlioned ii
Baattlle on a charge <t( conveying secret intelligence
to the States-General. Being released after a year's
confinement, he was obliged to leave the counbr. and
OD his return to Holland was made historiographer to

Functions," (l63i,) and a " History of the United Prov-
inces," etc., (both in French.)

8« NiciiDH, " UinuArci ;" Paquot, " lUmObM."

Wloqaefort, de, (Joachiu,) a Datch diplomatist,
born at Amsterdam, was a brother of the preceding.
He waa employed in diven negotiationa dnrinr th«
ThiriT Yean' war by Bernard, Duke of Saie- Weimar,
Died ID 1670.

^nda. See Wkidbh.

WidmanatBd^ «Kf min-stif, (Tohann Albrickt,)
a German Orientalist, born at Nellingen, near Ulm, in
the fifteenth centary. He studied languages in Italy
and Spain, and returned to Germany in 154I' He was
appointed a member of the council of (he Emperor of
Germany in 1551. He produced a New Te*tam«it in
Syriac, (1555.) Died before ISS»

S«WALI>Aa."J. A. WidnUBMUII," in&

Wldmar, IHt'mf r, (Sahukl,) a Swiss Inventor and
Btnufaduier, bom in the canton of Aargaa in 1767,
was a nephew of Oberkampl He bad a mann&ictory of
calico or painted muslins at Jouj, and bvented the art
of printing muslins with engraved cylinders of copper.
He also invented a Duchine to engrave the cylinder*.
Died in l&ll.

Wldmnanii, Mdn'mSn, (Max,) a Bavarian sculptor,
born at Eichstadt In iStl, studied at Hunich nnder
Schwanthaler. He afterwards visited Rome, where he
executed his "Shield of Hercules," which is ranked
among his master- pieces. Among bis other works may
be named atatues of Rauch and of Orlando di Lasso,
and the group of " A Hunter Defending his Family from
a Panther,'' In 1848 he became profinsor of sculpture
in the Academy of Art at Manich. Died in 1395.

WldnUnd. See WrmKiKD.

WiebekJaft *eea>ch-kli
celebrated German engineei
at WolUn, in Pomerania, in iy6t. He row through
several offices to be general uspector of roads and
canals in Bavaria in 1805. He published several works

lauhuuf,) (S vols., 1805,) "Theoretical and Practical
Civil Architecture," (4 vols., iSai, with 109 plales,) and
*■ Historical Analysis of tbc Monuments of Antiouity,"
stc.. (1840.) the last-named in French. Died in li^X

Wled, Pkincb or. See Haxiuiuah.

Wiedemann, ftee'd$h-mln', (LuDWio,) • German
Matuary and founder, born at Nordlingen In 1690 ; died

meden or Wlda. See WstDsn.

Wlegleb, Aeea'ICp, (Johahn Ckkwtian,) a Ger-
man chemist, born at Langensalxa in 1731, He wrote,
beside* other works, a " Hiatory of the Progress and

I, fteef/mln, (AKKND FkisDKICR AD-
OUST,) a German naturalist born at Bninswick in 180S,
published, conjointly with Ruthe, a " Manual of Zoology,"
I1833,) and founded ini 83 5 a journal entitled "Archives
far Natural Hittwy." Died in 1S41.

Wleland, wee^^nd, [Ger. pron. Aee^lnt ; LaL Wii-
LAH'divs,] (Chkhtoph Martin,) a celebrated German
poet, bom at Oberholzheim, near Biberach, In Wflr-
wmberg, September 5, 1733, was awn of a Protestant

66 WIELAND

dergyman. Abool the •« of

write verses in German and in l^nn* ne wa* acai m
the Academy of Kloslerbergen, near Uagdebori, in his
(burteenth year, and became a good dassical scfaolsr.
Hsvina; relumed to hit lather'i house at Biberach ta
1750^ he fell in love with hit coosin, Sophia von Goter-
mann, who was afterwards known as an authoress ander
the name of Madame de I,srocbe- {ns|Hred b* this
passion, he wrote a didactic poem "On tne Natsre
of Things, or the Host Perfect World," (lyji.) He
entered the Univeraity of Tflbingen as a atndent of taw
about the end of 1750; but he gave his attention mots
to classical literature and philosophy. He produced b
175a "Ten Moral Epbtles*' in verae, which present the
first indication of that Socratic and Horatian iroav m
which he afterwards excelled. His poem " Arminius"
or " Hermann" (1753) procured far him the friendship
of B6dmer, who invited him to Zuridk He accepted
Hut invitation, and passed several yeara in the hoose of
Bodmer, who caerdsed a temporary InBuenoe over bi*
literary characMr. Under thia influence Wieland wrote
" The Trial of Abrafaan," (" Der geprtlfle AbrahaM,'
1753,] and " Lcttera from (be Dea<l to their Living
Fiends," (1753.)

The religious enthusiasm tA his vouth was followed
by a reaction, and hit imagination became more sober
as his reason was more developed. In 1754 be ceased
to reside in the house of Bodmer ; but he remained at
Zurich about four years loiwer, at (ntiw in private
bmilies. In 1 7(7 be produced five cantos of " Cyras,"
an epic poem. Which he never finished. He afterwards
wrote a beautiful poem entitled " Araspes and Panthea,"

11758.) He resided a short time at Berne, from which
e removed in 1760 to Biberach, where he became inti-
mate with Coun(Stadion, and renewed his inttmacvwiik
hit coosin Sophie, who had been married to U. Je La-
rodte. Wleland was appointed a member of the coimdl
of Biberach, or director of (be chancery. He produced
a trantlation of Shakapeare's dramas, (8 vols., i76>-66.)
This wss the first versiwi of Shakspeare that had
appeared in the German language Wieland was not
specially quaUfied for thit taM, hit genius being by bo
means Shakapearian.

In 1765 he married a lady of Augsborg, with whoa
he liv«l happily for many years. His works writtea
after 1760 are, aDbappilj, tainted with sensuali^ a>d
epicureanism. He published in i^ his best novel,
"Agathon," which, said Lesaing, "is one of the iBaal
remarkable books of our sge.^ His poem entitled
"Mutarion" (176S) was admired for its graceful *^
and ingenious irony. In 1769 he became professor of
pbilos<^hy at Erliirt. He produced numerous worka m
ra[Md sucwstioo, and was much censured by tbe critin
because the tone of bit later irarks was not so relipoM
as that of his first He defended himself with the
weapons of satire and humorous invective, in " Love
.... _. , "■n^jjam-

of his wit, combined with a certain levity, Wietand has
often been called " the German Voltaire."

Having been invited by the Dnchess Amelia, of Saae-
Teimar to diiect the education of her sons, he removed
to Weimar in ■77s. He produced, in 1773, ■* Alceate,'
an opera, which had great auccest. About tbe aaae
date be founded the " Deutscber Hercur," a tnowtUy
literary periodical, of which he was (he chief or tele
editor until 1790^ after which i( was edited \tj Wielaaj
and Bdltiger about fifteen years. He fi>nDed a fnead-

Abderiten,") and in 1780 tiie romantic poem of ' Ofaa-
ron," which is his root( celebrated poebcal prodaatica,
and which wat praised byGoethe as a master-piece II
'dnet a variety of mnits, — orteinality of personage^
purity of language, refinement of irony, and pcofaon^
"MS of sentiment.

He aAerwarda prodnoed a five translation at the
Epistles and Satires of Horace, (1781-86,) to whicb ta
aoled valuable conunentaries. He alto translated L>-
cian, (17S8-91.) Among his later works ia ■* Kncri
Proteus," (1791.} He published an cditioo of hi* a

i. f, I, \B,T,/<»i>r.-li,t, 6, same, less prolonged; i,j,i, 6, fi,f,M(>rr;t,f, 1,0, oAKiwv.-ar, fill, fltimitinOtigS&diD

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■CliJ.Wid>Dd>i

Weimar in Juiiury, iSl}.

6MGana.-'ail.WWud."4«<ib- iSili H. DHuin "C.

•d 1 Mwi CMUnporual.'' >Sm: H. ^- '" -' — ■ "

BkfiBpUa," iljj ; Cakl P. Cohl "I
OBimnn. "Gndilchlt dtr DnitdbM v~->.«.
Notka HT k Via da Wialnd." iS»: " Noorall* _
nil ;" " f onicn QouibIt Rrrin>" tor Juu, iliS.

inalliifr •ee'lln^, (Abkaham.) a GermmQ jnriit,
bora in WcstphkUa in 169}. He became profeuor of
bw at Utrecht fn 173% Died in 174&

VnuabmiEi fteenailRO, (Ludolf,) a German /UU-
ntimr and joonuUtt, botn in i3o3, was saccessivelj
•Modate editor of [he " DeulKben ReTue," at Frank-
Isrt-on-tlie-Hain, the "Hamburger Heue ZeitunE," and
other periodicala. He also published " Holland in the
Year i^i and 1S31," and otbcT woiks, on varion* sab-
jects. Died }nmtxj 1, 1871.

WlonUwaU, fte-nc-lv'skh (HShki,) a Poliah rio-

. a concert*
player and compoMr. He came to the United State* In
1873, and WM aftemrda a professor in the BratMto
Coniervatory. Died at Moscow, March 31, iSSo

Vrm, wan, tIb wmk, written also W«l«r, (JOHX,)
adittlnguiahed pfaT^dan, born In North Brabant in luc
it Mid to have been the firat to oppose the beli^ En
witchcraft, in condemnaUon of which he publiabed a
work entitled " De Pneatieiis D«monum et Inonta-
tionibna ac Vcnelidis,'' (15^) Died in ISJS.

_ in pajnter. . . _

Van Bree. He painted larre historical and rcligioo*

g which are "The Revolt of the Angela"

and " The Triumph of Chriit" The goremment baSt

pictures, among which i

far him ■ Iii^e aiilitr, alwaja open to the pnblii
itiTcnted a new and secret method of painting, which, II
is aaid,nnitet the advantage* of fresco- and Mi-painting.
Died in 1S65.

'Wlead^an, Tce'afl-gUn', (Pn-aa,) a distJngnUhed
Swedish writer and philanthropist, bom near We)d5 ini
1800. He studied at the UnlTeraity of Lund, and In
1834 settled as pastor at Westerstsd, in Scania. He
became a loloDS adrocate of the temperance reform
•ndofthe Inner Mis«ion,andpab)iahed,beaidesBeTeral
religions works, a history of Swedish literature, entitled
" STOiges SkiSoa Litteratnr," (3 vola., 1833.) He was ■
piindpu contributor to Falmblad's "Bicwraphicat Leai-
coo of Celebrated Swedes." Died October 11, 1877.

Wiotenhaiin, tod, fon ftee'tfU-hlm', (Eduake^) a
German statesman, bom in )7Sa> GUed several offices
Bnder the Saxon goTernmenl, and was appointed in 1840
MiniiteT of public inatmction. Died April 16, 186$.

WiFtva, <Benjamih Ba»on,) an English Quaker
poet, a t»other of J. H. Wiflen, was bom near Woburn
in I794' He was a good Spanish scholar, and was one
of the editors of the "Reformistas antiguas espafioles."
Hia published works include a posthumous Tolume of
" Poems," also ■ " Life itf Joan Valdai," etc Died
March J, 1867.

WUno, (jERBHtAH Holmes,) an English w '

translator, born si Wobarn in 1793. Among his oriijin;il
works are poems entitled "Aonian Houra,'*^'' The Luck
U Eden Hall," a ballad, "Julia Alpinula, the Captive
of Stambonl," and other poems, and " Historical Memoirs
of the House of Russell," etc His translation in the
nserian stania of Taaso's "Jerosalem Delivered"
e out In 1830. He also translated the poems of
Gardlasso de la Vega from the Spanish. He held for
many jears the office of private secretarv and librarian
to the Duke of Bedford. Died in 1S36.

•s, "DicthMarv of AaUHn;" "W—Udatttt K*
" UeuUr Rhmw" Ik Jhh, ttit.

n also Vigand, (Jokahh,)

bat n ,

and writer' on obstefarics, was bom in 1769; died ■

Mannheim in 1817.

VnganA, (Favu) a German jurist and historian, bwn
at Cassel in 1786. He published a treatise " On the
Secret Tribunal of Westphalia," and Tarion* other
works on German historv, law, and antlquitiea. Died
in 1866.

Wlgard, •ee'glst, (Fbani,) bom at Mannbdm, Itt
Germany, in 1807, studied law and foreat^dence, and
various other branches, at Munich, and afterwards
became principal of the Stenomphlc Institute at Dr««-
den. In 1848 he was a member of the National As-
aemblT at Frankfort, where he sat on the left H«
published a "Manual of Stenography," (1851,) and
other works. Died September 15, 1885.

Vngbode, Mo'bo-dfh, a German poet of the righlh
century, enjoyed great consideration at the conrt of
Charlemagne.

Wlg'^iii, (KATKDoncLAS,) an American author,
bom at Philadelphia in 1S57. She was the daughter
of R. N. Smith, and married Mr. Wiggin in 1880,
and, after his death, C.N. Riggs in 1S95. She engaged
in kindergarten work on the Pacific coast, and wrote
a series of highly popular juvenile tales, including
"Timothy's Quest,"' "The Story of Palsy," "The
Birds' Christmas Carol," etc.

^Wlgbt, wit, (Oruhdo Wiluahs,) an American M
UnOfuT, bom in Alleahany county, New York, in 1814.
He Iranalated from the French Cousin's " Histoiy M
Modem Philosophy," (a vols., 1S51,) and Pascal^
"Thoughts," (1859,) and wrote aevcral original work^
among which u a " Ufe of Abelardaod mi<dM," (iS(3.t
Died October 19, 1S8&

'Wight, wit, (RoBiKT,) M.D.,a Scottish botanist, bota
about 1796. He went to India about iSlo aa a snrgww
in the service of the East India Company. He pub-
lished " Illnatratioas of Indian Botany. (1 vols., 183s-

bom in Scotland about 17S4. He practised law n
some distinction, and was appointed ■ judge ^ the conn
(rfqoeen's bench hi 1841. Died in 1863.
Wightman, (William May,) an American

Sreacher, bom at Charleslon, South Carolina, in 1808.
[e became president of Wofford College in 1854, and
a bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church South in
1S66. Died in 1SS3.

Wignarod or VignATod, d«, deh vto'Tth-rod*
(Pkancois,) a French general, a nephew of Canfinal
Richelieu, defeated a Spanish fleet near Genoa In 1638-
He died in 1646, aged thirty-seven. He was grsad-
father of Marshal Richelieu.

WtkntrBm or ^mkattoam, vik'stsom, fJOKAR
Emanuel,) a Swedish botanist, bom at Wenersborg in

1833, ai

in Engl
viewed^ I

I was bom

England about 1E36. He published "Brazil
.._ire<r through a Naval Telescope," "Social Lib in
Haiuch," a "Ufe of Schubert," various novels, etc;

. (Eknkit Roland,) D.D.,

Samuel Wilbctlbrce, was bom at Brixton, Isle of Wif ht,
January M, 1840^ graduated at Exeter College, Oxford,
in 1864, became in 1878 a omon of Winchester, and in
1881 was consecrated aa biahop of the new diocese of
Nawcastle-upoo-Tyne. Died September 9, 1907.

WUbeiforoa^ (Robbkt Isaac,) an Enalish dlvia*
and writer, son of the celebrated William Wilberforce,
was bom at Clapham Common in iSoa. He studied at
Oriel C*^li^e,Oifonl,and was made Arcbdeaotm of the
East Riding of Yorkshire in iSsol Among his prindpa)
works are a historical compendium, entided "The Ftv*
Empire*," (t84n) " Doctrine of the Incamatioo," (1S4U

* - "HisioiT of ErastianiMB," (l85^) In 1854 ha

«**i; %*»* giard: tMj;a,H.X.fitt$nvt; H,iiatal:*,imUd; lasi; thasbClu; ()^S«c £tfdanatioas,|kl3')

WILBERFORCE a4'

HMoned hii office, and becama a member of Ae Ronun
Oittolie Church. Died in ItaW in 1857.

WUbarforo*, (Samobl,) a brotlierof the precedmg,
was botn in 1805, swdied at Oriel Collie, Oxford, and
inbsequent]]! rose throogh varioiM prereimentt to be
Bishop of Oiford, ( 1845.) lord high almoner of the aueen,
(1847,) and Biahopof Winchester, (1869.) He publiahed
"Sermoni at Oxford," (1839.) "Eucharistica," {1B39,)
"Rodiy Island, and other Parables," (1840,) "IlUtory
of the Episcopal Church In America," (1844.) and, in
conjunction with his brother, the " Ufe and Correspond-
ence of William Wilberforce," (1838.) Died July 19,

Wllb«rfoi(M, (WiLLUU,) an Uluitrioiis English phi-
lanthropist and statesman, bom at Hull on the 34th of
August, 1759, was a son of Robert Wilberforce, a mer-
chant, who died in 1768. When he was about twelve
years old, be felt deep religions inapressions. which,
according to his own account, hii friends spared no pains
to stifle. He entered Saint John's College, Cambridge,
in October, 1776, and became a general lavourite among
the students. " There was no one," says T. Gisborne,
"at all like him for powers of entertain men L" Wil*
berforce informs us that he was a good classic, but he
neglected mathematics almost entirely. Before he was
twenty fears old he inherited an ample (brtunc. He
Ibrmed at Cambridge a slight acquaintance with William
Pitt, of whom he Became an intimate friend soon after
he left college. Having resolved to enter public life, he
offered himself as a candidate and was elected a mem-
ber of Parliament for Hull in 1780. This election cost
him over jf Sooo. He entered Parliament as an opponent
of the American war and of Lord North's administra-
tion ; but he was rather an independent member than a
ertisin. After Rtt became a catnnet minister, in ITS),
often lodged In Wilberforce'! villa at WimUedon.
" With talents of the highest order, and eloquence sur-
passed by lew, he entered upon puljlic life posseued of
the best personal connections in his intimate friendship
with Mr. Pitt" ("life of Wilberforce," by lii*

supporter of Pitt, was elected a member for Yorkshire.
He passed part of the years 17S4 and 1785 in a conti-
nental tour with Isaac Milner, during which he becama
deeply interested in vital religion. On his return lia

devotional everdses. " He now began," mv bis sooi.
"to open to his friends the change wtuch had passed
upon hint.'' In a letter to Mr. Pitt, he wrote, "I can no
more be so much of a party man as I have been before;"
*■ Pitt's answer was full of kindness," but " he tried to
reason me out of my convictions."

Among the results of his conversion was the devotion
of his lile to the arduous enterprise of the abolition erf'
the stave-trade. In 17S7 Thomas Clarkson, Granville
Sharp, and ten others formed a committee to promote

of assistance. In Hay, 1

!, Pitt moved a resolution

long and able speech on the subject in May, 1739. " He
was supported in the noblest manner by Mr. Pitt, Mr.
Burke, and Mr. Fox." The movement, however, en-
countered long and bitter opposition. He opened the
campaign in 179a by a motion, which was earned on the
syth of January, for referring to a special committee the
examination of witnesses. After the end of the session
he made himself master of the vast mass of evidence
which had been collected on the subject In April,
17^1, the motion for the abolition of the slave-trade was
rejected, eighty-eight members voting for it, and one
hundred and sixty-three against it,

The war i^nst France, which he opposed, in VK^
canted the first decided political separation between nim

■n amendment to the address 01

18 WILBERFORCE

iA Vf^ In February, 1796, he igiin brooght is u
abolition Ull, which was <kfeated n a suiall maiorit),
seventy-four to seventy.

He was re-elected ■ member for the county of Yocli
in t79& In 1797 he married Barbara Ann SpoooEi,
and published * work entitled a " Practical View of the
Prevailing Reli^ous System of Professed Chriitiaai
contrasted with Real Cluistianity," which was recnnd
with great Etvour, It ran through five editioiu befon
the end of the year. In 1816 fifteen editions had Iteea
issued in Englsnd, besides twenty-five edidons in Hw
United States. In April, 1798, he renewed hit modoo
for the sbotition of the slave-trade, and was defeated by
a majority of four votes. In March, 1799, he nude t
speech in favour of immediate abolition, which wn
rejected by a vote of e^ty-four a|^nat fifty-four. He
was ■ liberal contributor to various charitable inttini'
tions, and gave privately much money to the poor. He
took a prmninent part in the foundation of the ffiUe
Society in 1S03. In 1804 he procured the assent of the
House of Commons to the fiist reading of hit abolitiaa
bill. Pitt pressed earnestly for a poanxnemeui of the
abolition question, but Wilberforce said he would never
"make that holy cause subservient to the inteietttef
party." On the second reading be was defeated br
seventy-seven to seventy. The rinal family oppotto
abolition, but the ministers Fox and Urenville, who cuae
into power in 1806, cordially supported the meuore,
which triumphed at last in Femuary, 1807, On the
final passage of the bill in the House of C

getfaliieti of Its ordinary ha^ts, borst forth bn
■cdamationt of applaose."

He continued to represent Yorkshire until iBll
having been elected five times withoat a contest, snd
he was chosen a member for Bramber in that yen. He
supported the motion for the emancipation of RmM
Catholics in t8i3,thoiigh "all the religious people wen
on the other si^" In 1S14 he dined in London silh
Madame de Stain, who afterwards said, " Ur. Wilber-
force is the best converter 1 have met with in this
country. I have always heard that he was the noit
religious, but I now find that he is the wittiest, mao in
England." About iSiS he b^an to agitate the ernia-
cipation of the West Indian slaves, on which he wrote
an Appeal to the Nation in 1813. On account (^ b
declining health, he intrusted the management of ite
cause in the House of Commons to T. Fowell Bsilisi
He retired from Psrliament in 1815, and survived mil
the bill for the abolition of slavery was read a second
time. Three days alter this event, he died, in LendiH
in July, 1833.

Wilberforce was, according to Sir Tames MackinWk,
"the very model of a reformer. Ardent without tnroi-
lence, mild without timidityor coldness; neither yiddi|
to difficulties, nor disturbed or exasperated by tbca;
. . . just and chsritable even to his most uul^sisl
enemies, unwearied In every experiment to disarsi lb
prejudices of his more rational and disinterested <W*

1, and supporting the ttal without dangetou^'
citing the passions of his adherent*." Agun he ••
slluding to Wilberforce's univertal sympathies, "1

Again he tqt,

_„ ™^ jho touched life U so many pranla.
basis of Mr. Wilberforce's natural cbaracter," nyi »
James Stephen, " was an intense fellow-feeling wHhoda
men. No one more readily adopted the interests, ip-
pathiied with the affections, or caught even the trisna*
emotions of those with whom he associated. . ■ -^T"
most somnolent company was aroused and t^"™
1» his presence." "Contemporary with l.oed Greslik
and Mr. Pitt," tays Lord Brougham, "appeared an
in some respects more illustrious than cither,— cne >n
among the greatest benefactors of the human race, Wi
an exalted tUtion.— one whose genius was elevated tj
bisTirtuet and exalted by his piety. ... His eloqoesa
was of s venr high order. Ilwas peranamveandpsltai*
in an eminent ifcgree j but it was occawonally WJ oj
impassioned, animated with the uispiratioD whica *«?
feeling alone can breathe into spoken thought" (" St«l»
men of the Time of George IlL")

I. B, I,Ct a, f , JWy; k, i, 6, same, lest prolonged; i, e, I,{S li. f . lAiHrf; «, t, f, 9, (lAinnv; fir, ftll, At; mCl; nte; giRi^

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" ComapondsDCa of WilLL
lUMoDii, "W.Wilbertbrt " "

_. ioeofGeo™el[l.,"rol.

KsBillccliau or William Wilbcrfbm," tSftj
t" (dt April, i(«7, ud April. iS]3: "Fmu
A — -•-B . a " Dictionary 0/ An

WUbraBdt; M'bBlnt, (Adou,) a German noveliit
and dramatisl, born at Rostock, Auput 14, 1837. H"
was educatul at Rostock, Berlin, and HuDtcii. H~
chief reputation has been won by hit dramatic [necet.

Tni'tnr, (Hbrvkv Backus,) M.D., an American
phytidan and philanthropist, bom at Wendell, Missa-
chosetts, in 1820, was the founder of schools lor idiota
in the United States. On the esUblishment in 1854 of
the New York State As^lnm (or Idiots at Syracuse, he
was appointed its supenntendenL Died May I, 1SS3.

Wubnr, (John,) a minister of the sodety of Friends,
or Quakers, born in Hopkinton, Rhode Island, in 1774.
He distinguished himself by his opposition to Joseph
John Gumer, a celebrated minister of the lame society,
wbo visited New England in 1 83S, and whom he charged
with untound dodnnes. He attached a party to hi—
•eli; but, being in a smill minority, he was disowned
eacominonicated by the New England Yearly Meeting
tn 1843. Ilia adherents in New England, ana in other
partt of (he United States, arc popularly designated
" Wilbnriies." Died in 1S46.

St« " JonnBil, >lc of JoliD Wilbm,' Pmrideacr^ iSs9<

WUbyB,«ril'be,?(JoHi«,) an eminent English coi
poser, liTcd about 1570. His works are prlndpajly
madrigals, which are rankef] among the mast eaqaisite
competitions of th« Idnd.

ml'eookB, (Josini,)

1713, wu ■ son of the Bishop or Rochester. He was
the author of a work entitled " Roman Conversations."
Died in 1791.

Wil'oox, (Carlos,) ao American poet, bom at New-
port, New Hampshire, in October, 1794. Became •
minister at Hartford, Connecticut, in 1824. and pub-
lidied "The Ageof BeneTolence" and "The Religion
of Taste," (poems.) Died ia 1827.

WilOOJl, (Ella Wheslkr,) an American poet,
bom at Johnstown Centre, Wisconsin, in 1855. She
is the author of "Poems of Passion," " Poems of
Pleasure," and other volumes of verse, and of a
number of novels.

'Wiloox, (Marrion,) an American author, bom
at Augusta, Georgia, in 1S5S. He wrote " A Short
History of the Wat with Spain," and several novels
and volumes of poetry.

Wnd, (HiNitr,) sometimes called "the Learned
Tailor," was born in Norwich, England, about 16S4.
He studied Latin and Greek at (he grammar-school of
his native town, and afterwards, while working at his
trade, mastered the Hebrew, Arabic, Syriac, and other
Oriental tongues. He subsequently obtained an office
in the Bodleian Library, Oxford. Died about 1730.

professor of German law at Kiel He published sev-
eral 1e(^l works. Died in 1856.

Wlld'bore, (Charles,) an ingenious English mathe-
matician, born in Nottinghamshire, became curate of
Sulney. He died at an advanced age in 1802 or iE(03.

Wilde. (Hknrv,) an English electrician, born at
Uanchester in 1S33. He devoted his allenlion to
electricity and magnelism, making imporlanl discov-
eries and producing various useful inventions. His
electric search-light was adopted for (he Royal Navy
in 1S75. He also made valuable improvements in
electro.plating.

WUdOi viKdfh, (Jakob.) a Swedish histonan, bom in
Coarland in 1679. He published, besides other osefLiI
works, " Pragmatic History of Sweden," (" Soede His-
loria pragmatica," 1731.) Died in 1755.

Wllda, wild. (Oscar O'Flahbrtm Fiiwal Wiuj,)
an Irish poet, ason of Sir William Wilde, noticed below,
wa* bom in Dublin, October 16, 1856. He studied
at Trinity Collie, Dublin, and at Mudalen College,
Oxford, where he graduated in 1 878. He was a pupil
«M<(;fasj;S J<ir^;|a*/;G, ll,x,/wA>ni/;N,Kua/,' %,tr

i9 WILEY

of Ruakin, and the friend and travelling companion <A
Professor Hahafly, with whom he visited Greece. After
his college days he became noted as an apostle of
Kstheticism in dress, manners, and literature. He
published " Poems," (1881,) " The House of Pome-
granates," (1891,) " Lady Windermere's Fan," a
play, (1893,) "Dorian Gray," a novel, (1895,) etc
In 1S96 he was sentenced to two years' imprisonment
with bard labour for vicious practices. Died Novem-
ber 30, 1900.

WUda, (Richard Hsnrv,) an author, bom at
Dublin in 17S9, and taken as a child to the United
States. He became a lawyer in Georgia, was elected
to Congress in 1815, and again from l8i8 to 183S,
and became a professor in the University of Louisiana
in 1S44. >Ie wrote a biographical work of much
merit upon Torquato Tasso. Died in 1847.

^Tilde, (Thomab.) See Truro, Lorix

WUds, (Sir William Robert Wills,) an eminenl
Irish surgeon, born at Castlerea about iSiol He becanM
sut^eon -oculist to the queen, and was knighted in 1864.
His writings include "Voyage along the Shores of the
Mediterranean," (1840^) a work on "Austria," (1843,)
" Irish Popular Superstitions," (1852,) " Aural Surgery,'*
(1853,} "Diseases of the Organs of Sight," (1S63,) etc
He was the fiilher of Oscar Wilde. Di^ April 19, 1S76.

His wile, Janh Elger, bom in tgz6, was the author
of " Notes on Men, Women, and Books," " Poems,"
(1864,) "Driftwood from Scandinavia," (1884,) etc.
Died in 1896.

Wildenow. See Willorhow.

WUd«IU, wll'dtn*, (Jan.) a Flemish landscape-

painter, bom at Antwerp. He was employed by Rubens
to paint backgrounds for his pictures. Died '" '
'llder, wlld'«r, (Bubt Gkren,] M.D., si

I 1644-

at the Scientific School 0
andatitsMedicai School in 1366, having served(i86z-6s)
in the medical department of the army. In 1868 he was
appointed professor of comparative anatomy, physiology,
and aooiogy in Coi^ell University. Among his works are
What Young People should Know," (1875.) "Emer-
endes," (1879,) "Anatomical Technology as applied
1 the Domestic Cat," (1SS3 ; prepared in part by S. H.
lue.) " Health Notes for Students," (1883,) "Melbods
t Studying the Brain," (18S4,) et&
Wild'ft, (Marshall Pihcknev,] an American mer-
chant and eminent horticulturist, bom at Rindge, New
Hampahire, in 1798, became In iSa; a resident of Bo«-
ton. He was one of the founders of the Massachosetti
Horticultural Sodety, of which he was tor many yean
presidenL He was the first preudent of the United
States Agricultural Sodety, and also for many years
president of the American Pomotogical Sodety. Died
December 16, iSB&

Wiley, (Calvin Hekdrrson.) an American dergy-
man, born in Guilford county, North Carolina, February

S, 1S19. He graduated at the University of North Caro-
na in 1S40, became a lawyer, was State superintendent
of schools for many years, and in 1866 waa ordained
the Presbyterian ministry. Among his works are
! novels "Alamance" (1847) and " Roanoke," (1850,1
"Life in the South," (1851,) various school-books, and
me pamphlets. Died January 1 1, 1887.
WUe;, (Harvkv WASKiNtrroH,) chemist, bom at
Kent, IndiaAa, in 1S44. Became a teacher of language
and sdence, was state chemist of Indiana 1874-83, and
chief chemist of the U. S. Agricultural Department
1883-1913, also professor of agricultural chemisliy in
George Washington Univetsity after 1899. Ia connected
with numerous sdentific bodies, and has written " Prin-
ciples and Fracticeof Agricultural Cbemistry," " Foods
and their Adulterations," etc

W11*7, (Isaac William,) D.D., an American tHshop,

>ni at Lewistown, Pennsylvania, March 19, 1835. He

graduated as M.D. fiom the University of New York

:846, and studied in the arts department of the u
nttitiition. He waa a medical missionary in China,
850-54, and waa choaen a bishop of the Methodist
Episcona! Chnrch in 1S71. He published "The Fallen

WILFORD 34

UiuionaricB of Foo-Chow," (1858.) "The Religion of
Ihe FunUj," etc Died in iSS*.

WU'f9rd, (FxAHCi^) > dulingiiiihed officer >nd
Oriental tcholar, bom in Hinorer, wu sent In 17S1 as
lieutenant of reinforcemeota to tbe Britiih troops in
India, where he acquired tbe language of the country,
ind became one of tbe firat memberB of the Asiatic So-
detj. He ms the aathot of nametoos contribationi to
the " Asiatic Researchea." Died in 1S23.

'Wll'&ed, [LaL Wilfrb'dus,] Saint, a celebrated
Saxon prelate, of noble birth, was bom in Bemicia tn
634 A.D. He visited Rome at an early age for the jiur-
pose of obtaining information on disputed theological
points, and, after his retuni, received from the King of
Northumbria a grant of land and a monastery at Ripon.
Having been ordained a priest in 664, he attended the
conference at Whitb]P the same year, when the con-
troversy between the Scottish clergr and the rest of
Christendom on the observance of Easter was decided

Sainst the former. He was soon after appointed Bishop
York by Alchfred, King of Northumbria, whose slc-
CMsor, Egfred, fearing the ambition of Wilfred, divided
tbe bishopric into three. He was involved in a pro-
tracted conteat for the see of York, bat eventnallj
retired to a monastery, where he died in 709 A.Dk

Wilfredtu. See Wujrbd.

Wilfrid. See WiLntux

WUhebo, the German of William, (which see.)

WUhelm, All'htlm, 0ai>i)s,} a German philologist.

I Libii tres," (iS^,) and other works, which

evince much critical sagacity. Died at Bourges in 1584.

WUheimlna I.. Queen of the Netherlands, was
bom at La Haye in iSSo, and succeeded to the throne
on the death of her father, William III., in 1S90.
Her mother. Queen Emma, acted as regent till she
came of age, August 31, 1S98, when she was installed
as sovereign.

Wil'helmj, (August,) a Geimso violinist, bom at
Utingen, September 21, 1S45. He became widely
distinguished ai a performer, and was a successful cooi-
poserof violin music.

WUhsn), vC^eD/, (Gdillauuk Loiris BooqnUlon
— bolte'yAN',) a French compoaer, bora in Paris in
1781. He became professor of harmony at the I^c^
Napoleon in iSio^ and applied Lancast^s method of

silken. Ml'kfn, (FxiXDmiCR,) a German historian
and Oriental scholar, bom at Natzetrarg in 1777. He
ttndicd at GOItingen, became professor of history at
Heidelberg in 1S05, and was appointed chief librarian

Oriental and Western Accounts,"!? vols-, 1807-31,) and
several other works. Died in 1840.

Wllkaa,wI]ks,(CHAKi.KS,)an American navd officer,
born in the ci^ of New York in iSot, entered the navy
in 1S16, and became a lieutenant in 1836. He com-
nianded an exploring expedition which was sent out by
the United States government to the Antarctic regions
tn [S3S. He discovered the Antarctic Continent, ex-
plored many islands and coasts, completed a voyage
round the world, and returned in Tune, 1841. He pub-
lished a narrative of this expedition, in 5 vols., (1845.)
He obtained the rank of Captain in 1855. In Hovember,
1861, he captured J. M. Mason and J. Slidell from tbe
British steam-packet Trent For this act he received
the thanks of Congress ; but his conduct was not ap-
proved by the President. He was promoted to be a
oomntodore in 1S6*, after which he commanded a sqnad-
Ton in the West Indies. In July, 1866, he wax made a
tear-admiraL Died February 8, 1877.

VIUCM, wtlks, (JORH,) a celebrated English politician,
bom in London in 1797, was educated at L^den, and
became a good classical scholar. His manners were
bacinating, and his habits dissolute. In 1749 he married
a Miss Head, a rich heiress, ten yearn dder than himselC
He was elected a member of Parliament for Aylesbmy in

I7S7, and re-elected In 1761. In 176a he founded ih*
"North Briton," a journal which assailed Lord Bnte^
administration with great animontr and rendered Bote
~ unpopular that he resigned office. "Wilkes had,"

He was a good scholar, expert in resource, humamds,
witty, and a ready master of the arts of conversation.
He could 'abate and dissolve a pompous gentleman'
with singular felidiy." (Review of the" Worhsof Charts
Churchill," 184S-) In No. xl*. of the "North Briton,'
published in April, 1763, he accused the king of an
"infamous lallaqr" which appeared in the speech from
the throne. For this offence he was committed to the
Tower on a general warrant iaaned by Lord Halth^
iecntary of state. Having tieen brought into the comt
of common pleas by the writ of habeas corpus, he was
discharged in May, 1763. He was convicted of libel bv
the House of Commons, expelled in Jannaiy, 1764, and,
having absented himself from the island, was outlaweiL
He returned in 1768, and was elected member Ibr Mid-
dlesex, but was arrested, and punished by fines and
imprisonmenL This petaecution rendered him a great
&vourite with the people. He was re-dected br the
voters of Middlesex in February, 1769; bat the HoBse
of Commons declared that he was incapable of mttiug
in that Parliament In 1769 he obtained a verdiaofltMr
thousand pound* against Lord Hali&x for Use imprisoo-
ment Great exdtement was produced by tbe repeated
expulsion or exclusion of the popular <iam|non bam
the House of Commons. He was chosen lord mayar
ai London in 1774, and a member for Middlesex in tbe
same year. The ministry then ceased to defy tbe people,
and permitted him to take Us seaL He was aKerwaids
a member of Parliament for many years, and was a
Strenuous opponent of the American war. Died t*
(797-

* His name," says Dr. JiAnson, " has been soonded
from pole to pole as the phceiux of convivial felicity. "
Among the anecdotes related of him ia the following:
George TIL once inquired of him, " How is your fiiead
Serjeant Glynn f and received this answer :" He is not
my friend ; he is a Wilkesite, which I never was."

SHCniDocii,'UI. Bf John WD]aa,"i77a: J. Aum.'-Ufaaf
John Wilkg^-'iSssi "Win»>iC(iiT«oadvnwilhhisFriiB^'
ivalL,itii); "Ho>ilh]jR«ww"iaNanubtr,i7T7l"UbbB4
RcTJew" fw Januaiy, 180s-

WllUe^ wil'ke, (Sir David,) a celebrated ScottiA
painter, bom in Fifesture in 178^. He studied fer atim*
in the Trustees' Academy at Edinburgh, and in iSoj
entered the Royal Academy, London, having prerioosly
executed several works of great merit Ifis " Vill«
PoliticiaDS," exbiUted in 1806, met with enthusiastic ^
miration, and at once established the reputatJOD cf Ae
artist Thia^cture, which was sold to the Ead of MaM-
field, was succeeded \rt "The Blind Fiddler," "Tbe
Rent-Day," "The Card-Player," "The Cut ITnger,"
"The Jews-Harp," "The Village Festival," (whick
bronghl eight hundred guineas, and is now in the Na-
tional Gall^,) " The Wardrobe Ransacked," and otlwr
works of a similar character. He was elected a Royd
Academician in 1811, and in 1813 exhibited bis "Blind-
man's BufE|" painted for the prince-r^ent In 1814 he
visited Paris, and after his return produced his " EHs-
training for Rent," "The Sheep-Washtng," "The Peony
Weddmg," "The Reading ofthe Will," (for the King of
Bavaria,) "Sir Walter Scott and his Family," and "Chel-
sea Pen^oners listening to the News of Waterloo^'
which ranks among his master -pieces. In iSishevi^led
the continent and spent three vears in studyfng the
works of the Italian, Spanish, ana Gerroan artiita. He
succeeded Sir Thomas Lawrence as painter-m-ortfiBary
to the Idng, in 183a, and in 1831 produced hia *■ Joha
Knox preaching the Relbrmation in Saint AndtewX'
" Benvennto Cellini presenting a Silver Vase of bis Own
Workmanship to Pope Paul III.," and variom otbet
pictures, showing the results of his fordgn studies, btf
which are esteemed much inferior to his earlier wotta.
In 1S40 he set out (»< a tour to Egypt and PalasUne;
bat his health, vriilch bad been long dectining, gR«
worse, and be died on tbe voyage home, oSGifantar.k
June, 1841.

■><• f< i^ fi. ;, ^>>V'' ^ ^A ■•ine> 'ess prolonged; i, i, I, A, il, y, /Jan'/ f, e, j, 9, <i«w»r«,< fir, fUt, lit; mCti tiOl: gaad; B<

n,,(,7ed:^yC00^lc

tSnpplemnil ;) Wl
iS«&; "Qmnerij

^^

WILKIE

Ufa orslTD»idWiIkK"a<KU,

idonVfcJElIBDBllSCOtBBM,

Mbd I lUTS kocwB," LoDdim,

^ for S^iUBibn', tStj: "Fnun'i Miici-

BDE lot Oclobei. iSfi, ud Scpumbcr, iftti.

WUUa, (WiLUAii,) D.D^ ■ ScoRiih poet and
divine, bom in LinlithgoinhiTe in 1711, became pto-

Bor of natural """" ' "-' — '"' '" ""

I the author o

Joyed for .

Scottish literati, who, s
" the Scottish Homer.
neglect. Died in 1771.

WUIdnl, (Sir Ckakles.) a diitingutihed English
Oriental iit, born at Frome, in Somenetahire, in 1749.
He went to India in 1770 as a writer on the Bengal
Mtabliihinent, and learned AraUc^ Pertian, and othei
laimiagei nted in the Eut Indict. He applied himself
to Um •lud; of Sanicrit with great success. In 17S4,
in conjnnction with Sir William Jones, he founded the
literarjr Sodety of Calcutta.- He appears to have been
the first European who made translations from the
original SansciiL He pnblished in 1785 an English
translation of tfae "Bbagavat Gtta," perhaps the moM
fnteresiine part of the great Hindoo ejdo entitled
" HahSbhirata," and two yean afterwards jrave to the
world a translation of the " HitApadCea." He returned
to England about l^iA, became librarian to the East
India Company in 1801, and published a "Sanscrit
Grammajr," (1808.) Died in 181&

WiUdiu, (David,) an English divine, bom in 16S5,
became Archdeacon of Suffolk. He published " Legea
SaxonicK," and other works. Died in 1745.

vrukliu, (John,) a learned English bishop, bom in
Northamptonshire in 1614. He studied at Magdalene
Hall, Oxford, and, having taken aiders, was chosen in
1648 warden of Wadlum College. He married about
l6J6 Robins, A sister of Oliver Cromwell, and was ap-
pointed in 1659 master of Trinity College, Cambridge.
He lost this office at the restoration, but he was made |
rector of Sunt Lawrence, Jewry, by Charles IL in lM>. .
He became Bishop of Cheater in 166S. He was one
of the founders of the Royal Society and the author
of several worlts. Died in 167a.

Wllkins, (Marv ELBANOR,)an American author,
bom at Randolph, Massachusetts, in 1S62. Her
stories of New England life have attracted much atten-
tion. They include " A Humble Romance," (1887,)
" Pembroke," (1894,) " Jerome," (1897,) and other

WiUdna, [William,] a distinguished English arcU-
tect, born at Norwich in 1778. He visited Italy and
Greece in iSoi, and published, aRer his return, his
"Antiquities of Magna Gneda." Among his best works
are the facade of London University, now called Uni-

and King's Colleges, Cambridge. He also published
"Atheniensia, or Remarks on the Buildings and An-
tiquities of Athens." Died in 1839.

wU'ldnl, (William,) an American Senator, bom
in Pennsylvania in 1779. He was elected a Senator of
the United States in 1831, was sent as minister to
Russia in [834, and was secretary of war from February,
1844, to March, 1845. He resided in or near I^ttsburg,
where he died, June, 1865.

WIt'kiaBon, (Hbnbv Spbnckr,) an English
author, bom at Manchester in 1853. He became a
journalist, and was made dramatic critic of the " Morn-
ing Post" in 189s. He wrote "The Brain of an
Army," (1890,) " The Command of the Sea," (1894,)
"The Nation's Awflltcning," (1896,) etc.

Wll'Iclii-«9ii, (Jamu,) an American general of the
Revolatian, was born in Maryland in 1757. He enlisted
in the army as captain in t775> and served under Gales
in 1777. In 1791 he obtained the rank of brigadier-
general, and in 1796 he became general-in-chieC He
sAnwards comiuaiMled at New Orleaiu, and opposed
tlM designs of Aaron Burr. In the sommer <£ 1813 he

the Northern frontier with ill socccm.
removed from the command about February,
1S14. Died in Mexico in 1835. He published "Mc-
"- " ■"■ " ■ "^ r8i(t)

I 1835. H
of My Own Time," (3 vols., rl
Wll'kiii-a9n, (James John Gakth,) an English

on law, medicine, etc, was bom in London aboM

1S12. He edited several works of Swedonborg, and
wrote, besides treatises on law, " Emanuel SwedenborKi
a Biography," (1849,) which was long regarded as tEe
best memoir of Swedenboig that had appeared, " The
Ministry of Health," (1856,) "Improvisations Irom
the Spirit," (1857,) " Human Science," (1876,)
"The African," (1891,) "Epidemic Man and bis
Visitations," (1892,) etc.

'WUkliwoD, (Jemima,) an American ^natic and re-
ligious impostor, bom at Cumberland, Rhode Island, ia
1753, removed loWesiern New York early in the present
century. She professed to be endowed with the power
of Christ, and attempted to work miracles. She died in
1819, and her sect vras soon dis[>ersed.

'WUkitMon, (Sir John Gardner,) a learned Eng.
lish archxologist, bom in 1798. He studied at Eieter
College, Oxford, and subsequently spent twelve years in
Egypt in acquiring a knowledge of the language, cus-
toms, and antiquities of that country. He published,
besides other works, "Materia Hieroglyphics," (1818,)
the "Topography of Thebes," etc, (1835,) "The Man-
ners and Customs of the Ancient Egyptians, including
their Private Life, Government, Laws,' etc., (5 vols. 8vo,
1840,) which ia esteemed a standard work, "Modern
Egypt and Thebes," (184;),) intended as a hand-book
for travellers, "The Architecture of Ancient Egypt,"
ett, (1850,) and "The Egyptians in the Time of the
Pharaohs," (1857,) which rank among the most valu-
able and interesting compositions of the kind. He was
made a knight in 1840, and soon after elected a Fellow
of the Royal Society, and member of other learned
institutions. Died October 29, 1S75.

WUklnaon, (The Right Rev. Thomas,) D.D., a
Roman Catholic bishop, was born at Harperiey, April
5, 1825, and received his education at Harrow and at the
University of Durham. He at first intended to take
orders in the Church of England, but becoming unset-
tled in his religious belief, he was received into the
Roman Catholic communion in 1846, and after a course
of theological studies at Oscott, vas ordained priest at
Ushaw College in 184& In 1865 he was elected Canon
of the Chapter of Hexham, and in 1888 Vicar-Generat
and Provost of the Chapter. In 1890 he succeeded Dr.
O'Callsghan as Bishop of Hexham and Newcastle.

'Wilkinson. (William Cleaver,) D.D., an Ameri-
can clergyman, born at Westford, Vermont, October 19,
1833, graduated in 1857 at the Univeraity of Rochester,
and in 1859 at the Rochester Theological School In
1859 he was ordained a Baptist minister, and in 1S73
was appointed professor of homiletics in the theologicsl
department of Rochester University. Among his books
are "The Dance of Modern Society," {1869,) "A Free
Lance in the Field of Life and Letters," {1874,) "Web-
ster : an Ode^" (iSSa,) and text- books in Greek and L>dn
for schools.

'WIUamoT, ftiini-mof , (Johanh Gottlieb,)* Prus-
wan poet, bom at Morungen in 1736, was the author
oif a collection of poems entitled " Dithyrambics," and
"Fables in Dialogues." Died in 1777.

WillfU, (Robert,) adistinguished English physician,
born in Yorkshire in 1757. He stadied at Edinburgh,
where he took his medical debtee in 1780, and in 1783
I became physician to the Public Dispensary in Carey
I Street. London. He published in 1801 his " Description
and Treatment of Cutaneous Diseases," (unfinished^
esteemed the moat valuable work that had appeared on
the subject at that time. Dr. Willan was a Fellow of
the Royal and Antiquarian Societies. Died In 1S13.

Ste "MenMirof Dr. WiU«n,"bvD». Batihaii. in th* "KdiD-
baijh Ucdical UDd Soiiiol JouruC" No. xnii.

^Vtll^d, (Emma Hart,) an American teacher and
educational writer, born at Berlin, Connecticnt, in 1787,
became in t8ii principal of a female setninary at Tro^
New York. She pablished a " History of the UnteJ

mk;%**t;%^ard;^mi:a,a,^giiaHnU;»,ttiuBl:%,traUdi\nn;\\>.aa\aVut. (I^-See Explanations, p. 33.)

d by Google

Stum," (1818,) •'Uolver»«l WMtaiy in PerapectiTe,"
(1837,) "Chronograpber of En^liih Histoiy," (1845,)

milard. ^Fkancks Elizabbth,} an AmericaD
reformer, was bom at Churchville, New York, in 1839.
After some years spent in teachiog, she became
secretan of tbe Women's Christian Tempeiance
Union in 1S74, and its president in 1879, and was
made the first president of the World's Women's
Christian Temperance Union in 1891. She originated
a petition against the importation and manufacture of
alcohol and opium, which was signed bv seven million
persons. She was an editor of the Chicago " Post"
and the "Union Signal," and wrote "Glimpses of
Fifty Years," etc. Died in 1898.

WilUrd, (Joseph,) D.D., LI.D., an American di-
vine, botn It Biddelbrd, Maine, in 1738, was chosen
pteaident of Harvard College in 1781. Died in 1804.
Hia ion Sidney, botn in 1780, was for more than twenty
year* professor of Oriental languages at Karvard. Died
in i8s&

^TOlftniIW«,Te'yo'mi', (JuhBaetiste Fhilhert,)
Count, a French naval officer, bom al Belle-Ile-«n-
Mer in 1763. He served with diatinction against tlie
Engliih, became rear-admiral in 1804, and vice-admiral
in 1819. He published a " Dictionary of the Marine,"
(i8m.) Died In 1845.

^irai'de-nSw, (Ger. pron. Ml'df h-no',) {Karl Lud-
WIG,) a celebrated German naturalist, born at Berlin in
1765. Ho studied fnedidne al Halle, and settled as a
pnyaician ki hi* native dty, where he became in 179S
ETofeasor of natural history and aoperintendent of the
Botanic Garden. His moat imporlani publlcatlcm is his
new edition of the "Species t^antarnm" of linnKua,
with deacriptJona of all the species discovered since the
original work appeared, and arranged according to the
Unraean nstem. This work, owing to his failing health,
he left unfinished ; but it was completed by Onk and
Schw;^cher after hi* death, which occurred in 18IJ;
He also published "Elements of Botany," ("Gmudi^M
der Kriiuter-Kunde," 1791,) " Prodromnl Flora Beroll>
■ensis," "Catalwne of Dutterfliei in the Hark ofBran-
■Icnburg," and other treatises.

S« SCHuartsmAni, " Laba WDdnuiw^ i" " Kdnbuiili Re
rin>" lot OctabB ud Ju^, laaj.

WlUa, <H11f h, (JoHANN GiOKO,) a diatinguished Ger-
man engraver, bom near Giessen in 1715. He studied
in Paris, where he acquired the highest reputation for
his prints after the Dutch and Flemish puntera. He
was made a chevalier of tbe legion of honour by Napo-
leon, and was elected to the Academy lA Fine Arts in
Paris, where he died in August, 1806. Among his mas-
ter-piecei mav be named Sthalken's " Family Concert,"
"The Satin Gown," after Terburg, and portraits of the
Uarqoii de Uwlgny and Marshal Saie. He numbered
among hit pupil* Bervic and J. G. von Hiiller. His son
Prru Alexander rose to be a general In the Parisian
national gtutd.

Sh " Miraoirei it Josnd dc J. a WiD^" Ptiit, ■ voJi., iSij.

Wllltt-brod or Wllle-brord, sometimes written
WlUlbrod and WUbrord, [Lat Wiu-ibroe'dus,)
Saint, the apostle of the Frisians, was bom in the Saxon
kingdom of Northumbria about G57. Having Sfwnt
many years in Ireland in preaching the gospel, he visited
niesland, where he was successful in making many con-
vert* to Christianity. He wa* made a bishop by Pope
Scrgius L, under the name of Clemens, and founded a
number of churche* in that country, and a monastery at
Echlernach, near Treves, where he waa buried, having
died in 738 KD.

'WUl«brord. See Bosschaekt.

WUle-ltad, an Anglo-Suon ndssionary, who oon-
TCrted many Frieslander* and Saxons, wa* appdnted
In 787 A.D. Died ~ -"-
»i< (P

imar^ 1

Bitbop of Bren ,_, ._

WIllMiwt, vti'mi', (Plu

E RiHi,) a French n

!rfI/>rraine,"(3»oU., 1805.) DiediniSo?.

otks, a " Flora

WILLIAM

Freadi

^ -..„... -, at Nancy in 1763- He

rendered a atefiil service to the art* (7 a large Hl^
trated work called " Unpvblithed French HMHuaenti
illustrating the Histoty of Art*, Cattantet," etc,
(" Monument* Franfai* JikMit* poor •errir k I'HUloite
de* Arts, de* Co*tniDe*," Va^ IS06-39.) Died in Parii
in 1833.

Wuleina, vriltenu or ve'ltma', (FlX>UCNT,) a Bdgiaa
painter, bom at Liege about t8ia. He settled in Paris
about 1839, and gaiiied a medal of the first dass in t8jC
He excels as a painter of costume, espedally of aUk
gowns. Among his works are a " Musical Party," aad
"The Coquette."

Willams, (Jan Fkams,] a distinguished BeJgian
writer and philolc^t, bom near Antwerp in 1793. In
1811 he won the imie offered for the best poem oa tbe
battle of Friedland and tbe peace of TiluC, and in 181S
published a poetic addreM to the Belgians, entitled
"Aen de Belgen," calling on his countrymen to main-
tain the Flemish langtiage and nationality. Among his
other work* we may name a " Dissertation on the Datdi
Language and Uteralore In Connection with the South-
ern Province* of tbe Netherlanda,* (2 vol*., 1819-24,)
and a Flemish version of tbe poem entitled " Reynard
tbe Fox." He was also editor of the " Belgiscfa Mu-
seum," the organ of the Society for the PromotiaD tt
Flemi^ Literature. Died in 1846.

S« P. OS Dsoni^ "NMk* *Dr J. P. WillaiM," a^j; Smsr
unr, " Kona LatowbMi tu J. r Wilku." 1*47-

^mi«r«m, Aillfh-ribn, or ^altBin, wU'rlm, a
German monk, bom in Frsnconia, became Abbot tt
Ebersberg. He wrote a paraphrase of Solomon^ SoB^
in Latin verse. Died in 1085-

VHtet, (Ahdkkw,) a leaned Engliib (Bvine, bon
at Ely in 1561. He obtained a prebend at Ely abool
1598. He wrote, beside* other work*, "Synopsis of
I*opery," <''Synopd* Pa[dsmi,") which wa* rented the
most able refbtatKm of popery which had then appeared.
Died in i6si.

Millar. (Henry.) an American botanist, bom at
Geneseo, New York, July 19, 1814- He waa educated
at Geneseo Academy, and al the Normal School in
Bridgewaler, Masuchusetts, and in 1856 became editor
of a daily newspaper in New Bedford, Hassachioetta.
He has published a " list of North American IJdieBS,"
(1873,) and a large ntunber of papers on lichcnograpby.

WlUiain (wtPyfin) t, sunumed the CoNQtTBSOS.

yM, GIIUu/hDI CoNQUES'TOR : Fr. GtllLLAUHB LB
oNQudaAKT, 2e'7<Sm' Ifh k6NWr&N',] King of Eng-
land, born It Falaue in 1035, was an illegitimate sod of
Robert, Duke of Normandy. He succeeded his father
in 103J, as William IL of Normandy, and dnrii^ his
minority gave proof of his energy and courage 1^ re-
dodng to submission the rebellious Norman barons. He
sained the favouTOfhis kinsman Edward the Confesnr,
King of England, who, having no issue, formed a secret
intention to adopt William as his heir. His chief com-
petitor was Harold, a Saxon prince, whom a mijoriti
of the people of England preferred to the Dn& of
Normandy. On the death of Edward (January, io64
Harold ascended tbe throne, without i^porition. (See
Hakoiji^)

"William," says Hume, "by his power, bis courage
and hia abilities, had long maintained a pre-eminence
among the hanght;^ chleAains" of Western Enroj
Having resolved to invade England, he si
a fleet of 3000 vessels and an army of w,uuu men.
Several powerful barons of adjoining countries, with
their retainers, were attracted to his standard by tb*
grandeur and audadty of the enterprise. The Norman

einbM

Harold, at Senlac, near Hastings, wi the I41h of October,
106& Harold waa killed in Uii* battle, which was oa*
of the most decisive and important that occurred in tbe

Middle Ages. According to Hume, William lost nearly
15,000 men. He Iblloiied up his victory with oekritv
and vigour, encountered little opposition in his marta
Abbey oa
had bee*

and vigour, encountered

to London, and was crowned

tbe i^th of December. Edgar Atheltng^ who

"^4^

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Digitized by CjOOQ I C

1

Eod^med UnR «t the death oT Harold, renoanced
I claim and toDmllted to Wiltius.
The Conqaerot appeared at firat willing to conciliate
hit new iD^cta by ndldnen ; but he cwiGicated the

hand* of the Normana. While he waa absent on
Tiait to Normandy, in 1067, conipiradea were fbiroed
agalnit him, and hoslilitiet began in man; place*. Huinc
eapreaaea a saspicion that he left England in order [hat
the revolta provoked by hl« licentioM soldiery nu^hc
fDmlih him with a pretext for aevere and tjrannical
aiiiret. According to the aame writer, " thii measure
> the immediate cauce of all the ealamitiea which

William retamed about the end of 1067, and maintained
hi* power by acts of eiceaaiye craelty. He ordered hia
army to lay waste bj fire the extenaivc tract between the
Httinber and the Tees. The majority of the proprielora
of land were deprived of their calalea by confiscation,
and all the natives were reduced to a state not much
better than slaveiy. During a visit of William to Ibe
continent, in 1074, several Norman barons revolted
against him, and were defeated.

He had become the most powerful sovet^gn ofEnrope,
when Pope Gregory VII. wrote him a letter, requiring
him to do homage for the kingdom of England to the
tee of Rome, and to tend the tribute which his prede-
cesaors had been accustomed to pay to the pope. Bv
the tribute he meant Peter's pence. William replied
that the money should be remitted as usual, bat he
refilled to pay homage. About 107S his son Robert
levied war against William in Normandy. During this
wat Robert happened to encounter the king, whom he
wounded and unhorsed Struck with remorse on dlt-
covering that he had wounded his father, Robert asked
his pardon, and made peace with him. In the latter

Cart of his reign he ordered a general sarve^ of all the
inds in Ibe kingdom, their extent in each district, tfadr
proprietors, tenure, and value. "This monument, called
' Domesday Book,' " aays Hume, " is the most valnaUe
piece of antioiiity possessed by any nation." He had
married Matilda, a daaehter of Baidwin, Earl of Flan-
ders. On the approach of death, he discovered the
vanity of all haman grandeur, and was filled with re-
morse for his cruelties. He died at Rouen in roSy,
leaving three song, Robert, William, and Henry.

S« Huul. "Hatory irf EnitaaJ," toL L chapi iiL ud i». j
Atro. Thiriv. " HiMom de U Co«a£lD dv t^AnslDtem ;'* Joiu
HtvwAKD. " Um of the Tlirsc Kormid Kinp of EnEland. WiUbm
■ ■■ " *B, " HiUDiT of ihi Normin CoimuMt,"

; Sauuil Clarks, "Lile icd Duth of
■ iMo: Thouai Roacoa. " Life of '"■"■ —

iiL ch.™. ril
lUiiin the Cofiqtii

; 17«4; P. M. SAUHin,

isitKnr, Lilt of WiUUm uto
"Via dc GuiUKinu. D« d*

WllUam Zi, King of England, sarnamed Ru'fds,
[Fr. GuiLLAUif B L> Roux, ^e'vBm' Ifh roo,] from the
colour of his hair, was born m Normandy in 10J6. He
wu the second of the surviving sons of William the
Conqueror. Hia education was directed by the famoos
Lan^anc. According to some historians, William I.,
just before his death, wrote a letter 10 Lanfranc, desiring
him to crown his son William as King of England, and
■t the same time he left Normandy andMaine to Robert.
William waa crowned in September, 1087. The Anglo-
Norman barons, who owned estates both in England
and Normandy and would be required to pay allegiance
to two masteis, &vonred the claim of Robert to both
thrones. They took arms against William, but were
toon reduced to submission. In 1091 he Invaded Nor-
mandy with an army to wage war against Robert, who
prevented hostilities by a treaty, according to which
William obtained the towns of Aumale, Fescamp, etc
He afterwards instigated ibe Norman barons to rebel
against Robert, and passed over to Normandy in 1094
to support his partisans. He was prevented from push-
ing his advantages by an incursion of the Welsh, whidi
obliged him to return to England. Robert, having
enlisted in the Grst crusade, sold or mortgaged his
dominions to William for the small turn of 10,000 marks,
(1096.] William did not partake of the general enthu-
siasm for the crosade. " It is likely," says Hume, " thai

« as i; 5 as j; g 4(i»^; j ai/; o, H, K,p«ri(iTj/,- N, *iia/,- B, fri/;*,/.- 1 a!

73 WILLIAM

he made the romantic chivalrv of the crusaders the object
of his perpetual raillery." He was found dead in the
New Forest in August, t iocl Hume adopts the popular
account that Walter Tyrrel, while hunting with the
king, discharged an arrow which glanced from a tret
ancT killed William. He had never married, and wu
succeeded by his brother Henry, "He seems," say*
Hume, "to tiave been a violent and tyrannical prince |
a perfidious, encroaching, and dangerous neighbor ; an
unkind and ongenerous relation."

See Hums, "UiiUnTDf EneUnd,"TaLLchu).T. ; Miss S-niop
LAND, "LItcc of IheWhelsr Kngi of Enilaad," 1S61; Jom
HATWAnn, " Uh of WiUiAm IL," i*.j.

William m, or Wllll«m Henry, King of England
and Sladlholder of Holland, was born at the Hague Ml
the 14th of November, 165a He was the eldest or
only son of William II., Prince of Orange, and Mary
Stuart, a daughter of Charles L of England, and was
styled Prince of Orange before his accession to tha
throne of Great Britain. At the death d his father
(1650) the party .opposed to the house of Orange deter-
mineii that there shoold never be another Stadtholder.
On the death of De Witt, In 1672, the young princs
became the chief of the government, and took strenuous
measures to defend the state against the French armies
which had invaded it He opened the dikes and inun-
dated the seat of war, exclaiming that he wonld die in the
last ditch rather than witness the ruin of the republic
The invaders were forced to save themselves by a hasty
retreat In 1674 he was defeated at Senefbythe Prince
of Condi. The war was ended by the peace of Nymwe-

E, in 167B. He married in 1577 Mary, a daughter of
les, Duke of York, afterwards James II. of England.
ides his native Dutch, he spoke and wrote the
French, English, and German langii^ies Suently, though
not elegantly nor exactly. "The tenet of predestina-
tion," says Macaolay, "was the keystone of his religion,"
From a child he had been weak and sickly, and in man-
hood he was subject to painful and depressing maladieft.
Before he had reached the age of twenty-nve, he wat
renowned throughout Europe as a soldier and diplo-
matist, and was the master-spirit of a powerful coalitioit
r'nst Louis XIV. of France. He became about 1686
bead of the English opposition which the perrerse
and infatuated coarseof Jamea II. bad provoked. In the
summer of 16S8 he was invited by Russell, Sidney, and
other conspirators to come with an army for the defence
of liberty and the Protestant religion in England.
William issued a declaration, in which he abjured all
thought of conquest, and pledged himself to leave all

Siestions to the decision of a free Parliament In
ovember, 168S, he landed at Torbay with an army of
about 14,000 men. He was Joined by numerous peers,
and was favoured by a general defection in the army
of King James, who threw the great seal into the
Thames and absconded on the tith of December, 1688-
The revolution was thus accomplished without much
bloodshed. He called a convention, composed of peers
and the surviving members of the former House of
Commons, which in February, 1689, voted that James
had abdicated, and thai William and Mary should be
declared King and Queon of England. Amidst the gen-
eral joy, the ill humour of the clergy and the army was
very conspicuous. The position of William was beset
with great dificultiea. The deposed king had many
adherents in Ireland and Scotland, who supported h&
cause by arms, and he was assisted by Louis XIV.
William selected for his ministers members of both the
great parties, the Whigs and Tories, and reserved to
himself the direction of foreign affairs. He was not
popular with hia new subjects. His cold manners,
which presented a great contrast to the strength of Ut
emotions, gave almost universal offence.

In May, 1689, he declared war against the King of
France, by whose aid James IL waa enabled to take
the field in Ireland with a considerable army, William
passed over to Ireland in June, 1690, and look command
of hia land-forces. About this time his Seel was defeated
hy the French near Beachy Head. On the ist of July,
1090, he gained a decisive victory over the French aiid
Irish at Ibe famous battle of the Bcyne, after which
James gave up the contest and Bed to France. The

(B^~See Explanations, p, S3.J
, 1::,LiOOt^|l

:.-thj

mlhii.

L« Hogne io Uaj, 169a. Tba war between the allie*
■ml the French cootinaed in Plander*, wh«re WiliUm
coomunded in perton. He wis debated U Steeokerke,
by Manbal Liucemburg, in Aagnit, 1693, Hoatilitie*
were •upended bjr tbe treatj ofRyiwick, in 1607.

Tbe niga of WiUiun IIL wu macli dnturbed by bc-
ti^u* intrigues and Jacobite contpiraciea. He removed
b im command the Duke of Harlborongh, who was sua-

were determined to
h*cre refonn, if Uiey bad to ^ht far it Earl Gnj
reanmed the office irf premier about tlie iSth of Uaj,
and, tbc king h«Ting iixlaced man; of the Torj peeis to
absent them*el*ea and refrain from Toting, tbe Reform
Ull finally became a law in Jane, 1833. Tbe king him-

mult «■ nn frii>Tu) tn Tr<nTiiL unii WM urtial tn Iht Cnn.

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- / i;jj, rmand U Wmm He*

/of Chnil, ad (ItMipttd to im
iJij^ ind leriM mi um dii]
TmUnoA fSi'r Jom Gn
iii ircfililfigisl, bom in i;;S.
'^I^ OdM, and totHcqutnl
gfp! 10 uquiriiif i ieowltdf
ail, ind loilqaiiiei of tfut cc
iide$ osier mrla, "Hitnii 1
"Ti^iogripkf of Thabo," tl
I itid CuUna of tht AtKifen

- ftivile Life, GoMnnnnl; L
J irtict It Mttmtd t ittn
( iDd Tbibti," fiS«J inKi
iidhnt "TIm AretulMitre
iSfa,) lod "The Egjptiua
V ('SSf'l ''■'cti rank u
d iatncMiu compcaitioiB c
inigbt in iS(<:^ xnd sMn i
iofif Sode^, ind memb
in Died October tg, iSj
oMoa, (Ths Kicht Rev.
ilholic bisbop, vis bora
i received his edaaiioa a
of Dariica. He at Sis
It Chardi of Engliiid, bi
religioas belief, he was
olic commanioo in lSl6,
I studies It OscoU, vas
■« in 184S. In 1&S5 he
T of Hurhaoi, and in I
' ihe Chipter. In 1890

Bishop of Heiham an

(WrLLtAU Clxavik,)
bom at Weitford, Ver.

in 1857 at the Uaiven
he Rochester Theol.^
ained a Baptist tainii
lessor of bomilelica i
.better University. J
if Modem Society,"

o/ Life and Lcllero,
I,) and text-boofci in 1

■mof, (JoHANS Go-
forangen in 1736. •
■ma entitled "Dith
." Died in 1777.
a distinguished En
757. He studied
liatl decree {n 17*
•e Public Diapen
Umhcd in tSoi hia
leoiu Z>iaeases, "
>/e >vor^ tbat hat
Dr. Willan wai
■ Sodeticm. Dit

' by Dm. BATmMAt*
ut" No. MOrii.
> .fi American
f«Wii>, CTonnecti

« ■* History of

^— See Kxplana

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k AalUivil )I lie pa! Hid dt-JGtmtnyia mj. rliioii;li ih:
fe ofSiinn, near KHnigg^a, on Ibe ji oljctat IV,, in oppuu'imn lo f [Eik
ni ricfMireMi/ldtiiFealni ii Sidowijlumva, loututik nikixiti
vn^daHiifrixaifieowwBdei) TteiCoind JV, ite hi of FrMt
ciMlitStmWetki'nr. factwmjmtdbiiimipiialliitWm

witi wm At Ei^cia of AmA n- 1 al M»lixlm V/^wbm lit tax
a tt be lit bail, or era t men^, et I tM Et^ui in iijiwu tak
Aa4 o^nf f^ JViMi Gcnnu Caa-jiMMtM libMj DEdl he pn
meoaipMcdaftlltitititenitiatedjiifBeatiuodlmrjlL AbM
Mak tie tret Hid pi^itioa oft pemSirj tOBiiiiailiim. ie\eaib
ienb!f acreaed br ae laneaO'ea I pmee to l^itaelt aai iinaaai
lUlet, laong wiidi were Hiaorer, j 1314, fd wti taaxtdtd bjiliuK
n} Heae. Bj the ttnai b( Att £HBnT[w,"Hiiio>T9fSnilanL"
siiwalodincttbe&rei^n pohcyl WlUUm for WUlioIffl) I, I
' power of lie lUla wbich om-jborB in ijSl, wu tion olFredt
an of ulliinct, oSeraivt and cetded in Oclotwr, lil6. He gri
I bfFrmta with Biniii lad lioa in tSig. In 1S4S lie nuufe t
id made public in ApiS. iS6j.jtiiegioinagie^ie of reform. H« 1
'e emperor Napoleon IIL de- of the King of Priasii la icquirt
fn/r 16, iSra The Geiman jmury in iSsa Died in 1864.
Williaam person, and bf! wVnamH.iStadtiioiAei.) Set
ttingcroutd tbe Ifontier j Pmnce or.)
a*l MtMakon at Worth WSlUam nz. fStadthMer.} 1
neioigreat battle neii (King of England.)
lanngAatbiaaelfapiaj WMtm I, Doie ofBnMwA, i
deride Chuies o/Pna-jaid William, wim born April ts, i&
' m-prince, pur- j, ion of bis brother Clailea, in 1830,

use, The GtrmtBluae 0/ Brvnswick bectme extinct. 1
'en, altaektd Mv-jcteat Britiir is, however, descended
ralbtttlt tnsatd, I Bninawick. The late duke fi

. ,. , , _n /I ngio- Norman prince,
re. King Wil- j the only legitimate son of Henry I.
Ptra, which 1^33 drown^ with bia aister AdiJe, in
/or X siege. I f/armandy to Ertgland, in 1120.
idtr M aen j wUhatn of Cbampta-iLK. See Ci
ran about vnuiam of Beamo-C^MMoL See
Veu and / gg^YK OK

iSCioao VTilZiai of Mahamabaiy. See M
hegfth V^iniam d« Nanglm. See Nawgis,
■'rthel Tiruuani of XTaaaau. See Okan
'°! °r I Prince OF.)
r^l vnuiMza of Neyrtfuig or ITa^bn.

WlUiam tha BSlmnt. See Okasoe,
. Virmiaxa of Tjio, a prelate and
'^ / about 1 1 JO. He became Archbishop of
wrote, in L^tin, a "History of P;
' Crusaders iroia logt to 1184." Died bcf
VfriUiaia of -Wy^ehmin. See WVKf
V^illiaaut, (wtly^mz,) (AlpHKVS S.,)
^neral, bona at Sajbrook, Connecticut
a a lawyer before the civil r-— ■ "- ■
'aion at Cbancellaraville, "--
; Jaly z—J f^f tbat j^ar.

"'"^Me *
I i87S~7S~ Dieh Dccembc
'^r"'^ (ArtNAf) an Englvah trrtter,
blind, ivas ta^en try Dr. /olin*on in
xtrted &3r the remainder of bar lift

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specialty pr" '-'Wens Coll
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wM edacalcd at Trinity Ct^ege, Doblio, and wm a aac-
cetiful portrait-painier. AmoM; hta many dramaa are
"Chaiie* the Flnt," (187*,) "Han Qaeen of Scots,"
(1874.) "Jane Shore," (1876,) etc. He alio pub-
lished several novels. Died in iSoi.

WimpfelioK <rtmp'f;h-ling', or WlimhelliiK (Lit.
WlUFHELlN'Glirs,) (Jakob,) an eminent German scholar
and writer, bom in Alsace in 14^0. He became a priest,
preached for some time at Spire, and afterwards lived
■1 Stiatbur^, Bile, and other town*. It appears that he

-'— T Tcmaincd long -" '--* "- ** ^_— j

nu works, omon,
oentia," 1491,) and o
Ute," 1505.) Died in

Sm UidMoK, " M^oim ;" SCHWAts, " Hotisa nr Wlniiti*-
fafc" ll]I.

WUnpffsn, da, dch Mmp'itn, (Emmanuu. Flux,) a
French general, born at um, of a laniilj' of German
deacent, September 13, tSii. He served with dlstinctioD
in Algeria and in the Crimea, and becaote a general of
division in iS;5. In 1870 he suppmaed the tronble* on
the Morocco irontter with singular skill and celeritjr. He
was a corps- commander in the earl; part ol the Gennaa
war of 1870-71. He commanded at Sedan after the
wounding of MacMahon, and bf onmmand of Napoleoi
IIL capitulated to the Germans. For the misfoTtuNa of
thai day some French authorities hold WlmpSen largdj
retponslble. He published "Sedan," (1871,) " R<poii*«
an GiaiTi\ Duciot," (1871,) " La Situation de la France,"
(1873.) and " U Nation aiWe," I1876J Died in 1S84.

WlmplTan, von, fon Mmp'lijn, (Framz Euil ho-
KBNZ Hermann,) a Gennan militarj commander, bom
at Prague in 1797, served against Itie French in the
campaigns of 1S13-14, and in the revolution of 1S481.
He was made master of ordnance in 1849, and waa »p-
pointed governor of Trieste. Died November 36, 187a

Wlmpffea-Beniebar& Mmp'lfn b{R'nfh.bd6R0',
(Felix.) Bakon, a distinguished general, born at Zwei-
brlicken, (Deux-Ponis,) in Germany, in 1745. HiTing
entered the French service, be fought in 1769 against
Paoli in Corsica, and in 17S9 was a deputy from Nor-
mandy Id the 5 tales- General. He defended Tbionville
against the Pruaaian* in 1791; but he waa afterwards
defeated by the r^aliats near Vernon, and was forced
to take refuge in England. He waa made a general of
diviaion by Napoleon in 1799. Died in 1814.

Wlmtwen-BamebiirB (Fkanz Ludwio,} Bakon,
bom at Zweibrilcken (Deui-Ponts) in 1733, served with
distinirtion in the French army during the Seven Years'
war, and rose to be a general of division. He published
" Memoirs of his Ufe," (1788.] Died in i8oa

Wlmplna, *im'pe-nl, (Conkad,) was bom In Frsa-
conia, in Germany, in 1460. He became prcrfeasM of
theoloev at Fran kfort-on-the- Oder about 150& In icio
e of three Catholic theologians appointed

eas, bom about 1660. She waa the daughter of Sit
Ridiard Kingsmill, and wife of Heneage, &rl of Win.
Chelsea. Her poems (publbhed in I7i3)liave been h%hly
praised t^ Wordsworth, Leigh Hnn^ and Pope. Died

Wlnobeater, Makquii at. See Paulxt.

Win'ohas^t^, (Thouas,) an English writer ea
theol<^, bom in Berkshire^ He becante lectCK of Ap-
pleton in 1761. Died in 178a

Winokell. ftlnk^^l, (Gioxo Franz DirrxtcHj ■
Gennan writer, bom in 1761, published a " Mannal tot
Sportsmen and Anuietirs," (iSso.) Died hi 1839.

Wlnotolnwan, wink'(]-m«n, [Ger. pron. wUkfk^-
tain',] (JoHANN Joachim,) an eminent Gemum critic
and writer on art, wa* bom at Stendal, in Prussia, ia

neclicut, WAS professor of physics and civil engineering
'n the University of Michigan, 1SJ3-55, and profeaior
»y and natural sciences, 1855-73, holding also
9) a similar chair in the Kentucky Univerti^,
___ AS chancellor of Syracuse University, (New Yorl^)
1871-74, and became professor of geol(^ and soologr
there in 1877. In 1879 he was called to the chair c

r,^f.

Sologj and palaeontology in the University of Michigan,
e also served as State geologist ' "' ' " -" - '
and 1869-71. Among his works

It of Michigan, 1859-

reporls, "Sketches of Creation," (1S70,) "Geology of
the Stars," (iB7a,) "Doctrine of Evolution," (1874.)
" Lay Theolfwy," (1876,) " Reconciliation of Science and
Religion," (1H77,) " Preadamilea," (1880,) " Sparks from
a Geologist's Hammer," {1881,) " World-IJft," {1883,)
" Geological Excursions," (1884.) etc Died in 1891.

Wlnota'all, (Jambs Hanhino,) an American Baptist
divine, bom in Dutchess counter, New York, b 1791,
btcame in 1814 Daator of the Fii ' " "' ' "■

ir of the First Baotist Church in

Wln'ohf*-tvr, (Euuman,) ai
at Btookline, Maasadmsetta, in 1751, waa orishialljr a
Baptiat, bat waa afteiwarda oonverted to the doctrines
of the RestorationiatB, He published "Four Dialectics
on Univenal Restoration," and numerous other theo-
logical works. Died in 1797.

Um any opportoniites of lastractMU ; bat his eager de-
riie far xnowledge prooned far Um the ftiendswp and

, „_ .. __ ral gentlen... _. _,

and fat 1738 he entered Ike Utdversit; of Halle. H«
became in 1748 prirate librarian to Count Binan, oev
Dresden. Here he nude the acowintance of Arditnm
the pope's nnndo, who oAred bun a sitnalion at Roaa

175s set Mt far
Roate, having previoMly published his "R' ~
vpOD the Imitation of the Antique." He so
the friendship of the prindpal artists and uteraa oc
Rome, particaltrly of Rspbaet Menga, whose oonnsels
exetctsed great Influence over him. He was appointed
fa* '759> t>7 Cardinal Albani, librarian and keeper of his
gallery of anttouidea, and became in 1763 antiqnair of
the apostolic cnamber. His great work entitiM "His-
tory of Andent Art" (•• Geschichtc der Knnst des Alter-
thuma") came out in 1764, and was soon followed by bis
" Account of the Latest Discoveries at HeTcnlaneuB."
In Jane, 1768, while retnininK from a visit to Vienna,
— where be bad been received with great distinctiaa,~-
be was assassinated at Ttfestt by Arcangeli, an Italian,
who had gained his confidence, and whose cupidity was
excited by some gold coins which Winckelmann had
shown him.

. {JoRANK Justus,) a German his-
torian, bom at Giessen in i6sa He published several
works in Latin. Died in 1697.

Wlnokler, fttnk'ler, (Johanh Hkinrich,) a Gennan
philosopher, bom in Upper Lnsatia in 1703, became
professor of physics at Leipsic. He published '*Thonghis
on the Properties and Effects of Electricity," aitd other
almllar worlcs. Franklin is supposed to hsTc been boie-
fited by his suggestions. Died hi 1770,

Wla'dfr, (WtLUAM H.,) an American lawyer and
officer, bom m Somerset county, Maryland, in 177^
served in the war of 181a, and was appointed inspeoot-
general in 1814. Died in t8s4.

W'lndlinia, wlnd'ym, (Ckaxlks Ash,) an English
geneial. bom in the county of Norfolk in 1810, acrved
with distinction in the Crimean war, and in 1855 aoc-
ceeded General Barnard as chief of the staff of the
Eastern army. He was made commander of the Bath
the same year. In 18^7 he fought against the mutineen
in India. He is said to have been a nephew of the
celebrated William Windham. Died in 187a

WlndltnnL (loaiPU.) an Ennlish antiaoarv. bora at

dbyGoogle

WINDHAM

J483

to the Tenple of Diana ■! Epheaw," and wrote the
prindpalpartof the "Ionian Antiquities." DiediniSio.

^r£adii>m, (WiLUAU,) an etnineni Engllah onior
and Matciiaan, born in London in May, 17SO1 «ai tlie
onljr ion of Colonel William Windham, of Norfidk.
He waa edncated at Eton, GlasEow, and Unirenitj
Collie, Oxford, winch he quitted m 1771. In 1778 he
censured the policj of the Koremmenl on the aabject
of theAmericanwar,inapablicapeech. He wai elected
■ member of Puliament fw Norwich In 1783, and waa
appointed oae of tlie manacen of the iupeachuent of
Warren Haitiogs. He began public life ai • Whig
and political friend and follower of Bnrk^ to whom be
adhered afker the Whig partjr had been divided by the
laaaet of the French Re<K>liitioiL In 1790 he waa agali
elected a member for Norwich. He waa aecretanr at
war in the cabinet <rf Pitt from 1794 until 1801, and he
tlien resigned with his colleagnes. About 1798 he
married a daughter of Admiral Forrest He tnade a
celebrated speech againit the ticatj of Amient in i8o3,
and moved an addreu to ttie king, which wai rejected-
He opposed the administration of Addington and that
of I^tt, (1804-06.) On the death of Pitt, in 1806^ Lord
Grenville and Fox came into power at the bead of the
"ministry of all the talenti," in which Mr. WiDdham
was secretary at war and for the colonies. He procured
dte pasaage of acts to increase the pay and pensiaos erf
■olawrs and to limit their term of serrice. He and Ua
collcaguet ceaaed to hold irfBce in March. 1807. He waa
xtguSeA as the model of an English gentleman. Died
ktjnne, 1810. Respecting hla atjrle of spealdnK Lord
Brougham aays, "It was in the easy tone of Smiliai
nuTersation ; bat it was (alt of nice observation and
profiKind remark ; it waa instinct with claa«cal alla^on ;
It was even over-informed with philosophic and with
learned reflection ; It sparkled with the finest wit."

S« BnupBiiAis, "St»niwBi or ibtllBa of Chii«II!V' <nl-
1: THOMAS Ahvot, "Ijfc tt WwOam-:' "r*UT of WUGan
inndha>ii,"itM: K. llAUXn, " Biocnphlal Ulnar of Wmiia
Windkua," liio: " BdhiliiDi^ tta?in" IM titmui. '*"■

inndhelm, MniHitm, (Chmstian Ebnit,) a Ger-
man philosopher and writer, bom at Wemigerode in
1733. He was professor of Orieotal langoagea at Er-
tangttL Died in 1766.

^Indthora^ iKnf boTsi, (Luowio.) a German atales-
man, bom Janoary 17, 181a. He stndied at Gottin^n
and Heidelberg, and was minister of justice for the king-
dom of Hanover, 1863-65. After the union with Pros-
Ma be became a member of the Reichstag and of the
Pmasian HoMe tA Deputies, b) which he was the prin-
dpal leader of the Catholic pMty. DiedHarch 14, i89t.

^nndlaell, Mn'dish. (Karl Gottubb,) a Hungarian
historian, bom at Presbnre In 1715. He wrote on the
history vid geography of Hungary. Died in 1793-

Wliidis<^|Tat>, tHn'diah -grits', (ALPKIO nr,)
pRiHCK, a distinguished field-marshal, bom at Bmssels
In 17S7. Having entered the Austrian army, he served
fai the campaign of 1814, and was made general of di-
vision in 1S13. In the revolution of 1848 he defeated
the Hungarian insurgents, and took Vienna by storm,

g October 31.) He dterwards led a large army into
angary, where he remained inactive, and was censured
for hesitation or dilatory conduct. He was removed in
April. t849. Died in 1861.

Wi n fliiif b m""" I (Mn'dish-mln', (Karl Joseph
HiKKONVMUS,) a German physidan and phitosopber,
bom St Menti in rT7;. He became Catholic professor
of philosophy at Bonn in lEiS, and published a number
of treatises on medidne and animal m^etiam, also
"Philosophy in the Progress of the History oif the
World," (1817-34,) and other similar works. Died in
1839. His son Friedbich (i3ii-i86i) published sev-
eral works on theology and Oriental literature.

Win'dpm, (William,) an American s talesman, bom
tn Belmont county, Ohio, May to, 1S17, of Quaker
parents. He studied law, and in t35< removed to Min-
nesota. He was in Congress from 1858 to 1868, waa a
United Slates Senator, 1S70-81, waa secretary of the
treasury \a iSSt, under Garfield, was again Senator i88i-
83, and in 1SS9 waa appointed secretary tA the treasotr
by Mr. Harrison. Died Jan. >9, l89r

^, (John,) a preacher, bora in Fred-
erick county, Maryland, March 35, 179T, became in iSal
pastor of a German Reformed churdi at Harrisbur^
Knnsylvania. He founded a sect in 1830, to which he
gate the name of the "Church of God." DiedaiHar
risburft September la, i860.

^miMT, Aee'ntr, (Guno Bnnoitn',) a German Prut-
ealant tbeol^an and Orientalist, bom at Leipeic fal
1789. He studied at the university >rf bis native dty,
and in 1813 became professcir of theolt^ at Erlangcn.
Id 183a he filled the same chair at Ldpaic. Ha
published a "Biblical Uctioauy," ("Bibllscbe Real-
wtMerbuch," l8ao,) "Greek Testament Grammar,"
("Grammatik des Neutestamentlichen Spradiidioma,"
■Su,) which is regarded as a standard work, and
•• Chaldean Reader,**^ (1815,) alsoa"Mannal of Theo>
k^cal Literature, prind[allv that of Protestant Ger-
many," |i8as,) and other critical and theological essay*
of great ment Died in 1858.

Sh tbo "WitiaiiMlw Rsvww" far DMaabB, 1S4J, aitia*

Semuni Tbadofr:'* "Lii"*" Q"artartl »«»i»"" ** *prt, '*J*

Wlnei. (Enoch Cobb,) D.D., an American divine
and educational writer, bom at Hanover, New Jersey,
b 1806, became profeasOT of lai^aages In the Central
High School of Philadelphia in 18^ He nibliahed
"Hints on a System of Popular Education,^ (1837,)
" Commentaries on the Laws of the Andent Hebrews,"
(iSja,) and other works. Died December 10, 187^

Wing, (ViNCitrr,) an English astrontnner, was the
author of "Harmonicon Celeste, or the Harmonji of
the Visible World," (i6;i,) "Aslronomia Britannica,"
and other works. Died in 1668.

Wla'gnta, (Edkond^) an English mathematldan and
salesman, bom In Yorkshire in 1593. He studied law,
and subsequently resided for a time hi France, where
he faistructed the Princess Henrietta Maria In Engliah.
AAer his retnm he was elected to Parliament for the
coonty of Bedford. He was the author of "Natural
and Artificial Arithmetic," " Ludna Mathematica*," and
aibitt works. Died in i6s&

Wing'Beld, (John HbmkvDdcachkt,) D.D., LI.D.,
sn American Hstiop, bom at Portimoath, Virginia, Sep-
tember 14, 1833, gniduated at Saint Timothy's College,
Maryland, in 1850, and at William and Mary College in
1853. In 1859 he was ordained a priest of tlie Episcopsl
Church. In 1874 he was consecrated Bishop of Northem
California, and became president of Saint Augustine
College, Benida, California. Died July aS. 1S9S.

wGigben, -nik, vln wing^ or wing'Hf n, (Josbph,)
a Flemish historical painter, bom at Brussels in 1544;
died at Frankfoft-OD-the-Main in 1603.

'Wlu'l-fr^ Saint, a saint and virgin of the old
British race. She was, according to the old atory, be-
headed by Carado^ a man whose love she had persist-
ently refused- From the spot on which her head was
placed there began at once to flow the great spring from
which the town of Holywell, to Wales, takes iU name-
She was a baker by occupation, and in former days was
regarded as the patroness of bakers.

^niDkeltlad, von. See Arnold voh WiKKBUiUk

WinklM, Mnklqr, (Karl Goitpkied Thiodob,) a
German littfnUtttr, known under the psendonym of
Thbodor Hill, bom in 1775. He was the author of a
number of poems and dramatic works, and made tiaiiB-
lations from the French, English, and Portugnese. Died
in ia5&

Wlnk'^irortli, (Catkerihb,) an English iranalator
and poetess, bom in London. September 13, 1819. Her
publications include " Lyra Germanica," (1855 ; ad voL,
1868,) containing hymns from the German, "TTie Chorale-
Book for Enjjland," (1863,) " Life of A W, Sievek"

cas i: ( as >; { kard; | as/; O, H, t.,giitiitrai: n, Mrua/,- r, iri/Icil: 1 as ■;

1878.

wlslook, (JostPH,) an American astronomer, bom
at Shellwville, Kentucky, February 6, 1836, graduated at
Shelby College in 1835, waa professor of mathematics
and astronomy in that school, t84S-5a' professor in the
United Sutes navy, 1857-65, professor of astronomy in
Harvard College, 1865-75, and at the same time director
of the observatory- He nwde important improvements

( I^See Ei[danatioM, p. S3.)
Digitized by CjOOQ IC

VrinniBTlelgh, wii/mfr-lf , (John WlUon-Patten,)
Lakd. an English statesman, bom in 1801. He wa*
educated at Eton, and al Magdalen College, Oxford, and
to 1830 entered PailJament as a Tory, and held gorem-
nenl poaitioni. In 1874 he was made a peer. Died i8qx.

Wlii'rfin, 0OH]f,) ■ Scottiih ecclesiattic, was snb-
prior or the monastery of Saint Andrew's. He afterwards
profeued (he Reformed religion. Died in 15S3.

S« CHaunu. " HlogriphKa] DictioiuryorEniiiiait Sootmcn.'*

Wlnsem, win'sfm, or WtiiB«iiiliiM, win-sl'me-ds,
(Menilaus,) a Dutch physician, bom at Leeuwarden
about [59a He was professor of medicine and botany
tt Franciier. Died in 1639.

Wlnsem or 'Wlosenuna, (Fikter,) a historian and
poet, born at Lceawarden about 15S6, was a brother of
the preceding. He published, in Latin, a " Histor7 of
the Netherlands in the Reien of Philip II.," (3 tols.,
1629-33,) which was esteemed by the Protestants; alno
other works. Died in 1644.

Wlusemltu. See Winskm.

WIullSw, (EDWAKti.) bom in Worcestersliire, Eng-
land, in 159c, came in the Mayflower (o New England
In 1G30. He was elected Governor of Plymouth colony
in 1633, 1G36, and 1G44 He was the author of " A Brief
Narrative of the True Grounds or Cause of the First
Planting of New England," " Hypocrisie Unmasked,"
and other works. Died at sea in 1655.

Wlaalw, (Forbes,) an English phyaidan, bom In
London in iSia He became a member of the Royal
Colleee of Sorgeons in 1S3S, and president of the Lon-
don Medical Society in iS5j._ In 1S48 he became editor

Ion, Vermont, in 17S9. H« wiled to 1819 u a nusaionair
to India, became president of the colkge connected wlib
the mission at Madias, and niblitbed in 1S61 a " Com-
prehensive Tamil-and-Engliah Dicdonary," which enjoyi
a high reputation. He died at the Cape of Good Hop«
in October, 1864.
WIii1^,(Fredeiiick Alb EKT,) an English projector.

Wiii'>9r, (Justin,) an American anthor, bom to
Boston, lanuaiy a, 1831. He studied m Harrard Col-
lie, and at Paris and Heidelberg, was supeiintcnibiit
oTBoslon Public Library, l868-77. and after that was

librarian of Harvard University. He published many
QOleworthy historicij works, prominent among which
were " Memorial History of Boston," (4 vols., 1880-
81,) and "Narrative and Critical History o[ Amer-
ica." {8 vols., 1883-89.) Died in 1897.

Win'ataa-lBy, (WnxiAii,) an Engiiah biographical
writer, published " Lives of the Poets," " Historical
Rarities," and other works. Died aboat 1690.

Win'stpn, (Charles,) an English barrister, bom in
1814, noted also as an antiquaij and artist. He published
several Ireatiies on glass -poinling. Died in London,
October .1. 1864.

^Vinaton.QoHN Clark,] book and Bible publisher.
of Philadelphia, bom in Indiana, b 1S56; gradualed st
Haverford College, in 1881. A leader In municipal
reform, and since 1907 chairman of the non-parlisan
Committee of Seventy, of Philadelphia.

Wio'aton. (Thomas.) an Enslish phrildan. been in

db,Google

WINTERFELD 14

ViKioKNS,) a German writer on bm^ born at Berlin
h 1794; died in 1S5S.

WlntaifBld, Ton, fon IHn'ter-fBlf, (Hans Kaki,)
a olebrated PrnMian general and &TonTite of Predetidt
tiw Great, waa bom at Vanaelow in 1709. He lerved
with diatinctioD in the Seven Yean' war, and wai
nOTtall; woonded in ao engagement in Silesia in 17(7.
A monument «a« erected to Ills memorr in Berlin b*
Frederick.

SHVAKHHAOaHVOH Bma.*'L(b«dMWiDltrfe]d," iSjt! U.
A. D* WiirruRU), "Leba dH G««k na Winuilald." iSo^

'WintailialtST, 4in't(T-hll'tfr, (Fkahz Xavsk,) a
German painter, bom in Baden in 1S03. He wai pa-
tronized by the royal ramjliei of England and France,
and executed numeroos portraits of Queen Victoria
and Prince Albert, also of the Duke of Wellington and
other English noblemen. Among his best works we
may name "The Empress Eugenie and the Ladies of
her Courl," and "11 Decamerone." Died July 8, 1873.

^^In'tfr-t^u, (Ralfb,) an English philoli^st, born
in Leicestersbire, w»« noted >a a HellenisL He pnb-
liahed " ^fino^ Greek Poets," [" Foetge Grted minoret,"
1635.) Died in 1636.

Wlntber, vin'tft, (Rasmus Viixads CHUsruut
Fbrdinahd,) a celebrated Danish poet, bom in the
island of Seeland in 1796. He visited Italy in iS3a
and publisbed, after his return, several volumes of
poems, which established his reputation as one of the first
lyric poets of his country. He also wrote a number of
popular novels, and " Five -and -Twenty Fables," (" Fern

ogtyve Fabler," 184$-) «tc. Died at Paris, Dec 30, 1S76.

wiu'tbrop, (loUN,) bora in SoBblk, England, In
1588, was elected in 1639 Governor of the colony of
Husachoselts, and set sail in 1630 for New England.
He was re-elected nine or ten times. His journal,
giving an account of the transactions in the colony, was
poUished in iSaj. He is said to have been eminent for
wisdom, magnanimity, and other virtues. Died in 1649.

Sh " Lift of John Wmthrop," b, Rohit a Wmrniior.

Wlntliro^ (John,) son of the preceding, was born
tn England in 1606, and sailed for America in 1631.
He was twice elected Governor of Connecticut, and was
•ent to England in l66t to procure a charter for that
colony. He was the author of several scientific treitiaea,
and was one of the founders of the Royal Society of
London. Died in Boston in t67&

Wln'thrpph (John,) LL.D., was born in Haasa-
choselts in 1715. He was appointed in 1738 Mollis

Bofessor of mathematics and natural philosophy^ In
irvard College. He published several astronomical
works. Died &i 1779.

Wlntitrop^ (RoBKkT C,) an American statesman
and orator, a descendant of Governor Wjnthrop, was
bom in Boston, Massachusetts, Hay la, 1809. He
n^uated at Harvard College in iSsS, studied law in
the office of Daniel Webster, and was admitted to the
bar in tSti. He served in tlie House of Reprueota-
tives of Massachusetts from 1835 to 1S40, and in the
latter year was elected a member of Congress, in which
he acted with the Whig party. Having been re-elected,
he continued in Congress for ten years, and was chosen
Speaker of the House of Representatives in December,
I&47. Hewas the Whig candidate for Speaker in 1849;
but his opponent, Mr. Cobb, was elected by a plurality
of two or three voles, after a contest which lasted three
weeks. In 1S50 he was appointed a Senator of the
United States for a part of the unexpired term of Mr.
Webster, who resigned his seat. Ha was the Whig
candidate for Senator in 1851, but was delealed by
Charln Somner. A volaoie of his "Addresses and
Speeches" was published m 1852. Died Nov. 16, 1S94.

innliliop, rTHBODOi^) an American writer and
Mildier, bom at New Haven In i8s8. He graduated at
Yale College in 1S4S, and subsequently visited Europe.
Soon after the commencement of the war in 1861, be
)i»ned the volunteers of the New York Seventh Regi-
ment, gained the rank of mafor, and, having accom-
panied General Bailer's ezpedillon to Great Betbel, was
killed in that engagement, (Jnne, 1861.) He was the
author of novels entitled "Cecil Dreeme," (i86i,) "John
Brent," (1861,) and "Edwin Brotherloft," (iWs.)

Wiutonn or Wyntoim, wln't^n, (Andrbw,) a Scot
tish chronicler, who lived about 1410-30, was prior of
the monastery of Salnl Serfs Island, on Loch Lomond.

He WIS the author 0/ " The Oi

Scotland," in verse, containing v
formation of those times.

Vlntonn, (Gioaai SrroM,) Eakl or, a Scoltlab
Jacobite, born in 169a He fought (or the Pretender in
I7i«. Died in (749.

wla'tring-hfiu, (Clifton,) the Eldkr, an English
surgeon and physioloeist, born before 1695, wrote a
"Treatise on Endemic Diseases," (1718,) and other
medical works, in Latin and English, which have a
high reputation. He was s Fellow of the Royal Society.
Died in 1748.

WiutiiiigfaBin, (CUFTOH,) THi YouKOiK, bom at
York in 1710, was a son of the preceding. He becama
physician to G«orge UL in 1763, and subsequently phy>
stdan-geDeral to the army. He pablished several
medic^ treatises. Died in 179^

WintBliiB«[ode,voii,fonftWsing'^h-ro'dth,(FlK-
DiNAMD,) Baron, a German officer, bom at Bodenstein
tn 177C1 He entered the Rusdan srmv, served in the
campaigns of 1809 and iSll, and greatly distinguished
himself in the battles of Lntien, Leipsic, and Saint>
Dizier. He was made general of cavalry by the emperor
Alexander in iSiz. Died in 1818.

'Wintalmgerodat von, (Gbokq Eknit Levin,)
Count, a German statesman, born in 1753. He was
appointed in iSoi minister of foreign affairs in the king-
dom of Wilrlemberg. Died in 1S34.

Wlntalng«iod«, tod,(Hbikrich Karl Friedricb
Levin,) Count, son of the preceding, was bom in 177&
Ho was ambassador from wilrtemberg to Paris, Saint
Petersburg, and Vienna. Died in t3;&

Win'itrood, (Sir Ralph,) an £ng1ish diplomatist
and statesman, bom in Northamptonshire about 1564.
He waa employed on several important missions to
Holland, and became secretary of^ state in 1614. He
died in 1617, leaving a valuable work, published in
I7as under the title of "Memorials of Affairs of Stats
in the Reigns of Qneen Elizabeth and King Jantes I.,"
(3 vols.)

Win'iBt or ^71ng«^ (Nihian,) a Scottish ecclesi-
astic, born in Renfrewshire in 1518. He wss the author
of several controversial works in opposition to the Prot-
estant reformers. Died in 1593.

Wlon, vc'6n', (Ariiouli>,) a learned French monk,
born at Dooal In 15541 died abont 1610.

WlrsAn. a£ If fttCr-sTCn', (Karl Datid,) a Swedish
poet, bom at Bellsta, December 9, 1843. He studied at
Upsala, and later in France and Italy. Besides works
of criticism, biography, and literary history, he published
" Dikter," (" Poems,"lS76,) which gave him a prominent
place among Swedish authors. They sre characterised
by earnestness, a genuine religious quality, deep patriot-
ism, careful finish, and complete knowledge of the re-
sources of the Swedish language.

Wlnnns, MCR'sdSng, (CHRinopH,) a German phy-
sician, born at Augsburg in tjoo He wrote a "New
Book of MedidneT' (1568.) Died in 1571.

Wlranng or Wiiatmgna, 4etR-sa&ng'(ls, (Johakn
Georo,) a German anatomist, bom at Augsburg, wss
the discoverer of the pancreatic duct Died in 1043.

W}r^ (William,) an eloquent American lawyer and
author, bom at Bladenaburg, Maryland, in November,
1773, was of Swiss extraction. He studied law, was
sdmitted to the bar in 179s, and married a Miss Gilmer,
of Virginia,aboat 1795. He practised law at Richmond
and Norfolk, and published in 1803 " Letters of a British
Spy," which obtamed s great popnlaritj. About i3o6
he settled at Richmond, Virginis. He distinguished
himself at the trial of Aaron Burr as one of the counsd
for th« prosecBlion, (1807.) In 1817 be publisbed a
"Life of Patri<^ Henrv,'' iriiich was bigbly esteemed.
He was aitomey-geoeral of the United Stales from tSi 7
to March, iSag, having been appointed first bv Present
Monroe and ret^dned by Preslaent Adams. He renov«d
to Baltimore in 1839 or 1830^ and was nominated (as

ther ■■ ■

died

fresidnin in 1833 by the And-Mssonic party.
In Washington m Pebrasry, 1834-

H<

BJ.'g^n/.-gas;;a,H.K,

H, Hiaa!; s, trilltd; I as

((V*See Eiplanadons, p. 33. 1

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lAich allenlioD ia lecnred and retained . . . It ■• Igreed
DD all handi that he was a Ter7 leadf. pleiMnft and
dfective flpeaker, inferior perhaps to no one among hii
eontemporariea at the bar in this coontrf."

Sm J. P. nrnmnoT, " LUa erf WilHvii Wirt." i>« ; R.W.Oa»-
■o^Pran Wriln af Awrid 1" Di7vciuiia^^CTclap«lia i '

fuhcd

be ArchUahop of Weatmimter, (iSSOk) and canfiotL
The aaaomption of the title of aichlmhop met witk
great oppomtion from the Protestacti in EnKlaod, and
an act waa paiaed making such titlea penaL It appean,
however, that hia leamins, talentt, and general popw-
laritT did modi to allay £e boatiUtv of hi« opponents,
Cardinal Wiaeman wai the aothor M "Lectnres on the
Connection between Sdence and Revealed Religion,"

db,Google

WISTER

"487

WITTMACK

ii into Engliih of ntuwraiu novels from Qie
GenDui of E. Marlitt and olhen, which Im.ti
wide populuitj. Died NoTemb«r 15, 1908.

Wlatar, (Owik,) ui Americui ftuihor, botn at
Riiladelphik in i860. Since 1S91 he has been engiged
b literary work, his besl'knowD books being two noveU,
"The Viijinian" and "Ladj Baltimore."

^KHMtcr, (Sakah Butlkr,) tn Amerioui aathor, ■
daughter of Fanny Kemble, was born at Branchtown, in
Philadelphia, Hay iS, 183^. and became the wife of Dr.
Owen Wister. She published translations from Allied
de UoBiet Her best-known original work 1* "A Boat
of Glass," a poem.

Wfsmlowaki, vish-ne-iv'skee, (Michail,) * Polish
writer, bom in Galida in 1794. He became in 1830
prt^easor of history at Cracow. He pnbliahed several
silica] and phlloiophlc*] wotlu. Died in 1866.

^n^ M, (FlBDINAtn) JoHAHifBS,) K German poH-
''-'-- '-~n at Alton* in 1800. Haring jdned a secret

sode^, ha was Inni^ed in 1819. He afterwards joined

the nllraiiiontane partf, and published "Fragments ''

y Life and mj Epoch," (4 vols., i837-3a} Died

'Itoh'eU, (Gkrci,) an Enslish
ematician.Wn in 171S ; died in 1785.
^mth'^r-lag, (William,) an English phvai
botanist, bom in Shropshire in 1741- He published "A
Systematic Arrangement of British Plants, (1776 ;] also
a number of treatises on chemistiy, mineralogy, and
medicine. He was a Fellow of the Royal Society. Died

^(Wl'Qr-lng-tyn, (Wiluam Fbedekicx,) an Eng-
Hah painter, born in London in 1786. He was elected
a Royal Academician !n 1840. Among Hs works, which
are prindpaJljr landscapes, we may name "The Hop
Garland," " The Sleppina-Stones," •■ Uaking Hay," and
" Returning from the Village." Med in 1865.

'WlQiers.with'frs, written also Vlthsr and 'W'Ttlur,
(GlOBGB,! an English poet, satirist, and political writer,
bom in Hampshire in i$S& He published in 1613 a
collection of satires in verae, entitled "Abuses Stript
■nd Whipt," for which he was sentenced to sereral
nonlhs' imprisonment. On the breaking oat of the
dvtl war, he seired in the royalist army, in 1639; but
be aJlerward* went over to the party of the Parliament,
■nd attained the rank of major-general Soon after
the restoration he was imprisoned several years in (he
Tower for having pablished a seditious libel, entitled
"Vox VulgL" He died in 1667. His works are very

-MS, and consist chiefly of lyrics and devotional

His poems were little esteemed by his con-

,._.arie«, and he is mentioned with contempt by

Pope and Swift ; but eminent critics of later times have
allied him a high rank among English poets.

'Wltli'er-apooii, (John,) D.D., LLD., a distin-
fuished divine, and one ofthe signers of the Declaration
of Independence, was bora in Haddingtonshire, Scot-
bud, in I7SS. In 1766 he was offered the president^
of Princeton College, New Jeisey, which in 1768 he
accepted, and also filled the chair of divinity tn that
(mtitntton. He was elected in 1776 to the Continental
Congress, and was active in promoting the cause of
Independence. He was the author of " Eccteaiastica]
Characteristics, or the Arcana of Church Policy," (1753.)
■ " Serious Inquiry into the Nature and Effects of toe
Stage," (1757,) and other works. Died in 1794.

Sea CizvauMD, " ConpencEnin of Anurian liltratiuE."

Wlthot ftifhe^ (JOKANH PHILirP LORENZ,| ■ GCT-

■lan physician and writer, btmi at Duisburg m 1715.
He studied at Utrecht and Leyden, and in 1770 became

Bofestor of eloqaence and Greek literature at Duisburg.
e publislicd in 1782 a collection of didactic poems,
entitled "Academische Gedichle," which have a high
icpulalion. Died in 17S9.

Witlkliid. See WnTEKiKa

'WltT'klnd or Wif »-lEliid. a Saxon historian and

monk, lived at the abbey of Corvey, (Corbeia nova.)

He wrote "Annates de Gesiis Othonnm." Died afiet

973.

Itisa. we.lee'd, (Sp. pron. ve-tee'tU,] King of the

VUgoths in Spain, began to reign abodt 701 A.ik H«
was deposed in 70S, vA was anccccded Xfj Roderick,
who had revolted againat him. Died abont 709.

Wlf old or 'WlVwtdd, (Auoamdkr,) Grand DnU
of Uthaania, was a warlike and powerful prince. He
waged war against the Tartars. Died at an advanced

[e in 143a

'Wlta, wits, WltaMi, wif tfn, or WlMtM, wit'se-O^

SIkkuan,) a learned Dstch theoto^an, bom in North
otiand in 1636. He was piofeuor of theology at
Utrecht from 1680 to 1698, and succeeded F. SpanheiiB
at Leyden in the latter year. He pnbliahed aeveral work*
on theology. Died in 1708.

'Wltaen, (Nicholas,) * pattiotic Dutch magistrate,
born St Amsterdam b 1G14CS was noted ftw bis liberal
poblic spirit He wrote a work " On the Construction
of Ships," (1G71.) He was employed to negotiate a
' eaty with England in 1689.

Sh Bodu, " Hotic* oT N. ITitiea," 1IJ5.

Witt, do. See D« Wrrr.

Wltt«, Mftqh, or ^Ittan, ftit'ttn, (Hbnninq,) ■

etman divine and biographer, bom at Riga in 1634.
He wrote, in Latin, Iriographie* of eminent men of the
seventeenth century, in 5 vol*. Died in 169&

Witte, (Coimr SiitGiira,)B Russian slalesmsn, bom
at Tiflis in 1849. Entered the railway service, advanced
to its complete control, and was successively minbter of
GnaDce, secretary of state, and privy councUlor. He
headed the Russian delegation at the Portsmouth peace
treaty of 1905, was first Rus^an premier, and is a mem-
ber of the CouDcil of Empire.

Wltte, dfl, (Emanubc) See D* Wnr.

Witta, do, dqh wit't; h, (Gaspabd,) a Flemish land-
scape-painter, bom at Antwerp in 1611. He worked in
Italy and Prance.

witta, da, (Giles,) an eminent Tansenist theologian,
bom at Ghent in \ftifi. He preached at Mechlin (Ma.
lines) from 1684 to 1691, wrote several controversial
worlcs m defence of Jansenism, and produced a Flemish
version of the Bible. Died in 1731.

Wltta, de, (LiiviN,) a Flemish painter and archi>
tect, bom at Ghent about I5ta He eicelled in painting
perspective and architecture^ Died at Munich.

Wltte, de, (Pin-BR.) See Candido, <PiETKa}

Wifte-kind or -Wirt-klnd, written also 'Wlttt-
ohind, |LaL WnTEKiK'uus,) snrnamed THB GsKAT,
a celebrated warrior, was the prindpal commander Of
the Saions against Cliarlemagne. The latter having in-
vaded the Saion territory, Wittekind sought Che alliance
of the IGng of Denmark, whose sister he had married.
After several battles, fought with varying success, the
Saxons were defeated near the Hate in 783, and the
leaders, Wittekind and Alboin, were reinstated in their
possessions, on condition of their embradng Christianity
and sabmicting to the authority of Charlemagne. Wit-
tekind died in S07.

'Wittakliid, Aii't(h-klnt, or 'nridaldnd, Aid'SSkln^
a German chronicler and monk of the tenth century,
was a native of Saxony. He wrote a work entitled " Rea
gestK SaxonicK," being a history of King Henry I. and
of the emperor Otbo L

'Wlttakindna. See Wittikind.

Wlttganateln, von, fon *it'Bfn-stIn, (Ludwm
Adou,) Count, a German military commander, some-
times called Savk.Wittobnstbih, was born in 1769.
Having entered the Russian army, he served in the
camp^ns c^ 1S07 and tSia, and was appointed in 1813
to the chief command of the Russian and Fmssian force*,
which, however, he retained but a short time- He was
defeated by Napoleon near Fail* in 1814- Having been
cieated a field-marshal In i8a6i he fought against the
Turk* in iSaS. Ned in 1843-

WttUohliu, *it-tiK'e-tks, (Chrittoph.) a German
Protestant theologian, bom in Silesia in 1635. He wai
profewor lA tbeolosy at Nymwegen for sixteen yean,
and removed to Leyden in 1671. He wrote several
works. Died at Leyden in 1687.

Wittmaok, Aifmlk, (Marx Karl Lui>wig,) a Ger-
man botanist, bom at Hamburg, September 16, 1S39.
He waa educated at Jena, Berlin, Gdttingen, and Pan*,

r; \kard; ^a»j;G,M,1i,giitiiirai; tt,mtsai; K,lriIIed; lass; thasinMit. (|^^See Explanations, p. a^)

Digitized ay CjOOQ IC

WITZLEBEN

and in iSSo wu called to a prof«Monlilp In the Berlin
University. HewaiptominenttnconnectionwithTirioii
Industrial exbibitioiii, and made Kveral offidat Teports,
baving long been cuitoi for the goremmeiit colle< ' '
at Berlin.

^ritslalwii, von, fon ftitslilifn, 0ob Wilhslu
Karl Ernst,) a Prussian general and statesman, bom
at Halberstadc in 17B3. He aerTed in the principal
campaigns againit the French from 1806 Co iSij, and
wa* toade lieutenant-general in 1S31, and minister of w"
hi 1833. Died in 1837.

vntxl«b«it, TOO, JKari. Auouar Friedrich,} a
popular German novelist, known under the pseudonym
of Von Trohui^ was bom near Weimar in 1773. He
served against the French in the Pmssian and aubae-
qnently in the Kossian armj, where be attained tbe
rank of colonel. He produced historical roma
entitled " Franz von Siclcingen," " Die Pappenheii

bomini786. He invented tbe fire-escape. Died in 1249,

Wladlmlr. See Vladimir.

^TladlalBa. See Vladislavs and Ladislaus.

Vodahoiue. See Kihbrrliv.

'Wodan. See Odin.

^Vod'iSw, (Robert,) a Scottish Presbyterian divine
and hialorical writer, born at Glasgow In 1679, became
minister of Eastwood, in Renrrewahire. His principal
work i* a " History of the Sufferings of Ihe Church of
Scotland from the Restoration to the Revolution," (a
vols., 1711.) He also wrote a diary and collection of
anecdotes, entitled "Wodrow'sAnalecta." Died in 1734.

SetCHAUsaiUs "BinpaphiciLD^CtlDDUTafEmtaenlScDtiniai."

WoeMsr. See WOhler.

'WoebtiAr. See WOhker.

■Wooim. SeeWOLFFi.

Woellner. See WOllner.

Woepoke. See Wapocc

Wo^riot, vo'i're-o', or Wo«lilo^ (Pierre,) an able
engraver, bom in Lorraine about 153s. He settled at
Lyons about 1555, Died aher 1576.

WoPflng-tvil, (Maroarit,) a celebrated Irish actress,
bora at Dublin about 17181 died in 1760,

WUilar or 'Wo«Uer, ^m^, (Friedrich,) a Ger-
mtm chemist of high reputation, was bom near Frank-
fort-on -the- Main m i8oa He studied medicine and
chemistry at MarburR and Heidelberg, and subsequently
became professor of technology and chemistry in tbe
Polytechnic School at Cassel. He also assisted in found-
ing a nickel- manufactory in that town. In 1S36 he be-
came professor of medicine and director of Ihe Chemical
Institute at Oittingen. He was associated in 1S3S with
his friend Uebig as editor of the " Annalen der Chemie
and Pharroade. Among his moat important works are
his "Prindples of Chemistry," (tS40i} and "Practii^
Exerdses ol Chemical Analysis," (1854.) He was elected
a Fellow of tbe Royal Soaety of London and of other
■Imilar institutions. Died in iSSs.

WoIilKeiDiitb,«01'gfh-m«M', (Michael.) an eminent
German painter and engraver, bom at Nuremberg In
1434. Among hi* master-pieces are a " Last Judgment,"
b the Town-House of Nuremberg, and a "Vodve OBct'
Ing with Saint Jerome," in the Belvedere gallery at
Vienna. His engraving* on copper and wood are very
rare, and are highly esteemed. He numbered among
hii pupils Albert Dttrer, who painted his portrait. Died
in 1519.

Sm HAROoaArv. " BrimeniiinD an Albracfat Ddnr and leiiia
Lthret M. WDhliemolh," .i4orMA( "- '

Aoui, " Alt(BdiiiiM KIbiWlp

'WtUmer or Woobner, M'nfr, (Andreas Georo,)
a German Orientalist, born in Hoya (Hanover) in 1693.
He became professor of Oriental language* at Giittin-
gen In 1 739. He published a Hebrew grammar, and
other works. Died in 1761.

Woido, woid,? (Ckaujci GonrKKV,} an eminent
Orientalist and divine, bora in 1735, is supposed to have
been a native of Poland. Having been invited to En^
land in 1770, be became preacher of tbe German Koyal
Chapel, and assistant librarian in Ihe British Musennk.
He published La Crete's "Dictionary of Che Coptic

88 WOLF

language," with addldon* and an index, and otbet
learned worka. He was a Fellow of the Royal Sodetf.
Died in 1790.

Woirol, vwl'roK, (THtoFHiLE,) a Swiss officer, ban
at Tavanne, in the canton of Berne, in 17S1.

martdial-dc-camp, andin 1S36 became apeer^Fruue.
Died in 1853.

Woloott, waGincgt, (Erastds,) a son of Roger Woi.
cott, noticed below, was born about 1713. He joined
the army in 1776. became a brigadier-general in 1777,
and afterwards a member of Congress and a judge ol
the superior court of ConnecticuL IHsd in 1793.

Woloott, w3&l'k9l, (JoKN.) an English phradn
and satiric poet, known under the pseudonym of Petu
Pindar, was born in Devonshire in 1738L Hiviu
taken his medical degree at Aberdeen, he accompuid
Sir William Trelawney, Governor of Jamaica, to tkl
Island in 1767, but, failing lo obtain extensive practice.
returned to England, where he published in 1781 Ui
"Lyric Ode* to the Royal Academidaos for 1731, bj
Peter Pindar, Esq.," etc; This satire wa* very sat
ceaafiil, and w>* soon followed by vmllar ^h^i-Ii^ od tbe
king) minislers, and prominent writers of the tima
Wolcott's satires are remarkable for coarseness and
vulgarity, as well as for wit; and his character u t
man appears not to have been a whit more elevated tka*
his wntings. Died In 1819.

&«« ALUHjn, "DictJonarv of Aathon:" " Aetofaucbabf «f
WmUiB Icrdaa." mI. <L ch. <&. -^->--»

In Connecticut in 1716. He wa* elected to Coogroi

In 1776, signed the Declaration of Independence, lad

became Governor of Connecticut in 179CL Died in IT%

Sh SAHnaasoH, "'

VoltMtt (Oliver,) a statesman, bom at LitchSeU,
Connecticut, in 1760, was a son of Ihe preceding He
■ ' - - .... <abineta of Wuk-

SS, to December,
about fonrteen
wk. He was Gov-
ernor of Connecticut fi-om 1817 lo 1837. Died in New
York in 1833.

Woloott, (RooBR,) an American statesman ud
soldier, bora at Windsor, Connecticut, in 1679, served
against Ihe French in Canada, and attained the rank of
major-general. He was elected Govemor of Connocticsl
in 1751. He wrote an account of the Pequot wir.is
verse. Died in 1767.

'Woloott, (Roger,) an American statesman, bam •!
Boston ia 1S47. He was eleded to the M assachusetU
House of Represenlttlives in 1882, was lieutenanl-got-
eraor of Massachusetla 1S93-96, and Governor 1S96-
99. He was appointed ambassador 10 Italy in I9CW.
'Wol^ «otf; (Ernst Wilkklh,) a German mssioiii
and composer, bora at Gross Behrirtgen in 1735. He
lived many years at Weimar. Died in 1792.

Woli (FERDlHANDt) a German writer, born at Vkuu
in 179& He was appointed librarian of Ihe Impend
Library, and aecretary of the Academy of Sciences n
his native city. He published "Contributions ta Ite
" -tory of the National Literature of Castile," (iltij
'ork " On tbe Romantic Boeti> of the Spaniink
17,) and other similar works. Died Febi 18, 18661
■SToH wSeit [Ger. pron. »olf; Lat. Wot'nra,]
(Friedrich Auct/sr.) a celebrated German scbdat
and critic, was bom at Hainrode, near Nordhansea, b
Prosria, on the icth of Febraary, 1759. He studied t
Nordhansen, antThad become a giMd classical Kbols
when he entered the University ^ GSttingen, in 1777.
He acquired in earlv life a habit of independent jn^
ment, and devoted himself at Gfittingen to the >tn^
of philology. He tncarred the ill will of Meyne, wtie
--'^"led to admit him to one of his lectures. In 1779 bi
- employed as teacher at Ilfeld. He pnUisbeda
edition of Plato'* "SympoMam" In 17S3, enridiedwiik
notes and an introdnctioa, in which be gave proof rf
critic*! Mgadty. Having married abotit \-flt, hewM

i, E. t, 8, fi, ;>, /b^; t, t, d, saine, le** prolonged; II, e, 1, 0, ii, )*, /:fi>r/;h f> i. 9> fAMKrv; Or, flu, at; inEl: otej gAdi idA^

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

WOLF

8489

iVOLFB

appointed proAMOT of phOoaopbjr at Halle In 1783, and
director of the Pedigvgic Irutitntc, which he tnni-
fbrmed into ■ philological aemlnarj or norma] tchooL
He had fbrtned an eialted idea of the vocation of
teacher, which he punned with much leal and aaccen.
Dnriog the twenty-three jeara in which he occupied
the chsur at Halle, he gave more than fifty courses of
lecturea on different authors and anbjccEB, beeides bU
labourt In the philological seOiinaiv. He publiihed
edition of Homer's poem* in 178^ and 1785, and
edition of Demosthenes' oration against Leptines, about
179a The latter opened a new era in tlie study of
the Greek orators. Hit celebrity was increased by his
" Prolegomena ad Homernm," (1795,) in which he sup-
ported with much ineenuity the novel and paradoxical
IheoiT that the " Iliad" and " Odyssey" were not written
by Homer or any single poeC but that they
iormed by the junction of several poems, composed by
different rhapsodists. This work produced a great
sensation among the learned thronghout Europe ; but
bis theory was accepted in full l^ a very few only.
WolPs claim to priority in this discovery was disputed
by Heyne, and was defended by the former In " I^etlera
to Heyne," (1797,) which are regarded as models of
controversy and refined irony. He published an edition
of Suetonius, (1801,) and an edition of Homer, {" Ho-
mer! et HomerJdarum Opera," 4 vols., lSoil-07.)

In consequence of the war, the University of Halle
was closed m 1806, soon after which Wolf removed to
Berlin, and took a prominent part in ornnizing the
university of that dty. He received the atle of privy
councillor at Berlin. Wolf and Buttmann published
the "Museum der Alterlhumswisaenschaft," (1807-10.)
In a remarkable treatise, entitled "Exhibition of Arche-
ology," ("Darstellung der Alterthainswissenscfaaft,") he
Eive a programme of the slndlet of anllqiiity and phi-
logy which he wished to be puisoed. He puUlshed
■» eicellent philological journal, called " LJterarlsche
Analek(en,''(iSi7-30.) To improve hit health, he visited
the south of France In the spring of 1834. He died at
Uarseilles in August of that year.

Sh HAntArr.^'ErinDsnnnn as f . A. Wait" iBif: W.
Koon, "Uba wd Siudin WnlTi," 1 vok., i8u; "Nounlls
ffiocnpkietMDJnUl" "North Biilidi Riricw" for Jua^ iS»l.

WoU [Lat WoL'riUS,] (Hiebosymus,) a German
■cholar, bom at Dettingen in 1516. He studied at Wit-
tenberg, and became in 1557 professor of Greek, and
rector of the gymnasium at Augsburg. He was one
of the best Greek scholars of his lime, and pablisbed
editions of the works of Isocrates, of Nicephonu Gre^o-
Taa, of i&chinea and Demosthenes, and other classics.
Died in 1580.

S«Gniucii,*'I>iiHnatio(EaTiuH.WolM,"i74]; U. Aiuii,
"intBGrmuinoiiunPhiloMphoiuni."

Wol( (JoHANN,) a German medical writer, bom in
Zweibriicken (Deux-Ponts) in 1537, was professor at
Marburg. Died in 1616.

WoK {JoHANN,} a German ]ur
a twin brother of the preceding.
Key to History," ("Clavis Hiatoriarum,") and other
works. Died tn 1606.

'Wal( {JoKANN Christian,] a German philologitt,
bom at Wetnigerode in 1689. He became professor of
physics and poetry at Hamburg in 1715> and edited the
extant fragments of Sappho and other Greek poetesses.
Died in 1770.

WoU [Lai Wol'fius,] {Tohann Christoph.)

» "Hist

fK.

the Het>rea

learned works, also editions of the Letters of Libaniua,
and other classics. Died in 1739.

5« J. K. VQH SnixH, "CaDUBtaluio da Vim J. C Wolfii,"
■717: "^Noonlla Biognplne Gfo^nla."

Wolf, (Kaspar,) a Geiman medical writer, born at
Zurich about ijz^, was a friend of C. Gesner. He wai
professor of physics and Greek at Zurich. Died in 1601.

Wolt (Kaspar Friedrich,) a German anatomist,
bom in Berlin in 1735 ; died in 1794.

Wolf or Wolil, won, fon »olf, [Lat. Wol'fius,]

(foHANN Chricttan,) FiuRBSi, a cdebraled Gernun
philosopher and malhematldan, bom at Breslao, January
24, 1679, (or, according losome authorities, 1674.J After
he had studied for some years in Ihe College of Breslan,
he entered the Oniveraity of Jena in 1699. He davited
himself to the exact science*, and began at an early age
to meditate the reform of practical philosophy by the
application of mathematica] methods. About 1701 he
passed from Jena to Leipstc, where he took his degree
in philosophy, and delivered lectures. He became ac-
quainted with Leibniti, who exercised considerable
influence over him. In 1707 he was appointed professor
of mathematics and phlloaophy at Halle. He published
"Thoughts on the Powers of ihe Haman Mind," (1713,)
and "Elements of Universal Sdenee," ("Elementa
Matheaeos universic," 1713-15.)

Hf( peace was distuibed by the intrigues of the
professors of theol<^, who censured his doctrines as
dangerous to religion and morality. Instigated by these
adversaries, among whom Joachim Lange was especially
violent, the King of Prussia removed Wolf from his chaii
in 1723, and banished him from the kingdom. Before
that year he had published " Rational Thoughts on God,
the World, and Ihe Human Soul," (17M,) "Thoughts
on the Search after Happiness," (1730,) and other works.
He was professor of mathematics and philotophy at
Marburg for eighteen years, (1723-41.) During this
period he published a number of works, among which
are a celebrated "Treatise on Logic," {" Philosophia
Rational is, sire Lc^ca melhodo Sdentifica pertractata,"
(728,) " Primitive Philosophy, or Ontology," {" Philoso-
phia prima, sive Ontologia," 1730,} "Moral Philosophy,
or Ethics," ("Philosophia moralls, sive Ethica," 1732,)
" Rational Psychology, (" Psychologia rationalis," 1734,)
and "Universal Practical Philosophy," ("Philosophia

declined to change his position until the accession of
Frederick the Great, (1740,) when he resumed his pro-
fessorship at Halle. He was appointed privy councillor
and professor of international law. Among his later
worka were "The Law of Nature," ("Jus Nature," 8
vols., 1740-49,) and "The Law of Nations," ("Jus
f^ntinm," 1749.) He had married Catherine Marie
Brandlsin In 1716, and had several children. As a phi-
losopher, he developed and popularised the doctrlnet
of Leibnit*. his mind being methodizing rather than

ea(iv& Died in April, 1754.

Sea STiaaain. " NichrichivDn Wolf > Labn uad Eada," iju;
GoTTSCHm, " Hiilorbcht LobKhnfl auf C WoK" 17U ; WuTTX^
" C. Wolfi a^tna LcboiubadDribiiDiL" •&(' : C. F. Bauhibtu,
"Vka, ran acSoiptaC VolH," irm: Fowramua, "ZlngarL"

Wolliut,4ol'flRI,(PiTBR,) a German medical writer,
bom at Hanau in 167J ; died in 1726.

Wolfe, wJJOIf, (CHARi.n,) an Irish clergyman and
poet, born at Dublin In 1791. He studied m the uni>
versify of his native dly, took the degree of B.A in
1814, and in 1817 wa« ordained. He died in 1813, of
consumption, at the early age of thirty-one. His works
were published in 1S25, under the title of "Remune
of the Late Rev. Charles Wolfe," etc : they consist of

Kent in lyrt. He served with great distinction in Ger-
many in the early campaigns o( the Seven Years' war,
and bad a prominent part in the capture of Louisburg
ftom the French in 1758. He was appointed In 1759 to
command the land-forces in the expedition against the
French in Canada, having been previously made major-

feneral. After several ineffectual attempts to drive the
'rench army from their position near Quebec, he at
length succeeded in ascending the HeighB of Abraham,
commanding that dly, and, in the battle which ensued,
pined a dedsive victory over the enemy. He was,
lowever, mortally wounded in the action, dying on the
Geld of battle immediately after he was informed of the
result. His opponent, General Montcalm, also (ell in
this engagement, and the French lost their possessions
' Canada.

vi: qwi: ikard; j^isf: a,w,K.,gtirti4rai; «,rtajai; ti,trilUd; tut; thasinfiUr. (I^^See Explanatlonf p.^*

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

WOLFF 34

'Wolff SeaWoif.

WoU^ 4ol4 (Albikt,) a German sculptor, born at
Nea-Str^iti, November 14, 1814. He was a pupil of
Rauch, and in 1356 mu made a professor in the Academy
of Fine Arts at Beilin. His best works aie regaided as
model ciamples of the classic style. Died in 1S03.

'WoW *olf, (Emil,) « German sculptor of high repu-
tation, boTD in Berlin in l3o2, resided many years in
Rome. He executed a number of portrait -busts and
mytbological subjects. Among the former are those of
Niebuhr and Prince Albert Died September zg, 1879.

Wolfl; w361f; (Joseph,] a converted Jew and tnif eller,
bom aboDi 1795. He was ordained a priest of (be
Angiican Church about 183S. He performed a journey
10 Bokhara, of which he published * narrative. He
frrote other works. Died in 1863.

Sh "Blidinod'* U>cubH" for Anpin, iUl

Wolff (OsKAR LUDWio Bbrnhakd,} a popular
German writer, bom at Altona in 1799, was the author
of nameroas tales, romances, and satirical sketches.
Among these we may name " The Natural History of
German Students," and "Poetical Home Treasure of
the German People." Died iu l8<l.

Wol4{Pius Ai.EXANDBR,)acefebrated German actor
and dramatic writer, born at Augsbui« in 1781. He
excelled particularly ai a tragedian, and^his representa-
tions of Hamlet, Orestes, Max Piccolomini, and Tasso
were unsurpassed. He was the author of "Caesareo,"
and olher comedies, and a drama entitled " Precioaa,"
which forms the text of one of Von Weber's operas.
Died in 1828.

'Wolff (WlLHBLH.) a German sculptor, knovn also

-•r'Aniri _u hnrn ,t Frh ih/il I m . in

WoISbart. See Lycosthenes.

^&lfil or WcMlffl, ftjtlfl, (Joseph,) an eminent
German composer and pianist, b<^ at Saliburg in 1773,
was a pupil of Michael Havdn and LeopokT Mozart
In 179; he visited Vienna, where he was received with
enthusiasm, and subsequently resided for a Ume in Paris
as music-teacher to the empress Josephine. He died
in London about iSia. His compositions are chieSy
operas, and pieces for the piano. As a jrianist, he was
regarded as scarcely inferior to Beethoven.

WoUgaii8,wd61f'nng,[Ger.pron.fK}ir'gln(|,] Prince
of Anhalt, a German Reformer and adherent oT Luther,
was born in 1492. Having taken up arms against the
Imperialists, he was outlawed by the emperor Charles V.

See EscHBNBACO,

Wolftar, «olf't(r, (Prr«»,) a German historian, bora
at Mannheim in 17J8. He wrote on the history of tbe
German empire. Died in 1805.

WolgsmatlL See WoHLOEKirrH.

Wolke. ftol'kfh, (Christian Hiihrich.) a German
teacher and educational writer, bom at Jever in 1741 ;
died in 1S15.

WoIlaBtoD, wffil'l^-tQn, (WnxtAU,) an English
writer on ethics and theology, was bom in Staffordshire
in 16(9. He studied at Sidney College, Camluidge,
where he took the degree of A.H. in 16S1. His principal
work, entilled "The Religion of Nature Dehneated,'

■ophical, and theolt^cal treatises. Died in 1714.

Sh "Bictrnlus Britannica :" Curki, "Life of
fi^»dUbi(>dItioi)aC"Tho Rclicion of KaMre,"

Wollaaton, (WiLUAM Hydb,) an eminent English
diemisland natural philosopher, born in London in ij^A.
He was a son of Francis Wollaston, an astronomer,
who was a grandson of 'William, noticed above. Having
been educated at Cambridge, he studied medidne, and
look (he degree of M.D. in 17931 but he soon re*
Bounced the practice of medicine, and devoted himself
to scientific researches. He was chosen tecrctarj of
the Royal Society in itob, and president of the same
in iSlo. He invented the reflecting goniometer, by

JO IVOLOIVSKI

which the angles of crystals are messnred, uhI tk
camera iucida, (iSia.) About 1803 he verified tbe law
of double refraction in Iceland spar, annourkced bj
HuyfiheDS, and wrote a treatise "On the Oblique Rs-
fraction of Iceland Crystal." He u^^uired wealth bi
the manufacture of platinum i>y an improved uuiho^
having been the first who reduced that metal into ingob
in a state of purity. About i3o^ he discovered tbe
metals palladium and rliodium. He contribnted thittj-
euht memoirs to the "Philosophical Transactioiis,'
"VbK identity of galvanism with common electiidtj ni
first demonstrated by Dr. Wollaston. He was a v«
■kilfol experimenter and accm'ate observer. Amoog ba
valuable inventions is a chemical slidirv-rule, b^ «lu(k
tbe equivalents of substances are reamly a

Died in December, i8a&

S« G. Hou, " De Dood n

"HLUmj of Ounriitrj;" , — _...

" Sritiih Quanolr R«im" for Au)[UH, ti^.

Wolle, *ol'l«h, (Christoph,) a German writer «■
theology, bom at Leipsic in 1700, was well versed in tbs
Oriental lanniagcs. Died in 1761.

'Wolle, IPetrr,) a bishop, bom in Saint John, Dan-
ish West Indies, January $, 1791. He was educated in
Pennsylvania, and about 1S30 became a bishop of ilie
Moravian Church. Died at Bethlehem, Peonsylvaiiii,
November l^ 1S71.

W^leb, •ol'iep, llAt. Wouj'Bius,! (JoHAim,) ■
Swiss divine, bom at BUe in 1536. He was profaiMi
in tiie University of BUe, and wrote a work cntilkil
"Sommary <rfTluolDgy," ("Compendium Theologi*,'^
which is highly commended. IKed in 163&.

WOII0UU. See WoLLEB.

W&lliier or WoelliWT, von, fon *tSI'nfr, (JosAMR
CHEiinAN,)aPmaian statesman, born at EXIivntiahaa
1730. He wss ennobled bjr Frederick William IL is
17S6, and was appmoted initiister of state and jmlict,
and directoi of ecclesiastic affitirs^ in I7f^ He insbled
on rigid orthodoxy in the dergr. Died in iSoa

V^llstoiMoraftwS&l'stfn-lulft, (Maky,) afterwardi
Mrs. GoDWin, a celebrated English authoress, bom is
1759. There it some doubt as to the place of her birtb;
bnt her parents removed to the vidnity of LondM wben
^e waa about sixteen years old. Owing to the poierty
of her &mily, and the violent temper Of her btber, bcf
early trainiru, both moral and intellectual, was Toy
defective. Having 1^ her own exertions fitted herself to
be a teacher, she opened a school at Ulinaton in 17^
In whidi she was assisted by two sisters and an intimite
Mend. In 1786 she publi^ied her first work, entilled
"Tboi^htson the Education of Danghters." She bob
translated into English Saliraann's " Elements of Mo-
tality," and Lavater's " Phydocnomy." In 1791 ibc
wrote an answer to Burke's " Rejections on the Fremi
Revolution," which was soon followed ty her "Vhidi-
cation of the Rights of WomaiL" In 1793 she nilai
Paris, where she wrote " A Moral and Historical Vww tt
the French Revolution." About this time she formed a
unfortunate attachment to an American named Imlq,
and, in consequence of his desertion, twice attempted te
destroy heraelL In 1795, having business in Mocwif,
■he travelled in that country and in Sweden, bikL os
her return, published "letters from Norway." Tim
work shows great shrewdness and powers of observatiea,
and contains many fine descriptive passages. Uui
Wollstonecraft was married to Godwin, the celebnld
novelist, in 1796, and died in 17^7, aAer fpviriE biitt
to a daughter, who became the wife of the poet Shelley.

Sh Wiluah Gondii. " Life of Mur Godwin ;" Hn.ti.-BW
!., (iSu:) "HoDthly lt«ic*"bi

Wolmar, ftol'mlR, or Volknuv, volk'mlt, (Hit'
CHIOR,) a Swiss jurist and Hellenist, bcHU at R«b>d
about 1497. Ha was profcsaor of law at TBbinge^ tal
Uueht Greek to Calvin. Died in ij6i.

WoIowaU, vo-lov'skee, (Liwts Francis Hicbui
Rayhond.) a political econmnist, bora at Wsrsiw ■
tSio; died at Gisors, August 14, 1876.

i,e.t,o,u,^,;<'Hf,-lt.A,»anie,1<

riii^Ed; a.e, 1,0. ii,)i,jJ0i-/,-f,f*),9,(ij(fHr^;flr.fllt,at;nilt;iiAtigdSitinr

Digitized by VjOOQ I C

WOLSBLBY tA

^VolMlay, wdClx^ {Sir Gakntt Toskph,) Lou^ *
British generRl, wm born at Golden Bridge Houie, near
Dublin, Ireland, June 4, 1S33. He entered the army m
an ensign in 1853, and served with great distinction in
Burman, the Crimea, at Lucknow, in China, and tn the
Manitoba rebellion of 1B67, which last he suppressed.
Be was knighted in 1870, and subsequfntly com-
manded in the Ashanlee war, in Cape Colony and
Cyprus, WHS governor of Natal and the Tranivaal, and
in l88l won the victory of Tell-el-Kebir in Egypt.
For this he was gazetted full general and made a
baron. After the Soudan campaign of 1884-85 he
was created viscount, was appointed commander-in-
chief in Ireland in 1S90, made (ield-marshst in 1S94,
and succeeded the Duke of Cambridge as commander-
ici-chief of the army in 1S95. Lord Roberts suc-
ceeded bint in this oUice in 190a. He was the author
Ol several works of literature. Died March 15, 19I3.

WobMy, wWie, (Thomai,) ■ celebrated Engliih
tonrtier and cardinal, bom at Ipswich in 14;!. His
origin was rather ohscnre. According to a doublfiU
tradition, he was the son of a butcher. He was educated
at Magdalene College, Oxford, where he obtained the
dnree of B.A. it the early age of fifteen. He was elected
■ Fellow o[ his college, was ordained a priest, and was
presented to the living of Lymington in lyao. Soon
after that dale he became chaplain to Henry VII., and
was sent on a delicate mission (o the emperor Maxi-
milian, which he performed with great celerity and suc-
cess. He obtained in 150S the lucrative place of Dean
of Lincoln. Soon after the accession of Henr^ VHI.,
Wolsey's patron Bishop Fox procured his appointment
■s ro^al almoner. Having excellent qualifications for a
courtier, he ^ned the special Tavoar of the young king,
and was rapidly promoted. He became Canon of Wind-
, Dean of Vork and Bishop of Toumay '

Ijil Bishop of Lincoln in March, 1514, Aichbishop of
York in September, 1514, and cardinal in 151S- About
the end of the last-named year he was appointed chan-
cellor. He was now the prime favoarile and chief
minister of Henr; VIIL In his style of living he dis-
played a princely nusni&cence. He had superior talents
for business, and nnderstood the public interests, which
he seems to have promoted except when they interfered
with his ambition. His hvoar and influence were courted
t^ Charles V. and Francis L when thejp became (I5'9)
campelitoiB for the imperial crown. Wolsey aspired to
the papacy, and was a candidate for it at the death of Leo
X., in 15U. When he was defeated, he showed his re-
sentment against Charles V. becaose that monarch failed
la support his pretensions. He built a grand palace at
Harnpton Court, which he presented to Henry VIIL

"The numerous enemies," says Hume, "whom Wol.
sey's sudden elevation, hia aspiring character, and his
haugh^ deportment had raised bim, served only to
rivet him &ater in Henry's confidence. . , . That artfiil
prelate likewise, well acquainted with the king's impe-
rioos temper, concealed ftom him the abaolate ascendant
which he had acquired, and, while he secretly directed
all pnbliccoandls, he ever pretended a blind submission
to the will and anthority of his master." (" History of
England," vol, iii) In 1513 he was appointed l^ate of
the pope for Hie. Wolsey fortified the king's scruples
In relation to his marriage with Queen Catherine, partly
with a view of prmnoting a breach with Charles V. ; but
he lost the &vonr of Henry, probably because he failed
to gain the pope's consent to the divorce of Cstherine.
The enmity of Anne Bolejn slso contributed to his bll.
In October, 1519, the great seal was taken from him.
An indictment was laid against him that he had pro-
cured bulls from Rome, contrary to a statute of Richard
II. The court pronounced against bim a sentence by
wfakb his lands and goods were forfeited ; bat Henry
granted him a pardon for all ofiences. He was soon afler
again arrested on a charge of treason ; but before his trial
bi^an be died, at Leicester Abbey, in November,

Sm T. STomt, "LU of Thonai WoUct," im: Ok Cavih.
nsH, "Lib sCCuAMlWolHy." 1641; Fidh "liStof Cirdiu]
WoIioT," ijij; J. Oaova, " Hivoiv nf Cuiliul Wolny," •
■ n>-4«: J. Galt. "Ufa and AdiBiBiKntiae of WbIht.''

WOOD

. TOO, fca *oIf mln, (Kau. Loitwia,) a

German historian, bom at OldenbiuK In 1770. He pub-
lished a "HistoiTrof Great Britain,'*^(i799,l a "HUtorj
of the Peace of Westphalia," (1809,) a continuadon 01
Schiller's " Thirty Vean' War," and other works. Died
" 181 7.

His wife, Carolinb von Woltmann, originally
named Stosch, (stosh,) was the author of several his-
torical and fictitious compositions. Died in 1847.

'Wolxogen, Aolt-so'gin, (Johann LnDwic,) a Get
man Socinian writer, bom in Austria in 1596 ; died near
Breslau in 165S.

'Wolsogen, van, vtn wol-zo'|fn or wol-M/Hfo,
(Loi;ls,) a Dntch theologian, born at Amersfort in t63>.
He preached at Amsterdam in the Walloon church, and
wrote several theological works. Died in 1690.

Woliogen, vo<i.fon l^olt-so^n, (Ii;stus Lucwig,)
Bakon, a Prussian general, born at Meiningen in 1773,
was a step-son of Karoline von Wolsogcn, noticed
below. He served against the French in the principal
campaigns from 1S07 to 1815, and obtained the rank of
general of infantry. Died in 1845.

Wolsogen, Ton, (Kakoline,) a German writer, bom
at Rudolstadl in 1763, Her original name was LutOI-
FiLD, and she was a sister-in-law of the celebrated
Schiller. She published in 179S a romance entitled
"Agnes von Lilien," which was received with great
hvonr. Her " Life of Schiller, drawn from the Recol-
lections of his Family," etc, came out in 1S30, in 3
vols. It gives a highly interesting and truthful delinca-
tion of the life and i:haracter of that great poet. Died
in 1847.

^fTomook, woo'mQk, or ^Vo'mf ok, (Lawrencl)
an English Iheologian, bom in Norfolk in 161S. He
took an active pail in the controversies of the time,
and wrote against the Puritans and the nonconformisla.
He became Bishop of Saint David's in 1683. Died ia
1685.

Wood, (Alpkonso,) an American botanist, bom at
Chesterfield, New Hampshire, September 17, iSia He
graduated at Dartmouth College in 1834, was president

liahed several works on botany, of which the principal
was a very popular "Class-&>ok of Botany, (1S45.)
Died January 4, 1S81.

Wood, (Sir Andricw,) an aU« Scottish admiral,
bom about 145J. He fought against the English. Died
about 1540.

Sh Cm AuvM. " BicisnpUcal DklleDDT of Kmiamt ScatHHB,"

wood, jAHTKDtrr 1,) an English anUquanan wtlter,
bom at Oxford in 1631. He studied at Merton College^
and attained great proficiency in music and the acienca
of heraldry. He was the author of the " History and
Antiquities of Oxford," translated into Latin t^ Dr.
Fell, (1674,) and "Athene Oxonicnses, an Exact His-
tory of ait tiie Writers and Bishops who have had their
Education in the University of Oxford from 1500 to
1695," etc Died in 1695.

S« It. RAWUirsDH. "Ul* at AntboBT k Wsod," iTit.

^KTood, (Sir CUAKLES,) G.C.B., an English states-
man, born at Pontefract in 1800. He studjed at One.
College. Oxford, was elected to Parliament for Great
Grimsby in 1816, and returned for Wareham in 1831.
He was afterwards successively secretary to the treasurv
and to the admiralty, and in 1846 became chancellor of
the exchequer. He resinied in iSjl. He was appointed
secretary of state for India in 18(9, and in 1S06 was
raised to the peerage as Viscount ifaliFax Died in 1S85.

Wctod, (Di VoLSON,) an American engineer and
physicist, bom at Smyrna, New York, June i, 183a, was
educated at the Albany Normal School and Rensselaer
Polytechnic Institute, graduating in iSjy. He was pro-
fessor of engineering at the University of Michigan,
1857-72, and later until his death professor at Stevens
Institute of Technology, Hoboken, N. I. Among his
works are "Resistance of Materials,'' (1871,) "On
Bridges and R00&," (1873,) "Analytical Mechanics,"
(187^) "Elementary Mechanics," (1878,} "Co-ordinate
" "{i879.)etc. Died June ay, 1897

M>-4«: J. G*LT, "Ue and AdmimKntioi! of WbIht," 181I1 ueomelry, (ID79,) etc. Died June 27, 1897.

lasi; (as J.- C4nrY.' f|asro.H, i[„ewMfni/.- N,wt/ri/,'R,ftvAM,'la>(.- thasinMu, ( jj^^See Explsnations, p. 9],

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

WOOD

Wood, (Elun.) (known h Un. HtHST WOOD,) an
Eneliah novelist, bom near Worcestet about i83a HeT
uuden name wu PkIO. Among her works are "Dane'
bury House," (1860,) "East Lynne," (1S61,) "A Life'i
Secret," (1867,) " Johnny Lodlow," jtSSo,) " About Our-
•elves," (1883,) ett She also edited "The A^oiy," 1
monthly magazine. Some of her books appear^ under
thepsendoDvm of Johnkv Ludlow. Died in 1SS7.

Wood, (FiBNAHDO,) an American poliddan, boin in
Philadelphia about tSti. He became a merchant of
New York City, was elected to Congreai by the Demo-
erata in 1841, and was chosen mayor of New York in
1854. He was re-elected mayor, and in Taniumr, 1861,
recommended that New York shoald secede and Mcoint
a free dt^. He was reelected to Congress In 1S6S, and
was continned s member nntil lus death, Feb. 13, iSSl.

Wood, [GsoaGB B.,) U.D., LL.D., an emlnenl
American phnician and medical writer, was bom in
Greenwich, Cumberland county. New Jersey, in 1797.
His parents were Friends ; his great-grandfather, Richard
Wood, was a countjr judge in 1748. The education of
Dr. Wood was begun in the city of New York. In
1815 he graduated with the first honours in the aca-
demical departnient of the Universitv of Pennsylvania.
He studied medidne in tlie office of Dr. Joseph Farrish,
and took the degree of H.D. in the University of Penn-
tylvania tn 181S. He delivered in 1820 a course of lec-
tnret on chemiiiry, and was appointed in iSaj to the
chair of chemistry, and in 1831 toihat of materia medica,
In the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy. In 1S35 he
was elected professor of materia medica and pharmacy
in the University of Pennsylvania, a poaition which he
filled with great distinction for fifteen year*. In iSjo
he was transferred to the chur of the theory and prac-
tice of medicine in the same Institution. He resigned
this poution in 1S60. As a lecturer, Dr. Wood wsa
eminently lucceatliil. While filling the chui of mate '
nedica at the university, ha procured and exhibited
the student^ at great expense, many living spedmena
Ok rare trojrieil uid other exotic plants wUch he had
occasion to treat of in his lectures ; and he doubt-
lesi did more than any other individual of hit time to
•dTsnce the interests and reputation of the Itudtntion
with which he was connected. In (86; he endowed an
auxiliary EkcolCy of medidne in the University of Penn-
sylvania, composed of five chain; namely, — i. Zoology
and CiHnpanitive Anatomy ; 1. Botany; 3. Mineralogy
and Geology ; 4> Hygiene ; ^ Medical Jurisprudence and
Toxicology: the incambent of each chair being required
to deliver, during the months of April, May, and June,
not less than thirty-four lectures every year.

Among Dr. Wood's various publications we may name
a "History of the University of Pennsylvania," (1S17.)
a**Treatiseon the Practice of Medidne," (a vols., t&i;,)
which has passed through numerous editions, and has
tieen adopted as a text-lioak in the medica! department
of the University of Edinburgh, and a "Treatise on
Therapeutics and Pharmacology," etc., (3 vols., iS;&)
In addition to the above, he prepared, conjointly with
Dt. Franklin Bache, in 1830, a " Pharmacopiia," which
was adopted, with slight alterations made under the
tuperintendence of its authors, by the natiooaJ convention
of physidans assembled for tiiat purpose, and which
became the basis of the present "United States Phar-
macopceia ;" and the "United Stales Dispensatory," (first
published in 1833.) Of the latter admirable work the
first idea was suggested by Dr. Wood, who also wrote
about two-thirds of the original edition, and he had Che
entire sujierintendence of an edition published subsequent
to the death of Dr. Bache. , Nearly 150,000 copies ot thia
book were sold during the lifetime of Dr. Wood. In
1859 Dr. Wood was elected president of the American
Philosophical Society. Died March 30, 1879.

^ood, (Sir Hbkry Evelyn,) a British soldier, bom
at Cressing, in Essex, in 1838. He entered the navy in
tS^ and was badly wounded in the Crimean war, durine
which he joined the army. He afterwards served with
great distinction in India, in Ashantee, and in Zululand,
and in 1879 was made a brigadier. In 1881 he was
appointed commander-in-chief of the Egyptian army.
He was made adjulant'general of the army in 1E97.

ft, e,I,8,a,7,/.ifV''&>i,6,same, leas prolonged; 3, i,1, 5, S, f, ihert; f, t, i) 9, eiicurt; fir, fill, St; mix; nOt; ^SSiA; mBOmt

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

9] WOOD

Wood, (Horatio C.,) an American physidan, bora
In Philadelphia, January 13, 1S41. He graduated at
H.D. at the University of Pennsylvania in 1862, and wtm
appointed to professorship* of medical botany and at
nervous diseases in that mstilntion. His writings in-
clude sn "Essay on Thermic Fever, or Sunstroke,"
(187a,) "The Fresh- Wster Ai™ of North America,"
{1873,) " A Study of Fever," (1875,) and " A Treatise oa
Therapeutics, comprising Matena Medica and Toiicid-
ogy," (1S75 ; nth ed., 190a,) besides many papers
on physiology, therapeutics, pelholt^y, botany, and
other branches of science.

'Wood, (James,) an American soldier and statesman
born in Virginia in 1740. He was a delegate 10 the Vir
ginta Convention of 1776, and the same year was up-
p<unted a colonel in the Vir^nia militia. He was gor-
emor of the State from 1796 to 1799. Died in 1S13.

Wood, (Jahu Frkderic,] D.D., an American arch-
bishop, bom in Philadelphia, April 27, 1S13, of English
Quaker parents. He was educated in England, but re-
turned to America, entered a business lifo, and became
a bank-cashier in Cindnnati. In iSjGhe was converted
to the Roman Catholic &ith. He studied seven years
at Rome, and became a priest. In 1857 he was raised
to the episcopate, as coadjutor to Bishop Neumann of
Philadelphia, becoming; the diocesan in 186a. tn 1S75
his see was made archiepiscopaL Died June zo, iSSi,

Wood, (JiTHRO,) distinguithed as the inventor of a
ereatly-improved form of the cast-iron plough, was bom
in Washington county, New York, in in4- He is said
to have commenced forming models of^ plouglis when
he was a boy. In 1819 he completed his great inven-
tion, which, 1^ its simple constmction, its cheapness, and
Eta effidency, soon superseded the old style of ploiuha
throughout the United States. Hr. Wood reudecTio
Cayuga county, New York, where he died in 1S34.

Wood, (Rev. Torn Giorob,) an English naturalist,
bom in London in iSlT. He [Hiblisbea, besides oiher
works, "Common Objecta of the Sea-Shore," {1857.)
"The Illustrated Natural History," (I859-*!,) " Popnlaf
Natural Histoty," " Man and Beast Here and Hereafter,"
and " Insects Abroad." Died March 3, 18S9.

^ood, (John Turtle,) an English explorer, bom at
Febi -°— " '-—' ■■---

Hackney, February 13, iSai.

•sbredai

architect.

IS of Ephe

His pi

ipal published work is

Ephesus," (1^75.) Died March 35, I'Sga

Wood. (Lkonard,) an American soldier, bom at
Winchester, New Hampshire, in 1S60. He studied
medicine at Harvard, became an army surgeon, and in
1898 rccniiled a cavalry regiment of " Rough Riders,"
which he led with much credit at the battles of Los
Quasi mas and San Juan, and in which Theodore
Roosevelt succeeded him as colonel. He was made
brigadier- general on July 8; major-general on Decem-
ber 8; was appointed military governor oi Santiago de
Cuba in July, 1S98, and by his efi^cient sanitary
measures stamped out yellow fever from that unhealthy
town. Was made mwta-geneial in the rc^^ulai anny ik
1903 and chief of Maff in 1910.

'^ood, (Robert,) an eminent archEologist, knowr
also as Palmvia Wood, was bom in the county of
Mealh, Ireland, in 1716. Having studied at Oxford, he
visited Italy, Greece, and Asia Minor, and published,
alter his retom, the "Ruins of Palmyra," (1753, with 57
plates,) and "Ruins of Balbeck," (i7S7, with 47 plates.)
He also wrote " An Essay on the Original C^tiius and
Writings of Homer," etc., which was translated into
several languages. Died in 1771.

Wood, (Thomas Jimisoti,) an American general,
bom in Kentucky aboat iSlJ, graduated at West Point
in 1845. He was appdnled a bt^adier-gcneral of UinM
volunteers about October, 1861. He commanded a <fi-
althe battleof Stone River, which ended JanoacT
3, and at Chickamanga, September 19 and to ti
the same year. He served under General Sherman in ths

1S64. Retired, asmajor-general, in 186S. D. 1906.

puoiec, ooTD in inonipeiier, vermoni, novcmDcr la.
iStJ. He itudied hii profcwion in Bostop, New York,
u)d various European art centres. He attuned succcm
in water- colour! as well as in oil-painting, an
Kveral years president or liie American Water -Col out
Sodeiy. In 1S91 he was elected president of thi
National Academy of Design. Among his more noted
works are "Contraband Recruit and Veteran," (1865,)
"The Village Posi-Office." (1874,) "The Quack Doc-
tor," (1879.) and ■' Unde Ned and 1," (i83l.) D. 1003.

Tffood, (WiLLiAK Maxwell,) M.D., an American
author, born in Baltimore, Ma; 37, 1809. He graduated
from the medical department of the University of Uanr-
Und in 1S19, and became a navy-sntgeon, rising (o be
•uigcon -general, 1S71-73, after which he wsa retired.
He published " Wandeiines and Sketches," US49,) " A
Shoulder to the Wheel cJ Progress," and "Fankwei,"
(iSja) Died March 1, tSSo,

wood, (Sir WiLUAH PAOK,) Lord Hatherley, an
English lawyer, born probably in London In 1801. Ho
(rsduated with bonoar at Trinity College, Cambridge,
and was called to the bar in 1S37. About 1847 he was
retomed to ParlUment for the city of Oxford as a Ub-
eraL He was appointed soltcitor-genend in 1S51, and
a vicc^hancellor in December, l8<i. He had been for
MMM time lord justice of appeal wnen he was appointed
lord chancellor by Mr. Gladstone, in December, i36&
Died July lo, 1S81.

Wood'all, (wd6d't1,) (John,) an English lurgeon,
bom about 15^6, wrote a treatise "On the Plague,"
"Tlie Surgeon's Mate," a descriplion of the disease! of
sailors, and other works. He became surgeon to Saint
Bartholomew's Hospital

"VooCi'bet-if, (Georgi Edward,) an American au-
thor, born at Beverly, Massachusetts, Hay 11, 1S55. He
graduated at Harvard College in 1S77, and was professor
of English in the State Uniiersity of Nebraska, 1877-7S
and 18S0-S3, and of Comparative Literature at Colum-
bia 1891-1904. Published a "History of Wood-En-
graving," (18S3,) "The North Shore Watch, a Thren-
ody," (18S3,) B "LifeofE, A. Poe,"(i884,) etc.

Wood'hiidge, (Bei4JAMIN,) an English theologian,
bom in 1633, graduated at Harvard College in 1643.
Preached at Newbury, (England,) from wMch he was
ejected in 1663. Wrote several worltj. Died in 16S4-

Wood'bildge, (Timothy,) a blind American
preacher, bom at Stockbridge, Massachusetts, in 17S4,
was a grandson of Jonalhan Edwards. Was minister of
die Presbyterian church of Spencertowo, Colombia
county. New York, from 1818 to 1851, Died in 1862.

Woodbrid^ (WitXiAU Chaknimo,) an American
educational writer, bom at Medford, Massachusetts, in
1794. He published, conjointly with Mrs. Willard, a
"Universal Geography," "Letters from Hofwyl," de-
Kritnng Pestaloui'a system of school instruction, and
other works. Died in 1845.

'Woodbmy, wdtidlitr-e, {Daniel P.,) an American
general and engineer, bom m New Hampshire gradu-
ated at West Point in 1836. He became a captair '

( theanny

_l Key West, in August, i86t aged fifty-.. _.

"Theory o( Arches" is a standard treatise of high value.
WoodbntT, (Livi,) an American jurist and statea-
■tan, bom at Francestown, New Hampshire, in Decem-
ber, 17S9. He graduated at Dartmontk College In 1S09,
Uadied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1813: He
was appointed a judge of tbe enpeiiM cooR in 1817,
Mttled at PortsnuMith Ui 1819, and was elected Govemot
of New Hampshire m 1833. He was a Senator cHF the
United States ftom i83S to 1811, and wa* appointed
•etretary of the navy about April of that year. In June
or July, 1834, hebecamesecretarrof the treasury in the
cabinet of President Jackson. He continued to fill that
oOce under Mr. Van Buren until March, 1S41 ; he was
elected a Scnalor of the United States for New Hamp-
shire in thai year. He voted agatnat the rep^ of the
SBb-Treasury act, and for the annemtioa of Tens to
the Unkm, (ig44.) About the end irf 1845 be was ap-

Woodd, wS6d, (Basil,) an English clergyman, bora
In Surrey in 1760, was rector of Saint Peter's, ComUD,
He published "Advice to Youth," and other worka.
Died in 1831.

Wood'd^-aoD, (Richard,) an e

Sir 1

Jurisprudence," etc., (1783,) "A Systematical View <i
the Ijiwa of Encland," etc. (1791,) and a "Brief Vin-
dication of the Rights of the British Legislalure," (179^)
which are esteemed standard works. Died in iSsi.

Wood'aU, (HntKT Sampson,) an English journalist^
was editor of the "Public Advertiser" at the time the
"Letters of Tunins" appeared in its columns. He wal
distinguished for his retentive memory and hia extra-
ordinary talenti as a reporter, and he Is said to have
written "sixteen columns alter having sal in a crowded
nllery ibr aa many hours without an interval of resL"
Died In 1803. His brother Wiluak was editor suc-
cessively of "The London Packe^'' "The Homing
Chroniae," and "The Diary."

Wood'hoiiae. (Robert,) an English astronooaer and
mathematician, bom at Norwich in 1773. He became
Lucasianprofessorofmathematiea at Cambridge in iSlOi
and Plnmian professor of astronomy in t8l3. He wrotik
besides other works, "The Principles of Analytical
Calculation,'' {1S03,) a "Treatise on IsoperimetHcal
Problems," (iBie^) and a "Treatise on Physical A»-
tronomy," (a vols., i8i3-t8,) which Is highly esteemed.
He was appointed superintendent of the Obaervatorj
in 1814. Died in 1837.

Wooda. (Katharine Pbarson,) an American
author, bom at Wheeling, West Virginia, in 1853.
She attracted wide attention b^ her Socialiat novel
"Metierott, Shoemaker," which was followed by
several others-

Wooda, (Leonard,) D.D., an American divine, bom
at Princeton, Massachusetts, in 1774- He graduated at
Harvard College, and was appointed in i8o3 prolesaoc
of theology in Andover Theological Seminary, which
post he occupied for nearly forty years. He was an
active member of the American Tract Society, the
Temperance Society, and other similar institution*.
Died^^in 1854- His son, of the same name, (bom 1807,
died 1878,) became in 1839 president of Bowdoin Cd-
lege, and translated from the German Kiupp'a " Lecture*
on Christian Theolt^^'-"

Wooda, (Margarht Louisa,') an English novel-
ist, bom at Rugby in 1856, daugbler of the Dean of
Westminster. She wrote "A Village Tragedy" and
other novels, also " Lyrics and Ballads."

Wooda, (William B.,) LL.D., an American foHst
b<»n at Newark, Ohio. August 1;, 18x4. He gradnated
at Yale College in iS45,was Spealterofthe Ohio House
of Representatives, 18(8-59, entered the United Stale*
volunteer service in iS6t, and attained the rank of maior*

Eneral. He was chancellor of the University of Ala-
ma, 1S6S-69, a United States drcuit-coort judge is
Alabama, 1S69-80, and in iSBo was made a justice ef
the United Statea Supreme Court. lie is the author of
"Woods' Reports," (4 vols.) Died May 14. 1887-

WoodvOu, (Amthomy.) See Rivui, Kail or.

WoodvUU or WydvvOlo, (Euuacnt.) See
Elizabkth Woodvilu.

WoodvUlat wSM'vil, (Wiluam,) an English phy^
dan, bom at Codcenuonth In 1753. He took Us degree
at Edinburgh, and aftennrds settled En London, wbeie
he was ap^nted physidan to the Sroallpoi HoapitaL
HepuUlshed a valuaUe work entitled "Medical Botany,"
(4 vol*. 4to, 179a) He also wrote a "Histwy of Uie
Smallpox in Great Britain," (ontinialied.) Died In 1805.

WoodNr^d, (AUBIRTIN*,) an American tranalatof
and authoress, bom in Montgomery county, Pennsylvania,
September aj, 1841. She translated novels from Cher-

«asi,'(«*i;BAan/,-ia>/-a,H.K.fMaiim/,-i(,Kwaf,<R,AiUri^;lsai;tb*sinau. ()^See Eaplanations, p. 33 1

IVOODWAUD 24

faaKcE, Robert 'Bxjst, Kiisloffer JanKn, etc, and pab-
Uabed "Echoe* from Mistland," I1S77,) IroiD the Nibe-
hngeii Lied. Her psendonjm U Aqbkb Foristier.

'Woed'wfid, (Bkkham) Boukobkokk.) an Englith
hislorjan, bom at Norwich in 1S16. He wrote a "His-
tory of Walea," (1851,) a "Hiatorr of Amerie*," and
other works. Died Ociober 12, 1869.

Wood^raid, (Hsnrv,) an English comediaii, bom
al Loodon in 1717. He published severs] dramatic
pieces. Died in 1777-

Wood^raid, (Hbnrv,) an English geologist, born
at Norwich in 1S33. He entered the British Museum
in 185S, became keeper of ils geological department
in tSSo, was [oundei of (he Malacolc^cal Society,
and Its president 1893-95, president of the Geological
Society 1894-96, president of the Palieontological So-
ciety after 1896, editor of the " Geological Magazine"
1864-98.

Woodward, (John,) tui English ^olo^st, phyaician,
and antiquary, bcnrn in Derbnhire in i66j. He pub-
lished in 169s "A Natural itistory of the £ar" "
taining the results of his observations during a
lour in England. This work, which presented
important truths in relation to geology, was receJTMl
with great &vour, though the errors it contains exdted
considerable opposition. Dr. Woodward became pro-
' ~ ir of medicine at Greshim College. He was also -

Physician

:r principal worlts at

of Roman Urns and other Antiquities lately dug up
near Bishoptgate," (1707,) and an "Attempt lowarda
a Natural Hutorr of the Fossils of England." The
latter came oat after his death, which oecorred in 1718.

VTood'Wfrd, (JOMTH lAHVist,) M.D-, an American
sdenlisi, Imrn in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in 1833.
He graduated at the Philadelphia High School in 1850,
and at the medical department of the University of
Pennsylvania in 1853. He entered the United States
army as assistant surgeon in 1S61, and rose to be anrgeon
and brevet lieotenani.coloneL He became distinguished
as a niicroscopist and histologist, prepared the " Hedica]
History of the Rebellion," and had charge of the records
and pension division of the surgeon -general's oSce,'aDd
of the microscopical and comparative anatomy sections
in the Army Molical Museum, Died near Philadelphia,
August tS, 1884.

Woodward, (Sauubl P.,) an English geotc^st, a
brother of Bernard E Woodward, noticed above, bom
at Norwich in iSai, wai a son ol Samuel Woodward,
anihor. He was appointed professor of botany aed
getdogy In the Royal AgHcnltnral Collwe in 184^ He
contributed to several sdentifie pEriodlcalt, ana pnb-
lished a "Manual of Recent and Foeail Shells," (1851-
56.) Died in i86s-

Wood'w^rth, (Samvsl,) an American joumallil
and poet, bom al Sdtuate, Massachusetts, in 1785. In
1S33 he fonnded, conjointly with Geoi« P. Moms, the
" New York Mirror." He was the snthor of a number
of Ivrics, one of which, enlilled "The Old Oakea
Bucket," has been very popular. Died In 1843.

VTooX (John E.,> an American general, born at New-
burg, New York, in 17S9. He entered the army in
Apn!, 1811, and served as captain at Queenstown in Oc-
tober of that year. He becama Inspector-general of ttie
tmiy In iSai, and obtained the rank of brigadier-general
in iS«i. He served with distinction at the battle of
Buena Vista, February, 1847. In 1854 Ik was app^nled
commander of the department of the Pacific. He took

command of Fortress Monroe and the dej

Virginia, August 16, 1861, and occupied N , — .

lOt 1861. 1l« was promoted to be a major-general of

l^lk, h

■v^*

bom in Kent in 1735. His landscapes, both etched and
engraved, are ranked among the most exquisite works
of the kind ; his engravings of the " Dealh of General
WoMe" and the " Battle of (he Hogue," iUter West, —
also esteemed master-pieces. Among his best li
ictu>es we may name " Jacob and Lalnn" and " Roman
Ruidil" aftar Claude Lorraln, and " Cicero at his VUla,"

iVOOLSTON
"Apollo and the SeasonSi^and" Phaeton," after \l

Westminster Abbey.

lifanthropist, bom in Northampton, ■

on his mind, and he labowed long and zealooalr to
convince the people of the oolooTea, and especialli
thoae of his own reHgloiii pefstnrion, nf the intguity m
holdliw their fellow-Mi^ in bond^e 1 and his inSa-
ence donbtlesa contrflMttcd br more than that of anv
other Individual towards indndng the Sodety of Fi
to pass reguladons farbidding their members eilli
hold slaves themselTcs or in any way to enconmgc

t IT way to enconmge that

□itous practice In others. Woolman worked at the
e of a tailor, and was a rare example <

Keeping of Negroes," {17U.) "Consideratior
True Harmony of Mankind," (1T70,) "The Joornal at
the Life and Travels of John Woolman in the Serrica
of the Goapel," (1774-75,) and "A Word of Rcmem-

' and Caution to the Rich," (Dnblin, 1701-) Died

k, in England, in 1771. The sensilnlity, the
loving spirit, snd the beaatifol snnplidty of cbaractei

York, in England, in 1771. The ■
.. ing spirit, snd the beautiful snnplic' ,
evinced in the writings of Woolman have often attracted
the admiration of chose who were f*x from endoraang
die peculiar views of the Society of Friends. Chariek
I^mb says. "Get the writingB of John Woolman b*
heart, and love the early Quakers." ("Embjs of Elia.n

^Vool'D^r, (Thomas,) an eminent English sculptor,
bom at Hadleigh, in SnSblk, December 17, 1835. He
began lo work at sculpture when a boy. He execiued a
large number of fine classical and other groups and
figures ; but his greatest Hune was won by his admirable
and very numerous portrait-busts. His collection of
poems, called "My Beautiful Lady," (1S63,) has been

, ^ , ..^ Died October 7, 1893,

_ _,. (HdjUfCrHOH Taylos.) a naval

omcer, bom in the State of New Yi»k in 1782, became
commander of the Constellalion in iSaj. Died 1838.

'Woolney, (Sakah Chauncbv.) See Cooudgb,
(Susan.)

Woolaay, (Thbodokk Dwight.) D.D., LL.D-. an
eminent American scholar, a nephew of Presktenl
Dwight, was born in the aiy of New York the 31M of
October, 1801. He graduated at Yale College in iSaa
He afterwarda studied theology at Princetoo, and As
Greek language in Germany. He wa* appotailed b
1831 prof^or of Greek in Yale College, of whid
he was elected piesident in 1846, as successor to
Dr. Day, and filled this high position with distinguished
ability until hia resignation in 1S71. He prcinMd as
text-books the following Greek dassics, to which bt
added valuable notes; "The Alcestis of Eoripide^''
[first published !o 1833,) " The Antigone of SoModcs."
'-"--'■"" — if Sophocles," (1837,) "ThePio-

]|«U ■^Intni

,l83S.)"The Eleclraol _-r -

meOieua of ifiachylns," (1837,) and "
Plato," (1843.) He also published in excellent 'Intru-
dactlon 13 the Study of InCernatioiul Law," a volosse
entitled "Essays on Divorce," etc, "The Relinoa of the
Past and the Future," and many sermons. dMCOorsea,
and occasional papers. In 1874 he re-cdiUd a part of
the writinn of Dr. Frauds Lieber. Died July t, 1SS9.
Wool'apa, (Abba Goold,) sn An^rican poetess and
mlscellaneons writer, bwn at Windham, Maine, in 183^
She has published "Wotnan in American Sodety,*
" Dress Refomi," and " Browsings among Books," ud
has contributed article* in prose and vene to the leading
periodicals.

Wotilaoil, (COHsrAKCB Fenimokk,) an Americaa
novdist, bora at ClaremonC, N.H., about 184S. She
removed in childhood to Cleveland, Ohio^ lived in the
Southern Slates, (1873-79,) and In 1879 removed in
England. Her prindpal books are "Castle Nowhere*
(1870 "Rodman the Keeper," (iSBo,) "Anne," (iSau
"For the Major," (1883,) "East Angela" (1886,) and
"Horace Chase," (1S94.) Died in Venice, Jan. s«. 1894.
^Vool'aton, (Tkokas.) an Ei«lish theological writes,
was bom at Northampton in 1669. He pnUiahed ■

l.«.1.6,a.J./»^;i,t,4,si

e, less prolonged! l,f,I,6,ti,r,i4«rt;f,^j,9.«iArra>n,-nr.flll,at:ni«t;nai;sdGd:n>

d by Google

.ruMlowed bfMTcral otber works in hvoaroi
Eorical intorprelmtiOD of the Scriptare*. For his " Sla
E>Ucoan««ontlieHfradeBOfChmt,''hewuKi' '
to ■jrew'* impriKminent. Died in 1733.

weo«'tfr,(wiHi'teT,) (David,) an American Renenl
of the RcTolntiOD, born at Stratford, Connecticnt, in
■Tia He lerTed against the Ftandi, and •abaequendj
fOM to be nuJor^jeDcral in the Continental anny. He
-w mcHiallr woanded to battle near Rldgefield in lyn.

wmr — «T ^f'Won-Wwiftwoo'wIng'.theroander

IllfcK-.

WBpoto or Wcwpoke. ♦6pTi?!i, (Frani,)
■an mathematician and OHcnialist, bom at Deuau in
itott He devoted much atteniion to the lubjecl o(
mathematics among the Orientals, and wrote several
treatiaea on the same. He died in Puis in (864.

Woitjobo, (Emma Jank,} an English novelist, bom
in 1815. She wrote many works of fiction, including
"Helen Bmy," (1850.) " Kingsdown Lodge," (iSsS,)
-Labour and Wail," (1864,) and "The House of Bond-
age." {1873.) Died in 1887.

Woroeatar, (Dban Conant.) an American loolo-
^st, bom St Thetford, Vermont, in t866. He be-
came instnictor in loology al the University of Michi-
gan in 1S93, and assistant professor in 1895. He
spent 1887-^ in soological work in the Philippine
Islands, describing his experiences in " The Phiiip-
pnc Islands and their People." In 1899 he wa:
appointed a member of the Philippine Commission,
and ha* been secretary of the interior in the Fhitippine
insular government since September i, 1901.
WoToestor, Eaklof. SeeTiFTorr.

VToroMtor, wStJa't; r, (EnwAkD SOMKMBT,) Mak-
Ql;i3 or, an English peer, distinguished as one of the
Inventors of the ilcam-cngine, was born in 1601. He
mt» styled Lord Hbkbbrt during the life of his biher.
He was an active partisan of Charles L in the dvil
war, raised troop* at hit own exnense, and spent
cause arreatsam or money, which was never repaid. He
Ud an Inventive genius and superior mechanical talenta.
He resided at Raglan Castle, in Monmouthshire. After
the restoration of 1660 he impoverished himself by the
ntpenditnre of large sums in sciendfic experiments. In
1663 Parliament passed an set to enable the marquis to
recelfc the benefit and profit of "a water-commanding
engine'' Invented by him. Soon after this event he
pobliibed a cnrions work, entitled a "Century of the
Names and Scantlings of Inventions." and constructed
at Vsuihall a machine which he called a watei-enginc;
This sppeara to have been the first steam-engine ever
made. He was regarded as a visionary projcdot by Ua
contemporaries. Died in 1667.

S« Hamv Dliott. " Llli, Turn, ud Setnlilc I^baun cf lb*
Ifarqnis nf WercHUr," lUj.

^VoroMtw, wd6*'t;r, (Josbph Ehiuoh,)

nished American lexicoErapher, bom al Bedford, New
Hampshire, In 1781. He graduated at Yale College
h 1811. He published a "Universal Gaietteer," (1
volt., 1S17,) a "Gazetteer of the United States," (1818,)
" Blenents of Geography, Andent and Modem," (1819,)
and other works on gec^niphy. He removed to Cam-
bridge, Massachusetts, about 183a In l^ he pro-

• ALUHma, "Dictioanr of Aulun;'

a learned American Cao>

>le first pabUoMtoM, cotMed ":

j5 WORDSWORTH

Son, and Holy Ghoet," wa* strongly condemned by the
orthodox dergy. Among hi* other works we may name
" A Solemn Review of the Custom of War," which had
a great popularity and was translated into several lan-
gnagea, "The Causes and Evils of Contendon among
Chnstians," (1S31,) and " Last Thoughts on important
Subjects," (1833.) He was for many years editor of the
" Fnend of Peace." Died in 1837.

'Worde, da, d;h wanrd,r (WVXKtlf,) an emlnem
printer, who assisted Canton in London, printed many
works after the death of Cuton. Died about 1534.

Wor'd^n, (John LoRiMtc,) an American naval
officer, was bora in Westchester county. New York,
March 13, 1818. He entered the navy in 1S34, and be-
came a lieutenant in 1840. In April, 1861, he waa sent
as a bearer of despatdies ta Fort Pickens or Pensacola.
He was arrested as he was retuming by land, and kepi
in prison seven months. He commanded the floating
battery Monitor, which was armed with two ii-int£
smooth-bore Dahlgren guns, carrying a shot of one

5 of the Sih, after the iron-clad Merrimac
the wooden frigate* Cumberland and
Congress. ' On the raoming of the 9th a meuMirable
and indecisive battle wu fought by the Merrimac and
Monitor, the former of which was partly disabled and
abandoned the fight, after several violent collisions with
the Monitor. He was raised to the rank of commander
in the summer of iS6a, became a captain in February,
■863, and commanded the iroa-clad Montauk in the
operadoos gainst Fort Sumter in April of that year.
He was made commodore in 1S68, lear-Bdmiral in
1S73; retired in 1886. Died in 1897.

^VordBwoith, wtlrdx'wgrtfa, (CUAmus,) an English
bishop, a nephew of the poet William Wordsworth, was
bom in tSo6. He published a "Greek Grammar,"
(1839), "Christian Bovhood at a Public School," etc.
He wa* appdnted Bishop of Saint Andrew's, Dunkeld,
and Dunblane, in iS<3. Died December 6, 1S91.

Vordavrorth. (Chkistophsr,) D.D., t>om at Cock-
emioulh, in Cumberland, in 1774, was father of Che
piecedinff. and a brother of the celebrated poet, noticed
below. He studied sc Trinity College, Cambridge,
where he took the degree of M.A. in 1799. He was
successively appointed chaplain to the House of Com-
mons, master of Trinity College, and rector of Bnited
and Uckfield. He was the author of " Ecdesiastinl
Biography, or the Uves of Eminent Men connected with
the Hbtory of Religion in England," (6 vols. Svo, 1809^)
"Christian Institutes," (4 vols. Svo, 1837,) a collection
of sermons, and two works on the authorship of " Icon
Basilike." Died in 1846.

WordairoTth, (CKatsroPHiB,) D.D., vonngest son
of the preceding, was born about 1808. He studied at
Trinity Collie, Cambridge, where he took the degree
of H.A., ana soon after entered into holy ordera. He
became head-master of Harrow School In 1831, and hi
1850 vicar of Stanford^-thc-Vale, and Bishop of Lincoln
In iS6g. Among Usprindpal works are "Athens and
Atticai Jomraal of a Reeidencc there," (1S36,) "Theo
philot AnglfcMiDt, or Instruction for the Young Studeis
conoeming the Church," etc, (1843,) "On the Canon ot
the Scriptnres of the Old and New Testament, and on the
Apocrypha," (1848,) and "Memoirs of William Words-
worth, Poet-Laureate," (3 vols., 1851.) Died in 188c.

Wordcworth, (Williau,) an llltutrioDs English
poet, bom at Cockermonth, in Cumberland, on the 7th
of April, 1770, waa a son of John Wordsworth, attorney-
~*-law, and Anne Cookson. About 1778 he ma senl
Ith his elder brother to the school of Hawkshcad, Lan-
cashire, where he remained until his eighteenth year.
Here, about tl>e ue of fifteen, he wrote, as a task or
"The Summer Vacation," in verse. In

• avecM to ine snuue* ana oisapiiiie 01 ni* coiiege.
xordiag to his own account, be "got into rather an

* wn, reading notliiag lini dasalc aathois according
aij WKj, and Italian poetrr." " He did not tread

talian poctn.

«■•«; ttt;t»anl; iit/;a,n,K,gtitainU; tlfnami; ai,lrilltJ; lass; thaslnHiu; (|

I Explanations, [k 33.)

Digitized by CjOOQ I C

autumn or 1790 he spent htsvacation in a pedestrian
lllroDgh France and among the Alps. " Al the Lake of
Como," he writes, "my mind ran ihtouah a thousand
dream* of happineai which might be enjojed upon ita
banks, if heightened by conversation and tbe ezerdse
of the social aflections." He took his degree oC B.A.
In January, 1791.

Wordsworth hailed the French Revolution, at first,
with rnlhusiasm, and ielt a strong impulse to take
active part in iL He went to Paris in the autDmn __
■791, and afterwards passed several months at Orleans,
where he learned to speak French. In October, 179a,
he was 'gain in Paris, and was intimatelv connected
with the Girondists. "He longed to remain at Paris,"
says hii nephew, "but, happily for him, circunutance*
oUiged him to return to England," where he arrived
■bonl the end of 1793. Although he was disappoiated
by the course of events in France, he still clung with
tenacity to his republican prindples, which he avowed

years. Hit literal^ efforts brought him n
tion ; but his appomtment to the office of disttibntor of
stamps, in 1813, raised his income to an easy compe-
tence. It was worth about £ve hundred pounds a year.
In 181S he produced "The White Doe of Rylstono."
Among his other works are "Peter Bell," (1819,) "Ee>
desiasiical Sonnets," and " Yarrow Revisited, and other
Poems," (1835.)

His poetry is remarkable as evindng an exquisite kb-
sibility to (he beauties of nature under every form ; and
one result of this meatal peculiarity wu that nearly all
his poems were, as he lells us, composed in the open air.

He received a pension of jf 300 p« annum m 1841, and
was recognized as the gteateat living poet of England
when he succeeded Soathey as poet-laureate, in 1&43.
In his mature age he was conservative in politics, ana
a detODt member of (he Anglican Church. He died
at Rydal Mount on the 13d ol April, 185a

dbyGoogle

«u tbe fint to dcavibe mmatelr the bonei of Ibe •kail
ttUed Ons Wonniuu. IMed in 1654.

Wuiui or ^Vonnina, {Wilhslm.) a Danlab phyti-
dan, • acm of the preceding, wu bom M Copenhagen in
1633. He deMribed the apedment or hti&ther'i cabinet
naworic caJled "HiMMum Wormianain,"(i65S.) Died

won]i«l*]r. TMakt Euzabbth.) See Latihbk,

(EUZABBTH W.)

WonnlOS. See Worm.

WonuB, 0», dfh fkornia, (HmmT,) known b; bis
Austrian tide of Bxitos DE Worms, was bom in London,
EiuFland, of Tewiab parent*, in 1840. He waa edacated
at King'B Colle^ I^ndon, was called to tbe bar at tbe
Inner Temple in 1863, and afterward* entered Parlia-
ment a* a CoDMrvative. He pnbli*lied "The Earth
and it* Hecbaniam," " The Anitro-Hangarian Empire,"
(1877,) etc. Died January 9, 1903.

s nnmerona and nluable worlu may be named hi*
" History of Painting, Andent and Modern," a " De-
KTiptiTe and Hiatorical Catalogva of the National
Pictures of the Britiah School," (iSSTt) and a " Life of
Holbein," (i36G.) He also contributed the artide on
■Painting" to Smith's "Dictionary of Greek and Roman
Antiquities." He was appointed keeper and secretary
to the National Gallery, London, in 1857. Diedin 1877.

Woroniohln. See Vokonixhin.

^Toronloa, vo-ro'nitcb, Jokh Paul,) an eminent
Polish writer and [lulpit orator, bom in Volhyiua in
■757. He studied in the Jesuits' Seminarv at Osttog,
and was created Bishm> of Cracow bf the emperor
Alexander in 1815. He subsequently became Arch-
tdshop of Warsaw and Primate of Poland. He waa the
author of a historical poem entitled " Sibylla," esteemed
the finest production of the kind in the langaaKC His
sermons are also greatlr admired : the one on the death
of the emperor Alexander is regarded at a master-jnece
nf pulpit eloquence. Died la 1839.

wonrlag, Aor'ring, (Akdsia*,) a German mechatd-
dn^ bom at Vieoiu about 1806, became manager of the
Imperial printing-office in that dty. He was the titst

t ofni

inting t

botanical uses, by the transfer of leaves and flowers,

^onaav, voa'saw'^h, (Jbhs Jacob Asmussrn,) a
Danish antiquary of great merit, bom in Jutland in
l83i. He visited En^and, Sweden, and various parts
of the continent, and was appointed In 1847 irwpector
of antiquarian monnments in the Danish State*- Among
his prindpal works ma* be named his "Denmark's Old
Tnne illostrated In Old Thiogs," (" Danmark's Oldtid,"
etc., 1843,) "Bleklngske Hindesmarker fra Hedenold,"
and "An Account of the Danes and Norwegians in
England, Scotland, and Ireland," (" Hinder om de
Duiske og Nordmilnde I England, Skotland og Irland,"
tSM.) Died August 15, 188$.

W^rs'dkla, (jAHi3,'j an English painter and drama-
tl*^ was a pupil of Sir Godfrey Kneller, and married hi*
tdece. Died m 1767.

_ .. . e of Homer'^ .--.,. - -

" Odytsey," (1861-61,) besides a volume of " Poem* and
Translations," (1863.) Died in the Ule of Wight, May
8; 1866.

W^nlar, (Sir Riciukd^) an English statesman and
antiquary, born in the Isle of Wight in 1751. He was
br many years a member of Parliament for tbe borough
of NcwpMt, and waa appcdnted Governor of the Isle of
Wight He pnUiabea " HosBom Worslelanum ; or,
A CoUection of Antiqae Basso-Relievaa," etc, (3 vol*.
M,, 1794J ■!«> > "Hitbny of tbe Isle of Wight"
Died in iSoc

War^ (WaUAN JKNKINS,} an American general,
bom In Colombia county. New Votk, in 1794. He

(7 WOUVERMA/f

served In the war of 1813, and lufasequentlj in At
Florida campaigns of 1841 and 184a, and waa made a
brigadier<geiieral. For bis services In the Mexican war
(1S46-47) he obtained the rank or brevet of Bufot-
general. Died in Texas in 1849. A monument was
erected to Us memory bi New York.

'Wprthlng-tffu. (Tohh,) an English theologian, bora
at Manchester in i6l(preadicd in London andat Hs^*
nn, and wrote serenl reli|jotu works. [Ked In 1671.

W9i'thliiB-t9ii,rrRoiiAi,)bORi to leflerson cotnrty
Virg<nis,iD 1771. Ha was elected to tbe United StatM
Senate from Ohio in 1803 and iSio^ and became Got*
enior of that State In 1815. Died in 1S37.

IVortUngton, (Wiluam.) a British divine, bom bi
Merionethshire in 1703, wrote an "Essay on the Schema
of Redemption," and other works. Died in 177S.

'Woftpn. (Edwabd,) an English physician and
naturalist, bom at Oxford in 1493. He studied at Ox
lord, where he took hi* medical degree in 1505. He
wrote a work entitled " On the Differences among Ani-
mals," ("De Differentii* Aninlalinio,") which was highly
esteemed at the time. He became physidan to Heiu^
yilL, and a Fellow of the College of I^hysidans. Died

■VKittoa, [Lat WoTTo'Mtis,] (Sir Hbnrt,) an Eiw-
lish dinlomatut and writer, bom ui Kent in 156S. He
studied at Queen's College, Oxford, where be greatly
distinguished himself bv his profidency in law, mathe-
— ''~\, languages, and tne natural sdences. He subsa>

i_i___._ii_j!_ -n. t. - id Italy, residing

1 time he made

qoently tiavdled in France, Germany, and Italy, residing

abroao nearly nine years, dnrina wnich time he made

tcquaintance lA Isaac Casaubon and other leamed

men of the tiine. After hia return to England he b
came secretary to the Earl of Essex, whom he accom-
panied on his expeditions to Spain and Ireland. When
Essex was arrested, in 1601, Wotton fled to the coDti-
oent Having learned at Florence that some persons
had conspired to assaasinate James VI. of Scotland, be
carried infi»mation of the plot to that king, and liiiM
gained Us £ivonr. In 1604 Sir Henry was sent as Eng>
Dah amh""""*"- '* ^' — '" ■"* ■■" — — -^--j ■

years. He perfonnad nussiona to other ibreign co
and became provost of Eton about 1635. He 1
aeveral short and beaatilnl poems, and proM wuru,
among which are "The State of Christendom," " Tha
ElemenU of Architecture," and "Characters of soma
of tbe English Kings." Died in 1639,

Sh Iuak Waltdh. "Libof 8iiHiDiTWotNii,"inftud t*
*'jCaliquia WcKoniuB," 1631.

Wotton, (Nicholas,) an English statesman, bom In
Kent about 1497, waa an unde of the preceding. He
was employed in several embassies, and waa secretary
ofsUte m the reign of Edward VL Died in 1(66.

'Wotton, (William,) D.D., an English divine and
Bcholar, bom in Suffolk in 1666. He possessed extra-
ordtnarv powers of memory, and, having entered Cathe-
rine Hall, Cambridge, before the age of ten, distinguished
himself bv his attainments in the Latin, Greek, and
Oriental laDguagea. He took the degree of M.A. in
■683, and subsequently became rector of Middleton
Ke^es, in Buckinghamshire. Hit prindpal work* are
entitled " ReSectioni on Andent and Modern Learning, *
in reply to Sir William Temple's essay in defence M
modem literature, and "View of Hicke*'* Archco.
logical Treasure of tbe Andent Northern Languages,"
(1708.) Tbe former treatise gave rise to the famoui
controversy between Benttey and Sir William Tempi*
concemlng the " Epistle* of Phalaris." Died in 1736.

S« " Blognphii BrtBanica."

Wottoniu. See Worroti.

WonUe, wM^ (PxnR,) an English chemist, was a
resident of London and a Fellow of the Royal Sodety.
He contriboted to the "Transactiont" of'^thal body
" Experiments on the Distillation of Adds," etc., and
other chemical treatises. Died in 1S06-

TKToiitBr^ w6w't;rs, (Francis,) a Flemish painter
of history and landscapes, was bom at lierte in 1614,
and was a pupil of Rubens. He went to England in
1637, and afterwards worked at Antwerp. He was
killed by an unknown hand in 1659.

Woaverman, wSw'Tfr-mln',

« as A; ^mt; Q iard; t as

l,H.X.,eiMiirai; tt.rmal; t..triIUdi iasi; Ibasindw. (UT-Scc Ex|

:, Cookie

WOUVJiSMAN

•49*

«6w'Tft-mSna', {Pkter,) > Dutcb Minter, bom at
Haartam ■bout lOaj, was a pupil of his brother Philip,
whoM ityle he imitated. He punted horses, hanting-
•oenei, etc Died in 16S3.

His foanf^r brotlier JOHN ms a ■kilfnt landscape-
painter. Died in 1666.

WotiTMman, 'WotiTsmiaiui, or Wowermaa,
{PHrLiP,) an eminent Dutch painter, brother oF the pre-
ceding, was bom at Haarlem in l&ao, and was a pnpil
«f Wynants. His work* ara chiefly landscapes, battle-

Eieces, huntine-tcenes, and horse-markets, ul of which
e represents with admirable skill and fidelity, — his
horses, particalarly, being unsurpassed. The galleries
of Drtsaen and nris possess numerous master-pieces
\n this artist. He b aaid to hare lived in povertr,
though his pictarta were sold for high prices by his
pattoas. His designs and etchiiup are also h^hly
sMeemed and very rare. Died In 1668.

Sa* Klminmi's traiilH " Uaber £g ComiioHtioa b Phlli|ip
VamaBua'tOttOiita," tic: Dbcamt^ " Viu dta Ptlnins."

Won- Wans See Woo-Wako.

Woraren. See Wowut.

Wower, l^o'Aer, sometimes called D* Wmrerm,
dfh 4o'4$h-ren, (John,) a learned German writer, bom
at Hamburg in IJ74, He wrote, besides other worksi
"De Polymathia Tractatio integri Opens de Sludiis
Tctenim,'' (l6(»,) and other works. Died in 1613.

Woww, wSfr'fr, or Wo'var-Qn, (JoHH,) a Flemish
jurist, bom at Antwerp in 1576, wss a friend of Jnstas
iJpsins. He edited Tadtus snd Seneca, and wrote
several wotks. Died in lAic

Wrangel, vK&ng^, (Huuann,) a Swedtsk gen-
eral, bom in 1(87, was the &lher of Karl GM(a(
noticed below. He obtuned from Gustavns Adolphn*
the rank of field-marshal in 1631, and commanded
uainst the Poles. In 1636 he took several [dace* in
^merania. Died in 1644.

^Tnngal, von, fbn vKlng'gfl, (Kau. GtrSTAr,}
"OUHT, an eminent SweiUsh admiral and general, bora
t Skokloeter In 1613. He serred under Gostans

commander. Appmnted snbeeqtiently I
of the Swedish forces In Germany, he
war with enenry and saccess, until it wi

the peace of Westphalia. He afterwards gained

dedsire victories over the Danes and their Dntcb allies,
and in 1660 was made grand marshal of Sweden. Died
in 1675.

Sh Onja. '■ HiMiiln di SuU&"

Wnngel, von, fon 4itlng'gel, (Fkiedrich Hkih-
■ICH Ernst,) Ba«on, a Pru^an general, bom at
Stettin In 1784. He served against the French in the
camp^gns from 1811 to t3i5, and had a high command
in the Danish war of 1S4S. He was made general of
avatiy in 1849. Died at Berlin, November i, 1877.

Sh "Ltben Y. Ton Wriojel't." Btrlin, \tn.

Wnmgell or Wrongel, von, fon vslng^, (Fer-
dinand Fetrovitch,) Baron, a Roasian admir^ and
celebrated navigator, of Swedish extraction, was born
In Esthonia in 1795. Appointed in iSao commander of
an exploring expedition to the Arctic Sea, he travelled
mt the ice in sledges as fax north as 73° s'. After hi*
return he became in 1829 governor of the Russian pos-
sessions in the northwestern part of America. In 1847
he was created vics-admiral. His principal work* are
a " Sketch of a f ourney from Sitka Co Saint Petersburg,"
(1836,) "Statistical and Ethnographical Notices on the
Russian Fossessioia in America," (1839,) and "Journey

^7ranltBkl, ftRl-nlts'kee, (PAtn,) a German opera-
composer, bom in 1756, became director of the orchestra
at the Imperial Theatre at Vienna. Died in 1808.

Wratialaua, vRft'tls-IBwss', or Wratlslair, vRl'tia-
Ilr, the first King of Bohemia, inherited the title of duke
in 1061. He afrerwaids assumed the title of king, and
was an ally of the emperor Henry IV. Died in 1091.

^TrKf l*-law, (Albrrt Henry,) an English clergy,
man, of Bohemian descent, born in iSat. He was

t Christ College, Caiabrid|«,
works Include " Lyra Czecho-
ilavonska," (1849,") ■■ Adventures of Baron Wratialaw,"
(a translation,) a "life of Saint John Nepomacene,"
(i873,)a"LifeDf Hns4"EiSSi,)etc. DiediniSgs.

Wraxall,rik'st], (Frxdsrick Charlbs Iarcxlli^
1 English writer, bom at Boolwne in iSsSl He pa^
lished, besides ottier works, " Wild Oata," (1857,) aod
"Armiesof the Great Powers," (i8s9.) Died in London
11865.

Wraaall, (Sir NATRANtsi. Wiluam,) an Englisb
statesman and historical writer, bom at Bristol In 1751.
He travelled over the greater part of Europe, itA
published in 1775 "Cursory Remarks made in a Ton
through some of^ the Northern Farts of Enrope," etc,
which was very well received. He was elected to Par-
liament in 1780^ Among his other works maybe named
" The History of France frvm the Aceessioa of Henry
IIL to the Death of Louis XIV.," etc., (3 toI^ *79S.)
and "Historical Memmrs of My Own lime," (1S15.)
The latter pnUication contained a libel on the Rmsian
antbasaador. Count Woronxow, for whi<dl Wnuall wis
fined and imprisoned fen' a abort dme. Died in 1831.

SMA*"Kdlabar|hIta*<«w"fbrOcIo)>w. itij: "QmrtertTR*

■w" for Anil, tSis "^ Decaoibw, 1S161 Auini^ "Ujetnurr

Wni7, iRoBRBT Batxuah,) an eminent Engliah

El-engraver, bom in Wiltshire In 1715. Among his
t works are heads of Milton, Sbakspeare, Pope,
Cicero, a Madonna, Dying Cleopatra, and Antrnoaa,
Ked In 1770.

Vrbiia and RenJnnflMl, nRyni Hbat froi'dfo-
til', (Rddolf,) CotntT, an Austrian statesman, bom at
Vienna in 1761 : died in iSn.

^rr«d«, vRi'dth,<FABiAK Jakob Fabiak*om,)Bar<w,
a Swedish general and writer on i^yslcal scienm. wm
bom In 1S03.

Wnda, *RS'd«h, (Karl Phiupp,) Puhoi, a cele-
brated German field-marshal, bora at Heidelberg in 17671
He served in the Austrian army in the campasn* of 179)
and 1800, was made lieutenant-general in 1804, tai in
180S succeeded General Deroy as commander-in-chief
of the Bavarian forces, then forming a part of Napoleon^
"gnutd army.'' He soon after oboined a aeries of bril-
liant sncceases over the Anstrians, including the capUra
of Innspmck, and in 1809 was created a field-manhal
and count of the French empire for hi* diatingnishcd
bravery at the battle of Wagram. As commander tt
the Bavarian cavalry in the Russian campaign of iBii,
he was defeated by Wittgenstein al Polotsk; but he
skilfrilly covered the retreat of the s^ttered ^™T ™

On the 30th of October, 1813, be endeavoored to iMSf
cept the army of Napoleon, then retreadag after tb*
defeat of Ldpsic ; bat, after a Gercelyconteeted batdc
al Hainan, the French troop* forced a paasage, and the
allies wIDidrew, Harahal Wrede having been aevcidy
wounded. -Died in December, 1838.

3« W. Rinm. "C P. mi Wnda —A iria— Lalwa ltd
WIrtaa," iSm; " NoanUe Biocnphia G4o4nlA."

Wreo, de, dflh trI, (Olitirr,) a Belgiaa histotia,
bom at Bruges in 1596. He wrote "HistorT of At
Counts of Flanders," ("Historia Comftom FUndric,*
1650,) and other works. Died in 1653.

Wren, rbi, (Sir CmtlffTOPHRR,) a celebrated Engliih
architect, bom at East Knoylc, in Wiltshire, on 4«
sotb of October, 163a, was a nephew of Bishop Mat.
thew Wren. His father was Dean of Wiadsor al
chaplain to Charles T. He Invented several faigenioM
inatmments about the age of fovrteen. In 1646 U
entered Wadham CoHeae, Ocfard, a* a gendeman cna-
moner. He wa* early dbthigtdahed for his pn>6cieB9
in mathematici and anatomy, and was iwitded as ■
prodigy St college^ In 16U he wa* elected Pdlow it
All Seats' College, Odord; He beamte profwsnr 4

t«.I,«^^l,y,&v•■*.*.^•«

1, les* ptolooged; i. «, 1, 6, 0, y. ^*i»*; »,(, i, ft •*««<«.■ flr, fill, ftt; mit; i»«t;gasd}»fc|

Digitized by CjOOQ I C

iVHEN

Mroaomy at Grethun College, London, In 1657, ud
WH one of the fint msmbera of the Royal Sodetj, In
1A61 b« WW appointed auiatant to Sfr Tohn Dtaiham,
niTvyor-genenl, and began to turn hu attention to
archUectnTc, To extend bla knowledge of that art, he
*i*lted Pari* in 1665. The great Bre In London in 1666
aflbrded him a faTonrable opportanlly and ample apace
for tlie cserdae of hia talenta. He propoaed to rebnild
the dtjr on a more regular and conunodloaa plan, whicli,
however, «>a not adopted. About 1667 he succeeded
Denliam a« mrrejror-general and chief architect. He
erected in London a namber of churches, the RoTal
Bachange, the Monament, Temple Bar, the Obeervatorjr
at Greenwich, and other fine public edifices. Hiamaater-
pleoe ia Saint Paol't Cathedral, which waa commenced
in i$75 and finlibed In 1710. It it about four hundred
and seventy-five feet long, and ia surmoanted bjra noUe
cupola, wuch is greatly admired. Saint Paul's is proT
ablvthe moat beantifiu cathedral ever bnOt in Englaii
for Protestant worship. The original and bvovite pit
which Wren fivmed for this work, and which was f
)ected \if the authoritiea, differed greatly from the plan

. nuuricd a .

He waa elected presMont . . ., ^

About 1600 be tniilt an addition to Hampton Court far
WitHam IIL Among hit other works were additions
to Windsor Castle, and two towers added to the west
end of Wsatminster Abbey. He is generally regarded
aa the greatest of English architects. He contnbaled
several trealisee on aatronomy and other sdences to the
** Philosophical Transactions.'' He died in London in
February, 1713, aged about ninety-one, atkd was buried
b Saint Fanl'a CathedraL

"The austere beauty of tbe Athenian porticoi the
gloomy sublimity of the GotMc arcade, he waa, like
almost «U bis contempc ■-'---■■- ■-
. . . bat no man bom
imitated with so raucb success tbe maniificence ttf the
Mlaco-like diurches of Italy." (Hacaday, " Hittoiy of

^Tnn, (Mattubw,) an English prelate, bora In Lon-
don in 1585. He became chaplain to the prince, after-
wards Charles L, whom he accompanied to Spain in
1613, and waa aucceaaively created Bii^p c^ Hereford,
Norwich, and Ely. He was one of the judges of Ute
Star Chuaber, and aasisled in drawing np tb Scottish

iS'"

d imprisoned in the Tower nearly twenty years. Sir
Chrbtopher Wren was hIa nephew. Died in 1667.

Wnn, jHATniKW,) a son of the precediiuF, was bom
at Cambridge in 1619. He was a member of Parliament,
and became suewtsivdy secreta^ to the Earl of Clar-
endon and the Duke of York. He published a treatiae
"OntheOririnand Progrenof thetUvolntionainEng'

bl London in 161 1.

He b

I clergyman,
I of llkeha

_. He pnbliahed, bMidet other worka,

"Paroatsos with Two Tops," ("Pamassos biceps,"
i6(&) XMed In 169a

wilght, rlt, (Akthur Wiluaus,) Ph.D., an Ameri-
can scientist, bom at Lebanon, Connecticnt, "September
8t 1336, graduated at Yale College in 1859, was a tutor
there, 1SS3-68, was profittBor of physics and chemistry in
Williams College, 186S-71, and wai appointed professor
of molecular physics and chemistry th Vale College in
1873, and of experimental physics in 1887. He pub-
lished numerous papers on physics, astronomy, etc.

Wright, (Carroll Davidson,) an American
economist, bom bX Dunbaiton, New Hampshire, in
1840. He served in the civil war, from private to
colonel, was chief of the Massachusetts Bureau of
Labour Statistics 1873-88, and United States Commis-
sioner of Labour after 1885. He published a number
of works on the labour subject, the cost of pro-
duction of iron and steel, " Industrial Evolution of the
United States," " Outline of Practical Sociology,"

99 WRIGHT

Wright (Edwakd,) an English mathematician,
bom at Garveston, in Norfolk. He became a Fellow ol
Caius College, Cambridge, He constnided for Piteea
Henry a large sphere which represented the motionB of
the planets, moon, etc., and predicted the eclipses for
17,100 years. About 1590 he accompanied the Earl o(
Cumberland in a sea^royage. He published in 1599 a
valuable "Treatise on Navigation." He is said to iuvo
discovered the mode of constructing the ctiait which ia
known by the name of Mercator'a Projection. Died in
161 j. or, as tome say, 1618.

Wright^ tit, (Elizi;k,) an American joumalist and
pbilani^opist, bom in LilchSeld county, Connecticut,
in 1804. He graduated at Yale College, and in 1839
became professor of mathematics and natural phi-
losophy m Weatem Reserve College, Ohio, He wai
sncccssivelr editor of the "Quarterly Anti-Slavery
Hagasine,' the " Hassachusetts Abolitionist," and the
" Chronowpe." He also tranalated La Fontaine's
*■ Fables" mto verse. Died November aa, iSSt.

Wright, ift, afterwards Dununont, drril'mAN',
(Fanny,) a sooal reformer or Innovator, hota at Dun-
dee, Scotland, about 1796. She visited (be United States -
about iSiS, and wrote "Views on Society and Maanert
in America." Her opinions were similar to those of
tbe atheistical French philosophers. She lectured in
tbe Northern United Stmlcs, and attacked slavery and
other sociai Institutioiis. Atxnit 1838 sbewat married
to M. Damsmont, a FVenchman. Died in Cindnnati
ini8j3.

W^ilgh^ (Gbokgb Fkbdikick,) an American clergy.
nuu) and geologist born at Whitehall, New York, Janu-
ary aa, t83& He graduated in arts at Oberlin College
in 1S59, and In theology in 186a, held Congiwationd
pastorates in New England, 1863-81, and bi iSSa became
— '-1SSOT of New Testament literature fai tbe Oberlin
. .. logical Seminary. His prlndpal works are "Logic
of Christian Evidences," (iSSo^) " Studies m Sdenoe and
Reli^(Ki,"(i88a,) "Tbe Relation of Death to Prolntioii,'*
(iS&t,) "The Glacial Boundary in Indiana and OUo,"
C1884,) and " Divine Authority of the Bible," (1884.)
1 1884 he became editor of the " Biblioiheca Sacra.

Wright, (GaOKGK NaWHHAkt.) an English clergymai^
bom about tSia. He graduated in 1835 at Bratenoee
College, Oxford. Among his numerous works are a " Ljfe
of William IIL," (1S37J " Life of the Duke of Welling-
ton," (1839-41,) " LiM of Louis Philippe," etc

Wright, (Horatio Gouvmineue, ) a general, bora at
Clinton, Coimecticut,in iSzo, graduatedat West Pointin
1841. ' He became alirigadier-general of volunteers about'
September, 1861, and look command of tbe department,
of Ohio in August, iS6z. He commanded a division at
the battle of the Wilderness, May 5 and 6, 1864, and a
corps at SpottsylvaniaCourt-House, May 9-ia, and Cold
Harbour, June 3. He served as mBJor-geoeral at the
battle of Opequan Creek, September 19, 1864, and
contributed to tbe dedsive victory at Cedar Creek, Oc-
tober 19 of that year. He received the brevet of major-
general in tbe U. S, army, April, 1S65. Died in 1S99.

Wright. (Ichabod Chailcs,) an English author and
banker, bom m Nottinghamshire in 1795. He was edu-
cated at Eton, and at Christ Church, Odbrd. His best-
known worlcs are translations into Engtish verse of the
" Divina Commedia" of Dante and of Homer's " lilsd."
Died at Nottingham, October 14, 1871.

Wright If t (JoKN WasLXV,) an Irish naval oflcar,

bom at Cork in 1769. He became a capt»n in tha

navy, was taken prisoner on the French coast in tSof,

' was confined in the Temple at Paris. In iSoj he

found dead in prison, and it waa suspected that be

had been murdered.

lITright (Joseph,) a celebrated English painter, com-
monly known as WaiawT o* Derby, was bom in tbst
town in 1714. He studied portrait-painting hi Loodon,
under Hudson, and subsequently visited Rome. His
works are chiefly landacapes and historical pictures ]
among the most admired we may name "The Lady M
Comna," " Belshazzar't Feast," *' View of Ullswater, in
WeatmoreUud," " Eruption of Mount Vesuvins," aad
"Cicero'a VUla." Died in 1797.

•Mi; «ai/; %karJ; tair/0,H,K,/MMifW; H.mual; »,lrmtJ; las

utiii*. (t^SeeEaplanUioiiSiPb^

Digitized :^yC00<^lc

WRIGHT

^irilglit, (Sir Nathan,) ui English judge, bom
1653. was lord keeper of Iho great seal from 1700 to
1705, In politla he wa» ■ Tory. " To hi« obscurity,"
uyi Lord Campbell, " he owed hia promotion.*' Died
ki iTai.

WUght, (Sir ROBEVT,) an Engiuh judge, wu cbtef
JBitice of the king's bench in 16S7. " He tns ignorant
to a prOTCrb," says Macaulay : " vet lenorance was not
hJi worst bolt His Tices bad mined binx" (" History
•f ^igUnd.*^ He and two others were appointed to
eaerdse vliitorial jorisdictlon orer Magdalen Collen
Oxford, (i-om whi^ the; removed PrMklent Hoo^
Died in 1689.

Wright, tSAUtm,) an English disienting minister,
born at Retford In 1683. He preached in London, and
published a " Treatise on the New Birth." Died in 1746.

Wright, (Silas,) an American statesman, born al
Amherst, Massachusetts, Hay 24, 1795. He graduated
at Middlcbury College in tSi^ studied law, was admitted
to the bat in tSl9. and settled at Canton, Saint Lawrence
county. New York. He was elected to the Senate of
New York in iSaj, became a political opponent of De
' Witt Clinton, and served in Ihe Senate until 1837. In
1816 he was elec»d a member of Congrest, in which
he acted with the Democrats. He was comptrollet
of New York for about four years, (i839--3i,) and «ras
elected to the Senate of the United States in January,
1833. He opposed the United States Bank, and tup-
ported Mr. Clay's Compromise bill of 1833. In iS.*"* '■-
was re-elected a Senator for six years. He vote
the tariff of 1S43, and opposed the annexation of Texas
to the Union, (1S44.) He was nominated as candidate
for the Vice- Presidency by the National Democratic
Convention in Ma;f, 1844 ; out he declined the honour.
He had been again elected a Senator of the United
States In February, 1S43, and was chosen Governor of
New York in November, 1S44. He declined to serve
under President Polk as secretary of the treasury in
1845, and is said to have refiised the offer of a foreign
mission. In 1S46 he was a candidate for Governor, but
was not elected. He died at Canton in August, 1S47.

Wright (Thomac,) an eminent English antiquaty,
bom in iSio, look his degree at Trinity College, Cam-
bridge. He published numerous works cm early Engli^
history and literature, among which we may name hi
" Biographia Britannica Literaria," (1S46,) "Essays 01
the Literature^ Superstitions, and History of England ii
dw Middle Ages,'' (3 vols., 1S46,) " Narratives of Sorcery
and Magiq" (1S51,) "The Celt, the Roman, and tht
Saxon," (1851,) "Wandering of an Antiquary," etc,

(1854,) and " History of Ireland," (3 vols.,* 1857.)
also edited Chaucer's " Canterbury Tales," (185O '
lltical Songs of England from the Reign of John to

and other learned societies in

that of Edward IL," " The Chester Hirade Flays," and
other productions of the middle ages. He was one of
the founders of the Camden Society and criT Oie British
Archxologjcal Association, and was elected acorrespond-
ing memlwr of [he French Academy of Inscriptions,

— J ..L„ , J ...■...:.. z^ Europe. D. Dec. 43,11877.

" ' - ■• -' la't," an
... a visit-

ing prisona. Died April li, 1S75.

Wright, (Thomas,) a British naturalist, bom at Palc-
ley, in Scotland, November 9, 1S09. He «rat educated
at the Royal College of Sargeons, Dublin, was license^f
by the Colleae of Surgeons, London, in 183I, and nad-
Dated at Saint Andrew's University in t^ He has
published a great number of papers, chiefly upon otUitic
and cretaceous geology and palKonlology.

Wright, (WiLFint,) bom near Millville, Indiana,
in 1867, and Orville Wbight, bom at Dayton, Ohio,
in 1871, joint invcQlon of tlie aeroplane fiying-machiue.
Success WM attained in 1903 and later, and the brothers
received high honours for their remarkable invention.
Wilbur died May 30, I911.

'Wilght (VftLUAH,) LI.D., a British scholar, boni
In Ben^, Januair 17, 1830. He was educated at Saint
Andrew's and at Halle, and was made professor of Arabic
b Unhreraity College, London, in i8ss, in Trinity Col-
kvV Dublin, in 1856, and in the University of Cam-

bridge in 1S70. Besides preparing an Arabic Graiumai,
he edited many Arabic, Syriac, and other Semitic tam.
Died May ai, 1889.

^)7rloth«^ley, (Hkhkv.) See Sovtiumitok.

Wrlathaalar, rots^ or rofas-le, (Thomas;) fcn«b
Earl of Southampton, an English statesman, becaiae a
member of the privy coancil under Charies IL, and
sul»equently Icvd high treasurer. He had snperia'
abilities, and was conspicoona for his integrity and liilt

bom at Nuremberg in 165

later of the gospel in his ni

WtilflwOn, *(SSlfhClm,

professional works. Med ini8o8.

Wtontookl, vRo-ne-tts^cee, (AWTOmr,) a PoKah
officer and militaiy writer, bom at Posen in 179OL EI*
served against the Russians in iS3<^ and rose to b*
general of brigade. Died in 1838.

WrottMl«7, rotsle, (John,) Loki^ an Ei^lbh
astronomer, bom in 1798L He received in 1839 a gold
medal from the Astronomical Scxiety for hia ^talogne
of stars. He entered the House of Lorda at the d^h
of his father, b 1841, and was elected prtaideot of dM
Royal Society in iSsj. About 1841 he erected an obaer-
valory near hu reiiilencc Wrottestey HalL Died in 1867.

Wait See Kakajftch.

Wnlfen, «a61'l«n, (Fsanz Xavsk.) a Germait iiai».
ralisi and mathematician, bom at Belgrade in 1 7s& He
wrote on botany, aoology, etc. Diea at KlagcofDrth ia
iSoj.

WhUEbt, AdlUri^r, (Johann,) a Gennan Orientaliat.
'" :6si. He was employed as mtD-

I native c^ty. Died in 17x4.
. fttSSlfhClm, an Anglo-Saxon prd^e, be-
came ArehtHshopof CanteTburyin9a3 a.ix Died in 94s.

'WolEstuL See Wm.n'AH.

Wallenweber, ftaaifn-M'bfr, written also 'Wol-
lenwewar, (Georo or JtlKCiH,) a German stateamaa
of the sixteenth centaiy. was a oathre of Lubeck, whsc
he was elected burgomaster about t«34. He wa* o^
demned to death on a chai^ of Anabaptism and poliii-
cal oflences, and execnted in 1S37.

WtUlentorf ts Wnellsntai^ von, foo Mll^n-
torf, (Brrnhakd,) Baron, an Auatrian admiral and
minister of state, bom at Trieste in 1816. He conducted
an eaploring expedition sent out by the Austrian govem-
menl in 18J7, and returned in 1859. An account of this
expedition appeared in 3 vols., in 1S61. About 1865 be
Ijecame minister of commerce. He published several
sdentiSc works. Died August 17, 1883.

WtilatAH, an English monk, born about 1008, be-
came in 1063 Bishop of Worcester. He was patroniied
by William the Conqueror and his successor Wiiliam
RufuB. Died in 1095.

S« llM " Life of Wnbtas," in Whaitoh') " AnglLi Sien."

Wnlatan, written also Wolatan and WalfttAn, an
English monk of the tenth century, was the author of a
Latin poem on the miracles of Saint Swithiu. and a

scholar, born at Wittenberg In 1800. He becassa
director of the College of Gnmma in 1S43. His diid'
publication is an editiooof Sophocles, (1831.) Died 1869,

Waudwlloh, ftdtra'di^r-liK', (Jouahh,) a Genu*
jurist, bom at Hamliurg in 1708. He became profc—
of philosophy in that d^ in 1761, and ptibliabed aevcnl
lean] works. Died in 1778.

Wondarlioh, (Karl Ausust,) a German jrfiysida^
txn-n at Suli, on the Neckar, in 1815, became profaao
of clinics at Ldpdc in 185a He published a *■ Uamaal
of Patholi^andTberapeutica,"(i846,) etc IMed 1877.

Wondt, 4dSat, (Dakul Ltrcwio,) a Gennan hb-
torian,born at Kreutinach in 1741, beoune proieasorof
theology at Heidelberg He wrote cm the hkloiyof At
Palatinate. Died in 1B05.

His brother, FRnciiCH Pmx, bom in 174^ pab
lished several works on the history and topography <tf
the Palatinate. Died in 180S.

Wtindt, (WtLBKLM Haximiuah,) a German plr>>-
oiogist, boim at Neckarau, in Baden, August ifi^ w^
He was educated at Tiibingen, Heidelberg, and Beiu^

•,1^1. ^ B. ^ Mr/ K ^ A. same, leas prolonged; i, «, I, S, a, y, M«r<; f, «, 1, 9, fiAinrv; flr, (111, at; met; net,(36di adi

D.gtoed.y Google

" A Theoiy of SenM-Peraption," " H
" Spiritiim," {" Der Spiritumos,") eti

Wnnaoh, IMSnih, (Chkotian Eb:hfJ ■ Geiman
■dendfic writer, born it Hohsiuteio aboat 17JO. He
died after iScia

Wmwoh, Ton, fbn M6nah, (Johakk Jakob,] ■
Prauian senenl, bom in 1717. He served with diitinc-
tion in [he Seven Years' war, and gained a victinv orer
General Brentano in October, 1759. Died In 1788.
'Waotan. See Odin.

'Wftrdtweiii or Waerdtweiii, •ilifiHn, (Stephan
Alexander,) a German ecclesiastic, bom at Amerbacb
Id 1719, became Bistiop of Woims. He w>* (he author
of severd treatises on diplomacy and ecdeaiasticat law,
(io Latin.) Died in 1796.

Waim, M&Rm, (JoUANH FuaDRICH,) a German
dhrlne and ailronomer, born at Nttrtintren in 1760^
pnblbbed a "Hislory of the New Planet Uranus," and
other works. Died in 1833.

Hti ton Juuus Fribdrcch wrote several treatise* <
theologv, mathematics, and philology. Died in 1S39.

Another son, Christian FRiEDRicif, born in 1803,
published a number of commercial and political works.
He became professor in a college at Hamburg in 1833.
Died in 18^9.

Warm's^ r, tod, [Ger. pron. fou ftKRin'sfr,] (Dago-
BERT SIGISUOHD,} CouNT, an eminent Austrian general,
bom in Alsace in 1714. He entered the Austrian service
in I75C^ and fought ag^nst the Prussians in the Seven
Years' war, (l75il'42.) Having obtained the rank of
Deutenant-senera] in 1778, he defeated the Prqsaians
•t Kubelschwerd in 1779. In 1793 ^' commanded an
army which operated against the French, and drove
them across the frontier into Alsace ; but he was defeated
In December, at Friachweiler. He gained a victory on
the banks of the Neckar in October, 17^ and occupied
Mannheim. In the summer of 1796 he was Mni ai
commander-in-chief to Italy, where the Austrian genera]
Bcaolieu had been defeated by Bonaparte. Advandne
towards Mantua, Wunnser was attacked and defeated
bf Bonaparte, at Lonato, on the 3d of AugusL The
Corsican general also gained victories over Wnnnser
at Castiglione oa the jth of August, and at Roveredob
Wurmser retreated to Mantua, which he defended with
vkour, but he was forced to surrender in February, 1797,
He died at Vienna in June the same year.
ShSchiluu. " Gillene inieremnUr Ptiiongn."
WuntelaAti, ^Stt'aW'tta, [Lat. Wurstic'ius 01
URSTig'li;s,] a mathematician, born at Bile in 1544,
was also a historian. Ke became professor of mathe-
matics at BUe, and wrote, besides other works, a history
lulled "Chromcon Hajus," (isSa) Died in 15SS.
Wnnttcliu. See WUR5rBisBM,
Wttrtamborgi wlir'tcm-b^rg, [Ger, pron. *TlR'(fm-
bCRQ',] (Ebekhakd,) Duke or, a son of Louis IL, was
born In 144J, and began to reign in 1459. He was
a just and beneficent mler, patronized learning, and
founded the University of Tubingen. Died in t^6.

WilrtembercL ▼<>■>■ Ion wiirt^m-bfrg, (or <raR't;m-
btRQ',) (Ckristiak Fxisdrich Alkxahder,) Cot;NT,
son of Duke William of Wurtemberg, was bom at
Copenhagen in iBoi. He published a collection of lyric
poems, (1837,) and was a contributor to the "Moaen-
almanach" of Cbamisso and Schwab. Died in 1S44.

^)7itrt«iii1>er& von, (Ulric,) an able commander,
bom in 1617, was a younger son of Frederick I. of
Wflrtemberg. He commanded the In^erial army which
oppoaed Tnrenne in Hesse in 164S. Died in 1671,
TTurtm, viiRts, (Charles Adolphe,) a French chem-
ist, born at Strasburg, November 16, 1817. He gradu-
ated in 1843 at the univeisity of his native town. He
went to Paris, and in iSjl became a professor In the
Agronomic Instituie of Versailles. In 1875 he was ap-

S anted professor in the (acuity of sciences at Pans.
e made many important discoveries in diemistry, and
contributed much to theoretic chemistry. Among his
works are " Lefons de Philosophic chimigue," (1064,)
"Traits jljmentaire de Cbimie m^icale,'*^ (1S64-65, 3
vols.,) " Le^ns ^^mentaires de Chimie moderne," {1S66,)

M tVYATT

" Dictionnilre de Chimie," (1S6S-78, 3 vtda.,) " Hirtoin
dea Doctrines cfaimiqne*," (1868,) "La Thjorie tU^
mique,*' (1878,) •■ Trait j de Chimie btologique," [iSSoj
etc. Diedlday II, 1SS4.

^i)7iirt% MliRti, (Feuz,) a skilfol Swiss inrgeoa,
born at Ztirich, lived In the sixteenth cenlutv.

Wuitm, (Hbney,) an American chemist, bom at
Easlon, Pennsylvania, June j, 1828. He gruluated al
Princeton College in 1848, and held professorships of
chemistry in colleges at Kingston, Canada, and at Wash-
ington, D.C. He published a large number of papers,
chiefly upon theoretical chemistry. Died Nov, 10, 1910.

Wmts, von, fon vd6rtx or AffiRta, (Paul,) Baroi^
a Danish or German general, bom in Husum. Hs
served under Gustavus Adolphus until his death, {1G31,)
and afterwards had a high command in the army of the
United Provinces. Died in 1676.

WTUtsboTB or ^rursbnig. See Conrad or

WURTZBURO.

Wiinb«u>ll, wdSxts'bAK, (Constaiti^) a German
- and eavan^ bom at Liybach in 1818. Among

^"--- '- - *■ ■ ■■ " llelt"

his writings is a humorous work entitled " Parallets,^
(" Parallelen," >&I9-) Among his many other works b
a " Biagrwhical DictIoiuu7 of Aostrians," (1S79.)

Wnndtwv, vtm, fbn MbRfsfl-bfiw', (Johanm
PiiiUPF,) a German astronomer, bom at Naremberg In
1651. He invented or improved several astronomical
instruments, and made a series of observations in his
observatory at Spilzenberg. He corresponded with
Leibnits and other astronomers. Died in 1735.

Wntgoiwii, ▼on, fbn ftoot'geh-n5w', (Gottfeikd
Erhtt,] Baron, an Austrian geneial, born in Silesia in

born at Briea, in Silesia, February 11, iSiS, was edu-
cated at Breslau. In 1848 he was appointed prutessor
of history at Leipaic. and was afterwards a Icadmg poIi>
tidan. He wrote " Polen und Deutsche," (1847,) " Ueber
die Gewissheit der Geschichte," (1S65,) " Geschichte dei
Schrilt," {liji ti itf.,) etc Died June 14, 1S7&

Wy^ftt, (James,) an English ardiitect, of high repu-
talion, was bom in Staflordr"-' •-- - **

K^rdshire ■

(1771.) He was appointed surveyor-general to the bovd

wich, and the Library al Oriel College, Oxford. IMed
in 1813.

'Wyatt, (Matthew Cotes,) an English sculptor,
bom in 177S. He was patronized by George TIL, and
adorned Windsor Castle with his works, among which
was an equestrian statue of the Duke of Wellington.
Died in London in January, iS6a.

Wyatt, (Sir Maithew Digbt,) an English architect
and author, bom at Bowie, Wilts, in i8aD. His public
life was one of great actrriiy and many honours. He
was kniehted in 1869, and was professor of fine arts at
Cambridge, 1S69-72. He published "Geometrical Mo-
saics of the Middle Ages," (1848,] "Industrial Arts of
the Nineteenth Century," (1851,) " Art-Treasures in the
United Kingdom," (1857,) "Architect's Note-Book In
Spain " and many other works. Died May az, 1S77.

VTyatt, (Richard J.,) an English sculptor, bora ia
London in 1795. He studied in Paris, and subsequently
nnder Canova at Rome, where he resided till his deatl^

finish. Among his nuster-pieces are his " Penelope,**
" Nymph entering the Balh."*" Shepherd Boy," "Nymph
Eucharis and Cupid," and " Bacchus,"
^fVyatt (Sir THouAS,) the Elder, an eminent Eng-
ih statesman and poe^ bom in Kent in 1503. Ha
studied at Saint John's College, Cambridge, where he
took the degree of M.A. In 1520. He was a favourite
at the court of Henry VliL, who made him a gentleman
of the bed-chamber and conferred on him the honour
of knighthood, (1536.) He was afterwards employed on
Important missions to Spain and the Netherlands. He
died In 1U3, with the reputation of an able diplomatial
and one olthe most accomplished gentlemen of his ttntb

Hi; tasj; lilanf; gas

; Q. H, K,fiiltural; N, ntual; R, trilhJ; ias t; th as in Mm. (^^See Eipls nations, p. aj.)

r.,,i,/ed:^yC00<^lc

pMblwbed Ictttfi and other proie worBn of rap«riar

^rr^t^ (Sir THOUAtJ TH> YooiraiR, a ton of Ae
pTBO^ag,w*t bom fa t^aom 1511. He inherited hit
lither'i esUM in 154I; *od Krred witb dittinction in
the mi •ninit the French between 1544 un) ISja
W^klt and the Duke of Snfiblk becune b 1554 the
leaden oC an iDannectlok, the deiiga of which was lo
dethrone Qneen Har; or to prevent bei marriage with
Philip IL Wyatt gained tome tiKcetiea over the
rojaliHt fiH-ces, and entered SoathwarlL He waa cap-
tured in London and executed in April, 1554.

S«Hin«, "HaWiy of Ba^ud;" J. Paocro^ "lOtw^Taf
Tjalt'i RabdUo^" iju

Wf ft-TlU*, (Sir Jtmy,) an English architect
originally named Wvatt, waa a nephew of Jama*
'Wyatt, noticed atxire. He waa bom in Staflordaliira in
1766, and waa instructed br hit ancle in architcctnra.
In 1834 he was employed by Oeorgi

Wiadaor Cattl^ In widch wm-k he wat oocapled fer
greater part of hit life. He died b iS^a His dedna
fcr Windsor Cattle were published faii84i, b 3 blio raltb

Wfoli'fr-lf or "WfdlL'fi-itiT, (William,) a pop-
ular Enaliih dramatiat, wat bom in Shropalure about
164a He was sent at an early age to France, where he
spent contiderabie time at the court 1^ the Dnka of
Hontansier, Governor of AncoulCme. After hit retan
he studied for a time at Oiiord, and again made pii>>
lesdon of the Protestant Mth, which b« bad aljiuvd b
France. He anbaeoMntlT acqidred great bvonr with
Charles IL, and lived on intimate terms with the Dnke
of Bncktn^m and other profligate wits of the time.
He produced b 1669 bis com«h entitled ■■ Lor* in a
Wood, or SabI James's Park," which was Ibllowed b;
"The Gentleman Dandng-Haaler," (1671,) "The Plain
Dealer," (1674.) ■nd " The Conntir Wife,'' (1675.) Ho
■tarried the Coanteaa ot Drogheda about 16801 Died

8h Kajoi Pjick, "llMHbi af WOBtm WjOmh:" Utc-
AViMt, Kwr «B ■'>■ "Coodc DmaliMi of Iha KawnliDar
LaiDH Hum, "n* DianMia WarkipfirTckwltr, Caocnn. Mc,
iriih KofnpUal NatioM," iS»; BAKBa,--Konm[UaDnBaiBBr
"Lina of Bri^ DnnidiB," tj Cuifhu, Lueii Htnrr, Me-i

aa WYUB

bim the prebend of Auat in the dinrcli of Wcttfawy
He wat protecuted for heresy before the Bishop of
London In 1377, bat wat protected by hit friend JoMcf
Gaun^ Duke 01 Lancatter, iritoee bvoor he liad gniiMd,
probabl* by defending the ro]pal antlMitlty agairsi papal
encroadtments. In Ma;, 1377, P^ Grujoiy add
a boll to the Archbishop <rf CanteiMry, dii

ibishop d

„-^ WycliSe beKwe Urn. The Refanner

^tpeared before a aynod atarmbled at Lambeth b 13A
bnt, before the case was deddoi the Loodoaere, no
sympathlted with him, Ixoke into the court and fri^^
enedtbe bithopa, wlio were alto checked I7 a Bcanfe
from the qaeea, or the mother of Richard IL TSe
schitB canted by dte election of t«io pope* b 1376
tended to weaken the papal doouaatiui, and prootoled
theaafety of Wydifc, who wrote a tract "On the Pope
of Rome, or the Paul S<^iaa,"(*'De Papa P "

graver, the bAcr of dte preoMUngy
b 1616. He painted tea-porta, pn

n 1616. He nail

His etchlnM were

about 1645, worled fa London. , ^

•cenes, landscape*, and horse*. Died in London b 170a.
Wyok, (Thohas,) a sklUhl Dutch painter and ea-
" igy was bom at Haarlem
public places, interiors,
•riied. Died In 16S6.
lOUC written also W1o>
eminent BogUth Reformer, bora in
I oTKsiuie, near Kichnond, about 1514. He was educated
at OtkoAt wliere he was dtttiiwaished An Us proficintq
b divinity and scholastic philoeophy. AcconUag "—
several tnographet*, be btsan to wnte against the ou

^•- -S faijfe Ho b ■

Umo, Ozlbnl, hi I

ham, in Lincobahire, In the
(or, according lo tome writer^
aame) wat a^rainted master ofj
which he wat ejected b 1366.

WfoOlfla.^
i. &, (JOHN,) a

Canterlnry Hall, from

— -, „-- He exchanged the lec-

tmyofFylbgbambr thatofLodgenlialliniiiSS. Itb
MMtmonlv staMd tital he B>ok bs degree 3i D.D. b

a 7a, ana then began to read lectures 00 divinity at
iford with great upplaose; This datt la questioned
by son* writeia. About this time be begsn to censnre
□penly the doctrines and cormpticm* m the Romish
Chnrch and to advoote religioaa Uberty.

WydiBe was a member oT a legBtloa sent by Edward
IIL to Pope Gr^ory XL b 1174, to treat with him
■boat the practice of^papal [tfovuion or reservation of
benefioet^ and odter UNuet. 800a after hit return to
En^and be denonnced the pope as *'Anti<^ritt, the
pniwl woridly priest of Rome." In 1375 the king gave

He attacked the doctrine of tnmtnfaatantiatiaa ia a
aeriea of lectnrea read at Oxlfard b 1381. Tlw Ar^
bishop of Canterbury snmmooad ■ council or ^imi^
whidi met b 138a, declared hi* opinioat to be bentkii
and ordered vigocooa SMasarea to be enployod far iSLlt
aupprestlon. Before this period the prindplea o( W}»
line had been adopted \i$ nnmeroo* dimple*, Kama of
whom prooagated them h? preachii^ ffi* iBti l|ilia
were called Lollanla. He was summoned to appear at
a convocatiaa of dersT at Oxfen^ and, acconBi^ to
some anthorides, made a omJe**ioa or concesalog to
his adv«i«arie*, and aHmiw^^^ the doctrine of tlw icid
pretence. It appears that the only penalty infliciad oa
Mm waa expulsion from the University of Oxfaid. In
tlielstter partof hislifehe produced an English versiaa
of the Bible from the Lalb Vulnte. Thii i* sapposed
to hsve been the first complete Ei^^ tranalatiaa that
waa ever made. It iKcaine an engine of wnnderiid
pqwer aniost Romanism. To tran^te the Bibk wa*
regarded at an act of heresy; and hi* veraian ootil^wed
to be a proscribed book until the Reformation of tta
sixteenth century. Wyciifle. who may be considered tte
bther of Engiith pose, wrote a nnmber of t^^^oea
worlu, some of which remab b mantncxipt

"He clearly antidpated," says David Irving "Oe
most dittingidthing doctrinet of the Proteataat^ and
his opbloat on oertab points present an olmoaa «^
incidence with those of Calvin. Of the timplkatr «f
prhnitive timet _he wat too devoted an admiar (e

episcopal o .

the Icgitbuie conttHuHon <tf the ChnrdL Ha ditd m
Lutttrworth bi December, 1384.

Saa %xt. Jnm Lnns, "Ufa of JoIb W>«L~ in*: Da
BosBT T«mmAiL « Life or Jaka Wfcblb,- i£lTVria^idW^

tssi: WauwwtwTH, "BiannUa BotaiaMka:" "Fear Bodat
Jbq. iBjSi AuiaoMB; "Didioaaij or Amhois."

WydavUls, (Aivmoirr.} See Rnm^ Bail ok

Wjorman. See WxraaHAH.

'Wykaham, da, de wlk'tm, (Wuuul) >n e^n^
English ecdeaiaatic and statesman, bom b Hampohwe
in 1314. His talents early gained bit him the notiee
and patronage of Edward lit, who appointed him b

sucoesdvely keeper of the prfry seal, aecretan
I the kbb Bishop of Winchester, and lord high dhaa-
cellor of England (1367.) Among his numenm tad
munificent works were the erectbn of th* New fiiliin,
Oxford, finished fa 1386^ and the odl^e at TTlMiliitiw
He alto reballt a great part of tb* cathedral of W»
cheater. Died b 1404.

Sag Bvwr LowT^ " LUa or WniiaB daWtUwa," inl : Ub

WyTlB, JAmdrxw,) D.Dt an American £vine of lb
Episcopal Church, bom In Wathiiwton coon^, PebmH-
vania, fa 1789, He became [mehbnt of the Dmvenl^

K,^l,^«,^j;<iV;k,t,d,aam^kMproIonged;I,e,l,S,«,f,/A«f«|,«,U«*<»<nr;flr,ail,atjaalt)^

Digitized by CjOOQ I C

WYMAIf «S

irican anatomist, born
\ 1S14. He was ap-
pointed in 1S4T Heney prof«a»Dr of anatomj at Har-
vard, and proKMor of compuative anatomy in the
Lawrence Scimtific School. He pubtiahed "Twelve
Lecture* on CompatatiTe Ph^siologj." and was a con-
tributor to the " American loornal of Sdence" and other
periodicals. Died September 4, 1S74.

"Wf nantB or Wf'nBnt^ (Jan,) a celebrated Dutch
landscape-painter, bom at Haarlem in l6oa His pic-
tnres are generally of amall size and Ki'eal excellence.
He numbered among his papils Woawerman and
Adriaan van der Velde, who freqaently punled, it is
Hid, the figure* hi bl* landacapes. Died abont 1678.

'^jaSOMta, wbtd'vu, {Sir Charles,) Earl of Egre-
mom, an Engliah p<ditician, was the eldest ion of^Sir
William Wyndham. Hi* mother was a daughter of the
Duke of Somerset. He died in 1763, and left his title
to bis 9on George. (See Egrbmont.)

Wyndtuun, (Chablbs,) a British actor, bom in
1S4J. He took put in the American civil war, and
made bis first appearance in America as an actor with
John Wilkes Booth (the assassin of President Lin-
coln.) He bas played widely in leading parts in
America and Europe, and in German as well as Eng-
lish plays. He became manager of the Criterion
Theatre, London, in 1876.

'Wyndham, (Gioun O'Bkibn.) See BoKUiONT,
Earl op.

Wjndhun, (Sir William,) an abl* English states-
man, Iran) in 1687, belonged to an andent bmily of
Somersetshire. He married a daughter of the Duke of
Somerset, joined the Ton party, and became a powerfiil
debater in Parliament. He was appointed secretary

— ' chancellor of the excheq

. ^ :e friend of Lord Bolingl

to whose interest he adhered after the quarrel between
that leader and the Earl of Oxford. On the death of
Queen Anne he was removed from office, (1714.) He
was committed to the Tower in 1715, on suspicion of
complicity in a Jacobite conspiracy; but he wa* soon
liberated, without a trial. He was one of the leaders of
the opposition to the adminlslration of Sir Robert Wal-

KIc, and had great influence in the House of Commons.
1734 he made a celebrated speech for the repeat of
the Septennial act "His eloquence," savs Speaker
Onslow, "improved by use, was strong, full, and with-
out afiectatioi^ arising chiefly frixn his clearness, pro-
priety, and areumentation ; in the method of wbidi last,
by a sort of inductiOD almost peculiar to himself, be
b«d a fiirce beyond any man I ever heard in public
debates." Died in 174&

Wjnme^ (John Huddlestoni,) a Brlilah writer,
boin in Wale* in 1743, published "FaUes for the
Female Sea," "A General History of Ireland," and
other works. Died in 178S.

^r^on, (WiLLUU.) an English engraver of coins
and medals, born at Birmingham in 1795. He became
Bocond engraver at the Mint in London, and in 1838 a
R<^al Academician, being the first artist in Us depart-
ment who had won that distinction. His work* com-
prise a great variety of subject*, scientific, artistic, and
war medals, and are ranked among the most admirable
produaions of the kind. Died in 1851.

'W'Tisoh, Miub, (JoHAHN MxLCmoK,) a Swiss
painter al history and portraits, bom in Unterwalden in
1733. He worked for many year* al Beaancon. Died
hiroS.

Wyao, vees, or wti, (Luci£n NAToLtoN Bomapakt^)

.3 WYTTENBACHJUS

a Fren<± engineer, a son of Sir Thomas Wyte, and ■
grandson of Laden Bonaparte, was bom in Paris in
:844. He studied in the Ccole Navale, entered the navy,
—J. — . 1__ hydrographical and other sdentific e"

ations of M. de Lesaeps on the Panama Ship-Canal.
His works embrace " From Valparaiso to Buenos
Aytes," {1869,) "From Montevideo to Valparaiso,"
{1877,) and Reports on the Panama Canal, {1879, 1885,
and t8»)-qi.) Died in Paris August ij, 189;.

Wft«, (Sir Thomas,) an Engitsh writer and diplo-
matist, born about iSocx In lUi he married Letitia
Bonaparte, a niece of Napoleon I. He was minister
•t Athens from 1S49 to 1863. He wrote, besides other
works, "Walks in Rome," and an "Excursion in the
Peloponnesus in 185S," (a vols., 1S65,) which is praised
by the "Edinborgh Review" in an arlide entitled " Sir
'niomaaWyse'sFBlopoDnesuB," (October, 1865.) Died
bt 1863.

Wj«li«rt. See Wuraxt.

DT^aooU, vf ■Mts'kee, {Jocsm,) a Polish patriot and
stridier, bom in Podolia In 1809. He fought in the
revolanoa of 1831^ and in 1848 entered tbe Hunnrian
Mrvice. After the defeat al TemMvir be todt refige in
France. He wa* the aathor of a treatise on *■ Hi* Art
of War," Died at Paris, December 31, 1874.

WyaooU, (Pmm,) a Polish patriot, snd prombent
leader in the revolution of 1830^ was bom at Waraaw in
1799. He was taken prisoner bv the Rnaalan* in 1831,
and exiled to Siberia, where he died in 1837.

Wysa, Ms*, (Jobahn Rudolt,) a Swiss writer, ban
at Berne in 1781, became profeasot of piiilowtph* in Id*
native town. He pnbUshed, among other worn, " Id^
Tradltiona, Legends, and Talea crf^Switserland," (1815.}
Died in 1830.

'WyaabarL See Wuhakt.

Wythet wU, (Gioun,) an American jurist and
patriot, wa* born in Elinbeth City comit;^, Virginia, la
173& He was an ardent promoter of the indeMndBnca
trftbeadomea, waselectea to the Continental Congraa*
In 1775, mnd w " ' ~

July, 1776. I
were appoinle<
^Dla. He be

revise the law* of y\i-
in 1777 a judge of the high eoort
of dianoery, and served a* chancellof of Vlripnla fat
twenty yeara. He emandpaled hi* slaves. Died at
Richmond in 1806.

Sh 8-unsMOH, " Biocniibf of tbi SifBM* to lb* Dadnnlke

qnendv at

Wyther. See Withbiu

WjU«iib«oh,*it'ttn-blK',{LaL WYTTUtBA'ciuttI,]
(DaNiu.,) an eminent Swiss critic and scholar, born &
'i 174&. He studied at Gottingen, and subee-
at Leyden nnder Professor Rohnken, and be-

1771 professor of Greek and pbiloeopbjr in tbe

Athensmm al Amsterdam. He waa appointed m 17*9
profMtor of eloquence at Leyden. He was one of tM
greatest scholars of hia time, and his compodliaa^
which are all written in Latin, are esteemed staadatd
work*. Among these his " Life of Rohnken" (179M i*
particularly admired for the elegance of its style. Ha
was editor for a time of the " Bibliotheca Critica," and
published editions of the " Opera Moralia" of Plntardb
the "Phxdon" of Plato, (1810,} and other classics. Died
in iSack His wife, Johanna GALUEN,was Hi.Hngn.tliwj
for her learning, and was made doctor of philosophy by
the University of Marburg. She died in 1830.

WrttanbaohioB. See WYTntMBAOL

*nk: fwMi; tiard; i»aj; Q,H, K,iiitluraJ; n, natal; m,tri!Uil; Im*; th as in (Km. (|^See

dbyGoogle

XAINTRAILLES

XENOFHANES

XalntrnlDoa, da. See Saintkailuu, dk.

Xanthippe. See Xantippe and Xanthippuk

XanttUppiu, lan-thip'po^ l*^' SoiAnTof; Fr. Xam-
nuppc, gzoN'ttp',) xa Athenian general, was tbe bUter
of FeridcB. He succeeded Tliemistodes u commuidei
of the fleet in 479 B.C, *ii<l acted a prominent part in
th« naral TJclory oret the Peraiaiu at HjoUe, (479.) He
captpted Seato* in 47&.

ZantUpptia, a Spartan geneial, an all; of the Car-
thuiniaiw In the Grat Punic war, dJefeated the Roman*
■ndet Regulua, whom he look priioner, (B.C. 355.)

Zonttana, zan'thus, [S^vfcc,] a Greek lyric poet, who
Boarithed probablj about 650 a.G No fragrnent* of bla
poetrr are extant.

XaDtlina, a Greek faiatorian and native of Lfdia,
b auppoaed to have been conterapoiatj with Herod-
otna. lie was the author of a detctiption of Lrdia,
entitled "LvdUca," which ii highir commended by
Dionvaius ot Halicamaaana. There are oolj Eragmenta
ofltexUnL

XontlmM, zan-tip'pe, 01, more correctly, Zan-
tUp'p«,TGr. Si»ff<nrr; Fr, Xantippi or Xanthippi,
nOirttp',] the wife of Socratea, waa notoriou* for b«r
Bl tempeir. Being uked by Aldbtades hov he omld
live with auch a woman, he ii aatd to have replied, " She
eierdaet my jMdence, and enable* me to bear with all
the inlutice f experience irom other*." It ia, however,
probable that Xantippe'* faolt* have been moch ex^-
aerated. Socratea evideatlv entertained a aincere regard
lor her, and gave ber credit for many domeatie virtue*.
(See SocRATU.)

ZaTerioa. See Xaviik.

Zawt-fT, IGer. XAraa, kal-vaia',! <FRANai^)*econd
■on of the Elector of Saxony, (who waa afterward*
Adguatoa IIL, King of Poland.) waa bom in 1730. He
wa* appointed in 1763 adminittrator of Saxony during
the minority of hi* nephew. Died in 1806.

Xavlar, aav'e-fr, {Sp. pron. Hl-ve-aia'; Fr. proa,
nrvg^'; Ut Xavb'rid*; Ger. Xavki, kal-vaia'; It
SAvaaTo, sl-rt're-o,l (Fkancis.) Saint, a celebrated
leauit mittionary, called "tbe Apostle of the Indiei,"
was born in tbe kingdom of Navarre, near tbe foot of
the Prrenee*, in April, 150& He waa edacaled in Paiia,
and there (in'med a fnendahip with his (cllow-atudent
ijptatiu* Loyola. He waa one of those who a**ociated
ttemaetvea with Loyola in the formation of the order
of Jeauita, about 1534. In iJjS he went to Kome, and
be^n to preach in the church of San Lorenao b Da-
maso. Under the auspices of John, King of Portugal,
Xavter viaited the East Indies ai a missionar* in 1541,
urlving at Goa in May, 1543. Ringing a bell through
the itreen of Goa, he summoned parenta to lend their
children and alaves to him in order to be instructed In
the catechism. He endeavoured lo reform the vicious
professors of religion as well as to convert the heathen,
whose temples he caused to be destroyed and replaced
by churches. Mavine iabouied among the ignorant

Cpulation employed in the pearl-fishery on the coast,
afterwards passed to Tiavaneore, where, it is aaJd, he
baptized ten thousand idolaters in nine months. In 154;
he visited Malacca, and convened numerous idolaters,
Jews, and Mohammedans. With several other miasion-
arlet, whom Loyola aent lo aid him, he pursued hia
court* to the Bauda Isle* (n 1(46. He baptized many
in Amboyna, founded a miasion at Ternate, and returned
to Malacca in 1547. Having converted a Japanese exile,
named Auger, he resolved to extend his labours lo
Japan. He took Auger with him, and in 1549 reached
Canguxima, where he studied the Japanese languve,
and was kindly received by the King of Saxuma. He
went thence to nrando, in which he wa* permitted to
preach, and made many converts. Encouraged by this

Zenon, ice'non, or Z«'no, |9iwi-,] a Greek ptinla
of Sicyon, was a pupil of Neocles.

Zdnophans. See Xenophasis.

Xanoptlallea, le-noff-nti, [Gr. Xtra^bnK! fl- X'
HOPHANE, gzk'no'fln',1 a celebrated Greek plulotopte
and poet, bom at Colophon, in Ionia, about 60a LC
Diogenes statea that he flourished in the 60th Olympod,
(about 538 W.Q.) He was the fonnder of the Elcaoc
ichool, and probably lived for some time at Elo. is
Italy. He wrote a poem on the fbundatiaa of Elea, sad
a number of elegiac poems of much meriL 'Thewtrt
which contained his philosopMc system," says Viao
success, he proceeded lo Heaco, the capital of the em- 1 Cousin, "and which haa immortalized hia name, wa 1
l,<,t,&,(l,p,/MV,-i,4,6,iame, less prolonged; l,i,I,&,j^y,/<i«n';f,f,i,9,(4m»nr,'ar,nUi,at;mCl;n&i;gd6diBiA«

pira, where be arrived In 1551. He obtained fraai th
king pennisaioa to preach, and ctmvcrted about thnt
thoosand there. Hi* inccess waa hindered by hii Ik
perfect knowledge of the language. He ardenlqr doiicd
to carry the gospel to CUua, uul wa* not deientd In
the severe penalty under which foreigoer* were fixhiit
den to enter that country. Before he could reach tUi
new acene of labour, he died, on the itle ^ Sandaiv
near the Chinese oosat, in December, 155a. He na
canonized in iGia.

5« TuasaLLunis. "VinF. XiTCril," int: BAaTou.'Tiiir
Xsmii," 16U: Saheovai, "Vida da S. CnDUB XaiiH," rta;
I. ToKAHO, "Vin di f. Savwio." |64; H. Vaira. " UiHain
UAafriudfXailer:'* aoviiouB. "Viada S. FuDcaii Xiris,'

-Vi« d* S. F. XaniK," iSil; Ruthhub, "Labai Jb balva

Zawler, (Jexome, or Gkiohimo,) a Jesuit misiiaian,
bom in Navarre, was a relative of the preceding. He
went to Goa in isyi.after which he preached at tb conn
of the Mogul emperor, where he is said lo have midt
many converts. He wrote several religious treadset, It
Latin and in Persian. Died at Goa u 1617.

Zanarolma, ze-nar^ua, [Sii'a4ixtn,] an Alhcnin
comic poet of the middle comedy, flouriabed about J5»-
330 B.C. Fragments of his works are eitanL

Zanoolea, zCn'o-kliz, (Hekk^J an Athenian tnp
poet, waa a aon of Carcina* the Elder, and BosriiU
about 430 B.C. He gained a victory over Euripida in
415 B.C. He bad a son Cakcinus, and a grambos
Xbnoclbs, who were likewise tragic poets.

Zenoolaa, an Athenian architect, lived la the v
ofPeride*.

ZAnoorat*. See Xkhockatss.

Zonooratea, te-nok'r«-tiz, [Gr. SfnMpirK: Ft. U
NOCKAtS, gak'nontatf ,) an eminent Greek phDosoplia,
bom at Chalcedon in 396 B.C. He was a pupil of FltU
and a fellow.student of Aristotle. He accompanied
Plato to Syracuse, and after the death of his maiteini
sent on embassies to Philip of Macedon. Ahoul jj)
B.C. he became the head of the Platonic Academy il
Athena, over which he presided twenty-five yean. H<
had a high reputation for probity, modesty, and isonl
purity. He wrote numerous works on philosophv, whidi
are not extant, taught that Ihe soul ia a selfiDOTii(

mutsble world. In his philosopbythe doctrinescf Rats
are modified by Ae Pythagorean doctrines of niotaL
His eloqnettce converted the dlasoluU Folemoii isto
a temperate man and an eminent philosopher. Died Ib
314 BC.

Sa* Diooaan LAsamn; Vut n> WiprrwMta, 'Diurh k

Zenocratea, a Greek atatuaiy of the school d( Lf
•Ippus, flourished about 160 B.a

XenoonitM, a Greek physidan, who rendcd M
Aphrodisias, is supposed to uve lived about 37 La
He was the author of a work "On the Nutrimeiit ik-
rived from Animals," part of which is extant

Zanonwdea, ■In-o-mee'diz, [Sn>a|ii^dfc,] or Chidi,
B Greek historian, lived before tlie F '
(which began 431 B.C.)

e Fdopofinenaii nr,

db, Google

XENOPaiLE a

poem €n Nalnre, in hexameter venc" Several frag-
meols of thU poem have been preserved. Me vu con-
rideicd bjr the uicients aa the originator of the doctrine
of (be oneness of the universe. He censored Heslod
■nd Homer because they attributed to the gods human
vices and defects, and is said to have maintained the
doctrine of the unity of the Deity. According to
totle, Xenophanea, directing his view over the unit
declared, " God i« the One." Saini Clement also al . ..._
that he taught pure monotheism. Victor Cousin de-
fends hint from the chai^ of pantheism which some

between sensuous appearances and the purs truth ctt
reality. He was about one hundred years old when be
died.

See RiTKii. "Hiuorr of PhUauphy;" G, H, Lewbi, "

KphUal Hiiionr of PliiloiophT ;" Ahiitotli, "Di Xenopt
>™i- « MdiMo;" SiKDH KAunH. "Xenoptunii Ctnni
i; d< Vluejm," Mt, iSjo; Diocum ' ""

ftcliquia

X^opUle See Xenophilus.

XenopbUiu.ze-nol'e-luB, [Gr. ^xte^Oat; Fi. \tno-
PHiLE, gdl'no'ftl',] a Greek scntptor, who, aided by
Straton, made astame of .Esculapms !■ '

Zaaophon, ifo'o-fon, [Gr. Srva^;
tzi.'no'Clis'; It Zemopontb, ddi-no-lbn'tii,) a cetebrated
Athenian historian and general, was a son of Gryllus,
and a native of the demus Ercheia. He is supposed *~
have been born alxHil 445 B.C; According to Diogen
Laettius, from whose writings we derive nearly alftl
b Iinown of his life, Xenophon fell from his horse at t
battle of Delinm, in 414 B.a, and would probably have
been killed, if he had not been resoaed bv Socratea.
He became a pupil of Socrates at an early age, ami,
according to PhotiDs, was also a pupil of Isocntea.
Uttle is known of the events of his life which occnrrad
between the battle of Delium and the year 401 B.C.
Diocenes Laertiu* state* that "Xenophon edited ot
made known the History of Thucydide*, althongh it
was in his power to pas* It off as his own work;" but
the (ruth of this statement is doubted 1^ scune critici.
In 401 B.C. he went to Sardis. and entered the service
of the Perwan prince Cyras the Younger, whom he ac-
eompanied in an expediilon against ArUieixes Mnemon,
King of Persia. Xenophon and the other Greeks who
engaged in this expedition were deceived as to its real
obte^ Cyras was defeated and killed at Cunaxa, near
Babylon, and the Greek general Clearchus was treach-
eroDSly slain. Xenophon was one of the generals who
conducted the Greek army of 10,000 in its memorable
retreat from the Tigris to the Black Sea. He dUplayed
^eat firmness, coursge, and military skill in this opera-
lian. This expedition and retreat form the subject of
Us moat celebrated work, the " Anabasis, or History
of the Expedition of Cyrus the Younger," which is a
very interesting narrative and is written in a natural,
■greeable style.

According to some authorities, he was banished from
Athens about 399 B.C:., perhaps because he was a friend
of Socrates, Diogenes Laerlius says be was banisbMi
for Laconism. He took part in an expedition whid
the Spartan Icing Agesilaus conducted against the Per<
aiaiks in 396, and be bught in the Spartan army against
the Athenians at the battle of Coroneia, (394 B.C.) Soon
after this date he settled, with his wife Philesia and hi*
children, al Scillut, near Oiympia, where he resided
many years and employed his time in hunting and
writing. During bis residence at Scillus he wrote a
"Treatise on Hunting," his *' Anat>asis," and perhaps
other works. The decree by which he was banished
from Athena was repealed a few years lielbre his death,
which occurred alioat 355 B.a He had two sons, named
Gtyllus and Diodorus. It i* supposed that all of bit
mtiings have come down to us. Under the title of
" Hellenica," he wrote a history of Greece from 411 to
3$3 B.C. His "CyropKdia" (Kwwinudtia) it commonly
Maided as a political romance founded on the exploits
ot Cyrus the Great, and has no authority as a history.
Among his other works are a "Life of Agesilans," "The
^mpotium, or Banquet," in which he explains the
ideas of Socrates in relation to love and friendahip,

;os XESXES

•nd delineate* the t^aracter of Socrates,
between Socrate* and Critobulus, entitled __
which treats of domestic and moral economy, and is
highly esteemed, and a philosophic work called "The
Memorabilia of Socrates," (^ KroianniovApaTa £a^i&nai(,)
which purport* to be an exposition of the doctrines and
character of hi* illustrious master. It is highly prized
as a memorial of the practical part of the Soctatic phi-
losophy. "Xenophon," says Macaulay, "is commonly
placed, but, we thmk, without much reason, in the same
rank with Herodotus and Thucydide*. He resemtile*
them, indeed, in the purity and aweeincss of his style 1
but in spirit he rather resembles (hat later school ot
historians, whose works seem to be fables compooed
for a moral, and who in their eagerness to give us warn-
ings and example forget to give us men and women."
(^say on "History, j8i8.) Xenophon's "Memora-
bilia" has been translated into English fay Sarah Fielding
his "Symposium" by J. Wellwood, his "Cyropsedia*
by M. A. Cowpet, and his " (Econoraicu*" by Roben
Bradley.

"Da XcbophoDta hiiioricD," 1740; Hackdi, "Xenmhin," iSasj
KiScn, "D* Xenor^oDiu Vi»,'- ilij; Hoiu, "Viu Xa^
cJunii*," iSh; FAwrcim. "BibUoihtcii GnBoi;" HoFFiiAini,
''Lcacop Bibliocnphiciimi"GaoTa, "Kstiir7iifGr»«:"THiBl-
WAU. " HuuUT of Gnu ;" ~ NouTgllc Biocnpbii Uninle."

Xenophon, an Athenian sculptor, who lived aboDl
300 B.C. In conjunction with Cephisodotns, he mide a
statue of Jupiter.

Xenophon, a Greek phytldan, a native of Co*, lived
at Rome, and gained the avour of the emperor Claadiu*.
At the instigation of Agrippina, he poisoned Claudint,
by introducing a poisoned feather into his mouth undef
pretence of making him vomit.

Zonophon or EPUctUi, a Greek writer of unknown
period, was the author of a romance called " Ephesiaca,
or the Loves ot Anthia and Abrocomas," the style of
which is simple and elegant He probably lived la
T third centuiT after Christ. His romance
has been translated into German by Biirger, and ioto
English by Rooke.
ZeroiB. See Xxrxe*.

Xerea, da, dil HS'rCa, (Peancisco,] a Spanish histo-
rian, was secretary to Piiarro, whom he accompanied to
Peru about 1530. Me published in 1547 a history of the
expedition, entitled " A True Account of the Conqoetl
of Peru," etc.

Xencea, zfrk'sii, fGr. SipiKl Fr. XERcts, gzla'sts',]
. sometimes called Xeuces the Great, a famous king
of Persia, and ttie most powerful monarch of his time,
as I son of Darius Hystaspis. His mother was AtOMa,
daughter of Cvrus the Great He succeeded Darius
I 4SJ B.C., and DCgan to raise an immense army for the
ivasion of Greece. Several years were expended In
cutting a canal through the isthmus of Mount Athos,
and in building a bridge of lioats or ship* across the
Hellespont, over which Xerxes and his army passed in
the spring of 4S0B.C; His armywas composed of many
nations Inbulaiy to the Persian empire, and, according
to Herodotus, amounted to 3,317^10 men, besides slaves
and nou-combatanta. Nietnhr and Groie consider
number incredible and impossible. The number
of slave* and other camp-followers was equal to thai
of the soldiers. He i* said to have sbed tears when
i reflected that in a century, or less, none of these
lyriads of men would survive. Having reviewed hit
army at Doriscus, he marched through Thrace and
Thessaly. The Greeks attempted to defend the {i

whole population had been removed. The Athenians,
who were directed by Tbemistocles, relied chiefly on
their naval power for defence against the invaders. An
indecisive naval action was fouaht by the two Beets al
Artemisium, where the Persian fleet was much damaged
by a storm. Xerxea was still able after this loss to
~~ I fleet of twelve hundred vessels, which in the
of 480 B.C. was defeated at (he decisive battle
of Salamis. (See TueuiaTocuca,) Xerxes, placed on a
lofty position on the adjacent ahore, witnessed this dis-
defeat of his vainglorious project He retrea(ed

*»»i; iits;ihanl; iui;ii,'a,l,gutturai; f.naiai; l, iy£Un/; I as 1; thasinMw. ( Q^^See EiplanatioD* p.S})

db, Google

XERXSS

3506

XYSUTffSUS

butilT by land to the Helletpont, and craned over to
Aaia, leanng ui arciT under HardoniUB, who was de-
bited at Plattra in 479 B.C Xenu mi murdered in
465 by Artibuidt, an officer of hii court He appears
MnaTc been hj nature not without amiable and noble
qualities; bat hia beart wu corrupted b^ the poa^-
uoD of unlitniled power, and by the ab)ea aanlation
commonW bMtowed on Eaitern aorereigns. He wu
ancccedea by hia son Artaxerxet Longimanus.

8h Hsnwom, " HiMoiT oT GrH«;" Gaors, "Hiuonr o
Otmm:" Rollw, "Aodnl Hunnyj" RgnKao, "EH Ou-
Snt,OtAbHi*aat*»'Xtna,'' 1^: Minsn. "XeimdaGn*-
•nUbM. Tiaua and aadL'' iai&.

iaIl,KiaD!of Peraia, was a son oTArtazerzea
L, (Longimanus,) whom he succeeded in 415 B.C. After
a reign of a lew months, be was astasainated by Sog-
fianns, bis balf-brotber.

3CIni«nea or Jlmones, Re-mt'nts, (Francuco,) a
SpBnish friu, who was employed as a mUsiona^ In
Heiico. He translated into Spanish a Latin work on
theplants of Mexico, by Hernandez. Died abont i6la

Ximanea or JImvnoa, (Fbancisco,] a Spanish
painter, bom at Saragassa in 159&. He studied in
Roioe, adopted an Italian style, and returned to Sara-
gOBia. Hi* works are highly praised. Died in ifi6&

yiiwtia^ He-nd'nCs, (Lbonardo,} a Sicilian astron*
otner and ceometer, born at Truiani in 1716, became
ajesuit He was appointed prafessor of geography at
Florence, and by his skill in hydraulics rendered im-
portant aerrices in averting the damages caused by
overflowing rivers. He wrote a number of able worn
on astronomy and hydraulics, among which is "Collec-
tion of Hydraulic Punphlets," etc, |" Raccolta di Peii-
oe ed Opnscoti idr>ntid,"3 vols., 1781-86.) Ha founded
-m observatory at Florence, where he died In it8&

"" \ abe-ral'nta, [VxtkrA a theolcsun, '

*e parents at Mtddefburg, in Hollvii

of FonugueM parents i

Sii

Hew

the Catholic Truth." Died In

torian, became Archbishop of Toledo, and cardinal.
He rendered important niililary services In the war

gainst the Uoon, and wrote a " History of Spain."
led in 1147.

Zimenaa, do, dfh se'md'nb'j {AuauniN Louis,)
Marquis, a French poet, of Spanish enractian. bom in
Paris in 1736, was an intimate friend of Voluire. He
was Che author of *> Don Carlos," and other tragedies, a
poem entitled " Cxsar in the Senate." and several critl.

,jr Jimane*} de Coimoiia, k_ ._.

dl kJlK-mo'nl, (Francisco,) a Spanish medical writer,
born at Cdrdova near the end of the sixteenth centurr.

ZlmanM, [English pron. le-mee'ntz,] or, more IuIIt,
nmenea {or ZlmmieB) do Cianeroa, HC-mi'nb ak
cUs-ni'rte, (Francisco,) called Cardikal Xihinu, «
celebrated Snntsh statesman and patron of literature,
was bom at Torrelagnna, In New Castile, in 1436. He
was educated at Salamanca and at Rome, where be
studied theology, philosophy, and Oriental language*.
He became grand near of Cardinal Mendoia at Siguenab
About 14^ be entered the Franciscan order at Toledo^
where he acquired distinction as a preacher. He was
appointed confessor to Queen Isabella in 1491, and
Archbishop of Toledo in 1495. Hia modesty prompted
him to decline this honour j but he submitted to Ibe
podtive commaDd of the pope. He was distinguished
by his simplicity of life, his charity to the poor, and hi*
aversion to luxury and pomp. About 14^ be founded
the University ofAlcali de Henare*. He »erte4 hi*
Influence to reform the Franciscan order of monks.
Under hia auspices a number ofeminent scholars began
tn Ijoi to prepare a Polvglot Bible, called the Complu-
tcnsian, which became the model (^ all the anbsequent
verdons d the Bible in diver* langnages, and was the
greateet literary enterprise of that age. On the death
of Queen Isabella (1504) he acted as mediator between
Fetdiiumd the Catholic and the archduke Philip, eadi

bold and politic measure prmioted the p«wer ti Ih
crown, whue be reduced the importance of tin sairiy

In 150T he recrived the title of ordinaL He filttl
out at his own expense a fleet and an army, trtudt Iw
conducted in oerton to AAica In 1509, and captared tla
dty of Oran Dy storm. " Hia talents, eoeigy, sad i«.
pnted sanctity of character," aay* Prewot^ "coaliBed
with the authority of hi* itatioa, gave him nnbotaided
influence with all dasae* of the CasdUans." Dnrb^kK
expedition uainat Oran, King Ferdinand wrote a leliei
to Count T^varro and requested him to find iom

Sretence for detahdne Ximenee in Afika. The tM.
inal was acqn^ted with tliecanleDtaofdiiilettiT,id
naturally put the worst constntction on the same. Oi
one occasion the king, who wished Ibe ardihtslxwrieof
Ttdedo far hia nalaralioit Alfonso^ importnted Xisww
to reiten bis see attd take another b esiiiuce: botta
replied with indnptatioa, ** that he sroold never coascst
to barter away 1&0 <Ugnide* of the Chordi." In 151;
hi* "Polyglot BiUe" was completed. Acco(dli( t»
Prescott, this was "a noble monnment of ]riety, leus-
inf^ and munificence, which entitlea it* aathor to iks
natltnde of the whole Christian worid." ("Histafyaf
Ferdinand and IsabeUa.")

'Bj the testament of Ferdinand, iriio died io Jssimj,
IS16, Cardinal XiaMnea was appoiBted sole renot of
Csstile dorlnE the abaetiee of tke yoong kbig Cbirha
His right to this oflke was dispMed by Adrian, Dm
of LoDVsin, iriio prodnoed powers of aimilar purpon
from Charles. XuiMtiea aM Adrian administaed Ae
government jmntly for some time, but the fiMSKruna
sssnwed *o)e power. In September, 1517, Cbsiio V.
sirived in Spmn, and wrote a letter to Ximencs, wUd
"b unmatched, even in coort annals, for cool ud bw
ingratitude." (PreacotL) It aniuninced his dhaM
from office. He died on the 8th of November, 1517.

''Sndi,"aays Prescott, "was the end of tliis reiurlt
aide man,— the most remarkatde, in many reqiecli, of
hi* time. His character was of that stera sod kdr
cast which *eems to rise above the ordinary winti ud
weakneases of humaninr. Hi* genin*, of nie temtK
order, like Dante's or Hichael Angelo** in the regio*
of ^ncy, impresses ns with idcss of povrer that aett
admiration aldn to terror. . . . His f^eiKy was cos-
ducted on Ibe prindplea of a milttaijr despotisiB. Hk
whole policy, Indeed, was to exalt ll» r<^ prerogilni
at the expeiwe of Ibe inferior orders of the slate, . . .
He had a full meaaxte of the reliijoos bteMry eUck
belonged to the age." (" Histwry of Feidinand tad
Issbena," voL fiU

Bm Rowa. "nis m CMfeal ]&»■■■." ite*: Ftim
"Hiuon dn Carfiad TlnMini" ibn; Ctjmo, "Di \% t.
XiBMi^" ijtii Hnmos*. "VUi d* Xmncs." ite; Mugob
uiL"HiM0)MdaHiinlh*daXiaKat%"i6a>; "DnF.Xi*
Di^ L^piiaisfti Baibct. "LM «(OH<d£d XDBon'ihr
Hsrau. >^liW CsHfail XIbb^" flMlHAVHu^ "f. &r
■n." iMi Roaamoik "Hiatanf of Chule* V. ■■

Xlmene* da Qoauida, (di kfc-tl'i>l,) (GonACA))
Spanish explorer and capltun, bom »t Granadi ibool
1495. He commanded a party which about 1531 bepo
to explore the r^on unce called New Granada, ud
founded in 1538 Santa F^ de Bogotl. Died in 154'^

Ximaoo or Jimeno^ ae-mi'no, (ViHcnnJ 1
Spanish t»agrapher, bom at Valenda about 17GO. Be
published aliterary history of the Idngdom of Vilend^
■Escritores del Regno de Valenda," (3 vol*., 1747^)

Ziphilln. See XiPHiLiNUS.

Zlpbiilniu, rif.e-11'nus, [Gt. JbtOitot; Fr. XiPiaum
gie'feliN'.l IJoAKNKS,) became Patriarch of Constiaii-
nople in 1066. He wa* the author td aeveral religtiM
and ecdesiastical worln. Ked In 1075.

mnhUlnna. (JOANNU,) nephew of llie ptecn^
e of the " History" of Dion CaNiB,

1>otanist,bor

(RODIRICK,) 1

jiT^ragnaylniTji ; died at R<Mne in 1804.
Jiuiraa, Roo-i'rC*, written also SoarM
Spanish luriat, borr at Salamanca, Und

l,e,!,8,fl,J./«y;i,t,ft,so

e, less prolonged; ^^,^,fl,ix,'},thmi; %,^,\,<i,ebsiurt; (i,i,ai\,^\;attV,ntA;sSMia

db, Google

XUTHVS fS

U tlM time of the gre*! delnge it Mid to have Mved
himadf and tome othii people in ■ abip.

Pdoponnetn*, wm oiled a ton of Helen, a brother of
Doroa and jGoloa, and the father of Achuu and Ion.

'X:g'SM&A.ta, Icae-lln'dfT, (Guukluus, or Wiluak,)
a German adtolor, oiiginall* named Holzmanh, (i^,
" wmd-man," of which l^Iandei ii the Greelc equivalent,)
WM bom at Adgsbarg in 153a. He smdied in iiis native
town and at Tiblnnn, and in 1558 became profeaaor
sf Greek at Heidelberi>. He niMe nnmcroua tranala-
dona from the Graeli and Latin, among wlach we may

>7 YANCEY

name the work* of Sirabo and Plutarch, the •■ HiatOT"
of Dion Casaina, and tbe matbematical worka of Dio-
pbanto). He atao edited aome of the worln of MaicM
Antonlniu, Phlegon Tralliannii and Antigoona Caija-
tioa. His learning waa profonnd, and hia tranalaliixa
are highly esteemed. Died in i;76.

Zylandar, too, fon kae-lln'd^, (Joskfh Kau
Adoutt,) b German officer and military writer, botn at
Munich in 1794, wa* tbe author of a treatiae entidad
"Straieeyand its Applicatim," {1S18,) a "Manoal of
Tactica,'^ and nnmeroM other work^ on vationa ank
jecta. Died in 1854.

Y.

Tatara,* (or Tahla.) yft'He-l, a Hoorish captain,
called by the SpaniardaBEH-GAUA otBin-Gamia. He
waa commander of the anniea of the Almoravidea in
Spain, whoie power waa opposed by the Almohades.
HewasU11ed!nii48.

Tkbr»- {or TalUa-) al-Baniiakae,
fi'HeWl 111 bar'mf-kee', (Aboo-Alae
"^"HMeeiJaPereianminiaM- ' - -
Ij of Barmeddea, (or S

r of Haronn-al-Raschid _ ,_.

man of anperior talenta, and had peal influence for
many yean. He waa disgraced about 803, and died
inSoy A.IX

7alcoobt-«l-4Caosoor-BlIlali, 7akonb-«l-BCaii-
aoni-Blllali, or Takftb- (or Jakvb-) ai-Manafir-
Blllall, jWISW 31 mln'aflSr' Ullah, > king of Morocco,
bom about laio, waa an able and powettiil monarch.
He bqpn to reign in 1153. In 117^ he invaded Spain,
and waged war against the Christiana with aoua ano-
cett. Died in \&.

Takoob Bey, or Takoob Ooahbsgsa, ooah-bS'-
fee, a Toorkoman or Uibeck soldier, aumamed Atauk
QKAzn, was born at Tashkent in iSio. He fought the
Rutsiana with considerable dtatincliaai. In 1865 he waa
sent a^nal Cashgar, in Chinese Tooikistan, in aid of
the Hohamnledan insurgents. Vakoob fought with great
ability and perseverance, and made hitnaelf muter of
the whole country. He mled Cashgar with remarkable
■ucccas, built a nandsome college, mosque, monastery,
■nd palace, and kept two hundred ladies in hit harem.
He was attastinated by his bootehold officert. May 31,
1877. The CUnese then reconquered the country, and
soon after mordeted in cold blood many thousands of
Vakoob's former snUecti.

Takoob. (Takoob- or Takftb-) Iba-I^la or
JialtbJ rl'kdU/ n>*n Ha, tumamed Al-Softar or Al-
SOPFAS, was the fonnder of the dynatty of Soffaridet
bi Persia. By conquest he made himself master of Selt-
ttn about 861 ad., and of Panistan a few years later.
Died about 878 A.D.

Takaha, [perhaps from the Sanscrit ^liti, to "est,")
a name of certain spirits in the Hindoo and Booddhist
mythology, described in the Vishnu-Purina as hideous
bdngt, alwayt hungry and emadated, but gentle and
iDoBensive in character. Other books describe them as
most cmel and repulsive demons, still others as happy
sinrits. Some Booddhists believe that they may enter
Nirvana, like human beinga. They resemble the/i'm,
or genii, of Arabian gtoriea. They have wives, called
YatthI, {Yakshee.) _^

Tftl'dfn, (Thomas,) an English poet and divhie,
bom at Exeter in iSyi. He studied at Magdalene
College, Oaford, where he acquired the friendahip of
Additon and SacheverelL He succeeded Atterbnry as
lecturer at Bridewell Hosi»ial in 1698, and became
professor or reader of moral philosophy at Oxford about
170a. He wrote " The Temple of Fame" and other
poems. Died in 1736.

Tilo, (Elihu,) bom at New Haven, Connecticut, in
[648, was the prindpal patron of the college called by
lis name. He became in 1687 governor of Fort Saint
George at Madras. He was a Fellow of the Royal So-
--ty^ DiedirlTH.

Tim's or Tam'S-i^ [modern Hindoo pron. vQm'f
yiim'f-n?,] called alio Tam'an or Tam'en, in the
Hindoo mythology, the god of PltUI, (or NiiikX,!) or
Ae lower world, and the god of death and the Jntue of
departed spirits. Hia resideEce or capital it called Yama-
pnra,or "dtytrfVama." Alter having inquired into and
~ 'onounced upon the merits of those iriio are brought
\iam hit judgment-seat, he sends the good to Swarga,
. ndra't paradise,] and the wicked Co appropriate places
of punishment, corresponding to the Tartarus of classic
mythology. Varna is known by a great multitude of

a, as Dharma-RAja, ("King of Justice,") Mrityu,

..... "Death,") etc He is said to have a servant,
named Karmala, (or Cannala,) who brings before him
the righteous on celestial self-moving cars. He has two
fiues, — the one lull of mildness and benevolence, teen
only by the virtuous ; the other is hideous, exhibiting
great aad terriUc teeth : this only It visible to the
wicked. Yama is supposed by tomo to be the lauM
as Bali, (or Baly,} to whom, at we are Informed in the
legend of VXMAttA, (which see,) Viihna conceded tha
kingdom of Plllla j but Southey makes them two dis-
tinct personages,! Vamen bting tbe king, and " Baly"
(Bali) the judge, of " Padilon," [a corruption of PltUh)
Tamagata, (Count Tkimoto,) b Japanese gen-
eral and slat esm an, bom in 1S40. He was of noble
birth, his father being distinguished as a poet and
philologiat. He fought for the Mikado in the 1867
revolution, was made under-secTetary of war in 1S68,
and began the work of reorganizing (he army on the
European system. He was sent to Europe in 1S69,
witnessed the Franco-German war, was made war min-
ister in 1S71, president of the council in 1874, and was
commander-in-chief of the army during the Corean
war. He was prime minister from 1S98 to 1900.
' 7emana. See Yaua.

T'amato-Daka', a Japanese conqueror, bora 71
A.D., son of Keiko the twelfth of the mikados. His
story is chitjiyor wholly legendary and he must be re-
guded as the leading Japanese hero of romance.
Tamen. See Yama.
Tanaka. SeeNAiiKK.

Tan'oar, (William L.j an American politidan,
bom at Columbia, So«h Carolina, about 1815. He
studied law, and settled in Alabama about 1837. Ha
rewesented a diatrict of that Sute in Congress from
1S44 to 1847 tocIusiTo. He became a leader of the moM
extreme partisans of State sovereignty and duunion,
(called 6rB-eatu*J and w-- •"

■ It mn b« fODufc^ dull YJg* i> Dm Anbic fbni of Joi
Tbaa \a-n b«m kobj priimi, Inidni, •nd wnun si lbs w
biKh Id Aria ud A6k», hot vm of snr BMt «>M.

■ the reputed author of the

f TIm imdl Nanka md Ptm* ippw to bi lomatlna nwd ■•
ewili nDOavBooi: bat PliUa n un ecuradl; ippliad ts lb*
■lulc atlat of tb* Imw worid, ithUi Nanka prapcrlr dcBoM ■

I •• Ha [YaiDtiiJ Mt opoo t niithM tepoldinu
Hiiriii ud bun. whm al tbi iDDiurcfa'i fcM
ThaHihMou^bulhbiJudcBal-MM.'

Cwv r/KtIiamm, veL IL, ll

•»i;9ast;Bianfc|asy,o,H,K,fi«»<ni/;H,««a/,-»,friaW;las«;thasinrf«. (J^See Eaplanatioaa, p. aj.)

d by Google

phnic "Bre the Sontbem heart" In the ConTCntioa
of AUbuu he reported the ordinance of aecemon,
«Uch WM pawed in January, iS6i. He wu lent earlj
In tS6t to Europe aa a commissioner to obtain the
reoosnition of the new confederacy. Having returtied
b February, 1S63, he entered the Congreu at Richmond
M Senator for Alabama. Died in August, 1863.

TMng-Xaa or Tang-Ti, ylng'tee'. Emperor uf China,
began to reign in 605 a.d^ He caused several great
canals to be made for navigation, Died in 617.

T«o, yt'o, oV Twni, yf'oo, alnoat ySw, ar
Chinese sage and ruler, is mppoied to have lived abool
two thousand years before the Ctiristian era. According
to Pauthier, he ascended the imperial throne a
■nd reigned leTenCy-two years, after which Sl
MBodated with him in the govemmenL Hia
CODiidered by same to mark the commencemei
thentic history among the Chinese. The moat indent
historical Ixioks of China, if we may trust (he statement*
of the Chinese critics, date from the time of Yao; in
other words, the events of his reign were chronicled by
contemporary hittoriuu, and not written afterward

t may, there is

from tratfidon, m ii
nearly all other t
reMOQ to believe t
trustworthy than that of most
represented a* having been one of the moat enlightened,
Tirtuoua, and prosperous of rulers. He incroduced
Into the slate many important regulations. He gave
espedai encouragement to the study of aatronomvani' ~~
wortcs of public Improvement "Great indeett" s
Confudus, "was Yaou aa ■ sovereign. How majei
was he I It is only Heaven that is gran^ and only Vi
corresponded to JL How vast was his virtue! The

ale could find no name for it How majestic was hi
e works which he accomplished! how glorious ii
the admirable regnlationa which he inatitnted r (See thi
" Confucian Analecta," book viii. chap. lix.) Yao wu
(ucceeded by Shun, who was scarcely, if at all, inferior
to him in srudom and virtue.

TaroaUf or TuoaUv, Jaroalftw or JucmImv,
ffro^liF, Grand Duke of Russia, a son of Vladimir I.,
waa bom toward* the close of the tenth century. In
■016 he gained a dedwve victory over his brother,
Svialopok, and was crowned sovereign of all the Russia*.
Hi* reign is distinguished by the wise law* which he
enacted for the benefit of his subjects, the liberal encou-
ragement which he gave to learning, and the introduction
of painting from Greece His sister Mary was married
to Casimir, King of Poland, and one of his daughters
became the queen of Henry I. of France. Died in 1054.

TvoaUf (or JarosUw) IL became Grand Duke of
Russia in 113S. During hi* reign the Mongol Tartan
overran bis dominions and reduced him to vassalatce.
Died' '

a lime in the Failiamentary army. He devoted himself
to the improvement of inland navigation and agricol-
tare, and wrote a valuable work, entitled " England's
Improvement by Sea and Land," (1677.)

S« Sakuil Shiuis, " Indnurial Biognphr."

Tlb'rall, (William,) an eminent English naturalist,
bom at Westminster in 17S4. He was a Fellow of the
Linnnan and Zoological Sodeties, and contributed •
number of valuable treatises to the Journal and Trans-
actions of those institutions. He published in 1836 his
** History of British Fishes," (1 vols. Svo,) which was
followed in 1&43 by his "History of British Birds," (s
vols.) They are beautifully illustrated with wood-cuts,
■nd are ranked among the most admirable works of
their kind. Yarrell was the first to prove that the white
bait is a distinct spedes offish, and not the young of other
(pedes, a* was previously supposed. Died In 1S5&

Sw iht " QuanHljr R«t«i." tar Much, iSjj.

Saussay, in Vexin. He published, under the title of
'Id^ de la Po^ie AngUise," (S vols., 1749-J6,) prose
translations of several English poems. Died in 1791.

38 YEN-HOEI

Tltaa, (Ahna Uaria,) a celebrated English actrea^
excelled particularly in tragic parts. She was the wiA
of Richard Vates. Died in 1787.

Tntea, (Eduund Hodgson,) an English noreliM, a
ton of the following, was bom in 1831. lie was editor
of the "Temple Bar ICagaiine" for aome jois- He
wrote "Broken to Harness," (1864,) "The Boaincsi of
Pleasure," (1865,) "Land at Last: a Nord," (l86fit)
"Black Sheep," (1867,) "The Rock Ahesd," (iSbi^)
" Wrecked in Port," (1869,) " Dr. W Jnwrighf • Pxiieai"
and "Nobody's Fortune," (187 1,) "The VeUow Flag."
I1S73.) "The Impending Sword," (1874,) "Penoul
Reminiscences," (1S84,) etc Died May ao, 1894.

TatM, (Jamis,) an English antiqoary and economMt,
bom at Hi^hgate, near London, in 17S9, became a (As-
senting minister. He published, besides other works,
" Teitrinnm Opus, or an Inquiry into the Art of Weav-
ingamong the Andenta," (1845.) Died May 7, 1871.

ZBtaa, rKoBKKT,] an Amencan jurist and ■tateamsa.
born at Schenectady, New York, in 1738, became chief
justice of the State of New York in 179a Died in iSot.

Tntea, (Wiluam,) an Engliah Baptist divine and
Orientalist, bom in 179X. In iBiJ he went as a misaoQ-
aiy to Calcutta, where he translated the Bible into
Bengalee, and the New Testament, Pentaten^ Paalms,
Proverbs, Isaiah, and Danid into Sanscrit He also pub-
lished a Sanscrit grammar, and a Sansixit-and-Eoglisk
dictionary. He died on the voyage to England, io 1845.

Tulkof or Julkow, yS'sc-kof, a Ruadan \m
poet, distii^ished for the exquiaite swcctae** and melody
of his verse, was bom at Simbir^ in 1805. Proa the
character of his early songs, he was called "the Rnaaiaa
Anacrcoo," but hi* later productions were raf a man
serioM duvaocr. Died In 184&

Teamw, yeemi. (Wiluah Fudiricx.) an En^iah
painter, bom at Ti^nrog, in Russia, in 183C Amooa
his works is " Sir Thomas More taken to the Tower,"
(1863.) He was elected an assodale of the Ron] Acad-
of London In 1866, and Academician in 18781.

my of London
Tsai«l«T, V

She was palroniied by fbmnah Hare, under whose ai
pices she published "The Royal Capdves," a rtnaaac^
and a collectitm of poems.

Tanta. (S. Lsvbtt,) an English novelist, antboc
of xevera! eidling romances, including "The Honor
of Savelli," (l^S,) "The Chevalier d'Auriac."
(1897.) etc.

Taats, (WiLLiAU Butler,) an Irish author, boni
at Dublin in 1865. He wrote " The Wanderings of
Oison," a poem, {1889,) " Fairy- and Folk-Tales,"
(1889,) and other stories, poems, essays, etc.

Tsframof or Jeframo^ y(h-lri'mol^ a Piiwiia
traveller, born about 1744, published "Travels in Pmia
and India," [1786.) Died alter 1S09.

Tolln, Ton, fon y^h-leen', (Julius Ca^RAn,) a Get-

an mathematidan, born in Bavaria in 1771. wtole

veral scientific works. Died in i8a&

TsUn-Thaoo-TbMtl, ySlle-oo' tsoo tH, a celebrated
Chinese or Tartar minister, bom in 1190. He was a
coundllor of Jen^s Khan and of his son OgodaL He
was noted for hi* wisdom and virtue. Died in 1144,
According to Abel R^musat "Millions of men owed
their lives and liberty to this great minister, iriio apcnl
'nis life in pleading the cause of law, order, and ha-

Tsi'vvr-tfn, (Sir Hembt,] an English atatesmaa
and jurist, bom in t;66, was die anthor of " Reports cf
Spedal Cases." Died in 1630.

7«ndia or Tandy*. See Dobsli.

Ten-Ho«l,yCn-ho-i'or-ho-I',or'Taa-Rwii7,caDed
also 7«ii-TiiMt, (jroo'en',) the bvonrite and most gifted
disdple of Confuaus, was bom towards the latter pan
of the sixth century b.c Not only his master but hi*
fellow'pupils admitted his dedded superiority over all
the rest Confiidus asked one of them, (Tsie-KnncI
" Which do you consider superior, yourself or Hwoyr
He replied, " How dare I compare myself with Hwnyt
Hwny Amrr tne pant amd tivm aii aieat a ta^tt^ I
hear one point and know a second [only]." (See "Aaa-

«, S. Ii ft fl. Ti lone: *. t. 4, same, less prolonged; i, S, 1, 5, E, J, $hirrt; », (, L 9, aisatrt; fir, (HI. at; tab.; nhlt gi

d by Google

YBN-YUEN

toeti of ConliidM,'' book r.) Confndna tald of \am,
■iWe wa* Yen-H«myi urn Io»ed to Inm; ... bo
(M not repeat a. bnlt Unrortnnatelr, hui appointed
thoe wa* ihnrt : he died, and now there \% not inch
another." (" Analects," book tL) Even Menciu*
emiidered lo be inferior lo Ven-Hwavi who was
roand and complete." (See Legge'i "Cnineie Classlcsi"
voL ti p. 43.) When Yen-Hwnj died, Confucius wu
fecDMolable, both for hii own tosa and the loss of

"Your grief is
"If I am not to monm Utterly for this man, for whom
■honld I moDml" (<■ Analecta," book zr.) On another
occuion he aaid, " Admirable Indeed J* the ' '
Hwaf." And ai^D, " He bat nearl j attained

Teu-Toaa. See Ykn-Hou.

Tepea, da, di jli-ptth', (Antonio,) a Spanish Bene-
dictine monk, bom in the sixteenth centnnp, lived at
Valladolid. He wrote "Chronicles of the Benedictine
Order," (7 vol*., 1609-15.) Died in i6ai.

Tapaa, da, (Diaco,] a Spanish monk and historical
writer, txnn near Toledo In 1559. He became prior of
the monastery of the EscnriaL Philip TL la aaid to have
inlroated to him the direction of his conscience. Yepei
wrote a "History of the Persecution in England since
ISJtt" Died in 1613.

7arkaa, (Chasi.es Tvson,) an American capi-
talist, bom at Philadelphia in 1837. He became a
banker and broker; failed in 1S71 and was imprisoned
for misappropriation of public funds ; was psjrdoned,
and recovered his fortune during the panic of 1S73-74.
He was prominent in street railway operations in Phila-
delphia, and entered the same Reld in Chicago in
iSsiS. He became widelv known as the donor to the
University of Chicago of the great 40-inch " Verkes
telescope," now in the observatory at Geneva, Il!i-
noii. In 1900 he contracted to build an undergrotuid
electric railway in London. Died in 1905.

T«niUik or lannak, yCr'mftk, a Coasack chief, who
conquered Siberia, was born near the banks of the Don.
He invaded Siberia with ^000 men, and, after several
victories over the native tnbes, tools Slber, the capital,
in ijSe^ and laid the foundation of the Rutaian dominion
in that re^oD. IH«d in 1583.

Sh MtLLB. "OpkBd* SftMova

Tcirall, [Gkomw Hihkt,) an American artist, bom
at Havre-de-Grace, Maryland, January 30^ iSm He
•mdied in New York under Thomas Hicks, and a( the
National Academy, 1851-53, also under Coulute in Pari*,
l856<fM7., returning in iftSi to New York. Fttrai 1867
to 1878 he lived In Italy, and chiefly in Rome, visiting
Cairo and (he Levant, 1S75-76. His earlier palntinga
(before 1867) Include portraits and genre subjects; later
be worked on street-scenes with ^[ures, as well as on
interiois, portraits, etc In iS6a he was made an asao-
date, and in iSSo he became a full Academician. Amons
Ut pictures are " Senate-Chamber in the Doge's Palac^"
"Interiora of Saint Mark's, Venice," "Mosque of Kait-
Bey," " Entrance to the Old Slave-Market, Cairo," " A
Street-Scene in Cairo," etc.

T«id«]erd or lazdadjard (yei'de-jfrd') L, King of
Persia, of the dynasty of Sassanidse, succeeded his brother
Varanes (Babram) iV. in 399 a.d. He maintained peace
and friendship with the Roman empire, and gave tolera-
tion to the Christiana, who became numerous in Persia.
In the latter part of his lelen, however, a persecution
was provoked by the rash le^ of Abdaa, Bishop of Suss,
who destroyed a temple of the fire -worshippers. Died
in 419.

Tesdejaxd or lesdediord H, sumamed thk
Gbhtl^ was the son of Varanes (Bahram) V., whom
he succeeded on the throne of Persia in 439 a.i>. He
waa attached to the doctrine of Zoroaster, and wished
hit subjects to conbrm. His chief minister urged him
to use severe measures against the Christians, who were
nnmerouB, especially in Armenia, and In 443 an army
waa sent to enforce the worship of fire in (hat province.
An Armenian prince named Vartan raised a large army
and defeated that of Persia; but finally, through the

trcadwry of several Armenian leaders, Vartan waa de-
feated and killed, and the province was subdued in
He died In 457, and waa anccteded by his ton

the a .

aanidz. He began to reign on the death of bis ande
Ferrookh.itd, In 6^1 A.D., and found tite empire weak-
ened In intestine dissensions and verging to dittolution.
He reformed the calendar, changed the old namei of
months and days for others representing physical ol^ecta
or properties, and ordained that time should be com*
puted from a new era, (Jane 16, 633,) which la atlll ob>
served by the followeis of Zoroaster. In 634 Irak waa
invaded by a Moslem army, against which he sent a
^neral named RSSatam, who addressed the invaders
in terms like these : " Retire from the Persian bihI, if
yoti wonid avoid the wrath of the king of kings. Who
IB your aovere!^ ? what are his antecedents, liis tides,
and his dominions? Why do vou quit your deserts,
and what do yon seek in PersiaT To this the on-
terrified lealots replied, "We covet nothing that Persia

Persians and their king will receive these sublime Imths,
they shall be our brothers ; If not, our swords shall sub-
vert the throne of Veideierd." In the battle that en-
an^l, the Arabs fought with all the courage of lanatidam,
and appeared fnvindble until they were Iiroken ^nd
roMted by the charge of the Persian elepAanta.

aM4,-{asj;gi<tn/.'iat/;a,B,K.fMia(ni;; K.iuua/,- Vi,trilUd:\»iL

caliph Omlr raised another army, and in '636 sained
deasive victory over Rooatam, who was killed in the
retreat This was the first of a series of victories which
about 645 had effected the conquest of alt Persia, except
a part of Khorassln, In which the Persian king took
re^e. He was killed in 651 a.i>.

TasMd, TaitO, or Jedd (yih-ieed') 1, written
also Tuld and Tosaad, the second of the Omeyyade
caliphs, was a scm of Motweeyah, (whence his Arab
Bumame, Ibn-MoXwek?ah,) and began to reign at
Damatcnx in 680 A.D. He waa recognized in Araia,
Syria, and Egypt Mecca and Medina, having revolted
a^nst him, were pillaged and almost destroyed by
hia armlet. Died In 683 a-El, aged (hirty-nine.

3«Vut,'*0adiiAtadH'Clu]Kn,"TciL Letup, n.

Tasead, Taald, or Joatd U, a grandson of the
preceding, and a aon of Abd-cl-Malek, became caliph in
710 A.D, He persecuted the Christiana. Died In 724.

Sh Wifu"OHcUdiMi)erCliiili<Hi,''ToLL diap. liiL

Taaaad or Taatd, (Zbn-Mahlab, Ib'n mShlebt) an
able Persian warrior, who gained several victories fbt
the caliph Solimtn. Having revested against Yeiead
IL, he was killed in battle about 710 A.D.

TsgdranlL See Odin.

T KlniL See Wan-Lm.

Tmli, ee'mjr, or Truer, [supposed lo be derived
from the Norse ^iwiiu, to "rush," to "roar," expretdv*
of confusion,] in the Norse mythology, the first of the
giantt produced from Ginnnnga-gap (the "afan* of
abysses") by the union of heat and frost, and the proi
genitor of the Frost-Giantt. He waa also called Anr-
gelmir, (the "primeval mass," or chaos.) He was slain
by Odin and his brothers, who made the earth of Ua
flesh and bones, the sea of his blood, and the heaveoa
of hia skull. He was a personi&cation of Chaoa.

Tolland, (William,) an English engineer-officer,
born in l8ia He entered the royal engineers in iSiS,

id was long employed on the ordnance survey of the

nited Kingdom. He pabUtbed " Astronomical Obser-

iiions" ana a "Treatise on Geodesy." Died in 1885.

ToiiB«, yliiig, (Charlu Dukb,) an English author,
horn in 1813. He wat edocated at Eton and at Oxford,
where he graduated in 1S35. He publiahed an " Enellth
and Greek Lexicon," (1849 ; abridged, 1S64,) a " Latin
Dictionary," (1855^56^) "History of England," (1857,)
"Life of Welliiwton," (1860^) "History of Fnncc,"
(1866,) etc. Died November lA, 1S91.

ToiiM, (Chaklottr Marv,) an English novelist,
born in Hampshire in 1823, published a number of talea,
among the roost popular of which are "The Heir of
Redclrffc," (i8».) "Heartsease," (1854.1 "The Daisy

.-thai

vithii.

( J7~See Eaplaaatlea^p. 93,'

Ch^" {1856,) "The CIcTCT Woman of the Family,
'-"-,) "The Dow b Ih " -• ■ " — '— ■

e Chflplet of PearU,

(1865,} "The Don b the Ea^e> NeM," (1866,) ^
''The Chaplet of Pearls," (1868.) She also wrote
"Landmarks of History," {1852-57,) and other ednca-
tional works, a •' History of Christian Names," (1863,)
numerous volumes of history for young people, (1874-
83,) "John Keble's Parishes," (1898,) "The Patrioli
of Palestine," (rSgS,) etc. Died March 34, 1901.

D the Hindoo niTthology, the lymbol

>l, »nd, u luch,

(S«e SiTA, and
tlto Juno.)

TocMoC Tonaoni; Tvmnl, or Jnaiif (yoo'idSf) I,
Uoorish Idng of Granad*, began to reign in 1333 ; died
to nS4-

ToMQf- (or Tnanf-) Aboo-Amrao-Iba-Abdi-l
BaiT, il'bOb Im'rn Ib'n Ibd-il his,) written also Ton-
■Ottf-Amron-Ben-Abd-AlbaiT, a learned Moorish
writer, born ix Cdrdora, Spain, fn 079 ; died in 1070.
Among hii works may be mentioned a treatise on Mo-
hammedan hbtoTF ma traditions, and a "History of the
Opinions of the Mossulnlan Doctora," etc. A history
entitled the "Pearls of Sacred Wars" a also attribated

Tooanl- (orTnanf-) T^n- AMl-r-Rahm an-nl-Feh-
m, (or-Pehrt) jib'n Ihd-lr rte'man al flhVee,) a Sara-
cen or Moor, who was chosen Emir or Goremor oif
Spain in 746 a,R He was defeated bjf Abder-Rahnian,
near CiSrdoTa, in 7(6, and was killed in 7<a a-d.

Tooanf-Ibn-Ttahefoeii, (or -Tuh«fbi,) (Ib'n tl'-
■hth-feen',) written also Ben-TaaohaQm, an Almo-
ravide piince of Northern AErica, distingnished for his
bravery and skill in war. He m»de extensive conqnesC*,
and in 107a founded the d^ of Morocco as the capital
of his dominions. Inviteil in to86 by (he Moslem
princes of Spain to assist them against the Christiana,
be equipped a powerful armament, landed in Spain, and

E'ned a decisive victory, near Bvlajol, over Alfonso,
ne of Castile. He afterwards reduced nearly all of
the Moorish princes of that country to *«atalace. Died
In tioa.

m general, bom at Koniwberg in 1759. Having
■BTTea for a time against the French, under the Duke
of Saxe- Weimar, be entered Napoleon's army, and com.
manded the Prussian coih in tbe campaign of 181a.
After the reorganiiatlon of the Prussian army, and their
withdrawal from the French cause, he successively de-
feated Eugene, Viceroy of Italy, at Dannekow, Sebastian!
■t Weissig,Bnd General Benrand at Waitenborg, (tSii.)
He sained a victory over Uarmont, at Hitckem, in
October the same year, and to 1814 was made general
d in&ntry. After the surrender of Paris, he was created
k count, commander of the forces in Sile^a and Posen,
and in iSsi a field-narsbaL He died b 1S30.
Tork, Cardinai. See Stuakt, (Hknkv Bshcdict.)
Tork, Dmu or. This title la appropriated excln-
■bely to members of the royal &mity of Eiuland, and
has often been dven to a younger son of the Ung. The
Srst Duke of York was Edmuhd of Lahclxt, the filth
son of Edward IIL He was bom b 134), and obtabed
the title about 1385. He had superior abilities, and to(A
a prominent part In the reign of Richard IL Died in
■403. His son Edward, second Dnke of York, was
dlBtlnEuished as a warrior. He was killed at the battle
of Aginconrt, in 1415, and left no iasne. The dukedom
men passed to his nephew, Richakd PLAKTAaaMBT, a
•on of Rldiard, Earl of Cambridge, who was a younger
•OD of tbe first Duke of York. iQchard, the third duke,

• sreat-granddaaghter of Lionel, the third
ard IIL He was appointed Regent of Tr.

ippointed Regent of France in

Henry VL In 145^ he took arms to enforce his daiin
lo tbe throiie. This was the beginning of the long civil

s parljgi

^ =T^. °°^ "' ^"* "« defa^sl MHi Wned ■
Wakefield tn December, I4ea Hta sod became «•<■■
Edward IV, Richard^ the second son of Edward IVl
became Duke of York in T474. He was mimlend ia
the Tower by Rjdiard IIL in 1483. Hknrt Titdoi,
the second son of Henry VIL, was created DnkeS
York in 1491, He ascended the throne, as Henry YIU,
"> 'SO* The title was also home hy Charles L aad
James II. before their accession to the throne^ EunR
Augustus, a brother of George L, was created Daks of
York and Albany in 171& Re died, withoat itaae, to
17*8. Edward Auausrua, a brother of Gearn IIL.
was created Duke of York and Albany in iite and died.
without issue, in 1767. ^^

Tork, (Fredkrick,) Dukb of, bom in i»6i, was tbe
second son of George IIL He served for a t^ hi the
Prussian army, and was created in 1784 Dnke of Voit
and Albany. He married in 1791 Frederics, duurfater
of Frederick WilHam II. of Pi^a. He co^uS^
a nitish corps in the French campaigns of i79}-04, ww
made a field-marshal b 1795, and commander-b-chirf
rf the army b 1798. Ho was delealed near Bereea, b
Holland, in 1799, and compelled to sign the disndm.
taeeans convention of Alkmaar. Died in 1807.

Torke, (Crarlk),) Lord Horden, an Endjsh fnrist
and statesman, bom in London in December, in*, ns
a younger son of the first Lord Hardwtcfce. He wm
•dw^ted at Benet CoUege, Cambtidge; He and hk
brother Philip wwe. wfafle at coB^^ the prindpri
authors of tbe "Athenian Letters ; orVTTie Cotrenxwi^
ence of an Agent of the King of Persia resldiiig m
Artiens,''(i74i,)aworkofconsidersblemerit He p^
Ushed an bgeuous "Treatise on Forfotwe IbrTreMO^*
(1744-) In 1747 " ">s returned to Parliament lot R«»
gate. He became solicitor-general in 1756, and nttonMr
general m 1763. He was attached to the Wh^ party

Having resigned in December, 1^3, he was rr «-- -■

in August, 1765, on the formation of the e
Ro<kingham. He - ■ -

1 refused the <^er of the great

this act he deserted l^ Whig friends nd
peace. He died a few daya after be
lefts

Camden. .^

destroyed his , .

became chancellor, probaUy by snidde. He left sevCTd
children, one of whnn was Sir Joseph Yorke, a naval
officer. Charles Ywke was s friend and correapoadenl
of Montesquieu.

Sf Lmo CAMrseu. "Una of tb* Letd f-i-Hhn." 1^ *.

Torko^ (Charus Pmup.) See Hardwickb.

Torke^ (Sir Johph Sidnkv,) K.C.a, an Eogliah
admiral, entered the navy b lySa He served oMkr
Lord Rodney in 1 783, and rose thrwifh varioiB pronso-
tions to be admiral of the blue in l^a He perisbd
by shipwreck b Stokes Bay b 1S31.

Torkn, (Philif.) See Hardwicxr, Eau. or.

Torlto'mo, a bmoos sht^fun of Japan, who nar-
rowly escaped death from the agents of Kiyomori ( j, v. ),
but rose to power after (he death of his enemy. Became
supreme, built a splendid capital dty, and died b 1199.
"--'-■tsuo*, his brother, won a famous naval victory and
le a hero of ramaoce. The shogun, enviimsof hii
. sought bis life, and his final fate is unknown. The
youth of Japan regard him as the ideal hero of theirrace.

ToahltUto, emperor of Japan, succeeded oo the
death of his father, Matsuhito, July 30, 1913.

7oiiat^ yoo'ft, (Wiluah,) an Englbh yeterinaty
surgeon, bom in 177T, was the author of a "Treaiist
on Cattle," a "Treatise on the Horse," "Tbe Com-
plete Grazier," and other dmilar worlo. He was also
editor of a journal entitled "The Veterinarian." tUti
.1847.

Tonmuia, jroo'mtni, (Edward LnriNasroK.) ai
American chemist and scientific writer, horn in Albain
county, New York, in iSii. He pnbUshed. betides
other works, a " Class-Book of Chemistry," (>8s>,) and
" Hand-Book of Household Science," (1857.) In 18&4 U
edited " The Correlation and C(»iseryabon of Fcrcea,'
and founded, and edited until his death, " The Popalai
Science Monthly." Died January 18, 18S7.

Young, yflng, (AmAHDiR,) D.D., a

^^l,^fl.y,/wy,i,t, 6, same, less prolonged; 1 8.1. 6. li.y.jA.fff; a. e.i.o.jfaww.flr.flll, at; Bife;nf»;y<M:nfflB:

Digitized ay CjOOQ I C

YOUNG

CaVKgUtoBal diriiie, born at BoMon fn 1800, wu
aathor of "Chroidde* of the PUgrim Fathen of _.__
ColooT of nrnMnth," (1841,) " Llbnu7 of Old Eoglitb
Proaewriten," uid otlier works. Died in 1854.

Toaog, yOo^ (% Akitas William,) an EnglUh
oScci, aervcd >nccc»iTelj agaiiut the French In ^np^
Sidl;, and Spain, and was made lieatenanl-cotonel in
1813. He became lleutenint-Korenior of Prince Ed*
mrd'a Island in 1831, and waa knighted in 1S34. Died
In 183s.

and writer m economy,
HewMamerchant'ederklnhiifonthatl^n. Having

an tTenion to mercantUe bnainet*, be began f *--

ezperiment* la agriculture, which at Grat were
ecaslbl. He leaaed a &rm of three hundred
Samford Hall, Eiaex, about 1765, and colilTated It for
i*e yeaia. He pnbliahed a " Tour Ihroagh the Soathern
Conntiea of England and Wales," (176S,) which

0770^) He performed aeraial exploring toarslndiOerenl

D ^rlciul

repatatioa br hia wrtti^ on ^Tlciiltm« In 17S4 h«
bmn to pnbuah Ae " Annala of AgricultDje," (45 toIb.,)
wUdiwaa lughlr«*leen»ed. He tmvelled in Fran
1787 and 178^ to ■zphwe the agricnlnral reaoorc
that cotutTJ.onirtiicb anbiect be publitbed,abD«_,,_.
an bteretting worii. In 1703 he «ra* appointed aecre-
tary to Oe board of agiMmitwe, with a KUatr of foar
hundred ponodt or more. He lud married in eaiiy lifc^
and had aereral children. Died in iSsol By hte experl.
menta and writingi be rendered an important lerrice to
Britlih agricDltDre ; and even Ibe French acknowledge
Oat France reats under obligation* to him. Hia worii

b* "doliaB'* llac^*" fer Uq, ilsi

K*n««"fcr JdIt, AufutiUdSapUBbcr, ■7Sa,<<j«fL;___
"KaioiiaiTgf Auduni" "Maardk Biocniiliu G««i1b.'

Tottn^ (AUOUSTCS,) an American naturalist and
geologiat, bom at Arlington, Vermont, in 17S5. He
•tndied law, was elected a member of Congress in 1S41,
and after the end of his term (1843) devoted himself to
scientific pursuits. He wrote several scientific treatises,
and was appointed State natuialisl [for Vermont) in
1856. Died in 1857.

Tonng, (Briohah,) hlgh-priesl of the Mormons,
was bom at Wbitingbam, Vermont, in Tone, tSot. He
gained the Mormona in 1831 at KiTUand, Ohio, and
soon acquired much influence b; hit ebrewdnesa and
energy. He was one of the twelve apoetlet sent oat
in t»5 to mske proselytes. On the death of Joseph
Smith, Jane, 1844, he wss chosen president and prophet.
A* the people of Illinois seemed determined to expel
the Mormons from the State, Young resolved to remove
to some region in (he far West, and, accompanied by
a lar^e mijoritv of the Mormons, abandoned Nauvoo

arrived at that lake about July, 1S47, be founded Salt
Lake City. The Mormons increased rapidly by emi-
gration. In the spring of tS49 they held a convention
at Sail Lake City, and organised a State, which they
called Deseret ; tnit Congress refused to admit it into
the Union, and organized the Territory of Utah, of
wluch Brigham Young was appointed Governor, (1850.)
The Mormons afterwards defied the taws and officers of

anan appointed Alfred Cumming Governor of Utah, and
lent an army of about 3500 men to enforce his authority.
Govemor Camming proclaimed, about November. 1S57,
(bat the Mormons were in a atate of reb^lion ; bol in
i8f8 hostilities were suspended t^ a compromise.
Brigham Young was married, according to the rite* of
(be Hormon &ith, to about twelve actual wives, besides |

< as i,- { a* /,- B hard; j as/; o, h, ^gyOtrtU; K, mual; \. trilltJ; i

II YOUNG

having maa* women "sealed to Mm" as hit s|nritaal
wives. By the energy and prudence of his disractcr, he
maintained until his death an almost unlimited aathority
over a body of nearly 100,000 sonls. He died of cholera
morbust August 39, 1877.

Sh "MariiAiiiu,"iailM"N««AiB«r<caiiC]«ISTiHUi.-""N«w
Amerioi," byHsnroant Dixoh, 1867; " U crnHmiun 1 iuLadan
' Dtilfii*," by Joim HvDa, Ji., itaj "Tin HonBou, gr
hT-Dav SalniL" trv LnuTurAHT J. w. GvmnsoH, iSst; B.

LilUT-DsT SaisM,*'^

•'^ Lteu._ ,

■Bd ihi VanaoB^ Hfi,

_ (Crakus Auouvrus,) Fh.D^ LL.D., aa
American astronomer, bom at Hanover, New Hunpohir^
December 15, 1S34, graduated at Dartmouth Coll^v in
1853, was prolessoT of mathematics in Western Reserve
Cdlege, Hudson, Ohio, 1857-66, professor of natural
philosophy and astronomy in Dartmouth College, 186&-
77, and in 1877 was chosen professor of astronomy Ib
Prmceton College. Prof. Young made very important
spectroscopic studies and discoveries in solar physics
and chemistry. His principal work was " The Sun,"
(18S3.) He died January 4, igoS.

TooDK (Edwaed,) an eminent English poet, bom at
Dpham, m Hampshire, in 16S4, was a son of Edward
Yonng, rector ot that parish, and subsequently Dean
of Salisbury. He atodied at Winchester, entered New
College, Oubrt^ in 170^ and a few months later removed
" " Christi Collie. In 1708 he was elected a

Fellow of All Souls' College. He published in 1713
poems entitled "The Last Day," and "The Force of
Religion, or Vanquished Love." In 1719 he took the
degree of D.C.L., and produced the aame year the
tragedy of "Busiris." Me w»* patronised by the Dnke
ofWhaTton,whogranted him an annuity. His next work
was "The Revenge," a tragedy, (1711,) which, like most
of his writings. Is marred bylalse taste and bombastic
style. About 171S he began to publish, under the title
of "The Love of Fame, the Universal Passion," a col-
lection of satires, which was very successful. It 1* stated
that he received ;£3000 for this work. Hia several
worb were dedicated to various patrons. In terms of
fulsome adulation. Having taken holy orders (n 1717,
he was appointed one of the royal chaplains, and ob-
tained in 1730 the rectory of Welwyn, In Hertfordshire
where be resided many yeara. In 1731 he married
Lady Elizabeth Lee, widow of Colonel Lee, and a
dauahter of the Earl of Lichfield. They had a son
Frederick. Colonel Lee and Lady Lee had a daughter,
who was married to a Mr. Temple, and who died at
Lyons In 1736L This Mr. Temple and his wife are the
"Philander" and " Nardssa" of the " Night Thoughts,"
(1743^,) the poem on which the repuuiion of Young
is chieSv founded. It enjoyed great popularity, and
found admirers and imitator* in Germany and France
The form and conception of this poem are somewhat
original and bold ; it is proliisely adorned with brilliant
imagery, pompous hyperbole, and striking antithesis ;
but he seldom attains the true sublimity. " In his
'Night Thoughts,'" say* Dr. Johnson, "he has ex-
hibited a very wide display of original poetry, varie-

scatters flowera of every hue and every odour." ("XJve*
of the English Poets,''] " Young," says Villemain, " i*
not a good model ; he has too much artifice. . , . He
fiuigues the imagination more (ban he touches the
heart ; he fills the reader with a sort of satiety of sym-
pathy for his sorrow." (" Biographio Universelle.")
Among his later works is " KesignatioD," a poem,
(1761.) In 1761 be was appointed clerk of the closet
the Princess-Dowager of Wale*. After be was
_ _ enty year* old he continued to solicit preferment, but
without success. He died st Welwyn in April, 1765.
St* a. Cuorr, "Uk of Kdnrdyr»iis."ii JoHiaaN'>"LiT«
th« Buliita Poetn" "BiDgnphica BnusDiia:" j. Uitfoip,
jteofYomK:" CAurmu, " SpediMiu of iht Kniliih Po« i"
EAKK, "KaMTS;** "W<MiiuDtt«r Rflvkw*^ lor Januirr, iSg^;
Alusoks. " DietkiuiiT □( Aadun."

Tonng, (Sir John,) an English dvil officer, bom in
1807. He was secretary of the treasury Awn 1S44 la
1840^ chief aecretary far Ireland from 1853 to l8sj,Gav<
emor of New South Wales from iS6a to 1868, Governor
of Canada from 1S6S 10 1873. In 1870 he received the
title of Lord Lisgor. Died October 6, 1876.

(|y See Explanations, p.!].)
I LnOOl^C

YOUNG

^ (John Clack,) D.D., in Amerion Pretb;-

terian divine, bom at Greeocastle, Pennsylvanta, in 1803,
became pretidenl of Centre College, Danville, Kentadkr.
in 1830. Died In 1S57.

Tonng, (JoKK Freeman,) D.D,, an Ainerican biihap,
born at PitUIon, Maine, October m 181a, waa a itndetit
of the Wealeyan University, Middletown, Connecticut,
graduated at the Th«olu^cal Seminary near Alexandria,
Virginia, in 184s, and in 1846 became a prieat of the
Episcopal Church. In 1867 he waa conaeciMcd Biihop
of Florida. Died November 15, 1S85.

TonoK (John Radpord,) an English mathema-
tician, born in London about i8oa Among hii works
are "The General Theory and Solution of Algebraie
Equations," (1842,) and a "Treatise on Navigation and
Nautical Astronomy," (1856.)

Tonng, (JosuE Haria,) D.D., an American bish<^
originally named Joshua Moody Youno. He was bom
in what u now Acton, Maine, October 19, 1808, and be-
came a printer and editor. In 1S2S he renounced the
Univetaalist religion and became a Catholic, studied '

PennsylTania, the first of that title. Died at Erie, Sep-
tember iS, 1866.

Tonnt (MATTHf.w,) an eminent Irish mathematiciaa
■nd writer, bom in the county of Roscommon in l7Sa
He studied at Trinity College, Dublin, of which he be-
came a Fellow in 1775, ""^ '" >7S6 was appointed to the
chair of natural phfloBophy. He was one of the found-
en and Grit members of the Royal Iriah Academy, to
the "Transactions" of which he contributed several
valuable articles. Among his prindpal works are " Ad
Eaaayonthe Pheoomenaof Sounds and Musical Strings,"
(1784.) "Method of Prime and Ultimate Ratioa," and
"Principlea of Natural Philosophy," (Hoa.) He died
in tSoo, having been previously created Bishop of Clon-
fert and Kilmacdnach,

Touhk IPatkick,] [Lat Patriq^ius Jit'hiui,] a
distingnishea classical scholar, bom in Eut Lothian,
Scotland, in 1(84, was appointed keeper of the royal
Itbraty in London. He translated into Latin some <rf
the works of King James L, and edited the epistles of
Clemens Romanns. Died in 1651.

Tonng, (Sir Peteb.) [Lat. PB'Tkiii Ju'hius,] ■ Scot-
tish diplomatist, born in 1544. He was aasodaled witli
Buchanan as tutor of the young prince, afterwards James
L of England, and subsequently became a member of tb«

K'tj council, and was emplc^ed in various misuoos.
I waa the author of a vindication of Mar; Queen <rf
Scots. Died in (638.

TotmB, (Sauubl Baldwin Maeks,) an Amer-
ican genera], bom at Pittsburg, Pa., January 9, 1S40.
He enlisted in the volunteer Kervice as a private in
t86t, and served through the war with such distinction
that he was brcvetted brigadier-general in 1865. After
the war he entered the regular army ai second lieu-
tenant, and was successively promot^ till he became
colonel in 1S97. He tooli part in the Cuban war as
brigadier- general of volunteers, and served in the
Philippines from 1S99 to 1901, being promoted brig-
adier-general in the regular army in 1900. He was
promoted major-general February 3, 1901, and put in
charge of the department of California. In February,
1903, be was elected president of the new Army War
College at Washington. On August S, 1903, he suc-
ceeded General Miles a) lieutenant-general, and was
made the first chief of staFF under the act of Congress
creating that office. He retired January 9, 1904.

Yonng^ (Thomas,) an EngHsh philosopher and scholar
of great eminence, was bom at Uilverton, In Somer-
setshire, on the 13th of June, t]r73. His parents were
members of the Society of Friends. He studied for
several years at Compton School, Doraetshire, and after-
wards St home. He was well veraed in the Greek, Latin,
French, and Italian languages, and in mathematics. He
also studied Hebrew, Arabic, etc From 1787 to 1791
he was employed as tutor to Hudson Gurney, in the
family of Uavid Barclay of Voungsbury, in Hertford-

YPEY

shire. During this period he studied nati
and the •■ Pnnd[Ha'' of Newton. He b
of medicine In London in 1793, attended the lectnrc* of
John Hunter, and continued his studies in Edinbnrgl^
whither he went in 1794. About this date be was chosea
a Fellow of the RopJ Sodelv. In the aulamn of 179$
he went to G^tingen, wiiere (le studied several montha
and look the degree of M.D. He visited various cities
of Germany in 1796, and entered Emanuel Coll»^
Cambridge, in 1797. His imcle. Dr. Brocklesby, who
died in 1797, left him a legat^ of about jf 10,000.

He began to practise medidne in Lof><1on In iSoo, and
was professor of natural philosophy in the Ron) Insti-
tulion from iSoi to 1S04. Between iSoo and 1S04 be
contributed to the "Philosophical TransacttonB" several
memoirs "On the Theory of light and Coloors," in
which he advocated the undolatory theo^ of light. He
Hurried Hiss Eliis Maxwell in 1804. In 1S07 be pub-
lished an excellent work entitled a " Course of Lectures
on Natural Philosophy and Mechanical Arts." (x vola
41a,) which presents a complete system of elementary
phy^cs and mechanical philosophy. Among hia chief
discoveries was the interference of the ravi of light, oa
which subject we qaoie the comments of Sir John F. W.
Herscheli "The first year of the present ccntary, ow
illustriooa conntiymaii, the late Dr. Thomas Voong, had
established a pnndple in optics which, regarded as a
physical law, has hardly its equal, for beau^, umplioty;
and extent of application, in the whole drcle of staencs
. . . Nothing waa now wanting to a rational theory of
double refraction, but to frame an hypothesis of soma
mode in which light might be conceived to be propagate^
through the elastic medium supposed to convey it, ia
such a way as not to be contradictoiy to any of Inc Ewls
nor to the general laws of dynamics. This essential
Idea, wflhoul which everything that had beco done be-
fore would have been incomplete, was alto fdmisbed by

modate the doctrine t)f Hnygens to the phenomena ol
polarized light it is necessary to concdve the mode of
propagation of a luminous impulse ihroogh the ether,
differently from that of a sonorous one through the air
In the latter, the particles of the air aJvMia and reetJt;
in the former, those of the ether must be supposed to
frmsUr lattntUj." ("Preliminaiy Discourse on the
Stndy of Natural Philosophy.")

In tSii he waa appointed one of the physidans of
S^nt George's Hospital. He contributed to the " Qoar-
tsriy Review" numerous arlides, mostly sdenciSc. He
published in 1813 " An Introduction to Medical Litera-
tnre, induding a System of Practical Nosology." Ia
181S he became secretary to the board of longitude. He
was afterwards the editor or conductor of the " Naatical
Almanac;" He devoted much attention to the Babjecl
of Egyptian bieroglyphics, in which he made some db-
ooveries, that he published in 1819. He was more sa»
eessfnl in explaintiur the symbols of andent ^ypC thai
any person except Champollion. He wrote aboot nity
artiaes for the " Encyclopedia Brttannica," indndiBc
the artkle " Egypt" and more than forty biographicai
notices. In IU7 he was chosen one of the dgbt fordga
assodates of the French Institute. He died, withort
iasue, in London. In May, tSa»

Sm Gsnici t>s«c«:ic, D.D "Lifc u, ..
iSu; OuaHiv. "Memoir of Thorau Voui
"Boge d« Thomw Vduih;" Alusoni. "D'
" North Brilith R4Yitw"Ior Augiat. iBjs.

Tonng. (Thomas John.) an American Episcopaltai
divine, bom at Charleston, South Carolina, in i8o3,giadi.
ated at Vale College, and in 1847 became asnstaat recta
of Saint Michael's Chnrch, Charleston. Died ia 1851.

TooDA (Sir WiLUAM,) an English writer, bon km
Canterbury in 1750. He was elected to Parliament fa
Saint Mawes in 17S3, and was afterwards Goremor of
Tobago. He published "The West India Commoo-
'iceBook," "The History ofAthens," and other woib.

( of Dr. TlHHnaB Ypnc

I VoUtK" IB31; ktAKO.

', " DienaniiT of Amhim;-

);ed in iSiJ
Toaaoni-BBn-TBaaliaSiL See YooscF-lBN-TtsHt

i,i, 1, 0,fl,f,/(>Krf;k,(, A, same, less prolonged; l.i.I,S.ri.<F.i<i»r-f,' },f,f.9,«Afn/ra,- (3r,ail.at;niet;n&t;g36d- (

:, Cookie

YPRBS as

hlMOf]r at Groninnn tn 1813. Hb pabliihed, bcMn
other irMka, ■ "Hitiori of the Chriatian Church In
the Eighteenth Century,* and a "Conipendioaa Htator;
of the Refomution," ("Beknopte G«icbledenlt de Her<
rorming," 1817.) Diediboat 1834.

Tprw, d', dtpa, (Charles,) a Flemiah punter and
deaigner, bom at Vprei about itlOt itndled In Italy.
Among hli worka ia "The Latt Ju<^^ent" He died
In 1563 M I5«4-

'rp«U>i>Cip-Be-lln'tee, or Tp^lan'tla, (Alxxax.
DIK,} a Greek statesman and soldier, waa appointed
Hoapodar of Wallachia in 1774. He waa condemned to
death by the Turks on a charge of treason, and executed
h) 1792. His son CoNITAtmNR became interpreter to
the Porte, and was afterwards successively Hospodar
of Moldavia and Wallachia. He died in 1816, having
made several ineftectnal attempts to achieve the Inde-
pendence of his country,

Tpallantl, ( A LEXANnaa,) a celebrated Greek patriot.
a son of Constantine, andgrandaonof Alexander, noticed
above, was bom at Constantinople in I'm. He entered
the Russian service at an early age, fonghi with dis-
tinction in the campaigns of i8i>-i3, and was made
■ major-general in 1817. He becanie leader in iSm of
the Hetaeria, (Hetairia,) an association lor the promotion
of Grecian independence ; but after the defeat of the
Greeks at Dragashan, In 1811, he gave himself op to the
Anslriani, by whom he was imprisoned six years. He
was releasea in iSST, on the intercession of the Cm
Nichoiaa, bat he died the following year.

Tpslluitl, (pimTKius,) a brother of the preceding,
was bom at Constantinople In 1793. Soon after tha
breaking oat of the inaarrecdon in vSm, he took Tripo-
litia by storm, and subaeqtientlT distinEaished himself
by his bold defence of the citadel of Aisol, in conse-
quence of which the Turkish army was destroyed in its
passage between Aigoe and Corintli. He waa made
commander of the forces in Eaatem (Greece by the presi-
dent, Capodisliia, in iSiS, and after the asaassinatiDa of
that magistrate, in 1831, became one of the members of
the execndve commission. He died the same year.

7p«ll«iitl,(GH(K>aios,)PaiNCK,aGreek diplomatist,
born September 17, 183^. In 1S67 he became Greek
minister at the A astro- Hungarian court. He is the
head of a bmily having great estates in Greece, Roa-
mania, attd Raasia.

TpaUanUa. See Vniuum.

Trala or babt, da, dli e-rini, (Dommoo Mkittnaa
— max-tee'nCtb,) a Spanish cap^n and explorer, bom
■t Vergara about i486. He explored the region near
the Paragoay River, and waa <Aosen Mvemor of the
colony at Aaaamption aboat 1538. Died In 1557.

THuta. See laiABTL

TBabaan, e'lfbif, (ClAhint Auxahdk>,1 a
French Jacobin, bom at Gien In 1754. He waa a mem-
ber of the Convention, (i7g>^5,) vMed for the death of
the king, and acted with ue enemies of RobespierrB oo
Ibe 0th Thermidor. He was elected to the CoancQ
of Elden In 1795. DM In 1813, (or, according to sonae
aatlwciiiet, to isji.)

who stand pre-eminent for their wtsdom an4
vhtae among all the miera of the Celestial empire
began to rrign, according to Paathier, in aaos B.C. He
constructed extensive dScea along the banks of such of
the great rivers as were subiect to inundations, and
executed other Important public worka. He ia said
la bave introdaced great Improvements in agricnltaKL
Some writers date tSe commencement of aatbentic Ut-
toiy in China (see Vao) from the reign of Vn, who wa*
the founder of the first dynasty ' ■ ■ commonly called the
Hia (hee'l) dynasty—of Chinese emperora.

Tiun BhI-kai, president of Cbiiu, began his offi-
cial career as resideot commis^ner In Korea. After
the Japan-Chinese War he modernised the army, was
made viceroy of Chili and became a power at court
During the revolution of 1911 be was made premier of
the empire, with dictatortaJ power, but found it impos-
sible to save the old government, an edict of abdicatioa
being issued Febmary 13, 1913. Sun Vat Sen, provi-
^onal president of the new republic, sabsequenlly re-
signed, and Yuan was choaen in his place.

Tnle, (HEKxy.) a British geographer, bom In i8a&
He entered the Bengal army, and attained the local rank
of major-general, but was finally retired as a coloneL
For some time he was minister of Indian public works.
Among his works are "A Nairalive of the Mission to
theCoortof Av»,"((8s8,)"CaihayandiheWayThiiher."
(1866,) a new translation of " The Book of Marco Polo,"
(1875,1 and a very great number of learned papers,
cUeflyon Asiatic geography. Died December 30, iSBg.

Ttmd. See Yoonir.

Ttw, Cvaix', (Jacques,) a French anthor, bom at Nl-
ort in 1500^ wrote "LePrintempad'Yver.'' DiediniJTi

Tveinoia. See Iviatiois.

Tvea, Saint. See Ives.

7vee, Saint. See SAitrr-IvES.

Ttm, Saint, or T'TeedeEer-Muilii,tT dfhUa'-
leamed French mcmk and iurist, bom in
1353, was B<Hnetime8 called VvBS-HiLoai.
Died in 1303.
d« Ker-Maxtla. See Ytbi, Saint.

TvetaatL^ Dm. See Dtt YTmainL

Tvon, e'vAH', AiBi, a mediocre French writer, bat*
in Normandy about lyaa He aided Diderot b tbe
redaction of the " Encyclopfdlei'* and published other
works. Died about 179OL

Ttoh, (Adolfhe,) a French historical painter, ban
In the department of Hoaelle in 1817, was a papil of

Jrclsgne i[
fcv kTo'ie'.

Paul Delaioche. Among his piindpal works may be
■amed "Marshal Nev supportiDg the Rear-Guard in
Russia," <■ The Seven Deadly Sbs," aDd " The Capture
«f the UalakoS" Died September 11, 1893.

labeglle. dzl-bll'yl, (NiccolOJ u Italian archl.
tect and mechanician, bom at Rome in 1674, waa the
faiventor of several ingenlotia machines, among which
was one for tianaferring liescos from the plaster. He
waa appointed architect of the basilicon of Saint Peter's.
Died 101750.

Zabarella, dzl-bt-reini, (Fbahcbsco,) a celebrated
Italian ecclesiastic, sometimes called the Cakdinal or
Florence, was bom at Padua in 1339. He was pro-
fbundty versed in canon law, and rose through several
preferments to be ArchUshop of Florence in 1410, and
a cardinal in 1411. He took an active part in the pro-
ceedings of the Council of Trent, and was the author
of numerous treatises relating to theology and ecdeslas-
Hcal matters. Died in 1417.

phnosophy. Died in 15S9.

Zaborown, xt-bft-ro'vi (James^) a Polish pablldst,
flourished about ijoa He published a collection of the
laws and consdtntions of Poland, (iS^v^)

Znborowakl, il-U-rov'skee, (Stanislas,) a Polish
jurist, Ijeca me secretary of the treasury in 150& He

Zaoagnl, dzl.ktn'yee, or Saooagiil, (LoasHZO Alis-
tANDKD,) an Italian scnolar and antiquair, became keeper
' ■ ■• ■ -le published - '

e a* A; { as 1: % hard; | aa/V O. K, K,^vM(ra/; N, riatal; B, trilltd; 1 ai

ZACCARIA

afllieChDrcb,"(''C<illecttiMa

Scdesi*," etc., 169)1.) Died at Roue in 171a.

Zaooula, dzl-kl-TCe'l, (Fkahcuoo Aktomio,) u
lUlun Jesuit uid tcholw, bom it Venice in 1714, b»-
came profeMor of cedetiMtical hiitoir at the Cidl^e
of WiKlom, Rone. Aaumg hii prindpAl worki are
"Literary History of Itilj," (14 vols. 8vo, 1751,) " Lit-
erary Annal* oF Italy." (3 vols., 1763,) and " Numifmatic
InstitnlM." Died in 1795 ; was sainted in 1897.

Zao'«lw-iu, [Fr. Zhosk*, if lUM a rich pabUcaa
of Jericho, who became a diwdple irf Chrltt

faoohhiB, dilk-kee^ (Paolo,] an Italian phytldan
and Dwdical writer, bon at Rome m 1584, becane
phjildan to Pope Ipnocent X He paUiahed a number
of work* on medical jnriaprndence, which were highly
esteemed at the time. Died In 1659.

ZaoooDA, if Icon', (Pim&kt,) a popular French noxel-

lEt, born at Douai, April 1, 1817. Among his t'

■ Le dernier Rendezvous," (1853,)" Le Roi de la Bi

s tales ai

{1S53,} "Le nouvean Paris," (1856,) " Le Condamii^ k
HoTt," (1S66,) "Lea Nnlts de fiiratevard," (a drama,
1876.) " Le Fer rouge," etc He also published a " His-
tory of Secret Sodeties," (1S47,) " Epoques bistoriques
de la Bretagne," (1845,) ''c Died in 1895.

Zaoh, Ton, foa lak, [Ger. pron. talK,] (Anton,)
Bakon, an ADStrian general, bom at Peath in 1747. He
became a cotooel in 1795, aiid diatingniahed himself at
Marengo, where he waa made piiMmer, (i8oa) He
obtained the rankof Geld-manhal^leatenaaL He wrote
•cveral work* on the military art and on mathcmatica
Died in 1836.

Znoh, von, Ibn lak or IiIk, [Frahz Xavki,) Bakon,
■n eminent aitronomer, bom at Preaburg in June, I754>
was a brother of Che preceding. He passed several
of his eailj feara In England aftier be bad left college.
About 17S6 he entered the aervice of Ernest, Duke
of Saxe-Golba, and wm appointed director of an obaer-
ralorj which that prince oaA erected at Seeber^. He
guned a high reputation aa an observer and a wnter on
aatronomv. He pnUiahed a valuable periodical, eolill«d
"HonatUdic CorTcapondent," (aS vols., tSao-13,) a
« Cataloeiw of Fixed Start," (1804,) " Tables of Aberra-
tion and Nutation for 1401 Star*," (iSii,) and a work
called "The Attraction of Mountain* and its EBecU on
a Plumb-line," (9 vol*., 1814.) H« pa**ed eevcral of hia
latter year* in Italv, whither he went a* an attendant or
grand nirthal of the Dncheai of Saze-Gotha. He died
of cholwa in Paris in 183a.

ZaohaiU, (Jdit Frikdmch Wilhklm,) a German
poet and satirist, bom at Frankenbaosen in [736. He
studied at Leipeic, and became In 1761 professor of
belles-lettres in the Carolinmn at Brtinawick. Hb
bnrlesqne heroic poem entitled "The Brawler" ("Der
Renommiit," 174^ was the Grsl work of the kind that
liad appeared in German, and was received with great
bvonr. It wa* followed by other similar poems, eil<
Htled " Phaeton," "The Handkerchief;" (" Das Schnopf-
tuch,") and " Mnmcr in HeU," ("Mumer in der H»ne,n
whtdi were also very locccMfiiL He likewise published
"Fable* and Tale*," which are highly esteemed, and
translated Millon'a " Paradise Lost" into German hex*
ameter verse. Died in 1777.

SaBscannuia, " Labn F. W. ZMliariM's," i

ZaobstUI von Ungeiithnl, ttis-l-tee'li fon Itng'-
fn-thll, (Kasl Salohd,) an eminent German juriat and
writer, born at Meis*en In 1769. Having itndied at
Leipsic, he became in t8o> ptofeasor of law at Witten-
beig, and in i8ol filled the aame chair at Heidelberg.
He was ennobled in 1843, with the title of Baron von
LingenthaL He pobliahed a number of valuable legal
and philosophical works, among which may be namraa
"Manual of French Civil Law," and "iSe Unity of
State and Church." Died in 1843.

Zn«h*rf'ah, (Fr. Zacharii, ifkf re*; HeU Tinai,)
King of Israel, was the son of Jeroboam IL, whom he
lucceeded in 791 B.C. Died about 770 B.C-

Z««h-«-il'M, [Fr. Zacbakii, dfkf re',1 a JewUh
priest, who waa the bther of John the Baptist, and to
whom the angel Gabriel predicted the birth of nut hd.

14 ZAHRTMANN

l«oh>r<na, [Gr. Zoxopfat/ Fi. Zachau^) awnaacd

ScHOLAs'Tictia, a Christian writer, who wa* Btafaop of
Hitylene and lived about 5^ a.Dl He wrote, bi Griek,
~ work entitled "AmmaniBs," designed to lefiite A>

Qiegarj UL •* Pope of Rome b 741 A.ik
He compelled Loitprand, King of the Lo^otnrd*, la
restore the territories which be bad taken fro* tlw
exarcliate of Ravemia, and si^ported Pemn in hi* dain
to the throne of France in oppMitiaa to ChiMeiitv iJS^)
He wrote a "Life of Saint Benedict," and other woikii,
Died in 7 U

Austrian author, born at RadymDo^ E . . . . . . ,

He became a ionmalitt, and pnblished many ptrfitical
novels, which have helped to revolntioDiK tlic pobtic
spirit of the Slavic part* of Austria-Hongary. He advo-
cated harmony between the Poles and the Rn
and opposed espionage and pidice de^mtism with d

le proittcei

French monic, bora at Liaienz in 1583. He pi
besides other book*, a Cmdinl work called '

Gaul." ("Gyges GaJlus," 1659.) He wrot«

assumed nsme of PKnitil riunAMU^ or Firmiam.
Died in 1660.
Znohnii, tslE'Sw, written also Zmdbxw, (Fui»

WiLHELH,) a German mnsician and componei^

Mt. He wa* a ikilfbl perfatmer oa

ine of the mattenof

See

ZaohAT, tal'xa, (BxHsr Jnun AucDST,] nG

scholar, bom at Obernigk, in Sileaia, February 15, iSiGl
He studied at Breslan and Berlin, and held a profcoor-
abip at Halle and afterward* at Kttnigsberg, whence be
wu recalled to Halle in 1863 •* pnrfessor of Gemua

Ehilotoer. He pnblished "The Gothic and Runic Alpha*
ets," (1850 "History of Gcnoveb, Connte** Palatini'
(1S60,) and various mmor treatises. Died in 1SS7.
ZaohtUvAD or Xnobtleavln. See SACttiLirm.

he puUisbed several medical work*. Died in i&(a.

ZftgoaUn, tsl'go*-kin, (Uikhao,) a prolific Rnssiaa
noveli*tcaaayist,anddrainati«t,bomini7g9. Hi•bc•^
known work b the novel "Yoori Miloalav^," (iSagJ
known to English readers as " The Young Hoacovite.'
Died at Moscow, Jane 33. i8j3.

Zalw. tdtai, (JOHANM,) ■ German pUkwpbcr, ben
in Franconi* in 1641, pnUiabed "Phjalm Mith*wirire
Hittorical Hirrora of Remarkable and WoadtiW
Thing* to be Known," ("Specnla Pbynoo-Uathcmaiico
Historica Nolabilinm ac Mirabilium •cjendoram," 169&I
Died in 1707.

Kabn, (Johamh Karl Wilhklm,} a German artist
bom at Rodenbeix In iSoc^ tpenl many year* in Italy,
and poblisbed b 1808 • work entitled "The Flneat
Omuneni* and Moat Remarkable Fictore* from Pen-
peii, Hercnlanennt, and StabiK." He became iiii< wii
in the Academy of Arts at Berlin in 1839. Died in

Znhit. (Thbodor.) a German theologian, bom it
Mbrs, Rhenish Prussia, in 1838. He was successively
professor at GSttingen, Kiel, Erlangcn, Leipzig, and
sgain at Eriangen in 1S91. His works are nnmerons,
the most striking being those on the New Testameol
Canon, (1881-93.)

Xahrtnuiui, tslif min, [Crkistian CHRisrorHDj
a Danish officer and hydrograpber, bom before iSoa
He served with distinction in the campaign ol 181C,
and anbtequently examined the coasts <i Denmark, m
which he^blished valuable chart*. One of tHrtf.
SDlitled " llM Daniab Pilo^" ha* bccti tranalated i^a

I, e, I, ^ 0, J, Awi!r *. ^ ^ """^ lew prolonged; I, «, 1, 6, 4, J. /A,»r; », ft i, ft i*«rr; Or, fail, flt; mfe; n&[ giJ6di mrflBa:

d by Google

ZAMOKA

EncUth
totbcC

rcw, ■
1853.

diidDctiona. Died in 185^
&BldOOH &Bld01ll^ Off LainTiiij xiH^ iifa uaaun",

(Aboot-WMlMd- (MWalld-) Ahmad, I'bOBI wMeed
lii'iMdi} an ArabUn poet, born at Cordon In 1003.
He lived at SeviUe, and waa Tiner to King HoUdhed
Died in toTGk

Zaliwr or ZtliiM; td'ik«r, writtBD alao Tiaiii«r,
jGUNTHKX,) a cel«bnttd Gennu printer, born &t Rent-
UDgCD iboot I4«v vu the first to eatabliili a pieu
at AngaboTg. He alao introdnced the Roman ^pe
into Germanv. Died b 1478. HIa brother Jchiamn
fimnded a printing-eatabliahiaent at Dim.

ZaJonoMk, li-jraa'cblk, (JonPH,) a PoUab geneial,
born at Kamleniec in 175a. He tetved attder Koa*
dotko agalntt the Rnatiana, and afteiwatda entered tlie
French amT> fon^ht in Italy and Eejrpti and became
■ general of diviuon in \%Oi. He Toat a leg la the
Riuiian campaign of iSlI, and WM Mon after made
__. jjj 1815 he waa appiNDletl Viceroy of Poland

IL He waa the aothor of a
talsatde and htereathv woA entitled " Hlatorical E[^-
tlea," r EpiattdK UatoricoJuniUarea.") Died in 1711.

ZaltUB, (Amduw Stamisu^) nwbew of the pra-
cedli^ waa created Biahop <£ Flock br Angnato* IL,
and appointed grand dtanaellor of the Idngdom, (IT35>)
He beoune Biaaop of Cracow in 1746. He wu dutte-
gniahed for bia learning and hia patronage of literature
Died In 175&

Xalnakl, (JotxPH Ahdutw,) a biUlophlle, a brother
of the iveceding, wia born in 1701. Havhig vMted

Biahop of Cracow, \

forming a library, which in 1748 amoonted to ^e^ooe
rolnmes and waa opened to Um paUic at Waraaw the
aame year. In 17W he waa imprlaaaed, by order of
the Rwaian goremment, for having denounced th* Db-
aidenta protected by that country, and m — "'"

M.D., a distinguished pbjsidan, born in Berlin, Prusila,
September 6, 1839. She wa* of Polisb descent, the
daughter of a midwife. She studied medicine In Ger-
many, bat had to come to the United States to receive
her degree, which she took at the Cleveland Hedicai
College. Id 1863 she fonnded the Wonun'a Hospital

Zaktamrakl, zUu-ihlv'skee, a Polisb patriot, bom
about 1744, became president of the Nadimal Council
at Warsaw in 1794. After the capture of that dty t^
Sawarow, he waa arrested, \i] order of the Rnssian
government, with Potocki and oth«a, and Impriaoned
at Saint Petersburg till the acoeaaton of the emperor
Paul. Died in tSoa.

ZU, Ol, or ZalMT, lU'ifr, \U '•golden-haired,"] the
name of an andeut Persian warrior, who waa dudn>
guished for hit heroic achievements, and still more at
the Mher of the bmona Roostam, (which see.) He is
aaid to have greatly aided Kai-Kobld (the firat of the
Kaianian long*) in repelling the invasion of ttie Tartars
and in eatabliahu^ that king securely on tlie throne of

A Sboit HinKT of Parw," fai mL v. of SiB VuuAH
ir_i_. . ion's "AlmiliiMnU Uw SUhMlmdurf

74, and his magnificent collectian waa, on the partitioit
of Poland, in ■7g(, teiied by the Rnasian govemownt
and carried to Samt Peterabnrg, where itTormed tbe
nndeoa of the Imperial Library. Many books were
lost on the way, bnt the number which arrjved safely
amounted to 361,640 volames, of which the greater part
were French, German, and Engliah. It also ft»'>«fc>»^
'' ~ ' 15,000 engravinga.

'- tU'mAo'eea, (Eduaux),) a Spaniah

Vit^iilL"'

•npposed to have been bom about 700 B.C. According
to tradition, he was tbe first of the Greeks who pre-
pared a code of written laws. This code^^hlch, ha
dedared, waa revealed to him by Minerva — waa niade
for the Ejuiepbyrian Locrlans, In Southern Italy. He
b said by some writers to have been killed In battle
while othera assert tliat he committed suidde iat havinf
thoughtleaaly violated one of hia own laws.

5m ItrmnanDUa% "Oiatio d* Zalncs vt Chundi," mk,
■m ; B. PoBToosasa, " rnmoHMi dtlli Ln^^lulae* da Zal«H^><

•everal works. Died after 1800.

Znlllngor, (Jakob Anton,) a learned Jesuit, bom at
Botien, in the Tyrol, in 1735. He published, besides
other works, in Latin, "The Inierpretatioo of Nature,
or the Newtonian Philosophy Expounded," (3 voll.,
17Z3~75-> ^'*<' ^^^< >8o2.

ZaUwelu, ts&l'4lD, (Gboko,) a German canonitt,
bom in the Upper Palatinate in 1713. He waa prtrfeaaor
of canon law at Salsborg, and wrote on that anbiect
Died in 1766.

Znlmr^Tla See Zaholxib.

Zalnsld, il-looa'ikee, [Andkbw Cuay*on>oH,) a
Polish statesman and pulpit orator, bom aboat 1650,
rose to be Bishop of ErmeUnd and grand clukccllor «

genre painter. Died at Madrid in 1871.

Bartwgna. dd-mln'yi^ (Bunardo,) an Italian Jesull
and I^tin poet, bom at Ragusa in 1735. He translated
the poema of Hedod and Thsocritos, and the " OdjMij"
of Homer, bto Latin verae. Dledini8aoL

bmboooail, dsl)n-blk-ka'ree,(Fui(ci9C0,) Cotmr,
a dlstinnilahed Italian aeronaut, bom at Bologna in
1756. He maintained the theory that a balloon conid
be managed by the use of oait and by increasing or
diminiahmg the gas, and, wbile making the experiment
perished ^ his balloon being caught In a tree and
taking fire, (1813.)

Zombsooul, (GiDiipp^} SB Italian phyaldan and
Btedical writer of tbe aeventeenth oMitary, waa a native
of Florence, and became profesaor tH anatomy at Pisa.

Zuu-WiOtoa, (JOHM,) a Greek poet, bom in one
of the Ionian Isles In 1787. Ha wrote lyric poems,
and several tn^ediea, mich were anccessfuL Died
iniS5&

ZnmbelU, dslm-bdOee, (Amdoa,) an Italian hia-
torian, bom at Lonato In 1 794. He became profesMt
of hisloryatPav{aini8aj,and preaidentof tlie Inadtnte
of Milan in 1845. Among hia works ia a "Treatise on
War." Died September 3av 1861.

', ddm-bo'Dee, (Baumssau,) ■

n of the following He fotighl

bom in France, w

r fCmk', (Sebastian,) an Italian

iloyedhii

Zamet, (SisAVniK,) a French "ecdeaiastic, was '■
son of Che preceding. He became Bishop of Ixngre*
in 1615. About 1G30 he founded an order of nuns for
the adoraliou of tlie Holy Sacrament, which was gov>
emed by Angiliqoe Amauld. Died In 1655.

Za-^nol'^ [Gr. Z^ilficl or Zal-mox^ (Gr. Z£U
iwfif] was regaled ai a deity by the andent GetK or
Thradans. According to a Greek tradition, he waa a
slave and pupil of Ihrthuoraa, and be taught tbe doc
trine of the immortality of tbe aoul to the Get«.

Zunora, tht-mo'rl, (ANTOMICk} a Spanish physidan,
bom at Salamanca about [JToj died about 1640L

eas k; f as r; g hard; g asy,- a, M, \.,gtUliTal; N, naial; a, MU^: i as i; th ai

nrirr. (|

p-^l

Zunon, (LoRtmo,) a Spanish theologian and poet,
born at Ocalla about 1550. He wrote a poem ("La
Saeantina") on the aiege of Saguntam. Died in 1614.

Zamora, da, di tU-mo'rl, (Antonio,) a Spaolih
dramattit, who lived about 1710-50, was patronited bf
Philip V. His tragedy entitled "Mazanegoa y Hon-
aalvM" is eateemed one of hi* betl works.

Zamora, da, (Bernauw,) a learned Spanish monk,
bam in Leon about 1720. He was professor of Greek
at Salamanca, and wrote several worka. Died in 1735.

Zamoii, dsl-mo'ree, or ZuoorMi, dii-roo'rio, JCJa-
BKIO,) an Italian jurist and Latin poet, bom at Parma
about iyto. He was highly praised by Petrarch, who
was his frieni Died about 1400.

ZamoBO. Sec Zauovski.

Zamosoltu. See Zauovski.

Zamoyald, sl-moi'skee, wtiiten also Zamoji
Zamoao, (Ahdrbw,) a Polish statesman and philan>
thropist, bom in 1716. He served with distinction in
the Suon army, sCtained the nnk of major-general, and
in 1764 became grand chancellor under Stanislas An-
gnstus. He published in 1778 a code of laws, prepared
at the reqaesE of the Diet, which, on account 01 its pro-
rfslon for the emancipation of the serfs, encountered
general oppoiltion, and was not even permitted to be
read. It waa, however, adopted by the Diet of 1791,
He died tn 1793. Hia wife, originally a princess Czar-
lofyska, was ^o diittngnished for the benevolence of
her character and her numerous chsrities,

ZamoTaU, (TOHK,) grandson of the following, was
bom <n 163& He fought against theCoasacks in i6ci,
and was afterwards appointed Palatine of Sandomlrt^
John Cuimir. He also distinguished himself In the
subsequent wars with Sweden and Roaria. Died In
1665. His widow waa afterward* manled to Ibe cele-
brated Sobteski.

Zunoyakl or Zamoao, [Lat Zmos'cius,] {JoRH
Sarius,) an eminent Polish statesman, general, and
scholar, born in 1541. He waa educated at Paria and
at Padua, where he atodied law. In IC63 he pnblialied
at Padua or Venice an able treatise "On the Roman
Senate," [" De Senatn Romano,") which Grxviu* praised
and inaerted in bb "Thesaom* Antiquitatum Roma-
naruro," He returned to Poland about 1565, and found
a bountiful patron in King Sisismund Augustus, who
died in 1572. In the election of a new king, Zamoyaki,
who «n* recognised aa chief of the equestrian order,
supported HeruT of Anjou, who was dected, and ap-
pomted Zamoyski grand chamberlain. After the flight
or abdication of Henry, (IS74.) Zamojakl bvouredthe
election of Stephen Bathim, and waa rewarded with the
office of grand chancellor. He waa the most influential
PoliahstatesmanlntheieignofBalhori Duringthewai
against the Hoscovilea lie was appointed commander-in-
chief in 1^0, and he nMOtiateda treaty of peace in 1581,
by which Livonia and Novagotod were ceded to Poland.
He marriedanieceoftbe king about 15^ Tbe Swedish

E'nce Siglsmund, who mccceded Bathori in 1586. owed
election to ZamoyakL Madtnilian of Anairia, who
waa a candidate for the Polish throne, having invaded
Poland with an army, Zamovskl defeated him and took
him prisoner about the end of 1586. He commanded
the army in a socceaaful campaign against the Turks ta
LS9Si and gained some victories over Charies, Duke of
Sndermania, in Courland, about tw. Among his work*
is "Logics Stoics, sen Dialectic* Chry^ppea." Died
in 1605.

el S- ZiT^i^dlJ!'"

. itesi) B«r

" IMfeBI

Zamoyakl, (Stanislas Kostka Francis Rbik-
HOLD,) a Polish politician, born at Warsaw in 1775, was
s son of Andrew, noticed above. He became a privy
councillor at Vienna in 1795, a senator-palatine about
1809, and president of the senate of Poland in 1821.
Died in 1856.

ZamoTUl, (Thomas,) s son of ^ohn Sariui Zamoy-

16 ZANNONI

preacher and poet, bom at Aacoll aboot 170a. Hb
sermona were aometiaiea rather lacetfooa, or deficicwt
in gravity. Died in 1774.

Zamptsrl See DoHiHicinHa

Zamplarl, dzam-pe-l'ree, (Camuxo,) an Italian poet,
bom at Imola in 1701, waa a good classical sdiolar. He
became a senator at Bologna, where he lived many yean.
He produced several Latin and Italian poems, which are
commended. Died in ly&f.

ZanardelU, dil-nlR-dellee, (Giuseppi,) an Italian
statesman, bom at Brescia in 1816. He waa educated in
his native city, griduating a* Doctor of Laws in 184S, in
which year he was banished as a revolutiouiat. He was
minister of public works for Italy in 1876-77, and became
home-secretary in 1873.

Zamolii, dzin'kee, fLat Zan'chius,] ^asiuo.) aa
Italian scholar and ecclesiastic, bom at Bergamo alMMtt
i;oi, was the author of a number of elegant Latin pocnu,
one of which was entitled " On the Garden of Wisdom,"
("De Horto Sophias") He was imprisoned in 15(8
for some act of disobedience to the pope, and died the

Zaaohl, (Gian Crisostomo,) brother of BasOiok
noticed above, published a historical worlt, entitled
"On the Origin of the Orobii 01 Cenomam,"? (" De Oru-
biomm,Bive Cenomanomm Origine.") Died in 156&

Zanobi, (Girolauo,) an Italian theologian, was
bom in 1516. He studied divinity, and at an early
age became one of the canons of the Lateran. Wliile
at Rome, he aconired the friendship of the HroteMtni
reformer Peter Martyr, and, having been converted to
hi* doctrine*, repaired to Heidelberg, in Germany, wliere
^^ ■...!__., ,.i..,__ ..___.,

work*. Died in 1590

Zan^ dzl'niL, (GiACOUO,) an Italian lyric poet of high
reputation, bom at Venice in 1539; died in iSCol

Zanattl, dal-Def tee, (Antohio Maua,) Comrr, a
Venetian engraver and amateur, bom about i6Sc^ made
a choice collection of antique gema and other woria
of art He also pablished several treatisea on art sad
antiquities. Died in 176&

ZanatU, (Aktonio Uakia,) a rdativc of tbe ac-
ceding, was bom at Venice in 1716. He became libn-
rian of Saint Mark, and was the author of • valuable
work on Venetian painting, {*■ Delia Pittura VenesaaBa.'^
Died in 1778.

Zanattl, (Birmauuno.) an Italian hiatorian, bora
near Treviao in 1600. He publithed a " History of the
Lombards," (" Del Regno de' Longohardi in Italia," i
vols., 1753.) Died in 1763.

Zanettl, (Girolaho Fkahodco,) brother of Antooio
Maria, (tbe second of the namcj waa bom at Venice ia
1713. He became profenot of law at Padua, and wrote
several antiquarian work*. Died in 17S3.

Zanettl, (GuiDO,) an eminent Italian nnmisoMiitt,
bom in the province of Boksna in 1741. He publislicd
a work on Italian coins, entitled " Nuova Racndta deOe
HMiete e Zecche d'ltalia." (5 vols., 1775-89-) I>>«d ia
179".

Zaug'will, (IsRAKL,) an English novelist snd
lecturer, bom, of Jewish psrents, at Londoa in 186^
His best-known writings are those on Jewish life an)
customs, including "The Children of the Ghetto,"
(1S9Z,) "The Dreamers of the Ghetto," (1S9S,) etc
He has lectured before large audiences in Europe and
ibe United States.

Zang'wlU, (Louis,) an English author, brother
of the preceding, bom at Bristol in 1869. He has
written ■' A Drama in Dutch," (1894,) " The Worid
and a Man," (1S96,) "A Nineteenth Cenltuy
Miracle," (1897,) etc.

ZanlotwIU, dzl-ne-kellee, or ^■""'"''fr"l. (Gua
GiROLAMO.) an Italian phyddan and naturalist, bomtt
Mddena in 1661, was the author of several sdentifie
treatises. A genus of plants has been named *mi
tkellia in hta honour. Died in 1719.

Zanalohalli See Zanichklll

Zannonl, dzt-no'nee, (Giovanni Battista,) aa

i.e.I,a,a,J,/mif-;*.t,6,(!

le, less prolonged; i, i, I.fi, ii,]f, ihart; ^ t, i, 9i ttfin; &z. Oil, Hx; mil; n&tjgjtadim

n,,(,7ed:^yC00<^le

'sn

ZAWADOIVSKJ

f talitn antiqnarT, born al

of Land, and became in „_, ^ ._ .._.,

della Cnuca. He pabliihed a history of that acadcmjr,
and Beveral treatiiei on Dnmiamatici and ancient : — ^
Died In 1831.

Sf C CAVBXBn, "Biocnfla dal CanUin a B. Zumo
■t]5 ; F. Vnau, " Bt<^ M CmUv* G. a Zuiuial,'' ilA

Zaaobl d* Strata, dzl-ni/bee dl atiUl'tl, an Italian
poet, born at Strata, near Florence, in 131a.
crowned with laurel by th« emperor Charles IV. in 1355,
Ked in 1361.

ZanoUni, dift-no-lee'aee, (Antonio,) an eminent
Italian Orientalist, bom at Padua in 1693. He became

KfoMOT of Hebrew and Syriac at Padua, and published
cons and Kramman of'^lhe Hebrew and Syrlic lan-
guages. IMed in 1761.

mhodI, dil-no'nee, (Ahtokio,) an Italian agrlcul-
tnrist, bom at Udine in 1696. He made ezperimenta In
rural economT, and published several wMkl on that
•nbiect. Died In 177a

£uionl, (GiACOMO,) an Italian botanist, bora In
I^mbaidy in 1615. He was keeper of the botanic gar-
den of Bologna, and published a botanical work entitled
"Botaniod History of Rare Plants," etc, (" Scoria bo-
taiuca delle Piante pib rare," etc, 1675.) Died in 1682.

Xanettl, dzS -not'tee, (EuTTACBto,) an Italian mathe-
matician and astronomer, ton of Giampietro, noticed
below, was bom at Bolcwna in 1709. He became pro-
lessor of astronomy in nis native dtr, and published
several sctentiGc works In Latin and Italiait. Died ~

■7!..

S« TAHnm, " Connxnlwla* d* TIta Ki Zvwtn," ■}•&

Zanottl, (Francisco Maria,) an Italian idiolar maA
[diilosopber, bom at Bolt^a in 169a. He became sue-
oessivefy professor of philosophy, librarian, and preiident
of the nnlveraity In hts native dty. He was the author
of poems in Latin and Italian, and

ianottl, (GiAUPimto Cavaizoni,) an Italian painter
■nd art-critic, born in 1674, wis a pnpil of liorenxo
Paalnelli at Bologna. He published " Hints to a Yom^
Painter," a " life of PasinoIU," " History of the Qemen-
tine Academy of Bologna," and other wra-ks. Died hi

inten, tui, vtn dn'ttn, (Jacob,) a Dutch phyddt
and translator, born about 165a He became minister
of the Mennonite church at Haarlem in 1707. He
translated into Dutch Hiltm'a" Paradise Lost" Died
after 1719.

&in«ln«. See Baradxvi.

Zaa Zilo, (Edwabd Sims,) an American novelist,
bom at Troy, New York, in l86j. He wrote " With
Sword and Crucifix," (1S99,) and other stones.

ZapatR, (Aktonio or I^IAH,) a Spanish historian,
bom at Segorbe in the seventeenth century.

Zapata, dz&-p3'tl, (Giovahni Battista,) an Italian
physician, bom probably at Rome about 1530. He
published a work called "Wonderful SecreCa of Medi-
cine," (" Maravigliost Secretl di Mcdidna," ad edition,
1586.) Died after 1586.

Zapt taipf; (GiORO WiutBLM,) a learned German
aniiquaiy, bom a,i Nordlingen in 1747. He published
as works, among which are a " Bibliography
cnt and Modem History," (1781,) "Historjr of
Printing al Aujsburg," (a vols., lySS-gi,) and "Lives
of Celebrated Savants and Artists of All Time," (1S06.)
Died in iSio.

Zapt (NiKOLAUs,) a German Lutheran writer on
theologv, bom at Milwitz in 1600, became profesaw
of theology at Erfurt in 1633, and court preacher to
the Duke of Saxe-Weimai in 1641. He was eminent
lor learning and other merits. Died in 167a.

Zapolyo, al-pol'yl, or Zapol;, li'pot (John,) sun
of Stephen, noticed below, was bom in 1487, and was
proclaimed Kine of Hungary in 1526, in opposition
to Ferdinand orAustria. After a protracted contest,
Zapolya waa forced to give up his claim to all except
Transylvania and a few other territories. Died In 154CL

Zapolya or Zapoly, (Johk II,) a son of the pre-
ceding, was born in 1540 He inherited the prindpalitj
of Transylvania. Died in 1570 or 1571,

of Anc

lya, (Strphrn,) a dlstlnguhhed military coat-

nnder Matthias Corvlnus, King of Hungary,

was appointed by that aovereign Governor of Austrik

Hit danshter Barbara was married to Si^mund L,

King of raand. Died in 1499.

Zappl, dilp'pee, (Giovanni Battista,) an Italian

morijiBt, bom at Imola about U4a lie published a
work entitled "The Field of Spiritual Philoaophj,"
(" Prato della Plloaofia splrituale," 1577.) EKed aRM

»PF

ippi, (GioVANin Battista Faucs,) an Italiaa
poet and jurist, born at Imola in 1667. He waa the
author of sonnets, edognes, and other poems, whldb
are greatly admired for the grace and purity of their
style. Died in 1719. His wile Faustima, daughter a#
Carlo Maratta, was also distinguished for her accom-
plishments and poetic talents.

Zan, dzi'ri, (Antohio.) Bishop of Pedena, was
bora at Aquileia in 1574. He wrote a work entitled
"Anatomy of Inventions and Sciences," ("Anatonia
Innniomm el Sdentiarum," 1615.)
Zorata, (Antonio.) See Gil y Zaratl
Zarata or ^arata, de^ di thl-ri'tl, (AuGuniN,) a
Spanish historian, who in 1543 accompanied Biases
NnBei de Vela, Viceroy of Peru, to South America. He
held the office of master-general of accounts in Pera
and Terra Flnna, and, aRer the deposition of Vela,
Gonialo IHiarra

Zarata, da, (Firnando,) a
seventeenth century, was the autbor of " El Uaeiiro da
Atejandro," and several other comedies, also a coUectka

ziuata, de, (Francisco Loriz,) a Spanish poet, bora
at LogroOo about ijSo. He was the author of lyric

Kiems entitled "Sllvas" and "Eclogues," which havoa
e^ reputation. Died in 165S.

Zarathnatra. See Zoroastrr.

Zar'oo, (JoAo GoHtAUcz,) a Portnguese navigator,
iHacovered in 1417 the island of Porto Santo, near the
: of Africa, and in 1419 the island of Madeira, to
which be gave this name on account of the dense (brests
with wbi^ it was covered. Zarco founded the town of
Pnnchial, and was made governor of the island con-
jcrintly with his companion, TrisOo Vac

Zaramba, lal-rCm'bL (Michael Constaktihr,) a
Pruaian general, ham in Lithuania In 1711; died in
1786.

ZaiUno, dzlR-lee'no, (Giijssppb,) an eminent Italian
muaidan and compoeer, bora at Chioggia about 15JO1
waa chapel-master a> Saint Mark's, Venice. He com-
posed music for churches, and published "Inslilusione
armonlcbe," (155S.} Died in 1590L

Sm Ravagmav, " tiapa dl G. Zulbxi," 1(14 1 F. CAm, " Nai>
uioHiUlU Vila £ a ^ino," ■>]6.
Za'attia, JOer. proa. tsl'ie-As,) written also Xaaliw,

iFr. Zasr, lit,] (ULRIC) an eminent Swiss or German
lulst, bora at Constance in 1461, waa a friend of Eras-
mus. He became professor of law at Friburg, and was
regarded as an orade in that adenc& He published a
number of legal works, among which la " Method of
Law," (" Methodus Juris.T Died in 1535.
See RiBooaa, " Ufa af Zun," Ulm. itf^.

Zatmor, tsSw'nfr, (Franz,) a German sculpicr, bora
in 1746, was patroniicd by the empress Maria Theresa.
Among his best works may be named the monument of
Leopold II., and the brome equestrian statue of Joseph
II. He was director of the Awlemy of Arts at Vienna
Died in iSss.

ZaTUTOid, ddL-TtT-rynee, (Anorlo.) an Italiaa
antiquary and biographer, ham at MontiUto in 1710,
He wrote, besides other works, "Calabrian Library,"
(" Bibliotheca Calatwa," 1753,) which consists of the
lives of Calabrian authors. Died in 1767.

ZawadowaU, sl-vl-dov'skee, (Peter,) Couht, a

oaaian minister of state, boto in lyjE. He rendered

ca*i;{as/;B:binf,-ias/,'a,H,K,,fuinm>/,-H,i(iu<i/,'R,jM!W;lass,-*ha8inj:fu; (H

*~See Eaplanations, p. 13.;

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

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ZELLER aj

Zall«r, (Inua Svi-vain,) m able French hUtoriao,
bom in Pma, April 13, iSaei After a brilliant etnine
xA «la<ly at the College Charlemigne and in Gemuutjr.
he held pioretaorahip* loccestiTely at Bordeaox, Rennea,
SlTMbate, Aia, the Sorbonne, and the Ecole Polytech-
nique. He was afterward* rector of the academj at
Strasburg. and in 1876 wai made Intpector-general of
lupeiior inatmction. In 1874 he wu elected to the
AcademT of Moral Sciences. Among; hii work! are
•• Ulrichde Hutten," (i8«,) " Hisioiie de I'ltalie," (1851,)
"Lei Empereura romalna," (iS^,) "Entreiiens inr
I'Hiitoire,'' (1865.) "Italie et RenalMance," (1869,)
"Lea Tribnnea et 1e> R^Tolutiona en Italie," (1874,)
" Hialoite d'AIlemagne," etc

.Xelottl, dii-loftee, (Battuta,] an Italian punter,
bom at Verona in 1533, mu contemporary wlui Pan!
Veronese, to whom m aome respects be is esteemed
loperior. Among his maater-piecea are a aeries of
' frescos at Cataio, representing the achievementa ai the
Obizzi familT. Died in 1591.

Zelter, taCI'ttr, (Kaki. Fkiedkich,) a diitinguished
German compoaer, bom at Berlin in 175S. He wa*
instructed In mosic by Fasch, whom he sacceeded In
tSiM as teacher of the Academy of Singine, called by
hi* name. In 1S09 be wis appointed, % the King A
Pmaaia, professor of mssic in the Academ? of Arts and
Sciences at Berlin. He nambered among his pupils the
celebrated Hendetaaohn, and was sn btimate (iriend of
Goethe, He died Id l8ja, leaTing his " Correspondence
with Goethe," which appeared in 1833.

Zeltner, tsilt'ner, (GuffrAT GsoftG,} a teamed Ger-
man philologist and writer, bom near Nuremberg in 1671.
He was proleaaor of theology and Oriental langoagea
at Altdorffor twen^-fbur years. Died In 173S.

Z«iial«, dzi-nlll^ (Bbiinaxdino,] an Italian painter
and architect bom about 1450. He worked at Milan,
where he was often consultea by Leonardo da Vind.

Zand AvestB. See Zokoastbk.

Zandrint diin-dree'nee, (ButNAiDO,) an Italian
astnral philosopher, bom in 1679, resided at Venice,
where he was appointed chief engineer to the republic
He was also employed in various important works by
the AnstrianEDvemment, and published several valuable
treatise* on hydraulics, astronomy, etc. Died in 1747.

ZaimaT, tatn'n; r, (GonTsiKii,) a German philologist
and JDriit, bom at Altenbnrg. He waa for twenty y«ar*
secretary to the Prince of AnhalL Accor<Ung to the
"Biograpbie Uniierselle," he waa bom in 1596 and
died fn 1711.

Za'no or Za'noiL FGr. Z^iw,- Fr. ZtNON, x&'ndM'i
It Zknon^ dz&'no'nl,] a celebrated Greek philosopher,
the founder of the school of Stoics, was bom at Citiora,

from Stilpo and Polenon at Athens. He settled at
Athens at an earlj age, and, having formed a new sys-
tem by selection* from different philosophers, he opened
a school bl the Athenian porch, called ortid iroHOiT, (Stoa
Ptialt,) "painted Porch, (or Portico.") His diidples
were at first called Zenonlans, but afterwards they were
styled the nhilosophers of the Porch, (or Portico,) or,
more brien, "Ihoae of the Porch," al jic r^c imnr, or M
<mdral,[mLitIn,JM'fci, English "Stoics.") Heissddtn
lure taught philosophy at Athens tor fifty-eight yeara.
His discipline was severe. He was distinguished by
Us gravity, modesty, austere morality, and firmness of
character. In the use of words he aimed at lentenlians
brevity. He wrote anumber of works, which ate not ex-
tant. Oar information about (he prindple* of his system
b very scanty. He Is said to have taught, amone other
things, that virtue is the summum bonnm, and that the

accordance of individual reason with the amversal Reason
{Lt. the Divine Law) is virtue ; and to have originated
the fourfold division of the affections, desire and fear,

Cleasure and pain. The doctrine of the Stoics that pain
not an evil has eiciled much wonder and some ridi-
cule, both in andenl and modem times ; but essentlatly
the same doctrine has been held by great and heroic
men in all agea. Zeno meant nothing more (ban that
pain, (including sickness, toil, grief for the loss of one's
property, et&,) causing a mere tenporary inconvenience

[9 ZENO

to the body,* waa not to be dassed In l&e same category
with such evils as crime, cowardice, or dishonoor,— «vjl*
which stamp themselves indelibly upon the souL In
comparing the doctrines of the Stoics with those of
Epicnms, it is a triumphant reconmiendation of the
former that, after the introduction of Gredan letters and
philosophy among the Romans, those who were the most
eminent of all for pablic and private virtue — such as
Cato the Younger, Marcos Aorelius, and man* other*—
were among the disdples of the Porch, while scarcely
of distinguished virtue can be pointed to in t^

alive, and after hi* death they decreed him a golden
crown and a public bniial, becaose, during hi* long
residence at Atneni, he had, both by precept and br ■
Gonwsient enunpl^ led the young men who atteitded hi*
school to the practice of wisdom and virtue. Zeno died
about the age of ninety-eigbt, and was succeeded by Cle*
anthes as the head of the sdiooL The Stoic philosoph*
appears to have been somewhat modified by several of
the disdples and successor* of Zeno. Some of the Stoics
maintained that the wise man is perfect ; that he only is
rich, fre^ noble, and beautiful : " Solos sapientes esse,
si distortissinu sint, fbrmosos ; si mendidssimi, diviteii
*i •ervilniem serviant, reges." (CtcetOi "PtoMurena."}
According to Cicero, Ihey taught tlwt all sins wer*
ecioal, that a wise man is never mistaken, never changes
his mind, and Is never moved by compassion.

Sh DioaaMBS Lubstid^ " UA if Zuo :" Rittbi^ " HiRnr
bT Philmiiiikf :" 0. H. LnRK, ** Disfruhicil Hiitai7 of Phllow
phv :" CxnOk " Di FinibB" iaA " Aauma :" Fovetnn, " Ztas
nul«o|ihiH,"ifsai hinanii, "D(£nioiiaCitliea,"t7>4! Tma-
■um^^'Sjiua dwSniMlwii Pld]Mopbii,"inls., in^i Smiti^
"Dkeamtj of Ond ud Romin Kogitftif," aW.

Ze'no or Za'non (Gr. Z^mwI or Elia, [Lat Zi'iia
Elka'tes ; Fr. ZtHON D^Lti^ zl'nAN'di1L',1 an eminent
,Greek phllosoplier, bora MElea, in Southern Italy, about
495 B.C. He was the E>vourite disdple of Parmenides,
in company with whom he visited Athens when Socrates
was very young. Plato, in his diali^ue entitled " Par-
menldes, slates thai Zeno was about forty years old
when he came to Athens. According to Plutarch, Zeno
was one of the masters of Perides. It Is probable that
he remained at Athens for several years : but the event*
of his life are mostly involved in obscurity. Accordii^
tradition current among the andents, Zeno took an
active part in the public a^rs of Elea, and lost his life
in an attempt to liberate that dty from a trrant Hi*
doctrine* were the same as those M Parmenides. Their
doctrine of absolute unity produced a great effect at
Athens. Zeno was distinguished by his subtle and bold
dialectic "What Is," &ays Victor Cousin, "the most
original and prombent trait of Zeno as a philosopher I
It is evidently the invention of dialectic, considered as
a Bvstem and an art" Diogenes X^aertius reports, on the
auUiority of Aristolle, ** that Zeno vras the inventor of dia-
lectic" He was the first Eleatic philosopher that wrote
in prose. His works, which were mostly polemical and
refutations of attacks on the system of Parmenides, have
not come down to us. He attempted to disprove the
possibility or reality of absolute motion by several argu-

lult from the hypothesis of those who deny ^e prin-
dple of absolute unity and maintain the plurality of th*

I LAnrm, " LiA of Zna of Zkaj^ Lvkiwlac^

HHcil Uhm* canM tdl &nha bv tba ■

SI SainlPMdsiji, "WsuLoniii tritnlidoi

Otoous V. 1) and Jtntt, " Ur linUuwk coaat h all iov oIm
Ul hto vwioM irisL" (wyj^w't nulJMH.) (K|uda of Iwik
.\ M~ 1. iM. -Ih, iSnital to tbo buIt ChAluiii. "I imliJlTi

B undior plw ha 1

tna onlr axMfidoa Aai wa an call to n
■iCDL an amiibia Bl matt utiiMMa nan fa pi

in, "HuM^ loma rut ihaka
&ct thai •nridi) Hftsrlnc has
m." (Sea Zufiokkc-i '^Auia-

«a*:t,' t**i; tXitri/; gaay.'G.H, icfuawni/; ti,mual; t^lrillrd: ias

Explanations, p. 33. t

!edb,Google

iMOphn" a H. Lnm, "Bio^phn] Hluan sT PhaMopliT ^

■nida "Ztaoa" 'a Ibe
ZtBOOc" 1TI4 ; V. Cixui

Zano or Sidon, ■ Greek philoaopber, nenlioned t^
Suidu u a dlsdpls of Diodoroi Crontu and a teacher
of Zeno tht celebrated Stoic He wrote a defence of

Z«no ot Taisus, a Stoic philosopher, wu

of DiosMrides, and a pupil of Chiystppiu, whom he
•Bcceeded u the bead of the school of the Portico.

Zone, a Greek phnidan, mentioned bj Gaten, wu
«n eminent dlldple oi Heropbilui. He lived probablj
ftbout soo B.C.

Zono, A Greek hittorian, bom at Rhodes,

temporary of Polybiua. He wrote 00 the bisloir of
Kbodes.

Saoo, an eminent Greek Epicurean philoaopher, bom
at Sidon, flourished about 60 B.C. Cicero, who heard
him at Athens, speaks bTourably of hii abilities.

Zwio, a Greek sculptor, bom at Apbrodiiias, tn
Caria, is supposed to have flonrished in some part of
the period between 50 and 150 A.D. Several of his work*
ve exUnt

Zeno, (Fr. ZkHOtt,A'ab»',] Emperor of the East,
a native of IsaoHa, and • son-in-law of Leo I., a
whose death, in 474 a.d., he asurped the throne.
[. had appointed as hts successor his infant grandson
Leo, who was a son of Zeno, and who died a few
after the death of Leo I. Zeno is represented
pnved, cruel, and incapable^ His reign was dii
by revolts and foreign wars. He was driven out of his
capital 1^ BasUiscDS In 47J, but was restored in 477
A.i>. Theodoric the Great invaded the dominions of
Zeno, and wa* about to take bii apital, when Zeno per-
suaded bim to conquer Italy, and that saved bimselL
Died, withoDt Issue, in 491 A.D.

Sh TiiuoMHT, "Hiuiiir* im Buponui

Zeoo, dii'no, {Antonio,) a Venetian navigator, bom
between 1330 and 1341O1 belonged Co the noble Cunilv of
Zeni or Zona, and was a brother of Niccolb, noticed
below. About 1391 be performed a voyage to Fristand,
and joined Niccol&. (See Zkno, NiccolA.) Died about
r40S.

Zeno, (Aktonio,) a Venetian scholar, a relative of
the preceding, lived about 1570-90.

Zeno, (AponvLo.) an Italian litt/rtOfur and di
tist, bom at Venice In December, 1668. He became
editor in 1710 of the "Giomale dc' Letterati d'lulia," a
literary periodical of a high character, and about 1717
repaired Co Vienna on the invitation of the emperor
Charles VL, by whom he was appcnnted court poet and

melodramas of superior merit, 'and contributea greatly
to the improvement of that species of composidon.
Among his other principal works are his "Historical,
Critical, and Literary Dissertations on the Italian His-
torians," lHc«raphie* of Davila and Guarini, and a
collection of Letters. In 1719 he quitted Vienna, and
returned to Venice, where he passed the rest of his lite.
He published twenty volumes of the " Giomale de' Let-
terati," (1710-18.] He was eminent as a critic and was
well versed In antiquities. "Zeno was regarded," s^*
the " Biogtaphie Univetselle,'"'a* the greatest lyric poet
that Italy bad produced when Metaatasio appeared on
the scene. ... He delights us by his invention, by hii
lecDndiCy, by the truth of his pictures, and by hit knowl-
edf^ of^ the dramatic art" His treatises on antlquilies,
entitled " Dissertazioni Vosaiani," (3 vols., 1753,] are
highly esteemed. Died in November, 1750.

Sh YAwmavi, "Vita lulonm doctrina facaUmtidM," voL lx,i
FaAHcasco Nbiiii, "Via di Apgnolo Zanc^" iSiA; TiMtJM),
" fiiofnfia degli ItiiliiDt lUiutrL"

Zeno, (Caria) an able Venetian admiral, born about
133^ was a brother of Niccolb noticed below. He
conducted at Constantino|>le the negoiiationi by which
Venice acquired Tenedos in 1376. About that date the
Venetians were involved in the war of Chiozia against
the Genoese and their allies. Zeno served on land until
1379, when he obtained command of a fleet, captured
several vessels, and sailed to Beyroot to convoy some

»o ZENOBld

ridi canoe* from the Levant to Venice; WImb ke
returned, in January, 1380^ he found the repoUic fai •
critical poution, the Genoese havine taken Cbioiara and
entered the lagooiu. He was received as the liberator
of hit coontiy, wa* appdnted commander of the land-
army, and retook Chioiaa. On the death of Hsan^
Angutt, 1380^ he became grand admlraL Several yean
later he was procorater of Saint Mark. In 1403 be
defeated the Genoese admiral Bondcaot near ICodo^
He is repreeenled by Sitmondi as "tlte moat vitti
dtizen and greaEesI man of Venice" of that age. ("l
graphie Univereelle.") Died in 141S.

Sh " Lile af Cute Z»," Ob Lada,> Iw Ida ■nwibgn, Tmxm
Znra, IU4; DmAco, '•Caas^a&a dolUi^ta di C ttaar ifK
Daiu, " Rlttaiti de Vbuh :"Sin«iinH, •■ HiMiAa dM R^palillvv
IWKiriim."

Zano, (Catxriho,} ^nuidton of Antonio^ (the first of
the name,) waa Venetian ambassador to the Persiaa
court in 1473. He pnblithed after his return an acconal
of his travels, adiicn is no lol^nr extant

Zeno, (Jaoopo,) grandson MCario, noticed above, wm
bom in 1417. He rose throngh varioot preferment* to
be Bishop of Padua h 1459. He wrote a life of hit
grandfather, Carlo Zeno, in Ladn, and "Livea of the
Pontifls,"rVit«SammorumPontIficnm.-) He enyoycd
hi^h reputation at a pulpit orator. Died in 14S1.
Zeno, (N1CCOL6,) a Venetian navigator, been abool
130, was a brother of Ibe great admiral Carlo Zena
le commanded a galley in the war againat die Gcnoeta
iu t379> >nd '"'* reputed to be one of the richest pe-
tridans of Venice In 1381. About 138S he fitted o« a
ship at hia own expense and sailed towards England (■
* '"'1'%'t of coloration. Before be bad readied tx%-
I he was driven by a atorm and wredied on an Uand
which he calls Frialand. He then entered Ibe aervicc
of a prince named Schmlni, who employed htm ht nwri-
time and warlike enterprites, in the course of irtjdh fc*
discovered the islands otEstland, Grisland, and Engrooe-
lan± After he had lived four years in Frisland, hs
invited bis brother Antonio to join him. Antonio weat
there and passed many nara in the service of ZichmiBi
NiccolJi died about 1390. Ceognphers disagree abort
the position or identity of the islands which be iSa-
covered. Walckenaer thinks thai one of tbem wat
Iceland. The narrative of the voyages of the Zcnl (tbt
plural of Zeno) was printed at Venice in 1558-

Tmao, (NiCCoiA) > Venetian writer, bom in 151c
He published in ijs8 an account of the travels A
Caterino Zeno in Persia and the East, compiled froa
" " •*' Died in 1565.

Ko.) a brother <rf Ap<

Venice b 1666. He b

professor of philosophy in his native dty, and was alH>-
dated with hit brother as editor of the " Gioroale de'
Lettcrali," which he continued to edit alone from 1718
718. Died in 1731.

le'no, jFr. ZtNON, zi'ndN',) Saint, a native of Africa,
became Bishop of Verona about 361 a.ix He ia coa-
mended for his charity to the poor. He died in 381^

si'no'be',] (Septiuia,) a bmoos and ambitions qneea
of Palmyra, wat a daughter of Amroo, an Arab chieC
She waa renowned for her beauty, leamui^ and martial
and political abilities. She waa mistteas of the Greek,

leaving two minor sons, Hetenniot and Timotans.
She assumed the royal diadem, with the title of Qoeei
of the East, performed the active duties of sover^n,
and continued Che conquests which Odenathns had
begun. Palmyra was then a magnificent dty, adorned
with Grecian porticos of marble and porphyry aad
enriched by an extensive commerce Her doninioB
extended from the Euphrates to the Mediterranean, and
over a large part of Asia Minor, and was acknowledged
by subjects of various races. The oninent Greek mtie
and writer Longinus served her as secretary and oooa-
sellor. She is said to have been a prndent and libetll
ruler. She sometimes marched on foot at the bead «f
her anny, the toils of which she shared. Soon after iW
accession of the emperor Aorellan, in 170 a.u, tbs

l.e.I.«.il,y,/«(r;i,*.A.same,lesaprolonged;i.S,I,iS,ri,)F.»^«Y,-»,5,j,9.,rfifmT,flr,(lll.aiiniei;nat;ge&(l;m«o;

d by Google

ZENOSIA

«iott ft letter to him, Mterting her todepaadenCB aad
leftuing allegiance to the Roman empire.

Anrelian conducted in person an army againit the
Qoeen of Palmyra, and defeated hei forces in two battle*,
near Antioch and near Emesa. He then besieged Pal-
myra, which *he defended for a long time with heroic
coorage, bat it was taken in 173 or 173, and she —
carried to Rome fettered with golden chains. She
paraded as a captive before the imperial chariot in the
triumphal proceuion of Anrelian, who in other respects
trealM her with clemency, and gave her a villa at TiboT,
where she passed the rest of her life with her children.

Zenobla, the wife of Rhadamistut, King of Ar-
menia, Hired about 50 A.D. Her hniband, parsned by
bis victorious enemies, threw her into a ri*er, intending
to save her from capture by death, but ahe was found t^
some shepherds, and restored to life.

Zteobi& See Zbnobia.

Zv-no^I-iM, [ZTvMior,) a Greek writer, who lived at
Rome about 100-130 a.i>. He compiled a collection of

profcrba, whidi waa printed at Florence in 148701 1407.
Z»4M/bI-iu, [Fr. ZiNOBK, zi'nob',] Saint, an Italian
prelate, biwn at Florence about 334

opponent of Arianism. He became Bishop of Florence.
Died about 405.
Ztaodors. See Zbnodorus.

Zan-o-do'raa, [Gr. TapAiupot ; Fr. Z^nodors, iL'no'-
doK',] an eminent Greek statuuy, flourished aboat 50
A.I1. After be had worked ten years in Gaul on a statue
of Mercury, he went to Rome, whither he was invited
by the emperor Nero. He made a colossal bronie statue
of Nero, one hundred and ten fiMt in height He was
also a skilfid stWer-chasei.

l>anodom% ■ ^rant, who reigned over Trachonitl*
and some adjoining territory. He annoyed neighbouring
people by predatory practices, or connivance at robbeiy.
For this reason Anguatua deprited him of nearly all ma
possessions, in 34 B.C. Died in ao B.C.
Ztoodoto. See ZKNODorm.
Z»-nod'o-tas of Albxandkia, a graomtatlan, lived
■Aer the time of Aristarchus, whom he criticised for
bis recension of the Homeric poems.

Zeoodotua |ZtrvM»ror| or Efhhus, [Fr. Ztiro-
DOTS D'EpKtss, il'no'dot' dVIU'.] > celebrated Greek
grammarian, flouriahed about 3S0 b.c He was a dis-
dple of Phitetaa, and was the first librarian of the great
library of Alexandria. He and two other critica were
employed bv Ptolemy Philadelphus to revise
•11 the Greek poets. Zenodolus devoted hfs ■
chiefly to the works of Homer, in which he made
wdeiaUe changes and inserted varioos readings. His
edition or recension of Homer was highly esteemed by
andent critics. He was the author of a ^ostary, and a
"Dictionary of Foreign Phrases."
Zenofonta. See Xinofhom.
Unon. See Zkho.
Zanona. See Zsno.

Zsntner, tsCnt'nfr, (Gkorq FaiBDKiCH,] Baroh, a

German stateimaD and jurist, bom at Straasenheim in

I7U, became profeuor of dvil law at Heidelberg in 1779^

BM in iSat nunltter of justice in Bavaria. Died m 1835.

Zependo. See Cofikniccs.

Z^mlok, tiS'ptB-mk', {Kau. Fbiidrich.) a Ger-
■kan jurist, born at Halle m 1751, poblished several
legal works. Died in iSoi.

Z«ih-4-tiI'fb JHeb.n'JC!f ; Fr. Sofhohib, so'fb'ne',
caJled SOPHOHi'AS iu the Septuaghit] was one of the
twelve minor prophets, and flourished under the reign
of Josiah, King of Judah. Me foretold the Call of Nin-
eveh, the destruction of Jerusalem, and the subsequent
capliviiy of the Jews.
Z^phliln. See ZapmBiNirs.

Zeph'71, [Gr. ZifHBf/ Lat ZBPH'YKUi ; Fr. U-
ravRE, zt'flR'; Sp. ZtFiRO or Ccfibo. Ihi'fe-ro or
UiCf e-ro i It. Zbffibo, dz^ffe-ro,] In classic mythology,
was a personification of the west wind, and was calleds
ion of^ AstrMUS and Aurora. The poets feigned that
he married Chloria or Flora, and had a son named
Carpus, (fruit.)
jUphyre and Zoi^Tnu. See Zbfkyb.
Z«pb-f -rf'niut, [Fr. ZApuirih, zi'fe'rLi' \ Sautt, ■

ai ZETES

native crfRooie, was electedp(^aboatsoaA.D. Dnilng
his pontificate the Gftb persecution of the ChristiftM
took place, under Septimius Sevens. He died abotd
ai7 A.!)., and was succeeded by Caluclns I.
ZapUohal, tap'liK-U, (Anton Uichau.,) > Oermaa

Siuit and writer, born in Horavia in 1737. He pub-
hed many sdentific works, which were extensively
Dsed in schools. Died at an advanced age.

Zep'pelln, (Frkdinand,) Count, aviator, bom at
Constan<^ Baden, in 1838. Served in the Franco-Ger-
man war, was made lientenant-geueral and engaged in
atr-sbip conjtniclion, completing his 6rst rigid dirigible
balloon in 1900. He continued bis efforts, despite the
destruction of several air-ships, and has succeeded in
establishiog an air-line of passenger travel.

Za'rali, called in Egyptian annals Aaaob *'"^^i ■
king of Ethiopia, whose <^ital was Napata, in Southern
Egypt He conquered Egypt, and invaded Palestine,
where Asa, King of Judah, completely defeated him at
Zephath. In consequence of this defeat, Zerah aban-
doned not only Palestine but Egypt also.

Zerbi, dzCR'bee, [Lat db Zbr'sis,] (Gabbiu,) an
eminent Italian anatomist, bom at Verona. He had
lectured several years at Rome, when he became pro>
fessor of medicine at Padua about [495. His chief work
is " Anatomy of the Homan Bodv," (" liber Anatomia
Corporia humani," about I490,) which contuns tb*
germ of several discoveries in anatomy. Died in ijo}.
ZerbU, de. See Zbrbi.
Zerbonl dl Bpoeottl, tsia-bo'nee de spo-set'teah

SosEFH,) a German, of Italian extraction, born at
reslau in 1766. Having written, in 1796^ a letter to
the Governor of Silesia, showing the unreasonableneM
of attaching an unlimited importance to the right of
birth in the nobility, he was, on a charge of high treasoi^
Imprisoned three yeara by order of Frederick William
III. His case having at last been brought to trial, ha
was liberated, and subsequently employed in several
public offices. Died in 1831,
Sea Plinxa, "Uninml-LeiikaiL''

Kardnaht See Zoroastbr,

Zanilt^ tsJR'nits, (Cukistiah Fbibdricm.) a Ger-
man didactic poet, bom at Tangermiinde in 1717. Hia
" Didactic Etsay*" are highly commended. All of Ui
works are posthumous. Died in 1744.

Zarola, dsi-roOl, (Tohmaso,) an Italian canonist
bom at Benevento in 1S48, became Bishop of Hinori la
He published "Episcopal Duties or Business,"
' Episcopalis," 1597.) Died in 1603.
mar, Uir-ren'ntr, (Keinbich Goi-tlisb,) •
German educational writer, born at Wemigerode ilt

o, publiahed, among other works, the " Deatscbet

inllreuiid," (46 vols., 1791,) and " Manual of tha
Christian Religion," (1799.) Died in iSil.

His son, Karl Chrjstofh Goitubb, was the author
of several works for the use of children and of schools.

-*>\ or Zo-r

Jewish chief 01 , .

coftdncted li-om Babylon to Judea the Jewish captives
who were liberated by Cyrus, King of Penia, about K6
■.c. To him, also, was confided uie mission to reb^d
tte Temple at Jerusalem.

SceKintl. i, It. i. uul 1. 1 ; bdiMiah It. 6 ; HdtbewL 11.

Zeaohau, Ton, fon tstsh'Sw, (Hkinbich Anton,) ■
Saxon statesman, bom in 1789, rose through various
offices to be minister of ftweign affairs in 1835. He was
removed in 184S. Died at Dreaden in 1S68.

Zoaohan, von, (Hbihrigh Wilhklh,) a Saxon
officer, born in 1760, served against the French in

of Dresden in 1833. Died in 1S3Z.

Zaaa. See Zbsbn, ton.

Zeasn, von. fon tsi'tf □, or Zeao, ta'zfh, [Lat Q.A''

trs,] (Phiupp,) a German writer, was born near Dessan
in 1619. He was the author of a number of poems and
prose works having for their object the improvement of
the German language. Died in 16E9.

Za'tU or Zo^thSa, [Gr. Tkm; Fr. ZiTHte^ a'tfa'J
In the Greek mythology, a ton of Boreas, Kinji (rf' Thrace

; It hard: fe as /,' O, K, %,gumtral: H

■asal; n.triJlai: ItaE; thaainMij. (|

.Coo^^lc

IDC Argonaura. i n« poen leinit.

bxl wingSi and that they dtUtered Phineus from the
Harpies that plagued him.
Zft'thoB (Gt. Z}A)f] WW % reputed (on of Jupiter

("■out ot Jove,") were exposed ttwether In inEuiqr, and
erentiullj rdened together at Thebes.

Settmtodt itt't^-stlf, (JoHAH WiLKKUf,) i
Swedish Datnralist, born in the prorince of Eaat Goth-
land in 1785. He stadied at Liind, aod iubsequentl;r
made a tdentific tour in Sweden, Norwajr, and Southern
Lapland. He becune in iSj9 professor of botanjp and
agnculture at Land, and in 1S46 rector of that uniTeraity.
Among hit nrindpal works may be named his " Orthop-
tera Saedz," (lui,) " Faana Insectomm Lapponica,"
(181S,) and ■■ Oiptera Scandinavue," C40 vols., i84»-53.)
The last work obtained the gKal Liniuean medal from
the Academj of Sciences at Stockholm. Died in 1874.

Senno, tioi'nfh, (Auotrar,) a German teai^her and
writer, bom at Wittenberg in 1778, pablished several
gei^raphical works and treatises ob the education of the
blind. Died in 1853.

ZeoDO, [LaL ZsiTMins,) (Johann Kam,) a German
philologist, bom in Saionj in 173& He edited several
works of XenophOD, and was professor at Wittenberg
Died in 1788.

Z«8ii, [Gr. Ztif, genitive Z^v&C, and Aioc,] the chief
divinity of the Greek mythology, corresponding to the
Jupiter of the Romans. He was represented as the son
of Cronos and Rhea, and the £ilher of Mars, Minerva,
Mercury, Venus, Apollo, and other gods. According

ihe eagle, and the thnrderbolL (See Juprraa.) The
poets feigned that he and the other gods occnpi< '
palace or city built by Vutcan on the summit of Mi
Olympus, [in Thessaly,) which rises above the clonds.
The actual height of Olympus is about six thousand
feet. The Greeks erected to Z«as a magnificent temple
at Olympia, near Etis, where [he Olympic games were
celebrated. This place wis profusely adorned with the
roost splendid monuments of architecture and sculpture,
among which was a colossal statue of Zeus, executed by
Phidias, and generally regarded aa the most admirable
aa well as greatest of all his works.

ZeoM, tsoiss, (ToHANN Kaspar,) a German philolo-
gist and historical writer, bom in Upper Franconia in
1806, became professor ofhistoryatBambergin 1847. He
wrote "Grammatiea Celtica," (iS;3,) etc. Died in iSs^

ZaBK-I'a-dH, [ZeufiUK,] a Greek statuary of the
school of Lvsippus, flourished about 350 B.C.

Zefix'la.tZeSfif,, a Greek painter of ^eal celebrity
and almost unrivalled ikitl, was born at Heradea about
CO B.C. It !• not known which of the dliei named
[eradea was his birthplace. According to several
andent anthoritiea, he lived about 435--400B.C. Plntar^
states that he flourished when Perides erected the great
monuments of Athens, and Plinv tells us that " the doors
of the art, which were opened by Apollodoms, were
entered by Zeuxis in the 95th Olympiad," (about 40a B.C.)
The name of his master is not certainly known. Accord-
ing to Pliny, he was a pupil of Demophilos of Himera
or of Neseas of Thasos. He belonged to the Asiatic
or Ionian school of art, which excellM it) the reproduc-
tion of sensual charms. He appears to have studied or
worked at Athens during the life of Apollodoras, who
was older than Zeuxis, and who complained that Zeuxis
had robbed him of his art. This it understood to tigniff
lliat Zeuxis turpatsed him in light and shade or in
colouring, the parts of the art in which Apollodomt
especially excelled. Zeuxis was renowned for his accu-
rate imitation of the human form, and for the noble style
of his design, in which he combined energy with gran-
deur. He succeeded belter in the imitation of form than
in the expression of character. He executed an exten-
sive work in the palace of Archelaus, King of Uacedonit,

ff.

I storv of a trial of skill Is-

e a "Female Centaur," "The In^
le UmentiBi
leAssemblt

of Gods." His most celebrated work was a pictore <t

Helen, which he painted for the dly of Croton, oa^d^

be inscribed several lines of Homer's " Uiad," fiii. 1564

" Ko WDodcT mdi cdotiil diarm*

tat mam Ions TUn lui« Kt tha woU in inu."— FOfK

CicHo informs us that Zeuxis selected five of the mart
beautitiil virgint of Croton at models for this pictnre.
"He deserves," taya £roeric-Davtd, "by the choice of
hit models and tbe grandeiir of bit s^le, to be ccmpircd

sake of the merit which constitules the basis of the sitt—
that ia, prectMoo of design and nobleness of fcra.'
(" Biographic UniveneUcT

ShPuki, ■'HuiinlHi«iiT>"ss".l OcaaOk "Dibmlb.'*
LuoAK. "Znxb;" CakloDati, "Vitsd*' Kttoriulidi,' lilfi
QDnrnuui, m. a

Zenxia, a Greek phyddan, often quoted b; Gales,
lived probably about 350 B.C. He belonged to the tchooi
of Empirid, and wrote commentaries on Hippocnttt.

ZflwaUo* or Cevalloa, ihJt-vU'yAs. (Pidio Ot-
imNES,) a Spanish voyager, born in Andalusia betveea
1550 and 1590. He wrote an "Account of his Trarelt
in America, East India," etc, (1614.)

ZsTttoot, li'vfh-kot', (Jamis,) a Latin poet, bon
at Ghent in 1604. He b^sune professor ofhittonal
Hardcrwyck. He wrote elefcies, epigrams, tragediis,
etc, which were admired. Died in 1646.

Ze^aa or ZeUd, zl'yid', a famous Arabian wanicr,
born about 615 A.IX, was a brother of Ihe caliph
Molweeyah L He was highly distinguished b^ Oil
eloquence. He became governor of Bassorah and tt
the eastern provinces of the empire. Died in 673 A.11.

Zeyd or Zoid, xKd or ild, a servant of Hohsmmed,
dlslingaished for his fidelity and devotion to the propheL

(See MOHAUMKD.)

ZhookoCakr, Zhako&ky, or JtrakovsU, diM>-
koFskee or ihoo-kov'skee, written also Bbokowald,
(Vasiui AHDiuvrrCH.) a celebrated Russian poet,
bom near Bielev, in the government of Peiua, in 178}
b^an his literary career at an early ace by tevtnl
contributions of great merit to a Journal oT Moscow, b
i3o3 he published a translation of Grav's" Elegy in 1
try Chuich-Vard," which etbtblished his repntatioD
ranks among the best of Ihe numeroua venians of
that popular poem. He succeeded Karaman in iSal
as editor of the literal^ periodical entitled "Vtealmk
EvTopui." In the cain[Mlgu of 1813 be Joined tbe Mos-
— volunteers, and rendered most eBectiv« setvfce to
jountn^ cause by his spirited ballads enttded "TIn
Minstrel In the Roasian Cfamp." These tongs, wUck
obtained the greatest popolartty with all dasses and
won fbr him Ihe eaptdal favour of the emperor and
empress, were Ibllowed by his "Zindmilla," an imitaliao
of BQjger^ " Lenore," and " Svietlana," a poem, whiA
b esteemed his fineM productioa On the marria^ of
the grand duke Nidiotas, Zhookofeky was appinMd
teacher of tbe Rnttian language to hta wife, and ate-
wards became preceptor of the young prince, tiaca
Alexander IL Besides the above-named works, he {Mb-
lished a number of prose essays and tales, one of wUdi,
entitled"Hary'sGrove^"iBespedallyadmired. Hesbo

German, and other langusns. He died in 185s, ai
monument was erected to als memory by tbe emp
Nicholas.

Zlutl, die-1'nee, (Suastuho,) was elected Doge of
Venice in 117a. He instituted the annual ceremony 1/
the maniage of Venice with the aea. In his reign Iks
church of Saint Mark was builL Died in 1 179.

' t son PiBTKO succeeded the bmoas Dandolo at dofi

I, E, (, n, il, % hug: k. t. 6, same, less prolonged; i, i, T. 5, n, f, tkort; ^ f , j, 9, titaire; fir. fill, At; mCt; nAt;g(t6d; ni'

g^

ZIEBLAND

In 1105. Daring bU le^ the Venetiui* completed the
congaeit of the Greek empire. Died in tiaij.

BabUnd, tseep'llnl, (Gkoro Priidrich,) an em:
nent German uchltect, bora at Ratiibon in 1800^ was ,

pO of Qnaglla He waa pattoniied b; King Louti of
-.ivaria, at «ha«e expense be visited Italy. He da-
■gned Mveral public edificea of Manich. His capital
work is the large and splendid basilica or chnrch of
Saint Boni&ce, at Munich. Died Julv 34. 1871.

Bs^banvr, tKc^l-bSw'fr, (M.,) a learned German
Benedictine monk, born at Elwangen, in Suabia, in 1696.
He wrote a" Literary History of the Benedictine Order,"
(4 vols., 1754,) and other works. Died in 1750.

ZiegenoalK tsee'2^n-ldlo', (Bartholomiw,) a Ger.
man theologian and missionary, bom in Lnsatia in 1683,
was sent ont by the King of Denmark to India in 1706,
remaining in that country till 1714. He sailed a second

theologian, bom in Hisnia in I496> He became pro-
fessor of Hebrew at Leipsic, and published aereral
sermons. He was acquainted with lather, who highly
esteemed Um. Died in 1566.

ZiagloT, [Lat ZtBCLs'KUS,] (Caspar,) an able Ger-
man jurist and Protestant canonist, bom at Leipsic in
1611. He becanu professor of law at Witteabetg in
16^4. Beside* several treatisea on civil law, he pob-
lisned a work " On Bishops snd their Laws or Rights,"
(" De Episcopis eoramque Joribus," 1685.) Died bi

_ . 'i'glalR', (CUUDB Louis,) a skilful French
painter of history and portraits, «>as bora at Langres in
1804, and was a papil of Ingres. He wis empic^ed bv
Lonis Pliilippe to decorate the cupola of the chnrcn
of Madeleine, in which he painted religiont allegorical
scenes. Among his worka are " The Drath of Foscari,**
" Jacob's Dream," and " Daniel in the Den of Lion^**
Died in December, 1856L

Zleglsr. (Friedrich WiLBiufJ > celebrated Ger-
man actor and dramatist, bora at Brunswick in 176a
He was patronized by the emperor Joseph IL, and
performea at the court theatre for nearly fortjr years
with great reputation and snccess. His tragedies and
oomediea were also highly popular ; one of the Utter,
entitled "The Fonr "^mperamenta," ("Die vier Tem-
peramente,") still keeps Its place on the stages He
lilfcwiae wrote aeveral critical treatises on the drama.
Died in iSay.

Zi«gler, (HiRRONTMUs,) a German poet and btog-

■"her, bom at Rotenbr"™ •Knwt t^vn AMnh.* !.*■
ks is " Cyrus Major,"
,_^7,) Died after 156*

Zteglor, [Lat, Zikgu'iui,} (Jakob,) an eminent
German theologian and mathematidan, born in Bavaria
aboat 1480. In pnnnit of knowledge he viriled Italy,
became secretary of General George Frondsberg, aiul
witnessed the sack of Rome in ijafL He afterwards
passed many years at Passau, the bishop of which
nimished him with means to pursue Klerature. He
published, besides other books, a work (in Latin) on
the geography of Palestine, Arabia, et&, {153a.} Died

ffl^er, (WiRHut Karl Lodwio,} a German writer
on theology, et&, was born near Ulnebaiw in 176^ He
naspiofcssor of theotogy at Rostodc Ued in igoo.

ZlA^eT, won, fon taeeoOfr, (Fkanz,) a Swiss umBc*)
writer, born at Schaffhaosen before lyoo. He wis pro-
fessor of medidne at Rlnteln, and published seven]
treatises. Died in 1761.

Xlaglar nnd SlpplMaan, Ton, fbn tseeo'lfr flCot
UipHiSw'sfa, (Hrinrich Ahselm,) a German writer-
born in U;^>er Lnsatia in 1653, produced, omjointly wi£
r.G.Hamann,RronMnoe entitled "The AsisticBsnise,"

and the East in iS4;-48, and obtained a medal of tha

13 ZIMMERMANN

BrM class in 1851. Among his works are "The Grand
Canal of Venice," a " View of Antwerp," " ConstantI
nople," and " Evening at Venice."

»ior, leer, (Victor Casimir.) a French painter, born
in Warsaw, September 16, 1813. Among his pictures
are "Saint Magdalene in the Wilderness," "Daniel in
the Liona' Den," " The Blessed Virgin and Saint Hary
Ma«dalene with the Crown of Thorns," "Saint Peter
healing a Lame Man," "The Transfiguration of Saint
Leonhard," and "The F%ht into Egypt"

Zlethen, won, fbn isee'tfn, {Hans Ernst KaiiJ
Count, a Praaaian general, bora in vjTO, served fat

Geld-marshaL Died

afterward*
appointed commander of the a
France, and in 183s was made
in 18^

ZiotlMn, von, (Hans Joachiu,] a Prussian general
and distinguished nvourite of Frederick the Great, was
bora in 1699. He served in the Sileaian campainks of
1743 and 1745, and subsequently in the Seven Vears*
war, being conspicuous for his skill and bravery al
Reichenberg, Prague, Kolin, and Torgau. He wm
soon after made a general of cavalry by the king, wbo
also loaded him with other distinctions. He died in
1786, snd a statue, by Schadow, was erected to lids
memory, by order of Frederick William IL,
"""--'-^plata - ■■ ■

Wilhelmsplats, Berlin, (1794.)

iiait^'tm, (ud Eailkli truijuian gf lb* Hnb LendoB, iBuj)
'Mania Hah*, "H. J. t<bi Ziithcn, Prtuniidm GmMal," We..

Zlgllnra, tseel-yl'Rl, (Toumaso,) a Corsican cardinal,
born at Bonibdo, October 39, 1831, was made in 1879 a
cardinal- deacon. His edition of 'Se " Complete Works
of Saint Thoma* Aqolnas" is mie of the best ever pab^
lished. Died May 10, 1893.

ZtUoU, dxe-le-Vlee, (Alrssamdro,) an Italian his-
torian and lawyer, bora at Venice before 160a He
published in 1643 a history of the period from 1600 to
1640, entitled " Storie memorabill de' nostri Tempi."
Died in iSul

ZlU»,tsn'l9h, (HoRrra Auucakdrr,) a German theo-
logian, bora near Zitlau in 1814. He wrote, besides
other works, "The Kingdom of God," ("Das Reich
Gottes," iSs&)

Klmu'R.die-ml'rl, (HARCAPtroNio,) an Italian physi-
cian, born at Galatinaabout 1460; died at Padua in 1532.

Zlmlaoaa. See John I., Ewferor or thr Eait.

Zlnunerl, von, ton tsim'mlRl, (Johann Michabl,)

1 Austrian, bora at Ernstbrunn in 1757, became «
member of the imperial commission for commerce, and
puUished several works telabng to the laws of trad*
and exchange.

Zimmormami, tsim'm^-mln', (Albr&t,) a Germao
painter, bom at Zittau in 1809. He is noted ibr his
mountain-, forest-, and lake-picture*. Died in 188S.

Zimmnniwui, taim'mfr-mln', (ERHn,) a German
theologian and Kdpit orator, bora at Darmstadt in lySlL
He studied »t Giessen, and was appointed in 1816 court
preacher in his native dty. He was the founder of the
" AUgemeine Kirchenxeitnng," and other religions and
literary jonraals, and published, among other worka, a
" Homifetic Hand-Book for Thinking Preachers," (iSlS.)
Died in 183a.

Ximmamiaiin, (Franz Joseph,) a German writer on
logic and philosophy, bom near Freiburg in 1795 ; died
in 1833.

ZlmmamMnii, (Hkinrich,) a German voyager, bora
b the Palatinate. He served as a sailor in the third
of Captdn Cook, (1776J and published "A
•round the World with Captain Coolc," (17S3.)
a«niMiiii, JOHANN Jakob,) a German enthu-
siast, called by aome a fanatic, wm bora In Wilrcemberf
In 1644. He is said to have been a man of superior
talents, and to have adopted the opinions of Jacob
Btlhmc. He preached at varion* place* in GermanT.
Died In 1693.

Xlmmarmuui, taim'tuf R-mln', (Johanh Jakob,) a
Swiss writer, bora at Znrich in 168$. He became pt»
1731, and pnrfessor of

feiwor of natural law at Znrich ii

t; S kari; fc as ;; O. H, K.,gtithtral; n, natal; r, trilUJ; I as

uinHto. (j

V-n-)

)y Google

db,Google

ZINKGKEF

Zlnkgraf or Zinograft talnk'^CC (Juuvs WiL-
lULK,) a German Ivric poet, born at Heidelbers >n 'S?!'
Hia prindpal work b " DenUchen Apophthegmata,"
\i vols., 1636-31,) a colleetioii of epignma, anecdoUa,
etc Died in 1635.

""", tain, (JoHAMH Gormiui,) a German phyaidan
and anatomtBt, born near Aiupach in 1737. He became
professor of medidne at Giittingen in 1753, and wrote
several able treadac* on anatomy. Died in 1759.

Zln'ifn-dorfi won, [Ger. pron. Ton tsInl'sfii-doKf,]
(Nicoij^us LUDWio,) CoiTHT, a German theologian, dis-
tinguished as (he founder or restorer of the sect of Mora-
vians M Hermhnien, was bom at Dresden on the J6tk
of Hay, 170a He was a son of Qeorg Lndwig, cham-
berialn and minister of Angaatna, Elector of Saxony,
who died while this son waa an infant. He was edocated
nnder the care of his grandmother, the Baronesa t<m
Gersdorfi a friend of Jakob Spener. In 1710 he was
sent to the Seminary <A Halla, where he became a pnpil
of Francke and a convert to piedim. He devoted him-
self to religions stndiei and duties, and formed at Halle
a mystical aodety called the " Order of the Grain of
Mustard." Aboot 1716 be removed from Halte to the
University of Wittenberg, where he studied law and
remained three years. He had received from natuie a
lively imagination, the faculty of elo<inence, and great
personal beauty and dirnitv. Hia religious tenets were
umilar to those of thaXntherana.

In 1710 be travelled in Holland and France, to obtua
information about the atate of the churchea, and perhaps
to exchange ideas with persons eminent for piety. During
this tour he preached at various places, and was in the
habtt of advocating the truths of the gospel in private
houses and in worldly sodety. He would have entered
bito holy orders if his relatives had not interposed. In
tyaa he married the coantess Erdmuth Dorothea Reuss,
and went to reside at Bertholdadorf, in Lasatia. A few
members of the Moravian Church, driven by peisecntion
from their native eonntry, sought refuge with him in 173*,
and were permitted to form a settlement on his estate.
This aettlement received the name of Hermhnt, the
"Lord's guard," or the "Watch of the Lord," and vtas
Joined by many other emigrants. Ziniendorf entered
Into fellowship with them, became their patron, and
acquired great influence over them. They professed a
conformity to the doctrines of the Lutheran Church,
To propagate bis prindples, he published a religious
periodical, called the " German Socrates," and numerous
other works. Missionaries were sent out from Herrnhut
to America in 1733, and colonies were planted in various
parts of Europe.

"Although his own conduct," says Sonthey, "was
more uniformly discreet than that of any other founder
of a Christian community, (It would be wron^ng the
Moravian Brethren to designate them as a sect,) he was
involved in difficulties by the indiscretion of others and
the jealousy of the government under which he lived.
He was therefore ordered to sell his estates, and after-
wards banished." ('> Life ofjohn Wesley," vol. L) About
1734 he became a tutor in a family at Stralaand, that
he might pass through the regular examination is a
candidate m divinity, and was ordained at Tubingen as
a minister of the Lutheran Church. He waa banished

(rf Prussia, wlio caused him to be wduned a bishop in
1737 by his own chaplain. In 1738 he met John Wesley
b Germany, "They parted," says Southey, "with a
less favourable opinion of each other than eadi had
entertained before the meeting."

Zinzendorf visited Pennsylvania In 1743, preached for
some time at Germantowr;, and established congr^-
tlons of his disciples at Bethlehem and Naaareth. He
retained to Europe b 1743, and was permitted In 1741
to become a re«dent of Hermhnt In 1749 he vltited
England, and obtained an act of Parliament authorising
the estsbllshroent of Moravian missions in North Amer-
ica. He wrote numerous hymns, which are used in the
Moravian churches. In hia early writings he gave oflence
by expressions which seemed to border on indecency,
and which he afterwards condemned. On this sabjeet

Sonthey remarks, " Sedng the oSenalvenesa, if not tha
danger, of the loathsome and impiona extravagances
into which they had been betrayed, they corrected theb
boolcs and their langiuge ; and from that time tb^ hava
continued to live without reproach."

" The Moravian doctrine,** says Goethe, *■ bad some-
thing magical, in that it appeared to continue, or rather
to perpetuate, the condition of those first times, ^.t. the
apoalolic times.] It connected Its origin with them, and
had never petisbeiL but had only wound its way through
the world by nnnoticed shoots and tendrils, until a sli^le
germ took root tinder the protection of a piona and
eminent nan, once more toexpandwideover the world."

t'Aiit(^ography,"book XV.) Zinzendorf diedat Herra-
nt in Hay, 176a Amomr his works is an account of his
early travela, entitied " "Hie Journey of Atticua through
the Vforld." He had several children.

Saa TituniA(mi vcwEim, " LcbsB da Gnfcn nn ZinundoHl'*
b U* " Deakmle," voL v. ; SrAinaHuao, " L>b« dta Gnin voa
ZinmlaH;" iTiJ^fS.jAciuoH'iEiibiihnrtuiiKiftheuiD*,'' itjli)

tQ. UOun. '' L(t»B in N, TimZmiaid«f ;" Vrbuk. " LAm
I Gnfni TOn ZhiicDilaif," iSij; F. BovrT, "LiComltdt ZnixB-
dort" t86t

Zlnsendoit von, (Phiupp Ludwio,) Count, an
Austrian diplomatist and minister of state, bom In 1671.
He obtained the titie of first chancellor of the court
in 1705, and represented Austria at the conlcrence of
Utrecht, [1711.) A few years later he succeeded Prlnca
Eugene as chief minister. He Is said to have been re-

SiODsible for the war against France and the quadm]^
liance. He rengned in 1740, and died In 1743.

His son, of the same name, bom In Paris in 1699, be>
came a cardinal bi 1737, and Bishop of Breslau in 173s.
Died in 1747.

Zlnxerllng, tstnt'seK-Iins;', (Johann,) [called in Latin
JoDo'cus Singb'rus,) a German philologist, bom In
Thurinna about lega He settled at Lyons, and pub-
lished, oesides other works, " A Guide to Travellers
in France," ("Itinerarium GalllK." l6l>.) Died about
■61&

Zlmrdlnl, die-rai-dee'nee, (Antonio,) an Italian
jurist, born at Ravenna in 1725 1 died in 1784.

Zlaka, zls'kl, or Ziska oP Thocznow, (tsotch'nov,)

goHN,) a famous Bohemian general and leader of the
lusites, was bom near Trocinow about 1360, {or, as
some say, about 1330.) He fought in the Polish army
against the Teutonic knights, and against the Turks
In Hungary. Having entered the English service, he
greatly distinguished himself at the battie of Agincourt,
&i 1415. Soon after this event he was appointed cham.
berlain to Wenceslaus, King of Bohemia. Ziska was a
disdple of John Hubs, who was burned at the stake at
Constance In taiS- He urged the king to revenge "the
bloody affront that the Bohemians had suffered at Con-
stance," and is aaid to have received permission from
Wenceslaus to vindicate the rights of the Hussites In
arms. Ziska raised an army in 1419, and took the chi«
command. Just after the war began, Wenceslaus died,
and the throne was daimed by Sigismnnd, Emperor
of Germany ; but the Hussites refosed to recogniie him.
In August, 1430, Sska defeated the Imperial army neu
Prague. In 1431 he lost his only remainiiw eye at «
siege ; but he continued to command the army in person.
SIgismund raised a new army, and invaded Bohemia,
but was rooted t^ the Hnssltes in Januarr, I43>- Uaka
also defeated in the same year an army of Saxons, who
were allies ctf Sigismnnd. He is said to have been *ic-
torioM In thirteen pitched battles. The Husdtas having
been divided Into two parties, Ziska became the leader
of that party which was called Taboritea. Slgismund
at last made overtures for peace, but, before the treata
was conduded, Ziska died, m October, 1434, after which
the war waa continued for . . . .-o. _ r

reputation as a patriot ai

S« a OiLrm, "Liti of ;. Zido," la "Th« Uw <K Jelai
Widdib and tb* Ha« Xniiwil cf kta Diid^" Mc. >7«4I
LBtVAiiT, "Kktgin d* li Oonn dM Hommm!" FAt.*atT,
"HinoiyorBohMuai" AamiA " HaterT of lb* HoMitfk" b
Bi>k«Biu,)it4l:MAioa-OBnaALl. HrTanu,"BK>cn|>UH«f
Eninot doWv* of iba tan P«sr Cntaria," M%.

adm. See TtiL

'as J; fas/; \kiH^: ^ai/; a, h, K,giMurai; )

.momI; li,lriJUJ; lata; tfaasln£U(. (gy-See Explanations, p. 33.'

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

ZOBAWAH

irdah, Zobaldah, uid Zobaydali, [Ft. ZosiiD^
.'U'td',] a ceiebraled Peniin princeM, diltlngnithed
by her wudom, virtae, and beneficence, born ■tmnt 765
a-Dl, ma the coaain-gennui utd wife of H>nnm-aj<
RMchi± She had a ton Araeeo, {Amln,} who became
caliph. AAer the death of Haroun-al-Raachidfhereaided

ZOLLNER

tMTda

ao'bi'k

AODVi, ao-Dfi, iDsnjAMin,r a uerman arnsc, ekhh at
Hemmingen, In BaTiria, in 1763, reiided maRjvMn In
Bnglaadtwbare Iwwaapatroiilied bj George IIL H«
waa distmpiUhed for h& aklU io palntinK on gold and
tfrer grounds, and waa the Inventor of a method of
painting called Mantwtfnita, IHedln 1831.

Zoberdah. See ZoBUDAa

ZoboU, dn/bo-lee, (Alfonso,) an Italian aatronomer,
boTn at Reggio tn the dxteenth centnty; died about

JEooooll, dtoklto-lee, (Carlo,) an Italian architect,
born at Naple* In 1718 ; died in 1771.

A/e [Qr. Z(4] Z, called Carbonopsina, Emprcaa of
the Eait, waa the wife of Leo VI., whom the surriTed.
Shehada«on,ConitanlineVIL, (Porphyrogenitua.) She
died about 919 A.D.

Zoe H, Empreaa of the East, a daughter of Cooatan-
tine IX, waa married to Romanus Aigyrut, who became
emperor in 103S. She cauaed him 10 be murdered in
1034, and took in hit place UJchael IV. After hit
death, in 1041, she waa married twice,— to Michael V.
and Conalantine X. Died In 1050.

ZoVga, tso4'gl, (GlOKO,) an eminent Danish ardue-
ologist, of Itallaii extraction, was bom in the county
of SchiKkenbo^, Jatland, In 17SS. He stodied at Gdt-
tingen, and in IT76 made the tour of Switteiland and
Ita^. In 1781 lie made bis third visit to Rome, where
he continued to reside for the greater part of bia lifc.
He was patronised by Pope Pius VL and Cardinal
Borgia, and waa appointed, through the influence
of the latter, inlerprcler of modern langnagei to the
Propa^nda College. He pablished in \•fl,^ bia "Nnmi
Anptil Imperatorij proaiantes In Uuseo Bor|^o
Veltiria," etc., being a catalogue of the Egyptian cdiia
itntck by the Roman emperors, contained in tne Borgian
Moaeunt. Thia work waa received with great bvonr.
•nd waa followed by his treatise on obelisk*, entitled
" De Origine et Usu Obeliscomm," (1797,) which It
eateemed one of the most valuable productions of tba
kind. Besides (he above works, he published a cata-
logne of the Coptic manuscripts in the libraiy of Car-
dinal Borgia, ("Catalogus Codicum Copticorom," etc,)
and an account of the antique bai-relieb at Rome,
ODtitled "Basal-Rillevi anticUdi Roma," (a vols., tSo8.)
The latter, written conjointly with iHraneai, was left
onGnlshed. Zoi^ was appointed in iSoa professor in
tlH University of Kiel ) Imt he waa exempted from the
dnties of the office, and permitted to remain at Rome,
where he died in 1809.

■ nb.. iiv,: "HoaTslli Biofimphia GJolnW

EoiaUuar. See ZOixnu.

ZoM,iooB,[LaLZoi'uui,1(HKNKT,)a Flemish jurist
bom at Amersfort in 1571. He became profeaaor of law
at Louvain about 1607, and wrote several worka on law.
Died hi 1617.

Sosat See SOsT.

Eoffiuil or Xo&nr.aof ^-ne or ttof Q-nee, (Johann,)
a German painter, bora in 173;, settled in England, where

bit principal works are an "Indian Tiger-Hunt'

" The Embassy of Hyder Alee to Calcutta." Died In

iSio.

_ I, itgoaTrfn

(Mikhail NiKOLAirtrcH,) written alao Zogoaklna,
a Rnt^an novelist and dramatic writer, of Tartar ex>
traction, was born Id the government of Penca in 1789.
Havlog pnMlthed several popnlsr conadlea, he broaght

X entitled "George Hiloslavikv,
1." whifh net with Mlhruis^r

out In 1S19 hia roi

or the Rosslana b i6ts," which ntet wTth enlhaaiMlie
hvonr from all daaaea in Rosna, as a fidtUiil pictse
of the national character and maanert. PtfiH*t the
above, he wrote several other novel*, and • nnnber ef
prose etuys. Died In 185^

Ztdulr, K/hIK, an AraUan poet, contemponry wtik
Mohammed. "-Tnlh-niilhnr -f rnr nflhrai iriiiiiiim*
of the » Uoallakal," which Sir W. Jones pnUUHed, wkk
an Endiah venion, in 1783. He waa the btber of tbe
poetlUab.

Zollo. See ZoiLva;

Zol-ltM, [Gr. ZmCW; Fr. Zolut, so'U',! a Greek
critic and grammarian of uncertain period. According
to Vitruviui, he was a contemporary of Ptolemy PhUa-
delphui, (*85-347 B.C ;) others think that be flmmahed
about 360-330 B.a He wat notorious for the malignity
of his criticism of Homer, whom he centared for tntio-
ducing &bnlont and incredible ■t<me* into hi* poeoH^

Zola, tolf, (It pron. diolft), (EmLl,) a Frenil
author, the son of a noted Italian engineer, waa bom ia
Paris, April 1, 1 84a. He was educated at the Lyc^ Saint-
Louis, and for some years was employed in a pDbli*hin|
house. His works of fiction, marked by a coar*e and
nnattractive natur^ism, are very numerotis. Amraig
them are "Contes \ Ninon," (18^,] "La Confession ds
Claude," (1865,) " L'Assommoir,'* (1877, which had an
tmjnente currency,) " Une Page d Amour," (1878J
" Nana," (1880,) " Potbouille,** (1881,) etc. Among
hia later works are " Lourdes," (1894,) "Rome,"
(iSg6,) and '■ PariE," ^1898.) He attained reputation
in another field by bis earnest defence in 1897 of
Captain Dreyfus, in which be boldly arraigned ibe
army magnates. He was tried for libel during an ab-
sence from France, and sentenced to fine and im-
prisonment, but escaped it by absence until after the
revision of the Dreyfus Irial. Died Sept. 29, 1903.

Zola, dsoHl (Grosun,) an Italian tbeolo^an, ben
near Brctda In 1739. He wit prolessor of niatovy at
Pavia, and hvonred the lelbrm* of the emperor Toaepb
IL Died in 1806.

Solkl«fnkl, lol-ke-ev'skee, (Stanisla*,) a Polish
feneral, bom in 1547. He beomc general -in -chief of
the army of Sigismund IIL about 1609. He invaded
Rnssia and captnred Moscow m i6ia In t6ao he
conducted an army against the Torka. HannA been
deserted by aome mutlnon* officer* and men, he waa
overpowered by Ae Tork* and killed the aame year.

general, bom in Manry connty, TeDne**ee, in 181s. Hs
became editor of tbe " Naabnlle Banner," a Whig paps
and waa elected to Cotwrets in iSu. Having t^n
arm* agun*! the Union, be commanded the forix widcfc
waa defeated at HiU Spring where he waa killed oa tJM

r> 186a.

, laolle-ko'Itr, (Gboro Joachuc,} an caai-

t Swiss theologian and polplt orator, bom at Sam*
1 in 173a He finished bia atocBea at Utiedd, a^

Leiptic, where

by bi* eloqnenoe and the excellenoe of

He wat the aathtH- of aeveral rellgiota

hvmns of great merit, and nnmeroo* MrnMa*, a com-

piete collection of whkh appeared. In 15 vol*., in 178^

Died in 178S.

Zollinit t*ol1in& (TiOOPiiiL,) a German poet aad
author, bom at Scabti, near Naples, December jo, 184^
He was brought op in Switzerland, and studied at Vienna,
Heidelberg, and Bonn. He lived for some time in Pari^
and then in Berlin. Ho it one of tbe beat of tbe German
feuilletonists, having a style at once elegant, apirital

iquant, and richly varied.

JUUloer or ZoalliMr, tafil'nfr, (Johamn PuiducrJ

German writer, bom at Neodamm In tyj}. He wat
minister of the church of Saint Nlcbcdaa, in Beriia.
IMedin 1804.

XBUn«. (Johann Kail FatXDuCH,) a Geraa*

L E, I, fi, H, ^, /mir; k. i, 6, ■**», leaa proloogedj t, i, I, C, 0, f, ihtrt; t, f, i, 9, tticun; llr, fill, fit; mCt; dOI; gKdi rndBa;

Digitized by VjOOQ I C

ZOLLOaOOB

phyiidit and islronomer, bom in Beilin, November 8,
1834. He sludied in the Univenilietof Berlin and Bile.
In 1873 he became full professor of uCronomical ph^ics
tl Leipsic He wrote moch on photoraeliy, cometi,
the electro-djnamic theory or matter, etc, and made
Improvement* in the ipectrotcope. Died in iSSa.

SoUoROob or Zouognb, EOllo-gioab, written also
BoOogTib and Zollobnb, (Vladimii Albxandio-
TiTCH,) a popular Russian writer, bom at Saint Petera-
bnrg about 1S15, published a novel entitled " Tarantas,"
which has been tranilated into En^ish and German,
alao poems, essaTi, and dramas. Died Jane 16, iSSi.

Zon'f-nu, [Gr. ZiMwpfic,] (Joankis,) a Bjvantine
theologian and hiatorian of the twelfth centnr;, lired
Vider the reign of Alexius Comneniu, bj whom he wai
appointed to several high office*. He was the author
ef a "Cbronicon," or annal* from the creation down to
Itl8t which waa contlnaed bjr Nicetas Acominalna, al*o
"Commentaiie* on the Sacred Canons," etc

Zoooa, dzon'kl, (Victok,) an Italian matbenatidaii
of the seventeenth ceDtnir, waa the anlbor of a work
entitled " New Theatre of Machine*," living an accomit
of various mechanical invention!.

Zoobof Of ZODbot vx/YnA, written alao Zonbov
and Bitbow, (Platon,) ■ Rwtian courtier, bom in
He became In 17^1 the lavonrite of the empreu

a.

until the death of Catherine, (179*.) "**«' which he was
diigraced. He was one of the conspiratora that killed
Paul I., In 1801. Died in iSai.

Zooiakl, Znlak), or Zotilskl, {prononnced almost
twis^ee,) (Vasiui,) a Russian prince and general, w«*
a descendMit of Vladimir the Great He was the head
of the government during the rolnoritj of Ivan IV., bf
whose order h* wm encnted in 1544.

' ----- -j,orZotitoki.iVABiiJi.)asonofthe

preceding distlngidshed himself In his succeaafiil de-
fanca of Pleskow agunat the Polish general ZamOTsId

bom at Gera in 1691, He published in 17*9 a " Uni-
versal History." Died In 1774.

ZOpS, tsBptn, (Heinkich MATTHitus,) a German
Jorist, and profeswiT <A dvil law at Heidelberg, waa bora
at Bamberg in 1807. He publiahed a number of legal
and political work*. Died July 4, 1877.

Zopplo, dzop'pe-o, (GiKOLAUO,) an ItaJian vrriler,
bom at Bologna in the sixteenth centnrv. He translated
the first four booka of Virgil'* "Anelc^' hto veiae, and
wrote original poems, " Rime," (1567.) Died in IS<t'

His son MiLCHios, l>om at Bologna aboal t544>
profeaaor of philosophy at that city about fiihp year*.
He wrote four ttsgcdiea and two comediea. Died Id

Chdtop'po, (Hakco,) an Italian painter, bom at
Doiogna in 1451, wa* a p>i[d) of Andrea Uant^na.
Diedin 1517-

Zoppo, (Paolo,) an ItaKan painter, noted for the
Gnenesa of his touch, waa bom at Bread*; died in 1515.

Zoppo dl Impmo. See Ducbfou.

Z«^r& Sec ZoPYRUa.

Zaj/f-nUk [Gr. Zuavpor; Fr. Zopysk, lo'pin',]
Peraian officer of DarioaHystaspis. When that king w._
bedeging the revolted dty of Babjrlon, Zopyma gained
admiaaian into the dty by the following stra^gem. He
cot oC U* nose and ears, and presented himself to the
enemy ■■ a deserter who wished to revenge the cruel
treatment he had received from Darius. Eu* *tory wa*
credited, and he was appointed commander of the troop*
In Babylon, which he delivered to Darin*.

ZoprniB, a Greek physidan 01 surgeon of Al(
dria, flourished about 100 B.C. or 80 B.C He invented
an antidote for Ptolemy Auletes, and alao one for Hith-
ricUte^ G*len mentions a letter from Zopyna to Uilh-
rldates m the subject of his antidote.

"* — ' "iBO, written also Sorc
T of&ir*, market*, etc, t
■ pnialofTeniers. Died in 1684.

ZoclUn, ttio-ril'yl, (Uanubl Ruiz,) * Spanish poll>
tidui, born at Borgo-de-Osma, in Castile, in 1834. He
ne a lawyer and liberal statesman, and took part in

ippointed minister of'public works. He was minister
of justice, 1869-70, and was afterwards president of the
Cortes. Alter the accession of King Alphonao to the
Itu-one, Zorilla was Mmpelled to leave the country.

Zoni, tsoRn, (Pktkr,) a learned German theologian
and philologist born at Hamburg in 16S3. He was well
versed in the Greek language and antiqnitie*, on which
he wrote several treatises. He often changed his place
of residence. From I7I( to 1730 he was rector at Pliin,
He became professor of history and doquence at Stettin
in 1715. Died at Thorn in 1746.

ZoT-o-M'ter, (Gr. Zupotorpw; Lat. Zokoas'tkbsi
Persian, Zesdoosht or Zerdusht, tfr'dSGeht ; Fr.
ZotOAnRE, Eo'roislx',] a Bactrian or Persian philos-
opher, celebrated a* the founder or reformer of the
Hagian religion. The time in which ho lived is not
ascertained. According to the " Zendavesla," (in which
U* name is written ZAKATHi;sTaA,) he lived in the leign
of Vitafpa, whom the Persians call Gushtlsp, and
whom some writers identih' with H^tas^, the bther
of Darius I. Firdousec, JFlrdaust,) in his great poem
the "Shlh NSmah," likewise makes htm contemporary
with Gushttsp. Some authors conjecture that he lived
more thin 1500 years before the Christian era. The
first Greek writer that mentions him i* Plato. Ac-
ct>rding to Aristotle, Eudoius, Hermippus, and other

-■- ■!, Zoroaster lived 5000 years or more before

1 of Plato. Niebuhr regards him as a mythical

personage. Tradition presents him in the characters
of leglsIatoT, prophet, pontifij and philosopher. The
doctrines usually ascribed to him are contained in the
"Zend Avesta,'' which maybe termed the Zoroastrian
Scriptures, These are written in the language ofandent
Persia, and profess to give the revelations made by Or-
mtisd to his servant anoprophet Zarathustra, (Zoroaster.)

The Zoroastrian system of religion teaches that the
world or universe is the scene of a conflict between two
prindplcs, — the good, called Ormuzd, and the evil, called
Ahriman ; that each of these possesses creative power,
but that the good prindple is eternal, and will finally
prevail over Ahriman, who will sink with his (iiUowers
into darlcncss, which is their native element According
to some authorities, he also tielieved in an infinite Deity
or Being, called "Time without bounds." His religion
gradually degenerated into an idobtrous worship olfire
' " snn. (See Orwiziv)

ZorrilU 7 Hoiid, thoc-rfcl'yl e roo-rll', (Don Tost,)

nominent Snintdh miet and dramatist, tiora at Valla*
d bv his father for the legal

le Seminario de loa Noble*

I 1837, l)Ut, instead of the study of taw, he

devoted himself to poetry and literarv pursuits, a
became a contributor to the journal '* El Artista." Ills
el^ on the death tA the {xiet Larra(iS37| was received
wiu enthtislastic admiration, and raised the highest
hopes of hi* foiure excellence. In 1841 he publnhed

the King" (" El Zapatero y el Rev," t84o) and " Don

fian Tenario," a "Collection of Historical Legend* and
raditiona," (1840,) and "Granada, an Oriental Poem,

Zor'tan, (Petiatscb,) a Hongarian peasant, bo
near Temesvarin IS37; died b 1714, at the age of o
hundred and eighty-five year*.

«a*i,' casj; Bianf; |aa_;,'a,H,K,/M»ira/,- v,natat;%,trilicd;\t»t; *hasin(iiij; (|y See Explanation*, p. 33.'

db, Google

le of the

ZORI.I »S

Sond, dioKt'Ke, [Lat GBtn'otm,] (Aumakoko,) an
lOlian Jeiiiit and metaphyiidui, bom at Venice in 1747.
He published > " Pioapectni of > New Italian En^-
clopBdia," (1775.) but odIt lired long enough to gi*«
a (mall specimen of It Died In 177^

Zoalma. SeeZosnnn.

ZoaT-miu, [Gr. ZCtmaet; Fr. Zosimi^ co'idn',] a
Greek hiitorian of the Gflh centan, Itred under Theo-
doiiui IL He was the aathor of a " History of the
Roman Enipice down to 410 A.D.," in six books, all of
which 1« cxtanL He was a pa^an, and is accused of
pardalitf bjr some orthodox wriiera. His stjte is neat
and pure.

KoBtmu. a Greek ecdesiaitic, succeeded Innocent
L M Bishop of Rome In 417 A.D. He confirmed the
■entence m heresy pronounced against the Pelagian*,
and was Che author of letters and controreisial trealisea,
Died in December, 418.

Zonbof or ZoobOT. See ZooBOF.

Zoaoti, Eootch, (RtCHABD,) an English jurist, bom in
Wiltshire about 1590, became re^us professor of law at
Oxford in 163a He afterwards rose throiigh several
offices to be judge of the high court of admiralty. He
was the author of a nnmber of legal work*, in Latin.
Died about 1660.

Zonob, (Thouas,) an English divine and writer, bom
fai Yorkshire in 1737, became rector of ScrajrinEham
h 1793, and subsequently a prebendary of Durhr—
He published "An Attempt to illustrate
Prophecies of the Old and New Teslam . ,
"Memoir of the Life and Writings of Sir Philip Sid-
ney," {litA,) and other work*. Died in 1S15.

ZoolskL See Zooisu.

Zoiut See SOsT.

Z1I117I. SRtn'yee, written also Zilny, (Nicholas,) a
celebrated Hangarian general, bom in 1S18, was Ban
of Croatia, which he defended twelve years against the
Turks. In 1566 he was besieged in the town of Sngelh
by Solyman the Magnificent, at the head of 65,000 men,
while his own forces were but 300a After a resiatancn
of a month, the dty was taken, and Zrinyi, with his lew
remuning followers, defended themselves for a time In
the dtadel, and, in the final assault, rushed forth and
fell fighting. Hit heroic achievement* have been immor-
Uliied in one of KBmer's dramas.

Zrinyt, (Nicholas,) a Hungarian warrior and poet,
a great-grandson of the preceding, born in 1616, became
Ban of Croatia, and greatly distinguished himself in war
against (he Turks. Died in 1664.

ZaobBckwlts, tshlk'tills, (Johahn.) aGerman {mist,
bom near Naumburg in 1669, lectured on law at Halle,
and wrote on history and public law. Died in 1744.

Zsobokks. uhoklith, (JoEAKN Heinrich Daniel,)
a popular Geiman writer, bom at Magdeburg on (he lid
of March, 1771. He was educated at the University of
Fraokfort-on-the-Oder. He produced in 1793 a drama
called "AhJUlino Che Bandit," which wassuccessful. His
next work was "Julius von Sassen," a drama, (1796.}
About 1796 he left Frankfort, and travelled through
Germany and France. He settled in Switzerland, and
took an active part in the political afTaitt of that country
[between 179E and 1S03) as a civil officer of the republic.
He wrote several works on Swiss history, among which
I* a "History of the ComhaU and Fall of the Swiss
Mountain and Foteit-CanCons," (iSol.) In iSoj or
1804 he was appointed a member of the council of mines
and forests. He resided many years a( Aarau, wliither
he removed' about 1808. From 1807 to 1813 he edited
a popular periodical called "Miscellany of the Most Re-
cent Events," ("Miscellen ftir die neneste Weltkunde.")
He wa* a prolific writer of novels, tales, poems, and
bistoriM. His novels are commended for their good
moral tone, and are remarkable for humooi. He wrote
• "Hiatory of Bavaria," (4 vol*., 1813-18,) and a "Hts.

H' of Switieiland for the Swias People," (1S33,) which
ighly esteemed. Among hi* nios( popular works are
"Honrs of Devotion," ("Stunden der Andacht,") an
eloquent exposition of modem rationalism, and "The
Goldmaker's VtHage," a tale. He died in January, 1S4S.
8h hb sunitmifnphT, Hiiiilcd ■■SclbUKhi<i," iW : £■ Fkvs-
Doiv, "NDtkamitaViadt ZkIwUw" iSm : BAt)t, " ZKhohkE,

ZUCCHI

Ldiai»iidMi«Wwk«."ta«y; Mimo^ -Z««fc*to^eM-
Quirtflrlr Rnuw** Iv Apffl, it*^

Ztiallu^ ztrt'llK', (JUH,) a Belgian traveDer, viABd
the Holy Land In 1^6, and pnUuhed a "Joomcj W

Oie native* from the crtielty t& the Spaniard*. . . . _
cnved fron Xiinenes liill power to govern the oolo^e^
and he used hi* power in favoor of ioatice and homaBi^.
Id 1511 he became Govcnior of Caba, where he refasmrt
the court* of justices Died in S^t Doiuingo in 1537.

Znb«r, tsoi/bfT, (MatthXdi^) a German writer of
Latin poetry, bom at Neabnr^ on the Danube, in iSTft
He published "Varions Poem*," ("Poemata «am,'
i59S,)and"Epigrammata,"(i60S.> iKed in 16M.

Znooardl, diook-kas'dee^ (UB>KTIN0,> an Iialisa
jurist, bom at Corremio about 1480; died in lUi.

Znooaralll, diook^-rellee, or ZnocJiereUl. dnrak*
ki-relOee, (Fkancbkx),) an Italian landscape-painter,
bom near Florence in 1701. He viuted Englaul h
1751, and became otie of the first members irftlie Rc^al
Aoulemy. After a residence of more than twenty yon
In England, wliere he was extensirely patroniied, be
returned to Florence, and died in 17SL

Znooailol, tsHk'ki-ree'Dee, (Josxph GkbakdJ aa
eminent Germsn botanist, bom at Uanlcfa in 179S. H*
was professor of botany at that dty, and described Ac
plants collected by Siebold, in llie "Flora Japooica,'

(1835.) Among his work* I* " Instraction In Botany,"
iSm-) DiediDi848.

Zoooaio^ dzook'kl-ro^ or Znoohsra, dtook/kl^t^
(FiDBKiQO,) an Italian painter, born at Sanf Angela, in
the dnchy of Urbino, in 1543. He wa*lnstn»ctedbyhit
elder brother Taddeo, several of whose imfinished pc-
lore* he completed. Having executed acme impcrtswl
worli* at Florence and Rome, he visited the Netheiland*

repaired to Spain about \^% and wa* emplorecl to sunt
the EacuriaL In 1595 be became tiie fonnder and ths
first president of the Academy of Saint Luke, at Rome.

He was also skilled in sculpture and architcctDre, sad
published a work entitled "L'ldea de' Pitton, Scnhori
ed ArchitettL" Zuccaro was one of the moet admired
artists of his time ; but later critics have not aangiwd
him so high a lanL Died in 1609.

,5« Wauhl^ " AiHBdolH of Pilntini ;" Vauu, *■ LiiM rftiK

Znoooro, (Hakio,) an Italian medical writer, bora
in the sixteenth cenCury at Naples, where he In 1 ii
profiMSor of medidne. Died in 1634.

Knocaio, (Taddbo,) a brotiieT of Federigov noticed
above, was bom In 1519. At an early age be visited
Rome, where he lived for a time in great dMtJtntion aad
was employed a* a colottr-griDder. He was after wart*
patroniied by the pope* Jolin* IIL and Paul IV., aad
Cardinal Alexander Farneae, for whom he paiatod a
series of frescos in the palace at Caprarola, Ulailnliin
the glories of Che Famese &mily, wnoe engnvad by
Prenner. Died in 1566.

Sh Taub, " Liva td dw WaMn."

Znoohslll, diook-kellee, (AirrciKio,] of Gradaca, a
Capuchin monk, who went as a missionary to Congo ia
1697. In 1713 be published an interesting "Acooont af
his Travels, with a Description of Angola and Congo.'

KnoohardlL Sec ZinxjuMLLL

Zncoliero. See Z(;ocaro, (FsDEXiGCk)

Zncobl, diookOiee, {Antonio,) a Venetian painler,
bom in 1716, resided several year* in England, when
be executed a number of fresro*, and became an a*a»-
date of the Royal Academy. Died at Rome in 179$.

Znoohl, (BakTOLOMmko,) an Italian wrher, bora tk
Honia about 1560, became a priest. He wrote (ever*!
biographies and historical worka. Died in 1631.

i, e, I, fi, 4, T, Img; I, t, 4, same, less prolonged ; 1, 1, 1, 6, & F. 'htn; %,%,\,'i< ni'tfri; Or, fUl, At; mit; nSt; g»d; mflUa

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provisatore, bom at Verocuu
ezlempore in public Died in 17G4.

ZqccoIo, dzooklio-lD, (Luigi,) _.. __,

II facnia about 1570. He published sevenl worka

ir of books. lie died preniatareTy in , ^ .

Zockn^ IsSCk'lifRi, (JoiiANN Friedkich.) m Gei
man inedical writer, bom at Berlin in 17*7. He WTol
Kveral works on diet and regimen, which are cob
nendtd. Died in 1778.

Znlohva or Znldiaintu, (Vioutts.) Sm Am.

ZoInilL See Zwingli,

Kil<wgHtlB See ZWINGL^

ZakBTtor^tsS&k'fr-ioRt'ijT. H.,)a noted ctieu-plaMT,
born at Riea. Russia, ol a German lamiljp, Septeniber
7, iSdi. He m* educated at Breslau, and in 1867-71

edited a cheti-journaj at Berlin. In 1S72 he removed to
England. He has often placed eight or ten simullaneou
games while blindfolded. Died in iSSS.

Xiuiuila-CaTtOKti7>'hao-rel^l klr-rt^m, (Don To-
MAS,) a celebrated Spanish commander in the service
of Don Carlos, was born near Villarea! In 178S. He
served under General Mina in 1813, and attained the
Tank or colonel in tSsj, being appointed at the same
time governor of Ferrol. After tne death of Ferdinand
VII ne became leader of a band of insurgents in the
Basque provinces, with whom he defeated General Rodii
In the vailej of Amescoaa in 1S34, which nas (bllowed
bv several other signal victories over the forces of Queen
Cnriatini, He was mortally wounded while preparing
to besiege Bilbao, in 1835.

Sm HiHmNcaaM, "TvdTi Monihi of Ounjalpi iritli Ztnmla-
C(iT«n'r>" ■ nil-, ilj&; HitDajiiak "HiitBrit niJiur t pcUiica dt
Zuniiliamtiif," iSt4.

Zombo, dzoomlMt or Emntnot oioom'mo, (Gak-
TANO G1UL10,) I Sidllan artist, bom at Srtacnse in
1656, was celebrated as a modeller of figures in coloured
wax. tie was a skilful anatomisl, and his anatomical
preparations in wax were ereatlv admired. Died in 1701.

Zumbnaoh, tsdbn'bAah, (Kaspak Clehekt,) a
German sculptor, bom at Hericbrock, Westphalia,
November 13, iSia In 1873 he was called to Vienna
as professor of sculpture. His medallions, portrait-bgsti^
and statues are numerous.

Zuinpt,l>a6mpt,[Airat;STWiLinLM,) nephew of Karl
Gottlob, noticed below, was bom at Kitnigsbcrg in 1815.
He published, among other worlia, "Commentationes
epigraphies ad Aniiauitate* Romanas pcrtinentes," (a
toIs., 1850-u.) Died at Berlin, April 33, 1877.

Zninpt, (Kabl Gottlob,) a German scholar, bom at
Berlin in 1791. He studied at Heidelberg under Cret)*-
>er, and tn iSlS became professor of Roman literature
In the UniversitT of Berlin. His "Latin Grammar,"

Eublished in 181S, enjoys a very high reputation, and
as been translated into English. He was also the
author of several valuable essaTs on Roman customs
and antiqaiiies. amonK which we majr name "On the
Architecture of the Roman Dwelling- House," (1844,)
and "On the Religion of the Romans," (184$.) He
likewise prepared editions of Quintilian's " Instituliooes
Oralortx," and other Latin classics. Died in 1849.

Znmatftflg, tsd&m'sllc, (Johani« RirnoLF,) a German
composer, born in 1760. His songs and ballads are
particularij admired. He was an intimate friend of
Schiller, several of whose lyrics he set to music Died
In iSoz.

ZuSlga, da, <Ul thoon-Te'gi {Don Dieco Orth,) a
Spanish historian, bom at Seville. He wrote a '*UiS'
tory of Seville," (1677.) Died in iSSo.

Ziiiu, tsd&nts, (LaoPOLD,) a learned German Jew,
bom at Detmold in 1794, became principal of the Jesrish
Seminary at Berlin. Me published "The Srnagogal
Poetry of the Middle Ages," etc. Died in tSS&

and, when she was compelled to leave Spain, attacbM
himself to Etparlcro, He was betrayed into the hands
nf the enemy in 1845, and ahot.

Zorbaran, thooa-bi-rln', (Francisco,) an eminent
Spanish painter, born in Estremadura in IJ08. Ha
studied under Juan de Roelaa at Seville, where he
produced a great number of his best works. Among
these may be named his " Saint Thomas Aquinas," an
altar-piece In the church of the College of Saint Thomas
Aquinas, esteemed one of the most admirable pictures
ever executed in Spain, and the altar-pieces in the
churches of San Lorenzo and Sant' Antonio Abad. A
few of his works are to be seen in the galleries of Paris,
Beriin, and Dresden ; and at Munich, a " Virgin and
Saint John returning from the Sepulchre of Christ."
Zurbatan received the lilleof painter to King Philip IIL,
"id was patronized by his successor, Philip IV, He Is

but he is thought in some respects to hive surpassed
him. He was remarkable for his fidelity to nature,
richness of colouring chiaroscuro, and exquisite repre-
sentation of velvets, brocades, and white draperies.
The Spanish friar waa a favourite subject, in the treat*
ment of which he was eminently successful. Died in 166a,

ZtirttSLihoo-ree'tI,(GeKOHiMO,)a Spanish historian,
born at Saragossa in 1512. He studied at Alcali, and
rose through several important offices to be a member
of the supreme council of Castile, in 1543. He was
aftergrards sent on an embassy to Germany, and In 1^49
appointed historiographer of the kingdom. His prin-
cipal work, entitled " Annals of the Crown of Aragon,"
("Anales de la Corona de Aracon," 4 vols., 1^84)
enjoys a high reputation. His candour and impatiiallt*
are praisea by rrescoll in his "History of Ferdinand
and Isabella,"^ (vol. ii. part ii.) Died In 1581.

Zutla, dzooK'll, (PiJtciDO,) a learned Italian cardinaL
bom in the Venetian Slates in 1769, became vicar-genera]
to Pope LeoXII. He published a treatise " On Marco
Polo and other Venetian Travellers," and "On the
Voyages and Discoveriesof Cadamosio." Died in 1834,

ZarlaabBn, atiR'iybftN' or tsMR'ISwHien, (BIat
Jacques,) a Swiss general in the service of France, com-
manded a brigade at Steenkerke, (1692,) and at Ncerwin-
den. He died oFwounds received at Blenheim, in 1764.

Zorlaaban, A% dfh tUalO'bdH', (BIat FiDti.i An-
1TMHE Jean Dominiqitb,) Baron de la Tour-Chili lion,
a Swiss general and writer, born at Zug in 1720, served
fit the n^nch armr many years. He wrote, besides
many lustorical and Bntiqaariaa treatises, "A Military
History of the Swiss in the French Service," (8
vols., l7St-53,) and a "Description of Ssrilxerland,"
("Tableaux lopographiques, piltoresques, physiques,*

c, 4 vols., 1780-86.) Died In inj.

Znrlo, diooR'lo, (Giusippe,) Coitirr, an able Italtaa

inister of stale, born at Naples in 1759. He became

inister of finance In 1793. He followed the court to
_ >1ermo in 1806, when the French regime was es-
tablished at Naples; but he returned in 1S09, and was
appointed minister of Justice and of the interior by
MuraL He reformed the administration, and protected
learning, commerce, and agriculture. In 1815 he retbed
from office. Died in iSaSi.

Zamer, tsjtta'ner, [Adau Fkiidrick,) a Geimaa
geographer, bom near Oelsnita about 1680^ arodoced
several maps of Saxony and other parts of Germany^

ZayBcbom. See HuycBHS,

ZuzzBii, dzoot-si'ree, (Giovanni Luca.) an Italiaa

Zwanalgar, tsftln'sio-fr, (Joseph Chkistiah,) a
_erman writer, bom in Hungary in 1733. He was
professor of philosophy at Leipsic, and wrote against
the philosophy of Kant. Died m tSoS.

Zireers, iwairs, (Pkilif,) a Dutch poet, lived al
Amsterdam. He wrote *> Semiramis," a tragedy, and
other poems, which were admired. Died in 1774.

ZwelfST, tsMi'fer, (JOHANH,) a German chemiat and

caa>,- fast; gionf; gas/; o,H,«,^wnfni/; i«,fr4tii/; K,Mi!fn/; lass; IhasinMu. (|^See EipUnalions, p. n.1

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ZWICKER -^

Vkjrfdaiv bom in tbe Falai]n>i« In 161S. He pnctked
■■ Vieniu, «id wrota •even] Mark*. Died ia 1668.

Zwlolwr, laMI/lur, (Damiu,) e GeriMit rcligKmiaL
fcem It Duaie in l6ii He wu oocc a Socniu), and
aftennrdi an Arminian, He wrote, beaide* Mhei worka,
"iicnicon Ireniconna," (165S,) the aim of which wa* to
ptomote union among Chriiuan aecta. IMed in 167S.

Zwinger, taAfnc'^r, IJakod,) a Swits phnidan and
phiioloKiM, bom at BUe in i;69, na a ion of Theodore.
He became profeaior of Greek at Bile, and wrote a
*Llli:of Lnaan," (160a,) and "Exaroinalion of Checni-
cal Principlea," (" Piiodptorum Chjmicoriim Exaaca,"
iMS.) Died In i6ich

Ztringw, [Lat ZwraoK^Kin,] (Jobuih Rudolth,)
a Swita phnidan, bom at BUe in 169s, waa a ton of
Theodore tfce Yoonger. He waa ptol«Mar of medidnc
at Bile for fifty<two jrean. AouHig hi* pupila — *'--
Ivaaaa Haller. Died in 1777.

S« BincTon', "Vila J. K. Z*bc«l," <»&

ZwlBSBTi {Lat ZwiHGi'auB,] (Tkkodoki,) tub
ELDEit, an eraineat Swis* phjiidan and acholar, bom
at Bile in 1533, was the lather of Jakob. He atadied
at Parla and Padua. In 1^5 he obtained the chair of
Greek at BUe. He pahliihed, beaidea other works,
a collectfon of anecdotes, etc., entitled "Theatre of

Varro," ("Ucthodua Riutia Catonia et VairoDbb"
1576.) Died at BUe In isSS.

Sm ■ " Lift of Zvinffr" in " Aihtaa ItmiiK.'

Zwlanr, (Thiodobi,) a grandson of tbe preceding
bora at Bile in 1597, was a son of JakoU He became
* « ■ ■ ' itof th< "

first pastor and supMinienden

e churches of BUt

in 1630. He waa also professor of divinity in that dtj
for twenty-foarjeara. Died in 16J4.

Zwlnser, (Thioimke,) a Swiis phyaidan and bot
■nbt, born at BUe in 1658; was a grandson of the pre-
ceding. He waa a son of Johatw Zorfnger, (1634^)6,)
nrofeuor of Greek and theolocv at BUe. He became
In 16S7 pndeasor ef phjaics in hi* native dtj, where be

e screnU work* on medidnc
and botany. Died in 173+

Sn-'AthHBKwtoK-

JSwtncaraa. SceZwiiton.

Zwlai^iwlng'ri, ZwlasU, or SoIbcII. swti^'.
glee. ILat Zwim'cuus or ZtiiH'cuus; Fr. Zwihtcix
■vlNfliGer.ULaiciiorHuLMUCHZwtNOLUhil&U'ttx
MHngnecl a Swiss Keformer of great eminence, wie
born at WthUtaa*. fai the canton or vaD^ of Tagged
twrg, on the i*t of Janoary, I4&t Ho waa Uberallv
Wtocaled at Bite and Vienna, al tbe fbnner of which
nlacc* he studied theology twder Thomas Wyttenbach.
He wa* a diligent reader ef Plato, Aristotle, Horace,
and Seneca. In 1506 he took the degree of H.A. at
BUc, and was appoioted priest of Glania. About tbi*
lime be acquired a profaund knowledge of tbe original
4eat of the New Tcatamcnt, and b^an to teit the sound-
«eaa of tbe doctrine* of tbe Roman Church \tj the
•landard of the gospeL " The Holy Scripture^" says
Holtinger,''had been hi* daily and nightly sEudjt, and
be knew (he greater pan of them lilerally by heart"
He performed a journey to BUe to become personallv
acqeainled with Eraanut^ whose writing* he admirecL
He served as chaplain to a body of Swia* troop* em-

etyed in I^imhardy in 151c, and witnessed (he great
tile of Marignano. He afterwards raised his vohx to
dissuade the Swiss from the piactiee ef «Dli*t)Bg aa
Mercenaries in foreign ^«mie&

In ijifi he removed from Glara* to Ein*i«dsln, lbs
monastery of which wa* in high repote a* a aanctoary
and was visited by naMeroM pligriiM and devote*^ who
came to buy indulgences for Udr sins. Zwingle was
employed there a* preaclier to the nonaalerf. He had
previously been oonvinced U>al several doctrines and
fnctioe* of the Rocsan Church were not consistent with
the pore religion of the gospel; but he had hitherto
refrajncd from the public avowal of bis conviction*.
Zwingle and Lather began about the aame time to con-

30 zwmeiz

damn the ask of Indslgeaot*! and other eomwtigB* of
tbe ChDich of Rome. He «■■ supported by TbeofaaU
of Geroldsedc, admioistntu of tbe abbqr, and found at
Einaiedeln aixAhcr coadjutor, Le« Jnda. In htsaenwas
he iitflsted on tbe neeeaqty of ptactical i^rttie and neer-
ness of life, instead fSaXtAcK observances, cercrnnnic^
and supersiitious practices He also mged the bftbope
ILBd OUwT high lunctionark* to nndertafce the refa»
mation of the Chnrch by removing the impoatsre*
and ignOTance and depravity of the priests. He corrc-
tpotided with Erasmus, Capito, and Beatn* Rbenanok
In December, ijiS^hewas appomted preacher to the
colleraate chivch or great Hiiiister of AiHch, where he
Ibund the priests and the people Id a benighted spiritnal

. the Holy Scripture^ His bold and novel

mode of preaching produced, of conis^ mnch agitadoo.
In 1^3 the Great Council of Zurich, at the reqoeat
of Zwm^e, samnMoed ttie clergy of that diocese to
attend a conference for the discuaaion of tlie new Aotr
trine*, and proposed that the Holj Scripture should be
Mcogniied aa the standard by which doctrines mnxl be
Judged. To thb conference the Bishop of Constance
sent John Faber, his vicsr.gencraL Zwingle defcadej
his course, having previooaly pnbliibed a Ibt of artkies
to be (tiscussed, among which were the following: the
power arro^led to themselves by tbe pope and btthops
Is not aanctioocd ln> Scripture ; the mairiaKe of priaeta
oeghl not tobefivwddeo; and no one ought to be mo-
lested far hi* opinion*. The result tS the conference wa*
a deei*lon of the council that Zwingle should contiane
to preach tbe gospel as he bad done heretofore. " Hi*
■Implid^, firmness, and gsntlenea*." *ap Hesa, "aa-
spired his audience with great veneration 1 his cloi^ae —

and knowledge carried away tboae who . .
between the two parties." (^LUe of ZwinglcH Ii
be BiarTied Anna Reinhait He published In i

work entitled " A Discomae 00 Tme and False Religion*
The mas* was abolished at Zurich in 1515. About tha
.!__ .i_ ateries were suppressed aad thcjt

property waa appropriated to the paipoeee M
and charily.

Zwingle took part in a conferoace (between tbe B»
formers and the Ronun Catholics] which met at Beiaa
in iu8i aoen aflcr which the Rcbrmed relipoa wa*
eataUiabed ia tbe canton of Berne. In 1530 be aM
Lmber and Helaadubon in coeference at Harburw. He
•greed with tbem in reblion to fourteen articles ar&Bih,
10 which they all snbocribed, but he diOErcd boot them
ou tbe tubjcct of the Enchariat aiMl rejected the doctriae
of the real presence^ Foe this reason Luther rcfoaed
to give him the right hand of fellowship^ Tbe Swim
Refonuerwa* tbe lea* dogbutical of tbe two, and was
disposed to tolerate a di&TMce of opinioo on that point
The Roman Catholic parly contintwd to predominate m
most of the Swiaa cantona, emept Zurich, Glanis, aad
Berne, and ibejr persecuted those ProteMants who lived
in Lucerne, Uri, Schwyi, eta Zwingle had acoaired a
high reputation for wisdom, and waa often consuiicd by
the coondl of Zurich in relation to public aSurs. M»
adversaries luving aocnted him o( being the chief caue
of the di**en*ions which destroyed the peace of the
country, he offered to rea^ ; but tbe senate refBOcd Vt
accept his rssignatioik In 1511 the five cantons of L»
ceine, Zeg, Uti, Schw^ and Unlerwaklen dedaied wit
against ficme and Zunch, which were not well prepwed
tot the conflict Zwingle waa one of a imall Mod that
marched out to meet tbe encaiy, and was kilted at the
battle of Cappel, in October, 1J31. He teft, besides
other works, an "Exoosiiion of the Christian Faiih," m
L'>iai(iS3&) HialoOowenwerecalled "Evaogdicalb*

Zwlntfl or Zwlagjtna. .

I. ii 1,^0. ;,/«V>:^^^*"^'e**pToloi)ged;i,^[, 2, a,|,«A«rt-.ti «,(,«'''««»; Or, Ail, at; inCtinOligaaidim

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. _ !e«'o(r, (EuiCT FUKUKICR,) an emi-
nent Geniun urchitM, bom at Jacobswald, m SlletU,
In FebnuiT, iSoa, He completed hU itndiea at the
Royil AcMMiny of Atchitectare and the UniTenitr of
Berlin. IniS^jbemiepp^tedardiiteetof thcenoent
Cologne Cathedral, and imdertook the completion ud
RtloralioQ of that gnwd Gothic or medieval edifice,
whidt had Mrer been finiihed. He expended nuiq'
jreara on Ihi* vork, which it conddered one of the
noet RDCOCtaful and admirable •pedmen* of leitoratioa
which have e*er appeared. Zwimer deeigued the castle
of Co<)nt ron Fontenbera at Herdrlogeu, and aeveni
cattle^ on Ibe Rhine. Died b 1861.

jt ZYPS

Z^^OK SeeZvu.

^11, Tnn, Tin an, [LaL Zv'Liin^] (Otbo,) n Dntdk
Jeemt, bom at Utrecht in 1588. He nined aoine dii>
tinotton a* a Latinpoet. Died in 165&

fiftior Vr- "— " '- '-

1J7& He pnbliabed aeveni l^ilworka. Died

(FSAMCU,)

lineainij:

ki 1650.

Hia brother Himr.boni in 1577, waa abbot of Sain^
Aadri, and wrote teveral wmka. Died in 1659.

Sh HcMDanc Fen " D'Bceor* «r b Via da F. ZTpan^" rtn I

P.TA«nBBMnK,^I>aF.Zn.idVin,"Mc,tSsi. ^

ZypBiTUidail. SeeZyr.Kin.

«Mi,-«aw;Ki4nf;taa/;a,s,E,/««KMf;i^iMW;B,Maa/;laa>:«haainJUb (CT-See EaplaiHrtoiw^o. J^)

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VOCABULARY OF CHRISTIAN NAMES.

tr b perblps scarccljr necesurr to uy that the follinrlng TocabnUT; of Chrbtlan (or Gnl) Nunei !• DOthnoM
lobe eilunitive, hiring been prepared um ply ta meet the tao«t obvious denundi of a work like the preien^li
the bodj of which the prononciatioa of namei of the claat referred to hai rvel; been Kiven. In nraMtoa
iMtancea names which aie property inrnaraei (inch, for example, at Flshar Ames, Washington larwc, ittj
■re nied ai Christian Mmes. These are not included in the present Vocabulary, aa they can readily bo fbmd ii
their atphabeljca] place In the body of the work.

]^^The Older of arrangement In the Vocabulary ti *• follow) i first the English, thea the other names icoriif
to the alphabetical order of the languages to which they belong, as, Arabic, Danish, Dutdi, Frcndk, ett It
avoid nmlliplying the reference*, (which most ia any case be pretty numerous,} we have generally giren tkei
only when the name would be separated by some other name or name* front the alphabetical place of the EifM
name under which it is noticed. The only exception to thto rale occur* when the name referred fron ii m
different from the tme referred to, that ordinary resdeta woatd not be likely to suspect the ldentily,asialbecaie<(
Alonzo and Auhomiu, etc.

Aaron, Vtt/n ; AraUc, Hakoon or HarOk, hl^rOn'i
Fr. Aakon, i'tbs'; Ger. Aakok or Al^ON. I'ron | Hebk
(nnx; IL Aronni, l-ron'oit I^t- Aa'ron, (genitive,
Aarc/mii;) Fort AakIo, 1-rftwN'; Sp. AaOK, l-rAn'.

AsEt, flfli Arabic HJtBsn, or HXatL, hl'beel'j
Fr. Abu, rbCI'; Hclx hZTl; Lab A'atl, (genitive,
Abb'us.)

Abkahah, i'bit-haiii; AmUc, IbkXkbeh oi IbiU*
Ktu, Ib-rl-heem't Daidsh, Abraham, it/al-hlm;
Dutch, Abraham, I'bRS-hlm: F^. Abraham, fbaS'-
ifa/i Ger. Abraham, lOiRl-hilmi IlebL Dni3K; It.
A8RAM0,B-bRl'mo;LatABXAKA'HUS, [genitive in -I;*]
Ross. AVRAAH, l-vRl-lm', or Absauii, l-vRl'mee;
Sp. Abraham, l-bal-ln'i Sw. Abraham, ■'bal-hini,

Abkalou, at/sf-latn ; Fr. Abialom, K/stldH'; Hek

AdittLLRf, f-UI1ts; Fr. AcHnu. r*ht1'; Or. 'A^
' Ur, (AthaUiu ;) It. ACHILLR, l-ktfU ; Lab ACHIL'tX^
(genitive, Achil'lis;) Sp. AQUiLXi^ 1-kcenia.

Adalbbrt. See Ethelbrrt,

Adam, ad'tm ; Arabic Adam, U'lm ; Danbh, Adah,
I'dira t Datdi, Adam, I'dSm ; Fr. Adam, f dSK'; Ger.
Adam, I'dlm; Heb. BtK] It Adaho, 1-di'mo; Lat
Ada'wus, {genitive In •! ;*) Pott. Ado, i^wN^j Spb
Adan, 1-dlo'.

Adeline, ad't-Dne; Danbh, ADelikb, l-dfh'lee'nth ;
Dutch, Ade<jna. 1-df h-tee'nl ; 7i. Adiume, Idltn'i
Rer. Adeune, l-dfh-lee'n^ ; It Adeuka, l-dlkOee^nlj
Lat Adeu'ha, (genitive In •&*)

A-dol'phus, ("noble wolf)" BeeMMlrimder RAmi;]
Danish, Adolf, I'dolf; Dutch, Adolt, I'dotf; Fr.
Adolfhb, titAf; Ger. Adolv or Adoiph, I'dclf j It
Adolto^ Uol'fb; Lat AOOL'rHUSt Sp^ MkOJO,
iHJol'fo; Sw. Adolf, l'do1£

Adriah, i'dre-tn^ or Hadrian, U'dre.*!; D»ii^
Adbian, I'dRe-ln; Dntd^ ADRtAAN, I'dM-fa; Fl
Adbien, fdae-lN'; It Adriaro, l-dic-fiwi LK
Adkia'ndi or HADKtA'NVii Port; Adriako, Uta
I'no^ or AdriIo, A.dac-Awii'; Sp. Aduan, ^4tM.

AciDtoa. See Giles.

AUAH, eeOe^ j Fr. fituN, Lle'ln'i Lat Aw'ni
(genitlTe In -l)

ArroHta Sea AiPHONiOt

ACATHA, ag'f.tht, ("good :") Danbh, AoaiH^lfl'.
tfb ; Dutch, AGA-niA, l-gl'tl ; Tt. Aoathc t^; Ga
Agatkb, l-gft'tfh; Gr. 'Ayotifc (AfaM;) It Aotu
&'gl-tl: LaLAt/ATHA; Sp-AOATAffgl-tl; S«.Aaa«

l-gl'tl

AoNR% ag'nb, ("chaste i*^ Danbh,AGins,tg'n(^E>
AclKKTB,lg.ni'IVh| DDtch.Aoita^Sg'nls; It.hialla,
tn'yC*'; Ger. Acnes, Ig'nts; It ACHBS^ Is-jMl
Lat Ao'hes, (genitive, Aoni'ti*.)

AoomNHOL See AuounntL

AimAk See Aht.

Alark^ aKf-tlk, {"naUe mler;") Danbh, Kuxta,
mi-n'kiPr.ALAtiC^nt'rUi'i Gcr. ALA>ICii,inMt|
It ALAUOOk t>li-r«o1(o ; Lat ALARi'cm : Sp. Aum
Ml-mnio.

ALBAN, RWl'bvi, ("white i*^ Danbl^ ALBAKin, VM-

nt*; Dutdw AUAinr^ll-U'nlb; It ALBAMOtil^hti
Lat AtSA'im,

Albirk; an>fr4c, ("elf-Ung"?} Danish, Ainnt,
KOif h.r{k ; Fr. AlbIric, trbl'rtk'i Ger. AuiUCi^ V-
bfh'ilK'i iLAtBRRtOO^U-bl-reento; LaL Autu'cn

Al'bert, ("all Wght ;") Danbh, ALBXiciiT.II'biBll
Dutch, Albertui^ U-btRtlb, or Albert, Vf\iai; h
Albert, il^aiR'; Ger. Albbicht, U'bslEliltM-
■ERTO^il-blR'tO) Lat ALBRKttn; Spk ALBimi-
bta'to : Sw. Albret, U'blRb

ALCt>iADE9^ U-se-U'f-dlt, rBtroBg conpeller,^ Ft

ALeniAOB^ tl'saliald'; Gr. •JHwOHk,^ jaWsfcJ

Vl^^evti,;,JlRV'*^^^**<iK>lc*>prdongedjl,i^I,8,^y,M«r/;f,ftt^«tsnv>;ar,aiV(llimt^iiBl;cHdiBM

Digitized by CjOOQ IC

VOCABULARY OF CSRlSTIAif NAMES.

Albxandr, «l>e»«n'dtr,(a " helper of men ;") Dutch,

AUXANDER, 1-ltk-lln'df r ; Fr. ALIXANDU^ l1Elc'>

■aHdR'i Ger. ALSXANDit. l-ltk'tAn'd(r i Gr. ■AMftw-
flpo(. (AUaaiJivi;} It. Alessandro, l-lb-«3n'dRo :
Lat Alexan'dss, (gen. Albxah'du;) Spt AmAHDRO
or AuxAMOROv ft-U-Hln'dRo.

AixwuN. SeeALViH.

A-Lix'is, C help," * ddenco i") Fr. Auxi^ tltk'ae'i
Gt. 'AJffir, (AIixU;) RiusUnt ALRXU, i-lCk-<j^

Alfomso. SeeALPHONSCX

AL'fRRD^ ("all peacen Danbh, AmiDi il'ftUi
Djtch, AlfsbDi U'fREti Fr. Altrbiv tCrRtd'; Ger.
ALiREDtSl'fREti IL Alfredo, it-lR£'do J Lat.ALm'-
Dtn; Sp. Alfredo, U-fat'Da

AucE, il'Ut, (" noble ;") Danish, Else, Cl'ach ; Dutch,
Eleje, lli'yfh I Fr. Alice, fliss'; Lat Aug'iA, (*-1iih'-
c-»i) Sw. Elsa, <1'i1

Alonzo or Alonkk See Alphonso>

Al-pkoh'so or A-lon'zo; DanUh, Altohs, U'fond
Pr. Altkonsk, t\'B>Ht'i It ALFOtno, -jll-fon'so; Lat.
AtFHOH'sui; Fort Aftokso, U4on'tOi Sp. Alfonso,
ll-bn'so, or Alokso, l-lon'ia

Alvim, il'vln, or Al'ww, ("winning all i") Dulch,
AiEwijM.llth-irtii'jFr.ALiiiN.tltt-lK'i Ger. Alwin,
IKMn; It. ALViNOb U>vee'not LaL Alwi'nvs; Sp.
Aluiko, B-Ioa-ee'DO.

AuADEDs, am-f^'tM, [B'*1oTCrdCo(l;")Fr. AmA'
DiE, fm&'di'i Ger.AHAi>EUS,l-^>di'Aai It AuBDBO,
l-mi-di'o, or Amadeo, 1-ml-di'oi Lat AUAOtfos;
Sp. AiuDEO, i-ml-DS'Ob

AmauK SeeAKELlA.

AUATA. SeeAHT.

AM'BROB^C'Inmortali'^ DanliK AhbROSIUS, im<
bRo'ke-«Bt Dutch, AusRoaitra, Im-bao'ie-Ci i Fr.
AUDBOisE, SN^jRirl*') Ger. Aubrouu^ lta■bRo'ae•A^
or AUBROS, Im'bRes; IL Aubrooio^ Im-bxo'jot Lat
AHBRi/fiiuat Sp. AuBROSiOtlta-bRo'ae'Ok

AxdDtE or AURDEO. See AuADSUK

Ameua, »-mee1e>f \ Danlib, Amali^ l^nlle-fh
Fr. AMiUB; ttaVWi Ger. Akaub, i-AtlOe^ t Sp.
AUBLIA, l-nd1e-L

Auos, i'moa, (a " burden t") Fr. AllO^ foiOR't Heb.

Auv.S'me, (a "belwed;") Danlrfi, AMAtu, l*Jl'-
fe^h ; Fr. Aiwie, i'mi'i It AuATA, l-mi'tL

Anastasius, an-)-tlI'Bh^5S, ("rising op;") Fr. AKA-
tTAS^ rnS'stf; Or. 'AvniTTuwjf, (AniulatiM!) It AHA-
ffTASio, 1-nI-stl'te.o ; Lat Anasta'sius.

An'drew, {"manly," " courageous (T Danlah, AM-
DREAS^tn-dRia't Dutch, ANDRiBS,lK-dBCCa'; Fr. Ah-
DRi, fiN'dai'i Ger. Akdrka\ In-di^'i* ; Gr. 'Av^pfaf,
(AnJrtat;) It Akdrea. ln-dR5'ii Lat Am'dexaij
Port ANDRt In-dRl'; Sp. Andres, In-dRfa*.

AHDRONtcui, an-dro-nlTtus," (a " conqueror oTmen i")
Fr. Andbonic or Androkiqite, 8»'dRo'D4k'i Or. 'Ai^
frflfwot, (Andrfitiioi!) It A»DH(WICOi In-dao-neeTM j
Lat ANDSONi'cua.

AiiOlLiCA, an-}«'e-k», ("argelicj") Fr. Am(j«liqde.
Jlt'ihi'ttk'i Ger. Amceuca, In-gile-kl ; It Anoiuca,
In-^le-kt

AMOBLirocio, (It) In-Jk-loottdMs (a dethstiTe bom

AHOMLO,}

Anna, An'nf, or AHitB, In, {"grace" or "gradom^**

« aame aa the Hebrew Hanmah, which aee i) Danisba
AMKA,ln'ni; Dnteli,ANMA,ln'Dl; Fr. Al(NE,tniGei;
Anne, In'iieh ; It AHNAiJU/nit Lat Ak'na.

Annibale. See Hannibai.

Anszlk, tn'iClm^ (a "defender ;") Dntcti, ANSBUtnt
In-aCl'mflai Fr. Anselmb, AN'stlm'; Ger, Ansblm,
In'aCimi It Anbrlmo, In-ril'mot Lat AtOMt/umi

p. Ahselko^ JUi-aCl'mak

Antony or ANmoHT, premnnced alike In'to-net
paniab, Anton, in'lon ; Dutch, Anton, In'ton, or An-
TooN, in'tSo, or AHTOHiira^ In-u/oe-Ca; Fr, Antoin^
AH'twin'; Ger. ANTON, In'lon [ It Antonio, ftn-to'ite^ t
Lat Anto'niui t Port Antonio^ in-tyoe-O; Sp. An*
TONU), In-to'ne.o i Sw. ANTON, In'ton.

Aquius. See Acbillek .

Arabel'la, (a " fiir alur" F) Dutch, Arabella, I>iI>
belli I Fr. AXABELU^ rifbEl': Ger, Arabbllb, lii>
bellf h i It Arabella. l-rl-bel1l ; Lat Arabbl'la.

ABCHtBAtDh RT'che-Uuld) Vt. AMRAHBAVEH It'*

ihftH'by; Lat Aeckibal'ih;&

ARtSTARCHua, Ir-Ia-tarTcua, {"beat prince i") Vr,
ARUrARQUB, f r&'itRk'; Ger. Akutabchu\ S-ria-taR'-
Ku« ; Or. 'Apiarapxpt, (Aritlareliai ;) Lat Aristar'chWI.

A>Rl»-TO-Bu'Ltis, ("excellent oonnaellor t") Fr. Aru*
TOBtrtE, S'rta'to'bul't Gr. 'ApatitoiiXos, ( ArUta6«ul»t ;)
It Aristobulo, l-its-lo-boo'lo j Lat Aristobu'lus.

Aruand or Aruant. See Heruanh.

Arnold, ■r'ngid j Fr. AsNAUDi iR'nC; Ger, Arholi^
RK'nolt; It Arnaloov aK-nll'do; Lat Arnol'sus oc
ABNAt'om.

Ar'thur I Fr. Arthur, b'tOR', or Abtvi; tkia^t
It Artubo, aR-ioo'roj Lat Arthd'rus.

Atranasiu^ Ith-t-nl'aht^ (" inimortal j") Ffc
ATMANAtB, rtfob'i Gr. -AAnwHit, (AOamuimO It,
Atanaiio, 1-tl-nl'le.o i Lat Athana'sivs.

AD<Gtri^TA, ("venerable;") Dantah, AilOtnrE, Sw>
gOVlithj Dutch, AucUETB, Sw^cSa'tch; Fr. ATIOtrtTE,
B'gBif i Ger. Aucuete, Sw-gd&i'ifh, or AuotrrrA, Sw
gSfo'tl; It AUCUETA, Sw-gooa'tl; Lat Auous'ta.

AOCVBTtMB, aw'gua.fln, or aw-gu*'tin,t (" treneraWen
Dotch, AtKiuffTiNus, Sw-oBa-tee'Dtis, or AuGurrQN,
SVctLa-Un'; Fr. AuGUsrtH, S'gUt'tlN'i It Ai;ouitino,
Cw-goos-tee'no ; Lat Aucusti'nifs i Fott AaorriNHOk
lrgo3-tin']ro J Sp. AuGUiTiN, 3w-gooa-t6ii'.

At7K;us'Ttrs t Danish. ADCun', Sw'gAtt ; Dutch, Ao*
ousnn, Sw-olii'tO* ; Fr. Auoirrr^ fi'gUst'i Ger. Atr*
OOIT, ftw'gttat J It AUGUiTO, Sw^tooa'to j Lat Auou^*
TOS i Sw. AUGVIT, Sw'gtat

AiTRELivs, aw-ree^-ns ; Fr. AURlLB.IF'ril'i Gar. Av>
RIuni.Sw-ri1e-As; It AURBUO, 5«-ri1e^

Atraau. See Abraham.

Balimssabs. See Balthaiab.

Baldwin, (a "hoM winner ;") Danish, 6 ALin]iH,Utd'>
S6<en'orbl]d'weeniDDtch,BouDEWi)N,tifiw'dch-wtn'j
Fr. BAVDOUiK.bS'doo-lN'; Ger. Balduik, bll'dSS-ecii'i
It BALOOvmot tdt.do-vee'na i Lat Baldui'hur.

■ pnmoiiiiMdXifrw^ilwaliiSlHlttpwra.
« •• i; ( aa /; J ifl/rf; 4 asy; o, H, E,fMft(™/; N, ((am/; B, fr

• St* Diqnicd or Doubtiid ProoaBdMidM, p. 1M4>

i; th aa \atiit. (B^See Eiplanatioos, p. (lI

Digitized :;;

ayCoOl^lc

BALTHASAS.Ul'il»«r, ("whlioiiltmnirt"!) Dotth,
Balthaia1( Ul'ii'tar t Fk. Baltiuzak or Balthaiai,
btt'trib') It Bauummi, Ul-dl»«i'rik[ LU. Bu-
TUA'iAi, (genitm, BAUSu'AUli) 8p.Bu.TAlAl.lili-

BAitisT, (a "h«pdiern **■ Baitoh, bIp'tlM't
Cer. BAmsT, Ui/tliti IL BATniTA, Ut*tt«'tit LM.
Baptis'ta J Port. Baftuta, Up^fa'tli Sp. Baoiuta,
Kn-ttt'ti.

Babxaka, bnt^if, (^fardga,* "tUnaga,'^ Dntdi,
Bakbaka, bul)!-!! t Fr. Baxbi, biib I G«T. BauajUi
buOd-il- It, Bauaka, buttA-rii Lit Bak'bau,

Ba&'bulpi^ {a "bmow belpac"!) Fr, Baksoiph^
Mt'dolPj IbBAanotfoylaE-dol'fci laL HAMTm/rmt,

Baumix SmBdnauk

BAUtABA% bu^bu^ or BAUtAVT. bu'iif^ (a
*ton of coDMlalioD {") Danlili, BAaMASA^ baa'iii-bti {
DdKIii Bakmabai^ baK'Dl-bi*i Fr, Baakas^ bta'-
nTbL'; Ger. Bau<aba\ baK'nl-bb ) IL Baahaba, bu''

nl-ba ; Lat Baa'maBAI, (gl^T^ BAK'NABJId Sp- But-

xABt biBHit-br.

Baa-thol'o-hzw, ("warlike ion"?) DanUi, Bab-
THoLOMXin, baK-to-lo-ml'A* t Dntch, Battuolomzdi^
baR-tol-o-nl'Ot t Fr. BAandxxiat t^'dt'me'i Ger.
BabtbolokXu^ t)aK-to-lo>mi'ft( { IL Baxtoloiuuch
bu-lo-lonfiofc'o ( Lat BaktholomVos ) Port Baa-
THOLOHKU, b>E*tD'loin£'oo 1 Rdm. VAaroLOHi^ wk*
Ibl-o-mi^ ; Sp. BAXTouni^ bu-to-lo-ml'i Sv, Bak*
TuoLOuXu^ but-to-lo-ml'Oa,

Bash, U'lil, ["Idojgji'^ Danbh, BAnun, bUee'*
k-to ; Datch, Basuidi^ U4w'le4( t Fir. Basu, bf.
■U'; G«r. Bahuv^ td-ieena.«ij Gr. BmOmt, (SmO-
Ua,) or BoeOwr, (BatSms) IL BasujOv bUea'lt.oj
Lat BASiL'itis i Rtui. Vashj^ tI-mo'Im or H^Cfj* j
8w. Bauuu^ bl-aII1»4kL

Bavdoviii; SeeBALDwnt,

BtATXK% bM'f-WM^ ("malcfaig bappjrg'^ DaidA,
BtATRtx, bU'tvIka t Dntch, Bbatkix, bi-A'tmOn t Fr.
BtATEtOt U'ftatn'i Ger. Beatrix, b&>l^taUiat or
BiATBlca, Uul-lMef atb ; It Butrio^ bU^ree'iU t
Lat BlAtux, (genitiTe, Bkatxi'cui) Sg. Biatu^
tiU-tiitf'; Sw. Bunnb bU'uikik

BmtuaiTA. See Bekkucta.

BtM'B-Dicr or Bim'mr, rNeaNdn D*>>MtiB«in.
OtCT, U'ii(h'.<akt'; Datcb, BBNtBiCTVl, bfc-nflwUk'llla t
Fr. BtNOtr, btb.ii«l'j Ger. BntimcT, WntMIkt'i
It BimDnro, bi>tii-d«l'M| Lat BntiDi^nnj ~
BiHiTC^ U-ne<^ or BiMtMCiat bi^ki-dtii'toi Sw.
BBMcr,blfigt

BiNUitcrA, ben-e-ffik't^. ("bkaaei^'* IcialnliieA FT.
BetfDtn, bfh-nwlt'; It Bbnbdbtta. U-ni-det^i Lat
Benedk^A} Sp. BiHiTA, bfc-Dce'lL

Brhgt. See BBnR&nr.

BxNjAMm. (lhe"ioiu>fa right IiancI;'*) Dantali.Biit-
lAUIM, bta'n-oeen'j Ft. Bbkiaiiin. bAH'tUf mAlt'i
Ger. Benjahin, btn'j'i-mecD'i It BiHtAHiNOi bfa)-]4-
mee'no; Lat BeMami'nui.

Bekntt. See Benedict.

BiNofr. See Benedict.

BENOtTK See BENEDICTA.

Bbxbk iCB,Ur-f -nl'M, or B ekn ice, bfr'nlu, ("bringing
rictorvD Fr. BtatNicE, bi'ri'niu'; Gr. Bipn^ (Btrf

Ml;) It BiEiMic^ bk^k-SM'dfct Lat. fiiua^
teenldT^ BuiKi'cii.)

BsutABt. SmBainamah

BSEMAXiv bgr^Bird, <*'atrongorbardjbear^ Da>
1^ BmfHABTk Vbu/hiMJi Dntdi, BSKM-HAIt^m •
BAUNDb bl'tCail J Ft. BniiAU^ blK'nts'; Ger. BBa»
lUMO, bfatn'UKti It BtUiAKDOk bCa^natfdoi Ufc
BmUK'ntit) 8«. BntKHAUH bCanUad.

Bcxmct. SeeBKEZNtOb

Beitha, bfi'dk*. ("bright* or "Cunooti") tMd^
BsiTKi, btMfAt Fr, Vektbm, btMj Ger. BemHji,
bCE'dj It BntXA.bSl'tl} LM.BiK*tiiA{ SabBoXH^
b«KU

BsmAM, btrtr•^^ (" bfr," " DlnMrioai n R- Bb*
TKAMOk bU'o&if'l Ger, B■ETUl^ bWlKba,

BlAoa Sea Blum.

BUMCA. SeeBLAHca

Bnorm. SeeBaioim

Blaikb, baatch, (" trUte ;") DanUi, Bluca, Uft^<
U] Dntch, Blamca, Ulngndj Fr. BiAifOat, UAiiriit
Ger. Blamca at Blakka, UlogU j It Bmnca, be-la'-
kAt Lat BLAK'aiAi Sp. Blamca, bUofnat Sm,

BlANKA, bUngU.

Blas^ bli^ ("■proDdng fixA)") Dai^^ BLAStr^
bll'le>a*; Dotdi, BLAaiui,bli^B-(iBj Fr. BLAiiR,bl|>|
Cer. BLAStV^bU't»4a} It BiAOio^ b»l^; tat Bla'*
uxi\ (bli'ab»wd Sp. Blu^ blii) S». BtAStm^ bV*

Bona, bo^ CgooSn Fr. Bonn; ban t La Bo'lu.

BoHAmnvK^ botfyrtaftb, ("fowl fbrtoaan Fb
BoNAVnrnm^ bo'nf vBh'cBk'} It BovATtntttA. bo>
nl-fCn-too'rl i Lat Bomatikto'ka,

BoniPAC^ boft'e-flM, (a * wetJ-doet f^ VniUh, Van-
TAom, bo-iie-afae>ft* i Daidt, BomrAcnn^ bo-oe-O'.
■e-Sai Fr. BoNiPACi^ba'ne'llM'j G«r, Bonita^ bo-&e>
Ota', or BosttPAcnTS, bo-i)o>SU'*e4a; It BmnFACto^
bo-ne-a'chot Lat BomTA'cot, (bOB 0 tVak^y J S«
BoMiTAaD^ bo4ie.a'a»4a.

Bomtm. SeeBoMA.

BoRatrQK SeeBAUrwiK

BEntGiT or BaiciT, bilj^t, faUdog bri^t^ !>••
nUvBiEOiTT^blU-^f tth t Datdi, BuoiTTA,bEe.Blt*>
tl; Fr. BaioiTT^ bae'tUt'i Ger.BaronT^bte-tit'i^i
It Beioida, bEee'}e-dl, or Behuta. baMOe^i Lat
Beio'ida I Sp. Banuu. baea'Ba-Gd.

CveiLiA. SceCBCtUA,

CjBciLnrL SeeCEcn.

CxEAE, aee'iVi ("adorned with bair;'7 TTiiumi,
CcsAa. a'uT( Fr. CAsAS, al'tta'i Ger. CXsAX ot
Caesae, ta'ilE i It Cbiaei^ cfat'U-ri; Lai. Ca'sAS,
(genitlTC, C^AEis;) Sp, Cesax, thl'aaK.

Cauiua, kf-millt; Fr. CAiitiu^ kfmO' or kt^
le'jf ; IL Cauilla, kl-milll; Lat Caiiil''la.

nr-TM iht mrtrtmaitiHi munfimil ^^

M». Ib llM CM* of Alp-AnUatiU. "■>«•« Iku")**
u apiiliM ipiiniirin* 10 an Oriottl vmuaj vkav fiooB

■,I,I,e,%;,AmjTi,tAumetIewprdai4;edii,e,(,St1^y,«forf;f,^|,qk<««Mrr;ar,aUI,attl>>C>;Bh;ga&d;i^^

rOCASULARY OF CHRISTIAN NAMES.

Ca-uu/lus i Fr. Camilla IfnitF or U'bw'jv^

Cam. SeeCHAKUK

Caeia SeeCHULl&

Cakutta or Cauota. SeeCHAUOTTt

Caroune, Ur'o-nn ; Duiuh, Caboun^ ki-ro-lee'-
nfhi Dotch, Cakouna. kl>To-Iee'nl ; Fr. Cakolihi,
Ict'roltn'i G«r. CASOLiKBor Kakounb, ki-ro-lM'nch ;
It Carouna, U-ro-lee'nS: Lat, Casou'na; Sir.
Kakouha, Icl-ro-lee'nL

Caspab. See jAsrn.

Cassakdka, ka«4an'dr» ; Fr. Caiiandri, IcfifiNdR';
It Cassakdra, kls-aln'dRl ; LtL Casum'dra.

Catauma. See Catrrrine.

CATHIKtHK or CATKARraB^ UlhVrlXf ("!>*"« l")

Danish, Catharine kl-d-ree'nth ; Dutch, Catka-
KiMA, •kl-tl-ree'nl) Fr. Catherine, klt'rin'; Ger.
Katharine, kS-tl-ree'aeh ; Gr. Eoftipuv, (Xaikariia;)
It Catbsina, kl-tl-ree'nl; Lab Catkari'na; Rum.
Exatebiha, i-kl-tl-ree'nl, or Yekaterima, j^-kl-tl-
ree'nij Sp. Catauna. kl-tl-lee'nlt Sw. Katarina,
U-li-ree'dL

Cbc'iIi ("dim-dglite'!;") Dutch, CsciLius; il-sce'.
le-Ba; Fr. Otcii^ il'til', (rare ;) LaL CiEaL'iui.

Ceciua, (e-til'e-t; Dutch, CcciUA, al-*eeOe-l; Fr.
CtciLi, al'iil'i IL Ceciua^ cbi-cbeele-ft; Lat. C»
Ql'ia.

CttAB. SeeCxSAt.

Cesari. SeeCxiAR. ■

Ckarler, charts (" aunl^ or " noble^pbited f) Da-
nisb,CARL,kaR]; Dutch, Karri, fci'r;! ; Fr. Charles,
■hiRl; Ger. Karl, Icor]; II Carlo, kaRia; Lat
CAK'OLVt ; Spi Carum^ kuOAe ; Sw. Karl, kaRL

Charlotte ihar^Qt, ("noble-spirited i*^ Dxnlah,
Charlotte ■baR-Iot'tf h ; Dutch, CMAflunrA, shaR.
tot'il; Fr. Charlotte •WUIot'; Ger. Charlotte,
•haR-Iot'lth ; It CARLOTrA,kaR-1ot'tl; Lat Carout'<
TA ; Sp. Caelota, kaR-k/tl ; Sw. Cuarloita. shaR'
lot'tL

Chlob, kiye, (a "yomg ahoot," a "green herb;")
Fr. CHLot, klo'l'i Cf. Xlcv, (CUtl;) Lat Chlo'e,
(genitive, Chlo'e!.}

Christina, krla-fl'nf or kria-tee'nf ; Dutch, Chris-
Tina, kRb-tee'nl; Fr. CHEItnNR, kRta'ttn'; Ger.
Christiana, kRb-te-S'nl; It Crishna. kRia.tee'nL

CKfttnVPHBR. krla'to-fcT, ("bearing Christ ["•) Da-
nish, Christoffek, kRla'tor-dfr; Dutch, CHRirrorno-
EUS, kRis-toTo-ril* ; Fr. CHRltTOPKR, kRti'tof; Ger.
CHRIsroPit,kRk'lof ; Gr. 'Xfum^o(iot,(Cliriit<fii>rMi^}
It Cristofoko, kRb-tof o-ro ; Lat Chri^tofh'orus ;
Port ChrktovZo, kRi«-lo-v5«N'; Sp. Cristoval,
kRis-to'vU; Sw. Kristofer, kRVto.^.

Chrysostou, Icrla'oa-tom, (" golden -inonnieds")
Dutch, Chrvsostouvs, kRc-sos'to-nias ; Fr, Chryso-
ROME, kRe'io'atatn'i Gr. "Zpnoicniiat, (Ckryttilemas;)
lb CKtsonvHO, kRc-los'to-mo; Lat Chrysos'touds.

ClPRlANOw SeeCVPRIAK.

ClRILLOk SeeCYRiU

• AoEordnv to *n oU lainid, U n* allad ariuoiAHinM (<i!M*
ErwTii,"C)irit>,"UKlM>-.U>''b*ai'-)beeuH he bonlfafin&nt
sirlMiriErauiniiiDf MnuK (5tilIi*.jAHHOii*s"S*CMd*Bd
ryArttf)

CiRA SeeCVBm.

Clara, Uar't, or Claibb, kHr, ("dear," "bright,^
"illaatrloui;'! Danish, Clara, kll'il; Dutch, Clara.
kll'il] Fr. Clara, klfrf; Ger. Klara, kll'rli lu
CLARA, Ul'rl; Lat Cla'ra; Sw. KlaRA, kll'rL

Claudia, kliw'de-«; Dotch, Claudia, klSw'de-li
Fr, Claudia kia'de'i It Claudia, kUSWde-Ii Lai^
Clau'oia; Sw. Klaudu, ktSit'de-l

Claudiur, klaw'de-us ; Danbh, CLAiTDiin, kl3w'<fe>
Os; Dutch, Claudius, kUw'de-fis; Fr. Claude, UOd|
ItCLAUDtov kl&w'de-oi iM. Clai;'oivs; Sw. Klju>>
Diut, kidw'de-fts.

Clem'eht, ("mild-tempered;") Danbh, ClMMUO,
kIS'mlns; Fr. CLiMENT, kl&'m&H'; Ger, CLRUEm^
kllm'ens; It Clbhentr, kll-min'tl; Lat Clb'wrns,
(genitive, Clemen'tis;) Sp. Clehente. kU-mCn'tl.

Coh'rad^ C able counsel ;'^ Danish, Conrad, kon'«
rib/; Dutch, KoBNRAADk koon'iit ; Fr. Conrad, k^N'-
r3d'; Ger. Conrad^ kon'rlt; It Corraixv kor-rl'dot
or CURADO, koo-rl'do ; Lat Conra'dui ; Sw. KOMRAfl^

Constancy kon'sttoM, ("constant ;") Dutch, Con>
STANTLA, kan4tln'se-i, (almost koo-slln'ihe-1 ;) Fr.
Constance, k^N'itONn'; It Costahu. ko-stln'al)
Lat Conttan'tu, (kon-itan'ahe-9 0 Sp, Constancia.
koR-etln'Me-L

CONSTANTIMB, kon'stfo-tln, (" resolute ;"] Danish,
Cokstantin, kon'stln-leen'; Dutch, KoNsrAHTUN,
kon'stln-tln'i Fr. Constantin, kdN'atfiN'ilN'; Gr.
KtAvramver, (lamtatainei;) It CONSTANTINO, kon*
stin-tee'no ; Lat CONSTANTl'Nin;

Cordelia, kQr-deene-« ; Fr. CordAu^ koR'dlle'.

CoRNEUUS, kor-nee'le-us ; Danish, CoRNEUUS, koE*
nile-As; Dutch, KORNEUS or CORNRUS, koR-ill1Is|
Fr. CORNEILLB, koR'niF or koR'nfn; It COEMBLIO,

koR-nI1e-o ; Lat CoRME'uut ; Sp. Coembui^ koB-ni^
le-&
CoRRADa See Conra&

COSTANEA. SeeCoNSTANCK

CRisotTouob See CuRYiOBTcni;

CRis'nNi Dutch, Keispun, kRla'pta; Fr. Crehi^
kRl'plH'i It CRunNo^ kRts-pec'Eot Sw. KEitni^ .
ItRii-peeu',

Crishna. SeeCHRtSTtNA.

CRixTOPosa See Christoprbb.

Cristovau See Christotkbr.

CuRADOk See Conrad.

Cyprian, sip're-yn ; Dutch, Cypriaan, ■ee'pRc Inj
Fr. CVPRiEN, se'pEe'lN'; Ger. Cyprian, tsee'pRe-la;
It CiFRlANOt che-pRe-1'no; Lat Cyfria'nus; Fort
Cypriano, st-pRC-l'no; Sp.CiPRiANO,Me-pRe-l'Da

Cyeii, afi'il, ("lillle Cjrru*;'^ Danish, CYEILUTt,
ae-riinta; Dutch, Cyrillus, ae-rillils; Fr. CVRILL^
se'rtl'; It Cirillo, cbe-rtllo ; Lat Cyril'lue,

CVRVt, si'msi Fr. CvRtn, •e'riis'; Ger. Cybiti,
taee'rta; Gr. Kffnt, (Kurm;) It Ciro, diee'ro ; Lm.
Cv'rvs; Sph CiRO, dee'io.

Daniel, dln'Rl.C God la jodge;") Danish, Daniei,
dl'ne-il; Dutch, Daniel, dl'ne-O; Fr. DANiEU^f-

lai; taar,-g4«nf;kaa/;o,ii,K,f*<tMn)/; v,MtutUs a^triiitd; iaai; thaainiEitiA (J^'Sec Ex^anatioos, [^ ai.)

,c5«ogl(

n«ll'i Ger. Danikl, dl'ne-Cl } Heb. btrri; tt DaNULI,
lOiw-ailt LaL Dam'ixi, (genidv^ Damu^lU;) Sp.
DAHin, dl-ne-Il'.

Datidi dS'vtd, (" belored ;") Danlth, Davidv dl'iU;
Dutch, David, dlMl j Fr. David, df vU'; Ger. Davii^
dTvitt Met), tn or TTIj It. Davidi, dl'Tc-dl, or
DATIDD^iU>TM'<liiL*tDA'viis(genitlTe,DAViDU.)

Debouh, dEI/o-rt, (a "beet") Dutch, Duora, di-
WA t Fr. DinoM. lU^o'fl'i Heb. mm j It. Duoxa,
da'bo-rt; Lat Du'ou.

DiUETKivs, de-mee'ire.ttt, ("iprang from the earth"
fir "from Cere*;") Fr. DiutTkius. di'mi'tRe'ttt'i Gr.
A^t^TpOf, fIXmltriM;) IL DEMmio, di-nd'tu-o;
LaL Ocmk'tkiuS} Russ. Dmitbi, dmee'tree,

DSN'lt or Dio.hysids, dl-o-nisti'g^; Danish, DlO-
KYSius, de«-nee'te>fti ; Dutch, Dlo^^ranrs, de-o-nee'<
te-litj Ft, DEHI3 or DiNVS, dfh-ne'; Ger. DiOHYS^
de-o-neea'g Gr. Aiovteec. (OUmtiiM;) It DiOMCio,
deH>'itee'jo ; Lat. DtOHVI^lD^ (dI««Uk'C3* r) ^P- ^"^
miic^ de-o-neo'M-o.

Db'o-dat^ C^ven bj Cod;") Fir. DiivDomrt,
d^h'do'nL'i It DzooATOv dk-o-dl'tot Lat, Deoi/-

ATUt.

DutRKorDiRnaDL Sc«Timi>EUCK.

UiAMA, iS-ta.% or DiAif, dl'fn j Daniih, Diama, de-
I'nl; Fr. DiaK^ dela'i Ger. Diana, de-l'nl; Gr.
'AeTt/ut,(AMemb;) IkDtAiiA,de^iili Lat Dia^a.

DiDOidl'do; Fr. DiDOM, de'dAit'; It Didohi^ de^
do'n&; Lat Di'dO^ [genitiT^ Dido'nu.)

Ditnntvs, did'e-mna, (a "twin;") Fr. Drona^ i^-
dbn't Gr. Uivm, (OiJimm:) Lat Dahnen,

DiBca SmJamu^

DlRUCH. SeeTUnnmtCB.

DinrDONifA. Sea Dbodatk

DioocK Sea Jauu.

Diatticio or DtoHmo, SeeDmi.

Dime or Diua^ (tbo nme aa DiKDMtiOL) Se*
TmoDUiOL

DHtm. SeaDoonnn;

Dominic; dom'e^lht Dadili, Dcnnmctn, doHMs'*
M-kAs; Dutch, Douwion^ do>inee'h<>fcdai Fr. Do-
HlHiQVi, do'me'Dtk'j It. Doumco^ domi'ne-toi
Lat DoHUf'iCVii Fort. DOMtiiooi, do^obig'sAai Spw
DoMiMOft do-ufaig'fo; 8w. Do>UMicu% do-mee'iie-
kta.

DoKomr, dor'o-de, (ths "gift of God)") Dai^h,
Dorothea, do-ro-a'lj Dutch, DoKantEA,do-ro-tl'l;
Ft. DorothAb, do'ro'ti'i Ger. DoKoTHBA,da-ro-tS'3;
Gr. AupoWo, f /7ffrM4n;J It DOROTEA, do-ro-d'l ; Lat
DoROTHr'a; Sp.DOROraA,do-ro-ti'i; Sw.DoROTUXA,

rio-ro^n'L

DRUttUA. dni-iilly, ("dew; ajpea:*^ Fr. Drvsill^
dRtl'iti'; Ger. Dkusiu.^ dRoo-^l^ht Gr. ApsmCUq,
(DmuUlt;} It. DRUiiLLA,dR004tl1l ; Lat Driiul'u.

DvAKiK Sec EDWAxa

EiKtUAXix See EviKaiSl
Ei/OAS, ("bapp7 honour"!) Lat. EDOA'suik
Et/irOKD^ ("happy protectton" or "happj peace i"^
Danbh, Edmuki\ (d'm35n^; Fr. Edmond, Cd'niAN';

Ger, EOHinil^ b'naGat; It Edhondo, td'^aoft'doi
Lat EoHim'fHra j Sp^ Edkorixv td^noo'dis or Bo>
UUNDO, ed-noon'dtv

Edward, U'w^rd^Chappy keeper;") Daidih,EDUARA
S'doo4R</; Dutch, Eduars, i'doo-aU; Fr. SoouAROh
i'doo'ls' ) Ger. Eduard^ i'doo-isi t It Eotarixv
L.doa-aR'do,OTEDOAKixviKlo-as'do; LatEpVAR'DUt
or Edoak'dus ; Port Duart^ doo-aR'ti ; Sp^ Eddak-
Do, t.Doo^a'do; Sv. EddaiA i'doo-aadL

Eo'bist, ("ever bright" Q Lat EcBn*Ti)fc

EmiKFMBC^ (Ger.) fifB-frcctf.

EixiMS, See Ikikl

Ekaterina, See CATUxaiitK

Eu:ANOS,el'e.D9r|DaiiBh,ELEo:)ORE,&-ll'0-iM/rfht
Dutch, Leonora, U-o-nyrl; Fr. ELtorOR^ bliV*
BOR*; Ger. Euonor^ k-U-o.no'r^i It ELBOttoxA,
k-Uk-<MM'rl ) Lat Eleako^ra ; Sp. Leahob, Ik-i-ooR'.

El'dred, {U "aU dread," beaca "terrible;") Lab
Eldrx'cus.

£L'B>A'£AK,(the"be1porGod;") LatELBA'ZAt, (geM>
ttln, EtEAz^AUi.)

Elina. SeeHnjEN.

EuAi; eJt'M or Elqai^ B-n% ("God the Lord;^
Daniab, Eliaj^ k-lee'b ; Fr. £u^ lle'i Ger. EuAi^

Uee'bi tub. ynh* v nr*?)*! it Elm, k-Wki Ub.

Eu'aj;

ElQAH. SeeEuAA

EusA or £Ltsi. SeeEuiA,

Elisabeth. SeeEutABBm.

EttuBirrA. SeaEuzABETK

EuncA,e-t['ah«,(the''ulT«tianof<^;") Fr.Euil^
kle'fk'; Heb. JTP^i It EusBO, fc4e«t'D; Lat
EUM^JS) Fotb EUSBir, kM-A'w>i Sp. Euszo^ k-le>

Eliza, e-lt'it i Danbh, Euba, &-lee'll ; Datch, EusAa
fclec/U) Fr. Elis^ Llii'i Gar. Elua. Uec'd; IM,
Eu'u or Eu'iA.

ELtZABvn^ e-lU'v-beth, (the "oath of God H DantA,
ElUaieth, k-Iee'll-bet; Dutch, Eluabktu, Uee'tl-
bit t Fr.fusABETK.kle'il'bb''; Gvr. EuuBETH,k-lee'<
a-blt*) It EutABETTA, k-IfrU-befd; Lat EuzABif*

TUA ) Spb ISASIU »4l-bCl'.
ELLBK. SeoHBLB!!.

EubotElba. SeoAUOb

El^b. See Auo.

Ekanuei. SeeEiocAntrtL

Eu'ER-iCor Ehebt, cu/jr^, ("alw»71 rich;**} Dai»l^
Alhesix, Sl'mfh-rtk'; Dutch, Alkbrik, ll'intb-rtki
Fr. EuBBic; am'rlk^ or Cmebi; kn're'i Lat Alhbri'*
cm ; Sw. Eu'uEX-n&

EmUA. e-mife^ or EtfTLT, em'e-Ie ; Fr. Emiui
I'me^e'; Ger. Euiu^ k^mee^e^ or EinUA, k-mce'
Ie4; It EuiLiA, i-inecne-L

Bu'MA, (a "naiaan Fr. EaoiA, I'mff It Euma.
bn'ml ] Lat Eh'ka.

Eu-UAK'ti-iL or E-mam'ii.bi, ("God with t»f)Tt
Emhanvbu k'mt^nil'i Ger. EHAmrtL. k-ml'oooA

*,i,\A^^,l<ms:Kt^t>,»eaat,UnfitiimgtA}i,i.ify\f,tiart;.%,%\,^itMm^

VOCABULARY OP CHRISTIAN NAMES.

or iHHANun. Iin<iid'iioo41 1 It ExAXtnt^ t-nd-noo-
Wk i Lat Euuan'ukl ; Port Hakou, mi-no4I't Sp.
Uahueu ml-noo-tl'.

EuuuiK. SecEuuic.

Zkoci^ ee'notc, ("liutnicled;'! Tt. Snoch or HI-
noci^ i'nok'; Beb.'[1]n; Lat. Eno'ckui or IIeno'>

CHVt.

Emkichetta or Ekkiqveta. Sm IIamukt.

ENUca See'IIiNiiY.

E'PltUL-IM, ("fniit&iin Fr. CrHKAlI^ ffttftm';
Ileb. irtflK; LaL Efhkai'uu&

E-KAS'uus, (" lovelir i"^ DuiWh, Ekashus, l-rb'mto ;
Fr, Crasme, i'rtim'; Ger. Ekaimdi, l-rla'roti ; Gr.
"EpoofiJr, (Eratmoi ;} It. EiUUIC^ i-r3*'mo{ L>t, Eras'.
uvii Sp. Ekasmo^ i-Tii'mo.

E-ms'tus, ("beloved:") Fr. Erasti, I'lbfj Gr.
Vfoaric, (EraOaa;) Lat Eras'tus;'

ERCOUt See Hkkculu.

Er'nut, (" earnest ;"} Danbh, Ernst, (rmI i Dutch,
Erhbstus, (R-ri»'tu«; Fr, Ernest, (B'nfat'i Gw.
Ernst, CRiut; It Ernesto, CR-nb'to; Lat Ernis'-
Tus i Sw. Ernst, iRnst

Emico. See IIrnrt.

EuiAS. See Isaiail

E'sAu, (■■ completed f\ Fr. £sAP, i'tt^d'; Heb, Wy ;
LatEsA'ws.

EsDRAS. See Ezra.

EsTlIBR.h'lfT, ("secret;"] Dutch, Hester, tib'ltr ;
Fr. Esther, Is'taiR'; Ger. Esther, b'tfr ; Heb. lADK ;
It Ester, ts-talR'j Lat Esthe'ka j Sp. ESTut, ta^tatR'.

EstAran, See Stephen,

ErrRVla SeoSTENiRH.

EsTiEHNt, See Stephen.

ETH'Et-BALDh (■• nob1]F bold n LrL ETHBLIAL'Sim

Ethblibrt, eth'f I-bf rt, (*■ nobtjr bri|ht ;") Danbh,
ADelbert, i'dfl-biRl'; Dutch, Adelbrrt, i'dfl-biRt';
Fr. AOALSBRT, fdll'bafR', or Adelbebt, fdillnlR';
Ger. Adelbert, l'dtl-b{Ri'i Lat Etukuikk'tus or
Adalber'tu&

EniMNE. See SxEPitkN.

Ettors. SceilECTOR,

EUCBNE, 0-jeen', ("nobly descended;") Dutch, Gdce-
Hlus, uh-lll'ne-Ss ; Fr. EuctNB, ub'ihjln'; Ger. Eucen,
<l|.gln'] Gr, Efjjviat, ^fMjntnw/J It EUCRNIO, l^-jS'-
■eo LatEuoR'tiiuij Sp.EUGENio,(^-Hl'ne-o;Sw.
EucENius, 5;tso-pl'i>e-to.

£[iOiN[A,(l.jee'M.9[ FT. EuclNll^ uli'ih&'ne'; Gr.
^rfivia, (Engfma.)

EucENlO or EuciNiui. See Eogknk

Euntcb, S'nisi, (" fair vtdory ;") Gr. Bh^, (Bu-
mUiO LatEUNl'CX.

Edsebiu^ Q^eenx-os, (" reUglonsj'^ Fr. EtrtisR, oh'-
4^; Gr. EMIuif, (EutMai ;J 1 1 EuSKBto, l^4i'be.o ;
Lit Eusb'bius; Sp. EUSERIO, ^^no-ii'Be-o.

EvsTACE, fi'stfSB, ("standing firm i^ Dutch, EirrpA-
Tios, vh'Sti'se-Hs, (atmott vh-stl'shc-Ss ;) Fr. Eu-
■TACHB, uh^sibh' i It EusTACHio, (^.itllce-o ; Lat
Eusta'chius; Sp. EusTAQUio, {;^stl1fe.a.

; Etb, eer,(''llfe''or "cBOsing \\kf) KtMc, Hawai
vSfmX or Hl'vl, or IIeva, Hlt/S ; Danish, Eva, I'vt t
Datcb, Eva, t'vl j Fr. Kv^ iv ; Ger. Eva, i'vi { Of.
Efo, (Eua or Eva;) Heb. Hinj It Eva, I'vI; LaC
E'vA ) Sp. Eva, I'vi; Sw. Eva, H'tL

EvERARDb cv'fT'^rd ; Danish, Eberhari\ i'bfr-har/,
Dutch, EviRABi^ i'vfh.TBRt') Ger. Ebbrhari^ i'b(T<
haRf.

EzecHtAi or Ei<chia3L See Heeexub.

&EKIEL, e-iee'ke-el, (the "itrength of God )") Dntdl,
EzBCHiEL, fc-ti'M^l'i Fr, EztcKiEL, i'll'she-*!'.

EiBA, b'rf, or Eidras, ez'dTM (a "helper;") Tt
Esdkas^ {s'dRls'j Lit Ez'ra or Es'drab.

Fabian, Ei'be.in j Danish, Fabian, fl'be.in ; Dntd^
Fasiaah, aiK-in'i Fr. Fabirn, SK\x'i»'i It FABUiti^
a-be-ft'no] Lat Fabia'nus.

FiBK See PHasE,

FROiRiiKk See Frbdbric&

FiucL See Fblul

Fbupl See-FHiUP.

Fb'lix, ("happj;") Danish, Frlix, ft1IlntDntc%
Feux, IVlika ; Fr. FXlix, AlUi'; Ger. Fbux, imiki \
It Peucb, a-lee'chi ; Lat Fb'ux, (geidU* ^ Fru'cu d
Sp. Fbux, O-lUs'.

Feodor. See TirsoDORB.

Ferdinand^ ffr'de-nand, ("pare peace;") Dutc^
FERDiNAHDh ff K'de-nlnt'i Fr. FBHDtHAND, flR'de'n&N')
Ger. Fbrdinani^ llR'de-nlnt'i It Pbrdikando, Rk*
de-nSn'do ; Lat FERDINAN'Dirs ; Port FERNANDO, ffiR*
nln'do, or FernXo, (tR-nOwn'; Sp. Frrhanixs flfr

FlUBRRTa Se« Philibikt.

FiUD& See Phyllis.

FiLiFPA or FiuppiNA. See FuiuprJb

FiLirpo. See Fhiup.

FiHKV See FH1NEA&

FlORBNU, See Flobihce.

Flora, flyrf, (the "goddess of ftiwen t"^ Dntd^
Flora, Oo'ra; Fr. FLaB^ffoRjIt Flora, flt/Mt Lab
Flo'ra.

Flor'inci, ("flonrlsblng t") Danish, Florin^ ff»
rints'; Dutch, Florentia, flo-iCn'se-l; Fr. Flokenci;
flo'r&NSs't Ger. Florenz, flo-rCnts't It FlOSlMU,
fc-o-rin'sl; Lat Floren'tia, (fio-(Cn'she-f ;) Sp.Fli>.
rencia, flo-r(n'/le-S ; Sw. Florenz, So-iCns'.

For-TU-HA'tui^ ("happy," "Ibttunate}") Fr. FoBi
TUNt, foR'iU'ni'i Ger. Fortunatus, JbR-tM-nl'ifuj It

FORTVKATOt for-too-ni'to } Lat FoRTUNa'tUK

Frances, Trsn'sb, (th: feminine of Francis ;] Danbh,
Francisca, fRtn-sislil; Dutch, Francisca, fRln-^.
kl : Ft. Franqoisb, frfiN'swIs' | Ger. Fbahcisca, fklnt*
sii'kl; It FranCESCa, fRln^chCsltl; Lit Francbs'ca
or FRANas'cA; S<r. Francisxa, fRln-sis'kL

Fran'cii; (" free ;") Danish, Frant^ frlnti^ or FrAio
ciscui, fRln.flB'fcti ; Datch, FRANascusi fliln^isltBst
Fr. FRANgOTS, fkAN'swl'; Ger, Franz, fRlnls] It
Francesco, rR3n<hli'ko; Lat Francis'cus; Port
Francisco, fRln^tsOu); Sp^ Francisco, ftln-«tis^|
i Sw. Frans, frlnss.

'Mult:^tMt;ihanl;i*iJ;o,a,x,piltiiral!S,maial!t,trilMilMtH^n)alku. (|^'SeeE)iptBnaiiDns,p.;i})

Digitized ayCjOOQiC

VOCABULARY OF CHRISTlAir NAMES.

M'dfr-Ek \ Dntch, Fuonix, bi'dth-rik } Fr. FkId*-
VS, fiti'di'iik^ G«r. FMEdbich, flKcd'rix ; It. Fseok-
xva, ftk-dt<M^ or Fumioo, A-dl'Vec'got Lat.
PuDUl'Cin; Port FUnuiOA ftti-di>TC«'ko t Sp.
FUBsucOk U-Dk-rce'ko) Sw, Fmobioc bU'rik.

GABRin, ^1)re-«l, (tha "itrengtb of God," or, bo-
cording to MOM, the "hero of God i") AnUc, Jabkbel
or JabiIl, jl-breefi* Tx. Gmmh, Bt1)Re%'t Ger.
Cabuu, gl'bsc-El; It Gairiblb, gS-bM40k| Lat
G&'auu, (geaitiTC, Gauub^U* j) Sk Gabxibl, ^'-

GAinBS ud GAiTBiDra S«e Gaomn'.
Gaspakd or Gawab. Sm Jabpbb.
OXDTIBB, Sm Waltxb.

GBOFFBKf, ^fn, or GBf'nxr, ("JojrtU peM^f^
DanUh, GalfbeD) gU'fkWi Dntdt, GonvBiECt got'-
Ikcet or Hot'beet t Fr. Gboptboy, Aitf»!»lli It Gtor-

VBBDDOk Jof-fsU'do t I>Bt GALni'DOK

GB(NU>^Je«^<«"faBict^ Dnilih,GBOBa,^oio;
Dotdw Gboko^ gl'oBit (•ooMtiawt pronooncsd neulj
Um Ike Freoch «WU or iktrih;) Fr. Gbobok or
Cbo>Cb% xfiouh; G«r. GbobO, ^'okOi Gr, Vtivm,
(Gttrgi— ;) It CioKcio, jomOo t It Giok'ciue ; Port
TOKGE, sboB'ih&i Spk JoKCz, aoK'uli Sw. Groao,
^'org.

GBBABOk Je-nrd'i »opietiiiit« corrupted to Gae'szt
and Gbb'bit, (^ "fim apesri")) DanUh, Gbbhabd,
fitfbuj; Dutch, Guuuu^ M'ttxt} Fr. GAbaed^
tUl'rtB'; Ger. Gbrhard, gJB'hlRti It GBBARDOk Jt-
ns'doi Lit Gbbab'dui; Sw. Gbbuabd, {(KniiBdL

GBBBMIA. SMjBlUtinAB.

GBBOxma Seo Jbbomb,

GuTKUtit, {tr'trOd or Jfr'imd, (perhaps "true

Bpe*r;"|} Daldi, GbbRTBOTDA, HtK-tB(ri'dl; Fr.GSR-

TKoi^ sbCR'Wiid'; Ger. Gbbtbaud, bCb'ibSw^ or
GsKTBVB^gtB'IBOOt'; It Gebtbtoa, jtR-tKoy dl J Lat
OKKTBU'DAJ Sw. GSBTBUOk |(R'lBP»d.

Gebtas% Jt^n*! or jBB'ini t Dntdt, Onerjjo, Uif •
lb; Fr,GBBVAi%ihti'Ti'j Lat Gebva'sids.

CiAOamiu er GtACDBBA. SccjAOQUBum

(hACouOL SeejAim

GimoN, tld'e-QD, (a " breaker i") Fr. Ctotot, iUf>
^Hfl It Gbdboh^ JUi^Jolt; Lat Gu/iok.

Go. SeeGiLBfc

N Ai4k dWMi ■l-tMd'.

ifiUjbif "Cod'* pnatf bot V tIA b* Mi b mmk tnuci that is
•t ZajSih, FmA toKiB, and Duiifa then ihoiiM bi tm hnat

MBHlr br «v poaAUtr ««« ami ••Oiifi phbi," ((M^Aitf)
b Wo«U Mih« ■•«■■ (a b« "JoflU pMO^" from a tool c*BB*H

"JitiUd," ud ianl, " tia."

I And bene* " RM," ■■ ailhlbl,'' '

. Hia C H. Ynm, h

GuBBBT, BUnivrt, (-farifht «• g(M"I) DanU, Gib
Burr, 2111481 1 Dutch, Giubrt, HUtiSu i Fr. CiUBxr
zhtl'baiR'i Ger. Gilbert, ^IHiERt; Lat GussBTmi

Sw. GlUBRTU^ ^l-UK't^

GiLE^ jn^ (a "litile goat"?} FT, Gau% aWf
Ger. Aecidiu^ i-See'de-4ai It, EoUHo, iJM'd»«s
Lat JEan/iuti Sp. Gil, BiL

G10BB& Seejoik

GiORfiia Se«GEOBc&

GlOSIADL See JOSIAlb

Gionrt. See Joshua.

GiOTAimA. Sea Jamk

GiOTAaiiL Seejoaib

GiROUiia SecjBROlA

GnniA. SeaJvoAU.

GivDirrjL See Jmaia,

GimiA. SeeJuUA,

CinuAMA. See Juuana.

GnnjAMA See JnjAif,

GnrsBPTA ct GiusBppiMA. Se« Josbthda

GtusEprs, Se« Josbth.

Ganuto, god'trd, ("firm or troe to God t") Ger. Carw
HABA gotHilBti Lat Godab'dus,

GoDintOL See GoDnir.

GoDEwijN. See Godwin.

Coi/PREV, ("God'a peace iH Daaith, GoTTrBimt^
gfit'Irtal; Dutch, Godfried, Hot'faeet ; Fr. CODEntH,
go'dfh-fitwl'orgod'rRwl'; Ger. GormusD, got'lkeet;
It GoFTREDO, gof-fR2'do; Lat GoOfki'dos.

Goi/wiN, ("vlctorkHis to God;") Dutch, GODCwm
Ro'deh.wln't Lat Gotnn'NO&

GoFTREixx Sm Godtbet.

Gottfried, See GoivBtr,

GoTTHAkik See Godarix

GorruEB. Se« Tiaonituffc

GbZC^ ("bvonr)") Dntdi, CmxnK gri'ia-lt Pe
GBACBigRtM; ItGBAZIA,gBit'se4; Lat Cra'Ha,

Grecokt, grtg'o-re, ("watdifbin Dv>iah, Grboo^
gBi-gSB'; Dutch, Grecorius gRA-Oo're-fi* ; Fr. GEi>

OOIRB, gBi'gwiR'; Ger. GREOOR, gR&.G«R'; Gr. Tftji-

pat, (CtijoiiM:) It Grbgobio^ gRi-giu'reKt : Lirt.GBE>
co'rivs i Sp. GrbgoriO) gBi^re^o ) Sw. CBKiOBig\
gRk-go're-aa,

GRiF'rTTHj Dankb, Griffith, gBJffit; Dntdt, R»
rams, rtt-te'RJto; Lat GRimm'iirai Sw. Ruin^
roo-feei/.

GirALTEBOk SecWAlTBB.

GircuEUio. SeeWuuAU.

GinEKV SmGoy.

CaiuMna. Sm Wouau.

GtruELHVi. See Wiluah.

Gui^a'ws ) Dutch, GtrvTAvn^ nHMl'tflB ; Tk,&ta>
TATE. gOa'tl*') Ger. CotTAT, gUe'tUi Lat Gosra'fasi
Sw. GUSTAF, gaOi'iU

Guy, p. r wi^" "ae»M" ?) DwJah, OuiDOk gwM'doi
Dutch, Guioo^ gwBc'do or Hwce'do ; Fr. Gov, (e; G«c
Vett, nti It Ginsot (wee'doi Lat Gm'fio; S«.
GuiDO, cwee'doi

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d by Google

rocAsatAXY op csristiait names.

Habsuk. SmAokum.

}}r, or lUaui Fr. Aoax, rgWi Hek "Uni Lkb
lUfoAi^ (genitl**, Ha'qakh.)

Hannah, (■■eradMu;'^ D»I*I>( IIank^ bft/nth, or
KaNNA, hin'nai Dutdi, Hanna, Un'ni; Fr. ANNA,
Vrit; Uelh njn; Lu. Ham'haj Sw. Kamna. hfaTBL

Haknibai, ban'oe-bfl, (a "gradon lord}") Fr,
Hannibai, tMfH^'i It Anhuau, In-st-biUi UL

Hah'nIFAI, (genitiTe, UAX'HItALII.)

JIan& See John.

IIaruan. See HiuiAN.

Habou), hiKgld, (■ •■ champion ;") Danhh, HaiaIA
hfrtldt Dutch, HiKOLD.hi'roItt FblLutoLiikbt'raU'i
It. ABALOOk l-rU'do; LaL IlAKOi.'im&

Habkir, hlr'rc-et ( DanUi, Hbnrieitx, hln-n-M'-
tfh ; Dutch, HnttnTTA, hEn-n^t'ti ; F^. HBUBIKTTB,
MN^re-Ct't G«T. HaKKmr^ hBn-ie*ct'if h ; It Emu-
CHETTA, tn-re-kefti; Sp. Enuqura, Ca-n-kk'Uit Sk
HiNBtriTA, hbt-re^t'tL

UiciOB, {a "defcnderi") Fr. Hbctob. Ck'toi't Cr.
Tcnv, (IbiOrsj It Ettou, St4</iit Lat Hic^b,
(geoiilve, Hic'toui.]

HUMKICH, SeeHBHXT.

Hil'In or Hblbma, Ul'e-nf, ("brightneMn !>•■
Iridi, HiLBNA. b^-li'nli I}ntd^ Hilbna, hfl^Wiil:
Fr. lUtkNi^ i1ii/i G«r. Heunb, h«b-a'D(bt Or*
*Elfrf, fiSUM,-; It EUHtA, iA'nIi lA HIL'BUI
Sp.ELiKA.i-U'iiL

HiNDRiK. See Yixavt.

HiNRt SeeHiNKT,

UntBtcofc Sae Hbnmt.

HcKUiTTA. See .HAKurr.

Hbm'ky, (" ikh lord .-^ DaiAb, nBfmtK, hfa/dldk ;
DdMI^ Hkhukix, Un'dBik } Ft HDHti, hSN're't Oer.
HUKBid^ Un'riK j It EmuoO) la-tee'ko, or Euuco^
Ir-Tee1u> ) Lat HsNn'co* ; Port Hbnuw)^ to-«e«U}
SpL-ENUQU^ Co^eeOcki S«. HtM'uK

HxBBBBT, bfr^jfrt, (" bright Im^)") Lat Hnan'<
T0st Sw, HxuBXT, blxtiCu,

Hncuus^ bfrntn-tt^ (the "glorf of Hera;") Fr,
Herculi, iKliUt'; Ger. Hbkcvles, hte'koo-Ibf Gr;
«^«14c, CAJnOOi;; ItEKCOL^fatlKhttt LatHtt'-
ciTLSs, tecnhhe, Hn'cous.)

Hbbuan, b^i'm?'). (the "leader of an vntf^ Da-
nbh.HuKANN.hiK'mtii; DatcI^ HUMAN, hCK'mln ;
Fr. Abmand or Armant, iB'm&N'; Ger. Ubrhank,

UR'wflnt Lit HEKMAM'inrt OT HAmXAX'NUSt Sw.

Hrruak, biB'mln.

IIeruocenes, litT-m(^e>Db, ("deacended from Her-
mea;") Fr. HRRHOcto^ tR'mo'ihin'j Gr. "^^firfh^,
(Htmegaai ;) Lat IIbbiioA'bmsi, fgenithe, IIbuioA'-

tNU.)

Hbmha See HAtota
Hester. SeeEsnnju

IIbekuh, het-e-kl'}, ("deavtng to the Lord/O
Dsich, HisKtA, hia-kee'li Fr. EztcRiAt, I'xk'she'fc'}

Heh. in"pm or n-pm lU ~

HtnoH. See Jbroki.
RnBOKmvi. SccJebohi.
nt»;tvit:iiatJ;^»J;o,u,m,fiitliina; lt,MaMtjM,trilitJi lata; (haaio<

HtLART. Wt-te, ("RertT," •• checrfol ;") OiaMi,
Hilauu% he-U're-Oaj Dvidi, IIiLAUUf, be4t't«4>|
Ft. IIilaibk, e'liK'i It iLARiOk e-li'r«^i Lab Uiu'*
rips; Sw. IIiLAUU^ he-li're-aa.

HiOB. See Job.

HuKiA. See ItnxxuK.

UouFBoi. Se« HuHFHBzr.

Hor'ace or Horatio, ho-if shcni, (" worthy to te
beheld" f) IMnimh, lIoRATS, ho-rlu'i Dutch, IIoBATtV4
ho-rl'M-S* ; Fr. Hokace, o'tSm'; Get. IIoba^ ho.iltB',
It OSAUO, o-tlt'ae-o; Lat Hoba'tiuS; Port HOKACK^
o-r&'ae-o; Sp. Hobacio, o-i&'/ie^

Horatio. SeeHOXAO.

HoRATiufc See Horacl

IIoKATS or Horaz. See Horace

Hu'bebt, ("bright la mind"?) DuiUh, IIuBUTO^
hoo-bbt'ttt»; Dutch, HuBBSTUt, hU-bCa'ttia) Fr. Uo>

BERT, iulNUR't Lat HUSU'TUSt Sw. HUBRRTVIh

hoo-bbi'tAK,

HixiHi DanI*^HI^aot hot/go} Dntcb, tlvoo.hh'goi
rt. HuGin^ htlc i It Uoo, oygo i Lit IIu'GOk (ganU
dT^ HtrGC/HUi) Sw. HuoOk hoc/go.

lIVK^-HBzr, ("aupport of peace"?) Dutch, Ham
niBiv hiSin'fkeet ) Fr. IIohfroi, Jto'fkwl'i It 0M>
FHEix\om-fU'doiLatIIuupiiRB'i>u>orONu'puRim
Sw. HuMnut)^ hOCm'AJi

IbrXhksii; See Abraham.

loMA'Tiin, (ig-id'ihc^;) Dntd). lONATltn^ tc-nlf*
•e-faf Fr. loNAC^ in'jriia'i G«r. loHAt, ig.nlta', t»
ItUUaitH, lg-Bll'«a>4a ; Gr. lyvhwt, (/gMtttu;} Ik
loNACtO^ fai'Tl'cho ; Lat Icna'tiui j Sp, loxAClOt Igi
Bl'<ie>0| or IRioOk tn-ree'go.

iLARiOb See Hilary,

Mioai Sea IcttAnoi.

iN'NO-CEirT; Dotch, iNKOCENTins, In-no«lnV-b|
Ft. Innocent, e'no'tSN'j Oer. Innockh^ In-not-alnta',
or Innocxntiu% In-not-ebit^-te ; It iHNOckMTS,
tn4M><Ui/tki Lat Innocbn^u% (in.m^ei/ehgs j)
Spb iHOCiHCiai e-BO.Mn'Ale^

I-rr'm^ {" peace i") Tt. Itijn, •'rtn'; Ger. Irrn^
e^t'D^ ) Gr. S<fi^, (Eirtid:) It Irbhra, e-ii-nM.

Isaac I't*k, ("Uaghter;") Arabic, IshXk, b-hlk^i
Danbh. I*ar, ee'clk ; Dotch, Iiaax, ee'zik ; Fr. Isaacv
e'lTIk'; Ger. IsAak, ee'iUti Heb^ prtr or pnV|
Hungarian, IzsXk, ce'tlki It tSAOOOt e-Uk1(0[ Lat
Isa'acus ) Poliah, Izaax, ee'iik ; Sw. I*AX, cc'tiUt

Isabel, U'^-bel, or Isabella, li-t-bel1«, (originally
the tame as Elizabeth, wMdi aee ;) Dutch, Imbelli^
e-al-beKlf b ; Tt. Isabellx, e'ltl^ei'; Ger. IlABXLL1^
e-ift-bellf h ; It Iiabella, e-U-belHi ; Lit Isabrl'lai
Sp. Isabel, e-a-bCI'; Sw. Isabella, e-al-bel'lL

IsAOCOi See Isaac

IlAIAK, I-iI'j9 or I-it'e-jf ; Danfih, Esaias, &-)!% t
Datch, JBIAJA% yi-ii'jrflt; Fr. IbaYb, e'lfe'; Ger,
Ebaiai^ k-OfcM or i-d'bi Heh. ^rvyV; It laiUA.
e4l'lt Lat Eiai'asj Pott IuiA% e>(l.««'isi Sfu
Uau^ c-al-ee'fa,

IsAK. SeeliAAC

IsuJUe. See Isaac

Isu'ua-bi, ("God bath beard i") Arabic, Inum

<-j:,^)o^^le

VOCABULARY OF CRRISTIAN NAMES.

or IsKAtL, Wml-vA'i Ft. IshaIl, ia'mt'CI'; Keh.

StjnW* J It. ISMAIU, it-Bti-Sll ; LaC Isu'lUII.

Isidore ii'e-der; Dutch, Isidokus, c-le^yrilti
Fr. ItiDORE, e'ze'dos'': Gr. loi&^Mt. (IniJSmi:} It lu-
D0it0|«4e-<lo'ro; LaL IstDo'RU&

IiUAlfL, IsuASLE, or lituSi. See Ishiukl

IsRAIL, ii'ril-el, {" prevuling with God -"yVt. IstAitt
Mi'rt-ei': Ger. Ihaei, b'rl-tKi Heb. 'imV j Ltt W'
tAU, (genitinv Iskak'ui.)

IstvAh. SeeSTETUXM,

Ivan. See John.

IzAAK, IZAK, or IzsXx. SeelaAAa

Jabmu. SeeGABKm.

Jacob. jiTcgl^ (a - lupplantet ;■) Arabic, Yakoob or
YakOb, yi-kflW/; DanUb, Jakob, jl'kob ; Dutdi, Jacob
or Jakob, yl'kob j Fr, Jacob, ihlTtob'i Cer. Jakob,
jlTiop; Ileba'jjf'j HnnBarian, JAk«b. ySTtOb; It
Jacob, jVk<^ ot Jacopo, y&lca-po ; Lat Jao/bus or
Ja'cob t Pdiib, Jakob, y&lcob ; Sw. Jakob, jt'kob.

jACQUCUNB,]ak'kfh-Ieeii'. (the feminine of Jaues;)
Fr. Jacqueuni; zhlkath-Un'; Ger. Jakobikb, fS-ko-
tee'itfbt It GlACOUiXA, jl-ko>jiiee'ai, or Giacobba,
ftkobOiL

Jaub, ^bni, (Ir tit or^n the Mme u Jacob ;) Da>
■iib, Jakob, yl'kob; Dutch, Jacobus, ja-ko'bGs; Pr.
JACQUB, zhtk ; Ger. Jakob, ylliop ; Hungarian, JA<
■AB,]fik'8b; ItGiACOMO, Jinco-moj LA jAcysm;
FoUab, Jakub, jrl'koobi Poit DiooOb At-cfso, or
jAOOBCibl-koOioi Rou. Vakop, ^ntoft Sp. jAiU]^
■t'ml, (Saint JimicB it called SBntiago^ iln-le^'KOi}
8«. Jakob; yi'koh.
Jam. See John.

JXMi and JOan, or Joahha, )o-an'n«, (the fcmlntne of
JOHK ;) DanUh, Joiiamnb, yo-hln'n?h ( Ddtth, IIanna,
bla'ok i Fr. JsANHI, shin } Ger. Johanka, yo-hin'ol ;
It GiovAHNA, io^Jn'nlj L*t Ja'wa or Jo-han'hai
8p.Jv*JlA,Hoo-ln']ri; Sw. Jobaxka, jro-hln'iiL
JXnok SceJoBBt.

jAf'rEB,<''treaiurc-mMtei"r) Dtnhh, Jesfm, yb'.
pert Dntch, jASpn, TVpfr, or Kaspki, kla'pfr; Fr.
GAsrAtOt gb'plB't Ger. Caipak or Kaspas, Ua'plk ;
It Gabparo, gls'id-n> ; Ut GufrxK, (genitive. Gab*.
PAUS ;) pMt Gaipak, ^a-piB,' j sp. Gaspak, gia-p&B')
Sw. Kaipkr. kb'p«r,
JSAN. SeeJoHM,
Jiamkb. SeojANi.
JBAimnTR. SeejBKKt
jKPTKgv or jEPFSRY. See doprBxr.
Jm'lT, (the dlmlnntha of Jaki;) Fr. JiAimtTTi^
dJ'nfc'i It Giovamhxita, Jo-vlowf tS i Lat JOA*
kbt'ta,
JlPH«nuil, (a «di»cotereri") Vt. Jipht*, tblTti'i

Utb.nno'iLatjBPHtiu.

jBBBMiAB,}£r-e-iUI'|, or Jbukt, jb'e-Bke; Danlab,
llXXMLu; ^rth.mee%: Datch, Juumui, yi^.
■ce'fai Ft. JtRtMi^ shJi^ii'me't Ger. JbkbhiaI; ^
rch-mee'lt; Ileb. ttdT; It. Gexeuia, jl-rt-atM^j
Ut. Jeuuu'ai ; Sw. Jkrchia), yi-rf hioee^.

JiKOK^ iSi'vn) or Je-rOot', or Hintou, bee'cr-om,
rwaed iiaMe;T Dantih. JtMumma, ji-ro'ae-aiAi ;

Dutdi, IliERomnius, he-fh-n/ne-tnGB; Fr. JiB&Ki^
dJl'ran'; Ger. HiKKONVHtrs, be-fh-ro'Dc-mta ; It G»
BORiuOi ji-ron'e-no, or GudumO) je-rom-moi Ut
IIltKOH'yiiui; Port. HUROKiMOt frd-n/ne^iw; ^
Gesonuk^ Hi^M-iiiOi Sw. Hiuoimnn* be^kW.

JOAi^ (the lame la ilB ori^n Bi JAM^ wUcb teM

JoANKiTA. SeeJniBT.

Joahha. SeejAMK

JOAMMB» Seejomfc

JoIa Seejom;

JoB,ieb, Cwrrowfnjj") KwMe, Kxmn ot Kn^
rj6ei/i Fr.Joi,ibob) Gw.HtoB,he«'<Vi Givm
fJU,) IleU 3VK; IL CiOBBB, Jol/U or jM/Uj lA
Job {genitii«, Jo'siB) or Jo'BtM j Sw. Job, yob.

JO'S!, Caopitetdnsi") Fr. Job^alK/e'; UeblMri
Ut Jo'n, (genltLn. JoK'tn.)

JoKAN itA. See Jam.

John, (the "grace of the Lord;") Danith, JoBUiw,
yoTrtn, or IIams, htnt; Dalch, Jam, ySn; Fr. Jbui^
(hBN t Ger. Johank, yo^in, (bmiliarly IIaks, him, a
contraction of Jokannui) Gr. luam^. fffata^;)
tictx TUni' i Hangariui, JAko^ yl'noah ; It Giovab-
MI, Jtvrtn'neef LaL Joam'nrs or Joham'mss; Rib^
Jam, yinj Port Jolo; iho^rN'j Rmn Ivam, t-tln't
Sp. JtTAM, soo4b/i Sw. JoUAi^ yi/bln, or Mahi, Um.

JofKAK or Jo'NAB, (a " dore }") Fr. JoNAl, ibc^aVi
Cer. Jomab, yo'nl* ; Hek njT j Lat Jo'MAt.

JOXATRAN, Jon Vlhfn, (the "gift of the Lord;1 Ft
J<M(ATHAM,aho'ntft&H': IleU |n]in';Lat,JaM'ATHU^
(genitive in .is.)

Joorr. SeeJoscxuK

JoROi. See Gbokck

Job'cb-um or Joc's-UN, ("jBrtj*^ Dsld, Joon

yOtt ; Lat JOICKLi'Mni.

JosKPii. jo'ief, ("addition;") Fr. Joseph, dM/itfi
Ger. JosiPR, yo^iif ( Ileb. •JDI' ; IlnngBrian, Jocnr,
yo'rffj It GiusKTPR. Joo-lep'pl; Ut JosB'piniiw
Jo'SRPti; Polish, JozEP, yo'iEft Port Jest, At^;

Sp. JOS^ H04S',

JottPHwi,* jo'aehJben', (the femiidneor Jonrad
Vt. Josipii^ iho'tCi', orJostPHiNK, iho'ii'fbi': G(t
JosKPHB, yo'iH'-«h, or Josbpiiine, yo-i^-fee'ntli ; II
GiusEPPA, Joo-aep'iia, or Gidskphma. Joo^Cpiice'tli
Lat JoiE'piu.

JosHOA, Jori>'o-», (■ " aavioar jT DutA, J jso*. jtf-
tQ-J; Fr. Joso*, tiKftSV; Ger. JosuA, yo'aoo4; HA
jWin* ; It Gioant, io4oo4'} Lat Joi'tr a ; Swi Jona
yo'ioo-l

Jo-u'JUl (M'f.) Of JthSfMi Danlah, Josu^ )»
lee^t Dutch, Joziab; yo-tee^j Fr. Josua, M-
mIs'j HeK tTrmfi It GlOsiAD^ )a4eeTdli UL
Joii'as.

JosvA. See Joshua.

JozC See Joseph.

JoSBKP. SeeJoupK

■Janntnn((irJotirHiin)ud GnnaprnfA arc, Hndrv^
bl. diwhwiwt boa Jostpn (or JooraA) Bd GresnA

fc*WM^;4,*,*Ban>e,le.sprotoc^il,e,r,4^^i4#r*;i,fct%<*«w;flr,lltl,at;irftio&,gaH^

D,g,t,7ed::yC00<^le

VOCABULARY OF CHRISTIAN NAMES.

Juan. SeeJoBR.

JuaHjc SmJanb.

Jti't>AB,Ju'i>A3^Jui>i,jU,("con(e«don;'0 Fr.JUDA,
ABW or JuDB, shild; Ger. Judas. r>^«i»; Heb.
mUV } Hnngarbn, JifDA, yoo'dl i IL GtvDA, joi/dt ;
Lu.jD'&ASi Polii]i,JvnAi,jo</dl*;S«.JviM^ joo'-

Ju'diti^ ("pnUnngi") Heb. mWTj It GtVOiTTA,

]0»^t'tii Lab JUDI'THA.

JuUA,JuOe-t, (the feminine of JULiui ;) Dutch, Julia,
]pme-i{ Fr. Juui, ihtHe'i Get. Juui, yooOe-fh; It.
GiuuA, }o</le4 1 Lat Jtr'uA ) Sp. Julm, Hoo^-1 i Sw.
JuLU, jTDo^e-L

JuuAM, ]u1e>tn, ("related to Jnliun Dnleli, Jo*
UAMUI, fUtle-l'nfif-; Fr. JouiN, ihUle-lit'; Cer,
JttUAM, yoo^-ln; It GmuAMO^ ]oo>Ie-l'not Lat
JbUA'irait Port JuuXo, ihoo-le-iwN'i Sp. Juuak,
Hoo-le-Sn'iOi JuuANO,iioo-1e-l'no; Sw. JoliaHi 700'-
te4it

JnuANA,}a-Ie-fln'«, (the feminine of Juuak ;) Datch,
Juliana, jit-Ie-l'nl; Fr. Juuekki, AUIe-ln'i Ger.
JOLUHi, jroo-le-l'nfh ; It Giuliana, Joo-le-Vnl; Lat
JtrUA'KAj Port JuuANA, ihoo-le-l'nl; Sp.jDUANA,
Boo-te4'nSt S«. JuUANA. jdo-Ic^'dL

IvLiANOb See JUUAN.

JuuL See Julia.

JuuiN. See Juuak;

JVuuiNL See JnjA.

JVLiui, jn^e-ni, ("ipnin; from lalwn Dutch, Ju-
UVS> jrUle-fi* i Ft. JULEt, ihiU t Ger. Juuus, 70ole-A* ;
ItGiau%joo%>ot Lat JeKuot] Port. JvuO) tlM>y-
le^I Spk JULK\ HooOe^

KAKLorKAktu SeeCKAUXS.

Kaipak. SeejASPiK.

KATHAUm or Katakika. See CATHnm

KtAA& SeeNicHOLAi.

Xlaxa. See Clara.

KtAtroiA. SceCtAUDtA.

KLAUDtus. See CtAUDnn.

KOBNKAAD. See CODKAU

Xonkadl See CoHkADi
KoNiTAHTijM. Sec CoxfrAitTra&

XOKNIUI. See CORHBUUS.

KKltnN ot KsurVN. See CRiim

KMn«rut. See CiutsrorHu.

LffTiTiA. SeeLxTTiCL

Lam'bibt, ("brightneM or gtory of the Ka<xt*efJS
Dutch, Lambext, Um'biRt, or Lambertui, llm-blK'
t)ta[ Fr. Lambert, l&N'baJK'i Cer. Lambert, llm'biRt;
LRt Lamber'tus.

Lan'cb-lot, (a " little Unee f\ Fr. Lakcelot, ISitia'.
lo*: Lat LANCELon^us.

Laora, Xafn, ["laarel;"} F^. Lavu; ISr} Cer.
Laura, IfiVrl; It Laura, Hw'iL

Lav'rekc^ ("crowned wilh IidtcI;") Dinleh, Lo-
IKtZ, lo'rtnti ; Dutch, Lau REM, ISw'rtnei Ft. Lad-
SBKT, M'r&N'j Ger. Ladbeni; ISw'rinta, LoRRm, lo*-
riota, and Laurehtius, Mw-rEnt'ee-Ae; It Lorenzo,

lo-rtn'io; Lat LAUBU^mi Sp. LORlHZOt lO^V

o; Sw. Laei^ laia.

Laiarus, lai'y.Tu*. (" deetitnte ofbclp i") Fr. Laeab^
irif; Gr. Kuii^, (Itaam;} It Luiaro, Ut'it-roi
Lat Lai'arus.

Li'o or Le'ok, (a"Honj'1 Fr. LiON, \XM; lb
LSOICE, li-o'nk : Lat Lb'o, (genitive, Led'hi^)

L10LINU& See LeweLUN.

Leonard, lEn'^rd, ("strong aa ■ lion O Dutch, Li<
ONARDt li'o-niRt'i Fr. LtoHABD, liVntR'; Ger. Leon*
HARD, li'on-haRt'; It LEONARDO^ U-o-naR'dot or LlO-
NAEDO,le-o>naR'do) Lat Lbonar'du&

Leoneuos. SeeLioNEU

Leonora. SeeEixutOR.

Lk'o-poloi ("Iwld for the people," and, hence, "de*
fending the people ;") Fr. LtoroLD, liVpokJ'; Cer.
Leopold, U'o-polt'} It Lkopolix), liK^poKdoi Lat
LBOPoL'om.

Lrmcs, let'ibt, or Letitia, le-lUh'e-f. ("Joyi*1
Daniih, Lxtttia, li-lee'te-1 1 Dutch, LAsnTiA, li-tee'-
ie-1, (almoilli-te^ehe4i) Old Fr.LtnCE,U'Ute'; Lat.
L«riT'iA, (le-ti»h'e-».) '"

Lr-wel'un, ("like a Hon f\ Lat LEOu'irm

LEWti, luHsa, or Lovii, looTi, (the "fortreee or d»>
fence of the peopk;"] Dutch, LoDEwux.lo'dth-wni't
Fr. Louis, looV; Ger. Lumvio, lood'Wo ; It Luio^
loo^e'jee, or LoDOVico, lo-do-veeOto, or LUDOVicc^
loo-do-veenco; Lat LuDOVi'cuij Spw LVG^ loo-te')
Sw. LuDWio, lood'vi^

LiDiA. See Lyoia.

LiOKARoa See Leomarbi

LtOMIL, (a "little lion f) Lat LBOmtt'LUK

LiviA, ti»'e-*j Ft. Ltvi^ b'Te'] It LIVIA, lea'v^Ai
Lat LiV'lA.

LoDBWvK. SeeLnna,

LoDonco or Looovia See Lrma.

LoRKKZ or Lorenzo. See Laurence

Louis. See Lewis.

Louisa, loo-ee'i*, [the feminine of Lewis or Louts ;)
7x. Louise, loo'Ex*; Ger. Luise, loo-ee'ifh ; It Lui«
CIA, loo-ee'jl ; Lat Lui'sa; Sp. LutSA, loo-ee'tl j Sw.
LUDOViKA, loO'do-veeliL

Luc or LucA. See LUXB.

Lu'CAN i Fr. LUCAIN, In'klN'i Lat LvcA'Hm.

LucAB. See Luxe

Locx. SeeLuavft

LuctAH, iB'she.fni Fr. LvaxH, llfte-lH'i It tV*
CiANO, loo^ht'no; Lat Luoa'nui.

LoaL See Lucy.

Luans, lu'thg^ (" shining ;1 Ft. LucB, Itoe, er
Luaus, llfse-Hs'i Ger, Lvaus, loot'se*(»; It LuCNk
loo'cho ; Lat Lu'ciUfc

LucREnA,lu-kTee'ihe<B,orLu'CRECBi Fr.LucBlc^
lUliRli'i Ger. LuCBEnA, loo-krit'se-I ; It LUCEEZIA,
)ao-ltt(i'*e-& I Lat Lucxk'tia j Sp^ Lucrecia, km-kRi'*
OeL

LiKnr or Lucii; In'se, (the feminine of Lucius 0
Dutch, Lucie, lii'te-fh ; Fr. LtrciE, lUW} Ger. Lucii^
1oot'se-<hj It Lucia, loo^hee'ft; Lat Lu'cuj S^
Lucia, loo-Mee^

t H i ' f; as /; g ibr/ ; t ai/; o, H, X, jk/nmrf; N, nan>/; R, MZ/nf; I a

■; th >• In (Mil, (tf**See Explanation, p. »i

VOCABULARY OF CHRISTIAN NAMES.

IweovtKA. SmLcviu.

LvDonoo or InoonctnL SMtnra.

Lvmna SMLnm

LotOL SeeLnm

Lnou. See Lodim.

LdujC SceLouisjk

Lorn SeeLODiM.

LtlK^ (a "light" 7} Dinlih, LvCA^Itx/kb; Dntcli,
LOCAS, liilcAji Fr, Luc; lUk; Ger. Luca^ Iix/kls;
ilnnguiau, LucitTt, Ux/kltcb; It Luca, looU ; ILiL
Li/CAs I Sw. Lu'cAL

LVDiA, lid'e-V! Duilih, Lydia, lee'de-ij Dnteh,
Ltdm, lee'doi; FV. Lmi^ U'de'j Gr. AvOi, ^£w£ni;^
It LiDiA, lee'de^i Lab Ln/u.

IU'bkL, (a compdon of the French almaiU, (ocigi-
■Uly <waiif/t) "lovelji") Let. ICabil'ia or Axab'uji.

Maodauii, nag'df-leii, or liMiVKiMHt, ("of Ui^
M^" a plan in Palettioe i) DiMch, Uacdaleha,
dt^fnii F(. HADXLKiHBor IfACBLiN^ mldlin'; Ger.
HaSMUIU, inigKU-li'nl ; IL Maddalkma, mld-di.
■'nl. or Hadalxma. ml-dl-li'nt j LaL UABtMU'NA
Sp. Uaoiulxha, miK-di-m'nA.

Uaxc ScellAUL

llAa-CKL'LUi) Fr. Uabcuuii, Mai'tilOa'i Ik Ua»-
CUJA nax-clMno ; Lat. Uabcil'umi

HAKCV& Sec Mare.

MargaUT, uur'gf-Te^ (a "peart j") Dutch, Har-
OARinu. maR-gt-rl'tl, or maR-Ki-rt'tit Fr. Mar-
OUtRtn, mla'siitf I Ger. Haroareth^ naR-gl-ti'-
lfh[ Gr, Him^Wi (Ma*taHlk;) IL Margarita,
ouK-gS-ret'ta; Lat. Hiroabi'^a or Uaboabi^A.

MaKtA. SmMabt.

Maru. See Mart.

Marx, fa "hatamer"?) Daniih, Marcus, • maRlcte ;
Ehilch, Harcvs, ouuKkBs t Fr. Marc^ mtak ; Ger. VUt.-
CU^maR'kAi;Cr.lI^m)r,fJAriaf;^HaTigviaii,ItURK,
oaBk; It Marco, nuRliOj Lat Mar'cus; Sp^ MaR<
COI^ BMR'kde; Sw. Harkus, maKlifki,

Martha, mai'iht.Cbtiternesi"?} Dutch, BIaktha,
taaB'U; Fr. Martub, niRt; Gev Martha. maR'tlj
Cr. MafOa, (Martha ;) It Marta, n»K'tI ; Lat Uak'-
tha; Sp. Habta, nuR'tl; Sw. Martha.

Mar'tik, ("martial j") Dutch, Martin US, miB-tee'*
nSa; Fr. Martin, idIr'iIn'; Ger. Maktim, maR'tiD;
It Hartino, maK-tee'oo; Lat HARTi'iim; Sfb Mar-
tin, miB-lin'; Sw. UarTin, rotB-eeeK'.

Uartwii; (Sp.,) maR.tee'Dtth, (dtc "aon of Martin.")

Mary, ml're, (" Utter ;") Danith, Mabi^ ■ni-rce'fh ;
Dutch, Maria, nd-ree's; Fr. Mari^ mfrc'; Ger.
Maria, nd-m'l, or Maru, ml-rce'cbi Gr. Uofia,
(Jitria;) Hnngulao, Mi(RU,mA'ie-3; It Maria, ml-
rec'ii Lat Mari'a; Poliih, Uabta, miR'Tii Port
Mabu, nAfttt/ti Sp. BCaria,' al-reo'lt Sw. Maria.
■A-ree'L

See

MATHUSAttu. See Methdouk

Matu& SeeMATKiAi

Matilda, mf-til'd*. or Maud; Danbh, UAmun;
tnl-tii'dch; Dutch, Mathilda, ml-til'dl; Fr. Ha>
tbildi^ mftild'i It Matiloa. mi-til'dl; Lat Mv
TiUL'DAt Sp. Matui^ nl-til'dii Sw. Hatilim,
ml-til'dl

Matthew, aalV\ (a "gift- or "preaenT 7) DuOiK
Mattilcu^ tnlt-U'Aii Dutch, Matthkui, mlt4S'ia|
Fr. Hathibu, mrt^^h'j Gr. Marfalor, (Mattkaimi]
Hnngufan, Ukrt, mi'tl; It Mattbi\ ntit-a'o; tafc
UATnLV'U); Polish, MATEcrsz,inl'i^£aah;Sp.MATM
aS-tl'o; Sw. MatthXus, mlt-O'aa.

Matthias mf -thl'tt, (originalljr the aame aa Matyb-
BW;) Dutch, Matthu^ tnlt-tli'i Fr. Matthias mT-
le'la'i G«r.MATHiAs,inl-tee'lsj ItMATTiA.mSt-tee'l;
Lat Hatthi'as; Sp. Matias, mi'tee^

MavDl SeeMATOIM.

Mauricb, Buw'riM; Danbb, Mosm; nK/ilisi
Dutch. MAUBm, mSw'rita, or HAURtriui, m8w-r«e'-
*e-)i*, (almoet mSw-ree'Bhe.As J Fr. Maurice mO'rtM^i
Ger. HoRiT% myritt ; It Maitbhio, mSw-rtfae-Ok ov
Haurisk^ ■i5«-t«e'le-o ; Lat MAUaiT'nil or Hao-
RiC'ius,(maW'ritb't^J Sp.MAURicic^aiSw-ree'tfe^t
Sw. MORITZ, mo'rita.

Maxihiuam, mlk-te-inll'e-fii ; Dutch, UAEiKtU-
anub, mik-M-me-le-l'nda; Fr. Maxiuiuen, mlk'te'*
mele'tH'; Ger. Maxikiuah, mUt-se-meene-ln ;* It
MassimilianOi inla-ie4iie-le4'no; Lat Maxouua'*
MUi ; Sp. BfAXiMiLiAHo, ndk'M-ne-l^l'Ba ; Sw. Max*
IHIUAN, nik-ae-nll'e-lii.

Haximin, mlk'ae.Bafai { Tt. MAXiKnt, mikfae'alii't
ft Massiuincs mia-ae-mee'Do i Lat MASnu'inn.

Maxiuo^ mili'ae-ina*, (^greateat ;") Fr. Maxh^
mtk'aim'; It UassihOi mlt'K-mo: Lat BfAX'lMni
Sp. Maxiuo, mlk'ie-iiM.

HR-TRU'tB-LAB, {-drlHiiK awajr death"?) Fr, M*>
THUtALXU, mt-tu'itiein'; Lat MKno/cxtA; Halt
mmna.

HiCHAU,inncUI,rwbobinMOod,-^Flr.HiCRit,
me'ibU'; Ger. MickakU nlK'i^l. (ainoat bIh'UI;)
Heb^ 'tICO; Hongiriin, MikAlv, meeOiil; It Ml-
CKBUtme-ki'U; LatMi'ciuKL,(geiu'tive,MiciuB'Liti
Poliah, MicHAL, mee'Eii ; Fort Hicun, mefil'; Rmt.
MiEKAii, me-El41', (alaocat me-iiM'J or bm-eVU]
Spb MI(lUB^ tne-Bfi'.

MiELOL Se«MlCHOLA&

MiL'DRZSk ("ipeaking ^Mlj)'7 Lat HOM^B*.
MoOb. See Hoibs.
HotHA. See MosRt;

MoRm. See Mauucc.

MoiES, mo'iti or mt/dz, ("drawn oat^ Atbinh
Mooia or UOsA, mcK/Bl; Dutch, Mozss, mi/zitj Tw.
MoISB, mt/bf; Htb. ntrOj Or. Muo^, (iO^;) Hw
girian, MdZRS^ mo'ieriii It Hoist, no-e4x': LnL
Mc/sis, (genitive, Mo^aii ;} Poliili, Mov£esz, mm'dtflah |
Sp^ HoTBBi, ■M-aii'i Sw. MoBB^ mo'aCa.

NAR-cn'iui^ (a "daflbdn ;") Fr. Narcissi nlCata';
It Narciuo^ niR-chCs'ao; Lat Narcu^sus.

MAssiuiHOb SceMAXium;

HKBOto. SeeMAXiuuE,

llATUh SeeUATTKEW.

ICathibd. SaeUATnaw.

Digitized by VjOOQIC

rocASvzAxr of cffxJSTLur vamss.

Vmauk 8m Hon.

Natahaii. See Hatkahah.

Rathaii, nTdfii, (a^sHin Fr. HAtnAN, iSNtaf;
Ocr. Nathan, nl'tln ; Hck]ni; Lat Ha^tkamj Sp.
MaTan, ni-dii'.

Na rUAMABi. or NATHAViEt, n«-islan';f 1, (the "gift <^
God i*^ Dutch, NATHAittEi,nl-tl'ne-il ; Fr. NATHAifin,
■rirDC^l'i G«r. Nathamiku Bi-iVM-H; Lot Ha-
TKam'aei, (genitlTc^ KATUANAX'Lisd Sp- Natanah,

HtHfuiAB^ ne-he-mPf, (the "rest of the Lmdn
Danbh, Kkhsmias, nl-hf htnee^ } Dutch, NiUUUA,
Bk-hfh-mee'l; Fr. NtHluii, nl'l'me'j Cer. Hkmk-
IIIAI, nfc-hthfiiee'lit Heb. TTSnii IL NtuiiA. nU-
Btee'&t L>t HiMKMi'At; Sp. NtntMUi^ nl-l-ime^i.

Nicholas, nlk'o-lx), (the " peopled TJctorj t^ Dutch,
HiCOLAAS, neenco-ll*', (nww frcqncatlr KUAS, kilt ;)
Fr. Nicolas, ne^oll'; Gtg. HiooLAm, BeeOto-lfiwu';
Gr. Kuffloot, (Nitclan;) HungvUn, UlXLOS, nice''
kloth) It. Niccol6 or Nicol^ nUc-ko-lo'; I^t Nico-
LA'ust ForL NicoLAO, tie-ko-11'o; Rnu. Mikolai,
ne-ko-11'e, or Nikola^ ne-ko-li*'; Spw Nicola^ ne-
ko-lli'{ Sw. Nils, nlli.

Nic-o-Dt'MUS, ("vlctoiT of the people" or the "con*
qucTor ^ the people f\ Fr. NtcontWB, ne'ko'diln'; Gr.
NutUn^, (Ifikt^mtt;) Ut HlCODE^UK

NicoLAL See Nicholas,

Nils. See Nicholas

No'ah, (no** H Arabt^ Nook or Kdw, tMRW ; Dutch,
HoACH, no'lu or no^ t Fr- Hot, no'i'; Ger. Noah,
Bol; Gr. NSt, (Mt;) Hefai n); S«. NoA, m/L

Nd'ki, CChrbuna*;"*) Fr.Noii. itoVi Lit Ha-
Ta'ui or Nolf LiUB,

NooH, SeeNoAK

No»Uit| aor'Mtai ("bom 1b
Hoaun eitnctlon H Lu, Nmuuh'iius.

KouHorNOiL SeeNoAK

Obaihaii, ob-i-iH't, (the "semnt of die lord^
Heb. rraVi Ut Obadi'al

OCTAVK SeeOCTAftOfc

OCTATiA, ok-U've^i Fr, Octati^ lAf^fif; It Or-
TAViA, ol-ti've-i{ Let Octa'tia.

OcTAvroi^ (ric-ti'TC-ns; Fr. OCTAVI^ ok'tt*'; It Ot-
TAVio, ot-tl've-O} Lat OCTA'rmt Sp, Octavkh ok-
U'vcOk

Oddsskos or ODTSSBm, See ULVSsn

Ouni, ol'e-»<r, C an olire," « " bearing the oltaj")
Dutch, OuTin, a-Ie-TeeB';t Fr. OUVIUi, oHe'v^'i
it OuviEKS, o-Ie-ve-4'ii, or Uunui; oo-le-Te-l'rt;
tat Ouva'kus or Olita'kivi i Sp. Ouvuio^ o-Ie-vi'-
M4 ; 5w. Olivuk, o-kTcee^.

OuTiA, o-IIv'e-t, (the (emldne of Olivu;) Duds^

tUEoiUilifcm. ScDd

RebBd bnnk *Dd OIMmv

OUTiA, »4ee'«c4 1 DMd^ OufiA, oJee've-i J Fk. Ou<
■nx, tfW^i Ocr. Outu^ »4ee'v»4t 5m, OiXru,
o-lI*'e-L

Ounii. SeeOllvn.

Oltmpia, o^fan'pe-f, or OLTHftAt; oJta/pc-fi, (*k*>
longing to CMirmpM,'* "iHTtne f) Ft, OLVMrc, oniiip'i
Gr. ■Ohtfwtr, (06mJia*;J Let Olvm'pia) or Otw'*
HA.

OimsDOh SceHDnrmaT.

ONEsnnn, •«C«'»-MBa, ("prebAble i") n. Oxistii^
o'nJfiim'i Gr. thioif-t, (OtOdrnti!} It Otmma, »<*•
U-»0} Lat Ons'iMot.

ONOPHRim See nvKPHSKr.

Opheua, o-fee^e-f, ("help," "usefiilnewjT Tu
GpHiLit, o'Ale'i Gr. -fifdu, (CfhOt;) Lat Onaf-

UA.

Orazio, SeeHouCK

Oriobn, or'e^feD, (" deecended Cnm Horttt,"«i tgjp-
t(an deilyit) ff- OkkAhi, oi're'ahtn't Gr. "Ofittm,
(Origmit;) Lat OuA'iMa^ (gcidtlve, Oiud'sMU.)

OUANOOk (a fonn of Rolahd, which aee d It Oh>
LAKDO, M.Jln'doi Lat Oslah'doa.

Ctho, ("eiririted" H) Detch, Ortoj Fr. OntOH^
</tdi(' I Ger. Ot^ ; It Onora, ot-iynk; Lat CiMDi
Sp. OTomOk o-to'DC-o ; Sw. Oi'ia

Ottatia. SeeOCTAVtA.

OtTAVtix SeeOCTAVivfc

Omx SeeOTHa

Ottonk See Onto.

Ov'tDt Dutc\ OviDio% o-vee'de.Ss; Fr. Onnb
o'vtd'i Ger, OviDtt;^ o-vee'de-te { It. Ovidio^ o-vrr'*
de-o} LatOvu/iDt,

PABto, SeePAOU

PjIi. SetPAin.

Paouma. SeePAilUiU.

pAOtO, See Paui*

pASCKAUplancTlCbdongbig laEaM«r,''w *bem
■t Euter ;'i) Fr. Pascal, piilill'i It Pasqval^ pis*
kwi'U i Lat. Fasou'us i Sp. Pascuai, pla-kwlK.

pAT'uac, C patdctoo," "xoUe H Detcb, Patk*
aus, pt-tiee'ee-lts ; Fr. Patkicr, pf tatei't It Patri*
no, |d-lRit'te-oi Lat Patric'ivsi Sp. Patuuc^ pi*
IRee'«le-o.

pAOl, ("litile;") Danish, pAin, p8«1, or Paulo^
pK«nA*)Dntch,pADLiis,p8w^lii(Fr. pAULipCljGer.
Paui, pSwIi Gr. naUiir, (PaidM;) Ilongaiian, PAi,
pU I It Faoloi pl'o-lo or p3w^ ; Lat Fai/lus ; Polblv
Pawu, pl'vilj Port Fadlo, pSw^i Rms, PatSi,
pt'vCl t Sp. PABLOb id'slo i Sw. Paul, p9 A

pAtruMA, paw-n'nl, (the feniainc of Paulj) Fr. Pap<
LtKi; pyitn'i Ger. Pauuki; pSwlee'nth ; It Paoloij^
pl>o-lee'iift or pSw^ce'nl t Lat Pauli'ma.

Patbu SeePAtn.

PAWEb See Paul

PsDu, SeaPmt.

PiDMX SeePEm.

t CdMOnariV^trlbiGfidki.
I SHOninfaillwbodroftUtiink,
I Fma AucM tk«*'faM*nr,''*r*'li

db, Google

db,Google

VOCABULARY OF CHRISTIAN NAMES.

RuiB, •onetimes AngtidMd In praanndalloii m
rti/M, (tbe feminina of Knti t) ^- RknIs, i«b-iii';
It RBf ATA. Tl-bi'tl I Lat Rina'ta.

KiuiKH, Tinwn, C behold a (on n Fr, Rtnm, rif-
Uk'; lleb. [Sltni Lat RBun'iiU&

KxTKOiA rtn'oM; Danbh, Runhoia rinOioItf;
Dntch, Rkinou:^ H'aolt ; Fr. Rehaud, rth-ntV; G«r.
Rbinhold, rialiolt ; Lat Rkykal'dus or Recikal'dds J

Sp. REYNAUX^rl-nll'do; 5w. RSINKOLI)^ rlnliold.

Rhoda, ro'd*, or Rm/D^ (a "ro»en Gr. "PMii
^JUMb;;LitRKo'DA.

RiCH'AUk (" firm or atrong king il Dutdi, RiCKAUi^
lea'aMM ( Fr. RiCKAtD, re'thla'; Ger. RicHAU), rls'*
iRti or RiiCHARD, rl^KlRtt It RiCAKDo^ re-lus'ilDi
Lat RicKAit'Dua } Port. Ricabdcs le-luA'doj Sp. Ri-
CAXM^ re-fcaii'do.

RiDOLfa See Rudolph,

Rob'bxt, C bright bme" I) Daniab, Robsrt, rt/btat ;
Dutch, ROBUT, rflb'tatj Fr. Robut, rotais'; Ger.
RoBiiT, n/btRt ; It RoBnTO, ro-bCa'to j Lat Ro-
BBK'TVt; Sp. ROBBiTOk ro>b(R'to; Sw. Robbrt, roV-
bt

Roi/u-tac, ("rich In &me"^ Fr. RODKIGUI, ro'-
dxlf't Ger. Rodikich, ro'd«h-iiK'; It RoDBUK^ n^
daee'gai Lat RoDnti'cui; Rusa. Ru'BiKt Sp. Ro-
DKioo^.ro-DBee'go, RoosBicOb ro-Pi-rea'go, or RWt
roo.««^ oTKwee.

RoDOLfOk See RtmotPH.

RODOLTHE. Sw RDDOLPIL

RoDRioo. See Rodbuck.
RoDRiouB, See Ronuicx

RoBUHix Sea Rolard.

RooBB, nj'cTi ("fiunona apear"?) Ihitdi, RirroBR,
rSt'gfr or rfifK^i Fr. Rogik, ro'thi'; It Rugikro,
foo-^'ro; Lat Root'sus; Sp. Rogirio, to-hI'ic-o.

Roland or Rowuhd, ro^and, (the " &rae or gtorj
o( the land" P) Danish, Rolahd^ To'lltu/; Dnlcli, Ros-
Land, roolint; Fr. Roland, toOAh'; Ger. Roland,
To'Unt ; It Orlak'do, oR-Iln'do, « Rolando, ro-lln'-
do; Lat Rolan'dusi Port RotAMOO, ro-lln'do; Sp.
Rolando, ro-Ui/do.

RoiA. SeeRosR,

RosAUOHD, roz't-mond, ("roee of peace;") Dutch,
RouuoND, ro'il-mSnt' ; Fr. Rosuiondx, ro^teh-mANd'
or rot'mAxd'; It Rosuonda, ros-mon'dl ; Lat Rosa-
hun'da.

Ross, rCi; Daniih, RoSA, ro'd; Dutch, RoSA, r/-
U ; Fr. Rosi, roi ; Ger. Rost, ro'ifh ; It ROM, r</U ;
Lat RysA; Sp. Rosa, ti/«1: Sir. RoSA, roo'sl, or
Rouna, roo.aee'ril

ROWLANa Sm RolANDk

RozAUONa See RosAHOnn

RuBiH. See Rrubbh.

Rn'DOLF^ (ace HMSr under Ralfu ;) Dutch, RUDOLF,
rU'dolf J Fr. Rodolpkb, ro'dol^; Ger. Rudolf, too'-
dolf : It Ro-DOL'ro or Ridolfo^ re-dolTo : Lat Rv*
Dol'fhus.

RUFiN or RUFINU& See GRirTTTH.

t»k:%*a i; e hard; %»aii<i K, K,/KflWrs/,- N, mm/; R, triUid; % aa i;

Rn'rvi^rreddlab,""b3TlDg red hurt") LatRuVcs.

RuGtBROL See Rogrr.

Ru'PBBT, ("bright bnw"'} Ger. Rtrnxcsr. rou'-
pRtKt; Lit Rdper'tu&

RdriK. See Roderick.

RtrrcER. See Roger.
. Run^ rOOtb ; n. Ruti^ rilt ; Lat Rirra.

Rut. See RopRRiGK.

Saboia, af-bfntt Dutch, Sabine, ■a-bee'nthi Ft)
SaBIKI; ajntii/} It SABiHA.aa-bee'nl; Lat SaIi'MAI
Sp. Saiiha, ■a-Bce'iii i Sw. Sabima, al-bee'iiL

Salauon. SeeSOLOMQH.

SalouXo. See Solomon.

Salohok. . See Solomon.

Samsok, alin'aQQ ; Danlah, Samson, itm'aon ; Dalch,
Samson, aim'aon ; Fr. Samsok, tAH'tAit'; Heb. |lt7O0t
Lat Sah'sox, (genitiTe, SAUSo'HUi) Port SANsXa^
ilii.»evH'i Sp. Sanson, Aa-*tfa'; Sw. Sim'son.

Sam'u-bl, C heard by God ,■"} Daniih, Samuel, aK-
mm^l ; Dutch, Samuel, al'mil^I, (almost il'moa^tl ;)
Fr. Samuel, afmti'Cl'; Heb. bxiDV; Hangaiian, SXw-
UKI, shS'nioo4] ; tt Samuele, sl-moo-lll ; Lat. Sam'-
ubl, (geiUli*^ Samuk'us;) Sp. Samuei, al-moo41'.

Sanson or SansXa See Samson.

Sarah or Sara, d'r*, (a " princess -^ Dutch, Sara.
al'rl; Fr. Sara, afifi Ger. Sara, al'ifl} Heb. mV;
It Sara, aFrli L«t Sa'ra} Pott Sara, U'rtt Sjh
Sara, al'rA i Sw. Sarah, ai'rL

SAin, ("dealredt") Fr. SaOl, am'; Ilek TIKVt
LatSAu'LUH

Sczepan; SeeSnPRRK.

Sbbastiak, ae-blsfjrfn, (perhaps "Inclined to
reverence t*^ Dnlch, SsBAtnAAi^ al-bls'la-ln ; Fr.
StBAtnsH, sfc1)ts't£^'i It SBBAnTAN<^ sl-Us-te-
i'no) Lat SEiAniA'MUSt Port SbbastiXo, iVbis-te-
Swn'i Rbu. Sevabtian, il-vls-te-ln'] Sp. Sebabtun.
si-Bli-te-ln'; Sw. SEBAtnAN, aL-bSa'le-ln.

SiByL,sn/iI; Dutch, StBTLLA,Be-bil11; Fr. Sibtll^
ae^U'; Gr. XUtoUo, (SiMia:) Lat Sibvl'la.

StciSMDNDt aFyia-mand, ("victorious protection," ot
"he who affordi protection bjnctorys") Dutch, Siois*
MUNDUS, se-gis-mtin'dus or se-Hts-mQn'diU ; Fr. Sicis*
MOND^ se'ahtss'mto'i Ger. 3icismund^ see'gis-nidOnt'
or StCMUND, te«c'md6nt; lAt SlCtSHUN'DUS^ Sp.

SictsMUHDO, sc-Hb-moon'do; Sw. Sisismund, sig'ia*

Sil-va'nvs, ("belonging to the woods," or "inhabit*
ing the woods j") Dutch, Silvanus, til-vl'nSs; Fr.
Stltaik or Silvain, ttViin'; It Silvakc, sti-vi'noi
Lat Silva'hus; Sp. Siltaho, atl-Tft'DOL

Silvester or Sylvester, sil-fCa't^, ("beloi^ng to
the woods;") Fr. Silvestre, sil'TtstR'j It Silvect-ro,
sil-rts'tRo; Lat Silves'txr, (genitive, Silves'tru;!
Sp. Silvrstre, itl-TCs'lRi.

Silvia. See Sylvia.

Sim'e-on, ("hearing with aecepbnce;") Fr. SlMSON*
se'ml'dN'; Ger. Simeon, aee'mi.on; Heb. |i;'3l!' ; lb
Simeon^ se-ml-o'ni; Lat Sim'eon, (genitive, Simeo*.
NtBj) PortSiMEXo,M-int.{SwN'i Sp.SiMB>N,se-mk.da',

in tAit. (S^See Explanatioos, p. 13.)
3S4S

VOCABULARY OP CHRISTIAN NAMES.

SmONi A'mtfi, (orieinallj the mom as Simiom;)
Dutch, Simon, tee'mon; Fr. Simon, sc'iiiAh'; Ger.
Simon, ■ee'nioiii Ilungirian, Simon, shes'inont It
SiMOHE,ic-mo'ni; Lit Si'mon, (genitive, Simo'mis;}
Sp. SiMOH, se-m^'; Sw. SiMON, tee'ii)(»

Simeon. See Samson.

Sofia. SeeSoFULk

Sol'o-moh, ("pewuble;") AraUc, SolimXn, so-Ie'
nln', or SulbvmXn, vSHW-vAif; Dutch, Salomo, il'-
lo-mo; Ft. Salomon, •t^o'm&M'i Ger. Salomon, tilo-
mon i Gr. ZoAcyi^, {Stlemht ;) HeU noSlf | Hungviui,
SALAMON,ih6)'6-moni ItSALOMOHiVBl-Io-mo'rJk; Lab
Sal'ouoh, (genitive, Salomo'nis;) FoUih, Salomon,
•l-lo'inon} Fort SalouXo, •i-lo-mfiiTN'j Sp. Salo-
mon, tl-lo-mdn'.

Sophia, to-fl'f, (" wlwlooi j") Danit)^ SorHi^ kv
fee'th; Dutch, SoPHif, ■o-fee'fhi Fr. Sophu, •o'fe't
Ger. SopHii, to-fec'th ; Gr. Zofo, (StfUa ;) It SoPU,
■o-fee'i; Ltt. So'phu; Roh. SonA, •o-fee'ft or m/>
ie-li Sp. Sofia, (O-fee'i i S«. Sofu, •o-fee'L

SoPKKONiA, lo-fryne-l, ("of a •onnd nlnd;") Fr.
SoruKOHi^ M/fko'ne'i Lat SopUKo'ltu.

SOCTHIHB^ Ma'de-ntc, Cofaoaiid atrengthj") Fr.
SosTKiHi, •oa'iiA'i Gr. Zu»«fi>«, (SltatMis;} Ut.

Soa'TKBNCL

StxphiN, atce^rtn, (m "crown" or "pTland;") Da-
niih. Stephan, tiCfib; Dutch, SrtTUt, atl'Tfn, or
Stxfkanui; ati'a-nili) Fr. Stienni, t'le'Cn'; Ger.
Stkfhan, itCrio ; Gr. XHttuiit,(Sltfi*aMM{J Hungarian,
IitvXn, bbt'vin [ Lat SnPii'ANDSt Folbh, Sczkpan,
B'cha'pln ; Port EiTSVAo, {a-t&.vSmc't Rma. Stepan,
•ti-p3a', or Stxtan, (ti-fln'j Sp. EirtBAM, t»a'iln,
<alroott ti-tl'Tin ;) Sw. Stkfah, ■ttFlo.

SuLiYMtM. See Solomon.

Susan, to</xtn, « SutAHNA. K>»-tati'Df, (a "IHjp)")
Daniih, Suianka, •oo-Un'nIi Dutch, Susanna, *f|.
Un'nt ; Fr. SUSANNI^ •O'lin'; Ger. Susanni; loo-iln'.
nfh; It SuiAMNA, *oft4ln'nlt Lat Susan'nAj Sp.
SutANA, w»-a'ni f Sw. SVUKKA. MO^ln'oL

Sylvaih. See Silvanvk

SyLrAMDL See Siltanoh

SyLVEsm. SeeSnnms.

Syltia Of SiLTu, riI'»e-»," ("of th» woods," or
"ddightlng In the woods;") Tt, SOTtM, •tl'fe't It
Silvia, sil'vc-S; Sp. Silvu, sti've-L

TABtTRA. tat/e-thf, (olteii incorrecUjr
t^-U'ih).} (a " rot n Lat TAi'mu,

Taddio or Taihux SmThaddivk

TauXi. See Thomas.

TlOBAltxx See TmoBAUk

TlODOKICOk SecTKiODOiia

Tbodoiux See Theodokk

TiODOSia See TKiODOSiufc

Teofilo. See TuiOFHiuilb

TutesA. See Tueriu.

Thaddbu^ Ihad'de-Ds or thad-dee'iis, ("pralie't)
It Tadoeo^ lld-di'o} Lav Thadoe'usi Sp. Tadeo,
M-Dl'o.

THE'o-EALi^CbcJd for tbe pe^le"}) Danbh, Trso-

■ALDt U'o-btli/,- Dutch, Thbout, tcc'bSwti Fr. TB»
BAirr, te'bo'i Ger. Thbobalix ti'o-Ult'; It Teobais^
ti-o-bil'do) LatTHEOBAL'DUSj Spi Tiobaiix:^ A-o^
BU'do; Sw. Thzobaus Ul'o-Uld',

Thi-oi/ee-icx or Tub-oi/o-eici Dntcb, Dibdd^
toe, dee'dcr-ik, commonlj contracted to Diek or DlEC^
d«Kii i Fr, TutODORIc; tlVdo'rtk'; Ger. Theodoeici^
tt-od'o-riK', or Dieteick, dee'tEix ; It. TEOi)0Kia\ it
o-do-reelto ; Lat TiiEODOEi'CVS ; Sp. TiODOKicOk tkr
o-Do're-luk

Thbodok^ ttee'o-dSr, (the "gUl of God H Dania^
Theodob, iS'o-doEt Dutch, Tkbodobv^ ti-o-dyrflai
Fr. ThAodobb, ti'o'doE', Gr. OcMupar, f7%nd3m;}
It Teodoeo, ti-o-do'ro , Lat Thiodo'eus : Port. Tiuo.
DOEO, ti-o-do'ro; Russ. Feodos, O-o-doE'; Sp. TlO>
BOtio, ti-o-fx/re-oi Sw. Theodob, tC'o-doB.

Trsodosia, de-o-do'ahe-f, (the feminine of Trbo-
□osius;) Fr. THioDosiE, tiVdo'ie'; It Tsoi>onA,tft-
o-do'te-i; Lat Theodo'sia,

Theodosius, C(e-o-do'ah;3*, ("^rea bj" God f^ Pt
TntotiosE, t&Vdoi'; It TeoDosiOi U-o-dyie-o; Lat
Tfuoix/sm; Sp. Teodosio, ti-o-Do'sc-Ok

TuEOPRiLUSi eie-oft-lns, (a "lover of God;") D».
niili, Gottlieb, goileep; Dntcb, Thbophilds, tin/*
fe-IOst Fr. THiopHiLB, iVo'lll'; Ger. GomjEB, got*,
lecp s Gr, (MfO^, (TXtcfihOM:) It Teofilo, iL-ofe-tof
Lat Theofh'ilus ; Port Theophilo, tl-o'le-lo i S{w
Teofilo, ti-o'fe-IaL

TUBKESA, tt-tce'i»| Dutch, TRERinA, tl-rt'le-l|
Fr. THiBtsE, ti'rli'i Ger. Tukbisb, tl-A'rfh} Ic
Tebesa, ti-ri'U ; Ut Tubrs'ea ; Sp. TiEXSA. tl-rl'a i
Sw, Tuebesa, tJi-iU'sL

Thibavt. SeeTKBOBAL&

Thomas, lom'fM or tom'ns, (a "twin;") Dsnta^
Thomas, lom'b t Dutch, Thomas, lo'mla ; Fr. Tiio>
MASito'ini'; Gei. Thomas^ to'mlai Gr. Okydcf TW-
mat;) Hungarian, TamAs, tSmlshi It Tommax^
lom-mi'kot Lat Tko'mas; Polish, Tomasi, tf/mlabi
Port Thomas, to-mla', or Thohak, Io-b>1k'; Sp
T0MA% to-mls'; Sw. Thoma^ tom'is,

TiBBun^ tl-lwc're-iis ; Fr. TiBiE^ U^bsli') It Tl-
BBXio, U-bl're-oi Lat TiBi'kiut.

TlEBpOT. See THIOBAlft

TiMo^'HT, tlm'o-«l^ (*■ fearing God;") "Dv&A,
TiMOTKEUS^ le-roo'il-Ast Dotd^ TiMOTHEff^ n-
mo'tl-Osi Fr. TimotkAb, le'mo'ti'i Ger. Tihothiv^
te-myti-lka ; Gr. TiidOat, ( ThmttJkMi ;) It TlMOTHb
le-mo-ti'o; Lat Timo^hevi) Port Timothbo^ to-
mo-ii'ej Sp. Timoteo, le-mo-a'o; Sw. TiMoriHSO^
te-mo'ie.Ot.

Titus, U'ins j Fr. Tin, ttl i Ger. Tirusi tee'tls i H
Ttro, tee'toj Lat Ti'tus; Sp. Trn\ tec'lo.

Tobias, to-U'tss, or Toby, to'be, (the "goodneta of
the Lord;") Danish, Tobias, to-bee'ls; Dirtcl^TosiA^
to-hee'is; Fr. Tobib, to'be'; Ger. Tobias, to-bee^|
It ToBtA, to-bcc'&i Lat Tobi'as; Sp. Tobu^ t»
bee'ls.

ToLOMia See Ptolimt,

Tohas. SeeTHOMAB.

Tomabe. SeeTHOMAB.

ToMMASo. Sea TuoHAIi

;, AbM,-}, «, b ft Aftirxrv; Or, mi, Ot; mCti oStigOd; mOaa
,-J:,COO^^IC

VOCABULARY OF CHRISTIAN NAMES.

VlKCtHU, vfr>]in'e-vt Dutch. Vnoin^ *tK>UM^>
Bo^t ^.ViMiHii.vCK'ihi'ne'; Gcr. Viroinu, Ma*
|M^o«-i| It ViRcmu, Ttr-Jcyne-i; Lit VttOUt'Uk

VmoUA ot VnowA. See VtCToaiA.

VmAN, vlv'e-fn, ril^sH ?'• VtviiH, n'vcili't
LatTiTu'innk

WAUOtWt:rittr>t**'*"od''n>*t*'n Dutch, Wo*«
Tn, ntVltr i Ft. Gavtiii, gytj^'i Ger. Waltei^
MKtir] It GOALTZUOk gwJU-ti're-o ; Ut GVAtn'-
km I Pert. GuALTn. gwU-talx't Spk Gualtbuc^

r*ll4I'ra-o} Sir. Waltsm, fU'ifr.

WOBKUI. See WlLLIAX.

WiumHiiti, wflttCI-tneen', (the ftmJnlne of Wn^
Liah;} Gct. Wilhiuunb, 'Ml-btl-mee'Dfht It Gi^
OLmwA, goo1.^'inL

WnUAU, wit'rfmt Dinbh, Wiunui, vll'heimi
Dntcb, WiLLiu, wtllcini Fr. Guiixauh^ ge'rSin't
Ger. WiLKKLU, ftniiElm ; It GuGUiuiCNgool-fei'moj
Lat Guukl'uus, Wiuui-'mu^ or WiixixL'uuii S[h
Gdillermo, ge<]pEK'mo; Sw, Wilhelm, *niillm.

WnnnKH win'e-fred, or Win'iprid, ("winnisg
peace i") 'Dnich,WiNnuEDkWln'fR«et; Fr.WiNiniii\
Te'ne'lMd'i Ut. Wixnz'oA; Sw. WiMniD, vIn'iWA

WoVTXt. See Waltu.

Yaxcm'. SeejAUS.
YnUTSRiMA. SeeCATunniK

Zaiviom. See Zrbolok

Z*CAMAii SceZAauUAiL

Zaccakul See Zachasias.

ZACCimra.Mk-kec'tu, ("pnre," "Jnil;") Pr.ZACBtlb
■Tehi*; It. Zachxo, da-kt'o ; UL Zacchi'^

Zacmahah. sak-t-il't, (" remembcrinf the LerdH
Dudch, Zaoukiai^ (l-ki-ree%i Dutch, Zachakiai,
d-Kl-Tee% ; Fr. Zacharie, xtHct're'; Ger, Zacharia^
taiX'l-ree']* ; Heh. ir-UI ; It Zaocaria, dilk-U-reel |
Lat ZACHAXl'Alt Sp. Zacaria^ dl-U-ree'li; Sw.
.ZaCKARia^ d-kl-ree'la.

Zadok, xTdqlc, Crighteoai;"} FV, Zasoc^ ijfdok',
HeU pnx i Lat. ZADt/cui.

Zu'd-lom or Zra'D-LOMt Fr. Zaiolo:*, tfbO'Uii'
Ueb. p'??) or jVlSti Let Zab'ulom, (genitl**, .Zasv
lc/kis.)

Zrduiia^ ■ed-e-ltl'9, (Ae "Jnitka of Ika Locdn
Heb. TTpTlt or ITTpTir.

Zz'NO) Fr.ZtNON.il'nta'; Gr.ZtNn>,r2Mii;>It,
Zxnomt (U'Ik/iiL

Zknobia, ee-Donie-tt Fr. ZCkobi^ d'lio'be'i Or.
Znwfiu, (ZimUas} It. Zshobia, dU-iH/be-li Lat Z»
Ko'bu,

4Hi;{>*/;ti«rar;taa/'C^B,K,{Matf<-li,MeM(;k,MU';lM(;thRSiottAb (HT^SMEipluailooitP^ss.)

TusTMM, tfie'trfiii, ("MrrowM ;") Lm. Tu«nu'-
Hva I Port TusrXOk ta£>>tfi«li'*

Vool See Hugh.

VtnnuB. SeeOLtTBL

ULTSsn, yoo-Ue'iii ; Fr. Vvna, tfttn'i Gr. 'Odi»
wAt, iOAmqa;) It Umn, oo-lfa'sLi Lat Utn'ns
at Ui-yx'k^ ^nltive, Ui.va'nt.)

Urban, itt'bfn, (" ootuteou ;") Danbh, UiBAK, oor'*
»An i Dnich, Urbandi, llK-faa'nfa, or Ukbaan, ta'bln ;
Fk. Umaik, OK'baN'; Ger. Uuuut, sextdii; It Ok-
kAHO^ ooR-bi'no; Lat Urba'jidi; Sp. UKSAMOt ook-
Wnoj Sw. Urban, ooR'blik

Vmaii, foo-rt'ik (the "fire of the Lord ^Fr-Uui;
IWj Ger. UUAI^ oo-iee^l It UUA, 004M^} Let

VU'A&

VuuLA, nr'aH-lf, (e " female buur [") Dntdi, UbSUU,
b'ati-Uj Ft. Ursuu, fiR'iBl'j G«r. Uunu. Mr*.
•oo-U; It Ursula, ooR'aoo.llj Lat UR'nrtAt Spt
VssvtA, ooR'eoo-U; Sw. Uuuu, oox'kk>.U,

UzziAK, m-H'i, (the "itxtiigtlt of the Lord H Heh.
mjf i Lat Uzu'Ai.

VALZifTim, n1't».tin, ("rtrong" or " healthy t")
Danlab, Valiktin, nifn-tcen'; Dutch, Vauntdn,
vftlcn-IIn'iFr. Valentin, vtliM'tlit'; Ger.VAUUfrm
fllfn-teen' or illf n-tcen'; It Valxhtiho, *t-lCn-te«'.
no; Lit VAtEHTi'NUSi Fort Valbnthi, Tl-ien.tbi'i
Sp>VALBNTTn,*i-Un-iii/{ Sw. VALnnw, vHtD^tceii'.

VAtlsB. See VAUXIV&

Valuia, «t-lee're-t, (the feoddne of VALBUusd
n. VAtiai^ vlli're'i It Valuia. ^Wit-li Let
Valb'bia.

Valxman, «t-tee're-tn ; Dstch, Vauerumo^ v1-U>
(».l'nb ; Fr. VAtiRiRN, ttU'r^j^'; It Vaukiamo^
rt-U-re-I'DO] Lat Valuu'nuk

ValIbis. SeeVAURiA,

Talruu^ Tf-lee're-M t Tt. TaiIb^ ^A^b^tft It
TALRRia d-U're-oi Lat Valb'riui.

Varfolombl Seo Bajetuoloiiiw.

Vauu or VAMUt SmBaku

Vbit. Sea Gmr.

Vbbonica, Ter-oMillcti ft. ytuaiKpn, H'to'dUc'i
It VXKOXICA, 4-ro-nee'U.

Vtaxn. See VmcxiR'.

Victoria, vtk-to're-*, {"«k(Mir;") Fr. Vicroni,
iFtk'twiR'i It VmoKU, *b.ta'i»4) Let Vicnyxu;
Spi. VrroRU, Te-to'n-L

Vm^CBiTT, (an "overcomerj") Datdi, Vincbntius,
«ln-«Bn'te-b; Fr. Vincrnt, vSw'tAN'i It Vincwtx,
-•(n.chCn'ti; Lat ViNCBIi'Tttti; Port Vicxim, ve-
atn'tk; Spk VlCENnv ve-/len't]^ or Vdicrhtb, t(o-
Ak'tJL

dbyGoogle

DISPUTED OR DOUBTFUL PRONUNCIATIONS.

PUUinMAKT RZMAXU.

LiUfflllAGsnu<rb«*udtobeanUnd product of cer-
Idn acddental elements and the eenenliiing bcultfoT
the human mtnd. Each nation, from some pecnltarity,
H It woDld Kcm, in iti original or ftcqnEred character,
tends to develop iu langnage in a particular manner,
and wliile thii tendency operate* without the interTer*
ence of foreign inflaence, a language will generalty be
fbnnd to grow mote and more regular m long u the
jiation ipcalclng it exists. But if foreign words, or new
habits of thought, be introduced by the prevalence of
some new philosophical or religion* syslero, irregularity
in language, to a greater or less extent, is the inevitable
mult Accordingly, we occanonalty see even among
the Germans (who, of all the nationi of Europe, appear
to hare been most successful in preserring their lan-
gnage pure from the admlstnre of foreign element*)
■nch irregoUrides as the following, " Dot ladtn CMtiiti,''
{" the safllering of Christ,") wfl* « LaHu getdtme, instead
of the more regular form, "Dot ttidtit da Ckriibu."

But the most common, as welt as most poweriul,
euise of irregularity in language, w militaiy conquest
and occupation, as in this case the conquerors invatiably
Introduce aew words and phrases, which often form a
most incongmons mixture with llie native dialects. If
the conquest \k religions as well a* military, the eflect !*
■tin more Strilclng. Thi* was remarkably exemplified in
the conquest of Penia* and lUndostan by the follower*
of Mohammed. The all-bat unparalleled irregatarity of
llie English language is 10 be attributed to the snccea*
■tve conquest* of Britain (originally inhaUled by CeltsT)
by the Roman*, the Saxon*, the Dane*, and the Nor-
mans, the conquest In each instance being not a mere
orerninnlng of the country, bat followed by a penutaent
Bilitary occupation.

To the same cause, though operating te a leas degree,
most lilcewise be ascribed the irregularity of the French
tongue; though other influences have also contributed
to the same result The central situation of France, and
the varioo* attractions which the country and people
present to strangers, have induced mnldtude* of almost
every nation to malce it their residence ; so that proba-
bly no European country In recent time* has had so
mixed and multilarioas a population. To this cause,
more than to any other, mutt be sttribuled the exceeding
Irregularity which prenils in the pronundatioii of French

■ Sm, b countiM *lih iKi nlileet, esr rnnfli* OB tlH

IhatoK*. *lt>> MC(Mipurle< ■'''■ <b ■>■ iDtrodncdaB, p. iq

t Al ton. iha Cdu mn ihc tnt bihibituli oftb* UoM

Tlie comparative regnlari^ of the Italian langsafe M
to be accounted for by the fact that though Italy haa
often been overrun t^ foreign aimle* it has teldoa
been subjected to permanent military occapation.t And
in the comparatively few instances in which this hat
occurred, the great and adtnowledged superiority of the
Italians In literature and the arts has led the conqnerori
rather to adopt the customs and Ungnage of the con-
quered than attempt to introduce their own. In the
sound of the Italian letters, whether simple or in com-
bination, there is scarcely any difficulty, when the rules
of pronunciation are once known. The only irrcso*
larities that occur in the language may be aaid to be
limited to diveitity of spelling and variation of accent ;
so that, if tlie orthography of the word or name and
the proper accentuation are ascertained, one onnot
easily err In the pronunciation.

In Spain we find a language of the most beterogeneou
elements, because in early times It was often overrun
and some portion* permanently occupied by nation* ol
the moat diverse and even opposite characttrs,— Car-
thaginians, Romans, Goths, Arabo, etc. ; but, havii^
been for neariy *ix hundred years misubjected, except
lor a short time only, to any foreign power, it has to
asdnrilated Its originally heterogeneons and incoiigiuou*
elements^ ind been so sncoesaAil (if we may use the
expretdon) [n bringing light and order out of the chaos
of its rude and multifarious dialect*, that it Buy now
justly boast of bein^ on the whole, one of the moM
regular as well as one of the finest among all the lan-
guage* of Europe. As regards pronimciatian, the most
striking irregularities in the Spanish tongue will be
found In words or names of Moorish origin, such as
Alcicer, (Arabic, ttt-Xatr, "the castle" or "palace,")
AlcaU, {al^aa, "the fort,) Almoddvar, (jd-UtA^,
■■ the victorious,") and ao oo.

Below will be pven tome of the moct remaAable
discrepancies in the pronuudatlaa and spelling of th»
principal European langvsgett

Notwithstanding the extreme irregularity of osr Ia»
guage, we find comparatively ttw instances of discrep-
ancy In the pronondation of celebrated names, whether
these be of English ori|^ or the Anglicized form* of

e, less prolonged; I, C, 1, 0, u, y, thtrt; f, f, j, g, etiturrj Ox, Oil, CU; mCt; aSt; g^ud; nitfOai

Gooi^lc

DISPUTED OR DOUBTFUL PRONUNCIATIONS.

Tlw loUowIng ue inuDg tbe miNt Importantt
AogUttiK^ aw'got-tln or iw-gn^iin.*
BallBnnln, bellar-min or bel-lai'min.t
Cowpcf, kSw'pM or koo'per.t
Derbjr. df Kbe or du'be.S
Gtffor^ ^f fgrd or jirfonil
KaptiMl, rS'lUU or rl'S-tt.

Variation* b apelllng arc (till more rare;

n.

Angdl.

Angili.

Cieille,

Cbateaabriud,

CUteaDfariand.

FteloiH

F^jlon.

NkeroB,

Ni««roii.

Petion,

Potion.

Mmiuab

It niighl be lapposcd that divertitiet En ■pclling like
the above wonld nKcuarilj be followed bjr diverNiy of
pronundatlon. But thli h not alwajs the caacb For
eianiple, mce-Admiral Cedllc iiiformB n* Ihat altboggh
he nerer wrile* the fint ayllable oT hit name with an
accent, it li alway* pronounced a* if it bad an accent.
Pelion, tbe bmous mayor of Fani in the early part of
Ihe French Rerolntion, alway* omitted the accent on tbe
/in hUname, which vat nerertheleM always ^mmounced
PJtion. Bat thoagh the unaccented tetter may in many
cases atill be pronounced a* if It bad tbe accent, the
omission can scarcely &n, sooner or later, to produce a
permanent change In the pronunctatian iticlt

HoTBD Fkimcii Nahu of Douvttul Ol DiSnJTID

FRommcuTioK.

Barraa.bTris'orbrra''.

Biot, be'o' or be'ot*,"*

■ Id feimr of Iba Cm m tim not oelj iha Bulofy of otbir

An'Rouiiw Bd III* Dutch Aii'ciuii)ii, bol >1k t)M aulhoitT of "*'*
•r oa bM poeu, bKlmiiai Scotl idiI LodiMov. Od ih* ctba
fcud, it BoU bi admiit*] ilui iht bcai Bodsa sum M lout la
tUi VKKUf- ii bi bmr of Anpo'iiiH.

\ The fint imHiDdAlkm of thja nunt ippeiw to hnra bcc< fc^
aMil]>>ciT(n<nlsi>>«W<bib(Mtpttkin:bii> owdcni >■«■ hhiii
to fan* dcdiM fci the mad.

t The tnt pranadMion b tmnSnon; tba other (m nan iri»-
IDcnlie pronuKutian) ii inUndcd lo pn Ih* Nonnui Bunj of aa,
(n #■•.) ■ and w bona fcnwtr oAn iouitluuicad. <Sc« DM* to

|Tbidi><r -

(nut to tbe DiuBcof«Tenra

I Frcrcilj irMkinc tho* vsf bt ncarded a

uulocnitici tihiniE the toft Kxind tt g h

1 th«

pronHDciiiion dT tbai leitir,

1 The Fmidi kuigsltt M lb* pwuBt An* would inni to be
i> * tmuitioa iiitc ia refird to pUoag the ■ocert, vhidb n vm

flKed. Tbe onujirion «■• ptobeUy due la tbe Em plue to huit oi
meleuaeH ; but Ktuu vru orifiDlDy an enor multjiii ftoai theer
D^GgtDM, If eoniiillted bf um* eiaiBCBI aulhoc in REinl la hit
own pvn^ paduaHj cuae lo be refvdcd ai the preferable mode of

■* Wt bare been aaBumL od mpactaUl aBlhorilTi that ra (be
■■me of the crlebraird BoeaiKl Ibt bul < m> pmouactd in tbe
early pof I of tbe bat Geiiiuf7.

cati; %nt;^iarJ; gasyV o,u,x,patiinti; v.mual; ^trilleJ; las

Chtleanfariand or Chateanbriantt tbl'tu'bRe'eK'
or •ha'to'bKe'&M'.

Dttmai^ dU'raf or dii'mu'.

Genii*, ihe.vnt*s' or shflNle'.

Guise, gwii (eU-i»0 or gta.

GuiiDt,tt gwc'ii/ (gU'C'io') or ge tff,

Laenne<^ tl'nCk'tl or l^'nElt'.

Sieyt*, se'l'yb*' or le'iss'.
Thit Ibt migbt be much extended, including a aiiilll*
tode of names In which tbe pronunciation of the fiital
consonant it DDdetermined, as Audoul, S'dool' or Ifdco I
Battonl, bis'tool' or bls'too', Dfestutt, variously pro*
nounced dl'tiit', dytii', and dts'tiit', elc etc. and many
othen, auch a* Rimiliy, Sillj, VillGrs, Villetle, Wailly,
Willot, etc, in whicb it is somewhat uncertain ivhether
the U should or should not be mode liquid. To whicb
may be added almost every name of recent introducbon
from foreign couniiies, as Uianchi, Brown-S^oard,
Writs, Wilhem, Zurlauben, etc^ In regard to such
names many French speakers will seek to approximate
tbe foreign pronunciation, while oibert will try to main
them eonlonn a* nearly aa possible to the ortboepical
ptino'ples of their own language. Tbe best usage ap-
pears to make a marked difierence In tbe pronunciation
une* of foreign and those of French origin. (Sec
Section v., 3C^ Ob*. 3, in the Introduction.)

m.

German.
Tliere arc among the educated classes of Germany
) diversities in German pronnndation of any great
importance. It may, however, be observed that the
!s of families of Frettcb extraction are usually pro-
nounced according to the principle* of tbe French Ian-
isge.

IV.
Italian Naus or Doubttul ob DnroTBD

Pkoxukcmtion,
In inc pronundatlon of Italian names, almost tbe
only discrepancy of any importance, as already inti>
mated, relates to the accentuation. But doobtliil aamec
of tbe latt'tiamed class arc pretty numerous^
Alcamo, U'ki-mo or 11-kl'mob
Argoli, aR-go1ee or sR'go-lee,
Bagnolo, bln'yo-lo or bln^yo^a
Baila, bill or bl-ceU
Benott, bi-no'lee or td'no-lee.
Bertola, bf a'to-U or bls-toni
Caflaro, klfa-ro or klf-Q'ro.
Calid, kllcchee or klttee'chee.
Campolo, klm'po-lo or klm-iK/Io.
Caracdolo, kl-rlt-cboHo or ki-r3t'cho4ah
Cerasola. chl-rl-toll or chii-ri'to-lL
Clarid, kli-ree'chee or kll're-chee.
Guicdoli, gwd-cbo^ee or gKit'cho-lee.fS

It Seethepnniaeiilionof IbbnamelnihobodiroriheinirlL
tl Tbia imBimdatioD, vhkh bai been pren m the body of dM
irk, hat lb* BDetioB of U. BeichereUe hlBiclt ihaa *boiB lb«f*
no higher Buthoritr.

H W) (an ia ilit fint aftlon of ihla work, ea <thai w* cobb^
(Tad lood aatboriij, the astaimnildaul* anentaitisa of ibb ■»■«
iderihe article Cuicciou: but w* have lince net xllb an
id hlib])> inielEinl laliaa fcoilenan. Signar Po:rrr, wl
I that he waa penooaJlj acquainted with ten
GnkdoH, aad that (he Ban* was icnrbbly accen
W< have sew bo dosbl that Ihb ia ibe eo

,»549 I

Digitized by Vj(?OQIC

DISPUTED OR DOUBTFUL PXONUNCTATIOJfS,

Mirolli inl'rt>-t«e or ml-ro^ec
Ongaro, oh-eI'io or on'el-ro>
Vacnro, vUt'kl-ro or vlk-U'ra.

It nia)pbe proper to tlite that In the atUmpttOMCCr-
bin the correct pronondaiion of the biegdng namei
m hava had the auisUnce of icveTkl of the moat dia-
tlngaiihed profestort of the Italian language In Italy.
No doubt the aame name it often prononnccd dlSerentljr
fat diffisrent acctioMt we have therefore generaltjr pre-
ferred to adopt the opinion of that profeaaor who lived
Bearcat to the birthplace of the perton wboae name waa
the aabject of diapntft

The divertit; In the apelling oT Italian name* appean
to be for the tnott part limited to tnch comparatively
unimportant varlatlona aa the doubling of a conaonani,
or the interchange of the vowela a and / In an unaccented
sjrilabie. The followlns are among the moat Important
exccptiona to the foregoing remark t

Caliart or Cagllarl, (pronounced alike UU'yl-rec.)

Leonardo (or Llonardo) da VincL

Michelangelo, (Hichad AngclOk) aw-kl)-ii/}Mok «r
Hlchelagnolot* iiie-kll-ln'ri>>l&

Spanish.

The mlea tot «r!tln| and prindng Spanbh vc w
admirabtet that among the educated claaaea there k
(carcelj any conaiderable diverahy cither in apcllin| ot
pronunciation. The chief cxceptlona to thia muit
occur in proper name*, Some wiiten adopting the bm^
cm (pelting otj for r, (in XiUENEi^ for exunplej «hik
othera prefer the old form.

■ Thb qialKnt M«m> Gk* > unnc* tiHHdywbca ia MMUt
thii III* uiM !• ddiftd fr« ibaLiiia MiCHAU-Aaiauiibiiila
•UM of the iml tniM b n apttlcil OB At bw* of bb MUM Mite
Pilun Vtcdiio Id Flwtnc^ Unj llw ■Mm of lh« Miwl b iiliiAt^
tind <• ipilM >■ lb* uiH aunHri w. likoaiM, Ronm ri^t
(l«> 111* BinH In hU " Poatilialg rf L*o X."

t 8« Sectloo XIX., 14 Ob*. I, In ih* lovodKifaD.

i, i, I, Ok fl, ;, /mtf; k, t, 6,aame, 1e*« prolougedi i, «, ^ S; 1^ y,M«r)'; I, f, [, 9, «#(Mrv; Ai, nil, I3ti miti nftti gduJi »

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